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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 3y errata ed to ant me pelure, apon A 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^■ ■■/'' s. ^ NE ITS Its ( I I POIN 1 /rr ^' ..^\ THE SASKATCREWAN COUiNTRY OF TUB :north-\vest of the dominioiN of ganada, PRESENTED TO THE WOULD AS A NEW AND INVITING FIELD OF ENTERPRISE FOR THE EMIGRANT AND CAPITALIST ITS COMPARISON AS SUCH WITH THE WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES OF AMERICA; Its Climate, Soil, Agriculture, &c. ; Minerals and Manufacturinq Facilities, and the Elements of its Future Greatness and Prosperity ; Points best Suited for Immediate Settlement ; Latest Informa- tion, Outfit, Prices, &c. By THOMAS SPENCE, (7erA- of the Legislative A^semb^y of M'tnU)ha. PRINTED IIV LOVELL PRIN'TIVG AND PUI5LIS[I!.VG COMPANf 1877 OPINION AND REPORT OP A SELECT COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTCRE OF THE LEGISLA- TIVE ASSEMBLY OF MANITOBA, lMiESK>TEI> 16Tir KEBROARY, 1^~7 . Committee Room. ]6th February, 1877. Mr. Thomas Spence, Clerk of the Leirislative Assembly, by request, this day appeared before the Committee on Agriculture, and read from the manuscript his new pamphlet, entitled : The Saskatchewan Country of the North-West of the Dominion of Canada, as a new field of enterprise for he Emigrant ani> Capitalist, and its vast superiority comparei with the Western States of America. In the opinion of this Committee the pamphlet is ably written, and evidently with great care, in drawing the comparison with other fields for emigration which have hitherto occupied the atten- tion of the world. It contains a great deal of important and reliable information of a new character, and cannot fail to attract great attention to the Saskatchewan Country as a new and yet almost unknown field of enterprise for the emigrant and for the investment of capital at the present time. With this \ie\v the Committee beg respectfully to recommend in the interests of the whole Dominion ]\Ir. Spence's pamphlet to the favorable consideration of the Government of Canada at a time when the liberal distribution of such an economic medium is so much required to enlighten the press and those interested in emi- gration in Europe, as well as to draw public attention to the vast resources of that fertile portion of the North-West through which the Canadian Pacific Railway will pass for a thousand miles fedby a large agricultural and industrious population. The Committee consider that Mr. Spence's efforts are deserving of every encouragement, his former pamphlet on the resources of Manitoba having proved highly beneficial to the interests of the Province, having given the utmost satisfaction to those who, through its means, were induced to immigrate, and have since had practical opportunities of proving its correctness. (Signed,) J. XORQUAY, Chairman and Miitiater of Public Works. Attest. (Signed,) I .1. R()Y.iL, J'rovincial Secretary. ■^ LEGISLA- RY, 1877. isembly, by Agriculture^ titled: The >OMINI0N OF fORANT ANI> HE Western bly writt^n^ arisen with d the atten- and reliable ttract great I yet almost investment recommend jamphlet to ia at a time dium is so ted in erai- to the vast oiigh v^'hich niles fedby re deseiTing resources of ests of the ^ho, through ad practical hlic Works. PREFACE. TO THE INTENDING EMIGRANT. The time having arrived when the Government of Canada may fairly invite immigration from all parts of the Old World into that vast and magnificent portion of Canada presently known as the Saskatchewan Country of the North-West Territories, presenting a new and vast field for prosperous settlement and commercial enterprise : the richest prairie lands in the world, within twenty days travel of ''home" and twenty minutes communication by telegraph. No longer is the United States without a competitor j no longer will their prairie lands occupy the attention of the whole world. Canada can now cry aloud in every language, to millions : Ho, every one that wants a farm, come and take one, where you will enjoy the best of health, happiness and freedom under the flag '' that's braved a thousand years," and where the industrious will soon attain that end to which all men aspire, independence. A careful perusal of this work will amply corroborate this assertion. The ancient maxim has been '' Settle up the country, and the people will build railways if they want them ; " Canada's new and better maxim is now " Build railways, and the country will soon be settled," and slie is now building a railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific, which will run for a thousand miles through this rich and beautiful country. No longer need the ignorant and unwary emigrant be led astray by the influences of glowing advertisements, .'ind floods of pamphlets in every language, and the hind offer of free railway passages, to induce him to invest his little all in almost valueless railway lands in the far Western States and Territories of the United States — this pamplilet is offered to the intending emigrant that he may i>ause and consider well, before deciding that momen- tous question in his life, Where shall I emigrate to ? for his own and his family's best future interests. The iriforn.ation which it embraces will be found generally useful jiiul valunblo to the immi- grant after his arrival in the new iionie. If any neighboring intend- ing emigrant friend of the reader wants a copy, or several, let him apply to the address of any of the gentlemen named at the end of this pamphlet — it will be sent to him promptly. In addition to its usefulness, it will be found strictly reliable, correct, and disin- terestedly written, beyond that of hoping to benefit the thousands 'of the writer's fellow-beings of any nationality or creed, who are :now toiling for daily bread in the old world, afraid of hard times, isickness, and old age. Encouraged by the great success which attended his pamphlet on " Manitoba and the North-West," 60,000 of which have been distributed in Europe and the older Provinces of Canada, and •which received not only the most flattering notices of the Press, but the grateful thanks of those who have by experience proved its reliability and correctness. '• When what are wild woods now, be cities then : When lands, as yet scarce known to liiiman keti, Siiall be the lertile field, the shaven lawn, Or garden reeking in the dews of dawn, Then shall thej bless the hand that guided liere Who e'ei, or what he be, the sturdy Pioneer." As an illustration, the writer would only state in conclusion that at the time of the issue of his first pamphlet in 1872, what was then almost a wild prairie with a few scattv^red houses, is now one of the fastest rising young cities of America, and the capital and commercial centre of flourishing Province of Manitoba, as well as the gateway of the Great North-West to the Rocky Mountains. In this pamphlet there is, for obvious reasons, no attempt at strictly scientific classification. Its humble, but perhaps more practical, purpose will have b'een secured if it shall help to make the North-West of the Dominion of Canada better known both at home and abroad. T. S. St. Boniface, Manitoba, IQth Ftlruari/, 1877. I i HI to inof at pre vel(. in the immi- jring intend- ^eral, let him at the end of n addition to ct, and disin- he thousands reed, who are >f hard times, i his pamphlet ich have been Canada, and of the Press, 3rience proved 1^ in conclusion in 1872, what houses, is now md the capital mitoba, as well cky Mountains. , no attempt at e will have been he Dominion of T. S. INTRODUCTORY. ' Though tlicrc are softer airp and brighter skie?, Ami art despoiletl, in nplenili»J ruin Ties, Can glittering genis, or polished marble vie With all this fresh and youthful majesty? Kroad lakes, bold mountains, prairie^ rock and flood. These nature formed, in wild fantastic mood, Then careless smiling tlirevv away her mould." ' r That vast and magnificent portion of the North -West of the Domi- nion of Canada, known as ihe Saskatchewan Country, now presents to the intending emigrant and the capitalist, who desire to reap the reward of industry and enterprise," the most inviting field for immigration in the world, one which, in comparison with that of the Western States of America, or the more distant colonies of Australia and New Zealand, now claims the serious consideration of all ,vho are interested in the important question of Emigration. With this object in view, and to supply the desired information regarding this vast, but yet scarcely known, garden of the world, this pamphlet is offered for careful perusal. Its assertions regarding the great agricultural capacity of the country are amply corroborated by the highest known testimony given in another part, and its general correctness and reliability fully attested by the opinion of a Select Committee on Agriculture of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, which will be found preceding the Preface. The projection and actual commencement of the construction of the Canada Pacific Railway, now being vigorousl}^ prosecuted, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, through the very heart of this vast rich valley of the Saskatchewan Country, has caused Canada to make rapid strides within a few years, in claiming her rank as among the first of compe- titors for the hardy and enterprising emigrants of all notions, offering to millions free and happy homes, health and prosperity. One of the most eminent of American statesmen, the late Hon. William Seward, at the time Prime Minister of the United States, thus writes his im- pressions of Canada, twelve years ago, since which time she has de- veloped herself under one Federal Government into a country greater in extent than even the United States. He wrote the following words: '* Hitherto, ill cotniuon with must of niy countrynu'ii, as I suppose, i have thought Canada, or, to speak more accurately, British America, a mere strip lying north of the I'nited States, easily detaelied Yntiii the Parent State, but incapable of sustiiining itself, a-n' theretbre ultimately, nay right suuri, tu be taken on by the Fe(ler;tl dimn, withdiu materially changing ur atlecling its own development. I have iln:i[)ped the opinion as a national conceit. I see in British North America,. 6 I! Ptretching as it does acrosn tho continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and occupying a belt of the temperate zone * * * * a region grand enough for the seat of a great empire— in its wheat fields in the West, * • • * its invaluable fisheries and its mineral wealth. I find its inhabitants vigorous, hardy, energetic and per- fected by British constitutional liberty. Southern political stars must set, though many times they rise again with diminished splendor, but those which illun\inate the pole remain for ever shining, for ever increasing in splendor." No one acquainted with British America, and especially with that part now known as the North-West Territories, particularly that portion of which we are now writing, will dispute the justice of the parallel. It is to be a first-class new world power with its Danube of the Saskatchewan and its Baltic and Black Sea of Lake Winnipeg and Lake Superior. The North- West of Canada demands its development inde- pendent ly,not from one nationality or section, it invites men from all parts of the ^arth, perfectl}'' well aware that they might find nearer resting places. But they do not occupy Eastern lands, they are Westward bound. Its im])i()ved communications have made it easily accessible, within twenty days of Liverpool, and the time has come when it may fairly invite the hand of man to dress it and to keep it, not as in Illinois, Nebraska, Kansas, and other Western States, where it is the custom to sell lands on four years' credit, a fourth of the cash down and the balance in three annual payments — but to the North-West of Canada you are invited to become, without purchase, a free holder, and take rank among the lords of the soil. An American gentleman in St. Paul, Minnesota, who lately visited this country and who was somewhat surprised to find the amount of British go-aheadism in a country he had previously heard of only as a wilderness, thus writes to his old home in the East to remove the erroneous impression, that St. Paul, in Minnesota, is the extreme corner of habitable creation. He says : " No better grain growing country exists than extends from 500 miles North and 600 miles West, while 1500 miles North- West from this city streams are open and pasturage is green a full month earlier than here. Nor is this vast North- West of Canada unapproachable. You can to-day take rail from here to the North- ern Pacific crossing of the Red River, and there take your choice of seven steam- boats, of from 300 to 600 tons each, to Fort Garry, Manitoba. At Fort Garry take a lake propeller (like those on La'.e Erie and other Eastern lakes) through Lake Winnipeg to its Northern end, 275 to 300 miles, then take a river steamer and go up the Saskatchewan and its Northern branch to Fort Edmonton and beyond, 1400 miles, or within 450 or 500 miles of the waters of the Pacific Ocean, and' when you get there (Edmonton) you can go ashore and telegraph the same day to your home in the Connecticut valley, or the Berkshire hills in England. These are facts, the wires are up, and the boats are running." by r'i \ I GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND EXTENT. That section of the North- West Territory known as the Saskatch- ewan being of primary importance for the extension of settlement and commerce, and the highway of the Inter-Oceanic Kailway, now build- ing to tho Pacific Ocean, may be briefly described as bounded on the South by the line of latitude 49° North, the Northern boundary of the United States ; on the West by the ere-sts of the Kooky Moutjtain8,which ofii the the, of ti Thi wui tail I the Pacific, and nough for the seat valuable fisheries snergotic and per- nuiHt set, though which ilhuninate ospecially with larticularly that justice of the ts Danube of the inipog and Lake velopment inde- len from all parts d nearer resting Vestward bound, ccessible, within m it may fairly )t as in Illinois, is the custom to a and the balance Canada you are take rank among ^'ho lately visited d the amount of eard of only as a it to remove the ^e extreme corner rom 500 miles North ity streams are open r 18 this vast North- m here to the North- Loice of seven steam- At Fort Garry take lakes) through Lake iver steamer and go ton and beyond, 1400 Jcean, and when you me day to your home ,d. These are facts, IT. n as the Saskatch- i of Kcttiement and ail way, now build- as bounded on the )t>undury of the vlivide it from the Province of British Coltinibiu ; on tho Norlh by Iho parallel of latitude .')5"^ North, and on tho Kast by the Province of Manitoba 'ind LaUes Winnipeg and Manitobii. Its length from its Eastern boiindary Westward to tlie sources of tlio Saskiilclicwjin is eight hundred miles more or less. Its breadth Northward from latitude 49° to 55'^ is four hundred and sixty miles. It contains an area of about two hundred and eighty thousand square miles, that is to nay, an area ec^ual to that of France and Germany, or abou^ six times that of the Slate of New York. It is highly important to observe that tho greater portion of this section of territory, within the boundaries stated, is as rich in s^oil as any part of America, and presents the very great advantage of being ready for the plough without the trouble of clearing and taking out stumps and stones, the less favorable portions being well adapted for stock raising, with the exception of a narrow strip running parallel with the United States Northerly boundary lino, which is described as a bare and treeless prairie, covered only with short grass and very deficient of water, the soil light and sandy. In so great an extent of country, there is naturall}' much variety in character and quality of soil. A celebrated traveller, the llev. Father De-Smet, a Jesuit missionary, many years ago thus summarizes his reflections on the appearance of the Saskatchewan district. He says : '' The entire region in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains, serving as their base for fifty or fixty miles, is extremely fertile, abounding in forests, plains, prairies, lakes, streams, ami mineral springs. The rivers and streams are innu- meral)le, and on every s.Je otter situations favorable for the construction of mills." Eeferring to the valley of the great river he further says : " Are these vast and innumerable fields of hay tor ever destined to be consumed by fire or perish in the autumnal snows? And these abundant mines of coal and iron, can it be that they are doomed to remain tor ever inactive? Not so. The day will C(jme when some laboring hand will give them value ; a strong, active and enterprising people are destined to fill this spacious void. The wild beasts will ere long give place to our domestic animals ; flocks and herds will graze in the beautiful meadows that border the numberless hills, valleys and plains of this extensive region. }■ Mountains,which To-day Canadian enterprise is actively developing this land of promise. Already the electric wire that connects the civilization of the whole world penetrates to its Western limit, and in a few years the iron horse will follow its trail, carrying the foot, says : !|M I I I • I r 10 " The coal fields which cross the difterent, l)ranches of the Saskatchewan ara a great source ot' wealth, and form tiie sottleinent of the valley in which nature ha8 multiplied picturesque scenery that challenges couiparison with the most remark- able of its kind iu the world, '&c., &c., &c." A ftirther quotation from HIb Grace's opinion of the capacity and future of the Saskatchewan country will be found in another part of this j)amphlet with that of other eminent testimony. Edmonton and its neighboring country presents, without doubt, a great field for colonization and commercial enterprise, and must become one of the most important stations of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Gold mines or washers range up and down the North Saskatchewan for about one hundred and thirty miles, Edmonton being the central point of this distance. Those men who wash its bars for gold make on an average four dollars per day. About thirty miles North of Edmonton, and 20 miles by the course of the river below Fort Edmonton, is a French Canadian settlement named Fort Jarvis where a detachment of the Mounted Police is quar- tered. This settlement is beautifully situated, the soil generally very rich, wood and water in abundance. It is pretty well settled along the banks of the Saskatchewan to Fort Edmonton, as also along the banks of a beau*^iful stream known as Sturgeon Creek, which runs nearly parallel for about forty to fifty miles, where St. Albert near its head is reached, forming a neck of land, with an average width between the two rivers of about eight miles. Crossing this neck from Fort Edmonton, in a North- Westerly direction, is rather an extensive lake which bears the name of Grand Lac, %n the shores of which is situated St. Albert, a very pros- perous French Canadian and Half-breed settlement. Here is a fine Koman Catholic church, and a convent with several Sisters of Charity. This settlement is presided over by a Mission of French Roman Catholic clergymen of the order of Oblats, and the See of a Bishopric, headed by Bishop Grondin, of the same order and nationality, and a gentleman of culture and high mental excellence. Attached to this mission is u large good school, which is at present attended by about eight}' children of the settlement, which was established in 1861 by the celebrated author of several valuable works on the Indian languages of the North-West. the Rev. Father LaCombe, St. Albert, the beautiful site for the mission, having been selected by His Grace Archbishop Tache, and named after the Patron Saint of the former zealous missionary. After ascending the Sturgeon Creek, forty-five niiles, is met the beautiful and extensive Lake St. Anne. This lake is one of the mo.st lovely in the North-West, and abounding in white fish of the best and largest quality. There are numerous settlers round the lake, principally French Half-breeds, and in the North end of the lake is situated another Roman Catholic mission, established in 184-1 by tne Rev. Mr. Thii)ault. The land is equally good here, but for sevei-al miles from the lake heavily timbered. THE FORKS OF THE NORTH AND SOL'TH HRANCH. Immediately above the Forks, the South branch of the Sasl.iu minnum -a crjLiiuiished v about ei"-htv children ^^^'^') ^^''^'* f^^'^^ resident priests, and a school. About tv,'enty miles West, n-the celebrated author following the main highway is Duck Lake, one of' the numerous small Wcs of the North-West, **^1^'';^ ^^'^'^^'^ referred to. Ihero is the nucleus of a very flounshing- fVil site fo-" the mission ««ttlonient here, which will, no doubt, ra])idly increase. Ihe enterpris- tt^ache, and named after i»^' ^.'""j <>t" ^^ew, Stobart & Co., of London, J-nglan.J, and Winnipeg, in After ascendincr the ^'^"^^''^' ^'^^'^ '^" ^'"^^^^'''^'^'^ store and trading-po>t osiablished, where tiful and extensive Lake *f"'^''T^^''^' be able to procure everything in the way of necessaries in the North-Wost, aniw. «>:L,w.iAn river between the toiks and rorta la Corne, the banks varyiiii' from oman Catholic mission, ^^a .,,,,.,■, .1 . . , ^ i.^,. , ■', r ., -^ri .. i.,...i iu /»r..inUv 1*'' t^> •*() teet ill height, exposing sandstone clitts whore cut by the Liie laiKi IS e jt 1 .■ .1 .^r . 1 • 1 ■ • 1 -i -ii ^yo<\ Dends (•! the river, the c(>iiiitry on each side having a rich sou, with abundant woods in c1iimi])s and groves tor a great part of the vvay. Above this it becomes gradually less wootled. 70 miles further uj), or nearly 100 miles bv its course, tlu!" .>l()Ose Woods " are reaehed — a rich alluvial French Roman Catholic wooaeo ana ao tea wiiii numerous small ana pretty uiKes. ah tt of a Bishopric, headed ?<^<;1^ ^^''l^ rapid y fill ui) with settlers, presenting, as it does, unusi lality, and a gentleman Mucements Ihe present population is also principally iM-ench Hs ed to this mission is a "reeds, numbering about 400. A Roman Catholic mission is establish cavil v timbered. TH HKANCII. iich ol'th but the 10 >SasK'atchewaii***P'"''^^*^" '^^ the low valley of the river, ])artl;,' wooiled with rich glades current is swit'l.''**^^^'"'^"" ^^ '^ "'^ miles in length and G or S miles in breadth, and I -.JlLLJJJJ Jl i i Ju l i II i f > 12 well adapted for ^sl()rk raisirii^. 35 miles above tiiis the .South branch - , approaches the Cypress Hills, which extend one hundi'ed and sixty miles. J ' 'i'hin section is also well adapted for stock-raising, being covered with ^^.*^ fine timber, abounding in excellent grass, and well watered. Battlk^^^ 1 fext 6ft River enters the Noi-th branch of the Saskatchewan, about one hundred and seventy miles above the Main Forks. It drains a large part of the, countiy between the Noi-th and South branches. It has its source ^-^ about 10 miles from the Xorth branch, 30 miles above Ed? lonton, but*!^^ they are 130 miles apart at the middle of its course, and between theni . ** the pastui'age is very rich. Coal presents itself there in the banks oi» the stream, 250 miles from its mouth. The rich prairie country whicli/^*'*' covers tlie course (jf the Battle River and the Northerly part of I»cii» Deer River, and includes the North branch from the Forks up to ydi*'',' 'miles above Edmonton, has a breadth of about 100 miles at the Forks t**''^ 70 miles at the mouth of Battle River; 150 miles at its middle course -.V and about 70 at its source, beyond which the belt of fertile prairit ).' ' becomes gradually narrower, and, turning to the Southward up the coursi ^„ ' of the Red Deer liver, becomes merged in the fertile region on the skii' 2,, "^ bf the mountains below Bow Fort on the South branch. It is boundedi^'|f On the North by the line of the Mick woods, which sweep Northei"l\ f, .^ parallel to the course of the North branch, at the distance of 40 to 2' | ''' tniles beyond it, theji coursing to the Southward, crosses it about lii 4' miles above Edmonton, and, continuing in that direction, strikes tin j ^ mountains near Bow Fort, making a circuit from tlie Forks of abou 700 miles. The climate of this section is decidedly milder than that o Manitoba. Battle River runs, from its Junction, nearly paridlel with tin North branch of the Saskatchewan for about 8 miles, making a tongu of land between, and on this tongue or point is the new town of B Vir ian ^ou mil u' % . attic '\. . ford, the site of the new capital and seat of Government, and is also head quarters of the Mounted Police. At this point the Canadian Paciti Railway will cross the river, touching the Saskatchewan again nc;i Edmonton, about 200 miles West; and there is directcommunication I' telegraph to all parts of the world. Pul)lic buildings, stores arul dwcl "ingsare in raj)id progress, and it has every prospect of becoming a important commercial centre, yet, wonderful to relate, two years a:: Ejittlef()rd was a place without a name or even a sign of civilizatim Canada may indeed now say a gi-eat future beckons us, as a ])eoj»li onward. She has |U'coinjtlished one gi'cat jiim|» in the march of civiliz tion. The tirst message ly telegraph from tliis hitherto unknown reg' red We Sou the Asc the of Bc\ Abo ftio to inform the outer world of its existence w;.s despatched on the tith ti;i a of April, 1877, ^ The Red Deer. Bow and Belly Rivers are tributaries of the Sou; j ranch of the Saskatchewan, having their source in the Eastern slo, i ' B ■ of the Rocky Mountains, between j)arallel 50^ and 52*^ N., and drain ' beautiful and most fertile region, eight limes greater in extent than tl present Province of Manitoba, and already a seltlemeul is Hocking in this inviting country, FortCalgarry, a station of the Mounted I'olice, on the Kow River, situated at the junction of Bow and Elbow Rivers, on a beautiful tl: as level as a ci-icket ground, an'^''^ I^oot or Carrot River rises in rich lands on the South flank of the I >ortherly part ot -l^tMii^^^^^ ,^^^ jj.jj ^^^ ^^^ Woods, 60 miles South-West from the Forks of the •om the I'orksup to d(ig.^^^^.^^^j^g^^.,^j^^^^ ^3 ^^^^j^^ from the South branch, and flows chiefly 100 miles at the ^«i"ks^j^^.^^^^j^ ^ wooded country with many lakes, generally from 30 to 45 lies at Its mnld e couivse^.^^^^^g^^^^j^ ^^^j^^ ^j^j^ Saskatchewan, into which it falls after a course le belt ot fertile pnurn ^^ .^lJQ^^^ 240 miles. Prof. Hind estimates that there are there millionH > Southward up the course ^^^^^,^^g ^^ ^^^^ ^^^j^^ ^^^^ quality between it and the Saskatchewan, ertile region <)n the skin ^j^^^,^ ^^^ several other tributaries of the Saskatchewan, but not of 1 branch. It i*^ ''^'^"^^"'iuflieient immediate importance to be enumerated within the limits of wjich sweep Nor herly 1 j^ ^^.^^ j^^^,^._ the distance oi 4(j lo - i ^j. ^j^^ ^.j^,^^.^ ^^^^^ tributarv to the So^K-itr-hcv/nn, but running within vurd, crosses it about o |^^ ,.ou,itry, and which invito settlement to their rich '.uv\ bo;.uliful Kit direction, j^trikes tin -^.^j,^^,^.^^ ^,^^^ j,^^^. 1,^,^^^^^.^^,,,,^ of which is the Assiniboine, by its very irom the J^orks oi^^^f'" Vind'ing course, is over 600 miles in length. For 220 miles in direct dis- ledly milder than that ^ ^,,^^ j^^^^,.^,^ ,,j,^^, five considerable tributaries, from fifty to one hundred iitid tifty miles in length. Thcircourses being through a very fertile region, Otic of ihoni, the Rapid River, or Little Saskatchewan, indicates their general character. This stream is beautiful and rapid, navigable for one nundred miles for canoes and bateaux, flowing through a beautiful valley, . Iftrge open flats freix)r sandy tround, which must be tbund in all countries ; but prominent among the t^uestions proposed by the emigrant or capitalist seeking a new home in a new country are those concerning the climate, its temperature, adaptation to the culture of the grand staples of food, and its healthfulness. The grand staples of the North- West of Canada will be Bread, Beef, and Woof. Many readers of this little work who may be intending to emigrate, and have a longing desire to realize the romance and happiness of a life in the Western States of America, drawn to that by the glowing and attractive pictures and x presentations which have been held out throughoiit Europe of the riches of those far Western States — Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska to-day contain thousands who would gladly leave for any where, if not to return to their native land, if they could; fevor and ague, poor and unsaleable land, dearly bought, have brought the inevitable end, ruin. The writer, ulas, haaseen too many letters telling the pitiful tale, and as a Kerion'* warning to intending emigrants and capitalists in Europe, desiring to settle upon or invest in United States llailvvay lands, we select exiracta from an official report by General W. B. Hasen, XJ. S. A., and recently published in the New York Tribune, especial I}- as, on the other hand, the opinions and testimony of the most experienced travellers and authors of the highest standing are given regarding that portion of the North-West of the Dominion of Canada to which the tiile of tais pamphlet is confined. He says, speaking in the first place of the lands of the Northern Pacific Eailway : For two years I have been an observer of the efforts upon the part of the Northern Pacific Eailroad Company to make the world believe this section to be a valuable agricultural one, and with many others I have larison between the resources offered to the emigrant by the new Western States or Terr'' 'ies and that of the fertile regions of the North West of Canada. In 1858 Capt. Palliser was requested by the Under Secretary of State for the Colonies to state his 0})inion on the country he was en- gaged in exploring, and he describes the region drained by the Saskat- chewan in the following words: — '• The extent oi surface drained by the Saskatchewan and other tributaries to Lake Winnipeg, wliich we had an opjxjrtunity of examining, amounts in round numbers to one bunilred and litly thousand square miles. This region is bounded to the North by what is known as tlie strong woods, or the Southern limit of the great circum-arctic /.one of forest vvhicii occupies these latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. This line, which is indicated on the niap, sweeps to the North- West from the shore of Lake Winnipeg and reaches its most Northerly limit about 5t' M N. and longitude 110' W.. from where it again passes to the South- West, meeting the Rocky Mountains in latitude GT N., longitude 115' W. Between this line of the strong woods and the Northern limit of the true prairie country there is a belt of land varyitjg in widtii, which at one period must have been covered by an extension ot the Northern forests, but which has been gradually cleared by successive tires, '• It is now a partially wooiled country, abounding in lakes and rich natural pasturage, in souje parts rivalling the tinest park scenery of our own country. Throughout this region of country the climate seems to possess the same charattc-r, although it passe.: through very ditferent latitudes, its tbrm being doubtless determined by the cui 'es of the isothermal line. Its superficial extent embraces about sixty-five thousand square n)iles, (whether geographical or statute he does not state ; if the former, it would be about eighty-five tliousand statute), of which more than one-third may be considered as at once available for the pur- poses of the agriculturist. Its elevation increases from seven humlred to tour thousand feet as we approach the Rocky Mountains at Edmonton, which has an altitude of HOOO feet. Wheat is cultivated with success. The least valuable portion of the Prairie Country has an extent of about eighty thousand square miles, and is that lying along tl»e Southern branch of the Saskatchewan, South- Avaril trom thence to the boundary line, while its Northern limit is known in /he Indian languages as the 'edge of the woods,' the original line of, the woods being invaded by tire. ^' his a physical reality of the hiarison with the nioBt eJcoJueive attachment Havjng crossed the a countries, which are >ne 18 surprised to find ihe Author of the rand and wild beauties 8 of the pJains of the Stock raising, His Jasturage : e finest clover. It is wer which its juicee the Saskatchewan^ outh India, &c., that Borgeau, Biakiston n of the country so ring a good field for ichewan Country, be over-rated. The hich lies within the er lertility. Coal of ■rembinaand other and may be worked eale of almost every -breeds. The same n i-ngland, Canada icompanied Lord 1 Garry, near the eJds thirty to fifty rops I ha've never yield eoormously. 3 flourish equally lid. The herbage r cattle. They do f fat ; the draught ook with us were 21 rurnPfl adrift at tlie bcfrinnin^ of winter, wliPn snow li.id alroady fallon ; tlioy had Itt'cii r>vor-\vorked and were jaded and tliin. In the sprinii "<' iniiited thcni up, and found them in the finest comlitiun, or rallier too tat. Tlic .<(jil in La Helle Prairif, whrrc we built our Init fur the winter, was four feet deep, afld free t'roni rocks or »:ravol— the tinost loam. The climate is that of T'ppcr Cana(ia, or perhap-t rather mihJer. The sunimer is lonji and warn\, the weatiier uniformly bright and fine; with the exoe|)tion of occasional showers. a wet day is almost unknown. Tin' winter is severe and unlirokcii by thaw, but pleasant enough totho.se able to house and clothe themselves warmly." Prof. John Macoun, M.A., Botanist, who thoroiiglily explored tho Saskatchewan and Peace River Country, say.s : -, . , . , .,, .^ ., , " In Crofutt's Trans-Continental Tourists' Guide ocoirs the passage, speak- ing of the Prairie West of Antelope, on the line of the Union Pacific Railway, '• We now enter on the best grass country in the world,' and further on he says : ' The country is destined at no distant day to become the ^reat pasture land of the continent.' " Now," says Prof. Macoun, " I have passedover these plains from Laramie to Antelope, which are represented as being the best grazing lands in th« world, and which are now supporting thousands of cattle, and they bear no more comparison to our plains (the Saskatchewan) than a stubble field does to a mea- dow. While they nave 1000 miles of sage plains (valueless), for bunch grass soon dies out when pastured, and sage brush takes its place, we have over 1000 miles, from East to West, of land covered at all times of the year with a thick sward of the richest grass, and which is so nutritious as to keep horses in good condition, though travelling, as ours did, at the rate of forty miles per day." Further on ho says of the Saskatchewan : " That there is a great unitbrmity respecting soil, humidity and temperature throughout the whole region, is apparent from the unvarying character of it^ natural productions. Spring fiowers were found on the plains April llth,and the frogs croaking the same evening. During 20 years in Ontario, he never observe*! our first spring flower (Hepatica triloba) as early as that except twice." Again he says : • - ^ ' " It requires very little prophetical skill to enable anyone to foretell, that very few years will elapse before this region will be teeming with flocks and herds." The Rev. George M. Grant, in " Ocean to Ocean," recently pub- lished, says, from his own experience alsoof the Saskatchewan country : " The climatological conditions are favorable for both stock raising and grain producing. The spring ia as early as in Ontario, the summer is more humid, and, therefore, the grain3,gras3es and root crops grow better ; the autumn is bright and cloudless ; the very weather for harvesting; and the winter has less snow and fewer snowstorms, and, though in many parts colder, it is healthy and pleasant, because of the still dry air, the cloudless sky and bright sun. The soil is almost everywhere a peaty or sandy loam resting in clay. Its only fault is that it is too rich. Crop after crop is raised without fallow or manure." The concluding and more recent testimony offered is the following extract from the Speech from the Throne of His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba, at the opening of Parliament, on 30th January last. Speakingof the pro.sperity of the Province of Manitoba, a part of the North West, he says : "A harvest was reaped of such an abundant character, as to prove beyond all <;|uestion that Manitoba country." id entitled to take the highest rank as an agricultural oo Tlie foroicoini:; rorroboratin^j: tosfiniony m ist I'e suffiolent to cfirry conviction to iIk- mind of tlic nlo^t onliruirily intelli^cMit intcndini; cniijyjraiit or invoior, of the ^rcnt suju'iioiity, in jtoint of soil, climate und ji/;i'ieiiltural ca])acity, of this vast Saskatchewan Countiy over that of any ])oi-tion of the United States, wliich have risen so rapidly from the condition of a irin.uc of Provinces alonij; the Atlantic to that of a mighty nation, sjtreadini;- its arms across the continent. Minnesota, the hest an;ricultural and healthiest state in America, in not equal to the s')il of the Saskatchewan. Its richest part is in the valley of the lied liiver, and there it contracts to u narrow trough only a few miles wide, lieyonroud position the United States ice occupied in the eyes of the whole world ! •' ilo ! every one that wants a farm, come and take one,'' it cried aloud, and in every language. Poor men, toiling for a small daily wage in the Old Country, afraid of hard limes, sickness and old age, heard the cry and loved the land that loved ihem so well and otlcred so fiiir. They came in thousands, and found, too, that itkept its word ; and then tliey cat le in tens and hundreds of thou- sands, till now less liberal oilers have to be made because most of the public domain that is Avorth any thing has been absorbed, as the testi- mony of General Hazen amply proves. Povci-ty and destitution reigns ever^'whcre throughout the larger cities of the Atlantic, and thousands of immigrants glad to return, if they have the means, by the ship that brought them out. Now our vast virgin prairies are thrown open to the world, while there is little good land left in the United States available for settlement under the homestead laws, and Railway land which, in the Saskatchewan Country would be considered inferior, can only be pur- chased at enormous rates, varying from five to twenty dollars an acre, and even more. Any intending emigrant or each luale member of his family o\ ^r twenty-one years of age is to-day invited by Canada to come and take a farm of one hundred and sixty acres free and ready for the plough and which, in many places, would be envied even by the wealthy. Let the emigrant who may read this read it carefully and be no longer deceived by the influences of a vast ai-my of agents paid in proportion to their success. Every principal railway-station in Europe is papered with their glowing advertisements, floods of pamphlets in every language, arrangements perfected in the minutest details for forwarding the ignorant and helpless stranger from N^ew York and Chicago to any point he desires. They make the doubter believe that it is better to pay their com- pany from S5 to S20 an acre for "the best land in the world," "rich in minerals," " with no long winters," accompanied with free passes over the railway and long credits, "one-tenth down, the rest when it suits you," which the chances are, never, — loss of health and discourage- ment land him and his family, in the great majority of cases, in irretriev- able ruin and misery. The brilliant offers and prophecies are held out a& better than to take up free grants in the Saslaitchewan Country of the- North West of the Dominion of Canada. \\\ \\| til dl t« ol tii y\ t m '^ ■'^"'fficenf to carry ''.n ^ouuUy nvov that ■'7/; 'J! '••'I>i'lly from Atlantic to that of .. nent. *' ;^;«'o in America, i^ ■icJioHt part i8 in the Ito u narrow trouirh . enorally thin and •1 he emi^n.a„t,s to t''e United States 'Very one that wants '7 JaniruaiTo. p^^^r 'try, afraid of liard tiie Jand that loved '"'J^. and four.d, too, Hmndredwofthou- ^'cause most of the orhed, as the testi- destitution reigns e, and thousands of ' t'y the ^ world," -rich nth free passes le rest when it and discourage- 'es, in irrotriev- are held out as ^in.lry of the- I 23 HOW TO OET TIIKUE, AND WHO SHOULD GO TllEllK AT I'llESENT. The emigrant huiviiig Kiirono and arriving in Quebec or Halifax, in Caiifida, may travel direct through by railway to tiio iJed River, whei'e a splendid steamer will carry him down that river to Winnipeg, the capital and commercial centre of ^Manitoba, and the gateway to hi."* destination, in whatever part of the North West that may be. The route from Quebec by railway being as follows: by Grand Trunk via Sarnia ana Port Huron to Detroit, in the State of Michigan; thence by Michigan Central to Chicago; Chicago to St. Paul by either of the lines ; and from St. Paul to a jjoint on the Red River, from which first-class steamers run down the river to Winnipeg the fare by this route being about eighty dollars, first class, by immigrant cars thirty- two dollars. The total distance from (Quebec being about 2000 miles. From New York or Boston, by rail, to Chicago and St. Paul, as above, at about the same rate. The moHt direct, cheapest, and, for the immigrant, by far the most preferable route, is from Quebec by Grand Trunk Kailway to Toronto, 275_ miles ; thence by Northcn Railway to Collingwood, on Lake JIuron, 96 miles; at Collingwood a splendid steamer carries him to Duluth, at the head of Lake Superior, (395 miles, or he may take his ticket at Quebec for Lake Huron direct to Sarnia, where an equally good line of steamers runs in connection to Duluth; at Duluth ho must go by the Northern Pacific Railway to a point on the Ked River, 225 miles; when the Red River line of Steamers carries him to Winni- peg, in the Province of Manitoba. The total distance from Quebec by this favorite route being about 1520 miles ; fare, first cla.ss, $ fare, . second class, $ . Later information regarding these routes should be applied for at any of the Dominion Immigration Agencies in Europe, for addresses of which see advertisement at end of this pamphlet. Those who should come to the Saskatchewan country as farmers are those who can command sufficient capital to make a fair start with, as estimated under the heading of outfit, after landing at Winnipeg, Of course agriculturists with capital are the more eligible, and particu- larly" those who desire to go into stock raising, profiting by their expe- rience, and who desire larger and quicker returns for labor bestowed and capital invested. At the same time, as already mentioned, the works occasioned by the gradual development of this new country and the present construction of the Great Canadian Pacific Railway, run- ning directly for 1000 miles through the heart of the country, will afford employment to large numbers who afterwards intend to become settlers, and this work will be continually increasing for many years to come till its completion. This, therefore, will be a great inducement to those w^hocannot command sufficient means to commence at once coiufortubly on a farm. Young people of either sex, however poor in cash, if rich in courage, hope and strength, may be encouraged to come, as they may readily obtain employment without going to the far West in the Province of Manitoba, where, even now, servant girls commurid from $S to $15,, equal to £1 12s to £3 per month. 24 ^, The capitalist and « , . ^ «mo.phere the nature has eSre7?h» « "1 ''^^'oping the va°t J^Lf "*^''P'''«''S and ■nay be possessed the n„5''^J'''><"^''nCou^tn- l^^T" '"t'' which n>«nt; itisnottoo L'iht"*h'""> requisite L U et if'^i "''O' ">** ?1™*«.,.".' those ?„" " i'^j'"™ 'hatitpresents' ! i'ffe^'.^njoy- i i CLIMATE AND ADAPTATION TO An.r J^requent r f ^<^«rcr7LTURE. a most total absence of f!. ^^""^ ^^^th poisono.,. L? ,^^? ^^^^ ^^ich pleasing successfo^ofltf ! '''" "^'«*^ ^^^ VSe/o^^^'^"^' ^"^ the the North-West TclUllT'''-^^^ ««"«Pirrto mft« V""'^'^^^' tbe tie home of a jovoniT ..?^ ""rivalled sal ihWH. ^. Manitoba and intellectual, and ^orn'j '^'*u^-^' P^^^Perous „"' I"^' ?"^ ^^ n^«ke th^s ^'th much loLer -^nt ,-\^^"''^^«'^ hoursTZi; T; •■ ^'^'"'^^ at J^o^ «»nl.'gbt during. o^uZ "'^^'^ ^^^^ we Jack in hf?"'^- T'»« i« a were T"'' """"^^'^'^^ were tho most abun- whieh man is the most acing atmosphere the t are equally invited. andWeiyremunera- ^d to a 1 to come and the enterprising and resource, with which til' u^^,' ''^^^^ that their highest enjoy- unequalled indice- ^wland. What are Y, f^'l^its, and all the ^^y visit the settler's ^ed and the youn^ ? ions of the Vfestern almost to preclude '■^ pamphlet to the askatchewan Coun- 'i«ce of Manitoba, better than quote 'j\M^nitoha, as 7 the soil which ^lalations, and the L V""'^'^^t, the *<^e Manitoba and '»(* to make this '•ong in physical, ed by the oxperi- ^^7; The melon y jn August and » the amount of wh'Ist at JVew ^e have sixteen our vegetation ^".«^- This is a 1 1« made up in tui-e, itmust bo ^';out half way ^""^ i'lNtoad of ^"''«fy, a thing "■ the I'oasons Itlready given, seldom pernicious. Plants and animalw are armed with the proper implements for resistance. I would not infer that we are subject to hurricanes, or other violent commotions of the atmosphere, any more or as much as other places. But we hav^e a touch at times of both extremes, a vibratory movement of the climates of the torrid and frigid zones. ' Notwithstanding, there is no place south of us where crops are surer, or where the quality of vegetables is better, attaining enormous sizes. Early Kose potatoes were sent from here in October, 1876, for exhibition at the International P^xhibition in Phihidelphia, which weighed 2h to 3^ pounds, each, and received awards, as well as other vegetables and cereals, wheat in particular. With the progress of the year the supply of heat and moisture slowly declines until the autumn narvest is closed. The autumnal equinox being passed, and the season of vegetable growth ended, suddenly the 'fall of rain is arrested, Indian summer is ushered in, and then follows the liveliest month, generally -w^ell into November, of all the year; tho weather warm, the atmosphere hazy and calm, and eveiy object appear- ing to wear a tranquil and drowsy aspect. A tew days more and the sleeping earth lies quiet and serene, " when winter fairly reigns, the most healthful and invigorating of tho seasons, and is to many the icharm of the year." As a further convincing proof of the great agri- icultural capacity of the soil, it is only necessary to state that tho returns from Prince Albert and other new settlements on the Saskat- chewan show a yield of 40 bushels of spring wheat to tho acre, in sev- eral instances mostl}?^ otf newly broken land, the average weight being about 63 pounds to the bushel. The average yield of wheat in tho Province of Manitoba deduced from the local estimates is 30 bushels to the arve, while the average production in the State of Miiinesota as deduced from its own official returns, and which is considered the best wheat growing State in America, is only set down at 20 bushels to the acre. In this comparison there is certainly food for honest pride in our agricultural capacity in addition to the wheat being of a superior qual- ity, as has been proved by huge quantities having been ])urchasod during the past season for exportation to the older Provinces, and even to the United States for seed purposes, at a high price, samples of our wheat having attracted considerable attention at the Centennial Exhi- bition at Philadelphia, 1876. The ftict established by climatologists that <' the cultivated plants yield the greatest products near the North- ernmost limit at which they Avill grow " is fully illustrated in our productions. It is a well knowt> fact that, in Southei-n latitudes, tho warm spring develojw the juices of the plant too rapidly. They run into tho stalk ana leaf to the neglect of the seed. Coi'n-maizc, for ex- ample, rises 30 feet high in tho West Indies ; but it produces only a few grains at the bottom of a s])(»ngy cob, too coarse for human food. The cool, late springs of Northern climates restrain tho undue lux urianco of the stem or leaf, and throw tho chief devclopnioiit of the plant into the ripening ]>eriod. This remark applies equally to all tho cereals, esculent roots and vegetables. - 26 ' fwi 1! A.VALysis OF SAAiPLE OF 3UNIT0B , sOTr^' Moisture ^'^yJHA feOIL. ^nospjjatefi Carbonate of lime'. Carbonate of .na^.neisia".:: Alkaline gait" " Oxide of iron.'.'. '. fJi'icious matter • ^]and and silica.... Ajuniina 21.364 11.223 51.721 7.560 59.85;i an lac bac mu< ace tim wo I ofc miK if n* Fitl woo ting in t1 — "- ou.fsi)/, ting " The above soil is voi^xr ,• u • »«» t] luW amount of the H'l lino? •^.•'. "^'^''iCanic matter nn.] . .lOO.Ooo may bearing quaJit^^!!^ «^^^'"^ ^^^-^'J^-mg matters found i.^aJlsoro? a' ood I 1^ I fi* K^ /-v /-I \ r>t (S.>ned,) SrEVExso.M.cAx>.M,MD ^ee?M/-e/- on Chemistry/, '&e. are 1 oour iwrei THE ADVANTAGES OF PRaiRip t * T, '^^^"^^ ^^^'^^>S TO SETTLERS. , t^-y, and theobBtrur.finn -f ^ cultivate a new f-irm in ^ continued fron 'om kind fruit fiftee •ume euitii tion 1 ' ] anotl: fcvor iiaH n Imme femil. Wintc '\ •iippl ■ invcs the we! ipleofKo.loftheeountr ^ of GalashieLs and othe tiand, who recently pui. y impressed as to ■ Di'. Macadam, y of Edinburgh. ■)RT, Surgeon's Hall URGii, 14t/t Dec, 187t>! ITOBA SOIL. 2i.3ei 11.223 ., , 100.000 tter, and contains the u in all soils of a good Macadam, M.D -er on Chemistry, '&c. 3 SETTLERS. swan Prairie Country offers of prairie and appreciated only by great and continued n in a wooded coun- th'J roads necessary f^npplyofwood for JUt these are inde- Hcilities for settle- respectively. Such e matter to figures ">rofmalvingafarm neniioned : money or labor, is ■"^1 can be even im- throe pounds fiv( outlay of twenty- ^7 flfe shillings an acre may be set down as to be incurred afterwards, in gftting rid of them. Where the stumps are of pine or the land stony, Ule uost will be much greater. In general, pine stumps if removed at all will cost at least five shillings apiece, andf^ome will cost twenty-five shillings. We have here as one item, at least four pounds ten shillingB an acre, of expense to be incurred, on account of the wood, before the land can be brought thoroughly under the plough. This is the cost of those who can afford to pay for the labor of skilled back-woodsmen, accustomed to the use of the axe, who can do twice as much of that kind of ivork as the immigrant from Europe even though accustomed to other kind of hard labor. To the tenant farmer, or farm laborer from Great Britain, whose time and industry, if applied to the cultivation of our rich prairie land, would be even more valuable than that of the back-woodsman, the cost of clearing wood land in money's worth of his labor will be twice i.", much. If he be very young he may learn the use of the axe perfectly, if not he will never learn to use it so as to be able to do as much work yr'iih. it as the native back- woodsman. As by far the greater part of the immigrants who settle in the woods have to clear their farms b}' their own unskilled labor, admit- ting even that they become gradually more proficient, the cost to them iu their own labor, of clearing their farms, and removing the stumps, may, on a low estimate, be set down at five pounds ten shillings an acre. We do not speak here of the value which their labor in clearing would command. No one Avould give them such a price for it. We •re speaking of the value of the labor unavoidably lost by them on ac- count of the woods. Hero we have, then, to a family clearing, a farm of a hundred acres in ten or fifteen years, a loss of five hundred and fifty pounds on account of the woods. The settler expends all tliis and ten or fifteen years of the best of his j|fe, in toilsome struggles to convert his farm into such proportions of open and wooded land as the settler on our partly wooded prairie lands ftnds his when he first goes on it, in other words, he actually receives from the government the free gift of a ready-made farm of the richest kind. He can put as much land under the plough and reap the fruit of it soon after commencing, as the former can do after ten or fifteen years of crushing toil in clearing land, which necessarily con- BUmes much time which he would gladly devote to more extensive cultivation and raising larger crops when the woods are not an obstruc- tion to his doing so. Besides this relief from heavy toil and time lost in clearing there is another advantage of prairie land that operates strongly in the settler's favor, the full value of which can only be apj)reciated by a man who has made a beginning in the unbroken forest, an advantage which tells Immediately to the personal comfort and benotit of the settler and his iftmily — that is, the infiniteabundance of the rich grass for summer and winter food for cattle, with which ho is surrouii(U>(l. The new settler on our jjrairieland can keep as many cows, for the iupply ofliis family with milk and butter and ch<.'e>-e tor sale as it may '« I w 111 28 <^iiit his means to piircha.se from the first day of his settlement ; for h pasture and meadows are ah'eady in abundance before him, and IfhiCt most places the cattle can find the chief part of their winter food fofflowi themselves, and be fiat in sprinrr. do th| It is not surprising, therefore, that so many European immigrant have hitherto passed through Canada to seek the prairie land of tli United Stales. Even old and successful settlers in Canada have bee tempted, and found it to their advantage to do so, although they ha nothing like the advantages in point of climate and agricultural ca i^9^^ pacity which the North-VVest of Canada can now oiier to millions ; tha of re^ wonderfully rapid development which the United States experience within the last quarter of a century has ceased, its vast expanses o utilis fertile prairie land is nearly all absorbed, what little is left in privat hands and railway corporations can only be purchased at enormou «d wil prices, while we are now able to offer better land free to immigrants UtiesI than the United States, or anj'- of its railway companies can offer. P^'.^^l The grooves worn smooth by the millions tramping westwards wil itti^M hereafter change in the direction of Canada's boundless prairie lands. qiia\i] Becti(f STOCK RAISING AND WOOL GROWING. Without doubt the Saskatchewan country must become one of th( best grazing countries in the world. Prominent among its advantage? are : 1. The richness and luxuriance of the native grasses. 2. The great extent of unoccupied land, affording for many years to come a wide range of free pasturage. 3. The remarkable dryness and healthfulness of the winter. The sleet, slush, mud and the train of dipoases, which the damp and variable winters of milder climates inflict upon animals and men, are here nearly unknown. The cold dry air sharpens the appetite, and promotes a rapid secretion of fat, and a vigorous muscular development. Wool grows finer and heavier, and mutton and beef sweeter and more juicy, the effect of climate and rich herbage com- bined. According to established laws of nature, cold climates require a larger quantity and liner quality of wool or fur than w\armer ones, lience the wool and fu.*-beariiig animals are found in perfection only in northern regions. The thick coating of the sheep especially identifies it with a cold country. The excessive heat to which their wool sub- jects them in a warm climate, as in Australia, generates disease ; the rot and other diseases so ruinous in warm and moist climates are un- known here. Although the winters are apparently longer the actual number of daj's which stock has to be ted here is no more than in Ohio, and South- orn Illinois and Kansas. The washing, chilling and debilitating rains of these States are far more injurious to out stock than our severest cold. Any practical man will see that such advantages, for unlimited cattle feeding, without the labor of clearing land and raising hay crops, combined with extreme richness of soil in the valleys, are weighty effects a^^ainst the coolness of the winter climate. ihe C^fo| fich ^onnj JJ^at ciliari Dttati bun< 4ors 'IJirill mer fror daii pos fitr nat ■by HIT of coi do be ar hi cl 1 of his settlement; fori, mce before him, and i of their winter food ft y European immigrant the prairie land of tli 1-8 in Canada have bee » so, although they ha ite and agricultural ca goffer to millions; tha ted states experience a. Its vast expanses o iitt e ,8 left in privat. )urchased at enormou ^d free to immigrant* apanies can offer, aniping westwards wil indless prairie lands. kvrjvo. ust become one of th( among its advantage> grasses. 2. The great rears to come a wide Jess and healthfulnea* in of dipoases, which inflict upon animals ry air sharpens the a vigorous muscular Id mutton and beef i rich herbage corn- climates require a than warmer ones, in perfection only especially identifies 'ch their wool sub- erates disease; the «t climates are un- 8 actual number of 'n Ohio, and South- i.are connected with this cross of the buffalo with domestic cattle is the fact Jiiat the color of the bison and the majority of its distinguishing ([characteristics disappear after successive crossing. Its outward confor- ination is also, in process of time, in a great degree lost sight of. The Jiunch or lump of flesh covering the long bpinous processes of the florsal vertebrae becomes diminished with each successive cross, and 'jivill, doubtless, also disappear entirely as the original type becomes merged in the domestic animal. Further experiments may show that decided advantages will come jfrom the.se crosses, among which are increased hardiness and improved dairy qualities. Perhaps no animal with which we are acquainted possesses such remarkable properties. His migratory habits and fitness for great extremes of heat and cold are the results of natural selection and the struijirle for existence for untold centuries by which he has arrived at vigor of constitution, fleetness an ' m^Jscular strength rarely, if at all, met with in the ox tribe. These a:^ ) qualities of great value which cannot be disregarded, and particularly when we consider the direct and indirect advantages that judicious crossings of domestic animals have bestowed upon civilization to an extent not to be calculated. A full-grown buft'alo will weigh from 1,200 to 2,000 pounds and even more. In winter his whole body is covered with long ;ihaggy hair mixed with much wool. He roams at large throughout the Saskat- chewan country,, particularly in the rich valleys at the base of the Rocky Mountains, and annually thousands are slain merely for his robe, wliich is esteemed everywhere on this continent and in Jiurope. ^It is to be hoped that the enactment of judicious laws will in future il i IK III Iji-": 30 ^ put a stop to the past wanton destruction of this valuable animal, correspondent of the Turf, Field and Farm gives some interesting fac regarding the domestication of the butfalo in Nebraska. He began with two cows and a bull, which ho kept with his tair stock. In the Spring the cows calved, and in three years the calvc became mothers, j'ielding an average of 14 quarts of the richest mih daily, for an average of tive months. He adds that suflBcient exper ments have been made in crossing the buffalo with native and grad short-horn cattle, and have been attended with such successful resultN that the most sceptical people cannot fail to be satisfied, as to the aii vantages and value of the intermingling of breeds. ^\A This information and suggestion will no doubt meet with apprecia tW tion by those who desire to become successful stock raisers in our Fai ^n^ West. ' .: ti( DAIRY FARMING frd Must also become in a few \ oars an important source of wealth in the Saskatchewan Country. Ir is now conducted on a very large scale in the older Provinces, in connection with cheese and butter factories for European consumption. In the Province of Ontario alone no less than 200 cheese factories being in operation, that Province deriving an in- come of nearly two millions of dollars a year from this single article of produce, and the quality esteemed almost as highly as the best English cheese. With the progress of improved communications what a vast field is presented for the development of that branch of agricultural enterprise dn this great grazing country. ugar, if prosecuted on a sufficiently large scale, could be made very profitable. A calculation is given, setting forth the estimated results of the manufacture of a thounand tons of sugar beets in the 8tates of Xew York and Pennsylvania, as made by an American gen- tleman who has given long consideration to the subject. It is as fol- lows : ♦ KXPKXriES. < ■ 1000 tonis of beot^ al |4 ppr t m $4,000 I Kstimated cost of nianufaoture at $;> per Vm 5,000 •t Total $!>,000 la m ir ii f r i I i i 31 RESULT. GO te $400 600 oY sugar at $250 per ton 15,000 :!00 tons pulp at $2 per ton.. M) " syrup at $20 per ton f .this valuable animal gives some intcre.stiriLr fa, 1 Nebraska. ^ ^/.^^J;^ ''^P^ ^'th his ta„ in three years the calv,. quart, of the richest mil, dds that sufficient expe Jlo with native and ^U he ■ ^."^^'e^'^t'ul result, 'eeds. ' ** "' ** I^" the manufacture of beet root sugar cun be carried on so profit- ioubt meet with • ^^'X ^^ ^^^^ P^^^ ^^ America, with our greater resources, we but await Total results $l(i,000 From which deduct expenses 9,000 Leaves a profit of. $7,000 il Stock raisers ^" tiie construction of railways to otter far superior advantages for such 111 our Pai j^u important industry. Immense sugar beets sent from here to the International Exhibi- tion at Philadelphia were the surprise and admiration of thousands from all parts of the world. source of wealth in the on a very large scale in and butter factories fo, ntario alone no less than rovince deriving an in- ram this single article of ?hly as the best English ;ions what a vast field U agricultural enterprise 'Iv, at no distant day anada, and occupy the fie rich deep mould of the continent for the the production of beet scale could be made forth the estimated ot sugar beets in the ^y an American ffen- subject. Itisasfol- )< MINERALS. Eeferring $4,000 5,000 $!>,000 to the vast and inexhaustible coal beds of the Sa skat- ^ewan, Sir William Armstrong, some few years ago, raised the question in the Old Country of the posisibility of the coal mines of England becoming after a time exhausted. The question was widely discussed Jtt the time, and all became thoroughly convinced of what paramount importance to a country's prosperity were the coal ticlds. From Geological reports, and the Engineer's 8urv3ys, the Saskat- <0bcwan district possesses one of the largest coal fields in the world. Between the 59th parallel and the North Sea, it has been calcu- lated that there cannot be much less than 500,000 square miles that are Underlaid by true coal. The average breadth of this belt is about 280 mile^. In addition to the coal, this country contains rich deposits of iron ore. On the North Saskatchewan River, coal prevails with little intor- mption in beds two and two and a half feet thick on the bank of the river, from a little below Edmonton, upwards for two hundred miles. On the Pembina River, 70 miles to the West, there is a seam ten feet thick, of a very superior quality. On the Battle River it is also noted, ^nd in the Red Deer branch of the South Saskatchewan, 170 miles from \iM mouth, are extensive deposits of coal, and at 100 miles fur*^^her up it is there in beds so close, that, of 20 feet of strata exposed, 12 feet are -coal. Specimens of coal from various sections of ;the Saskatchewan Country were recently forwarded for analysis to Professor Haanol of Victoria College, Ontario, with the following result. He says : •' The spooinien^ were the out-crop in each case, and taken from points at least 300 niilen apart. The accompanying table of assays of coal Irom some of the principal mines of the United IStates and Nova Scotia are highly valuable for comparison, and wlien it is remembered that their samples were taken from tlie bed (jf the niine, and my specimens from the out-crop, the superior (juality of the ■Baskatcliewan coal is fully established."' i I m 4NALYSTS OF PROF. HAANEL, VICTORIA COLLEGE. LOCALITY. I II III.... IV Maryland PenDSjlTania Virginia Joggins Springhill District of Pictou Same locality to top bench. i>;j*.rict of Richmond Spec. gr. 1.375 1.375 1.340 1.337 Moisture. 11.88 11.41 6.G9 6.89 1.25 0.82 1.64 2.50 1.80 1.750 1.509 30 Vol. Matter. 28.66 29.07 33.70 33.57 15.80 17.01 36.63 .36.30 28.40 25.875 24.800 26 Fixed. Carbon. 57.25 56.94 53.25 50.90 73.01 68.82 50.99 66.00 56.60 61.950 61.428 66.40 Ash. 2.21 2 58 6.36 8.64 9.74 13.35 10.74 5.20 13.20 10.425 22.272 13.35 lOO.OO 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.80 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 mi Oil r»< i he numbers I to IV are as follows : — The Pembina coal, 100 miles N. W. from Edmonton — I. That from near Belly River, South Saskatchewan- -il. That from Belly River— III. That from Saskatchewan River, near Fort Edmonton, 900 miles N.N.W. of Fort Garry— IV. I and II are bituminous coals, of a bright lustre, irregumr fracture, showing, to judge from the small specimens sent, no distinct lamination, of a high spec. gr. 1.375, comparatively free from sulphur, and giving out little tarry matter upon coking. Ill and IV are also bituminous^ of a less spec, gr., 1.340 and 1.337 respectively ; lustre, dull ; distinct lamination, fracture at right angles to lamination, irregular with bright surfaces. Parallel to the plane of lamination, the slabs separated are dull. Gives out considerable tarry matter upon coking. Many other seams are found over a wide extent of country, and it is but reasonable to infer that several of these will yield excellent fuel, for even in the richest coal countries there is no such abundant out- crops as here. Surely with these riches and its vast agricultural resources, there is a great future in store for the Saskatchewan Country. Fortunate, there- fore, will be the descendants of those who may now obtain a foothold within its gigantic borders, possessing as it does all the true elements of future greatness and prosperity. With the completion of the Pacific Railway, its rapid growth and wealth will be unparalleled in the history of civilization. THE CULTURE. As it is a matter of importance that every immigrant in the North West should endeavor to increase instead of decrease the wood he may have on his farm, as it is a fixed fact in Physical Geography that the more the land is clothed with trees, the greater the rainfall. In Pales- tine and Northern Africa, what were the most fruitful countries in the mmmmm >IUA COLLEGE. Fixed. J Carbon. 57.25" 56.94 53.25 50.90 73.0J 68.82 50.99 66.00 56.60 61.950 51.428 56.40 Ash. 2.21 2 58 6.36 8.64 9.74 13.35 10.74 6.20 13.20 10.425 22.2:2 13.35 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.80 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Jmonton — I. hewan--.n. Edmonton, 900 miles 3tre irregular fracture no distinct Idtaination m sulphur, and giving 'c- f^r, 1.340 and 1.337 cture at right angles to mallei to the plane of out considerable tarry ^.'^^.of country, and it 11 yield excellent fuel o such abundant out- ral resources, there is ^y. Fortunate, there- ow obtain a foothold Jl the true elements its rapid growth and 5Utiori. I 33 world 2000 jearft ngo are now barren wastes. The cauRe is well known : ,||je trees were cut down, none wore |)Iantc(l in their place, the sun iH^aporate*! the rain before it had time to permeate the soil, and in course of time the land was given up to perpetual barrenness. At the same time it may be well to remark that with us the long rich grass which clothes the prairies must act as a grea^ preventive Ugainst the sun's power. The agent which has caused tht> destruction of forests that once oc- iod many parts of the prairies is undoubtedly fire, occasioned by the .rolessncss of travellers and Indians camping, and the same swift and iffectual destroyer prevents the new growth from acquiring dimensions, #hich would enable it to check their annual progress. This, however, will soon be arrested with the advance of settlement ftpd governmental care. In the State of Minnesota, forests have sprung ifp with wonderful rapidity on the prairies, as the country became set- wd so as to resist and subdue the encroachment of annual fires. In view of the importance of the subject the following practical hints are offered, and will be found of value to the intending emigrant to the Saskatchewan Country. Here is the experience of an extensive farmer in the State of Min- nesota, his example can be equally well followed in any part of the Siiskatchewan : In spring he covered seventy-two acres with cuttings of cottom wood, poplar and white willow, which have flourished finely, and, after %wo years, were from ten to fourteen foot high. At the same time ho planted several bushels of seed, including two elder, oak, white and rod ^m, hard and soft maple and bass wood, and the sprouts from this seed ,in two yeai-s were three to five feet high. ,,, , , , ,,.,,.,, .,-., DiaBCTIONS FROM EXPERIENCE. PREPARATION OF THE SOIL. A proper and thorough cultivation of the soil is an indisputable pro-requisite to success; without this thorough preparation, failure and pisappointmont are inevitable. To secure the best results the ground must have been previously broken and the sod thoroughly decomposed, then, with a common stir- ring plough, the ground to be planted should be given a thorough plough- ing to the d^jpih of ten inches, after which it should be thoroughly harrowed until the ground is completely pulverized. It is recommended that the ground for a single row for a fence or for a hedge should be . prepared in the above manner, in a strip eight feet wide, in the centre of which the cuttings should be set in, leaving a margin for cultivation four feet wide on each side of the cuttings. * I'^^rant in the North se the wood he may Geography that the rainfall. In Pajes- tful countries in the '% METHOD or PLANTING. Stretch a small rope of suitable length over the exact place where it is desirable to plant the cuttings, each end of the rope to be staked firmly to the ground. The ground immediately beneath the rope should be smoothed off with a small iron rake. The planter should then take 34 i I ';. up as many cuttings as ho can conveniently carry under one arm and proceed to stick them in t4io ground close up to the rope. They should De stuck deep, leaving not more in any case than t;vo buds out of the ground. If stuck in the full length it is juat as well. It is advised that the}' should be stuck in standing, sny ut the angle of from 30 to 45 degrees and invariably butt end first. For a live fence or hedge, they should be stuck as nearly as possible one foot apart, 5280 cuttings will plant a mile of such fence. Two good hands can plant this mile in a aay if the ground is partly prepared for them. METHOD OF CULTIVATION. As soon after planting as the weeds and grass show themselves, hoeing should be commenced ; every cutting should be carefull}' hoed. All of the four feet margin on each side of the row should bo hoed thoroughly, as soon afterwards as the cuttings have started, so that the row may be distinctly seen, the grass and weeds killed, leaving all of the foilr feet on each side of the row perfectly mellow. This process flhonld be repeated two or three times during the season, as not a weed or a bunch of grass should be allowed to go to seed. Great care should be exercised in hoeing not to disturb the cutting of the young tree. After harvest all the weeds and grass found within the four feet margin should be gathered and burned. Look out for prairie fires, and, if the jilantution is in danger, burn round it. It cannot be sufficiently impressed upon the tree planter that, thorough cultivation the first season will ensure the success of the plan- tation. The second year the plants will do^with half the cultivation, and the third year no further cultivation will be required. By pursuing this treatment the cuttings will be grown in five years to a size and height which will form an impenetrable barrier to horses and cattle, as well as a valuable windbreak. Ten acres planted in this way in rows eight feet apart will in that period (5 years) not only furnish all the fuel and fencing necessary to support a farm, but will also bring a handsome income from the fence poles which may be spared to less fortunate neighbors. The earlier the cuttings are planted after the frost is out of the ground the better, but the planting may be'continued to the Ist of June with success. Cuttings set in spring ploughing time should have the earth pressed on each side of them as last as the planting progresses. The cuttings may be procured from the nearest natural groves or belts of woods on the margin of streams or the river sides. til n wl n[ IS tl YOUNQ TREES AND SEEDS. Young aspen and poplar, one or two years old, may be gathered in waggon loads on the prairie in tlie vicinity of groves which fires have not run over. The seeds of the ash-leaved maplo, the ash, and the elm (very pretty and suitable for protection round the house and Btables) may be found in abundance trom these trees along the mar- rry under one arm and tho rope. They rJiouIU m t^o buds out of tho ^vell Itisadvifiodthat mgle of from 30 to 45 -e fence or hedge, thov t apart, 5280 cuttin/s 'ds can plant this mile m. 35 gins of the .slrcaniB, and may be gathered to most advantage late in the roll. Forest tree seeds arc likely to succeed best if planted just before the ground freezes, the seed should be planted in drills in small furrows previously made by the hoe, and should bo liberally sown, then covered with a small iron rake to a depth of from one to two inches. Seed necessary to be kept throughout tlie winter should be kept in moigt land, in boxes or barrels, two parts c)f sand to one of seed, and where ^ey will be kept cool; and at aoout their natural moisture. h raws show themselves iild be carefully hoed' row should bo hoed ■vo started, so that the ' killed, leaving all of [nellow. This process season, as not a weed d. Great care should of the young tree. n the four feet margin ion is in danger, burn he tree planter that success of tho plan- half the cultivation squired. By pursuing e years to a size and horses and cattle, as in this way in rows only furnish all the ut will also bring a ay be spared to less 3 frost is out of the ed to the 1st of June me should have tho anting progresses. 5t natural groves or r sides. J, niay be gathered groves which fires naplo, the ash, and •und the house and i-ees along the mar- POLITICAL INSTITUTION- aOVERNMENT. 1 , v,\ The North West of the Dominion is as yet only under a Territorial form of Government. The Executive consists of the Lioutenant-Qover- tior and a council, appointed by tho Governor-General, by and with the advice of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada by warrant under his privy seal, holding oflSce dui'ing pleasure. The seat of Government is located at a site lately selected on the Battle river, an important tributary of the North Branch of the Saskatchewan, already referred to descriptively. The site of the neW" capital is named Battleford, and, although only a few months in exist- ence, is already assuming importance as a business centre. The judicial power is for the present vested in resident stipendiary magistrates also appointed by the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. The Act for the organization of the North West Territories of which the following is a Synopsis provides that the Lieutenant Governor and Council of the North-West Torritori os, may make, ordain and establish ordinances as to matters coming within the following .classes of subjects : Taxation for local and municipal purposes. i > Property and civil rights in tho Territories. The administration of justice in the Territories, including mainten- ance and organization of courts, both of civil and criminal jurisdiction, and including procedure in civil matters in theso courts, but the ap- pointment of any judges of the said courts shall be made by the Gover- nor-General in Council. !'-;/<:' PUBLIC HEALTH. • '"-"^ i. The licensing of inns and places of refreshment; Landmarks and boundaries ; Cemeteries ; .-. Cruelty to animals ; Game and wild animals, and the care and protection thereof; Injury to public morals ; Nuisances ; ' ,'■'.' Police; . ■, .. y"^ ■Vh'i 36 r-} Boftds, highwiijH, ;inr com- •xicant " • intoxi- 1 or im- f)irit or id. th-Wo8t • to the ianitoba, ire, gro- ticles of Canada, "J should e plainsi I a large at value 41 in wet weather to lay next the ground, and thereby keep the bedding always dry and comfortable ; a small medicine chest and carpenter's tools should be added^ together with a good stock of ammunition. The pioneer immigrant going into the Saskatchewan Country should at least have sufficient means to carry himself and family over a year in provisions, besides the purchase of One yoke of oxen and yoke of harness |I20 to |150 ' '•'' One waggon 86 to 90 ' ' ' Breaking plough and harrow 40 to 45 Cliains, isliovel, tools, etc., say 20 to 00 >., , Stove (cooking) with furniture 26 to 30 ,.,. Seeds, etc 10 ' Besides contingencies for building, etc., say 2.5 ' -•■-•' Total $326 '>' equal in sterling money about £65.0.0. This is the lowest estimate, and is merely offered as a guide; of course, the outfit and stock depends altogether upon the desire, intentions and means at the emigrant's dis- il. The following is a more detailed list of present prices at Winnipeg : Waggons, complete $90.00 *' without box , 70.00 Extra prairie breaking plough 27.00 ; .. Sub-soil breaking plough, 12 inches 42.00 » •' Cross-plough, 10 inches 13.00 Cultivators, 5 teeth 10.00 ... Scythes 1.10 ; , ': Chains, 12i cts. per lb ' ', Mowers $85 to $100 Harrows, 8 bar 16 to 00 ' •' Fanning Mills ". 35 to 00 Nails, 5 ctH. per lb ... » Iron, 7 " " . :„, ^ In building material " ' ' '^' Window sashe.s from $1 .50 to $.300 " framen 1 .25 to 2.00 - ' Door frame.s, inside 1 .00 ^ *' " outside 2.00 ,, Paneldoors 1.80 to 2.50 " • Oxen and horses of a superior breed being in great demand in Manitoba by constant arrivals would be purchased cheaper in Canada _ or the State of Minnesota, more particularily as the rapidly increasing immigration will cause a scarcity and high prices. Parties desiring to become stock raisers would do well to make their selection of breeding stock in Quebec or Ontario, which Provinces took -the principal prizes at the Great Centennial Exhibition at Philadeli)hia, To the immigrant who has not means sufficient to proceed at once out to the Saskatchewan, the extensive works on the Canadian Pacific Eailway now offer immediate employment to large numbers, and will be continually increasing for many years until completed across the continent. This, therefore, should be a great inducement, even to the less fortunate imniigrant, who would at first require no further outfit than, his ordinary clothing and bedding, D \ m .!)• i The immigrant who is destined direct for the interior will on His arrival at Winnipeg obtain from a few days experience a thorough knowledge of everything he will require in proportion to his means and intentions. Should he desire to carry more than his own waggons or carts, he can make arrangements with a transportation firm by which freight will be carried to his destination or any other point at the rat» of one dollar and twenty-five centior five shillings sterling per hundred for each hundred miles. This transportation with guidef?, natives of the country, will be furnished by the firm referred to on twelve hours' notice. So that immigrants proceeding on to the Saskatchewan need have no fear of detention at Winnipeg on that account. In order to give an idea of the amount of freighting to the interior during the season of 1876, it may be stated that between 4,000 and 5,000 carts were loaded at Winnipeg to cross the plain'^, and this principally provisions and other supplies, each cart carrying on an average 1,000 pounds and drawn by one animal. t,. - '^ - - ., :., '' THE COLONY SYSTEM. The system of emigrating in small colonies will be found very ad- T'antageouB to the pioneers, as well as economical ; neighbors in the old land may be neighbors in the new ; friends may settle near each other, form communities and the nucleus of new settlements and towns, esta- blish schools and, in short, avoid many of the traditional hardships which have Usually attended pioneer life. The colony system is also calculated to supply the needs of all members of the community, and to furnish employment to every industry. Whenever a colony is estab- lished there will soon be near its centre the storekeeper, blacksmith, carpenter, etc., post office, school house and church, and, with the pro- gress of the Pacific Railway and Steamboat navigation, a market. Until then an ample market, commanding high prices, is created by the influx of following settlers, as has been alreaidy instanced at the flourishing settlement of Prince Albert on the Saskatchewan and others. The attention of the capitalist intending to emigrate is drawn to the importance and mutual advantage of this system, in which capital, directed by sa^city and enterprise, possess such unquestionable advan- tages united with industry and a plucky purpose, and, in no place under the sun, could it reap better rewards than under the bright skies and help- ful atmosphere of this fair land. The best and most advantageous time for emigrants destined for the Saskatchewan, to arrive at Winnipeg is as early after the opening of navigation as possible, say about Ist of May, and should not bo later than, say, end of August, in order to have time, after their journey over the plains and arrival at their destination, to make temporary provision for the winter in building, etc. All necessary I'urther information re- garding this can be had on their arrival at Winnipeg, when selecting their necessary outfit. Doors, sashes, flooring, and all kinds of dressed lumber, well sea- soned, for fitting up the interior of a temporary log house comfortably, c«n be hud at VVinnipeg at the following prices : on His lOrough ) means i^aggons Y which the rat* lundred ry, will So that > fear of interior )00 and md this ( on an very ad- the old h other, ns, esta- irdships I is also , and to is estab- ksmith, he prc- t. Until e influx irishing •awn to capital, ) advan- e under nd help- ned for Dpening be later ey over fovision ,tion re- electing reW sea- ^rtably, Door Panels I 1.80 to | 2.00 , Sashes l.SOto 3.00 Frames 1 .26 to 200 Flooring 35.00 per 1000 ft. During the winter months the settler may profitably occupy his whole time, getting out timber for larger buildingK, fencing, etc., and generally preparing for an early start on his land in the spring. Before the snow falls, if provided with a mower, he will cut sufficient hay for his cattle during winter to feed when not turned loose. IN CONCLUSION. We would again repeat that " the Province of Manitoba " and " the Saskatchewan Country" afford the finest and most inviting fields for emigration in the world today, which statement is amply corrobo- rated by testimony of the very highest stmiding and given from practi- cal knowledge ; and the inducements presented to those in search of new homes may fairly claim to be unequalled. The writer of this pamphlet, since the issue of his last on Manitoba, two years ago, has been in the receipt of hundreds of letters of enquirers, and he would take the present opportunity to notify readers of this, that he had no real estate to sell, and is in no wise connected with the land business ; and, therefore, hopes that none of his readers will corres- pond with him on that subject, but rather direct their letters to real estate agents. Attention will be paid to all applications for copies of this pamphlet; but letters calling for special detailed information, not containing one dollar or more will be unanswered. A busi7ief>s man's time i» money. My object is to present the facts relative to this portion of the Dominion of Canada, as I believe them, to those who desire to know them, taking conscientious care to willingly deceive no one. Cruel is the writer a\ lo draws immigrants to any country by gross misrepresenta- tions. Changing one's home is to all a serious event. Shiftless discon- tent transforms many a man into a pioneer, who, finding a new country not a Paradise, send back evil reports of the land. No matter how milk and honey may abound, no matter how large and luscious are the grapes of Eschol, they are nothing but some tall sons of Anak, and becoming, in the face of difficulties, as " grasshoppers in their own sight," soon desire to return into Egypt. On the contrary, nearly all of those who count the cost before starting, and who convince themselves they arc able to overcome those tall sons of Anak, succeed in subduing the land and enter into posBcs- sion of the milk and honey. All intending emigrants should remem- ber that a new country like this is not the idler s paradi.se, that all its mines of wealth are surrounded by bustling difficulties. Its great superiority is that it is a land of opportunities. Here as in no other portions of this continent arc openings to-day that yield their wealth to brains, energy, pluck, whether with or with- out capital, more than is actually necessary to start with fairly. A cor- dial welcome is extended to all those who desire to eiiiigrate to come 44 and Dartake of all the advantages with which lavish nature has endowed uf as well as become freeholders of one hundred and sixty acres of rich a XTand to which every man over 21 years of age is entitled who will be come an actual settler, to take possession of, thanks to the Ceficent wisdom of Canada's generous legislation to give life and a^ttn to th^^^^^^^ richness Blumbe?ing in the black soil of herm.llions of acres of unoccupied lands in her Great North-West. I > p i : r f . r .; -.-n; ■,,i— h: ":;; ! ^A m dowed of rich 1 titled, to the fe and ions of