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 r f'l^ONTlSI'IKCF/toBANIvES.s^^EWSYSTEM ofGEOGKA 
 
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 A MODERN, AUTHENTIC AND COMPLETE ' • TV 
 
 SYSTEM OF UNIVERSAL >' 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 P 
 
 1^ 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 All the late important Discovkries made by the English, and other celebrated 
 Navigators of various Nations, in the different Hemifpheres; 
 
 AND CONTAISlKf; A 
 
 GENUINE HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION 
 
 W H O L E W O R L D, 
 
 ''■'A 
 
 AS CONSKTINT. OF 
 
 EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, REPUBLICS, PROVINCES, CONTINENTS, 
 
 ISLANDS, OCEANS, &c. 
 
 WITH Tiir. v\iiioi!s 
 
 COUNTRIES, I PROMONTORIES, 
 CITIES, CAl'ES, 
 
 TOWNS, I BAYS, 
 
 PENINSULAS, 
 IsniMUSSES, 
 (iULPHS, 
 
 TllROtCHOIJT 
 
 RIVERS. 
 
 11AR150LRS, 
 
 LAKES, 
 
 MOUNTAINS, 
 VOLCANOS, 
 DESERTS, &c. 
 
 EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, AND AMERICA: 
 
 Together with their refpeftive Situations, Extent, Latitude Longitude, Boundaries, Climates, Soil, natural and artificial Curiofities, 
 
 Minei, Metals, Minerals, Trees, Shrubs, Fruits, Flowers, Herbs, and other Vegetable Produflions. 
 
 Within Account of the Religion, Laws, Cudoms, Manners, Genius, Habits, Amufemcnts, and Ceremonies of the refpeflive Inhabitants: 
 
 Their Arts, Sciences, Manuf.iftures, Trade, Commerce, Military and Civil Governments, &c. 
 
 Alio exaft Defcriptions of the various Kinds of Beads, Birds, Fidics, amphibious Creatures, Reptiles, Infefts, Ac. 
 
 Complete HISTORY of every EMPIRE, KINGDOM, and STATE. 
 
 Alfo an Accountof the mod remarkable Battles, Siboes, Sua-hoiits, and va jus Revolutions that have taken 
 
 Place in dinfercnt Parts of the World. 
 
 THE WHOLE FORMING AN AUTHENTIC AND ENTERTAINING ACCOUNT OF EVERY THING WORTHY OF NOTICE 
 
 THROUGIiOUT THE WHOLE FACE OF NATURE, BOTH BY LAND AND WATER, 
 
 In n'AicA is intTuduLtd, to iUuJlraic the 1ViiTk,a csnfideraUt Number of ihf moft ceuratt WHOLE SHEET MAPS, forming 
 
 A COMPLETE ATLAS. 
 
 To which \'i added 
 
 A Complete GuiDc to Geography, Astronomy, the Use of the Globes, Maps, &c. 
 
 With an Account of the 
 
 Rifcy Progrefsy and prefcnt State of Navigation througfwut the known Worlds 
 
 Likewife containing evtry important, iDtereftinCi and valui'ole DISCOVI'.RY ihioughout the WHOLE of 
 
 C O O K's V O Y A G E S. f , 
 
 Together with all the Discoveries made by other Mariners fincc the Time of that celebrated Circumnavigator. 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 A particular Description of the improved State of the New Colony formed at PORT 
 JACKSON and NORFOLK ISLAND, where the Convicts are now fettled. 
 Including a particular Account of the Excursions and Discoveries made in the interior Parts of 
 
 N E W H O L L A N D. 
 
 THE wnor B fokminm; a compi-kte 
 
 COLLECTION of VOYAGES and TRAVELS. 
 
 By the'REV. THOMAS BANKES, Vicar of Dixton, in Monmouthshire, 
 
 And Author if the Chriftian'i FnmilyJUMt. 
 
 EmbdUlbed with near Two Hundred beautiful Eiigraviu|i, cnnfilling of Vicwi, Antiquilicit Cuftomii Ceitmnnicit l^eftdeii Whole Sheet Mapii l'Uii«, C[i.uu» jkc. 
 cteculcd in .t much fuperiur Stile theo my l'hia|that hai ever appeared in this Kingdom. 
 
 LONDON: PRINTED FOR C, COGKK, No. 17, Hati:k-nosi kr-Row; and sold nv thi- iuh'ksullrrs oi' 
 
 lAtMt, uRisToi') BiRM I ^M;ll.^M, CAS' r E Rnu KY, c AMiiit I nr.i-:, covknvkv, ciirktkk, nrHi>\. k.^kibr^ 
 
 ii..o"rBSTi;n, iitRKtoRu, mn.i, ifswicii, i.kf.us, Livi;n I'litJi., ihlitsvpr, ti \Ni.iuibrr.n, 
 
 NKWCASILK, NURWICK, N t) r 1 I N I, II AM, NOR Til AM I' T O N, •IMIIKII, RUdllNi;, ? 
 
 (Al.ltllURY, SHERIIORN, S II E F F I K L I), Sll R F WSllC R V , WO R C k \ 1 I. li . .*' 
 
 WINCIUSIIR, YORK', AND KY AIL O I II k U 
 BOOKSFLLIiRS IS ENC, I AND, 
 tCOTLANU, A^U 
 IRC LAND, 
 
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 IP 
 
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 SINCE tl 
 impoir:i 
 fiance wliicl 
 information, 
 W'ilfon has 
 novel matter 
 an officLr en 
 \'\th, the o[ 
 particulars, 
 other Syftem 
 The con( 
 twenty years, 
 fcicnce more 
 the fund of i 
 of the rcfped 
 The fanoti 
 the purfuit c 
 made within 
 time of Coll 
 - with Cr.ptain 
 The cntcri 
 of letters, b( 
 politicians, i 
 litary and na 
 &c. to natiir 
 ■which grcarl 
 for the adv: 
 verfal knowl 
 in the dittcri 
 new inhabita 
 mind, in var 
 tyranny, are 
 to the emlxll 
 for many pcci 
 civil liberty h 
 As paintin 
 fmall, fo this 
 Ccograpliy, > 
 ties, as a curi 
 attention to s 
 one; for he ' 
 which yields i 
 information, ' 
 this purjjofe 
 of acknowledj 
 per didinctio 
 pcrfons diilint 
 critical accura 
 In our hifto 
 duly authentic 
 only obpjrvc, 
 omitted, cxpli 
 To compofc 
 of notice, is a 
 tr the public, 
 received from 
 lead equal to a 
 We Ihall no 
 cxpanfc which 
 reader will be 
 of the air we I 
 vicifTitudcs of 
 magnitude anc 
 As the pen, 
 habitation , & 
 mcnt of til .t (i 
 ploying the be 
 oecnfcen in an 
 rior te thofe ii 
 and at the cx| 
 With reipec 
 their comment 
 phcr to the Kii 
 
 4-i-i\\ 
 
 ikX'iAV 
 
ADDRESS TO THE READER. 
 
 '' — ^i 
 
 r-jf 
 
 A,.l A 
 
 0-y: 
 
 ;-?'«:_<.; 
 
 SINCE the publication of a New Syftein of Geography upwards of ten years have elapfcd, fo that the 
 important events which have occurred during that period, are wholly omitted in the old works; a circum- 
 ftance which inurt render them very imperfect, as Captain Cook's lall voyage, which contains iuch important 
 information, was publiflied after the expiration of that time. Befides, fince the death of Capt. Cook, Capt. 
 Wiifon has produced a narrative of the difcovery of the Pelew lllands, which abounds with entertaining anti 
 novel matter. Travels into the Interior Parts of America have alfo been publilhed ; and laflly, a narrative by 
 an officer employed in the lalt expedition to Botany Bay, which affords an account of the behaviour of the con- 
 viiits, the operations at Port Jackfon, and the rife and progrefs of the New Colony eftabiiflicd there. Th^fc 
 particulars, we prefumc, w ill (lamp a value upon the prefent undertaking, as they are not to be found in any 
 other Syftem of Geography. 
 
 The confiderable number of new difcovcries in Geography which have been made in the courfe of the lad 
 twenty years, by various enterpriling navigators, has opened to us fuch a new world, that it is now become a 
 fcience more generally fludied than any other fubjed whatever. Nor is it to be wondered at, vhen we advert to 
 the fund of ufeful information, and plealing entertainment, which has been derived from the different accounts 
 of the rcfpccftive adventurers. 
 
 The fanotion of government, and particular patronage of majedy, have conduced moft eflcntially to extend 
 tlie purfuit of geographical knowledge; infomuch, that if we take a view of the difcoveries that have been 
 jnade within the laft twenty years, we (lull (ind that they exceed, in number, all that have been made from the 
 time of Columbus, to that in which our celebrated countryman, Captain Cook, failed on his firft expedition, 
 witli Captain Wallis, inAuguft, 1766. 
 
 The entertainment derived from the perufal of this work is not Icfs than the advantages, as it extends to men 
 of letters, becaufe no hiftory can be properly underftood without a knowledge of the fcience it treats of; to 
 politicians, it being necelliiry for the underftanding the true inferclts of ilates and kingdoms; tooilicers, mi- 
 litary and naval, as informing them of the ftate of countries, nations, towns, cities, fortifications, fea-coafbs, 
 &c. to naturalilh, from a dcfcription of the animal, vegetable, and mineral produclions of various climates, 
 which greatly improve their fyllems; to merchants and traders, as afTilHngthcm in taking prudent meafures 
 for the advancement and circulation of commerce; and to the curious enquirer, to gratify hisdefireof uni- 
 verfal knowledge, as he will be acquainted with the fubftance of the mofi: remarkable events and revolutions 
 in the different parts of the world ; he v. ill behold new arts and manufactures, new countries, newculVoms, 
 new inhabitants. Anil how engaging muff it be to fpeculativc enquirers to contemplate on the uncultivated 
 mind, in various regions, wiiere the abfurdeff prejudices ufurp the place of rcafon; and cruelty, vice, folly, and 
 tyranny, arc fandilied by the venerable name of religion? They will fee how much they owe to eduf-aiion, 
 to the enibtllilliment of fcience, to the purity of our holy religion ; how much they arc indebted rr Providence 
 for many peculiar bicliings ; how much to heaven, and their brave anceftors, for the fylleiii of religious and 
 civil liberty handed down to them. 
 
 As paintings in miniature fet forth the true lineaments of a face, without being the lefs admired for being 
 fmall, (b this work, though completed in two volumes onlv, vAii contain the effencc of all the Books of 
 (jeography, Voyages, and Travels, that have hithf'- been publilhed j from which we (hall feleft their beau- 
 ties, as a curious Horiff would the choic.ft /Aoa'uctions of a garden : and we ffatter ourfelves that, by a ftridt 
 attention to all tliat is novel and interelting, we (hall furnifli a work more comprehcnfive than any preceding 
 one; for he who would fill his hive, mult gather honey from every fiower; and poor, indeed, is that weed 
 which yields not a particle of fragrance. As from every cfTay on the fubject of Geography we may glean fome 
 information, we have not been ("paring of our labour in feleCting whatever may be ufeful or pleafing. For 
 this purpofe we have compared different defcriptions of the fame countries, and wholly relied on perfons 
 of acknowledged veracity and good fenfe, who were eye witnellcs of what they defcribed ; and made a pro- 
 per diffinction between the fentiments of the ignorant, the illiterate, the fuperffitious, and thofe of 
 perfons dillinguilhed by their genius and learning, who examine with philofophical exactnefs, and defcribe with 
 critical accuracy. 
 
 In our hiftorical accounts a ffridt impartiality is obfervcd ; nor arc any circimiffances related, but what are 
 duly authenticated. Without attempting to point out the defers of preceding writers on the fubjcd:, ve fliall 
 only obPjrve, that it has been our buffnefs to avoid their errors, and to infcrt the material articles which they have 
 omitted, exploding all fabulous and romantic tales, 
 
 TocompofeaSyffemof CJeography replete with novelty, and comprehending every particular that is worthy 
 of notice, is an undertaking too arduous for any individual, whofe oiijcds are credit to himfcif, and fatisfaCtioti 
 tr the public. We therefore flatter ourfelves, from our united efforts, together with the liberal afTiftance we have 
 received from feveral literary gentlemen, voyagers, and travellers, that if our Syffem is not fc.perior, it is at 
 leaff equal to any that has ever yet appeared. 
 
 We fhall not only confider this tcrreffrial globe which we inhabit, but fhall fubjoin a difplay of thcwonderful 
 cxpanfe which furrounds it, and the prodigious globes that revolve in the a:ther of immenffty ; by which the 
 reader will be acquainted with the nature and motions of the planets that give us light, of the heat we feel, 
 of the air we breathe, and the meteors we fee; and while the various fcafons of the eartii arc explained by the 
 vicifTitudcs of the heavens, admire the wonders of the creation in the glorious works of riic Creator, wliofe 
 magnitude and fplcndor evince, that none but an Omnipotent Power could form them. 
 
 As the pen, in many inffances, is f > very inadequate to the pencil, in conveying ideas of the perfou'^, dicfs, 
 habitation &c. ncceirarily introduced in a work o*' this nature, the Publifficr has undertaken the foie manage, 
 incnt of th.t department; and, from a confcioufncis of its great imixirtancc, has fp.ired no expcnce, in cm- 
 ploying the belt artiffs; fo that wc do aver, that, in our opinion, the engravings, ike. excel all that have ever 
 been fcen in any collee'tivc work of Geography. We do not mean to inlinuate that our embcllilhments are fupe- 
 rior tc thofe in Captain Cook's laff voyage, as they were executed under the immediate (aiidion of the King, 
 and at the cxpencc of government. 
 
 With rel'peet to the Maps, the liime attention has been paid to them as to the Priiiti. We (liall only fay, in 
 their commendation, that they are executed by Mr. Bowen, (Ion and fuccelfor to the late Mr. Bowen, geogra- 
 pher to the King,) who, for truth and accuracy, (lands firff in the line of this department. 
 
 T. BANKES, 
 F. W. BLAKE, 
 A. COOK, 
 r. ELOYD. 
 
 ".*- 
 
 "j'^- 
 
SYS 
 
 ! 
 
 A 
 
 S the Acc( 
 planned 
 that immcnli: 
 the Public, am 
 with a Dcfcrif 
 fuming that it 
 entertaining, a 
 this Work was 
 contained in 1 
 the Colony, an 
 portant Impro 
 Jackfon and I 
 Formation, ike 
 proved State in 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 Firjl Di/ccverj 
 tviib 
 
 THE public 
 know the 
 met with from 
 part of the woi 
 Cook, and ther 
 new coloniits, ' 
 ing, as ferving 
 manners of the 
 
 In confcquen 
 for making di 
 voyages were ui 
 by Commodore 
 tcret, and Capt 
 pliflicd a very i 
 immenfe track, 
 Holland, to be 
 fuppofcd contin 
 
 Captain Cool 
 hemifpherc pre' 
 under immedia 
 rcfcrved for futi 
 that, leaving N< 
 he proceeded on 
 traordinary occi 
 in the latitude 
 vered from the i 
 fevcral of the r 
 four of whom c 
 This circumftar 
 to go on fliore. 
 down upon the 
 of our people; 
 came within a r 
 into the woods, 
 of interview, i 
 at day-break, Ih 
 a bay, which hi 
 the great numl 
 It is fituatcd on 
 nominated, by tl 
 latitude of ■\^ d 
 welK It is well 
 him to anchor i 
 entrance, who r 
 a little within t 
 down to the bea 
 ligns and words 
 All of thcni wen 
 weapon, fliapcd 
 No. I 
 
 r 
 
A NEW, ROYAL, AND AUTHENTIC 
 
 SYSTEM OF UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 NEW 
 
 BOOK I. 
 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 '',•. 
 
 
 As the Account of the New Difcoverics muft l-".- given in an abftractcd Point of View, and the Expedition 
 planned by Government for the Tranfportation of Convicts, and the planting a Colony in a Part of 
 that immcnfc Track in the Southern Clime, called NEW HOLLAND, having excited the Curiofity of 
 the Public, and given rife to many Speculations refpeding its Confcqucnccs; we have been induced to begir. 
 with a Defcription of this Part of the World, where the Operations for forming the Colony commenced; prc- 
 fuming that it will be more acceptable to our Readers to prcfent a Subject l"o highl) intererting, as well as 
 entertaining, at the beginning rather than the clofe of our \\ Ork. CJu. Account in the former Edition of 
 this Work was taken from the celebrated CAPTAIN COOK; as alfo from that of GOVERNOR PHILIP, as 
 contained in his Voyage, publiflied in the Year 1790; and likewife from a Reprefcntation of the State of 
 the Colony, and its Refources, as comnninicatcd by the Governor, March 2, 1791. But as many very im- 
 portant Improvements have been made, both in the Population and Cultivation of the Settlements at Port 
 Jackfon and Norfolk Ifland, fince that Period; we have, in this Edition, annexed to the Accounts of the 
 Formation, &c. of thofc Settlements, an authentic Narrative of their Progrefs, Tranfadions, and very im- 
 proved State in 1792, accordii.g to thcmoft recent Information received in 179J. 
 
 C H A 
 N E W H O 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 BOTANY HAY. 
 
 Tirft Bljccvery by Captain Cook. Divers Interviews 
 
 wi:h the Natives, Incidents, iSc. 
 
 THE public curiofity being naturally excited to 
 know the reception the European adventurers 
 met with from the natives of this newly difcovcred 
 part of the world, we fhall give the account of Capt. 
 Cook, and then prcfent the narrative, as related by the 
 new colonics, which we prefume will prove cnteri, lin- 
 ing, as ferving 10 rtiew the natural difpolitions and 
 manners of thefe people. 
 
 In confequencc of an order of his nrefent Majefty, 
 for making difcoverics in the fouti. rn hcmifphere, 
 voyages were undertaken, and fuccefTively performed, 
 by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Captain Car- 
 teret, and Captain Cook; tiie latter of whom accom- 
 pliflied a very important purpofc, in afcertaining that 
 immenfe track, in the fouthern clime, called New 
 Holland, to be an ifland, which had ever before been 
 fuppofed continental. 
 
 Captain Cook vifitcd various parts of the fouthern 
 licmifpherc previous to his falling in with the fpot 
 under immediate confideration; but as thefe muft be 
 rcfervcd for future defcription, we fliall only remark, 
 that, leaving New Zealand at the clofe of March, 1 770, 
 he proceeded on his voyage, during which nothing ex- 
 traordinary occurred till the clofe ot April, when, being 
 in the latitude of 34 degrees fouth, our people difco- 
 vcred from the iliip, at the dirtanccof four or five miles, 
 feveral of the natives walking brifkly along the fhore, 
 four of whom carried a fmall canoe on their fliouldi . s. 
 This circumftance inclined Captain Cook and others 
 to go on fliore. When the boat approached, they fat 
 down upon the rocks, feeming to wait for the landing 
 of our people; but, to their gii'at reg-ct, when they 
 came within a quarter of a mile, the Indians ran away 
 into the woods, and for that time frulUatcd all hope 
 of interview. Captain Cook returned on board, and, 
 at day-break, flaniling to the northward, he difcovcred 
 a bay, which he afterwards called Botany Bay, from 
 the great number of plants colledcd at this place. 
 It is fituaied on the eallern coaft of New Holland, de- 
 nominated, by that navigator. New South Wales, in the 
 latitude of ^^4 dcg. fouth j longitude, 208 deg. 37 min. 
 welh It is well flicltcrcd from all winds, which induced 
 him to anchor there. He fent an ofHcer to found tiie 
 entrance, who reported, on his return, that, in a cove, 
 a little within the harbour, fome of the nati\cs came 
 down to the beach, and invited hiir to land, by many 
 figns and words, of which he knew not the meaning. 
 All of them were armed with long pikes, and a wooden 
 weapon, fliapcd foniewhat like a fcymctar, which was 
 No. I 
 
 P. I. 
 
 L I. A N D. 
 
 two feet and a half long. The Indians, who had not 
 followed the boat, feeing the (liip approach, ufed many 
 threatening gcfturcs, and brandiflied their weapons. 
 
 The place where the fliip anchored was abreaft of 
 a fmall village, confifting of about fix or eight hoiifes. 
 Two of the natives came down upon them to difpute 
 their landing, and the red ran away. Each of the 
 two champions was armed with a lance and thiowing 
 Hick. The\ called to our people in a very loud tone, 
 which was neither undcrflood by them, or by Tupia, 
 an Indian who accompanied them, and who had be- 
 fore occalionally acled as interpreter. As this perfon 
 is here introduced for the firft time, we deem it proper 
 to give the following account of him, 
 
 Tupia was a native of Otaheite, vifited by Captain 
 Cook prcviousto his arrival here. This man wasfofirmly 
 attached to our people, fioni being almolt ronftantly 
 w ith them during their flay in his own country, that he 
 often exprefTed a defire of going with them. To have 
 fuch a perfon on board was certainly defirablc, foe 
 many rcalbns. He was a man of the firft rank in his 
 country, and had great experience in navigation. By 
 learning his language, and teaching him theirs, our 
 jicople might deri\e much ufeful information; and as 
 there was r'afon to apprehend there was great fimilarily 
 (as appeareil in the inlhincc of New Zealand) between 
 the languages of the natives of thefe fouthern climes, 
 he might occalionally ferve as an interpreter. In fine, 
 as he was evidently a man of genius and fcience. Cap- 
 tain Cook gladly admitted him and his fcrvaiit on 
 board, on the fnip's departure from Otaheite. 
 
 But to return. — The nati\cs, befidcs uttering this 
 unintelligible language, brandifhed their weapons, 
 and feenied refolved to defend their coail. Captain 
 Cook could not but adnnre their courage; and, being 
 very unw illing that hoUilities ihould commence with 
 fuch inequality of force, ordered the boat to lie upon 
 her oars. They then pailied by figns, for about a 
 quarter of an hour; and, to befpeak their good-will, 
 the Captain threw them nails, beads, and other trifles, 
 which they took up, and feemed to be well plcafed 
 with them. He then made (igns that he wanted 
 water, and, by all the means he could devife, endea- 
 voured to convince them that no '>arm was intendeil 
 them. Upon their waving, our people interpreted it 
 as an invitation; but when tluy put the boat in, they 
 renewed their ofipofition. C)f thofe who fignalized 
 themfelves on the occalion, one a[ipcared to be a 
 youth about nineteen or twenty, and the other a mati 
 of middle age. Captain Cook havinjj, no other re- 
 fource, fired a nuilket between them. Upon the re- 
 port, the youngell dropped a bundle of lances upon 
 the rock ; but.quicklv recolle-itinghimfelfin an inflant, 
 A lie 
 
 * 
 
 .^• 
 
 '?fe- 
 
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 
 
 
 he fimtched them up in great haftc. A ftonc heinf^ 
 then thrown at our people, the Captain onlered a nuif- 
 ket to be fireH with Ihiall (lior, wliich llruck the 
 cldcd upon the legs, and he inir'cdiately ran to one 
 of the ho'ifcs, at about an h"ni1red yards didancc. 
 Hoping that the conteft w,- - , o r people imme- 
 diately landed; but thty i.;.. f-arce left the boat, 
 vhcn the natives returned vith a fliicld or target for 
 their defence. As foon as one of them came up, he 
 threw a lance, and his companion another, but hap- 
 pily did no hurt; after which, both immediately ran 
 away. 
 
 Captain Cook founded and examined the bay. He 
 faw feveral of the natives, but they fled at his ap- 
 proach. In one place, vherc he landed, he found 
 feveral fmall tires, and fafli mufclcs broiling on then), 
 and fome of the larj,c(l oyfler (hells he had everfecn. 
 
 By the boldnefs of the Indians, when our people fn(^ 
 landed, and the terror that feizcd them at the fight of 
 them afterwards, it appeared evident that they were in- 
 timidated by the fire-arms. 
 
 Captain Cook, before his departure, with much dif- 
 ficulty, obtained an interview with fome ol' the na- 
 tives, and obfcr--es, that they had no idea of trallic, 
 nor could any oe conmiunicated to them. 'I'hcy re- 
 ceived the things that were given them, but never aji- 
 peared to underltand the figns maile by our people 
 when they required a return. Many of the things that 
 wei'e given them, were found leit neidij'cntly about in 
 the woods, like the toys of children, which plcafe only 
 ■while they are new. 
 
 As Botany ^P <y is not many leagues iliflant from Port 
 Jackfon, and the natives arc exactly the fame in their 
 difpofuions, manners, cuftoms, &c. as alfo the ani- 
 mal and vegetable prodtidions, and the climate and 
 foil varying but in a fmall degree, we fliall ihcrcforc 
 defcribc them copioufly under the head of Port Jack- 
 fon, as related by the new colonirts, who had more 
 time to obfervc, and more Icifurc to digeft, thefc par- 
 ticulars, than the firft difroverers. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 PORT J /I C K a O N. 
 
 Commencement .ind Progrefs of the Operr.ficiis for 
 forming the Colony, interfperjed ivith incidtnli! Occur- 
 rences. 
 IN the vear 1786, govern- nt having formed a de- 
 fign of removing many difagreeable vircumftances, 
 to which this country was expofed from the goals in 
 the diffctent parts being crowded with criminals fen- 
 tcnced to tranfportation ; the eallern coall of New 
 Holland was fixed upon as the inolV eligible part of 
 the globe for planting a new colony, to < arry into ef- 
 fcLX this nccclT'ary ]iurpofe. Captain Cook, in the nar- 
 rative of his firft: voyage round the world, had men- 
 tioned Botany Bay as a fpot conveniently lituatcd for 
 forming a new fettlement; it was therefore tlctermined 
 by government to direct their attention to that place 
 for the accomplifliment of their plans. 
 
 Accordingly a fleet, confiiting of his Majefly's fliip 
 Sirius, under the conmiand of Arthur Philip, l.fq. 
 and the Supjily armed tender, under the commanti of 
 Lieutenant Ball, with tranfports, (hire-fliips, ^:c. 
 failed for Botany Bay on the 13th of May, 1787, and 
 anchored in that Bay on the 'oih of January, 17SS, 
 after a paflagc of thirty-li\ weeks. 
 
 The day after the arrival of the fleet, Governor 
 Philip, accompanied by feveral oflicers, examined the 
 fbuth fliorc ; bui as Botany Bay, through want of water, 
 and fonic difadvantages of fiiuation, was not deemed 
 very convcnict for the purpofe, they proceeded to ex- 
 plore thct.Ailf to the northward, cxamin.ingevery cove, 
 and makinu; particular obfervations on the country. 
 Amongit other places, they examined an opcnii-.g 10 
 which Captain Cook had given the name of Port Jack- 
 Ibn ; and luch was the fituation of the harbour, toge- 
 ther with other advantages apparent at firlt view, that 
 a rcfoluiion was fcrnied of evacuating Botany liiy the 
 
 cnfuing morn 
 
 Port Jackfon is one of the fincft and mofi extcnfivc" 
 harbours in the univerfe, and at the fame time the mod 
 fccurc, being fafe from all the winds that blow. It is 
 divided into a great number o." coves, to which the 
 Governor has given different names. That on which 
 the town is built, is called Sydney Cove. It is one of 
 the fmailelf in the harbour, but the moft convenient, 
 as lliips of the greatelt burden can with talc go into- 
 it, and heave out clofe to the fhorc. Trincomalec, 
 acknowledged to be one of the belt harbours in the 
 world, is by no means to be compared to it. In a 
 word. Port Jackfon would allbrd fufhcicnt and fafe 
 anchorage for all the navies of Europe. During a 
 run up the harbour of about four miles, in a wefterly 
 direifiion, a luxuriant profpcct prefented itfclf on the 
 fliores, covered with trees to the wafer's edge, among 
 whith many of the Indians were frciiucntly feen, till 
 the licet arrived at a fmall fnug love to the fouthward, 
 on the banks of which the plan of oj-ycrations were dcf- 
 tined to connnence. 1 he natives appearcii in confi- 
 derable numbers, from which it was reafonablc to con- 
 clude, that the country was more populous than had 
 1m.. 1 rcprcfentod by t.'aptam Cook, who obfer'Ts, that 
 liicy were few in number, dull of apprehenfion, and void 
 (if curiofity s whereas, in fubfeqiiv-nt narratives, thev arc 
 l.iid to begay, fprightly, and curious. They examincil 
 the Ihangers with the utmolt attention, ami feemcd 
 I uticularly llruck with the appearance of their drefs, 
 imagining their clothes to be compofed of fo many differ- 
 ent Ikins, and the hat as making ]5artof the head. In- 
 deed, they feemed highly emertained with their new ac- 
 quaintance, accepted of Tome toys as prefents, and were 
 perfedly chearful and pbafant, dancing and hnging 
 in concert with them, and imitating their words and 
 gelt u res. 
 
 The follo.ving circumftances, related by the author 
 of the narrative from which it is taken, arc infertcci 
 in ou n his words, as, it is prefumcd, they will conduce 
 both to entertainment and information. 
 
 " When I w ent w ith a party to the fouth fide of the 
 " harbour, and had fcarcely landed five minutes, we 
 " were met by a do/.en Indians, naked as at the mo- 
 " mciu of ilicir binh, walking along the beach. Ea^er 
 " to come to a conference, and yet afraid of giving 
 " offence, wc advanced with caution towards them: 
 " nor would they, at firft, approach nearer to us than 
 " the difiance of fome paces. Both j)arties were 
 " armed; yet an attack feemed as unlikely on their 
 " part as we knew it to be on oiu- own. I had at 
 " tiiis time a little boy, of not more than ^c\cn years 
 " of age in my hand. I'he chiKl fecnieii to attract their 
 " attention very much; for they frequently pointed 
 " to him, and fpoke to each other; anil, as he wa» 
 " not frightened, I advanced w ith him towards them, 
 " at the fame time baring his bofoni, and Ihew ing the 
 " whitenefa of the Ikin. On the cloatlis being re- 
 " moved, they gave a loud exclamation ; and one of 
 " the party, an old man, with a long beard, hideouflv 
 " ugly, came clofe to us. I bade the little boy 
 " not be afraid, and introduceil him to the acquain- 
 " tancc of this uncouth perfonagc. The Indian, with 
 " great gentlenefs, laid his hand on the child's hat, 
 " and afterwards felt his cloaths, muttering to himfelf 
 " all the while. I found it neceH'ary, however, bv 
 " this time, to lend avvay the child, as fuch a dole 
 " connexion rather alarmed him; and in this the 
 " conclulion verified I gave no oilence to the old 
 " gentleman. Indeed, it was putting ourfclvcs 0:1 :» 
 " par with them; as I had obferved, I'rom tlu- lirlt, 
 " that fome youths of their ow n, though conliderablv 
 " older than the one with us, were kept back by the 
 " grown people. Several more now came up, to whom 
 " we made various prefents; fmt oin- toys feemed not 
 " to be regarded as very valuable; nor woukl they, for 
 " along time, make any reiurns for them; though, 
 " before we parted, a large club, with a head ;dmolt 
 " fulhcient to fell an ox, was obtained in exchange 
 " for a looking-glafs. Thefc peop'eftciiicdata lois 
 
 to 
 
 New Discov 
 
 " to know (p 
 " fex ue wei 
 " into the m 
 " to each otl 
 " and vocife 
 " After nea*- 
 " gefturcs, t 
 " times, whi( 
 " from us to 
 
 The advent 
 more ihtervie\ 
 friendly a m: 
 bringing aboi 
 object of our 
 the next to cor 
 purpofe an olVi 
 place a target, 
 fired at with 
 The Indians, 
 run away ; 
 alarm, on loo 
 perforated, 
 officer, to di 
 jcaloufv, whil 
 they appeared 
 equal plcafure 
 by the differer 
 louthern regio 
 and througliou 
 ar.-^ in fhrr 
 equally touchci 
 tive air. 
 
 The necefTar 
 aded, upon an 
 read, and poiii 
 form. The ma 
 the convicts alT 
 commifTion was 
 thur Philip, E 
 and over the te 
 dependencies; 
 for eftablilhing 
 the patents, und 
 holding civil a 
 ■which all cafes c 
 property, were 1 
 
 The extent of 
 nor's commifiioi 
 49 min. fouth, t 
 being the north 
 Holland. It CO 
 of longitude ea 
 xecflion, compn 
 the above fpecili 
 the difcoverics 
 prifed in this t 
 will obviate all 
 and the Dutch 
 confidercd in th 
 nolefs attentive 
 of power, than 
 
 It was fount! 
 law, in oriier to 
 ty. A fet of 
 leagued themfel 
 .'nd, as is gene 
 to entice others, 
 Itrumental in ca 
 While the £ 
 which is contii! 
 number of the r 
 an attachment t 
 ufed a variety o 
 a number of am 
 fedual, flic had 
 ti fully. Thise: 
 ^vecping, and a] 
 around her. \ 
 
 K 
 
 ,\i:Ji^4i&iiiiEi.t^&a . 
 
■OGRAPHY. 
 
 fincft and tnolT cxtenfivc 
 at the fame time the mod 
 c winds that blow. It is 
 r Oi" covcS, to which the 
 
 names. That on which 
 ■dnev Cove. It is one of 
 but the mod convenient, 
 en can with cafe go intor 
 he (hore. Trincumalcc, 
 the bed harhmirs in the 
 : compared to if. In a 
 illbrd fufficicnt and fafc 
 s of Europe. During a 
 
 f<^ur miles, in a wcderly 
 zt prefrntcd itfclf on the 
 
 the wafer's edge, amonj; 
 rtcre frequently fcen, till 
 ig cove to the fouthward, 
 in of operations were dcf- 
 itivcs appeared in confi- 
 
 it was rcafunabic to con- 
 :Tiorc populous than had 
 L'ook, who obfcr'cs, that 
 of apprLiKnlion, and void 
 quv'nt narratives, they arc 
 
 curiout,. Tlicy examined 
 d attention, and feemcd 
 ppearancc of their drefs, 
 )mpofedof fo many dider- 
 .ing part of the head. In- 
 tained with their new ac- 
 
 toys as prcfents, and were 
 nt, dancing and fmging 
 nutating thtir words and 
 
 :es, related by the author 
 it is taken, are inferted 
 ;fumcd, they will conduce 
 brmation. 
 
 ty to the fouth fije of the 
 
 landed five minutes, we 
 
 ans, naked as at the mo- 
 
 ^ along the beach. Eager 
 
 nd } et afraid of giving 
 
 caution towards them: 
 
 iproach nearer to us than 
 
 les. Both parties were 
 
 icd as unlikely on their 
 
 )a our own. I had at 
 
 t more than fc\cn years 
 
 i fecnied to attract their 
 
 hey frequently pointed 
 
 li other; ami, as he wa* 
 
 i\ ith him towards tliem, 
 
 jfoni, and Ihewing the 
 
 t!ie cloatiis being re- 
 
 Ixclair.ntion ; and one of 
 
 a long beard, hidcoiiily 
 
 I bade the little boy 
 
 .1 him to the acquain- 
 
 japc. The Indian, with 
 
 |nd on the child's hat, 
 
 muttering to himfelf 
 
 iKvelfary, however, bv 
 
 child, as fuch a clofc 
 
 him; and in this the 
 
 no ollence to the o!d 
 
 putting onrfclvcs on n 
 
 iferved, I'rom the full, 
 
 a, though confklerahlv 
 
 were kept back by the 
 
 now came up, to whom 
 
 |it oi:r toys I'eemed not 
 
 nor voukl they, for 
 
 Ins for them; though, 
 
 with a head almoll 
 
 obtained in exchange 
 
 peop'.efecjiicdata lofs 
 
 to 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 NEW HOLLAND. 
 
 " to know (probably from ourwantof beards) of what 
 " (ex wc were, which having underrtooil, they buril 
 " into the mod immoderate fits of laughter, talking 
 •' to each other, at the fame time, with fiich rapidity 
 " and vociferation, as I had never before heard. 
 " After nea'-ly an hour's convcifar ^, by figns and 
 " gcdurcs, they repeated the word wburra fcveral 
 " times, which fignifics be gone, and walked away 
 " from us to the head of the bay." 
 
 The adventurers, in the late expedition, had fcveral 
 more interviews with the natives, which ended in io 
 iVieniily a manner, that hopes were entertained of 
 brinijing about a connection with them. 'J'he lird 
 object of our people was to w in their affection, and 
 the next to convince them of our fupcriority. To this 
 purpofe an officer one day prevailed on one of them to 
 place a target, made of bark, againd a tree, which he 
 fired at with a pidol, at the diilance of fome paces. 
 The Indians, though terrified at the report, did not 
 run away; but their afloniflimcnt exceeded their 
 alarm, on lookirg at the Ihield which the .ball had 
 perforated. As tnis produced a little fliyncfs, the 
 officer, to dilTipatc their fears, and remove their 
 icaloufv, whiffled the ^\r d Marlbroiik, with which 
 "they apjjearrd highly charmed, and imitated him with 
 equal plcafure and rcadinefs. It has been remarked 
 by the dittercnt navigators who have explored thefe 
 ibuthern regions, that the natives of California, 
 and throughout all the iflands of the Pacific Ocean, 
 an', in fbort, wherever they have been, feemcd 
 equally touched and delighted with this little plain- 
 tive air. 
 
 The necefPary previous bufincfs having been tranf- 
 actcd, upon an appointed ilay, the commifiions were 
 read, and poflelhon was taken of the fettlcnieiu i-i 
 ibrm. The marine battalion being drawn up, and 
 the convicts affembled on the occafion, hi? Majeffy's 
 commidion was read, appointing his Excellency Ar- 
 thur Philip, Efq. Governor and Captain (General in 
 and over the territory of New South Wales, and its 
 dependencies; together with the ads of parliament 
 for eltablifhiiig trials bylaw within the lame; and 
 the patents, under the great leal of Great Britain, for 
 holding civil and criminal courts of judicature, by 
 ■which all cafes of life and death, as well as matters of 
 property, were to be decided. 
 
 The extent of this authority is defined in the gover- 
 nor's commiflion, to reach from the latitude of 43 deg. 
 49 min. fouth, to the latitude of 10 deg. 37 min. Ibuth, 
 being the northern and fouthern extremities of New 
 Holland. It commences again at the 135th degree 
 of longitude eatt, and proceeding in an eaderly di- 
 ie(flion, comprehends all iflands within the limits of 
 the above fpecificd latitudes in the Pacific Ocean. As 
 the difcoverics of Englith navigators alone are com- 
 prifed in this territory, it is prefumeil this partition 
 will obviate all caufc of future litigation between us 
 and the Dutch. It appears from the commiflion, 
 confidcred in the w hole, that government have been 
 nolefs attentive in arming Mr. Phillip with plentituile 
 of power, than extent of dominion. 
 
 It was fount! necefl:ir\' to enforce the rigour of the 
 law, in order to reftrain the violation of public fccuri- 
 ty. A let of defpcrate and hariicncd mifcrtants 
 leagued thcmfelvcs for the piirpofes of depredation ; 
 ."ind, as is generally the cafe, had infinuation enough 
 to entice others, lefs verfed in iniquity, to become in- 
 ftrumental in carrjing it on. 
 
 While the governor was exploring Broken Bay, 
 which is contiguous to I'ort Jackfon, he faw a great 
 number of the natives. One of the females had formed 
 an attachment to his great coat ; and to obtain it flic 
 ufed a variety of means, h'irft, (lie danced and playeil 
 a number of antic tricks; but finding tliis mode inef- 
 fcdual, die had recourfc to tears, which fhe fhed plen- 
 tifully. This cxpcdiv nt not anfwering, flic ceafed from 
 weeping, and appeared as chearful as any of the party 
 around her. Wc have introduced this incident, to 
 
 flicw that they arc not a people devoid of art and 
 finelfe, in order to obtain their ends. 
 
 Though their women appeared with fuch few deco- 
 rations, yet it was evident they had no averlion to 
 finery. The furgcon obfervcd, at a rcpad, wherein 
 he grouped with the natives, one of the women, who 
 fat next to him, obferving that he had a white hand- 
 kerchief in his hand, exhibited a number of lafcivious 
 airs, in order to obtain it. He therefore tore it into 
 ribbons, being defirous of multiplying one prefcnt into 
 many, with which he decorated her head and neck. 
 On her admiring the buttons of his coat, as he had no- 
 thing elie left, he cut them away, and tied them round 
 her waid. Thus ornamented, and charmed with her 
 acquirements, fhe turned away with a look of inex- 
 prefliblearchnefs andjoy, which feemcd to ilicw, that, 
 like the women in the South Seas in general, they arc 
 fond of new ornaments. He alio obferved, that there 
 is no ho'' tality nor harmony among them; as ap- 
 peared fromthcir eating fo greedily, without regarding 
 the accommodation of any about them; devouring the 
 filh voracioiifly, which had been thrown on the fire, 
 and fcarcely warm. 
 
 Thefe people, in their appetites, arc very voracious, 
 as appears from the fi:)llowing indancc. One of the of- 
 ficers fliot a bird, which fell at an old man's feet. The 
 cx[)lofion at fird greatly alarmed him; but perceiving 
 no ill was intended, he foon got over his fears. The 
 bird was then given to him, which, having barely 
 plucked, and not more than half broiled, hcdevourcd, 
 entrails, bones and all. 
 
 A convict, who had been gathering what they call 
 fiieet tea, about a mile fr .11 the camp, met a party 
 of the natives, confilling of fourteen, by whom he 
 was beaten and wounded with the dick ufed in 
 throwing their fpears. I'hey then made him drip, 
 and would have taken from him his clothes, and pro- 
 bably his life, had it not been for the report of fome 
 mulkets, which they no fooner heard than they ran 
 away. 
 
 The dedructive nattirf of their weapons, and their 
 fkill and adroitnefs in the ufc of them, will appear 
 evident from the Ibllov ing circumdances. \ con- 
 vict, being in a (Vate of convalefcence, had obtained 
 pcrmiflion from the governor to go a little way up the 
 country, to gather herbs, for the purpofe of making 
 tea. This man, after night fet in, was brought to 
 the hofpital, with one of tlic fpears ufed by the na- 
 tives dickir.g in his loins. It had been darted at him 
 as he was dooping, and while his back was turned to 
 the affailant. The weapon was barbed, and duck fo 
 very faft, that it would admit of no motion. The 
 fiirgeon, after dilating the wound to a confiderablc 
 length and depth, with fome ditficulty extradtcd'the 
 fpear, which had penetrated the ficlli nearly three 
 inches. After the operation, the convict gave infor- 
 mation, that he had received his wound from three of 
 the natives, whocame behind him at a time when he 
 expected no perlbn to be near him, except another 
 convict, whom he had met a little before, employed 
 on the fame biifinefs as himfelf. He added, that, 
 after they hail wounded him, they beat him in a cruel 
 manner; and fl ripping the clothes from his back, car- 
 ried them oil", making figns to him (as he interpreted 
 them) to return to the camp. He further related, 
 that, after they had left him, he faw his fellow con- 
 vict in the poffeflion of another party of the natives, 
 who were dragging him along, with his head bleed- 
 ing, and fcenungly in great tiidrefs; while he himfelf 
 was fo exhaufted with the lofs of blood, that, indcad 
 of Icing able to afiid his companion, he was happy to 
 cfcapc with his life. 
 
 The natives continued to avail thcmfelvcs of every 
 opportunity of exercifing their cruelty on our people. 
 An officer of the marines, who had been up the har- 
 bour to procure fome riifhes for thatch, brought to 
 the hofpital the bodies of two men employed as rufli- 
 cuttcrs, whom he found murdered by the natives in a 
 4. fliocking 
 
 
 -*m 
 
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ■3. 
 
 % 
 
 
 '4i- 
 
 
 ftKKkinjr manner. One of them was transfned through 
 the breaH with one of their fpears, whi(h was cx- 
 tradcd with great dilTiculty and force. 1 Ic had two 
 other fpears iHcking in him to a deptU which imitl 
 have pro^itl Hiortal. His fkull -was divided and 
 citmminiitcd fo much, that his brains cafiiy found a 
 paflagc through. His eyes we-c out. Tl.e other was 
 a youth, and had only fomc trifling marks of violence 
 about him. This lad could not have been many hours 
 dead; for when the officer found him among fomc 
 mangrove trees, and at a confiderable dillancc from 
 where theotltcrmanlay, he was not Hi If, nor very roldj 
 nor was he perfectly fo when brought to the hofpital. 
 The natives, whenever an opportunity oilers, never 
 fail to Ileal or dcftroy any o'i the live Hock they can 
 polTibly get poflijilior of. Nor arc they lefs cowardly 
 than cruel; for they always behave with an apparent 
 civility when they fail in with men that arc armed; 
 but when they meet perfons unarmed, they feldom 
 fail to take every advantnge of them ; in confc- 
 qucncc c.f which, many of the convicls have fallen 
 facrifices tothefe favages; but the foldiers they never 
 alTail, being always terrified at the iight of a red 
 coat. 
 
 Tliey arc very happy at grimace and mimiciy; 
 as an inflancc of which, it is remarked by the fur- 
 geon of the fcttlemcnt, that, giving upon an excur- 
 lion, they obfer\'ed a party of the natives filliing, and 
 fat down near the bank, to watch their motions. To 
 pafs away time, one of the gentlemen fung fevcral 
 ibngs ; and when he had done, the females in the 
 canoes either fung one of their own fongs, or imitated 
 him, in which they fucceeded beyond conception. Any 
 thing fpokcn by our people they moll accurately re- 
 cited, and this in a manner in which the Europeans 
 fell greatly Ihort in their attempts to repeat the lan- 
 guage after them, which fliews the ftrength of their 
 organical powers. Nor are they without ingenuity, 
 as appeared from various figures obferved by a party 
 ot our people on their cxcurfion to tiie wellward. 
 Thefc figures were cut on thr fmnnrh furface of fome 
 large Hones, and confifted chiefly of reprcfentai ms 
 of themfclvcs in different attitudes, of their canoes, 
 of feveral forts of fi(h, and animals: and, confider- 
 ing the rudenefs of the inllrumcnts w ith which the 
 figures muft have been executed, they feemed to ex- 
 hibit tolerable likcnefres. 
 
 De/criptioii of the Perfons of the Natives, their Orn-a- 
 ments, Habitations, Furniture, Vtenfils, Food, Canoes, 
 
 • 'Tools, Weapons, Animal and Vegetable Produffions of 
 the Country, &c. 
 
 THE men, in general, arc from five feet fix inches 
 to five feet nine inches high : they are thin, but 
 very flrait, and well proportioned; walk very erect, 
 and are extremely adive. The women, alfo, in geiie- 
 ral, are well made, not fo thin as the men, but ra- 
 ther fmaller limbed. Their fkin is of the colour of 
 wood foot, or which would be called a dark chocolate 
 colour. Their hair is black, but not woolly: it is 
 fhort, but not cropt ; in fome lank, in others curled. 
 Some parts of their bodies are painted red ; and the 
 upper lip and brcafts of fome of them arc painted 
 vith ftreaks of white. Their features are far from 
 difagrceable ; and their teeth even and white. Their 
 voices arc foft and tuneable. It is remarked, that tiic 
 deficiency of one of the fore teeth of the u[)per jaw, 
 mentioned by Dampier, was feen in almoft the whole 
 of the men; bu* their organs of fight, fo far from 
 being defedlive, as that author nicntions thofe of the 
 inhabitants of the weficrn fide of the continent to lie, 
 arc remarkably quick and piercing. Many of the 
 women wanted the two lower joints of thelittle finger 
 of the left hand; but the rcafon or meaning of it 
 could not be difcovcred at the time in w hich ihe ob- 
 fervation was made; nor has any account of it been 
 given fince. The defect was not only apparent in 
 J 
 
 old women, and in young girls of eight or nine years 
 old, but in young women who had children, and thole 
 who had not: the finger has been feen perfect in 
 individuals of all the above ages and defcriptions. 
 They have bracelets upon the up[>er part of their arms, 
 mp.de of _ 'aited hair. T'^ey arc fond of ornament, 
 though alJIolutely without apparel: and one of them, 
 to whom was gi'en an old Ihirt, inflcad of throwing 
 it over any part of the body, tied it as a fillet round her 
 head. 
 
 Both fexes go ftark naked, and fcem to have no 
 more fcnfc of indecency in difcovering their whole 
 body, than the inhabitants of England have in dif- 
 covering their hands and face. Their princi^il orna- 
 ment is the bone which they thrult through the carti- 
 lasre that divides the noflrils from each other. »Vhat 
 perverfion of taftc could induce them to think this a 
 decoration, or what could prompt them, before they 
 had worn it, or feen it worn, to fufi'er the pain and 
 inconvenience that mull ofneccllity attend it, h per- 
 haps bcvond the power of human fagacity to determine. 
 As this bone is as thick as a man's finger, a. .J bei«een 
 'five and fix inches long, it reaches quite acrofs thr 
 face, and fo eftedually flops up both the noflrils, thai: 
 they are forced to keep their mouths wide open for 
 breath, and fnuiile fo whcr, they attempt to fpeak, that 
 they are fcarcciy intelligible even to each other. The 
 feamen, with fome humour, called it the fpritfail-yard; 
 and, indeed, it had fo ludicrous ana; ,)earancc, that, 
 till our people were ufed to it, they found it difficult 
 to refrain from laughter. Bclides thcnofe-jewel, they 
 have necklaces made of fliells, very neatly cut; and 
 flrung together; bracelets of fmall cord, wound two 
 or three times about the upper part of their arm ; and 
 a firing of plaited human hair, about as thick as a 
 thread of yarn,, tied round the waifl. Some of them 
 have alfo go'-gets of fiiells hanging round the neck, fc 
 as to reach acrofs the breaft. 
 
 But though thefe people wear no clothes, their bo- 
 dies have a covering befides the dirt; for they paint 
 them both white and red. The rctl is commonly laid 
 on in broad patches upon the flioulders and breafi-; 
 and the w hite flripcs, fome narrow and fome broad : 
 the narrow arc drawn over the limbs, and the broad 
 over the body, not without fomede,Tree of talle. The 
 white is alfo laid on in fmall patches 'jpon the face, 
 and drawn in a circle round each eye. The red feemed 
 to be orhre, but what the white was couk' not be dif- 
 covcred: it was clofc grained, fapor-aceous to the 
 touch, and heavy. Befides the paint with which they 
 befmear their bodies, they alio ufe grcafi', or fome 
 flinking oily fubflance, for the fame purpofe. Some 
 of them ornament their hair with the teeth of ftlh, 
 fallcncd on by gum and the fkin of the kanguroo. The 
 bcKlics of the men are much fcarilied, particularly 
 their breafls and flioulders. Thefe fcarilications are 
 conliderably raifcd above the fkin ; and although they 
 arc not in any regular form, yet they are confidered as 
 ornamental. 
 
 Upon their bodies were feen no marks of difeafe or 
 fores, but large fears, in irregular lines, which apfxarcd 
 to be the remains of wounds they had inflie'led upon 
 ihemfelves with fome blunt inflrument, and which our 
 people underfiood, by figns, to have been memorials 
 of c;iicf for the dead. 
 
 Upon fuch ornaments as they had, they feemed to 
 fct lb great a value, that they would never part with 
 the leall article for any thing that could be offered; 
 which was the more extraordinary, as the European 
 beads and ribbons were ornaments of the fame kind, 
 but of better form, and more fhowy materials. 
 
 'I'hough both fexes, and thofe of all ages, are inva- 
 riably found naked, it niufl not be int'erreil from this, 
 that cuflon, fo inures them to the ciiange of the ele- 
 ments, as to make them bear, with iiKliffercncc, the 
 extremes of heat and cold; tor they givo vifible and 
 repeated proofs, that the latter alfccls them feverelv, 
 when they are feen lliivering and huddling theinfclves 
 
 up 
 
 fl 
 
 r-v- 
 
:OGRAPHY. 
 
 rls of eipht or nine years 
 10 had children, and thole 
 has been fccn perfect in 
 : ages and defcriptions. 
 upper part of their arms, 
 •y are fond of ornament, 
 iparei: and one of them, 
 Ihirt, inftcad of throwing 
 tied it as a fillet round her 
 
 d, and fccm to have no 
 difcovering their whole 
 of England have in dif- 
 c. Their princi'nl orna- 
 thrull through the carti- 
 from each other. »Vhat 
 luce them to think this a 
 rompt them, before they 
 n, to fuHcr the pain and 
 nccedity attend it, h per- 
 man fagacity to determine, 
 nan's finger, a..d beiwxrn 
 reaches quite acrofs thr 
 up both the noftriis, thai: 
 rir mouths wide open for 
 hey attempt to fpcak, that 
 even to each other. The 
 called it the fpritfail-yard ; 
 rous an a; ficarance, that, 
 it, they found it difficult 
 iclides thenofe-jewel, they 
 ells, very neatly cut, and 
 )f fmall cord, wound twr. 
 icr part of their arm ; and 
 lair, about as thick as a 
 ;hc wairt. Some of them 
 inging round the neck, fa 
 
 ivcar no clothes, their bo- 
 s the dirt; for they paint 
 The red is commonly laid 
 he flioulders and bread; 
 narrow am', fonie broad : 
 he limbs, and the broad 
 )mcde,Trec of talle. The 
 .11 patches upon the face, 
 acli eye. The red fecmed 
 
 itc was couk not be dif- 
 ned, I'apor.r.ccous to the 
 the paint w ith which they 
 
 ifo ufe grcafi-, or fome 
 
 he fame purpofe. Some 
 with the tctth of ftib, 
 n of the kanguroo. The 
 
 h fcarified, particularly 
 Thcfc fcarifications are 
 
 Ikin i anil although they 
 yet they arc confidered as 
 
 ■».a 
 
 > 1 
 t 
 
 :. < 
 
 
 n no marks of difeafe or 
 Inr lines, whichappcarcd 
 I hey had inHic'lcd upon 
 nl'rument, and which our 
 to have been nieninrials 
 
 icy had, they fcenied to 
 y would never part with 
 g that could be offered; 
 imary, as the European 
 ncnts of the fame kind, 
 
 ihowy materials, 
 ofe of all ages, arc inva. 
 lot be inferred from this, 
 o the change of the ele- 
 r, with indilference, the 
 or they givi- vilible and 
 [cr alfecls them feverely, 
 and iiuddliiig themfjlves 
 up 
 
 ?^-i 
 
 '■«#*<■ 
 

 iir 
 
 •■»^'- 
 
 \ 
 
 New Discom 
 
 up in heaps in 
 until a fire car 
 Thcfe pcop 
 ■wherever they 
 render their fit 
 a fire, which 
 ^tM comes as uarr 
 HiS K<^thcr upon th 
 'i^tM to fervc thcni a 
 ferved the icinc 
 of his crcaiuri 
 regions have nc 
 or conftructinj 
 mcncy of the 
 even devifed th 
 To ren.-dy the: 
 infinite wiidoni 
 as thofc in the 
 pofed of foft, 
 parts, which 
 icafon, are ger 
 tcrnal, which ; 
 dually mouldcri 
 nier, a cavity i 
 tain fifty or lixt; 
 arc thereby pn 
 lodging. In fu 
 build a kind o 
 than a linger, I 
 ends in the grou 
 and pieces of h; 
 oppofite which 
 figned for the 
 hunting of the 
 and other anini: 
 when purfiicd, p 
 In order, thcrek 
 the tree, a man < 
 cafe, by means i 
 the trunk at co 
 the fumniit, o;' i 
 cfcapc of th': a 
 club in his hand 
 which fills the h- 
 the animal atten 
 falling a prey to 
 1 he only fu: 
 huts, that fell I 
 long vellel, mad 
 of tying up the I 
 ing cut olf, fcrvi 
 Their chief u 
 of a moderate c 
 threads loop wi 
 iifcd by ladies ti 
 carries loofe upc 
 pailcs over his hi 
 two of paint or r 
 points of darts, 
 elude all the wor 
 them. 
 
 They are utte 
 ground, and ap| 
 affords, as the ■ 
 jwpuluus than 
 general, eat anii 
 which water can 
 the coals, or bal 
 The I lien arc ' 
 gig, an infirunv 
 rhefc gigs ha\ 
 and fome four p 
 or other animal 
 often been obit 
 canoe with his f 
 mcrfed, ready fi 
 and is alnioll c< 
 being a little ui 
 No. 1. 
 

 ^- 
 
 lA-J NEW HOLLAND. 
 
 r 
 
 a 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 '• 
 
 yi 
 
 m 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 up in heaps in their huts, or the cavcrnsof the rocks, 
 •until a fire can be kindled. 
 
 Thcfe people have no fixed habitation, but rcpofe 
 ■wherever they may be overtaken by night ; and to 
 render their fituation as tolerable as pollible, they make 
 afire, which heating the rock all round them, it be- 
 comes as warm as an oven, and they lie huddled to- 
 gether upon the grafc, which is firlt pulled and dried 
 to fervc them as a couch. In this indancc may be ob- 
 lervcd the kindncfs of Providence in the prcfcrvation 
 of his creatures. The inhabitants of '-efc remote 
 regions have not the Icaft notion of crecUrig an edifice, 
 or conftrucling any kind of fticltcr from the incle- 
 Iticncy of the fcafons; fo far from it, they have not 
 even devifcd the means of cloathing their naked bodies. 
 To ren.»dy thefe cflcntial defcitts, it is fo ordained by 
 infinite whdom, that the rocks on the fc.i-coaft, as well 
 as thofe in the interior parts ot the country, are com- 
 pofed of fot"t, crumbly, fandy flonc; the external 
 parts, which are mofi cxpofed to the rigour of the 
 fcafon, are generally of a harder texture than the in- 
 ternal, which are lefs cxpofed ; fo th.i the latter gra- 
 dually mouldering aw.iy under the prelfurcof the for- 
 mer, a cavity is made, of dimenfions fufficicnt to con- 
 tain fifty or lixty of thcfe poor forlorn creatures, who 
 are tliere!)y provided wiLii a tolerably comfortable 
 lodging. In fuch parts as arc not very rocky, they 
 build a kind of huts with pliable rods, not thicker 
 than a linger, by bending them, a.id fticking the two 
 ends in the ground. Tiie covering is of palm leaves 
 and pieces of bark j and the entrance by a large hole, 
 oppofite which the lire is made. Tiiofc huts are dc- 
 figned for the acconmiodation of fuch as follow the 
 himting of the kanguroo, opollums, rats, fquirreis, 
 and other animals w hich inhabit the woods, and w hich, 
 when purfiied, generally run into the hollow of a tree. 
 In order, therefore, to fecurethe animal when found in 
 the tree, a man climbs even the tallcfl tree with great 
 cafe, by means of notches cut w ith a fione hatchet in 
 the trunk at convenient difiances : when he reaches 
 the funuiiit, o;- any [lart that may open a way for the 
 efcape of th': animal, he fixes himfelf there with a 
 club in his hand, while another below applies a fire, 
 which fills the hollow of the tree w ith fnioke ; lb that 
 the anitiial attempting to efcape, is alinoft certain of 
 falling a prey to its purfucrs. 
 
 1 he only furniture obfcrved belonging to thefe 
 huts, that fell under obfervation, was a kind of ob- 
 long veflcl, made of bark, by the fiinple contrivance 
 of tying up the two ends w ith a withy, w hich, not bc- 
 ir.g cut off, fcrvcs for a handle. 
 
 Their chief utenfil was a fniall bag, about the fi/x 
 of a moderate cabb.-igc-nct, which is made by laying 
 threads loop within loop, fomcwhat in the manner 
 iifcd by ladies to make purfcs. This bag the man 
 carries loofe upon his back, by a fmall faring, which 
 pallts over his head. It generally contains a lump or 
 two of paint orrefin, fomc fifli-hooks and lines, a few 
 points of darts, and their ufual orn.iments, which in- 
 clude all the worldly trcafure of the richcft man among 
 them. 
 
 They are utterly ftrangcrs to the cultivation of the 
 ground, and appear to live chielly upon what the fea 
 affords, as the colonills found the coall much moie 
 populous than the interior parts. They do not, in 
 general, cat animal food raw, but having no vellcl in 
 which water can be boiled, they either broil it upon 
 the coals, or bake it in a hole by the heljiof hot Hones. 
 
 The hicn are very dcNterous in the ule of the fifli- 
 cig, an int^rumcnt upwards of three feet in length, 
 rhcfc gigs have, fomc one, Ibme two, fomc three, 
 and (bmc fourp.ongs, pointed and barbed with a iilh 
 or other animal's bone. In fine weather a man has 
 often been obfcrved by the colonills lying acrofs a 
 caaoe with his face in the water, and his iifli-gig im- 
 merfcd, ready tor darting. In this manner he lies Hill, 
 and is almoll certain of Ilriking the filh, as his lace 
 being a little under the furfiice of the water, he can 
 
 No, 1. 
 
 fee it diftindly, and confequently rarely mifTes his aim. 
 Women were frequently obfcrved occupied in this nc- 
 ccffary employment of fifliing with lines and hooks in 
 miferablc boats, with two or three children, at the 
 edge of a furf that would intimidate an experienced 
 feanian. The youngcft child, if very fmall, lies acrofs 
 the lap of the mother, and is fafe from falling, though 
 file is bufy in filhing, as the boat being very Iballow, 
 fliefits in the bottom with her knees up to her bread, 
 and between her knees and her body the child is pcr- 
 fciflly fee u re. 
 
 I'hc men likewifc dive with amazing alacrity for 
 fliell fiili, which adhere to the rocks: they fpring from 
 a rock into the furf, and there continue for a long 
 fpaceof time; and on their riling, caft the fifli they 
 have taken off the rocks on fliorc, which is received 
 by fomc of their comrades, who are placed there for 
 that nccelVary purpofe. 
 
 Their canoes arc mean and rude. Thofc on the 
 fouthern part of the coaft arc nothing more than a 
 piece of bark, about twelve feet long, tied together 
 at the ends, and kept open in the middle by fmall 
 boughs of wood. Thofe farther to the northward are 
 not made of bark, but of the trunk of a tree, hollow- 
 ed, perhaps by fire. They are about fourteen feet 
 long; and being very narrow, are fitted with an out- 
 rigger, to prevent their overfetting. Thefe are worked 
 with paddles, th.-it a^c fo large as to require both hands 
 to manage one of them. 
 
 The only tools feen among them were, an adze, 
 wretchedly made of fione, fomc fmall pieces of the 
 fame fubflancc in form of a wedge, a wooden mallet, 
 and fonie fliells and fragments of coral. For polifli- 
 ing their throw ing flicks and the points of their lances, 
 they ufe the leaves of a kind of w ild fig-tree, which 
 bites upon wood almoft as keenly as the fhave-grafs of 
 Eurojie, which is ufed by our joiners. With fuch tools, 
 the making even fuch a canoe as has been defcribcd, 
 muft be a moft diflicult and tedious labour. To thofe 
 w ho have been accultomed to the ufe of metal, it ap- 
 pears altogether impradicable; but chere are few 
 dilliculties that will not yield to patient perfevcrancej 
 and he w ho does all he can, will certainly produce 
 efieds that greatly exceed his apparent power. 
 
 The weapons ufed 'n' the natives arc fpears or 
 lances, and thefe are of diftcrcnt kinds. Some of 
 them have four prongs, pointed with bone, and barbed. 
 Others have but one point. The Ihaft is Ihait and 
 light, and from eight to fourteen feet long. 
 
 They have a fliort flick, whi(;h allifts them in throw- 
 ing the lance ; it is about three feet long, Hattened on 
 o.ic fide,' with a hook of wood at one end, and r. ."..-.t 
 fliell let into a fplit in the flick at the otiier, and 
 fallened with gum. Upon the Hat fide rf this (lick 
 the lance is laid. In the ujiper end is .-i fmall hole, in 
 which the point of the hook of the throwing-ftick is 
 fixed ; this retains the lance on the Hat fide of the Hick. 
 They poifc it, thus fixed in one hand, with the fore- 
 finger and thumb over it, to prevent its falling off tide- 
 ways; at the fame iline hoUiing faH the throw in-i- 
 Hick, ihcy difcharge it with confiderable force, and in 
 very good diree'lion, to the diHance of about tixtv or 
 feventy yards. It was (li[ipofcd by fevcral of theeolo- 
 niHs, who law thcle weapons frequently thrown, that 
 a man upon his guard might with cafe either parry or 
 avoid them; though they confefied they Hew with 
 aHonifliing velocity. 
 
 Thefe fpears, or lances, however, arc dreadful wca- 
 jions; for, when once they have taken |)laLC, they can 
 never be drawn back, without tearing away the HcHi; 
 or leaving the Huirp ragged fplinters of the bone, or 
 fiiell, which forms the beard, biliind them in the 
 wound. They are thrown w ith great force and dexte- 
 rity. If intended to wound at a fhort diHance, between 
 ten and twenty yards, timply with the hand j but it 
 at the difl.ince of forty or fifty yards, or more, with 
 the throwing-Hick. The colonills were inclined 
 to hold the fpears of the natives ,rry cheap. Fatal 
 H experience, 
 
 
 •#^.; 
 
fr I • T^qn''t'::^j»T^^ TO ' ^^^;^'^ ■ i ■'•nstA'n^v^r' 
 
:C;,TJ1'4'WW4 '-ri ■■■ m^^ ,T:pt^,4»p:p.p..prf,.,r. ^ 
 
I 
 
 6 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 experience, however, convinced them, that the wound 
 inHidcd by this weapon is nf»t a trivial one ; and that 
 thcfkill of the Indians in throwing it is far from being 
 dcfpicable. Nor are their weapons of offence confined 
 to the fpear only ; for they have befidcs long wooden 
 fwords, IViapcd like a fabrc, capable of inHiding a 
 mortal wound ; and clubs of an immenfe fize. 
 
 The natives, when equipped for any expjoit, arc 
 armed with a {hield, made of thl- bark of a tree, with 
 which they very dexteroufly ward off any thing thrown 
 at them. They have alfo a bludgeon, or club, about 
 twenty inches long, with a large and pointed end ; 
 and fomctimes a ftone hatchet. Thefe make up the 
 catalogue of their military implements. But the prin- 
 cipal means of annoying their European vifitors was 
 by fetting fire to the high grafs, which, being very dry, 
 burnt with great ;apidity, and did much damage. 
 
 The natives of this country do not appear to enter- 
 tain the mod diflant idea of religion, nor to have any 
 objedl of adoration. They are as rcgardlefs of the 
 fun, moon, ftars, or any of the ftupcndous works of 
 the Creator, as they r.re of any of the animals which 
 inhibit their cxtenfivc regions. It was evident that 
 they burn their dead, aS a difcovery was made of a 
 frelh grave, on a furvey of a diilant branch of Port 
 Jackfon, by aparty of the colonilts. When the earth 
 was removed, a quantity of white aflics wasdifcovcred, 
 which .ippeared to have been but a fliort time depofi- 
 tcd there. Among the aflics were found part of a hu- 
 man jaw-bone, and a fmall piece of the fcull, which, 
 altlu)ugh it had been in the fire, was not fo much inju- 
 red, as to prevent afcertaining, beyond a doubr, wh.it 
 it was. The aflies were put together, and covered up 
 as before. The grave was not more than fi:: inches 
 under the furface of the ground, but the earth was 
 raifed as high as it is above our graves in Europe. 
 
 Of the animals produced in this ifland, the kan- 
 guroo is one of the mofl valuable, and grows to a very 
 confiderable fize j fome of them weigh not Ids than 
 150 pounds. A male of 130 pounds weight has been 
 killed, whole dimenfions were as follows : Mxtrcmc 
 length, feven feet three inches. Length of the tail, 
 three feet four inches and a half. Length of the 
 hinder legs, three feet two inches. Length of the 
 fore paws, one foot feven inches and a half. Circum- 
 ference of the tail at the root, on foot live inches. 
 Notwithftandingthis, thckanguroo, on being brought 
 forth, is not larger than a rat. In running, this ani- 
 mal confines himfelf entirely to his hinder legs, which 
 are poffefTed with an extraordinary mufcular power. 
 Their fpeed is very great, though not in general quite 
 equal to that of a greyhound : but when the greyhounds 
 are fo fortunate as to fcize them, they arc incapable of 
 retaining their hold, from the amazing flruggles of the 
 •mimal. The bound of the kangaroo, when not hard 
 prefTcd, has been meafured, and found to exceed 
 twenty feet. At what time of the year they copulate, 
 and in what manner, is not known. The tefliclcs of 
 the male arc placed contrary to the ufual order of na- 
 ture. When young, the kanguroo eats tender, and 
 ■well flavoured, talking like veal j out the old ones arc 
 more tough and flringy than bull-bcpf. They arc not 
 carnivorous, but fubfift altogether on particular flowers 
 and grafs. Their bleat is mournful, and very diflerent 
 from that of any other animal: it is, however, feldom 
 heard but in the yoi ig ones. 
 
 The dogs of this country are remarkably fwift : their 
 chace of the kanguroo, if in an open wood, is feldom 
 more than eight or ten minutes; and if there arc more 
 dogs than one, rarely fo long. When the dog feizes 
 the kanguroo, he turns, and catching hold of him 
 with the claws of his hind feet, tears him tafuch a 
 degree, that the dog is frequently carried home cove- 
 red with wounds. If thedogcatches the kanguroo by 
 the throat, hcholdshim until oncof the hunters comes 
 to his allillancc, and many dogs have nearly loft their 
 lives in the flruggle. Several attempts were made to 
 cure thofc dogs of their natural ferocity ; one of the 
 
 Englifh officers took much pains on the attempt of « 
 little puppy, which, neverthelefs, would fnap off the 
 head of a fowl, or worry a pig, in defiance of the fe- 
 vereft corrertion. They have been reprefented as good 
 natured animals when domeflicated; but, from their 
 extreme ferocity, the pofTibiliiy of ta;r»ing them was 
 much doubted. Some of the natives, however, were 
 fcen with dogs which appeared to be domefticated the 
 fame as ours in Europe; they arc of the wolf kind, of a 
 dufky red colour. 
 
 The ofxjfTum is an animal which abounds in this 
 country. It bears much refemblance to the kanguroo 
 in the f^rength of its tail, and make of its fore-legs, 
 which pre very fliort in proportion to the hind ones. 
 The female opofTum has a pouch, or pocket, in 
 which flie carries her young. Some have been fhot 
 with a young one, not larger than a walnut, flicking 
 to a teat in this pocket. Others with young ones no 
 bigger than a rat; one of which was mofl: perf&ftly 
 formed, with every mark and diflinguifhingcharade- 
 rifticof the kanguroo. There is alfo a peculiar forma- 
 tion in the generative parts of this animal. 
 
 Moft of the animals in this country partake, in a 
 great meafure, of the nature of the kanguroo. There 
 is the kanguroo opofTum, the kanguroo rat, &c. the 
 formation of the fore legs and feet of which bear no 
 proportion to the length of the hind legs. There is a 
 quadruped, which the natives call i^wo//. It refembles 
 a pole-cat. The back is brown, fpottcd with white; 
 and the belly white, unmixed. To beafVs of prey our 
 ■ople were utter ftrangers; nor have they yet any 
 t aufe to believe that they exift in the country. And 
 happy it is for them that they do not, as their prefence 
 would deprive them of the onjy frcih meals the f'ettlc- 
 ment affords, the flefh of the kanguroo. 
 
 It is remarked, from the fimilarity in fome part 
 or other of the different quadrupeds found here, that 
 there is great reafon to fuppofe a proinifcuous inter- 
 courfe between the different fexcs of the refpedlive 
 animals. 
 
 Of bats, which hold a middle place between the 
 bcafts and the birds, there are many of different kinds, 
 particularly one, which is larger than a partridge. 
 Our people were not fortunate enough to take one, ei- 
 ther alive or dead. 
 
 The country abounds with birds of various kinds, 
 amongit which arc many of exquifite beauty, particu- 
 larly loriquets and cockatoos. The water fow! are, 
 gulls, fliags; foland geefe, or gannets, of two forts; 
 boobies, noddies, curlieus, ducl;s, pelicans of art 
 enormous fr/.c, and many others. One of the mofl 
 remarkable was black and white, much larger than a 
 fwan, and in fhape fomcwhat rclembling a pelican. 
 The land bii-ds arc, crows, parrots, pigeons, doves, 
 quails, bullards, herons, cranes, hawks, and eagles. 
 
 But the bird which principally claims attention is 
 the caflowary, a fpecics of ollrich, approaching 
 nearer to the emu of South America than any other 
 known. One of them was ihot, at a confiderable 
 diflance, with a fingle ball, by a convi<it employed 
 fbr that purpofc by the governor. Its weight, when 
 complete, was feventy pounds ; and its length, from 
 the end of the toe to the tip of the beak, feven feet 
 tVi-o ;";hes; though there was reafon to believe it had 
 not attained its full growth. On diffeOlion, many 
 anatomical fingularities were obferved: the gall- 
 bladder was remarkably large, the liver not bigger 
 than that of a barn-door fowl; and after the ItriCteft 
 fearch, no gizzard could be found. The legs, which 
 were of a vaft length, were covered with thick, ffrong 
 fcales, plainly indicating the animal to be formed for 
 living amidll delarts; and the foot iliffered from an 
 ofhich'sby forming a triangle, inllead of being cloven. 
 Goldfmith, whofe account of the emu is the only one 
 we can refer to, fays, " that it is covered, from the 
 back and rump, with long feathers, which fall back- 
 ward, and cover the anus: thefe ti-athcrs are grey on 
 the back, and white on the belly." The wings are fo- 
 
 «1 
 
 ■jA 
 
 lif^f-'tH?""' 
 
GEOGRAPHY. ^ 
 
 pains on the attempt of ft 
 thclcfs, would fnap off the 
 
 pig, in defiance of the fc- 
 e been reprefented as good 
 lefticated} but, from their 
 Diliiy of ta;ning them was 
 :he natives, however, were 
 ired to be domefticatcd the 
 Y arc of the wolf kind, of a 
 
 lal which abounds in this 
 eniblance to the kanguroo 
 ind make of its fore-legs, 
 )portion to the hind ones, 
 s a pouch, or pocket, in 
 ig. Some have been (hot 
 er than a walnut, flicking 
 'thcrs with young ones no 
 
 which was molt pcrfe»^ly 
 lid diftinguifhingcharade- 
 :rc is alfo a peculiar forma- 
 if this animal. 
 :his country partake, in a 
 
 of the kanguroo. There 
 he kanguroo rat, &c. the 
 ind feet of which bear no 
 the hind legs. There is a 
 cs call quoii. It rcfembles 
 rown, fpottcd with white; 
 d. To bealls of prey our 
 1; nor have they yet any 
 xift in the country. And 
 !y do not, as their prefence 
 )i\ly frcih meals the fcttlc- 
 ; kanguroo. 
 
 le fimilarity in fome part 
 drupcds found here, that 
 (ofe a proinifcuous intcr- 
 :it fexes of the refpedlive 
 
 liddle place between the 
 : many of different kinds, 
 larger than a partridge. 
 :e enough to take one, ei- 
 
 i birds of various kinds, 
 exquifite beauty, particu- 
 w. The water fow! are, 
 or gannets, of two forts; 
 
 diiclvs, pelicans of an 
 thers. One of the mofl 
 hitc, much larger than a 
 at rcfcmbling a pelican. 
 
 parrots, pigeons, doves, 
 ics, hawks, and eagles. 
 ;ipally claims attention is 
 of oflrich, approaching 
 America than any other 
 5 fhot, at a confiderable 
 
 by a convi<it employed 
 crnor. Its weight, when 
 
 s i and its length, from 
 > of the beak, feven feet 
 s reafon to believe it had 
 On dilTet'lion, many 
 re obferved: the gall- 
 ;e, the liver not bigger 
 1; and after the rtriiJteft 
 found. The legs, which 
 ivcred with thick, flrong 
 aniiTial to be formed for 
 he foot differed from an 
 , inlk'ad of being cloven. 
 
 the emu is the only one 
 • it is covered, from the 
 L-athers, which fall back- 
 lele feathers are grey on 
 y." The wings are fo- 
 
 '^^ 
 
 ./ 
 
 ('v'L^^<'/v*yr/-BANKESs. iff, >^,y/,-wyGEO(}.RArHYi^'//^//^v//^/'///y<//f ■/,t///.'/i'/i/. 
 
 
 /^r KANGURO O a// . /^t/f/ffr//o/f //>/,>// //t, /ofM&f^ \ffr,nv//tn/(/ . 
 
 ^ 
 
 * 
 
 '"*^"' I 
 
 nntit n .mt/i*. 
 
 ^^' Gross UM/"///a//'//' //.-t f(>(f/7i(r/f tu/Ay/u/yy^ \i'/rJ/<'//<^jt,/ . 
 
 'Ji^ff^ : 
 
 ■ -tU'ir><^luil»:':*^-r'^: 
 
 ea 
 
 •**t 
 
 mi- 
 
M' 
 
 i 
 
 New Discove! 
 
 fmall as hardly t 
 
 with thofe beau 
 
 uf the oflrich. 
 
 but the conftn 
 
 grow in pairs ft 
 
 the author we 
 
 It may be pre 
 
 fcarce, as fever 
 
 menfely large ; 
 
 inp thcin a matt 
 
 of flying, they r 
 
 greyhounds are 
 
 catch them. T 
 
 The fifli caug 
 
 feveral of them 
 
 like the animals 
 
 puroo. The la 
 
 the birds, and t 
 
 proach by (Iron 
 
 A certain likcnc 
 
 in general palat 
 
 licious. Upon 
 
 numbers of the 
 
 oyfters of varioi 
 
 and the pearl-oy 
 
 inous fize, that 
 
 can eat. There 
 
 vhich weigh no 
 
 are taken out. In 
 
 A fliark of an e 
 
 mcafurcd, at the 
 
 cumfcrcncc. His 
 
 his ftomach was 
 
 fpecies. The Ir 
 
 effeds of their v 
 
 ror on feeing thcf 
 
 Of infcds, hei 
 
 green as a leaf. 
 
 build their nefts. 
 
 ftrudture: they a 
 
 of the leaves, eac 
 
 hand : they glue I 
 
 form a purfe. T 
 
 animal juice, whi 
 
 borate. Their me 
 
 our naturalifts hai 
 
 they faw thoufanc 
 
 them in this po 
 
 were employed ' 
 
 was to prevent th< 
 
 fclvcs that the Ic 
 
 the efforts of the 
 
 difl:urbcd them i 
 
 ■Were driven frorr 
 
 they were cmplo 
 
 greater than the] 
 
 Conquer by any c 
 
 though our pcopl 
 
 pence of thcic it 
 
 venged, for thou 
 
 upon them, and j 
 
 flings, cfpecially 
 
 neck and hair, 
 
 driven. There ai 
 
 great numbers of 
 
 heads arc thick ( 
 
 the leaves fide b 
 
 number of twenty 
 
 bodies, on touchii 
 
 and give a mor 
 
 This country ahou 
 
 and is therefore ai 
 
 to the curious in 
 
 wild fpinach, par 
 
 tity. 
 
 The climate is 
 In, In fummer tl 
 fta breeze, whicl 
 
 ^' 
 
Kew Discoveries.] 
 
 NEW HOLLAND. 
 
 ,tLi&..^i^J,^ ~ 
 
 fmall as hardly to deferve the name, and arcunfumiflKd 
 Kvith thofe beautiful ornaments which adorn the wings 
 t)f the oftrich. All the feathers arc extremely coarfe; 
 but the conftrudHon of them defcrvcs notice : they 
 ^row in pairs from a fingle (haft, a Angularity which 
 the author we have quoted has omitted to remark. 
 It may be prefumeJ, .hat thefe birds arc not very 
 fcarce, as feveral have been fecn, fome of them im- 
 menfely large j but they are fo w ild as to make flioot- 
 ing them a matter of great difficulty. Tho' incapable 
 of flying, they run with fuch fwiftnefs, that our flceteft 
 greyhounds are left far behind in every attempt to 
 catch them. The flelh was eaten, and tafted like beef 
 
 The fifli caught here arc in general excellent ; but 
 feveral of them partake of the properties of the fhark, 
 like the animals in fome degree rcfcmbling the kan- 
 guroo. The land, the grafs, the trees, the animals, 
 the birds, and the fifli, in their different fpecies, ap- 
 proach by (trong fliades of fimilitude to each other. 
 A certain likencfs runs through the whole. They are 
 in general palatable, and fome of them are very de- 
 licious. Upon the fhoals and reefs are incredible 
 numbers of the fineft green turtle in the world, and 
 oyflers of various kinds, particularly the rock-oyfter, 
 and the pearl-oyft:cr. The cockles arc of fuch an enor- 
 mous fize, that one of them is more than one pcrfon 
 can eat. There are alfo large mufcles, and ftingrays, 
 V hich weigh no lefs than 336 pounds after the entrails 
 are taken out. In the rivers and fait creeks are alligators. 
 A fliark of an enormous fize was found here, which 
 meafurcd, at the flioulders, fix feet and a half in cir- 
 cumference. His liver yielded 24 gallons of oil ; and in 
 his ftomach was found the head of a fifli of the like 
 fpecies. The Indians, probably from having felt the 
 elfcds of their voracious fury, teflify the utmolt hor- 
 ror on feeing thefe terrible fifli. 
 
 Of infeds, here is a very peculiar kind of ant, as 
 green as a leaf. They live upon trees, where they 
 build their ncfts. Thefe nefts are of a very curious 
 (Vrudture: they arc formed by bending down feveral 
 of the leaves, each of which is as broad as a man's 
 hand : they glue the points of them together, fo as to 
 form a purfe. The vifcous ufed for this purpofe is an 
 animal juice, which nature has enabled them to ela- 
 borate. Their method of firft: bending down rhe leaves 
 our naturalifts had not an opportunity toobfervc; but 
 they faw thoufands uniting all their ftrcngth to hold 
 them in this pofition, while other bufy multitudes 
 were employed within, in applying the gluten that 
 was to prevent their returning back. To fatisfy tliem- 
 fclves that the leaves were bent and held down by 
 the cftbrts of thefe diminutive artificers, our people 
 difturbcd them in their work ; and, as foon as they 
 were driven from their ftation, the leaves, on which 
 they were employed, fprang up with a force much 
 greater than they could have thought them able to 
 conquer by any combination of their ftrcngth. But 
 though our people gratified their curiofity at the ex- 
 pence of thefe infeds, the injury did not go unre- 
 vengcd, for thoufands immediately threw themfelves 
 upon them, and gave them intolerable pain with their 
 ftings, efpecially thofe which took pofTeflion of the 
 neck and hair, from whence they were not cafily 
 driven. There are upon the leaves of the mangrove 
 great numbers of fmall green caterpillars; their fore- 
 heads are thick fet with hairs, and they range upon 
 the leaves fide by fide, like a file of foldiers, to the 
 number of twenty or thirty together; the hair of their 
 bodies, on touching them, has the quality of a nettle, 
 and give a more acute, though lefs cfurable pain. 
 This country abounds with beautiful plants and flowers, 
 and is therefore adapted to attbrd great entertainment 
 to the curious in botany. There were found fome 
 wild fpinach, parfley and forrcl ; but not in any quan- 
 tity. 
 
 The climate is undoubtedly very defirablc to live 
 in. In fummer the heats are ufually moderated by the 
 fta breeze, which fets in early; and in winter the 
 
 degree of cold is fo (light, as to occalion "but little in- 
 convenience. It is remarked, as a circum(tance pecu- 
 liar to this country, that every part of it, even the 
 moft inaccefTible and rocky, appears as if, at certain 
 times of the year, it was all on fire. Indeed, in many 
 parts large trees are feen, the trunks and branches of 
 which are evidently rent and demolifhed by lightning. 
 The ground was fo very dry and parched, that poles or 
 pegs could not be driven into it without confiderablc 
 difficulty. 
 
 The governor, invariably intent on exploring the 
 country, having formed a party, with unwearied 
 induftry, and great toil, traverfed an extenfive track 
 of ground, which appeared, from fuch obfervations 
 as could be made, capable of producing every thing 
 which a happy foil and genial climate can bring forth. 
 The face of the country was fuch as to promife fuc- 
 cefs, whenever it (hould be cultivated; for the foil 
 was found to be much richer than as defcribed by 
 Captain Cook; as, inftead of fand, they found a deep 
 black mould, which feemed very fit for the produc- 
 tion of grain of any kind. But fuch were the labour 
 and difliculty attending the clearing of the ground, 
 that, incredible as it may appear, it is a known fad, 
 that ten or twelve men have been employed for five 
 whole days in grubbing up a tree; and when this has 
 been cffcded, the timber has only been fit for fire 
 wood ; fo that, in confcquence of the great labour in 
 clearing the ground, and the weak (late of the 
 people, to which may be added the fcarc:ty of tools, 
 nioft of thofe brought from England being left in 
 the woods among the grafs, through the carelefs- 
 ncfs of the convids, the profped of future fuccefs is 
 not the moft promifing, ti,i they can fo far clear the 
 groimd, as 10 produce a fufficient fupport for the new 
 (ettleincnt: but, however, the richnefs of the foil 
 will amply repay them, when they can furmount this 
 difficulty. 
 
 The timber is very unfit for the purpofe of build- 
 ing ; the only purpofe for which it will anfwer is fire- 
 wood, and for that it is excellent; but in other rc- 
 fpcds it is the worft wood that any country or climate 
 can produce ; although fome of the trees, when ftand- 
 ing, appear fit for any ufc whatever, mafts for (hipping 
 not excepted. Strange as it may be imagined, moft 
 of the wood in this country, though dried ever fo 
 well, will not float. Repeated trials have only ferved 
 to prove, that, immediately onimmerfion, it links to 
 the bottom like a ftone. The trees were not of 
 many fpecies. Among others, there was a large one, 
 which yielded a gum not unlike that called dragon's 
 blood. In the woods was found a tree, which bore 
 fruit, that, in colour and (liapc, refembled a cherry! 
 the juice had an agreeable tartnefs, though but little 
 flavour. Between the trees the ground is covered with 
 grafs, of which there is great abundance, growing in 
 tufts as large as can well be grafped in the hand, which 
 ftand very clofe to each other, in thofe places where 
 trees are fcarce, a variety of flowering (hruW abound, 
 moft of them entirely new to an European, and fur- 
 pafTing, in beauty, fragrance, and number, all ever 
 feen in an uncultivated ftr:e. Among rhcfH a tall fliirub, 
 bearing an elegant white flower, whkh fmells like 
 Englilh may, is particularly delightful, and perfumes 
 the air around to a great dillance. 
 
 There is a kind of vine, running to i grf-it extent 
 along the ground: the ftalk is not fo thi^k as th* 
 fmalleft honey-fucklc, nor is the leaffj large as the 
 common bay leaf, though fomewhat fimihr to it; and 
 the tafte is fweet, exadly like the liquorice root of the 
 fhops. Of this the convids and foldiers make an in* 
 fufion, which is tolerably plepfant, and ferves ai no 
 bad fuccedaneum for tea. The furgeon found it to be 
 a good pedoral, and not at all unpleafant. 
 
 Free ftone, of an excellent quality, abounds in this 
 country, which was confidered as an happy circum- 
 ftance, as it tended fo materially to forward the intend- 
 ed plan of forming the town. The greateft impeili- 
 
 ment 
 
A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ment to building was a want of limc-ftonc, of which 
 no figns had hitherto appeared. Clay, for making 
 bricks, abounding, a confiderabic quantity of them 
 w ere burned, and ready for ufe. 
 
 Succejfton of Occurrences at Port Jack/on to the cloje 
 of the Year 1789. 
 
 IN the month of March, '788, the fcurvy prevailed 
 amongft the feamen, marines, and convids, in a 
 greater degree than when on board the fliips, which 
 appeared rather extraordinary, after havii.g been fome 
 time on land, and obtaining the advantage of vegetable 
 produdions ; but this was attributed by the gentlemen 
 of the faculty to the necelTity of continuing the fame 
 fait diet: however, excepting thefe, and a few who were 
 troubled with dyfcntcries, the people in general enjoy- 
 ed a tolerable ftate of health. 
 
 About the middle of May a convalefccnt, who had 
 been fcnt from the hofpital to gather vegetables, was 
 killed b' chc natives. Soon after this accident a report 
 prevailed that part of the bones of a man had been 
 found near a fire, at which a party of ihc natives had 
 been regaling themfclves. This report gave rife to a 
 conjedurc, that, -s this man had been murdered near 
 the fpot, thofc who committed the ad had devoured 
 him. It cannot be pofitively affirmed, that the natives 
 of this place arc in general cannibals; but, from this 
 circumrtance, there is ground to fufpeilt, that if the 
 horrid cuftom of eating human ficfli docs not univcr- 
 fally prevail, it is fomttimes pradifed: indeed, it was 
 confirmed by the reply of a native to one of the colo- 
 nifts, who, interrogating him on the fubjcd, he ac- 
 knowledged that one of their chiefs had eaten a man he 
 had flain. 
 
 On ..hc a7th of Auguft, the Suppl/ tender arrived 
 from Norfolk Ifland, whither (he had been difpatched 
 by the governor w ith ftores and provifions for the fct- 
 .tlement he had formed there: and in th- month of 
 Odobcr the governor fcnt the Sirius to the Cape of 
 Good Hope, to purchafe provifions for the accommo- 
 dation 'thcfettlemcnt; whence flie returned, and an- 
 chored Sydney Cove on the 8th of May, 1789. She 
 had beta abfent 219 days, 51 of which flie lay in 
 Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope; fo that it is ob- 
 fcrved by the officer who commanded the Sirius, that, 
 although, during the voyage, they had fairly gone 
 round the world, they had only been 168 days in dc- 
 fcribing that circle. 
 
 HeUlement formed at Norfolk Ifland. Its Progrefs, &c. 
 Dejcriptton of the Ifland. 
 
 IN the beginning of February, 1788, Governor 
 Philip fignified his intention of fending Lieutenant 
 King of the Sirius, with fome marines and convids, 
 to form a fettlemcnt on Norfolk llland. Accordingly 
 that officer, having received his commiffion, appoint- 
 ing him fuperintendant and commandant of Norfolk 
 Ifland, embarked for that purpofc with twenty-three 
 pcflbns on board the Supply tender on the 15th. On 
 the a9rh of February they made Norfolk Idand, at the 
 diHancc of feven or eight leagues. Lieutenant King, 
 on their approach, landed in the boat with the com- 
 mander of the Supply, in queft of a place to caft an- 
 chor. Rowing along fliore, they obferved, towards 
 the north-caft point of the ifland, a duller of high 
 rocks, to which the commander gave the name of 
 Cook's Rocks, from that celebrated navigator's having 
 difcovered this ifland, and landed near thcfc rocks, 
 in 1774. After feveral fruitlcfs attempts, they landed 
 at length on the fide of a large rock, which lies clofc 
 to the fliore, at the weft end of a fmall ftony beach. 
 This was imagined to bcthciock on which Captain Cook 
 landed, as there is no other place on that iide of the 
 ifland where it could have been pradicable: But it was 
 found an improper place to land either the people or 
 ftores, there being no frcfli water near it. 
 
 On the 4th of March the commandant, with his 
 officers, landed again, in order to take a view of the 
 country; and, after afccnding a very lleep hill, got to 
 the top of the ifland, which they found to be a plain; 
 
 but every foot of ground was covered with trees, or 
 large roots of trees, which not only obflruded their 
 pailagc, but obliged them to cut their way through 
 them. During this excurfion, they did not fee a leaf 
 of fiax, or any kind of herb: the ground, though the 
 foil was both rich and deep, was entirely bare. This 
 appeared very Angular, after Captain Cook had ob- 
 ferved, that the flax plant was rather more abundant 
 here "han he had found it to be in New Zealand. Birds 
 were feen in great number and variety, fuch as pigeons, 
 parrots, pariociuets, doves, &c. They were fo re- 
 markably tame, that they were knocked down with 
 flicks. As large pieces of pumice-ftone were difperfed 
 in every part of the ifland, it was imagined that a cra- 
 ter, or the remains of one, might be found at or near 
 a mountain in the middle of the ifland; which, in ho- 
 nour of th;: Chancellor of the Exchequer, was called 
 Mount Pin. 
 
 At lenfjtii a place, afterwards called Anfon's Bay, 
 having been explored, was found fit for landing. Here, 
 therefore, the commandant was determined to fix; and 
 accordingly, on the 6th of March left the Supply with 
 two boats, in which were all the perfons belonging to 
 the fettlcment, together w ith the tents, a part of the 
 provifions, and fome of theufeful tools. Thefe being 
 landed, they began clearing a fmall piece of ground to 
 ercd the tents upon. The colours were hoilled; and, 
 before fun-fet, every perfon and article belonging to 
 the fettlemcnt were on fliore, and the tents pitched. 
 Soon after landing, they found a very fine rivulet of water, 
 which ran clofe at the back of the ground where the 
 fettlemcnt was fixed. As there were only twelve men, 
 one of whom was a man feventy-two years old, anil 
 another a boy of fifteen, cxclufivc of the mate and fur- 
 geon, the progrefs of thcfettlemcnt for fome time was 
 very flow. 
 
 On the 9th of March (being Sunday) every perfon 
 in the fettlemcnt affembled in the governor's tent, 
 where he performed divine fcrvicc; after which his 
 commiffion from Governor Philip was read, appoint- 
 ing Lieutenant King fuperintendant and commandant 
 of this ifland. The commandant then allured the 
 people in general, that his intention was to forward 
 the King's fervicc to the utmoll: of his power : he en- 
 deavoured to imprcfs on the minds of the convids his 
 rcfolution, that thofe who were idle or diflioncft, fhould 
 meet with condign puniflimcnt. He informed them 
 what ratio of provifions would be allowed daily; and 
 propofcd every cncourageiiicnt to incite them to induf- 
 try and good behaviour. 
 
 From this time to the middle of the month, the 
 people were employed in clearing away, and turning 
 up the garden ground, which was fown in a rich and 
 deep foil, with different feeds, and afforded a pleafing 
 profpci^l of fucccfs. • 
 
 In procefs of time, one of the officers, in an excur- 
 fion about the ifland, difcovered the flax-plant. As no 
 dcfcription had been given of this plant, our colonifts 
 had no idea of its being what Captain Cook calls the 
 flax-plant of New Zealand. The cliffs and fliore near 
 the fettlemcnt were covered with it. The root is bul- 
 bous; and the plant, in its general form, bears grea£ 
 refcmblance to the iris, except that the leaves arc much 
 thicker and larger: the flaxy part is the fibres, which 
 extend the whole length of the leaf: towards the root 
 they are very thick and ffrong, and diminifb in fize as 
 they approach the end of the leaf. The flax-plant in 
 its green flate is of furprifing ftrcngth. As Captain 
 Cook had given no defcription of the method of pre- 
 paring this plant, our colonifts adopted the European 
 method of preparing the flax. 
 
 The ftore-houfe being finiflied in the beginning of 
 April, the provifions and ftores were conveyed fr»in 
 the commandant's tent, and dcpofited there. A blight 
 from the fouth-weil dcftroyed all the plants that were 
 in a thriving ftatc, which, added to the dollrudion 
 of fome Indian corn by the rats, proved very diftrcfl"- 
 ing circumftances. As 
 
 •I 
 
 New DiscOVEi 
 
 As it was fou 
 this fcafon on 
 deemed expcdi 
 fow it with wh 
 the men began 
 employed in th( 
 an houfe for the 
 The new coh 
 of which they 
 ing, were fright 
 been feen near ' 
 They felt the wa 
 fo falutary to c 
 of whom was f 
 fome of the con 
 degree; but thi 
 recovered. Th^ 
 vegetables, but 
 tree, thcexcellc 
 have vifited the 
 here, dcftroyed 
 fpace of three d 
 and only one 
 thefe vermin, t 
 traps. 
 
 On the 6th of 
 the prcfervation 
 though they did 
 poral puniihmcn 
 as would render 
 which related to 
 Sundays, the Ua 
 held out to the i 
 tutcd for the gc 
 tindly in prefer 
 Having made 
 mandant proceei 
 fuch arrang-Tien 
 grefs of the fctl 
 employed in clc: 
 cf cultivation J ot 
 where the tents 
 rivulet; twofawj 
 to build an houf 
 building huts, 
 retarded by cold 
 hitherto cxperie 
 The workmen, 
 feveral days togc 
 getting into theii 
 for a confidcrabl 
 renceoit, which 
 the acrimony of 
 with ir, for vvani 
 fawyers, the car 
 foncd by eatin 
 Windfor bean i: 
 violent griping; 
 oil, and fome 01 
 i-elief; but they 
 work for fome d 
 The ncople r( 
 9th of May ; bi 
 upon, as they v 
 out by a violent 
 fent out, they ne 
 were very nume 
 that they were 
 wards they hat 
 Many were tak( 
 one pound each 
 ment confilled c 
 
 On the 8 th 
 which had beer 
 fown in June 
 had a moft pr( 
 was fliot, and r 
 tember laid gi 
 No. I. , 
 
 
 •'* 
 
:. GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 was covered with trees, or 
 h not only obftrudcd their 
 
 I to cut their way through 
 •lion, they did not fee a leaf 
 rb: the ground, though the 
 ep, was entirely bare. This 
 fter Captain Cook had ob- 
 
 was rather more abundant 
 
 be in New Zealand. Birds 
 >nd variety, fuch as pigeons, 
 s, &c. They were fo re- 
 
 wcrc knocked down with 
 pumicc-ftone were difpcrfcd 
 it was imagined that a era- 
 might be found at or near 
 f the idand ; which, in ho- 
 thc Exchequer, was called 
 
 rwards called Anfon's Bay, 
 found fit for landing. Here, 
 was determined to fix; and 
 March left the Supply with 
 
 II the perfons belonging to 
 th the tents, a part of the 
 -■ ufcful tools. Thefc being 
 ; a fmall piece of ground to 
 
 colours were hoilled j and, 
 
 1 and article belonging to 
 ore, and the tents pitched, 
 d a very fine rivulet of water, 
 
 of the ground where the 
 icre were only twelve men. 
 cventy-two years old, and 
 lufivc of the mate and fur- 
 ctlcmcnt for fome time was 
 
 cing Sunday) every perfoit 
 d in the governor's tent, 
 : fcrvicc; after which his 
 Philip was read, appoint- 
 itendant and commandant 
 nandant then allured the 
 i intention was to forward 
 noil of his power : he en- 
 minds of the convicts his 
 re idle or diflioncft, (hould 
 lent. He informed them 
 lid be allowed daily; and 
 at to incite them to induf- 
 
 niddle of the month, the 
 caring away, and turning 
 h was fown in a rich and 
 s, and afforded a picafing 
 
 ' the officers, in an excur- 
 :red thclkx-plant. As no 
 f this plant, our colonifta 
 It Captain Cook calls the 
 
 The cliffs and fhorc near 
 vith it. The root is bul- 
 [cncral form, bears great 
 : that the leaves arc much 
 
 part is the fibres, which 
 he Icif: towards the root 
 ?, and diminifla in lize as 
 : leaf. The flax-plant in 
 g ftrcngth. As Captain 
 m of the method of pre- 
 Ts adopted the European 
 
 flied in the beginning of 
 )rcs Mere conveyed fram 
 lepofited there, A blight 
 1 all the plants that were 
 ddcd to the dcllrudion 
 m, proved very diftrelT- 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 NEW HOLLAND. 
 
 As it was found that no vegetables would thrive at 
 this fcafon on the fouth-fide of the mount, it was 
 deemed exjKdient to turn up the garden ground, and 
 fow it with wheat. The tents were moved, fome of 
 the men began to build huts; and the carpenters were 
 employed in the preparation of materials for building 
 an houfe for the commandant. 
 
 The new colonifts had rcafon to fear that the turtle, 
 of which they found great numbers at their firft land- 
 ing, were frightened away from the ifland, as none had 
 been feen near the beach during the courfe of a month. 
 They felt the want of this rcfource, as the turtle proved 
 fo falutary to every individual on the illaud; not one 
 of whom was free from the fcurvy on landing; and 
 fome of the conviits were alfeCted with it in an extreme 
 degree; but the people in general were foon entirely 
 recovered. They laboured under a dearth of garden 
 vegetables, but found a good fubliitute in the cabbage- 
 tree, the excellence of which is well known to all who 
 have vifited thefc climes. The rats, which abound 
 here, dcflroyed the wheat which was fown within the 
 fpace of three days; and as the colonifts had no cats, 
 and only one dog, and were grievoully annoyed by 
 thefe vermin, the empty calks were converted i o 
 traps. 
 
 On the 6th of April, fcveral orders were made for 
 the prcfcrvation of regularity and decorum, which, 
 though tluy did not affeCl matters that dcferved cor- 
 poral pimiihment, might prevent fucii mifdcmeanours 
 as would render fuch a ftep necelTary. Thefe orders, 
 which related to the attendance on divine worlhip on 
 Sundays, the ilated hours of working, encouragement 
 held out to the induUrious, and other particulars infti- 
 tuted for the general good, were therefore read dif- 
 tindlly in prefence of all the people in the illand. 
 
 Having made thefc nccelfary difpolitions, the com- 
 mandant proceeded to give fuch directions, and make 
 fuch arranp-Tients, as might tend to further the pro- 
 grefs of the fetilement. Some of the convicts were 
 employed in clearing away the ground for the purpofe 
 of cultivation; others in clearing a road from theground 
 where the tents had been pitched to the frcfh water 
 rivulet; twofawyers were employed in fawing timber, 
 to build an houfe for the commandant; and others in 
 building huts. But thefe operations were frequently 
 retarded by colds, to which, though the only ficknels 
 hitherto experienced, the people were very (iibjecT:, 
 The workmen, indeed, had been often blinded for 
 feveral days together by the white fap of a tree, which, 
 getting into their eyes, occafioncd an excruciating pain 
 for a confidcrable time. The befl: remedy was Flo- 
 rence oil, which being dropped into the eye, deftroyed 
 ■the acrimony of the fap. One nun was totally blinded 
 with ir, for want of timely api)lication for relief. Two 
 fawyers, the carpenter, and three convicfls, were poi- 
 foned by eating fome beans, which refembled the 
 Windfor bean in appearance. They were feized with 
 violent gripings, retchings, and cold fweats. Sweet 
 oil, and lome other medicines, happily afforded them 
 relief; but they were fo weakened as not to be able to 
 work for fome days. 
 
 The ncople received a fortunate fupply of fifh on the 
 9th of May i but this refourcc could not be depended 
 upon, as they were frequently prevented from going 
 out by a violent furf: however, when a bait could be 
 fent out, they never failed of fucccfs in fifliing. Pigeons 
 were very numerous on their lirft landing, and fo tame 
 that they were knocked down with flicks ; but after- 
 wards they harboured about the tops of the trees. 
 Many were taken that weighed from three quarters to 
 one pound each. On the 25th of Odober the fettle- 
 nient confided of 61 perfons. 
 
 On the 8th of December all the barley was houfed 
 which had been raifed on an<icrc of ground, and was 
 fown in June and July. During its early growth it 
 had a mod promifing appearance ; but when the car 
 was fhot, and nearly filled, fome heavy rains in Sep- 
 tember laid great part of it down, bcfides a great 
 No. I, 
 
 quantity th.it was deftroyed by rats and quails; fo that, 
 inftcad of getting at the lead fifty bufiiels of grain, ac- 
 cording toexpeiffation, the whole, when gleaned, yielded 
 no more than ten bullicls. 1 he barley, though fmall 
 in quantity, was very fine, and 116 ears were produced 
 from one grain. Garden vegetables fucceeded very 
 well, and cabbages were cut that weighed twenty 
 pounds each. On the 2 2d fome wheat was reaped that 
 had been fown on the eleventh of Auguft; c:he grain 
 was full and fine; but the crop was not lb good as ex-< 
 peeled. 
 
 On the 25th of February, 1789, the new fettlemcnt 
 fudaincd a mod fevcre fliock from a dreadful hurricane, 
 attended with conllant deluges of rain. Pines and 
 oak trees were torn up by the roots; and others, whofe 
 roots were too deep in the earth to be torn up, bent 
 their tops nearly to the ground. To add to the horror 
 of the fcene, a very large tree fell agrofs the granary, 
 and dadied it to pieces, (laving a number of flour cafks ; 
 but, by the ai!livity of the people, the flour, Indian 
 corn, and ftorcs, were coUeiiled, and lodged in the 
 commandant's houfe. The produifls of the gardens 
 were nearly dellroyed ; for, incredible as it may appear, 
 the violence of the wind blew up cabbages, turnips, 
 and other vegetables, by the roots; but happily the 
 wind at length veered about, the dorm fubfided, and 
 fine weather fucceeded this mod: tremendous hurri- 
 cane. 
 
 On the 7th of May the wheat, which had before a 
 very fine appearance, was blighted in many places by 
 a fmall black caterpillar. Many methods were ufed 
 to extirpate them, but without effedl; nothing particu- 
 lar occurred in the remaining part of this year; but the 
 fettlemcnt, from the numbers fent at different times 
 from Port Juckfon, now amounted to one hundred and 
 forty-nine. 
 
 On the 13th of March, 1790, Governor Philip fent 
 Lieutenant Governor Rofs to take the command of 
 No'folk Idand; the fervice rendering it neceflary for 
 Lieutenant King, who was firft appointed commandant, 
 to return to England, in order to give his Majefty's 
 Minifters fuch particular information relative to the 
 fettlemcnt he had eftablilhed, as Could not be conveyed 
 by letter. 
 
 Having dated the particulars refpeding the rife and 
 progrefs of the fettlemcnt upon this idand, we fhall 
 add a few obfervations relative to the idand itfelf. 
 
 Norfolk Idand is fituatcd in the latitude of 29 de- 
 grees, o min. fbuth ; and in the longitude of i6s de- 
 grees, o min. call, Its form is nearly oblong, and it 
 contains from twelve to fourteen thoufand acres. It is 
 fix miles in length, and four in breadth. The face of 
 the country is hilly, and fome of the vallies are tolera- 
 bly large tor the lize of the idand. Many of the hills 
 are very deep, and fome few fo very perpendicular that 
 they cannot be cultivated ; but where fuch fituations 
 are, they will do very wt'l for fuel: on the tops of the 
 hills are fome very exteni've Hats. 
 
 Mount Pitt is the only remarkable high hill in the 
 idand, and is about one hundred and fifty fathoms 
 high. The cliffs which furround the illand are about 
 forty fathoms high, and perpendicular; the bafis of 
 the idand is a h:ird firm clay. The \\: )le idand is 
 covered with a thick wood, choaked up with a thick 
 underwood. The air is remarkably falubrious; as a 
 proof of it, it is reina''';ed by an officer belonging to 
 the fettlemcnt, that he never knew the conditutions 
 either of the human race, or any other animal, more 
 prolific in any ]iart of the world: tuo children at a 
 birth is no uncommon thing; and elderly women, who 
 have believed themfelves long pad the period of child-' 
 bearing, have repeatedly hadiis line healthy chiUlrcn as 
 ever were feen. There is not only a fine rivulet at the 
 back of the fettlemcnt, as before obfervcd, but many 
 flrcams of water large enough to turn a mill; and all 
 thefc dreams abound with fine eels. 
 
 The foil is in general good; but, from the fid^s of 
 
 the cliffs which furround the coad, to the fummit of 
 
 C Mu'.int 
 
10 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Mount Pitt, it is exccllrnt ; varying from a rich brown 
 mould to a light red earth. Lieutenant King was of 
 opinion that this ifland, from the goodnefs of the foil, 
 ■wascapableof maintaing one hundred families, allow- 
 ing to each one hundred acres of ground, and rcfcrving 
 twothoufand for fuel: he nukes no doubt but that, with 
 indulry, they would in a fhort time procure all the 
 necefTaries of life, except cloathing, an article that 
 niuft depend on the cultivation of the fiax, which might 
 be efleded by fending fomc perfons to New Zealand, 
 to obfervc and acquire their mode of drefTing it. 
 
 There arc fivo kinds of trees on the ifland which 
 are good timber, viz. The pine, live oak, a yellow 
 wood, a hard black wood, and a kind of beech. The 
 pine trees are of a large fize, many of which arc from 
 one hundred and eighty to two hundred and twenty 
 feet in hf ight, and from fix to nine feet in diameter. 
 Thofe trees which are from one hundred to one hundred 
 and eighty feet in height, are, in general, found from 
 the root to the lower branches,; there are from eighty 
 to ninety feet of found timber: the reft is too hard and 
 knotty for ufe. It fonietimes happens, that, after cut- 
 ting off twenty feet from the butt, it becomes rotten 
 or fliakey; for which reafon no dependence can be 
 put in it for large mafts or yards. The timber of the 
 pine is very iifcful in buildings, and is plentiful along 
 the coafts. Its difperfed (ituation in the interior parts 
 of the ifland, is well calculated for ereding fuch build- 
 ings as may be neceflary. From what has been feen of 
 this wood, it is very durable; two boats have been 
 built of it, end have anfwered the purpofe fully. The 
 live oak, yellow wood, black wood, and beech, are all 
 of a dole grain, and a durable wood. 
 
 Sydney Bay, on the fouth fide of the ifland, is 
 where the fettlement is made. Landing at this place 
 entirely depends on the wind and the weather. Some- 
 times there is as good landing as in the Thames for a 
 fortnight or three weeks together, at other times it is 
 impracflicable to land for ten or twelve days fucccllivcly ; 
 but it is much oftener good landing than bad. Anion 
 Bay is a fmall bay with a fandy beach, where landiii;'; 
 is in general good with an olf-fliore wind and modr- 
 rate weather. Ball Bay is on the fouth-eaft lide of 
 the ifland ; the beach is of large loofc (lone. Wlien 
 landing is bad in Sydney Bay it is very good here ; 
 as it alfo is in Cafcade Bay on the north lide of the 
 ifland. 
 
 The Spring is vifible in Auguft; but the native 
 trees, and many plants in the ifland, arc in a conftant 
 ftate of flowering. The Summer is warm, and fonie- 
 times the droughts are very great. All the grain and 
 European planes feeded in December. From February 
 to Auguft may be called the rainy fcafon : not that there 
 are any ftated times for rains in thefc months, as it is 
 fomctimcs very fine weather for a fortnight together ; 
 but when the rain docs fall it is in torrents ; but thun- 
 der is very rare. The Winter is very pleafant, and it 
 never freezes. 
 
 The proper time forfowing wheat and barley is from 
 May to Auguft, and is got in in December. That 
 which was lowed produced twenty-five fold. Two 
 bufliels of barley, fowed in 1789, produced twenty- 
 four buflicls of a found full grain. The Indian corn pro- 
 duced well; and it was the general opinion, the bcft 
 grain to cultivate in any quantity, on account of the 
 little troubleattending its growth and nianufadturing for 
 eating. The Rio Janeiro fugar cane grows very well, 
 and is thriving. Vines and oranges are very thriving; 
 of the former there will be a great quantity in a few 
 years. Potatoes thrive remarkably well, and yield a 
 very great incrcafc. Two crops a year of that article 
 may be got with great cafe. Every kind of gnrden 
 vegetable thrives wi II, and conies to great perfettion. 
 The quantity of ground cleared, and in cultivation, 
 belonging to the public, was on the 13th of March, 
 1790, from twenty-eight to thirty-two acres; and 
 about eighteen cleared by free people and convids for 
 their gardens. One great iiiconvcniencc attending 
 
 this ifland, is the want of a fafe harbour, and the confc- 
 qucnt difficulty of accefs to it; but this difadvantagc 
 is countcrpoifed by its fertility; it being the opinion of 
 Lieutenant King that it would produce, by induftrious 
 cultivation, in courfe of time, a fufficient quantity of 
 grain to fupply both the fettlcments. The number of 
 inhabitants on Norfolk Ifland, in March I790,ar'.i0unt- 
 ed to 498. 
 
 Improvements in the Settlement and Country of Pert 
 Jackfon. State of both the Settlements in 1 79a, 
 
 IN April, 1790, the fettlement at Port Jacklon wa» 
 greatly imp-oved. Some good buildings were 
 erected for the accommodation of the governor, lieu- 
 tenant governor, judge-advocate, and many of the 
 oflicers, civil and military. The hofpital was a con- 
 venient temporary building ; and the inferior officers 
 were lodged in comfortable huts. The gardens ad- 
 joining were not very productive, the foil but indif- 
 ferent, and the habitations were infefted by rats. The 
 foil at a fmall diftancc from Sydney Cove is better; 
 that fpot is therefore occupied by the officers, and 
 ofhers, as their farms. There are alfo brick-kilns and 
 a pottery; and they made bricks and earthen ware 
 tolerably well; but had not the art of glazing the lat- 
 ter, which fubjeded them to a great inconvenience. 
 
 In February, 1791, great improvements were car- 
 rying on at Port Jackfon ; a conliderable town was 
 laid out at Rofe Hill, a very pleafant fituation, many- 
 good buildings were ereded, and roads cut. Several 
 acres of land were cleared for corn, and eighty acres 
 for buildings and gardens. But the foil about Rofc 
 Hill requires good farmers, and much manure, before 
 plen'iful crops can be cxpcded. From the fuddcn 
 viciflitudes of cold and heat, this country may be fup- 
 pofcd very unhealthy; bpt lour years experience have 
 proved other« ifc. ^ 
 
 In the beginning of May, the oflicers and men of 
 the New South Wales corps went into the new barrack 
 Kt Rofc 1 1111. Thofe natives who had been moft ac- 
 cuffomed to live at the fettlement, would leave it for 
 feveral days together, as they found fifli plenty towards 
 the head of the harbour. 
 
 The buildings at Rofe Hill being carried on fo far 
 as to form a regular town between Rofc Hill and the 
 landing phicc in the creek, it was named by the go- 
 vernor Parramatia. Grants of land were now given 
 forthe i'lrft time to thofe who became fettlers, and thofe 
 who had been permitted toclearihegrouiid at their leifurc 
 hours, .-"nd in one day of the week, allowed them for that 
 purpofe, made a conliderable progrcfs. Oncofthegranis 
 confifted of thirty acres, another of iixty, and another of 
 one hundred and forty acres. It being the intention of 
 government that, at the time for which the convids 
 were fentenccd expired, they fliouKl be permitted to 
 become fettlers, thofe who choofcd to accept this 
 bounty were received as fuch, and lands granted them 
 according to their relative connedions. 
 
 In the courfe of this year a 'whale fifhery was firft 
 introduced on the coaft of New South Wales. Meflrs. 
 Enderby, of London, merchants, were the firft who 
 adventured to the South Seas in queft of whales. The 
 martcr of the Britannia, a velTel in their fervice, hav- 
 ing afUired the governor that he had Iccn more fper- 
 macii'ti whales in his palTagc from the Cape to Port 
 Jackfon than he had ever feen on the Brazil coalV, the 
 Britannia, with his concurrence, failed in company 
 with other vcfli:ls, the 25th of Oclobcr, on a cruize, 
 and returned on the 10th of November, being the firft 
 fliip that had ever fifhcd for whales on the coaft of 
 New South Wales. The cruize was attended with 
 fucccfs; and the Britannia had to boaft, of killing the 
 firft four whales on this coaft. In the month of De- 
 cember feveral improvements were made at Sydney 
 Cove, and in particular a building was covered in 
 at Parrumatta, which was intended as a place of wor- 
 fliip until a church could be built. 
 
 13y that time the lettlemc at Norlnlk Ifland was 
 conlidcrably improved. The wheat harveft was fuc- 
 
 . , . ,., cclsful, 
 
 « 
 
OGRAPHY. 
 
 ; harbour, and the confc- 
 t; but this difadvantage 
 ' ; it being the opinion of 
 1 produce, by induftrious 
 :, a fufficicnt quantity of 
 imcnts. The number of 
 in March 1790, ar-iount- 
 
 ent and Country of Pert 
 he Settlements in 179I. 
 nent at Port Jackkin wa» 
 ic good buildings were 
 an of the governor, lieu- 
 srate, and many of the 
 The hofpital was a con- 
 
 and the inferior officers 
 huts. The gardens ad- 
 itive, the foil but indif- 
 cre infeftcd by rats. The 
 r. Sydney Cove is better; 
 jicd by the officers, anJ 
 re are aifo brick-kilns and 
 bricks and earthen ware 
 he art of glazing the lat- 
 I a great inconvenience. 
 
 improvements were car- 
 
 a conliderable town was 
 pleafant fituation , many 
 , and roads cut. Several 
 or corn, and eighty acres 
 
 But the foil about Rofe 
 and much manure, before 
 rcfled. From the fudden 
 
 this country may be fup- 
 bur years experience have 
 
 the officers and men of 
 went into the new barrack 
 s who had been moft ac- 
 ■mcnt, would leave it for 
 
 found fifti plenty towards 
 
 Jill being carried on fo far 
 tween Rofe Hill and the 
 it was named by the go- 
 of land were now given 
 became fettlcrs, and thofe 
 iihcf^roundat thcirlcifurc 
 |cfk, a'.lowcd them for that 
 rogrcfs. Oncofthegrants 
 crof fixty, and another of 
 It being the intention of 
 c for which the convidls 
 (lioulii be permitted to 
 choofcd to accept this 
 and lands granted them 
 ntVUons. 
 
 a 'w hale (ifhery was firfl 
 ,v South Wales. Mefirs. 
 nts, were the firft who 
 qucft of whales. The 
 I'l in their fcrvice, hav- 
 he had I'een more fper- 
 from the Cape to Port 
 n the Brazil coail, the 
 ice, failed in company 
 f Oiilober, on a cruize, 
 lovember, being the firft 
 whales on the coafl: of 
 ize wns attended with 
 to boafl, of killing the 
 In tile month of Dc- 
 wcre made at Sydney 
 ikling was covered in 
 Indcd as a place of wor- 
 lilt. 
 
 at Norfnlk Idand was 
 
 ivlicat harvelt was fuc- 
 
 ccfsful, 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 .;.., ,^.;, II . .... 
 
 .-^if- 
 
 K. 
 

 .<ti 
 
 . ■)' ■ « 
 
 
 
 -i Mix OF ^-^^y-DJKMAX^ LAND u, NEW HOLLAXD 
 
 New Disco VI 
 
 ccfsfiil, yiclilin 
 
 which were u 
 
 The convit'l l( 
 
 and had prcati) 
 
 them. The Li 
 
 military rcgulal 
 
 fervantc of eve 
 
 15th of Janii.ii; 
 
 mifing afpeci 11 
 
 corn were gath( 
 
 flatcs of growtl 
 
 The (lore hni 
 
 and every clioi 
 
 with which thi 
 
 from the tcdim 
 
 time of his depr 
 
 pcriod, both tin 
 
 (late with ril'iH- 
 
 well as the live 
 
 ingly, and art'on 
 
 tion of a fpcedy 
 
 folk Illand a qii: 
 
 covered, which 
 
 every inconvenit 
 
 fubjetted in cred 
 
 the incrcafc of 
 
 another fcttleiiiei 
 
 its infant ftatc tr 
 
 word, we arc ju( 
 
 to date, that this 
 
 pion fo rcniotc, a 
 
 tbnably ground f 
 
 the reprcfentatio 
 
 i: will eftccliially 
 
 and fully evince 
 
 adapted to accon 
 
 vernment, rcfpeiii 
 
 conimunitv in ge 
 
 S 
 
 VAN 1 
 
 THE SOUTIIERl 
 
 Climate, f^kniirupi 
 Genius, Drefs, 
 
 VAN Dienien 
 Dutch navi 
 bcr, 1642. Fron 
 notice by Europe; 
 touched at it in ^ 
 Cook in 1777. 1 
 a dry country, anc 
 wood) be compar 
 Hope. The heat 
 killed more than 
 mofl covered with 
 here arc a kind of 
 arc fcveral forts o 
 )wrroqucts ; and 
 the head and necl 
 and was thence n 
 the birds arc com 
 the idand. On 
 oyder-catchers, o 
 colour, with a bla 
 behind the beach 
 fomc llwgs were c 
 lefs trees near the 
 of lilli, as the e 
 jackets, white brei 
 a fort not recoUc 
 which partakes of 
 lilli. Upon the r( 
 fmall Ihell-filli ; a 
 found ujion the b( 
 y.ards were fecn in 
 variety of infceSis 
 nierous. The m 
 and a large black 
 during the fliort ti 
 4 
 
 ii&\.^iiJ.AX:^i-: ^"t 
 
Kew Discoveries.] 
 
 NEW HOLLAND. 
 
 It 
 
 ./..LVD 
 
 ccfsful, yielding about a thoufand buflicis of wheat, 
 which were well got in, and thatched in Racks. 
 The convict fcttlcrs were quiet, decent, an.t orderly, 
 and had greatly improved the grants of land zllottcd 
 them. The Lieutenant Governor had ellabliflicd fomc 
 mihtary regulations, and laid down rules for the oh. 
 fervance ol every perfon on the ifland; fo that on the 
 15th of January, 1793, things in general wore a pro- 
 midng afpcdinthisfcttlcment: 260 bulhels of Indian 
 corn were gathered in ; many acres were in dillerent 
 flatcs of growth, and likely to yield plentiful harveOs. 
 The florc hnufcs and granaries were in good repair; 
 and every clfort was made to extirpate the vermin 
 with which they were infeftcd. Indeed, it appears, 
 from the tcftimony of Governor Philip, that at the 
 time of his departure for England, which was at this 
 period, both the fettlcments were in a very flourifhing 
 ftate with rcfpcct to their vegetable prodiidlions, as 
 well as the live (lock. The vines flouriihed exceed- 
 ingly, and afforded the colonifts the picafing cxpec^ta- 
 tion of a fjieedy and ample fupply of wines. At Nor- 
 folk llland a quantity of excellent lime-flonc was dif- 
 rovered, which forming a very good cement, obviated 
 every inconvenience to w hich they had been prcvioully 
 fubjeiited in crcding their buildings. .Such had been 
 the incrcafc of inhabitants upon Norfolk Ifland, that 
 another fcttlement had been *'ormcd, and promifed in 
 its infant ftatc to vie with that at Sydney Cove. In a 
 word, we arc julHficd, from unqueftionablc authority, 
 to date, that this new colony, tliough formed in a re- 
 gion fo rcjnote, and f^ little known, affords every rca- 
 lonably ground for concluding, that, notwithftaniling 
 the reprefentations of many writers to the contrary, 
 i; will effectually anfwcr every defign of its formation, 
 and fully evince the prudence and utility ot' a plan 
 .adapted to accomplilh every fnlutary purpofe of go- 
 \ernment, rcfpoiting individuals in particular, and the 
 communitv in general. This account arrived m i ynj. 
 SECTION III. 
 yjN D I EM E N's L A N D, 
 
 THE SOUTHERN EXTREMITY OF NEW IloLl.AVD. 
 
 Climate, i^odrnpeds. Birds, Fijb, and Infeils. Perfoiis, 
 Genius, Drefs, Habitations of the Natives, i^c. 
 
 VAN Diemcn's Land was ih named by'l'afman, a 
 Dutch navigator, who difcovered it in Novem- 
 ber, 1642. From that time it had cfcaped ail further 
 notice by European navigators, till Captain Furneau;: 
 touched at if in March, 1773, anil after him Captain 
 Cook in 1777. It has many inarks of being naturally 
 a dry country, and, perhaps, might (independent of its 
 ■wood) be compared to Africa about the Cape of Goad 
 Hope. The heat was fo great, that birds were fcldom 
 killed more than an hour or two, before they were aU 
 moft covered u ith fmall maggots. The only quadrupeds 
 here arc a kind of opoirum,and the kanguroo. There 
 are fcveral forts of birds. In the woods are yellowifli 
 parroquets ; and anotlier fniall one, which has part of 
 the head and neck of a mort beautiful azure colour, 
 and was thence named motacilla cyanea. l"hc relt of 
 the birds arc common with thole in the other parts of 
 the ifland. On the fliorc were fcveral gulls, black 
 oyder-catchers, or fea-pics. and plovers, of a flonc 
 colour, with a black hood. About the pond, or lake, 
 behind the beach, a few wild ducks were leen ; and 
 fomc fliags were obfervcd to perch upon the high leaf- 
 Icfs trees near the fliore. The fca affords great variety 
 of lilli, as the clephant-fifli, r.iys, nurfes, leather- 
 jackets, w hite bream, foles, flounders, garnards, belides 
 a fort not recollcc'led to have been ieen before, and 
 w hich partakes of the nature both of a round and Hat- 
 lifl). Upon the rocks are plenty of mufcles, and other 
 fmall Ihell-fifli ; and fomc pretty Medufli's heads were 
 found upon the beach. Some blackifli fnakes and li- 
 zards were fecn in the woods. There is a confiderable 
 varicty of infcc'is here, though they arc not very nu- 
 merous. The mod troublefome are the muftjuitos, 
 and a large bkack ant, whofe biU' inriids extreme pain 
 during the fliort time it lafts. 
 
 The inhabitants of this part of New Holland have 
 little of that wild or fierce appearance common to the 
 people on the .eaftern roafl j but, on the contrary, 
 feem mild and chearful, without referve or jealoufy of 
 flrangers. This, however, may arife from their having 
 little tolofcorcare for. With rcfpect to perfonal ac- 
 tivity or genius, little can be faid of either. They do 
 not fcem to poffefs the tirll in any remarkable degree { 
 and as for the lalt. they have, to appearance. Ids than 
 the half-animated inhabitants of Terra del I'ucgo, who 
 have not invention fullicient to make cloathing for de- 
 fending thcnifclves from the rigour of their climr.c, 
 though furniflied with the materials. It muftbeowned, 
 however, that they are mailers of fome contrivance, in 
 till" manner of cutting their arms and bodies in lines of 
 dillerent lengths and diredions, which are raifcd confi- 
 derably above the Ikin ; fo thuc it is difficult to gucfs the 
 method they ufe in executing this embroidery of their 
 perfons. Their colour is a dull black, like that of the 
 Negroes. It fhouid feem alfo, that they fometimes' 
 heighten their black colour by fmutting their bodies, 
 as a mark was left behind on any clean fubftance, fuch 
 as white paper, when they hand' 1 it. Their hair 
 is |)erfeitly woolly ; and it is clotted or divided into 
 fmall parcels, like that of the Hottentots, with the 
 ufe of fome fort of greafe, mixed with a red paint , 
 or ochre, which they fmear in great abundance over 
 their heads. Their nofes, though not flat, are broad 
 and full. The lower part of the face projeds confi- 
 derably ; fo that a line let fall from the forehead, would 
 cut off a much larger proportion than it would in the 
 Euro; leans. Their eyes are of a middling lize, with .^, 
 the wlrices lels clear than in us; and though not re- . 
 markably quick or piercing, they are fuch as give a 
 frank, chearful caR :o the whole countenance. Their 
 teeth arc broad, but not equal, nor well fet ; and, ei- 
 ther from nature, or from dirt, not of fo true a white 
 as is ufual among people of a black colour. Their 
 mouths arc rather wide ; and this appearance feems 
 licigiitened by wearing their beards long, ana clotted 
 with paint, in the fame manner as the hair on their 
 heads. Their bellies projeCl conf.'derably; which may 
 be owing to the want of compreffion in that part, which 
 moll nations ufe more or lefs. i"« the Engraving affixed. 
 
 1 he females wear a kanguroo fliin, in the fame 
 iluipe as it comes from the animal, tied over the (houl- , 
 ders, and round the waifl. Hut its only ufe fcemed to 
 be to fupport their children, when carried on their 
 backs ; for it did not cover thofe parts which moft na- '■ 
 tions conceal, they being, in all other refpeds, as naked 
 as the men, and their bodies marked with fears in thf 
 lame manner. But in this they differ from the mci^i 
 that fome of them had their heads completely fliaved. *^. 
 
 The llories of the ancient poets, concerning fauns 
 and fatyrs living in hollow trees, arc here realized. 
 Some wrtrched conftruiitions of flicks, covered with 
 bark, uhith does not deferve the name even of huts, 
 were found near the fliore in the bay j but thefe feemed 
 only to have been eredtcd for temporary purpofes; and 
 many of their largeil trees were converted into more 
 comfortable h.abitations. Thefe had their trunks hol- 
 lowed out by lire, to the height of fix or feven feet; 
 and that they took up their abode in them fometimes, 
 was evident from the hearths, made ot clay to con- 
 tain the fire in the middle, leaving room for four or 
 five perfons to fit round it. At the fame time thefe 
 flieltcrs are durable; for they take care to leave one 
 f "e of lie tree found, which is fuflicicnt to keep it 
 glowing as luxuriantly as thofe which remained un- 
 touched. 
 
 Captain Furneaux explored the coaft from Van Die- 
 men's Land to the latitude of 39 deg. fouth; and 
 Capt. Cook from Point Hicks, which lies in 37 deg. : 
 58 min. to Endeavour Straits. The intermediate fpace,; ^^ 
 between the end of Furneaux's difcovery and Point"- ;; 
 Hicks, is, therefore, the only part of the fouth-eall 
 coaft unknown. C H A P». .. 
 
 ty 
 
 1 
 
'1 
 
 la A NEW. ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 C H A P. II. 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 r%» 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Difcovery. Defcription of the Country, as to Situation, 
 Extent, Soil, Climate, Mountains, (£c. ^c. 
 
 TASMAN, a Dutch navigator, mentioned on a 
 former occafion, difcovcredthis high mountainous 
 country in the year 1642. He coafted the eaftcrn part 
 from the latitude of ;j4 to 43 dcg. Meeting with a 
 very holtile reception from the natives as foon as he 
 came to anchor, he thought it prudent to weigh with- 
 out fo much as attempting to land; but g.ivc the ap- 
 pellation of Murderer's Bay to the road in which he 
 dropped anchor, and the general name of New Zea- 
 land to the whole country, at that period fuppofcd to 
 be part of a fouthern continent. 
 
 New Zealand has been repeatedly vifited by Captain 
 Cook: firll in 1769; in the clofe of which, and the 
 beginning of the enfuing year, he coafted the country 
 during a ("pace of fix months, and found it to confill 
 of two large illands, divided by a pafVagc (row called 
 Cook's Straits) about four or five leagues broad, and 
 lying nea.ly north and fouth of each other, between 
 the latitude of 34deg. 22 min. and 47 deg. 25 min. 
 fouth J and between the longitude of 166 and 180 deg. 
 calh The fame navigator vifited it again in 1773; 
 and, for the third time, in 1774. 
 
 The two illands are nearly of the fame extent, and, 
 taken together, as large as Great Britain, having many 
 fmall illands about them. The northernmoll is called, 
 by the natives, Eahei-nomarve; and the fouthermoft, 
 Tovy, or Tovai-Poenammoo. The latter is moftly 
 hilly, and, to appearance, barren, andthnily inhabited; 
 but the former, though very n.ountainous, is tolerably 
 fertile, andean boaft of a rivulet running through every 
 valley. Though thefc vallicsdo not abounil with wood, 
 yet, from the apparent nature of the foil, it was the 
 opinion of our ingenious and fpeculativc countryman, 
 that every kind of liuropcan grain would flourilli here; 
 and that, through the exertion of indiillry in cultiva- 
 tion, not only the ncccffaries, but luxuries of life, might 
 be obtained in great variety. The climate, upon the 
 whole, is more temperate tlian that of pjigland, as ap- 
 peared from the vegetables that were ibund growing 
 there in the winter I'cafon. 
 
 Captain Cook, during the courfe of his fix months 
 circuit, in which he fully explored the coalls of both 
 iflanii.;, gave names to feveral bays, nvers, and other 
 parts of thofc coafls, from remarkable characters, and 
 various occurring circumfianccs. I'or indancc, he 
 called the iirft place where he anchored Poverty Bay, 
 bccaufe no nccellarics were found there but wood. 
 The next port he made was named Mercury Bay, bc- 
 caufe an obfervation was there made of the tranlit of 
 Mercury over the Sun; it isfituatcd in latitude jGdeg. 
 57 min. The river that empties itfelf at the "head "of 
 Mercury Bay, he called tiie River Thames, from its 
 appurcnt rcfcmblatuc to our river of that name ; and 
 its bank! are p3inteil out as the moll advantageous 
 fpotinthcfe illands for i)lanting a colony. The Bay 
 ot Klauds, ly; ig more to the northward, derives its 
 ap[Kllatloii iVom the great number of illands contigu- 
 ous, and from its fcvcral harbours, which arc equally 
 fafe and commodious. 
 
 North Cape, or Cape North, fo called from itsfitua- 
 rion, is the northern extremity of land on the ifland 
 luihci-nomarve. The coall along the wcflern (hore 
 was called, riu- Defarr Coall ; and a peak, remarkably 
 high, ol' a molt majellj.j appearance, from the Ipace 
 
 which the fnow occupies on it, fuppofed to be not much 
 inferior to the Peak of TenerifFe, was named Mount 
 Egmont ; and the (hore under it, forming a large cape, 
 received the appellation of Cape Egmont. 
 
 The fouthern ifiand w^as as accurately furvcyed as 
 the northern. Here likcwife, from the caufes above 
 mentioned, names were given to feveral parts, as 
 Banks's Ifland, Cape Saunders, The Traps, Dufky Bay, 
 Admiralty Bay, &c. &c. • 
 
 In Queen Charlotte's Sound (in which is fituated 
 Murderer's Bay, fo called by Tafman) was difcovercd 
 a fine ftream of excellent water, and wood in abun- 
 d;:nce. The inhabitants, who fcarcely exceeded four 
 hundred in number, were difperfcd along the fhore. 
 They arepooren than the inhabitants of other parts of 
 the country: their ground is uncultivated j their chief 
 food is fifli and fearn roots ; and their canoes are with- 
 out ornament. The climate here is much milder than 
 that of Dufky Bay ; and, as no froft was feen at the 
 beginning of June, almoft the depth of winter, it is 
 probable that it feldom freezes here. There were fome 
 curiofities found on the hills and beat lies ; and, from 
 many different appearances, the former exiftcnce of a 
 volcano in New Zealand was more than conjeelured. 
 Queen Charlotte's Sound is particularly eligible as a 
 port and place of refreflimcnt, from vDc number of 
 antifcorbutic plants which g"'w -.pon every beach, 
 many of which coniribute to health and aliment. 
 
 S E C T 1 O N IL 
 
 /Inimal and Vegetable Productions, as Trees, Plants, 
 In/eils, Birds, Beajls, I'ijbes, iSc. 
 
 FROM the latell: account it appears, that the vege- 
 table produdions of this country fullicicntly indi- 
 cate the quality of the foil : indeed, the llrcngth in ve- 
 getation muit be greatly allilled by the temperature of 
 the climate. The hills, except a few towards the fea, 
 are one continued forefl: of lofty trees, which llourifli 
 with uncommon vigour: and it was remarked, that no 
 country abounded, upon the whole, fomuch with trees 
 and plants, that were entirely unknown to the natu- 
 ralilis of Europe, as New Zcalaii <. The fi/x, growth, 
 and durability of the timber, render it fit for any kind 
 of building. 
 
 The large trees on the hills arc chiefly of two forts: 
 one of them is of the fizcof our largcll firs, and grows 
 nearly in tlie fame manner. A ' coction of its leaves, 
 fermented w ith fiigar or treacle, fupplies the place of 
 fpruce in making beer ; and our i ountryman acknow- 
 ledged it to be little inferior to American fpruce beer: 
 the other fort of tree is like a maple, and often grows 
 very large, but is only fit for fuel, the wood being too 
 heavy for marts and yards; though it was the general 
 opinion, that iffi)me meaiis could he deviled to lighten 
 them, they would produce malh fuperior to thofe of 
 any c( iintry in Europe. 
 
 There was found, in Dulky Hav, abcautifui tree, in 
 tlower, of the myrtle kind, of which an infulion was 
 drank infiead of tea. Its leaves are aromatic, allringcnt, 
 and have a very jileafant flavour at the firll infulion, 
 which is changed to a llrong bitter, on pouring water 
 on the leaves a fecon'd time. 
 
 A great variety of trees grow on the Hats behind the 
 beaches. Two or three bear a kind of plumb, of the 
 li/.e of prunes: the one, which is yellow, is called 
 karracca; and the other, which is bl.ack, maitao; though 
 neither of them allorded a plcalaiU tafic. The woods 
 I in 
 
GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 1 it, fuppofed to be not much 
 eneriffc, was named Mount 
 der it, forming a large cape, 
 " Cape Egmont. 
 s as accurately furveyed as 
 ife, from the caufes above 
 given to fcveral parts, as 
 
 Jers, The Traps, Dufky Bay, 
 
 • 
 
 Sound (in which is fituated 
 byTafman) was difcovered 
 water, and wood in abun- 
 who fcarcely exceeded four 
 c difpcrfed along the (bore, 
 nhabitants of other parts of 
 is uncultivated; their chief 
 ; and their canoes are with- 
 uc here is much milder than 
 as no frort \\as feen at the 
 : the depth of winter, it is 
 :zes here. There were fonic 
 lis and beai lies j and, from 
 s, the former exigence of a 
 was more than conjeclurcd. 
 I is particularly eligible as a 
 mcnt, from itte number of 
 h g.-'w '.pon every beach, 
 ; to health and aliment. 
 
 1 O N II. 
 
 muSiions, as 'Trees, Plants, 
 leajls, Fijhes, (^c. 
 
 \t it appears, that the vcgc- 
 his country fufficicntly indi- 
 indeed, the (Irength in ve- 
 iled by the temperature of 
 Kcept a few towards the fca, 
 lofty trees, ^liich flourifli 
 nd it was remarked, that no 
 whole, fo much with trees 
 rely unknown to the natu- 
 Zealar, '. The iizc, growth, 
 rcn.Lr it fit for any kind 
 
 ; an- chicHy of two forts: 
 four largcit firs, and grows 
 
 A coctioii of its leaves, 
 each , fupplies the place of 
 ;1 our I ountryman acknow- 
 
 to /\incrican fpruce beer: 
 
 L- a maple, and often grows 
 
 )r fuel, the wood being too 
 
 though it was tiie general 
 
 couUI bedeviled to lighten 
 
 malls fupciior to thole ol 
 
 ky Bay, abcautifui tree, in 
 of which an infulion was 
 ves are aromatic, allringcnt, 
 avour at the full infulion, 
 bitter, on pouring water 
 
 row on the Hats behind the 
 r a kind of pliunb, of the 
 ivhich is yellow, is called 
 L'h is black, maitrto; though 
 )leafaat tallc. The woods 
 in 
 
 .% 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 NewDiscoveriis.] ' NEW Z E 
 
 in many parts were fo over-run with fupple-jacks, that 
 it was fcarcely pofTible to force a way through them : 
 fevcral of thcfe were fifty or fixty feet long. 
 
 The moft profitable pl.uits which this country pro- 
 duces, are wild celery and a kind of crelFes, which grow 
 in abundance on all parts of the fea coalls. Theic are 
 fometimes ufed as fallad, or drelfed as greens. In all 
 thofe ways tliey are excellent, and, together with the 
 fi(h, form a defirable refrefliment. Here is the proper 
 mulberry-tree, but extremely rare ; and a berry which 
 fervcs the natives iniVead of flax and hemp, and exceeds 
 all that are made ufc of for fuch purpofes in other 
 countries. There arc two forts of this plant : in one 
 kind the flowers arc yellow, and in the other a deep 
 red. Of the leaves of thefe plants, with very little 
 preparation, the natives make all their common ap- 
 parel : of thefc alfo, they make all their lines and cor- 
 dage for every purpofe. Thefe are much ftronger 
 than any thing wc can make with hemp. This plane 
 grows in all places near the fea, and fometimes a con- 
 fiderable way up the hills, in bunches or tufts. Being 
 perennial, it may be cut down to the root every year, 
 'and requires litde care and attendance in the cultivation. 
 It is remarked, that our botanifts v^ere greatly tanta- 
 lized here, by the appearance of numerous trees and 
 ihrubs, which had loft their flo ■ ers and fruits, and only 
 ferved to give them an idea of the great profufion of 
 vegetables i;" this country. 
 
 There is not a great number of infeds in this coun- 
 try. There is ufort of little crane fly, particularly 
 troublefome, in the fouthern parts, during bad weather. 
 The fand fly, the only noxious one, is very numerous 
 here and is almoft as difagrceable as the m.ufquitoe. 
 Their bite caufes a fwelling and an intolerable itching. 
 There are fome butter-flies, two forts of dragon-flies, 
 fome linall grafshoppcrs, fevcnd forts of fpiders, fome 
 black ants, and fcorpion flies, w ith wliofe chirping the 
 woods refound. Th-jre are fn.ikes and lizards of an 
 rnormous fize, defcribed as eigiit ft'ct long, and equal to 
 a man's body in circumference. 
 
 The woods abound with birds; fome very beautiful, 
 and moft of them peculiar to the place. The only bird 
 here which refembles any in liurope, is the gannet. 
 Here are ducks and fhags, but very dilfercnt from any 
 among us. Their hawks, owls, and quails, difler but 
 little. There is a fmall green-bird, almoft the only 
 mufical one to be found here. His melody is fo 
 fweet, and his notes fo varied, that the liftener would 
 imagine himftlf furrounded by a variety of birds, when 
 he exerts his vocal powers. From this circumftance he 
 was called the mockingbird. 
 
 Here are water hens of a large fpecies. Rails arc 
 fcarce in all parts of New Zealand, except at Dufky 
 Bay, where they were feen in great numbers : alfo cor- 
 morants, oyllcr-catchcrs, or fea-pies,albatrofles, ducks, 
 penguins, and other forts of the aquatic kind. Five 
 fpecies of ducks were found in Dufky Bay, difl^ering 
 from each other in lize and plumage. Among the 
 finall birds, are the wattle-bird, the boy-bird, and the 
 fan-tail. Of the fim-tail there are dilferent forts ; but 
 the body of the moft remarkable one is fcarcely larger 
 than a good filbert ; yet it fprcads a tail of moft beau- 
 tiful plumage, furprifing in extent, confideriiig its 
 lize. Our late travellers remark that, though it would 
 be difficult and fatiguing to follow the birds of fporr, on 
 account of the quantity of under-woml, and the climb- 
 ing plants, yet, by continuing in one place, a fowler may 
 Ihoot as many in a day as would ferve feven or eight 
 perfons. The rcafbn afligncd for this obfervation is, 
 that thofebirds were fo little acquainted with mankind, 
 that they familiary perched on the neaiefl branches, and' 
 hopped even on the ends of the fowling pieces, looking 
 at every one that came near tiiein with the greatefl 
 curiotity. 
 
 It is lemarkablethat, in rhis extcnfivc country, the 
 
 only quadrupeds, which are known, ate dogs and rats. 
 
 The dogs arc of the rough, long haired fort, with 
 
 pricked cars, and much refembling the flicphcrd's cur. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 k L A N L». r; 
 
 They a re of different cololifs ; and, Ihough kept by the 
 natives as a doineftic animal, pampered and indulged 
 w '.th fifli as food, in common with their mafters. Their 
 bo. lies are afterwards eaten by them, and their fkins ap- 
 plied to various ufes of drcfs and ornament. The 
 ciiftom of eating dog's flefh is partly general abiong 
 the inhabitants of thefc fouthern climes, and was at 
 length adopted by our European navigatorsi as a relief 
 from the loathfomc tafte of i'alt provifions. The leg of 
 a dog, killed on board one of the fliips, was roaftcd, and 
 ferved up at the captain's table, which the company, 
 through difufe, could not diftinguifli from mutton. 
 
 Many forts of filh were caught here by the feine, and^ 
 ainongfi the reft, a fpecies unknown in Europe, but very 
 delicious. Every creek fwarms with them. Mackarcl 
 of various kinds were caught in immenfe ft.oals. But 
 the highcft luxury which the fea aftords here, is the 
 lobfter, or fea cray-fi(h, which difl'ers from thofe in 
 Europe in fevcral particulars. They have a great 
 number of prickle? on their backs and are red whca 
 firrt taken out of the water. There arc clephant-fifh, 
 mullets, foles, flounders, bream, conger-eels, and a filh 
 of five or lix pounds weight, called, by the natives, 4 
 mogge. With the hook and line was caught a blackilh 
 fifti, called cole-fifii by the feamen, but differing greatly 
 from that of the fiimc name in Europe. There is allii 
 a fort of fmall falmon, fkate, gurnards, and niirfcs. Thcfe, 
 in general, are well flavoured ; but the fmall falmon, cole- 
 fifn, and mogge, are fupcrior to the other. There 
 are vaft quantities of mufcles among the rocks ; many 
 cockles, in the fand of the fmall beaches ; and, in fome 
 places, oyfters, which, though fmall, have an agreeable 
 tafte ; together w ith other fhell fith of various kinds. 
 
 Before we clofe an account of the natural prcnluc-. 
 tions of this country, we Ihall tcmark, that there is not 
 here any mineral deferving notice, except a green jaf* 
 per ftone, of which the tools and ornaments of the in- 
 habitants are made. This is held in high cftimatidn 
 among them, and they entertain fome fuperftitious no- 
 tions about the mode of its generation, but the par- 
 ticulars our countrymen could not coniprshend. 
 
 SECTION III. ' ■ '■ 
 
 Drj'cripthn of the Perfons of the hibabitmits. Tlvvr 
 Drrfs, Habitations, Food, Utcnjils, IVeapons^ Ginoes, 
 and their Apptirlcnances, 
 
 THE number of" inhabitants bears no proportion 
 to the extent of countt*y. The fouthern part is 
 very thinly inhabited, conlilting chiefly of wanderers; 
 but the northern is better peopled ; though the weflcrn 
 fide of the ifland is quite a deferi ; and the interior 
 parts are fo mountainous, that fcarce any place is inha- 
 bited but the fea-coafl. 
 
 The rtature of the New Zcalandera, in general, i« 
 equal to the Europeans ; but they are not fo well form- 
 ed, efpecially about the limbs, which are diftorted by 
 fitting fo much on their hams, and being deprived, by 
 the mountainous nature of the country, from ufing that 
 kind of cxercife, which would render the body ItraigJit 
 and well proportioned, .'lomc, however, are well made 
 vigorous, and adivc, and have a good fliarc of adroit- 
 nel's and manual dexterity. 
 
 Their complexion, in general, is brown ; though rtot 
 deeper than that of a Spaniard who has been expot^d 
 to the heat of the fun. 'i'hcy are rather darker in the 
 fouthern ifland. Their faces are commonly round* 
 their lips rather full, and their nofes (though not flat) 
 large towards the point. '1 heir eyes arc large j their 
 teeth broad and irregular; their hair, in general, black, 
 llrong, and Ilraight, commonly cut ftiort on the hinder 
 part, and the rell tied on the crown of the head. The 
 countenance of the young is generally free and open ; 
 but, in many of the men, it has a fcrious orfuUen caft. 
 The men are larger than the women, who are not re- 
 markable for any peculiar graces, either of form or 
 feature : but their voices arc exceeding foft and hat- 
 D monious 
 
 ■:? 
 
A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ii 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ■i f ■ 
 
 inonious, by which they are chiefly diftiniiiiflied, the 
 drclVof both I'.\:es being neaily the fame. Like the 
 women of other countries, they have a chearfulncfs fu- 
 perior to the men, and a greater flow of animal 
 fpirits. 
 
 They have a garment triade of fiiky flax, about five 
 feet in length, and foi:r in breadth. This appears to be 
 their principal manufacture, which is performed by 
 knotting. Two corners of this garment pafsover the 
 fhouldcrs, and they fallen it on the breail with that 
 which covers the body : and it is again faftencd about 
 the belly with a girdle made of mat. it is fonutimes 
 covered wiihdogflcin, or large feathers. Many of them 
 w car coats over this garment, extending from the Ihoul- 
 ders to the heels. The mod common covering;, how- 
 ever, is a quantity of the fedgy plant, badly manufac- 
 tured, fillened to a firing, and thrown over the (hould- 
 ders, whence it falls down on all fides to the middle of 
 the thighs. They adc^rn their heads with feathers, 
 combs of bone or wood, pearl fliells, and the inner Ikin 
 of leaves. Both fexcs have their ears flit, in which are 
 hung beads, pieces of jafper, or bits of cloth. Some 
 liave the fccptum of the nofe bored in the lower part ; 
 but 110 ornament was feen in it. 
 
 Their tattowing is done very curioufly, in fpiral and 
 ether figures, and, in many places, indented with their 
 fkin, fo as to lo.ik like carving ; but, at a dillancc, it 
 appears as if it had been only fmcared with black paint, 
 1 his tattowing, and fiaining the face, is peculiar to the 
 principal men among them. Thofe of inferior rank, as 
 well as women, content themfelves with bcfmearing 
 their faces with red paint or ochre. The women wear 
 necklaces ot lliark's teeth, or bunches of longbe.idsjand 
 fome of them have fma'll triangular aprons, adorned 
 with feathers or pieces of pearl-flieils, faftenedaboiit the 
 waifi with a double or treble fet of cords. Their winter 
 drefs is a fliaggy cloak, called boghee bother, which 
 hang round tlieir necks like a thatch of ftraw. Their 
 cloth is white, and as gloflTy as lilk, worked by hands, 
 and wrought as even as if it had been wrou^jht ;n a 
 loom, and is chiefly worn by the men ; though it is 
 made by the women, who alfo carry burthens, and do 
 all the dn.'dgery. 
 
 As many families crciled their huts clofe to the fpots 
 whereourcountrymen fixed their temporary abode.they 
 had a full view of them, and expreiled furprize at the 
 facility with which they build them. They have been 
 feen toeiecl; above twenty of them on a fpot of grcun.l, 
 which was covered with plants and flirubs not an hour 
 before. The favages had no fooncr leaped from the 
 canoes, than they tore up the flirubs and plants froin the 
 ground they had fixed on, and put up fome p.irt of the 
 traming of a hut. Thefe huts are fufliciemly calcu- 
 lated tor affordii^g flicker from the rain and w i.id, and 
 are built contiguous to each other. The beft feen was 
 built in the manner of one of our country barns, and 
 was about fix I'eet in height, fifteen in breadih, and 
 thirty-three in length. The iniide was flroiig and re- 
 gular, wellfailened bymeansof withes, &:c. and painted 
 red and bla'.k. \t one end it had a hole, ferving as a 
 doortocrcepnutat, near which wasa fquarc hole, which 
 fervcd both for w indow and chimney. Under tliis j).ir- 
 ticular we fliall introduce a brief accxjunt of thJr hip- 
 pahs, or fortified villages, which are very rcii arkabie. 
 Thty are flrong holds, eieclcd on rocks, and lecured 
 on the land fide by a bank, a ditch and an high paling 
 w iihin the ditch. Sotiie have out-works, curioully cnn- 
 flruded. Tlieic places feem only to be the occafional 
 abodes of the natives in cafe of danger from their ene- 
 mies J for as fiion as their flate of traiu|uillity returns, 
 they quit ihcfo heii'jits for the level couiury. 
 
 'J'heirchicr i'ood is lifli, which they catch w iih diif.'r- 
 cnt kind;! of iici.i, or wooden iilli-hooLs, poinicil with 
 bone, but made in fo extraordinary a manner, that it 
 appears afloniflimg how tliey can anfwer (iich a piirjjoif. 
 They flieued themfelves more expert filliermen than 
 any of their Emopean vilitantsj nor were any of the 
 methods pracliftd by our people equal to theirii.^They 
 
 drefs their fifli by roafting, or rather baking them, be- 
 ing entirely ignorant of the art of boiling. It is thus 
 they alfo drefs the root of the large fern-tree, in a hole 
 prepared for that purpofe. When drcfl'ed, they fplit it, 
 and find a glutinous fubftaiice within, not unlike faj'o 
 powder. The fmaller fern-root fccms to be their fub- 
 flitute for bread, being dried and carried about with 
 them, together with great quantities of dried fifli, when 
 they go far from their habitations. 
 
 Their only liquor is water; and they conftantly re- 
 fufed to touch either wine or brandy, when on board the 
 European veflJels, and drank pure water, or fweetened 
 with fugar j though they partook very freely of the 
 provifions that were put on the table. 
 
 They arc reprefented as filthy in their feeding as in 
 their perfons, which often emit a very offenfive efflu- 
 via, from the quantity ofgrcafe about them, and from 
 their never walhing their garments. 
 
 For an uncivilized people, their ingenuity claims 
 notice ; as without the afliftancc of metal tools, they 
 niake every I ling by which they procure their lublif- 
 tence, cloathing, and warlike weapons, with neatnefs, ■ 
 ftrength, and convenience. Their chief mechanical 
 tools are the adze and axe, made of hard black ftonc ; 
 chilFels of human bone, or fragments of jafper. They 
 efteem their axes the moft valuable of their pofl'eflions, 
 nor vvillpart with oneof them upon any confideration. 
 They have baflcets of various kinds and lizes, made 
 of wicker-work. The making of nets feems to Se the 
 flaple manufadure of thofe parts of the country which 
 were vifited. Thefe nets are of a circular form, ex- 
 tended by two hoops, and about feven or eight feet in 
 diameter : the top is open, and they fallen lea-ears to 
 the bottom as a bait. They let down this net, fo as to 
 lieupon the ground j and when they imagine fifli enough 
 are colleded over it, they dr. up by a gentle motion, 
 fo that the fifli rife with it, fcarcely fenfible that 
 they are lifted, rill they conic near the furlace of the 
 water, and then a fudden jerk bring' them with the 
 net into the boat. 
 
 They have a Angular tafle for carving, which mull be 
 admitted as their mailer piece. This appears on the 
 moll trifling things. The ornaments on the heads of 
 fome of their canoes not only difplay much dcfif.rn, but 
 execution. Their tools, in general, arc very aw kward. 
 A fliell, or a piece of flint or jafper, is their fublhtutc 
 for a knife ; and a fliark's tooth, fixed on the end of a 
 piece of wood, is their augur. 
 
 Their chief weapons are (pears or lances, darts, bat- 
 tle-axes, and the pat(K)-patoo. The l()far is fourteen 
 or fifteen feet long, pointed at both ends, and fomc- 
 times headed with bone. They arc grafpe.1 by the mid- 
 dle, fo that the part behind balancing that before, makes 
 a pulh morcdillicult to be parried than that of a wea- 
 pon which is held by the eiid. The jjatoo-patoo is 
 formed like a pointed battledore, with a Ihort haiKlle, 
 and fliarp edges, and deiigned (or clofe lighting : through 
 the handle there is a firing to twift round the hand 
 w hen the weapon is ufed. '['he patoo-paioo is worn in 
 the girdle, as a confiderablf^ military ornament, and 
 feldom fails of doing execution. 
 
 The chiefs carry about them a (lalF of diflindion, 
 generally the rib of a whale, oniamenteii round the top 
 with carving, dog-(kin, and (t;athers, like our halberts. 
 Sometimes this (lalf is merely a (lickabout Hx (eet fmg, 
 adorned in the fame manner, and inlaid with a fliell 
 relcmbling mother-of-pearl. 
 
 . The New Zealandcrs difplay ingenuity in the con- 
 (Irudion of their canoes, which are of dillerent lizes, 
 and nuich tcfembletheNew E.nglandwhale-boit. Some 
 of the laigcll fort feein to be built (or war, being near 
 feveniy leellong, (iu" feet broad, an I three feet and an 
 half deep. They have a fliarp bottom, confiding of 
 three trunks of trees hollowed, of which that in the 
 middle is the longed. The lidc-planks are (ixty-two 
 feet long, in one jjjece, and not defpicablv carved in 
 Iws relief; and the head is Hill more richly adorned with 
 carving, The gunwale boards arc likewife frequently 
 
 ornamented 
 
 ■n 
 
 ^1* 
 
 I 
 
•-OGRAPHY, i,^.Ui 
 
 rather baking them, bc- 
 
 of boiling. It is thus 
 argc fern-tree, in a hole ■ 
 hen drcfled.thcy fplit it, 
 within, not unlike faj»o 
 )t fcems to be their fub- 
 and carried about with 
 itities of dried Hfti, when 
 ons. 
 
 and they conftantly re- 
 andy, w hen on board the 
 lUrc water, or fweetcned 
 took very freely of the 
 e table. 
 
 hy in their feeding as in 
 lit a very olfcnfive efflu- 
 "c about them, and from 
 ems. 
 
 their ingenuity claims 
 ICC of metal tools, they 
 hey procure tlieir fubfif- 
 w capons, with neatncfs, • 
 Their chief mechanical 
 ide of hard black rtonc ; 
 rmcnts of jafper. They 
 jablc of their pofTedions, 
 1 upon any conlideration. 
 i kinds and lizcs, made 
 g of nets feenis to he the 
 .rts of the country uhich 
 of a circular form, cx- 
 )Ut feven or eight feet in 
 d they falicn fea-ears to 
 t down this net, fo as to 
 they imagine fifli enough 
 
 up by a gentle motion, 
 , fcarcely fenfible that 
 : near the furlacc of the 
 !. bring' them with the 
 
 r carving, which mud be 
 . This appeirs on the 
 naments on tin- heads of 
 ifplay much (lclif.''n,but 
 leral, arc very aw kw.ird. 
 afpcr, is their fuhlhtulc 
 ji, fixed on the end of a 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 '■Si! 
 
 '.ilr- 
 
 irs or lances, darts, bat- 
 'I'he Ipcar is fourteen 
 both ends, and fome- 
 .arcgrafpci by the mid- 
 uingthat before, makes 
 Incd than that of a wea- 
 The patoo-patoo is 
 |c, with a fliort hanJle, 
 
 clofe lightmg : through 
 |o twift round the hand 
 
 patoo-patoo is worn in 
 hilitary ornament, and 
 
 a fValF of diftindion, 
 lamented round the top 
 Jthers, like our halberts. 
 Itickaboiit fix feet long, 
 Imd inlaid with a fhell 
 
 ingenuity in the con- 
 are of diifercnt fr/.cs, 
 Jaiid « hale-bo.it. Some 
 bilt for war, being near 
 an t three feet and an 
 I bottom, contilUng of 
 of which that in the 
 le-plai'.ks are lixty-two 
 : defpicablv carved iii 
 \re richly adorned with 
 ;»re likewife frequently 
 ornamented 
 
 ^f*"- 
 
 t "m 
 
 ■W 
 
 L^Vr^ 
 
 :»ai(S4l •!.•-. ■ !./;«;;: . :»rf. ..i 
 

 'Al/r 
 
 
 i ■■«, 
 
 ) i 
 
 ''tfr//(>^/.i /t.n/f /•// ///f . h'w Affffffj/f/i/.i (•ff/A(/^^^(t^t>t>S^Af/vt>if. 
 
 PERPETU 
 tivcsofth 
 prehcnfions of 
 their tribes Il:^^ 
 feme other ti. 
 Thty general' 
 niiihi ; •'iiil iftl 
 fddom hi\p[ici 
 diftinction, no 
 they havcconi] 
 }^ort;e tlicmdU 
 <iies as ihey ca 
 moll horrid ai 
 before they ha 
 pole, they iifu: 
 are piirlucd, ; 
 their turn. T 
 <]uilhedmiift ti 
 liate of perpeti 
 of carrying it ( 
 bitiial vij;ilance 
 ort' his tjiiard ; 
 fill motives to b 
 
 Thouj.;h the 
 ticiilar, lead a 
 under no regula 
 tribe is rcfpct'h 
 -obedience. T 
 fovcrcign, to w 
 jii'ilioe is proba 
 lants \vtrc;^tve: 
 authority by in 
 
 With rcipet' 
 men and wome 
 fiinner till the l 
 with nets and 
 rollcet lobllers, 
 waters near the 
 
 Rel'pe^t is ps; 
 be fuppofcd to 
 j.erienee they h 
 active young r 
 life. 
 
 Though the I 
 inllanees ahead 
 ing in their cri 
 ill the )ear 177 
 
 The two 111 i[- 
 Furneaux, havi 
 to join again, f 
 Cook, Captain 
 December, in ( 
 there, a cutter, 
 men, being fcni 
 
 ■•\ : 
 
 '?J 
 
 .^mlAul 
 
 .i^n-e^'y*: .',*»-* -111*. *■%■'"■, 
 
?,T^''' 
 
 ■ZW'- 
 
 New Discoveries. J 
 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 :r/ 
 
 li 
 
 y'/i, '/////■ f///fyf>f//y . 
 
 fufr (4fftfH'/< 
 
 K '^/> 
 
 
 black (rrounii. Their boats arc worked by patties 
 about lix feet long, neatly made, the blade being oval, 
 pointed at the botiom, and gradually loling its oval form 
 in the handle. They make their flrokcs with thoie pad- 
 dles with incredible quickncfs, and kceptimcfo exactly, 
 that all the rowers fcein aiftuated by one common im- 
 pulfc. Sails of matting fixed upright, between two 
 poles, arc fometimes ufed ; but they can make no way 
 with thel'c, unlcfs it be right before the wind. The 
 imalirr canoes were no other than trunks of trees, in- 
 tended wholly for filhintr, witiiout either convenience 
 or ornament. The New Zealandcrs arc by no means 
 expert in navigation, their knowledge being wholly 
 confined to what i^ called plain- failing. 
 f.-wv.-t ■;:: ,Vi .- •■ ■ :-■'■■'■'■ '■■ ■ • ■■ . ■ ; ■• ■ ■ , 
 
 •jt;..y 
 
 SECTION. IV. 
 
 Di/pcjition and Cnjhms of /he Inhahitants nf I^e'-^u Zea- 
 land. Their Jkill tn Agriculture, iii'iale lurocity, 
 horrid Crueltiis. imideulal Diftajes, Religious Tenets, 
 
 (3c. &c, 
 
 PERPETUAL divifions prevail amongft the na- 
 tives of this countfy, nho live under continual ap- 
 prehcnfions of being deflroyed by eich other; molt of 
 their tribes having as they think, fultaincd injuries from 
 fome other t: .'oc, wiiich they are over-eager to revenge. 
 They generally ftcil upon the adverfe party in tlie 
 nisihi ; :.Mid if tiiey cnanceto find thtm unguarded, w hich 
 fcldi m happens, they put tvcry one to death without 
 diilinction, not fpri'ing even women orchildrcn. When 
 they haveconipleatcd theiniuwii: a nialfacre, they either 
 ^oige tiu'iTiftlvts on the fpot, or carry off as many bo- 
 dies as ihey can, and fcalt on them at home, with the 
 molt horrid ads of brutality. If tiiey are difcovered 
 before rhev have time to execute tlieir fanguinary pur- 
 pole, they ufually Ileal olf again ; and loinetimcs they 
 arc purlued, and attacked, by the adverfe party in 
 their turn. They never give quarter, fo that the van- 
 quilhed mufl trult to Higlit alone for lafcty. From this 
 iiatcof perpetual hoftiiicy, and this dellruiilive mode 
 of carrying it on, a New Zcalander acquires fuch ha- 
 bitual vigilaiiceandcircumfpecltion, ihathe is fcarcccvcr 
 olf his guard ; and, indeed, they ha\c the mofl power- 
 ful motives to be vigilant. 
 
 Though the inhabitants of the fouthcrn ifle, in par- 
 ticular, lead a wandering kind of life, and feem to be 
 under no regular kind of government, the head of each 
 tribe is rcfpci'ted, and, on feme occalion.'', commands 
 -jhedience. Thole of the northern illc acknouledgea 
 fovereign, to whom great rclpcct is paid, and by whom 
 juiliie is probal)ly adminiltcrtd. 'I'he luiropcan vili- 
 lants wcic given to uaderlland, that they poflelled their 
 authority by inheritance. 
 
 With rclpet'l to the different employments of the 
 men and women of this country, it iliould feem that the 
 former nil the ground, makcncts, catch birds, and lifli 
 with nets and lines. The women dig up fern-roots, 
 collect Inhlleis, and other Ihell-lilh," in the fliallow 
 waters near the beach, dicfs the food, and weavecloth. 
 
 RefpcM is ] mid to old men among them, who may 
 be fiippofed to oue their confequcnce to the long ex- 
 j.-eriencc they have gained ; but their chiefs are llrong, 
 aiitive young men, in the prime and ttower of their 
 life. 
 
 Though the fi-rocity of thcfc people is evident, from 
 inflances alreaily mentioned, it u ill apper.r more glar- 
 ing in their cruelties towards fome of our countrymen 
 in the )ear I77.'}. 
 
 The two lliips commanded by the Captains Cook and 
 1 com 
 
 ornamented with tufts of white feathers, placed upon a i tcr, not returning, the d.iy following a b,:at was fent 
 
 "' ' ' '■'>-:- 1 --- 1—1 1 -..!„. I; \(ith an oliicer in quclt of them. They were foon a- 
 
 j, larmcd by the fight of fome parts of the cutter, and 
 '•}. fome iliocs, one of which was known to belong to a 
 ii midlliipnian who was one of the party. Piefently apiece 
 i: of ment was found, which, at firlt, was fuppofi:d Co be 
 |: fome of the lahed meat belonging to the cutter's crew x 
 but, on clofer examination, it was four.d to be frelh. 
 Several balkets lay on the beach tied up, which they 
 eagerly cut open, and found to contain roalted flelli and 
 fern-roots, which ferved them for bread. On farther 
 fearch nany flioes were found ; and a hand, w hich was 
 immediately known to belong to a forecaftleman, it 
 being marked with the initial lettersof his name withan 
 infirumeiit, by a native of Otahcirc. Many other ar- 
 tii'les were found, till, having fearched in. vain in every 
 part of the beach, for the cutter, a Ihocking fpcdacle 
 i'uddenly opened to their view. Here were (cattered 
 the heads, hearts, and lungs, of fcveral of the unhappy 
 men, who had been maflacred by the natives, .-^nd dogs 
 were fecn devouring their entrails. '1 he failors ftooJ 
 aghafi, (truck with horror at the light, and, with im- 
 precautions, vow ed revenge, w hich was foonexecuttd by 
 firing and killing many of the favages, and deftroy- 
 ing all the cano-^s that lay on the bcaeh. 
 
 Notwithflanding the divided (tatc in which thcfe 
 people live, and theferocity evidmt, in divers inltances, 
 in their difpofuion, our countrymen had an oppor- 
 tunity of remarking, not only their perfonal fubordi- 
 nation, but fome proofs of their hofpitality. 
 
 Going on fliorc in fearch of the natural productions of 
 the country, rivo very ingenious gentlemen accidentally 
 fell in w ith an agreeable Indian family. The principal 
 were a widow and a darling fon, about ten years old. 
 The w idow was mourning tor her hulband, according 
 to their cultom, with tears of blood ; and thecliild, hy 
 the death of the f.ther, was become proprietor of a 
 didricl of land. The widow and her ion were fitting 
 upon mats ; and the reft of the family, to the number of 
 1 6 or 17, of both fexes.. fat round them in the open 
 nir; for they did not appear to have any home, or other 
 flieher from the weather, the inclemencies of which 
 cultom had enabled them to endure without any tailing 
 inconvenience. It was remarked that their whole be- 
 haviour was obliging, aifable, and unfufpicious. They 
 prefenred their vifitants w ith a fiili, and a brand of fire 
 to drcfs it, and importuned them to flay till morning, 
 which they would have done, had they not expected 
 the veflel to fail. 
 
 Wl'.en our Rritifh navigators firft explored thcfe 
 parts, the firll inhabitants they faw wciea man and two 
 women, 'the man flood with a battle-axe and club in 
 his hand, on the locky point of an ifland, and called to 
 the con mander and others, w ho were palling near him 
 in a boat. The women were behind him, each with 
 a long fpoar in her hand. His falutation was anfwcred 
 in the language of Otaheite, Ttiyo Imve mai : Friend, 
 coinc hither* He did not, however, flir from his poll • 
 
 ing parted company 
 
 happening 
 
 I unit 1111111:1 A 1 It vtiu liu;, miwtvtl, 11 II n Olll Ills I'O 
 
 but held a Ipig fpcech, frequently Avinging round his 
 club, on which he leaned at other times. The com- 
 rhander landed on the rock alone. The poor nati\c 
 gave evident tokens of fear, but flood however firm on 
 the fame fpot. The commander went up to him, and 
 embraced him, according to the cuflom of the country, 
 by joining nofes. This tok-n of amity difpelled all 
 appiehcnfions on the part o. the natives. I'he man 
 received the prefents that were maile him, and the two 
 women joined company. One of them had a pro- 
 digious excicfcence on the upper lip, and was in every 
 refpecl remarkably ugly. 
 
 On .1 renewal (if the vifit the next day, the natives 
 received all the articles that w ere ollered them with great 
 
 return 
 
 to join again, foinc time after the departuix'-ot Captain I for which, tliev pai ted with I'everal of their orn 
 
 Cook, Captain Furnraux arrived, in the month of 
 December, in (^cen Chailoite's Sound. While he lay 
 there, a cutter, with tw.o petty ollicers and eight fea- 
 men, being lent up a creek to procure wood aiul wa- 
 
 IViCnt: 
 
 nd wea[ions, but did not feem inclined to part with 
 their fpeais. A good lUuUrllaiiding being now clla- 
 blilhed, the next time our countrymen vifued them, 
 they lourid them drellcd out in the highefV tallc of the 
 
 .t. 
 
 I 
 
 ^%- 
 
 country 
 
 -'i:*'?^: 
 
 1J.(; 
 
 \:f~''^iy. 
 
 Jt>- 
 
16 
 
 A NEW, P ■ ;AL, and AUTI lENTlC SYSTEM ot UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 country. Their hair was combed, tied to the crown 
 of ihc head, and anointed with oil or greafe : white fea- 
 thers were ftuck at the top; fome had hllcts of white 
 fathers all loiind the head, and others wore pieces of 
 an albatrofs fkin, With the fine down in their ears. A 
 cloak of reJ baize was prcfented to the chief, in return 
 for whiih he gave the commander a patdo-patoo, 
 which he drew from his fide : it was a Ihort club made 
 offifti bone. 
 
 A tiidn and yoiirig wCmirl being prevailed oil to come 
 btl board, i he fornn-r, before he left the ihore, broke oft' 
 h fmall i^rcen brancli from a bufli, walked on with it in 
 his hand, and having ftruck the fliips's fide w ith it fevc- 
 ral tunes, began to recite a kind of fpeech or pravx-r, 
 Uhich fetmcd to have regular cadences, and to be ar- 
 ranged in metre as a poem. It laftcd two or three mi- 
 riUtSs, and u hen over, he threw the branch into the main 
 chain, and, went on board. His manner of delivering 
 folemn orations, and making peace, is pradifed by all 
 nations in the South Seas, as appears from the tcltimo- 
 nics of various voyagers 
 
 Every thing they fav/ excited the curiofity both of the 
 girl and the man. Tliey were particularly pleafcdto find 
 the ufe of chairs, una that they might be removed from 
 place to pl-ice : but it was notpoifiblc to fix their atten- 
 tion to any one thing for a fingle moment. 
 
 Of all the various prefents that were made the man, 
 hatchets and (pike nails ftill continued to be molt valu- 
 able in liis eyes : ihcfe he never would fufferto go out of 
 his hands after he had once laid hold of them ; whereas 
 lie would lay many other articles carelcfsly down, and 
 at latl Ilmvc them behind him. They could not be pre- 
 vailed upon to cat any thing; but pafled fome compli- 
 ments on our countrymen, according to their own forms 
 and cuftoms. 
 
 In a lliort time an acquaintance was cultivated with a 
 few more of the natives, who fecmed to be theonly inha- 
 bitants in this part of the country. Thcfe coveted the 
 poflcirion of every thing they faw, or could lay their 
 hands on, except mulkets, which they would not touch, 
 having Icarnc to dread them as inftrumcnts of death, 
 from the dcllrudion they had fcen them make among 
 the wild toul. 
 
 • Thedifpofition of thefc people is very remarkable, as, 
 if thev had not difcovered themfelves, and thetf hy made 
 the firll advances, they might, with great eafe, have kept 
 themfelvts concealed : but a certain opennefs and ho- 
 nelVy appeared firongly to mark their charaeler ; for had 
 they been inclined to treachery, they would have endea- 
 voured to have cut off fmall parties that were frequently 
 difperfed in dilfercnt parts of the woods, in which they 
 might have been but too fuccefsful. 
 
 As a difplay of the difpofition of thefe people in par- 
 ticular, and the attradtion of novelty in general, weihall 
 fubjoin fome anecdotes, which, it is prefumed, will 
 conduce to the entertainment of our readers. 
 
 A New Zealander came on board an European vef- 
 fcl, when flic lay in Queen Charlotte's Sound, accom- 
 panied by his fon and daughter. Being ij^oduced into 
 the Cabbin, the fon was prcfented by the captain with 
 divers trinkets, and diefled out in one of his ow n white 
 fliirts. Unable to withfland the impulfe of puerile va- 
 nity, he ran upon deck in order to fiiew his finery to his 
 countrymen. An oldhe-goat, conceiving a kind of ca- 
 pricious dillikc to the ludicrous figure ot poor Khoaa, 
 (for that was the boy's name) alTailed him, and railing 
 himfelfonhis hind legs, with one butt of his head, laid 
 him proftrate on the deck. T.'\e father amazed to fee 
 the incfiimable prefent begrimed with lilth, bellowed 
 many blows on the unfortunate fuflcrer, in token of his 
 refentment. The Ihirt, ho..ever,"by wafliing, wasfoon 
 brought toils former Hate of puiity; and what was 
 more, the boy was walhcd all over; moll probably for 
 ihcfirdtimeinhislifc; but the provident father, dread- 
 ing another milchanccto the precious vefiment, care- 
 fully rolleil it uj), and taking oil" his own drefs, made 
 a bundle of it, in which he placed all the prefents he 
 and his fon had received. 
 
 A difpofition to (leal, andfccret every thing they 
 could lay their hands on, was difcoverable in all chat 
 came on board the vefTel in Queen Charlotfs Sound ; 
 and thofe that were deteded, were treated with merited 
 difgracc and ignominy. 
 
 They appeared to feel the whole weight of fliame 
 which their behaviour brought on them : nay, one of 
 them uttered threats, and made violent gefiures in his 
 canoe. Upon another occafion of the like nature, a 
 young New Zealander difcovered his refentment by 
 fi:riking a failor, merely for recovering his projxrty 
 that had been rtolen ; but the tar, according to the 
 law of retaliation, imprinted the marks of his fift on 
 the face of the aggrenor. 
 
 A boy, about fourteen years of age, was prcvaiieJ on 
 to drink a glafs of Madeira wine, which, at firft caufed 
 him to make many w ry faces ; but a glafs of fweet Cape 
 wine being filled out to him, he reliftied it fo well as to 
 lick his lips, and defired :o have another, which he like- 
 wife drank off. The generous juice foon began to ele- 
 vate his fpirits, as appeared from the volubility of his 
 tongucj and his antic geftures, as well as his exprelTion 
 of indignation at being refufed divers articles, for which 
 he had conceived a predilection. In a word his beha- 
 viour was fuch, as exhibited a very jult fample of the 
 impatient temper of thofe people. 
 
 Among the natives who vifited the veflel, feveral 
 had very expreflive countenances j particularly fome old 
 men, with grey and whire beards ; and fome young men, 
 \\ ith great quantities of bufliy hair, which hung wildly 
 over their faces, and increafed the ferocity of their looks. 
 As proofs of the force pf fuperior genius, their enqui- 
 ries after Tupia, and the concern they iliewed for his 
 death, were lingularly emphatical. It was Ihiewdly ob- 
 fervcd by one of our countrymen prefent, that this man, 
 with the capacity with which he was endowed, and 
 which had been cultivated no further than the fimpli- 
 city of his native manners extended, w.is probably bet- 
 ter qualified for civilizing the New Zealandcrs, than 
 any of the more enlightened Europeans. 
 
 Their various methods of attack and defence, as ex- 
 hibited before the Europeans, were as follow. One of 
 their young men mounted a fighting (tage, which they 
 call porava, and another went into a ditch. Borh he 
 w ho was to defend the place, and he who was to alTaulc 
 it, fung the war-fong, and danced with frightful gefti- 
 culations. Thefe were pradtifed as means of working 
 themfelves up into that mechanical fury, which, among 
 all uncivilized nations, is thenecelfary prelu'e toa battle. 
 
 Their battles, whether in boats or on (hore, are tre- 
 nerally hand to hand j and the (laughter muft confe- 
 quently be great, as a fecond blow with any of their 
 weapons is unnecelfary, if the firfl t ikes place. Their 
 trult, however, feems to be principally placed in the 
 patoo-patoo, already defcribed. 
 
 They fecmed to take a pride in their cruelties, and 
 fhewedtheirvifitors the manner in which theydifpatehed 
 their prifoners, which was to knock them down with 
 their patoo-patoos, and then to rip them up. They 
 made no fcruple of declaring their pradice of eating 
 their enemies. The bones of a man were feen with the 
 llefli off; and every circumftance concurred to ren- 
 der it evident that thefe people were canibals ; for 
 there wis found, in one of their provifion balkets, the 
 remaining fle(h, whichappeared lo have been drelled by 
 lire, and, in the grillles at the end, were the marks of 
 reel h which had gnawed them. To afcertain the fad, 
 Tupia (the native who, as before obferved, attended our 
 countrymen) was direded to a(k what bones they were : 
 the Indians, without helitation, replied, the bo!ic; of a 
 man. When alked what was berome of the flelh, they 
 replied, they had eaten it. One being afterwards afkecl 
 why they did not eat the body of a woman that was feen 
 llsating upon the water? 'i'he woman, they faid, died of 
 a difeafe ; and adtled, that flic was their relation, and 
 tlu-y eat only the bodies of their enemies. 
 
 I'hough the people of New Zealand arc more palTion- 
 ate than the other .South Sea illandcrs in general, they 
 
 arc. 
 
 Nev Discovei 
 
 are, however, 
 iminciblc, ih 
 arc as decent 
 peaiis. V\ he 
 man, the part 
 of fritn.ls is i 
 made, t lat th 
 good manners 
 taken, and th: 
 palles betweei 
 The lower 
 fad round tlui 
 catch li)l'(l> rs 
 by the men. 
 natives, boLli 
 all mended 
 was olferved I 
 thai, inllcatl o 
 niarked their 
 dcned their ni 
 a (haniwful ti 
 did not ajpeai 
 fullered to ha 
 ideas uf fen ; 
 lii til rent fri-m 
 favours to a p 
 her character ; 
 rigdioiifl;, e-;[ie 
 F(il.}.V;n;y is 
 for a nan to 
 are marr.geabl 
 feem ihit tn-: 
 (la'c ; (lie can 
 llic is in a jj,re;i 
 conllant w.xnr 
 In lome pla 
 del able tiaces 
 as Will broker 
 rations were ol 
 to ten ; and in 
 from 150 r^ 2< 
 (ire.i people vn 
 continued there 
 As Tupia w 
 guage by the nj 
 to be a limilari; 
 our Euiopean 11 
 mcpt f(T the ii 
 common (tick, 
 ever, entirely c 
 now found to t 
 t!'c inhabitants 
 brides. 
 
 Their war ft: 
 ticc. In i. the 
 tioiis ofcountei 
 ter in extreme 
 coiifdl of a trui 
 long,_ and prct 
 cooth noife ; ar 
 the fame note, 
 whelk, mountc 
 pierced at the 
 An hideous be 
 be produced fr 
 frequently heari 
 canoc3 ; and fc 
 ropean veilels. 
 Some of the 
 Charlotte's Soui 
 quarter-deck, 
 parted with thei 
 icing fome word 
 companied the 
 ing their arms, i 
 anel molt frantic 
 be fuppofcd to 1 
 and fome fort ol 
 No. 2. 
 
 ^> 
 
 ikMida^. "'■ ■■-^J-^a'^aai-faMJ'-',- 
 
5RAPHY. 
 
 Ifccrct every thins; they 
 as difcoverablc in all tha: 
 ^een Charlotr's Sound ; 
 were treated with merited 
 
 e whole weight of fliame 
 Tht on them : nay, one of 
 ide violent geftures in his 
 fion of the like nature, a 
 jvered his refcntment by 
 • recovering his pro{x.rty 
 lie tar, according to the 
 I the marks of his fill on 
 
 •s of age, was prevaileJ on 
 ine, which, at firft caufed 
 ; but a glafs of fwcet Cape 
 
 he relifhed it fo well as to 
 ive another, which he like- 
 us juice foon began to cle- 
 from the volubility of his 
 's, as well as his cxprcffion 
 1 divcrsarticles, for which 
 ion. In a word his bcha- 
 
 a very jult fample of the 
 :ople. 
 
 vifited the vefleli feveral 
 cesj particularly fomc old 
 rds; and fome young men, 
 y hair, which hung wildly 
 I the ferocity of their looks, 
 jerior genius, their enqui- 
 icern they lliewcd for his 
 itical. It was Ihrewdly ob- 
 nenprefent, that this man, 
 ich he was endowed, and 
 lo further than the fimpli- 
 tcndcd, was probably bet- 
 he New Zealanders, than 
 I Europeans. 
 
 attack and defence, as ex- 
 L were as follow. One of 
 lighting (hige, which they 
 nt into a ditch. Boch he 
 
 and he who was toalTaulc 
 .need with frightful gefti- 
 
 fed as means of working 
 mical fury, which, among 
 ecelfaiy prelu'e tea battle, 
 boats or on (hore, are irc- 
 
 he (laughter muft confe- 
 blow with any of their 
 firll takes place. Their 
 
 principally placed in the 
 
 d, 
 
 dc in their cruelties, and 
 r in which theydifpatched 
 o knock the:n down with 
 to rip them up. They 
 g their pravilice of eating 
 ' a man were feen with the 
 (l.incc concurred to rcn- 
 ople were canibals ; for 
 icir provilion balkets, the 
 ed to have been d relied by 
 le end, were the marks of 
 To afcertain the fart, 
 ore obferved, attended our 
 ilk what bones they were : 
 >n, replied, the bones ofa 
 bcroineof the flcih, they 
 )ne being afterwards afked 
 of a woman that was Ccen 
 woman, they faid, died of 
 le was their relation, and 
 L'ir enemies. 
 
 Zealand arc more pa (Hon- 
 illandcrs in general, they 
 arc. 
 
 Nev Discoveries.] NEW ZEALAND 
 
 are, however, more modert : and if the women are not 
 
 n 
 
 ■M'i 
 
 inxincihle, the term:, aiul manncr;.f ihtir comi)iiaiicc, 
 arc as decent as thole in niarria^jfc aniongfl: the Kuro- 
 pcani. \\ hen an overn're is made to any youn!:; wo- 
 man, the fjarty is given to underllaiid, that the confcnt 
 of fritn.ls is nccelliiry, that a fuitaliie piefcnt mull be 
 made, t'lat the cnnfentlng fcm.ile n nil he trcate^i with 
 good manricrs, that no uni^eeoniing liberties nmft be 
 taken, and that day-light muft not .le witncfs to what 
 palTes between them. 
 
 The lower girment worn by the women, is I'ound 
 fail round them, except when ti^ey go into ti.e viater to 
 catch lobfti rs, and t: en they take care n t to be ieen 
 by the men. Kut, in courfe of time, the mor.iis of the 
 natives, boLh male and female, appeired not to be at 
 all mended by their intereourle with Euro, cars. It 
 wasol lerved by our countrymen, on ti'.eir fecond vifit, 
 th,\r, inllcaei ot behaving with the fiiine riferve that had 
 niarked their conduel: before, botb fcxes had aban- 
 tlcned their native principles ; and the men promoted 
 a Ihameful tiallic of their daughtcis and filters. It 
 did not appear, however, that the married women were 
 fuU'eied to have any intercoiirli.' of this kind. The 
 ideas of feiiale ciiall.ty, which prevail here, are quite 
 difurcnt fri m ours ; for here a jiirl may grait her 
 favours to a phiiality oi lovers, without any (lain on 
 her character ; but if llie marries, conjugal fidelity is 
 rigoioufl;, e>;pceT.td from her, 
 
 P(ilyfj,:!n;y i.salUjvvei! here; and it is not uncommon 
 for a nan to Ii.ivc tv.o or three wi\es. The females 
 are njarr.gcable at a very e.irlv age: and it ilould 
 feem ih.it (.n': who is unmarried is hut in a forlorn 
 (hi'c; (he can wiiiidilliculty get a fiibliKence ; at Icall 
 llic is in a j:,reat iiieafure without a protector, tiiough in 
 condniK want of a [.owerful ( ne. 
 
 In Ionic places to the northward, there were confi- 
 jleiabie traces oi ci!hiv;t;on; and t egronail appeared 
 as Will broken and tilled a-, amongft us. The plan- 
 tations were ot tldierent extent, tiom one or two acres 
 to tcnj and in the wl ole of i'oveity Bay there appeared 
 from 150 t^2C0 acres in cultivation, thoii_:h an hiin- 
 lireJ people were not feen all the time the Europeans 
 coniinuetl there. 
 
 As Tupia was perfectly unJerftond in his own lan- 
 guage by the natives of this country, and there fcemed 
 to be a liniilariiy of d alect in all the illands viliteel by 
 our Eiiiopean navigators, it was deemed a llrong argu- 
 nti-nt t( r tlie inhabitants being all defcemled fiom one 
 (onimon fti.ck. Dili overics (ince made, do not, how- 
 ever, entirely confirm ti a: opinion, as exceptions arc 
 now found to the univcrfality of the language, among 
 t!-c inhabitants of New Caledonia and tbe New He- 
 brides. 
 
 Their war fopg is extraordinary, and worthy of no- 
 tice. Ini. the women join the men with liorrid dillor- 
 tions of countenance and hideous cries, which they ut- 
 ter in extreme good time. Their mulical inftnimcnts 
 confirt of a trumpet, or tube of wood, about four feet 
 long,, and pretty llrait. It makes a (Iraiu^e and iin- 
 cooth noife; and it was obferved they always fomuLel 
 the fame note. Another trumpet was mailc of a hii>;c 
 whelk, mounted with wood, curioully carved, and 
 pierced at the point where the mouth was applied. 
 An hideous bellowing was all the found that could 
 be produced from this inllrument. 'I'he natives were 
 freejuently heard finging on lliorc, as well as in their 
 canocji and fomttimes they fang on board the Eu- 
 ropean vcllels. 
 
 Some of the New Zealanders, inhabitants of Qi^iccn 
 Charlotte's Sound, exhibited an l.vi:;i, or dance, on the 
 e]uarter-eleck. They placed themfelves in a row, and 
 parted with their fliaggy upper garments. One of them 
 iang fome words in a rude manner, and all the rcll ac- 
 companied the geftures he made, alternately extend- 
 ing their arms, and llamping, with their feet, in a violent 
 and moll frantic manner. The lafl words, which mij.'ht 
 be fuppofed to be the chorus, they all repeated together i 
 and I'omefortof nictic wasdilUnguilliable; but wheiher 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 c? 
 
 it was calculated to make rhyme, or nor, could not be 
 dif overed. 
 
 \Vi(h refpccT: to fiuindnefs of body, the e.afc with 
 
 which their wejunds heal, is ai'duced as a ftrong pro.;f of 
 
 the heilth which thefe people enjoy. One of them was 
 
 ' (hot with a mulket ball threaigh the llefliy part of the 
 
 ; arm, which, without any application, foon appeared w ell 
 
 i ailjiided, and in a fair way of being perfectly healed. 
 
 ' The venereil di.ieafe is now, indeed, too common a- 
 
 mongthem. This dreadful difordcr is faid to have been 
 
 iiuroJuccd among the natives by the crew of a vefTel 
 
 \ unknown, thit put into an harbour on the north-weft 
 
 ! coad of Teeraw ittf, p. few year. bJbre our countrymen 
 
 i arrived in the Sound in the Endeav> ur. The only 
 
 1 n,e:h.)d they p-raftice as a remedy, is to give the patient 
 
 ; the life rf a kind of hot bath, produced by the fleam of 
 
 certain green plants placed over hot floncs. 
 
 The religions tenets of the New Zealanders feem 
 to be much tne fame with fomc of the inhabitants of 
 many ether t^aris of the foutlicrn ci'me. Though 
 they acknowledge a S:;premc Being, they believe in 
 many inferior tliuiiities: ye: there was not a (ingle 
 cercnony obferved in any part of New Zealand, that 
 could be luppofed to have a reli",ious tendency ; nor did 
 they appear to have any priells. Here were no 
 places of public worfliip, like the tiioivis in other 
 parts : but, in a pl.inration of fw eet potatoes, there was 
 feen a fniall area, of a fquarc figure, fiirrounded with 
 (lones, in the mielille of which a liiarp (lake (which 
 they life as a fpade) wasfctup. The natives, being 
 quefiioncd about it, faid, it was an olleringto tiiegods, 
 by which the owner hoped to render them preipitious, 
 and to reap a plentiful harvelt. 
 
 Their maiincr of burying their dead could not be 
 afcertainrd. from the miiiutell enquiry, it feenicd, 
 that, in the nortliern parts, they biiiicd them in tlie 
 };round ; and in t'le Ibuthern, that they threw them into 
 thefea; the only procefs, which they ufe", being to tic 
 a Hone to the body, to caufe it to (ink. They' a(ree;t, 
 however, to conceal everything relating to the dead, 
 wiih a kind of ;ii)(lerious fccre(y. Whatever may be 
 their forms and modes of funeral, they b'.ient the lofs 
 of their friends in a manner the molt tender and af- 
 feeti.niate. Both men and women, upon the death of 
 a relation or friend, bewail them w ith the moit mife- 
 rible cries, at the fame time cutting large galhes in 
 their foreheads, cheeks, arms, or breafts with (hells 
 or pieces of Hint, lill the blood flows copioulle, and 
 mixes wi'.h their tears. They alfo carve the refem- 
 blanceof a human figure, and hang it about their necks, 
 as a memorial of thole who were dear to them. 'I'hey 
 likewile perform the ceremony of lamenting and cut- 
 ting (e^r joy, at the return of a friend, who has been 
 fome time abfent. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 Mir.iili-s of ihc lajl Voyage trfpcning New Zealand, 
 'in 1777, 
 
 APTAIN COOK, on his hift vifit to this coiii.rry, 
 777, an •hored in his ol i (tation in ^.J^ieen 
 
 c 
 
 Charlottes Sonne! ; foon after which feveral canoes 
 filled with natives, came ale>ng fide the vefT.ls ; but 
 very few nf^thcm would venture on board, which ap- 
 ptaicii tlie more extraordinary, as the commander was 
 well known to thein all. There was one man, in par- 
 ticular, anion;;!l them, whom he had treated witli re- 
 m.nrkable kindneft during his whole (lay, yet now, 
 neither profellions of fnendlhip, or prefents, could 
 prevail upon him to come into the fliip. This (liynefs 
 was to be accounted for only upon this fuppofition, 
 that tiiey were apprehenlive of a revifit to revenge the 
 deaths of our countrymen on a former voyage. The 
 commander, tlicrefbre, deemed it expedient to ufe 
 every endeavour to afiiire them of the continuance- of 
 his friendfliip, and that he fiiould not diAurb them on 
 E that 
 
 
 ■a 
 
^^^■'^ 
 
 
 a 
 
 m 
 
 .A -] 
 
 A KFAV, ROYAI,, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ttiat account. It fliould fcem th.i: this had the dc- 
 iVid erccl: : for flicy foon I 'i.l alii'e all manner ot' 
 rji r-nt ind ditlruft. As a [root or'tnis, f^rcat nuni- 
 beis of taiiulics came from iliiicront parts of the coall, 
 and f ok up their relidcnce clofe to the Europeans, 
 fr t;in '.vliici. they derived very conlid.rahle advanta- 
 j\s, and, i:i particular, an ainpic fupply of lilh and 
 vegetables. 
 
 It was remarked upon an exrurlioii up the iflaiid, 
 that ;hoi:<;h, upon the lormer voyas^e, feveral fpots were 
 pl.uiled With E-.ijil th garden feeds, noc the leall veflii^e 
 of thefe ever ri-'uaii'.cd. It was thciefore fuppofcd that 
 they i.ad been all rcoted out to make room tor build- 
 iiips when thefe fpots were re-inhabited ; for at all the 
 other gardens then planted by Captain Furncaux, al- 
 though now wholly overrun with the weeds of the coun- 
 tr) , were found cabbages, onions, leaks, purllain, ra- 
 diilics, milliard, and together u ith a few potaiocs. 
 
 When ihc commaiider accompanied by feveral offi- 
 cers, Omai, (uho was then on his return to his own 
 country,) and twoof the natives proceeded aboutthree 
 leagues up the boun !, in order to cut grafs, &c. they 
 vifiicd on their return Grafs-Cove, thcm.'mo'ahle feene 
 of the mafficie of their C( untrymcn. Heic the toirf- 
 maiidcr met with a friendly ciiicf, called Pedio, who 
 ha ' attended him on a former occa'.ion ; and, therefore, 
 avn linghimlelf ot t!-,e opportunity of enquiriii<;into the 
 cue' '"■.n.in'C-, attending their melancholy fine, ufed 
 Onvai ;is interpreter. The natives anf«ered all the quef- 
 lioDS, that uer.' put to them on the fuhject, without rc- 
 feive, aad like nun who are un.Ier no dread of a pu- 
 niii ment for a crime of w i-uch tiiey are not guiltv : for 
 it uas idready knou n that none of thcfc had been con- 
 cerned ;n the Uiihaj.py tran:action. 
 
 Though the narration «as in fotne degree intricate, 
 it appeared, upon tl-.c whole, that tlie c|;iarrtl full took 
 its rife from fi^mc thi.f:s, in the conunidioii ot which the 
 natives were dcteote.i. The Europeans challifeil them 
 with bleu s for the oircnce ; in rcfentment of w hich the 
 quarrel ooened, and t'AO New Zcalandcrs -vcrc fliot 
 dead by the only two mutkcts that were lirec. ; lor, be- 
 frro oir people liad time to difc hargc a third, or to load 
 again :hofe that had been tired, the native, r flicd in 
 u. Oil them, overpowered th.em with their nimiber, and 
 jut r :em a 1 todiat'i. 'Ihofc prefent, betides relating 
 the llory o;' i!ic maffacrc, made the party acqua ntcd 
 with the vir, p t that wa: the fccnccf it. They pointed 
 to th.' plaic ol ti.e fun to mark to them at what hour 
 ot the diy'it happened, according to which it muft have 
 bctn la'e in the afternoon 1 hey ulfo Iheu ■ d ihc place 
 vhcn tlcir boat lay ; and it apjiearcil to be about two 
 hu.dred jaids dillant fiom that where the ctl-w were 
 ieue.l at d'Oner, at the time of the conniitiion of the 
 tt cf of fine bread and lilh. 'fhey all a>!reed that 
 tleicwas no prcmeditited plan of blondllied, and that 
 it the rl'ft had not been iinf Ttunately too hafbly re- 
 feiued no mi'' hitf would have happened. Amongft 
 occaliovd vifi ors was a chief, named Kali|?ora, who 
 flood c'-, iigcd as the head of the party that con):iiittcd 
 themafla.re: but his gi\atett enemie:, at the fame 
 tiir.eiliat they folicited his detlruCtion, exculpated him 
 foil) any i.tcnti>:n to quarrel, much let's to kill, till 
 the tray h-d aChKillycomnunced. 
 
 It appeared alio, that ihc unhappy vicums were under 
 no appieiiealions i,f their. fate, otherwil'e they wotiKI not 
 have vcntuied to lit down to a repall at to conliderable 
 a dillance from their boat, amongll people « ho w ere the 
 next moi. ent to be their murdereis. What became of 
 t'-e boat could not be learnt. Some faid the was pulled 
 to pieces and burnt ; others fiiid the was carried they 
 knew not whither by a jiarty of tlrangers. 
 
 'i'he paity contiiUicd here till the evening, when 
 having loaded the rettofthc boats withgrals, cekry, 
 fcurvy-gr.ds, &c. they embarked to return to the Ihips. 
 The day following, IVdro, and all his family, came and 
 took up his abode near their b'uropean vilitors. The 
 proper n;niie of this chief is Mataiiouah, the other be- 
 ing given him by font;; of the people during the laft 
 
 voyage, which, till now, was unknow n to the com- 
 mander. He was, however, equally w cU known amongtt 
 his countrymen by both names. 
 
 Our people were vitited at one time by a tribe or fa- 
 mily, contitling of about thirty pcrfons, men, w omen 
 and children. The name of their chic*" v.as Tomaton- 
 geauooramec, a man of about fort, -five years of .age, 
 with achearfid open countenance. It was remarked, 
 indeed, that the rell of his tribe were the handfoinelt 
 of the New Zealand race ever met with. 
 
 By th's time great numbers of them daily frequented 
 the fhips, and the encampment on the thoie ; but the 
 latter became by far the mott favourite place of refort, 
 wfiileour people there were inciting Ionic feal blubber. 
 It apjieared, from obfcivation, that no (Jreenlander 
 was ever fonder of train-oil than the New Zcaland- 
 crs; for they reliflicdthe very fkimmings of the ketile. 
 and dregs of the calks ; but a little of the moll flinking 
 oil was a dilicious repafl. 
 
 The fliips weighing anchor, and flanding out of the 
 Cove, were lien, from flrefs of weather, under a nccef- 
 lity of coming to again, a little without tlie illantl of 
 Moheara, to wait for a more favourable opportunity of 
 putting into the tlrait. Here three or four came- (illcd 
 w ith natives, came off to the crew s, and a brill j was 
 
 carried on for the curiotities of this place. In o;.j canoe 
 was Kahoora, already mentioned as the leader of the 
 party '. ho tut off the crew of the Adventurer's boat. 
 He was pointed out to the commander by Omai, who 
 folicited him to flioot him. Not fatiiiied with this, 
 headdrellcd himfdf to Kahoora, threatening to be his 
 executioner, if lie ever prefumed to face o'.ir pcoplL* 
 again. The New /ealaiKkT, however paid lb little re- 
 gard to his threats, that the very next morning he re- 
 turned with his whole family, men, women, and children, 
 to the number of twenty and upwards. 
 
 Omai then renewed his folicitations to the com- 
 mander to kill him ; but though he ufed feveral fpc- 
 cioiis argumenrs, they had no weight. 1 ledeilred him, 
 however, to atk the chief, why he had killed Captain 
 lurncaux's people. At this quclHon Kahoora folJcd 
 his arms, hung down his head, and there was every 
 reafon, from his appearance, to think he ex|)Cvi(.d in- 
 Hant death : but no Iboncr was he affured of his fafcty, 
 than he became chearful. He did not, however, fecm 
 willing to anfwer the queftions put to him, till re- 
 peatedly promifed he Ihould not be hurt. Me then 
 ventured to give information, that one of his coun- 
 trymen, havirg brought a flonc hatchet to barter, 
 the man to vvliom it was offered took it, and would 
 neither return, or give any thing for it ; on which 
 the owner fnatchcd up the bread as an equivalent; 
 and then the quarrel began. 
 
 The remainder of Kahoora's account of this unhappy 
 aflaii,ditfered very little from what had been before re- 
 lated by his countrymen. 
 
 It was evident that mofl of the natives well knew 
 that the Hrititli commander was acquainted with the 
 hitlory of the malfacre, and cxpec'led it to be avenged 
 in the d< ith of Kahoora. Many of them, indeed, 
 teemed • . only to with it, but cxprelFed a furpri/.c at 
 what they deemed lb undeferved a forbearance. The 
 conunander protcflcs his admiration of his courage, in 
 I putting himfelf in his power, and of the proofs he gave 
 of jilaciiig his whole fafcty in the declarations he had 
 unit()rmly made to thofe who folicited his death, " that 
 he had even been a fiiend to them all, and would conti- 
 nue fo, iinlefs tliey gave him caufe to ail othervvifc: 
 that, as to their inhuman treatment of his countrymen, he 
 Ihoultl think no more of it, the tranfaction having hap- 
 pened lo:ig ago, and when he was not prefent ; but that 
 if ever they madeafecond attempt of this kind, they might 
 retl alliired of feeling the weight of his refentment." 
 
 Omai, fome time before the arrival of our fliips at 
 New Zealand, had cxprelli-d a detire of taking one of 
 I the natives with him to his own country, and foon 
 j had an opportunity of being gratified in the fame ; for 
 ! a yoiith, about fcventeen or eighteen years of age, named 
 j . Taweihooa 
 
 f 
 
 Nr.'.v Discovf; 
 
 'f.uveihooa, nlKl 
 relidencc on bo 
 tlon to this at !l 
 tiie li'.ip was a: 
 he was fixed 
 he was the o:il| 
 mother, fiill liv| 
 he was apprehc 
 his I'riuid, by 
 being tent back! 
 known to them J 
 with the fhips, ' 
 ti( n feenud to 
 r.O'H before thcl 
 boud toreceiviT 
 even ngfheandl 
 1 tender aifcitior 
 parent atnl a cl 
 But liie faid 
 ire kept her wl 
 nil rning, to tal 
 time the was o| 
 went av.ay full 
 That Taweil 
 becoming his 
 
 Dijcovtty, 
 
 n-^HlS illinJ 
 i- Cook, in < 
 it in 1774. ■■*' 
 frrin ihc native 
 bi'bli' that it wa 
 1 a^ been rc( rii 
 I cin ihlcoveitd 
 '/' e 1 n 1 and N 
 1 9 iRg. 37 min. 
 f 0111 i6j deg. 
 In len^'th it is c 
 tio.i tf noith-w 
 where o.ce.ds 
 
 from 
 
 I loli 
 
 The country 
 and v.illicsot va 
 fine flream-s w 
 plealant; and, 
 tailed a dreary 
 ful to New Cal 
 in the South 1 
 parts, arc, in ] 
 filling chielly 
 upon die wh(^l 
 South W dcs, t 
 tude; tiivcial o 
 iMid the woods 
 The whole CO 
 f.ioals, which 
 though, at tl 
 the attacks of 
 filli, and fecii 
 for canoes. 1 
 bited ; and thi 
 laid out with ; 
 Some of then 
 lately laid dow I 
 thiy were agai 
 Jet lire to the 1 
 It was rtinarl 
 
JEOGRAPHY. — 
 
 IS unknown to the cr>m- 
 :qually w eli known amongtt 
 
 one time by a tribe or fa- 
 rty pcrfons, men. '.vomcn 
 
 their chic>"v,as Tomaton- 
 ut fort , -five years of age, 
 lance. It w:is remarked, 
 ribc were the haiidfomelt 
 r met witii. 
 
 s of" them cl;iily frequented 
 cnt on tiic ihorc ; but the 
 
 tavoiirite jjlice of refort. 
 nelting lonie leal bhihbcr. 
 on, that no Crccnlander 
 
 than the New Zealand- 
 ■ fkinimings of ihc ketile. 
 
 little of tlic moll {linking 
 
 ', and (landing out of the 
 f>f weather, under a ncccf- 
 little without the ifland of 
 favourable opportunity of 
 ; three or four canoe ■ fiiled 
 rews^und a bril! cwas 
 
 f this place. In <:.j canoe 
 nned as the leader of the 
 at the Adventurer's boat, 
 ronimandcr by Oniai, who 
 Not fatiilied with this, 
 oora, threatening to be his 
 
 Ljnicd to face 
 
 o'.ir people 
 
 however paid fo liitlerc- 
 ery next inomin;^ he re- 
 men, women, and children, 
 upwards. 
 
 iolicitat'ons to the com- 
 ough he ui'ed feveral fpc- 
 weight. lledeilred him. 
 iy he had killed Captain 
 
 quedion Kahoora folJcd 
 ad, and there was every 
 to think he cxpevfLd in- 
 is he alFurcd of his fafcty, 
 :e did not, however, fecm 
 ns put to him, till rc- 
 not be hurt. I [c then 
 
 that one of his cou.n- 
 llone hatchet to barter, 
 
 red took it, and would 
 
 hing fbr it; on which 
 bread as an equivalent; 
 
 account of this unhappy 
 what had been before' rc- 
 
 if the natives well knew 
 ■as acquainted with the 
 xpccted it to be avenr^ed 
 Vlany of them, indeed, 
 t cxprelfcd a furpri/.c at 
 ved a forbearai'.ce. The 
 ation of his courage, in 
 ind of the proofs he gave 
 
 the declarations he had 
 alicitcd his ileath, " that 
 :m all, and would coiiti- 
 
 caufe to ai^i: otherwifc: 
 cnt of his countrymen, he 
 tranfaction having hap- 
 as notprefcnt; but that 
 :n of this kind, they might 
 It of his relentment." 
 • arrival of our flu'ps at 
 
 dclire of taking one of 
 :)wn country, and fooii 
 
 atilied in the fimc ; for 
 teen years of age, named 
 'raweiliooa 
 
 New DiscovFRiM.]' -"^ - '• NEW CAL 
 
 Taweihooa, olVere I to accompany him, anl took up his 
 rcHdencc on board. 1 he comnantler paul little atten- 
 tion to this at firft, imagining that he woidd gooffwhen 
 tlielliip was alfut to depart. At length, fuiding that 
 he was fixed mi his rcfolution, and having learnt that 
 he was the o;ily fon of a deceafed chief, and that his 
 mother, (iill living, was a woman much relpei-.tcd there, 
 he was appreheniive that Omai had deceived him and 
 his friend, by giviuL": them hopes and aliurances of his 
 beini; lent back. lie thercfoie caufed it to be made 
 known to them all, that if the young man went away 
 with the (liips, he w ould never return. But this ileclara- 
 ti( n fecmed to mike no fort of imprcHion. The after- 
 no, .n before the Ihip left the Cove, his mother came on 
 board to receive her Ia(l prcfent from Omai. The fame 
 even ng (he and Taweihooa parted with all the maiks of 
 tender 'aifee'lion that might be cxpeded between a 
 parent a:id a ehil'd, who were never to meet again. 
 ina iix (aid (lie would cry no more; and, indeed, 
 (i e kept her word; (or when llie returned the next 
 ni rn:ng, to take her laft farewell of him, all the 
 time (lie was on board (he remained chearful, and 
 went av.ay fully unconcerned. 
 
 That Taweihooa might be fcnt away in a manner 
 becoming his birth, another youth was to have gone 
 
 E D O N I A. &c. "r ? * - »f 
 
 with him ashisfervant; and, with this view, as was fup- 
 pofed, he remained on board till the (hip was about to 
 fail, when his IrieiiHs took him on (Iwre. His pluiC, 
 however, was fupplied next morning by ano h.cr boy, ot 
 about nine or ten years of age, lame 1 Kokoa. He v. as 
 i)refented to the conmnnder bv his own father, who, 
 it was believed, woulu have pirted with his dog with 
 fir lefs mdilfercnce. He (Irip.nd the boy of the very 
 jittle elothinghe had, and lett him as naked ashe^as 
 born. It was V i.illy in vain to eiidea-our to perfuade 
 ihefe pcopie of tlie imi'oflibility of thefe )outh •, ever rc- 
 t irninc; liome. Not one, no. even their neaiell rela- 
 tions. Teemed to trouble themlUves about their fiture 
 late; and as this was the cafe, the commander was 
 well fatisficd that the boys would be no lofers by 
 exchange of [.«lacc: he therefore the more readily gave 
 confen. to their going. 
 
 We o' fervc, in (inc. from all that we have been able 
 to colled irom the narratives of thefe voyages, with 
 rcfpeCt to tl.c morals, opinions, and cufloms ol thefe 
 people, that they arc wholly influenced by the prac- 
 tices .f their fathers, wlie:hergood or bad, in which 
 they are inltrudle:' at an early age, a-;d to which they ge- 
 nerally adhere during life. 
 
 C H A P. III. 
 NEW CALEDONIA, and ISLANDS contiguous; 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Difioveiy, Silitalioii, and general Deji ripiinn. 
 
 ''Fins ill in 3 was called New Caledonia, by Captain 
 -^ Cook, in con'equence of liis having difcovered 
 it in 1774, i'ftr mm. fiuidefs eiuicavmirs to learn 
 Cum ■.l;e natives the 1, diaii name. Indeed, it is pro- 
 li.ble that it was not known by one general name, as it 
 !a> been repreiciUed as the hirgelt dlaml that has 
 1 cen difcovettd in the Southern Pacific Ocean, New 
 '/e 1 n 1 and Aew Holland excepted ; extending from 
 ly ueg. 37 mill, to 1^ deg. 30 min. fouth latitude ; and 
 foil) 163 deg. 37 min. to 167 deg. i4min. ealllon. 
 In len^'th it is ee.mputed to be 87 leagues, m the direc- 
 tioi < f noith-well and (outh-eall ; but its breadth no 
 where e.veeds 10. It is lituated about 12 deg. diflant 
 (lom r.evv \ iollaid. 
 
 The country is defcribed as a fpot divcrfificd by hilh 
 and v.dlies oi various extent. From the hills illiie many 
 fine dreams, which rendu- the vallics both fertile and 
 plealant; and, but for which, the whole fpot might be 
 tailed a dreary warte; nature having been lefs bounti- 
 ful to New Cak'dcnia than to the other tropical illands 
 in the South Seas. The mountains, and other high 
 parts, are, in general, incapable of cultivation, con- 
 (iliiiig chielly of barren rocks. The illand bears, 
 upon the whole, a rcfcinblance to thofe parts of New 
 South W lies, that are under the fame parallel of lati- 
 tude; feveral of its natural productions being the fame, 
 i'lid the woods without underwood, as in that country. 
 'Hie whole coafl appeared ftirioundcd by reefs or 
 (hoals, which render the aceefs to it very dangerous ; 
 though, at the fame time, they guard it from 
 the attacks of wind and fea, caufe it to abound with 
 (ilh, and fecure an eafy and ("ife navigation along it 
 for canoes. The coaft, in general, fcems to be inha- 
 bited ; and the plantations m the plains appear to be 
 laid out with judgment, and cultivated with induflry. 
 Some of them were lying fal'iow, foaie fcemcd to be 
 lately laiddow n, and others of longer date, parts of which 
 tluy were again beginning to dig up, 1 a.ing previoully 
 (et lire to thegrafs, &c. that had over-run the furface. 
 It was remarked, that, tiiough recruiting the land, by 
 
 letting it continue fdlow ''ir a ferics of time, was ob- 
 fcrvctt by all the dilicrent nations in this fea, none ap- 
 peared to have any notion of manuring it. On the 
 Oc.ach was found a large irr. gular mafs of rock, not 
 lefs than a cube of tea (eet, whi'-ii cor.fifted of a 
 clofe grained (lone, fpeckled, and full of granets, ra- 
 ther larger thati pins heads; from whence it was conjec- 
 tured, that fonic rich and ufcful mineral might be dcpo« 
 (iied in this ifland. 
 
 S E C T I O N II. 
 
 ,1 
 
 Vegetable and Animal Produnions. 
 
 THli vegctabii; fyflem in this country can boaft 
 neither plenty or variety. Several plants, how- 
 ever, of a new fpecies, were found here, and a few 
 young bread-fruit trees; but tli y fecm to have come 
 without culture. There are a few platitations and fu- 
 gar-canes, and foine cocoa-nut trees, fmall an I thinly 
 planted. A new kind of padi.in fl", er was alfo met 
 with, which was never before knonn t j grow wild any 
 where 'out in America. Several trees, called caput i trees, 
 were found in (lower. They had a loofc bark, which, 
 in many places, burfl: off from the wood, and concealed 
 within it beetles, ants, (piders, lizards, and fcorp;ons. 
 This bark is laid to be iifed in the Faft Inthes fbr 
 caulking (liips. The wood of the tree is very hard, 
 the leaves are long and narrow, of a pale dead co- 
 lour, and a Hue aromatic. 
 
 A great variety of the feathered tribe, and, for the 
 moft part, entirely new, were found here, particularly 
 a beautiful fpecies of parrots, unknown to naturaliOs. 
 There were alfo ducks, large tame (owls with bright 
 plumage, a kind of fmall crow tinged with blue, 
 turtle-doves, tly-catchcrs, hawks, boobies, tropic birds, 
 and others. 
 
 There arc turtles and (IHi in plenty, particularly a fj)c- 
 cies of a poifonous qualit)', as appeared from its eflcels 
 uponfbmeof our countrymen, who cat a fmall part of 
 the liver for fupper. Thefe pcrfons, a few hours after 
 they retiretl to red, were awaked by very alarming 
 fymptonis, being feized with extreme giddincfs; their 
 h.ands and feet were numbed (b as fcarce'K' to lie able 
 to crawl; and a violent bnguor took pufTcflion of their 
 
 whole 
 
 CiVt 
 
A KF.W, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 •J 
 ■ i 
 
 ''¥ 
 
 111 
 
 20 
 
 whole frame. Emetics were adminiftorcd with fomc 
 fiicci-ls; but fiidorilics proved moll etl'cclual. It fcem- 
 ed that the natives had not the Icalt notion of goats, 
 f« ine, dogs, or cats, as tiicy had not even a name for any 
 one of rhetn. Of infects the chief arc nuifquerocs, 
 which abound hcic. 
 
 SECTION IIL 
 
 Pcrf'ins, Diyfs, HulnlcitioiHt Qimcs, Impli'menls, Di/pofi- 
 (ioii, L<(;;i;;(i/ifi', Miijkal liijlrumciUs, Dijiaja, Ciijtoms, 
 i^c. of tbe inhabitants. 
 
 '"T'l II'! natives of New Calidonia are flout, and, in 
 -■- general, well pn)por:ioncd. They have good fea- 
 tures, with llrongand frizzled black hair. Then-general 
 colour is fwarthy, or what wc call mahogany. Sonic 
 wear their hair long, and tic it up to the crown of 
 their heads. Others fufter only a large lock to grow on 
 each fide, which tiiey tic up in clubs ; many of the 
 men, as well as all the women, wear it cropped iliort. 
 They ufe a kind of comb, made of ilicks of hard wood, 
 from ftvcn to ten inches long, and about the thickncis of 
 knitting-needles. A number of thefe, ainounting to 
 about twenty, arc fallencd together at one end, parallel 
 to each other, and near one tenth of an inch afundcr : 
 the other ends, which are a little pointed, will fjireatl 
 out or open like the ilicks of a fan. Thefe combs they 
 Mcar conrtantly in their hair, on one fide of their head. 
 Some had a kind of lUff black cap, like that of an 
 huflar, which appeared to be a great ornament among 
 them, and was fuppofcd to be worn only by chiefs and 
 warriors. 
 
 rhe men go naked, only tying a wrapper round the 
 middle, and another round the neck. A piece of brown 
 cloth, which is fomctimes tucked up to the belt, and 
 fometinus hangs down, fcarcely deferves the name of 
 a covering, and, in the eyes of Europeans, would ap- 
 pear rather obfccnc than decent. This piece of cloth 
 is fomctimes of fuch a length that the extremity is 
 fallencd to a firing round the neck. To this firing 
 thcv hang finall round be.iJ of a pale green nephritic 
 flonc. Coarfe garments were fccn among them, made 
 of a fort of matting ; hut they fecmcd never to wear 
 them except when in their canoes, and unemployed. 
 They firetch the Haps of their cars to a great length, cut 
 out tliC whole cartilage orgrifilc, and hang a number of 
 tortoife-flicU rings in them. 
 
 The women of New Caledonia are kept at a diftance 
 by the men, and feem fearful to otfcnd them, either by 
 look or gcllure. They were the only perfons in the 
 family who fcemcd to have any employment, fcveral of 
 them bringing bundles of fticksand fuel on their backs. 
 Their indolent hulbands fcarcely deigned to regard 
 them, though they exhibited that focial chcerfulncfs 
 which is the dirtinguifiiing ornament of the fex. They 
 carried their infants on their backs in a kind of fatchei, 
 and were fecn to dig up the earth in order to plant it. 
 Their fiature is of the middle fize, and their whole form 
 rather clumfy. Their drcfs is very disfiguring, and 
 gives them a thick fqunt fiiapc. It is a lliort petticoat, 
 relVmbling fringe, confiding of filaments or little cords, 
 about eight inches lung, jult dropping below the waift. 
 Thcfc filaments were fomctimes ilyed black : but fre- 
 quently thofcon the outfulc only were of that colour, 
 whilfiihc refi were of a dirty grey. They wore fliells, 
 ear-rings, and pieces of nejjhritic fioncs, like the men ; 
 and taltit'.v orbcfmc.ir themfeivcs in three black Ilraight 
 lines, from the under lip downwards to the chin. 
 
 I'heir ftatuivs cxprelled much gootl nature. Some 
 of them were fiiy, and fecmcd, by their motions, to in- 
 dicate an appreheiiiion o! being (lain, if obfei veil alone 
 with a fiianger; while others exprefi'ed no dread of the 
 jcaloufy of the men. They came among the crowd, 
 and fijiiietimes ar.iufed then^felves in encouraging the 
 projxiliils of the failors ; though they confiantly eluded 
 their puifuit, and heart ly derided their difappointincnt. 
 
 It was remarkable, that, during the vtirel's fVay in the 
 ifiand, there was not a fingle infiance of the women 
 permitting an indecent lamiliarity from an Euro- 
 pean. 
 
 Their houfc'!, or huts, here, are of a circular .'"orm, 
 fomething like a bee-hive, and full as clofc and warm. 
 The entrance is by a fmall door, or long hole, juft big 
 enough to admit a man bent double. 1 he roof is lofty, 
 and brought to a point at the top. The framing is of fmall 
 reeds, iv:c. and both fides and roof are thick and clofc, 
 covered with tiiatch made of coarfe long grafs. In the 
 inllde of the habitation arc fet up polls, to which coarfe 
 fjiars arc failencd, and platforms made for the conve- 
 nience of laying any thing on. In moft of thefe huts 
 w ere no fire-places : and there was no palFagc for the 
 fmoak, but throu;;h the door. They were infuppornble 
 to thcife unaccufiomed to them. The fmoak v.as fujj- 
 pofed to be deiigned to dri\e out the mufLpietos, that 
 Iwarm here. They commonly erect two or three (jf thefe 
 huts near each orher, under a clufier of lofty fig trees, 
 w hofe foliage is fo thick as to keep oft" the rays of the 
 fun. Thefe t.'-ees are defcribed by voyagers, as (hoot- 
 ing forth roots from the upper part of the fiem, perfectly 
 round, as il made by a turner. The bark feems to be 
 the fiihllancc of which they prepare the fmall pieces of 
 cloth fo remarkable in their drefs. 
 
 'I'heir canoes are heavy and clumfy, and made out of 
 two large trees, hollowed out: the gunnel railed about 
 two inches high, and clofed at each end with a kind of 
 bulk head of the fame height. Two canoes, thus con- 
 finided, are fecured to each other about three feet afun- 
 dcr, by means of crofs-fpirs which project about a foot 
 over each lide : over w hich is laid a deck, or heavy plat- 
 form, made of pi ink, on which they have a fire-hearth, 
 and generally a lire burning. They are navigated by 
 one or two fails, extended on a fmall yard, the end of 
 which is fixed in a notch or hole in the deck. 
 
 Their working tools are nude of the fame materials, 
 and nearly in the manner, a^ thofe of the ifiands conti- 
 guous. They have no great variety of houfcnold uten- 
 lils ; the principal is ajar, made of red clay, in which 
 they bake their roots, and probably their filh. 
 
 They are well provided with offcnfive weapons, fuch 
 as clubs, fpears, darts, and fiings for calling ftones. 
 Their clubs are about two feet and a half long, and of 
 various forms ; fome like a fcythc, others like a pick- 
 axe : fomc have a head like a hawk, and others have 
 knobs at the ends ; but they are all neatly made, and well 
 polilhcd. Many of their darts and fpears are orna- 
 mented with carved work. Their flings are aslimpic as 
 pofllble, being no other than a flender round cord, no 
 thicker than packthread, with a taffel at one end, a 
 loop at the other, and in the middle. They take fome 
 pains to form the I'ones they ufc into a proper fliapc, 
 whicb is fomething like an egg. Thefe exactly fit 
 the loop in the middle of the fling, and are kept in a 
 pocket of matting, tied round the waift for that pur- 
 pofe. They calf the dart by the afliftancc of ftiort 
 cords, knobbed at one end, and looped at the other, 
 which the feamen called beckcts, and were dexterous 
 in the ufe of them. Their fpears are fifteen or twenty 
 feet long, blackened over, and have a prominence near 
 the middle, carved fo as to bear fome refcmblancc to 
 an human face. 
 
 The language of the inhabitants of New Caledonia, 
 bears little affinity to any of the various dialects fpokcn 
 in the other illands in the South Sea : the word afrckee, 
 and one or two more, excepted. This is the more ex- 
 traordinary, as diiferent dialects of one language were 
 f])oken, not only in the cafterly iflands, but at New 
 Zealand. Their jironunciation is indiftinCt. 
 
 'I he peo[)lc arc remarkably courteous and friendly, 
 and not in the Icalt add'cted to pilfering, in which rc- 
 fpeCtable quality they Hand alone. They arc good 
 fuimmeis, and fond of finging and dancing. The only 
 mulieal indriiment obferved among them, was a kind 
 of whiftle, made of a poliihed piece of brown wood, 
 about two inches long, lliapcd like a bell, though appa- 
 rently 
 
 Nsw DucovE 
 
 rcntly folid, 
 holes were ma 
 the inlertion ( 
 tach other : 
 found like wh 
 
 It is obierv 
 habitants in 
 legs and arms 
 of leprofy. '. 
 hard ; but tht 
 the liik pcrfi 
 leg and arm, i 
 to thole who f 
 that they felt 
 diforder bcgai' 
 great degree o 
 
 The manne 
 their dead in 
 cent than that 
 they cxpofe thi 
 ficd. 'Inis ci 
 pernicious con 
 mical dillempi 
 inllance, if iiui 
 whole country 
 flain in battle. 
 hill, and was d 
 upright in th 
 cuftom univerl 
 monument on 
 
 One of our 
 called Tca-hoo 
 but little is kn 
 kil o( their rel 
 welcrnie .i:id [ 
 mander firli m; 
 fliore. but the 
 The greater jjai 
 when the llrand 
 arc leniarkabl)! 
 and laughter is 
 
 As an object 
 when t aptain t 
 companied by a 
 weight, and wh 
 flic came to an ; 
 nil, libers en th 
 ♦or many had n 
 party were recci 
 tcfy, and w ith t 
 ^t feeing men 
 mander made pi 
 cd out ; but, or 
 dais to fome wc 
 chief held his a 
 As they proceci 
 duck, which wa 
 arms. Thefricn 
 he had landed, 
 it was killed, 
 that they wei e t 
 the priv'lege ol 
 they had little 
 this particular 
 nations our voy; 
 that, although i 
 it at once pleafe 
 
 A hatchet wa 
 Small nails wer 
 they admire b< 
 natives camcs oi 
 and one ot th r 
 cloth. They a 
 lour, particulai 
 choofe to give 
 fent king lea-l 
 but nearly lull ^ 
 ing the countr; 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 'iiT'iit'A«lVi''i''iLTif^'iiiiii^r;^'iB--limi . 
 
lEOGRAPHY. . 
 
 i:ring the viiu;!'* (lay in tlie 
 le inlluncc of the women 
 aniiliarity from an Euro- 
 re, are of a circular form, 
 ind full as tlofc ami warm, 
 door, or long hole, jufl: big 
 
 double. 1 he roof is lofty, 
 top. The framing is of fmall 
 id roof arc thick and clolc, 
 "coarfe long grafs. In the 
 fet up pods, to which coarfe 
 forms made for the ronve- 
 in. In mod of ihcfc huts 
 ere was no palFagc for the 
 r. They were infup|ior:-iblc 
 icm. The fmoak «as fup- 
 e out the mufquetos, that 
 y ered two or three of chefe 
 
 a duller of lofty lig trees, 
 
 keep oft" the rays of the 
 bed by voyagers, as fhoot- 
 :r parr of the lUm, perfectly 
 •r. The bark fecms to be 
 prepare the fmall pieces of 
 
 drefs. 
 
 l1 clumfy, and made out of 
 t: the gunnel raifed about 
 at each end with a kind of 
 t. Two canoes, thus con- 
 other about three feet afun- 
 
 which project about a foot 
 s laid a deck, or heavy plat- 
 ich they have a fire-hearth, 
 J. They are navigated by 
 
 1 a fmall yard, the end of 
 hole in the deck. 
 
 ladc of the fame materials, 
 5 thofe of the ifl.ind^ conti- 
 variety of houfcnold uten- 
 ladc of red clay, in which 
 ,1 " ■ ■ - - - 
 
 th 
 
 n 
 
 «bly their filh. 
 
 oiTcnfive weapons, fuch 
 ings for calling ftoncs. 
 
 ct and a half long, and of 
 
 cythe, others like a pick- 
 hawk, and others have 
 all neatly made, and well 
 
 arts and fpears are orna- 
 
 rheir flings are as limpie as 
 a flender round cord, no 
 
 ;th a taffel at one end, a 
 
 iddlc. They take fomc 
 
 ufe into a proper lliapc, 
 
 egg. Thefe exactly fit 
 
 (ling, and are kept in a 
 
 the waifl for that pur- 
 
 ly the aiTillancc of (hort 
 
 nd looped at the other, 
 
 crs, and were dexterous 
 
 cars are fifteen or twenty 
 have a prominence near 
 
 car fome refemblance to 
 
 itants of New Caledonia, 
 c various dialcAs fpoken 
 h Sea : the word arrckce, 
 il. This is the more ex- 
 cts of one language were 
 rly iflands, but at New 
 1 is indillincl:. 
 courteous and friendly, 
 o pilfering, in which rc- 
 alone. They are good 
 and dancing. The only 
 mong them, was a kind 
 d piece of ijrown wood, 
 like a bell, though appa- 
 rently 
 
 
 New DucovERiis. - -'" 
 
 rcntly folid, with a rope fixed at the fmall end : two 
 hi.'les were made in it*near the bafe, and another near 
 the inlertion of the rope, all whiih conmiunicated with 
 tach other: and by blowing in the up]H;rmoft, a flirill 
 found like whillling v\as produced. 
 
 It is oblerved by a judicious writer, that many in- 
 habitants in New Caledonia were fccn with very thick 
 legs and arms, which fccmed to be alfectcd with a kind 
 ofleprofy. The fwelling was found *to be extremely 
 hard j but the fkin was not alike harfli and fcaiy in all 
 the fii k pcrfons. The preternatural expanlion of the 
 leg and arm, did not appear to be a great inconvenience 
 to thole who fulV- red it ; and they indicated by tokens, 
 th,\t they felt pain in it very rarely , but in fome the 
 difordcr began lo t'orin blotches, which were marks of a 
 great degree of virulence. 
 
 The manner the people of New Caladonia depofit 
 their dead in the .-round, is more judicious and de- 
 cent than that of fome others in the -South Sea, where 
 they expole them above ground till the fleih is putri- 
 fied. 1 nis cullom mutt be attended with the moll 
 pernicious confequenccs, and produce dreadful epide- 
 mical dillempers. Such a difeal'e as the fmall-ixix, for 
 iiilhmce, if introduced, would fio near todcpopul.ite the 
 whole country. I he grave of a chief, who had been 
 flain in battle, here, bore refemblance to a large mole- 
 hill, and was decorated with fpears, darts, &c. all lluck 
 upright in the ground round about it. It appears a 
 cullom univerfally prevalent with mankind, to erect a 
 monument on thefpot where their dead are buried. 
 
 One of our officers was ihewcd a chief, whom they 
 calleii Tea-tiooma, and lliled their i:rcekce, or king j 
 but little is known of their mode of government, and 
 leil ot their religion. They gwe the Europeans a very 
 welrrme and peaceable reception, ;!d,ire(ring tlie com- 
 irander firll in a Ihort fpeech, and then inviting him on 
 fliore. But they are indolent, and dellitute of curiofity. 
 The greater part of them did not move from their feats, 
 when the llrangcrs palled them for the firfl time. They 
 are icmarkably grave, fpcak always in a ferious tone; 
 and laughter is hardly ever obfervcel among them. 
 
 As an object worthy of attention, we recount, that 
 when Captain Cook lirft landed in this part, he was ac- 
 companied by a native w ho appeared to be aman of fome 
 weii^ht, and who had coinc on board the veffel before 
 fhe came to an anclior. The natives alkmbled in great 
 nil. libers en the beach, induced merely by curiofity; 
 ♦or many had not lo much as allick in their hands. The 
 party were received, on landing, with the grcateft cour- 
 tcfy, and with the furprile natural for people to exprefs 
 tit feeing men and things fo wondciful. The com- 
 mander made prefents to ail w hom his companion point- 
 ed out i but, on his going to give a few beads and me- 
 dals to fome women .vho Hood behind the crowd, the 
 chief held his arm, and would not fuller him to do it. 
 As they proceeded up the creek, oul' of the party Ihot a 
 duck, which was the fu 11 ufe the natives had feen of fire- 
 arms. Thefncndlychief requeued to have it: and, when 
 he had landed, lie told his countrymen in what manner 
 it was killed. From this excurlion the party learnt 
 that they were to expect nothing from thele people but 
 the privlege of vifiting their country undillurbed, for 
 they had little elfe than good-nature to bellow. In 
 this particular they are faid to have exceeded all the 
 nations our voyagers had met with : and they obferved, 
 that, although it did not fatisfy the demands of nature, 
 it at once pleafed, and left all their minds at eafe. 
 
 A hatchet was not quite fo valuable as a fpike-nail. 
 Small nails were of little or no value to them : nor did 
 they admire beads, lix)king.glaHcs, iiic. Many of the 
 natives camcs on board tiie fiiip wirh perfeit confidence : 
 and one of th m exchanged a yam lor a piece of red 
 cloth. They aelmired ever) thing that had a red i o- 
 lour, particularly red cloth or bade, b it did not 
 choofe to give any thing in exchange. Captain Cook 
 fent king I'ca-boonia, a dog and a birch, both young, 
 but nearly lull grown, which mav be the means of (lock- 
 ing the country with that (pecics of animals: and to 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 NEW CALEDONIA, &c. 
 
 ii 
 
 Hebai, tl.c friendly chief before fpoken of, he pave a 
 fow and boar pig, in order to provide, if pollibic, a 
 ftock of domell.c animals for a nation, whofe inotten- 
 (ive character liemeil highly dclerving of fuch a prc- 
 (ent. 'lo enhance their value with tlie Indians, ai.d 
 thereby induce them to be more caref il of their llock 
 of hogs, it was explained to them how many young »ine« 
 the temales would have atone time, and how foon tills 
 would multiply to fome hundreds. Not one of the na- 
 tives atten pted to take the leall triHe by Health, but 
 all behaved with the ftriclefi honcfiy. Some of them 
 fpokeofa great land to the northward, which they 
 called Minglia, the inhabitants of which were ti-.eir ene- 
 mies, and very warlike. They likewife pointed out a 
 fcpulchral mount, or turnulus, where one of their chiefs 
 lay buried, who had been killed, lighting in the de- 
 fence of his country, by a native of Mingha. The ap- 
 pearance ot a large beef bone, which ail oHiccr t;egan 
 to pick, towards the conclufion of the flipper, inter- 
 rujued this converfition. 'I he nat.ves talked hudly 
 and earnelfly to each other, looked with great furj r fe, 
 and fome marks of dilgull, at the Itrangeis, and, at laft, 
 went away altogether, expieding by figns, that they 
 (uppofed it to be the limb ot a man. 'Ihe ofiicer was 
 very deli rous of freeing himfelt and his countrymen 
 (Voni this fufpicion, but was prevented by two infur- 
 mountahle ondacles, wanr. of language, and the na- 
 tives having never (een a qua.IrupeiJ. At another t me 
 the liuropeans «trc given toui derltand by very figni- 
 ficant ge'tures, that the native^ had cumies who fealled 
 upon hell', which, doubtlels, had caufed them to im- 
 pute the fame practice to their new vifitors. This ifland 
 remains entirely unexplored on the fourh tide. Its 
 minrr.ds and vegetables have not been touched upon. 
 Animals, it fliould fcem to have non?, from the ijrno- 
 ran'-e which the natives to the northward difcovend of 
 fuch as they faw. To perpetuate the memory of the 
 expedition, the comn;andcr caufed the following in- 
 fcnption to be cut in a remarkable laige and thady 
 tree, on the beach, clofe to a rivulet : " His Britannic 
 Majelly's trhip Rclblution, September, 1774." 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Dc/cription nf Ijlands contiguous to Nezu Caledonia, and 
 cf Norjiilk Ijland, more to the Soulljxvard. 
 
 ISLE OF PINES 
 
 L 
 
 lES to the S. W. of New Caledonia. It is about a 
 mile in ciicumi'erence, and in latitude 22 dcg. 40 
 min. (bu;h ; longitude 167 deg. 40 min. cad. 
 
 BOTANY ISLAND. 
 
 IS about t AO miles in circuit, entirely flat and fandy 
 fix leagues diflant from the fouthcnd ot New Caledonia. 
 This illand was fo called by Captain Cook, from its 
 containing in fo fmall fpace, a Haraof near thirty fpe- 
 cics, among which were feveral new ones. It is a fiuall 
 idand, wholly covered with cyprefs trees : but in the 
 interior part it is mixed with vegetable eirth, from the 
 trees antl plants which continually decay on it, w ithout 
 being cleared away by human iiiiiudry. 
 
 NORFOLK ISLAND. 
 
 THIS idand likewife received its name from Cap- 
 tain Cook, who difcovered it in the year 1774. It 
 isfituatcd in latitude 22 deg. 21 min. fouth ; lont^itude 
 ifi8 deg. 16 mm. ead. It abounds, like the former, 
 with cyprefs trees. There were foundings at a great 
 didaiice in about twenty fathoms j and, eight leagues 
 from the foiith-eall end, bottom was found at rhirty and 
 forty fathoms. 'Iherock of this idand conlids cfa com- 
 mon ycllo« idi clayey (tone, and fmall bits of horoui 
 reddilh lava, which li:emed to be decaying, and iiidicat- 
 F cd 
 
 -'?»?..; 
 
1>I' 
 
 82 A NFAV. ROYAL, Avn AUTHENTIC SY 
 
 ed that tMs ifl.inct had brena voknno. It is but a few 
 n>ile> lii'Rf ^"■'■y l^ccp, aiK* "Jiiiiihabiud ; and ii ruppulcd 
 never to have li;id a humiiri liiotrtcp upon it till that 
 time. Vtgct.iblcs here tlirivc with griat luxurianie in 
 a rich black mould, accumulated during aj-cs p.ill 
 from d<Hay»-d trees and plant i. The typrcfs and cah- 
 b»ge-palni rtourilh hcic in f;rc.it perfection; the tcr- 
 nur yicKIs tinilxi, and the LiUer a molt palatable r"*- 
 Ireflmunt. Ihc central fiiOot, nr heart of O.f.i fruit, 
 rnorc rcltmblcs an almond than a cabbaj^c in laile. 
 Here were parrots, paroquets, piffcons, and a luimber ot 
 fmall birds peculiar to the fpot, lor.ic of MhLh weie 
 very btaiiti'.ul. The tilh caught, together with the 
 birds and vet;etablcs, enabled tiie wliole Ihip's com- 
 
 STF.M OF UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 pany to fare lumptuoully for a day or two. Here is 
 i likewife the fi.ix-plant, and rather more luxuiiant than 
 I any where tii New Zealand. It was the opinion of tww 
 I eminent naturalifts, that if tliis illaiul was of (.'.natir 
 I extmt, it would fcrve every purpofo of eftablilhing 
 ' an European fetilement. 
 
 I This is the moil accurate account we could t< \'t.{t of 
 this fpot ; but at it is within tlie Icope tf our e.\tiiilive 
 plan, to prelcMt our readers with the moll autlier'lc 
 intclligei.cc of any difcovcries that may be m.uledurii.g 
 the couric of the publication of this work, \he/ may 
 red aflurcd of uur particular attention lo w hatever may 
 be obtained concerning thisjir any other part that n,ay 
 bee.\plorcd by future navigators. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 IV. 
 
 THE NEW HEBRIDES. 
 
 THE northcrnmoft of this clufter of illands wasdif- I 
 covered by DeQuiios, in 1606, and at that time I 
 conlidcied as a part of the Southern CoiitiiKnr, which 
 till very lately was fiippofed to cxill. In 1768 they 
 were vifited by the great French navigator MonfRiir Oe 
 Bougainville, who, belides landing on the illand ot Le- 
 pers, d.d no more than difcover that the land was not 
 conneiited, but compofed of idands, which he called 
 Tbf Grent CycfciJis. 
 
 Captain Cook, in the year 1774, bcfulcs afccrtaining 
 the extent and fituation of thcfe iflands, added the know- 
 ledge of fevcral in tl^isgroupe that were befoie unknown. 
 He explored the whole cluftcr, and thencj claiming 
 a right to affix to them a general appellation, named 
 them THE NEW HEBRIDES. Ihey are fituated 
 between the latiiudco of 14 dcg. 29 min. and 20 deg. 
 4 min. fouth; and 170 dejj. 21 min. call longitude. 
 ili<y extend 1:5 leagues in the diredionof N. N. VV. 
 and S. S. E. 
 
 The whole rlufter confifts of the following iflands, 
 fome of wiiich have received names from 'he 'Jitferciit 
 Euiopcan navigators; others retain the names they boie 
 amoii^ the natives. They are as follow : Terra del Efpi- 
 ritu Santo, Mallicollo, St. Bartholomew, llle of l.cpeis, 
 Aurora, VVhitfuniide, Ambr\m, Apce, Three Hills, 
 Sandwich, Montagu, Hinchinbrokc, Erroinango, Ini- 
 mcr, Annatom, and Tanna. 
 
 TERRA DEL ESPIRITU SANTO. 
 
 This is the mod wcftcrnand largeft of all the He- 
 brides, being twenty-two leagues long, twelve broad, 
 and fix in circuit. It lies in 13 dcg. lO min, fouth la- 
 titude; and 166 deg. 50 min. call longitude. The 
 land, efpecially to the weft lide, is very mountainous; 
 and in many places the hills rife direiftly from the fea. 
 Every part of it, except the cliffs and beaches, is coveted 
 with trees, or laid out in plantations, and every valley 
 watered withaftrcam. On the north lide is a very 
 fine bay, called, by De Quiros, St. I'hilip and St. Jago. 
 The two points, which torm its entrance, lie at ter. leagues 
 dirtance from each other. Here De Quiros is fup- 
 pofcd to have anchored, and to have given the name of 
 \'era Cruz to the port in which his tliips lay. He de- 
 fcribe: it as capacious enough to contain 1000 fliips 
 with clear foundings. 
 
 The country feeined fertile and populous. The ca- 
 noes, with triangular fails, came oil' towards the (hips. 
 The men were tall and flout, of a dark colour, and had 
 woolleyhair. They were nakei.1. Some of them ha'l a 
 bunch of fiathcrs on the top of the he;ul, and others 
 wore a w hitc IIkII tied on the fuehead. On their arms 
 they wore bracelets of Ihell-work ; an<l round their nud- 
 cile a n.irrciw belt, troin whence two long flips of mat- 
 ting hung down belore and behind. 
 
 On the (irft day of the arrival of our navigators, no 
 tokens ot IrienLlihip eouki prevail with the natives to 
 come near enough to hold any inteiciuife. The next 
 jnorninj, however, they ventured fo clofe as to receive 
 
 a prefcnt of nails, medals, and red baize ; but the rails 
 were mod valued. They t'allcnid a branch of tie pep- 
 per plant to the fame rope by winch the nails had been 
 lowered to them Iroiti the Ihip; and tl.is was the only 
 return they made for what had been given them. 'I'l.c 
 diffidence with which they appio.iched the vellll, may 
 well be accounted for, from the traditional knowledic 
 which doubtlefs fubfifts among t!em cc-ncerning the v - 
 fir made them by De (.^liiosj lor, on li:s comii;g to an 
 anchor, and fending a boat from the lliip, a chief (as t.c 
 is called in the nairacive, the kin;;) attended by foii.e In- 
 dians, came to tlie ftrand, ami endeavoured to excite 
 their departure by pi efents of fruit; but the Spaniards 
 leaping on the fnore, made figns of peace. The natives, 
 ftill anxious tor the departure of the llrangers, and the 
 latter periifting in their i-ndeavours to torce their way, 
 holtilities commenced between the parties; biit ti.e 
 arrows of the one flew without effect; wliilft the fire- 
 arms of the other laid the king, and many of his fol- 
 low eis, bieathlefs on the beach. 
 
 It was regretted by naturalifls, when our country- 
 men \ilited thcfe parts, that they did iu)t laid on 11 is 
 ifland, as, from appearance, its vegetable product. ons 
 would have afforded the botan.ft an ample harvcft of 
 new plants. 
 
 MALLICOLLO. 
 
 This is the mm > .ifiderable ifland next to Efpiritu 
 Santo: it is eight leagues long, and fituated in 16 deg. 
 25 min. fouth latitude; and 167 deg. 57 min. cart lon- 
 gitude. On enquiry of the natives concerning the name 
 of this ifland, anfvver was made that it was Mallicollo, 
 which has the clofcft refemblance poflible to Manicolio, 
 the name which De Quiros received for it 168 \ears be- 
 fore. He did not vifit the ifland, but hsd his intelli- 
 gence from the natives. 
 
 When our countrymen touched at Mallicollo, they 
 attentively examined the fouth-coaft, and found it luxu- 
 riantly cloathcd with wood, and other product'ions of na- 
 ture. They picked up an orange, which the natives call 
 iMi.iiwya. 'Ihiswasthe firft orange that was met with 
 in this ka, and the only one that was feeii here j and be- 
 ing decayed, it cannot certainly be known whether 
 it was fit to be eaten. 
 
 The country is defcribed as mountainous and woody, 
 but the foil is rich and fertile, producing fugar-canes, 
 yams, cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, and turmeric. 
 There arc hogs here, and various kinds of birds; and 
 as the frequent fqucaking of pigs was heard in the 
 woods, it was concluded that there were abundance 
 of the former. 
 
 A ihaik was caught, which meafured nine feet in 
 length, and afforded the crew a very palatable refrefh- 
 ment. This (hark, when cut open, was found to have 
 the bony point of an arrow lUeking in its head, having 
 been (hot quite through the ikull. The wound was 
 hcak'd fo perfectly, that not the fmallelt veUige of it 
 appeared on the outlij;-. A piece of the wood ftill re- 
 mained 
 
 ■i 
 
 iSc^'tt 
 
 "t 
 
 nviinrd f.i'- kn 
 bus w itii w hii 
 and the 111 'lis 
 at the touch 
 
 :\ large \x\.\ 
 wile iauj;ht ; 
 all who c.;t <;f 
 Iliad arid bone' 
 the tkin, and 
 do^ s and hogs, 
 eft degree : an 
 whole, wa^, tli 
 but that, like 
 tlies, they ma 
 fonous vegetal 
 The native! 
 ugly, dark, ill 
 every refpti:t 
 I'outh Sea. 
 Iiair, and ftioi 
 miry, they ha 
 Commonly 
 ilemD in a m 
 the other bih 
 on tie arm, 1 
 ar.d on iheir bi 
 round thtir r.ei 
 and oti.ers lii.;', 
 Tl;e lifft n.it 
 ried clubs in tl 
 rying green bo 
 day's tin.e they 
 the flii|)'s boar, 
 their hands inic 
 pilnis, |.our 
 boat, in compl 
 With whieh the 
 repealing the 
 1 he guuer [)a 
 low.^, the. veil 
 changid a few j 
 taikii g Very hi 
 catci.aimn. . 
 night: finding, 
 notice I, they r 
 fingingaiid dm 
 Thiie people 
 never repined a 
 with the hokir 
 notwithdandiiij 
 raptured at viei 
 Tic enfuirig 
 \xfiel in their c 
 board without 1 
 an.i, with theg 
 the mad head, 
 der took them 
 fents of various 
 telligent of any 
 Sea, readily uni 
 gcfture, and ibi 
 gtiage, which a 
 When fome 
 mcnt went on I 
 fat down on tht 
 language. Th 
 gucds in rcmer 
 in pondering h 
 by fuch means 
 lefsapt in cati 
 piiagcs ; from 1 
 they wanted ir 
 acutenefs of uii 
 miration by hi 
 There appe 
 Thofe few, \w\ 
 They were of 1 
 fliouldcrs were 
 
r a ihy or two. Here is 
 aiher more luxuiiant thun 
 It was the op.nioii of twu 
 
 tills illaiul M.IS ot );n all r 
 ry purpofc ot cftablilluny 
 
 :count we could c( I'crt ot 
 the (cope ff our cxtciifive 
 wiih the moll autlicr'^c 
 :i that may be m.iiledurii.g 
 1 of this work, the/ ma/ 
 attention lo whatever may 
 r any other part tiiat n.ay 
 on. 
 
 id red baize j but the rails 
 leiuda branch of tl.e pi'p- 
 Y winch the nails had been 
 hip; and tl.is was the only 
 id been f^ivin them. 'I'l.e 
 appro.iched ihr vcnil, may 
 the traditional knovvlcdic 
 ig tlicm C(mcerninf5 the v - 
 ; for, on his omirg to an 
 rom the ihip, a chiif (,is t.c 
 kin;;) aticiidcd i'y foii.c In- 
 iiid cndcavouicd to excite 
 :)f fruit; but the Spaniardi 
 gns of peace. The natives, 
 *e of the llrant^eis, and the 
 cavours to force thtir way, 
 vctn the panics; imt the 
 liout ctitct; wlulll th'i filC- 
 tini:;, and iv.any of his fi>l- 
 ch. 
 
 iralifts, whcM our country- 
 it they did not lai.d vn ii i< 
 its vegetable pioduct.ons 
 tan.lt an ample harveft of 
 
 C O L L O. 1 
 
 able iflind next to Efpiriru 
 and lituatcd in 16 dcg, 
 67 dcg. 57 niin. eaft lon- 
 ativcs concerning tiie name 
 ;ide that it was Mallicollo, 
 ince pofTiblc to Manitolio, 
 eccivcd for it 168 \cars hc- 
 (land, but had his intelli- 
 
 uched at Mailicollo, they 
 th-coaft, and found it .'uxu- 
 tnd other produCi'ionsof na- 
 mge, which the natives call 
 orange that was met with 
 lat W.1S (ccn here ; and be- 
 tainly be known whether 
 
 mountainous and woody, 
 le, producing fugar-canes, 
 it, bananas, and turnuric. 
 arious kinds of birds; and 
 f pigs was heard in the 
 :it there were abundance 
 
 ich meafurcd nine feet in 
 w a very palatable refrelh- 
 t open, was found to have 
 icking in its head, having 
 ikull. The wound wa< 
 the Imallell veitige of it 
 piece of the wood dill re- 
 mained 
 
 *U, u= - - — H E B U 
 
 miincd fiickirg to t\e Icny print, as well as a lew fi- 
 luswitli will, .lit had bcci\ tiid on; lu.t both the wood 
 am! the lilro were fo iottv.d, as to triiiiible into duft 
 at the toucl', 
 
 A lar^e reiM.Ili fini,of the fea-brcam kind, was iike- 
 wilc lau^ht ; bi:t it proved of very noxioii> quality ; for 
 all who eat if it weie (eized with violent pains in tie 
 l.iadai.d bones, attended with fcorchmg heat all over 
 ihelkin, and nun biiels in the )o nts. It alVictcd the 
 dojs and hogs, wl.o had eatca tl.c gaibanc, in the high- 
 tft demec: and the opinion ot the naturalifts,u| on ihe 
 whole, was, that tl efc fiHi n ay not always be p-iilonous, 
 but that, like many fpccics in the Kail and Well In- 
 dies, they iitay acquire that quality by feeding on poi- 
 fonous vegetables. 
 
 The natives ol this ifland arc dcfcribcd as remarkably 
 ugly, dark, ill-proiioriioned, diminutive inlize, and in 
 eveiy refj,eiit dillcieiit fron; the other illatulirs in ti'e 
 ISouth Sea. Tlu-y have Hat noles and forehead-, woolly 
 hair, and (lioit beards. To add to their natural d^for- 
 miry, they have a cullom of t>ing a belt or cord, un- 
 ci.mnionly tight, round the w ilit, fo ihit the belly 
 Items in a manner divided, one pan fcing above, and 
 the other bclo'.i the rope. Tl.cy \\e'r brae eiets ot fliclls 
 on ti e arm, a piece of vviiite carved rtone in thenoitrils; 
 and on their bnall hanj'.s a llicll, fufpeiided by a ftring 
 round their necks. Some wear toricfc-iheil ear-rings, 
 and otlers lings of ibells. 
 
 Tl;c lifll natives that were feen upon the ifland, car- 
 ried clubs in thtir hands, and waticd into the water, car- 
 rying green boughs, the univerfal iign of peace. In a 
 day's tin.e iliey ventured to come within a few yards of 
 the fliip's hoar, whicli was fciit oiit, when they dipped 
 their haiidj iuio the lea, and gathering fome water in the 
 palms, joined it on their heads. The oHi.ers in the 
 boat, in compliance with their example, did the fame, 
 With which the Indians appeared to be much pleafed, 
 repealing the wdrd I'jjii.nr, or lotnano, coniinua'ly. 
 Tlicgicatcr part being now armed with bows and ar- 
 i(i»y, the_, \e.ituied near tlK- Ibip, and received and ex- 
 thangid a fv-w prefenti. They continued about the fliip 
 talkii g very li.udly, but in fuch a n-.aniier as was very 
 cntcicainin.'. Some continued about ttie Ibip till mid- 
 night: linding, however, at lengtli^ they were but little 
 notice I, the) returned on fliore, where the found of 
 lingiiigaiid duims was htard all night. 
 
 Thtie people lecmed to covet whatever they faw, but 
 never repined at a relulal. They were highly Jelighted 
 with the l(,oking glalFcs that were given them; and, 
 notwithllanding tiieir remarkabls deformity, were en- 
 raptured at viewing themfclves. 
 
 Tie enl'uing morning the natives came off to the 
 vcllel in their Cannes, and four or five of them went on 
 board without any arms. They foon became familiar, 
 anl, with thegrea'.elt eafe, climbed up the ihroiids to 
 the mall head. When they came down the comman- 
 der took them all into the cabin, and gave them prc- 
 fciits of various articles. They appetred the mod: in- 
 telligent of any nation that had bee:: feen in the South 
 Sea, readily underllood meanings conveyed by liens and 
 gcfturc, and ibon taught the officers words in thiir lan- 
 guage, which appeared peculiar to themlelves. 
 
 When fome oi the molt rcfpedable of our country- 
 mcnt went on Ihore, the natives, with great good-will, 
 fat down on the (lump of a tree, to teach tiiem their 
 language. 1 hey were furprifed at ihc rcadinefs of their 
 guells in remembering, and feemcd to fpend fome time 
 in pondering hovv it was polliblc tj prefervc the found 
 by fuch means as pencils and paper. Nor were they 
 lets apt in catching the founds of the European lan- 
 guages; from whence it wasjuftly remaiked, that what 
 they wanted in pcrfonal beauty, was compcnfated in 
 acutenefs of underftanding. They cxprefTed their ad- 
 miration by hiding like a goofc. 
 
 There appeared but few women amongft them. 
 Thofe few, however, were no lefs ugly than the men. 
 They were of Imall Itature; and their heads, faces, and 
 fhouldcrs were painted red. bonic wore a kind of 
 
 I) F S. 
 
 aj 
 
 petticoat J others a bag made of a kind of cloth, in 
 wi.ieh they carry their chil Irtn 11 c younger I'cnidci 
 wont (lark naked, like the males of the fame age. 
 The women, m general, were not obfervcd t.) have any 
 Hnery in their eats, or round their necks and arms, it be- 
 ing falbional.lc in this ilbiul for the men only to adorn 
 thcmfelvcs ; and w here \ er this cullom prevails, th<' other 
 fe.x is commonly opprel'ed, delpifed, and in a ilate of 
 fervility. Heic the me" feemed to have no kind of 
 regard tor them ; none ot th.ni came oil" 'to the lliipj 
 and they generally kept at a dillancc, when any paity 
 landed trom the boat. 
 
 The houfes, or rather huts, here are low, and thatched 
 with palm leaves. Som.' few are enclofed with 
 boards ; and the entrance is by a fqua'c hole at 
 one end. 
 
 Their weapons are bows and arrows; and a club, 
 aVout two feet and a i.alf in length, made of hard 
 wood, commonly knobbed at one end, and well polifli- 
 ed. This weapon they hang on their right ftioiilder, 
 r oin a thick rope made of a kind of grafs. Their ar- 
 rows arc made of a kind of reed, headed with haid wood 
 or bone, fuppofed to be poilbncd. They aie very 
 cartful of them, and keep them in a fort of tiuiver madi 
 of leaves. 
 
 As itiey apply themfel vesto hulbandry.thcir focAl feems 
 to be principally vegetables: though, as low Is ami hogs 
 arc bre>.:, I.cfe n:ay connitute a part of their fublillcnce, 
 as well a3 tha; derived from the ocean. 
 
 Their canoes were fmall, not exceeding two feet in 
 width, of indilferent wi rkmanlbip, and without orna- 
 ment, but provided with an oiit-riggcr. 
 
 Oiieoftlie lateft navigators gave the following re- 
 lation, which we cite as an indication o." the genius a.id 
 difpolitii>n of thefe people. 
 
 " When the natives law us under fail fir cur depar- 
 ture from the illand, they came oft' in canoes, making 
 exchanges with 11. ore confidence than before, and giv- 
 ing fuch extiaordinary proofs of their honelty as iur- 
 pnltd us. As the velfcl at firft had tVeflt way through 
 the w;iter, fevcral of the canoes dropped a-llern after 
 they received goods, and before they had time to de- 
 liver theirs in return. Inltcad of taking advantage of 
 this, they ufed their utmolt eftbrts to get up witti us, 
 and deliver what they had already been paid tor. One 
 man, in particular, followed us a coniiderabie time, and 
 did not reach us till it was calm, and the thing was for- 
 gotten. As foon as he came along alide, he held up 
 the article, which feveral on boarcTwere leady to buy; 
 but he refuted to part with it, till he faw the perfon 
 to whom he had before fold it, and to whom he gave 
 it. The perfon, not knowing the man again, ottered 
 him fomething in return, which he rcfufed; and fhewing 
 him what had been given before, made us fenfible of 
 the nice fenfe of honour which had actuated this In- 
 dian." 
 
 St. BARTHOLOMEW. 
 
 This ifland was fo called by Captain Cook, from 
 its having been difcovercd on St. Bartholomew's 
 day. It is between fix and fevcn leagues in ciicuni- 
 ference, and fuuated in latitude 15 degrees 2j inin. 
 fouth. 
 
 ISLE OF LEPERS, 
 
 So called, as we are informed by Monfieur de Bou- 
 ganville, from the number of people afflidted with the 
 Icprofy that were feen upon it, lies between Efpiritu 
 .Santo and .Aurora Ifland, eight leagues from the former, 
 and three from the latter, in latitude 15 dcg. 22. min. 
 fouth. It is of an oval figure, very high, and 18 
 or 20 leagues in circuit. Many beautiful cafcades of 
 water wcie feen pouring down fiorft the hills. Here 
 the palms grow on the hills. The iflanders are of 
 two colours. Their lips are thick, their hair woolly, 
 and fonictimcs of a yellowifli caft. They arc fliort, 
 
 ugly 
 
A NI'LW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ■I 
 
 2 + 
 
 iiglv, and ill-propoitioucd, and moft of them infsi^lcd 
 with the Itprofy, The woiixn arc no Icfs difgufting 
 ti an ihc men. They go almoft naked. They have 
 b-anJ;iges lo carry their children on their barks. In the 
 cloth of which thefc bandages arc made, arc very 
 pictty drawin^^s, of a fine criinl.Jii colour. 
 
 None of thefc men have beards. They pierce the 
 nofe, in order to fix fonic ornament to it. They like- 
 uifc wear on the arm, in iorm of a bracelet, a tooth, 
 of a fubftance like ivory. On the neck they have 
 pieces of tortoifelhcll. 
 
 Their arms arc bows and arrows, clubs of hard 
 Wo.d and flones, which they ufe without llings. 'Iho 
 arrows aie reeds, armed with a long and \ery fliarp 
 point, made of bone. Some of ihefe points are tormid 
 in (iich a manner, as to prevent the arrows being drawn 
 out cfa wound. 
 
 Tlie natives appeared to be very friendly to M. dc 
 Pougainville when he touched here in 1768, until all 
 the men were embarked, when they fcnt a flight ot 
 ariows after them; which allault. although it was at- 
 tended with no bad confeiiuences, was revenged by 
 dil'chargipg a volley of inufiiuetry, which killed leveral 
 of the nuivcs. It is nut, therefore to be wondered at, 
 that, when Captain Cook appeared oiV their coalt, the 
 natives (houLl be fo Ihy of any intcrcourfe with rtra.iger:; 
 when the haftv rcfcnt'mcn'- of fuch had (laind tiicir 
 (bores with blood. Indeed, two or three natives put oil 
 in a canoe; but no tokens of friendlhip could induce 
 them to come near the Ihip. 
 
 AURORA 
 
 Inhabitants were difcovered here, and fome canoes; 
 but none came elf to the fliip. A fine beach, and mo!" 
 luxuriant vcj.'itation, prcfented thcmfelves. '1 he w hole 
 country was woody, and a beautiful cafcade poured 
 through a forcll. The iiland is about twelve leagues 
 long, but not above live miles broad in any part, lymg 
 nearly north andfouth. A channel divides this illand 
 from 
 
 W II I T - S U N D A Y ISLE. 
 
 Which lies, as was computed, about four miles to 
 the fouth, runs in the fame direition, and is of the 
 fame length, having more Hoping expofures than Au- 
 rora. It appears to be better inhabited, and to contain 
 more plantations. 
 
 A M B R Y M 
 
 Is about 17 leagues in circuit, and two leagues and a 
 half from the fouth end of Whit-Sunday Ifle. Its 
 fliores are rather low ; but the land rifes with an une- 
 qual alcent, to an high mountain in the middle of the 
 ifland, which gave occafion to fuppofc that a volcano 
 was feated there. 
 
 A P E E 
 
 Is dift.'.nt from Ambrym about five leagues, and not 
 lefs than twenty leagues in circuit. Irs longelf direc- 
 tion is about eight leagues nortli w elt and fouth taft. It 
 is of conlidciable height, and richly divcrlilitd with 
 woods and lawns. 
 
 SANDWICH ISLE, 
 
 So called in compliment to Lord Sandwich, is 10 
 leagues long, and 25 mciicuit. It exhibits a delightful 
 view, the hills gently floping to the fca. Several (mall 
 iflands lay difpoled about her.-, to which C:vi)tain Cook 
 gave the names of The Shepherd's Iflands, Three HiIIj, 
 Two Hills, The Monument, Montagu, and Hinchin- 
 brookc, 
 
 I'. R R O M A N C; (> 
 
 Lies eighteen irajuies from Sanuwich Iflind, and is 
 between 24 and 25 leagues in circuit. '1 lie middle of 
 it lies in 18 deg. '-,4 min. fouth latitude. The natives 
 of this ifland feem 10 be of a I'illerent race from thole 
 of Mallicollo, and fpeak a dillirieiit language. 'I'hey 
 
 arc of the middle fizc, have a good fliape, and tolerable 
 features. Their colour is very dark ; and they paint 
 their faces, fome with black, and others with red pig- 
 mont. Their hair is very curly and crifp, and in fome 
 degiee woolly. But few women werefeen, and thofe 
 very ugly. They wore a petticoat made of the leaves 
 cf fome plant. The men were in a manner naked, hav- 
 ing only the belt about the wailt, and a piece ot doth 
 or le.if ufed for a wrapper. No canoes were (een in 
 any part of the illand. They live in houfes covered 
 with thatch ; and their plantations arc laid out by line 
 and fenced round. 
 
 Captain Cook went on fliorc here with two boats-. 
 He prcfented fome of the natives with medals and 
 cloth, and received every' token of amity in return. 
 Making ligns that he wanted water, one of them ran 
 to a hovel at a fmall dillunce, a:id prefently returned 
 with a little in a bamboo. On aflcing for foniething to 
 eat, he was as readily prcfented with a yam and fome 
 cocoa nuts. During this time the whole groupe were 
 armed with clubs, fpears, darts, bows and arrows, 
 which excited lome liifpicion, and led Captain Cook 10 
 cut fhort his vilit, telling the chief, by ligns, that he 
 ihould (bi,n return. ScL-ing their gucfls about to de- 
 part, they endeavoured to haul that boat on Ihore 
 which hail the commander on board, whilfl others 
 fnatched the oars out of the peoples hands. At the 
 head of this party was the chief. Thole who could 
 not come at the boat, flood behind, armed with wea- 
 pons, ready to fupport thofe that were mofl forward. 
 Signs and threats having no eflecl on the e people, per- 
 fonal fafety became the only conlideration . but in this 
 eiiiergency the Britifli commander was unwilling to 
 fire among the crowd, and refolved to make the chief 
 alone falla vietim to his own treachery. His mulket, 
 at that critical moment, milfed fire, which could not 
 fail of giving the natives a very mean opinion of the 
 weapons that were oppofed to them. They deter- 
 mined, therefore, to flicw how much more efl'edual 
 theirs were, by throwing iloncs and darts, and Ihooting 
 arrows. 'I'his being the cafe, a general difcharge of 
 fire-arms could no lor.ger be avoided. It threw them 
 into confufion : but a fecond was hardly fufncient to 
 drive them olf the be.ich. Tour lay to all appearance 
 dead on the ilioie ; but two of them afterwards crawled 
 into the buflies. Not half of the mufquets would go 
 olf, which faved the lives of many of tlielepoor nuf- 
 takcn wretches. One of the men in the boat was 
 wounded in the cheek with a dart : an arrow llru'k the 
 mailer on the bu.-.l'^ ; out, a^ its force was (pent, it hardly 
 penetrated the li ii. The report '4' the mufquets on 
 Ihore, •darmctl the.fe in tne fliip ; and another boat « as 
 immediately lint olf; and a iwivel fired to the part 
 where a number of the natives were ailembled, and a 
 great gun liied towards the hills, which Hruck ihem 
 with a panic, and they all hallened to Ikrceii them-, 
 felves in the bulhes. .'\ll intercourfe ended with this 
 unhappy Ikirmilh. 
 
 I M M E R 
 
 Is tliC mod eaftern ifland "f all the Hebrides: It 
 appeared to be about five leagues in circuit, of a con-, 
 liderable height, and flattilh top. 
 
 A N N A T O M 
 
 Is th.- fouthernmoft ifland, fituattd in latitude sodegi 
 ] min. fouth j longitude 170 deg. 4 min. eaft. 
 
 T A N N A 
 
 Lies fix leagues on the fouth fide of Erromango. It 
 is about eight leagues long, three or four broad, and 
 twenty-four in circuit. Its latitude is 19 deg. 30 nun. 
 fouth, and longitude 1^9 deg. jS min. Its name fig. 
 nifies ('<i»Vi(< in the Malay language. The foil, in. fome 
 places, is a rich black mould : in other parts it Itemed 
 I t» 
 
 « I 
 
 I 
 
 X' ^ J/1 
 
 ( //f/fz/rfty/'/a 
 
 '^!*fe 
 
 ( ffA///f// /fii 
 
■^■^fpr-- 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 a good (liape, and tolerable 
 very dark; and they painc 
 :k, and others with red pig- 
 airly and crifp, and in fomc 
 vomen « ere fee n, and thofc 
 perticoat made of the leaves 
 vere in a manner naked, hav- 
 : wailt, and a piece ol cloth 
 :r. No canccs were leen in 
 hey live in houfci covered 
 mtations arc laid ojt by line 
 
 iliorc here with two boats, 
 e natives with medals and 
 token oi amity in return. 
 :d water, one of them mil 
 nee, and prefently returned 
 On aiking fi.r foniething to 
 itcd with a yam and fomc 
 ime the whole groupc were 
 darts, bows and arrows, 
 on, and led Captain Cook lo 
 the chief, by ligns, that he 
 i their gueds about to de- 
 ) haul that boat on lliore 
 ;r on board, whilll others 
 he peoples hands. At the 
 • chief. Thofc who could 
 d behind, armed with wea- 
 fe that were mo(f forward, 
 etted: on the e people, per- 
 ' conlideration . but in this 
 nmander was unwilling to 
 rcfolved to make the chief 
 vn treachery. His mufket, 
 Ted (ire, which could no: 
 very mean opinion of the 
 li to them. They deter- 
 how much more cflei^ual 
 Its and darts, and Ihooting 
 ifc, a general difcharge of 
 )c avoided. It threw them 
 d was hardly futncient to 
 Four lay to all appearance 
 of them afterwards crawled 
 ot the mufquets would go 
 many of tliele poor niif- 
 hc men in the boat was 
 dart : an arrow llrurl; the 
 s force wasfpcnt, it hardly 
 port fif the mufc]uets on 
 lip ; and another boat was 
 fwivel fired to the part 
 ves Wert aUtTiiblcd, and a 
 hills, which (hijck them 
 iltened to ikreen thciii . 
 ercourfe ended with this 
 
 E R 
 
 'f all the Hebrides: It 
 ;L"es in circuit, of a con« 
 jp. 
 
 TOM 
 
 ituatcd in latitude 20 deg." 
 leg. 4 min. eaft. 
 
 N A 
 
 fide of Erromango. Ic 
 hrce or four broad, and 
 itude is 19 dcg. ;^o nun. 
 38 min. Its name iig- 
 lage. The foil, ia fomc 
 
 ill other parts it fccnicd 
 Co 
 
 ''/yVz/vvj/'/liVSKES's. )>■/'/" A'.-/f/// f-/ GEinmATlTY ////•//ii/m/fy'/iyn/i '(iii/i<rt7// .'•*•'! 
 
 ■i*« 
 
 ( f///^ftf// /f>ii/f //tjtf////4/ ti/''//f//f/ff , />//!■ t'/ //o' f /.iftf//if.i //f //ff f \r//> , /(t/'////i: I . 
 
 :\ I 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 ;/V. 
 
.^ 
 
 .■\:.,\ l'' 
 
 t\ \l ;?••';; I. i 
 
 X 
 
 ^■: 
 
 
 MJlllllllll 
 

 * 
 
 
 •'i 
 
 ■>.« 
 
 ■■f'^%"f.* ^"ft-y^-^lf- %:^-^ 
 
 4'.*, 
 
 /' 
 
 ■f ■ 
 
 ^Jih'f.v" ' 
 
-■♦'■^r''-,..-"* 
 
 % 
 
 
 POULAHD KING OF THE FlUKNDLY ISLANDS 
 
 -^"^ 
 
 v 
 
 ■"•nr^sfr- 
 
 ■'f-.v 
 
 . fet 
 
 
 ■•y^:»L 
 
 Nr.w Drscov! 
 
 to be compofc 
 a volcano, \\\ 
 wtlUvartI oft! 
 c-juiitiv is, \n< 
 p'ants, as to c 
 'I he country i: 
 ly minicrous. 
 
 During thi 
 nuance here, i 
 C|Uantities ot 
 plolion abou 
 cxr'olioiis ref 
 whole air was 
 ■which occafioi 
 eye. At one I 
 air, fonie of w 
 a ftiip's long b< 
 light. The fmi 
 in tliick and hi 
 various hues 
 which dicdawa 
 ten as the new 
 with its fhagpy 
 and purple, ac 
 pofure to voica 
 lilent for five o 
 that the cxploii 
 a ihower ot rain 
 them, by prom 
 various njin^nl 
 alhcs v\ith wh 
 were found to 
 Iparent, and i 
 aiicc of vege: iti 
 many plants hei 
 reach in other c 
 flowers lari^cr, a 
 
 Several new \: 
 of o^'oriferoiis 11 
 only for their el 
 this ifland conli 
 cddocs, and fi.;;;a 
 niit the eye to ta! 
 are gre.-.t numVc 
 vate for the fake 
 two or ihiec dirl 
 te:irs figs of the 
 peaches, on tl.c 
 puip,"^Iike poiiu 
 but rather inlipii 
 
 Sonic fniall li 
 f,:! plumage, ani 
 fore. 
 
 Of the nili on 
 the natives were 
 then), bur by fir 
 liuleof their ful 
 three hur.died p 
 were c.-,Uj.'ht by 
 
 A young nati\ 
 nothing fixed hi; 
 the lead furprizi 
 or cats, calling t 
 made him a prel 
 a likiiiff to that 1 
 
 They appear t 
 mcftic fowls. ^ 
 mon on the othc 
 the fields of fug! 
 prcdations : the 
 round thcfc phi 
 animals. 
 
 T he natives i 
 toleMbly propo 
 nut brown, wi 
 naked, having ( 
 not, houever, c 
 as I hat in he 
 .No. 3. 
 
 \A 
 
- J 
 
 iXDS 
 
 Nr.«- DrscovERiEs.J ■, 
 to I'c compofcd of ilccaycd vi^ctablcs, and the afnes of 
 a volcano, uhicli was fccn, about tlcvcn tniles to the 
 wclhvanl ofthevcird, burninir with great fury. The- 
 cjuiicrv is, ingcncr.il, di covered with trees, (lirub* an! 
 ji'a!i:s,'as to choak up the bread-fruit and cocoa-nuts. 
 l he country is not populous, nor the houfes confequcnt- 
 ly numerous. 
 
 During the fixtcen days of Captain Cook's conti- 
 niiaacc here, the volcano emitted, at different times valt 
 quantities of fire and fmoak, accompanied with anex- 
 l-lofion about once in five minutes. Some of thtfc 
 CXI 'ofions refenibled violent claps of thunder. '1 he 
 wliolc air was filled with fmoaky particles and aflies, 
 vhich occafioncd much pain when they fell into ri.e 
 eye. At one time great ftones weietlirown up into ihc 
 air, foine of which were at leaft as large as the hull of 
 a ll)ip's long boat. It lirft prcfentcd a moll magnificent 
 fight. The fmoak, which rolled up, from time to time, 
 in thick and heavy volumes, was coloured \vi;h all the 
 vaiious hues of yellow, orange, crimfon, and purple, 
 which died away into a reddifli grey and brown. As of- 
 ten as the new explofion happened, the whole cour.rry, 
 with irsdiagpyforclls, were tinged with the fame irangc 
 and purple, according to its diftancc, or particular cx- 
 pofure to volcanic light. It fomctinics continued quite 
 filent for five or fix^days together. It was remarked, 
 that the explofions of the volcanos recommenced after 
 r. (bower ot rain ; fo that it lliould feem that rain excites 
 them, by promoting or incrcaling the fermentation of 
 various n.nn^r.d fubltances in the mountain. The b.ick 
 allies with which the whole country was llrev. ed, 
 were found to he long, ncedle-like, and fcniitran- 
 fparent, and to contribute greatly to that luxuri- 
 ance of vegetation which is remaikahle on this illand ; 
 many plants here attaining twice the height ^vhichthey 
 re.ich in other cotaurics. Their leaves arc broader, then- 
 flowers larger, and more richly fccnied. 
 
 Several new plants were coUeded hi re, and a variety 
 of Oi'orifeioiis Ihrubsj and lome others weic cultivated 
 only for their eljgant appearance. The planta.ions on 
 this ifland conlilt, for the mo'd part, of yams, banana-., 
 eddoes, and fugar-canes, all which being very low, per- 
 mit the eye to take in a great range of the country. Here 
 are great numVcrs ollig- trees, which the natives culti- 
 vate for the fake of the fruit and leaves. They arc of 
 two or three different kinds ; and one fort in particular 
 tears figs of the qonmion lizc, which are woolly, like 
 peaches, on tl.e outfide, and have a beaut ilul crimfon 
 pulp,"^like pomegranates : they arc fwcetifli and juicy, 
 but rather intipid. 
 
 Some fmall bird.'; were fccn i.cic with a very bcauti- 
 f.l plumage, and of a kind th.it had not been fecn bc- 
 Jlore, 
 
 Of the fifli on this toad but little was known ; but as 
 the natives were fccn to have no methods of catching 
 them, bur by ftriking, it is probable that they draw but 
 little of their fubtiftence ficm the water. Upwari.'s of 
 three hiir.died pounds weight of mullet, and other fifh, 
 were cr.iight by three hauls with thefeine. 
 
 A young native was (liewn every part of the fliip ; but 
 nothing fixed his attention a n'.omcnt, or caufed in him 
 the lead furprize. He had no know leclge o*f goats, dogs, 
 or cats, calling them all hogs, {^l">o;^ii). The commander 
 made him a prefcnt of a dog and a bitch, as he Ibcwcd 
 a likinp to that kind of aninipl. 
 
 They appear to have plenty of hogs, but very few do- 
 mcftic fowls. .Sonic rats, of the fan.e kind as is com- 
 mon on the other iflands in the Pacific Ocean, frequent 
 the fields of fugar-canc, in which they make great de- 
 predations : the natives, therefore, dig fevcral holes all 
 lound thcfc plantations, in which tl.ey catch thcfe 
 animals. 
 
 The natives of this ifiand arc of a middle fizc, and 
 toler.ibly prnportionid. Their colour is a dark chef- 
 nut brown, with a very fwarthy mixture. They go 
 nakeil, having only a firing round the belly, w hich ilid 
 not, however, cut the body in fb fliocking a manner 
 a» that in he ifiand of Mallicollo. Their hair is 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 T>. N E W H E B R I D F. S. 
 
 ^ 
 
 generally black or hrown, growin.T to a to'crablc 
 length, and very cr.fp and curly. Their b.ards, which 
 are flror.g and buliiy, arc generally Ihort. 1 he wo- 
 men wear their hair tripped, as do the boys, till thty 
 approach manhoud. 1 iiey make ufe of a cylindrical 
 piLce ofalabaflcr, two inches Icn^, which they wear 
 in the carthKginoi'.s part between tne iioltrds. as a nolb- 
 jewel. Not one fingle corfnilent man was fe'jahi.rc: 
 all arc artive and full of fpiiits. Their t'citures ar-' 
 large, the noles broad, but the eyes full, and in general 
 agreeable. 
 
 'I'hcy maki incifions chiefly on the ppper arm and 
 belly, whicfi are inltead of puncture;. Thty cut the ficiii 
 with a bamboo, or fharp (i.cll, and apply a particular 
 plant, which form an el.vated fear on tho'lurface of 
 the (km after it is hcal.d. i'hefe (cars are formed to 
 reprefent flowers, and other fancied figures, which arc 
 deemed a great beauty by the natives. Moil of them 
 have an open, manly, and good-natured airj though 
 fome were fecn, .is in other nation!:, whofe countenances 
 indicate malevolence. 
 
 It is a general remark, that though, like all the tro- 
 pical nations, they are active and nimble, tiiey were 
 not fond of labour, nor would ever aflill in any work 
 that the fliip's company were carrying on, which the In- 
 dians cf the other ifiands u fed to delight in. They 
 throw all the laborious drudgery on the women; from 
 which occafion was taken to remark that, though they 
 w ere not beauties, they were handfomc enough foi' the 
 men, and too handfume for the ufe that was made of 
 them. 
 
 Their cars arc hung full of toitoifc-flicH rings, and 
 necklaces ot (hells f lil on their bofoms. So'iie of the 
 elderly wonien had cips, muic of a green plantain leaf, 
 or of matted work ; but this h..id-drefs was rather un- 
 common. V'nn number of ornamcnis conlideiably iii- 
 creafcd with age; the oideft and iiglieft being loaded 
 with necklaces, car-rings, nol'c -jewels, and bntccleis. 
 The- women here are expert cooks. They roailand boil 
 the yams and banana-:: they (lew the i.,icen leaves of a 
 kind of fig; they bake puddings m.ide of a pafle of ba- 
 nanas and eddoes, containing a mixture of cocoa-nut 
 kernel and leaves. 
 
 'i'he eloinclHc life of the people of Tanna, though 
 they are rather of u fcrious turn, is not wholly eleftitute 
 of amufements ; and their mufic is in greater perfedion 
 than any in the South Seas. 
 
 Their European vilitants gave them a variety of airs; 
 in return tor whi':h the natives fang feveral times very 
 harmnnioufiy. They likewife preieiuccd a mufical in- 
 ftruinent, which confided of eight reeds, regularly de- 
 creafing in fize, and comprehending an o*.1ave; though 
 the fingle reeds were not perfectly in tunc. 
 
 Their houfes arc like the loof ofa thatched hcufc in 
 Fngland, taken off the walls, and placed on the g'ound. 
 Some were open at both ends, others clofed wit.i reeds, 
 ami all were covered with a palm thatch. A few of 
 them were thirty or forty feet long, and fourteen c fix- 
 teen bio.id. Betides thcfe, they have other mean hovels, 
 which were fuppofed to bcdefigncd only to flcep in. 
 
 Their weapc s, in point of neatnefs, cotnc tar fiiorc 
 offomc that were fccn in other iflands. They are 
 clubs, fpcars, or darts, bows and arrows, and (lones. 
 The clubs arc of three or four kinds, and from thr.-e 
 to five feet long. They feem to place moll dependence 
 on the darts, with which they kill both birds and fifii; 
 and are furc of hitting a mark within the compafs oi 
 the crown of a hat, atthc didancc of ci i;hteei\ yards ; 
 but at double that difiance, it is a dunce if they hit a 
 mark the fixe of a man's body ; though they will throw 
 the weapon (ixiy or feveiity yards. The arrons are 
 m.ide of reeds, pointed with hard wood. Some are 
 bearded, and fome arc not; and thofe for (hooting 
 birds have two, three, and Ibmetimcs four points. 
 The (loncs they ufe in general are the branches of coral 
 rocks, from eight to fourteen inches long, and from ari 
 inch to an inch and a half diameter. Thole who ufe 
 flones keep them generally in theii belts. 
 
 • Q Their 
 
#v 
 
 26 • A NEW. ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SY 
 
 Tticir canoes can boaft neither ait nor ornament : all 
 of tliem have out- riggers, and fome may contain twenty 
 people. Their fails arc low trianmilnr mats, of whicli 
 the broadert part is uppermolt, and the Iharp angle 
 below. A long piece of timber, hollowed out in tiie 
 middle, forms the bottom of the canoe ; and upon this 
 one or two planks are fixed, ibrming the two (ides, by 
 means of ropes of the cocoa-nut fibres. Their oars arc 
 ill-liiapcd, and ve; y clumfily made. 
 
 Bcfides the common language of the land, and a 
 dialect of the neighbouring iflands, fome words' were 
 collected of at liiid language, which was chiefly current 
 among the inhabitants of the weftern hill. Some of 
 our intelligent voyagers, on comparing their vocabu- 
 laries, to dif-over that two different words were ulcd to 
 lignify the (ky, applied to one of the natives to know 
 which of the expicllions was right. He immediately 
 held out one hand, and applied it to one of the words, 
 then moving the other hand under ir, he pronounced 
 the fecond word ; intimating, that the upper was pro- 
 pel ly the Iky, and the lower, clouds that moved under 
 it. 
 
 They fcem to have no other liquor than water and 
 the cocoa-nut juice. They fignilicd, in the moll point- 
 ed manner, to our countrymen, that they eat human 
 flefli, and that circumcifion was praCtifed among them. 
 Nay, they introduced the fubjcct of eating human 
 fielii, by afking ourpeople if it was a pradlicc among 
 them. 
 
 They appeared to have fome national chief with very 
 little autb'rity. One old chief was laid to be the king 
 of the illand. His name was Gcod; and they gave 
 him the title of Arcekcc. Notwithftanding his ad- 
 vanced years, he had a merry open countenance. 
 
 No information coulc» be derived refpeding the reli- 
 gion of thefe people ; only every morning at day bnak 
 was heaid allow folcmn fong or dirge, fung on the 
 eallcrn fide of the harbour, which lalkd more than a 
 (juarter of an hour. As this was Aippofed to be a re- 
 ligious at\, the curiofity of our navigators was e.xcited 
 to ciiiiuiie further concerning it. But when they at- 
 tempted to pafs thnt way, the natives crowded about 
 them, and iiitreatcd them with the greatelt carnellncls 
 to return. As they Uill feenud topcriirt, they were at 
 length given to uiulerlland, that, if they remained ob- 
 fliii.ite ni their attempt, they would be killed and eaten._ 
 'I'licy now yielded to their lolicitations, and turned olf 
 tiiwaids a hut about fifty yards diftant, where the 
 ground began to rife; on which feveral of the Indians 
 look up arms out of the hut, apparently meaning to 
 force tlicm to return back. Unwilling, therefore, to 
 give oU'ence, our people checked their curioiity, and 
 were content to leave this point undetermined. No- 
 thing, I'.ov. ever, was feen, in the general behaviour of 
 thcfe people, that bore any refemblance to a religious 
 ad, nor any thing that could be conftrued into luper- 
 . ftition. 
 
 Upon the boat's firft going on fhorc from the fliip, 
 the natives were drawn up in great numbers on the 
 biach, armed with clubs, darts, fpears, flings, and 
 llcnts. I'rom this liollile appearance, the Britilh com- 
 mander was niduceil to re embark fpcedily, toprevtiu 
 difiigreeablc confcquences. In onler to terrify, without 
 hurting them, he ordered a muiket to be lired over 
 their heads ; but th^; alarm was only momentary, as the 
 natives inllantly recovered themfelvcs, and began to 
 difplay ''^cir weapons. A few great guns, however, 
 being h.wd from the fliip, they all difpeifcJ, leaving 
 the bca^h free for a fecond ilehiiikation. 
 
 The commander having marked out boundaries on 
 the iliore with a line, the natives came gradually for- 
 ward, fome urarmcd. An old man, named I'tiowaii^, 
 flieweda very friendly difpolition and intercom fe be- 
 tween the ( ommander and the natives. Such was the 
 honelly of this old man, that he brought an a*e which 
 had been lelt \)) the ihip's company upon the bea'h. 
 'I'hey were extremely jealous of any one going up ilie 
 ; country, or even along the fliorc of the harbour ; a dif- 
 
 STEM OF UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 pofuion that greatly obftrue^ed our naturalifts in their 
 attempts to explore. 
 
 As the carrying of bundles is the olhcc of the women 
 in this country, the natives imaginol that thofe from 
 the Ihip who can led loads were females. A man, who 
 carried a bag, w hich contained the jjlants felcded by 
 the naturalifts, was followed by fome of them, who, by 
 their converlatio:), which was overheard, conlidered him 
 as a woman, until, by fome means, they dilirovered their 
 miftakc, on which they Cried out, erromangee ! erroman- 
 gec ! It is a man ! It is a man ! 
 
 A tiller to the rudder being wanted, the carpenter was 
 fent on lliore to look out a tree lor the purpofe, and with 
 him an olhccr and a party of men to cut it down, pro- 
 vided leave could be obtained of the natives. The of- 
 ficer underftanding that there was no objedion, the 
 people accordingly went to work; but, as the tree was 
 large, the felling of it was a work of time ; and, before 
 it was down, word was brought that Paowang was noc 
 plcafed ; orders were theiefoie fent from on board tode- 
 fift. The commander foon after went on fhore, and fend- 
 ing for Paowang, prefented him with a dog and apiece 
 of cloth, and then explained to him the purpofe for which 
 the tree was '.anted. All the natives prclentdifcovered 
 great fatisfadion at the means that were ufcd to obtain 
 the grant of the tree, and unanimoufly confcntcd to its 
 being felled. 
 
 Many of the natives were afraid to touch thcprcfents 
 that were oftercd them ; nor did they feem to have any 
 notion of exchanging one thing for another. Hut few 
 refrcrtiments were obtained on this ifljnd. Some fruit 
 or roots were daily procured from the natives, thou'^h 
 greatly inadequate to the demands of thd fhi()'s com- 
 pany. As the natives had no know ledge of iron, nails, 
 iron tools, beads, &c. which were fo current in other 
 parts, they were of no value here ; nor was cloth of any 
 ufe in a country where the inhabitants went moftly naked. 
 The only commodity they feemed defnous of obtaining, 
 was tortoife-lhell ; but as no demand was expected fur 
 fuch an article, there were only a few fmail pieces re- 
 maining in the Ihip, which had been pure hafed, at ano- 
 ther ifland. The failors, however, notwithflanding the 
 loathf'imenen; of fait provilionsof long flanding, had not 
 a lingle provident thought for the future, but exchanged 
 their tortoife-thcll for bows and arrows, inllead of fur- 
 nilhing themfelvcs with a (lock of yams. 
 
 A party from the fliip, pading through a fhrubbery, 
 obferved a native at w ork cutting flicks, and feeing him 
 make a very flow progr^'fi with his hatchet, which 
 was only a bit of fliell 111 lieu of a blade, they fet about 
 helping him with an iron hatchet, and, in a few minutes, 
 cut a much greater heap than he had done 'he whole 
 day. Several Indians who were witncU'es to this dif- 
 pxtch, exprelfed the greatcd aftoniflimcnt at the utility 
 of this tool ; and fome were ve-y delirous of pofTcfnn"- 
 it, by ollVring their bows and arrows for it. This 
 was conliderad as a favourable opportunity for procu- 
 ring hogs; Diit they were deaf to every propofal of 
 that kind, anel never exchanged a Angle hog; one pig 
 only was obtained as a prel'ent to the commander frum 
 Paowang. 
 
 As there is great reafon to fuppofc that the inhabi- 
 tants of Tanna are harraflcd by fxcqucnt wars, the 
 dillruft which they cxpreflcd on their firft debarkation 
 from the fliips is not furprifing. But as foon as the;, 
 were allured of the pacific difpofition of their new vi- 
 litants, all fufpicions entirely fubfidcd. They did not 
 trade, indeed, becaiife they had not the means in pro- 
 portion to the other illandcrs ; but they were as afii 
 duous in oH'ci in:; their fervices, and from Icfs interellcii 
 motives. If any of the botanitts had procured a plant, 
 of which he was delirous ofhaviiig other fpecimens, he 
 had only to flgnily it to fome native, v ho would im- 
 iticdiately hallen to the fpot where it was to be found, 
 and bring it with the moll engaging alacrity. The 
 civility of the natives Was confpicuous in this particu- 
 lirinflance. If they met any officer or gentleman of 
 the fliip in a narrow path, they always fteppcd afide, in 
 
 order 
 
 New Drsco 
 
 order to mal 
 their names, 
 could be cxt 
 they had nc 
 
 •pHE Frleni 
 intercour 
 their hofpital 
 extending ab 
 gitude. Th( 
 or Anna moo 
 taboo. The 
 and vifited b; 
 tend to them 
 
 Ml DDL, 
 
 •7HIS ifland 
 ■*• by Tafm 
 cumfercnce a 
 and 1 74 dcg. 
 
 Midclleburj 
 very bcautifu 
 laid out in p 
 ivcll and (out 
 indeed, fo we 
 heightens the 
 this clulter an 
 the trees that 
 dually upward 
 of trees are on 
 kind of beau 
 fliorc, with v; 
 bications of tt 
 nicnce requir 
 fiiuation. 
 
 About half 
 bottom and lit 
 any thing but 
 foil, in gene 
 jilaces, feems 
 part of the ifl 
 earth, fupport 
 to fuch an he 
 mount, callec 
 been ercdled h 
 paces from tl 
 plaint was m 
 excellent fprii 
 ning flream, \ 
 fea, when the 
 information, tl 
 belonged to tl 
 taboo, and th; 
 valliils, to thei 
 cafe at all the 
 dam, or Anna 
 feem to ad w i 
 
 'i'he princi 
 ether routs, b; 
 appeared to I 
 of w hich they 
 grows here, 
 flirubs, andon 
 naturaiills like 
 The Ciifiuiria, 
 
 .Itl 
 
\ 
 A 
 
 ".F.OGRAPHY. 
 
 jJted our naturalifts in tlicir 
 
 cs is the office of the women 
 :s imaginra that rhofc from 
 were females. A man, who 
 rained the plants felccfted by 
 ;d by fomeof them, who, by 
 •as overheard, confidcred him 
 
 means, they dilcrovcred their 
 :(i out, erromangee ! erroman- 
 man ! 
 
 ng wanted, the carpenter was 
 :ree for the purpofe, and with 
 of men to cut it down, pro- 
 ncd of the natives. The of- 
 :hcre was no objedlion, the 
 ■• worit ; but, as the tree was 
 I work of time; and, before 
 nupht that Paowang was nou 
 01 c fcnt from on board to de- 
 fter went on (liorc, and fcnd- 
 i him with a dog and apiece 
 
 to him the purpoft- forwhich 
 he natives prcCentdifcovercd 
 ans that were ufcd to obtain 
 .manimoufiy confcntcd to its 
 
 'c afraid to touch the prefcnts 
 nr did they fcem to have anv 
 thing for another, '"iut ftu 
 
 I on this ifjjnd. Some fniit 
 cd from the n.uivcs, though 
 demands of the iliip's coin- 
 no know ledge of iron, nails, 
 
 lich were lb current in other 
 le here ; nor was cloth of any 
 ihabitants went moftly naked, 
 feemed defirous of obtaining, 
 no demand was expected fur 
 e only a few final 1 pieces re- 
 had been pure hafed, at ano- 
 ;)wever, notwithftanding the 
 ions of long (landing, had not 
 tor the future, but exchanged 
 s and arrows, initcad of fur- 
 llock of yams. 
 
 pafling through a fhrubbery, 
 utting (licks, and feeing him 
 with his hatchet, which 
 eu of a blade, they fet about 
 atchet,and, in a few minutes, 
 ban he had done the whole 
 were witncUes to this dif- 
 
 II aflonifhnicnt at the utility 
 e very delirous of poirc(nng 
 
 and arrows for it. This 
 
 able opportunity for procu- 
 
 dcaf to every proj)ofnl of 
 
 nged a linglc hog ; one pig 
 
 ent to the commander frun\ 
 
 to fuppofc that the iiihabi- 
 
 Hcd by ficquenc wars, the 
 
 ";d on their iirlt debarkation 
 
 iling. 13ut as foon as they 
 
 difpofition of their new vi- 
 
 y lubfidcd. They did not 
 
 had not the means in pro- 
 
 crs J but they were as alii 
 
 ice;, and from lefs intereilcd 
 
 rinilts had procured a plant, 
 
 hnvii;g other fpecimens, he 
 
 )nie native, v ho would im- 
 
 Jt w here it was to be found, 
 
 )ll engaging alacrity. ThL- 
 
 onfpicuous in this particu- 
 
 any officer or gentleman of 
 
 they always llcppcd afide, in 
 
 ordti 
 
 FRIENDLY ISLANDS. 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 order to make way for them. If they happened to know 
 their names, they pronoimccd them with a fmile, which 
 could be extremely well underllood as a falutation. If 
 they had not fccn them before, they commonly en- 
 
 27 
 
 quired their names, in order to know them again. They 
 have, upon the whole, the fame engaging manner of cx- 
 prefling their friend (liip, by a mutual exchange of names, 
 as is common in the moft caflern iilands of this fea. 
 
 CHAP V. 
 
 THE FRIENDLY ISLANDS. 
 
 •yHE Friendly Iflands (fo called from the nn~.Icable 
 intercourfe that fubfifts amongft the natives, and 
 their hofpitable treatment of (Irangers) form a clufter, 
 extending about thrtc dcg. of latitude, and two of lon- 
 gitude. The principal arc Middleburgj Rotterdam, 
 or Annamooka j Hapace , and Amfterdatn, or Tonga- 
 taboo. There are alfo others, which have been (een 
 and vifited by more modern navigators. We fliall at- 
 tend to them fcverally in their iefi>cdivc order. 
 
 SECTION \. . ;^ ^ 
 
 MIDDLEBURG, called by the Natives Eoo.\, 
 
 "yHIS ifland, which, being difcovcrcd, was alfo named, 
 by Tafinan, in 1642-3, is about ten leagues in cir- 
 cumference and lies in 21 deg. 17 min. fouth latitude, 
 and 174 dcg. 44 min. weft longitude. 
 
 Middleburg, from the nature of its fituation, forms a 
 very beautiful landfcapc. Its (kirts are, in general, 
 laid out in plantations, efpecially thofe on the north- 
 weft and fouth-wcft (ides. The interior parts arc not, 
 indeed, fo well cultivated as they might be: but this 
 heightens the profped j for, while the other iftes of 
 this clufter are level, the eye can difcover nothing but 
 the trees that cover them j here they land, rifing gra- 
 du.ilty upwards, prefcnts an extenlive view, where groves 
 of trees are only interfperfed at irregular diftances, in a 
 kind of beautiful di order. It is fliaded, near the 
 lliorc, with various trees; r.mongft which arc the ha- 
 bitations of the natives, laid out in fuch order as conve- 
 nience requires ; and they may boafta more delightful 
 fuuation. 
 
 About half way up the ifland, in a deep valley, the 
 bottoiTi and lidcs of which, though compofed of hardly 
 any thing but coral rock, are clothed with trees. The 
 foil, in general, is a reddilh clay, which, in many 
 places, fcenis to be very deep. On the mod clcv.ited 
 part of the iftand is a round platform, or mount of 
 earth, fupported by a wall of coral lloncs, to bruig which 
 to fuch an height, muft have coll nuich labour. This 
 mount, called by the natives Etchec, is faid to have 
 been ereded by order of one of theirchicfs. Not many 
 paces from this (though, on a former voyage, coir- 
 plaint was made cf a dearth of water) was found an 
 excellent (pring ; and, about a mile lower down, a run- 
 ning fticam, which, it was faid, found its way to the 
 fea, when the rains were copioi:s. it appeared, from 
 information, that all, or mofl of the land in this illand 
 belonged to the gicat chiefs of Amfterdani, or Tonga- 
 t.ihoo, and that the inhabitants were only tenants, or 
 valliils, to them. This, indeed, is repn'feiwed to be the 
 cafe at all the other neighbouringftlTls, except Rotter- 
 dam, or Annamooka, where there are Ibme chiels who 
 fcem to aC^ with a degree of independence. 
 
 J'hc primiplc articles of food here are yams, with 
 ether roots, bananas, and bread-fruit ; but the latvcr 
 aj^piaied to he fcarce. The pepper tree, or Viviirtrrt, 
 of which they make a favouiite intoxicating ;;.;"or.alib 
 prows here. There are many odoriferous trees and 
 fliruhs, andone, in particular, of the lemon fpccies : the 
 luturalills likewifcmet with divers new kinds of plants. 
 The ci/!(,in\i, or club-wood, as in fonic neighbour 
 
 ing iflands, points out alfo the rcpofitories of their 
 dead. The (haddock, and feveral other trees, are found 
 upon the ifland. 
 
 The rommon complexion of the natives is mahoga- 
 ny, or chefnut brown, and black hair. Some are of 
 an olivecolour ; and fonie of the women much fairer, 
 which may be the effect of being lefs expofed to the 
 fun. The men, in gencr.d, are of the miildlc ftature J 
 though fome me.ifured (i\ feet. Their bodies are well 
 propordoned, though mufcular, which feems a confe- 
 quenceof niuch'excrcife. Their features are various ; 
 nor are they charadlcrifcd by any general likcnefs, unlefs 
 it be a fulncfs at the point of the nolis, which is very 
 common. 
 
 The women, in general, arc not fo tall as the men : 
 their bodies and limbs are well proport.oncd ; and what 
 particularly diflinguilhes them, is the uncommon fmall- 
 nels and delicacy of their fingers, which may be put 
 in competition with the fineft in .my part of the wo; Id. 
 Punilturing, or tattowing the (kin, is in full fafliion 
 amongft the men here. On the tendered part of the 
 body arc marked configurated fears, which muft be 
 very painful, as well as dangerous. The chiefs are ex- 
 empted from this cuftom. The drcfs of both men and 
 women arc much the fame, and confifts of a piece of 
 cloth, or matting (though moftly the former; about two 
 yards wide, and two and an half long, fo as to wrap in 
 great abundance round the waift, to which it is con- 
 fined by a girdle or cord. Before it isdouble, and hangs 
 down, like a petticoat, as low as the middle of the leg 
 This, as to form, is the gencial drefs ; but largepieces 
 of cloth, and line mattin'^, are worn only by tliofe of 
 fuperior rank. The inferior clafs are fatistied with 
 fmall pieces, and often wear nothing but a covering 
 made of leaves of plants, or the timro, which is a nar- 
 row piece of cloth, or matting, like a falh. This they 
 pals bei'.veen the thighs, ami wrap round the waift ; 
 but the ufe of it is chiefly confined to the men. They 
 have various dreiles, made for the purpofe ofthcir^iJi/uf 
 or grand entertainment ; but the form is always the 
 fame ; and the riched are adorned more or lefs w ith red 
 feathers. Boih fexes fometimcs fcrecn their f.ices from 
 the liin with little bonnets, made of divers materials. 
 
 The fexes differ as little in their ornaments a^ thcjr^..^. ■ 
 clothing. Of thefe the moll common are necklaces^*^r» 
 made of various fwcct fcented r.owers, which p;o uiidel- 
 the general name of kahulla. Others confift of feveral 
 11 rings of fmall fhells, lliarks teeth, and other things, 
 which hang loofe upon the breafl. In the finiie man-: 
 ncr they likewife wear a mother of pearl (hell, ncacly 
 poliihed ; and a ring of the fame fubllauce carved, on 
 the upper part of the ami; as alfo riuns oftortoifcfticl 
 on the lingers; and a number of thefe joined together, 
 as brncelets, on the wrids. 
 
 The lobes of the tars are perfiratcd with two ho!e«, 
 in which they wear c) lindriial pieces of iVory, fhu k 
 through botli (ides of the holes. .Son ■■ ufe reeds, tilled 
 tt ith a yellow pigment. This feems to be a tine pow-. 
 dcr oi (liimnic, with which the women rub tijcmlelves 
 all over, in the fame maimer as the liuropean feiiialen 
 ufe dry rouge upon their cheeks. 
 
 But what p.iiiicularly chaiadcrizes thefe people, and 
 was remarked by Tafman, is, that moft of tln.in want 
 the little finj^eron one, and fometimes on both hands ; 
 
 I nor 
 
A NEW, ROYAL, and AU IHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 nor dill tlic ilillLTcnct; of age or lex exempt from this 
 aniputuii n, fnr rl-.c very children v. c:c obfcrvcd to have 
 fullered that lofs. They had a!fo a round fpot on i-ich 
 check boac, uhich ar.jcarcd to have bcvn burned nr 
 bbftercd. 0;i loir.e it Icemed to have been reccnily 
 made ; o;i others it w.is (overcd \vit!i fcurf, and the 
 mark was llijj,ht ; but the pu. pore of it could not be ilif- 
 covcred. 
 
 The women, in genera!, in-rc arc rcjircfcntcd as nio- 
 dclt and referved in their behaviour ; though, as in 
 other illa;ids, there were fonic exceptions. 
 
 TiiC natives of tliefc iilands are much :ommcndcd 
 ly voyagers for their cleinlinefs, to produce whieh 
 they are faid to bathe frequently in ponds, which feem 
 10 fervc no ot'.ier purpofe. Though the water in moll 
 of them is naul'eous to a degree, ihey prefer them to 
 th«f fta, imagining that fait water hurts their Ikins. 
 ^Vhen necelhty obliges rhcni to bathe in the fca, they 
 commonly have Ionic cncoo-nut flails filled withfrefli 
 •water poured over thcni, to Wiiih it off. The cocoa- 
 nut oil has an admirable eifecT: on the (kin in rendering 
 It Imooth ; tor which thtfe people hold It in fuch efti- 
 mation, that they not only pour a great quantity of it 
 upon their heads and ilioulders, but rub the body all 
 over brilkly with a fmaller quantity. The language 
 here is fofr, and not unplcafing ; and whatever they fay 
 is fpoken in a kindof 1in;:;ing tone, 
 
 'Ihey do not difcovcr much taftc or ingenuity in 
 building their houfes -, though the defect is rather in 
 the deiign thm the execution. Thofc of the lower 
 people are ^.oor huts ; thofe of the better are larger, and 
 nvire comfortable. Their houfes, properly fpeaking, 
 are thatched roots or flieds, fupported by ports and 
 ■rifteis, diljrofed in a tolerable judicious manner. The 
 floor is a little raifcd, covered with llrong thick mat- 
 ting, and kept very clean. They are irollly clofed on 
 the weather !ide with the fame fort of matting, the 
 other being opei'. A thick (bong n at, of two or three 
 feet bioad, bent into the form of a femicircle, and fct 
 upon its edge, with i:s ends touching the fide of the 
 houfe, in (hape rclembling the fender of a lire-hearth, 
 cnclofes a (pace for the mader and niillrcfs of the 
 family to lleep in. The latter, indeed, f)Knds moft 
 of her time, during the day, within it. The rclt of 
 the family llccpupon the floor, wherever they pleafeto 
 lie down, the unmarried men and women apart from 
 laeh other. If the family be large, thcic arc (mall hius, 
 adjoining to which the fervants r-'tire in the night ; fo 
 that privacy is as much obferved here as can be cx- 
 pcded. They have mats made on purpofe for fleeping 
 on ; and the clotiics they wear in the day, ferve for 
 their covering in the night. Their houfehold furniture 
 conhlls of feme bowls and platters ; cocoa-nut fliells ; 
 fomc i'mall wooden (tools, which ferve them for pillows ; 
 and, perhaps, a large Itool, for thcmafler of the houfe to 
 fit on. 
 
 Their weapons arc clubs, fpcars, bows and arrows. 
 The former are of a great variety of fliapes, and many 
 of them lo heavy as not to be managed with one hand, 
 but with dilliculty. 'i'he molt con;mon form is a qua- 
 drangular. The far greater part were carved .all over, 
 in many cheijuercd patterns, which feem to have re- 
 quired great patience, and a long time to workup, as 
 a Ihaipltone, or piece of coral, are the only tools made 
 ufe of. The whole furfacc of the plain clubs was as 
 hiiihly poliibcd as !•' finirticd by an European artilt, 
 ■with the belt inltruments, 1 heir fpearsareVometimes 
 plain fliarp pointed (ticks, and fometimes barbed. 
 Their bows and arrows are of a peculiar conftrudion. 
 ■('he former which is about lix leet long, is about the 
 ri/.e of a little finger, and when (lack, 'forms a (light 
 curve ; the convex part is channelled with a lingle deep 
 groove, in which the bow-firing is lodged. The arrow 
 is made of reed, near lix feet long, and pointed with 
 hard wood. When the bow is to be bent, inlteail of 
 drawing it fo as to increafe the natural curve, they 
 draw it the contrary way, make it perfe>.^ly (trait, and 
 tiien form the cui ve on the other lidc. 
 
 Much ingenuity is difplaycd in the conftiucllon ol 
 their canoes. They have out-riggers made of poles, and 
 their workmanfltip is admiral>le. Two of thefe are 
 joined together with furprifing cxadnefs, and the fur- 
 face is polifiied in a very curious manner. 'I heir pad- 
 dles have fliort blaiks, ami arc very neatly wrought. 
 
 A circumftancc occurred in this place, which afforded 
 an opportunity of oLferving how thefe people treat 
 conjugal infidelity. Some of our people, on their re- 
 turn from an excurfion, being informed that a party of 
 the natives had (truck one of their own cour.trymcn 
 with a club, which laid bare, or, as others faid, frac- 
 tured hisfkull, and then broke his thigh with the fame, 
 enquired the reafon of fuch treatment, and were given 
 to underltand that he had been difcovcrcil in a fituation 
 rather indelicate, with a woman that was taLo-jfJ, that 
 is, forbidden. But the female delinquent had by far the 
 !! (mailer (hare of piini(bment ibr her mildemcanor, 
 as our people were tolil, ll;e would only receive a (light 
 beating. 
 
 Our navigators, when they firft vifited this ifiand, 
 obferved that feveral of both fexes w ere afHicted with 
 leiirousdilbrders in the nio(t virulent degree, in various 
 parts of their bodies. The face of one woman was 
 corroded by the acrid humours fo as to exhibit a mo(i! 
 horrid fpedacle. Many others were likc.vife fo dif- 
 liguicd by thediforder, that they could not be beheld 
 w ithoul a mixture of difgu(t and pity, 
 
 The amicable difpolition of the natives is fully 
 evinced from the friendly reception all (trangers have 
 met with who have vilitcd them. When Captain Cook 
 lirlt anchored on the W. N. W. (ide o( this ifiand, two 
 canoes, with feveral men in each, came along-fidc the 
 fhip. One of them came on board, without any hcfita- 
 tioii, prefented a root of the pepper-tree, toucheil the 
 nolcs of the officers with his own, in token of fricnd- 
 Ihip, and then fat down on the deck without fpeaking 
 a word. The native was prefented with a nail, which, 
 on receiving, according to the general cufl:om of the 
 illantl, he held over his head, pronouncing the word 7'^- 
 gnfclai,ox Jagafatie. This was moft probably meant 
 as an exprefTion of his thankfulnefs. No people could 
 givcgreater proofs of liberal. ty of difpofition, for they 
 came in great numbers about our veflels, threw bales of 
 cloth into them, and retired, without fo much as waiting 
 for a return. 
 
 As an inftance of their hofpitality, Captain Cook, 
 with feveral officers and gentlemen, were conducted, on 
 their landing, by a chief, named Tiooiiy, to his man- 
 fion, delightfully lituated, about three hundred yards 
 from the fca, at the head of a fine lawn, and under tl.c 
 fhadeof fomc (haddock trees, and there elegantly en- 
 tertained. The very fame chief, on the commander's 
 laft vilit, then called Ta-jofa, vifited him on board im- 
 mediately he came to an anchor, and, with the utmoll 
 cordiality, rendered him every friendly fervicc within 
 his power. The European (trangers, indeed, were ca- 
 refliid by old and young men and women, who cm- 
 braced them, kilFed their hands, and laid them on their 
 brea(ts, with the mo(t exprc(nve looks of alfec^ion. It 
 was very remarkable, that thedifcharge of guns neither 
 excited their ailmiration or their fear, w hich plainly 
 proved that their civility arofc from the bent of natural 
 ilifpolition, and not from a motive ot conciliating the 
 favour of their guefts, bccaufe they knew them able to 
 dertroy them. 
 
 The only glaring defedl that full ics their character 
 is a propcnfity to theft, which, ir. one of the narratives 
 of the firlt voyages, is faid to be confined to nails, on 
 which they fet fo high a value that they would endea- 
 vour to poflefs them at any rate : but, we arc lorry to 
 that truth and candour obliges us to confefs, that, 
 from later experience, in many inltances, the propen- 
 lity in fome appeared to be fo univerfal as to admit of 
 no bound or reftraint. 
 
 SECTION 
 
 N::w Disco 
 
 Drfcriplion 
 laKgiinge, 
 Ijhmds in _ 
 
 AS there 
 genius, 
 of the inhab 
 we prefume i 
 to felcift thei 
 them in one 
 
 The inhab 
 cumftanced, 
 on the one 
 Their occup: 
 recreations 
 (ion, fo that 
 men is comm 
 them is alfo 1 
 
 Conforniah 
 inen are alTigi 
 ployments. 
 and fifiiing, 
 cultivated rot 
 they find it ik 
 have brought 
 fection. In 
 fmall holes U 
 the furroundi 
 for this purpo 
 than flak'-s c 
 eneil lo an ed 
 a (hort piece ( 
 prels the imj 
 When thev pi 
 they obferve fi 
 way you turn 
 complete and 
 
 Some of thi 
 cular the brea( 
 without order 
 may be faid < 
 roundifh com] 
 tree bearing a 
 kernels. Thi 
 and in large 
 among other 
 Sugarcane is 
 The tree cf wf 
 and has a gow 
 commonly pla 
 of the fields. 
 
 The finiau 
 cdj aflbrd pn 
 of the lower c 
 fufficient to il 
 the better for 
 and comfortal 
 following dim 
 twenty iiibrea 
 properly fpea 
 by rafters and 
 fmoothed, and 
 their habitatic 
 of them are 
 mats, or with 
 interwoven wi 
 feet broad, bci 
 edgeways, wit 
 encloli's a lull- 
 lleep in. Thi 
 the floor, the 
 from each ocli 
 hutsadjoinin{i 
 furniture conl 
 them for pill 
 No. 
 
GRAPH Y. T . =, 
 
 ci.1 in the coiiftiuclioii of 
 -riggers made of poles, aiij 
 •.il>lc. Two of thcfc arc 
 ig cxaCtncfs, and tlic fiir- 
 ous manner. 'llKir pad- 
 C very neatly wrought. 
 1 this place, which artbrded 
 how thefc people treat 
 if our people, on their re- 
 ; inforoicil that a party of 
 of their own countrymen 
 ;, or, as others faid, fr.ic- 
 ;c his thi^h with the fame, 
 :reatment, and were given 
 Midifcovercd in a fituation 
 nan that «as lab'j'jcd, that 
 le delinquent had by far the 
 nt for her mildenicanor, 
 would onl) receive a (hgiit 
 
 ^ firft vifitcd this ifland, 
 I fexes were afflicted with 
 virulent degree, in various 
 : face of one woman was 
 trs foas to exhibit a \\\o\\ 
 :hers were like.vife fo dif- 
 they could not be beheld 
 ind pity, 
 
 1 of tiie natives is fully 
 -•ceprion all ftrangers have 
 iiem. When Captain Cook 
 W. fide of this idand, two 
 each, came along- fide the 
 board, without any hefita- 
 c pepper-tree, touchetl the 
 ; own, in token of fricnd- 
 :he deck without fpcaking 
 ;fentcd with a nail, which, 
 the general cuftom of the 
 , pronouncing the woxCi f.i- 
 Iwas moft probably meant 
 fulnefs. No people could 
 ty of difpolition, for they 
 our vefiels, threw bales of 
 ithout fo much as waiting 
 
 N:W DlSCOVERIHS.] 
 
 O . FRIENDLY 1 •? L A N D S. 
 
 «%9 
 
 :h 
 
 n 
 
 li 
 
 fpitality. Captain Cook, 
 
 men, were ccnduftid. on 
 
 imcd Tiooiiy, to his man- 
 
 jout three hundred yards 
 
 fine lawn, and under the 
 
 and there elegantly en- 
 
 ief, on the commander's 
 
 vilited him on board im- 
 
 or, and, with the utmoll 
 
 ry friendly fervicc within 
 
 angers, indeed, were ca- 
 
 and women, who em- 
 
 ds, and hid them on their 
 
 ve looks of afiedion. It 
 
 difchargc of giuis neither 
 
 heir fear, which plainly 
 
 from the bent of natural 
 
 lotivc ot conciliating the 
 
 they knew them able to 
 
 hat fullics their character 
 ir. one of the narratives 
 be conlincd to nails, on 
 that they would cndca- 
 ite : but, wc arc forry to 
 bligcs us to confefs, that. 
 f inltanccs, the propen- 
 univcrfal as to admit of 
 
 SI-'.CnON 
 
 '.-...'.■ S EC T i O N II. ' ^ 
 
 Drrm'ptioti nfthecujloms, tnannns, religion, gizrrmcitl, 
 lart^nage, (sfe. (^c >f the inhabitanls c/ the hritKdly 
 Ijliinds ill general. 
 
 AS there appears to be a fimilarity in the perfons, 
 •'*■ genius, manners, cuttoms, rites, ceremonies, &:c. 
 of the inhabitants of the Friendly '(lands in ^eneral, 
 we prefume it may not be uncntertaining to our readers 
 to felcdt them from the beft authorities, and prefcnt 
 them in one point of view. _ 
 
 The inhabitants of thefc illands arc fo agreeably cir- 
 cumftanced, as neither to be fubjcit to exceflivc labour 
 on the one hand, or fupine indolence on the other. 
 Their occupations arc agreeably divcrfilied, and their 
 recreations and amufemcnts follow in plcafing fucccf- 
 lion, fo that they neither difgurt or tire. To the wo- 
 men is committed the care of making the cloth, and to 
 them is alfo configned the manufachires of their mats. 
 Conformable to the powers peculiar to their fcx.the 
 men are afligntd the molt arduous and laborious em- 
 ployments. Architecture, boat -building, agriculture, 
 and (ifliing, are the princi!)al objedh of their care. As 
 cultivated roots and fruits form their chief fubliftcnce, 
 they find it necellary to practifc luilbandry, which they 
 have brought by their diligence to Ibme degree of per- 
 fcclion. In planting yams and plantains, they dig 
 fmall holes (or their reception, ami afterwards root up 
 the furrounding graCs. The inltrumentsufed liy them 
 for this purpofe are called htmo ; and are nothin^^ more 
 than ftak-s of various L-nj.ths, flattened and Iharp- 
 eneil lo ;in cclgcat one e:id : and the largeft ones have 
 a (hurt piece (i'xed tranfverlely, by means of which they 
 prels the implcincnt into the ground with the f >ot. 
 When thev pl;nc the two above-mentioned vegetables, 
 they obfcrve fuch particular exa.tnefs, that, which ever 
 way you turn yout eyes, the rows prefent themfelves 
 complete and regular. 
 
 Some of their vegetable produdtions, and, in parti- 
 cular the brcadfru;t and cocoa-nut trees, arc fcattcrcd 
 without order, and reared without pains. The fame 
 maybe faid of anorher large tree, which produces a 
 roundiih comprclFcd ni.t, called eeefce ; and of a fmallrr 
 tree bearing an oval nut, with two or three triangular 
 kernels. The kappe is in general, planted regularly i 
 and in large (pots •, but the m'xzvhaba is interfpcrfcd 
 among other things, as arc alfo the yams and jeejec. 
 Sugar-cane is ufually in fmall fpots, clofely crowded. 
 The tree of which the cloth is made, is kept very clean, 
 and has a goml ("pace allowed fir it. The pandamis is 
 cominoiily planted in a row, ciofc together, at the ftfles 
 £)f the fields. 
 
 The llrufturc of thcir houfes (if fo they may be call- 
 ed) artbrd proofs neither of dclign or execution. Thtjfe 
 of the lower clafs of people are wretched huts, fcarce 
 fufficient to ilieltcr them from the weather. Thofeof 
 the better fort arc larger, as well as more commodioiis 
 and comfortable. An houfeof a middling fize is of the 
 following dimcnfions, viz. about twelve lect in height, 
 twenty in breadth, and thirty in length. Their houfes, arc, 
 properly (peaking, thatched roofs o"- flieds, fupported 
 by rafters and polls. The Hoor is raifcd with earth 
 fmoothcd, and covered ,. ith thick n\acting. Some of 
 thcir habitations are open all rouiui, but the major part 
 of them are enclofed on the weather (idc with Itrong 
 mats, or with branches of the cocoa-nut tree, plated or 
 interwoven with each other. A thick mat, about three 
 feet broad, bent into a femicircular form, and placed 
 edgeways, with the ends touching the fide of the hnul'c, 
 jil enclofes a (iitRciciit fpai cfor the mailer and miilrefsto 
 llecp in. 'Ihc red of the family lleep upon any part of 
 the floor, the unmarried men and '.vomen lying apart 
 from each other. If the family is large, there are little 
 huts adjoining, in which the I'crvants llecp. Thcir whole 
 furniture confuls of fonie wo;xien flools, which ferve 
 them for pillows; balketi of ditl'erent llxes, in which 
 
 they put thcir combs, fidi-hotAs, afid tooT^ : t " o or 
 three wotKlen bowls, in which they make ka-vt; fomc 
 cocoa-nut fliells, a few gourds, aud a bundle or two of 
 cloth. 
 
 But :hc deficiency fo apparent in thebuilding of their 
 houfes is amply compenliitcd in the lonibuitKin of 
 thcir canoes, which difplay much taftc and ingenuity. 
 The double ones are made lulficiently large to carry 
 about fifty perlbns, and fail at a great rare. Up )n thcin 
 they generally fix a hut or fhed, for the reception of 
 the mafter and his family. They are nude of the bread- 
 fruit tree, and the workmanfhip is cxtremt ly neat. They 
 appear on the outiide as if they were compolcd of ofic 
 fulid piece ; but, upon clofcr iiifpeCtion, they ar," found 
 to con(i(V of a great number ot pieces, which fit each 
 other exactly, and by means of a ledge on the infide 
 are fccured together with cocoa-nut line. The lingle 
 cances are iurnilhed with an outrigger. The or>ly 
 tools which they make ufc of in the conflruiltion of 
 thefc boatj, arc hatchets or adzes, of a fmooth black 
 Hone ; augers, made of fliarks teeth ; and rafp% com- 
 pofed of the rough fkin of a fifli, faf^cncd on Hat pieces 
 of weod. The fame tools are all they have for other 
 works, except fliclls, which fcrve them for knives. 
 Thcir cordage is made of the fibres of the cocoa-nut 
 lu!(k, which, though not above ten inches long, they 
 plait about the fize of a quill, to whatever length is re- 
 quired, and roll it up in balls ; from which the ropes 
 of a larger fize arc made, by iwiflingfcvcnl of tbofe 
 together. 'I heir fiftiing tines are as ftrong and even 
 as our beft cord. Their fmall hooks confilt entirely of 
 pearl fhells ; but the large ones are only covered w ith 
 It on tlie back ; and the points of both, arc, in gencr,ll, 
 of tortoife-fhell. With the i.irL;e hooks ihcy catch albi- 
 cores, and bjnncios, by puttingthem toabamlioo end, 
 about twelve feet long, with a line of the fame length. 
 Diey have alio numbers of fmall feines, Ibme of wni<;h 
 arc of the molt delicate texture. 
 
 Their muiical rceds or pipes, which refcmble the 
 fyrinx of the ancients, have ei;;hi: or t.-n pieces placed 
 parallel to each other, mv.ftofwhch arc of unequal 
 lengths. Their flutes arc made of a joint of bambcp, 
 about eighteen inches long, and are clofed at both ends, 
 having a hole near each end, and four otiicrs : two qf 
 which, and only one of the firft, arc ufed by them in 
 playing. They clofc the left noilril with the thumb of 
 the left hand, and blow into the hole at one end with 
 the other noftril. The fore-finger of the right hand is 
 applied to the lowcrtholc on the right, and the middle 
 finger of the left to the firft hole on that fide. In this 
 manner, with only three notes, they produce a pleafing 
 though limple niulic. 
 
 Thcir warlike weapons arc clubs, curioufly orna- 
 mented, fpears, and darts. They alfo make bows and 
 arrows -, but thefc are intended for amufeinent, fuch as 
 Ihooting at birds, and not for the purpofe of war. 
 Their (tools, or rather pillars, are about two Icct long, 
 but only tour or five inches in hcij^ht, and near four in 
 breadth, inclining downwards towardsthc middle, with 
 four rtrong legs and cirmlar flet ; the whole compod'd 
 of brov^nor black wood, neatly pohflicd. and f-rne- 
 times inlaid with ivory. They likewife inlay with ivory 
 handles of fly-flaps j and, with a fhark's tooth, fliapc 
 bones into figures of men, birds, &c. 
 
 Ilantains, cocoa-nut;, bread-fruit and yams, com- 
 polc the greater part of their vegetable food. Their cliicf 
 articiCJ 01 animal food ;'.re hogs, fill) aiuHbwl; ; but 
 the common people frajucntly eat rat.. Their hogs, 
 fowls, and turtle, however, fi em to be only occaiional 
 dainties fervcJ for people of rank. Theie fi.od is, in 
 general, drefled by baking ; and they make, from dif- 
 ferent (orts of iruit, leveial diilics which are very good. 
 
 1 ir ' 
 
 They 1" 
 
 imerinics boil ihe'r filli in the green lavci of 
 
 the plantain tree, which Itrvea; a bag to hold both nfli 
 and water : having tied thtm up, they wrap ihcm again 
 in three or tour oflier leaves, and p'ace :hein iip)ii 
 llones heated tnr thepuvpnic : w heiu^ ey ar.: iuiiioieiitly 
 done, they not oril c.it rnc !ilh, bnt di ink the liquor or 
 
 four 
 
 ■fh 
 H 
 
 cy arcnotvei 
 
 ir in t!\c,r 
 
 cotik- 
 
 crv. 
 
\. 
 
 36 A NFAV. ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 I 
 
 M> 
 
 i'?ifi 
 
 ery or their man icr of eating. Theii ufual drink at 
 their ;Tii-als is water, or locoa- nut milk, km\i being 
 only their morning beverage. The food that is fervcd 
 up to the chiefs is p;oner,>lly laiJ upon plantain-lcivcs. 
 The king, ac his meals, is comnior.ly attended upon 
 by three or four of the natives, one of whom cuts large 
 pieces of the filh, or of the joint, another afterwards 
 divides it into nouthfuls, and the rclt rt.ind by with 
 cocoa-nuts, and whatever elfc he may happen to want. 
 The women are not excluded from taking their meals 
 withthemcnj but there arc certain ranks that are 
 not allowed either to eat or drink toizcthcr. This dif- 
 tinilion begins with his majerty, but wc know not 
 where it ends. 
 
 According to thofc rules which are moft conducive 
 to health of body and vigour of mind, they rife at day- 
 break, and retire to relt as foon as it becomes dark. 
 They, for the moft part, flcep alfo in the day time 
 when the weather is very lot. They arc foiid ofaflb- 
 ciating together; in oiifciucnceof which icisnot un- 
 common to find federal houfes empty, and the poireiliirs 
 of than aHemhled in (ome other houfe, or upon ionic 
 convenient fpot. in '.he neighbourhood, where they re- 
 lax ihcmfcUes by conve;lation and other amufements. 
 Ti.cir private divciTions chiefly conlift of dancing, 
 linking, and nvifir. When two or three women fnap 
 their fingers, and fing in conceit, it is railed oabai ; but 
 when there are more, they form Icveral parties, each of 
 which lings in a ddfeivnt key, whivh coiiftitutcs an 
 agreeable melody, and is termed bcrva or haL'ia. The 
 fongs are generally accompanied with the* mulV of 
 their flutes. The danees both of the men and women 
 are performed with an cafe and grace which arc diffi- 
 cult to be deferibcd. 
 
 The nature of their marriages could not be afcer- 
 taincd, cither in point of form, or obligation ; it is ccr- 
 taio, however, that the najor part of the men content 
 thcnifelves with one vi v.. The chiefs, indeed, com- 
 monly have feveral wo;nen, though only one is conli- 
 dered in the light of iniftrefs of ilie family. 
 
 They difplay a llriking iiift.ince of humanity in the 
 manner in which they are afteilled by tl-.c lolsof their 
 friends and relations. Befides the too^c, and burnt cir- 
 cles and fears, they (hike a fliark's tooth into their 
 heads till the blood flows conliderably, beat their teeth 
 with rtoncs, and thrulV fpcars mt only through their 
 cheeks into their invjuths, but aUb into the inner parts 
 of their thighs, and into their lides. The more painful 
 operations, however, arc only praiSHfed w hen they 
 mourn for the death of thofe who are moft nearly 
 coniie-led with t'aem. When one of them dies, he is 
 wrapped up in mats and eloth.and then interred. The 
 fmli^okas fecm to be appropriated to the cliicis and 
 other perfons of dillinvilioii, as their burial places ; but 
 the inferior people have no particular fpot fee apart for 
 their intcrnunt. It is iinccrtiiin what part ofthemiurn- 
 ingceremonyfoUows immediately afterwards ; but there 
 is Ibmething beiidcs the general one which is continued 
 for a confiderable time, They feem to conlider death 
 as a great evil, to avcit which they practilc a very lin- 
 gular cuftom. When Captain Cook, during his fecond 
 Voy..gc, firft vitltcd thefe itlands, he obfcrved that many 
 . of the natives had one or both of their little lingers 
 cut oil" J of the rcafon of which mutilation he could nut 
 then obtain a fatisfartory account. But he was now in- 
 formed, iiintthey perform this operat.on when they are 
 afflicted with liimc dangerom d;foider, which they 
 imagine may bring them to tlic grave. They fuppofe, 
 tha: the little finger will he accepted by the Deity, as a 
 kind of propitiatory lacrillte, (iifricieiitly eilicairious to 
 procure their recovery. In cutting it olf, they make 
 life of a ftone hatcher. There is fc.'.rccly one perfon 
 in ten w ho is not thus mutilated ; and they fometimes 
 cut ft) elofc, as to encroach upon that bone of the hind 
 Mhith joins tlic amputated finder. It is alfbcoiiinioii 
 for the lower clafs of people to cut otfa j jint of their 
 little friger, on afco.int of the lick'ntA ol the chid's to 
 «h'jmt!;ey refpccHvely belong. 
 
 I'tom ,'the lingular ccremrmi ihey obfcrve on the 
 oC( alion be;()re mrnrioiied, it n ;;hr be expedcd that 
 they endeavoured thereby tofccinc then lllves eternal 
 happinefs ; but their principal oiijcct regards tilings 
 merely rciliporal ; lor they iiave appirenily little con- 
 ception of future puniihment tor fins committed in the 
 prefeiit liliL'. They htleve, however, that they meet 
 with juft punilhtncnts upon earih 1 u-!. I, therefore, put 
 every method in prachcc to rcn.ier tli ir tliviniti.-'i pro- 
 pitious, 1 hey admit a pluralty ot deities, nil of thein 
 inferior to hu.hi/o^^otign, who tncy fay is a fimale, and 
 thefupr;nic author of moll things, rclidi ig in the 
 heavens, and diriiiting the vind, ram, t.itinder, &:c. 
 'I'hey are of opinion, liiat when flie is much difplea'ed 
 with them, the pHxIuefions of the earth are blaiU-d, 
 many things conftimed by lightning, and themfelvcs 
 aftlicted \\ith licknefs and death ; but that when her 
 anger abates, every thing is iinmediarely ie'hni.d to its 
 lorincr ftatc. Airong their fubordinate deities, they 
 mention l-idlitfaihi- or foo/tifjoj, v. ho has theadininil- 
 tration of the lea, an.l its productions j Toofscu-Lolooloo 
 god of the clouds and fog, 'lallcUh}, MiUltihn, Tuia. 
 avj, and others. The lame fyliem of religion does not 
 extend all over the Fiiendly Iflands ; the fupremc de- 
 ity of Hapaec, lor inliaiice, being called Alo Alo. 
 'I hey entertain very abliird opinions relative to tho 
 power and various a tiibute.><f thefc bein.;s, who ti-.cy 
 fuppofe h.ive nofirther concern with them after death. 
 They have liowever jiiflcr f. i>nmcnts ofthc immortality 
 and immateriality ot the foul; which they call life, this 
 livinfj principle, oraii Oiimi, that, i--, a divinity, 'i'hey 
 imagine that, imniediitely after death, the fouls of tluir 
 chiefs are fcparated from their bodies, and go to a de- 
 ligiuful region r.dled Iholauloi, the god of which is 
 named Goohho. By this ihoLhc t'.iey probably pcrlb- 
 nily death. 1 lis country, according to their m,tho- 
 logy, is the general repoiitory o( the dead j and thofe 
 who arc once con\eyed thither arc no more fubjecT: to 
 death, butfealt on all the favourite produdions of their 
 native foil, with which this blifslul abode is plenti- 
 fully furnilhed. -As for the fouls of people of an infe- 
 rior clafs they arc fuppofcd by them to fuft'er a kind 
 of tranfmigiatio.i ; or are eaten up (they fay) by a bird 
 called loaia, which walks on thcgravcswitii that intent. 
 
 'I'hey do notworfliip any vil'.ble part of the creation, 
 or any things made by their own hands. Thcv make 
 no oH'jrin,; cf dogi, hogs, or fruit, unlefs cm! len a:i- 
 cally. But there feems t) be no rcafon to doubt of 
 their offering uji human facriiices, 'V\w{ fiatookas or 
 w;5)-.;/y are, in general, b.urving grounds and places of 
 worfnip : fome of them, h.owever, appear to be appro- 
 priated only to the former purpole : but thefe aic Imall, 
 and greatly inferior to the reif. 
 
 Pur navigatois couidiLrive but little information as 
 to tlieir modea.ul form of governiriLMt. A fubnrdii a- 
 tion, refembling tiie feudal fyllcin of aur aiiccllors 111 
 Hur.ipc, is eilabiilhed among them : but of its I'ubJi- 
 viliovis, and the conltiaifnt parts, we are ignorant. 
 Though f line of tivni alcrtctl, that the king's piwer 
 is unbounded, and that he has the abfolutJ difp.iliil of 
 the lives and properties of his I'ubjeets, yet ihcfoA'cir- 
 cumllances that oll'ereJ thcmfe'ves to our ohferva- 
 tion, contradicted, rather than confirined, the idea ol 
 delpotic fway. Maicewagee, I'ecnau, and Old 'I'wibou 
 acted each th^- part of a petty fovcrcign, and no: un- 
 Irequently coun e.a lied ti.c r.ieafures of the king. Nor 
 was his court fuperior in fpleiidur to thole of 0!tl 
 Toohoti an 1 M iree.vai,'ee, w>.o, next tp his majelty, 
 were tlie ni,)lt p itciic thiels in tiiefe iflinds ; and ne\L 
 after tnein. Iccnau aiipeared to Hand highefl in rank 
 and authority. But, ho ecvcr i idependent of tlie king 
 the principle men imy he, the infer. or people arc to- 
 tally fiibjeot to the will of the chielii to whom they fo- 
 verally belong. 
 
 The illand called Tingaracoo is divided into a gre.it 
 n.i'mbcr of di'lriLli, each of which has it; (icculi.ir 
 thief, who [iill,il).it.-s Jufliee, and d' ide^ dilpa;es, 
 witliin Iiiso'.vn ter.iorv. M;> 1 o 'tliefeclii.ft iinsha' 
 
 e/,b 
 
 New Dtscovr. 
 
 edatea inothr 
 The king, at 
 diltnnt domair 
 ufual place ot 
 perfons of dill 
 oitants fre(|iie 
 macixe the fu 
 Lands of Serv 
 
 Great dcfcrc 
 paid to their c 
 and alfo ot the 
 the name of Fi 
 that appellatio 
 as their titular 
 fimply Tooce'Ti 
 in his prefencc 
 are truly admit 
 attendants lent 
 circle, and leav 
 him, into wlic 
 lir.efs, prefuni 
 lit or pals b, i 
 pcrmiliion. \V 
 jelly, he con.e-i 
 fore him, deliv 
 then, alter beii 
 the king fpcaks 
 from his feat, u 
 Cafe he ril'cs fri 
 legged before 
 Ihmding, wculi 
 of ludenefs. 
 
 In implicit 
 chiels, in decoi 
 in harnion) and 
 have excelled ti 
 in a remark; bl 
 rangue a body t 
 iiuently happen 
 profound lilencJ 
 nor is there eve 
 lent fliewing lij 
 the I'^alt incline 
 Ipeaker. 
 
 It is a pcculia 
 king, not to be 
 lu()ercifcd, as 1 
 out, all u ho me 
 No perfon is ful 
 contrary, all mi 
 ol doing homa^ 
 follows ; the pe 
 down before tn< 
 down to the foil 
 With the under 
 hand i then, rli; 
 reiiife any one u 
 mage, which is 1 
 peojjle frequeni 
 niaiks of (ubn if 
 thefe oceatic ns ( 
 leet behind him 
 ful ceremony, 
 applied, Lccom 
 time; tor, til! 1 
 f< od of any fort, 
 water is far fro 
 with ir.conveniei 
 tlicy can immed 
 iiaiuis, did not 
 \\ Inn the hands 
 rim.i : the lurnit 
 iiiid the latter in: 
 ci rreil by doing 
 th.us cafily be v;: 
 it mull continiK 
 have been lul/o!) 1 
 by others. 1 he 
 
 t n 
 
 ite,!^ 
 
 .. ^J^.^^M^iJi:ii^^'ii^.lSi'-X*i 
 
OGRAPHY. --h Tf Ta- 
 nnic I hey obfcrve on the 
 ic ri; ;;lu be c\pedeJ ihiu 
 9fcci:;o cheri lllvcs eternal 
 pal oi>jcct tC'^udi tliin;^s 
 iuivo appircnil/ little con- 
 it tor (ins cominitrcil in the 
 howfvcr, thit tli.y nicoc 
 i cnnh ; I'^.l, therefore, put 
 render th ir tliviiiitijs pro- 
 ral ty ot dcirirs, ;',li of them 
 no tncy fay ha timalc, and 
 (l things, rcliili.i^ in the 
 viiul, rain, t.uindcr, ice. 
 litn ihc is much Liilplca'cd 
 IS of the earth are blaik-d, 
 ' liLjhtniiig, and thcnil'elvei 
 eath ; but that when her 
 ininicdiarcly relorcd to its 
 r fuhoruinatc deities, tliey 
 tf'oj, v.ho has t!ie adiniiiir- 
 ■o'luclions ; Toofica-io/ooloo^ 
 'iiillctctcD, Mtittahn, TaiTi. 
 fyHcm of religion doc.^ not 
 y Ifla:uls ; the luprcnie de- 
 :c, bcir.j;; calLd Ato Ah, 
 .1 opinions ic'ativc to tho 
 . (f thclc bein^.i, who ti-.cy 
 ccrn with them after de.itli. 
 iMimcnt.'i ofthc inimortalicy 
 ul; which they call life, the 
 , that 1-, a divinity, 'i'hcy 
 fttr death, the Ibuis of their 
 eir bodies, and f;o to a de- 
 aotoa, the god of which ii 
 'lolchQ they piohably pcrlb- 
 accordinjf to their nj/tho- 
 51 y of the dead j and thofe 
 her are no more fuhjeift to 
 vouiiteprodiidions of their 
 is blifslul abode is plcnti- 
 : fouls of people of an infc- 
 by them to fafter a kind 
 n up (they fay) by a bird 
 thc(?,iavcs%vi:h that intent, 
 illble part ofthc creation, 
 oan hands. 'Ihcv make 
 fruit, unlcfs cmMen a:i- 
 :■ niircafoa to doubt of 
 lices, 'lluir fmlookas or 
 r gtoundi anil places of 
 vcr, appe.'.r to be appro- 
 pole : but thefc aic fmalt, 
 ir. • 
 
 e but little information a? 
 vernmeat. A fub.irdiia- 
 Vdeni of aur auccll>)is lii 
 thorn : but of its fubJi- 
 p.irts, we aie i;;norant. 
 x\, th.it the kind's piwer 
 the abfolutedifp,)lal of 
 fubievls, yet thefcAfcir- 
 mfelves to our obferva- 
 n co:ifir:iied, the ide:i of 
 I'ecr.au, and Old "I'cwbou 
 ty r)vcre;gn, and not un- 
 leafurcs of the kint;. Nor 
 ilendur to thole of 0!d 
 (1, next tp his majcily, 
 n th-rc iflinds ; and next 
 to Hand hi;^he(l in rank 
 r i idLpcndent of t!-,c kin^ 
 10 ii\feror people arc to- 
 thi.-fs to kvliointliey fo- 
 
 00 is divided into a grciE 
 f which has it; peculiar 
 :<.\ ■.u\:\ d.':i-ie> dilpuces, 
 
 1 I o thglcclii.ftiinsh.i' 
 
 , .. . d'xj, 
 
 Nf.w DrscovmiM.J-^'W' FRIENDLY 
 
 etlatea in other iflands whence they procure fupplics. 
 Ihc kini(, at llattd times, receives ihc produt't of his 
 diltant <)oijains at Tongataboo, which is not o-ily the 
 ufual pl.ice of his reli'lcncc, but the abode of moft 
 perfons of dd^indion among thcfo iflanJs. Its inha- 
 bitants fraiucntly call it the Land of Chiefs, and Ilig- 
 niaiixe the fubordinatc illes with the appellation of 
 Lands of Servar.:;. 
 
 Great deference, a.'d even worfliip may be f.iid to be 
 paid to their chiefs, who arc (lylcd Loids of the rtirth, 
 and alfo of the fun and Iky. 'l"he royal family affiime 
 the name of Initcafaihc, from the goJ diftinguiihcd by 
 that appellation, who is probably conlidcrcd by them 
 11% their titular patron. The king's peculiar title is 
 finipiy -Tooie fotr;;!i. The order and decorum obfervcd 
 in his prefence, and likcwifj in that of the other chiefs, 
 are truly admirable. Whenever he fits down, all the 
 attendants lc;it themftlvi s bdorc him, tbrmir.g a femi- 
 circle, and leaving a fuHicicnt fpare between them and 
 him, into which no o-e, unlcis lie has particular bu- 
 lir.efs, prefumcs to come. Nor is any one futfered to 
 lit or pals behind him, or exen near him, without his 
 wrmillion. When a pcrfon wilhes to ("peak to his ma- 
 jelly, he cones forward, and having feated himfelf be- 
 fore him, delivers in a few words what he has to fay; 
 then, after being favoured with an anfwcr, retires. If 
 the king fjicaks to any one, the latter gives an anfi er 
 fiom his feat, unlefs he i-. to receive an oidir; in which 
 cale he rifcs from his plarc, and feats liimfelf cioCs- 
 l-.gged bciore his nuijelly. To fpcak to the kinj^ 
 llanding, would heie be confidcred as a glaring mark 
 of rudenefs. • • 
 
 In implicit obedience to the commands of their 
 chiclii, in decouimand order of behwiour, as well as 
 inha:iiion\ and unanimity, none of ihecivilized nations 
 have e;<cellcd them. Such a behaviour nianifefts itfelf 
 in a remark.ible manner, whenever their chiefs ha- 
 rangue a body of them alFcmbled together, which fre- 
 quently lia^ipens. Tlic greateft attention and moft 
 profound filence, arc oblerved during the harangue ; 
 nor is there ever feen a lingle inllancc of any one prc- 
 I'ent flicwing figns of being difpleafcd, or fecming in 
 the l-'alt inclined to dilpute the declared will of the 
 fpeaker. 
 
 It is a i:cculiar privilege annexed to the pcrfon of the 
 king, not to be [xinctiutd or circumcifed, or rather 
 fupercifcd, as his fubjcefs aie. Whenever he walks 
 out, all who meet iiim mull lit dow n till he has pafled. 
 No pcrfon is fuH'ercd to be over his head : but, on the 
 contrary, all mull come under his feet. The method 
 ;, ol doing homa,;e ro him, and the other chiefs, is as 
 Hollows; the per.on ^ho is to pay obei.fance fquats 
 , d'lwn before tne great perfonagc, and bows the head 
 down to thefolc of his foot, wliich he taps or touches 
 w:th the under .md upper lidc of the lingers of each 
 hand ; tlien, rling up, he retires. His majelly cannot 
 reiufeany one v, i;o isdeliio'is of paying him this ho- 
 mage, which is called by the natives moc imea ; for the 
 people Irequently think proper to Ihew him thcfe 
 null ks of (uba lilion, w hen he is walking ; and he is on 
 thcfe occafu ns oblitred to (lop, and hold up one of his 
 ; leet behind him, till ihey have pei formed this refpect- 
 ful ceremony. 'Ihc hands, alter having been thus 
 applied, become, in foiiie cafes, ufelefs for a little 
 lime; for, til! they are w allied, they muft not touch 
 f(.od of any fort. Thisprohibiiion, in a country where 
 vater is far from being [;lentiful, would be attended 
 w ith inconvenience, if a piece of any juicy plant, w hich 
 they can immediarely procure, being rubbed over the 
 haniis, did not fcrve for the purpofe of purification. 
 W hen the hands arc in this liiuation, they term it liiboo 
 rem,! : the furmcr word gcn.rallv iignilving forbidden, 
 and the latter implying hand. \\ hen the lalm is in- 
 ciirreti b)- doing homage to a periim of tank. It may 
 thus ciifiiy bcv.afjicd elf; but, in fevcral other cafes, 
 it mull continue for a certain period. Women, who 
 have been laboo irii:,!, arc not fid by themfelvcs, init 
 by oihcrs. The intcrJiaed perfon, after the limited 
 
 i s L A N D- s. ■* -rA a ^'a :um K ' 0, 
 
 time h.is clapfcd, wafhes hcfelf in one of their baths, 
 whit!i arc in general dirty ponds of brackilh water. 
 She then waits ujx)n the fovcreign, aid h n in.; raid the 
 cuftomary obeifance, takes hold of his f lot, wnjchihe 
 applici to her (lioulders, brcart, and other parti ■ he . 
 then embraces her on both flioulders, and fhe imme- 
 diately retires, purified from her uncleannefs. If i: be 
 always necelfiry to have recourfeto his niijcfty for this 
 pnrijofe, it may be one reafon of travclliig font one 
 ifland to another. 
 
 Divers lignifications are annexed to the word ttiho. 
 They call human facrifices liiii^,iia laloo; and when 
 any particular thing is prohibited to be eaten, or made 
 ufe of they f.iy ic is /a6'>o. If the king goes into a 
 houfe belonging to one of his fubjee^s, that w ill, in 
 confecjuence, become taicc, and can never be again in- ■ 
 habited by the owner of it ; fo that, wherever his ma- 
 jefty travels, there are houfes peculiarly alFi^^ned for 
 hi.i accommodation. A certain pcrfon is appointed 
 as an infpector of all tiie produce of the iflnnd, who 
 takes cue tliat each individual flidl cultiva'cand plant 
 his quc'ta, at the fame time direding what fliall, and 
 what fliall not, be eaten. By fo prudent a regulation, 
 they take effeiilual precautions againll a famircj fuffi- 
 cicnt ground is employed in railing provifions ; and 
 every ar.icle is fecured from unDCceifary confumption. 
 My another good regulation, an otri'xr is appointed to 
 fupei intend the police, w hole bufincfs it is to punilh all 
 delinquents : he i< alfo generahfrnno, or commander in 
 chief of the forces of the iflnnds. If this comminder 
 fhuiild ad inconlillent with the duties of his othce, or 
 govern in fuch a man ler as may be injurious to the 
 public welfare, he wou d, by the coiledive body of the 
 people, be depofd from his lovcrcgnty and put to 
 death. A. m.onarcli thus fubjeit tocontrouland punifh- 
 ment for abufe of power, cannot juftly be deemed a. 
 defpotic prince. 
 
 It was natural to fuppofe, on a review of thcfe ifland!!, 
 and the remote diftance at which (omc of them are' 
 fituated from the feat of government, i hat many eftbrts 
 would have been made to throw olf the yoke of fub- 
 jcdion. But fucli 1 circumftancc ncicr happens. One 
 reafon of their not being thus embroiled in domeftic 
 commotions may be this; that all the (irincipal chiefs 
 take up their relidence at Tongataboo. They alfo fe- 
 cure the dependence of the other ifles, by the derifive- 
 celerity of their operations ; for, if a feditiousand po- 
 pular man fliould rtart up in any of them, the com- 
 mander is immediately difpatched thither to p.iL him 
 to death, by v, l.ich means they extinguilh an infurrec- 
 tion while it is yet in embryo. 
 
 The dirt'.Tcnt dalles of their chiefs feam to be nearly 
 as numerous, as among us ; but there are few, cotnpa- 
 ratively fpcaking, that are lords of extcnlivc diftnds ol 
 territory. It is laid, that when a pcrl()n of property 
 dies, all his poircdions devolve on the fovereign ; but 
 that it is cuftoniaiy to give them to thecldcft fon of the 
 dc ;afed, with this condition annexed, that he Ihould 
 pre. .idc, out ofthc ellarc, tor tho other children. The 
 crown is hereditary; and it is knoun, tiom a particular 
 circumftance, that the Fiittafaihes hav; leitji.eJ, in a 
 direct line, for the fpacc of at lealt one huni red and 
 thirty-live years, which have clipped between our coun- 
 trymen viftting thcfe illands, and I'.ilhun's difcovery of 
 them. Upon enquiring <^f them, whether any tradi- 
 tional account of the anival of 1 afm ma .■ ipr h:id been 
 Ijrcferved amonc; them rill this tunc, it wms t tiii'l th^it 
 this hillory had been delucred diwn to them from 
 their anceilois, with gtcat accuracy : for th y laid, t at 
 his two fliips rcfernlilcd outs, luid alio mentioned f.c 
 place where they hai lain at anclvir, their having c.n- 
 tinned but a few da.s, and the.r qui ting that ftat:on 
 to go to Anntimooka ; and, for t: e j iirpofe ol i, 'form- 
 ing us how long ago iliis affair had I'appeaed, they 
 communicated to us the rutme of the lu.iala lie who 
 reigned at that ti'iie.aml thofe .vho had fucc-ed.-.l him 
 in the Ibvereirniy, dou n to Fou'aho, who is the fifth 
 monarch lince that period, 
 
 Their 
 
^'W 
 
 3? 
 
 A NFAV. ROYAL, asd AUTHt.NT|C SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 m 
 
 Jlicirrank of precedence ever appeared a matter of 
 great dilTiculcy to aft crtain. It w »» generjUy fuppofcil 
 that thcprcfcnt fovcrcign of the I ricnd'y I'lf" ^'^ the 
 highcft rank of any pcrfoj) iij hif dominiotjs. Uu( |t 
 Has found (o bcotherwife ; tor Latoolibpitloo and three 
 Momei), are fupcrior, it} ii>nip rclpccU, to I'oulaho him- 
 iclf. Thcfc great pcrionages are dillinguilhed by ihc 
 title of Taiamnhas, which implits a ch:cf. The late king, 
 father of Poulaho, icf( ^ehilid hjm a filter of equal rank, 
 and older than hiinfcif ; ll.e, by a native .>f I'ccje, had 
 a ion and two daughters ; i^nd thcfc three pcrfons, a^ 
 well as their niothcr, are of higher rank than the king, 
 Endeavours were made to ddeowcr ihc rcafon of this 
 prc-fininencc of the Itimuuibd, but \iithoMt effed. The 
 mother, and one of her daughters named Toocela-kaipa, 
 relided at Vavano. The otiier daughter, called Moun- 
 gpuhikaipa, aud Latoulihuolpo the Ion, dwelt at Ton- 
 gataboo. latoolibooloo was fuppufcd, by his coun- 
 trymen tobcdilordticd in his; fcnfcs. 
 
 According to the obfeivations of the more f|)fcula- 
 tivc part of our countrymen, the language of the na- 
 tives of the l''rieiidly Iflands bears a Itriking refem- 
 biaiKc to thofc of New Zealand, of Otaheitc, and the 
 Spcivty Iflcs. The pronunciation of thefc people dif- 
 fers, indeed, in m:iny inlfances, from that both of Ota- 
 heit9 ^iihI New Zealand, but, not\iiihlhinding that, a 
 great number of word* are either very liitio changed, 
 or exaclly the fame. The language, as fpoken by the 
 Fiiendly Iflanders, is fulHciently copious to exprefs all 
 their ideas ; and, befides being tolerably harmonious 
 in common converfjtion, is v'alily adapted to tiie piir- 
 pofes of mulic. They liave terms to tignify numbers 
 as far as an huaiired thpu(lind, beyor.d which they ei- 
 ther would not, or could not, icrkor.. 
 
 The latitude of that part cf Tongataboo where our 
 countrymen erected an obfervatory, and which was 
 near the middle of the north fide of the iflantl. is, ac- 
 cording to the moll accurate obferviitioi»s, 21 deg. 
 8 min. 19 fee. fouth ; and its longitude, 184 deg. 55 
 min. 1 8 fee. cafb. 
 
 The tides arc more confiderablc at tl;c Friendl)f 
 Iflands, than at any other of Captain Cook's difcoverits 
 in this ocean, that are fituate within either of the tro- 
 pics. At .\nnamgoka the tide rife-; and falls about 
 fix feet upon a pcrpetidicuUvr. At Tont!,itiaboo it rifes 
 and fails lour fi.et ancV three quarters on the full i»nd 
 change days, and thrc^ tieet and a half at the quadra- 
 tures, 
 
 SECTION in. 
 
 ROTTERDAM, ailUd hy the Natives Annamooka. 
 
 Di/pr^ilktu Qiijhms aiti Mannurs peculiar to tha: btba- 
 biianls. 
 
 THIS ifland being like\n:ife difcovcrcd by Tafman, 
 the Dutch navigator, in the fan^c year with the 
 former, wasalfo named bv him. It lies in latitude 20 
 deg. 15 min. fouih, and lonuitude 174 deg. 31 min. 
 •weft. The ftiore coniifls of a lleip rugged coral rock, 
 about nine or ten feet high ; but there are two fandy 
 beaches, which are defended from the fca by a reef of 
 the fame kind of rock. In the center of the illand is 
 a fait water lake, in brc.ndth abo.ita mile and an half. 
 On the riling p;\rts, ar.d efpcciaily towards the fe.i, the 
 foil is either ofa blackiih mould or reJdilli clay, though 
 not a ftrcam of water wis to be fouml upon the illand 
 but what was biackifli. The perfons, dil'politions. 
 drefft, mariners, cuftoms, language, ticc. of the inhabi- 
 tants here aie almoll the fame as thofe of the natives 
 of iVIi lilcherg, and iiuieed of ihc Friendly Iflands in 
 general, as before defcribed. 
 
 Upin the whole, the land appears to b" well culti- 
 vated, and if Come parts lie wade, the deligu is evident- 
 ly' that they might recover that lliength which had 
 bccii exhauilcd by too frequent cultuie. '1 he chief 
 plantations were yams antl plantains. Hrea.i fruit and 
 crKoa-trec5 are alio inrerfpcrlld w ithou: regul.ir order. 
 
 l,]jt ai chiefly fpund near the habitations of tlie n 
 The Illand it in general CDv^red with luxuriant ures 
 and bullies, but particularly thofe pans towards the 
 I'ca and round the like. 
 
 They gavp propt of thr.t courteous difi>olltion from 
 which theif' country isdenomin.ited, toa 1 theftiangcit 
 they met from our velfeU, bowing their heads, and 
 uling the exprellion, leUi ti-ia, gcod triend, or fonic 
 word [o that intptirt. 
 
 Ihey readily unJertook to conduiil fuch as applied 
 to ihem into the reccfTcs of their country, climbed the 
 highcft trees to procure them tloweri, anil tiwk to the 
 water, likt fpaniels, after bir.ls that were Ihot : they 
 pointed out the Hnell plant?, and give them their pro- 
 per names, and whenever any iinimaiion was given 
 that fpecimens ofa certain kind of plant were wanted, 
 «hey would goto any dillance to procure them. 
 
 Thefe people manafje their canoes u ith the greatcil 
 agility, and fwim with furpriling eafc. Their common 
 trailing canoes are nratly made and curioufly polilhed. 
 They conflft of two, tallened toa tranfverfe platform ot 
 pianks, in the midll of which they ere^t an hut, where 
 tlicy place their goods, their arniB, and utcnIiU, anil 
 \\ here they pals great part of their time. They have 
 alfo hoicK which give into the btxiy of each canoe: 
 their malls tire flrait [.oles, which can be fhuck at plea- 
 fure; and theii fails arc very large ami triangular, but 
 not very proper to make way belbrc the wind. I'hrir 
 cordage, in general, is excclknt, and they have alfo 
 contrived a vi.ry gocd ground tackle, conlilling ofa 
 ftrong rope, with lar[;e dones at the end, by means of 
 whiili they come to an anchor. 
 
 It was evident, from the enquiry ofa great number 
 of the natives on the arrival of the velFcl in the ifland 
 that the ♦.-.me of thcfc voyagers had already reached 
 this fpot. Ihey fupplied their tAiropcan vilitors with 
 pleniy of fruit and i^^ots. A few fowls and one or two 
 fiiiall pigs, were all the animal food procur'.-d here. 
 
 No king, on the firft vifit was dirtinguillu-d amongft 
 thefe jitfopJe, and their method of government was en- 
 tirely unknown. A young di'g and a bitch were left 
 here, as they had no fuch animal among them, and 
 were the full of thofc they favv. The people here arc 
 more allli^ied with the Icprofy, or lome fcrophuloiis 
 difordci, than nt any of the other illin Is. 
 
 When Captain Cook re-viiiteil thefe iflands in 1777, 
 he relumed the fame Hation tor anchorage as he had 
 before occupied, and, as he thou;;ht, molt probably in 
 the fame place where the firlt difcovercr of this, and 
 fome of the ncijthbouring ilbnds anchored in 164'^. 
 The ofiicers Ibmeiiiius amiifcd thcnifelves in walking 
 up the countij, and lliooting wild ducks, rcfcmbling 
 our widj.eo;!, whi-h are very numerous on the falc 
 lake, as well as on the pool where water wa3 procured. 
 They found, in thei'e cxcurlions, that the iahabitants 
 frequently deferted tlteir houfcs to repair to the trading 
 place,withouten:cr(ainir.gthe Icalt fufpicion that llran- 
 gers would take away or liellroy a.iy property that be- 
 longed to them. I'icni this circumltancc it niigh be 
 fuppofed, that no'tof the natives were fomctimes col- 
 lected on the beach, a,;d that there would be no grea: 
 dilhculty in fnrmiiig aa accurate computation of their 
 number ; but the continiial rcfort of vilitors from other 
 iflands readcicd it inipolliblc. However, as they never 
 law more than a timuland perlbns collcctcil at one 
 time, it iray bo reafonably fuppoild, that there are 
 about twice that n.miber upon the illand. 
 
 'Ihc natives, as upon a former occaiion.flicwcd their 
 luiropean vilitors eviry mark of civility. In the courfc 
 ofa tcvv days tl.ey were vihted by a great chief Irom 
 Tongataboo, or Amflerdam, whole name was Faoenoii. 
 and to whom the coinmaiuler wa-; introduced as kuig o, 
 all the Friendly Iflcs. I h wai alfo given to iin.kilhml 
 that on his ai rival a canuo had bcc: dilpa'chcd tu 
 Tongataboo with tliC new >, in eonfeqiunci' ol which 
 this chief imntcdiately pulied o\er to .uinamooka. 
 
 VVlien the Hrltiflicommindcr went to pay thisgrnt 
 
 nun a vilit, h:ivii)g iirlt received a jMcfcnt of two iiili 
 
 ,{ from 
 
 .Ttt 
 
 '% 
 
 New Discovt 
 
 from him, bi 
 he came up to 
 appeared to bt 
 and had more 
 fecn before. 
 aOecd if he w 
 information h 
 man he hail rt 
 radter, daring 
 doi'bts. Taipa 
 him lince his I 
 and nieiitionee 
 wss the fover 
 hii attendants I 
 nour of accom 
 j.refents to tlv 
 lucha manner 
 attended theiu 
 return for the 
 There now 
 lion will convt 
 rity exercifed 
 of which was 
 board the fhip 
 people on llior 
 to retire from 
 having venture 
 beat them niol 
 on the (ideof 
 bleiod gullied ( 
 laying Ibu.e tii 
 place in convi 
 the blow, bein; 
 laughed at it, 1 
 Icali forry for 
 wards, however 
 tuiiate as to rec 
 Onee)f the n; 
 of the fliipon 
 ;aken of an in 
 authority togei 
 his mandate, tl 
 capt, in's depari 
 The natives, 
 proofs of the' r ( 
 Jrom experieiic 
 think this profi 
 was detected c 
 his clothes, the 
 for which he w 
 ceivea dozen I 
 paid for his lib 
 were Hill cmpir 
 inftigation of 
 any of thtm h 
 from intercedii 
 to kill them, 
 chufe to inHicl, 
 impreflion on 
 main maft, a 1 
 was thought to 
 w ere put tirdcr 
 fliavcd their 1 
 of ridicule to t 
 pie to deprivi 
 repetition of til 
 tance. 
 
 F'enou was fi 
 friends, that h< 
 eft proofs of I 
 mander, findin 
 every article c 
 proceetl direftl 
 his rcfolution' 
 plan, to whici 
 had fome parti 
 from it. In pn 
 an ifland, or n 
 No. 3. 
 
 t »( 
 
GEOGRAPHY. i • - 
 
 be habitations of the n. 
 ivyred with luxuritnc itcn 
 ly thole parii (owards ihe 
 
 cmirtcoui dif}>ofition from 
 innn.itct), toa 1 the lliaiigcik 
 «, bowing their heaJs, ar^ 
 
 U.1II, gcod Iriend, or lomc 
 
 tn cnnduiil fuch as applied 
 >1 their country, cliiubcd the 
 em flo«ir>, anil took to the 
 bir.ls that ucie Ihot : they 
 s, and give them thc-irpro- 
 
 ■ any intimation was f;iveti 
 kind (it plant u ere wanted, 
 
 ICC to prixure thoin. 
 icir lanocs u ith the grcatcil 
 riling cafe. Their common 
 made and curioufly polilhcd. 
 ;d to a tranfvcrfc platform ot 
 lith they cicJ an hur, where 
 icir arnii;, ar.d uccnfiU, and 
 ot their time. I'hey have 
 ;o the hoily of each canoe: 
 which can be iliuck at plea- 
 .'ry large and triangular, but 
 vay bclbrc the wind. I'htir 
 \ccll>.nt, and ihcy have alfo 
 3und tjikle, confilling of a 
 ines at the end, by means of 
 ichor. 
 
 le enquiry of a great number 
 /al ol the vellll in the ifland 
 lyagers had aheady reached 
 their European vititors with 
 A few fowls and one or two 
 limal food procur'.-d here. 
 iit was dirtini»uilhi.'d amongfl 
 ;thod of government was en- 
 g d<^g and a bitch were left 
 h animal among them, and 
 
 ■ faw. The people here arc 
 orofy, or tome Icrophulous 
 ic other lllmJs. 
 
 •viiitctl tliel'e illands in 1777, 
 on tor anchorage as he had 
 
 thnujiht, tnolt probably in 
 tint dilcover,.r of this, and 
 
 illands anchored in 164^. 
 
 ufed thcmlelves in walkini; 
 
 ng wild ducks rcfetnbling 
 
 cry numerous on the falc 
 
 1 where water was prcKurctt. 
 
 rlioiis, that the iiihabitanti 
 
 oufes to repair to the trading 
 
 the Icalt fufpicion that Ilran- 
 
 ellroy any property that be- 
 
 is circumftancc it niigh be 
 
 natives were Ibmctimes coU 
 
 lat there would be no grcac 
 
 curate computation of their 
 
 I rcfort of viliiors from other 
 
 ie. However, as they never 
 
 1 |'er!'ons cnllccfcil at one 
 
 ly f,:ppoied, that there arc 
 
 poll th,.' illaiid. 
 
 oinier occaiion, (hewed their 
 
 k of civilitv. In the courfe 
 ilKcd by a <;rcac chief Ironi 
 1, whole name was iMccnon, 
 IT was intnxhiccd as kaig ol 
 ■\.\. alio given to nnderltan.l 
 oj had tx'c: dilparched tu 
 , in i.()nlt\pun(.i' ol which 
 -d over to .umamooka. 
 indcr Went tn pay this grc:it 
 .•ceivcd a prcfeni of two li'.li 
 from 
 
 FRIENDT. Y tSLANDS. 
 
 .* 
 
 f 
 
 t*" 
 
 New Ducoviries. ] 
 
 from him, brought on board by one of his fervants, 
 he came up to him ii;imedi.i:cly on his landing. He 
 appeared to be about thirty years of age, tall, but thin, 
 and had more of the Europe m features than had been 
 feen before. Captain Cook, after the firll falutation, 
 alkcd if he was the king ; for, notwithllanding the 
 information he had received, tinding he was not the 
 man he had remembered to have feen uniler that cha- 
 ra(!ter, during a former voyat;c, he began to entertain 
 dot bts. Taipa, a friendly chief, who had accompanied 
 him iincehis laft arrival, olficioufly anfwered for him, 
 and mentioned many illands tf which he laid Fenou 
 wss the fovereign. The monarch and iive or (ix of 
 hii attendants having ioT, ilie European vilitor the ho- 
 nour of accompanying him nn board, he gave fuitable 
 j.refents to them all, and l.aving entertained them in 
 (uch a manner as he thought would be moll agreeable, 
 attended them on Ihore in the evening, and received a 
 return for the prelenf; he had made. 
 
 There now happened an accident of which the rela- 
 tion will convey fome idea of the extent of the autho- 
 rity exercil'ed here over the common people, very little 
 of which was known biforc. While Fenou was on 
 board the fhip, an inferior chief, for what reafon our 
 people on fliore did not know, ordered all the nati^ .s 
 to retire from the pott tiicy occupied. Stimc of thern 
 having ventured to return, he took up a large ftick and 
 beat them moff unmercifully. He llruck one man 
 on the fide of his face «ith li) much violence, that the 
 blood gufhed out of his irouth and nollrils, and after 
 laying Ibir.e timemotionlefs, he was removed from the 
 place in convulfions. 'J he perfon who had inflicted 
 the blow, being told that he had killed the man, only 
 laughed at it, and it was evident that he was not in the 
 kali forry for what had happtn-ii. It was hcai I afrer- 
 waids, however, that the poor fuifcrer had bci .0 for- 
 tunate as to recover. 
 
 One of the natives having (lolen a large junk axe out 
 of the fliipon the firll day of ariival, opportunity was 
 :akcn of an invitation to apply to I'cnou to exert his 
 authority to get it reftored ; and fuch was the effeifl of 
 his mandate, that it was brought on board before the 
 capti in's departu.-';. 
 
 The natives, upon this fecond vifit, gave frequent 
 proofs of their expcrtnefs in thett. And it is remarked 
 trom expcrieiice, that even fume oi' their chiefs did not 
 think this profeflion beneath them. For one of them 
 was dctedled carrying out of the tliip, concealed under 
 his clothes, the bolt bclongin.i; to the fpan-yard winch, 
 for which he was fentenccd by the comniinder to re- 
 ceive a dozen lallits, and kept in conliiicmcnt till he 
 paid for his liberty. I'heir fervants, orflavis, however, 
 were Hill ctnploycd in this dirty work, and fecms at the 
 inftigation of their malters, who, ncverthelcfs, when 
 any of thtm happenid to be caught in the fa^t, fo far 
 from interceding for them, would advi!"e the European 
 to kill them. As this was a puniflimcnt they did not 
 chufe to inrticl:, and flogging fecmcd to make no greater 
 impreflion on them, than it would have done on the 
 main matt, a mode of treatment was devifed, which 
 was thought to have had tome etl'cff. The delinquents 
 w ere put -.irdcr the hands of the barber, w ho compleaily 
 lliavcd their heads, thus pointing them as objeClis 
 of ridicule to their countrymen, und enabling our peo- 
 ple to deprive them of future opportunities for a 
 rrpctition of their rogueries, by keeping them at a dif- 
 tance. 
 
 Fenou was To fond of aflbciating with his European 
 friends, that he vifited them dailyi and gave the Ibong- 
 eft proofs of his eftccm and rcfj)cci. l^iit the com- 
 mander, finding that the ifland uasexhaullcd of almoft 
 every article of food that it afforded, determined to 
 proceed diredly to Tongataboo. F'encu, underllaiiding 
 his rcfolutions, importuned him ftrongly to alter his 
 plan, to w hich he exprelTed as much avcrlion as if he 
 had fon?e particular intereft to anfwer by diverting him 
 from it. In preference to it, he warmly recommended 
 an ifland, or rather a group of illands, called Hapace, 
 No. J. 
 
 33 
 
 lying to the north-caft, where he alT.ired him he mighj 
 obtain a plentiful fupply of every refrefhment in the 
 cafieft manner; and to add weight to his advice, he 
 engaged to attend his new friends thither in perfon. 
 Arguments fo founded could not fail of having full 
 w eight, and Hapace was accordingly made choice of 
 for the next rtarion. Indeed, as it had never been vi- 
 fited by any European fliips, the examination of it be- 
 came an objed of importance. * 
 
 S E C T I O N IV, ■ , ' 
 
 IHes of H A P A E E. • ' 
 
 FarioHs forms, ceremonies, and enlertainmiHtt. 
 
 TO the north and north-ea(l of Annamooka, ant! in 
 the dired track to Hapace, whither our vjyagers 
 are now bound, the fea is fprinklcd with a great num- 
 ber of very fmall ifles. As from the fhoals and n-cks 
 adjoining to this group there was no afluran 'e t lat 
 there was a free and fafe pafTigefor large velTels, though 
 the natives failed through the intervals in their ca- 
 nons, ic was deemed expedient to go to the wcftward 
 of the aDoveiflaiids, the courfe wa: framed N. N. W. 
 towards Kao and Toofa, the two moft wefterly iflmds in 
 fight, and remarkable for their great height. 
 
 Thcfe ifles he fcatiered at unequal diflances, and arc 
 in general nearly as high as Annamooka. Moft of ;h rn 
 are entirely cloathed with trees ; among which aic 
 many cocoa-palms, and each forms a profpcdl like a 
 beautiful garden placed in the fea. ' 
 
 When Hapaec was in tight; our navigators could 
 judge it to be low land, from the trees only appearing 
 above the water. On a nearer view, tl'.ey could fee it 
 plainly forming three iflands, almoft of an cqiiai fizc, 
 and foon affer a fourth to the fouthward as large as the 
 others. Each feemed to be about fix or feven miles 
 long, and of a limilar height and appearance. The 
 northcrnmoll of them is called Haanno i the ne:.l F'oa, 
 the thud Lefooga, and the fouthernmoft Hoolaiva ; but 
 all four are included under the general name of 
 Hapace. 
 
 When the European veflcls came to an anchor at 
 Hapace they were vifitcd by the natives, and furrounded 
 by a nniltitude of their canoes, filled alfo with them. 
 They brought from the fhore hogs, fowls, fruit, and 
 roots. 1 enou and Omai having come on board after 
 it was light, in order to introtluce the commander to 
 the people of the ifland, he accompanied them on fliorc 
 for tliat purpofe, landing at the north part of Lefooga, 
 a little to the right of the lliip's llation. 
 
 Being afked how long he intended to ftay, and re- 
 plying fi'.e day?, Taipa was ordered by the king to 
 proclaim to the ])eople, (as by Omai, his interpreter, he 
 was given to underffand, that they were all, both old 
 and young, to look upon the vifitor before them as a 
 fiiend, who intended to remain with them a few days; 
 that during his ftay, they muft not ftcal any thing, nor 
 moleft him any other way, and that it was expected 
 they fliould bring hogs, fowls, fruit, &c. to the ft is, 
 wheie they woijld receive in exchange for them a gieat 
 variety of articles, which he cnumciatcd. Taipa then 
 took occafion to fii^nify to the commander that it wais 
 ncctlTary he lliouid make .: prefent to the chief of the 
 ifland, whofe name was Earoupa, in confcquence of 
 which fuch articles were prefenied him as far exceeded 
 hiscxpec'iaion. Fenou then ordered Farouja to fit by 
 him, and to harantnie the people as Taipa had done be- 
 fore him, and to the fame purpofe. 
 
 The fupply of provifions at this place was copious, 
 for in the courfe of one day our people got by barter, 
 along fide the fliips, about twenty fmall hogs, befides a 
 large quantity of fruit and rrxits. The commander 
 was informed that on his firft landing in the morning 
 a man came off to the fliips, and ordered every one of 
 the natives to go on fliore. Probably this was done 
 1 with 
 
34 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 "'!i 
 
 ; 
 
 with a view to have the whole body of inhabitants 
 prefent at the ceremony of his reception ; for when 
 that was over multitudes of them returned again to the 
 fhip. 
 
 Soon after Fenou, attended by Omai, came on board, 
 to rcauire the prefcnce of the commander upon the 
 idand.' In landing, he was condutfted m the fame place 
 where he had been featcd the day before, and where, 
 feeing a large concourfe of people already alTcmblcd, 
 he conjcftured that fomcthing more than ordinary was 
 in agitation, but ould obta-n no information as to par- 
 ticulars. 
 
 He had not been long feated before ncrr an hundred 
 of the natives cppeareJ in fighi, and advanced, laden 
 with yams, bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, and fugar-canes. 
 They depofited their burthens in two heaps or piles up- 
 on the left hand. Soon after arrived a number of others, 
 bearing the fame kind of articles, which wcrp collected 
 into two piles on the right. To thefe were tied two 
 pigs and fix fowls, and to thofe upon the left-hand fix 
 pigs and two turtles. 
 
 Earoupa feated himfelf before the feveral articles to 
 the left, and another chief before thofe on the right ; 
 they being, as was judged, the two chiefs who had col- 
 lected them, by order of I'enou, who fccmcd to be as 
 implicitly obeyed here as he h-d btcn at Annamooka ; 
 and, in confequenceofhisc-.nmandingfuperiority over 
 the chiefs of Hapa^'c, h" _ \ad tnis tax upon them for 
 the prefent orcafion. 
 
 As foon as this muiiificent co)lciSion jf provific .s was 
 laid down in order, and difpofcd 'o the bell advant;ige, 
 the bearers of it joined the multitude, who formed a 
 large circle round the whole. Prcfently a number of 
 men entered thecircle, armed with clubs, made of green 
 branches of the cocoa-nut- tree, thefj paraded about for 
 a few minutes and then retired, the one half to ihj one 
 fide, a.id the other half to the other iide, feating them- 
 felves before the Qiecflators. Soon after they fuccellive- 
 ly entered the lills, and entertained them with lingle 
 . combats. One champion, rifing up, and (If-pping for- 
 ward from one fide, challenged thofe on the itlier fide, 
 by expieflivegeftures, more than by words, to find one 
 of their body to oppol'e him. If the challenge was ac- 
 cepted, the two combatants put thcmfelvcs in proper 
 attitudes, and then began the engagement, which con- 
 tinued till ' lie or other (1'*^".^ himltlf conquered, or till 
 their weapons w.re bnih^:.. As fcon as each combat 
 was over, the viiiior fquat'cd himfelf down oppofite to 
 the chief, then rofe up and retired. At the fame time 
 fome old men, who fcemed to lit as judges, gave their 
 plaudits in a few words j and the multitude, cfpccally 
 thofe on the fide to which the vi(itor belonged, cele- 
 brated the glory he had acquired in two or three loud 
 huzzas. 
 
 Durirg the intervals of fufpenfion from this entertain- 
 ment there were both wreflling and boxing matches, 
 the latter differed very little fn.m the method praclifed 
 in England. But what moft furprifed our people was, 
 to fee two lully wenches (lep forth and begin boxing 
 without ceremony, and with as much art as the men. 
 This contcll, however, did not laft above halfa minute 
 befojc one of them gave it up. The conquering hero- 
 ine received the fame applaufe from the fpcCtators 
 wiiicn they bcflowed upon the fuccefsful contbatants of 
 the other fex. The Europeans expreifed fome dillike 
 at this entertainment, which, hov\'cviT, did not prevent 
 two other females from entering the lifts. They fcem- 
 ed to lie girls of fpirit, and would certainly have given 
 each other a good drubbing, if two old women had not 
 inteipofid to part them. All the comliats were ex- 
 hibitr i i.\ the midlt of, at leall, three thoufaiid people, 
 and were condueted with the grcatcil gooil hiunour on 
 al' fide.'-i though fome of the champions, women as well 
 as men, reieived blows which they mt'l have felt for 
 fome time after. 
 
 When the divcriions were ended, the chief gave the 
 commander 10 underftand, that the heaps ofprovifion 
 •n the right hand were a prefent to Omai, and thofe 
 
 on the left hand, being about two thirds of the whole 
 quantity, were given to himfelf. He afTured him that 
 a guard was ncedkfs, as not the Imalitft article would 
 be taken away by the natives. So, indeed, it proved ; 
 for u hen the provilions were removed on board, not 
 a cocoa nut was miffing. It was remarked, that this 
 prefent of Fenou excelled any that had been made the 
 conmiander, by any of the fovereigns of tlie various 
 iflands he had vifited in the Facile Ocean. 1 lis libera- 
 lity, indeed, was compenfatcd by the beftov.al of fuch 
 commodities, as were fuppofed to be moll valuable in 
 his elUmation. 
 
 Fenou having exprefled adefireto fee the marines go 
 through their military exercife, they were accoidingly 
 ordered on fhore from both Ihips: and having per- 
 formed various evolutions, and fired feveral vollit-s to 
 the gratification of the fpedators, the chief entertained 
 his vifitors, in his turn, with an exhibition, wliich, as 
 acK no. 'edged by all, was performe 1 with dexterity 
 and exadnefs, far fMrpaliin;> the fpccimen the L'uro- 
 peans had given of their military manccuvrcs. This 
 was a dance performed by men, and in whieh no Icfs 
 tiian one hundred and five perfons bore their parts. 
 Each of them had in his hand an inllrumcnt neatly 
 made, in fhape refembling a paddle, of two feet and 
 an half in length, with a fmall h.adlc and a thin i)iade, 
 fo that they were very light. With this inflrument 
 they made many and various llourilhes, each ot which 
 was accompanied with r. different attitude of the body, 
 or a dillerent movement. At firll, tlie performers 
 ranged ir.emfelves in three lines, and by various evo- 
 lutions, each man changed his Itation in futh a man- 
 ner, that thofe who had been in the rear cane into the 
 front. Nor did they remain long i.. the fame polition, 
 but thefe ..hanges were made by pretty quick tranfuions. 
 At one tiine they extended thcmfelves nionc line ; they 
 then formed into a femicircle, and, lallly, into two 
 fquare columns. Vhile this laft movcme'iu was ex- 
 ecuting, one of them advanced and peiforincd an antic 
 dance before the commander, with which the whole 
 ended. It was the general opinion of the party prefent, 
 that fuch a performance would have met with univcrlal 
 applaufe upon an European flage ; and it fo far ex- 
 ceeded any attempt our people had made to entertain 
 them, that they feemed to plume themfelvcs upon their 
 fuperiority. 
 
 They held none of our mufical mftruments in the 
 leaft eliccm, except the drum. Tl . I'rench-horns in 
 particular feemed to be held in great '^ntempt, for nei- 
 ther here, or at any other of the iflanJs, v\ou!d they 
 pay (he Icaft attention to them. 
 
 In order to give the natives a more favourable opi- 
 nion of Enghfh amufements, and to have then- minds 
 fully imprelled with a fenfe of our fuperior attaiimicnta, 
 the commander directed fome fire-vu.irks to be pre- 
 pared J and, after dark, caufed them ti. be played off, 
 '•<\ the prefence of Fenou, the other chief, and a valt 
 concourfe of their people. They fuccccded in general 
 fo well, as to a.ifwer the end propofed. The water and 
 fky-rockets in particular, picafed and afloniflied them 
 beyond all conception. 
 
 As a prelude to another entertainment of dances 
 which Fenou had prepared for his guells, a band of 
 mufic,or chorus of eigl;::;.! men, feated thcmfelves be- 
 fore them in the centre of the circle compofed by the 
 numerous fpee'tators, the area of which vvas to be the 
 fcene of the cxliibitions. Four or five c. this band had 
 pieces of large bamboo, fiom three to Ive or fix feet 
 long, each managed by one man, who hcid it nearly in 
 a vertical pofition, the upper end open, but the other 
 clofed by one of the joints. Witii this clofe end the 
 performers kept conflantly firiking to tlic ground, 
 though flowly, thus producing dillerent notes, accorel- 
 ing to the dificrent lengths of the inllrumcnts, but all ot 
 them of the hollow or bafe fort j tocoimtcrael viiiich, 
 a perfon kept llriking quickly, and with two fticks, a 
 piece of the fame fubftance, fplit and laid along the 
 ground, and by that producing a tone as acute as tholl- 
 
 pro- 
 
 New Di'sco 
 
 proceeding f 
 the band, as 
 boo, liiiig a 
 hnrllicr note 
 itanoer, ho'.v( 
 modulatii'iis 
 the va!t y: 
 niony. 
 
 When this 
 
 an hoir, tvie 
 
 thciii had iipii 
 
 of China rofe 
 
 nanien ed the 
 
 great nicety a 
 
 round the cho 
 
 began by finj 
 
 made by the c 
 
 repeated altcrr 
 
 coinjjanicd tht 
 
 tio'is of their 
 
 direClio.is ; at 
 
 forward and 
 
 other was fixet 
 
 afTenibly, funji 
 
 body, to that I 
 
 the fpot w here 
 
 one of them : 
 
 pa (ling each o 
 
 }^ rogrels our.d 
 
 two advanitd I 
 
 each oth' r, ani 
 
 two reiTiaineJ, 
 
 by interval.-, ti 
 
 a circle about t 
 
 1 heir ii'-annt 
 
 quicker meafur 
 
 turn by leaping 
 
 tliei.- f^n^er3, re 
 
 the ehoms. 1 
 
 miilic encrcafeJ 
 
 r.. uiili woiidi 
 
 their motion;, L] 
 
 d>'ient: though 
 
 was not meant t 
 
 to dilplay the 
 
 ments. 
 
 I his exhibi'ii 
 jirilorivd by lil 
 Were old, *ime 1 
 tie ot their agili 
 circle, divided 
 flovWy, in cone 
 graceful motion 
 tbofe of the wo 
 body alternately 
 \yard, and rellin 
 fide being alio (i 
 fentences, whicl 
 occalionally incr 
 ping the hands, 
 Towards the coi 
 dancing fo muc 
 ments were hare 
 After the coni 
 advaiiceil, pjaciii 
 each other. On o 
 cr, V. ho rcpeatet 
 were made by t 
 fuiig and danced 
 like thole w hon 
 The next whoi 
 who lilt doMo oi 
 placed himfelf. 
 the liirt of thefe 
 his (iffs joinetl. 
 fame manner J t 
 (Irui k her upon 
 Ion inftantly ril 
 
 iif 
 
 (I 
 
 AJir 
 
-W 
 
 )GRAPHY. 
 
 ut two third? cf the whole 
 fclf. He .iffurcd him that 
 the final left article would 
 s. So, indeed, it proved; 
 e removed on board, not 
 t was remarked, that this 
 ny that had been made the 
 ; fovcreigns ot the various 
 'acilc Ocean. His libera- 
 cd by the beftov.al of fuch 
 fed to be moft valuable in 
 
 defircto fee the marines go 
 rife, they were accoidingly 
 h Ihips: and having pcr- 
 and fired feveral voUies to 
 lators, the chief enttnained 
 th an exhibition, which, as 
 pnforme 1 with dexterity 
 :\ the fpecimen tlie L'uro- 
 nilitary manoeuvres. This 
 men, and in which no lefs 
 •e perfons bore their parts. 
 
 hand an inftrumcnt nearly 
 a paddle, of two feet and 
 all h.ndlc and a thin blade, 
 ;ht. With this inftrumcnt 
 :s ftouriihes, each ol which 
 ffcrent attitude of the body. 
 
 At ftrft,- the performers 
 lines, and by various evo- 
 I his llation in fuch a man- 
 en in the rear caii.e into the 
 mlong i.. the f.une polition, 
 eby pretty quick tranfitions. 
 themfclves in one lino ; they 
 rclc, and, laftly, imo two 
 his lart movcmL'nt was ex- 
 K«i and pci formed an antic 
 Icr, with which the whole 
 Opinion of the party prefent, 
 uld have met with univcrfal 
 an ftage ; and it fo far ex- 
 
 ple had made to entertain 
 lume themfelvcs upon their 
 
 mufical inftiuments in the 
 im. Tl . Irench-hoins in 
 
 in great '>n:empt, fornci- 
 of the iflands, would they 
 icm. 
 
 cs a more favourable opi- 
 aiid to have their minds 
 
 f our fuperior attainments, 
 )me fire-works to be pie- 
 
 ilcd them ti. be played oil", 
 he other chief, and a vaft 
 
 They fticcccded in general 
 
 piopofed. The water and 
 (leafed and alloniflicd them 
 
 entertainment of dances 
 for his guefts, a band of 
 men, featcd themfclves be- 
 he circle compofed by the 
 a of which was to be the 
 our or fiveui this band iiad 
 n three to "ive or fix feet 
 lan, who held it nearly in 
 r end open, but the other 
 With this clofe end tlie 
 ftrikiiig to tile ground, 
 ng dilierent notes, accord- 
 f tlic inftrumcnts, but all of 
 fort; to counteract which, 
 kly, and with tuo fticks, a 
 , fplit and laid along the 
 ing a tone as acute as thofe 
 pro- 
 
 FRIENDLY ISLANDS. 
 
 if 
 
 New D.'seovERiEs.j 
 proceeding from the others were grave. The rcfl: of 
 the band, as well as thofe who performed on tiie bam- 
 boo, fling a ftow and foft air, which fo tempered the 
 hnrlhcr notes of the above inftrumenta, that no by- 
 (taniar, however accuiiomed to hear the moft pertcft 
 mo<lulati; lis of fwcct founds, could avoid confefting 
 the vaft 1 J..V1 and pleaftng efFca of this fimple har- 
 monv. 
 
 When this concert had continued about a quarter of 
 an hoir, twenty women entered the circle. Moft of 
 them had upon their heads garlands of crimfon Howers 
 of China rofe, or others; and many of them had or- 
 namcn ed their perlbns with leaves of trees, cut with 
 grc;:t n.ccty about the edges. They formed a circle 
 round the chorus, turning their faces towards it, and 
 b(gan by finging a foft air, to which refponfes were 
 made by the chorus in the fume tone, and thefe were 
 repeated alternately. All this while the women ac- 
 companied their fong with feviral very graceful mo- 
 tions of their hands towards their faces, and in other 
 diretlio.is; at the fame time making confbntly a ftep 
 forward and then back agafn with one foot, while the 
 other was fixed. They then turned their faces to the 
 afll^nibly, fung fome lime, and retreated (lowly in a 
 botly, to that pait of the circle which was oppofite to 
 the fpot where the principal fpeetators fat. After this 
 one ol them advanced from each fide, meeting and 
 palling each othir in the front, and continuing their 
 progrel.s ouiid till they came to the reft. On which 
 two advaiiicd l.oiiieach ftdc.two of whom alio paired 
 each othr, and retuincd as the former; bu' the other 
 two leiTiaiiied, and to thefe cainc one from each fide 
 by interval.-, till the whole number had again (orriied 
 a circle about the chorus. 
 
 Their ir.iinner of dancing was now changed to a 
 quicker mearure, in which they made a kind of half 
 turn by leaping, and clapped their hands and Iriapped 
 their fiuL^ers, repi ating loi\ie words in conjunction with 
 the choius. Towards the end, as thequ.cknefs of the 
 mulic encreafed, their gcftures and attitudes were va- 
 r.^ niih wotidcrful vigDut and dexterity, and fome of 
 their mo:ioin,',.y our coui".rymen might be deemed in- 
 di't cut : though, j-i obably, this part of the performance 
 was not meant to convey any wanton ideas, but merely 
 to dilplay the altonilliing variety of their move- 
 ments. 
 
 This exhibi'ion of females was followed by another, 
 peiloriii'd by fifteen men ; and, though fome of them 
 vcrc old, 'ime fecnied to have robbed them of but lit- 
 tle ot their agility, i'hey were difpofcd in a kind of 
 circle, divided at the front. Sometimes they fiing 
 flowl), in concert with the chorus, nuking feveral 
 gracelul motions with their hands, but diflermg from 
 tbofe of the women; at the fame time inclining the 
 body alternately to either fide, by raifing one leg out- 
 ward, and refting on the other ; the arm of the fani'? 
 fide being alio fbetched upward. They then recited 
 fentences, which were anfwered by the chorus ; and 
 occafionally increafed the mcafure of the dance, by clap- 
 i)ing the hands, and quickening the motions of the feet. 
 Towards the conc'ution, the rapidity of the mufic and 
 dancing fo much increafed, that the different move- 
 ments were hard to be diftinguiflied. 
 
 After the conrlution of this dance, twelve other men 
 ndvaiiccd, placing themfclves in double r )',vs, fronting 
 each other. On one fide was ftationed a kind of prompt- 
 er, who repeated feveral fentences, to which refponfes 
 were made by the pci formers and the choius They 
 fill);; and danced (lowly; and gradually grew quicker, 
 like thofe whomthiy had fiicceeded. 
 
 'I'he next who exluliited themfclves were nine women, 
 who lilt do. vn onpolite the hut where the chief had 
 placeil himfelf. A man immediately rofe, and gave 
 tlie firft of thefe women a blow on the back with both 
 his flits joined. He treated the feconii and third in the 
 fame manner; but when he came to the fourth, he 
 fliuck her upon the breafl. Upon feeing this, a per- 
 fon inftantly riling from among the crowd, knocked 
 
 JS 
 
 him down with one blow on his head, and he was quietly 
 carried away. But this did not excufe the other five 
 women from fo extraordinary a difciplinc; for they 
 were treated in the fame manner by a perfon who fuc- 
 ceedcd him. When thefe nine women danced, their 
 performance was twice difapprovcl of, and they were 
 obliged to repeat it again. There was no great difter- 
 ence between this dance and that of the (ivft women, 
 except that thefe fomctimcs raifcd the body upon one 
 leg. and then upon the other, alternately, by a fort of 
 double motion. 
 
 S<x)n after a perfon entered, making fome ludicrou.s 
 remarks on what had been exhihired, which extorted a 
 burft of laughter from the crowd. The company had 
 then a dance by the attendants of Fenou ; they for ned 
 a double circle of twenty-four each round the chorus, 
 and joining in a gentle fooihing fong, accompanieil 
 with motions of the head and hands. Tncy alfo began 
 with ftow movements, which gradually became more 
 and more rapid, and finally doled with feveral very in- 
 genious transformations of the two circles. 
 
 The ente.-fainments of this memorable night con- 
 cluded with a dance, in which the principal people 
 prefent exhibited, and which was performed with fo 
 much fpirit, and (b great exa(fl:nefs, that they met with 
 univerfal approbation. The native fpedators who no 
 doubt were perfect judges whether the feveral perform- 
 ances were properly executed, could not with-hold their 
 applaulcsof fome particular parts; and even a ftrangcr, 
 who never faw the diverfion before, felt (imilar fatis- 
 fadion at the fame inftant. 
 
 The place where thefe d:«nccs were performed, was 
 an open fpace amongfl the trees, juft by the fea, with 
 lights at f^iiiall intervals placed round the infide of the 
 circle. The concouife of people was pretty la.-gc, 
 though nor equal to the number alFembled, w hen the 
 marines went through their cxcrcife. Some gueflld 
 there might be prefent about five thoufand perfons, 
 others thought there w;re more ; but the firft eflimatc 
 fecms the ncarett approach to truth. 
 
 Curiofity being now fulhciently gratified on both 
 (ides, by the exhibition of the various entertainments 
 defcribcd ; the commander next day took a tour into 
 the iftand of Lef'ooga, of which he was delirous to ob- 
 tain fome knowledge, and found it to be in feveral re- 
 fpcds fuperior to Annamooka. The plantations were 
 more numerous and more cxtenfive. in many places, 
 indeed, towards the fea, efpccially on the ea(i fide, rhc 
 country is ftill wafte, owing probably to the fandy foil, 
 as It is much lower than Annamooka and its furround- 
 ing ifles. But towar'.ls the middle of the ifiand the foil 
 is better, ^ntl tlx marks of confiderable population and 
 of improved cultivation were every where feen. The 
 p; rty which went on tiie excurfion,obferved large foots 
 covered with the pajxrr mulberry-trees, and the plan- 
 tations in general were well ftockcd with fuch roots 
 und fruits, as are the natural produce of the ifland. To 
 thefe fome addition was made by our countrymen in 
 fowing the feeds of Indian com, melons, pumpkins, 
 and the like. 
 
 The iftand is not above fcven miles long, and in fome 
 places not above two or three broad. The eaft fide of 
 It, which is expofed to the trade-wind, has a reef run- 
 ning to a confiderable breadth from it, on which the fea 
 breaks with great violence. It is a continuation ot' this 
 reef that joins Lefooga lo Foa, which is not above half 
 a Hiilc'^'.ftant, and at low water the natives can walk 
 ur^ti this reef, which is then partly dry, from one iftand 
 'o another. The fhore itielf is ciihci a coral roi k fix or 
 fcven feet high, or a fandy beach ; but higher than the 
 weft fide, winch in gen.ial is not more than three or 
 four feet from the level of the fea, with a fandy beach 
 its whole length. 
 
 A parry in a walk happened to ftep into a tioufe 
 where a woman was drefTing the eyes of a younj, child 
 who feemed bli^jd, the eyes being much inflamed, and 
 a film fpread over them. Th'. inftrumcnts fnt ufed 
 were two (lender wooden probes, with which flic had 
 
 bru'hcd 
 
>^ 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 If 
 
 S'l 
 
 
 3" 
 
 hiufiied the eyes foas to make them bleed. It feema 
 worth meniioiiing that the natives ot ihore iflands 
 ilumld attc'inpt an operation ot" this fcit, though our 
 countrymen entered the houfc too late to defcribe ex- 
 actly how this temale oculilt employed the wretched 
 tools flic h.id to work with. 
 
 They were, ho.vever, fortuivite enough to fee a difTcr- 
 ent operation goon in the fame l.oul'e, ot which they 
 were able to give a tolerable account. They there 
 found another woman Uiaving a child's head with a 
 fliark's too:h, Ihick into the ci.d of a piece of flick. It 
 was obfcrvcd that ihe iiril wetted the hair with a rag 
 dipped in water, applyin , her inflrument to that part 
 wl::ch had been pievioi.Hy foaked. The operation 
 feemed to give no pain to ;he child, although the hair 
 was taken off as clofe as if one of our razors had been 
 employed. A pcrfon of curiofity amongfl the party, en- 
 couraged by what he faw, foon alter tried one of thcfc 
 fingular inlttuments upon himfelf, and found it to be an 
 excellent iVitt. The men of thcfe illands, however, 
 have recourfe to another contrivance when ihcy fliave 
 their beards. They perform the o;>c:.»Lion, as before - 
 mentioned, with two lliells, and there are thofea nongP. 
 them who fecm to profef this trade, 't was as ccni- 
 mon, according to the account of out voyagers, to ft'c 
 the failors go on fhorc to have their beards fcrapcd jff, 
 after the manner of Hapacc, as it was to fee their chiefs 
 come on b^ard to be fliaved by our barbers. 
 
 Near the fouth end of the ifland Ltfooga was -m ar- 
 tificial mount. From the Cue of fome trees ih: t were 
 glowing upon it, and from other appearance?^ it was 
 fuppofed to have been raifed in remote times. At the 
 bottom of ihis mount flood a flone, which mufl have 
 been hewn our of coral rock. It was tour feet broad, 
 tw o and an half thick, and fourteen high, and our peo- 
 ple were told by the natives prcfent, that not above 
 half its length ippcared above ground. They called it 
 tangii'hi areckcc, (tangata in their laiigunge is man, are- 
 kce, king) and faid that it had been fet up, and the 
 mount raifed by fjme of their forefathers, in memory 
 of one of their kings ; but how long lince they could 
 not tell. 
 
 The party that landed ar Hoolaiva did not find the 
 leall mark of cultivation or habiratiop upon it, except 
 a liiigle hut, the rclidcnceof a man employed to catch 
 fifli and turtle. Unirhabited a', Hoolaiva is, an artificial 
 mount, like that at the adjoining ifland, has been raifed 
 upon it, as liic;h as the funounding trees. 
 
 While the ihips lay at this place, a large failing canoe 
 came under the commander's Ifern, in which was a pcr- 
 fon named Tuttafaihe or Poulaho, or both, who, as the 
 natives then on board info-med our people, was king 
 of Tongataboo, and was king of all the neighbouring 
 iflands that we had feen or heard of. The commander 
 was llirprifed at having a llrangcr introduced to him, 
 under that dignified charadcr, which he had been be- 
 fore allured belonged to another ; but the natives pcr- 
 fifled in their declaration, and for the firft time con- 
 fcired that Fenou was not the king, but only afubordi- 
 nate chief, though of great power, as he was often fcnt 
 from Tongataboo to the other iflands on warlike expe- 
 ditions, or to decide dittcrcnccs. 
 
 It being the intereft as well as inclinations of the 
 commander to pay court to all the great men without 
 
 cnquiri/ig into the validity of their aflumcd titles, Pou- 
 laho wai invited on board. Nor w.is he an unwelcome 
 guelf, lor he brou^'ht with him as a prefent two good 
 fat fiogs, though not fo fat as himfelf. If weight of 
 body could give weight in rank or power, he was cer- 
 tainly the moft eminent man in that refpett, who had 
 been leen ; for, though not very tall, he was very un- 
 weikiy, and almofi: fliapelefs with corpulence. Heap- 
 }K'ared to be a fcdate fenfible man, viewed the fliipand 
 the feveral new objcds with uncommon attention, and 
 alked many pertinent queftions. 
 
 Poulaho foon became as folicitous himf If as his 
 people w.*re, to convince his new friends that he was 
 king, and not Fenou, who had paffed with them as fuch. 
 For he foon perceived they had fome doubts about it, 
 which Omai, from his attachment to Fenou, was not 
 very defirous of removing. 
 
 Poulaho fat down to table, eat little, drank lefs, and, 
 on riling, delired thccommandcr to accompany him on 
 fl-.ore. This was accordingly complied with, after pre- 
 fenting him with fuch arficles as he was obfcrvcd to 
 value motij and were even beyond his expetlations to 
 receive. Tt.is munificence was however amply com- 
 pcnfatcd both by prcfcnts and honours, as foon as they 
 reached the fliore. The commander was placed at his 
 tide, while he received the fevcal articles his people 
 had got by trading on board the fliips. At length he 
 ordered every thing to be rcflored to the refpeclivc 
 owners, cxccjn a ^^lafs bowl, with which lewas fo 
 much picafed that he rcferved it to himfelf. The pcr- 
 fons who brought thcfe things to him !i (I fci'latted 
 themfelves down before him, then dcpodrcu ihcit 
 feveral purchafcs, and immruiately rofe up and retireJ. 
 The fame respectful ceremony was obfcrvcd in taking 
 them away, and not one of them prefumed to fpeak 'o 
 him flanding. 'J'he commrndcr ftaid till (cveral of his 
 att';nd>nts lett bin., lirfl: paying him obedience by bow- 
 ing tlie head down to the lolc of his feet, and touching 
 or tapping the fame with the upper and under tide of 
 the fingers of both hands. The commander was 
 charmed with the decorum that was obferved, and de- 
 clared that he hac' no where feen the like, even amongft 
 more civilized nations. 
 
 Poulaho continued to heap favours on his new friend, 
 and, in ]jarticular, prcfented the commander with one 
 of ,'ieir caps, which were known to be valued at Oia- 
 heire, one of the places of their future deflination. Thefc 
 caps, or rather bonnets, arc compofed of the tail lea- 
 thers of the tropic bird, with the red feathers of the 
 parroquets wrought upoi? them, or jointly with 
 them. 
 
 Alter variou.s courfcs, hazards, and difficulties, they 
 arrived and landed at Kotoo, in order to examine that 
 ifland. It is Icarcely accelliblc by boats, on account of 
 coral reefs that furround it. It is not more than a mile 
 and an half, or two miles long, and not fb broad. The 
 north. weft end of it is low, like the iflands of Ilapaee, 
 hut it rifes fudd^nly in the middle, and terminates in 
 reddifli clayey cliffs at the fouth-caft end about thirty 
 feet high. J he foil in that quarter is of the lame lore 
 as in the cliffs ; but in the other parts it is a loofe 
 black moulil. It produces the fame fruits and roots 
 which were found ar the other iflands, and is tolerably 
 cultivated, but thinly inhabited. 
 
 CHAP VI. 
 
 ISLANDS between the Equator and the Southern Tropic. 
 
 As fome of thcfe are comprehended under the lift of 
 the Friendly Iflands, as fuch they will be pointed 
 out anil lirfl attended to. 
 
 From the heft accounts, wc may include not only 
 the ^roupat Hapaee, \ilitcd by our late navigators, but 
 thole difcovcrcd nearly under the fame meridian to the 
 
 north, as well as fome others under the dominion of 
 Tongataboo, which, though not the largeft is the capi- 
 tal leat of governmenc. 
 
 This archipelago nuifl be very extenlivc, for tlie na- 
 tives reckon a great number of illands. Fifteen of tlum 
 were faid to be very lofty. 
 
 The 
 
 New Discovei 
 
 T!'c principa 
 I ccn defcribed, 
 'J'ongataboo. 
 
 I'ylstart Is 
 firll faw it. 1 
 ifl.ind lies in lat 
 tilde 170 tleg. 5 
 ami abjut two i 
 
 AMMATrAF9 
 
 ance of a thick 
 fire iliiiing from 
 tano upon it; an 
 mat ion receivcil 
 are confliant. N^ 
 Ot^lioa. They 
 arc about twelve 
 
 Captain Cook 
 lfl.uid=;, difcove 
 included in this 
 while he lay at I 
 one of the naii 
 tour days fiil !ro 
 a duller of final 
 with that given 
 
 From the bef 
 obtain (and this 
 liderable in this 
 and Feejee. Et 
 larger than Ton 
 late voyages, d 
 
 Hamoa lies t 
 It is faid to be t 
 harbours and go 
 all the articles ( 
 • places our peop 
 -5 upon this iflanc 
 tlliination at Tt 
 
 Feejee lies ii 
 
 aboi;": three day: 
 
 r^> with hogs, dogs, 
 
 to be found in a 
 
 - than Tong3tabo( 
 
 the other iflands 
 
 Tongataboo fre( 
 
 ' other; and the i 
 
 much afraid of 
 
 . f'-ward and cov 
 
 prefs the fenfe of 
 
 men. This is, ii 
 
 1 of Feejee have 
 
 '■■ their dexterity in 
 
 ^" fo by their fava; 
 
 enemies as they 
 
 » It has been 11 
 
 juflify the prafti 
 
 -^ to feed on huma 
 
 du'cment for the 
 
 , luidlt of plenty? 
 
 : habitant -> of Ton 
 
 \ friei.dlhp of theii 
 
 fear; though thi." 
 
 w.th fhcin on the 
 
 <iuaniities of red 
 
 lound peace rcigi 
 
 . freqii.:nt iiitcicou 
 
 they have not lui 
 
 might he I'lippofei 
 
 ing lanils, would, 
 
 with a breed of i 
 
 and were not int 
 
 vifiteel by our con 
 
 The colour of 1 
 
 ' a Ihade darke 
 
 V I 
 

 £OGRAPHY. ' ' '-' 
 
 f their aflumcd titles, Pou- 
 Nor was he an unwelcome 
 him as a prefcnt two good 
 
 as liimfeif. If weight of 
 ank or poiver, he was cer- 
 n in thai rcfpcd, who had 
 very tall, he was very un- 
 i with corpulence. Heap- 
 : man, viewed the fliipand 
 
 uncommon attention, and 
 ins. 
 
 1 folicitous himfilf as his 
 is new friends that he was 
 d palled with them as fuch. 
 had fome doubts about it, 
 hment to Fenou, was not 
 
 :,eat little, drank lefs, and, 
 indcr to accompany him on 
 Y complied with, after pre- 
 les as he was ohfcrvcd to 
 
 beyond his expectations to 
 was however amply com- 
 nd honours, as foon as they 
 nmander was placed at his 
 : fcvcral articles his people 
 i the fliips. At Iciijith he 
 
 reflorcd to the refpcclivc 
 wl, with which Ic was fo 
 cd it to himfclf. The pcr- 
 ings to him '.i d fi.'.mttcd 
 lim, then dcpodrcJ iheit 
 cdiately rofe up and retireJ. 
 lony was obfci veil in taking 
 
 them prefunied to fpeak to 
 ndcr ftaid till levcral of his 
 ying him obedience by bow- 
 olc of his feet, and touching 
 the upper and under tide ot 
 s. The commander was 
 \ that was obferved, and de- 
 
 fcen the like, even amongft 
 
 p favours on his new friend, 
 
 ;d the commander with one 
 
 known to be valued at Ota- 
 
 eir future delHnatlon. Thefc 
 
 compofed of the tail iea- 
 
 th the red feathers of the 
 
 them, or jointly with 
 
 zards, and difTiculties, they 
 
 in, in order to examine that 
 
 liblc by boats, on account of 
 
 It is not more than a mile 
 
 nfj, and not i'o broad. The 
 
 like the illands of Hapacc, 
 
 middle, and terminates in 
 
 (ijuth-eaft end about thirty 
 
 quarter is of the fame fore 
 
 le other parts it is a loofe 
 
 , the fame fruits and roots 
 
 lur illands. and is tolerably 
 
 )itcd. 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 VARIOUS ISLANDS. 
 
 icin Tropic. 
 
 crs under the dominion of 
 I not the large II is the capi- 
 
 vcry cxteniivc, for the na- 
 of illands. Tiftgen of tlu m 
 
 The 
 
 Tl^e principal of thofc fcen on the lafl voyage have 
 been dcfcribed, vi?.. Eooa, Annamooka, Hapace, and 
 ' Tongataboo. 
 
 I PvLSTART Island was (o called by TaGnanj who 
 .,5 firll (:uv it. The name fignifijs arrow-tail. This 
 * ifland lies in latitude 22 deg. ih min. fouth, and longi- 
 
 ' tude ivotleg. 59 min. well: it i- mountainous, barren, 
 and abjut two or three miles in circumference. 
 
 AMMATTAF9A. It was concluded, from the appear- 
 ance of a thick fmokc ariling from this ifland, and a 
 fire iduing from it in the night, tiiat there was a vol- 
 i ino upon it; and this opinion was contirnied by infor- 
 ,,mation received from the natives that the appearances 
 • are conftant. Near to this ifland is a high peak, called 
 ^^Oglioa. They are both inliabited, feem barren, and 
 ,» are about twelve leagues dillant from Annamooka. 
 
 ( Captain Cook doubts not but that Prince William's 
 
 .' Iflunds, difcoverctl, and lb named, by Tafuian, are 
 
 included in this lift; and affigns, as tiie reafon, that, 
 
 ' while he lay at Hapace, he received information, from 
 
 one of the natives, that, at the diftance of three or 
 
 ' lour days fidl from thence to the north-weft, (here was 
 
 ' a duller of fmall illands; and this account correfponds 
 
 with that given in Tafman's voyage. 
 
 From the heft information our late navigators could 
 
 obtain (and this was deemed authentic) the moft con- 
 
 fiderable in this neighbourhood are Hamoa, Vavavoo, 
 
 and Feejee. Each of thel'e was rcprcfented to them as 
 
 .' larger than Tongataboo. Our countrymen, in their 
 
 ■' late voyapjCS, did not vifit them. 
 
 Hamoa lies two days (liil north-weft from Vavavoo. 
 It is faid to be the largell of all their illands ; affords 
 harbours and good water, and produces, in abundance, 
 all the articles of refrelhment that are fountl at the 
 places our people vilited. Poulaho frequently refides 
 upon this illand ; and the peojile here are in high 
 eftimation at Tongataboo. 
 
 Feejee lies in the direiflion of north-weft by weft, 
 
 abou": three days fail from Tongataboo, It abounds 
 
 "^ with hogs, dogs, fowls, and luch fruits and roots as are 
 
 "■ ■^ to be found in any of the others, and is much larger 
 
 3 than Tongataboo; but not fubjed to its dominion, as 
 
 C4 the other illands of this archipelago are. Feejee and 
 
 '\ Tongataboo frequently engag;e in war againll each 
 
 other; and the inlialiitants of the latter are often fo 
 
 much atraid of this enemy, that they beiul tlie body 
 
 , f '-ward and cover the face with their hands, to ex- 
 
 prefs the fenfe of their own inferiority to the Feejee 
 
 men. This is, indeed, no matter of fu'prize; for thole 
 
 ,'4 of Feejee have rendered ihemielves formidable by 
 
 ■jy their dextericy in the ufe of bows and ilings; but more 
 
 ,*• fo by their lavage praftice of eating luch of Mieir 
 
 :.- enemies as they kill in battle. 
 
 tit has been maintained that extreme hunger (to 
 juftify the praftice of canibals) liril ocialioned men 
 '' ' to feed on human flelh; but where could l)e the in- 
 (lu'cment for the Feejee people to continue it in the 
 midft of plenty? It is held in deteftation by the in- 
 ; habitants of Tongataboo, who letm to cuhivaie the 
 ; frieiidlh p of their lavage neighbours of Fecji-e through 
 tear; tiiough they, oecafionally venture to Ikirmilh 
 w.th rlieni on their own territot , and carry oil' large 
 quantities of red feathers as iropiiies Wiien a pro- 
 touiid peaie reigns between the tw 1 illands, they liave 
 frequ.-nt intercourfo together: ihuigh, it is probable, 
 they have not 1 mg been known to each other; or it 
 iiiight W I'uppjfed that I'ongataboo, and its nei;^lil)oiir- 
 inji lamls, would, before this time, have been iupplicd 
 with a brtetl of do^'.s, which arc numerous at Feejee, 
 and were not introduced at Tongataboo when liill 
 vifited by our countrymen in 177 ^, 
 
 The colour iif the natives of I'Vejcc. met with here, 
 •■-.A' a lh.ade darker than any of the inhabitants of ihl 
 
 at 
 
 other Friendly Iflands. One of die natives was feett 
 who had his left ear flit, and the lobe fo llretched, that 
 it almoft extended to his fhoulder ; which fingularity 
 had been oblerved at other iflandi in the South Seas 
 during a former voyage. The Feejee men were much 
 reverenced here; not only on accoimt of their power 
 and cruelty in war, bu^ alfo tor their ingenuity; for 
 they greatly excelled the inhabitants of Tongataboo in 
 workmanlhip. Specimens w^re lli «n of their clubs 
 and Ipear , wliich were ingenioufly carved. Some of 
 their beautifully chequeied cloth, variegated mats, 
 earthen pots, and other ar..iclcs, alfo difpiayed a fupc- 
 riority in the execution. 
 
 As has been already mentioned, Feejee is three days 
 fail from Tongataboo; thefe people having no other 
 method of expreffing the diftance from ifland to ifland, 
 but by mentioning the time required for the voyage iri 
 one ol their canoes That this niiglit be afcertained 
 with fome preuiiion, Captain Cook failed in one of 
 their canoes, and by reiieated trials with the log, found 
 that (he went dole hauled, in a gentle gale, fcven 
 miles in an hour. He judged from this, they could 
 fail, with fuch breezes as in general blow in their leas, 
 feven or eight miles an hour on an average. Each day, 
 however, is not to be reckoned at twenty-four hours; 
 for when they talk of one day's fail, they mean no 
 more than from the morning to the evening, or ten or 
 twelve hours at the moft. From the morning of the 
 firll day till the evening of the fecond, is, with them, 
 two days fail. In the day they are guided by the fun, 
 and in the night by liars. When thcf- are obfcured, 
 they can only have recourfe to the points from whence 
 the winds anil waves came upon the veft'el. If at that 
 time, the winds and tl.c waves fliould ftiift, they are 
 (luitc bewildered, often milling their intended port, and 
 being never heard of more, 
 
 Traitor's, or Keppel's Island, lying in 15 deg. 
 ^^ min. latitude, 175 deg. 3 min. longitude, weft, is 
 three miles and a half in extent, and two in breadth. It 
 was I'een by Le Mair in 17 16, and by him named The 
 Ifland of Traitors. When Captain Wallis arrived 
 here, in the Dolphin, in 1 765, he found a f^ood landing 
 place. The natives appear to be of a dilpofition liiai- 
 lar to what we have delcribed of tliofc of the Friendly 
 Illands in g,eneral, and r^lcnible them in the doathing, 
 and the amputation of the littl; lingers. At that 
 time no hogs were feen upon this ifland, and the re- 
 frelhments procured were trilling. 
 
 Captain Cook founds iiis reafon for comprehending 
 both this, and the f jllowing, called Bofcawen's Ifland, 
 in the lift, from the following circumllances. En- 
 quiring one day of Poulaho, the king, 'n what manner 
 the inhabitants of Tongataboo had acquired the know- 
 ledge of iron, and from what quarter ihey had pro- 
 ceed a fmall iron tool, which he had feen amongll 
 them when he lirll vilii-.'d their illand, he was inform- 
 ed they had recciyeil it from an ifland, which he called 
 Neeootabootaboo. On a more minute enquiry, the 
 king faid, that one of (hole iflanders fold a dub for live 
 nails to fome cf the ciew of a fliip that had touched 
 there, and that thefe live nails were afterwards lent to 
 Tongataboo. He added, that this was the Hill iron 
 known amongd them; I'o that whitTafman left of that 
 metal mull have been worn out and forgotten long 
 ago. On ftill further enquiry, the leading fac'ls ap- 
 peared to lie frclh in his memory. He liiid there was 
 but one lliip, iliat Ihe ilid not eume to anciior, but left 
 the ifland afi"r her li lat had been on Ihore. From 
 leveral [larticulais, which he mentioned, it could not 
 be many years fince this had happened. It appeared 
 further, from his account, that there were two ifland ■■ 
 near each other, at which he had been himfelf. The 
 one lu'defcrilxd as hi.',li and peaketl, like Kao; and he 
 call d ii Kooifthec: the other, vvhcic the peo()leof (he 
 Ihip landed, calicd Neeo italiootaboo, he ivpreleiited a:i 
 imuh lower. He added, that the natives ot both are 
 
 K 
 
 tai 
 
;S A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHEKTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 thi: lame fort of people with thofe of Tongataboo; 
 build their cauocs in the fame manner; that tlieir 
 iflancis hail iiogs and fowli, and, in general, the tame 
 vegetable produclions. L'pon the whole, it appeared 
 evident to Captain 'Jook, that the lliips lb pointedly 
 referred to, in this converlation, co'.iid be no other 
 than the Dolphin, the only Ihip from Europe, as far as 
 could be learned, that had touched, of lute years, at any 
 ifland in this part of the Pacilic Ocean, prior to his 
 former viiit of the Fric/.dly Iflands. 
 
 Cocos, or Boscawen's Island. This ifland re- 
 ceived the former name from Le Mair and Schouten, 
 who drit vifited it in 1716 ; and the latter from Captain 
 Wallis, who faw it the fame voyage as he did the fore- 
 going. It lies in latitude 15 deg. 30 min. fouth, and 
 longitude 175 deg. weft. 
 
 The natives of this, is well as Traitor's Ifland, are of 
 a favage difpoCtion. Their cloathing c onlilts of riilhes 
 or mats : they have their hair in different forms ; and 
 are robuft and well [jroportioued. The flaps of their 
 cars are flit, and hang down almoft to their Ihoulders. 
 They wear whiflters, and a fliort tuft under the chin; 
 and their boilies are punftured, or tattowtd. 
 
 On the arrival of the lirft Europeans at this (pot, one 
 ef t!>e chiefs put off from the Ihore, in a canoe covLrcd 
 with a mat, in the form of a tent, and accompanied by 
 » number of people in thirty canoes. As tiicy ap- 
 proached Schouten's Ihip, the chief cried out three 
 times with a loud voice, and at the fouith all the at- 
 tendants joined him. He prefented the commander 
 with a paj)er drefs, and a fine mat ; ft)r which he receiv- 
 ed due compenfation. Thefe people foon gave proofs 
 of an irrefiftible propcnfity to theft, attempting to pilfer 
 every thing they faw : they even tried to draw out the 
 nails frcm the (hip's fide with their teeth : nay, Ibme 
 ("warn under the \ery keel, and ftrovc to draw the nails 
 from thence, till being fired at, they defifted. A vaft 
 number of them, however, next day put off from 
 fhore with Ibme hogs, bananas, fowls, and cocoa nuts, 
 of which they have plenty. When the chief, or 
 Latow, as he is there called, gave the fignal from his 
 double canoe, there was a general fliout, followed by a 
 volley of ftones thrown on board the flii]). The chief, 
 indeed, was fo abfurd, as to luppolc that he could run 
 down the fhip with his canoe, and made the ridiculous 
 attempt, in which he ftruck the head of it to pieces. 
 This exafperated the lavages, and they renewed the at- 
 tack ; but they were loon put to flight by the thlcharge 
 of ("mall *rms, and a few great guns.. 
 
 Hervf.v's Island, fo called by Captain Cook, in 
 iionour of the earl of Briftol, was difcovered by him in 
 1773. It is fituated low, in latitude 19 deg. 8 min. 
 (outh, longitude i i;3 deg. 4 rrin. weft. 
 
 \Vhen Ca])tain Cook revilited this ifland, on his laft 
 voyage, our jieople obferved, on their approach, (everal 
 camx:s coming from the Ihore towards the fliips; a cir- 
 cumftance which occafioned much furprife, as no traces 
 or (igns of inhabitants were fcen when the ifland was 
 firft difcovered. It might, indeed, be owing to a 
 brifli gale that then blew, and prevented their canoes 
 from coming out. 
 
 The canoes that came off ftopped at a (liortdiftjincc 
 from the velfel : it was wirh ditficulty they were pre- 
 vailed on to come along fide ; but could not be induced, 
 by any means, to come on board. They loon, however, 
 began to evince their propenfilv to theft, fo univerfally 
 prevalent in this part of the glohp, in dealing oars, cut- 
 ting away a net, cont"ining meat, that hung over the 
 ftern of one of the (hips, and other aifts ot pilferii ■;. 
 It appeircd that they had a knowleilge of bartering, lor 
 they exchanged Ibme ftfti for fome of our (mall nails, 
 of which they were extravagantly fond, and called 
 them goaie. Pieces of paper, or any ether trillinp, 
 article that was thrown them, they caui'Jit with the 
 grcatcft avidity ; ami if what was tiirown tell into tiie 
 Ita, they immediately plunged in to fwiin after it. 
 
 The colour of the natives of Hervey's Ifland is of g 
 deep caft ; and (everal of them had a fierce lavage a(- 
 peit, like the natives of New Zealand, thou2h Ibmo 
 were fairer. Their hair was lo.^g antl black, either 
 hanging loole about their (houlders, or tied in a bunch 
 on the top of the head. Some few, iiulced, had i'- 
 cropjwd Ihort ; .and in two or three of them it was of .1 
 red or brownilh colour. Their cloathing was a narrow 
 piece of mat, bound fe/cral times round the lower part 
 of the boily, and paffing between the thighs. A fine 
 cap of red feathers was leen lying in one of the canoes ; 
 and Ibme amongft them were ornamented with the 
 IhcU of a pearl-oyfter, polifhed and hung about the 
 neck. 
 
 The boats, that were fent to reconnoitre tlie coaft, 
 could .advance no farther than the other edge of the 
 reef, which w.as computed almoft a tpiarter of a mile 
 from the dry land. A number of the natives came 
 upon the reef, armed with clubs and long pikes, meaD- 
 ing, .as we liip{X>led, to oppole the people's landing ; 
 thou;j,h, at the dune time, they threw cocoa-nuts t« 
 them, and rcquefted them to come on Ihore; yet, not- 
 withftanding this (Icmingly Iriendly treatment, the wo- 
 men were very aftive in bringinv? down a frelh ("ui)ply 
 of darts and (pears. 
 
 P A L M F. R s T o N ' s Is L A N D was di(covcrecI by Captain 
 Cook in 1774, ami lies inlatitutle 18 deg. 4min. (buth, 
 and longitude 163 dog. 10 min. weft. This ifland 
 confifb of a group of (Inall illets, about nine or ten ia 
 number, conaedled by a reef of coral rocks, and lying 
 in a circular diredion. It appeared, from obferv.allon, 
 made by (bme of our people in going on fliore upon the 
 laft voyage, that the ifland does not exceed a mile in 
 circumference, and is not el-'vated .above three feet be- 
 yond the level of the fea. It confifts almoft entirely 
 of a coral fund, with a (mall mixture '■f blackilh mouldy 
 which appeareil to be produced from rotten vege- 
 tables. 
 
 The foil, px)or as it is, however, is covered with 
 llirubs and bufhes. A great number of man of war 
 birds, tropic birds, and alfo two forts of boobie'-., were 
 perceiveil, which were then laying their eggs, and (o ex- 
 ceedingly tame, as to fuffer theml'elves to be taken off 
 their nells, which confifted only of a few (licks loofely 
 pul together. 
 
 Thefe tropic bids differ effentially from the com- 
 mon ibrt, Ixing of a beautiful white, fli .htly tinged 
 with red, and having two long tail-feathers of a deepilh 
 criinlbn. Our people killetl a confidcrable number of 
 each Ibrt, which, though not the moll delicate kind of 
 food, were highly accejitable to luch as had been :i 
 long time confined to a (alt diet. There were plentv 
 of red cr.abs creeping among the ta'es; and fevenil filii 
 caught, whi'h, when the l(;a retreated, liad been lett 
 in holes upon the reef 
 
 At one part of the reef, which bounds the lake 
 within, almoft even with the fuiface, there ap[ieared 
 a large bed of coral, which afforded a moft enchantin;'^ 
 prolpcft. Its bale, which was fixed to the ihore, ex- 
 tended to far that it could not be fecn, fo that it ap- 
 peared to be llilpended in the water. The (ia was then 
 unruliied, and the rcfu!gei\ce of the lun expofed tli .• 
 various (brts of coral, in tihe moft beautiful order , 
 (bme parts luxuriantly branching into the water; others 
 appearing in vaft variety of (igu.es; and the whole 
 greatly heightened by fpanglcs of' the richcft colour;;, 
 glowing trom a nuinlier of large clams interfpcrfcd in 
 every part. Even this delightful Icene was greatly im- 
 proved by the multitude of filhes, whole colours were 
 the moft bcautilul that can be imagined; blue, yellow, 
 red, &c. far excelling any thing that ca*-. be produce! 
 by art. The richncis of this view was greatly incre.i!- 
 ed by their various forms; and the whole could i\A 
 pi'ilibly be furveyed without a moft pleaCng tranl- 
 |)ort. 
 
 No traces were difcovcrablc of inhabitants havii. , 
 
 liecn here, except a piece of a canoe tli;it was fou' 1 
 
 1,^ upon 
 
 I New Discove: 
 
 upon the beach 
 drifted from fon 
 were (bund on t 
 tafily accountec 
 ing imported in 
 n..;n, be admitt 
 
 Here was foi 
 of ti.e cattle, 
 of the wharra 
 young cocoa-iii 
 of fifh found up 
 Ijxitted eels, wl 
 water, and endt 
 were ahb (happ 
 rock-fi(h, not 
 would remain li 
 had been really 
 have been had. 
 when the tide 
 fome of which 
 pretence rentk-n 
 the water. Mi 
 
 The ifleis,coi 
 fton's Ifland, it 
 of coral-rock, o 
 though cloathei 
 grounds of the h 
 
 Our late navij 
 paffed 
 
 Savaof. Isl 
 1774. It lies i 
 longitude 169 d 
 the inhabitants c 
 withftood every 
 gave fuch evider 
 a fpear which g 
 othrr inftances, 
 cure a retreat in 
 to fire on the r 
 were with him, 
 the general .Spei 
 tain Cook was ii 
 It is in circuit .al 
 good height, an; 
 As no (oil was ti 
 rocks alone fupp 
 rior parts are (up 
 
 EiMo.orWA 
 firft dhcovered ' 
 \-ifited by Captai 
 
 The harbour, 
 the north fide of 
 about two miles I 
 foundnefs of boti 
 equal to any har 
 is added this pt 
 fail both in and 
 rivulet falls int( 
 boats a quarter c 
 perfeftly frelh. 
 with what the nc 
 no eftimation, a 
 two caufcs wood 
 
 There is anotl 
 two miles to the 
 Though much 1; 
 t!ie reef lies to 
 wide. From tl 
 is evidently lupc 
 are one or two 11 
 able when com]i 
 
 Great numbe 
 liuropcan veliel 
 mere curiofity, a 
 modiiics for th( 
 however, arrived 
 
. GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 s of Hcrvcy's Ifland is of a 
 Ivjin lud a ticrci; lavage af- 
 Sfcw Zealand, iliou2,li ionw 
 ivas long and black., citliL-r 
 houldcrs, or tial in a buacli 
 
 Some few, iiulccd, hail "■ 
 I or three of them it was of .i 
 riieir cloathing was a narrow 
 il times round the lower part 
 between the thigiis. A tine 
 n lying in one of the canoes ; 
 
 were ornamented with the 
 jlillied and hung about the 
 
 ;nt to reconnoitre the coaft, 
 than the other edge of the 
 I almoft a quarter of a mile 
 limber of the natives came 
 clubs and long pikes, meaa- 
 ppofe the people's landing i 
 L-, they threw cocoa-nuts to 
 to come on Ihore; jet, not- 
 y friendly treatment, the wo- 
 wingintJ- down a frelh fupply 
 
 JD was difcovcrccf by Captaia 
 latitmie i8 deg. 4min. Ibuth, 
 o niin. welt. This illand 
 .11 illets, about nine or ten ia 
 reef of coral rocks, and lying 
 t appeared, from obiervalion, 
 lie in going on fliorc upon the 
 id does not exceed a mile in 
 ; et?vated above three feet be- 
 lt coniills almoft entirely 
 ill mixtua "■f blackilh mould, 
 produced from -otten vego- 
 
 however, is covered with 
 ^reat number vof man of war 
 Kb two forts of iroobie'., were 
 laying their eggs, and (o ex- 
 thcmfelves to be taken olV 
 only of a few flicks loofcly 
 
 New Discoveries.^ 
 
 VARIOUS ISLANDS. 
 
 .'? 
 
 er 
 
 effentially from the com- 
 uitiful white, Hi .htly tinged 
 ong tail-feathers ofadeepilh 
 la confide ruble number of 
 not the moll tlelicate kind of 
 :\ble to fuch as had been ;i 
 lit diet. There were plentv 
 sr the trees; and fevenil fil.i 
 lea retreated, luil been left 
 
 X'cf, which bounds the lake 
 tiie furtace, there apjieared 
 h artbrded a moft enchantin;', 
 was lixed to the Ihore, ex- 
 1 not be fcen, fo that it ap- 
 the water. Tlie fca was then 
 lice of the lun cxpofed t!).- 
 the molt beautiful order , 
 inching into the water; others 
 of figures; and the whole 
 ,ngles of the richeft colour;:, 
 of large cl;\ins iiilerj'pcrfcd in 
 ;lightf'ul fcene was greatly iin- 
 ot fiihes, whole colours were 
 n be iiivigined; blue, yellow, 
 y thing that ca--. be produce;! 
 this view was greatly increal- 
 s ; and the whole could not 
 hovit a moft plealing traiil- 
 
 ..able of inhabitants havim; 
 :e of a canoe that was found 
 upon 
 
 upon tiie beach ; and probably tliat might have been 
 drifted from Ibmc other ifland. Some ihiall brown rats 
 : were found on this ifland ; a circuiuflanre, perhaps, not 
 eafily accounted tor, unlelii the polhbility of their be- 
 \- ing imported in the canoe, of which the remains were 
 lien, be ailmitted. 
 
 Here was found an ample fiijiply for the fubfiftencc 
 
 of ti.e cattle, conlifting principally of tender branches 
 
 of the wharra-tree, palm-tree, palm-cabbage, and 
 
 young cocoa-nut trees. Amongfl: the great number 
 
 of filh found upon the reefs, were fome beautiful large 
 
 Ij^tted eels, which wpuld rail'e theml<;lves out of the 
 
 water, and endeavour to bite their jiurfuers. There 
 
 were alio Ihappers, parrot-fifli, and a brown plotted 
 
 rock-filh, not larger than a haddock, fb tame that it 
 
 would remain fixed, and gaze at the people. If they 
 
 • I had been really in want, a fufficient fupply might eafily 
 
 Mhave been h.ad. There were alfo fome fhell-filh; and 
 
 ''^ when the tide flowed, feveral Iharks came with it, 
 
 k' fome of which were killed by our people; but their 
 
 'X prefence rendered it, at that time, unfafe to walk in 
 
 the water. Mufquitos abound here. 
 
 The ifleis, comprehended u.iderthe name of Pal mcr- 
 
 ftom's Ifland, mav be faid to be the fummitsof a reef 
 
 i of coral-rock, covered only with a thin coat of fand ; 
 
 though cloathed with trees and plants, like the low 
 
 grounds of the high iflands of this ocean. 
 
 Our late navigators, in their courfe to Aniumooka, 
 paflTed 
 
 i • Savage Island, difcovered by Captain Cook in 
 
 1774.. It lies in latitude 19 deg. i mm. fouth, and 
 
 ".: longitude 169 deg. 37 ir.in. weft. On his firft landing 
 
 f : the inliabitants difcovered a moft lavage ferocity, and 
 
 withftood every polTible intimation of good will. They 
 
 *' gave fuch evident tokens of hoftile defigns, in darting 
 
 ^ a fpear which grazed the commander's (houlder, and 
 
 ■ :-j} othf^r inftances, that a party potled on a rock, to fe- 
 
 ; ^ cure a retreat in cafe of an attack, found it neceffary 
 
 ,# to fire on the natives to refcue V.ini, and thofc who 
 
 j^ Were with him, from impending deftruftion. From 
 
 1^ the general ..fpeft and condurt of thefe iflanders, Cap- 
 
 ■ 'M tain Cook was induced to call this fpot Savage Ifland. 
 
 It is in circuit about feven leagues, of a round form, 
 
 f' good heifrht, and has deep water clofe to its fhores. 
 
 , As no foil was to be feen towards the coafts, and the 
 
 . ; rocks alone fupplied the trees with moilture, the inte- 
 
 ' rior parts are fupjiofed to be barren. 
 
 EiMo, or W At LTs'sDoKF. of York's Island, wts 
 firft difcovered by Captain Wallis, in 1767. It was 
 vifited by Captain Cook in 1777. 
 
 The harbour, which is called Talon, is fituated on 
 
 the north fide of the ifland. It runs between the hills 
 
 r about two miles fbuth, or fouth by eaft. For fafety and 
 
 .. foundnefs of bottom, it is pronounced by our navigators 
 
 equal to any harbour met within this ocean; to which 
 
 is added this peculiar convenience, that a velfel can 
 
 fail both in and out with the reig.iing trade wind. A 
 
 "rivulet falls into it futhciently capaciom to admit 
 
 boats a quarter of a mile up, where the water was found 
 
 perfeftly frefh. The banks of the rivulel arc covered 
 
 with wiiat the natives c.-.ll thi. I'ooroo tree, which is in 
 
 no eftimation, and Iblely uli.:d for firing. From thefe 
 
 two caufes wood and water abound lure. 
 
 There is another harbour, calleil Paiowroah, about 
 two miles to the caftward, on the Ihmc fide of the ifland. 
 Though much larger within than Taloo, the opening in 
 tlie reef lies to leeward of it, and is in no degree fb 
 wide. From thefe two det'eds the harbour of Taloo 
 
 is evidently luperior. On the fouth fide of the ifland 
 
 are one or two more harbours, but they ;irc inconfider- 
 able when comjiared with thdie above d', fcribed. 
 
 Great numbers of the natives came on board the 
 European veliels as foon as the)' had anchored, from 
 mere curiofity, as appeared by their bringuig out com- 
 modities for the purpofe of tr.aHic. Several canoes, 
 however, arrived the next day, from more remote quar- 
 
 ters, with an abundant fupply of bread-fruit, cocoa- 
 nuts, and a few hogs, which were exchanged for beads, 
 nails, and hatchets. 
 
 The chief of the ifland, wh.ofe name was MahemCj 
 accompanied by his wife, vifited the commander on 
 board; but, through extreme caution and deliberation, 
 betrayed much diflruft. They wcr; prefented with 
 fuch articles as appeared moflly to engage their atten- 
 tion, which they took with them on Ihoie, and re- 
 turned with a hog in compenfation ; but received an 
 aiUlltional ])refent to its full value. 
 
 The chief was between forty and fifij' yiars of age, 
 and bald headed, which, in thefe iflands, was rather lin- 
 gular at that time of life. From what caule could not 
 be afcertained; but he f'eemcd defirous of concealing 
 this baldnefs, as he wore a turban; from whence was in- 
 ferred that it was held difgraceful ; a vet)' probable fup- 
 pofition, as one of the natives had his head fhaved, as 
 a punithment for theft. This propenfity to pilfering 
 prevailed here in common with the iflanders in general; 
 and the lofs of a goat, on the part of the Europeans, 
 had nearly been attendea with the moft ferious confe- 
 queuces. The natives were guilty of great duplicity 
 of conduct upon this occafion. The chief retired to a. 
 remote part of the ifland. Their replies were equivocal 
 on demanding reftoration of the animal, inibmuch that 
 it was deemed expedient to fend on Ihore an armed 
 {xirty, which drove the natives before them. However 
 as affuraiice was given them of their fafety, it put a 
 ftop to their flight. Perfifting in their denial of any 
 knowledgf of the animal,, fix or eight of their houfes 
 were fet ■ )n fire, two or three canoes were confumeu ; 
 and a m.flenger was difpatched to Maheme, with a pe- 
 remptory declaration, that, on his reflifing immediate 
 reftoration of the goat, a fingle canoe fliould not be left 
 on the ifland ; nor fhould hoftilities ceafe while the 
 ftolen animal continued in his poffeflion. Thefe means 
 had the defired efteft ; the goat was returned j and 
 it appeared, from good intelligence, thrit it was brought 
 from the very place where the inhabitants, but the 
 day before, declared their total ignorance of the mat- 
 ter. 
 
 The produce of this ifland is nearly the fame with 
 that of thole adjoining. The women are remarkable 
 for being of a dark hue, low x)f ftature, and of dif- 
 agreeable features. The country is liilly, has little low 
 land, except I'uine v.'.Uies, and the fl.it border that al- 
 moft furrouuds tiie fea. Thefe hills, though rocky, 
 arc generally covered almoft to their tops with trees. 
 At the bottom of Taloo harbour the ground gradually 
 rif<;s to the foot of the hills; but the flat border on each 
 fide becomes quite ftecp at a very fmall diftance from 
 the fea. This gives it a romantic cafl, pleafing to the 
 view. In the low grounds the foil is of a yellowifli 
 ftirt" inould ; on the lower hifls it is blacker and loofer j 
 and the ftone that compofes the hills is of a bluifli co- 
 lour, with fome particLs of glimrna intcrfperfed. 
 Near where the vcflels lay were two large ftones, or 
 rather rocks, concerning which the natives entertain 
 fome fuperftitious notions, confidering them as brother 
 and filler, and holding them to be Eiitooas, orr'lvinities, 
 brought thither by I'upornatural agency. 
 
 O-Hk rF.Ro.\. This ifland is thirteen miles in cir- 
 cumference, fituated in latitude 22 deg. 27 min. fouth, 
 and longitude i ;o deg, 47 min. well. Though more 
 even and uniform, it is neither fb populous or fertile 
 as the adjacent iflands. The inhabitants are not hol- 
 pitablc, nor have they an harbour tor the accommoila- 
 tion of f hipping. There is a bay on the wcltern l\di: 
 of the ifland; but the bottom is foul and rocky; and 
 the water is to clear, that the bottom can be feci, ut 
 the depth of 25 fiitlu)m, or 1.^0 feet. 
 
 The natives are of an hoftile difpofition. and gene- 
 rally armed with lanres, near twenty feet loirj;, made 
 of a very hard wood, polilhed, ami fluirpened at one 
 end. Thcv ditler much in ilie form of their drel's from 
 the other iflanders, thouyji the materials arc the f.me. 
 1 Some 
 
A NEW, ROYAL a:.o AUTHENTIC SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGkAPriY. 
 
 'Av 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 % 
 
 40 
 
 Some nf them wear caps matlc of the tail feathers of 
 the tropic bird ; anti tover their Ixidies with ftripjs of 
 tlifleient coloura! doth, us ytilow, red and lirown. 
 Their iiabit is a kind of Ihoit jacket of cloth, which 
 reaches to the knco. It is of one piece ; and having 
 a hole in the middle, with long 1\ itches round it, is 
 thereby rendered diffcrcni from the drefs of all the 
 other iflandcr. Throvigh this hole the head is put; 
 and the whole being bound round the body by apiece 
 of yellow cloth, or Mi, which, paffing rounil the neck 
 behind, is croiied upon the breail, and collected round 
 the waift like a belt, which paHl-s over another belt of 
 red cloth ; fo that they are reprefented as making a 
 very gay and warlike appearance. They take lingular 
 pains in adorning their canoes, by the cmbcUilhments 
 of carving, and fomc rows of white feathers hanging 
 down from head to flern. 
 
 Islands of Dancer, fo called by Commodore By- 
 ron, from th'.^ hazard to which a veflel is, expofcd from 
 the rocks and broken ground between them, which be- 
 ing fo low, a Ihip may be dole in with them before 
 they are fcen. Tluy are three in number i and their 
 lituraion is differently laid down by Commodore Byron ' 
 and Captain Cook; the fornur placing them in latitude ! 
 1 7. deg. 3;, min. fouth, longitude 167 deg. 47 min. weft, j 
 The length of the moft extenfive of thelb illands is | 
 about three leagues. From the extreme point runs out a 
 reef, upon which the lea breaks to a treniLndous height. 
 Innumerable rocks and (hoals ftrctch near two leagues 
 into the fca, on the north-well and weft fides, and are 
 extremely dangerous. Thefe iflands are populous, and 
 appear fertile and beautiful ; but they are fecluded from 
 inveftigation by their very dangerous fituation. 
 
 Byron's Duke of York's Island. This ifland be- 
 ing dillovered, was named by Commodore Byron in 
 1765. It lies in latitude 8 deg. 41 min. fouth, and 
 longitude 1 73 deg. 3 min. weft. It is a dreary fpot, un- 
 inhabited} a dreadful fea breaks upon almoft every part 
 of the coaft, nor could foundings be any where fpand. 
 The boats landed with great difficulty, and procured 
 fome cocoa-nuts, which greatly refreflied the crew 
 amidft a dearth of who'efome food. The ifland ap- 
 peared as if it never haii been trodden by a human be- 
 ing before. Innumerable lea- fowls were fcen fitting 
 upon their nefts, built upon high trees; but fo i.inie 
 that they fufTered thcmfelves to be knocked down with- 
 out leaving their nefts. No other animal was fee t but 
 land-crabs, with which the ground was covered. 
 
 Ti'RTLE-IsLAND, fo denominated by Captain Cook, 
 who lirftr vilited it, from the number of turtles with 
 which it abounded, lies in latitude 19 deg, 48 min. 
 louth, and longitude 178 deg. 2 min. weft. 
 
 QuFEN Charlotte's Islands. When thefe iflands 
 wore firft difcovered by Captain Carteret, feven of them 
 were counted ; but there was realbn to fuppolc there 
 were in )re difpcrfcd within tlie cluftcr. The water here 
 is excellent ; but there is a dearth of wholefomc vcge- 
 'labKs. The colour ot the natives is black, their hair is 
 woolly, and they go ftark naked. A party lent on 
 iliore u])on this ifknd iiy Captain VVallis, to procure I 
 
 irovifions, by their intolent behaviour, bi ought upon I 
 1 honifelvcs the relentment of the natives, and thereupon i 
 
 'iifued a Ikiriiiilli, in which the mafter of thefliip, and | 
 
 three feamen, were wounded by arrows, and afterwards 
 died, while the Dolphin lay here. To protcifl: the 
 Englifli on fliorc from the fury of the natives, grape 
 Ihot was fired from the fhip's guns, which fo intimi- 
 dated them, that they abamloned that part of the ifland, 
 and left the j)eople to fill water without annoyapce. 
 Here candour obliges us to exculpate the commander 
 from being accelfaty to the carnage, as the infult given 
 to the rjalivts was contrary to his cxprcfs orderf, and 
 he was under an indilpenfable neceflTity of procuring 
 water by any means. 
 
 The inhabitants of thefe iflands are very nimble and 
 vigorous, and of an amphibious comjiound, as they 
 were in and out of their canoes every minute. 
 
 Thefe iflands lie in latitude n deg. longitude 1C4 
 deg. eaft. 
 
 ByROs's Island, fo called from Commodore Byron, 
 who difcovcri-d it in I7'ii5, lies in 1 deg. jS mi'i. liiuth 
 latitude, and 179 deg. 50 min. eaft longitude. There 
 being no part favourable for anchorage, the people 
 could not go on fhore, nor procure any refrelhments. 
 It w.as fnppofed to be about four leagues in extent, and 
 was evidently very populous ; for, as foon as the veflels 
 came in fight, the natives allembled on the beach, to 
 rhe number of above a thoufand ; and more than fixty 
 canoes, or proas, put off from the fhore, made towards 
 it, and ranged thcmfelves in a circle round it. H.avjng 
 gazed for fome tiine, one of them jumped out of hi» 
 proa, fwam to the fltip, and ran up the fide like a cat. 
 Having ftepped over the gunv.ale, he fat down upon it, 
 burft into a fit of exccflive laughter, and ftarting up 
 fuddcnly, ran up and down the fhip, feemingly lefipous 
 of ftealing whatever he could lay his hands en; but 
 could not effeft his dcfign, as being ftark naked, it was 
 impoflible to conceal his booty. Much merriment 
 was produced in the failors drefllng him in a jacket and 
 trowlers, as he then difplayed all the droll gefticulations 
 of an ape. He eat fome bread, which was given him, 
 with a moft voracious appetite i and having played a 
 number of antic tricks, leaped overboard in his new 
 garb, and fwam to his proa. 
 
 The natives of this ifland are of good ftature, pro- 
 portion, and features. Their complexion is of a bright 
 copper-, and the mixture of chearfulnefs and intrepi- 
 dity difcoverable in their counteiiaiuxs, ilrikes the be- 
 holder. They have long black hair. Some liad long 
 beards; others only whifkers; and others nothing moie 
 than a fmail tuft at the point of the chin. They were 
 all ftark naked, except ornaments, which confifted c>i 
 ftiells, fancifully dilpofed, and ftrung together, which 
 they wore round their necks, wrifts, and waifts. Their 
 ears were perforated ; but they had no ornaments in 
 them; though it feemed that they had worn very heavy 
 ones, for their ears hung down almoft to their ftioulders, 
 and fome were fplit quite through. A perfon amongft 
 them, of apparent importance, had a firing o! human 
 teeth tied about his waift, which was fuppofed to be a 
 badge of his valour, as he would not part with it upon 
 any conlideration. Some were armed with a kind of 
 fpcar, very broad at the md, and ftuek full of fliark's 
 teeth, which were as Iharp as a lancet. They were 
 evidently of a moft lavage difpolition ; for when our 
 people Ihewed them fonie cocoa-nuts, and indicated, 
 bv ligns, that they wanted more, inllcad of fupplying 
 them, they difcovered a defiie of depriving tlieat of 
 ihofe few they had remaining. 
 
 m 
 
 'i. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
^GEOGkAPHY. ' 
 
 idecl by arrows, and afterwards 
 II lay here. To protect the 
 he fury of the nativcF, grape 
 rhip's gim«, which fo intiini- 
 amloucd that part of the ifland, 
 (ill water without annoyapce. 
 to exculpate the commander 
 he carnage, as the infult given 
 try to his cxprcfs orderf, and 
 .nlable necellity of procuring 
 
 :fe iflands are very nimble and 
 iphibious comjiound, as they 
 canoes every minute, 
 titude n deg. longitude 164 
 
 ailed from Commo<ioreRyron, 
 1^, lies in 1 dep;. 18 mi-i. liimh 
 io min. eafl: longitude. There 
 lie for anchorage, the people 
 nor procure any refrelhments. 
 out four leagues in extent, and 
 Ions ; for, as foon as the veflels 
 'es allembled on the beach, to 
 houfand ; and more than fixty 
 
 from thefhore, made towards 
 'S In a circle round it. Having 
 ne of them jumped out of his 
 and ran up tlie fide like a cat. 
 : gunwale, he fat down upon it, 
 flive laughter, and Itarting up 
 wn the fhip, feemingly lefirous 
 could lay his hands c n ; but 
 n, as being ftark naked, it was 
 is booty. Much merriment 
 ors drefling him in a jacket and 
 ayed all the droll gelliculations 
 : bread, which was given him, 
 ippetite i and having played a 
 
 leaped, overboard in his new 
 roa. 
 
 land are of good flature, pro- 
 i'heir complexion is of a bright 
 e of chearfulnefs and inlrepi- 
 r counteiiaiuxs, ilrikes the bc- 
 g black hair. Some liad long 
 kersj and others nothing moie 
 point of the chin. They were 
 ornaments, which confifled L\t 
 d, and (Irung together, which 
 cks, wrifls, and waifts. Their 
 nit they had no ornaments in 
 
 that they had worn very heavy 
 :lown almoll to their Ihoulders, 
 e through. A pedon amongll 
 rtancc, had a firing ol human 
 t, which was fuppofed to be a 
 le would not part with it upon 
 le were armed with a kind of 
 
 end, and (luck full of Ihark'b 
 harp as a lancet. They were 
 iige difpolition ; for when our 
 Hie cocoa-nuts, and indicated, 
 :ed more, inllead of lupplying 
 I dc(ire of depriving them ol 
 ning. 
 
 
 - ^ 
 "r\-:, 
 
 4" 
 
 A 
 
 ■1 
 
 
 \ 
 
 #" 
 
 I-: 
 
 C U A p. 
 
 v^lf 
 
•" ■^' 
 
 ':^- 
 
 I 
 
 Hew DiScovE 
 
 Defcrlptk 
 
 
 ># 
 
 f^ 
 
 f .i/.rv () /'■ MA.XnKKA 
 
 Dejcription oft) 
 the inhabitan 
 tiers, 
 
 THIS iflanc 
 htitiide, 
 and was difcove 
 As an attempt 
 cable, on accoi 
 found for anch 
 length of the br 
 to leave this ifla 
 
 Such parts 
 fervation, are § 
 which a heavy I 
 is about five lea; 
 mo('crate and j 
 clear weather a 
 interior parts it 
 an eafy dcfretit 
 part, is llcep, ui 
 cavations made 
 brownifh fand 11 
 here abounds wi 
 to be all of one 
 was obferved a 
 woods of We'.v 2 
 part terminates 
 land is broken it 
 der of trees, wb 
 on the afcent, ti 
 rrentioned. So 
 fcittered on the 
 tlitr covered wi 
 ■anc of a rcddifli 
 has a pleaiinn a[ 
 iV.tion, be madt 
 ■ From the nu 
 hiE,hly probable 
 ifland produces 
 countrymen we 
 <logs, thoug,h th 
 that they had p 
 only birds obfer' 
 e^jg-biids, and 
 Ot.r people, ! 
 of the natives 
 aTilbnce of gl;-.! 
 ed with long Ip 
 ill the air with 1 
 pofcd, with inv 
 naked, except 
 !)rought up be 
 wore -bout th< 
 colours, white, 
 , of them had aba 
 degree reicmbli 
 cc)n)plexion, ro 
 A\ this time 
 'diltant pan of 
 reaching the Ih 
 ietunied toward 
 joined him in ti 
 died towardi t. 
 preach till tht . 
 Oniai, who adi 
 No. -1 
 
New DiScovERiBS.] 
 
 ISLAND OF MANGEEA. 
 CHAP. V[I. 
 
 4t 
 
 } Dcfbrlptlon of the Iflands of MANGEEA, WATEEOO and 
 
 0TAK001AIA. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Dejaiptionoflht iflancl. Drefs, ccmpltx .) and fize of 
 the inhabitants ; tkeir canoes, language and man- 
 ners. 
 
 THIS ifland is fituated in 21 deg. 50 mih fouth 
 latitude, and 201 deg. 53 min. eaft longitude, 
 and was dilcovered oy Captain Cook in March 1777 
 As an attempt to land from boats appeared impracti- 
 cable, on account of the furf; and no bottom could be 
 found for anchorage till they came within a cable's 
 length of the breakers, our late navigators were obliged 
 to leave this ifland unvifired. 
 
 Such parrs oi the coaft, however, that fell under ob- 
 fervation, are guarded by a reef of coral rock, againfl: 
 which a heavy lurf is continually breaking. This ifland 
 is about five leagues in circumference, and though of a 
 mof'erate and pretty equal height, may be feen in 
 clear weather at the diftanee of ten leagues. In the 
 interior parts it rifes into finall hills, whence there is 
 an eafy dcfrent to the fliorc, which, in the fouth-wed 
 part, is deep, iliough .not very higti, and has feveral ex- 
 cavations made by the dalhing of the waves againfl: a 
 brownlfh fand Hone, of which it confifts. Th« defcent 
 here abounds with trees of a deep green, which feem 
 to be all of one fort, except neareft the Ihore, where 
 was obffrved a number of that fpecies found in the 
 woods of iN^e?; Zealand. The (hore of the north-wed 
 
 f)art terminates in .: fandy beach, beyond which th.° 
 and is broken into fmall chafms, and has n broad bor- 
 der of trees, which refemble tall willows. Farther up, 
 on the afcent, ti;e trees were of the deep green above- 
 mentioned. Son.e trees of the higher fort were thinly 
 fcittered on the hillb, the other parts of which were ei- 
 ther covered with ibmething like fern, or wsre baie, 
 ■anc of a reddifli colour. The ifland, upon the whole, 
 has a pleafuig appearance, and might, by proper culti- 
 VP.cion, be made a beautiful Ipot. 
 
 From the numbers and afpeft of the natives, it is 
 highly probable, that fuch articles of provifions as the 
 ifland produces are found in great abundance. Our 
 countrymen were informed, that they had no hogs or 
 dogs, though they had heard of both thofe animals; but 
 that they had plantains, taro, and bread-fruit. The 
 only birds obferved were fome terms, noddies, white 
 e^lgbiids, and one white heron. 
 
 Oi.r pt ople, as they approached the (hore, faw Piany 
 of the natives running along the beach, and, Ijy the 
 affillance of gl;-.ilcs, could perceive that tbcv wi.re arm- 
 ed with long Ipcars ard clubs, which they biandillied 
 in the air with figns of thriiatening, or, as fome fup- 
 pofcd, with invitations to and. Moft of them were 
 naked, except having a kind of girdle, which was 
 !)roughi up between the thighs; hut fome of them 
 wore »bout their flioitlders pieces ..f cloth of various 
 colours, white, ftriped, or hequcrcd ; and almoft all 
 ,of them had about their he;'ds a white wranp^r, in 'bme 
 degree rei'cmbling a turban. The^ were of a tawny 
 i-()n>plexion, robuft, and about the middle fi7.e. 
 
 At this time a man getting into a linall canoe, ar a 
 diltant pan of the beach, put olf, ,as with a view of 
 reaching the (hip ; I. it his counigt; tailing, he quickly 
 .enirned towards the Ihore, Another man loon after 
 j.):ned him in the canoe; and Uien both of them pad- 
 dled towards 't. They fe med, howtvc-r, afraid to ap- 
 proach till thi. . .ppreheiilions were partly removed by 
 Oniai, who addielied thcni in ;; Unt'uage they under- 
 No. 4. 
 
 ftood Thus encouraged, they came near enough to 
 receive fome nails and heads, whivli, being tied to fome 
 wood, '• ere thrown into the canoe. They, however, 
 put the wood alide without untying the things from ir, 
 which might perhaps have proceeded from fuperftition ; 
 for Omai told our people, that when they obfcrvtcl 
 them offering prelents they requcflcdfomethingfortheir 
 Eatooir, On being allied by Omai whether they ever 
 eat human flelh, they replied in the negative, w'tli 
 equal abhoi r-^nce and indignation. One of them, narried 
 Mourooa, bei.ig quelVioned with regard to a fear on 
 his forehead, (iii J it was the confequtnce of a wound he 
 had receiTed in fighting with the natives of an illand 
 lying rewards the uurth-eaft, who lometi'ues invaded 
 them. They afterwards laid hand^ on a rope, but 
 would not venture on board, telling Omai, that their 
 countrymen on fliore h.idfuggefled to them this caution ; 
 andhad likewiledircfted them toenquirc whencsourlhip 
 came, and to It am the name of the captain. Their 
 chief, they faid, >vas called Orooaeeka, the name of the 
 ifland Mangya or Manj^eea, to which they Ibnuainies ad- 
 ded noce, imi, naiwa. 
 
 Otii of the natives was rather corpulent, and though 
 not tall well proportioned. As his perfon was agree- 
 able fo svashisdifpofition, as ap[}eared from fome droll 
 gefticulations, which indicated humour and good-na- 
 ture. He alfo made others of a ferious kind, and re- 
 peated ibme words witli an air of devotion, before he 
 would venture to take hold of the rope at the ftern of 
 ihe Ihip. His complexion was nearly of the fame cad 
 with that of the natives oi the moft fouthcrn parts of 
 Europe. His companion was not: (b handfome. They 
 both had ftrong, ftrait, black hair, tied together on the 
 top of their heads with a piece of White cloth. They 
 hnd long beards; and the mfide of their arms, from the 
 elbow to the fhouldcr, aid fome other parts, were 
 tatooed or punclured. The lobes of their eats were flit 
 to iiicha length, that one of them duck therein a knife 
 and fome beads that were given him. The faine per- 
 fon had hung about his neck, by way of ornament 
 two pjlilbcd |.iearl-fliclls and a bunch of human hair, 
 loofelv tvvided together. They wore a kind of girdle, 
 or a Uil-dance manufaftured from the moms pa/ivri/tra, 
 and glazed like ihofc ufcd in the Friendly Iflands. They 
 had on their feet a (brt of famlals, made of a graffy 
 fubftance interwoven, which weie obferved to be all 
 worn by thofe feen on the beach. The canoe in which 
 they came was the only one of the natives feen. It was 
 very narrow, and rot above ten feet long, but (Irong 
 and licatly made. The lower part was of white wood ; 
 but the upper part bl.ack, and their paddles were made 
 of wood of the lams colour; thefe were broad at one 
 end and blunred, and about three feet long. The fore 
 part had a flat board fadened over it, which projeited 
 out, to prevent the water from getting in. It had an 
 upright ftcrn, five feet high, v/hich tcriuinated at top 
 in a kind of fork. They paddled indifferently either 
 end of the canoe forward. 
 
 During tlie time that our officers were employed in 
 re.ronnoittiingtlie coaft in two boats the natives throng- 
 ed dovvn'.ip:;n the reef all armed. Mourooa, whowus 
 in the boat with Captain Cook, thinking, perhaps, that 
 this war-like appearance deterred liicm from landins;, 
 v.ommanded his own people to retire. As many of 
 them complied, it was imagined that he wa;, a perfon 
 of Ibin-^ coni'cqiicnte. Several of thtm intligared bv 
 cutiofity, fwai.i from the lliore to the boats, and cams 
 on board them ^\ iihoiit reli-rve. Ir wa- ditKcult to keep 
 I- theiij 
 
 v:>aWf.i>1>l..-, 
 
 A ^J' 
 
4i A NEW, ROYAL, akd AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ■ r,' 
 
 them o'.it, and prevent their pilfering whatever they 
 could lay hands upon. At length, when they oblerv- 
 ed our people returning to the Ihips, they all dej>arteH 
 except Mourooa, who, tiiough not wiihoiit man':'':', 
 indication of fear, accompanied the commoiloi^ on 
 board the Refokition. The cattl. and other new ob- 
 jeds that he faw there did not ftrike him with much 
 fiirprife ; his mind, perhaps being too mvich occupied 
 about his own fafety, to alloiv him to attend to other 
 things. He feemed very uneal'y, gave but little new 
 intelligence; and therifoi^e, after he had continued a 
 fhort time on board Captain Cook ordered a boat to 
 carry him towards the land. In his way out of the ca- 
 bin, happening to ftumble over one of the goats, he 
 ftopped, looked at the animal, and alked Omai what 
 bird it was; but not receiving an immediate anfwer 
 from him, he put the fame quellion to fome of the 
 people who were upon deck. 1 he boat having con- 
 veyed him near the furf, he leaped inio the water and 
 fwam a-fhore. His countrymen, eager to learn what 
 he had fecn, flncked round him as foon as he had 
 landed ; in which fituation they remj'.incd till our people 
 lofl fight of them. 
 
 Thcfe iflanders fpeak a language refembling that 
 fpoken at Otaheite, but their pronounciation is more 
 guttural, and they have fome words peculiar to them- I 
 fclves. It was remarked that they feenrcd to refemble j 
 the natives of Otaheite in their perfons more than any I 
 other nation feen in thefe feas, having a fmoth fkin 
 and not being inufcular. Tiicir general difjxifition and \ 
 method of living, as far as there were opportunities of 
 judging, were fuppofed to be fmiilar. One houfe was j 
 'blerved near the beach. It was pleafantly (ituated in | 
 a grove of trees, and appeared to be about 30 feet long, | 
 and fevcn or eight feet high, ''h an open end. I 
 
 Their mode of falutation is t'lat ofjoining noles, with j 
 the addiiiotial ceremony of taking the hand of the per- j 
 fon whom they falute, and rubbing it with a degree of 
 warmth upon thi-ir nofc and mouth. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 W A T E E O O. 
 
 Di/ctrvery. Sitnalion. Soil. Perfons, Jre/s, di/pofition, 
 and manners of the natives, 
 
 THIS iflant!, difcovcred alfo by Captain Cook in 
 1777, is fituated in latitude 20 deg. i min. ibuth, 
 and longitude 201 deg. 45 min. cad. It is a beauti- 
 ful fpot, about lix leagues in circuit, with a furfacc co- 
 vered with verdure, and tompofed o'" tills and plains. 
 The foil ot fome parts are light and fandy, bjt on the 
 rifing ground of a reddilli call. 
 
 Some of the natives, foon after the arrival of the Eu- 
 ropean veflels, put ofl'fiom the fliore in leveral canoes, 
 and came along fide of them. Their canoes are long 
 and narrow, and fiipported with out-riggers; the head 
 is flat above, but prow-like below, and theflcrn about 
 four feet high. They feemed to have no idea of barter 
 or traffic; as after having received fome prefcuts of 
 knives, beads and other trifle , they gave our piople 
 fome cocoa-nuts in confequcnce of having a(kcd for 
 them, but not by way of exchange. One of them with 
 a little perfuafion came on board, and others foon 
 followed his example. They appeareJ to be perfectly 
 '■■■e from all apprehcnfion of danger. 
 
 \V hen introduced into the cabin, and conducted to 
 other parts of the ftiip, though fome objcds lijcmed to 
 lurprife them, nothing could fix their attention. Tiicy 
 were afraid to venture near the cows and horfes, of 
 whofe nature they could form no conception. As for 
 the Ihcep and goats, they ga-.e us to undcrftand, that 
 they knew them to be birds. It is matter of adonilh- 
 tneiit that human ip;noranre could ever inake fo grofs a 
 mlftakc, as there i? not the fmalleft refemblancc between 
 any winged animal and a Ihcep or a goat. But thcfe 
 
 I people feemed unacquainted with the exiftcncc of anv 
 I other land animals, than hogs dors, and birds; and 
 I as they faw that our goats and (heep were very dift'er- 
 i ent from the t.vo former, tlicy abiurdly inferred, that 
 I they mull belong to the latter clafs, in which tliev 
 j kne.v there were a great va'-iety of f{iecies. Thou>^fi 
 j the commodore bellowed on his new friends what li? 
 luppoled would be moll acceptable, yet they feemed 
 I rather difappointed. 
 
 I Such of the natives as were feen in tltcfe canoes witc 
 I in general of the middle ilature, and nor unlike thoii- 
 j of Mangeea. Their hair either flowed loofe over their 
 ! (liouldcrs, or was tied on the crown of the held; and 
 i thotigh in fome it was frizzed, yet that, as well as the 
 Itrait fort, was long. Some ot the voting men were 
 handlome. Like the inliabitanis of Mangcei, thev 
 wore girdks of glazed cloth, or fine matting, the ends 
 of which weve brought between their thighs. Their 
 ears were l.ored, and they wore aboi'.t their necks, bv 
 way of ornament, a fort of broad glafs, lltincd with 
 red, and ftrung with berries of the night IbaL'-. Tluv 
 were punchjred or tatoccd from the middle dou 1. wards, 
 particularly upon their legs ; which made them apjiear 
 as if they wore boots. I'heir beards were long, and 
 they had a ki'jd of fandrls on their feet, They were 
 frank and cheerful in their deportment, and very friend- 
 ly and good-n.atured. 
 
 There weie fome cocoa-nuts and plaintains, and a 
 hog, brought in fome canues, for which the natives de- 
 manded a dog in return, relufing every other tliiu;- 
 offercd by wav of exchange. Though one of our pco' 
 pie on board had a dog and bitch, which wereagre.it 
 nuifance in the (hi|i, and which might have ferved to 
 propagate a race of fo ufeful an animal in this illand, 
 yet he could not be |).'evailcd upon to part with them. 
 However, to grit. ■ '!ien< O.mai gave tliem a favourite 
 dog he had brO' t / from Gre.^t Britain; with which 
 acquifition they were highly pleaied. 
 
 Some of them, now and then, brought a few cocoa 
 nuts to the fhips, and e.Kchanged them for whatever 
 was offerea. The following account of tranfadlions, 
 whii.il is very circuinftantial, and includes fome obfer- 
 vations on the ifland and its inhabitants, is prcfented ai 
 a general tiifplay. 
 
 Some of our people rowed towards the findy beacli, 
 where a great number of the natives had alienil)ki.l, 
 and came to anchor at tlio dillanceofan hundred yard.s 
 from the reef. Several of the iflanders t'wam oH', 
 I bringing cocoa-nuts with them; and Omai gave I hen 1 
 to underlland, that our people were dcUrous of land- 
 ing. Soon after two canoes came oft"; and to inlpirc 
 the natives with greater confidence, they refolved to sp 
 unarmed. The conduilorsot the canoes watching with 
 great attention the motion of tiie I'urf, landed tlicni 
 fatcly on the reef A ni,tive took hold of each of them 
 with a view of fupporimg them in walking over the 
 rugged rocks to the bcai.li, where (cveral others, hold- 
 ing in their hands the green boughs of a fpe^-ies of .>»/- 
 mofa, met them, and lalun.ithem by the jundion ol 
 noles. They were conducted from the beach ainidll a 
 vafl multitucie, who flocked round their with the moil 
 eager curiofity ; and being led up an avenue of cocoa 
 palms, (bon came to a number of men, arranged in 
 two rows, and armed with clubs. Proceeding onward 
 among thefe, they found a perlon who api'.eared to be 
 a chief, lilting crofs-lcggcd on the ground, and coolinp; 
 himfelf with a kind of triangular fan, made fro;n the 
 leaf of the cocoa-palm, with a poliflied handle of bjack 
 wood. He wore in his ears k'.rge bunches of beauti- 
 ful feathers of a red colour; but had no otlier m.irk to 
 didinguifli him from the rell of the peuj)le. Our co.iii- 
 trymea having faluttd him as he lat, iiuirclad on a 
 inon!; the men armed with clubs, and came to a fecond 
 chief, adorned like the farmer, and oc."U|)ii.d like him 
 in tanning himfelf. lie v.as remarkable for his lize and 
 corpulence, though he did not appear to be above thirty 
 years of .age. They were conduced in the la.ne miin- 
 iier to a third chief, who feemed older thin the two 
 
 for 
 
 New Dfscov 
 
 former : he alf 
 
 red featliers. 
 
 done the other 
 
 they willingly c 
 
 ' walking, and 
 
 the (urroundin; 
 
 The people 
 
 i a fmall dillanc< 
 
 like the chiefs 
 
 which they i)ei 
 
 \iy them all. ' 
 
 tliel'e dancers, \ 
 
 tattention, (lill 
 
 o be dircdled h 
 
 motions they w< 
 
 t'pot, as Europi 
 
 were not entirel 
 
 • in moving tiiei 
 
 hands at the fan 
 
 clapping them t 
 
 were performed 
 
 ,..; general very (loi 
 
 '^'*' Their fhap.; anc 
 
 drcfs confided < 
 
 round the waid, 
 
 knees. Their f 
 
 tiite a pjriecl I 
 
 black, and their 
 
 ot modeily ati.-' 1 
 
 During the tir 
 
 our countrymen, 
 
 towards them ; a 
 
 faw the people a 
 
 iired to entertair 
 
 exhibition of thei 
 
 ..did, one party pi 
 
 .•^'', One ox our pe 
 
 ...ifever.al trifling thi 
 
 "OD his complainin 
 
 'Judified their be 
 
 ■it was apprehend 
 
 party among then 
 
 .thing to cat; up; 
 
 coa-nuts, bread-fi 
 
 when he ^omplai 
 
 multitude of pco 
 
 10 Ian him. 
 
 To try whether 
 not.tliey attempt! 
 Hopped by fome 
 leturn to the p 
 coming up, they 
 hcnfions; but he 
 motive of tenoi , 
 dug a hole in the 
 -now heating, he 
 :^tlian that they int( 
 ■ 'he eien went fo ( 
 
 • 'their intention, at 
 jrjng, in return, whe 
 
 Our party wer 
 
 . quently defired 
 
 the light of which 
 
 They at the fame 
 
 them Inatched fro 
 
 • his lide. This be 
 he pretended to Ik 
 bably countcnanc 
 
 -had a dagger dole 
 ; They now brougl 
 friend (hip, and di( 
 ckfued that our pa 
 if'g thein to undc 
 ■with them. The 
 which they had p 
 apprehcnfions of 
 him think that it 
 
 i 
 
 .iJifcji,^:^ . 
 
. GEOGRAPHY. . 
 
 \ with the cxiftcncc of any 
 logs dot's, and birds; an. J 
 and Ihcei) were very diftcr- 
 icy abiiirdly infcrrcl, that 
 lattor clafsi in wliich they 
 ■-leiy of I'liecics. Tliouj^K 
 on his ne-.v friends what h: 
 icceptable, yet they feemcd 
 
 :re feen in tliefc canoes wx-'c 
 iture, and nor iinUkc thoir 
 ithcr flowed loofe over their 
 he crown of the he id; and 
 '.ed, yet that, as well as the 
 le of the young men were 
 labitanis of Mangeei, thev 
 h. or fine matting, the ends 
 jtwecn their ihiglis. Their 
 wore aboL'.t tlieir necks, by 
 jf broid glafs, iV^incd with 
 cs of the niglu IbaL*-. Thi y 
 from the middle dou i.wards, 
 ■s ; which made them apjicar 
 hielr beards were long, and 
 s on their feet. They were 
 deportment, and very triend 
 
 a-nuts and plaintains, and a 
 jes, for which the natives de- 
 , refuting every other ihin;- 
 re. Though one of our peo 
 nd bitch, which wereagre.it 
 
 which might have fervcd to 
 ful an animal in this iiland, 
 liled upon to part with them, 
 II Oniai gave them a favourite 
 1 Gre.n Britain; with which 
 ily pleafed. 
 pd then, brought a few cocoa 
 
 ^changed them for whatever 
 ing account of tranfadtions, 
 
 lal, and includes fome obler- 
 
 its inhabitants, is prefented as 
 
 iwcd towards the fandy beac'.i, 
 ,f tlic natives had alieniblrd, 
 dillance of an hundred yards 
 of the iflanders fwam oH', 
 them ; and Omai gave tluni 
 people were delirous of laml- 
 loes came oft"; and to infpirc 
 infidence, they refolved to go 
 o of the canoes watching with 
 on of tiie furf, landed them 
 ve took hold of each of them 
 ;_; thom in walking over the 
 U, where ieveral others, holil- 
 cn boughs of a fpe^ies of mi- 
 iUi.i them by the jun>ftion ol 
 ictcd from the beach amidlt a 
 ed round the:i' with the moil 
 g Icil up an avenue ot cocoa 
 inher of men, arranged in 
 . clubs. Proceeding onward 
 a pcrfoii who appeared to be 
 ;don the ground, andcoohnp; 
 angular ian, made froi.i the 
 ith°a polilhed handle of bjack 
 ars large bunches of bi.auti- 
 . ; but had no other mark to 
 ell of the pec. pie. Ourco-iii- 
 im as he liit, uutrched on a 
 I chibs, and came to a fecoiul 
 rmer, and oc.:u|)itdlike hini 
 as remarkable for his fiZe an.l 
 not appear to be above thiitv 
 conducted in il'.e la.iie m;:-.- 
 fixnied older tU.ni the two 
 
 DiscoviRiss.) 
 
 VV A T E E O. 
 
 INEW 
 
 former: he alfo was fitting, and was irnamcnted with 
 red feathers. After thcv hid fainted him as they had 
 done the oihcr>, he defired them to fit downi which 
 they willingly tonfented to, being greatly fatigued with 
 walking, and with the extreme heat they felt amidlt 
 the iurrounding muliitude. 
 
 The people bciu;:; oidered to feparate, they faw, at 
 a fmall dillance, ai)out twenty young women, adorn-.-d 
 like the chiefs with red feathers, engaged in a dan-e, 
 which they jKiformed to a flow and folemn air, fung 
 by them .all. They role up, and walked forward to lee 
 thcfe dancers, who, without paying them the fmalleft 
 tattention, lUU continued their dance. They feemcd 
 o be dirjfted by a man, who memioned the feveral 
 motions thev were to make. They never changed the 
 fpot, as Europeans do in dancing, though their f-et 
 were not entirely at reft: thisexercife conllfted chieflv 
 
 • in moving their fingers very nimbly, holding their 
 • ' hands at the fame time near the face, and occafionallv 
 ,* clapping them together. Their dancing and tinging 
 " were performed in the exaAcft concert. They were in 
 
 - ; general very ftout, and of an olive complexion, with 
 
 • black hair flowing with ringlets down their necks, 
 r Their fhap;; and limbs were elegantly formed j their 
 
 drefs contilVed only of p piece of glazed cloth tied 
 :; round the waift, which tcarcely reached lb low as the 
 J knees. Their ll-atures were rather too full to conlli- 
 ttite a pjriecl beauty, Their eyes were of a deep 
 black, and their countenances expreffed a great degree 
 of mode;ly ati.' complacency. 
 
 During the time ot the dance a noife was heard by 
 our countrymen, as if fome horfeshad been gallopping 
 towards them; and, on turning their eyes atide, they 
 faw the people armed with clubs, who had been de- 
 fired to entertain them, as they fuppofed, with an 
 exhibition of their mode of fighting ; which they now 
 did, one party purfuing another which ran away. 
 One of our people found that the natives pilfeicl 
 ../feveral trifling things which were in his pocket; and 
 J^'on his complaining of this treatment to the chief he 
 Ijiiftified their behaviour. From thefe circumfLinces 
 Wit was apprehended, that they defigned to detain the 
 'party among them. In thi-. fituation he afked for fome- 
 jJthing to cat; upon which they brought him fome co- 
 coa-nuts, bread-fruit, and a fort of four pudding; and 
 ■when he ,.omplaincd of the heat, occalioned by the 
 multitude of people, the chief himtelf condefcended 
 ., to fan him. 
 . To try whether their fiifpicions were well founded or 
 not, t'.iey attempted to get to the beach ; but were toon 
 flopped by fome of the natives, who laid they mufl 
 leturn to the place which th.-y had Ict't. On their 
 coming up, they found Omai under the fame ap[)re- 
 henfions; but he had, as he imagined, an .additi'.)nal 
 .motive of tenor ; tor, having oolerved that tln\ had 
 ! dug a hole in the ground tor an oven, wliich they were 
 now heating, he could ;iffis^n no other reafon tor it, 
 : than that they intended to roaft and devour our party : 
 he even went fo far as to afk them whether that was 
 their intention, at which they were much furprifetl, ivHs.- 
 jng, in return, whether that cullom prevailed among us. 
 Our party were continually in a croud, who fre- 
 , fluently defired them to uncover parts of their fkin, 
 the light of which flruck the iflanders with admiration. 
 They at the fame time rifled their pockets; and one of 
 them thatched from an officer a bayonet which hung by 
 his tide. This being reprefcnted to one of the chiefs, 
 he pretended to lend a perfon in fcarch of it, but pro- 
 bably countenanced the theft; for Omai, foon after, 
 liad a dagger flolen from his fide in the fame manner. 
 4, They now brought fome green boughs as emblems of 
 friendlhip, and flicking the ends of them in the ground 
 '^ defired that our party would hold them as they fat, giv- 
 'l ing them to underftand, that they mufl flay and eat 
 A with them. The fight of a pig lying near the oven 
 ^ which they had prepared and lieatc'',, 'removed Omai's 
 ^ apprehenfions of being put into it himfelf, and niiidc 
 *^ him think that it might be intended for the rep.ilt of 
 
 4J 
 
 him and his friends. TIk- chief .alfo lent fome of his 
 people to jirovidc food for the cattle, anil they returned 
 with a few plantain trees, which they conveyed to ihc 
 boats. In the mean time our puty made a lecond at- 
 tem|)t to get to the beach; Inii, on their arrival, they 
 found themlelvcs watched by[)evipL whofeemjd to have 
 been flationid there for that pui| ole; for, when one of 
 them endeavoured to w.adc it upon the reef, a native 
 dragged him back by his cloaths. They alto inliflcd 
 upon his throwing down tome pieces of coral that he 
 had picked up, and, on his refufal to comply, took 
 them from him by force. Nor would they futfer him 
 to retain fome fmall plants which he had gathered. 
 They likewife took a fan from an ofliccr, which, on hi* 
 coming alliorc, he had received as a pretent. Finding 
 that obedience to their will was the only method of pro- 
 curing better tie.-.tnicnr, our pjople returned to the 
 place they had ouitted ; and the natives now promifed, 
 th.at, after they had partaken of a repaft which had beca 
 prepared for them, they fhould be turnilhed with a ca- 
 noe to carry them off to their boats. Accordingly, the 
 fecond chiel to whom they had lieen prefented, having 
 feated himtelf on a low (lool, and direrted the multi- 
 tiule to form a large ring, made I lieni fit down by him. 
 A number of cocoa nuts were now brought, with a 
 quantity of baked plantain*, and a piece of the pig 
 that had been drejVed was placed before each of them. 
 Their fa'igue, however, had taken away tlieir appe- 
 tites; but they eat a little to pleafe their entertainers. 
 It being now near fun-fct, the iflanders fent down to 
 the beach the remainder of the provilions that had been 
 dreflcd, to be cr.rried to the Ihips, Our people found 
 a canoe prepared to put them off to their boats, which 
 the nativco did with great caution; but as they were 
 jxifliing the canoe into the furf, one of them fnatched 
 a bag out of her, which contained a pocket piflol, but 
 the owner calli.ig out to the thief with marks of the 
 higheft difplcat'ure, he fwam b.ick to the canoe with the 
 bag. The iflanders then put them on board the boats, 
 with the cocoa nuts, plantains, and other provifions | 
 and they immediately rowed back to the fliips. 
 
 The reflrainec! fituation of the party gave them very 
 
 little opportunity of obfcrving the lountry : for tli.-y 
 
 were feldom an hundred yards from the place where 
 
 they had been introduced to the chiefs, andconfcquentlv 
 
 were conlined to the luriounding objtfts. The lirfl 
 
 [ thing that attradted their notice was the number of 
 
 people, which muft have been at leaft two thoufand. 
 
 Except a few, thofe who had come on board the fhlps 
 
 were all of an inferior clafs; for a great number of thofe 
 
 teen on fliore had a fuperior dignitv of demeanor, and 
 
 their complexion was much whiter. In general, they 
 
 had their hair, which was long and black, tied on the 
 
 crown of the Iveatl. Many of the young men were 
 
 perleA models in Ihape, and of a delicate complexion. 
 
 The old men were, many of them, corpulent ; and 
 
 I they, as well as the young, had a remarkable Imooth- 
 
 ! nefs of fl.in. Their general divfs confifted of a piece 
 
 ; of cloth, wrappi'd about the waift, but ibmc had pieces 
 
 : of mats moft curioufly variegated with black and white, 
 
 I formal into a kind of jacket without lleevesj while 
 
 ! others wore conical caps made of the core of a cocoa 
 
 nut, interwoven with beads. In their ears, which were 
 
 pierced, they hung pieces of the membranous part of 
 
 fome plant, or ftuck there fome odoriferous flower. 
 
 The chiefs, anil other pert'ons of rank, had two 
 little balls, with a common bate, made of bone, which 
 I they hung n,und their nee'. i with t'mall -^ 3rd, Red 
 j feathers ate here conlidcred as a particular mark of di- 
 I fUn&um; ior none but the chieis, and tlio young wo- 
 men who danced, atftimcd thcni. S>nne of the men 
 were punCiureil all over die tides an liack, and tome 
 of the women liad the 'me ornament (if it deferves 
 that name) on their Uys. The eldeily women had 
 their hair cro[)ped Ihort, and many of them weic cut 
 all over the tore [vut of the body in oblique lines. The 
 wile of a chiol appeared with her child laid in a piece 
 of red cloth, wluch had been prciented to her hutband ; 
 
 Iho 
 
4^ A NEW, ROYAL AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM 6f UNIVERSAL. GEOGRAPHV. 
 
 ''i'A 
 
 1 il 
 
 flic fucklcd the infant much after the manner of our 
 women. Another cliict inir^Kluci-il liiscl.iui!;hter, vsho 
 vas young, Ixrautiful arni riKKlctl. Noperlonal dclor 
 i.iilics were ililervcd in cither fex, except in a few in- 
 tliviiiu-xls, who had fears of broail ulcers remaining '.)n 
 thi ir fate, and other parts. 
 
 Their weapons were Ipears and chihs, the latter of 
 wli ch were generally ahout fix feet long, made ot a 
 h.-.rd black wood neatly polilhed. The Ijiears were 
 t.irmed of the fame wood fimply pointed, and were in 
 general twelve feet longi but foine were lo Ihort as to 
 kem intended for darts. 
 
 Our party continued all the day under the lliade of 
 various trees, where they preferved their canoes from 
 the fun. They faw eight or ten of them, all double 
 ones, that is, two (ingle ones fallened together by 
 rafters laflied acrofs. 
 
 Mod of the trees obferved were cocuapalms, fome 
 fl)ecies of hibinu, a Ibrt of cii/ihoimii, and many ot 
 the liime kind ;is had been feen at Mangeca. The latter 
 are tall andflender, refembling acyprels, and are call- 
 ed by the natives cloa. Here was feen a fpeciesof ro;/- 
 ■volviiiKSt and fome treacle-mullard. Tlie toil, towards 
 the lea is nothing more than a bank of coral, gene- 
 rally fteep and ruggcti, which, though it has been lor 
 many centuries eiciH)led to the weather, has fullered no 
 furtiier cluugc than becoming black on its furtace. 
 
 The party which landed ujwn this occafion were gra- 
 titied in r\o particular except that of curiulity in fnecu- 
 lation> f)r they did not procure any article that could 
 be ranked among the grand objeifls in view. Omai 
 was queftioned by the natives coik.' ning as, our coun- 
 try, our Ihips and arms : in aniw.r to which he told 
 them, among many other particulars, that our country 
 had fhips as large as their iiland, on board of which 
 were implements of war (defcribing our guns) of fuch 
 dimenfions as to contain feveral people within them; 
 one of which could demolilh the iiland at o.nc (hot. 
 As for the guns in our two lhii)S, he acknowledged they 
 were but (mall incompariibr^ with the former; ) eleven 
 thefe he faid could with great ealc,.'\t a confiderable dil- 
 tance, deftroy the ifland and all its inhabitants. On 
 tlielr encjuiring by what means this could be done, O- 
 mai produced (bme cartridges from his pocket, and 
 having lubmitted to inrpedion the balls, and the L;un- 
 povvder by which they were to be let in nwtion, he 
 difpofed the latter upon the ground, and, by means of a 
 piece of ligiited wood, set it on (ire. The fudded blaft, 
 the mingled (lame and fmoke, that inftantaneoufly fuc- 
 ceedcd, filled the natives with llich adonidiment, that 
 they no longer doubted the formidable power of our 
 weapons, flad it not been for the terrible ideas ihcy 
 entertained of the guns of our (hi[)s, troni this fpecimen 
 of their motlc of operation, it was imar^ined they would 
 have detained the party on (hore the whole night; for 
 Omai ad'uicd tlicm, that, if he and his friends did not 
 return on board the fame day, they migiit expcA that 
 the commodore would (ire upon the ifland. 
 
 Rut the Europeans were not the only (Irangers u[)c>n 
 this ifland, as was di(i;overed by Omai's accompany- 
 ing our countrymen on (hore. He had Icarcely landed 
 on the beach, when he found among the crowd three 
 of his own countrymen, natives of the Society Ifles. 
 The mutual furprife and pleafure in which they engaged 
 in converfation may eafily be imagined. Their ftory 
 is a vory alTeifting one. About twenty perlbns, male 
 and female, had embarked in a canoe at Otaheitc, with 
 an intention of croiTmg over to Ulietea; but were pre- 
 vented by contrary winds from reaching the latter, or 
 returning to the former ifland. Their (lock of pro- 
 vifion bemg foon exhaufted, they futfered inconceiv- 
 able hariKliips. They palTed many days without fuf- 
 tenance, inconfequence of which their numbergradually 
 diminilhed, worn out by famine and fatigue. Only 
 four men ("urvived, when their canoe was ovcrfet. The 
 deRruLtion of this fmall remnant now feemed inevita- 
 ble; however, they continued hanging by the fide 
 of the vedel, during feme of the lall days, till they 
 
 providentially came in figlit of the inl.ibitant^ of i!is 
 iflan ', who lent out canoeS and brought them on (hore. 
 t>ne .,f theli; tour died. The ether three were (o 
 well fatislied with the generous treaimeiit jhcv mt-i 
 with here, that tiity r> tii(ed the otter made ih-.m bv 
 our |)arty, at the requell ot Omai, ut taking them oij 
 hoard our (liijis, .and redoring them to their native 
 iflands. 'I hey had arrived irjwn this caill; at le.ill ij 
 years belore. Their names were Tavee, Otirreroa, 
 Oroujute: the former was born at Huaheinc, the tc- 
 cond at L'lietea, and the latter at Otaheite. Thi» 
 circumftance will (ervc to explain, in a more (ijfisfac- 
 tory manner than the conjedures of (omc ipeculative 
 reatbners, how the detached parts of the world, and, 
 in particular, the iflands of the Pacitic Ocean, may 
 have been firtt peopled ; thofe efpecially that lie at a 
 conllderable diltance from each other, or from any in- 
 habited continent. 
 
 Several ot the houfes of ilie nntires were obferved to 
 be long and Ipacious. The pn^ducc of this ifland is 
 nearly they fame with that of iMangeea. 
 
 y\ccording to Omai'« report of what he learned from 
 his three countrymen in the courli: of conver(ation, the 
 manners ot the jx-ople of Wateeoo, their general liabiii 
 of lite, anil their methtKl of treating ilrangers, greatly 
 refeinble tliol'e at Otaheite, and its neighbouring iilaiuls. 
 There is alio a great timilarity between th'iir religicui 
 opinion-s and ceremonies. From every circuinltance, 
 indeed it may be conlidered as indubitable, that the 
 inhabitants ol Wateeoo derive their de(i:ent from the 
 (iime (lock, which has to remarkably diSuled itii't 
 over the immenle extent of the Southern Ocean. Omai 
 alfured our people, that they digiiitied their ifland with 
 the jjompous appellation oi' fl\i,oca note Eafotia im- 
 jilying <j hind of spoils ; elleeming themfelves a kind of 
 divinities, poflllled with the fpirit of the Eatooa. Their 
 language wxs equally well underllood by Omai, and 
 by the two New Zealanders who were on board. 
 
 From divers particulars already mentioned, it ap- 
 pears tl'.at Wateeoo can be of little fervice to any (hip 
 that wants lefrelhment, unlels in a caie of the moft 
 ab(blule necelTity. 
 
 The natives being ignorant of the value of fome of 
 our commodities, might be induced to brin? off' fruits 
 ;uid hDg> to a (liip ftan<ling otfaad on, <;r to bcuts ly- 
 ing oil' the reef, as the boats of our latell circumna- 
 vigators tiid. It is doubtful, however, if any frelli 
 water could be jiroduced; (or tliough (bme was brought 
 in cocoa-nut (hells to the party who went on (hore, they 
 were told, that it was at a confiderable dillance; and 
 probabh- it is not to be met with but in (bme ftagnate 
 pools, as no running (Ireaan was any where iijen. 
 
 SECTION. 
 
 iir. 
 
 OTAKOOTAIA. 
 
 THIS ifland lies in latitude i6 deg. i ;; min. 
 Ibuth, and longitude 20 1 deg. 37 min. eaft. Ir 
 was difcovered by Captain Cook in 1777. It is about 
 three or four leagues diflant from Wateeoo, and (up- 
 po(ed not to exceed three n' -s in circuit. 
 
 The natives u^ihappily icuour under a dearth of wa- 
 ter. The only common trees found here was the 
 cocoa palnjs, of which the-e were feveral clufters, and 
 great quantities of the tvharra or pandanus. There 
 were alio the callojihilum, furhnici, with a few other 
 (lirubs, alio a (brt dl bhid-'ive.ed, trMfle-nwJLird, a (pe- 
 des ot f/turge, and the metiiula ihri-julia. 
 
 The only bird feen among the trees was a beauti- 
 ful cukoo, of a chelhut brown, variegated with black , 
 but u]3on the (hore was a (inall (brt of curleu, b!;.e 
 and white herons, (bme egg-birds, and a great number 
 of noddies. 
 
 A lizard was caught running up a tree, and though 
 (inall, had a forbidding afpeft. Many of another kin i 
 were likewi(e leen. Intinite numbers of a kind of motii 
 
 elegant! V 
 
 Njw Drseovii 
 
 clcfrantly f|)cckl 
 <in the buthcs t 
 anil pretty butt 
 Tliough our 
 u(KMi this i(Ian« 
 which proved tl 
 fited. Monuni 
 
 OTi^ 
 
 '^Difcovery. Var 
 Climale, Soil, 
 ProduiJions, £ 
 
 TTARIOUS 
 
 ' cerning the 
 many of them h 
 Ihall attend only 
 u]X)n indubitable 
 Captain Walli; 
 J 766, in the Dol 
 command, for tl 
 climes, having p: 
 Seas ill 1767, dili 
 thofe iflands a hi 
 anchor, as the w( 
 difjx;rfcd, there w 
 covered was jxipi 
 of particular atte 
 in which were fo 
 Xhc (hip. They j 
 "retlel, and feemec 
 of the incident, 
 allure them on bi 
 tions; in confeqi 
 deliberations and 
 fini'ular refolution 
 conliilencc, and < 
 him ; but he rejed 
 held with his coi 
 proached the vdft 
 tain -tree being th 
 |bany others joinec 
 |h which they afcc 
 vi them, terrified 
 "Which butted him 
 onfet, made a prei 
 his countrymen im 
 alarm, however, wa 
 again. Articles w« 
 ©F their own prodii 
 tiie defign of our c 
 I. Like the natives 
 fearceiy reimbarked 
 serial jiropenfity to 
 
 Ertunily of fnatch 
 ping into the fea 
 t As the fliipfa-K 
 -towards land, not 1 
 but when (he came 
 queft of a (pot for 
 The natives at ler 
 rWieir heads by waj 
 •tcntions, a mufqus 
 • One of their counti 
 llities, they retired i 
 {• After (iiiling ali 
 nchor as often as 
 Ho. 5. 
 
.^■ 
 
 t of tlie inliabitants of ilis 
 anil Urouwlit tlicm on Ihori-. 
 
 Tlic ctlxr tlircc were io 
 ntious treat HHiit ihcy nici 
 cU ilic ottl'i- iniiMe llivin by 
 it Om;ii, ot taking, ttit-m on 
 oring tlicni to their n:Ativ„- 
 1 iri)<)ii this cailt at leall 12 
 ics were Tavce, Otirreroa, 
 ^ horn at Huaheine, the Ic- 
 ; latter at Otaheite. This 
 
 explain, in a more liitisfac- 
 jeftures of lome Ijjcculativc 
 ed parts of the worKI, and, 
 of the Pacific Ocean, may 
 thofe efpecially that lie at a 
 
 each other, or from any in- 
 
 tl>e nntircs were ohfened to 
 ."he pri^ducc of this illand is 
 t of Mangeea. 
 
 :port of what he learned frmri 
 he courle of converlation, the 
 Wateeoo, their general habiii 
 of treating ftraiigers, greatly 
 ,and its neighbouring illands. 
 larity between th';ir rcli^ii-u^ 
 . From every circundbaiict, 
 ered as indubitable, that th^.- 
 Jerlve their dekent from I lie 
 lb remarkably diffuled itlei 
 of the Soul hern Ocean. Oin:u 
 hey dignitied their illand with 
 oi ll'iiioca note Eotooa nn- 
 lecming thendelves a kind of 
 the fpirit of the Eatooa. Their 
 ell undcrllood by Omai, and 
 lers who were on boiird. 
 rs already mentioned, it ap- 
 be of little fer\-ice to any Ihip 
 unlets in a calc of the moa 
 
 irant of the value of fome of 
 le induced to bring off fruits 
 _^ oti'aiid on, ur t.j boats ly- 
 
 joals tvf our laieil circumna- 
 
 btfu!, however, if any t'reili 
 for though tome was brought 
 arty who went on lhore,tliey 
 confidenib'.e dillance; and 
 t with but in fome ftagnate 
 
 un was any where li;en. 
 
 Nsw DiSCOVtRIES.'l 
 
 O T A II E r T E. 
 
 4? 
 
 ng' 
 
 nj 
 
 I o N. iir. 
 
 O T A I A. 
 
 3 
 
 latitude 16 deg. 15 min. 
 le 201 deg. 37 min. eaft. 1: 
 
 Cook, in'^1777. It is about 
 nt from Wateeoo, and lup- 
 n'' 's in circuit, 
 i-oour under a dearth of u:i- 
 trees found here was thi 
 ere were fcveral clufters, am! 
 wliana or pandanus. Thtro 
 7, fiiriiiiui, with a te v other 
 '•xcneil, trea./e-rMjLirJ, a fpe- 
 tiiul.i tJ.i-JuliJ. 
 ong the trees was a beaut 1- 
 rown, variegated with black , 
 
 a ilnall fort of curlcu, b!-..- 
 gg-birds, and a great number 
 
 rnning up a tree, and though 
 ixf . Many of another ki 11 1 
 te numbsrs of a kind of moiii 
 dseant'^r 
 
 elegantly fjjcckled with bl.irk, wliite, and read, fwarmcd 
 «iii the bulhcs towardi the lea. Other forts of moths, 
 and pretty butterflies, were fecn. 
 
 Tliouah our countrymen law no fixed inhabitants 
 uiK)n tins illand, they diiiovercil a few empty huts, 
 which proved that it hail been at leaft occalionally vi- 
 lited. Monunjcnts, conliibng of I'everal iarge ftoncs, 
 
 were alio credcd under the fliade of fome trees : there 
 were alio fome linaller ones, with which fevcral places 
 were encloled, where it was thence inferred their dead 
 had been buried. As many cocklc-lhclls were found, 
 very large, and ot a particular kinil, it was fup|>olcd 
 that the ifland mull have been vifitcd by people who 
 fometimcs feed on Ihell-lilli. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 OTAHEITE, OR KING GEORGE's ISLAND. 
 
 , SECTION I. 
 
 ePi/covery. Various enlertaining Incidents. 
 I Climale, Soil, and lace rf the Country. 
 Productions, faff. 
 
 Situation, 
 Vegetable 
 
 VARIOUS have Ixien the opinions of author'^ con- 
 cerning the tirll dilcovcry of this ifland ; but as 
 many of them have not been dul) authenticated, we 
 ifh.ill attend only to thofe accounts which are founded 
 • u]K)n indubitable fads. 
 
 Captain VVallis, who lailcil from England, in Auguft, 
 
 1766, in the Dolphin, with the Swallow fl(X)p under his 
 
 conimajid, for the grantl pur])ofe of exploring foreign 
 
 climes, having palfed feveral ilnall iflands in the South 
 
 Seas in 1767, dtfcovered, in his progrefs from the lalt of 
 
 thofe iflands a high fpot of land, where he came to an 
 
 anchor, as the weather was hazy. - When the fog was 
 
 difiiericd, there was every rcalbn to fuppote the fpot dil- 
 
 covered was jwpulous, and therefore an objeft worthy 
 
 ©f particular attention ; for a great number of canoes, 
 
 .'in which were fome hundreds ot natives, furrounded 
 
 ^hc Ihip. They gave figns of amazement in liieing the 
 
 ' 'elfcl, and feemed to hold a conference on the novelty 
 
 the incident. Several trinkets were exhibited to 
 
 urc them on boaril, accompanied by llgniticant mo- 
 
 lons ; in confequencc of which, after fome ai)i)arent 
 
 .. Jelibcrations and previous ceremonies, an individual of 
 
 "Angular refolution ventured to embark. To [ironiote 
 
 .'Confidence, and difpel timidit)', prelents were offered 
 
 'him ; but he rejefted them all ; till a confultation being 
 
 held with his countrj'men from the canoes that ap- 
 
 'proached the veffel, and feveral branches of the plan- 
 
 lain-trce being thrown on boaril in token of amity, 
 
 auiny others joined him : but the vcr)' aukward manner 
 
 in which they afcended was generally remarked. One 
 
 fA them, terrified by the attack of a goat on board, 
 
 which butted him with his horns, to jirevent a t'econd 
 
 Onfet, made a precipitate leap over the Ihip's fide, and 
 
 fcis countrymen immediately followed his example. The 
 
 alarm, however, was toon over, anil they came on board 
 
 teain. Articles were then oftercd in exchange for others 
 
 .<oT their own produce ; but they co,.'id not comprehend 
 
 the defign of our countr)'men. 
 
 V. Like the natives of thele parts in general, they had 
 fcarcely reimbarked, than they gave proof of their uai- 
 .terlal propcnfity to theft ; f<u one of them took an op- 
 
 Ertuniiy of fnatching a new laced hat'Yrom an officer, 
 ping into the fea, nud carrying it oft". 
 As the fhipfa'ii' ly- the; Ihore, the canoes made 
 towards land, not b ^ii^ al^io to keep pace with them ; 
 but when Ihc came to, and the boats were tent out in 
 gucfl of a fpot for anchorage, they furrounded them. 
 The natives at length, from a gun being fired over 
 their heads by way of awe, giving figns of hoftile in- 
 tentions, a mufquet was liilirharged, which wounding 
 ©ne of their countrymen, who had commenced hofli- 
 Tlities, they retired in the utmoll conllcrnaiion. 
 .^-' After failing along the coaft, and coming to an 
 j%nchor as often as ncceflity required, during whioli 
 X No. 5. 
 
 time canoes occafionally came on board, and exchanged 
 fruits, fowls, and hogs, for nails, toys, and other Eu- 
 ropean commotlities, and hotlilities frequently com- 
 menced anil liiblideil, the lliip rtathed the fpot of 
 intended anchorage, and came to within a little dilbince 
 of a fine river. 
 
 The natives, on the firfl arrival of our people amongft 
 them, were fometimcs inclined to a frienilly intercourle, 
 and fometimcs to hoftile attacks, dilcharging Hones 
 from flings, with fingular dexterity, at the fliip, from a 
 great diflance. A commerce being now carried on be- 
 tween the Ihip's company, fome canoes came off, having 
 on board a number of women, whole behaviour, in 
 tlivers inftances, exceeded the bounds of mixJefty. Sixin 
 after a number of large canoes furrounded the Ihip, 
 loaded with jxbble (tones ; the Indians on board playing 
 on a kind of flute; fome finging, and others blowing 
 a fort of fhells. 
 
 One of thetc canoes advan'-ed, in which was a cano- 
 py or aw ning, under which fat one of the natives, in- 
 dicating, by ligns, a defire to come on board. The 
 captain contenting, he came along fide, and delivered to 
 one of the tailors a bunch of red and yellow feathers, 
 making figns that they were intended as a prefent for 
 the captain, who readily accepted them. But whiltl a 
 prefent was prejjaring for him in return, the canoe put 
 off from the fhip, and a branch of the cocoa-nut tree 
 was thrown into the air. This was evidently the fignal 
 for an engagement ; for there was a general thout from 
 the canoes ; which, approaching the Ihip, poured vol- 
 lies of flones into ever)' part of her. It being found 
 unavoiilably neceffary to have recourfe to fire-arms, 
 two of the Ihip's guns were difcharged, together with 
 the mutquetry, which, at firft, difconcerted the Indians, 
 though they toon rallied, and returned to the attack. 
 Oblerving thout'ands of them on fhore embarking with 
 all poffible fpecd, in canoes prepared to receive them, 
 orders were given for firing the cannon, fome of which 
 were brought to bear iiiwn the Indians, who ceafed 
 hoftilities tor a Ihort time ; but they toon advanced 
 again, and poured in voUies of flones that wounded feveral 
 of the teamen. At length they were totally difmayed by 
 a Ihot from a gun, which flruck a canoe that appeared 
 to hav^- a chief on board, and put a final clofe to the con- 
 ted ; for the canoes rowed off", and the people, that 
 crouded the fliore, ran for fhelter behind the hills. 
 
 Imformation being received, from a party feiit to re- 
 connoitre the coatl, that they had dit'covered a t'pot for 
 procuringexcellenl water, and that there was not a canoe 
 to be feen. Lieutenant Furneaux was difi)atchcd on 
 thore, with the boats well armed, and a party of ma- 
 rines, wirli orders to lanil his men under cover of the 
 fhip and boats. The lieutenant, ha\ ing executed his 
 orders, took ixjffcflion of the fpot in the name of his 
 majcfty the king of Great Britain, and difplaycd a broad 
 pendant upon a flaff fct u]) for the purpofc. 
 
 An old man was obfervel on the oppofite fide of a 
 
 ; river near which they had taken their flation, in a fup- 
 
 j plicating poflure, and apparently terrified. On ligns 
 
 ' iDcing made him to crofs it, he crawled on his hands 
 
 M and 
 
frr 
 
 1"'«!l#"^2^r''T"' -■'-" " 
 
 46 
 
 A NEW AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 It 
 
 )!"' 
 
 
 :ind kiicss towards the Ikutenant, vsiio pointed at lome 
 lloncs liiat had been tiiiown at the vi.ll'ul, and gasc him 
 in:imation, that ihc nalivi.'s need not be appiehenfivc 
 of injury, ualcis they were the aegreflbrs. He tlien 
 cauictl i'onie hatchets to be produi.etl, and oidereil two 
 of the water-caiks to be tilled, to point out to the In- 
 dinn liiat they wilhed to barter for jiroviiions, and to 
 obtain a fiipply of water. To conciliate the frieivJlhij) 
 of tl'.e old man, the lieutenant orilcrcd fome trilles lu 
 be ])refen' :d liini, antl then reinib.-irkcd his men on 
 board the iioat'. The old man, to exprel's his joy, 
 danced round the fiag-llaff, and tiien n-tircd. 1 Ic loon 
 rLturneo, acco'npanied with feveral natives; who, in a 
 humiliating pollure, drew near the ilag-ftart"; but fee- 
 ing the j)cndant fhaken by the wind, they retreated 
 with evident tokens of alarm. I'hcy foon returned, 
 however, bringing two large hogs, which they laid 
 down before the ilag-ltaff, ..nd began to ilancc rountl 
 it as befoie. The hogs w'crc then j.ut into a canoe, 
 wl icli the old tnan b.aving brought along lide the ihip, 
 he [ironounccd a formal Ipeech, and, between the kveral 
 p.arrs, delivered, one, hy one, a n'.imber of plantain- 
 le;,ves, and then exineiied a dellre of going on Ihore. 
 He would no* accept of any i)relents, but put olf his 
 canoe, and rowed b.ek again. 
 
 The natives, notwithUanding their late appearances 
 o\' araitv, foon renewed their iiolUlc prae'tices, in at- 
 i.icking a party gouig o i Ihoie for water, who dt^.v.lug 
 it p.ruclent to retreat, they feized up.on tlie calks, arid 
 ol,,r'.».i in tlieir jilunder. Tlicy had alio the hartlineis 
 to take away the lla^-llafl", embark in iheir canoes, and 
 make towards the Ihip. Upon this orders were given 
 to tire, which had the delired ctiL-ct, and cau'ed them 
 to dilperfe in the utmofi conllernaiion. 'J'o])ut a lina! 
 end to the c<inteif, bv convincing the natives of the 
 force wnlch they fo ];eremptorily opj)oted, orders were 
 given, by the commander, to fire fiifl into the woods, 
 and afterwards towauls the hills, where fome ihouliirds 
 had retrratetl , !'o iliat, alarmed at thediflaiice towhiih 
 the guns were br tU'ht 10 bear, they inllantly ditaj)- 
 peared. 
 
 . To prevent the execution of ''uturc miichievous de- 
 signs, tlie carpenter and crew were ilil'patehed on Ihore 
 uiuler a llronsj guard, with orders to ilellroy all ilie 
 C'loes they ciaikl meet with, which they accorilingly 
 efl'eeued, to tlie number of upwards of fifty an. I more 
 of the larger lize. Thole proceedings produ( 1 knnc 
 tokens of amity from the natives, a fmal! party of 
 whom came to the beach, lluck up f .;nc {^rcen boughs, 
 and then retreated 10 the woods. They loon returned, 
 and brought fome hogs and dogs, with their legs tied, 
 togi ler with bundle:, of '.lo'h, all which they left on 
 the ihore, raakiii!?; I'ons for .he peo[ le en boaul 1 take 
 them away. A boai vas lent ow lliore tor that puip.olc ; 
 and., V retirr, hatchets, nails, ami (jiher things were 
 left on the heac'.i, which w're carried oR' by the natives 
 widi tokens of joy. 
 
 A perfect friendlhip now lublllled between the native;, 
 and our jxople, through tl;e 'jieuiation of the old man 
 before mentio.,'-d, on the one piart, aiul diat of the 
 oHiti'is on ihore on the other. I'o this ilefirable end 
 the following trivial accident very matcri.'lly conduced. 
 The llii])':- lu.-geon being on Ihore to fuperinteiid the 
 eare ol the lick, he liapponed on a w.'lk to Ihoci a wSld 
 il'iek, whi'.h druiijiing on the other lide of the river, in 
 the preleiice of njany ot the natives, they ran away 
 ..Ihighled: but (loi)i)i:ii'; within a Ihort lj)ace, the fur- 
 t>vn made figns to biiii'^ the duck over, which one of 
 ihem at Icnjnh was penuailed to do, out not without 
 evident tokens of tear. Several other ducks (lying 
 uv lis I.ea.l at the liiiue inlhmt, a (t'cond Ihot brought 
 ;i-,ree ol them dowi\ I'I.e natives liy this incident 
 had Inch terrible auiirelienlions of the efl'ect of lire- 
 
 arms, that the levehmg of a cannon, or pointing a 
 muilel, was fullieient 10 dili)erle bodies coUec'teil to the 
 aiuount of thonlaiKls. 
 
 The lhi])s, on reaching Oiaheiie, or, as it was lately 
 naiiied by our jieoplc, King George the Third's Ifliiiid, 
 
 anchored in f-'ort Royal harbour, within half a mile of 
 the Ihore. 
 
 The Ihip had not been in ihe harbour manyda\s, 
 when a tall female, of iimjellic deportment, witli a 
 plealing countenance, came on board, anil was intro- 
 ikiced to the caplain by the gunner. She apjwared, on 
 her lirlt entrance, perfeclly laiy, free from ail relbaint, 
 and indicaied, liy her general behaviour, a fuperioiilv 
 01 birth, and a mind interl'perlLd with a coaicious fupre- 
 macy. Tiie captain, by way of introduction, jirelenied 
 l.erwiih an elegant blue mantle, that reacl^d from iicr 
 lliouklers to her leet, which he tied on himlLlf with 
 libbons; allc) a looking-glafs, leads of le.'eral fort'--, 
 and chvers oilier articles, wliicl: Ihe accept :d, witli a 
 ftriking air of complacency, and was attended by the 
 gui ner on Ihore. 
 
 The cajiiain, who had been indifpofed for foinc time, 
 being in lome degree relloretl, next day vilitcd her at 
 her I'.oule, which was a very capacious buikling. Per- 
 ceiving that his dilbrtler had rendered him \ery weak, 
 Ihe ordered f iv.eof her attendants to take hi,n iu their 
 arms, and curry him not only thiol gh the'-iver, bui 
 all the way to her houle. As lie was proceeding tliiiher, 
 a vafl concoiirfe ot people thronged aroiuui, but were 
 diljierled on the bare motion of i;er hand, without ut- 
 tering a word. As foon as the captain's attendants en- 
 tered :he houfe, the royal hojlels made them fit down, 
 and calling tor fome young girls, Ihe r.llilteil them her- 
 lelf in taking off the captain's Ihoes, drawing down hi, 
 llockings, and pulling off his coat, and then direcietl 
 them to fmooth down ihe Ikiii. and cliale it gently with 
 their hands. The fame operation was ;ihb performed on 
 Mr. Furneaux, the full liculenaut, and the purl<;r; but 
 upon none of thole who feemed to be in health. 
 
 During the performance of tliefe gtxid ollices, the 
 furgeoii, who was very warm with walking, to cool ami 
 reiieih himlelf, took olf his wig. This circumllancc, 
 occalioning a fudden exclamation ficin one of the na- 
 tives, drew ihe attention of the red, lb that in a mo- 
 ment e\ery eye was fixed on the protligy, and every ope- 
 ration lulpeniled. The whole allembly Hood molioi;- 
 lels in liient affonillimeiil, which conk! not have been 
 more forcibly exiireiied, il they had t'ven dil'covered lli.,; 
 the limbs of their guelV !;.ui been leicwid on to l.]-. 
 trunk. The young women, however, who were clialina, 
 the lick, in a little time .ellimed their employme'it, and 
 l:.aviiig continued it about half an hour, drefled them 
 again. This operation produced very llilutary effects. 
 
 On his return, the queen herlelf took the captain hy 
 the arm, as he chofe lo walk, and, whenever they came 
 to any water or dirt, Ihe lifted him over with as muvli 
 care as a man would lift a chikk 
 
 The na'iivcs ol this illand having no vcllel in which 
 vva'.er could be fubjecfed to the motion of lire, th-C\', oi 
 courle, had no more idea that it could be made hot, 
 than that u could be matle Iblid ; a circumilaner iliai 
 led to the following humorous inciilent. 
 
 As the queen was one morning at breakfaft with tlic 
 captain and luperior officers on board the Ihip, one ot 
 her atteiulants (a man of fome rank, and one who, 
 from his ajipearance, was fupiwfed to be a prief') Ihw 
 the luigeon lill the tea-pot, b\ turning the cock of an 
 urn that Uood upon the lable. The attendant hiivini; 
 rcmarkeil this wilii great curiotity, prefenlly turned tlur 
 cock, and received the water u])oi' his han'l. As foun 
 a^ he felt himlelf fcaldctl, lie roared out, a.id bcoiui io 
 dance about the cabin with the moll extravagani anJ 
 ridiculous exprellions of pain ami alloniilinviu Tlit 
 other natives, not being able to conceive what was tin- 
 matter with him, llooti llaring in ama/.ement, anthw! 
 without great fear and concern. The iurgeon, wholi.tJ 
 been ;he iiinoceiU caufc of the mifchiel, Ujiplieil a ro 
 inedy, which appealed the excruciating pain of iIk 
 
 poor iKilive. 
 
 h. 
 
 .Miiiner, who was ajipointeil comptroller of 1!. 
 
 traltic clhalilillied on Ihore with the natives, ulcd to 
 
 
 ^/l, \, 
 
 f*!*J 
 
 ^?f^' 
 
 ' '//< ' /// 
 
 dine on the IjiOt. 'I'l 
 
 illonilh 
 
 11 ol the iiaiivi 
 
 great to t'c him dr'..j his ['ork and [loultry in a poi. 
 
 ''iid^^^^-. , 
 

 :OGRAPHY, 
 
 arbour, within lialt" a mile ot 
 
 II in !lic harbour many davs, 
 majcltic dcportrntnt, with' a 
 lie on board, ami was intro- 
 he gunner. She apjxjared, oii 
 y laiy, free from ail rdlraiiit, 
 neral beliaviour, a ru]:jrioiity 
 Iperkd with a eouleiou:! luprc- 
 ,vay ot introJiidion, jirelenud 
 mantle, that reaclKd irom her 
 hich he tied on hinilllt' with 
 ■glals, I i-ads of ie.-eral forts, 
 , wliich Ihe accepi^d, with a 
 ty, and was atlcndod by the 
 
 been indifpofed for fomc time, 
 ored, next day vifitcd her at 
 ,cry capacious building. Per- 
 had rendered him \ ery weak, 
 .ttendant.s to take hi,n ia their 
 only throigh the'-iver, but 
 As he was proceeding tliiiher, 
 le thronged around, but were 
 )tion of her hand, uithtAit ut- 
 as the cap.tain's attendants er.- 
 il hojlels made them tit down, 
 ig girls, llie r.llilled them hu" 
 tain's Ihoes, thawing down his 
 tr his coat, and then direCml 
 J Ikin.. and chate it gently witli 
 )l)eraiioii was alio performed on 
 iculenaiit, and the puric'r ; but 
 feenied to be in health, 
 ice ol ihete good oliiccs, '.he 
 uni with walking, to cool and 
 ' his wig. This circumllaiice, 
 clamalit.n frcm one of the na- 
 I of the red, lb that in a mo- 
 un (he prodigy, and every ope - 
 whole atiembly fiood molioi:- 
 I, wlucli coiikl not have beer. 
 1 ihey had even dilcovered ih ; 
 •.at! been iercwul on to li- 
 en, however, wlio w^-re tlialiiv^ 
 elumed their employme'H, ami 
 ut halt an hour, dreiied them 
 rodiiccd very filutary efi'ecls. 
 cen lierlelf took the captain In' 
 \alk, and, whenever they cair.c 
 litted him over with as much 
 I child. 
 
 and having no vetiel in which 
 
 to the motion of lire, thcv, oi 
 
 ca that it could be niatlt hot, 
 
 lade lolid ; a circuniilance t'iMi 
 
 orous incident. 
 
 morning at brcaktiid with lie 
 
 cers on board the Ihij), one in 
 
 ui fome rank, and one v.h'S 
 
 fuppofed to be a pri^ll) l:;',v 
 
 pot, b\ luniing the cock <'t ;iii 
 
 lable, The attendant li:iviii-: 
 
 ciiriolity, prefcnlly luriud ii.o 
 
 ivater upon his lian'l. As toen 
 
 he roared out, a.ul began ij 
 
 /iih the moll e.vti'avagaiii ar.J 
 
 l)ain and alloniilimeni '! he 
 
 able to conceive what was tin 
 
 flaring in amazement, and ii ■: 
 
 mcern. The forgeon, who liiul 
 
 of the milchici, ajiplied a u- 
 
 th« excruciating pain of il^ 
 
 s ap|)ointed comptroller ol lii 
 ore with the natives, Uli-'d i^ 
 alkinillimenl ot then<uive^^ ■ 
 his pork and poultry in a i» ' 
 
 '■^y.'^' 
 
 ( HU 
 
 /^;/^^/v/)/vBANKES 5r Sl-trJiLfiui J CiZOGRKSWi:' MJc,/ /'// "y/.'yU //nlif/y 
 
 ^ 
 
 f / ' 
 
 ^y/u, ^rf/frr.>,>/ y^/,r/>rf/r ,/^rfr/'//,,y ("'If/f/r/fa/ffl ///r /rf,,/( ' f',.n>rnrr 
 
 ('<///,/ f.t/tif'ff. i/tti/ /t>///i ///r . I ,ffn'/',i . 
 
 ^'' , 
 
 "«!:>< '■yfi'f': 
 
 ■m:i. 
 
 .1 
 
 •-4*'^ 
 
 ^*m 
 
 .aV. -^Wi. 
 
^F.W DiSCOVIRIE 
 
 / 
 
 At length an old 
 id 'I'i' ging down ] 
 into poiieilion of c 
 nis friends cat 
 
 The ca])tain, in 
 Biv^vl fro-., .lie qu 
 |ree Guinea hens 
 
 oking-glaflls, Ihi 
 geas, kidney-beans 
 fifeds, a (hovel, an 
 ftares, confiding ( 
 Other articles. Oi 
 Ibrts of the garden 
 <rf feeing tliem cor 
 
 Captain Wallis \ 
 Curio!: t)', (hewed 1 
 had admired its itr 
 COm|jrehcnd its ufi 
 diftant objcds wit! 
 #hich cou'd not 1: 
 le brought licr to 
 he objects (he ftai 
 
 ling her eye as t 
 JiotiOiilels and (iK 
 ^in, and again i'o 
 the obj.cts which t 
 tiiey van.lhed, or 
 gei'iires difrovered 
 tistatlion, which ii 
 
 At length, atu 
 eflabli(}icd, the ca 
 of dj;:arting. Sh( 
 concern ; but whe 
 him lOi'ger A'cre i 
 •turc ihc vitiied hii 
 (d^c was wciglicd, 
 tcliLcLince flic got 
 ^ith Incomolable 1 
 ir.iiu.iuie preie.,ts, \ 
 ^"Jittle notice o^ any 
 ng uyi, a laft fare 
 
 atildtion and gr 
 
 each party. 
 
 Tiiis illand, wlv 
 i|.6 min. fouth, am 
 and known by th 
 two diltintl kingi 
 neck of land. 'I'I 
 by the natives, Ti,- 
 Cpourconu, or Ola). 
 
 It is iurrounde 
 feveral bays, air.or 
 ipallctl, by the naf':' 
 beautiful prolpcft. 
 tains in the rniddlt 
 diflance of fixty 
 and covered with 
 cularly the cocoa-i 
 the inhabitants, 
 Tanj!,cd along the v 
 tantc from each oi 
 •' liie i()il, wliiei 
 tcred by a nutnbi 
 luxuriant in its pn 
 through which the 
 with walic<l gavdi 
 Channels are cut 
 fsom the hills to 
 through various \ 
 overhang the vaili* 
 liglitful, the lidcs 
 and the Vidlies wii 
 ■ bineath the trees, 
 hill;, but there w 
 IpiHigs gulh froin 
 v^llo^l are covtrcil 
 ■ tlie fununilf. Suj 
 the liigh land, as i 
 
 Bii£ii.)ikiil.!l^i^J , J, 
 
- > 
 
 % 
 
 j(Ie\v Discoveries] O T 
 
 ;4^ Ic.gth an ol<l mar, -vho was exceeding fcrviceablc 
 m b'-i'ging down ])ioviiions to be exchanged, was put 
 Sto (loiieltion of one iron pot, anc', fmin tliat time, he 
 »c' iiis friends eat boik-i meat every day. 
 
 # The caj)tain, in return for the number of preferu^ re- 
 «iv^.l fro-., .lie queen, lent her two lurkies, two geefe, 
 Sree Guinea hens, a cat big witii kitten, iome chin:i, 
 'lloking-gialVes, Ihirts, needles, thread, doth, ribboire, 
 ■gcas, kidney-beans, about fix different forts of garden 
 JSeds, a (hovel, and a confiderabie quant iiy of cutlery 
 ifares, confiding of knives, fciliiirs, bill liooks, and 
 SlheT articles. Our peo|)le had alrcmly planted feveral 
 'Jbrts of the garden feeds, and afterwards had the ijleafure 
 «jf feein'T them cOiiie up in a very floiirirning manner. 
 ^''Caiilain Wallis vent to tlie ijueen's houle, and, as a 
 duriolity, (hewed l.er a refleding telelcope. After flie 
 iMd atlmired its Itniclure, he endeavoured to n;ake her 
 
 prehend its ufe, fiyii.g l*- !"c as to command feveral 
 
 Itant objeds with which (he was well acc^uainted, but 
 
 ich eou'd not be c'idinguilhed with the naked eye. 
 
 e brought her to loo:^ Hnough it. As loon as Ihe law 
 
 le olyeCts llie darted back with allonilhment, and di- 
 
 " ing iier eye as the glals was p^-iiiiuil, ftootl fome time 
 
 sjiiotioiilelj and filent. ."le looked th.rough the glals 
 
 ifciin, and again fought, in vain, with the naked eye, tor 
 
 f^c ohj.cls which the telefcope ditcovered. As b\- turns 
 
 Ihey van.lhcd, or re-appeared, her countenance and 
 
 -Jieihires difcovered a liror.g mixture of i'urprize and la- 
 
 i Bsfa(^lion, which ii i language con deicribe. 
 
 ■ At kngth, afs^r an intimacy hid been fome time 
 
 fablidial, the captain intimated lo her his intentisn 
 de;:arti:ig. She received this intimation with great 
 ijbnrcrn ; t ir when (lie found her perluafions to keep 
 Il^m lOnger .vere intflcAual, on the day of his dejiar- 
 »|ure llic vlfiied him on board the lliij). When the an- 
 gjAor w:ib weighed, and the (hip under liiil, with extreme 
 ^pluctuncc ffic got into the Iwat, where ihe fat weeping 
 ■, with inconiblablc forrow. The captain made her many 
 traluabie prefe.,ts, whicii die filentjy accepted, but tocik 
 little notice o^ any thing. A frelh breeze then fpring- 
 ,|ng u|i, a lad farewel was taken, with fuch tendernels 
 ,Jtil alll'dion and grief, as (illed both the hearts and eyes 
 nW e ;'h party. 
 
 ,* T:iis idand, which is fituated in latitude 17 degrees 
 ~1i|.6 min. fouth, and longitude 149 deg. 13 min. wed, 
 tnd known by the general name of Otaheite, tonus 
 two didind kingdoms which are unitetl by a narrow 
 neck of land. The larged of tlule kingdoms is called, 
 by the natives, TtMralwu, or Olaheite-^iie ; the fmaller 
 ffpourconu, or Olaheile-Etc. 
 
 ' Jt is furrounded by a reef of coral rocks, lorming 
 'feveral bays, among which the principal is I'ort Royal, 
 ijialletl, by the naf'ves, Matavai. The country adords a 
 beautiful profpcft. It rites in riilges, torming nioun- 
 ^ns in the middle of the ifland, that mav be leen at vhe 
 ilidance of fixty miles, 'i'owards the lea it is level, 
 •And covered witii fruit-trees of diven; kindsj but parti- 
 'tularly the cocoa-nut. In this part are the houfes of 
 J^he inhabitants, which do not form villages, being 
 "pinged along the whole border, at about (id)' yards dil- 
 lance frwni each other. 
 ^/ 1 he i()il, whieii is of a bfickilli colour, being wa- 
 i^cred by a number of rivulets, is rich, anil of cn'Mte 
 luxuriant in its jjroduds. On the borders of the valley 
 througli which the river (lows, there are leveral houfes 
 with wallcxi garden?, and plenty of fiwls and hog^. 
 Channels are cut in many olaces to conduct the Wi,.ter 
 fiom the hills to the plantation'-. Streams meander 
 through various windings, and dupendous mountains 
 overhang the vallies. Towai\ls (he fea the view is de- 
 lightful, the (ides of the hills being covereil with trees, 
 and the Vidlies with gral's. No mulerwood was found 
 
 • beneath the trees, neither on the fides or bottoms of the 
 liills, but there was |>lentyof goo.l grals. Many fine 
 Ipriiigs gulh from the binders of the mountains, all of 
 whom are covered witli wood on the fides, and fern on 
 tlie fummiis. Sugar cane grew, without cultivation, on 
 the high land, as did alio turimiit ami ginger. 
 
 A H E I T E. 
 
 This idand is not only one of the mod delightful but 
 healthy fjx)ts in the world. The heat is tempered by 
 the pureft air. It is not fubjec> conflantly to the bleak, 
 winds from the ead, but generally under the milder 
 breezes from ead to fouth-lbuth-c:id. It i.s remarked, 
 upon the whole, by Monf. Pougainville, that the cli- 
 mate is ib healthy, that the greated part of the fcamen 
 lent on (liore for the cure of diforders in general, con- 
 tradetl from heat, fait provifions, and a variety oi caufes 
 incidental upon long vo}ages, and more particularly the 
 feurvy, regained their dreagth. I-'rom thcl'e fingular 
 endowments of nature, this charrni'-.g fpot is jultiy de- 
 nominated " The Queen of TiOj-'ical Klands." 
 
 The vegetable produdio.is of this idand are as va- 
 rious as nui'iierous in tbf ir '.efpedive Ij)ecies. There are 
 bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, banains of many forts, f'weet 
 jjotaloe^, plantains, yam,, a delicious fruit, known here 
 b} the name of y'l/w/^.v, fugar rane, the iJ.aper mulberry, 
 ginger, turmeric, and Icveid 'brts ot dgs, all of which 
 the toil produces Ijiontaneoudv, or with ver)' littie cul- 
 ture. Ihey have the ava-ava, from which they ex- 
 trad the intoxicating liquor already delcribcd in the 
 other idands. A moll extraordinary tree here received 
 the name of Darringtonia. The leaves are of a mod 
 beautiful white, tipped with a bright crimlbn. it is 
 called huddoo by the natives, who aliirin, that its fruit, 
 which is a large nut, being bruifed, mixed with a llied- 
 H!h, and dreweu in the fea, has an eded to intoxicating 
 upon the ftlh, that they will come to the furface of thf; 
 water, and fufter theinfelves to be taken with hands. 
 There are other plants of a fimilar quality in thefe cli- 
 mates, particularly one called tubbe, which grow") on 
 another idand, and intoxicates Hlh in the fame manner 
 as the Barringlonia, or huddoo It is remarked, from ob- 
 fervation, that the dlh caught by means of thefe intoxi- 
 cating plants were neither nauleous or unwholclome. 
 There are alfb the luhaira, jiandaKus, ami a fort of Ihady 
 trees, covered with a dark green foliage, bearing what 
 they call golden apples, which relemble, in fiavour and. 
 jucinels, the anana, or pine. 
 
 S E C T I O N II. 
 
 Perfons, Dic/s, Ornaments, Habitationft DifpoJIiion, 
 Language, and mental Endoviments of the Inhabitants. 
 
 TM E natives of thefe idands are robud, well pro- 
 portional, comely, and alert. With relped to 
 dature, the men, in general, are from dvc feet feven to 
 (ive feet ten inches. The tailed man (cen by Captain 
 Wallis meaf'uretl llx feet, three inches and a half j and 
 O-l'oo, king of Otaheiie, is delcribed, by Captain 
 Cook, as reaching that llature. Monf". de Bougainville, 
 who vifited this ifland a tew months after Captain VV^allis, 
 lays, that they would, in point of form, be mod excel- 
 lent models tor j;ainting an Hercules or a Mars. The 
 daiidard of the women, in general, is near three inches 
 fliorter. Their noi'es are generally dat, though, in other 
 refjieds, they are handlbme and agreeable, having deli- 
 cate (kins, eyes fully exprelTive, and teeth beautifulK 
 white and even, iheir hair is, for the mod part, 
 black ; though fome, in contradiflindion from the na- 
 tives of A(ia, Africa, and America, in general, have it 
 brown, red, or (laxc 11 : the children of both ('-.ves, in 
 particular, have that of the latter colour, '"'le com- 
 plexion of the men is tawncy, though that o\ thofewho 
 go upon the water is reddidi. The women are of a fine 
 clear olive colour, or what we call a brunette. The 
 men wear their beards in various forms, plucking out 
 a great part. Contrary to the cuflom of mod other na- 
 tions, the women of this couiitrv cut their hair lliort ; 
 whereas the men wear it long, ibmetiiiies hanging looli; 
 upon their Ihoulders, and at other times tied in a knot 
 on the crown of the head, in which they (lick the tea- 
 tliei-s of birds of various colours. 
 
 They have a ci llom in common with the Chiiiete, 
 whicli IS, that the principal men of the idand iutler the 
 
 Hails 
 
 ■t 
 
 laiki^alti'*^'.! ,'' :i' tb..'.:. .■ 
 
 i^'vLiytt ■- .aiS . 1 . ,; :,.^i,}ii >'.i Iw'^i 
 
 ■'^ 
 
 
 .iJSi.- 
 
 '^. 
 
4S 
 
 A NEW AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of LNIVERSAL GEOGRAPF^Y. - .^ 
 
 : dcfigncu only tor the accommodation of 
 
 rfii 
 
 
 II 
 
 ! ( 
 
 nails of their fingers to grow very long as a bailge of 
 honour, and as an indication of their not being riihjevft 
 to any fervile employment. The nail of the middle 
 Hnger on the right-hand was oblervcd to be (hort ; but 
 the reafon of that peculiarity could not be learned. 
 Their mien and deportment arc peifeftly gracelui. 
 
 Tattowing, or jHinrturing, is, in general, praciil'ed 
 here with both le.xes, and performed in the fame man- 
 ner as at the other ilknds in thcfe leas already delcTibeil. 
 They ul'ually undergo this operation at the age of about 
 ten or twelve years, and in different parts of the 
 body ; but thofe .which fuffer moil leverely are the 
 breech anil the loins, which are marked with arches, 
 carried o.ie above another a confiderable way up the 
 back. 
 
 Mr. Banks, who accompanietl Ca]itain Cook, was 
 prefcnt at the opi.ation of tattowing performed on the 
 poftcriors of a girl between twelve and thirteen jears of 
 age. The inftrumcnt uled had twenty teeth ; and at 
 each ilroke, which was rejieated everj' monu-nt, ill'ued 
 an ichor, or ferum, tinged with blood. The girl bore 
 the pain with great refolution for ibme minutes, till at 
 length it became I'o intolerable, that Ihe burll out into 
 violent exclamations ; but the operator, notwithlhmci- 
 ing the molt earned intuaties to defilf, was inexorable, 
 whilll two women, who attendeil u[!on the occalion, 
 both chid iind beat her tor llruggling. The ()])crator 
 had continued for the Ijiace of a Cjuarter of an hour, 
 in which only one tide was tattowed, the other having 
 undergone the fame ceremony ibme time Ix'fore ; and 
 the arches upon tlie loins, which they tleem the moft 
 6rnamental, was yet to be inatle. 
 
 Their drcfs conlifts of cloth and matting of various 
 kinds: the firll they wear in fine, the latter in foul 
 weather. Two pieces of this cloth or matting com- 
 pofe the drcls : one of them having a hole in the 
 middle to ])ut the head through, (he long ends hang 
 before aixl behind : ...e other pieces, which are be 
 tween four ami five yards long, and about one broad, 
 they wra]> round the body in an ealy manner. The 
 iuen'.s dicis differs from the women's in this inllance, 
 that in one j)art of the garment, inflead of falling be- 
 low the knees, it is brcvigii'; between the legs. This 
 drcfs is worn by a'.l ranks ot people ; but tliat of 
 the better fort ot women conlills of a great quantity of 
 materials. In t!ic heat of the day both fcxes wear only 
 a piece of doth tied round the waill. They have 
 Imall bonnets, made of cocoa-nut leaves or matting, 
 conllrucled, in a tew minutes, to lh;u!e their faces from 
 tlie fun. The ornamentsof both fe\esconhllof leathers, 
 flowers, Ihells, and pearls; but the Later are more worn 
 by the women. Boys and girls go naked ; the former 
 till they are Icven or eight years old, and the latter till 
 they are live or fix. I'hcir clothes are, in general, 
 ftrongly ])erfi.imcd. They have a cuftom, as in many 
 hot countries, of anointing their hair with cocoa-nut 
 oil, the fmell of which is vl;v asireeable. 
 
 The chief ulls for which the honl'es of the inh.abi- 
 tants otOtaheite are delignetl are toile'|)in, or to avoid 
 rain; as, in lair weather, they eat in i he open air, un- 
 der the Ihade of trees. They arc at bed but (beds, and, 
 in general, without divilion or apartments. The roof 
 refembles our thatched houl'es, and ( onlills of two fiat 
 tides, inclining to each other. The floor is covered 
 with hay, over which tliey I'pread mats. The fize of the 
 houles is prop,ortioncd to the number of the family, 
 and the li;veral ap-artments adapted I'or t!\e convenience 
 of the different ranks. The mailer and hi; wifi.- repole 
 in the middle ; round them the married people ; next 
 the unmarried females; then, at l()me dilhi ice, the 
 luimarricd men ; then the fervants at the extu-miiy of 
 the llied, but, ii> fiiir weather, in the oi)cn air. The 
 houles ol the chiefs dill'er in Ibme particulars, having 
 moie convenient apartments conllruc'led lor ;irivacy. 
 Some are lo tormed as to be carried in ca'ioei> : they 
 are very fmall, and enclofed with leaves of the co- 
 aia-nut ; but the air neverthclefs iieiictrjtes ; thefe 
 
 the 
 
 With reipccl to the dilpoiition and ten^per of tlicl! 
 iflanders, it has been remarked that their paifions an 
 violent^ and fubjeft to frequent tranlitions from one ex- 
 treme to another, cipecially .after the fucceffion of gria 
 and rapture. As they li-em ablbrbed in luxury, it is na- 
 tural to I'uppole thein unable to endure pain in :i;i 
 acute degree ; but it will appeai othenviie, when o'.i- 
 lerved, that the women undergo the raoft excruciatiiiJ 
 tortures, from their own hands, on the death of relations, 
 as will hereafter be delcribcd. They point out j;ar- 
 ticular friends by taking off a part of their cloathing, 
 and putting, it on them. Their treatment of our 
 countrymen, alter prejudices arifing from novelt)' h.iil 
 fublided, was generous and courteous. When revilited 
 by Captain Cook, they recognized their old acquain- 
 tance witii warmth and fatisfaftion, and cniiuircd after 
 thofe that were .ablent with earnelt concern. Nav, 
 they exprefied an ardent delire of feeing them again. 
 If an engaging look from a native was returned by a 
 fmile from any of our countrj'men, they would avail 
 themlelves of the opportunity to ])refer the requcll ol' 
 a bead, or fome other bauble ; but maintained an even- 
 nels c* temper whether granted or denied. When 
 the fre(j lency and importunity of their lidicitatioiis 
 became lubjeds for the diljilay of larcalm amongft our 
 |ieople, they would only carry it off with an luarty 
 laugh. Novelty was the leading topic of their convcr- 
 tation ; their intercourfe with ftrangers, and the infor- 
 mation they derived, and obfervations they made, wer- 
 fobjedls referved for the entertainment and diverlion ol 
 each other. Though they always expreHed emotions 
 at the explolion of gun-])owder, they overcame, b)' de- 
 grees, their former dread and apprehcnfion. 
 
 Their mode of paying obclfonce to Grangers or fii- 
 ]ieriors, at a lirO meeting, is by uncovering themfeh\> 
 to the mithlle ; and they have a common phrafe when 
 ail} one luee/.es, implying, " may the Ciood (Genius ycu 
 awake, or may not the Evil Genius lull you a-ilecp." 
 
 Though they iwtlels many gootl qualities, tliey jw;- 
 take of the propenllty to theft that chaiaiiteiifes the in- 
 habitants of the South-i'xa Iflands in general. We 
 have given one inft.ance in tlie cale of the diruer win) 
 U)fl. his laced hat. Their th.efts became (b noiorioir , 
 that Captain Wallis would not admit them into the 
 Ihip, I'nd was obliged to have iccourfc to feverc 
 menaces, to compel them to rellore what they liad 
 purloined ; nay, Ibmetimes he jHit in execution mea- 
 lures of deftruftion. The terrible apprehenlions of the 
 effefts of fire-arms, as, ujion every occalion, never failed 
 of producing rcllitution. 
 
 One of the lutives h.aving the dexterity to crofs the 
 river unperceiveil, and Ileal a hatchet, the gunner of 
 the Doli)hin, who w as coiainanding officer of a watering 
 jiarty on Ihore, lignified by ligns to an old man, who 
 was appointed to fu|)erintentl commerce on the part ot 
 the Indians, the offence conmiitted, and drew out Ionic 
 of his i)eople, .as if he would have gone into the 'voods 
 in quell of the delinquent. The old man, intimidated 
 by this ijiccious jireparation, gave the oHiccr to uii- 
 derlland, he would prevent the execution of his deligii, 
 b) relloring the artic'e luified ; and Icltuigoff imme- 
 diately, returned in a very (hort fime with the lutchcl. 
 The gunner inlifting on the thief being produced, it 
 w.as complied with, though with aiip.arent relaclance; 
 anil being known to be an old oflender, he was lent 
 prifoner on board. The captain, however, only pii- 
 nilbed him with apprehenlioii, and then difmifi'ed ami 
 fL-nt him on Ihore, He was received, on his return, by 
 his countrymen, with the loudell acclamations, and car- 
 ried oft' in triumiih by them into the woods. Confcions, 
 however, of the lenity of the gunner, he expreH'cd his 
 gratitude, by pieli.-iiting him with a roaflcd hog, ami 
 Ibme bread-fruit. 
 
 Another trait of the difpolition of thcfe people is 
 that they liave nat an idea of any thing being indecent. 
 
 
 t 
 
 .J\/\/A,/^i*i 
 
 \^\'*« 
 
EOGRAPHY. 
 the accommcxlation of tlio 
 
 Jifpoiition and tcirper of tlicli 
 'marked that their jiallions aa 
 L-iiucnt tranlitions from one ex- 
 illy after the fuccclTion of grid 
 ;ni abforbed in luxury, it i'l iia- 
 uiiable to endure pain in ;i:i 
 11 appeal- otlierwilc, when o!)- 
 undergo the molt excrutiatiiiJ 
 lands, on the tleath of relations 
 "cribcd. They point out ])ar- 
 r ofl' a part of their cloathiiig, 
 11. Their treatment of our 
 liccs ariling from novelty Iiail 
 nd courteous. When revilitud 
 recognized their old acquain- 
 fatisfiwftion, and enciuired after 
 with earnelt concern. Nay, 
 defne of feeing tluni again. 
 n a native was returned by ii 
 countrymen, they would avail 
 unity to prefer the requcll ot 
 able ; but maintained an even- 
 granted or denied. When 
 )ortunity of their lijlicitations 
 ilil'play of larcalin aniongft our 
 ' carry it off with an luarty 
 ; leading topic of their convcr- 
 with Grangers, and the inlor- 
 1 obfervalions they made, wer-' 
 entertainment and tliverfion ol' 
 ley ahvavs cxpreUed emotions 
 Kjwder, they overcame, by dc- 
 and apprchenfion. 
 ; obcifance to iirangcrs or fu- 
 g, is by uncovering themfelves 
 y have a common phrafe wlica 
 j;, " may the Cjood Genius you 
 il Genius lull you a-ilccp." 
 nany good cjualities, tliey jiai- 
 theft that chiiradciifes the iii- 
 Ua Iflands in general. \Vi; 
 in tlie cafe of the ulFicer wiio 
 ir th.efts became to nolorioir , 
 lid not admit them into the 
 to have rccourfe to feverc 
 m to reilore what tlicy had 
 ,es he ])Ut in execution mea- 
 terriLle apprehenliors of the 
 •on every occafion, never failed 
 
 ing the ilcxterity to crofs the 
 cal a hatchet, the gunner of 
 nmanding officer of a watering 
 :y ligns to an okl man, who 
 end commerce on. the part ot 
 )mmitted, antl drew out limine 
 uld have gone into the woods 
 The old man, intimidated 
 ion, gave the olliccr to uii- 
 t the execution of his delign, 
 iflcd ; and ietliiig off imnu- 
 y lliort ('me with the hatchel. 
 the thief being produced, if 
 with ai)parent relacfancci 
 an old offender, he was lent 
 captain, however, only pil- 
 lion, ami then difmill'ed aiul 
 as received, on his return, by 
 iiulelt acclamations, and car- 
 1 into the woods. Confcloiis 
 the gunner, he exprefied hi^ 
 lim with a roalleil hog, aiul 
 
 ilpulition of thcfe people i'. 
 of any thing being indecent, 
 
 au'l 
 
 YiiliouslNSTRrMEKTSusedliytlieNxVriVESot'OTAHEITE . 
 
 V rr • ^//tifr/./nf^ Sfrt/tr 
 
 Y-ivions Instkitments nsedbv the Natives of OTAHElTE , 
 
 
 iJ/ir /ifi.rr , /,/-,■ MMi//i>r/f/////,/. /it)//;/ • . 
 
 ./ ■"^,;;',/.y;//r:if, ■//./»./,/„■ f.iffi/iiihfi //,,/frti/nru/ /„f,< ,/u , /^, 
 
 
 •'v'.¥' 
 
'''I 
 
 :; I » :•! ; M 
 
 i ". I 
 
 !'' ■■'■ 
 
 •* 
 
 EW DiSCOVERliff. 
 
 «Bd tranfgrefs the i 
 fmfe of Ihamc, or 
 ftmding this dilpofit 
 bands a blind I'uhnii 
 ify prevail aiiioiigl 
 lOn the tirll avrr 
 
 wni 
 
 lich was fuppofci 
 fcen here, a great i 
 beach, were very ii 
 boat to conic on Iho 
 by various geftures. 
 jliflied on Ihore, it 
 rate the natives and 
 of the former flicail 
 of trading. Severa 
 mitted to crofs the 
 the giant ing of fav 
 nary in their views. 
 
 As the language c 
 invcvvcls, it is thercl 
 the pronunciation ot 
 vifitors have not ye 
 ther it is copious or 
 that it is VL17 inipcrl 
 ' l"hc fiigacity of 
 Keather, particularlj 
 #ill blow, is very c> 
 i^ey (leer by the tu 
 the ftars ; all of wl 
 names, and know ii 
 appear in any of du 
 fible in their horizoi 
 prccifion, tliu times 
 appearing. 
 
 |, sr 
 
 It- 
 
 ,faod, Cookery, Ciift 
 Gluttony, Liquors, 
 
 y » this ifland, 
 to their rank. Ve] 
 Ibe diet of the conii 
 rank feed on the f 
 gormandize to an e> 
 getablc food are tl 
 yams, apjiles, and a 
 fent 111 itlelf, affords 
 fruit, with which i 
 bread-fruit, which i 
 is attended with nc 
 than that of climbir 
 fruit is not in feali 
 '|ocoa-nuts, banana: 
 ' % A very common 
 Orcad-fruit, ])lantaii 
 taiped, fcrapcd, or 
 ilfeli'. A quantity ( 
 put into a large tr 
 (Qther articles from 
 fome hot Hones, ii 
 nier. 'I'hrce or fo 
 up the fcveral ingrc 
 porated, and the ji 
 and, at Ir.fl, the wli 
 of a liafty pudding 
 cclli nt, and few il 
 them. 
 
 Thev fubflituie, 
 palle, made of coco; 
 they gather before 
 lav in hea|)5, cover 
 femients, after wh 
 fruit put into a lit 
 With grafs. This is 
 No. 5, 
 

 tw DiscoviRlis.] 
 
 ■6 T A H E I T E. 
 
 il'A 
 
 4<^ 
 
 iMd franfgrefs the niles of moilefty without the lead 
 ftbfe of Ihamc, or notion of impropriety. Notwitii- 
 Huiding this dilpofition, the wives here owe their hul- 
 binds a bliiKi iuhmiffion : nor docs the pafTion of jca- 
 Ipufy prevail amongft them in the lead degree. 
 
 On the rirll arrival of the Dolphin on the coalt, 
 lAich was fupixjfed to have been the firft lliip ever 
 |«en here, a great number of women apjieared on tlie 
 b«Bch, were very importunate with the men in the 
 ^t to come on Ihorc, and endeavoured to allure them 
 b* various gefturcs. When a regular trartic was ella- 
 'jUlhed on Ihore, it was fctlletl that a river llioukl fepa- 
 nte the natives and the ftrangors, and that a tew only 
 of the former fliould crofs at a time for the purpote 
 of trading. Several young women were then per- 
 mitted to crofs the river, who, though not averle to 
 the granting of favours, ai)peaieil to be very mercc- 
 aily in their views. 
 
 'As the language of the natives of this ill and abounds 
 vowels, it is thereby rendered foft and melodious, and 
 ne pronunciation of it was ealily acquired. European 
 ^tors have not yet been fufficiently acquainted whe- 
 ther it is copious or othcrwife, but they have difcovercd 
 that it is Very imperfedt 
 
 ■The liigacity of thefe people in foretelling the 
 Kcather, particularly the quarter from whence the wind 
 will blow, is very extraordinary. In their long voyages 
 they (leer by the- lun in the day, and in the night by 
 the ftars ; all of which they diilinguilh leparately by 
 names, and know in what part of the heavens they will 
 appear in anv ot the months during which they are yi- 
 &le in their" horizon. They can aifo determine, with 
 precifion, the times of their annual appearing or dif- 
 appcaring. 
 t ■■ 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 .pood, Cookery, Cuftoms at Meals, Manner of Eating, 
 ' Gluttony, Liquors, Perfumes, Dijeajes, and Hurgery. 
 
 ?X X 7 1 T H refjied to the food of the inhabitants,of 
 ^y * this ifland, there is great difference, according 
 Jf^ their rank. Vegetables compofe the chief part of 
 the diet of the common people ; whilfl thole of exalteil 
 Hink feed on the iklh of hogs, dogs and fowls, and 
 gormandize to an excels. Amongll the articles of ye- 
 Mtable food are the bread-fruit, bananas, plantains, 
 
 ens, apples, and a lour fruit, which, though not plea- 
 t in iilelf, atlbrds an agreeable relilh to roalletl bread- 
 fruit, with which it is frequently beaten up. The 
 laead-fruit, which is the chief fupport of thele people, 
 is attended with no trouble after the tree is planted, 
 than that of climbing lo gather its proiluce. A\ hen the 
 j&uit is not in fcalon, its tleliciency is lujiplied with 
 ^ocoa-nuts, bananas, and plantain. 
 '. A very common dilh is a pudiling, compofed of 
 fercad-fruit, jilantains, taro, and pandanus nuts, each 
 ^ped, Icrapctl, or beat up very tine, and baked by 
 nfeU'. A quantity of the juice of cocoa-nut kernels are 
 JMt into a large tray, or wooden veliel, in w^hich the 
 
 Sthcr articles from the oven are put, together wilh 
 )mc hot ilones, in order to make the confciits lim- 
 tJicr. Three or four iiciions are employed in ilirring 
 up the fcveral ingredients, till they are perfcdiy incor- 
 porated, and the juin' ot the cocoa-nut turns to oil; 
 »nd, at luR, the \\\v . mafs is nearly of the conlillency 
 of a liafty inidiling. Some of iliele pudilings are ex- 
 cclK 111, and few that are '■ ulc in Englaiul equal to 
 them. 
 
 Thev luhlVituie, iiillead of the bread-lVuit, a kind of 
 palle, made of cocoa-nuts, bananas, and plantains, which 
 they gather before the bread-fruit is perfedly ripe, and 
 lay in heaps, covering it clofely with leaves. It then 
 ferments, after which the core is cxiradled, anil the 
 fruit put into a hole dug in the earth, which is lined 
 with gralii. Tliis is alio covered with leaves, and pivU'ed 
 No. 5, 
 
 down with a weight of ftones. This ocCafions a great 
 fermentation : when the fruit becomes four, it is then 
 bakeil and eaten. It will keep a conliderable time 
 before it is baked, and afterwards. The parte fo made 
 is called maline. Different dilhes are made of the 
 bread-fruit itfelf. 
 
 The flelh of their fowls is well tafted ; but that of 
 dogs is preferred by the natives to every other kind. 
 They eat the fmall (ilh, in general, raw ; and convert 
 every thing that can be procured from the fea into an 
 article of food, ^though ever lb naufeous and difgufting 
 to the palates of Europeans. 
 
 Their method of killing luch animals as are intended 
 for fovxi is by l"u location, flopping the mouth and 
 nofe with their hands. This done, they fingc off the 
 hair, by holding the animal over a fire, and fcraping 
 him with a Ihell. They then cut him up with the fame 
 inltrumcnt, take out and walh the entr.iils, and put them 
 into cocoa-nut flielis, tog.-ther with tlic bicwcl. Con- 
 trary to the nature of thofe animals in England, fuch 
 dogs as are defigned for footl are feci wholly ui)on ve- 
 getables ; and fbmcof our countn men, who have tafted 
 the flelh of that animal thus fed, have declared it to be 
 little inferior to Englilh lamb. 
 
 In dreffing their food they obfene the following 
 procefs. Firft, the fire is kindled by rubbing one piece 
 of dry wood upon the fide of another. Then digging 
 a pit, about half a foot deep, and two or three yards in 
 circumference, they pave the bottom with large pebble 
 ftones, which they lay down verj' fmooth and even, 
 and then kindle a fire in it with dry wood, leaves, and 
 the hulks of cocoa-nuts. They take out the embers, 
 when the ftones are fulHcicntly heated, and, after raking 
 up the alhes on every fide, cover the ftones with a 
 layer of cocoa-nut leaves, and wrap uj) the animal that 
 is to be drclled in the leaves of the plantain. If it is 
 a large hog they fplit it, and if a fmall one they wrap it 
 up whole. Having placed it in the pit, and covered it 
 with hot embers, they lay upon them bread-fruit and 
 yams, which are alfo wrapped in the leaves of the 
 plantain. Over thefe they fiecpently fpread the re- 
 mainder of tiie embers, mixing among them Ibmo of 
 the hot ftones with more cocoa-nuts among them, and 
 then dole uj) all with earth, ib that the heat is kept 
 in. The oven is kept thus doled a longer or Ihorter 
 time, according to the lize of the meat that is dref- 
 fing. 
 
 The ufual fauce to their food is fait water : thofe who 
 live near the fea have it furnilhecl as it is wanted ; thofe 
 at a diftance keep it in large bamboos. The kernels of 
 the cocoa nut furnilh them with another lliucc, which, 
 made into paite, ibmething of the conliftence of but- 
 ter, are beat;n u|) with fait water, that has a very 
 ftrong flavour, ami, at firft, fcenis naufeous, but after 
 being ufed Ibme time, is much relilhed. They arc 
 iiuite unacquainted with the method of boiling, having 
 no veflels that will bear fire. 
 
 Having remarked the friendly and focia! difpofition 
 of thefe jjeople, it will appear flrange that they Ihould 
 exclude their women from their table, whofc Ibciety 
 among Europeans, uiion that occafion, is chlefiy de- 
 fired. How a ftated form that, in all other parts, 
 brings fai-.'.ilies and friends together, fhould feprrate 
 them here, they never explained, any farther than by 
 laving, they cat alone bccaufe it was right. Such, 
 indeed, was their prejuilicc in favour of this cuftom, 
 that they exprelled their dilguft even at their vifitants 
 eating in t le fociety of women, and of the limie food. 
 And the Aomen were fo accullonuil to this mode ot 
 feparatlon, that the Europeans could never prevail 
 on th:m to i)artake with them at their table when 
 they vere dining in company. When any of them has 
 been occalionally alone with a woman, Ihe has fome- 
 times t-ateii ; but not only exprelled the greateft re- 
 ludlance, but extorted the ftron^eft promiles of fecrecy. 
 Even brothers and lifters among them have their fe- 
 parate balkets of provifions, and feparate apparatus 
 for their meals. The women have their food fepaiately 
 N prepared 
 
 %. 
 
fil: 
 
 A NEW AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERbAJ. GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 prepared by boys kept for that ptirpofe, and thefc 
 boys d^pofiL it ill lopaiale ihc Is. 
 
 Though tl»c wcimcn .,'cie To inflexibly attached to 
 this cudom, they trequcnily allied our countrymen to 
 tat with them, when they vilitcd tho'e with whom they 
 were particularly acquainted at their own houlcs : nay, 
 upoii lucli occaliotis, they have taten out ot the lame 
 baiket, and drank out ot the fume cup. But the elder 
 women were oflL-nded in the higheft degree at this liber- 
 ty, and would throw away both victuals and bafket, if 
 touched by the hands of a llraiiger. 
 
 They ufually eat under the (hade of a fiircading 
 tree : their tablc-clolh is comiwfed ot broad canvals, 
 (pread in great abundance. If a pcrfoii of rank, he is 
 attended by a nu'uber of fervants, who feat hein- 
 felves round him. Before he begins his meal, he walhes 
 his mouth anil hands very clean, and re -ats tl ' 
 praiflice feveral limes while lie is eating. He [vels 
 off the rind of the bread-fruit with his finf^ r« :.--\ 
 
 iril« 
 
 never e.-.ts apples bef 
 '± a fnial' ('.■", '' a 
 pi^l.cti up every where, .. loliei' ■ 
 the .attendants. \Vhilll he is c t:..; 
 drinks ^ fmall nuantity of fait \^...er, 
 cocoa-nut Ihe'.l, which is placed by him. 
 
 they 
 
 (■'arc 
 
 H 
 
 '.13 wlr 
 
 •Mt of: 
 
 . ,.ntly 
 
 I u^ ijf " 
 
 out oi ;' 
 hand. If he eats liih, it is drelled and \vrai)ped u; ..i 
 canvafs : the fiih being broken into a cocoa-nut ot ialt 
 water, he feeds himlelf by taking up a piece with the 
 lingers ot one hand, and bringing with it as much of 
 tlie lalt water a.s he can retain in I he hollow of his 
 palm. 
 
 When he dines on fielh, a piece of barnboo is tolleti 
 to him to ferve ;is a knife : having fplit it tranlVerfely 
 with his nail, it becomes tit for ule, and with this he 
 divides the fleih. He crams a great nuantit)' into his 
 mouth at a time, and ends his repall: by lipping fome 
 bread-fruit, pounded and mixed v.ith water, till it is 
 brougb.t to tlie contiftency of an unbakeii cullard. He 
 then walhes his mouth and hands : at the liune lime 
 the attendants clofe the cocoa-nut Ihells th.at have been 
 tiled, and place every thing that is left in a kind of 
 bafket. 
 
 Thole of the higher clafs are fed by women : and 
 fuch is their avertion to feeding thcmlclvcs, that one 
 <.A' the chiefs, on a vilir on board an l-urojieai! vell'cl, 
 would h.ave gone without his '"nner, if one of the ler- 
 \ants had not fed him. 
 
 A party of the Kngliih had an o])porl unity of ob- 
 iirving a lingular Inilance of gluttony. Arriving, 
 upon an excvirliun, at a neat houfe, they faw a very 
 cori'ulent man, who fecmed to be a chief of the dif- 
 irict, lolling at his cafe, wh-'e two fervants were pre- 
 paring his defe't, by beating ;j with water liime bread- 
 fruit and bananas in a large wooden bowl, and mixir.g 
 it with a ijuantity of lenaeiited four palle : while th's 
 was doing, a woman, who fit near him, crammed into 
 his throat, by handfuls, the remains of a large baki d 
 filh, and fome bread-fruit, whith he fwallowed mo!i 
 voracioully. He had a heavy phlegmatic countenance, 
 which i'ccmed to indicate, that all his enjoyment centered 
 m the gratification of his appetite ; or, in other v^ords, 
 ihat he wifhcd to live merely to gormandize. 
 
 The naiiv(;s ol this illand appear to have an averlion 
 to ftrong liquors, their chief drink being water, or milk 
 of the c<x;oa-nut. If any of them became intoxicated 
 by drink'ng too freely with the feamen, they ever af- 
 ter rcfufed the liquor which had produced that efTeft. 
 They have the plant already mentioned, called ava-ava ; 
 but they ule the liquor from it with great moderation. 
 Sometimes they chew the root, and lometimes cat if 
 wholly. 
 
 One (.1 our countrymen, a man of fpeculation, made 
 particular enquiry ct)ncerning the nature of the per- 
 fumc-roji, with which the natives pcrtume their doaths 
 and oils. One of them more communicative than the 
 rell, pointed out to him feveral plants, which arc lome- 
 times ufed as fublliiutes ; but he would not, or could 
 not, point out to the real plants. According to the ac- 
 
 counts received atteiward , tlicrc are no lefs than four- 
 teen ditferenf plarts nfed in the prei)aration of [wrfutnc, 
 fr'im which it app' .irs that thele jieople were particflarly 
 fond of acompou'.d of Imeils. 
 
 From the excellency of their climate, and fimp'icuy 
 of tl'eir \egetable food, dilealcs in general do ni)t 
 ])revail to much in this illand as in many others. Tlic 
 natives, however, are lubject to leprous complaints, 
 which appear in cutaneous eruptions. Some had ul- 
 cers in difierent parts of their bodies ; bi'.t thcy^^jicre li) 
 little regarded, that nf/ application wro made, Avn to 
 keep ofi the flies. 
 
 They are fometimes atHiiftcd with cholics aid coughs; 
 and thole who live luxunoully are hable to the aaack 
 of a dilbrder limilar to the gout. It is afiirmed by 
 Monlieur De Bougainville's lurgeon, that many hail 
 evident marks of the Irnall jxix. 
 
 The crew of the French lhi]i, tl-..ti vilitcd this "'n 
 a fhort tin'c after Captain W"!'"' nad Lit ,t, aie laid 
 to have - otailed th ■ venereal dileafe uijon the natives. 
 Above LAi of Capiiin Cook's people, in 1769, had 
 contraifted it during a ftay of three months. The na- 
 tives diitinguiflied it by a name im|)lyiiig rottennel's, 
 but of a more extenfive lignihcation. They dcfcnbej 
 'lie luflerings which the firit vicHims to its rage endu'-ed 
 1 the molt moving terms ; and allured our people 
 mat it caufed the hair and* nails to rot oft', and th.- 
 flelh to rot from the bones ; that it excited fuch dread 
 and horror among the inhabitants, that the infected 
 were abandoned by their nearcil relations, and fuffcred 
 to periih in extreme niitery. But they feem lince to 
 have Icund out a fpccilic remedy for it, as none were 
 feen labouring under the dreadful lyniptoms betbre 
 mentioned upon future villts. 
 
 The management of the lick belongs to the pricfls, 
 whole method of cure generally conlilbj in iiroaounciiii; 
 a fet form of words; after which the leaves of tiie 
 ciicoa-tree plant arc applied to the fingers and toes of 
 the lick ; lo that nature is left to conliict with the dif- 
 cali; without the aflilLitice of art. 
 
 Dertitute, as they leem to be, of medical knowledge, 
 they appear to poUel's conlidcrable ikill in fu;g;eiy, 
 which they difplaved while the Dcli.hin lay in Port 
 Roy/.l harbour. One of the crew, who, on Ihore, hap- 
 peneil t'^ run a large fplinler into his foot, and the 
 lurgeon not being at hand, one of his comrades en- 
 deavo'ired 'o take it out with a jjen-knife ; but, after 
 giving the man great ]iain, he was obliged to deliil. 
 An Old native, of a frientily Ibci.a! diljiolition, haj)- 
 I>ening to be i)relent, called a man of his country from 
 the other fide of the river, who having examined the 
 lacerated loot, fetched a Ihell fron\ the beach, wliicli 
 he broke to a jioint with his teeth, and with this in- 
 Ifrunient laid open the wound, and extrafted the fplin- 
 ter. While this operation was performing, the old man 
 went a little way into a wood, and returned with Ibme 
 gum, which he .apjdied to the wound with a piece of 
 clean cloth that was wrapped round, him, and in the 
 fpace of two days it was jicrfeftly liealed. The furgcoii 
 ot the Ihip procured lijnu; of tliis gum, which was pro- 
 duced by the apple-tree, and uied it .as .1 vulnerary bal- 
 fam with great fuccels. 
 
 When Captain Cook was here in 1769, he faw many 
 of the natives with dreadful fears ; and, amongft the 
 reft, one man whole liice was almoll entirely dellroyed ; 
 his note-bone included was quite flat ; and one clieek 
 and one eye were lo beaten in, that the hollow would 
 almoft receive a man's till ; yet no iilcer remained. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Binfs, fowls, BeaJIs, Infelh, Fijh and Fijhbig, Cloth 
 an/1 Matting Manufaiiorks, Bajlcts, 'Toils, Haivit 
 Dances, Miiftc and IVreJiling, tbio-wing the Lance, i£t. 
 
 TH E birds of this ifland are a fmall fort of par- 
 roqucts, very lingular, on account of the various 
 
 ini.\- 
 
 New Discovi! 
 
M 
 
 iGRAPHY. 
 
 :hcie arc no lefs than four- 
 the preparation of [wrfumc, 
 idc jKople wtro particularly 
 ils. 
 
 heir climate, and llmi/i'juy 
 Jilealcs in general do not 
 d as in nianv others. Tlic 
 .c't to leprous Complaints, 
 eruptions. .Some had ul- 
 ir bodies; br.t thcy.^crc I'o 
 ilication uos made, Avn to 
 
 ed with clwlics and coiiglis; 
 lily are liable to tlie attack 
 e gout. It is afilrmed by 
 i (urgeon, that many liad 
 
 [XJX. 
 
 Ihi]), t'-..a vilited thi'< 'ii 
 Vi ■!i!' luid iJi .t, aie laid 
 :al tlileafe upon the natives. 
 ok's people, in 1769, had 
 of three months. The na- 
 name implying rottennel's, 
 ;nihcation. They defcnbcj 
 vitlims to its rage endured 
 ; and aliiircd I'.w people 
 I* nails to rot off, and the 
 that it excited luch dread 
 abiiants, that the infected 
 •arcrt relations, .tnd fuffered 
 y. But they (eem lince to 
 remedy for it, as none were 
 dreadful fymptorns bet'orc 
 s. 
 
 lick, belongs to the pricflrs, 
 rally conllih: in proiiounciii^; 
 ;r which the leaves of tiic 
 i to the fingers and toes of 
 Ictt to conlhct with the dif- 
 f art. 
 
 1 be, of medical knowledge, 
 
 nlidcrable ikill in lu,geiy, 
 
 : the Dolphin lay in Port 
 
 c crew, who, on Ihore, liap- 
 
 er into his foot, and the 
 
 one of his comrades en- 
 
 th a ])en-knife ; but, after 
 
 he was obliged to deliii. 
 
 lly Ibcia! diljiolition, hajv 
 
 a man of his country from 
 
 who hiving examined the 
 
 ell froni the beach, wiiich 
 
 is teeth, and with this in- 
 
 id, and cxtrafted the fplin- 
 
 is performing, the old man 
 
 ', and returned with Ibme 
 
 the wound with a piece of 
 
 i round him, and in the 
 
 clily lioaled. The furgcon 
 
 tliis gum, which was pro- 
 
 uied It as a vulnerary iial- 
 
 lerc in 1769, he law many 
 fears ; and, amongft the 
 almoll entirely deftroycd ; 
 tiuitc flat ; and one cheek 
 in, that the hollov,' would 
 et ho idccr remained, 
 
 .) N IV. 
 
 Fi/fj mid Fijhing, Cloth 
 's, Bajicts, Tools, Haivn 
 i', throwing the Lance, lie. 
 
 .1 are a fmall fort of par- 
 jn account of the vanous 
 ini.v- 
 
 New Discoveries."! 
 
 O T A H E 1 T E. 
 
 mixture of blue and red on their feathers. There is ano- 
 ther fort of agrcenifh colour, with a few red ijxits : thele 
 were frequently feen tam^ in the houles of the natives, 
 who valued them tor their red feathers. Hero is a 
 king-filher, of a dark green, with a collar r! the fame 
 hue round his white throat ; a large cuckoo, and a blue 
 heron. There arc fmall birds of various kind^ which 
 hi. bour in the ihade 01 the breatl-frii and other trees. 
 C .''ary to the commonly ret ^ived :')tion, that bi'-d 
 irm climates ai 2 noi rcmar' .blc for their fong, 
 tl • have z. very agreeable p 't-. 
 
 ' nc ci ~mtftic pjultry here are cocks and hens, ex 
 a(^' ' hke thofc in .'urope. There. a"e, befides, wi'c 
 i.u KS ; al<Vi turtle-doves ; and large pigeons, of a dar!c 
 V 1 plumage , and excellent tafte. 
 
 I'he only quadrupeds in the illand are liogs, dogs, 
 vnd rats. The nativ- s arc '.d to have a ilrupulous 
 regaid f. r t' . latt' , ^\a\ tnat they will by no means 
 kill them. But Captain Cook, in 1773, turned a num- 
 ber of cats on the ifland, from which, it is reafonable to 
 fuppofe, the number of thcfe favoured vermin mult be 
 reduced. 
 
 Flies were found very troublefome wiien our coun- 
 trymen firft arrived here ; but mufquito nets and fly- 
 flaps, in fome mealure, remo\ed the inconvenience. 
 Voyagers differ much in their accounts of thei'e infers. 
 One lays, that the natives, from a religious principle, 
 will not kill them : another.; that this ifland Ij not in- 
 felled by thole myriads of troublelbme i.'ilects common 
 to other trot)ical countries : and a third, that not a 
 kiiat or mul juito hummed unplcalantly, or ra''" d an 
 apprehenfiJH of its bite. 
 
 From thcfe liilferent accounts it appears, that this 
 inconvenience is felt at a certain lealbn of the year, 
 and in certain parts of the country, more fenfibly than 
 at other times, and in other places. Here were found 
 n^irher frcigs, toads, Icorpions, centipedes, or any kind 
 ol ferpent. The only troublelbme animal was the ant, 
 of which there were but few. 
 
 They have lilh i;i great variety, and of excellent fla- 
 vour. Thuir principal employment is to catch, and 
 their principal luxury to eat them. 
 
 They make ropes and lines, and thereby provide 
 themfelves with filhing-nets, ot the bark of a tree, which 
 fupplies the want of hemp. Ol the fibres of the cocoa- 
 nut they make thread, with which they fallen the dif- 
 ferent parts of their canvafs, and ilibferve other pur- 
 pofes. 
 
 Their filhing-lines are maile from the bark of a 
 nettle which grows on the mountains, and is called 
 erawa ; and they are capable of holding any kintl of fidi. 
 Their hooks are made of mother-ot-pearl, to which 
 they fix a tuft of hair made to rtfemble a filh. Inftead 
 of being bearded, the jioint turns inwards. They have 
 a kind of feine, matle ot a rourfe broail grafs, the blades 
 of which are like Hags. Thefe they Iwilt and tie to- 
 gether in a loole manner, till the neck, which is a- 
 bout as wide as a large fack, is from 60 to 80 fathoms 
 long. This feine they haul in Ihoal, fmooth water ; 
 and its own weight keeps it fo c' .c to the ground, 
 that fcarcely a fingle filh can cfc.ipe. They have har- 
 fwons, made of cane, and piinted with hard wooil, 
 with which they can Ihike lilh more efiedually than 
 an European can with one loaded with iron. They 
 have no method, however, of fecuring a hlh when they 
 have only pierced it with their harpoon, as the inllru- 
 mcnt is not faftened to a line. Pieces of coral are ufed 
 as files to form mother-of-pearl, and ether hard (hells, 
 into the lliape required. 
 
 Information was received from a native, that there 
 are fea fruikes on this coaft, whole bite is mortal. 
 
 The chief manufatture of Otaheite is cloth : of this 
 there are three forts, all which are made out of the 
 ' bark of different trees, namely, the mulberrj', the 
 bread-fruit, and a tree which bears fome refemblance 
 to the Weft-Indian wild fig-tree. The full of thefe 
 prod uccs the iiiiell, which is leldom worn but by thofc 
 of the firft tank. Tljc next fort is made of the bread- 
 
 fruit tree j and the laft of that which refembles the 
 wild rig-tree. But this lall fort, though the coarfcft, 
 is fcarcer than any of the other two, whicii ar.: manu- 
 fii&ureil only in fmall quantities, t ■ '.he foijre .manii^;- 
 is ufed in manufacturing all thele cloths. The fol- 
 lovvii^ delcription will I'ufficc for 1 he reader's informa- 
 tion. 
 
 The bark of the tree being flripped ofT, is foakeil in 
 water for two or three days : they then take it out, 
 and leparate the inner bark from the e.Ktcrnal coat, by 
 fcraping it with a lliell ; after which it is f'pread out 
 on plaintain leaves, placing two or three layers over 
 one another, care being taken to make it of an ccjual 
 thickneli in every part. In this ftate it continues till it 
 is ahnolt dry, when it adheres lb firmly, that it inav 
 be taken from the ground without breaking. Alter 
 this proccls, it ir laid on a fmooth board, and bjate:i 
 with and inllrament made for the puq)ofc, of the corn- 
 pad heavy wood called ftoa. The inflrument is a- 
 bout fourteen inches long, and about feven in circum- 
 ference ; it is ot a quadrangular Ihape, and each of the 
 four fides is marked with longitudinal grooves or fur- 
 rows, diiferinf, in this inflance, that th'Tf is a regular 
 
 gradation in the width and depth 
 each of the fides ; the coarfer ■ 
 th.ntenof thefe furrows, wliil' ij 
 with above fifty. It is with ■ .;> 
 where the grooves are dee] 
 begin to beat their cloth, 'i 
 finilh with that whi':h lis 
 
 J ml 
 
 this beating, the cloth is CA't.v 
 
 thv grooves on 
 ontaining more 
 X is furnilhed 
 )f the mallet 
 .1, that they 
 rc"e-.d;:,g regularly, 
 .il number. By 
 1 ". manner fimilar 
 to gold that is formed '. "o it •■ Ly the hammer ; 
 and it is alio marked \ fma,': channels, refembling 
 thofe which are vihble ■■ but n'ther deeper. 
 
 It is, in general, beat ver :.ii:,. When they want it 
 thicker than common, tney take two <>r three pieces, 
 antl parte them together with a kind of glue, prepared 
 from the root called pea. The cioth becomes ex- 
 ceeding white by bleaching, and is dyed of a red, yel- 
 low, brown, or black colour. The firrt is e.\cee(ling 
 beautiful, and equal, if not lupcrior, to any in Ku- 
 rope. They make the red colour from the mi-:ture of 
 the juices of two vegetables, neither of which nfed !<:- 
 parately h.as this effeit. 
 
 The whole procefs of inaking cloth is performed by 
 women, who are drefled in old dirty rags of this cloth, 
 and have verv hard hands. Tlicy prepare a red dye, 
 which is made by mixing the yellow juice of a final! 
 fpecies of fig, called, by the natives, mattee, with the 
 greenilh juice of a fort of fern, or of fever»l plants, 
 which (iroducc a bright crimfon, and this the women 
 rub with their hands, if the whole piece is to be uni- 
 formly ot the fame colour ; or they make ufe of a 
 bamboo reed, if it is to he marked or Iprinkied with 
 different patterns. This colour fatles very loon, and 
 becomes of a dirty red, belides being liable to be fpoil- 
 ed by rain, or other accidents. The cloth, howevei 
 which is dyed, or rather ftained with it, is highly va- 
 lueil by the natives, and worn only by thole of 
 rank. 
 
 Their matting manufafture is very confidcrable : it 
 conftitutes a great part of their employment, and may 
 be laul, in 'ts produce, to excel any in flurope. The 
 materials they work up for tliis purpofe arc ralhes, 
 grafs, the bark of trees, and the leaves of a plant they 
 call wbiirraw. I'he ules to which they apply their 
 matting are various ; on that of the canvals kind they 
 fleei) in the night, and fit in the day. The fine fort they 
 convert into u[)per garments in rainy weather, as their 
 cloth is loon wetted through. 
 
 They are very d'\\terous at baiket and wicker work : 
 both men and women arceiniiloyed at it, and they make 
 thein of many dillerent patterns. 
 A dramatic haiva, or play, confifts of dancing, and a 
 kind of comedy, or rather farce. 'I'he perform.-rs are 
 of both fexcs. The mulic on this occalion, conflls ot 
 drums only. It lads about an hour and an half, or two 
 hours i and upon the whole is generally well condu>'.hed; 
 
 Some 
 
 mmttttu 
 
 .;„.4iw.;.i 
 
S: 
 
 A NEW AivD AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of LNIVT.RSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ^Vi3 
 
 4, '; 
 
 Some part ot" one of tlicfc haivas fcemL-tl fornicil on 
 \\\t circumll.mcf of the vilit made thcin by the Eu- 
 rojK.-ans, as the names Wy which tliey called tcvcrai oi 
 our countn'men were intrixluced. Tiic dancing drcis 
 of one ot tiie women, wlio luftaintd a part in this ili- 
 verlion, was elegant, being decorated with long Uili.ls 
 niade of feathers, lianging from the wai(t down- 
 ward?. 
 
 Oiij! of their dances is called timoredee, which is 
 pertorined by eight or ten young girls, anil conlilts of 
 loole attitudes and geltiires, in which they arc trained 
 from their infimcy. Their motions are lb very regular, 
 as Itartcly to be excclletl by the beft performers upon 
 ail) (if live Itages oi luirope. 
 
 Their principal mulical intluments arc the flute and 
 the drum. 'I'heir flutes have only two Hops, and iliere- 
 tore lound no more than four notes by I'.alf toi-es. 
 They are iimnded like ourCiorman-flute ; only the pe"- 
 foinier, inftead of applying it to the moutii, biuws it 
 with one liolhii, (lopiung the other witii his thumb. 
 Tiiey are made of a hollow bamboo, about a fjot long. 
 To the llop? they apply the fore ringer of the left hand, 
 and the mid lie ringer of the right. While tlicfc in- 
 (Irurncnts are founding, others (irg and iveep time to 
 them The drum is matle of a hollo v block, of wooti. 
 of a cylindrical form, tbliil at one end, ami f:ovtred at 
 I lie other with a lli;:rk's fkin. They are beaten -.vith 
 (heir hands inilt.ad ct Ificks. Their fkill extei-.ds to 
 turning of t>\o tlrums, of different notes into concord. 
 The>- can likcwile bring tlieir flutes into unison. Their 
 longs are generally extouiporarv, and in rliime. 
 
 Whey they are to . xhibit tlie jieiformance of wrelt- 
 liiiR, the combatants, wlioarc naked, except a cloth 
 tailened about tlic wailt, enter the area, and walk flowly 
 romni it in a Hooping |iolhire, with their left hands on 
 tlieir right brealls, and their right hands open, with 
 which they frequently (Irike the left fore arm, !b as to 
 produce a quick Imart found, which is their manner 
 of giving a general cluillenge to all picfi'nt. This 
 done, each proceeds to tingle ojt his particular anta- 
 goni'.l, which is done by joining the ringer ends of 
 both han.ls, and bringing tliem to tl;e bread, at the 
 lame time moving the eioviw up aiul down with a quick 
 Uiolion. It the peilbn to wlioiii this is addreffed ar-- 
 cepts the challenge, lie gives the lame figns, ami im- 
 medi; tely both parties put themlelv.s in an aitiiude to 
 eng.ige. The ne.xt minute ttiey ciofe, each endei 
 v.)iir;iK' to lay hold of the other, rirft by the thighs, 
 an! u that tails, by the hand, the hair, the cloaths, 
 or wherever he can. When this is crtected, tliev grap- 
 ple -.Mthout the lead dv);lerity or Ikill, till one of :hem, 
 .laving a more advantageous hokl, or mulcular force, 
 tlirows tl-c o'hcr on his back. When the coniell is 
 over, tlie old men amongfl the fpeclators give tlici; 
 l)lauihts in a lew words, wliich they repeat together 
 ur a kind of tone. The coi.qucror is generally cele- 
 brated witli three huzzas. 
 
 '1 he ente-.iaiiiiiK'nt being fufjxMided a few minutesi 
 anolhcr compan; ot wrefUers come forwanl, and en- 
 gage in the hime mi.iiiier. If neither is thiown, after a 
 contclV of about a minute, they jiart, either by conliiu 
 or the intervention tif friends, and then each (laps his 
 ana as a chaUeni^e to a new engagement. A lingular 
 inllance cf ll:e ;)lacidity of theie people is, that' the 
 conquerors do not exult, nor the vanquilhed rej)ine, at 
 the event of the conJlitt ; but th.c wliole is tarried on 
 w.tli perfect goo;l will and good humour. 
 
 They have alio ;ui e.xercile of throwing the lance, not 
 at a mark, biit lor dillancc. The weapon is about 
 nine feet long ; the mark is the biwl oi the plantain 
 .md tlic dilhuio' about twenty yards. 
 
 s i: C T ! O N V. 
 
 Govenwieiit, Kiii-^, initial Armamoil.!, Lances, JFcn- 
 pon, Tucls, S-vsimming, 'Irajfic, tdc. 
 
 \\l ^ T M relject to ihe form cf government in 
 » V Otaheiie, it bears relemb lance in point of 
 
 lu- 
 
 bordination, to the early ftate of all the nations in Eu- 
 rope, when under the feudal lyitem. The people arc 
 divided into four ranks or clalfes, viz. Eara Rahie, 
 lignihing'king, or luperior governor ; Earee anlwering 
 to the title of baron, Manabottni to Miat of .afiiil, and 
 Towiow to that of villain, accord'-jg to the old !.a\v 
 term Miongll us. Under the laticr is included the 
 lowcfl order of the p^up'e. 
 
 The luine Rahi:, or k'ng, of which there arc two 
 in this illanil, (that is, o»e belonging to each of the 
 jieninlulis of which it confifts,) is iicattil with grcai 
 refpeiit b ' all ranks of people. The Earees, or baton", 
 are lords of one or more of the diftritts into which 
 tliefe governments are divi<led. Thefe part their ter- 
 ritories into lots among the ManahoMms, who refpedf- 
 ively lup.'rintend the cultivation of the Jot ihey hold 
 under the baron. The laborious work in gener.ll is 
 done by the louti^ivs. Each of ihcle Ecras lii.iintains 
 his own dignitv, and has a retinue chiefly com[.oled of 
 the younger brothers oi their own tribc^ who liold par- 
 ticular otrices under them. 
 
 As chiklren in this country liicceed to the title and 
 authority of their fathers as loon as they are born, 
 the lovereignty of the king oi cuurfe ceales as loon as 
 he has a fon born. It is lb likcwife with the Earee, 
 or baron, as the Ion luccceds to the titles and ho- 
 nours of his father as loon as he is born, lie is, indeed, 
 re(hked to the rank of a private man, all ir.aiks of 
 re'pect being traniferrcd to the fon. But here it is pro- 
 per to obleive with refpecl to the former, t..at a regvnt 
 is cholen, and the father generally retains his po.\er 
 under ll at title, till the fon hecomci ct agj ; and as 
 to the iatter, that the ellaies remain i.i his p.oflUrion, 
 and unufthe management of tiie father, to the lame 
 period. 
 
 The fuboidi nation of the Towtows, or lower clafs, 
 defcrves atten'ion. Though employed in teeding the 
 animals for tlie'r luxurious chiefs, they are not ludered 
 to fade a morlel of their feod. They Ui.dtrgo, with- 
 out daring to re|>iiie, the Icverert chalUleiiieiits, if, 
 through the uiuavuid.ible means of a concouile, tluy 
 pivls upon or incomiiuKle the king, or any duel, in his 
 progrcb. ; and thi:. fuliortlinatioii i.^ pielerved without 
 any lonual power \el\ed in the king to enforce it. 1-le 
 does 110' -ppear to have any military force, eitlier to 
 awe his fubjeds into obedience, or lujjpref; a fpecies 
 of rebellion. He has no body or life guard : the ba- 
 rons who attend his peifon do not go armed; fo that 
 the tlilfindtion of rank that is maintained here, muflbe 
 attributed to the placid and complacent dilpofition of 
 the people in general. 
 
 Notwith.flanding this difiinftion of rank, and its 
 conlequeiu lubouli nation, the necellaries of lite are 
 within the reach of every individual, at the cxncnce of 
 very moderate labour i and if tlie higher clals pollefs 
 exelulively lome articles of lu.xury, as pork, lilh, fowls 
 a.ul cloth, there are no objects here fb extremely Cici- 
 titutc and wretched as thole which too often Ihock the 
 liumane beholder in more civilized ftates. 
 
 The ceiuluct of thefe people does not appear to be 
 under the refbie'tion ( f .any ilateil form of government. 
 I'lom divers caules, very few actions among them are 
 deemed criminal. They have no itlca of the ufc of 
 money. Though adultery is held criminal, 3'ct, .as con- 
 cubinage with unmarried women is vxemjit from that 
 imputation, it takes off from the temptation to it. 
 Belides, in a country where there is verj' little, or 
 none at all, of that delicacy prevalent in moiv en- 
 lightened or civilized parts ot tiie world, a prcdileflion 
 tor any one woman is not liable to be attended with 
 any lerious confequences. 
 
 Adultery, however, is fbmetimcs punilhed with 
 death from the hands of the injured part; , when under 
 the influence of a paflion naturallv cm iied by fuch a 
 caule ; though in general, the women, it detected, only 
 undeigo a leverc beating, and the g^iUant palles un- 
 noticeiil. 
 
 'I'he principal dcfed in the government of this cbun- 
 
 trv 
 
LAPHY. 
 
 )t" all tlvj nations in Eu- 
 yilcni. Tl'.c people arc 
 I'llcs, viz. Eara Rabit, 
 crnor; taiee anlvvcring 
 ni to 'hat i)t ,:ifi"al, and 
 ccorI'-.^ to the old law 
 c kuiir ib iueluilcd the 
 
 of which there arc two 
 •longing to each t)t" the 
 i,) IS titattd with great 
 The Earees, or baions 
 the dillritts into which 
 . Thcfe lart their ter- 
 \amboumcs, wiio refped- 
 ,11 ot the lot iluy liold 
 lions work in pincial is 
 t' ihclc £<?rtv.i i;u\i:'.tains 
 iiiiic chiclly ioia;.olLd ot 
 own trib^,■^ who hold par- 
 
 iuccced to the title and 
 
 loon as they are born, 
 
 ti.;urfe ccales as Coon as 
 
 likcwile with the Earee, 
 
 ds to the titles aad ho- 
 
 he is burn. Me is, ir.dced, 
 
 iviUc man, all iiiarks ot 
 
 e Ion. But here it is pio- 
 
 ihc torm.r, t..ut a rci;"nt 
 
 ;neraily retains his po»ser 
 
 lecomcs ot agj ; and as 
 
 remain i.i his [■.oHllUon, 
 
 i the father, to the lame 
 
 Towtows, or lower clafs, 
 cmpl'>yed in t'ecuini; the 
 icfs, they arc not luficral 
 1. They ui,ili.rt!,o, with- 
 levercll challireincnts, if, 
 ms of a concourlc, they 
 king, cr any clin.!, in l;is 
 .tioa is piclcrved vvithout 
 le king to enforce it. He 
 mililarv force, citlier to 
 ce, or Vupprefs a fpecies 
 ly or life guard : the ba- 
 > not go armed ; fo that 
 , maintained here, muft be 
 coiiiplacent dilpofition of 
 
 iiiftion of rank, and its 
 le neceiliiries of life arc 
 ividual, at the expcnce of 
 f tlie liigher clals poliefs 
 ..\ury, as pork, iilli, fowls 
 h here fo extremely dcf- 
 ivhich too often lliock the 
 ili/.ed ftates. 
 
 lie does not appear to be 
 
 lated form of government. 
 
 actions among them are 
 
 no idea of the ufc ot 
 
 held criminal, yet, as con- 
 
 iien is exemiit from that 
 
 urn the temptation to it. 
 
 there is very little, or 
 
 y prevalent in more en- 
 
 ilie world, a prcdilcflion 
 
 able to be attended with 
 
 vith 
 
 =»*, 
 
 punilhcd wii 
 when under 
 
 loiTictimcs 
 
 inlure(' party. 
 
 turally eaiied by fucli a 
 
 ,e women, if dctcdcd, only 
 
 ml the gallant p.alies un- 
 
 ; government of this cdun- 
 
 tlT 
 
 '//-/^//vv^/vBANKES s. )///> ///.U/// r/{^An\\\\VVY!^4tM.>/,-,//'//^Al'f/,f/. '//t//»f//t/'. 
 
 tl/htt>4l^/4>, 
 
 nu'/ifi/fi 
 
 r- 
 
 / ( y 
 
 ■^%-, 
 
 
 '1 ;. ;i 
 
 1.1 \\ 
 
 \\\ 
 
 u 
 
 i f> nil 
 
 •*! 
 
 
 Ninfki'n,c.mi//*. 
 
 / I / 
 
 i 
 
 3fl 
 
 

 ^. 
 
 y y^'i' 
 
 4 
 
 j'lf'if 
 
 1 
 
 ( 
 
 i 
 
 II 
 
 i^ 
 
 ' \:- 
 
 i'*^»^ 
 
'd-. 
 
 "■p 
 
 #•■ 
 
 imr .!: 
 
 
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 ivA**,' 
 
 .'•1*1 
 
m ^^- 
 

 I 
 
 y//(/'f'/ <'/,/ NbUNCAS'O.NrAN ./OTAII !■: ITj//^w.y/A/. 
 
 *.^:, 
 
 .•*'., *a 
 
 ,^- 
 
 jljBaffijipBi^g^^ 
 
 rf^,»» 
 
^• 
 
 ■■:» 
 
 -1 ^- 
 
 '^.' 
 
 \\\''.'\':<>jf*^ 
 
I> ■> 
 
 i 
 
'V^ 
 
 New Discovl 
 
 «''///>'"'''i^''l'ANKi!:s's. I//'. //.'/,'//^y(iv:()CjRAi'irir'4f//.Uy/// /lif/,//. '//n/i« 
 
 jiiihn'ii'/t 
 
 ■y-". 
 
 ii//it 
 
 fit'/y/i, 
 
 7 
 
 / / 
 
 11 
 
 / 
 
 >'/ ///I ' /,i////ff/ r/ ( /,f/f(f/<- 
 
 ■/**./ '-.' ff,itn'/t. 
 
 ^4' 
 
 The number 
 iflancl was clliu 
 eluded. 
 
 As there wer 
 doms, there w.i 
 ftanding naval 
 occafion, receii 
 that the war c 
 about to under 
 take a I'urvey d 
 
 Their war cai 
 fight, amount 
 neail) a* many 
 was ready to h 
 chiefs reiolvcd 
 day. This ha] 
 afl'ordtd h^m a/ 
 their iiii' "-r ' 
 to give oilers, 
 the ncLcHbry ir 
 ingly ordered ii 
 king, Capt. Coo 
 went on board 
 ficicnt i'ea-roon 
 by turnp, as qy. 
 the mean time 
 their weajions, 
 whieh coiikl an 
 ing their paflioi 
 king Itood b} 
 lary orders v/l 
 Great judgmcii 
 in t!;is dc|)artr 
 avoid every <X\ 
 clofed (tage to 
 conflid, all th 
 to be killed, a 
 when ir\lbintly 
 ]ea[)ed into (hi 
 prelerving thcii 
 
 Hut iheii n 
 duiJted in thi<: 
 two veiiels tog 
 tlje waviiorA oi 
 this clutc com 
 No. 
 
New Discovlries.J'' ^ • -^ ^ ■ 
 
 tr}' is, that the regulation of jniblic juilice is not com- 
 mitted to the magillrate, but left to the lawlcis bou.iils 
 of the injured party, who inllifts imnifliiiK'nt on the 
 delinquent at his own will, vithout aiiy rL-ftriftion. 
 The chiefs, however, in adts of fl;igrant violation of 
 juftice and i.umanity, l()mctimes intcrjiole. 
 
 The fcrvants of the higher clai's are diftinguirtied by 
 a peculiar drefs, relenibling what we call liveries. They 
 wear their falhes higher or lower, in projwrtion to the 
 rank of their maflcrs. The fervants of the chiefs 
 are dillinguilhed by t!-" f-'.ih being tiillmed clofc un- 
 der the arm ; t' ofe of the itsferior rank of nobility by 
 its going round the loins. One circumlbnce, which 
 does honour to their fylkm of government, is, the ob- 
 taining immediate information of any defign llat is 
 foriucd. As a proof of this, it is obii-rved, tha: one 
 of the water ealks being flolen from an Europe;- n vcf- 
 fcl in the night, the traiil'.ic'lion next morning Was uni- 
 venally known among the Indians • lliough, it was 
 evident, the tlicft w.as committed in a diilant part of 
 the illand. By the fuiic means the Kuropeans were 
 apprifed of a fimtlar intent the following night j fo 
 that, in conlKjUcnce of placing a centinel over ti.e 
 cafts, the thief, who came accordin^y, was dilappointed 
 of his booty. 
 
 It feemed that fevera! j)arts of the ifland were pri- 
 vate property, dcfcending to tlie heir of the jKjfletlbr 
 at his death ; and that defce»f appeared to fall indif- 
 criminately to man or ivoman. 
 
 One of the two king i- fuj^erior m rkle to tlw other > 
 the Earee, or king, of tiic fi«*^et penttiM-A, alfi;ming 
 the title of the king of the *•'.•>{#■ 'sUmA , fk/y^ rlie 
 fmallclt jicninfula is governed hy .• JciJBj;, 
 
 The number of the inhabitants -^ 4ifiit SUti^ ^ Avf 
 ifland was cilimated at 'iyjO, wotneH ^/f4 id«ikJ«*# in- 
 cluded. 
 
 As there were frequent iv.*r 'x-.twein tin' ''S^> Jciojj 
 doms, there was, of couric, a ix.M,#ky \</it k<j«j>«>^ ik> a 
 itanding naval armament. Capfws <x)ok, (m 4. o«#-W</ 1 
 occafion, receiving information tfom Otoo, 4ie kvfij^ 
 that the war canoes of fevera! of hh cJiftri<fs were 
 about to undergo a gen«r*l review, went in hi.s ixMi to 
 take a furvey of it. 
 
 Their war canoes, which are witli ftages, whereon lliey 
 fight, amount to about 60 in numJjer; and there are 
 near!} a« many more of a frualler fi/c. The Captain 
 was ready to have attended them to Ojrtirree ; but the 
 chiefs relolvcd that ihcy would n'^t nv/zr till tiif next 
 <lay. This haj)pcned to be a fortunate 'Jelay ; as it 
 aDbrdcd h»m iw ojiportunity '.'f getting forw light int'i 
 their m;*i ler «<f hghilug. He iheretcrt-f d-.-fircd Otry^ 
 to give orders, '*At fome of them fhotdtl go through 
 the ncLeHbry manoeuvr s. Two of them were accord- 
 ingly ordered into the hay ; in one of wt>iii*li wer* <Ke 
 king, Capt. Cook, and an otfijreri aii<1 one (/ ti i \([».fAn\ 
 went Oil board another. Ar. foon as f!i< v liad got luf- 
 ficient fea-room, tliey liicedand advanceil, , 'id retreated, 
 by tiirtvi, as quick as their rowers could padilL. In 
 the mean lime, the warriors on the ftages fiouridied 
 their weapons, and phiyed a variety of antic tricks, 
 which could anfwer no otiier purpofe than that of roul- 
 ing their paflions, to prepare them for the onlet. The 
 king flood b) the lide of (he ftages^ giving the necel- 
 lary orders when to advance, and when to retreat. 
 Cireat judgment, and a quick eye, feems to be neccfliiry 
 in this department, to i'ci/.e every advantai!;c, and to 
 avoid every difadvantage. At length the two canoes 
 doled tlage to ffage ; and, after a Icvere, though Ihort, 
 conriicl, all the troojis on Otoo's ftagc were tujiiiofed 
 to be killed, and the oppolite i>arty Ixsirdeil them ; 
 when inlbmfly Oton, and the paddlers in the canoe, 
 leaped into (i\e Tea, as if reduced to the neceflity of 
 prelerving their lives by Iwimmir^'. 
 
 But theii naval engagemenfs urc not always con- 
 duced in thi<: mai:ner; for they Ibinetimes lalh the 
 two vcliels together, head to head, and fight till all 
 llie wai^-iors on one hile or the other :;.te kiUeil : )et 
 ;h;» dole combat is nc>er pradifed, except whiyi the 
 No. J. 
 
 O T A H E I T E.' 
 
 contending parties are dctennined to conquer or die, 
 Indeetl, in this inflance, ons or the other mull infill- 
 libly happen ; for they never give quarter, unlets it be 
 to referve their prifoners for a more cruel death the 
 following day. All the pov.er and ftrcngth of thele 
 iflands lie in their navies. 
 
 A general engagement on lami was never lieard of; 
 and all their decifiye adions are on the water. When 
 the time and place of battle are fixed by both parties, 
 the preceding day anil night are fpent in fcafling and 
 diverfions. When the day dawns, they launch the ca- 
 noes, make every neceffary jireparation, and, with the 
 day, begin the battle ; the fiue of which, in genera!, 
 decides the dilputc. The yanquilhed endeavcur to 
 iave themlelyes by a precipitate flight ; and thofe who 
 reach the Ihore, fly, with their friends, to the mountains j 
 for the viiilors, before their furv" abates, fpare neither 
 the aged, women or children. Th.e; afflmble the next. 
 day at the Moral, to return thanks to tiie Eatooa for 
 the viftory, and offer there the flain and the prifoners 
 as fiicrifices. A treaty is then fet on foot ; and the 
 conquerors ufually obtain their own terms ; whereby 
 large diftrids of land, and even whole iflands, Ibme- 
 times change tlieir proprietors and maflcrs. 
 
 Their naval an.iamcnt was acknowledged, by one of 
 our mofl celebrated navigators, to have cxce>eded every 
 idea he had formed of the power of this fmall ifland. 
 The lame remark was made of tiicir dock yy.rds ; in 
 wiiich were large canoijs, tome lati ly built, and otliers 
 build'og; two of which were the iargffl ever feen in 
 that /«a, or any whciv- clfe under that name. 
 
 The f//n'T and confeci^iKnce of the ifland never ap- 
 ]xar«d to '> yh advantage as '.» ten, upon another 'oc- 
 cafion, rhe f*"' of war ■ ,ii..<y;s -us aflembled. The 
 amount if ff/jfe - ollcfted w'* 'J^of the largeft, be- 
 sides yO u<ii«lltr Of.' ' TIr? <y/^ourle of people was 
 ,-*//¥• fu.rprifinji' than 1 .<• nunibc of canoes ; for, upon 
 < ov^/WiriWe <..i'!ij>uta*^'Vs, they euuld not contain lefs 
 ''•tttn fi<c<>Mi h^jivVol vv,«ifriors, afkl 1 .ur thoutand rowers 
 'If yftAdkf^ (htr cout-rfrymen wlic given to under- 
 ^m/' rhat fbts j^)rmktei- ,'<; fleet was only the naval 
 fry^y <jf 9 fingle ^y^irk': ; *ftH that all the others could 
 f'lK . ii **<■ id arnuMMcnt in |>ro rtion to their number 
 am. //r. 
 
 Th« 4fiotx* -m^t drefied in 
 conllfteii / ;• <*<-* quaoi'fy of 
 plates, and he i.-' t.»rr>i; of 
 length, as grciw . tucumfX' li 
 
 The whole drci-. ../y<afal rati 
 than ufe, and not ad«Br>f«(^ to 1 
 The vefiels being dccurar* itf 
 rtade, upon the whole, a 0^. 
 
 Tliey have two kinds rf c 
 has, X\\p. other fahiti; liw 
 voyages m lea, and tljt iatl 
 bfMts do fiif 'lifter eith-r ui ;' 
 in no degree jiia]/orti-»mte, 1 
 feet " length, and.) • ni i'- • 
 ba'adtii. Some are ^-\\\\i\ 
 to another, and others ufd roi 
 the ivahah which fen'es for wa 
 
 r war habits, which 
 th, turbans, breall- 
 Uter were of fuch a 
 ve.arer. 
 
 .:alculatc(! for fliow 
 purpole deligned. 
 gs, ftreamers, &c. 
 jearance. 
 
 , one tlie* rail ha- 
 leinuer is ufw tor ihort 
 1- long ofitfs. Thefe 
 I r U7je ; but t(;ey are 
 ^ from fixtv I'ii.venty 
 .11 the thir»-"'. jjatt in 
 I going (<■'* •')( ifland 
 lilhing. / is alio 
 
 ; thei^ .f- t>y i-- the 
 longefl, and the heail and iterr. are coittiriw^Wy 4Bove 
 the body. Thefe ivahahs arc fullencd together, ikir by 
 fide, when they go to lea, at !;.e diflance of a few ' .^t, 
 by flrong wooden poles, which are laid acrols tlwin, \ 
 and jrjined to each fide. A flai^e, orplatfo.-m, is raifeel 
 on tlic fore-;iart, about ten or twelve feet lpj)g, upon 
 which (b.nd the fighting mc whofe miflifp weapons 
 are flings and fpears. Beneai ' '■fe ftages the rowe. i 
 fit, who fuppJy ti-. nlace of ,.,fc tliat are wounded. 
 The filhing ivahahs are .^rom thirty or forty to ten feet 
 in lengtii ; .uid thofe for travelling have a fmall houfe 
 fi'xed on Ixwrd, whii h is fiillcried uiwn the fbre-pai't, 
 (ov tjie better accon»modation of perlbns of rarjk, 
 wl^occupy them both day and night. The paliies 
 irtlci 
 
 iHficr alio in ii/.c, being from fixty to fevcniy feet 
 'I'hey are alfo vcr\ ,iuirrow, and are funieliniea 
 for fighting, but chictlv for 
 
 o' 
 
 long, 
 ufeti 
 
 1:^- 
 
 n 
 
 -A 
 
 A^S^.t 
 
 •^.Mk. 
 
 
s* 
 
 A NEW AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 1.^! 
 
 !|j 
 
 ^■m 
 
 In going from one ifland to another, they are out fomc- 
 
 times a montii, ami otten at lea a iortnight or twenty 
 clays ; anil it" they had convenience to Itow more pro- 
 vilions, they coukl llay out uiuch longer. Thwlc vel- 
 lels are very ufefiil in landing, and putting oi from the 
 Ihore in a I'urt : f jr, by their great length, and high ilern, 
 they landed dr}', when the Knglilh boats could lc;u-ce- 
 ly land at all. 
 
 They are very curious in the conftru 'lion of thefe 
 veUels ; ti>e chief parts or pieces whereof are formal fe- 
 parately, without cither law, cliiU'cl, or any other iron 
 tool, which renders their fabrication more lurjjriling 
 and worthy oblervation, Theie jiarts being prepareil, 
 the keel is fixed upon blocks, and the planks are fup- 
 portetl with props, till they arc fewed, or joined to- 
 gether with llrong plaited thongs, which are pallid 
 leveral tir.ies through holes, bored with, a chiliel of 
 bone, luch as they commonly make ufe of ; and when 
 linilhed, they arc fulHcicntly tight without caulking. 
 
 Their inibuments of war arc clubs, ijiear.s, and 
 ilones. They ule their flings, as before obii:rved, with 
 great dexterity. They have likewile bows and arrows ; 
 but the arrows are of no other ule tlian merely to 
 bring down a bird, being hcaileil only with a lione, 
 and none of them pointed. Their targets are of a 
 femicircular form, made of wicker work, and plaitetl 
 firings of the cocoa-nut fibres, covered with glolly bluiih 
 green •.luhers, and ornamented with lliurk's teetfi, 
 turiouily ililplaycd. 
 
 The tools vvhich thefe people make \ife of for build 
 ing houfes, conlliucting canoes, hewing floi". , and 
 for cleaving, carving, and polilhing t'uv' .,, conlifl of 
 nothing more than an adze of lh->-,^, aiul a chiliel of 
 bone, moll commoaly that of aman's a.m ; and for a 
 iile or ))olilher, they make ule of a rafp of coral ami co- 
 r.d fand. The blade of their ad/.es are e.\tremely 
 tough, but not very hard : they make them of various 
 li/,es • tliofe for fellin;', wood weig. .." liven ])ounds ; 
 
 and otl.ers, which "are uled for carving, only a tew 
 ounces : they are obliged every minute tu Miarpen tlieni 
 on a llone, wliich is always kejjt near them for that 
 pur; ole. The molt ditlicult talk they meet with in 
 the uic <ji thefe tools, is the felling of a tree, which 
 employs a great number of hamis for feveral days to- 
 gether. I'he tree which Is in general ule, is called 
 Aoi, the ilem of which is llrait and tall. Si)me of the 
 fmallcr Lioats are made of the breail fruit tree, which 
 is wrought without much ilitilculty, being of a light 
 Ipongy nature. Inllead of planes, they ule their ad/.es 
 with gre.u dexterity. I'heir cances are all (h:i])ed with 
 the liaml, the Indians not being acquainted with the 
 method of warping a plank. 
 
 The aaia/.ing e::ixrtnels of the natives in fwimming, 
 has been particularly noticed by voyagers. It is re- 
 lated, th;U, on a part of the (liore where at remendoufly 
 high furf broke, inlbmuv h that no Eiiro|)eun boat coukl 
 live, and the bell fwimmer in Kurojie could not ])re- 
 ferve lunilclt troni drowning, if, by any accident, \k 
 had been ex] ol'ed to its fury, ten or eleven IfihIi.Uls 
 were Iwanmini; here for their amufement. " a furf 
 broke nour rh.cin, they ilivcd umlerit, ami ;oie- again i''i 
 the other tide. They aviiiled thcntlUw^ grcativ <i< Vhv 
 Ilern of an old canoe, which thev touk Ivtoro ihvrt^,, 4IkI 
 Iwam out with it as tar as the outeri\u»il beavh, when 
 two or three gettin;-' ito it, ami turning tin iquare vnd 
 to the breaking >• . , , were driven towa-iK the lhe>rc 
 with incredible rajiulity, lo-m-time. almoll i U he beach, 
 but gen'.rally the wnve 'nuki' owr them iiefore they 
 got half wa\ i in w'h. h lale tli<y dt\vt|, ;\ii role on the 
 cither iiele-, with the e ^)c in their mwI . ami ieinji 
 Jijir.g I'Ut with il a^At! I're 'ioai* jwn Uack. Lki 
 ring this an'ncHi* *. ■'• ■, -t. i>,s ..m'-- ^ 
 
 ■h .., ./(.( lo BUed lo ( i.5. 
 
 j;ri. 
 
 that il l>cud, intend 
 canuc, having acci. 
 
 f 'Bl 
 
 leir.j.'teel t»j cxjli 
 Ij'iMi in the l>i|^t 
 It is further i". 
 been tl">'' ,e<l in 
 
 to I ■ 
 In t.\U: il 
 
 iiitk twy, about li\ years old, jumiwd 
 ry v'v^bo.ixl, i\iid, iiiving after it, revover- 
 
 cd his jewel. Our ofHcers, to encourage tlie child, 
 drojipeel more beads, which e.xcited the ileliie i<f .< 
 immber of both lexes of the natives to amufe the 
 flrangers with their teats in the water : they dived, and 
 not only brought up leveral beadi Icattered M once, 
 but likewile large nails, which, from their wcighi, 
 deli-cmleil ijuickly to a confiderablc dej-.h. Swimming 
 leetiis to be familiar to both fe.xes from hccarliellchikl- 
 ho(Kl ; ami the pliancy of tiieir limbs, md eafy pohtions 
 in the water, were moll amazing, anel lcen\i;il to indi- 
 cate that they were a kii.tl of ami)hibious cuatuies. 
 
 Ihe llate of tralfic in this country was found to l^e 
 llucluating; for Captain Cook e)l)lervcs, that, on his 
 former voyages, the nuifl valuable commoelities were 
 new axes, hatchets, fpikes,- large nails, looking glaiies, 
 knives, anel beads ; whereas a total change took 
 place on his lall vilit. I'eathers, of which great ijuan- 
 tities had been procureel at the Friendly lllanda. were 
 now held in luiiverlal ellimation. Amongfl other u'.es, 
 thefe were ai)plied to that of adorning the drels ot tl-.eir 
 warriors. 
 
 Feathers alio at this t'.me beciunc an article of the 
 highell val'4e wrth the we. len, and of courle objects 
 wluch attrajted their particular attention. They Uiled 
 them oorti ; and th.ey feemed lo have been prized 
 eepiai 10 jewels in Europe. 
 
 The mofl attradivc were thofe called o»r<JW>;ir, which 
 grow on the head ot the green parroquet ; and the na- 
 tives loon became judges com[)etent tt) dillinguilh the 
 i •erior from the inferior lorts. Our pco[.le endea- 
 \ ured to impolc dyed feathers upoii then; tor tlioli; 
 ot a genuine colour ; but al! their arts of deception 
 were .abortive. Tiie rage for the pol'.elTion of fev.ll.eis 
 became boundlefs, and they were the wages of prolii- 
 tution with females in general ; nor eiiel even hiubands 
 leem f) elilcou.iienance them in throv.iii;v out uhuie- 
 meiits '.o our countrymen to obtain pollelliin of them. 
 To luch a degree ot phrenzy elid their delire lor iliis 
 article prevail, that a lingle little feather wai pieferreJ 
 to a iieael or a nail ; and a very fmuU piece of cloth, 
 cji)lely covered with them, was received with a rap- 
 ture of tlelight, ee]u.al to any that could be exc 'ted in 
 the mind of an European on the preleiiiatiou ejf a 
 diamoml e)f the tirll magniti'de. Their warr;ors cx- 
 cliangeel their very helmets for red feather*, and tlie 
 fa'lors |)urchaled targets innumerable w-i^ii them. 
 
 Their curious and lingular mourning di dies, wliich 
 tormerly hael been prized lo nlghly, were diipoleel of 
 when feathers became the objetls of barter. Captain 
 Cook prelenteil one of thefe mourning ureffes to the 
 Britilli Mufeum. 
 
 The illanders alfo, at this time, dillovcred great in- 
 clination for bafkets, clubs, ami paint-'d cloth ; and 
 were exccllivcly taken with the mats of Tongatab<x), 
 though, in general, they relemhle tliofc of their own 
 manutae'hire. Our pee)ple, however, availed thein- 
 
 itel'sof ihu eJiljKilition, ami impoleil on them, Uiider 
 ,'i«,^k'r nanii , i!;e vety mats they liad formerly |)ur- 
 V haled atO.ahcite; ami tlui hael mou ;i cefs in this 
 elcce .,!# than in the inipoUnou of •^^'l ,. 'hers. 
 
 SECT i N VI 
 
 LoHjiviijf, Ma 'ntg^s^ Ht^igiM^ HHmin Sacrifiiet pnt- 
 liiuJar Cn/temi, A«V<M^f| ^«"<.'', Mourning, (Ji. 
 
 ^TOT\VIT^^STANl>^^^, t^.f d..,up air ) whiel. 
 ' the mhabilant* o| iH^hi.tc are inevitably es- 
 iio.S.'*! and pirticultrly thole xj' <l|io letwer clalii, from 
 •lit vnllrue'tiein of their hiHv -ity are, in geieral, 
 JKalth; ■■)<■•■■ robvU i h\e to an ,. i,,uued A^i, wiiiioui 
 X I'll, ui n u incommoded by i..iuiuitie» 4 retain tlicir 
 iitellecioal ])<)wtrs, ami [ireixivv 1' cir leeili 10 the lafl. 
 iVlonl. lie lloii^ainville, the l'i'cu> '» iMVyUor, titieii i.' 
 ferred to, delenbes .in old m.m, i> e. haei n'> uther ti.iit 
 of oge, thi-i that venerable ('lie .< hie h j: impnnied oil 
 a (i:i' I'^'ssn, iJlhrr links, and .» Mxi'.; KitrJ, .Joriie 1 
 
 New Discovf 
 
 <1 •'.t^ 
 
jRAPHY. . 
 
 to encourage tlie chilii, 
 1 ixtiti.ll the ili'lii'i: of .«. 
 iIk- natives to ainul'c the 
 le water: they ihvcJ, and 
 
 Luatij tlattertil .it once, 
 hith, lioni their wei*;,!i(, 
 Icrablc tkjj.li. Suininimg 
 exes from he carlicll ehild- 
 ir Umhs, mt! ealy (johiions 
 '.ing, and leenieii to intli- 
 
 amphibious cuatuies. 
 country was (ouiiiJ to l^c 
 )k olilervcs, tliat, on liis 
 iliiable commodities were 
 uge nails, looking glaili."s, 
 IS a total change took 
 ers, of which great quan- 
 le l'"riendly l(lanti.->. were 
 ion. Amongil other ii'.es, 
 adorning the drel's ot tl-.eir 
 
 bec:uTic an article of the 
 n, and of courle objects 
 ar attention. They liiied 
 led to have been pri/.cd 
 
 hofe called ooravine, wjiich 
 n parrocjuet ; and the na- 
 ipetent to dillinguilh ihc 
 rts. Our people eiidea- 
 lers upon them tor thole 
 n their arts of deccpiion 
 
 the pol'.cliion of te.uhwis 
 were the wages ot proiti- 
 1 ; nor did even hiiibands 
 1 in thrt.v.ing out aihue- 
 obiain policHi n of them. 
 
 did their Jeiire I'or this 
 ittle feather w.u paferred 
 :ery fiuuil piece ot cloth, 
 was received with a rap- 
 ' that could be excited in 
 
 on the preteiiiatiou ot a 
 vjc. Their warriors cx- 
 For red teather*, and the 
 imeral)le w'liii them, 
 ir mourning dreiies, wl;ich 
 D u^ghh', were dilpoleil ot 
 :)lijeds of barter. Captain 
 e mourning uretles to (lie 
 
 ; time, difcovcred great in- 
 and paint'd cloth ; and 
 the mats of Tongataboo, 
 lenible tliofe of their own 
 , however, availed them- 
 1 imixjfed on them, under 
 lis they liad formerly pur- 
 '\ liad moi. ;rcefs in this 
 iiioii ot' .1' \'\ ■•■ .'her. 
 
 N NM. 
 
 /M, tfi<'iT III Siunfitei par- 
 tis* i«- , Muurnitig, Uf. 
 
 ^i thr il.uup air ■) whiih 
 t^tii.te ait inevitably es- 
 ; i4' ♦(»o tower clals, from 
 UK 'ay are, in gii-.ral, 
 an .. ..Wiod iV^c, wiiiioui 
 ly i..iiinMtii» i retain their 
 x(\v i' iir uvlli to the laf ■ 
 I'IClt. '" I.- i).',At"r» »>tien T.-- 
 >.in, iv: o 'i.ld n'> iJther tuiit 
 <ae ulmh i itnpnnied on 
 and .» «liii'. l\,-»r!, .Jornc'l 
 hi-; 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 O T A H E I T E. 
 
 a 
 
 his head. His body was nervous, and liis flefli iblid. 
 He had neither wrinkles or any other tokens of decre- 
 pitude. This man, iiowevcr, lij refpect.ible in appear- 
 ance, feemed averfe to the Ibciety ot Itiangers : he was 
 totally regardlei's of their carelies ; and gave no indica- 
 tions of fear, ulfonilhmeiit, or curiolity. Thole objeds 
 that excited the rapture of the multitude had no 
 charms for him ; he accountetl them baubles ; from 
 which confideration it api)eared that his mind was as 
 found antl unimpaired as his body. 
 
 The fame navigator lelates, that his jieople founil 
 upon this illand, live or fix men of moll lin|j;ular ap- 
 pearance. Their ikins were ot a deail white, like the 
 nofe of a white liorle, icurfy, covered with a kind of 
 down, and of a hue that could not admit ot being 
 termed complexion. The hair on their heads, eye- 
 brows, antl beards, were ot the fame deatl white. They 
 had eyes reli.-mbling thofe of a ferret, and were re- 
 markably near lighted. They were, upon the whole, 
 confidereil as being of no particular race ot mankind ; 
 nor did they appear to propagate beings liinilar to 
 themfelves. 
 
 Marriages in this itlantl ilo not come under the cog- 
 nizance or fanftion of the prielLs, being merely lecuiar 
 coiitrafts, ablhat^tetl from any folemn tie or formal 
 ceremony. But if the priells are de|)rived ot the bene- 
 fits that might refult from marriages, if untler the 
 lift of their tuniflions, they are am|)ly compenlated by 
 an exciufive right to i)crform the ceremony of tattow- 
 ing, which, being univt rfally adopted, mult be very lu- 
 crative, antl turniih them with all the luxuries of life. 
 The males, in general, undergo a kind of circumcitior., 
 wliich they intimate as done from a principle ot clcanli- 
 nefs : however, it is deemed a foul difgiace not to lub- 
 init to it. The perform-ince of this Lerenujiiy is like- 
 wife the exclulive right of ihe priells. 
 
 The religion of tliefe illautleis appear to Ix: very my- 
 fierious ; and as the language adaptetl to ir was ditierent 
 from tiuit which was Ijiokcn on other (xcations, our 
 vovagcrs were not able to gain much knowledge ot it. 
 All the information they could obtain in regarti to this 
 particular was, that the natives imagined every thing 
 in the creation to proceeil from the conjuncl^ion ot two 
 perfons. One of thefe (which they conlider as the firft) 
 they call Taroataihttoomo, and the other Tapapa; antl 
 th-? year which they call Tettowr:iaratayo, they iupiwfe 
 to oe the daughter of thefe two. They alio imagine an 
 inferior fort ot deities, known by the name ot ICatooL's ; 
 two of whom, they liiy, formerly inhabited the earth, 
 antl they fuppofe that the lirft man and woman tlefccntletl 
 from them The Supreme Being they llile " TheCiuler 
 of Earthtjuakcs ;" but more frequently atldrefs their 
 prayers to Tane, whom they conceive to be a fon of 
 the lirll progenitors of nature. They believe in the 
 exiftcnce t>f the linil in a feparate (late; antl fuppofe 
 that there are two lituations, tliffering in the degrees of 
 happinefs, which they conlider as recejjtacles tor dif- 
 ferent ranks, but not as places of rewartls antl punilh- 
 ments. Their notion is, that the chiefs and jirincijial 
 people will have the pretiirencc to thole of lower ranks. 
 For as to their adions, they cannot conteive them to 
 Uifluence their fuiure Hate, as they believe ihe deity 
 takes no cogni/.ame of them. 
 
 It hid been allerted by Monf. Bougainvilkv on the 
 tellimony of a native, whom he took with him to 
 France, that human facrilices conllitute a part of the 
 religious ceremonies of the pet)ple of Otaheite. 
 
 Cajitaiii Cook, however, ilelirous of having farther 
 information concerning fo Interetling a matter, went 
 to a Morai, or place tif worlhip, (which we lliall tle- 
 fcribc in courfe) accompanieil by Captain Furneaux, of 
 the Atlveiuure, having with ihem a leaman who Ijioke 
 the language tolerably well, and leveral of the natives. 
 Obferving in I'.ie Morai a kintl of bier, with a flieil 
 erecletl over il, on which lay a corple, and fome provi- 
 lions, emp.iiry was matle if the plaintains were for the 
 l''.atooa, or Divinity ; and if ihev facriiiceu to him hogs, 
 ilogs, fowls, 6cc. To all lliis a nulivc replied ia the I 
 
 altirinative. On enquiry being niatle whether they lii- 
 criiiced men to the Eato ', the anlwer was tt^aio mo, 
 " bad men ;" tirll tiparrby, beating them till they were 
 dead. When tlie quellion was put, If g<)oil men were 
 jjut to death in this luanner, the reply was in the nega- 
 tive. Being aficed whether Towtows, that is, men of 
 the lowed ciafs, were ever thus liicriliced, if good men, 
 a native re|)lietl in the negative, repeating the wortis 
 taaJo eno; or had men. It a])pcaretl, from what couM 
 be gathered upon this occallon, that men, lor certain 
 crimes, were contlemnetl to be lacriticed to the Deity, 
 provided they tlid not iwlli-fs any ])roiKMty to purchalo 
 their retleniption. But as more certain into-'niation, as 
 well as a view of the ceremony, was obtained by the 
 lall mentioned navigators on the voyage following, we 
 are thereby enabled to j)relent our reatlers wiiti tlich an 
 accou.-it of the ceremony of human lacriilces as wc 
 ho))e will prove fatisfaclory. " • 
 
 Cajitair. Co >k receiving information that a man was 
 to be facriliced at the great Morai, at Attahooro, where 
 the ])refence of the king (Otoo) was nccetlary, re- 
 quelled the liberty to accomi any him, and be prelint 
 at the folemnit) . This being reatlily granted, he let 
 out, attentletl by fome otlicers and others, aad foUoived 
 b} Omai in a cantjc. 
 
 As loon as tliey landetl at Aftahooroo, Ottio tkllred 
 that the failors might be oitleietl to continue in the 
 boat ; antl that the perfohs prLlent woultl taivO oft* 
 their hats as lijon as they Ihouid come to the Morai. 
 To this they immetliatel) jirocecded, followed by num- 
 bers of men and fome boys ; but not one vvoma:i was 
 lirefent. They found four prielU, with their alHUants, 
 waiting for them ; and on their arrival the ccrtmoni.-s 
 commenced. The dead body, or lacrihce, was in a 
 Ima'l canoe, that lay on the b.ach fronting the Morai. 
 Two of the priells, w' ' '' v^rai of their attendants, were 
 lilting by the canoe / on the bead; ; the others 
 
 at the Morai. Thv. \s Hopped at the tlillance 
 
 of 20 or 30 paces frt)iii u ., |)riefts. Here Otoo placcil 
 himfelf ; the European vifilors, and a few other-., llantl- 
 ing by him, while the bulk of the pet)j)le were re- 
 moveil to agrcatertlirtance. The ceremonies nowcom- 
 mencetl. One of the alllllants of the priefts brought 
 a young plantain tree, ami laiti it down before the 
 king. Another approachetl, bearing a Imali tuft of 
 retl feathers, twilled on fome fibres of the cocoa-nut 
 hulk, with which he touchetl one of Otoij's feet, and af- 
 terwards reliretl with it to his companion'^. One of 
 the priells, who were feated at the Morai, tlien began a 
 long prayer, ai.d, at particuLir times, lent dt)wn young 
 plantain trees, which were placed u])on the lacril.c_e. 
 During this prayer, one of the natives, who Hood by 
 the olhciating jirieli, held in his hantis two bundles, .-n 
 one ot which, as was afterwartls louutl, was the roval 
 
 maro; ami the olher, if irrnay be allowed the cx|)r«.f- 
 lion, the ark of the I'.atooa. The jir.iyer being (inilhv I, 
 the priells at the Morai, with their allillants, went ai.tj 
 lilt ilown by thole who were upon the beach, carrying 
 the two buntlles with them. They here renewed 
 their prayers ; tluring which the plantain-trees were 
 taken, one bj' one, at various times, front ort" the 
 tieati hotly, which, being wrajiped uj) in cocoa-leaves 
 ami linall branches, was now taken out of the canoe, 
 ami laid ui)on the beach. The priells placed them- 
 felves rouml it, lome llantling, and others litting ; 
 anu one t)r more of them repeated lentences for about 
 ten minutes. The body was now llripped ot the leaves 
 and branches, and placetl parallel with the lea-lhor?. 
 Then one of the priells llantling at the feet of the 
 corple, prt)nouiited a long prayer, in vviiich he was 
 joined occalionally by others, each ot them holding a 
 tuft of red fealheis in Iiis hantl. Wliile this prayer was 
 i\'peatinp, fome hair was pulled off the he.id of 
 the inieiidetl facrilice, and the left eye was taken 
 out; both which, being vvra[)ped in a greerrMeaf, 
 were prelentcti to the king, who, however, did not 
 touch I hem, but gave to the man who brought them 
 to Uuu thv' tuft of red tcaihcrs which he had received 
 
 tram 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^■ 
 
 «c. 
 
i^ 
 
 A NKW AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPH/. 
 
 
 ceremony, ;i king-fiflier 
 
 from Towha, who was related to the king, and chief of 
 
 *ihe diftrid of I'cttalia. This, with the eye and hair, 
 
 were taken to the jiricils. Not long after this the 
 
 king fent them another Ivunch of 
 
 In the courfe of this lad 
 making a noife, Ot«)o f?.id to Captain Cook, " Thiii 
 is tlie Iv.itooa'; and he feemed to conliiler it as a fa- 
 vourable jjvognoftii-. The cor,)fe was tlnii carried a 
 little way, ;ind laid under a t- ■, near wlii. h \\rre fixed 
 three thin pieces of wood, neatly car\ed in various 
 figures. The bundles of cloth were placed on a part 
 of the Moral; and the tufts of red feat iicrs were laid 
 at the feet of the dead bod;-, round which the prieds 
 ftalioiied thcmfelves ; and our people were at this time 
 permitted to go as near as ihey plcafetl. He who 
 teemed to be the chief ])riefl. fj)oke for about a quar- 
 ter of an hour, with different tones and geftures ; 
 fometimes appearing to exixjRulate with the dectafed, 
 at other times afking feveral queftions ; then making 
 various demands, as if the dead body had power him- 
 lelf, or interei'l with the deity, to engage !iim to grant 
 fuch rcquclb ; among which, he dcfired him particu- 
 larly to deliver Eimco, Maheine, its chief, the women, 
 hogs, t\nd other things of the ifland, into their hands ; 
 which was, intiecd, the exprels objert of the faciificc. 
 He then prayed near half an hour, in a whining tone, 
 and two other priefts joined in the prayer; in the 
 courfe of which one of them plucked fome inore hair 
 from the head of the corpfe, and put it upon ime of the 
 bundles. The high priefl; now i>rayed alone, holding 
 in his hand the feathers received from Towha. Having 
 finiihed, lie gave them to another prieft, who prayed 
 ill like manner : then all the tufts of feathers were 
 placed u{X)n the bundles of cloth, which concluded the 
 ceremony it this place. 
 
 Tl; ' ' body was now carried to the mod: confpi- 
 cuous pui )f the Morai, with the feathers, and (he two 
 bundles of cloth, while the drums beat flowly. The 
 feathers and bundles were laid againll a pile of flones, 
 and the body at tlie foot of them. The priefts, having 
 again fcatcd themfelves round the corpfe, renewed their 
 prayers; while Ibmc of the r afTiftants dug a hole about 
 the depth of two feet, to which they threw the 
 viaim, and covered it c-v with Hones and earth. 
 While they were depoliting he body in the graie, a 
 boy f'queaked aloud ; upon which Oniai told the Caji- 
 tain it was the Eatooa. In the mean time, a fire having 
 been made, a lean dog, hah Ihuieil, was produced, 
 and killed by twifting the neck. The hair was then 
 tinged ofl", and the entrails being taken out, they were 
 thrown into the fire, and kft there to be confumfd ; 
 but the kidney, heart, and liver, were baked on h;atcd 
 ilones. 
 
 The rarcafe, after having been rubbed over with the 
 blooil of the animal, was, with the liver, &c. laid 
 (.lown bef)re the jiriefts, who were leated round the 
 grave praying. They, for loiiie time, uttcreil ejacu- 
 lations over the dog, while two men, at intervals, 
 beat very lo\id on two drums ; and a boy (creamed in 
 a louil lliriil voice three times. This, lliey laid, \\cas 
 to invite the Eatooa to feaft on the banquet that thev 
 had prc];aied for him. 
 
 When I he priefts had finifhed their jirayers, the 
 bmly, heart, liver, &c. of the dog, were p.laccd on a 
 wliatta, or Icuflold, about fix feet in height, on which 
 lay the remains of two other dogs, and of two pigs, 
 that had been lately fiicrificed. The priefts and their 
 attendants now gave a flioul, and this proclaimed the 
 ceremonies ended tor the prefent. 
 
 The evening being arrived, our people were con- 
 dutted to i. lioule belonging to Palalou, where rhey 
 were entertained and loilged for the nigiit. Having 
 been informed, tliat the religious rites were to be re- 
 newed the next day, they could not quit the place 
 while ail) thing remained to be feen. 
 
 Early in the morning they repaired to the feeiic of 
 attion , and Ition afterwards a [lig was (acriliicd, and 
 laid upon the liimc Icaffold with the others. About 
 
 ei^ht o'clock Otoo took our party to the Morai, whtra 
 the priefts, and a great muliitudeot people, were by thii 
 time aflenibled. Tlie two bundles occuj)ied the place 
 where they had been dejwfital the (jreccding evening ; 
 the two tlruiiis were in the front of the Morai, and 
 the priefts were ftationcd beyond them. The king 
 jilaced himfelf between the drums, and detired Captain 
 Cook to Hand by him. The ceremony commenced 
 with bringing a young plsntnin tree, and laying it at 
 the king's feet. A prt.yer was then repeated by ilie 
 i)riefts, holding in their lianils leveral tufts of' red, and 
 a ])lume of oftrich feathers, which the Commodore 
 had jireiented to Otoo on his firft aiTival. 
 
 When the priefts Ivaii ended the (■)ra)er, they changed 
 their li.'.tion, and placed themfelves between our party 
 and the Morai. Otic of them, the fame who had {ler- 
 formed the principal part the preceding day, Ix'gan 
 another prayer, which continued near half an hour. 
 During the prayer, the tufts of red feathers were put, 
 one by one, upon the ark of the Eatcwa. Not long 
 after, four pigs were produced, one of wliich was killed 
 impiediatcly, and the three others were taken to i\ 
 neighbouring Ityle. 
 
 C)ne of the bundles was now untied, and it contained 
 the maro with which the native invefl their kings. 
 Wli';n taken out of the cloth, it was Ipread on the 
 ground ;'t full length, before the priefts. It is a girdle 
 about hrti tn feet in length, anil one foot anti a quar- 
 tet- in bie.ul.li and .s probanly put on in the iauie 
 manlier as th: common maro, or piece of cloth, u(Ul 
 by fhefe illanden to wrap round the waift. It was 
 ornamented with yellow and r,ul feathers, but princi- 
 jjally with the form -. One end of it was bordered 
 with -"iglit pieces, .ibout the fize and figure of a 
 hoife-flioe, wliofe edges were fringed with black fea- 
 thers; t!ieot!i(i end w^s forked, haeing, the points of 
 various lengths. The feathers were ranged in two rows, 
 in fc]uare compartments, and pioduceil a pleating ef- 
 fect. They had been firfl. fixed ujxin Ibine of the 
 cloth of the ifland, and then lewed to the upjier ))art 
 of the [lendant, which Captain Wallis had left fiyiiig on 
 fhore, the firft time of his arrival at Matavai. I'lic 
 priells pronounced a long prayer, relative to this part 
 of the cxTemo.iy ; and alter it was ended, the badge of 
 royalty was folded up with great cnre, and put into 
 the cloth. 
 
 The other bundle, already mentioned, under the 
 name of the ark, w.is next oj)cned at one end j but 
 our party were not permitted to approach near enough 
 to examine its myftcrious contents. The intelligence 
 they obtained refpeding its contents was, that the Ea- 
 tooa (or rather what is fuppofcd to reprelent him) was 
 concealetl therein. 
 
 Tills iacred rcpofitory is compol'ed of the twifted 
 fibres of the hufk of the cocoa-nut ; and its figure h 
 nearly circular, with one end confiderably thicker than 
 the other. The pig that had been killed, was by this 
 time cleancti, and its entrails taken out. I'hcfe hap- 
 ])encd to have many of thofe convulfive motions, which 
 fietiucntly appear, in d'rtercnt parts, when an animal is 
 killed ; and this was conlidcred as a very tavourabk- 
 omen. •■ y\tter having been expofed for foine time, the 
 entrails were carried ami lalti down before the priclLs, 
 one of whom clol'ely inlpetted them turning them for 
 this purpofe gently with a ftick. Having been lulli- 
 tiently examined, they were thrown into the fire. The 
 fiicrificed pig, and its liver, heart, &c. were low put 
 upon the fcattbld where tlic dog hati been depoliled ; 
 and then all the feathers, except the oftrich phuvic, be- 
 iiig en'.loted in tiK ark, an end was Jiut to the whole 
 lijienmity. 
 
 I-'our ilouble canoes remained upon the beocli all tiie 
 time, before the place of (iicrifiee. A fiiiall pktforni, 
 cnveR'd with palm-leaves, fallcned iti tnyfierious knots, 
 was fi^ -d on the fore-pan of each ot ^hele canoes; ami 
 this a!: J is called a Morai. Some plantains, coco^i- 
 nuts, bivad-fruit, fifh, and otlier au-ticles, lay upon 
 each of thefe naval Mor.u*. The naiives laid that they 
 
 belonf'ed 
 
r 
 
 APHY. - r 
 
 rty to the Moral, wh.cic 
 Icot jifoi)lc, wero by lliij 
 ndlcs occupied tl;e piiicc 
 
 the preceding evening ; 
 front ot tlic Moral, and 
 'ond them. Tlie king 
 urns, and delired Captain 
 ceremony commenced 
 n tree, and kying it at 
 s then repeated by ihc 
 li \erai tutts ot red, and 
 wliich the Commodore 
 rll arrival. 
 
 tlif pra\er, tliey caangtd 
 ol»cs between our party 
 
 the fame who had {>er- 
 preceding day, Ix-gan 
 icd near halt an iiour. 
 I red feathers wore ].i!t, 
 
 llic Eattxia. Not long 
 
 one of which was killed 
 otiiers were taken U> i\ 
 
 untied, and it contained 
 itiv';s invell their kings. 
 :h, it was Ipread on the 
 the prieits. It is a girdle 
 and one foot and a cjitar- 
 oly put on in the lame 
 ), or piece of cloth, ufUi 
 ound the waift. It was 
 nxi fealliers, but jirinci- 
 end of it was bordered 
 le lize and figure uf a 
 
 fringed with black fea- 
 kcd, hai'ing, the points of 
 s v/erc ranged in two rows, 
 I produceil a plcaling et- 
 lixed ujxin (bine of the 
 li;wed to the u[ijTcr jwrt 
 n Wailis hatl left Hying on 
 arrival at Matavai. The 
 raycr, relative to this part 
 t wns ended, tlie badge of 
 great cire, and put into 
 
 y mentioned, under the 
 ojjcned at one ;;nd ; but 
 to approach near enough 
 jntents. The intelligence 
 :ontents was, that the Ea- 
 fcd to reprelent him) wa& 
 
 compofed of the twifled 
 :oa-nut ; and its figure \i 
 
 confiderably thicker than 
 d been killed, was by this 
 i taken out. I'hcfe hap- 
 convulfive motions, which 
 t parts, when an animal is 
 ?red as a very favourable 
 xpol'ed for linne time, the 
 .1 down before the priefls, 
 d them turning them for 
 tick. Having been fujli- 
 hrown into the tire. The 
 heart, &c. were now put 
 
 dog had been depolited ; 
 cpt the oflrich pkuiie, be- 
 tud was put to the whole 
 
 led upon the bene h all tlie 
 
 orifice. A I'mall plHtform, 
 
 lencd in raylferious knots, 
 
 catli .1 ihele canoes ; and 
 
 •Sisnie plantains, cocoa - 
 
 otlier wticles, lay upon 
 
 The natives laid that they 
 
 belonj'ei! 
 
 n 
 
 ■■■nr 
 
 fm 
 
 ,iM 
 
 ^V 
 
"W,V ^ Tr> fi 
 
 ;-^-^J3 -.' 7 "-■^i'p''?,r?»?^;Y7 ^;r . '> >-y;?^, iijf f«- 
 
 Nf.w Djscovei 
 
 ,«f'; » 
 
 , I 
 
 ('%uM/'^M,B^:SKF.S':t. \.(i'J,j'.,/,j/i V (4eC)(J1{A1'IIY /^//^/^^ '^'w/ /ff/A'/f/y 
 
 f /jll'M.VS SACillrlCE,/// ./ MoilAI /// OTAUEITE 
 
 
 %f 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 >^-^<.y/'V'rEE .^ VmV.V, a.j/h:J>r,;> y/^rl)EXTll at OTAIIEITE 
 
JIEITE . 
 
 >/ Otaiif.tte 
 
 Nf.w DjscovrniEs.] OTA H 
 
 hclon^cil to the Eitooa, and that they were to attend 
 the Hcet lent out againft Kinico. 
 
 The unfi.rtunate viiilini otlcred on this occafion was, 
 to appearance, a middle aged man, and one of the low- 
 c\\ rials of the p. op!i-; but it did not appear that they 
 had fixed upon him on account of hisha\.ng com- 
 mitted any particuhu crime that defervcd death. It is 
 certain, houevcr, that they ufuaHy fclc^it fuch guilty 
 peifons for facriticcs, or die vagabonds, who have no 
 vilible way of procuring an honcft livelihood. Hav- 
 ing cx.itnuicd the body of the unhappy fullercr, now 
 olfeicd iji aj the objccfc of th< fe people's adoiation, 
 our party obfcrved, that it was bloody about the head, 
 and much bruifed upon the right temple, w hich denoted 
 the mannti in which lie had been killed ; and they were 
 informed, that he had been knocked on the hia.l with a 
 Hone. 
 
 The Mrrtrhcs who are devoted on th fe occafions arc 
 never prcvionlly apprifed of their fate. Whenever any 
 one of the principal chiefs C(>nceives a huniaii facrificc 
 necclTary, on any great emergency, he fixes upon the 
 viiflim, and tUen diij)atchcs fomeofhis trufly fervaiits, 
 who fall upon him fuddenly, and cither llone him to 
 death or beat out his brains with a club. The king 
 is then acquainted with it, whofe prefence i.s faid to 
 be abfolucely ncceflbry at the folcnin rites that follow i 
 and, indeed, in the late p:-rformance, Otoo bore a ca- 
 pital part. The folemniry itfclf is called Poore h'.ree, 
 or the pravi r of the chief: and the vi-flim is termed 
 Taata- taboo, or confccratcd man. The Moral, where 
 the la:c facrificc was olVered, is always apfiropriated 
 for the b'.trial of the king of the whole ifland, and 
 likcwife of his family, and fome other pcrfons of diftin- 
 guiflied rank. It differs little, except in extent, from 
 the comiTion Morals. Its principal part is a large ob- 
 long pile of (tones, about 13 feet in height, anil ton- 
 tradted towards the top, with a quadrangular area on 
 each fide, loofely paved with pebbles, under which 
 the bones of thechicfs arc depollted. 
 
 Not far from the end ncarcrt the fea, is the place of 
 facrilice, where is a very large whatta, or fcalfold, on 
 which the offerings of fruits, and other vegetables are 
 placed J hut the animals are laid on a fmaller one, and 
 the l.uman facrifices are interred under the pavement. 
 There are fcveral reiiques fcatt-.-rcd about this place; 
 fuch as fn.all Hones railed in fcveral parts of the pave- 
 ment; fomc with bits of cloth faflencd round them; 
 others entirely covered with it; and upon the (idc of 
 the large pile fronting the area are a great number 
 of pieces of carved wood, in which their gods arc I'up- 
 poled to rclide occaiionally. 
 
 There is an heap of floncs at one end of the large 
 fcatFold, with a fort of platform on one iide. On this 
 aredepolited all the Ikulls of the human facrifices, which 
 are taken up after they have remained under ground 
 lor fome mcinths. Jufl above them many of the carv- 
 ed pieces of wood arc placed ; and here the Maro, and 
 the other bundle, fuppofed to contain the god Ooro, 
 were laid during the celebration of the hue folemn 
 rites. 
 
 It is probable, that this barbarous cuflom ofoftcr- 
 ing human facrifices prevails in all, or mud of the 
 jflands of the Pacific Ocean, however dillant from each 
 other fonic of them may be. And though it may be 
 fuppofed that not more than one pcrfon is otlercd at 
 one time, either at Otaheite, or other idands, yet thefc 
 occalions, in all probability occur fo frequently, as to 
 make a teirible havoc of the human fpecics; for no 
 leis than 49 IkuUs of former vidinis were C(;unted ly- 
 ing before the Moiia at Attahooroo , and as none of 
 ihofe Ikulls appeared to have fuiiered any confidcrablc 
 change or decay from the weather, it may be iiifeircd, 
 that a Ihort time had clapfed fiiice the viciims to whom 
 they belonged had been olfeied. 
 
 "I'his horrid [iraClice, though no conlideration w hat 
 ever can n ..ke it ccale to be deteflable, iii;ght, per- 
 haps he though: to be lefs dctrimcnial, in Ibiiic re 
 fpccts, if it contributed to imprcfs any awe fur the 
 No. 6. 
 
 E I T E. 
 
 'SI 
 
 deity, or veneration for religion, upon the min;!s of 
 the fpecfators ; but this w as far from being the ca(c on 
 the late occafion ; for though a vafb multituiic had af- 
 fenibled at the rVI(irai, they iliewed very little reverence 
 for «hat was tianfadking: at' I Omai happer^iiig to ar- 
 ri\e after the ceremonies '. ui begun, many of the 
 idanders thronged round him, and were engaged, for 
 the remaining part of the time^ in making him recount 
 fome of his ailventiires ; to which they liftencd with 
 great cagcrnefs of attention, rcgardlefs of the folemn 
 ofRres which their priefls were thtii performing. In- 
 deed, the priedi themfelves, except the one who fui". 
 tained the principal part, cither from their being fa- 
 miliarised to fuch objects, or from rhcir rcpoling no 
 great degree of conlidcncc in the efficary of their re- 
 ligious inlHtutioiis, maintained very little of that fo- 
 Icmnity, fo necclTary to give to acis of devotion their 
 proper eH'cct, 
 
 Tlu ir habit was but an ordinary one ; rhty converfed 
 together with great familiarity ; and the only attempt 
 they made to preferve decorum, was by fxerting their 
 authority, to prevent the populace from encroaching 
 on thefpot.and to fuffer our party, as flrangsrs, to come 
 forward. They were, however, very candid in the an- 
 fwers which they gave to any interrogatories that were 
 put to them, with regard to this inhuman inllitution. 
 Being alked, wiiat was the delign of it ? They replied, 
 that it was an ancient ciiftom, and highly pleaf- 
 ing to their god, who came and fed upon the facri- 
 fices ; in confequence rd' which, he granted their 
 petitions. It was then ohjecled, that he certainly did 
 not feed on thefc, as he was neither feen to do it, nor 
 were the bodies ofthe facriticed anisnals foonconfumed; 
 and that as to the corpfcofa human vidlim, they pre- 
 vented his feeding on that by interring it. In anfwer 
 to thefc objcdlions, they obfcrved, that he came in the 
 night, invifibly, and fc-d onl. on the foul, or immaterial 
 part, which, (as the people fay) remains about the 
 place of larrificc, till the carcafcofthe victim is wholly 
 walled by putrefaction. 
 
 Human facrifices arc not the only ftrange cuftoms 
 that Hill prevail among the inhabitants of Otaheite, 
 though, in many refpeCts, they have emerged from the 
 brutal manners of favage life. Ikiidi s cutting out the 
 jaw bones of their enemies flain in battle, which they 
 carry about with them as trophies, they, in fome mea- 
 furc, offer up their bodies to the Eatooa : for after an 
 engagement, in which they have come off victorious, 
 they colled all the dead, arul bring them to the Morai, 
 where, with great form and ceremony, they dig a large 
 hole and bury them all in it, as fo many offerings to 
 their divinities. 
 
 They treat in a different manner their own chiefs 
 that fall in battle. A late king, Tootaha, Tubourai 
 Tamaide, and another chief, who were flain in ai 
 engagement with thofe of Tiaraboo, were brought to 
 the Moral at .\ttahoorco ; at which place the priefls 
 cut out their bowels before the great altar ; and rhcir 
 dead bodies were afterwards interred in three different 
 places near the great pile of Hones abovcmentioned ; 
 and the common men who loft: their lives in the battle, 
 were all buried in one hole, at the foot of the fame 
 pile. This was performed the day after the battle, with 
 much pomp and formality, amiilH: a numerous con- 
 courfe of people, as a thankfgiving offered to the d«ity 
 for t!ic victory they had obtained the preceding dXy. 
 The vanquillicd, in the men time, had taken refuge 
 in the mountains, where the) remained upwards of a 
 week, till the fury of the vidtors began to abate. A 
 treaty was then fet on foot, by which it was agreed, that 
 Otoo iliould be proclaimed king of the whole ifland ; 
 and the folemnity of invefting him with the Maro, or 
 badge of royalty, was performed at the fame Morai, 
 with great magnificence. 
 
 The natives call their places of interment Morals, as 
 
 they do their places of worfliip. A party of our latclt 
 
 voyagers to the illaiid faw a valt building, which they 
 
 were infi'rmed to be the Morai of Oberca. It was one 
 
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 ofthc mo'.K-onrKijiu'olc pi:'fc. of :i;vh:ia:i:'irc in the 
 illilftJ. It conlUL'J oi ;i:i c:;ornums lilc of tioiii- work, 
 raidii in tl.c term of;i pyami.l, with i fii.'ht ofltcps 
 i>n c.ich lidi-. It was .v.mi 270 fjct lung, about one 
 thirtlas wi^'u-, am) bc[v. .-ci .(O and 5c tiet high. The 
 Joiimkuion tonlilled of roek Hones, the llcps were of 
 toral, and the upper p.irt was ot r.ainJ ptbh' s, ail ot 
 the fame lliape a:ia li/.c. Tl.c rock aiidcoril H' nes were 
 liliiared with the uti\'i)it ncaci'.efs and repulai ity, and the 
 u I'.olc huiKlingap. eared as compav-'t and i:rm as it it had 
 been erected iiy the Infl v. oikiixn in lairope. 
 
 In the centre of the rimiinit was the reprefentation 
 of a lind carvut in \uiod, near v. hich was the liijure ot a 
 lilli in Itone. The pyramid coiiltitiitcd part of one fide 
 of a court or ri]tiare, ihe fides of which were nearly 
 equal ; notwithihiiid r.g vhi;h pavement, feveral plan- 
 tains and trees, which tlie natives call I'ltoa, grew with- 
 in the cnclofiiiv. At a fmall diliam c to the welhvard 
 ut this tdi'ice was another paved fquaie, called by the 
 natives Ewattas, which appeared to he altars whereon 
 ihcv plactii the olVerin<.'s of their deities. 
 
 They appro.ich thde Morals wjih the greatclt 
 a«c and reverence; not, as it flioiild feem, becaufe 
 llTcy elieem any tWiivj, thee facved, but becaufe they 
 theie woillrji aniiuilihle beiiii;;, for whom th.ey en- 
 tirtain th,' p-rolbiinieff refpec't, aUl-.ou^h not excited by 
 i!i.- liopeol reward, or thedread of paniihment. They 
 h' Id ti.efe cenieirics, or phu es oi worlhip, fo vcncra- 
 
 L, that the chiefs thcmfelves, aiul their wives, on |)al"- 
 then;, take their ujiper j^arments from their llioul- 
 
 b!c 
 tin;. 
 
 li L- ! ■ 
 
 'Ihe mannLT in uh.ich they bury their dead, andcx- 
 jrefs their Ibrrow tor thelofbof relatives and friends 
 departed, is thus defciibed by the latelt and molt in- 
 
 The corpfe was placed 
 
 ill the open air, till the 
 bones b'-came ouite dry. A il'.cd was erected near 
 the relideiice of the dtceafed ; one end was left quite 
 open; the other eiivl and the 'WO lides were partly cn- 
 clofi.d with > I'm ot wicker work, ihe bier was a 
 frame of wood, like ih.;it on which the feamcns beds, 
 called cots, .ire phued, with a matted bottom, and 
 luppoiteif by foui p.>i^, at the height of above four 
 feet from the grou.id. 
 
 Ihe body v as co\ercd Firlt with a mar, and then 
 vi'li white cloth. l\\ the lide of it lay a wooden 
 ina: e, one of the in plcments of war, and near the 
 hi ad of it cocoa-nut liells ; at the oth.er end a bunch 
 of green leaves with tome dried twigs, all tied toge- 
 ther, were ttuck in the p.round, by which lay a ffone 
 as big as a cocoa-nut. Near thele lay one of the young 
 plaiu.1.11 leaves ih:'t arc ufed tor emblems of peace, and 
 tl"l"eby it a tlon.ea.ve. At the open end of the flied 
 alii) hiiiig a Lrviit luimljcr of p.ihn nuts, in feveral 
 firings; and without tlie Ihcd was fliick up in the 
 }:;rouiul, the lleniof a phntain tree, about fix feet high, 
 iijion the top of ui.ich was placed a cocoa-nut lliell full 
 el frelh water; againit the lide of one of thefe polls 
 hung a fmall bag containing lome bread-fruit ready 
 rortlted. The loo 1 thus place d by the corpfe, was de- 
 fign^d as an oil'.'ring to their deities. 
 
 'Ihey call louiui alout the fpot where the body is 
 l^laced fmall pieces of cloth, on which tlie tears and 
 blood of the mouriKis have l)een Ihcd ; for in their pa- 
 io\>luis of niicf, it i.s an univerfal cuflom to wound 
 tl:e:i:f.l\es with a Iharks tootii. 
 
 Mi. l).;nk.i waslodeliioiii ot being prcfent at the ce- 
 
 rsp AUTHKNTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRM'HY. 
 
 rcmony of one of their buriuls, that he agreed to take a 
 part in it, when he was inlornivd that he could not be 
 a fpiCtator 0:1 any ether condition. He went accord- 
 ingly in the evening to t!ic pl.ice where the hcdy wa.> 
 depolited, where he was met by the relations of the 
 deceafcd, and was aftuwards Joiiicl by feveral other 
 perfons. Tubourai Tamiide, one of tlicir chiefs, was 
 the principal mourner, and his dref. was wliinjlical, 
 though not altogeihir ungncifiil. Mr. IJanks was 
 obliged to quit his i'.uiopeaii divfs, and had no other 
 cmeting than .1 I'mall piece of cloth than was tied rounj 
 his iniddk; his body was blackul over iviih chircoil 
 and water, as were the bodies cf fc cial others, and 
 anioiur them fome Icm ties, who were no n.orc covcr- 
 td than himfelf. 
 
 The proccllion then bepan, and the chief nvnirncr 
 uttered fome words which were pidged to be a pr.iyi r, 
 when he ap|)roa( h 'd the body, and he lepeatLd thei'e 
 words w hen he came up to his own Iioufe. I'hev after- 
 wards went on, by iiermillion, towards the fort. li 
 is ufiial for the icfl of the Indians to tliun thefe pro- 
 cellions as much as pollibie; they accordingly ran into 
 the woods in pre. t halle, as fcon as this came in view. 
 From the fort the mouinen; pioeeejed along the thore, 
 crolled the rivir, then entered the w.ii'ds, jialling le- 
 veral houfes which bec;ime imnK\l;aicly uninhabited; 
 and during the tell of the pmcei'Iion, which continued 
 tor halfan hour, not an Indian wasvilible. 
 
 Mr. Banks Idled in otlice which they call Ninivch, 
 and there were two others in the fame character. When 
 none of the other nittives were to be feen, they ap- 
 proached the chief mo irner, ia)ing, Imatata; then 
 thofe who had allillcd at the cercinony bathed in the ri- 
 ver, and relumed their t'orn.er drefs. Such was this 
 uncommon ceremony, in v. hich Mr. Hanks performed 
 a principal part, and received apjilaulc from Tubourai 
 Tamaide, thetliief mourner. 
 
 \\'hat can have introduced atnong thefe Indians fo 
 flrange a cullom as that of cxpofnig their dead above 
 ground, till the llelli is conftimed by putrefaction, and 
 then burying the bones, it is dilTicult to guefs ; nor is 
 it lefs ditlicult to deterininc, why the repolitories of 
 their dead fliould be alto places of worlliip. 
 
 The mourning that is worn here is an hcad-drefs of 
 feathers, the colour of which is conleciateil to ileath, 
 and a veil over the face. This drefs is called /.V:v/, 
 Ihe whole country is laid to appear tluu on the death 
 ot their king. The mourning tor lathers [■^ verv long. 
 'Ihe women nioinn for their hulband^'; but not the 
 hulbands lor their wives. 
 
 I laving filecttd the mofl authentic accounts we coiiiJ 
 pollibly jirocure of the prefent Hate c f 'Jtaheite, the 
 peojjlc, cutlon.s, manners, langu:>ge and arts, as re- 
 tpcLtively arrangeil in the foiegoing lections, we have 
 only to adii fome coricliiiive rem irks tl at may tend to 
 the ailvant.ige of odier Hritilh navigators, who may 
 hereafter vilit that pait of the world. 
 
 As the illaiid produces 110 commodities tint c.in be 
 converteil to the pmpofe of ir.itlic, ilie train, and in- 
 deed only, benefit that can accrue from a knowledge of 
 it is the fiipplying ot Ihips with relrellinients in p;iirm;j 
 through the South Seas : it is obferved by the moll intel- 
 ligent and fpicalativi; navigators, that ir miglt be ren- 
 dered coiiipetentiv fubfervient to that diiira'ile purpofc, 
 as fiich I'.iiropean productions, both animal and vege- 
 table, as areionducive to the fame, might be abun- 
 dantly cultivated 111 fo fertile a (i'ot. 
 
 >: 
 
 
 4 
 
 T 
 
 Cl lA !• 
 
 HE viiiious difcc 
 dillerent times at 
 tntcitaining nairative, 
 tion tiiiich know ledge V 
 fhall iirefent our readei 
 tverv tiani'actioii worth 
 
 SEL 
 I 1 K S 'l 
 
 Arrk'.il '>f the EiMui' 
 I'liU'iiv^ rnnimcycr 'I'ili 
 III,' cn\\'rd, I t/ili 
 's iih Ohfyea,Ju[>puJi-i 
 able ccrcmnny. Dili 
 lijh fori , rttid tilliiulc 
 his Miijijly's birth- 
 ib:ifo. itio marin 
 Accjunl rf Tiipia, a 
 •vi;^aiors on lh:tr voya^ 
 
 CAriAIN COOK, 
 Otaheiie, or Km 
 the fpot of our conliiii 
 Koyai harliour, called 
 I jth of April 1 769. 
 oil immeitiately in theii 
 divirs eatable commoi 
 the) bartered lor beads 
 company. 
 
 'Ihc moll refpedtab! 
 tame on boaitl was an 
 known to feveral olVic 
 with Captain W'allis. 
 very iil<.lul nian, the ol 
 cccifion Huditd to pi 
 w lilies. As their con 
 likely to be very Ihort, 
 he obferved by every 
 I aik tiic hjideavour, ib 
 trade w i h the natises. 
 
 1 he lublhmce of rhi 
 to [jrevent q arn Is ai 
 Ihip's crew li oiild ukU 
 Oialie.te with hum.tni 
 iivate a Irieiidlhip w i 
 nun, or other perlon, 
 liiih oii|v who wui ; 
 lives, fliould tiai.e, or 
 provilion, liuit, or ot 
 out having e.xprels le; 
 fluiiiM ciiibc//K, tr.iJ 
 part of the fliip's Hon 
 *w thing made o\ iroi 
 i^ltfulai tides in ihj Ih 
 for an\ thing but provi 
 
 Ihtl'e tiecell.iiy ru 
 ni;inder, and, iniii), hi 
 ol them Were annevei 
 punilt i!,ieiit aciOiding 
 
 ■| he vcll'el being I 
 
 I > mil aniler, Mr. l\in 
 
 II ore, with a party iii 
 o'd Indian. '1 hey wei 
 till n.itivci w i;h awe 
 It e loken- ol peace, ai 
 Iput ofgiounJ which 
 
lY. 
 
 iLMCfti to take a 
 \\c LOiikt not bo 
 [c vvc:it nccoiLi- 
 .' the b(dy \va.> 
 rt'lations of the 
 ly fcvcr.il o:hcr 
 heir chiefs, v as 
 Has whinilica', 
 vir. IJanks was 
 ti liad no othi; 
 1 «as tieJ roiiiij 
 r ;vi;h thucoil 
 lal otiiers, a:ul 
 no nioic covcr- 
 
 ; chief iniiurncr 
 to he a pr.iyi r, 
 
 U'pC.ltLl.1 tllLi'L- 
 
 I'hcy af:er- 
 l!s tl)e fort. Jt 
 
 (hull thefc J1IO- 
 iJingly ran iiuo 
 s came in view . 
 iilong the (lioro, 
 I'lis, patlin;.; i'c- 
 ly uiiinliabiteil ; 
 ihicb contiiuieJ 
 ble. 
 
 ey call Nini\ch, 
 :h.-iracl:er. When 
 
 feen, they ap- 
 
 ItiiaCata; then 
 jatheii in the ri- 
 
 Such was this 
 5aiiks perfornu'd 
 : from 'rubouiai 
 
 thefc Imlians fo 
 their dead above 
 )Utrefacii()il, a:id 
 to guefs i nor is 
 : repofitories of 
 []iip. 
 
 in hcad-drefs of 
 -rated to death, 
 I is called /.V:v;. 
 iiiii on the death 
 lers ii very long. 
 id-'i but not tl;e 
 
 ccoiints we could 
 cf 'Jtaiieite, the 
 and arts, as re- 
 .•Ctions, we ha\e 
 tl at may tend to 
 ators, who may 
 
 itics ihit i.tii be 
 le tuaili, and in- 
 1 a knowledge of 
 iments in piillinjj 
 )y the molV inieU 
 ir migl't he ren- 
 liliraMe pnrpofc, 
 limal and wy^:- 
 mii'ht be abim- 
 
 cnAi' 
 
 [ 59 J 
 
 C II A P. 
 
 IX. 
 
 '"r'lIF. various difcoveries that have been made, and incidents that have occurred, during th? courfe of the 
 -!• diiferenr times at which C'ajuiin ( ook has viiitcd tliis part ot the globe, atlbrd a molt pieafing and 
 tiiteitaining nairative, paitieularly the lad, as Captain Cook then rei'.irncd withOmai from whofe interpreta- 
 tion iiuich knowledge was ilerived. Tliereforc, as it is our intention to blend amuHment with intoimation, wc 
 Ihall prefent our reaeleis with a minute aecoimt of the rc.-eption he met with from thele holpit^blc people, and 
 every transaction worthy of record, ';i his lirll, fecond, and third and lalt voyage. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 ! 1 K S T \ O V A G I'. 
 
 Arrii-dl ■>/ ll'f Ei.Uiivoiii ii! Ol.ibi'ilr. RuWs for efta- 
 i'iilbing ommcrcc voitb ll.v native^. Fiirioits incident. <. 
 I: i: tir.'Uii. I'ifili I'l'iin di-jers --hiifi. In/rrriiic 
 Ti i/b Otii'irii,/iippojfd <iiicfn of /be lj!,ind. Reiiitiik- 
 ni'/r irirmonv. Diviiiefervici' pnfivird <ii the l>ig- 
 lijb fori, and nil ended />)■ I be nittize.:. C.elehraiion rf 
 bis Majejly's liirlh-day ntteuded /'V ftverni Indiiin 
 ibiefs. '■livo marines diferl, hiil cue /rciii^bl back, 
 ylccoimt (if Tiipia, a nalive, itbo accni panted onr nn- 
 •vi'^^ators on ibnr voyage. Deparnae fr.vi ibe tjhvid. 
 
 CAFI'AIN COOK, in the Fndeuour, arrived at 
 Ot.iheiie, or King d'corge the Ihird's Kluid, 
 the fpot of our conruleiatiiin, an,l jnchored in i'<irt 
 Kojai harbour, called b. ihe n.it ve^. M it r. ai, on the 
 
 I jth of April 17^9. Many of the inlial>i>anrs came 
 oil immediately in their (anoes, and biouL'ht with them 
 tlivirs eatable commodities heretofore fpecifed, uhich 
 they bartered for beads and other articles uith tlu lliip's 
 company. 
 
 Ihc mofl refpcdable to appe;'.ia:ice of th; fe who 
 tame on boaid was an elderlv 1111 1, named Owh.iw, 
 known to levcial olliccis who hail vil'.;ed this iljarid 
 with Captain W'allis. Owhaw being toiifuleied as a 
 very iiltlul iiian, thcolVicers and others on the prefent 
 (cc.dicn lhidii.d to pleafe him, and to gratit) all his 
 wilhe.s. As their continuance on the illaiui was not 
 likely to be very Ihort, certain rules weicdiawn up to 
 he obferved by every perfon on ooaril his ma|elty's 
 haik rl'.e hjuleavour, for the bcttertfhil'lilhing a regular 
 traiie « i h the natives. 
 
 Mie fublfaiue of rheie rules wer.-, " That in order 
 to prevent i] arn Is and t (Milulion, every one it the 
 thi|i's crew li ouhi kiukavoi r to tr. it the innabiiaius ot 
 Dtalitite with humani:), and, b) nil lau means locul- 
 iiviite a Iriendlhip with them. 1 liat no oliicer, lea- 
 in.in, or other perlbn, belonui'g to the flip, excepting 
 Inch only who were a|ipomied to larterwith tlu- na- 
 tives, ihoiild trai'.c, or otler to tri.le, lor any kinds of 
 I'Tovilion, limt, or other proiluce ot tiie illand, with- 
 out having exprels leave fo to do. I'hat no perfon 
 IhoiiM cnibty./lt, tr.u'e, or oiTir to traiie, wiih any 
 |i;ui of the lliip's H(;ies ; an I, that no fort of iron, or 
 .un ihiiig made ol iron, norany frrt of cloth, oi'rther 
 ultlul aiticks in ih; lliip, fhould be given in exchange 
 i(ir afiv thing but provHions. 
 
 Ihel'e necellary rules were (ii;,ned bv the Com- 
 nuuider, and, iicing his orilers, to tlu- non-obfervance 
 (it them were annexed cenam pen.iltus, befuU-i the 
 |uuull lyeiu aciording to the ulu.il (iillou of the 
 
 ll.lVV . 
 
 I he vellel being brought to lu r moorings, the 
 ciiiinandir, Mr. l\inks, ami Dr. Solam'ei, went on 
 
 II "le, with ji party under arms, mid tlair friend the 
 o'd Indian. '1 hey were receivcil by fome hundreds of 
 ilu n.itivcs wiihaweand reverence, who eNclianj'.td 
 Ii e lokeii' ol tnace, ■An^\ ollend 10 coralucl tliim to a 
 fpot of ground which would be xw.nii convenint lor 
 
 them to occupy than that where thev had landed. On 
 the'T way, the I'.nglifli n:a.le the Indians limn prefcnts, 
 vhicli the latter very thinkfully received. 'I'liey now 
 
 took a circuit of about four 
 
 thi 
 
 r!l ih 
 
 e groves 
 
 ol the brr.id- fruit and cocoa-trees. Interii'.iagled with 
 thele were il;e dwellings (,f the n.itiv^s, winch ccjiilifled 
 of huts without walls. In the courfe of their journey 
 ihcv '. /und but few fowls or hogs, and underdood that 
 none of 1 heir conductors, or any ol the people they had 
 'litherto feeii, uercperfms of rank in the illind. ihofc 
 
 ifth 
 
 eir own c 
 
 rew who had before been at Otaheitc in 
 
 the Doipliin, were likewife ofo; 
 
 union 
 
 that t! 
 
 e iiucen .< 
 
 reiidence had l)ecn removed, as no tr.ices ot it were now 
 to be ilifcovcrtd. 
 
 !• 
 
 arlv next mornini: 
 
 lal 
 
 canoes lurrounOec 
 
 i the 
 
 veffel, in twool which were many peifons, whofedrcfs 
 and deportment denoted them to Ih- of a luperior clafs. 
 'I'vvo of thele came on boaid, and each ot' them fixed 
 upon a friend ; one of ihcm chofe Mr. B.inks, and the 
 other Captain Cook. They then made tigns for their 
 new friends to go w ith tliem to ih' places of tlieirabode ; 
 and the latter being delirous of becondng acipiainted 
 
 with the 
 hour 
 
 pei 
 epti 
 
 d ih 
 
 nd lindingout a more convenient har- 
 
 e invitaiion, 
 
 ind 
 
 went wi 
 
 th the 
 
 accoiiipanied by .Mr. Banks, Dr. .Solander and others. 
 They l.m led in twobo.itsat ibout thcvlillancc of three 
 miles, among a great number ot the natives, who 
 condudtd thtm to a large ha' vtation, where thev were 
 intiohiced to a inidde aged man, named Too.ahah. 
 When they were fe.ited, f.c prefeii'.ed Mr. Banks a 
 cock, a hen, and a piece of pci lumed cloth, which 
 coniphment was returned by a prefent. They were 
 then Conduced to fever.il other l.ir^e dwellings, where- 
 in they walked about with meat freeiiom. the ladies, 
 lb f.ir from Ihunniiig, invinii, and even prcffed, them 
 to be feated. Bv frequentlv pointing to the mats upon 
 the ground and othir indications, they had no doubt 
 of tlieir bjing lefs jealous ol' obi'ervation than they 
 were. 
 
 Dirtefing their courfe along the fliove, t'lcy met, 
 acc('m|)anied with a L'r.'at num'i r of natives, another 
 chief nimeil Tubouii Tamaide, with whom they let- 
 tied a treaty of [ earc, in the m.inner hdore defcribcd. 
 'this chief gave them to uiiderltand, he had jiroviiioivj 
 artluir fervice if t'ley eh ife :o '\u, which he produced, 
 and ihey dined he itily upon the bread-fiuit, plantain 
 and lilh. .*\ [irO|.'r Ipoi w i> then fixed upon by the 
 commander, with the «onrurreiice of Mr Ii inks and 
 
 oi'.icrs, to enct a Ion 'i^n their dtl 
 
 (lice, lUirimr 
 
 tlieir 
 
 Hay on the illmd, and ihe tnound was accordingly 
 marki<l out lor t!;e iv.irixife ; a 
 
 at nuii.beiol ihe na- 
 
 tives lookiii;' on all ihe vviiilc, and beh vvintt iti the 
 
 molt 
 
 pe.iccable and Iriendiv manner 
 As they \v.\A Uxn no poult 
 
 nd biit a few Iv 
 
 ogs. 
 
 tliey ful'peOle I t!'at they hid be n driven up the coun- 
 
 try i for w Inch leafon th 
 
 y (let •rniineil to penetrate 
 i b' 
 
 into the woods, the tent neng gu.ir.led l\y a pety ot- 
 licer aiul a puty of m.irine^. On iliis excurlion fevetal 
 ol the natives a compiiiud the Inglilb. While the 
 
 lartv were on ihur mircli 
 
 th, 
 
 tre id irmed by tl 
 
 diU haige of tivo pie es liied b\ the guaril ol the tent. 
 Ouluiw liaviiig iviw I ailed together the captain's p.iity, 
 dil'peifed all the Indians except three, w ho, in token 
 
 \ of 
 
 H' 1 
 
 
 il'l <:' 
 
ANEW', ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 KM 
 
 i 
 
 60 
 
 of their fidelity, broke branches of trees, according to 
 their ciirtonis. 
 
 On their return to the tent, they found that an In- 
 dian having fnatched away one of the centincl's niul- 
 quets, a young niidlliipnian, who commanded tlie 
 partv, was fo imprudent is to pivc the marines orders 
 to fire, which « ere obeyed j but this did not (atistv 
 them, as the oiJcnder lud not fallen ; they therelore 
 piirfued him, and revenged the theft by his death. 
 They weie afterwauis ini'ormtd that none of the others 
 were cither killevl or wduruled. 
 
 Next morning, obferving but few of tl-.e natives on 
 the banks, and none i ome on board, it was concluded 
 that the treatment they had received the fornur day 
 was not vet forgotten ; and the Knglilh u ere confirmed 
 in this opinion bvOwhaw's having left them. In coii- 
 fequcnceof thefe 'appearances, the captain brought the 
 fliip nearer to the ihoie, and mooted her in fuch a 
 manner as to make her broad-fide bear on the fpot 
 which they bad i.iarked out for ereCling their little for- 
 tification.' Hut in the evening the refentment of the 
 natives fecm to have fiiblideil. 
 
 The day following died Mr. Buchan a gentleman 
 whom Mr. Banks had brought out as p.unter of land- 
 fcapes and ligires. He was regretted as a Ibber, diU- 
 gcnt, and ingenious man, and one capable of grai if v- 
 ing his friends in b'.ngland with rcprelentations (it tlis 
 country and its inhaiiitants, which no other perlon 'm 
 board could delineate with the fiime accuracy and ele- 
 gance. 
 
 Soon after Mr. Banks received a vifit from Tu- 
 boiiraiTama.de who brouglt with him his vufe and 
 f.imilv, with the materials tinr erecting a^houfe, intend- 
 ing to build ir near the fort. He afterwards afked 
 that gentleman to accompany him to the w(,ods. On 
 their arrival at a place where he fometimes refided, he 
 prefented his guclt with two garments, one of which 
 was of red cloth, and the other was maile of fine mat- 
 ting. Having thus clothed Mr. Banks, he conducted 
 him to the tent, and Ihud to dinner with his wife and 
 fon. 
 
 They had a difli ferved up that dav, which was pre- 
 pared by the attendants of Tubouiai Tamaide, which 
 ieemed like wheat flour, and being mi?:ed with cocoa- 
 nut liquor, it was iVnred about till it became a jelly. 
 Its flavour was fomethiiig like blanc mange. .\ fort of 
 market was eUablillied without the lines of the fort, 
 which was tolerably well fupplied ; and I'ubourai I'a- 
 maidc was a frequent guell to Mr. Banks and the other 
 Knglilh gentlemen. He «as the only native who at- 
 tempted to life a knife and fork, being fond of adopting 
 European manners. 
 
 .Sever.il of the natives brought their axes to grind and 
 repair, moft of which they h:ul obtained from Captiin " 
 Wallis and hi; pcojiie in the Dolphin ; but a 1 tench 
 one occaiioi'.ed a little fpcculation ; and at length, upon 
 enquiry, it appeared to have been left hereby M. dc 
 Bougainville. 
 
 The retidem e of our people on Ihorc would have 
 been by no means difagreeable, had they not been in- 
 cellijntly tornieiitid by files. 'I'his inconvenience pi .-- 
 ■.ented the parties from working. 
 
 A fhort time al;er I ubouiai Tarmaide came to com- 
 plain, that tile fhip's butcher hail threatened to cut his 
 \Mfes throat becaufe the would not barter a Hone 
 hr.ic het for a nail. It aj'in aring clearly that the olVender 
 t.ad inliinged oiidtie of the rules en|oined by the caj)- 
 tiin fur ii.uling With the natives, he was flogged on 
 b.m;l in their tight. When the liifl Ihoke had lurn 
 ^iveii, ihi.y \<(.ie humane rnoii;',h to intrrpofe, and en- 
 trcattdi iii-.n!\ that tl,e mlpi'it iiught beiiniicil ; but 
 when ih,, i.is,,ur was deniol ilicm, ll.ey flieued ll'rong 
 lignsol lonuii, and bin II into tears and exelamations. 
 I ubourai I Jiuiiiilc having been feven Iv reprimand- 
 fid by Mr. liaiils t.ir having ludd. nlv lei/.ed a i-un 
 from Ills hand, miking and nblervin" the tric'lH-r 
 thought It only I'r ,;\ „, th,. ,,an, Terapo, one ot'liis 
 Icmalc atU!!daiu-,'.,uHe down to the lore in the great- 
 
 eft atflicTion, the tears gufliing from her eyes. Mr. 
 B.mks, feein;; her lull of lamentation and forrow, in- 
 filled upon knowing the caufe, but inilcad of anfwer- 
 ing, llw Itriick hcrfelf feveral times with n fliark's 
 tooih 1 po:i lurhead, till an efi'ulion of blood followed, 
 while her did relii was difregardetl by fevcral other In- 
 dians, who continued laughing and tallung with the 
 utmoft unconcern. After this flie gathered up fome 
 pieces of cloth, which (lie bad thrown down to catch 
 the blood, and threw them into the fea, as if (lie w ifh- 
 ed 10 prevent the leall trace or mark of her atifurd be- 
 haviour. Sb.e tb.in bathed in the river, and with re- 
 markable cbeerfulnefs returned to the tent as if nothing 
 extr.'ordinary had I appened. 
 
 Olierea w.is again brought forward, being obferved 
 at Mr. Banks's tent by the maimer of the Endeavour, 
 wlio declared her to be the perfon that, when he wa.'i 
 here with cajHain Wallis in the l>olphin,was imagined 
 to be qi'cen of the illand. 
 
 The eyes of' every one w ere now Thxed on her, of 
 whom fo much had been faid by the crew of the Dol- 
 phin, and in the account given of her by the captain. 
 With regard to her perfon, flic was tall and robiid, 
 about forty years of age, her Ikin white, and her c)cs 
 had great cxprefhon in them : fhe had been hamilbme, 
 but lier beauty was now upon the decline. When her 
 rank was known, an offer was made to conduct her on 
 board the Ihip, which ihe acccjiied. Maiiv prefent^i 
 were m.adc her, particularly a child's doll, which had 
 captivatid her fancy. Captain Cook accompanying 
 her on iliore, they met Tootahah, wb.o, though not 
 king,'li;emcd to be at this time inveiled with foicieigii 
 authority. .As envy is found among thofe who arc fup- 
 poled to be liie child; en of fiiiipli. nature, '1 ootahah 
 no looiier law the doll than he ditcovered llrong fymp- 
 toms of jealoufy, nor could any method be found of 
 conciliating his liitndfliip, but that of complimenting 
 him with another. A doll was now preferable to a 
 hatchet; but a very lliort time taught the Indians the 
 fuperior value of iron, which, on account of its ufe- 
 fuinels, prevailed over every other comideration. 
 
 Oberca had a hulband named Oamo, but they had 
 been long fipar.itcd by mutual confcnt, after llie had 
 brou;.'bt him a fon and daughter. The boy, whofc 
 name was Terrid.ni, was faid to have been heir to the 
 fovercignty of the ifland, but further information has 
 pointed this out to be an error. He was probably lord 
 of the dillrict where they refided. 
 
 One mornir.g Tomio, wife of Tubourai Tamaido, 
 came in great halle to the tent, and taking Mr. Banks 
 by the arm told him, that her hufband was dying, ow- 
 ing to fbmewhat that had been given him by our peo- 
 ple, and enticated him inftantly 10 go to him. Heac- 
 cordingly went, and found the Indian very lick. He 
 had been vomiting, and had thrown up a leal", which 
 they laid contained poifbn. Mr. Banks, having ex- 
 amhied the led", found it was nothing l)ut tobacco, 
 w liich the chief had begged of fome of the (hip's com- 
 pany. 
 
 Tuboiirai 'I'an.aide really concluded, from the 
 violent fieknefs he lulTercd, that he had ("wallowed fome 
 deadly drug, the terror of which, no doubt, contri- 
 buted to make him yet more tick. While Mr. Banks 
 was examining the leaf", he looked up to him as if he 
 had been jufl at the point of death. Mi, Banks, be- 
 ing (oon mailer of his difeafe, only ordered him to drink 
 of cocoa-nut milk, which loon reflorid him to health, 
 and he was as ihearfid as before the accident hippeiuil. 
 '1 licle p,eople Ieemed in particul ir inflanccs 10 be ("iirne- 
 tiii:es(liaiigcK allluted ("lomllii'ht caufes. 
 
 Cajitain Look having pinducfd aii iron ad/e, which 
 was made in imitation of the Hoik ones tiled l>y the 
 natives, (hewed it to I ootahah, as a ciiriofitv. The 
 lat'er fnatched it up with the gieatefl e.igerneCs, and 
 caini Illy reqiullid that he might have it i and though 
 he was olleied ihe choi< e of any of the .-•rtii les in the 
 rheds which weu ()|.enul before him, yet he would not 
 accept o( any ilimg in Us Head. 
 
 4 Upon 
 
 Ntw Discoveries.] 
 
 Upon this lirrt vi(it 
 ceremony was prefeiiti 
 litiing Ki his boat, tu 
 fiime women, who wc 
 lio:i towards him. 1 
 tide gave way and forn 
 uho, comuigup to Mr. 
 j)arn ts' feathers, and \ 
 «ho Ihxid by Mr. Bri 
 ceremonies, and recei 
 brought at (ix ditVere 
 boat. After this foi 
 biought, conlitling of 
 viJed into three pare 
 Ooratiooa, who appeal 
 upon one of them, tt 
 with an air of imaHi 
 turned round three tiiii 
 cd, with linularcircimi 
 of cloth; and the wlu 
 Banks, ihe women wen 
 which extiaoriiinary (i. 
 fents as he th. night wi 
 evaiing the geiulemen 
 rca, and O.heorea, h>r 
 was a vcr)' agteable i 
 moie ple.'.led to lee, lu 
 Ihe was either fick or C 
 
 ThiS ceiemonv at li 
 ii'deccn \-, bist when ii 
 tom, It mull ti.nd, :ii 
 li.re. 
 
 ihe commo.lore ha 
 Ihocld l)e [iv.ili,rir.ed 01 
 Wire liellrs.'us that l"om 
 be prefent ; but bctoii 
 the li rv.ce arrived, r..(i 
 bour.i Tamai, e and h 
 th.e, be'r.a\e.l v. iti) 111 
 quirics V. iiii reipe ( tc 
 thr n we'c as l.ttle inq 
 
 'i he tlay thus begin 
 a vci ) ii,ii'.,r(.;it n.anin 
 inii.mce, ii.duiged tiiat 
 ihiy aie To rtmaikabli 
 
 (^aj^iaiii C(t)lc, Mr, 
 detei mined on .1 vitit 
 movid U) a p,!a;e idmc 
 lienee, it was almoil el 
 fourd tlic cJiiet, as ul| 
 gitat crowd about h. 
 Ill itue form, confillinl 
 other trifling articles,! 
 to pil"s tl'.e night tl;ei| 
 only i but the |)late 
 11. tr than the houl"; - ai 
 o!hcrguef!s were Obcj 
 Mr. Banks having .1 
 1-tt his companion^ i.J 
 had the chaii.'e of hisi 
 care they were Itolcn, 
 der-l.orn, and levetall 
 An alarm aas riven I 
 \\\'.o wan with OlvJ 
 Mr. Banks with o;i'. 
 'I luy f.'on returned, 
 thought pioper to piitl 
 tired a fecond time t^ 
 p.oled himfelf to lleej 
 ind obferved lights :| 
 I le then arofc to nof 
 i.<).ii\ as he approaelu',! 
 '■•[.'tan Co ik a'ld ill 
 wi.cii he began to lel 
 loid him in return, 
 .iiid jackets. In llioii 
 
 jobbed. 
 
 No. <> 
 
N'av Discoveries.] 
 
 Upon this lirll villc of Captain Cook, :in iinconinio.i 
 fCiTiuoiiv wa; iircfciucil to view. As Mr. Banks wm 
 liuint; i;i bis boat, ttailin;^ with tin: mtivcs as ufiial, 
 lomewomcn, who wc c llranfrcrs, aiiviiiciil in pnjccl- 
 li():i towards him. I he rcfl of tl.c lii.'ians on c.ch 
 lidc f^avc way and formcJ a lane for the vilitors to iwfs, 
 uho, ioniin;r up to Mr. Hanks, prellnteil hin» with lunie 
 parnt-i' Icati.ers, ami various kinds of plants. Tiipii, 
 v,ho llood by Mr. l!.nk<;, ailttd as his miller ot tl'c 
 ceremonies, and recei.ingtae hra;<.':iies, uhiehueie 
 hroii^'jlit at lix ditVerent times Lutl them down in the 
 boat. After this foiiie large bundles of cioih \\ere 
 bioiigiu, confilling ot nine pieces, wliieli, being di- 
 vided into three parcels, one of the \w/nien, called 
 C).)ratto()a, who appearetl to be the piincipal, lieppin>^ 
 upon one of them, to;)k up her garments, an^i then, 
 wiih an air of imallLcleii innocence and iimpliciiy 
 mined round tiiree times. This tercmimy Ihe rcpe.it- 
 cil, with riiiiil.iriircuiiilKinccs, on ih-j odur two parcels 
 of cloth; and the whole being then prefeiued lo Mr. 
 lianks, ibi- v\omfn went and iakitcd hini ; in reura for 
 wiv.ch cxtraorihnary lavouis he made ihe.n fucii pre- 
 fents as he th.mglu would be moH acceptable. In the 
 evening the geiiilcnien of tlie fort were vifued by Obe- 
 rca, and D.hcorea, h:r '.■.voiirite tcmale attendant, who 
 was a ver\' agieable v.iil, and whom tb.ey were the 
 nu)ic ple;\led lo lee, berai:!e it had been leportcd that 
 liie was either fick or dead. 
 
 This teieinon-. at lirii may have the a;pr.iraiv.e of 
 ii'deccn v, but wlicn it is ubiiivid th.at il is .i luite cn("- 
 fom, it mull tend, m fome d.'L:ree, to ob(,iaLe .dl ctn- 
 
 ll.IV. 
 
 I'lic rommo.lorc havinL); dir. led that divine iervi.c 
 iluicld be peilonr.cd en burdays, the I'.ngliih olTicers 
 Wire delirous that ionic ot the principal iii . s ilioiild 
 beprefent; but lKt>ie the time iixcvl on loi- bi;; nii :n.; 
 llie ft rv.ce arrived, r,.o!l of ihim were ;,; >!ie ii: inc 1 ii- 
 boiir.i Tanuii'.'e and his v\ile were pi'.fe.it, b.it ;h>n.'.;!i 
 tl.c, be'c.ase.l v, itli much ileccn.;, , liicy nadj no e.i- 
 oiiirie-. V. uiirelpc-t to the ccrcmo iie-, aiv'i iluir l)ie- 
 t.ir n ue'casl ttle inquilitivc uponti eir r. tuin. 
 
 'i iu day linis beg;m l)\ the I'.ng'irn v.as . oikI iled in 
 a vei \ ii.ii..n.iit n.anncr by the natives, u ho, m every 
 inii.'.nce, ii.dui;;eil tiiat l.centious d'fjioiit.o.i lor whi h 
 ihev aie fo rdiKii kable. 
 
 ^.aptain C< ok, Mr. lianks, and ))r. Solandcr, had 
 lieteiPiined on a vif.t lo lo.tahah, bur as he I'.a.l re- 
 mold U) a p.'ace almoll lix milis Irom his li.rmer rcli- 
 ikiue, it was alniolt evening before they arrived. They 
 huird the cliief, as ulual, titling under a tree witli a 
 
 I riat ciov.il about h:m. 1 laving m.ide t'leir prefeiiis 
 111 due form, conlilling of a \illo\v IhilV peiticoar, ami 
 (I'd cr trilling articles, tliey \v ere invited to fupper, and 
 to pifs tlic night there. I he party conlillul ol lix 
 only i but the place was cro'.iiied v itii a gre.iter num- 
 
 II er th;in tiie houfts and canoes could coi.t.ii'i. Among 
 oiherguells wercOberca with her train >l attenvl.ints. 
 Mr. Hanks li.iving a.i.epteil a place in Oiicrea's canoe, 
 1 tt his companions i,\ order to retire to rell. Oberea 
 liad the cluii/e of his cloths; but not.viihllanding her 
 care they were lloleii, as v.erc alio his pillois, Irs pow- 
 (icr-!t)rii, and feveral oil er tilings out vi' his [xw.ke;s. 
 /\ii alarm .las liven to lootahah, in the next caniK-, 
 vlio \\a\i with Obeica in fearch of the thief, Iciving 
 Mr. lianks wiih only his breeches and waifUoat >i >. 
 'I luy f'on returned, bait widiout fucccl's. Mr. Hanks 
 ilioui;ht |)i()j'er to put U}> with the lobs at prefent, aiui re- 
 tired a fecond lime to rcll ; but jnll as he had coni- 
 jofetl himfelfto lleep, he was roiifed by liime niiiti ■, 
 nnd obfcr-.fil lights at a Imill didancefiom the Ihoie. 
 I le then arofe to go and find hin companions. As 
 10.. 11 as lica|iproaclud the li:;,h!s he found the hiir where 
 '"(•■rail Co jk n'ld thueotlier ot tie gciulemeii l.iv, 
 wl.eii he began to lebite his iiiisfoitune to l!,eni: llicy 
 lold liiiii in retuiii, that thcv li;id loll thiii llorkin -s 
 andjiickcts. In (lioii. Dr. S.bind.i, u ho 'oiiieil ilv ni 
 du* next morning, was ilu only one ihu d. aped lieitig 
 jobbed. 
 
 No. () 
 
 O T A II E I T E. 
 
 6r 
 
 Their clot'is, and thr other things which had been 
 llo'en, were never heard of after ; but .Mr. Bai.ks gnc 
 fome clothes of Oberea, in winch he made a whimlical 
 appearance. 
 
 The iicccfTary preparations being made, the parties 
 that were fent out to make their obfervations on the 
 I'ranli: of Venus, for which the- '.oyairc was under- 
 taken, had good fuccefs, tho!i';h they dilleivd a little 
 in their accoiiiiis of tlie contia.'t. 
 
 Dn the celebration of his miijelly's birth-dav feveral 
 of the Indi.ni chiefs parti. ok ol tlie entertairnier.t, and 
 in turn drank his n aielly s lienlth by the name of Ki- 
 ll argo,the neareli inutation thiy could produie oFKing 
 (jcorge. 
 
 A ti ort time before the departure of the }%ndeavo\ir, 
 two young marines one night w.thdrew themfeb es Irom 
 the tort, and in the morning weie not to be met with. 
 Notice having '.leen given the next day tiiat the lliip 
 woirhi fail that or the erfuiiig day, as they diii not ve- 
 tiirti, Ciip-ain Cook liegan to ima /iiie tnat tr.ei' dciiLn- 
 cd to remain on llioic ; but as lie kneiv, in i'"uch a cafe, 
 no eli'eeiurd means cnuld be tiken to recover tiivin 
 without running a rifquc of dellroiicig the harmony 
 fublilliig between the bin'^ihili and the natives, he re- 
 lo! 
 
 VI d to w :.:i a lia 
 
 hopes of their returninu ol 
 
 t'nirown accord. Hut -as falter the evpiration of that 
 time) tl ey weie fiiil nulling, inquiry was made after 
 thim, w! en t'.ie indimis dc' laied, that tluy did not 
 |Hirpole ID le'iirn, hiving tiken reiuge an oni; the 
 mountains, vliere it ■.wis inipol!ii-ie lor them lo t e ihf- 
 ciAereii ; ard added ,l-„itia. h of them had taken a 
 w le. In confequ.ncr of ills it w.i-i iiuimatcd lo fe- 
 ver;il ol the chiels tliat were in tliC fort with the wo- 
 men, among whom were 1 ubouiai I'air.aide, I'cmio, 
 a, d Obeiea, ihi^t iliey would not be fulleied to quit it 
 t:!l the dcferteis were produced. Tbey did no: liiew 
 any figiis ot I'e.ir or dilcor.tent, bnt allured tb.e caj)rain 
 that ti.e m nines ttiould be feiit back. In the mean 
 time an otiicer was diloatciied in the ]iiiinacc to oring 
 'lo tiii.aii en b.iard t' Ihip, and he e^.ecuied hiscoin- 
 n.illion without giving an\ idinr. Ni';ht coming on, 
 CMptain Conk thouj-l.t it not pnuient to let tlie pe.:plc, 
 will m he had detained as b.ottagcs retrain at the fort ; 
 lie tl en fore gave orders to remove them on heard, 
 which greitly nlarincl tl'cni all, efpeciailv the funnies, 
 wliotetlilied the molt gloomy ap]ireiienfions by Iko.is 
 of tears. Captiin Ci ok tfcorte^i l)iicrca and others lo 
 the tilip ; but Mr. Hanks remained on llioic with fome 
 In i.ans, wiiom iie t"oiu:;lit it of lefs inipor.an e to de- 
 tain. 
 
 In il c eveiiirg one of the miriiies was brought back 
 by iiiivie oi tlie n uives, w ho reported, that tlie other, 
 and two of our nun who wei.t to recover them, would 
 be det.-.incd while Too ahah was confined. Upon tcis 
 tlie oliicer was immediately lent olf in tiic long boat, 
 witii a ilroiig holy of men, to relcuc the piifoiieis : at 
 tlicfanc time the cajvain told lootahah, that :t was 
 incumbent on him to allili them w ith fom.' ol his peo- 
 [ile, and to give ordirs, in liisir.me, tint the men tiirnild 
 Oc lit ,it iib-'rty 1 lor that lie would becxjiccud to an- 
 fwer fi.r the event- Tooiahah immediately conplied, 
 and this treaty releafed the men without the Lvilf op- 
 pofuion. 
 
 At lengtli they returned, but without the arms that 
 had bien t iken from them wlii n they were iiiaile pri(<)n- 
 crs ; ihefe, however, being relloied foi.i alter, theehicls 
 on board Were allowed to return, and thole who had 
 luen detained on tliorc were alio let at libeity. On ex- 
 amining the ileieiters it appeared, that the Indians had 
 lold the trutli, they having c'lolVn two girls, with 
 whom tluy vvould have lema i cd in the illand, 
 
 Among the natives who weie inolliy with the !•". i- 
 ropi.m vitiiors was lupia, w hole name as Iven olrjii 
 meiuioiU'd. lie hid b;'en minitler of Dbeiei whn in 
 the height of her power, which was now ciiilideral'ly 
 on tlie decline. He was alio the cliief I'ahowa, or 
 priell of the illind, and coiifequently well acijUaiiueJ 
 with ib.c religion ot hit country, as well as ol iticeremo- 
 Q_ iiics 
 
 1 I ! 
 
 i, I 
 
 t \0^: 
 
 m.:Ai 
 
f,, A NF.VV. ROYAL, and AUTMIiNTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 lelfj' 
 
 iJ 
 
 monies as principles ; to wiiich lie hiul aikied a know- 
 lalgc of n:iv;!j;.ition, anti an arquaintancc of the num- 
 ber ami lituaiion of the neii.^-.lioiiring illands. 
 
 As the ihip was about to I'epart, Tiipia cxpreflal a 
 ilcfirc to go «ith his European friends, who, thinking 
 hcuotild'bcuf(ful to tlieni, in many particulars, Irom 
 his intelli^-em e ami aei oniplilhnitnts, his requell: uas 
 readily I ompliid with. Tujiia then went on liiore tor 
 thelall time to liid a farc'.iell to his friends, to «hom 
 he gave leveral prefent;, as partini^ toker.s of remem- 
 brance. 
 
 Mr. Banks being willing to obtain a diauuig of the 
 Moral, which Tootahahhad :n his poli'eliioiiat Kparre 
 his chief lefulencc, Captain Cook accoii pan.ed him 
 thither, together with Dr. Solander. "i'hey imme- 
 diately, rpoii landing, rep.iircd to lootahah's lioule, 
 vheiethev were n;et bv Oberea and feveral others. 
 A general good iinderlhnding prevailed. '1 upia came 
 back with'them, and they proinifed to viiit their Eu- 
 ropean friends early tl-.e iie.xr liay, as they were told 
 the lhi}i •.\oiild then la, I. 
 
 '1 hefe friendly people accordingly came very early on 
 board, and the Uiip v.as furrdun-.led with a vail num- 
 ber ot canoes, filled with Indians of the lower fort. 
 i)et\>een eleven and tuehe they weighed anchor; not- 
 withitanding all the little iLifimdcrllandirgs between 
 the l-nglilh and the n.uivcs, the latter, who pulieired 
 agreatVund of good nauin-, and much fcnlibility, took 
 their leave, weeping, in an alfeetionate manner. .\s to 
 I'upia, hefiippcrtea himkli tlircugh this lluie with a 
 becoming loititude. 'ic:'is Howul Irom his cvls, it is 
 true, lii.t ti.e elicrt that he m.ule to conceal tlieiu did 
 hinv.;iddilional l.(>(j[)iir. lie vent wiih Mr. Banks 
 to the mall-head, and u.uing his hand to the canoes, as 
 K^ng as they continued in light, took a lall fa''ewell ot 
 his country. 'Ihiij our \ov.ig i^ left Ot.iheite, having 
 continued there exaiK three ii.oiul\5. 
 
 S E C T I O N 
 
 S E C O N 1) \ () ') 
 
 Tbr I\<fjhtlion iiihi /l,i:-n:i:i' inri:, 
 i! crilicai /il:utlioi:. 'J :::•:. ■ii ■'. 
 tipiha Bay, it!fo,ll .'\ /,;/,;;■;.; luiv. 
 ill I he iO!iii/r\, (.'iiwiiis iiuiJiih' 
 ())nr.i fill /lOiiiii ibr .'IJzr >:iiiii\ 
 
 iOthil ■\.:'r. 
 
 whtii 
 
 II. 
 
 A c, i:. 
 
 ill VUihi-ilc ; mr in 
 hilc :b,-\ Itiy ill Oj. 
 Siiili-'.i .Ip-iiiillurc 
 1. i.hil\:i-ktili'jii of 
 ('.,:f:.:;n liniudiis. 
 
 •^lli'l. Iijl .7 bU 11 /(•- 
 
 CAPTAIN COOK failed on his fecond voyage in 
 the Reloliition, having under his lommand the 
 Adventure, I'aptain b'lirneaux. The former, 'as foon 
 as he was in light of Otaheite, came to and waited lor 
 the y\d venture to come iij) with him, in order that the 
 two tliip'' might (Hit into Oaitipiha bay to procure rc- 
 fielhnKius before they ihould am hor in Matavia 
 bay. 
 
 W'he. .he Adventure came v.p, they n^ade fail ; the 
 breeze foon began tof.ul ihem, wliii h, being fuci ceded 
 by a dead calm, they hoilUd ihcir IkxUs out to tov 
 the liiip ot! from a tuni'iuloiis rock whi'h they were 
 a[)pn;a>lHng. But the impeiuolity of I'-.eiiuc rendered 
 their iitiiiolt (IK rts inMfecti..il. If Ihip llruck at 
 every fall of the tea, and luch a dnadtul liirl broke 
 under her Hern as threatened momemary li, liiiicticn, 
 wiik' all tl.e horrors ot Ihipw reck thiied tin lu in the 
 face. I he Adventure, however, v;-iv lortunately, 
 broug!;t ii|) I loi'e upon tl'c bow iil the Ki loliitioii w ith- 
 ruit ilr.l.n'. 
 
 At leii'/h a (light brreze rnmc oli from the laml, 
 and tl-.e tid,; ce.iled to a^H to poweitullv as before; I'o 
 (hatCtipMin Look, a'- length, with the gn itelV |uins, 
 as well a- e crtion ol iineiiiialleti tkill, got her oil', to 
 thegreauil joy of the (rcw, alter narrowly efeaping 
 being w ictked on the very itland, they h;ul but a tew 
 liayi before loaidenily wiihed to beat. Thccommodorc 
 
 had given orders to .ill the boats to alUll the Adven- 
 ture : but before they reached her the was under 
 fail. 
 
 During the time they were in this perilous tituation, 
 , a number ot the n.itives were on board, and about the 
 ! lliips. They teemed infenlible of danger, tiifcovering 
 ' not thcle.'ll furprife, joy or fear, even while the vetlll 
 ,1 was flriking, and ii;iitted it a little before fun-fct with- 
 ' out concern. 
 
 I The next morning the (hip anchorai in Oatipiha 
 
 Bay. It was evening betore any inquiry was made by 
 
 the natives of Tupia ; and when tliey I, end of his ileath, 
 
 I and the caute of it, they did not t'lemto regret his 
 
 j lots. Several people alked tor Mr. Banks, aiul oiher 
 
 j people w ho w ere at Otahei:e w ith Captain Conk before. 
 
 I Our otlkers were int()rmed by thefe people, that there 
 
 I had been a battle fought between the two kingdoms ; 
 
 I that Toutaha, the regent of the greater peninfula, was 
 
 i (lain, and that Ottxi reigned in his Head. 
 
 ; In this battle fell Tubourai Tamaidc. .\ peace was 
 
 i now ellablilhed between the tv.o kingdoms. Thecom- 
 
 ' modorereceiving intelligence that Waheatow was come 
 
 into the neighbourhixid and w iihej to fee him ; he ac- 
 
 coniingly went, in com]iany w ith captain Purneanx. 
 
 About a mile from the landing place they met the 
 
 chid', ;idvancing to meet them with a numerous tniiii. 
 
 When the prince perceived the comp.my he halted. 
 
 lie knew Captain Cook very well, as they had fee.'i 
 
 each other feveral times in i~69. He went at that 
 
 time by tlic name of Terace, and took his father's name 
 
 at his deatn. They toui-id him titting on u Hool ; 
 
 and as foon as the ul'iial falu'.ation was over, he leated 
 
 Captain Cook on tr.e lame llool with hlmillf; the relV 
 
 (at on the grt)und. He enquired after teveral who 
 
 had been on the former voyage, and feemed Icny 
 
 when toKi they mull tail the next day; orteiing the 
 
 captain, if he would Il.ay, hogs in plenty. Captain 
 
 Cook made him many [irefenis, and I'aid with him 
 
 till morning. 
 
 The tick people on board the Ailvcntiirc got much 
 relief frt)m tlie truirs they jirocurcvi here. M.iiiy of 
 them had been to ill as not lo be able to move w ith- 
 out alliltince. 
 
 Early in the morning iliey put to fea, and were 
 accompanied by feveral canoes, who brouglu cargoes 
 of fruit for ("ale, which theydifpoled of. 
 
 W'hen they arrived at Mat.uia Bay, the decks were 
 crowded with natives betore they coeld get to anchor ; 
 almotl ull oftlum were acquainted with (.'aptain Cook. 
 (")too, their king, and a great crowd were got together 
 on the lliore. Captain Cook was ;';i)ing on thoic to 
 j)ay him a vilit,but was told he wa; gone to Oparee in 
 a fright ; which feemed vei)- e.xtiaoriiinary to the cap- 
 tain, as all others were much pleafed to fee him. Ma- 
 ntata, a chief, was on boani, and adviled the capt.iin ti> 
 defer his vitit till next morning. The capiain then (Ir 
 out for Oparee, after having given ilirecLions to tetclj 
 tents for the reception of ihe lick, »\;c. atteiuled bv 
 Capiain I'urncaux, Mariiata and li:s wiie, and tome 
 others. They were conduetei.1 to t);oo a- toon as they 
 landed, who fat on the ground, under a lliady tree, 
 with a great numbei of people round him. Captain 
 Cook made him feveral pre(ents. Alter the ufiial com- 
 plimentshad palled, hisOtaheitan iv.ajelly thot;,^ht pro- 
 per to depart, and v»as entertained as he went w uh bag- 
 pipes and the feamen dancing. St)me ot' his people 
 danced alfo, in imitation ot'the feamen, and perionned 
 their parts tolerably well. 
 
 Next day the kir.g, (Jtoo, ( amc to pay his luiropcan 
 friends a vitit, attended by a nimierou> train; he tent 
 bttore him two large lilli, I'ome hogs, liuit, and a large 
 quantity of 1 loth. After much perfualiirn be came on 
 bond liinifelt', accomp;inied bv his tiller;, a vounger 
 brotl'.er, ivc. with many allendants, who all received 
 prefents ; and when they had breakl'alied, carried them 
 home lo Oparee Upon landing, an old lady, the mo- 
 ther of Toutaha, met Capt-ain Cook, fei/.ed him by 
 both hands, and, weeping bitterly, tcld bun th.ii her 
 
 for\ 
 
 New Di!covr;\irs.] 
 
 fon and his friend T( 
 king taken her Irom C 
 cd lier lanx-ntations. 
 
 The conurander t( 
 the morning, attended 
 men, and made the ki 
 before teen ; one ot tl 
 light of which I'.e w; 
 detited it migiit be takt 
 perfa.'.tion, he was prev 
 on his tide, where it 
 They rcccivcil an invi 
 were entertained wiili 
 comedy and I'.m. c. 1 
 find out ; though tht 
 Ca()tain Cook's name d 
 
 \\ hen this diverlion 
 gu((ls to ilep ;rt, and i 
 1 li' lent more truii and 
 luriKUX gave the kii 
 Captain Cook prc'entc 
 a.; It was hi> 1 ill viCit. 
 ple.ifcd, though he hai 
 they were a'l wetiiers ; 
 with. Toiitaha's mo 
 Captain Cook ; but ciii 
 thcddintr man\ tens. 
 
 Tliey ileiern.ined to 
 fecn:ed much ail'ceied ' 
 h\i refolution. 1 hev ei 
 M\d departed. 
 
 U hen the lieuten.un 
 the hogs promil'ed, il 
 (the chief of the ihltriCl 
 to pay Captain Cook a 
 of two luigj aiid foiiie 
 \iife two more hogs. 
 were obliged U) dilmil's 
 ivilhed ; but i!-.ey weic 
 reception. 
 
 Captain Wallis had 
 feed, and divers kinds ( 
 remains v, htn Captain 
 nicr voyage. C^ii his 
 of the various feed.; 
 ]'eans h.td fui cecdcd' 
 liie native, had not, ai 
 cilecm. 
 
 During tl;e Hiip's (la 
 \ah, a fenlible old i hi 
 into his canoe, in whici 
 Mife to the pi. He of ll 
 the old man alkrd a \a 
 nature and Conthtuti » 
 tlefe wondeiful lli.ing 
 Mr. Banks, whom be 
 could be no lef^ than tl 
 tain Cook was h!,:h a 
 vas given hiiii was rece 
 furprife and attention 
 I'.iigland there were ne 
 trees, he feemed to thin 
 other advantages were c 
 
 A lliort time befuu t 
 man, whole name wis 
 fohition, and requc "d 
 witli h.m, which, a.s it 
 oJ oeealionnl fervice, w 
 oll'ered themf.hes but 
 propofed liy tins \oJtl 
 forhiii father, wl.o'was 
 a .( oidingly, and they [ 
 ting under fail, withoi 
 le.:ion. Thisiaifedae 
 whii h w.ajconliriocd J 
 ciaiiing along l;de, a 
 l-'iv, and deiiiandiiii; il 
 Oioo. 
 
luiid witli iiiiii 
 
 New DiscovTi^irs.] O T A I 
 
 foil and his fiiciicl lout ilia wcic ilinii. Had not the 
 kiiif; taken licr troin Cniitain Cook he iniirt havcjoin- 
 td \xt laii'cntatiDii^. 
 
 '1 lie lonmamlcr took a trip to Opircc, early in 
 the nioniif.;^, aneinled hy (nine otVueis and gentle- 
 men, and made the king ("iic h prifents :i,s he had not 
 before fecn ; one of them was a hioad fv.ord ; at the 
 li<'ht of \vhi( h he was very tiuRh intimidated, and 
 delircd it might betaken out of his fight. With much 
 pcrfu-dion, he v^as prevailed upon to llilfer it to he put 
 on his lide, where it reni.ii.ied a very ihort tinie. 
 'I'hev received an inviuuion to the theatre, where they 
 were entertainid w iih a iliaii; iiic piece, coiililling of 
 ciiin.dy and I'.ui, c. The l'uh|e.:t they could not well 
 iiiid out ; though the\ l.e.iid frequent mention of 
 Captain Cook's name during the (lerformante. 
 
 When this divcrlion was over, the king defntd his 
 giiclls to de(i;rt, and loaded them with fruit ami fdli. 
 He lent more fruit and iilh the next morning. Captain 
 luriuux gave the kuig a male and female goat. 
 Cantain Cook preTntei,! him with three Cape fliee]i, 
 a It was his lid vdlt. With this prefent he was well 
 ple.ded, though he had not nuicji reafon to he fo, as 
 [hey V, erea'l wethers; this he was made acquainted 
 widi. Toiitalia's iiiothi r ugain prelented hrrlelf to 
 Captain C'oiik ; hu: . ould not look upon him without 
 iheddingmaii) tens. 
 
 They de:eriv,ined to li ivc the ifl.md, and the king 
 fecived much ailivted when ( aptain Cook told him of 
 his refohition. '1 hey endiractd each odier leveral times 
 ami departeJ. 
 
 When the lieutcii.mt returned, who, had been lent for 
 the hogs pronuled, iheie c>imc w'th liim I'ottatou 
 (tiie thief <;f the dill riOt of Att.ihoiinou), with his wife, 
 to pay Captain Cook a vdit, and maile him a preknt 
 of two hogs and fiime lilli. I'hc lieutenant got likc- 
 wi.'c two more hogs. As the wind was wellerly, they 
 were obliged lO difmifs their friends looner than they 
 ivilhed ; but tl.cy weic \er) well fatislied with their 
 reccpLioii. 
 
 Capt:ii:i W'allis had ; hinted fevcral forts of garden 
 feed, and divers kinds of Iruits, ot wli.ch there weieno 
 reniains vduii Captain Cook left the illand on the !or- 
 incr voyage. On his arrival in I7',.i, l.e found none 
 ef the various feed.s that had bcm fown by Kuro- 
 ]ieaiis h.td fwi cecdcd' except pumpkins, and for thet'e 
 the natives had not, as iiiay be will llipijofed, the kail 
 clU'cnr. 
 
 During th.e IhifVs (las at the ifland of Otaheitc, Ter- 
 \,ih, a fenfible ohi chief, invited twool ihe gentlenien 
 into his canoe, in wliicli they accompanied him and his 
 wife to the pl.ii e of their relidence. In tiu ir pallage 
 the old man alkrd a \ariet\ of qiielhons relative to tlie 
 naiiirc and ConlUt.iti )n ot the toiiiury, fioni whci'.ce 
 tliofe Mondeilul lliangers came. He concluded that 
 Mr. Hanks, whom he had feen a few years before, 
 could be no lefs tb.an thekin>is brother, and that Cap- 
 tain Cook was hi^h admiral. The intormaiion that 
 va.i given hiiii was received with the greatell marks of 
 lurprife and atreiitiou ; hut when he was told, that in 
 I'.ngland there were neither bread-fruit nor eocoa-niit 
 trees, he feemed to think l)ut meanly of it alter all its 
 other advantages were ciri unillant.ally enumerated. 
 
 A fhort time before ti.c Ihip gt)t under fad, a young 
 man, whole name wis Fores, came on board the Ke- 
 lolution, and reque "li the commander to take liim 
 witli him, which, as it was ajiprehentled he might be 
 oJ occalionnl fervice, was com[died wiih. Many others 
 ollered theiiiLKes but weie telufed. 'I he only terms 
 propofed l>y this \outli were an axe and a fpike nail 
 torhii! lather, who was then on board. He had them 
 a.iordingly, and they paited jull a.^lhevel^el was get- 
 tiiij; under fail, without the "leall apjiarent natural af- 
 livdon. This laifeii a doubt as to their conlanguinity ; 
 wliii h wajjconlirmed by a canoe conducted by two more 
 eiiining along tide, as thry were llaiudng out of the 
 L'lv, and deiimnding the young man in the name of 
 Otoo. 
 
 I E I T i:. 
 
 6j 
 
 It now appeared that the whole was a trick, defigncd 
 to anfwir mercenary purpofes ; as the king was not in 
 the neigldiourhood, and mult be i'.'corart of the mat- 
 ter. I'oies, however, feemed at full undeterniined 
 whether he Ihould go or day, but loon inclined to the 
 forii.er. The conimo.lore then declared, if they would 
 return the a\e ami fpike nail, he Ihould go; but they 
 affured him they were on Ihore, and tlun departed. 
 'I'he youth, at lall, feemeil pretty well fitislicd, but could 
 not refrain from tears, when he turiiiii his back on his 
 native country. 
 
 An Irilli liiilor, wh.o had fettled a ;)!an of efcapc widi 
 fome of the natives, dipt overboard with great fecrccy, 
 jull as the I^efolurioii was getting under way, and 
 being a good fwimmer, made towards the iliore ; but 
 he was difcovercd, purlucd, and brought back. This 
 man had been a failor in the Duci fervice, and Cap- 
 tain Cook had',taken him onboard the Endeavour, at 
 liatavia, in his former vovage in 1774- It fecms he 
 had neitl-.er Inends nor relations to attach him to any- 
 particular pirt of the world ; therefore his with to 
 make this fpot his ulidcnce v.as not very fiirpriling; 
 though it is highly prob.iblc, that, if he had fuccecded 
 in his attempt, having been long accullomcd to an 
 active hie; the inlipid uniformity of that for which he 
 bad changed it would have become intolerable. 
 
 In the year 1767 and 176S, the iiland of Otaheitc, 
 as it were, fuarmed with hogs and fowls; but at this 
 time it was fo ill lupplied w ith thefe animals, that hardly 
 any thing would tempttheowncrs to^jji-t withthtni; and 
 the little Hock they had feemed to be at the dilpofal of 
 their kings. When the vell'els l.;y» nt Oiitapiha Bav, 
 in the kingdom of Tiarrabou, or lelfer I'eiiinfula, our 
 people were given to underltand that evcrv hog and 
 towl belonged to Waheatoua ; and that all the king- 
 dom ot Opoureonu, or the greater Feninfuli, belonged 
 to Otoo. While at this ill'.Dd tlicv got only 24 hogs 
 in 17 days: halfof which came from the kings thcm- 
 felves, and the other half, they were inclined to think, 
 were fold by their pcrmillioii. 
 
 They attributed the fear'ity of hogs to two caufes; 
 liMl, to the great number of thefe animals which had 
 been confumed, and carried away for Itock, by the 
 ihi[)s that had touciied here of la,'- vcars; fecondly, to 
 the frequent wars between the two kingdoms. Iwo, 
 they knew, had coir.mcnccd lince the year i':f)7 ; but 
 now peace reigned among them, though they did not 
 fecni to enteitain a cordial friendlliip for each other. 
 Our people could^ not learn the (;ccalion of the late 
 war, nor who were viclorious in the conHict; but they 
 learnt, that in tiu lill battle which terminated the dif- 
 pute, numbers were killed on both lides. On the 
 part (;f Opoureoiui, Toutaha, tiieir very good friend, 
 was killed, and leveral other cldefs. 
 
 Such was the prefcnt Hate of Otaheitc, but the 
 other illands, that is, Huaheine, Ulietea, and Otaha, 
 which will be treatetl on in fuccellion, app:?ared in a 
 more Hourilhing condition than they were when firlV 
 vilited ; lince which, having enjoyed the hlellings of 
 peace, the people poli'efs not only the neceilarits, but 
 manyol'the luxuries of life in great protufion. 
 
 Captain I'Mrneaux, in September 177J, agrceil to re- 
 ceive on lioard his Ihip a young man, named Oinai, a 
 native of Ulietea or Kaietea, one of the >oeiety Kl.iiids, 
 where he had lome property of which he was tlifiHilfef- 
 fr by the people of Bolabola. The two Ihips feparating 
 in a Itorm, a lew months alterward>, the \oiage of the 
 Adventure was brought to a much earlier coiiclufion 
 than that of the Refolution ; for Ih.e arrived at .Spithead 
 in Jul} lolli)\\ing. 
 
 Captain Cook at (irll did not think Oniai a proper 
 |)erlon 10 bring' to hngland , but, upoii his arrival, was 
 tonviiie(.d of hrs eiror, and had the candor to acknow- 
 ledge, that he mueiidoubred whether any others of the 
 natives would have given mori general fatisfaction by 
 his behaviiuir amongll our people ; being ot opinion, 
 that the qualities ot his head and heart did honour to 
 human nauiie. He is dcf :ribed as poUetling a good 
 
 undcr- 
 
 ¥ 
 
 
 1 1 I 
 
 n 
 
 ■Mif 
 
 'ill 
 
 
 ,li 
 
 Hi! \'}M' 
 
A N!.V.', ROVAI- 
 
 Ijjfl!! 
 
 l"! ill 
 
 a 
 
 1.1 xd hi'ii to 
 
 iin lordamlinir, quick part 
 
 vhicli rcnJcri-J liim atccpcibic to tlu- 1 
 
 am) ;i proper tK'grcc of priJf, wliicli ir.i 
 
 avuui thi' lonip my olp-jrlo isot iiitlrior r;\nL; :i;ul that 
 
 th()iiu;li, doubtlcfs, he h iii p;ilIioiis, ii coniin <:i wi:h 
 
 others lit" the f.inie aj;e, as ha\ iiy judur.ient tiioii V' "ot 
 
 to liui'.ilge thcin to'an excels. Hi-; jinrii i, I pitrois 
 
 \\',\i[\[ in l''.n(';l.iii 1 were iheeui i>l SanJ Akii, Mr. '•■.< .ka 
 
 a.ii.1 Dr. ^nlamier. Hrs noAc patron, men i\r\\ i:r.i\ ot 
 
 t!ic admir.i!ty, introd i.'od him t) hi 
 
 ;in i ..lIl■;;^g'.;i^ (l.iv in hini;! in I he u.i. 
 
 ofthi' principle nobilitw lie n.iiu:.;llk- )in;t.itea tii.r. 
 
 c.ify anitelej.va.it puhtenefs, winch is iircvalent aiv.ong 
 
 tile ^rcat, and which is one ot' the dtnimenti "t 
 
 civili/.ed lociety. I.iileeil, lie adopted she inani'.er.s, the 
 
 oecupa'.ion> and an.u i.;i:en;s oi' hi.s comp.inions in 
 
 general, and ;i,.i\e n any prootV ol a quick percetition, 
 
 and a liwiv tani v. 
 
 It w.is reiiiarke.i, h.nvcvcr, ih.it liroogii Om li live; 
 in the inidli of amurciiients durim; Ins rcliJence in i''.ni; 
 l.ind, hU rer:irn to his n.r.i^-e i on ki , was aKva)'s ir. h:s 
 tliouj.; ;ts, and rh -iiiih he "as n.;t inipa;ie:it to "^'i, he 
 
 ANO AUTHENTIC SYS THM of UN'IVKRSM. d'OGRAPIIY. 
 
 and hoAc{\ principles, nicnt. By way of return, Ootcc fcnt athoro for a lio,;- 
 
 h v.a.s evident, hoaever, to .ill j-.iefent, that it v,a. ni,t 
 the man, but lli^ property, that they elleemed. i^Iad 
 he not difiija'.ed his ti\aliire(.f red fcalheis, a com- 
 iiiodiiy ol'^rcai eitmiation in the illiiui, it is a matter of 
 doubt whether they would have bellowt'd a !::-.j.;le i o- 
 r>'a nut upon him Such was Oniai'.s (i,(J reception 
 among h;.s couni;ymcn ; and though it was not ex- 
 •pccted it would b,- otherw ii'e, yet it was hoped, that 
 
 I! ajclly at kew, | tne valuable !tock of prcfents, vi'iih which !;c had 'been 
 .uetfed byminy ! |.olHlil\i by the libcrali.y of hi; fr:t:i.!s in Isnglind, 
 
 e\p:c 
 
 < return nji- 
 havinir been 
 
 lied a I'ti-iictian as t!ie time ot hi 
 proa -hed. .After a d c ot tuo vcars, md 
 inocuLited tcr the frnJi pox, h-.- eni.i.n k. d wico Ci-j- 
 nin Cook on : \;a;d thj Kel .'Im )ii, ulien liv.- v.- ;s liucd 
 our fir anor'v r vov,c.v , lo;de.i v'.it.i piei' m^ I 
 fev r i Ire I.1-, and lUiiv gr.iCiful fir the k n. 
 n.in .iii.i tie.'.rment he ■ ad e\;-ei ien: ed :n tii!^ > 
 
 Such is the verv cir^did 
 extra. irlinar} Iciuan, r 
 viour uhiitl in l-ai^l.in.l 
 
 c':piei - rep. ;tra o;i :i r.'. 
 return to ii,.-. n.ui'.e c.ic 
 neracy from thepiiiicip'.c 
 
 c ■'» . :::l' ir.!nla.;:'.>ni a; lus 
 , \\',i h iikhd'cd a degc- 
 i lie uai laid to pollefs. 
 
 SKCIION III. 
 n ! iM) V O Y 
 
 f, 
 
 ( m: 
 
 ■II (, 
 
 ..■/ 
 
 './,;'.■. r'/' ' ', 
 
 i. Du 
 
 A',' 
 
 •■rPli-n 
 
 vi c'llnlriiiiiir^ ■ i 
 
 /■^\PT.\1N' G«-.k fal.d rn his thiid atul lall \o - 
 ^ aj>' rV.im I'lyiui'th .S,).'nd in Jn'v 177^,, in t^.e 
 R.foli.tion, havnv u.dcr hi., coiiini 1 ;d tin- l!)ifco\c,-i . 
 Ca;-ta'n c.'iarkc, \\\\o had been his lu..ind l;..-ul.ivi i . n 
 bo.ci ;i.e lOinier lliip, m ins fecond vo.a-e roLi:id I'.c 
 wcild. 
 
 As cji.ni the f ';ni,';-, fi on the prcTenr occuion the 
 coinn-.o :,,re, o.< m iking liie illmd ot ():a!;eite, Iteeivd 
 for U.ctipihi li.iy, iite i.Tiu; to anchor there, in or.l. r 
 
 :^ .-.-r. ....... K'n ,.. . ■' - 1 '-.. (■. .1 • r- 
 
 puts 01 
 
 io r 
 
 lo 
 
 ul'i , liiiK-nt; Iror.i the .S. I-.. 
 
 tlie illa.'.d, b. (re t:,.y fi.lc.i to Matavii, v.I.ere th.v 
 expected th.iri'iincip.d fupulv. As th-v apptoa iicil 
 theill.in! ihev ^^ ;;•..■ r .n.'.d by IVveiil ' canoes, ei^ h 
 c.iin iiiin ; two or litre, ■ iii'.-n : biit Iteing of the lo'.wr 
 < I il . On ,1. t.i.ik no pirri.-tilir notir- ot 'them, nor thev 
 (it hii.i. 'I h.\ (!: i ]•( 
 Ci);i.itr\'i;,e!), i' 011 li i 
 
 h;;!:.- t.me. ,\r :. . 
 
 '■..;■,', ;.nm\ n b; foii.-, 1 
 ■.>ho ll.lli.!. ;■ 
 i:ul t^iret o 
 
 isi 
 nil 
 
 o 1 
 
 kno\', that he w.i.s oneoftii.ir 
 V h.i ! convcrfcd \Mth him /or 
 :'i a chief, whom Captain Cooi, 
 •r J OotLC, a:\l ()in:ii\s brorhc)-- 
 t tube now ai t .i> corner of the 
 four o'hers, ail cf whom kt'cw 
 
 an,e 
 r or 
 
 :er- 
 
 f;i, brn ; 
 hi Ml 1 U: 
 cornnu!' 
 CXnee, \ 
 
 l.C!T< .:rd. 
 
 rhaiv 
 
 ore hecnbatkid uithcapi.im 1 ii:-n:'ai!,- , ■ 
 : \ 1 ihcr.' M.is ]-.-.thin;_;iii ilu- hi 1 irnd. 
 it; i'.ii'.r ife-.t:;-;;', I ut.on ill.- c .nr:ai\-, a 
 IVv t eon lioth li ie.-, t!:i Omn, ,(,i |.. 'i.,,.. 
 ei .1-, (I i|,c cabin, o,'i.n'.d a d au..;-, a ,1 .^ivc 
 y '"' I'l'n'. r-. 'I'h:.s cin umli'mce beiiv; loon 
 ' "■'■ 1 t/ tlie rcit of the na!i\e,: o;i'"d,-.j; 
 iy i"-:niv woiiiJ hardlv fpcak 10 hun, i.ou' 
 "'■•■ iIk\ im i.ht be'I'avos ffricnl.j a:.d e':- 
 
 '10- 
 •is r.itifiul t!ic a.'itc- 
 
 Chaiv;e iintuc;. 0,i;ai ,v,,diiv accepted „t tiic 
 n...,ir. and a pr,!ent of r.d iLMtheis r.itifiul t!ic - 
 
 ..miui be tie certain nKans of rai 
 qiicnce, among tite tirll pcrlbn.s 
 
 iii.g him in'o conC - 
 ' rank thronj^hoiit 
 the S.iciet. llhuvis. Thi,-, nidcul, mull have b;rn 
 tiiecafe, had he coiuki^tcd liimfclf witli anv decrcj of 
 |.';i.lcr.. J ; but he paid little att ntion to the repeated 
 ad\ ice c,t lus bell Inend,, and laid hinifcif op,.n to tvtry 
 iittpniition. 
 :i l'lirou.;h liis nu-.ns our peopl.- were informed !>y t'^e 
 
 1 11 his 
 
 ic.ce.)- 
 
 il.ltn . 
 
 imd liberai .I'Counr o. t ;s 
 
 eating h;.'. CO idti.t .en 1 bu .a- 
 
 \\ e . i;no,, titur I.ht, .■t 
 
 ivei V. h.) c am 
 
 'o' 
 
 viiited this 1:; 
 ■'•.:s bay, an I 
 ■hey hid on b 
 lietdar.s \[:i-\ 
 .■oat. a lui:!, 
 t''e n ;t;M's 
 
 .n.l 
 
 oil 
 
 in I 
 
 left 
 
 . tic.r. i.tice Capt.ii.'i Co )k . 
 --4, two (hips h.id been tw :c, 
 
 .t.i.ii .ii . ii;er«- rcir; 
 
 ad 
 
 I ' : thofc- 
 •rJ ; but (11 a o'iniHe enquiry mt > par- 
 
 . er.' foun i to co Ihl only ol' hogs, dot";, 
 an.i thetiiilc o a.io: .cr aii'^. i, wiiic'n 
 
 o iiit;)er;-..tly dc Icr'i).d, r -.it tiie.Totill 
 
 s. I'helclbip ,t :.eyf id, ha I 
 
 i'eeim, wliich u;;s liiprofci 
 
 not coiiji cii.ie w li.i: it 
 • liiu,- iioni a 1 l:i •' ' allc 
 
 to be lima, tiie c.iir.il of I'crii, aiui that thele lat.t 
 
 Mtitor.s 'i-erc cinf.cp.iently .Spinuirds. The; ac'deJ, 
 
 i::ir thelini :i.:e i.ey arri\ed ti'cy buil' a li'i'd'e, and' 
 
 ! lelc behind tiiem tAo prielis, a fov (.-r leiva^.t, an i a 
 
 j fouithptrion whom they ealled .\iatcem.i, much fpo- 
 
 !l ken ol at tlii> time : taking away with them, when thev 
 
 filled, toircM dte native-, ; that about ten mintli.s nffe'r 
 
 o the fame Ihijis returned, bringing back onlrtAOof 
 
 the na'iu.s, the other two having d'ed at Lima; and 
 
 . ti-.at, after a fliort (lay, they took a-.'.av the peoole thev 
 
 fad left, but ih.it the houie tiiey had'crected ■.■!as then 
 
 llanilic.g. 
 
 -So }>ie,aiioi!.s and Huehiatin.t was the fl.tte of trafiic 
 and liarter, t'-.ir a qu.intity of feathers, which might ! e 
 t.ikcn liom tiic bidyof a torn-tit, would, early Tn the 
 morning, ha.e purchafed a hog of Tort, or fifty poun.'s 
 weight ; but w lun the whole ihip'.': crj.v were | olilllcd 
 oi i 111c ot th;s precious article, it de- riafcd about li\e 
 hiindrid per cent, in its value in a few hou-s ; however, 
 the balance, eveti then, was coniider.ib'y in f.ivour if 
 our i).,)p:i-; and red featheis llill preftrved a fuperio- 
 r.ty over i.\. ry other coiim.odity. 
 
 The Ihips had not long anchored kfore Omai's fiH r 
 c.tn.e on ho nd, to congratulate him on his arrival Ir 
 was p'e.iling to obferve, that, to the honour of both 
 tin I. clarions, ilicir meeting was marked with expref 
 1.0ns I tite tnuleiell alRction, more calilv conceived 
 di.in 1 ell libtd. 
 j ^ <• iiain Cook having irceivnl a meflagc from \Va- 
 ! Veiadoia kin;; of Tiarraboo, noiifving Lis arrival, an 1 
 reo'ivding h.' would come all ore fo meet him,()m:ii 
 , and tie captain prepared to make him a \iiit in form. 
 j .Omai, on this o< cahon, tc.ok feme paiiv; to drcfs him 
 i felt, lilt aliir the manner of th.e I'aii.dilli, nor that oi 
 i Otaheite, or Tongitaboo, or in thedr.fs of any other 
 coimtry ; but in a llrangc ine.llev of all tlv h ibiliincrit, 
 an. I ornaments of which he was p, IFelied. 'I'hu. 
 • equipped, on landing, they firll p.iid a vitit to Etar. , 
 ! an old chief, who, be ing carr.ed on tin hnnd-barrow, 
 .nccompanie'l them to a large buJdin-r, v. here he w.i^ 
 letdin.n. Onai featcd lumfelf on one- fi ii-, and ih:- 
 . capiain (.'ii the other. They-mng chief foon aficr ar- 
 rived, attended by his mother ami f-veral prin ipil 
 mtn, wlioalllealcd ihemf Ives oppoliie to their vifittrs. 
 ( )n. who t':n iie.ir thecajit.iin made a lliort fpcc. h, con- 
 iiiiin;.; ol (ep.irate ."enteiices, pait of which was diOlated 
 by thofe about hiin. Another, on the oppolite (iilc, 
 mir the chief, fpo'<e next ; Etary after h'm.and then 
 Omai. Ihe lubjects of thefe orations were, Captain 
 Cook s arrival. I'he Kcfolution t.tok her old lla hn ^n 
 Matavialjay i j, 
 
 New DncovERtEs.J 
 
 It is inipolliblc to j 
 which the natives e\[ 
 ihores every where reh 
 not 1 child that could 
 gave to Captain CookJ 
 by thcfe people exprcfs 
 fenfations, thit were w 
 felves withlliark's teetl 
 cd with blood, we lb 
 vtith the moll t'rantii- c 
 mod impollible to ali'u 
 iiig their breall.s, tearing 
 heads and bodies, are th 
 gladnefs 10 fee their 1 
 thisapfiearancc of joy, ; 
 they loon difi overed a 
 centered in felf-interell 
 ."■^oon alter the arriv, 
 king of the whole ill inti 
 ber of the natives, in t 
 rce, his ])lace of reliden 
 tavia Point, lent a mel 
 tlelirc to fee Captain ( 
 cordingly went on Ihon 
 of the olHcers, They I 
 pic allcmbled on this 
 was the king, with his 
 three fillers. The capt 
 lowed by Omai, who k 
 'I'hmigli Omai had prei) 
 by dtvlling himfelf in I 
 with great refpect and 1 
 was taken of hmi. 1 1 
 two yards of gold clot 
 thcrs ; and the captain 
 (bit of fine linen, loine ti 
 and one of the bonnets w 
 This vifit being over 
 mily accompanied Cajit; 
 by fevcral canoes pleir 
 provilions. Each fami 
 captain b.id a prcfent I 
 each received from liii 
 Not long after the king' 
 ing with her fome pro\ 
 vidcd between the ca| 
 latter «as but little noi 
 they no fooner gained t 
 they began to court his 
 couraged this as far as I 
 of fixing him withOtoi 
 Intending to leave al 
 idaiid, he thought Om, 
 tives fome inltruetion 
 nimagenicnt. Hut ui 
 advice, and behaved ii 
 he foon loll the friend 1 
 conliderablc people at 
 thole of the low ell d 
 I'lundcr him : and if t 
 they would not have k 
 value. This conduct I 
 principal chiefs, who 
 tain, from any one in 
 fcnts as were bellowci 
 natives. 
 
 Soon after thclliips 
 Omai look an airing ( 
 iiilliment of the inhab 
 followed him withlouc 
 their admiration the ti, 
 luit of armour, ami wa 
 his Iword and pike, li 
 dragon, whom he verl 
 Omai had i)ilIols in hi.- 
 knew not the iife. ( 
 Ins arms; for when ih 
 troublcfome, he every 
 No. 6. 
 
c tor a IiOij. 
 
 t it V. ;». iict 
 
 im-.l. H.ul 
 
 II <, a cctn- 
 
 s a matter ot 
 
 i::;j.;ic co- 
 
 IV rcicptioii 
 
 as ivit t:\'- 
 
 liopexi, that 
 
 'c hail been 
 
 n I'.iigl'ind, 
 
 1 in'o coiiil- 
 
 thioii^hdiif 
 
 I Live li.ci' 
 
 ir. <ioi;nj.' of 
 
 tlic npca;cil 
 
 jj.^n to cvuy 
 
 irmoii !■>)■ t''c 
 
 n i« :CJ in 
 
 .1 V ihoU- 
 uiiy lilt ' pr- 
 
 . \i, wliic'ii 
 
 tiij.- foil! I 
 
 , I .cy I id, hnl 
 
 \v;-.s li;[!rof(;J 
 
 I -It tKcIc lat<; 
 
 •ri.c; a.'<k-J, 
 
 I a Ii I'ifc, anil 
 lc!va-.t, anl a 
 VI, imitli f po- 
 em, vhe:i th'.'v 
 
 II iiv)nt!i.s alter 
 k on!)' tAO of 
 at I. inn ; and 
 lie people tlicy 
 e^teil v. Hi tiitii 
 
 (l.'te of trafiu; 
 ivhich i'.ii';ht l c 
 ^U^, early in the 
 or lit'cy pnun.'s 
 ,v V. cro I olilircil 
 
 afcil about live 
 ou;;; however, 
 )'y in favour of 
 rve.l a Ibperio- 
 
 ore Oinai's dC'-r 
 liis arrival It 
 loiuiiir ot boih 
 el \v:t!i expa-f 
 ealily coiiceivc.l 
 
 •fl'igc from \Va- 
 ; Lis arrival, an 1 
 neci hini, Oniiii 
 I a V 'lit in fortii. 
 :i, to '.Irefs hini- 
 illi, nor that ot 
 ^-Is of any oth;'r 
 tlv h il)iiinicni-> 
 ifrelial. 'rhu. 
 I vili: to Et.ir. , 
 m hniul-harrou, 
 irr, uherf he w.t; 
 )iu' li !e, a!)il ih'.- 
 ef foi-n aficr ar- 
 ''•veral prin ii'il 
 : to their vilit( r;. 
 I ort fpee; h, ro'i- 
 iit.li uas cliClatiil 
 lie oppolitc title, 
 :r h'ni, antl then 
 lis were. Captain 
 heroUl lUi hn 'it 
 ir 
 
 New DrscovER!r.s.J 
 
 It is inipolltblc to give an adequate iilea of the joy, 
 whieh tile natives exprcUed on the 'j:iMlio;i. riic 
 ihores every where rcloim;!e(l with the name of Cook : 
 not 1 child thateotild lifp 'I'ootc 'the appeilat;o!i they 
 cave to CajUainCook) was lilent. The manner where- 
 bv tticfc people exprcfs their joy is fodillcrcnt from our 
 feiifations, ihit were we lO ice perfons llabbing thein- 
 felves witiiihark's teeth, till their bodies were lielmiar- 
 cd with blood, we (liould think they v.erc pieited 
 vith the moll frantic dcfpair, anil tliat it «oiild be al- 
 nioft iiiipoilible to alHiage their grief; whereas, beat- 
 1111^ their breads, tearing tl'.eir hair, and uoundin;; their 
 heads and bodies, are the moll lignilieant ficnis ol iheir 
 riadnefs to fee their friends. IJiit, nntw ithftanding 
 thisap[)carancc of joy, and their allcctation of liberaliti, 
 they Toon difeovered a nicrcenaiy ililpoiition, totally 
 centered in iVIf-interell. 
 
 Soon after the arrival of the Europeans, Otoo, the 
 kini'of the whole iflind, accompanied by a great luim- 
 btr of the natives, in their canoes, came from Opir- 
 rce,his place of reliiience, and havint' landed on M.i- 
 tavia Point, lent a meflenger on board, intimating his 
 defnc to fee Captain Cook there. The captain ac- 
 cordingly went on lliore, attended by Omai, and fome 
 of the ollicers. They found a vail multitude of peo- 
 ple allembled on thisoccalion, in the midll of whom 
 >vas the king, with his father, his two brothers, and 
 three lillers. The captain fainted Otoo, and was f .j- 
 Inwcd by Omai, who kneeled and embraced his legs. 
 'l'hou"'h Omai had |ire[).ired himfelf tor this ccrenionv, 
 by drilling himfelf in his bell apparel, and behaved 
 with great reffiect and modeily, yet very litle nori -e 
 was taken of him. He made the king a prefent ot 
 two yards of gold cloth, and a large talVe! of red f.-.i- 
 thcrs'i and the captain gave him a gold'laced hit, a 
 (iiit of fine linen, lomc tools, a ipiantit) of red feathers, 
 and oneof the boniieis worn at the I'lieiidly Illands. 
 
 This vilit being over, the king and all the royal U- 
 niilv accvunpanied Ca[)tain Ct^ok on boaid, tolloM ed 
 by i'everal canoes plentifully laden with ail kinds of 
 provitions. Each tainily owned a pait, to that the 
 captain had a prefent from every one of them j and 
 each received from him a fe|)arate [irefent in return. 
 Not long after the king's mother came on board, bring- 
 ing with her Ibmc provitions and cloth, which the ili- 
 vidcd between the captain and Omai. 'I'hough the 
 latter was but little noticed at firll by his cuiintrymen, 
 they no (boner gained informa'ion ot his wealtli, than 
 they began to court his triend.lliip. Captain Cook en- 
 couraged this as far as lay in his power, l)eing detiioiis 
 of lixiiig him w ith Otoo. 
 
 Intending to leave all the J'.uropean animals at this 
 ifland, he thought Omai would be able to give the na- 
 tives fome inllruotions with regard to their ufe and 
 n>.inagvinent. But untbrtunately Omai rejected his 
 advice, and behaved in fo imprudent a manner, that 
 he liKin loll the frieiuKliip of Otoo, and of all the moll 
 conlideraUle [)Cople at Otaheite. He alFociated with 
 thofe of the low ell clafs, whole fole intention was to 
 plunder him : and if the I'.nghth had not intertered, 
 they would not have left him a tingle arti Ic of any 
 \aluc. This conduct drew upon hiiu the ill-will of the 
 principal chiefs, who found that they could not ob- 
 tain, from any one in either fliip, (uch valuable prc- 
 fcnts as were bellowed by Oniai on the lowcll of the 
 natives. 
 
 Soon after thefliips were moored Captain Cook with 
 Omai look an airing on horfeback, lo the great atlo- 
 iiilliment of the inhabitants, many hundreds of whom 
 followed him with loud acclamations. Omai, toe\citc 
 their admiration the more, was dretlld cap-a-pee in a 
 fuit of armour, and was mounted and caparifoiied with 
 his fword and pike, like St. George going to kill the 
 dragon, whom he very nearly reprelented ; only that 
 Omai had pillols in his holllers, ot whicii the bold faint 
 knew not the ufe. Omai, however, made good uleof 
 his arms ; tor whenthecroud became clamourous and 
 troublclbme, he every now and ihen pulled out a pif- 
 No. 6. 
 
 O I A II I: I T F.. 
 
 'i-n 
 
 tol,and tired It over thciii, which never failed to make 
 them run away. 
 
 During the ilay of the (liips in .Vlatavia Harbour, 
 the comman lers, with the principal otlicers and gen- 
 tlemen, imbarked on board the pinnaces, which, on 
 this occalio.T, were decked in all the magnilicence 
 th.it lilken dreamers, embroidered enfigiis, and other 
 gorgeous decorations could dilpLiy, to pay a vilit lo the 
 kingatOp.irree. Omai, to linprile tiiem the mor-, was 
 cloathed in a (.iptam's uniform, and could hardly be 
 dillinguilhed from a liritilh ollicer. 
 
 Irom Matavia to Oparree is about fix miles ; when 
 the party arrived at ihc l.iiiding [■lace, thev were re- 
 ceived by the marines then un.ler arii . .\s I'oo.i as the 
 company were dilembaikcd, the whole bandof mufic 
 llruck up a military march, and the procellion began. 
 The road from the be.icii to the entrance of the pa- 
 lace, (about half a milej was lined on both tides with 
 natives from all parts, expecting to fee Omai on tiorfe- 
 back, as the account of his ap[)earan:e on the other 
 tide of the itk-nd, had already reached the inl.abitants 
 on this. Appearing to them in difguife, he was not 
 known: they were not, however, wholly ddappointed, 
 as the grandeur of the priKelTion exceeded everv thing 
 ot the kind they had ever teen. The w hole coiirt were 
 likewife atrcmbled, and the king, with his tttlers, on 
 the approach of Captain Cook, came forth to meet 
 him. As he was perfectly kno.vn by them, their lirll 
 taliitations were frank and trieiidlv, aecordini4 to their 
 known culloms ; and w hen thefe ueie over, proper 
 attention was paid to every geiukii.an inconipa;iy, and 
 that toi with a politcnels quite unexpected to thofe 
 who had never before been on this itl'nd. 
 
 ;\s foon ai> the comp.iny had enrcrtd the pala re, arid 
 were teated, fome dileourfe palled between the king 
 and C'aptain Cook ; after wli.ch Omai was prefenred 
 to his majelly, a."d paid liim the ufual homage ot a 
 lubjcC'l to a fovereign ot that count rv, w hich cop.iith ot 
 little more thin being uncovered l)efore him, and t'len 
 entered into a famdiar converfation on the I'ulject of 
 his travels. 
 
 The l'".aiecs,or kings of this country, are not above 
 difcourting with the meanell of their lubjects ; but 
 Omai, by being a favourite of the principal men of 
 the lliips, was now conlidered as a perton of fome 
 rank. The king, impaiient to hear his llory, afked 
 him many quellions, beloie he gave liim time to an- 
 fwer one. He enquired about the king of England; 
 his place of retidence ; his court; his aitendants ; his 
 warriors ; his lliips of war ; his niorai ; the eNi^ent of 
 his potlellions, tvc. &c. Omai did not fail to mr.g- 
 nity the grandeur of the (]rcat King. He reprelented 
 thetplendoiir of his court by the brilliancy of the liars 
 in the tirmament ; the extent of his dominions, by the 
 vail expanleof heaven ; the greatnefs of his power by 
 the thunder that ihakes the earth. He laid, this mo- 
 narch had three hundred thoufmd warriors every day 
 at his command, and more than double that number of 
 failors. That his tliips of war exceeded thofe at Ma- 
 tavia in magnitude, in the fame proportion as thole ex- 
 ceeded the fmall canoes at Ojiarree. 
 
 His m.ajedyappcared all atlonithmcnt, and could not 
 help interrupting him. He alked, if w hat he laid was 
 true, where the (treat King could find people to na- 
 vigate fo many fliips ? And, if he could hive men, 
 where he could tind provitions lor tb large a multitude ? 
 Omai alliued him, that in one citv only there were 
 more people than were conrained in the whole group of 
 illands ; that the country vv.is lull of large, }iopuloiis 
 cities ; notw ithflanding w hich provitions were tb plen- 
 tiful, that for a few pieces of yellow metal, like thofe 
 of which he had I'ccn many, (meaning the medals 
 given by Captain Cook to the chiefs) the CJreat King 
 could purchafe a quantity of iirovitions futlicient for 
 the maintenance of a tailor for a whole \ear. That 
 in the coiiniry of the (Ireat Kint;, there wore more than 
 an hundred diU'ereiu kinds of four-looted animals, from 
 the ti/cof a rat, to that of a llagc erected on an ordi- 
 K nary 
 
 t 
 
 if 
 
 I irh 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 I 
 

 "iV. '! 
 
 (iffr'-i 
 
 nirv tanne ; and tliar all thcfo aninuU wcpc numerous 
 ill ti.cr .. •. .-Ml kiPLi.. aavl [.miM; .lud very tail. 
 
 Oniai having;, nv this rclaiion. obvaud Otoe > 
 il.miv... advirud t' 1'-^ Tnli quflHo- Ic- I'kI tht 
 lliips<t N^^T, inl'Ktaune. wtie Kim. i V*'.' 1'"^: 
 Bo..^. feim>) cath ol uhich vuKiKi a.iivc thclaicclt 
 pco pooh . ina'.llv h;ul vcc iVfn, withiiut ; that (o.rc 
 caria-a all i.iii'.il.al aivi n.oic <■.! tholo poo-poos. with 
 ruit.,l.!o aconuiKKiations tor a tlvrnfmi fi!';hting incii. 
 a:ul liowa;c lor all kuuls o» cordage and "a.ukc 
 lb)r.-s. bclKlts |.rrvil,()ns ami water lor a Itio.ilaiul 
 dub ; that th.y ui-.c foiiKMiiKs a'^road as ion;,', lii!;;'!- 
 iivr witn thce.icmicsof ihc (ircat King: that tlu-y 
 la'rrUd vi h thnnfroiucntl- , inthcrccxpahtioiis po<). 
 poo^ that uouldl'oidafmallhotr. and vhich tlii.w 
 hoilow i'lA-xiot iron..)! \all bignef>. Hllai w.ih l.rc 
 and all iiunner of comhuliiblci. and implements oi 
 I'enruaio'. to a great diliancc ; a tew ot which, uerc 
 thev t» lie ti lour, amoiij; tiie P.^ct ot Ouihcite, would 
 i--:ihim en lue, ana deliroy the whole navy, were 
 cv.r I-) nnmeioii^. The kin'-, feenicd more alU)- 
 .1,. 
 
 t!.-,. ^ ,11, 
 
 nr'iifd than deli';luel at this narration, aiul I'lMenly 
 lelt t),i ai, to |o,n the f.iir,p.in\ that were iii eonver- 
 i,!!inn »iih Laplrii C-cok. B,. this time dinner was 
 natrl' rc.idv.an I as loon as theton'piny were piopvily 
 lia;eJ, was broir.i.t in bv as many ti>w-:ows as theic 
 were ix-rlons lo'dii-.e ; hilules theie, the king, the two 
 euiiimanlei:., and Chiui. had each ot them Icvcal 
 pcrlo;!, of fiiiViior rank to attend them. 'I he 
 diiinei edi-fifiidof iiiha.'d low i of various kinds, drcll-d 
 after tier m.inncr ; barhicucd (.igs, Hewed vam.s, and 
 tri.it of th,- moil delicious llivour, all lerved v.ilii an 
 cale, and ie;!;'.lari'y , that is feldom to be tound at Im- 
 ropcan ta!le-~,w hen the ladies are e\cludcd trom inakai:-; 
 pirt of the com, -any. 
 
 As loon as ilinner was over, the miclls were con.liic- 
 tcd to the theatre ; where a company of players were m 
 uadmcis ropcrioim u dramatical enteriainmeiit. 
 
 'I'ix drama waj regularf divided i1Ho thiee ads ; 
 the lirft conliftcd of dancing and dumb fliew ; the le- 
 coiul ot lonirdy, which, to thole wiio iinderllood the 
 language, «as \ery laughable; for Om li, and the ji.i- 
 tives, appeareil highly diserteil the whole tiinr ; •.he 
 iaftwas a niulical iiiecc, in which i . young piincelLs 
 vure the lole j^Litoimers. lietwecn the acts Ibmc 
 feats ol ariii; were exhibited, by conibatans with 
 lance-, and tlubs. One made theattack, the other Hood 
 \v,ii^'.i tl-.e dcfcntive. He who m.ule the attack bran- 
 ilillied hi. l.ini.>', and cither threu, ptiili'-d, or ufed it 
 inllead of his club. He who was upon the delenfnc, 
 lluek lie priin: of his 1 ince in the ground, in an ob- 
 lique dire. Hon, to that the upper part role above nis 
 head ; and by obl'erving tl.e eye of h:s enemy, pained 
 his hl,AV>, or hi^ llroke.s, by the motion ot his luice, 
 and it was nir.' th.it he was hurt by the club. If hi.s 
 anta'-^oiiill: (iru-.kat his leg---, he tliewed his agility by 
 iunu ing over the club ; and if at hii head, i.e was 
 no li Is nimble in croiicliiiig under ir. Their dcxic- 
 rre co:'.'.iflctl elucily in the defence, oihcrwil'e thccom- 
 b.it mit;ii: hi\e been hit \\, which always ended in good 
 ^uimcur. 
 
 '1 liefc entCi',ii:i;!icn" 
 
 loui 
 
 i.l' 
 
 '■ . 1 
 le/i. 
 
 Iv-eu 
 al.ile 
 
 Ian 
 
 li.e 
 1 
 
 t ue 
 
 A NEW, ROY.U,, AND AUTHF.NTIC SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GKOGUAPIIV. 
 
 manner tr? tliey apprcvic hcd the palace, and were attend . 
 cd In the king and lo.al family. The next niorniii;.; 
 Omai's mother, and ieveral of his relations arrived. 
 their meeting was too unnatural to be pleating. Our 
 people could not lee a woman Irantitally linking her 
 t.\n: and .ir.i s with Ibaik's teeth, till the was all over 
 b.li^teired widi blood, without being hurt ; as it con- 
 \eved no idia of )ov to fi.elmg minds, they never could 
 I ere.on(iIed to this abiurd cullom. 
 
 l)ur people had brou,. ht Irom the other idands ll- 
 \eial tliadiloi k trees, which they p'antcd here, and 
 tiiere appearid to ihtni n piobability of their fucceed- 
 i: ', iinlcis their grinvih ihouid be checked by ihr 
 fame idle tiirioli'y w h'ch deltroyed a vine planted at 
 {>. aitipiha bv the .Spii iaids. Many of the native'; 
 affembled to taiie the fu:l fiiuts it pioituied ; but being 
 Hill lour, they coiilidereJ it little better than poifon, 
 and trod it under loot. 
 
 On a particular octation the captain attended Otoo 
 to his lailier's, wheiche Caw Ieveral people cmi'loyed 
 indnirmg tv.o g rls w irh tine doth afcr a very lingular 
 l.ilhivia. I h.i e were t'everal pieces, one end of each was 
 held ovei 'h- heads of thegirl>, while the remainder 
 was wra; p- .1 lound their bodies under the arm-pits. 
 The iip,..r .-n-fs ercletfall, and hung in Ib'ds to the 
 gnninil, <> .r iIk Tuer, foas to bear tome relemblance 
 toaci.cuLi h.cop , tiicoat: lalU', round the tides oial! 
 were ui.p;'. 1 le>.tr.d pieces ol tloih.of various colours, 
 . whli h c I :.it. rahly .ncrca! 'd thetize, it IhuIj; liveor fix 
 \ai\ s in circi..!. ; ?::d the weight if this tiiigular attire 
 \.a.^ a . nr cch a:, the [lOorgirL could fuiii'Ort. To each 
 were h ing two ta.imcs, or brcall-plat-s, ;n order to olhi- 
 llilh the whole, and give it a picturefque appearance. 
 1 lull cqMii)pvd, tncy were taken on tioard, togt ther 
 v\ nil tevei.d hog;, ;;nJ a ipiaiuity ot fiuit, the whole 
 being a pi, h lit to the Eugiiih coniniander tromOtoo's 
 father. 
 
 T.'"i"e wh'i arc ilrefTcd in this manner are called atec; 
 but ti.ii ceremony is never performed, except where 
 large piellnts of cloth are to be n»ade. It never was fecn 
 praetifed [l^yn^ any othi r occalion ; but, both Captain 
 Cooke and Captain Clerke had cloth prefeiited to 
 I them alierwaids, w rapped lound the bearers in the lame 
 I manner. 
 
 j Captain C'ook, excited by curiolity, went to lee an 
 
 ; embalmed corpfe, nt.ir the ntidence of Otoo. On en- 
 
 ' quiry, n was touiul to be the remans of lee, a chict 
 
 well known to him, when he l.ii^ vilited this iiknd. It 
 
 j was lying in an clegint toopipaoo, in all refpeeh timilar 
 
 to that at Oaitipihii.in which th;; remains ol Waheidiwa 
 
 were depolited. The body wa. found, uncovered, with- 
 
 ! in thetoopapaoo, and w ra()ped up in cloth. A' the cap- 
 
 j tain's deiiic, the peifon wno hid the care of it brought 
 
 I it out and place>l i: upjn. a kind of bier, lb as to cxhil>it 
 
 a peite^l vieu ot it. 
 I The corjife having been thus exhibited, thev oriia- 
 . mcnted the place with mais and cloths, ditpofed in 
 [ luch a manner as to produce a pleating etfeel. The 
 j body was entire in every part; putretaOtion fcemed 
 I hardly to be begun; and not the leall difagreeable 
 I fmell pioceedtd Irom it; though tliis was one of the 
 ' hottelt ciiniates, and lee had been de id above four 
 I months. 1 here was, indeed, a flinnking of the inufcu- 
 ' lar parts and eyes, but the ha r and nai ..; were in 
 I their original li.ite, and the Ieveral joints were pli- 
 I .ilile. 
 
 I Op enquiry into the method of thus preferving their 
 
 i dead b<,dies, our people were informed, that loon after 
 
 I they are dead, they are dilcmbowelled, by drawing 
 
 l' out the intelhius, and other vifcera, alter which the 
 
 I while ca\ ty IS lUilfed with doth; that when any 
 
 ii moiliure a,)piaieil, it was immediately ilried up, and 
 
 ' the body lubbeil all over with pcrtumed cocoa-nut oil, 
 
 ■ uhich, fiequemly repeated, preleised them Ieveral 
 
 months; after which they mouldered away gradually. 
 
 (.'tiKii told ihem, that the bodies of all their i;reat men, 
 
 VNho died a natural death, are thus prclervcd, and tx- 
 
 pofcd 
 
 1 our.s, vici ■ 
 . iJIed the 
 ice and m; 
 
 !e Uiv 
 
 'l-.i'di generr.lly lafled .ibout 
 .verting. In the I ornpipe 
 .iropea!i>-, for they add coniortioiis 
 le- lo the nimblenefs of the loot, 
 ;u i.i.u,,;.i:>!e, and U(,u'd, in fpite of our giavi- 
 ' • -V- ),,i.;:,i.ier ; l''..;r (.o'antrv d mces ".'.er'- v.ell 
 te-1; ;.!ul ii.- / iiad (/hfis of their ow 11, inataie 
 io lui.i'u ( i o,ir lien theatres : thei: coued', 
 '. t)'..:i,.;, ol loiiu- fiiuple lb>iy, matle laujh- 
 '; '■ 11 1 .ii/r of lielivcry, fomcwhat in ihe I yie 
 .'..ews loimeiiv at llie lair.-, in f.iv.'- 
 
 pl;i\ h,.:M,r over, 
 commaiideis ii.nl; ti,e:r 
 and his attciA 
 
 and ni ;';t approaeliing, the ■ 
 
 leave, aliei invitmg the king ! 
 
 to dine aboaid the t<ilolut;oii. i 
 They were coiidL^uJ to lue water-tide, in the lame 
 
 New Ducoveries.] 
 
 pofed to public view aco 
 tliey aie exidlilted every 1 
 val.-. beeome gi eater, and 
 fecn. 
 
 'lo( aufe furprife, as w( 
 natives the tuu caj)ia;:is 
 roile rt)Und the [d.iin cf M 
 a >a;t tram ot Ip.et.itoi , 
 nurh lurprile as it in 
 vaiile were in good eale 
 Wnat the (ajMiiii, hut 
 by one or oi.ir ol our 
 of the na'ives ton.in.itd i 
 
 .Al'er they ha. I fecn ani' 
 noMc ammils, tliey vv^n 
 them ; and our people ' 
 (.o.iveyed to them a tntiei 
 nations, than ail t e novi 
 tarried anion;.' tl.em. 
 
 Several of ihc lailors I: 
 Otaheitc, O <'() iiarciled 
 tn.'e.ivorred tt) puvail ol 
 iei|iied ; but he n i'.cievl,p 
 ,,: ; kind, iiic'ii:i,h ott. i 
 l,r .•■IV ol tile natives to i 
 v.ould have gladly ac . in 
 tvvr they iiileivie.l to I 
 wer.- allured, thai t'.uy i 
 countr) am II oie. hoii.. 
 tulioweil .hi.r i.l.ooi.oas, 
 t.iey ha' e bee.T iKTiuitli 
 i.iual y aveile lo the i.iiv 
 
 a. to ih',- k.'.v.i'.g Iv.s p.O| 
 'il'.e king, v hen he u. 
 
 wilhes 111 th.:. ufpect, a, | 
 Other favoi r, vv. ith w. 
 i,:ake him a ehen.o. pie 
 li;id accu.. ul.lteil .11 piel 
 
 b, d m:gh he placd in .t 
 'Miis uquell li e (a,,t,i.ii 
 v.orkmen weie einpi. ) ' 
 
 } iece of lurnitire, the. 
 barbie ued hi gs, and lui 
 tuned, lo ihat ti.ey th 
 [■eiitated lor their pa.ns. 
 
 (. apnain c ok ace. iii; 
 hcfoie lie lelt it, took a I 
 irv which he had conii i 
 t' 111', was in a prom tin 
 to. Two ot the gicle, 
 ti:i;', , but the pea-hen .. 
 r-eni begun to lay. 1 !>. 
 tv.o of w huh he intendi 
 nlerve two for the vA'c < 
 touch at in his paira.;c t 
 
 Soon after Otoo t ami 
 tain Cook that he had 
 h'- would take with him 
 t/taheiteto ihe Earecr.i! 
 V. as highly pu:afevl w ith 
 t;tiide. At lull, he tup 
 o, tr.cir \ eifei.-. of war, b 
 \<i',\ a!:out l() feet Ioiil 
 h!y had been built tor . 
 with c."..-vcd work, likei 
 inconvenient to take it o 
 •hank him tyr his good 
 have been iiuu h better p! 
 been acieptid. 
 
 I he follow ing c;r 'uii 
 tiie.v tliat the people of i 
 adilr.l;- and ai t to aecon 
 I'.h.er things wlmh tiie . 
 given to this chief, wa'^ 
 i"o or three ilays potiei' 
 grew tired of it, or 
 be ofanyufc to liim ; h-. 
 to Captain cKrkc, tellin 
 
J were attend- 
 next niorninj.', 
 tiivis arrivtii. 
 jlwliiii^. Our 
 ly Unking hir 
 c was all o%tr 
 ,irt ; as it con- 
 ey never couUl 
 
 icr iflands H- 
 ted here, and 
 tluir fiicceed- 
 leektd by ihr 
 ine planted .ii 
 of the iiati\e^ 
 ed ; but bcini; 
 :r than poiloii, 
 
 attended Otoo 
 [iple employed 
 .1 very linj^ular 
 nil i't'iach was 
 [lie reiiuiinder 
 ■ the arm-|iits. 
 ill to'ds to the 
 le re!"en»bl.t;iie 
 i the tides 01 ai! 
 .1! ious colours, 
 lein;; live or lix 
 ; liiigular attire 
 ort. 'i'o each 
 11 order to eila- 
 ue appearance, 
 loard, to^( tiler 
 uit, the vihole 
 ler tromOtoo's 
 
 arc called atec; 
 , except where 
 ; never was feca 
 , both Captain 
 prefented to 
 crs in the lame 
 
 went to fee an 
 Otoo. On en- 
 \ lee, a chiel 
 this ilUnd. It 
 refpech liniilar 
 s ot Waheiilooa 
 iicovered, with- 
 h. A' the cap- 
 e of it broui^lu. 
 fo as to exhitiit 
 
 ted, they orna- 
 is, dilpofed in 
 ig ell'ect. The 
 tadion fcenied 
 ill difagreeahlc 
 was o;.e ol the 
 le kI above four 
 g ol tlie mufcu- 
 I nai .i were in 
 lints were pli- 
 
 ireferving their 
 that loon after 
 il, by drawnig 
 .liter which the 
 that when any 
 , dried uj), and 
 il cocoa-nut uil, 
 1 them feveral 
 auay gradually, 
 dieir L!;reat men, 
 fervcd, and ex- 
 pofed 
 
 A 
 At 
 
 New DiSCOV FRIES.] O T 
 
 nnfed to public view aconfidcrable tiincaki r. At lirll 
 ttiev aie exi'iliitevi • MI. line liay.atterwan.s the inter- 
 vals become gieater, and at lalt they are leldtim to bj 
 ften. 
 
 ■lo(aufv' fi'rprife, as wcll.'.s todiau rh.- relj^e t of tlie 
 natives, the tMi) I ajitaiis mour.t'il on hoile k, ailil 
 rode round the p.liin if Miia\ia, to tlie allon ii.meiit ol 
 a va'.l trim ot Ip.t'titoi ., who y.xn\\ iipoiilLem witlias 
 inu h fiir,)nle as il they had been ceiii.uiis. i he 
 tait'.c were in good cafe a. id looked extreme!/ well. 
 Wn.it the caotiiii^ h.ul begun was repencd daily 
 by one or of.ir <>i our people ; and ya ii-.e cijiioiity 
 of tiie iia'i\cs ccm.m.itii iiiiai'ited. 
 
 AtHr they baa feeii and iimlerilood tlie ufe ol thefe 
 no'.'le ammiU, th.ey w\re cxcte.liii;;ly deli^ite.l with 
 ther.i; and our peojile were ot opinion, t: at they 
 tO:iveved to tlicui a letiei idea of the .■leatii'ls it other 
 nation-, than alt t;e novelties that had tiiilieMo been 
 i;irried anion;' t!.nii. 
 
 Several ol the lailors bei'ig very ddiio s to U ly at 
 Otaluite, Oii'O iiUtreittel hiiniilt in tlie.r bei d', and 
 enJe.tvorred to pievail on v ap'aiii i. Dik t > !;ia' t their 
 reituell , but he ri I'.ctcd.p nuij.toi ily, ever, .ii.l.c.itioii 
 ol I kind, tnt'ii;i,h ot;... i lepvated ; nor ivoul i he liit- 
 Kr .-'ly "' 'he natives to ciii..r on board, tliou^li m.iny 
 vould have;' fully ac \ lup iiiicd the l'.;iii>i)ea. s -shere- 
 tv>.r thiv iiiuii'icd to lail, ainl tlai tuo ,it:er tiiey 
 wer;- all'ired, live, t'.ny never iiiteiukd I'l v.lic their 
 toi:iitr\ anvil ok. ."roiue ol the won en illi) •.>,). .id nave 
 tullowed .hi .r l.i.ooin;as, or I'letai tie l.iilh .. i, eoid ! 
 they ha-e beea peniiitie.l ; but t.ie coi.n; i.i.icr v.as 
 tiiiiafy ave4ie lo the taiviii^.; aiv i i the n.itiws aw.iy, 
 a. to th'; Kmv;iv^ Ivs p.i)|)le behind. 
 
 'I'l'.e kinj,';, v liwi he foaiid he could n:)t •■!•;. '.in h.s 
 wilbes 111 th.'. KliH':!, a, pled to t. aptaiii >- ook 1 .i .m- 
 dthtr fivoi r, w.ich w.s. to allou (i r c i, .,,.^rs to 
 i.'.ake him a ehcii.oi pien, to fcure ilic Ik .'.!i r^.i he 
 
 II r: I T E. 
 
 oe,' 
 
 il tii.ii a 
 , .vl'.ii ii) ileep. 
 
 ; aHvl u n.le the 
 
 1.-. i-i.v Diniiioii 
 i\\;';\ cd tt uh 
 
 1 
 
 I Ol: 
 
 f' 
 
 rv id- 
 
 LOill- 
 
 luid nccu.. ul.itnl .11 pielelUi : he cvci 
 bid iiiigh t'e pl.iC'd m It, wi.ere he i.in 
 This lequelt ti e .a,.ta.n lea.hl) giaiUeJ 
 \. orkinen weie ciiipi.y'.d 111 ni.ii-tiig i. 
 piece of luriiiti.re, the;. v'e;e plert' ul.i 
 harbicied h( gs, and iuch dainms as i e 
 tor- e.1, lo that t!.e_. thoiig;u themieivcs a 
 pentaied lor their pa. ns. 
 
 lajiiain *. ook ace. lUianicd Otoo to t ),;.ir;ee j aiul 
 bcfoie lie lelt it, took a fuiveyof the c.;t le ai.d poul- 
 irv which he hail conli ncil to his Iriei.d s tare, tvery 
 tl.av. w.is in a prom fing way, and i^opeily att^nieil 
 to. 'I'wo ot the giele, an I two of the itichs were lit- 
 ii:ii.', , but the pea-hen ai.d tin i.e. -hen had ncitiicr of 
 I CM begun ti) lay. lie took t(>ur !;o.irs tioiii ^)too, 
 tv, o of wliii h he intended to leave at Uiieiea, a.id to 
 rifervetwii lor the i;fe oi any other ill.iiui iie might 
 tiHich at in his palla.',e to the north. 
 
 Soon after Otoo came on beard, and inforn'ed Cap- 
 tiiin took th.1t he had got a canoe, whidi he deiiied 
 he would take with him as a prefent from the liaree of 
 otaheite to the blareerahie of Fntanne. The captain 
 v.as highly plealed with t)i<%) tor th.ii mark ot bi.s gra- 
 titude. At li.ll, he li:ppi'lVd it to he a mod<-l ol one 
 01 their vetfeis of war, but i' proved to ! e a liiv.iil iva- 
 I all, a! out lO feet long. It was do'.dile, a, id proba- 
 hly had been built fir ihcpiirpofe, ai.ii .\.ii decoratal 
 with c.Trvctl w ork, like theirc.uioes in renei a'. Ir being 
 iiieoiivenient to tike it on board, the c.iptaii could only 
 hank him l:>r his g(5od intention j but t!ie king would 
 have been iiui.rh better pleated if his prele.it could have 
 been acicpteii. 
 
 i he tollowiiig c-.r-uiiidancc, concern! n,r Otoo, will 
 ihea il'.at the people of tliii illand aie caj aide of iiiucli 
 ;u!dr< Is and ai r to accomplilli their pui poles. Among 
 o;lier things which tin r.iptain had at dillcient times 
 given to this chief, was a fpying-tdafs : luiviiig been 
 tMO or three days polietTed ot this gLil's, he, peihaps, 
 j;rcw tired of it, or difcovered that i: could not 
 he of any ul'e to lum ; he, theretbre, carried it privately 
 to Cajnain cKrke, telling him that he had go: a pre- 
 
 fent for him, in return fiir his friendfliip, which he 
 fupjxii'ed would be agree.ibie : " but fa s Otoo) Tootc 
 mud ia)C be i:;f iinied of this, bccaute he waated it, 
 auvl I refilled to ler him h ive it." Aec(.rdin ;ly he put 
 the (;lal» into Cap-ain Gierke's lands, alluring him at 
 the Ian. e time, tt. at he came honellly by it. Captain 
 (.lcrke,at lull, viiu cd to beexcufed trom accepting it ; 
 but U:oo il. lilted that he IhoulJ, and let': it with him. 
 .\ few days atfcr, he reniin 1cd Captun clerke of the 
 glafs ; who, though he di^l not wi(b to have it, was 
 yet deliroui of obliging Otoo: and thinking a few axes 
 would be more acceptable, pKid.ned four, a:iJ olfe ed 
 them in exchange. Otoo miiucdia ely exclaimed, 
 " loo'.e otic:ed me live fcr it." Well, fay s C a;, tain 
 Clerk?, if that be the cafe, you Ihall not be a loter by 
 your trienillhip lor nie ; there are lix a\es for you. Hu 
 nadilv aicej ted them, but aga n delired that Ca[itain 
 Cook might i.ot be made acquainted with the traiifac- 
 tion. 
 
 By calms, and gentle brec/.es from the well, our 
 peo,,le were detained here foiiie time longer than they 
 expected, dering whic'i the iliips v. eie crowded witli 
 friends, and luirounded with canoes, for .one ol them 
 would ipiit the place till they i'e;afted. ,'\t length 
 the wind came round to the call, and t ley weighed an- 
 chor. When the Uelolutio i and Difeovery weieunder 
 fail, to o'l ge O oo, and t i tririiy the curiotity ol his 
 pe> pie, feveral giinswere hied, af er v.hish all frienii*', 
 CXI ept h.s maiclly, and two or three more, to ik leave 
 of 1' eir >. iliteis with lui h I'vely P'ark of tbrrovv and 
 a!l..;ioi a-, futhciently telhlied ho-, much ih.cy re- 
 gratcd t .er lie.Miture. O.oo I ii' de;ir.)iis of fec- 
 ng ti.e i.chjliit.on hill, li e niui .i iire:ch out to lea, 
 ai..'. then ina, ain iiiin.ediatel., when the ki.ig took his 
 lift laiewel, and went all. ore in his caiiijc. It was 
 f.r...ly enjoi.ed the captain hy Otoo to re.|'iell, in his 
 n.ii'ic, the I-areeahie ol l're;an'.e ■;im.i:dng the king of 
 l.ngla.ul) to lend him b. tic ne.t 11 p feme red 
 teaineis, and the birds which prodii, ed ihe.n : alio 
 axes, lialf a tloy.en inulkets, po'.'. oci- ;aiJ Iho., and by 
 i:o im.'iiis to f irt'et hoifes. 
 
 fhe molt vah able thiii.-s tliat f ;to,) rercive.l as prc- 
 nntsfnan tl.e t'.iV'liU- we: left in the captains pof- 
 leliion till the cay before i:ey faihd, the kinu declar- 
 ing tiiac they could be no where lo hue. l-'ro-.n the ac- 
 qciiuioii of new nchcs, the inducuiienis to pilftrint^ 
 11. uit certainly have in< n afcd, anil the chiefs were len- 
 iihleot this Ironi iheirbciP;.; fo exceed in.'.ly deiirous of 
 having che'*-- ihe few tliat the Spaniards had left 
 amor.g them were higi.ly prized ; an. I iliey were con- 
 ti ually alldll;^ lor :>thers Iror.i our people. Locks and 
 bolts wtr'. iioi Cdtilidered as a lulh' ient fecmity, fo thar 
 It mall be laige enough lor two people to Ileep upon, 
 and conieiiuenly guard it in the n j^ht. 
 
 It ma/ appear extiaorJi;:ary, th.a: no difiinct ac- 
 count could be obtained of the t:nie when the Spa- 
 niards atiived, the tin e they (laid, a.id when they de- 
 parted. 1 he more eiuiuiry was made -nto this matter, 
 the greater was the proof of the incapability cf moll 
 ot tneic peojle to rc;i. ember, calculate, or note the 
 time when pad events happened, efpecially if for a 
 longer penod ihan eiglteeii or twenty month-. It yn- 
 peaad, however, Irom the inllription upon tlie crofs 
 the Spaniards had let up, and bytiie inlonn.uion of the 
 natives, that two (Idps came to Oaitipiha l'.,ie in 177+, 
 not long alter Captain Cook left Matavia, w hich was in 
 May the fame year. The live Itock they leit here con- 
 lifled ot one hull, fonie goats, hoys and dogs, and the 
 malcot anotl'.er anim d, which, a> cording to informa- 
 tion, was a ram, at that time at Hnlabola. The hogs, 
 being laige, had alre.idy much improved the breed oii- 
 giiially loiind upon thcid'i'id. (Joats were alio plenti- 
 iiil, there being hardly a chut without them. 
 
 I'hc dcg? that the Spaniuds put alhore were of two 
 or three forts: had they all been h'.iiiged, inl'ead or 
 being left upon the illaiid, it vvuiild have been better 
 lor the natives. A young ram fell a vietun to one of 
 thcle animals. 
 
 4. Four 
 
 if 
 
 1 
 
 
 f, 
 
 
 '% 
 il 
 
 
 i il 
 
 i"ri; 
 
 
ki 
 
 6K A NEW, ROYAL, anp AUTHKNTIC SYS 
 
 lour Spaniards rcr«i;iintd on fliorc when th':ir fliips 
 lit- the illand, f.voof whom were i-ridh, one a (cr- 
 vant.a d ih otlicr wat uuich lardilil among the na- 
 tives, w ho ciiHini^iiillicd him by the name nf Matecma. 
 He Icemcd to have fo far Hueiicii their language, as to 
 have been able to I'pcak it, anil to have been imlelati- 
 j^ablc in inipullinj; in the minds of the Otaheitans ex- 
 alted ideas of the grcatnel's of the Spanifli iiat.on, and 
 inducing ihem to ihink meanly of the llnnlilh. 
 
 With what %ie« the priells remained on the illand 
 cannot ealilv be conceived. It it «as their intention to 
 convert the' natives to the cathclic faith, they certainly | 
 have not fucceeded in a linj;le infhincc. It did not ap- 
 pear, indeed, that they ever afvmpted it ; for the na- 
 tives laid, they never converlcd with them, either on 
 this or any other fiibjeCl. The prielU rcfided the u hole 
 time at ()aitip:ha ; but Matcema roved about continu- 
 ally, vititint; manv parts of the illand. After he and 
 his comp:.nions had (laid ten months, two Ihips arriv- 
 ing at Otaheite took thim on board, and failed in five 
 days. Whatever deligns the Spaniards might have on 
 this idand, their h.idy departure lliewcd they hsd now 
 laid them atidc. i hey ciuic.ivouretl to make the na- 
 tives believe, I ha: they intended to raurn. and would 
 bring theni all kind.sof animals, and mm and women 
 who were to fertle on tiie illand. Otoo, w hen he nien- 
 lioned this to Captain Cook, added, that if the Spa- 
 niards fliould return, he would not permit them to enter 
 Matavia fort, which, he faid, belonged to the Kng- 
 lilli. 'Ihc idea pkafed him; but he did not contider 
 that an attempt lo complete it would deprive him ot 
 his kingdom, and his people of their liberty. Though 
 
 ri-MoF UMVKRSA!. (;i;(K;RAPnY. 
 
 this fliews how cafy a lettlctncnt might be eficacd at 
 Otaheite. . 
 
 As Captain Cook had received a vifit from one of 
 the two natives of this illand v. ! o had been t.iken to 
 J.ima by iheSpaniat, ,it ii loniev\ hat rem.nkable Ida: 
 he never '..w him attervtaius, iipecially as the <.a,>taii. 
 received him with unconiiuni eivility. It wasinru;invd 
 that Omai, from motives of lealjufy, had kept iiim 
 from the captain, he being a tiawller, who, i:i fomr 
 degree, n;ight vie with hiinfelf. Captani t kike, wh i 
 had ftcn the other man, fpokeef h:m as an inconiid;- 
 rable chaiacter ; and his own countivmen entntaiixd 
 the fame opinion of him. In lh:'rr. hole twoavlvcn- 
 lurers feeiiied to he held in little or r.o ilUvm. 'Ihcv 
 had not been lo fuitiinate, it is tiiie, as to leuirn lu-mc 
 with Inch valuable property as hid been bellowed upon 
 Omai, wl'ofe ailvantage- were lo ^'jeat, fnni having 
 been in Kngland, that if he Inould link ino hs oii- 
 ginal Hale of inilolencc, he h.;s on'y himlelt to blamo 
 for it. 
 
 Oniai woulel not have behaved fo inco:.llltently -■s 
 he did in many inllan.es, had it not been for his iilKr 
 and brother-ii.-law, who, toj^ethcr v iih a few felect 
 companions, engroUed him to themfelvcf, in order u> 
 llrip him of every article he pofleflee. : and they would 
 certainly have liiccetdeil, if Capuin Cook hid nor 
 taken th'; moll ufefil articles of his proper.y into hii 
 polllinon. The commodore difa[)pointed their farther 
 views of plunder, by forbidding them to appear at I Fua- 
 heine, while he continiied at ilie Sociery lllmd;, 
 to which, on his leaving Otaheite-. he intended to ilir.ec 
 his courfe. 
 
 C II A P. X. 
 
 SOCIETY ISLANDS. 
 
 THESE iflaiids cumpofe a group of fix in number, 
 under the following names, by which they arc 
 called by the natives, \iz. Huaheine, Ulietca, or Rai- 
 ftca, Bolabola, Otaha, lubai and Mawrua, or Moroua. 
 Capt. Cook, whofuildire-eited his courfe thither in 17^)9, 
 at the inilance of Tupia, a very intelligent and accom- 
 plilhed Indian, who embarked with him on his depar- 
 ture from Otaheite, gave tb.em the general appellation 
 of the Society Iflands, for caufes which will ap()car in 
 the fee]ucl. They lie contiguous, between tj.e latitude 
 of j6deg. 10 min. and i6dcg. 55 min. fouth, and 
 between the longitude of i5odeg. 57 min. and 15: deg. 
 weft. 
 
 The luxuriant produclions of thcfe iflands, and be- 
 nevolent eiifpofuion of the natives, arc highly celebrated 
 by dilfeieat voyagers. Tlie country is rcprefented as 
 richly endowed by nature, and the people as pofleiring 
 an c;aremc liberality of mind, evinced jn a more parti- 
 cular manner by tiicir chcarfully contributing to fup- 
 ply the wants ol fuch navigators whom chance or de- 
 lign might ilircetto their hol'pitable fpot. 
 
 Nor are rlicy lets friendly than munificent, as ap- 
 peared from 1 he very tondelVciuling alliduities fliewn 
 to their European viiitors, fuch as carrying them in and 
 nut olthc boats to prevent their catching cold from the 
 furl' wetting their feet; loa'ing thcmfclves with the 
 comnnninits they purchafcd, going into the water for 
 any bird that had been llioi, inviting our people to rc- 
 polc in their dwellings, after the fatigue of an excur- 
 lion, or bein^expofed to the fcorching rage of the fun, 
 and niany oUici act'; ce|ually laudable. 
 
 As the chiefs ofthele illands in general aredefccnded 
 from the fame family, they naturally fnppofed that all 
 thofe of fupenor rank onboard the fliip were allied, 
 and particuliirly as they mcircd together. Hence, 
 
 whenever thev paid a villc to any of the chiefs, liefi re- 
 their departure they were adopteii aieordhig to tluir 
 refpce'tive aues, as father, broiler or Ion. In .1 vvonl, 
 their liofpitaliiy, upon every occalioi', appeared fo dii- 
 linguitlicd, that it is mentioned as a virtue worthy not 
 only of the warmell CBmmc.ulation, but preciic imi- 
 tation of the moft civili/.eel paiis of ihe globe. 'I'he 
 propriety, therefore, of the appellation gvcn them by 
 Capt. Cook is clearly evident. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 H U A H 1: I N E. 
 
 THE iflaiul of Huaheine, difcovercd by Captain 
 Cook two days after his departure from Ota- 
 heite, in 1769, lies in latitude 16 deg. 4;{ min. fouili 
 and longitude 150 deg. 52 min. well It is about 30 
 leagues diflant from Otaheite, and about :o miles in 
 circumference, having a commodious harl;our on the 
 weft fide. 
 
 It is divided into two pcninfulas joined by an ifth- 
 mus, which at high water is ovcrHowed : it frems to have 
 been dilUnbed by volcanoes ; and the face of the coun- 
 try refembks that of Otaheite. 
 
 W'ln n the Endeavour was in fight fevcral canoes put 
 oft"; but they appeared fearful of a|)proaching thi- 
 ftiip, till they faw T"u[)ia, who, totally removing their 
 apprehenfions, they ventured to come along-lide ; and, 
 upon aflurances of friendfliip, tlie king and queen 
 } went on board. They exprelfed allonill-ment at every 
 thing that was ftievvn tlieni, though, at the fame time 
 they appeared fatislied with what was prefcntcd to 
 their obfervation, making no eniiuiry alter any other 
 
 ollji-'e't*, 
 
 -I u ■■■'"••< n^ ..i"' ^ 
 
 t -i 
 
be cffcacJ at 
 
 from one of 
 l)Ci.n I ikcii to 
 m.iikalilc tlia: 
 :is the I ;i,>tain 
 t «asim;u^inuj 
 haJ ki'Dt iiim 
 
 whi), ill iunie 
 u t Ic-ikc, \\!m 
 1 an iiKciit'ui'.- 
 ii;n cntrrt.uiH-.l 
 ul'c two aJvcii- 
 tllc^'iii. Ih'/ 
 () icriirn lirmc 
 bclt()\vi\l upon 
 ,t, fnmt havin.; 
 k uvo his ori- 
 iiiti.lt to b!aiu.; 
 
 ico..lirtc'nt!y -■s 
 :n tor liu lilKr 
 h a few ftUct 
 :<•, in orilcr i<> 
 and tlicy wcul.l 
 Cook hnd not 
 opcrry into his 
 tal their lartlicr 
 a|)pcar at I lua- 
 ^occry liluul \ 
 itcndcd to ii.r.cc 
 
 ic chiefs, bcffTc 
 .ording to their 
 in. In .1 word, 
 appc.ircd fo dif- 
 riuc worthy not 
 but prcciie inii- 
 hc globe. 'I'lie 
 in given them In- 
 
 It is about v' 
 bout 20 miles in 
 ( harbour on the 
 
 lined by an iflh- 
 , : it feems toha\e 
 ■ face of the coun- 
 
 4. * »f^^ ^ f 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 li 
 
 li.i^rjjr 1 BiY i^^ 
 
 .- 
 
 ■7°1 
 
 
 
 ■"■"No K T H 
 
 l""' 
 
 ^■'^.i. 
 
 r:;iS 
 
 
 «n 
 
 /../y A'./</ J 
 
 10 
 
 /•/...., 
 
 
 llr.*^* 
 
 
 /■I 
 
 1 tq-iH-'M- 
 
 480 if«v^-''/'>'»"3^o*^'*'*"'^ 3*1° 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 «n 
 
 ..j(».....".rti 
 
WIl 
 
 !■ uf f'.nt -iLjO /«''W.'iVr.«*«r* O 
 
 -mt 
 
 ^aOxSaj- ' X- at \ ' U'i4 J>a- - 3-ja-4^ Jiiu .iLM-..t:AAV,MJuM^ 
 
 i« 
 
 Gi> 
 
 VI 
 
 anadafariB:' 
 
 Nil 
 
 VIII 
 
 IX 
 
 a a ^' Mi..a. JU ' ffl- U ' -<lt ' MIL.-"- M-MlMt'M 'M ^ 
 
 4r* 
 
 Mli^ 'ilii tiii" 
 
 l.|C 
 
 i6< 
 
 
,r , 'j ^ > j I iiii ii iif I 
 
 ./ .I't/r anACt'rri/t/etf 
 
 C'l/.i jfT 
 
 li 
 
 111' the 
 
 
 f .iPT" Cook. 
 
 ^' R O 
 
 viu 
 
 ./U ■^M^-'Vf.it**/*"' 
 
 \^ 
 
 fa l>/rf«yff/!f/'/^*A''r,v/)4( O 
 
 IV 
 
 CTtC ^ 
 
 m 
 
 II 
 
 
 j'n .^ »„«.73f^l^ 
 
 <:ik«»',r/»w..' 
 
 t'lLut.CiM/ 
 
 8^ 
 
 ^tFJ^jjir's May 
 
 A, ■ 
 
 ^•ym 
 
 Copi-or Indian, ^/t^ia-r ~^ ^' ' Vl\h^ 5*^ ij I '" 
 
 
 '""■ct""'/4 
 
 
 • « 'Ir^VhVl ' 
 
 
 >. A I M K 
 
 "•'•'7 '•*■ ■ P IS ♦ w,. »'•■■ •'"«" ' rV 
 >»^ v-'^f ;- •] 
 
 Ay»rAi' 
 
 r 
 
 i*i-(i-«'iv»'n 
 
 SiJU,n/f.n^ 
 
 
 -1* rm wid \ovW*'>'r*' ■«-~"^^ 
 
 
 :;;/«.v( 
 
 
 II -. «„ i'''^''''''-«"5</ ^ Xr,"'""" •.•fl^/vl^Af .&,.■(»', i' 
 
 1-. , .l''!'i'.i;'..''.C*_. V */(l<,»«J\\' 
 
 //■•"■ ft *— ? « . .''caw*;. " "^ 
 
 i\ 
 
 
 Ciftir.jvu.v Sr.-i 
 
 U^^tml 
 
 Martiurl'a 
 
 CE 
 
 
 ^tVTJl 
 
 iT ^* 
 
 I ! 
 
 -■^ 
 
 '\h° 
 
 ao 
 
 -xHI 
 
 A C I 
 
 «.»<;/ 
 
 SflV:;^,", :*;i'_^ 
 
 
 F I l' ■'■■«^' 
 
 /(■;'/«w./.:+r 
 
 «fl^a-* 
 
 
 / 
 
 %■ 
 
 G K EAT 
 
 
 , ■ Li fl 
 
 -J 
 
 1 
 
 _ __v , ^ . 
 
 '\- i,..-f' 
 
 it£ 
 
 ■ i-et*?:;5&"** 
 
 r .Vl., 
 
 I IUiiiHtiAirrn^*.r-^' .•'^ ^' ^^ J^ ... «^— 
 
 7^ 
 
 : -f...s../1' — if*-TJ::i^»-J-/'*'^' 
 
 7"-'^^ I Q i c K A 
 
 /*i(.». »/» ».'. * w /,-rt»v, ?' •<• .-' 
 U.<>l>*v».c !(/!,/»»»>■<<» /.vu^in 
 «■../;/» « A /*t> ».<? «• J;7" 7 *'p '" 
 
 H% 
 
 xxi 
 
 ki.x .^» Av jail 
 
 fJkAAtif. 
 
 N 
 
 'JO 
 
 40 
 
 1.1 . . 
 
 ■ri'iTtrii'^yV 
 
1^ 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 objeds, notwithiiandini 
 thixt a l)uil>ling oi iiici 
 iimll have ailiinktl nu 
 of cxiha.igiiig names, j 
 ol (iicndlhij) in tlicic il 
 whole name v/m, Orec, 
 Having come to an 
 Captain Cttok went oi 
 Banks anil ibme otlicr 
 kin^. Various cercmi 
 king and our people, wl 
 oi" ratification of a treai 
 kill'? otl hiaheine. 
 
 'I'he level part of this i 
 with bre;Kl-irii:t and C()C( 
 are more fi)rward than t 
 I'iii; mountains iicre 
 general, continuaiiy ati 
 niulphere, and many ri 
 rocks into tlie j)lain, l! 
 plenty of water, which ( 
 and health of" the native; 
 Tiie illanders take gr 
 their cloth-tree, having 
 earth to draw off the w 
 up with Ibmcs ; and in 
 vMiicli yields the yam tlv 
 On the dc|xirture of i 
 die commander preientc( 
 pewter, on whicii .vas ii 
 jelly's Ship Endeavour, 
 i6th July, i7()9." 
 
 Many of tlie younger 
 ftay of the fliip at diis if 
 their paliage with the Ca 
 the whole he lingled out 
 by otiiers, Maliine. '11 
 b.iia, and a near iclation 
 illand and conqueior of 
 dei'crib;.-d as poOeiiing n 
 ments, which endeared 
 on board the Ih.ip. 
 
 VN'hen Captain Cook 
 ward, and arrived in 6i 
 prelJed his liiri>rife at lev 
 CMS on tlie preceding 
 utterly unknown in his 
 white Hones, which me 
 miraculous in his eyes , 
 to explain to him that co 
 tion, his ideas on that Ii 
 clear. A very heavy I 
 tlian ever ; antl alter loi 
 Ci^)alitie^, lie laid he wo 
 j;)t baciv to his own cou 
 ticulry he was pcrfuaded 
 were only frelli water, ti 
 in a calk on die deck. I 
 he would call this ' die 
 piiilhiiigit i'loin all the rt 
 
 I Ic had colledcd a 
 which he carefully tied 
 inllcati of a journal : liir 
 viliiwl alter hi^ dcpaitur 
 liaa lelecled a little twi; 
 time amounteti to alwut 
 inenibered the names p( 
 as lie had Icen iliein ; ai 
 ' ■;'-.', w.i', the lull. Ik- 
 otiier cmiiuiies they Iho 
 I Hjiland, and fltrmed a 
 he Ihldiid v.ith ei^ual ( ai 
 When they eroded ilu 
 fc.iire luiilv below the 
 >ntii die [ne.iteii: allonifl 
 V"iMkl iLartely believe 
 tiled to explain it to him 
 t;ciitlcmcii, diat he ilifp 
 No. 7. 
 
New Discoveries.^ 
 
 S O C I !•, T Y ISLANDS. 
 
 ^9 
 
 objeds, notwithiianiling it was rcafonable to llippofc 
 that a liiiiUin^ ot Jiich utility and extent as tin- lliip 
 luwil liave allorikii nuuiy cuiiolities. Tlie ceitniony 
 of exchanging nanits, generally confulereci as a mark 
 ot friendihip m thele illands, pafll-d between tlie king, 
 whole name was Orec, and Captain Cook. 
 
 Having come to anchor in a finall but tine harbour, 
 C.ii>t.iin C(H)k went on Ihore, accompanied by Mr. 
 Banks and Ibme other gentlemen, with I'upia and tlie 
 king. Varii)U.s ceremonies then [)aflcd between tlie 
 king and our people, which were conlidered as a kind 
 oF ratification of a treaty between the Englifn and the 
 king of Huaheine. 
 
 The level part of this i (land i.s very fertile, and abounds 
 with bre;Kl-iru:t and cocoa-nut trees J and its [iroduclions 
 are more tlirward than tliole at Otalieitc. 
 
 Ihi; mountains here, as in the .Society Iflamls in 
 gen' ral, continually attract the v.ipours from the at- 
 iniiiphere, and many rivulets delcend tiom the broken 
 rocks into the plain, ii) that tliey lire fup[)licd witli 
 plenty of water, which contributes both to tlie comfort 
 and health of the n.-itives. 
 
 Tiie illanders take great pains witii the cultivation of 
 their cloth-tree, having drains maile through beds of 
 eartii to draw off the water, and the fides ne.itly built 
 U() with ll:')nes ; and in the drains tiiey plant the arum, 
 wiiich yiekis the yam they call into. 
 
 On the departure of the Endeavour from this ifland, 
 die Commander prefented the king with a fmall plate of' 
 pewter, on which .vas inl'cribed, " 1 lis IJritannic Ma- 
 iclly's Ship Endeavcnir, Lieutenant Cook, Commander, 
 i6th July, 171)9." 
 
 Many of die yv)ungcr men of the naiives, during the 
 Hay of the (liip at this illand, voluntarily ofi'ered to take 
 tiieir paliage with tlie Commander lor England. From 
 the whole he lingled out one called, by Icjme, Oedidee, 
 by otiiers, MaJiine. This youth was a native oi' Hola- 
 b ;ia, and a near relation of C)-Poony, the king of that 
 illand ajid conqueior of leveral adjacent ones. He is 
 liellribed as poUl-liing mental and peilonal accomplilh- 
 ments, which endeared him to the people iji general 
 on board the ll'.ip. 
 
 \\ hen Captain Cook direfted his courle to die fouth- 
 ward, and arrived in 62 degrees latitude, Mahine ex- 
 prelled his furprife at It-veral little fno\v and hail Ihow- 
 ers on the preceding days, fuch phccnomen.! being 
 utterly unknown in his country. 'I'he appearance ot 
 white (tones, which melted in his iiantl, was akogether 
 miraculous in his eyes ; and though pains were taken 
 to expLiin to him that cold was the caule of their forma- 
 tion, his ideai on that liibieft ilid not teem to be very 
 clear. A very heavy fall ot liiow iiirprik'd him more 
 tlian ever ; anil atier long confideration ot its fingular 
 c^vialities, he laid he would call it white rain when he 
 ^•>t back to his own country. In line, it w.is with dil- 
 t.culry he was pcriuadetl to believe diat Inow and ice 
 Were only trelh water, till he was lliewn tome congealed 
 ill a calk on the deck. He Hill, however, declared that 
 he wouki call this ' the white land, by way of dillin- 
 piiiiiiing it iiom all the rell. 
 
 I It had colleded a number of little flenifcr twigs, 
 which he caretuUy tied in a bundle, and made uic of 
 iiilkad ot a journal : tiir every illand he had teen and 
 viliieil aker his departure Irom the .Society Illands, he 
 had lelecled a little twig, lb that his colledion, by this 
 time amounted to alx)ut nine or ten, of which he re- 
 membered the names pertertly well, in the fame order 
 as he had teen ihein ; and the white land, or ivhenmui 
 I ill'}, w.is tlie lal'i. 1 le eiii|uired trcquently I'.ow many 
 otiier count lies they ihould meet with in their way to 
 I'ligland, and llirmed a tc-|)aratc bundle of dicm, whith 
 he lludiiil with equal caie as the lirtl. 
 
 \Vheii they crolleil the antardtic circle, where the fun 
 tc.iiic iunk below the liorizon, Mahine was ilruck 
 v^im the gie.iteil alloninimeiit at this apjieanuice, and 
 V'.aild learcely believe his lenfes ; all the endeavours 
 tiled to explain it to him mifcarried, and he afliiivd the 
 gentlemen, that he diipaired of Hn»ling belief among 
 No. 7. 
 
 I hi.-, countrymen, when he Ihoukl go back to iccotint 
 the wonders of congealed rain, and of perpetual 
 day. 
 
 The aj-.proach of winter led Captain Cook once more 
 to leek the refielhments of miklcr climes, and there- 
 t')re determining on a vilit to the Society Iflands, made 
 Oiaheitc in his paliage, where IViahinc met with 
 liveral of his relations, and married the daughter of a 
 ciiief of the dilbicl of Matavia. L'nforninately the 
 ceremony pei-t(>rme(l on this oecafion was not obfer\ ed 
 by any of the ihip's comjiaiiy, who could convey any 
 hind of idea f)f it : a petty officer, indeed, wiio was pre- 
 li^iit, repoited, that a number of ceremonies were per- 
 formed which were extremely curious, but coukl nor 
 relate any one of them, lb that this interelting particu- 
 lar, rcfpecling the manners of thele people-, iemains 
 entirely unknown. M.ihine embarked witn Captain 
 Cook (iir 1 lualieine, leaving, as tiippofcd, his new- 
 married wife at Otaheite ; f()r no further mention is 
 iil.ide ol lier. 
 
 1 le wouiii willingly have proceeded for F.nghmi, had 
 he jiad the It.ilt liojjes given him of ever returnirig to his 
 native home ; but, as Captain Cook could not promifc, 
 or even Uippol'e, that more Englilh fliijis would be 
 lent to thefe illands, Mahine chole to remain in his 
 n.itive country ; l)ut lie left the Iliip with regret, fully 
 deiiKinllrative of the tlUem he bore to the EnHith. 
 
 Words cannot defcribe die anguiih that appeared in 
 this young man's breall when he went aw.iy. He kx>k- 
 ed up at the thip, burtl into tears, aiul then funk down 
 into the canoe. Juft as he was going out of the fiiip, 
 he made a reqiiell to Captain Cook, with which he 
 complied, and then gave him a certificate of the time 
 he h.ad been on boanl, and recommended him to the 
 nonce of thole who miglit touch there after him. 
 
 When Captain Cook vifitetl this illand on fiis fecond 
 voy.ige witii the Refolution and Adventure under his 
 command, die f'r.ner .anchored in 24 fathoms water, 
 but die latter got on ihore on the north fide of the 
 ch.uinel, tiiougii fne was happily got olr' again without 
 receiving any ilamage. The natives received our peo- 
 ple with the utmoft cordiality. 
 
 Capt. Cook was informed that Otee was ftill alive, 
 and waited to lee him. The commanders, with others, 
 went to die place apix)inted for the interview. The 
 chief had carefully prelerved the piece of pi wter, with 
 .in infcription on it, which Captain Cook had pre- 
 lentetl him with in 1769, together with a piece of 
 counterfeit I-.ngiilli coin, which with a tew beads, were 
 ail in the liime bag the captain made for thein j thele 
 the chief fent on board. This part of the ceremony 
 biing over, our party were defired by their guide to 
 decorate three young i>lantain trees with nails, looking- 
 glatl'-s, beads, medals, iVc. VN'itli thefe in dieir hands 
 they landed, and were conducletl through the multi- 
 tude. They were direiited to fit down a few paces be- 
 fore the chief, and the ])lantains were laiil one by one 
 before him. They were tokl that one was for the Dei- 
 ty, anodier for die king, and a third for friendlhip. 
 This being done, the king came to Captain Cook, 
 fill on his neck, and killl-d him. :\ great clFulion of 
 tears ll-ll down die venerable cheeks of diis oKl man ; 
 and if ever tears t'poke the language of the lieart, liirely 
 thefe dill, i'lelents were m.ide to all his attendants 
 and friends. Ca[nain Cook reganlcd him as a father, 
 and thercf()re prel<;nted him with the molt v.iluable ar- 
 ticles he had. 
 
 The commander on going atliore alter brcakfiift, 
 learnt that one of the inhabitants iiad been very info- 
 lent and troubleloine. The m.in was lliewn to him, 
 equipped in his war habit, witli a club in each hand. 
 The tapt.iin took thete from him, as he perceived him 
 bent on iiiiiehief, broke them befiire his fiice, and 
 obliged him to retire. Being inliirmed that this man 
 was a chief, he became a little fulpicious of him, and 
 tent fi)r a guard. About this time a gentleman had 
 gone out to colleft plants alone ; two men atHuilted 
 him, ami tlripptd him of evei y diing but his trowter'^ ; 
 S luckily 
 
 iff ''ni 
 
 li' %l mi 
 
 '•' ^w 
 
 ,.py!^ 
 
 \ I'll 1' 
 
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 if i, 
 
 i'lfi 
 
 
 luckily tlKy did him no liann, though they ftnick him 
 Several times with his own hangtr. They made off 
 when they had done tliis, and anotlier of the natives 
 brought a piece of cloth to cover him. 
 
 This gentleman prcfently appeared at the tratiing- 
 place, wliere a number of tlie natives were airembled, 
 who all fled at feeing him. Captain Cook perluaded 
 fomc of tiiem to return, affuring them that none Ihould 
 fuffer who were innocent. When the king heard this 
 complaint, he and liis companions wept bitterly ; and 
 as foon a;; his grief was alTuaged, he made a long ha- 
 rangue to the people, telling them tiie balenels of Inch 
 adions, when the captain and his crew had always be- 
 haved lb well to tlicin. He then took a very particu- 
 lar account of all the tilings the gentleman had loiV, 
 and promilcd they Ihould be rerurneii, it it w;is in his 
 power to find them. After diis, he dcfircd Cap- 
 tain Cook to follow him to the boat, but the people 
 being apprchenfive of his fafety, ufed every argument 
 to dilTuade him from it. It is impoffible to deiirribe 
 the grief they expreflt-d in the intreaties they ufed ; 
 every face was bedewed with tears, and every mouth 
 was filled witli t!ie moll: dilfuafive arguments. Oree 
 was deaf to them all, and infilled on going with the 
 captain ; when tliey botli were in the bont, he defired 
 it might be put off. The only perlbn who did not op- 
 pofe his going, was his lillcr, and llie Ihcwed a mag- 
 nanimity of fpirit equal to her brother. 
 
 Peace was now perfeftly re-eftablillied, provifions 
 poured in from all quarters, the geiitlem.m's coat and 
 hanger were returned, and. tluis endttl thefc trbuble- 
 fome tranfactions. 
 
 The captains. Cook and 1' iirncaux, went to pay tiieir 
 farewell to Oree, and piefentcd him with things both 
 \aliiable and uleful. They left him a cojiper-plate witli 
 this inlcription, " Anchored here his Britannic Majef- 
 ty's fhips Refolution and Adventure, September, 1773." 
 Having ti.itled for fuch things as were wantcil, tiicy 
 took their leave, which was very affedionatc. On return- 
 ing to the Ihips, they were crouded, as on arrival, with 
 canoes fiUed with hogs, fowls, txc. Soon a/ter they 
 \^■erc on board, the king came and informed them that 
 the robbers were taken, and defued tliem to go on 
 fliore in order to beiiold their exemplary punillimcnt. 
 This they would willingly iiave done, but were pre- 
 veiiti'd by the Ailventiire's being out of the harbour, 
 and the Refolution under fail. 
 
 'i'he good okl king ftaiil with tliem till they were 
 near two miles out at fea, and then, after taking ano- 
 ther affeftionate leave, parted. During their Ihort 
 Hay at the finall but fertile illand of Huaheine, they 
 procuied ujwards of 300 hogs, befidcs fowls and fruit 
 in great abundance. 
 
 The Refolution and Diilovery, on Captain Cook's 
 third voyage, anchored on tlie lith of Odober, 1777, 
 at tiie nonliern entrance of Owherre harbour, fituatetl 
 on the well fide of tliis ifland. Omai, in his canoe, 
 entered the h.irbour jiift before tlicm, but did not 
 land i and though many of his countrymen crouiied to 
 (eehim, he did not take much notice of them. Great 
 numbers alio came off to die fliips, inlomucii that thev 
 were greatly incommoded by them. 
 
 The next morning, all the principal people of the 
 illand repaired to tiie European (liijis agreeable to the 
 wilhes of die cominodon, as it was now time to fettle 
 Omai, and he fuppofed that tiie pretence of thefe ciiiefs 
 would enable him to effcit it in a fat,:,iaftory man- 
 ner. But Omai now feemeii to incline to elt.ibliih liim- 
 felf at Ulietea; and if he and Captain Cook could have 
 agreed witli icfpeft to the mode of accomplilhing that 
 deligii, the latter woukl have coalented to adopt it. 
 ( lis fatiar h.id been deprived bv the inhabitants of Bo- 
 labola, uli.n they lubdued Ulietea, of lome land in 
 diat 'lantl , and riie capt.iin hop-ed lie Ihould be able 
 to_ pet it rcRoieil to the Ion without difficiilrv. Eor 
 this j>iirf)ofe, it was necefliiry tluit Oinai fliould be 
 iifXHi friendly terms with tlioli.- who had become mailers 
 of the illand ; but he uouM not lirten to any hidi pro- 
 
 .1.. 
 
 pofal, and was vain enough to imagine that tiie captain 
 would make life of force to reinltate him in his for- 
 feiteit lands. 
 
 This prcpoffelTion preventing his being fixed at Uli- 
 etea, the captain began to conlidcr Huaheine as the 
 more proper place, and therefore ilctcrmined to avail 
 liimfelf of the i)rcfence of the chief men of that illami, 
 and propofeihe affair to them. 
 
 Tlie liiips were no lefs crouded with hogs, than with 
 cliiefs, the former being [wured in fliiler than tiie but- 
 chers and llilters coukl dilj)atch them. Indeed, for fe- 
 veral days after arrival, fi)me huntireds, great ami linall, 
 were brougiit on board ; and, if any were refufcd, they 
 were thrown inio the boats and left bcliind. 
 
 The captain prepared to make a vilit in form to 
 Taircetareea, tiie Earee niliie, or tiien reigning king 
 of the illand. Omai, who was to accompany him, 
 drelk-il himlelf very properly on the occafion, and pro- 
 \ided a handliime prefent for tiie chief himlelf, and 
 anotiier for his Eatooa. Their landing drew moft of 
 the vifitors from the fliips; lb that die concoiirfe of peo- 
 ple became veiy great. 
 
 'l"hc captain waited fome time for the king ; but 
 when he appeared, he fiiiind his prefence might have 
 been dilpenled witli, as his age did not cxceeti ten years. 
 Omai, who itaid at a little diftance from tlie circle of 
 ■^leat men, began with making his offerings to the gods, 
 which confilted of cloth, red fi:atliers, ixc. Anotiier 
 oliering fuccteded, wliich was to be given to tiie gmls 
 by the young ciiief ; and after diat, Icveral other tufts 
 of red fifadier were prcfented. The different articles 
 were laid before tl. nriefl, being each of them de- 
 livered with a kind ■ : prayer, waich was fpoken by 
 one of Omai's friends, though in a great meafure dic- 
 tated by himlelf In.thefe pr.ayers he did not forget his 
 frienils in England, nor thole wiio iiad conduced liim 
 fait; back to his n.itive country. The Earee rahie or 
 ^retanne, (king of Cireat Britain,) the Earl of Sand- 
 wicii, Toote (Captain Cook,) Tatee (Captain CIcrlvC,) 
 were mentioned in every one of tiiem. Thefe offer- 
 ings and prayers being ended, tlie prieft took each of 
 tiie articles in order, and, after repeating a conclud- 
 ing prayer, Itfnt every one of tiiem to tlie Moral. 
 
 After tiie perlbrmance of thefc religious rites, Omai 
 feated himlelf by the Captain, who bellowiil a jiref'ent 
 on tlic young prince, and received anotiier in leturn. 
 Some arrangements were then agreed upon, relative to 
 tiie mode of carrying en the intercourfe between our 
 people and the natives, iiic elVablilliinent of Omai 
 was then propolt-d to this aflembly of chieis. They 
 were informed, that the l"'nglifli iiad conveyetl liim into 
 their countr\', where he was well receiveil by the great 
 king of Pretanne, and iiis Earees ; and then had been 
 treated, during his whole ffay, with all the marks of 
 regard and affection ; that he had been brought back 
 again, enrichetl with a variety of articles, which, it was 
 iioiK-tl, woukl lie highly beneficial to his ccuntr)-men i 
 ami that, bcficies tiie two liorfcs whicli were to con- 
 tinue with him, many other new and ufetiil animals 
 Iiad been left a: Otaheite, whicli would I'peeilily mul- 
 tiply, and furnilh a fiifTicient number for the ule of 
 all tlie neighbouring iflands. They wen then giving to 
 undciiland, it was tiie commoiiorc's earneft requefl, 
 tliat they would give iiis friend, Omai, a piece of lami, 
 upon which he might bulla a hoiili;, and raile provifions 
 for himli-'lf and fiimily ; adding, that if he could not 
 obtain tills at Hualieine, eidier by donation or purchafe, 
 lie was relulved to lariy liim to Ulietea, and fettle him 
 there. 
 
 It was obferved that this conchifion feenied to gain 
 the approbation of all the chiefs ; and the realon wai 
 obvious. CJmai Iiad flattered himlelf, tliat tiie captain 
 would life fiirce in relloring him to his fiitlier's pjof- 
 fellions in Ulietea ; and he had vaunied lumlell on this 
 fubiefl: among Ibine cliiefs, at tliis meeting, whu now 
 expec'ted iliat tiiey Ihoultl be alfilled by our people in 
 an iiivafion of Ulietea, and driving the Bohbolans cut 
 of that illand. 
 
 It 
 
 tiitir ravages, v.as the 
 
 «A^.„,^... 
 
New Discoveriks.] 
 
 SOCIETY ISLANDS 
 
 It bring prrtptT, therefore, that tliey fhoiikl be im- 
 dcccivn.1 in tJiis p.it'iicuhir, tlie captain, with this view, 
 fignlReil to them, in the moll dctifive manner, that he 
 woiikl neitlicr give them any afTiftance in fuch an entcr- 
 prize, nor even liiH'er it to be put in execution, while 
 he remained in thole leas ; and that, it" Omai elta- 
 bliihed hiinlelf in UHcta, he Ihould be introduced as a 
 fiiend, and not forcetl upon the people of Bolabola as 
 their cunqueror. 
 
 Thio [)' emptory declaration immediately gave a new 
 turn to the fentimentsof tiie council ; one of whom ex- 
 prerti'd himLlf to this cffeft : that the whole illand of 
 Huahcine, ami whatever it containcti, w^tc Captain 
 Cook's, and therefore he might dilpofe of what portion 
 he pleafed to his friend : but, thougii Omai leemal 
 much plealed at hearing this, he dcfiretl theni to niark 
 out the fpot, and likewife tiie exaft quantity of land, 
 whicn they intended to grant tor the fettlement. Upon 
 this, li.)me chiefs, who had retired from the alllmbiy, 
 ■were fent for, and after a fliort confukaticn, tiie com-, 
 mudore's requeft was unanimoully comjiiied witii, and 
 the ground immediately fixed upon, adjoining to tlie 
 hnifr where the prefent meeting was held. It extended 
 aioii,^ the ihore of the harbour near 200 yards; its 
 depth, at the bottou. of th;.- hi!!, was Ibinewliat more; 
 ..nd a jiroporrionate part of the hill was comprehended 
 in the g^rant. 
 
 In order to give him a confequence, Captain Cook 
 rode with Omai on iiorleback, foUowcd by tlie natives, 
 who, attracltil by the novelty of the light, Hocked 
 from tiu- moft remote parts of the illand to be fpectd- 
 torr. 
 
 Orders were given, during die flay f)f the fliips in 
 tiiis harbour, to cany tlie bread on Ihore to clear it of 
 vermin. The number of cock-roaches that infelted 
 tiie Ihip at this time is almolt incredible. The damage 
 fullained by them was very confiderablc ; and ever)' at- 
 tempt to deftroy them proved fruitlels. If any kind 
 of food was cxpofed lor a few minutes, it was covered 
 ttith thefe noxious infefts, who iiion pierced it llill of 
 holes, lb that it refembled a honeycornt). 
 
 The nati\es were li) fond of ink tliat tliey fucked it 
 out of the writing on tlie labels falk-ncil to different ar- 
 ticles j and the only tiling that prelerved booi;s from 
 their ravages, was the dofenels of the binding, which 
 prevcnteil tiieic voracious deftroyers from infinuating 
 themfelves between the leaves. 
 
 The affair being fettled between the commodore and 
 'he chief, the carpenters and caulkers were ordered on 
 Ihore to ereft a houle for Omai, wherein he might le- 
 curc die various European comincxlities tliat he hail in 
 his pofTefTion : at the fame time others of our people 
 were employed in making a garden for his ule, plant- 
 ing vines, Ihaddock, melons, pine-apples, and the 
 feeds of various kinds of Vegetables ; all which were in 
 a llourilhing fbtc before their departure from the 
 inand. 
 
 Omai began nov/ to pay a ferious attention to his 
 own affairs, ami heartily repented of his ill-judged pro- 
 digality at Oiaheite. 1 Ic v.as now the only ricli man in 
 the kingdom ; and being mailer of an accunuilateil 
 quantity of a fpecies of trealurc, wliich liis countrymen 
 could not create by any art or indullry of their own, ir 
 was natural, therefore, to imagine, that wiiiie all were 
 defirous of fliaring tiiis envied wealth, all woukl be 
 ready to join in attcmjits to ftri]> its fole proprietor. 
 .Vs the moll likely nic.uis of' preventing this. Captain 
 Cook advifed him to dillribute fome ot his moveables 
 among two or direc of the principal chiefs ; who, on 
 being thus gratified, might be induced to favour him 
 with tliLir patronage, ami th.ii itl him from the injuries 
 01 otiiers. Omai promiird 10 follow this ailvice, and 
 hetore our people failed this prudent llep was taken. 
 Tlie captain,* however, not conliding wholly in the 
 operations of giatiiiide, .,ad recouile to tlie more fbr- 
 lihle and elfechial motive of intimidation, taking, every 
 < pportunity of notifying to d.e inhabitants diat it was 
 Ills intention to inalvc another vilii: u tlieir illand; after 
 
 71 
 
 having been abfent the ufiia! time ; and that if he did 
 not find his friend in the fame Hate of fecurity in which 
 he Ihould leave him at prefent, all thofe who had L .n 
 his enemies might expect to become die objefts of his 
 relentment. 
 
 The intercourfe of trade and friendly offices between 
 the Knglilh and the inhabitants of Huaheinc was inter- 
 rupted ; for, in the evening, one of them found means 
 to get into Mr. Baylcy's oblervatory, and carry oft' a 
 fexrant imobferved. Captain Cook was no fooner in- 
 formed of this theft, than he went afhore, and defired 
 Omai to apply to the chiefs to procure reftitution. He 
 accordingly made application to them, but they took 
 no Heps towards recovering the inftnimcnt, being more 
 attentive to a beeva that was then exhibiting, till the 
 captain o-iered the performers to defift. Bein" now 
 C'lnvinci .i he was in earnefl, they began to make Ibme 
 enquiry after the ilelinquent, who was fitting in the 
 midft ot tl'.em, with fucii marks of unconcern, tliat 
 the captain was in great doubt of his being guilty, par- 
 ticularly as he denied it. Omai alTuring him this was 
 the perfon, he was fent on board the Relblution, and 
 put in irons. Tliis railed a univerfal ferment among 
 the iflamlers, and the whole body flcu with precipit:i- 
 tion. The prifoner being examined by Omai, was witii 
 Ibme difficulty brought to confefs where he had con- 
 cealed the fextant, and it was broiight back unhurt tlie 
 next morning. Aftvr this, tlie natives recovered from 
 their 1 onltemation, and began to gather about the Eng- 
 lilh as ufual. As the tliiet appeared to be a fliamelefs 
 villain, the commodore punilhei! him with greater fe 
 verity tlian he had ever done any former culprit ; for, 
 belides having Lis head and beard ftiaved, lie c.dered 
 botli his ears to be cut oftj and his eye-brov,s to be 
 fleed, than which no punilhment could have fubjedled 
 him to greater dilgrace. In this bleeding condition he 
 was lent on Ihore, and ex}X)fed as a fpeftacle to inti- 
 midate the people from meddling with what was not 
 their own. The natives looked with horror upon the 
 man, and it was eafy to perceive tliat this aft gave 
 general dilguft: even Omai was affeded, thougli he 
 endeavoured to juftify it, by telling his friends, that if 
 fuch a crime had been committed in the country where 
 he had been, the thief would have been fentenced to 
 lofe his life. But, how well Ibever he might carry oft" 
 the matter, he dreaded the confequences to hiinfelf, 
 which, in part, appeared in a few days, and were pro- 
 bably more feverely felt by hiin foon after die departure 
 of the fhips. 
 
 A general alarm was fpread, occafioned by a report, 
 that one of our goab had been llolen by the before- 
 mentioned tliief; and though, upon examinacion, every 
 thing was fiiund liife in that quarter, yet it appeared 
 that he had dellroyed and carried oft" from the grounds 
 of Omai le\eral vines and cabbage plants ; that he had 
 publickly threatened to put him to deadi, and to fet fire 
 to his houle as foon as his F.uropean friends fhould quit 
 the place. To prevent his doing any farthe ■ mifchief, 
 the captain ordered him to be leized, and confined ;igain 
 on bo;ird the Ihip, with a view of carrying him oft" the 
 illand; and tiiis intention feemed to give general fatis- 
 fiction to all the chiefs. He was a native of Bolabola ; 
 but there were too many of the people here ready to co- 
 operate with him in all his defign.;. 
 
 I'heir Earec nihie was but a cliild ; and it was not 
 oblerved, that dieir was an individual, or any kt of 
 men, who held the reins of go»-ernment fi)r him ; lb 
 that w'iene\er any mifunderftaniiing oc^-urred betwecr. 
 the I'.nglilh and the natives, diey never knew, with fiit- 
 ticient precilion, to whom it was necelliiry to apply, in 
 order to elfedl an accoiuiiKxlatioii, or procure reihefs. 
 Early in the morning, five days after his imprifonmcnt, 
 i!ie Uolabola-m.m fi)Uiul means t) efcaiH" from his con- 
 finemeiit, and our of the Ihip, carrying with him the 
 lliaekle of the bilboo-bolt that had been put alio.rr his 
 leg, which was takeji from him as loon as he arrived on 
 Ihore, by one ol the chiefs, and given to Omai, 
 who went with "Ml cxpetlitioii on board the Ihip, to 
 
 ui.'orui 
 
 i 
 

 
 li • I 
 
 «. 
 
 1 
 
 7a A NEW, ROYAL and AUTIIKNTIC SY 
 
 inform the captain, that his mortal enemy was again lit 
 lool'e upn him. 
 
 Our ^icople were plcaleU at licariiig that t!ie delin- 
 quent who ellapeil hail gone over to Ulietea ; but it 
 was thought by lome he only intemted to conceal liiin ■ 
 felf till their departure, wiien he would revenge the 
 luppole indignity by open or lecret attack upon O- 
 mai, whole houie being nearly tinilhed, many ot hii 
 moveables were carried on (hore. Among other ar- 
 ticles was a box of toys, wliich greatly pkaled the 
 gazing multitude; but as to his plates, dilhes, drink- 
 ing inugs, glafles, and the whole train ot apparatus, 
 fcarce one of his coimtrvmen would even look at them. 
 Om.'i himlelf began to think, flat they would bt: ot 
 no fervice to him; that a baked lK)g was more lavoiy 
 than a boiled one ; that a plantain leaf nude a^ gcjoj 
 a difh or plate as powter; that a cocoa-nut llu-ll was 
 as convenient a goblet as one of our mug-., lie 
 fheretbre clili.<)led ot moll of thole articles of I'.nglilli 
 furniture amo/ig the crew of the flii|)s -, and received 
 from them in return, hatchets, and other implements, 
 v.'hich had a more intrinlic value in tliis pait ot die 
 world. 
 
 Among the numerous prefents bellowed ujxin him 
 in England, tireworks had not been (>iniaed ; lome 
 ot' wliich were now exhibited, before a great nunilx-r 
 of people, wiio beheld them with a mixture of pleaiiire 
 and fear. Thole that remained were put in onler, 
 and left widi Omai, purl'uant to their original deilina- 
 tion. 
 
 Preparations were now made for departure from I lu- 
 aheine, and every thing tuken oft" fi^om the ihore ex- 
 cejit a goat big with kid, a iiorli; and a mare, wliich 
 were kli: in the poflellion of Omai, who was now to be 
 finally lepaiated from his Englifli friends. They gave 
 him alio a boar and two fows, of the Englitli breed ; 
 and he had two Iowa of his own. The iiorle ha co- 
 vei ed die mare at Otaheite ; fo that the introduction ot 
 a breed of horfes into thefe illands has probably fuc- 
 eeeded by tnis valuable prefent. 
 
 Omai's Europe;in weapons confifted of a fiwling- 
 picce, two pair ot piftols, feveral Iwords, cutlaffes, a 
 mulket, bayonet, and a cartouch-box. After lie iiad 
 got on Ihore whatever belonged to him, he frequently 
 in\ittd the two captains, aijd moil of the otlicers of both 
 Ihips to dine with him j on v/liich occalion his table was 
 plentifiilly Ipread with the bell [Tovifions that die iflanti 
 couki at>bril. 
 
 Omai, thus powerfully lup[)orted, went dirough the 
 fatigues of the day lictter than could have been ex- 
 |)ccted from the deliwndency that ajijx-aied in his 
 countenance, when firft the conipuny began to allenible. 
 Perhaps his awkward fitiution, between half Indian 
 [ireparations, might contribute not a little to embanals 
 him ; for having iie\'er beiiire made an entertainment 
 himlelf", tliough he had been a j»i taker ai many both 
 in England and iti tiie illands, lie was at a lofs to con- 
 duft himlt-lf properly to lb many guelfs, .ill of them 
 fuperior to himfelf in point of rank, though he might 
 be l.iitl to be fuperior, in point of tbrmne, to mofl of 
 die chicks preltnt. 
 
 Notiiing, i'.owcver, was wanting to imprefs the in- 
 habitants wit.'i an o|,i!ii<)n of his cmfequcnce. Tiie 
 dnims, trumpets, b.igpipes, hautboys, flutes, violins, 
 in fliort, the whole band of mufic attended, and took 
 it by turns to jilay while the dinner was getting ready ; 
 and when tiie coinjiany were I'eated, the wiiolc band 
 joined in fu'l concert, to the adiniration of crowds of 
 the inhabitants, who were idlimbled round the houfe on 
 this occafion. 
 
 The dinner confifted, at ufuai, of the various pro- 
 tkidions of the illand, barbicuetl hogs, fiAvls drellal, 
 fome alter the manner of the country, and others alter 
 tlie Englifh talhion, with plenty of wine and other h- 
 quors, with which two or direeof the chiefs miulc very 
 free. Dinner over, hcivas and tire -works lucceeded, 
 and when night approachetl, the multitudes that at- 
 
 STEM or L/NIVER'SAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 tended .is I'lKiflators, difpcrlcil, without the leaft dil- 
 «rder. 
 
 Before they I'et tail, the commodore canted the t<)l- 
 lowing inlcription to be cut in the Iront ot Omaik 
 houfe. ■: ; ?• ■:: 
 
 Georgius letlius, /{'•«, 2 Novcntbi ti, 1777. 
 ., t Rrfolii/:vii, JiiC. (iook, Pr, 
 
 ^'""' ( Dip-.oy, Car. Clake, Pr. ,i 
 
 1 iie commotlore luving thus executed his main de- 
 fu;n, I jok advantage of m eallerly breeze, and laiicd 
 out of Owlurre harbour. Lipon this illand our peo- 
 ple had pmaired more than 400 hogs. 
 
 It was agreed upon, that iiiimcdiately after the de- 
 parture of the lliips, Omai Ihould erect a Ipacious 
 iioule, after the talliion of his own country; and the 
 ciiiers of the illand jiromifed to contribute their atiiit- 
 wice. Many ot the natives continued on board till the 
 vetfels were under tail; when the captain, to gratify 
 their curiolity, ordered five of the great guns to be 
 tired. They tlien all departed except Omai, who re- 
 mained till the Ihips went out to lea. 
 
 Omai went on thor,- in a boat, and took a very af- 
 fectionate and final leave of the captain, never to fee 
 him more. On thi •. occalion he gave him his bJl in- 
 llrudioiis how to :• direfting him to fend his boat to 
 Ulietea, to acquaint hiin with the beliaviour of the 
 chiefs in the abtence of the Ihips, which he was to fig- 
 niiy by particular and piivate tokens. He had en- 
 deavoured to prevail on Captain Cook to let him re- 
 turn to England, which made his parting with him and 
 our officers the more affefting. If tears could have 
 prevailed on the commander to let him return, O.iiai's 
 eyes were never ilry ; and if the tenderelt fupplications 
 of a dutiful Ion to an obdurate latlier could have made 
 any impreflions, Omai hung round his neck in all ti.:r 
 feeming agony of a child trying to melt die heart of a 
 relucbint parent. He twined his arms round him 
 with the ardour of inviolable ti-iendfliip, till Captain 
 Cook, im.ible any longer to contain himlelf, broke 
 from and retired to his cabin, to indulge tiiat natural 
 lympathy which he could not refill, leaving Omai to 
 ilry up his tears, and compoli; himfelf on ilie c]uarter 
 deck. 
 
 Having then bid farewell, he was accompanied by 
 Lieutenant King in the boat, who intbrnv 1 Captain 
 Cook he had we])t all the time he tvai goiiiL, vjn flhorc. 
 It was hoped that he would exert his endeavours to 
 bring to perfeftion the various fruits and vegictables that 
 were planted by his Engiilli friends, which would be no 
 fmall acquifition. 
 
 The principal advantage thefe illands are likely to 
 receive from the travels of Omai, will probably arifc 
 from die anim;ils that have been kf"t upon them; 
 wliich, perhaps, they never would have obtained, if he 
 luul not come over to England. When thefe multi- 
 ply, Otaheite, and the Society Iflcs, will equal an) 
 places in the known world, with lelpccl: to provifions. 
 Omai's return, and the fubflantial proofs he had dif- 
 playeil of Britifli liberality, encouraged many to offer 
 tiieiv elves as volunteers to accompany our peof^ to 
 Pretanr.e. 
 
 S EC T I O N IL ; —, 
 I.' L 1 E T E A, OR K A I E T E A.; , 
 
 THIS illand is about 20 leagues in circumference. 
 When Captain Cook, Mr. Banks and otliers 
 went on Ihore, accompanied fiy i iipia, they were re- 
 ceived by the natives in the n"ifl courteous m;uiner; 
 itliorLs concerning them having ueen tranfmitted from 
 Otaheite. After liiine ceremonies had palled, Captain 
 C"(.ok took iiolTedion of this and the atijacent illands, in 
 tiie name of" the king of Great -Britain. 
 
 The 
 
 
 
 >\ 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 -X 
 
 -^ 
 
 ■ / 
 
 ^k. 
 
 ■■.■,;.«L..:w*'».4iv^i».;. 
 
■i^' 
 
 w 
 
 RAPHV. 
 
 out the kaft dil- 
 
 rc caiill'il the fiil- 
 t'roiit ot Oniai s 
 
 kii, 1777. 
 k, Pr. 
 
 kc, Pr. 
 
 icuteil his niiiiii de- 
 breezc, and iaiied 
 lis illaiul our pcu- 
 s. 
 
 lately after the de- 
 creet a I'pacious 
 country i and the 
 iitributc their •.illiit- 
 d on board till the 
 captain, to gratify 
 great guns to be 
 pt Omai, who re- 
 nd took a very af- 
 ptain, never to fee 
 vc him his jpjl in- 
 to lend his boat to 
 beliaviuur of the 
 liich lie was to fig- 
 L*ns. He had en- 
 loit to let iilm re- 
 irting with him and 
 r tears could have 
 liim return, Oniai's 
 iderell: fupplicarions 
 T could have made 
 his neck in all ti." 
 melt die heart of a 
 i anns round him 
 idrtiip, till Captain 
 lin himfelf, broke 
 idulge that natural 
 , leaving Omai to 
 fclf on the quarter 
 
 as accompanied by 
 
 infomvd Captain 
 'as goiiiL, >)n (liorc. 
 
 his endeavours to 
 and vegetables that 
 which would be no 
 
 idamis are likely to 
 will probably arifc 
 
 1 lift upon them ; 
 ave obtained, if he 
 When thefe muln- 
 cs, will equal aii) 
 fpcft to provifibns. 
 
 proofs he had dif- 
 ttged many to oUer 
 ipany our peopk to 
 
 II. :•>!>;•,, 
 
 V I I'. TEA.. 
 
 es in circumference. 
 Banks and otliers 
 upia, tiiey were re- 
 courteous manner ; 
 en tranfmitted from 
 had |)alVai, Captain 
 :.■ atijai-ent illands, in 
 tain, 
 
 The 
 
 ^^ 
 
 iPi 
 
 m 
 
 
 •<>. 
 
 t^ 
 
 V 
 
 ^itifa 
 
'ih 
 
 ^ 
 
 'f 
 
 tS 
 
 
 NlW Di5C0V£RI£S.J| 
 
 The country lias 
 l(>il on the top of wl 
 (loiii- mulf. On thil 
 lin.l ii few pieces of" 
 colouc, Nvhjcli feemedl 
 it was coiijediirwl tli 
 might Ix- lodf^ed in th| 
 
 Its vegetable prociu 
 auts oikI yanu: thuti 
 tbwls : but tlie latter ai] 
 
 I here is' great liiil 
 ciiftoiDS between the 
 »Jiaccnt. Uiietca, lil 
 die reft, by a rcmart 
 called 'rap(Klelo;Uea. 
 tight ti;et, were railei.t 
 Jar(;e. The whole enij 
 iLjuare, wiiicli was fillcl 
 ail aitar, at a Itnall (.11 
 lU'lioficed as a lacrificl 
 liorc pounds, very nicd 
 
 Sevcnil ftru^tures del 
 atwut here. Thelt; ll| 
 ark, the lid of which 
 thatched with palni-n' 
 fixed on two [xjles, the 
 remove it from place to 
 
 Another eiiriofity t( 
 nioiiel of a eanoe, ;il 
 were tied eiglit hum 
 T'.ipia's explanation, tli 
 of the ifland, which hat 
 fioiabola, as a token c 
 the countiy. Tupi:i, 
 ficers, &c. as the veiic 
 which he had held up 
 had been difpolledetl 
 This relation was confii 
 
 On the firft arrival 
 ceived a prefent of con 
 tlie tremendous monarri 
 the illand of Otaha. In 
 commander, principal o 
 him a vifit; when, beh 
 triumphant conqueror, 
 neiglibours, apjjcared tci 
 enfign of monality, tot 
 age, incapable of the coi 
 word a mere iumpiih in 
 
 Three extraordinary j 
 two of t'lem were as brc 
 lured fix feet four inci 
 him five feet ten inches 
 ciiief named ilerea, a 
 the moit corpulent man 
 He meafured rounil th' 
 one of his thighs was 3 1 
 I lis liair was likcwife 
 in long black wavey tn 
 and in fiirh quantities, 
 bulk of his head confab 
 
 W'iicn Captain Cool 
 voyagtr, he was vifited 1 
 with liim a handfonie p 
 on Ihore to make him 
 the houfe, were n^et b 
 lamenting on l()me inciil 
 a Ihocking manner. 1 
 the tlory, for diey wi 
 embraces, ami got di 
 After the cerciiiQuy was 
 iuid appeared as chearfl 
 
 Soon after inteiligenci 
 Dilcovery's peo])le, a m 
 had made theii- efcape 
 adjoining ifland, witli a 
 to Otahtite, as foon as 
 with provifions for tlieir 
 No. 7 
 
 
Nlw Discoveries.] 
 
 SOCIETY ISLANDS. 
 
 73 
 
 I 
 
 The couiury IiAs cxtcnfivc plains anJ hip^h hillss fe 
 Toil on tlie top of whicii was fuunil to bt a kind ot 
 ftoiif maik. On tiic fuJcs wire Ibme fcattered Hints, 
 !in.l a few pieces ot" a fpon^^y (lone lava, of a whitilh 
 coIoiiB, whicli feeined to contain lijtne remains of iron ; 
 it was conjedurcd that gicat ijuantities of" that metal 
 might Ik lodged in the nioimtainous p uts of" the illand. 
 
 Its vegetaUe protludions arc chicliy plantiiins, roeiw 
 auts and yanu: d>ole of d»e animal 'kind, hoy. and 
 towls : but die latter ardcles do nor abound. 
 
 There is' great finularity in jierfon, manners and 
 cuftoms between the natives of diis and the idands 
 ^ijj.iccnt. Uiietea, however, was ilillinguiflicil from 
 die reft, by a remarkable Morai, \vhii;!i the natives 
 c-Ued Tapixitloatea. The walls wl-.ith were al'Miut 
 eight ii;et, were railevl of coral (loncs, (()me extremely 
 large. The whole enclofcd aji area, of ;ibout 'J5 yards 
 fqiure, wiiich was filled up widi fraaller itones. Upon 
 9n idtar, at a fmall dillancc fiom diis enclofure, was 
 dejKjfited iis a lacrifice, a hog weighLig about four- 
 fcore pounds, very nicely walheii. 
 
 Several ftrufturcs dedicated to the deities v.ere phiced 
 about here. Thele llrudures are a kind of chell or 
 ark, die lid of which is fixed on with art, and neatly 
 diatched with palm-nut leaves, liach of them was 
 fixed on two ^xjles, die ufe of wiiich feenied to Ix: to 
 remove it from place to place. 
 
 At«)ther curiofity t()und upon tliis iflnnil, was die 
 nioilcl (A a canoe, about dux'e feet long, to vvhicli 
 were tied ei^t human jaw bones, According to 
 Tupia's explanauon, they were the jaws of" die natives 
 of the idand, which had been hung up by the people of 
 Bolabola, as a token or memorial of dmr cunquell ot 
 the countiy. Tupi:i, indeed, pointed out to the of- 
 ficers, &c. as the vellel entered the bay, tlie pon"eirions 
 whicli he had held upon diis ifliuul ; but of which he 
 had been dilpoirefTetl by tiie Bolalnjlan conquerors. 
 Tliis relation was confirmed b" the inii^bitants. 
 
 On die firil arrival of Captain C<x)k here, lie re- 
 ceived a prefent of confiderabic value from Opooney, 
 die tremendous monarch of Bolabolii, who was then at 
 the illand of Otaha. In return tor d^e compliment, the 
 commander, principal otficers, Sic. determining to pay 
 him a vifit; when, behold, to their aftonillunent, this 
 triumphant conqueror, tliis Icoiirge ot iiis trembling 
 neighbours, appeared to be nodiing more than a [loor 
 enfign of mortality, tottering with the decrepituile ot' 
 age, incapable of the commo.T foiictions of life, and in a 
 word a mere ium})iih mafs. 
 
 TJiree extraordinary perfons were feen at diis ifland ; 
 two of them were as brodier ami fifter : the former mea- 
 liired f« feet tour inches, and die liilcr younger than 
 him five feet ten inches and an half. The diirti was a 
 chief named 1 lerea, a native of Bolabola. 1 le was 
 the moit corpulent man in any of the Souih-fea illands. 
 1 le mealured rounil the wait! no lets than 54 inches ; 
 one of his thighs was 31 inches and 3-qiiaitcrs in girth. 
 I lis hair was likewife remarkable ; tcir it hung down 
 in long black wavey tretles to the liiull of" his back, 
 ami in tiicli quantities, diat if increaled die apparent 
 bulk of his head conliderably. 
 
 When Captain Cook anchored here, on his fecond 
 voyage, he waS vifiteil by Oreo, the cliiet, who brought 
 with liini a handfome prefent. A party of them went 
 on (hore to make him a icturn, and as they entered 
 the lioufe, were n^et by five old women, who- were 
 lamenting on (iime inciilent, and hail cut their facts in 
 a Ihocking manner. This w.vs not the word: part of 
 die llory, for diey were obliged to fubmit to their 
 embraces, and got diemfelves covered with blood. 
 After die ceremony was over, tlxy v-adicd thcmfelves, 
 iuid app.earcd as chearful as any other perl"on. 
 
 .Soon after intelligence was received, diat two of the 
 Dilcovery's peojile, a miillhipman and a gunner's iiiaie, 
 had made their efiape in a canoe, and l.indcii on an 
 adjoining ifland, with a view to continue their courfe 
 to Otaheite, as loon as they had furnidied themlirlves 
 with provifions f"or dicir voyage. Tlwy were no fooner 
 No. 7 
 
 mitli-d and rejxirt made to Captain Cook, than hcor- 
 ticred all the boats to be manned, and a purfuit to 
 lommcnce with all pofllble expedition ; at the lame 
 time putting the king, his two fons, and two of the 
 principal chiefs of the idand under confinement, on 
 [)oard the Dil'covery, tdl the fugitives (hould be taken 
 and reftored. 
 
 Thi.i he did, no doubt, to interetl die people of the 
 ifland in the purt"uit, and to prevent their alTifting die 
 del'irters in making their eloape. Me alfo promited a 
 rewari! of large axes, looking-glani-s, and other articles 
 ol' conliderable v.diie, to any of die natives, who 
 Ihould be inllnimental in apprehending and bringing 
 diem Iwck. To enforce his orders he caulid all the 
 veflcls to be liized, and tiireatened deftniClion to 
 the coiuitry if his nun Ihould be with-licld. He even 
 threatened the king anil the younjr princes with dcadi, 
 it they were not brought back widiin a certain time. 
 I'his might fceni hard uliige, yet it had its elfed ; as 
 without this lUady relblute proceeding, the deferters 
 would never have been recovered. 
 
 The Ihip's boats v.iiit d.iy af'ccr day to ail the ad- 
 joining illands, without being able to learn die lead 
 trace of ti n ; and this they continued, till liaving 
 leaiched every ifland widiin the iliilance of two day's 
 tail, diey were at length obliged to give over any tar- 
 dier I'earcli as truitlets. 
 
 At length, after fourteen days abftnce, i'.me In- 
 dians came on be „rd, and acquainted Captain Cook 
 that the fugitives were found, and that in a few days 
 they would be brougiit back ; defiring, at tlie lame 
 time, the relcale ot the prilbners, as a condition wirh- 
 out wiiich diey would again be fet at large. But Cap- 
 tain Cook paid no regard to this informanon. On 
 die contr.iry, he renewed iiis tiireatnings, which he faid 
 he woukl inllantly oider to be carried into execuuon, 
 if die men were not delivered up. 
 
 The very day tiilkiwirg, about five in the evening, a 
 number of canoes were leen at a dillancc, making to- 
 wards the lliips, and as diey approached nearer thiy 
 VA-re heard to fing and rejoice as if they had fuc- 
 ceedcd in finding what they went in fearch of. About 
 fix they came lb nigh, that 'hey could diilern, with 
 glaffes, the delerters fattened together. They were ivt 
 iiioner brought on board, dian die royal jiriloners were 
 releafed, to the unipeakable joy of all but the rvvo 
 fiigiuves, who were under great apprehenfions for their 
 lives ; their punilliment, howe\cr, was not lb I'cvere as 
 might have been expected. 
 
 As lixin as Captain Cook, on his tliird voyage, en- 
 tered the harbour of L'lietea, in the RelbUition, havini^ 
 the Difcovery, Captain Clerke, under his comni.ind, 
 the natives lurroundid the iliips in their canoes, tor the 
 purpofe of exchanging their coninioiiities tor thole of 
 our people. 
 
 A fi-w da\s after their arrival, a centinel in fliorc, 
 named John Marrilbn, del'erted, taking uidi him his 
 niulket and accoutrements. As loon as intelligence 
 was gained whicli wav he was gone, a party was de- 
 tached in iearch of him ; but they returned in the even- 
 ing without fuccels. The next day die cajualn .ip- 
 I'liedtothe chief concerning diis affair, who promifcd 
 to li-nd a party of the illanders after the fiigitive, and 
 gave hopes that lie Ihould be brought baik in the courl"e 
 of that day. This, however, did not h ;)pen ; aid 
 diere was reaibn to im.igine, that Oreo the chief had 
 talvcn no Heps to find him. 
 
 At tliis time, a confiderable number of die natives 
 were about tiie fliijis, iuul feveral thefts committed, 
 die conl"equcnces of which, being apprehended by diem, 
 very few canie on board tiie next morning. Oreo 
 liinilelf caught the alarm, and I'al W'ith his whole fa- 
 mily. Captain Cook ccnlkicred this as a gond oppor 
 tuiiity to infill upon their delivering up the deferter ; 
 and having heard he was at a place called Hanio.i, 
 tituat'e on the other fide of the illand, he repaired thi- 
 ther with two armed boats, attended by a native. In 
 their way, they met widi die cliLcf, who eni'D..rked with 
 T diem 
 
 rll-.v 
 
A NFAV. ROYAL am> AUTHl-NTIC SYSTF.M of UNIVF.RSAI. GF.OGRAPIIY. 
 
 h ;Pi 
 
 V I 
 
 I.* 
 
 74 
 
 them. The rajit.iin, with a lew of liis men, l.mJing 
 abovit a mile from tht- fpot, niarrhcd up to it with prvat 
 expi-diiion, lell the fight of the boats Hioiilii give the 
 alaini, ami allow the oft'eiuier fiifficient time to eiia[K- 
 to tiic moiiiuains. This precaution v as |(niml uniie- 
 cefiary ; for the natives of that part of the illaml having 
 obtained iiit'onnation of the captain's approach, were 
 prepared to iklivcr the ihfciter. He was f ninil with 
 his miilket lyin;^ before him, featcd between two wo- 
 men, who, the inllant that the captain cnteretl tJie 
 hoiife, role up to pieail in his vindication. 
 
 As fiich procewlings tleferved to be ililcocragcd, the 
 captain with a Hern look, bid them be gone ; u\xm 
 wiiich they biiril into tears, and retiml. I'aha, the 
 chief of the dillricl, now ca'ne with a fucking pi;,', and 
 a plantain-tree, v.hich he w.!- .m the piint of prcli-nt- 
 ing to Captiin Cook, as a peace-oHering, who reiefted 
 it; and luvin;^ oalcred the chief to ijiiit his prelence, 
 embarked witii the delerter in one of the lv)ats, and r. - 
 turned to tiie Ihips. After this, harmony was fjieedily 
 rellored. ihe iliinqtient made no other excufe t<;r 
 his condii'T^, than that the natives hat! enticed him a- 
 way i whicii, perh ip-., Wii in a great meafiire tn.'e, as 
 Paha, and the two women above men:i.)ned, had been 
 at tlic lliip the day bef)ie his defcrtiun. .Xs he iiail re- 
 mained on hi:, polt till within a few minutes of the time 
 in whicli he was to ii.ive been relieved by another, the 
 puiiifhment h.e rerei\ed was not very levere. 
 
 About a fortnight after they arrived at Uiietea, Omai, 
 according to inltruction given him by Capt.iin Cook, 
 difpatchal two of his people in a canoe, witli intelli- 
 gence, that he continueil undilhirbed by the ii-.iiabi- 
 t;mts of Huaheine, and that every thing fiicceeileii witii 
 him, except tliat his goat had ilied in kiddintr. 'I'his 
 information was accomranied with a teqiiell, .hat the 
 ca])tain would fend him anotlier goat, and alii) two 
 axes. I'lealLd widi this addition.'.l opportunity of llrv- 
 ing his friend, the captain fent back tl-.e ireneiigers to 
 Huaheine, widi the two axes, and a male and female 
 kitl. 
 
 The circumi'anre attending the dtfcrtion of thefc 
 [leoplc, and particularly the confinement of die chiefs, 
 induced tl'.e natives to mediate an attempt lor their 
 relief, whicli h.id it not been prevented, might have 
 involved our people in fill gre.'.ter dlllrefs. Captain 
 Cook being on Ihore, a-break of the lliip, obferved all 
 their caiv;es, in and ab.iut the harbour, began to move 
 of}". He enquired, in vain, fijr the caufe of liiis ; till 
 i.iffjrmation was received from the Difcovcrv, that a 
 body of idandcrs had fcizcd Capt.iin Cleri<e aiid 
 l.iemen.int Gore, as they were walking at a fin..il dif- 
 tance from die ihips. 
 
 1 he commodore, (truck with the b'ddnefs of tiii., 
 fjheme of rct.diation, which teemed to cuintcract him 
 ill liis own way, inllantly coninianded his ])e(.[-ie to arm ; 
 and in_ a tew min',:tes, a f trt.ng \\iny, under the con- 
 duel of Mr. Kinj, were Vnt to the rell;ue of the two 
 gendemen. At die fuue time, two armed boats weie 
 ditjxifched to intercept the Hying canoes in their retreat 
 to the (liore. Thele d.-tachnunts had Icarcely pone 
 out ()f fight, wlicn iiitelligcnce arrived, which pr^Acd 
 the inf jrmari. .n erroneous, li) that they were immedi 
 .atcly, in coiilequence of tiii ., called in. However, it 
 aiipeared from levi-ral corr^iborating particulars, tjiat 
 the natives h.id acbi^illy fi)rnied llie d( fign of fei/in" 
 Captain Clerke: ami they even made no lecret in (peak- 
 ing of it die f(>liovvin;.f day. 
 
 The principal part of the ph;n of the operations 
 wa-, to ha\c fecured the jwiliin of Cap.rain Cook. He 
 was accuitoined to buthe every nmrning in the frelh 
 water ; on which occafions he tret, lently went alone, 
 unarmed. I'.xpectinr him to go t','. evening, as ulii^i!, 
 they h.ul rei;,!ved upon feizing him, and Captain 
 Clerke hkeuiii', if he had ac-oiiip.:;r,;ed him. lint die 
 commander, afrer confining the c!iiei''s family, had r.i- 
 kcncareto avoi.' jnitdng himlelf in their p.owerj and 
 had cautioned Capt-iin Cierke and tly o/hccrs not to "<> 
 any conliderable ilitlance from the (hips. '^ 
 
 1 
 
 Oreo, in tiie courle of tiie al'tennHin, alked the rcm- 
 mixlore, three or four times, if he woukl not go to the 
 bathing place ; till at length Hnding that he could not 
 be pre\ ailed upon, he retired, with his people, not- 
 widilhinding many entreaties to the contrary. Haviiig 
 no liilpicion at this time of their deilgn. Captain Cook 
 im.igineil that a liidden panic had teized thein, which 
 woukl be liion over. Heing dilapixiinteii with retj)ed 
 to him, they fixed upon thote whom they thought more 
 in their power. 
 
 It was a fiirturute ciivumllance that they did not 
 I'ucceeil in their defign, and that no milehief was ilone 
 on the ociafion j no mulkets being fired except two or 
 three to ilop the canoes ; to which firing, perliaps, 
 C"aptain Clcike and Mr. (lOre owed their (afety j hut 
 Mr. King alcribed tiiis to the captain's walkin;; with a 
 piilol in his hand, whi( h, he fays, he once (iretl ; :it 
 which time a party of the llronders, anned with clubs, 
 were m.irching towards them, but diipcrletl on hear- 
 ing the re|)ort of the muikets. 
 
 i'iiis conl'piracy w as firiV difcovercd by a girl, who 
 hail been brought from Huaheine by one of our offi- 
 cers. I lappening to over-hear fome of the Ulictc- 
 ans tiiy, rhey would lei/.e Captain Clerke and Mr. Gore 
 Ihe immediately ran to acquaint the tirlt of cur peo['le 
 t!;.;t fi;e met with of the deiinn. Tliole who had been 
 tiur.e'.l wiili th.e executi'Mi ol' the ])l.ui threateneil to 
 put her to de.ith, as liioii as the (liijjs Ihculd quit 
 Uliete.i, f()r dillipix)intiiig tliem. liiing aware <)f tliis, 
 it w.is t() contrived, that the girl's friends (hoidd come 
 a day or two afti .rds, and t.ike her out of the (hip, 
 to convey her to a ;.lace where (he might remain ctm- 
 cealed till an opportunity lliould ofter for h.er cicaping 
 to I Iiiaheine. 
 
 1 his is the Lift occurrence worthy of notice till the 
 Ihips took their ileparture ("rom Uiietea. 
 
 Ihe illand of Uiietea differs efientially from the 
 red of the Society Iflands in one pagicular inft.ince, 
 which i'., tli.it the women have more lil>erty here, and 
 .ue not retlrained from eating in company with the 
 men. 
 
 S E C T I O N III. 
 15 O L A B O L A, &c. &c. 
 
 Tl II.S illand is fituate I about four leagues diftance 
 (rom Otaha ; (urrounded by a reef o( coral rocks, 
 ami feveral hiiall iflamls, in compafs together about 
 eiglit leagues, and ni.ade up of one forked peak, with 
 feven low illands round it. 
 
 Oteeavaiiooa, the harbour of Bolabola, lying on the 
 well Ikle of the ifland, is very capacious, and though 
 our counrrymen did not enter it, they had the fatis- 
 taition of being informal, by perliins emjikiycti for 
 that pur|x)le, that it was a very projier place for the 
 recejKion of lliips. There are many litde iflets that 
 (iirroi'ind ir, which add to the number of its inhabitants, 
 and the amount of its vegetable proiludions. 
 
 The princiial realini that induced Cajitain Cook to 
 touch at this itkmd on his voyage w.is to procure one of 
 the anchors which had beeii loll at Otaheite by Mon- 
 heur de I'ougainville, which he was indirmetl, had 
 been afterwards fouml by the nati\es there, anil lent 
 by diem to Ojxwny, the chief of Bolabola. It w;is 
 not on accfiunt of the want of ;uichors that he was .an- 
 xious to get jx)fle(rion of it; but die peo()lc having 
 parted with all the hatchets and other iron tools and 
 i'liplements, in purchafuig refrelliments, they were now 
 obliged to create a Iredi affortment of trading articles, 
 by tabricaring them from the fparc iron diey could find 
 on board, and even the ,,'reate!t part of that had been 
 already expended. Ciprain Cook, theixfore, fup- 
 ]).)kd Mod!', de Bougainville's anchor woukl, in a great 
 meature, fupjjly the want of that iifelul mati. ", and 
 lie did not entert.iin a doubt but Opoony might be in- 
 duied to part vvith it. 
 
 Oreo, 
 
 New DiscoviRiES.] 
 
 Oreo, accompanied 
 liete.i, attended the co- 
 deed, moil ')( tiie n; 
 gl*lly have taf;en their 
 The commiKloif, ii 
 tnxluccd to Optxjny, (' 
 p'jple. Tlie ncce!lar 
 ing over, he requeued 
 chi-r ; and by way of i 
 he intended for him. 
 gown, ll)me g;iiile hai 
 j^iilS lijine beads and 
 however, reiuietl to aci 
 dore had received the ; 
 fons to go and deliver i 
 teive from h m what he 
 t'leie ineffengers pe.fon 
 rieighU)uring ifland, wi 
 lited ; but i' was neith 
 txpeded. By the mai 
 to have originally wei, 
 wanted 'he two palms, 
 The realiHi of Oixxiii) 
 lent was now aiiparcf 
 tlie anchor, in its then 
 Kirmcr value, that, whet 
 The comm<H!ore, !iot\ 
 1 e found it, and (cnt d: 
 at (irft intended. 
 
 When the difjiarity 
 bbola anil (imie other 
 greatly exceed it is con 
 Ihoukl acquire and m 
 t!ieref()re preliime that i 
 the v,far by which it wa; 
 entertaining. 
 
 Uiietea and Otaha h 
 natives emphatically e: 
 ' as two brothers, whod 
 fame. The illand of 1 
 friend, but not in fo etr 
 Oiaiia leagued with Bu 
 whoie people required 
 Hu;ilieipe agiinli thol 
 tants of Bolabola wer 
 phetcfs, who iiredie^ed 
 
 I'.ievated with tlie 
 Bolabola attacked tho 
 encounter lafted Ion: 
 gcther with ropes ; ami 
 die Bolabola fleet w 
 not that of Otaha an i 
 fortune of the day w 
 in fivour of the Bolal 
 totally defeated. Two 
 cd Huaheine, .vhich th 
 fended, as nio(l of its w 
 ol its (iigitives, howevc 
 rtLited their niel.uiclioi 
 their own countr 
 in tiiat ifland, liiat the 
 weie (iirnilhed with 
 wnich inconrn.ierab!e 
 I Ituheine in the niglit 
 bv iiii-]i-i/.c, killed n 
 reil. Thus weie diey 
 felled of their own if 
 independent, and is go 
 t'lc coiubined fleets of 
 featcd, the men of !}( 
 ailies of Otaha to be a 
 quells. This being r^ 
 duiing the war, Otaha 
 i'Wi, botli of ; hich 
 chiel;. by whom taey : 
 to Opoony the king 
 count of die war ; an 
 illands five battles we 
 which great numbers w 
 
 i 
 
i {*S»\ \4 , 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 SOCIETY INLANDS. 
 
 a"'» 
 
 75 
 
 of notice till the 
 
 Ono, accompanied by fix or eight others from U- 
 lictiM, attcn-Jcl the oniiinoilore to Bdlabola; and, in- 
 deed, moll of tiie natives, except tlse chief, would 
 gluUy have ta?u-n their palfige to r'.iigland. 
 
 The coninvKloiv, itnmejiateiy on lajuling, v.-as in- 
 trodiiied to OjMjony, I'lnounded hy a vail Cdncoiirfe (>( 
 pi'yi'Ie. The neceilary formality of romplinients be- 
 mj^ over, he reqiiel^ed the cliief to give him the an- 
 chiir ; and by way of inducement pnKUiced the prefent 
 he intended for him. It eonfifled of a hnen nii.^ht- 
 gown, lome g-.iule handkercliiets, a fliirt, a lookiii;;- 
 riif";, li)mc beads and toys, and fix axes. C)p<jony, 
 however, rclufed to accept the prefrnt till the cortimo- 
 ilnre had received the anchor j am! crdered thu, per- 
 foiib to go and ileliver it to him, with dire(iHons t^) re- 
 ceive from h m what he thought proserin return. A\ ith 
 theie ine(ren3;ers pe.fims deputed let out in boats f 'r a 
 fieijijlitxniring illand, where the anch)r iiad been depo- 
 fitedi but i' was neither fo large or fo pcrteit as nas 
 exjK-clcd. By the mark that was upon if, it appea''.'d 
 to have originally weighed 700 psnmds ; but it now 
 wanted 'lie two palm;., t.he ring, and part of tiie lh:ui!.. 
 The realim of Ojxxiny's rcfiifing Captain Cook's pre- 
 It-nt was IV iw apparent; he, dcubtlefs, fupjioli-il that 
 tlie aneh.tT, in its then fbite, was fo much infi-rior to its 
 (iTincr value, that, v.hcn he faw it he woukl be difpieafed. 
 The eommixiore, notwithfi.'.nding, took theanch-ras 
 le t'jund it, and lent tlie whule of the prefent whicli he 
 It lirll inteniletl. 
 
 When the difparity in point of extent between Bo- 
 bbola and fome others of the Society Iflands which 
 greatly exceed it is confidered, it is rcmark.ible that it 
 Ihould acquire and maintain a predominance. We 
 t]ieref<)re prefunie that the following concife account of 
 the v;ar by which it was cfTefted v. ill be acceptable aTid 
 entertaining. 
 
 Ulietea and Otaiia had long been friends ; or, as the 
 natives emphatically exprefs it, they were confidered 
 ' as two brothers, v.lioie views and interefts were the 
 lame. The illand of lluaheine was alio admitted as a 
 *ricnd, but not in fo eminent a degree. Like a traitor 
 Otaiia leaguetl widi Bulabola, jointly to attac!: Ulierea, 
 Vihoie people required the aflillance of tiieir tfiend . in 
 Hu^ilieipe ag.iinit thole united powers. The inhabi- 
 tants of Bolabola were cncouniged by a pretended pro- 
 phetefs, who predifted tlieir fuccels. 
 
 !■ levatcvl with the hopes of viftory, tiie canoe; of 
 Bolabola attacked thole of Ulietea and lluaheine: the 
 encounter lafted long, they being laflied I'crongly to- 
 gedier with ropes ; and, notwithllanding the prediftion, 
 the Bolabola fleet would have been vancjuillicd, had 
 not tliat of Otaha arrived at the critical moment. The 
 fortune of the d.iy was now turned ; viftory declared 
 in favour of the Bolabolans ; and t'leir enemies were 
 totally defeateil. Two days after the conquerors invail- 
 «t lluaheine, .vliich they fulxiued, it being weakly de- 
 fended, as mod <)f its warriors were then abfent. Many 
 of its fiigitives, however, having got to (3taheite, there 
 rtLicd their mcl.uKhcly tale. This fo afieCted tiiole of 
 their own country, and of Ulietea, whom they found 
 in tiiat idand, liiat they obtained their afl'illance. 'I'hey 
 weie furnilhed with only ten fiLrhting canoes; witli 
 wnieh inconfiderable force they effected a landing at 
 1 luaheine in the nigjit ; and, taking the Dolabola men 
 bv fuipri/.c, killed many of them, and difperfed the 
 rert. Thus weie they again, by one bold effort, pof- 
 (elled of their own illand, which at tliis day remains 
 independent, anil is governed by its own chiefs. When 
 I'le combined fleets of L'lietea ami lluaheine were de- 
 feated, the men of Holabola were ajiplied to by their 
 allies of Otaha to be allowed an ec lal Ihare of the con- 
 quells. This being refiifed the alliance broke ; and, 
 iluiing die war, Otaha was conquered as well as Uli- 
 erea, both of \ hieh remain fubjecl to Bolabola; the 
 chiel , l>y whom tney .are governed being only deputies 
 to Op(!ony the king of die iflands. Sueii is tb.e ac- 
 count of the war ; and in the reduction of the two 
 iflands five batdes were finighr at different places, in 
 which great numbers were kiUed on each fide. 
 
 i.i^^ 
 
 So exceedingly dcficicnf st't the natives in rrcDncinj 
 the exaifi date:, of pall events 'hat though tliis Wir hap- 
 pened but a few years ago, «jur {)ei!i>le couki not g'tcfa 
 witii any precifion at the time of tts commencement ami 
 iluration. Since the conquelt of IHietea and Otaha, the 
 H labola men are confidered as invincible ; and their 
 tiir.eislo far extendctl, that, even ar Otiihelce, if not 
 dread-.-d, ti.ey are relpeifted f )r their v;;lour. It is af- 
 ferteti, they r.ever fly from an enemy, and that dicy 
 are viclurious ag-iinft an equal number of the other 
 ill.inders. 
 
 The elVimation in whicii the people of Bolabola .trc 
 heUI at Otaheite may be gadiered from M. de Bougain- 
 ville's an.hor having been lent to their fovereign. The 
 int.-ntion of tranlptirting the Spanilh bull to t.'ieir ifland 
 mult be aleriI)eJ to dii; fame cauii . They alio h.:il a 
 third I'.uinpean ciiriofity brought to Otaheite by the 
 Spariiarvis. This animal h.id bieii lo iinpcrfectly ik-- 
 fcri'jed by ti'C narives, that our voy.'.i crs had b-en 
 mueli pu/./led to conjecture what it could be. \\ hen 
 C.ipt.iin Clerke's dcferters, how-ever, were brought 
 back from Bolabola, they laid the a;iim:il lu'l been 
 Ihewntothem, .and diat it w.u, a ram. Had our men 
 not ilelerted, it is probaLle more would have been 
 known about it. In conllquence of diis intelligence, 
 Captain Cook, when he landed to meet Opoony, took 
 an ewe with him in the boat, of the Cape of (jood 
 I lojje breed, whereby a toundanon is laid for a breed 
 of Iheep at Bolabola. Me all(» left with Oreo, at Uli- 
 etea, two goats, ami an Englifh boar antl fow : fo that 
 the race of hogs will be confiderably improved, in a 
 few years at Otalieite, and all the neighbouring iflands ; 
 and they will, perhaps, be ftocked witli many vaki.ible 
 Furopean animals. When this is really the cafe, tliefe 
 iflands will be unrivalled in abundance and variety of 
 relielliments tor the fupply of future navigators. Kven 
 in their prefent ihite they are hardly to be excelled. 
 When the inhabitants are not difl:urlxd by inteftine 
 br(iils, which had been the cafe for lev ' years palf, 
 their productions are numerous and plent 
 
 As the t'oUowing mode of curing pf:rk adopted by 
 Captain Cock in liij feveral voyages proved. of verv fa- 
 lutary elfed, it is prelented on its preliuiied benefit to 
 fimire navigators. 
 
 'I'he hogs were killed in the evening, and, when 
 cleaned, were cut up, after which die bones were taken 
 (nil". The meat was laltetl while hot, and laid in fuck 
 a manner as to permit the juices to drain from it, till 
 the next morning; ir was dien I'alted .again, put into a , 
 cafk, and covered with pickle. It remainetl, in this 
 fitiiation, four or live days, when it w;is taken out, and 
 careiully examlaetl ; and if any of it appeared to be in 
 the lealt tainted, which Ibmetinies happened, it w.is fe- 
 parated from tiie reft, which w.is repacked, headed up, 
 and filleil widi good pickle. U was again examined in 
 about eight or ten days time, but there appeared no ne- 
 c<-ffity for it, as it was generally found to be all tho- 
 roughly cured. H.ay and white fait mixed together an- 
 fwers the beft, though either of them will do alone. 
 Cireat care was taken that none of the large blood- 
 veflels remained in the meat ; and that not too much 
 fiioukl be [lacked together at the firft faking, lell thole 
 pieces which are in die middle fliould hear, and hiiuier 
 the flit from penetrating them. In tropical climates, 
 meat ought not to be faked in rainy and fultry weather. 
 
 Captain Cook quitted Bolabola, and took leave of 
 the Society Iflands the 3t'. of D. cember 1777. 
 
 OTAHA, 
 
 This ifland in all general refpe(5ls bears refcmblance 
 to thole adjacent. It is not popuknis. The harbour 
 on the eaft fide was found liife and convenient, widi 
 good anchorage. 
 
 Otaha is fituatetl within about two miles of Ulietea, 
 but as both iflaiuls are enclofed in one reef of coral 
 rocks, there is no palfage for fhipping between them. 
 
 Like die inhabitants of every part of this Ibcial foot, 
 
 my 
 
 ^■r 
 
 WW 
 
76 A NEW. ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 thfy ircciveil our coiintn-inen who landal from the 
 boat on thiir c<'ill wid» all tokens oi" eoiirtcly, and 
 p.iii.1 partlciiLir rilptft to Mr. Banks and Dr. Solamlcr, 
 ulint; the Came honorary eoniplinicnts to tlicin as tJiey 
 did to their kings. 
 
 T U B A L. 
 
 This idani! is very iinonrklerable, proiliieing notliing 
 but cocoa-nuts, ami is laid to be inlubited only by th.ree 
 families. As tiie coafl abounds with rtili, the Ihore 
 is frequently vilited by tl ; people of tiie aiijaceiit 
 illands. 
 
 M A \V R U A, or M O R O U A, 
 
 Is a fmall ifiar.d lurrounded with a .eef of rotks, 
 ■and has no h.ubou,- for ll-.ippiiig. It has foine few in- 
 habitants, and proihice, tlie fame articles widi thole ad- 
 jacent. In the midll of it is an liigii rouixl hiU, wliich 
 may be feen at tlie dilUiice oi" ten leagues. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Perfoiii, Difpojitiony Manners, Cnjlctm, Rcltgwn, Cr. 
 of the Inhaktanti of the Sonety Ijlandi in general. 
 
 AS tlie produftions, both animal and vegetable, of 
 thefe iilard.s rel'emble, in a very near liegree, 
 thofe of Otaheice heretolbiedefcribed, we (Ivill pals them 
 over, and proceed to die coiifideration of fuch particu- 
 lars only as are conducive to our main defiiin. 
 
 Thele iilanders in gcncr.il are flout anti well maile, 
 and many of Uiem tall. Tliey ;ue not of l"o dark a 
 complexion as thofe of Otal.eite, ami die women are 
 in general as handllinie, and neariy of die famecolcur as 
 Europeans. 
 
 With refpeifl to difpofition, they aa- exceediiif; indo- 
 lent, and have very litde ciiiiolity. Dof;s, in lpi:e of 
 tlieir liupidity, arc in great favour with all tlie women, 
 " who (fays .in ingenious oblerver) could not have ca- 
 " refit;ii diem widi a more ridiculous affection if they 
 " h.id been European ladies of falhion." Here was 
 feen a middle aged woman, wiiofe brealb were full of 
 milk, offering them to a little puppy that hati been 
 trained 'ip to liick diem : the llglit difgulletl diole wlio 
 faw it to liich a degree diat they could not fbrbe.ir cx- 
 prefTing dieir diflike of it j but the women only liiiiled 
 at them, and faid, diat Ihc liiflercd litde pigs to do the 
 fame : it appeared afterwards diat diis woman had loll 
 her child. 
 
 The veneration of the inliabitants for certain kinds 
 of birds is evident from the fliUowing circuinlbwice. 
 On a fhooting party our jxople happened to kill leve- 
 ral k ''-tifliers ; and juli is diey had brought down 
 one r Jiofe birds, diey met Oreo and his family walk- 
 ing widi Captain Cook; die chief took no notice of the 
 bird, but his fair daughter lamciued die death of her 
 Eatooa; her modicr, and moll of tl:e women, letiueJ 
 alio grieved at j^s tiitc ; and on lleppiiig into die boat, 
 Oreo himfelf defircd them, with a very'ferious air, not 
 to kill die king-tilhers and the herons, allowing them, 
 at the fame time, the fiberty of kiUin;-; any odier" forts of 
 birds. ° ■ 
 
 The inhabitants mix the cocoa-nuts with yams, and 
 mike a food which diey call pot-, having tiraped b(jth 
 VLry fine, and mixed tliem together, they 'mt the whole 
 into a kind of wooden trough, wiJi a nuiiibei- of hot 
 Hones, by which an oily kind of haily pudding i, pro- 
 duced, which, when Hied, calles very agreeable. 
 
 Great quantities of the root called aia ava aie culti- 
 vated in thele illands, wldi v/hi.h die nadvcs nuke 
 dieir intoxiciting lic|uor. This is no other dian die 
 pepper plant. It feenis, however, that drunkcnnef, 
 here is punifhed like ail other excelles, widi difeafes ; 
 the okl men who mal;e a piadtice of hard-drinking are 
 lean, and covered widi .1 Icaly or fcabby fkin.'huve 
 
 red eyes, ami red botdu-s on ail parts of dicir bodie : 
 they acknowiedw thefe evils to ariiir from intv.-ii,^.v . 
 ranee, ami jxrrhaps diofe leprous difoidcrs due liinie 
 were feen to be atflidcd widi at Otoheitc are proiluced 
 by taking large potions (jf diis liquor. 
 
 Their entertainments of a public nature confill <>f 
 iLancing, ami a kind of dramatic xhibition. 
 
 As their dances relemble du>! ' of Otalieite, alrculy 
 deliTibed, we |ufs on to limie aci Mint of their dramatic 
 exhibitions, as well m fcllive entertainm'..it.s, whicji, 
 fiiim tiieir fingularity, are worthy of atb.iitioii. 
 
 A party ctf' our people were piclirnt at Uiietea, where 
 a performance was cxliibiteil, called by the natives Mi- 
 
 , dill J 
 
 Miinamr 1 which fignities " the child h cyiu- 
 It concluded with a repreli-nt.ition of a wouun 
 in labour, ai'leii by a kt of gre.it brawny fellows, oiie 
 of' wiioin brought ttirth a great llrappiiig boy about lix 
 feet high, who nui about die Itage, dragging after hii:i 
 a large wl.ifp of flrav/, which hung by a liiing from his 
 mid'.Ue. Captain Cook oblerved, that die moment dity 
 got hokl of the fellow, they flattened or p.-elled his nol'e, 
 from whence he concludes, that their new-born infiuits 
 are fo iieaced, wiiicii accounts fiir the natives in gener.d 
 liaving llat nofes. 
 
 The only aitrels at Oreo's die.itre was his daughter 
 Poy.idua, a [jrctty brown girl, at whole lliriiie many 
 otierings were moile by her numerous votaries on thele 
 occafions. 
 
 Another dramatic exiiibition was iirefented to our 
 peopie at Huiiieine : die piece rejirelcnted a girl run- 
 ning a. vay from lier parent'-, ajid fcemed to be levelled 
 at a t'enule pafTenger whom d:cy liad brouglit from Ota- 
 lieite, v,Ii ) n.ippened to Ik- prek-nr .-.t the reprelentation. 
 It ludftuh an impreHlon upon tl;e girl, diat flie couiJ 
 fcarcely be perfuaded to fee die j>iece our, or to rciniin 
 from tcirs wliiie acting. It coni iuded with die recep- 
 tion Ihe was tiippol'ed to meet with from her friemis at 
 her return, which was maile out to be not ^very favour- 
 able oiu:. 
 
 Thelir pe<>;\e introilucr extempore pieces on occa- 
 fion, .ami it i . moll prob.ibie, diat this was meant as a 
 fityr upon tiie girl, .ind to difcourage odieis from act- 
 ing in tin lame manner. 
 
 Oreo likewiie gave a |iublic ilir.ncr to die captains 
 Cook and f'urneaiix, feveral of die ollicers of^ b.-.di 
 IliipS ami tiie pillengers. On diis occafinn a great 
 part of die Ipacioiis houfe was fprcad with large qii.-ui- 
 tides of leaves, which firrveil for a tabie-clodi, round 
 wiiich the vifitants le.ited themlelves, togeditr widi tiic 
 prinei|;al pe(jple of the ifland. Soon alter, one of die 
 lervantb, or towtows, brought a hog fnu^akiiig on his 
 llioulders, wiiich was roalled whole, ami wr.ippcd in a 
 kirge biiiuUe of pl.uit.iin leaves ; this '.e threw upon 
 the floor, round which the comp.iny was feated. 
 Anodier tin;Uler iiog w.is toliiJ in the i'.i;rie ma;iiier, ai'd 
 both li) hot as hardly to Ix; touched; the table, or ra- 
 dier floor, w;is garniflied alwiut with hot breail fruit 
 and plantains, with a qiundtv -f cociw-nuts lor dri:ik. 
 E.ich m.in being ready with liis ki.itc in his hami, die 
 hogs were prcieudy cut to pieces, and the I'-urojiean 
 part of tiie company agreed, di.it they tailed better dian 
 an l.n;.;tilli barbicue : the equal degree of Iieat with 
 which It flews under grouml, had prtfeiTcd and con- 
 centrateti .ill its juices ; the fat w as not lufcious and fur- 
 feiting, and die ikin, inftead of being ver)' hard, wiiich 
 is die cafe of ro;illed pork witli us, w.is as tender as any 
 other part. One of thefe hogs weighed between 50 
 ■tnd 60 pounds, and tiie otiier about half as much, yet 
 all liie part,, were ic|ually done. 
 
 The ciuef, his Ion, and firiiic odiers of liis male 
 ftieiid.s partook of dfis repatl widi dieir gijefb. : die 
 mui eat widi great gull ; but all die women were fla- 
 tioned kliind, and were not admitted as Ilurers in llic 
 fe.il 1. 
 
 It i-, the cuflom at diefe iOands for all tiie grest Ikmi- 
 lies to have buri .1 places of dieir own, v.lierc dieir 
 remains are interred. This undoubtedly gave riic to 
 Oreo's ciiquiriiig of Ca])tain Cook, (wlieu he could 
 
 New DtJCOVERiEs.] 
 
 ivt obtain h'» promife 
 
 Li lietea in his fceomi vi 
 or iMuying-pkice. 1 ler 
 could not give a greater 
 l-.n^lilh friends, than in 
 diem even beyond the \> 
 
 from the txll acco 
 die religion of the inha 
 appeared tlut diey Ir 
 to ea<h illand. Bu- 
 111, .11 to h.ive a fepara; 
 Tl , wiiicli a'^t-i in coni 
 ll.iles, anii combines ii 
 call A"""'' '"' ''■ ol'Wf ^1 
 the belly." 'l his mim 
 illencc after the diil<)li 
 ni.ui ill diat Hate ILmIIs 
 ikul lU) prefwration li' 
 
 Belides tiieir greater 
 Ulterior ones, fouie of 
 
 DcTcript 
 
 ion o 
 
 S 1-. C 
 M A R QJLj E 
 
 THIS group of ifl 
 by Mendana, a ii 
 general appellation of ^ 
 illands wiiich compoie 1 
 lar names. Thefe are 
 Dominica, and Santa C 
 Hood Illand, not le 
 by Captain Cook in Api 
 from the name of one 
 who firft faw the laiK 
 illamls occujjy one ilegi 
 degree of longitude. 
 
 H O O I 
 
 Is the mod northern 
 leagues and a li.ilt' froi 
 in latitude 9 ileg. ',^0 mi 
 well longitude. 
 
 LA Mj 
 
 Was only feen at y 
 |K)led to be about 5 icaj 
 lodeg. 25 min. Ibuth, 
 well. 
 
 ST. 
 
 Called by the nativ 
 .ible in extent, fertility 
 is about three leagues a 
 end of La Dominica. 
 
 L A D 
 
 Is fix leagties in extei 
 This idand is called 1 
 general mountainous ; 
 vallies covereil witli tret 
 fcattered. It app,ears, 
 fpires, and feveral hoik 
 No. 7. 
 
 
 ui 
 
 = ■"".at Afcf.i.U^L 
 
 r:4 '-■'i:Ji'.^2>*A^ 
 
N'ew Discoveries.] 
 
 M A U Q^LI E S A S I S L A N S. 
 
 II. 't obtain Ivs promiic to return in dcpartinj; from 
 Ulictcain his Iccoml voyage,) tlic name >>( his Mor.ii, 
 01 l)iirying-i)l.»cc. I lento it apjitars that thi-le people 
 loiikl not give a greater proof of their affeClion to their 
 iM^lilh friemis, than in cxpreiUng a ilefire to renieniber 
 thcin even beyomi the |>eriot.l of their lives 
 
 1 Toni the tKll accounts tliat eouki be obtained of 
 tlie religion of the inhabitants of the Sotiety lilands, it 
 ap(ytaiti.l tiut tliey liaii a iliverfity of [^kIs peculiar 
 tu each illantl. But they Ix-lieve in general every 
 ni.ui to have a fcparatc being within hirnltlt', riameil 
 '/■< , whicii a''f-i ill eonleijuence of the iinprellionof tlie 
 ll.ilb, aiul combines iiicas into thoughts, which they 
 call paroo no tc oboo, which licerally lignihes " words in 
 the belly." l his mind they fuppofe to have an cx- 
 ilience after tiie dillijlution of the Ivjdy, and that the 
 rvi.ui in that (late tealls on bread iiuit an.l pork, which 
 iiiul no pre[Miation from the Krc. 
 
 Befides their greater divinities, they have a number of 
 interior ones, I'ome of whom tlicy fupfX)lc to be inimical 
 
 77 
 
 to mankind. The high prirfl of the ifland is niled 
 'I'aliowarahai ; to him the KatfHva, or CI(kI, is fuppofcil 
 to delirenil, and hold converfe with him, -.vhiKl he re- 
 mains invilible to the people that furroiind him. Of- 
 ierings are made to tlur deities of hogs and. jxiultry 
 roalUd, and all kinds of eatables ; but the inferior, 
 and particularly the m.ajevoient fpirits, are only revered 
 by 1 kirn) of hilfing. 
 
 I he prieds in thefe iflands continue in office for 
 lifi.-, and the dignity is iiereilitar/. The hifh iiricft is 
 ahvays an I'.arce who has the highell rank next to the 
 king. 
 
 'I'hey are confuked upin many important occafion'; ; 
 partake largely of tlie good things of the country, and, 
 in Ihon, have found means to make themfelves nccef- 
 lary. 
 
 IkTulesthepriefts, there are in every diftrift teachers, 
 ijf Ui>.t-ii-reriiis, who inlJnift the people in aflronomy 
 and the n;;vi<nition of thofe Seas. 
 
 ■ 
 
 mm 
 
 1^ 
 
 Tm 
 
 Lill 
 
 -..if 
 
 c II A r. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Dcfcription of the MARQUESAS ISLANDS, and the Low 
 
 I Hands to the South- Wc(h 
 
 S I'. C T I o N I. 
 
 marqjjesas islands. 
 
 THIS group of illands being difcovered in 1597, 
 by Mendana, a Spaniard, received from him the 
 general appellation ot Marquefas, as ilid the refpeftive 
 iihmds which comjjofe it (one excepted) their particu- 
 lar names. Tliele are La Magdalena, St. Pedro, La 
 Dominica, and Santa Chrillina. 
 
 Hood llland, not leen by Mendana, but difcovered 
 by Captain Cook in April 1774, was fo called, by him, 
 fniin the name of one of the crew of tiie kei()lution, 
 «ho firft faw the land. The whole g'oup of thele 
 idands occupy one ilegree of latitude, and near half a 
 degree of longitude. 
 
 HOOD ISLAND 
 
 Is the moft northern of the group, and fituated five 
 leagues and a half from the eall end of La Dominica, 
 in latitude 9 dig. \iG iiiin. fouth, and 1 39 deg. 1 3 ir.in. 
 well longitude. 
 
 LA MAGDALENA 
 
 Was only fecn at 9 le;igues diftance, and was fup- 
 |K)ied to be about 5 leagues in circuit, to lie in latitude 
 lodeg. 25 min. Ibuth, and longitude 138 deg. 50 min. 
 welt. 
 
 S T. P E D R O, 
 
 Called by the natives Onafcyo, is veiy inconfider- 
 abie in extent, fertility and number of inhabitants. It 
 is about three leagues and an half dilhuit fiom the ealt 
 eiKJ of La Dominica. 
 
 LA DOMINICA. 
 
 U fix leagues in extent, and fifteen in circumference. 
 This ifland is caljed by the natives Hccvaroa ; is in 
 general mountainous j but, to the nordiw'vd, there arc 
 vallies covered with trees, among which a fiiw huis are 
 fcattered. It api.ears, from many craggy rocks, like 
 fpires, and fevc-al hollow liimmits, in the centre of the 
 No. 7. 
 
 illand, that it has been fubjedl to the tremendous pftedls 
 of vokanos and earthqiiai-.cs. Al! die eaflerii file i^ 
 one prodigious iVeep, aim •.,: perpendicular, of vail ele- 
 vation, wiiich tbrms a ilurp ridge fcattered into Ipircs 
 and precipices. 
 
 ST. CHRISTINA, 
 
 Called by the natives Waitaaoa, is the moftweflern 
 of the group, and lies in latitude 9 deg. 55 min. fouth, 
 and longitude 1 39 deg. 8 min. weft. It is in extent, 
 from north to fiiiith, aliout three leagues, and about 
 levcn or eight in circumliLTence. One ridf^e of hills 
 runs through the ilkind ; but the vallies are luxuriant in 
 vegetation, and watered l>y fweet rivulets. The foil is 
 rich, well cultivated, and copious in it ]iroduftions. 
 This ifland has alfo undergone the elfefts of voicanos, 
 .IS diflercnt kinds of lava, fome of which were full of 
 white and greenifh ll:ells, were leen on the rocks. On 
 the weflern fide, under the highetl land is an harbour, 
 in which Memlana anchored in 1595, and to which he 
 gave ttu' appellation of Madre dc Dios ; tiut Captain 
 Cook called it Relolution Bay. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Perfom. Drrfs. Habitations. Ciinoes. Weapons. BiaJ/x. 
 iiirdi. Food. Drink. Dijfofiticn, i3c. of the 
 Inhabitants of the Marquefas JjLinds in general. 
 
 'I^HE inhabitants of the Marquefas Iflandsin gene- 
 X ral are declared, by Captain Cook, to excel all 
 liie nations of die South Seas, in f'ymetry of form 
 and regularity of features. He inenut)ns in particular, 
 that not one dilproportioned jierton was feen upon the 
 illand of Chriltini' but hat all were robuit, well 
 made and aclive. Fheir countenances were open and 
 lively. I'hc men are about five feet il\ inches in fta- 
 turc; their hair is of divers colours, hut none red. It 
 is moltly worn ihort, unlef's it be a bunch tieil in a knot 
 on each fide of the crown. Their complexion, nanmilly 
 tawny, is rendered almoft black by punttures over the 
 whole body, 'fheir only covering was a i'mall piece of 
 cloth round the \\ailland loins. 
 
 The women were inferior to the men in llatuie, but 
 U well 
 

 78 A NEW, ROYAL /.nd AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 New Riscovei 
 
 W' 
 
 well proportioned. Their gcner.^1 complexion was 
 br.)wn. TIk'V were tome of thf 111 piinchircd, .uul their 
 body drcls was a fingle i)itce of cloth made of the nnii- 
 berr>' baric, which covered them from the nioulders to 
 the knees. 
 
 They ufe a headdrdii, a kind of broad fillet, cun- 
 ouny iiiatie of the fibres of the hufl<s of coct.a-nuts 
 This lillet is interfperf ! with inother-of-pcarl and 
 tortoife-fh"lls, wrought iito curious figures, and dil- 
 playcd in divers fi)rnis. To tlie fiUet is fixed the tail 
 feathers of tropic birds, wiiich, Itanding upright when 
 it is tied on, the whole togcilier makes a very brilliant 
 appearance. They wear a kind of ruff, or necklace, 
 made of light woml ; th ■ outer and upper fides covered 
 with fmall peas, fixed on with gum. They have alio 
 fome bunches if humnn ha'r fiillened to a firing and 
 tied round the legs ami arms. 
 
 But no one perfon is ever ilccorated with .nil thcle 
 ornaments. They were none of tliem iicld in ellima- 
 tion like the human liair, the bunches of which, it is 
 prcibable, were worn in remembrance of tlieir dece.iled 
 relations, and therefore locked upon with a ilegree of 
 veneration. Or, they might have been the fpoils of 
 their enemies, worn as badges of conqi;ell. 
 
 They had a kind of tan to cool themldves in hot 
 weather, f'irmed of a tough bark or grafs, very firmly - 
 and curioufiy plaited, and frequently whitened witlv' 
 fhell lime. Some had luge feathered leaves of a kind 
 of palm, which aniwered the purfxjfe of an um- 
 brella. •* 
 
 The kins:, n a vifit to Capt.iin Cook, was com- 
 pletely decorated witli .ill thelc ornaments, and the only 
 one ever leen fo drelfed. He complimented the ca,'tain 
 \\;th iome prelents, and gave him to underltand tiie fu- 
 periority (>f his rank. 
 
 Their extraorilinary ornaments are necklaces and 
 amulets made of Ihells. Tiiey had all tiieir ears pierc- 
 ed, though none were leen with ear-rings. 
 
 'Jiieir iiabitations, which are in tiie vallies and on 
 the fides of the iiills near the pLmtations, ivfeinWe, in 
 form, thole of Otaheite, but are much meaner, and 
 coveretl with Ic.ives of the brcail-frui' tree. I"hey are 
 built, in gen. ral, on a kjuare or oblong pavement of 
 ftone, railed fome height above the level of' llie ground. 
 They iiave alii) a pavement near their houfcs for the 
 purp-oli; of fitting to eat, regale anil anuile them- 
 felves. Our people, by the help of glalTes, couki 
 dilcern, along the upjK'nnnrt edge of a mountain, a 
 row of flakes or ])allifades dolely connected together, 
 like a fortific.ition, which llemed to refenible the Hip- 
 pahs of New Zealand already defcribed. 
 
 Their cmoes are like thole of Otaheite in form, bur 
 i.ot in fizc. On the heads was a human face, coarfcly 
 carved. The liiilswere compofed of mats of a triangular 
 form, and broad at the top. Tiie padtlles were Ihort, 
 but Iharp poinded, with a knob at the upper end. The 
 general lengdi of the caii)es were from lixteen to twenty 
 (eet, and the breaiith about lit'teen inches. 
 
 Their weapons were [)!ain Ipears, dubs, and flings. 
 The two former were made of the club-.wood, orcaliia- 
 rina They threw lloaes with their llings with great 
 vrlocity, and to a great diltance, but were not expeit 
 markfmen. 
 
 Hogs ami rats were the only quad.nipeds feen iiere. 
 There were alii) fnvls, .md many fmall birds in die 
 woods, that warbled moll melodioufly. N'ot\virhllaiid- 
 ing thcfe illands prodiiie fowls, hogs, and, at ceitain 
 times, fill, in abundance, the inii.ib't.uits liihfill chiefiy 
 on vegetable IockI. .As (ocoa nuts do not abound, pure 
 water is their drink in ordinary. ! 1 the artiile of eating, 
 dielejieople are by no means fo '.leanly as thofe of Ota- 
 heite. They are alfo dirty in tilt r cookery. I'ork and 
 fowls arc drelled in an oven of hot Hones ; but tiiiit and 
 roots tl-.iy roall on the fire j and after taking oil' the 
 rind or iLin, puttiuin into a I'latteror trough, with wa- 
 ter, out of whidi Captain Cook atlirin lie law hMth 
 men and hogs tat at the lame tin. r : diough he very 
 i:andidly a<kno'Aledgcs, that die anions of a lew iiidi 
 i 
 
 vidiials, ihould by no means fix a ftigma on a whale 
 nation. 
 
 From the volcanic pnxliiclions bcforementioned, i; 
 appears diat thefe illands are limilar in their origin, anj 
 the nature of their minerals, to the Society Iflands, the 
 greater part of which leem to have been burning inoiin 
 tains. 
 
 Thefe iflanders difcovered the fame timidity on tlic 
 api)r')«ch of flrangers, in common with the natives oi 
 thole fouthern cHmes ; nor coukl be induced f()r fome 
 time, to come on board the Ihips, by any ligns of 
 fiiendlhip diat coukl be made them. They ventured 
 indeed to come along-fide, and otfered fome pepper 
 roots, which were fixed on the fhrouds, is tokens oi 
 reciprocal friendfhip. 'The exchange of nails fiir tilh 
 and brcad-fiuit, in great pertedion, was highly falutarv, 
 as well as gratii\'ing to the whole fliip's company, who, 
 courfe of nineteen weeks, had fiibfilled on fili 
 ins, which having then been two years on board, 
 agreeable in flavour, nor of a nutritive ()iia 
 ^ e canoes retii eii a little .ifter fun-fet, accordin::; 
 general cullom of the natives of die South-fea 
 w!io cannot be prevailed on to keep awake .■.. 
 fgle night, by the moll attrading novelty. 
 .'Such parts of thefe iflands as are cajiable of cultiva- 
 tion as are very pipulous ; but as diey arc in general 
 m nmtainous, and have many inacccllible rocks, it is 
 doubted wliether the whole group contain fifty dioufand 
 iiih.ibicants. According to Dalrym])le's account, the 
 manners of thofc people are gentle and inoffenfive : 
 thou>^h thcl'e gcKxl (Qualities did not prevent die Spa 
 niards, on their firfl landing, from butchering Itfveral of 
 the natives at M.igd ikna. 
 
 Intercourle had not long been held between our peo 
 pie and die natives, before it was evident they were more 
 dilpoled to receive dian to give; for having taken a nail 
 in exchange for llime bre.td-fruit, they with-held tiie 
 article fo piirchaled, till Captain Cook had rccourfe to 
 the orilinary means of firi/ig a mufket over their head;., 
 and thus terrified them into fiiir dealing. 
 
 Nor were tl'.efe iflanders exempt from that propenCty 
 to theft, which characlcrizes the nations of the Souih 
 Seas. S(x)n atier tiiey had courage enough to venture 
 on board, one of them Hole an iron flaiinchion tToin the 
 gangway, with wliich he Ijiraiig into the fea, and not- 
 withilanding its wtight, Iwam with it to his canoe, and 
 was making to the Ihore with all Ipeed. A muiket 
 was lireil over his liead to frighten him back, but to no 
 cfTcd i he ilill continued to make olf with iiis b(X)ty. 
 The whiiding of another b.dl over his he.id was as in 
 effectual. .An officer. Ids p.atient of liich an injury dian 
 re.ilon and humanity llioukl have taught him to Ix-, le 
 .elle.l at him, and Ihot him through the head. C.tp- 
 tain Cook h.id given orders to fire oxxy the caiKK', bur 
 not to kill any one. I le w.is in a boat, and came up 
 with the canoe loon after, 'i'here were two men in her , 
 one lilt balling out the blood and water, in a kiml ol 
 liylleric laugh ; tlie other, a youth of about t()urtcen ■ r 
 fifteen years of age, who afterwards proved to be tlie k i 
 of tiie ileccafeil, fixed his eyes on the dead body, witli 
 a ferious and dejcc'ted countenance. 'This ai'l of fcve- 
 rity, however, did not ellrange die iflanders to the fliij), 
 ami a traffic wiis carried on to the latislaction of both 
 parties. Bread-fiuit, bananas, plantains, and Ibme 
 hoys, were given in exchange for fin.dl iiaifs, knives, 
 and pieces of Amflerdam doth. Retl feathers of the 
 Amilerdam illand were g ;-atly efteemeil here. Cap- 
 tain Cook, accoiiipanievl with the gentlemen of the ihip, 
 ill their walks about die country, came accidentally to 
 the houfe wliich h.id been the habitation of the man who 
 hail been fliot , there the y found his fon, who fli-d at 
 tiicir approach : they enquired tiir his female relauons, 
 and wea- tukl that they remained at the top of the 
 mountain to weep and mourn for the dead. Not- 
 withllanding they were then among the relations of a 
 man who liail been killed by them, not the leall tokens 
 of animolity or leveiigc, were dilcernible among the 
 naiives. 
 
 Ak 
 
EOGRAPHY. 
 
 K a ftigma on a wh;)l,- 
 
 ns bd'orementii)ni-(i, i; 
 ilar in their origin, anj 
 :hc Socifty Iflantts, tin- 
 /n been burning inonn 
 
 t r.inu' timidity on the 
 ion with tlie natives ol 
 il be induced tl)r fome 
 liips, by any Hgns oi' 
 tlu-ni. They venttirn! 
 I ort'ered fome pepper 
 
 fhrouds, as tokens ot 
 hange ot' nails for tilli 
 m, was highly faiutarv, 
 • (hip's company, who, 
 i, had tlibfilled on lali 
 •en two years on b():iril, 
 
 nor of a nntriiivc ()u,i 
 after lun-let, accordia:- 
 uives of tlie South-fe'a 
 i on to keep awake .; 
 ng novelty, 
 are capable of tultiva 
 
 as they are in general 
 lacceflible rocks, it i^ 
 p contain fifty thoufani! 
 Irym])le's account, the 
 gentle and inoti'enfive ; 
 1 not prevent tlie hpu 
 in butchering leveral of 
 
 1 held between our \H'o 
 evident they were more 
 for having taken a nail 
 lit, they with-held tiie 
 Cook had recourfe to 
 lufkec over their head.., 
 iealing. 
 
 pt from that propenfitv 
 ; nations of the Souih 
 ige enough to venture 
 m (taunchion iToin tlie 
 into the fea, and not- 
 1 it to his canoe, and 
 all Ipeed. A m\i(ket 
 n W\m back, but to no 
 e olf with his b(K)ty. 
 r his head was as in 
 of luch an injury dian 
 aught him to l)e, le 
 [)ugh the head. Cap- 
 ire cv(y the canoe, but 
 a boat, and came up 
 were two men m her, 
 1 water, in a kind el 
 > of about t'ourteeii 
 s proved to be t!ie U 
 the dead bcdy, witJi 
 'I'liis ad of )cve- 
 le iflanders to the Ihijn 
 the fatisfidion of both 
 plantains, and Ibinc 
 >T Im.ill nails, knives, 
 Keil feathers of the 
 efteemed here. Cap- 
 gentlemen of the iliip, 
 came accidentally to 
 itation of the man wiio 
 his fon, who fled at 
 his female relations, 
 ed at the top of the 
 for the dead. Not- 
 )ng the relations of a 
 not the leal! tokens 
 difcerniblc among the 
 
 A> 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 M A R Q^U E S A S I S LAND S. 
 
 ■e 
 
 .As thell- illamlers, like the natives of the .Society 
 Illes, look on themlelves as one family, lb they enter- 
 tained an idea of the lame relative tie lubfifling between 
 our pople. A liiilor having been chalhlcd by Captain 
 Cook fljr negled of duty, they exclaimed, on feeing 
 him receive leveral blows, tapr-ah'^fi'-tina ! " lie 
 " beat, his lirotlicr 1" I'Vom other intlances, however, 
 that IK cured, it was evident that they knew tlie llipcrio- 
 rity of the commander over his jieople. 
 
 Wlun the natives became faniiiiar with our people, 
 they frequendy danced upon ileck, for the diverlion of 
 the fiilors. Their dances and mufical performances 
 refeinble thofe of Otaiieite ; as did their language, more 
 than any other dialecf in the South Seas. 
 
 S 1- C T I O N III. 
 
 Difcriplion of //lands lfrm(d h \'n- !C"'i"<, " Tlw Low 
 "' IJlands in the Simllt-Uyi." 
 
 TI lI', molt confiderable of this group of iflands, 
 wiiich are connededby a reef of coral rocks, and 
 lie fcattered in general, between the latitude of 14 deg. 
 28 mill, foutli, and the longitude of 1 38 deg. and 56 
 min. weft, are the t()llowing: King George's, Diiap- 
 pointiiienr, Pallifer, Dog, Queen Charlotte's, I^ig(K)n, 
 I'liumb-Cap, Bow, The Groups, Bird, Chain, Ofna- 
 htirg, and Pitcairn Iflands. Of th>.re we Ihall treat in 
 their reljiedive order. 
 
 KING GEORGE'S ISLANDS, 
 
 Thefe are two iflands, fidt difcovered by Commo- 
 dore Byron in 1 765. When the Englilli iirft went on 
 fhore, they found many huts deferteil by tlie natives, 
 tlie dogs being tlie only tenants; and thole anim.ils, 
 terriiied by the appearance of llrangers, kept an iiicelHint 
 howling all the time they continued on Hiore. I'lie ho- 
 vels, though very mean ami low, were fituated in a 
 charming fpot, amidit a grove o\ lofty trees, liime ol" 
 which were the cocoa, and others of a fpecies unknown. 
 The natives leenied to derive the neceiVaries of life in 
 general, from the cocoa nut tree, as it fiip])lied them not 
 only with food, but fails, cordage, and tinilier. The 
 cocoa -pahii iVi;iy well be deemed the Itaple of life, as it 
 pnhluces every ellential requilite tor the I'upport of many 
 nations on the globe. I'.very part of it is conveiteil t j 
 lomc ufeful purjwife : as for initance ; the nuts, whilll 
 green, contain a liquor pleafant to the palate, and of a 
 qu.ility l"o fmgiilarly ctwiling, tiiat it allays tliirit, and 
 affords refrelhi.,ent in a hot climate, lieyond any other 
 prcxiudion. When in due progrels the kernel flirms. 
 It is ,if lirfc of the fuliilance of .1 rich cream j and alter- 
 wards growing rich and oily, like an almond, liecomes 
 e>]iially ball'amic and noiirilliing. '1 lie oil extraded 
 fiom it is atlapted to divers purpofes, and p.uticularly 
 that of anointing the hair, and frequently t!ie whole 
 btnly. Cups are made of the iiaid ilieil ; and a variety 
 of cordage, elaltic and durable, from the fibrous coat- 
 ing around it. .Several articles of Indian luuikhokl fur- 
 niture, and divers kinds of ornaments, are fabricated of 
 thele materials. 'I'he long- feathered leaves or branches, 
 which fprcaii from the top of the Item, are convenient 
 coverings for their houles ; and thole, when plaitcti, 
 make excellent balkets for jirovilions. A cloth fufFuient 
 fiir covering the bcnly in a hot climate is made of die 
 ii.ner bark : and the very Item itfelf when {;rown too 
 old to bear, may be uted in the conltrudion of a hut, or 
 the mail of a c.uioe. All thele very ellenti.d benefits arc 
 derived from this one prmiudion. 
 
 The lliore was covered with coral, and the lliells of 
 very large pearl oyiters. 
 
 The bell ilelcriptitin th.it can be given of the natives, 
 tfieircultoms, &c, from CommiKlore Byron's account, 
 's tlie following. The women wear a piece of cloth 
 hanging from the wailt down to the knee -, and the men 
 Were naked. Near their houles were buildings of a ilif- 
 
 79 
 
 fcrcnt kinil, which were fuppofed to be burying places. 
 Thefe were fituateil under lofty trees, tlie fides and tops 
 were of ftone j and in their figure, they fometimes re- 
 lembled the fquare toirbs with a flat top, which are in 
 our country church-yards. Near thefe buildings were 
 found many neat boxes, full of human bones : and upon 
 the branches of the trees which Ihaded them hun" a 
 great number of the heads aiitl bones of turtle, and a 
 variety of tifh, encloled in a kind of bafket-work of reeds: 
 on examining which, nothing ajipeared to remain but 
 the flxin and the teeth : the bones and entrails feenied 
 to have been extraded, and tlie mufcular flefli dried 
 away. 
 
 But Captain Cook, who gives a more ample and fi- 
 tisfadory account of tliem, faileil between thele two 
 iflands in April 1774: he fays they lie nearly eaft and 
 well. The illand to the ealtward is called by the na- 
 tives Tuu)kc(i ; it is fomethiiig of an oval fliapc, and 
 about ten leagues in circuit. 'I'he inhabitants of this 
 i'land, and probably of all the low ones, are of a much 
 liarker olour than thole of the higher illands, and of an 
 hollile liiljiofition. 'I'heir origin is doubtlefs one and the 
 lame; but being dependent on the fea for a fubfiftence, 
 antl from their way of life expofed to the fun and wea- 
 ther, their coloui is darker, and their hudies become 
 more hardy and robuft. The iiguri' of a filli is punc- 
 tured or marked on tlieir bodies. A lieutenant, with 
 two boats well armed, were lent on fliore ; two gentle- 
 men were of the party; diey landed without anyoppofi- 
 tion from the natives. As loon as diey came on Ihore, 
 the illanders embr.iced dieii. by touching nofes, a mode 
 of civility tiled in New Zealand, which is fome hundretl 
 leagues tlillancc, and the chief place belides this where 
 the cultom h;is been obferved to prevail. 
 
 Our naturalills fiiuiid here various plants, and parti- 
 cularly a Iciirvy-gials. The n.atives Ihewed them tlvat 
 they bruilcd this plant, mixed it widi ilielj-tilli, and 
 threw it into the lea, whenever they perceived a Ihoal of 
 filb, which, intoxicated by it, were caught on the liiitace 
 ot the water without trouble. The foil h but barren, 
 the fjjiindr.tion conlilting of coral, very little elevated 
 above the liirface of the water. 
 
 The officer of the boats perceiving the Indians col- 
 leding into a body, having diilributeJ prefents to thoie 
 who furrounded him, fooii prepared to go, deiirous of 
 .ivoiding .any aftray. The coUedcd body crowded about 
 the boats, and leemed diubttul whether they Ihould de- 
 tain our jK-ople, or liifl'er them to depart. At lengdi, 
 however, they alfilled them in pufhing off the boats. 
 Some of the molt turbulent threw Itoiies into the water, 
 and feemetl to glory as if they li.id driven them oft'. Cap- 
 tain Cook, from diis circumftance, ti)und it expedient 
 to give orders for bring four or five cannon Ihot 
 into the ivx, dole by the Ihore, and over the heads of 
 the Indians, as they were I'eated along die beach, tolhcw 
 them that diey were entirely at the mercy of their vifi- 
 tors. Notwidiflanding tnde inimical appearances, the 
 party brought off to the Iliip five dogs, with which die 
 iflaiid leemed to be plentifully liipplied. Thele they 
 purchafed with Imall nails, and l()iiie rijie bananas, 
 which latter dicy brought from the Marqueliis. I'he 
 ilogs had tine long hair, and were of a white colour. 
 
 The other illaiul, which is inconlideiable, is fituated 
 two lea<j;iies to the weltwaid of Tiookea, is finir le.igues 
 in length, and from five to three miles in bre.idth. 
 
 I.SLANDS OF DISAPPOINTMENT. 
 
 'i'lit le were lirll difcovered by Commodore Eyron in 
 1765, and liT named from the Ihores affording no an- 
 chorage for his Ihips, on which account he was obliged 
 to quit them, wiiliout landing or piocuring any refrefh- 
 I menis for his crew, who were then languilliing with 
 licknels. I'hiy are a cliilter of liiiall iflands, and lie 
 in latitude 1 | deg. lO min. loudi ; kiiiffitude, i.ii deg. 
 C mill. welt. Iliey are inhabited by Indi.i..:, who ap- 
 peared on die bc.ich widi Ipears in their l-.ands t!iu' were 
 at leall lixteen feet long. They every where dilcovereJ 
 
 hoftuu 
 
 
 M 
 
 V' 
 
 0^- 
 
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ill! t. 
 
 V 
 
 80 
 
 hofllk- iiiaiirions, and ll-enicl by figns, to threaten the 
 people in the boat wkh dc;uli, it' tiicy came on lliore. 
 Tiiere are cocoa trees in great abundai.ce, and the 
 ab Jinds with tunic. 
 
 fhore 
 
 I'ALLISER ISLANDS. 
 
 Thefe iflands, difcovcred by Captain Cook in 
 April 1771, lie in i5deg. i:6 min. faith; and 14 deg. 
 -.iO min. V. eil. Tiiey are four in number ; tlie largell 
 is liven miles long, anil not above two broad. The 
 greatell diilance ot one horn the other is not above fix 
 leagues. 
 
 People, huts, canoes, and places erecletl fjr di7ing 
 fiPn, were leen here. The natives were armed with 
 long rpik.es. 
 
 DoG-Isi..-\Nu, 15 de!/. 12 min. fouth, was difcovcred 
 by Le iMair ar.d Sdiouten, April 1616, who gave it tliat 
 name from having leen three Spanilh dogs on the illand. 
 
 QuEiN Charlotte's Island, 19 deg. 18 min. 
 foudi i 138 licg. 1 mill, well ; firft dilcovered by Cap- 
 tain Wallis, in the Dolphin, in 1767, wiio took polfef- 
 lion of it in the name of King George the Third. Here 
 is good water, and plenty of cocoa-nuts, palm-nuts, 
 and fcurvy-grali. Tl'.e inhabitants are of a middle Ib- 
 tuie, and dark complt:iion, widi long hair hanging looiii 
 over tiieir Ihouklers. The men well made, antl the 
 women haiRllbme. Their cioathing is a kinti of coarie 
 clotli, or matting, which they iiufen about their mid.dle. 
 
 Lagoon Island, 18 deg. 47 min. fouth; 139 deg. 
 i:8 min. wvft; is of an oval form, with a lake in the 
 mkldle, vvhicli occupies much the greatelt part of it. 
 The whole ifiand is covered with tiees of difrerent ver- 
 dure. It is inhabited by a race of Indians, tall, of a 
 capper colour, with long black hair. Tlieir weapons are 
 poles, or I'pikcs, whicli reach twice as higli as them- 
 lelves. Tlieir habitations were leen under fome clumps 
 of palm-trees, which formed very beautiful groves. This 
 illand was difcovcred by Captain Cook, April 17G9. 
 
 Tu uMB-C A i> lies about fcvcn le.igues nordi-well of 
 Lagoon-lflanil : it is a low, v/ootiy illanil, of a circular 
 torm, and not much above a mile in eompafs. I'here 
 was no appearance of inhabitants : the land was covered 
 with verdure. 
 
 Ilow k.i.AND, io called by'Capuin Cook, in 1769, 
 on account of its lingular lig'.ire, being lliapcd exattly 
 like a bow ; tlie arch and tui ve of which is land, and 
 die fpace between them water. Tlie curve is a flat 
 beach, widioiit any ligns of vegetation, having nothing 
 upon it but heaps of tea-weed. It aj)peared to be nar- 
 row, and ab(Htt three or four leagues in length. The 
 horns, or extremities of the bow , were two large tufts 
 of cocoa-nut tree;, of tlifferent heigiit and ligure. from 
 die linoak leen in dilferent parts die illand ajipeared to 
 be inliabitcd. 
 
 Thi: Groci's are long, narrow flrips of land, ring- 
 ed in all direftions ; fome of them ten miles or up- 
 wards in length, but irme more dian a quarter of a mile 
 in breadtii. Trees of various kinds, particularly the 
 cocoa-nut, abound here. The peojile appeared to be 
 well matie, of a brown comi)lexi(m ; inoit of them 
 canied in their liaiuls a liender p(jle, about l<)urtecn feet 
 long, pointed like a Ijx.u- : they had likewifc l()metliing 
 fliaped liki a jiaddle, about four Ic'.t long. Their canoes 
 were of iliUcrent lir.es j llmie f > iin.dl, a-, to carry no 
 more th.iii -JKie men ; otiier:. iiad fix or (even j and f ime 
 of their b i.us lv)i(lcd a l.iil. 
 
 HiRi) Isl-.n:,, f) cilk-d by Capt.mi C<jok, (i:im tlu; 
 great niiinlnroi' l/irds th.it were leen on it, is liippoie.j 
 to be about fjur miles in circumkrence. It is low, 
 
 with a piece a'' w.iter in t!ie midiile. No inhabitants ap- 
 peared. 
 
 Chain-Island fceme.l about five leagues long, in 
 the direcfion of north-welt iUitl fuith-eall, and about 
 live miles broad. It appeared to be a double range 01 
 womly iilands, joined tcgetlier by iee(>, fo as to com- 
 pok- one illand in the form of an eliijlis, or oval, with 
 a lake in the mitklle. The trees are large, and fioni 
 the (moak that iffiicd from die woods it leemcd to be 
 inliabited. 
 
 Osnaburgh-Island, called by the natives Maitea, 
 W.IS f^Ht dilcovered by captain Wallis in 1767. It i.s 
 an high round idand, not above a league in circuit ; in 
 f ime parts covered with tree.-, in other.; a nakcil rocic, 
 and is 44 k-agues dillant from Chain-llland, wtit by 
 iout!i. 
 
 Pitcairn-Island was difcovcred by captain Car- 
 teret. Captr.in Cook w.is very near it in A'i;j;u(l 1773, 
 but could n,)t fall in with it. 
 
 ii^ 
 
 Befides thefe, wliich we havt 
 authentic accounts, Captain Vv 
 
 de 
 
 alii.-., alli) liiw Hve other 
 illamls, which he named WhtlfurJay, EgviunI, Gluurrjia; 
 Cdmktland, and Pnnct William Ihnry ; and in Au- 
 gull 1773 Captain Cook fell in with five odiers, wl;ich 
 he nair.eJ RifohiUoii, Doubtful, F::riuai:\, Advmtuir, 
 and Chanc. Some of the moft wellerly of diyle fc.it- 
 tered iflands were feen by M. de Bougainville, and called 
 
 /.(* (/,■!',' >r I'(n'il>:l:l:<, ilUil I/lr tlii lMiin:-ls. l'l'..;c 
 
 r,.u;>ja;.)r very pn-periy calls this chiller of low, owr- 
 
 llowed iflands, The dungcmti Aich/jjclr^o. 
 
 To ti-.e foui!i-v,-eft of diis group is the ifiand of 
 
 T O O B O U A I, 
 
 ' Difcovcred by Cajitain Cook in 1777. It is fituated 
 in latitude 23 deg. 25. min. Ibudi, longitude ai8 deg. 
 37 mi'i. eaft. Th.e fpot, at Hill view, appeared like 
 le\eral tiillincl iflamls, but on nearer approach it w.is 
 found to be conneded, and to form but one illand. It 
 is guarded by a reef u( coral rock, extending in l()nH- 
 places a mile tioin tiie land, with a high l'uil' breaking 
 upon it. Our people obferved from the liiips die na- 
 tives walking or running along Ihoic, and then law two 
 C.U10CS launched, in wliich were about a do.;en men 
 making towards diein. Stopping fuddenly wlicn they 
 came near die iliips, Omai, according to cu.lom, w.is 
 delired to ufe his endeavours to prevail on them to come 
 nearer, but all his elTorts provetl inelfectual. Thole in 
 tlie canoes, iiov.ever, indicateii by figns a llrong ilefire 
 fiir our people to go on fhore, and tiiole on the bcacli 
 tlifpk:ycd fomething Vviiitc, wliich was confulered as an 
 intimation to the fame purport. 
 
 i'heir landiiig might li.ive been efleiStcd with eafe and 
 laiety : there was a g-iod anchorage without tlie reef, antl 
 an opening in it free from furl'. But a. no refrelh- 
 iiients were wanting, .mil Captain Cook was defirou"! of 
 availing himli-lf of a fiiir wind ti.T the iirofecution of 
 his voy.ige, after ilivers iiiefredual attempts to prevail 
 on the natives to come near the vcllel, and iiold inter- 
 courfe, he left them, and flood to the noirhwaid. 
 
 hroiii obfervation on board, the greatciV extent of dii.i 
 iflanii, in any diredion, could not be above live or fix 
 miles. There are hills in it of confiderable lieight. At 
 the li:ot of thefe is a narrow border of Hat land, extend 
 ing almoll round it, with a white land-lieach. J'he 
 hill.., except a few rocky clilTs, were covered with hei- 
 l)av;e. According to the inlbrmation our (X'ople ilenvcd 
 lioiii lie men in tiie canoes, the illand abounds wld» the 
 fame animal and vegetable produdions as were finind in 
 it; viclniiy. 
 
 Th(ife of tlie natives feen in the canoes were copper- 
 coloured : Ibine wearing their hair (wIulIi was Itraijjht 
 andblack) Ikiw ing about the fliouklcrs, and ot lera hav- 
 ing it tied in a bunch on the crown of tiic head. Their 
 
 faces 
 
 NEwDiscovrniE 
 
 faces were rather r 
 city of difpofition. 
 canoes was a jiicce 
 waift, and [lalling 1 
 the beach were on 
 white. Several in 
 (hells about their r 
 a confiderable time 
 
 Difcoverj, < 
 
 THE (ira difcc 
 Captain Dav 
 Captain Cook obfe 
 call anfwercd the g 
 Hence it was calle 
 wein touch.d at it 
 EafliT Ifland : but 
 writers of his voyai 
 tlientic; at leaft tli< 
 in whicli it was toui 
 Lift vifitcdil. Thi! 
 a variety of names, 
 Tr.-py. It foems th 
 1769, and given it 
 Carlos. Some fign 
 na'ive^, and in pari 
 apparel, which wen 
 It is (ituaterl in 1 
 Inngiiiide 109 deg. 
 twelve leagues in ci 
 Soon after the Ri 
 idand, the maftcr 1 
 coad, one of the n 
 on coming aboard t 
 to meafurc the leiij 
 from the taflarel to 
 fathoms, it was oh 
 the numbers by th 
 hfite; ncverihelcfs 
 gibie to all of their 
 
 When Captain 
 by a partv, to fee i 
 they landi-d at the 
 iiativcs were alFeiub 
 lee diem, th.it many 
 Not one of them 
 of .-iny fort in hi 
 trinkets among th 
 thing to cat, on w 
 t^uoes, plantains, 
 tlieiii tor nails, loot 
 Near the place w 
 tuts, which (hall I 
 appeared quite b 
 Wit:', ncvertliclel's 
 plaMi,.ins, and lug 
 and lound a well o 
 Th ■ captain wa'-< 
 "lainnig at the lam 
 was not yet quite r_ 
 h.id Ixcn fo violent 
 (everal da, s before 
 dilonlcrwerereino 
 waste) him not mil 
 tionatc advifer. \V 
 dog fell afacrificei 
 No. a. 
 
 
 
 
No inhabitants ap- 
 
 Icagucs long, in 
 li-tait, and about 
 a doubk' range oi 
 :fs, fo as to com- 
 )lis, or oval, with 
 ' large, siv.l troni 
 
 it teemed to be 
 
 le natives Maitea, 
 ) in 1767. It is 
 :ague in circuit; in 
 ler.; a naked rock, 
 ain-Illand, weft: by 
 
 ■d by captain Car- 
 it in' A' i^^iift 1773, 
 
 ribcd from the i.ioil 
 allii law live other 
 Jig7K0tity Glvucrjlfr, 
 Iriun and in Au- 
 1 live others, wjucii 
 ■rncai:.\, Advtnlurc, 
 L'llerly ol' tliyle liac- 
 iRainville, and called 
 > I.aimns. Th.ac 
 lullcr ot low, o\cr- 
 pck-o. 
 
 is the ifland of 
 
 A I, 
 
 1777. It is fitiiated 
 iongitutle 218 deg. 
 view, appearetl like 
 irer approach it v.as 
 1 but one illand. Jc 
 , extendins^ in fome 
 X liigh liirt' breaicing 
 iMi the Ihips the na- 
 le, and then i'aw two 
 ab'.iut a dozen men 
 luddenly vviien they 
 ding to cu.'loni, was 
 ;vail on them to come 
 ncifechial. Thole in 
 i fij^ns a llrong defire 
 id ihol'e on the beach 
 was coiifuleied as an 
 
 eflefted v, ith cafe and 
 
 :• without the reef, and 
 
 But a . no lefielh- 
 
 Cook was deliroiK of 
 c.T the profecution of 
 d attempcu to prevail 
 eflel, and iioid inter- 
 i the nor:iiwari.l. 
 
 ^'feateft ext*;nt of this 
 •V be above live (.r fix 
 iifider.ible iicight. At 
 r of Hat land, extend- 
 lite iand-bcach. 'I'he 
 ere covered with iier- 
 ion our |)eopk' iJi lived 
 land abounds widi the 
 lions as were fnind in 
 
 _■ canoes were copper- 
 ir (wliieh was Itraifiiit 
 ilders, and ot sera hav- 
 n of the head. Their 
 facts 
 
 NEwDlSCOVF.RtES.] 
 
 EASTER ISLAND. 
 
 faces were rather round and full, and cxpreffed a fero- 
 city of difpohtion. All the covering of thofe in the 
 canoes was a ))iccc of narrow fluff wrappetl round the 
 waift, and jjalfing between the thighs; but fome upon 
 the beach were onferved to be completely dreiled in 
 white. Several in the canoes woreon-.aments of pearl 
 (hells about their necks. One in parlieiilar contuiued 
 a confiderable time blowing a large conch-lhell, in a 
 
 long tone without any variation} but what it portended 
 our people could not dcter.iiine. The men in the 
 canoes finding the captain's refolution to depart, Hood 
 up and repeated lomcihing aloud, though it was not 
 known wlicther it exprtil'ed hollile or friendly defigns. 
 They had, however, no weapons with them; nor 
 could it be difcoveied by the glalfes, that thofe on 
 Ihore were armed. 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 EASTER ISLAND. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 T>ifcoverj, Situation, Soil, Climate, (Jc. 
 
 THE (irft (lifcovcry of this ifland is attributed to 
 Captain Davis, an Englifliman, in 1686; and 
 Captain Cook obferves, that the view of it from the 
 eart aniwered the geographical dclcrijition given of it. 
 Hence it was called Davis's Land. Admiral Rogge- 
 wcin touch-d at it in 1722, and gave it the name of 
 Eafter Ifland : but the accounts given of it bv the 
 writers of his voyage appear rather fabulous than au- 
 thentic; at leafl; they by no mc uis agree with the flrate 
 in which it was tound by thole Uritifh navigators who 
 lafl vifitcd i(. This ifland was called by the n iiives by 
 a variety of names, as IVachu, Tamnrehi, IFhyhue, and 
 fe.py. It feems that the Sjianiaids had vilited it in 
 1769, and given it the appellation of the Ifland of St. 
 Cados. Some (igns of this villt were fecn among the 
 nanve-', and in particular, feveral articles of wearing 
 apparel, which were ot European manufacture. 
 
 It is fltuated in Latitude 27 tieg. 30 inin. ibuth ; and 
 longitude loy deg. 46 min. weft ; and is about ten or 
 twelve leagues in circuit. 
 
 Soon after the Refolution, Captain Cook, made the 
 ifland, the maftcr being fent out in a boat to found the 
 coaft, one of the natives fwam ort"to her, and infilled 
 on coming aboard the Ihip. The firft thing he did was 
 to nieafurc the length of the fliip, by fathoming her 
 fmm the taflarel to the ftem, antl as he counted the 
 fathoms, it was obferved by our people, that he called 
 the numbers by the fame names that they do at Ota- 
 hiite ; ncverthelcfs his language was nearly uninicUi- 
 gibie to all of them. 
 
 When Ca|)tain Cook went on fliore, accompanied 
 by a partv, to lee what the ifland was likely to aflbrd, 
 they landed at the beach, where fome hundreds of the 
 natives were afll-mhled ; and who were fo impatient to 
 lee them, that many of them fwam ofl" to meet the boats. 
 Ndt one of thein had fo nnuii as a Rick, or weapon 
 ot any fort in his hanil. Atter diflributing a few 
 trinkets among them, our people made figns tor ibme- 
 tliing to cat, on which tl... y brought ilovvn a few po- 
 tatoes, plantains, and fugar-cancs, and exchanged 
 tliein tor nails, looking-glaiJes, and pieces of cloth. 
 
 Near the place where they landed were fome tall lla- 
 tiies, which fliall be th Icribed hcrcalter. The countr; 
 api)cared quite barren, ami without wootl. There 
 wir;', ncvertliclels, tev-ral plantations of |iotaii'es, 
 planiiins, and lugar-canes. Thcyatfo law fome fowls, 
 and tound a well of br.ackitli water. 
 
 Til 'captain was oliligcd to content himfelf witi. rc- 
 niaiiimg at the landing place among the natives, as he 
 was not yet quite retovcred from a bilious cholic, which 
 had luen tii violent as to contine him to his bctl. It was 
 leveral davs before the moll dan;?,erous fympioinsof hi-; 
 dilortler were removed ; during which time, the liirgcon 
 WM Id him not only a (killul |)liylician, bu: an afVec- 
 ti'inate adviler. When he began to recover, a favourite 
 <log f 11 a facrificc to his difordcreil llomach. They had 
 No. 8. 
 
 no other f"rt(h meat whatever on board ; and the cap- 
 tain could eat ot this {[dh, as well as broth inade of it, 
 when he could talle nothing elle. Thus he received 
 nourilhment and llrength troiu food, which would have 
 made moll people in liurope lick. So true it is, tliac 
 necelfity is governed by no law. 
 
 The toil of this ifland is in general a dry, hard clay; 
 but towards the highell part ot the louth end it is a line 
 red earth, teemed much better, bore a longer giats, 
 and was not covered with Hones, as in the other pans. 
 
 The moll remarkable curic.fity belonging to this 
 ifland, is a number of gigantic (latues, of which, how- 
 ever, very few remain cniiie. Thele llatues arc placed 
 on the fea-coaft. On the eafl fide of the ifland were 
 teen the ruins of three platforms of floiic wt)rk, on each 
 of which had Hood four of thefe large llatues ; but they 
 were all fallen down from two ot I Ik in, and one troin 
 the third : they were broken 01 defaced by the fall. 
 One which had lalkn, being meafured, was fifteen feet 
 in length, and lix bioad over the Ihouldeis. Each lla- 
 tuc had on its head a large cylindric II w-, of a red co- 
 lour, wrought pert'edlly round. Others were found that 
 mealiired near twenty-feven feet, and upwards ol eight 
 teet over the Ihoulders : and fliU a larger one was teen 
 Handing, the Ihade of which was Uiliicient to Ihelter 
 all the l)arty, confiHing of near tldrty perfons, from the 
 rays of the Hin. The workmanlhip \\a^ rude, but not 
 bad, nor were the features of (he lace ill formctl : the 
 ears were long, according to the diflortion praftifcd in 
 the country, and the bodies had hardly any thing of a 
 human figure about them. How thefe iflanders,wholly 
 unacquainted with any mechanical jiower, could raife 
 (uch Hupendous figure., and aUerwaids place the cy- 
 lindric Hone; upon their head-, is truly wonderful. 
 
 The party, on their farther pro.^refs, came to a more 
 fertile part of the ifland, inlcrlperfed with plantations, 
 and not lb much encumliered w;th Hones, as thole they 
 hadfcenbefore : butthey could find no water,excei)t what 
 the natives twice or thrice brought them, which, though 
 brackilh and (linking, was rendered acceptable, by the 
 extremity of their thuH. Tluy alto palfed fome luiis, 
 the owners i)f which met them with roafled potatoes 
 and Hii^ar-'-ane-, and [Uacing thcmlllves a-htad of the 
 party (for they tnarched in a line, in order to have the 
 benefit of the path) gave one to each man as he palled 
 by. Bin at the very time fome were relieving the thirfly 
 and hungry, there were others who enileavoured to 
 Heal from ihem the very things which had been given 
 them. At lall, to |)revent woric conl'equeni es, they were 
 obliged to lire a load of fmall lliot at one, who was fo 
 audat ious as to fnatch the bag which contained every 
 thing they carried with them. 'I'hc (hot hit him on the 
 back, on which he dropped the bag, ran a little way, 
 and then fell : but he afterwarils got up anil walked, 
 and what bicame of him they knew not, nor whether 
 he was much wmmdeil. 'I'his afliiir occationed fome tie- 
 lay, and drew the natives tcii',ethcr. They prtfently liiw 
 the man who had hitheito led the way, and one or two 
 moie, coming running towards them; but inllead of 
 Hopj)ing when they came up, they continued to run 
 X round 
 
 > . "r 
 
 
 
 I 
 
82 A NEW ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 fti' i 
 
 t ;«' 
 
 round them, repeating, in a kind manner, a few words, 
 unii! they ("et torwanls again. Then their old guiile 
 hoifted his flag, leading the way as before ; ami none 
 ever attempted to ileal from them the whole day after- 
 wards. 
 
 Towards the caftern end of the ifland thev met witli 
 a well whofe water was pertcclly frclh, being tonfide- 
 rably above the level of the lea ; but it was dirty, ow- 
 ing to a cuftom or the natives, who never go to drink 
 without walhing themfclves all over as foon as they 
 have done : and if ever lb many of thcni a:c together, 
 the firft leaps right into the middle of the hole, drinks, 
 and walhes hinilelf wiiluHit the lead ceremony; after 
 which another takes his plate and docs the fame. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Prodti^icns, animal and vegelalk. 
 
 NO (|uadrupeds were fet-n ujion this ifland, except 
 black rats, which arc common to all the iflands 
 ot tlic South Seas. It appeared that the iflanders eat 
 thcfc rats ; for our people faw a man with ibme dead 
 ones in his hand, who teemed unwilling to part with 
 them, giving them to iinderftand, they were for food. 
 There were a few domeftic fowls, fmall, but well tailed : 
 and two or three noddies were feen, which were lb 
 tame as to fettle on th.- Ihoulders of the .latives. 
 
 The coail did not ajipcar to abounil with lilli, at 
 leatl our people could catch none with hook and linej 
 and they iaw but very little among the natives. 
 
 This country produces only a few Ihiubsthe leaf and 
 ecds of one oi which (called by thj natives Torremedo) 
 was not much unlike that of the common Vetch : t'lc 
 feeds had a difagreeable bitter talle, anil are conlidcrtd 
 by the natives as poil'onous: the wood is of a leddiih 
 colour, hard and heavy, but crookeil, and exceeding 
 fix or fevcn teet in heighth : and not a tree was leen on 
 th» whole illimd that exceeded the heighth of tin feet. 
 Another fmall Ihrub waslijen licrc, whole wood is white 
 and brittle, and, as well as its leaf, iomewhat relemnlcs 
 the alh. There are alio fome of the 0:aheitean cloth 
 plant, but dwartilh ami weak, being from two to four 
 feet high. They arc planted in rows among very lar-^e 
 rocks, where the rains have walhed a little foil toge- 
 ther. Heic are fugar-canes, bananas, and yams, whurh 
 thrive to admiration, conlidering the llony quality of i 
 the ground. The fugar-canes were about nine or ten j 
 feet high, and contained a very fweet juice, which the i 
 inhabitants very liol'pitablv prefented to their gudls, 
 whenever they alked fbr f miething to drink. Thele 
 arc faid to be fweeter than thofe at Otaheite. The 
 whole number of plants growing on this ifland does not 
 exceed twenty I'pecies. , 
 
 Here are potatoes of a gold-yellow colour, as fwect I 
 as carrots: the le were found verv nourifliing, and anti- ' 
 fccrbutic. Here is likewife a Ipecies of niglmhadc ' 
 which IS made ufc of at <)laheite,antl the other iflands' 1 
 as a vulnerary medicine, and is probabh- cultivated 1 
 here for the lame purpole. The gi^fs, which com- i 
 monly Iprings up among the ilones, on the uncultivated i 
 foil, IS caretully jilucked up, and fpread over their ' 
 plantations as a munuie, or to preferve them in fome ! 
 meafijre from the parJimg beams of the l\m. This is ! 
 mentioned as a proof of the occoiiomy and indullry of 
 the natives. ■' 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Perfom, Drefs, Difp'/niom, C/loms, Maimers, U'eapons, 
 Canoes, Covernment, i^c. of li.e Natives. 
 
 THE nati\esof thi, iflam 
 but bnik and activ 
 countenance' 
 
 i*! 
 
 are in ;;cnernl (lender, 
 have )jood features, and 
 not difagreeable. Their colour is of a 
 Chefnut brown; th.eir hair black, curling, and remark- 
 ably llrong; that on the head, a* well as on the 
 
 face, is cut fhort. The men for the moil part arc in 
 a manner naked, wearing nothing but a flip of cloth 
 between their legs, each end ot which is fallened to a 
 cord or belt they wear round the wi-(l. Tlu- cloth 
 from Otahcite, as indeed any fort, was much valued bv 
 thele people. The men have i>unclures on their bo- 
 tlics, which is common, in a greater or lefs degree, to 
 all the Soutli-fea iflands. The givateil fingularity is 
 the fr/.e of their cars, the lobe or extremity of which is 
 fo flretched out, as almoll to reft on the fhoulder, and 
 is pierced by a very large hole, through which three or 
 four fingers might be thrull wiih eate. The chief or- 
 naments for their ears are the white down of featheri, 
 and rings, which they wear in the inlidc of the hole, 
 made of the leaf of the fugar-cane, which is very 
 elailic, and rolled up like a watch-fpring. Some were 
 feen covered with a kind of bright cloili, of an orange 
 colour, and thele were fuppoled to be chiefs. 
 
 One of the natives who came on board the fliip had 
 a belt round his middle, from whence a kind of net- 
 work dcfcended before, bin too thin to anfwcr the pur- 
 pofeof a concealment. A itring was fied al)out his 
 neck, and a flat bone, ibmething Ihaped like a tongue, 
 j and about live inche; long, was laftened to it, and hung 
 I down on the breaft, which he gave our people to under- 
 lland was the bone of a porpoife. He was prefenttd 
 with nails, medals, and firings of beads, all of which 
 he dclired to have tied round his head. 
 
 At firrtheflicwed ligns of fear and dilFidence, aiking 
 in a dialedl of the language generLdb- uiltl in the South 
 Sea*:, antl which was k)mcwlial und^rllood by many on 
 board, vheiher they would kill him as an enauy ? On 
 being aiiured of gocnl treatment. Ire became jjcrfcdlf 
 unconcerned, antl at cafe, and talked of nothing but 
 dancing. 
 
 The women of this ifland arc fmall, {lender limbed, 
 and have punftuies on the f ice, refembling the patches 
 fometimes in falliion among European ladies. They 
 jxiint their whole face with a icddilh brown ruddle, 
 over which they lay a bright orange colour, txtradeil 
 from the turmeric root; or tl'.ey variegate their faci-s 
 with llrokes of white- lliell lime; which led an obferver 
 to remark, that the art of jiaiiiting is not confined to 
 thofe ladies who have an opporrur.ity of imitating 
 French falhions. All the women were clad in fcanty 
 pieces of cloth; one piece wrajipcd round their loins, 
 and another ovtr their Ihoulders, made a complete 
 drefs. Both fexes have thin, but not lavage features. 
 The women wear their hair long, and fometimes tied 
 on the crown of their head. 
 
 The violent artionofthe fun upon tbeir heads, hxs 
 led th>m to contrive various coverings for that part. 
 Their licad-drefs is a round fillet adorned with leathtTN, 
 :md a flraw bonnet, Ibmething like a Scotch one; the 
 lormer worn by the mm, the l.r.ter by the women. 
 Many ol the men wore a ring about two inches thick, 
 ilrong and cuiioufly plaited of gr.afs, and fitted dole 
 round the head. Thi: was ccveicd with the long lea- 
 thers of the man of war bird. Others had huge liulliy 
 caps of brown gull's feathers, whi h were almoll; a< 
 large as the full bottomctl wigs of luiropean l.uvycrs ; 
 belides which, fome wear a fiiigle hoop of wood, round 
 which the long white feathers of the gannet himg nod- 
 ding. In colour, features, and language, the inhabi- 
 tants of Eafter Ifland bear lueh alilnity to the people 
 of the more wellern ifl;uuis, that then; can be no doubi 
 ot their having had the fame origin. 
 
 The nicefl. calculation that could be m.ade nc\er 
 I brought the number oi inhabitants in ihi ifl.iiid toab.i\. 
 j level! hundred, and of thele the females bore no propor- 
 I tion in number to the males. Either they have but lew 
 ' lemalcs, or elfe their women were rcllrained tfom ap- 
 pearing during the Hay of the Ihip; noiwiihilanding. 
 the men (hewed no (igns of a jealous difpoliiioii, ortlw 
 women any fcruples ot appealing in public: in lact, 
 they leenied to be neillu" refeivcd or chaile. Hut as 
 all the women who were feen were lilieial ol Ihiir fa- 
 vours, it is more than probable, that all the m.inied 
 
 ai:ii 
 
 New Discover 
 
 and modeft had 
 |)ctuous vilitants 
 and what luithtt 
 heaps o' done wi 
 wliiih had one 
 went under gn. 
 with thole of thi 
 propenliy to (lit 
 dillieulty the lhi| 
 heads, and liartll 
 pockets. One th 
 wounded him fo 
 down the latal ae 
 There i> a mi! 
 lion ot thele p.o| 
 kindly and holpii 
 mit them. A pa 
 and were returnin 
 digging potatoes 
 to iiim oi great t 
 large plantation t 
 ot the bell antl ju 
 nient. Their dii 
 although they ha\ 
 I'oi itoes, bana 
 fifty lowls, were t 
 exchange for vvh 
 pleaiiire, empty c( 
 U[)oii other houth- 
 heiic, and Euio()e 
 cllec;n, and iron 
 the natives, on n 
 or a nail, in the » 
 as it apprehenlive 
 gain, and inliit on 
 cloth 1 d them to 
 necklaces, ornaiiu 
 figures, made out 
 eighteen inches o 
 nuicii neater and 
 could have been 
 1 hf\- reprefcnted 
 not j).ealing, am 
 to le natuial ; 
 tiling characteriHi 
 the arts. The ui 
 finely p>li(hed, 
 nor tan it Ik- cxi' 
 their potieHion, 
 illanil, e.her the 
 kind ot wood, it 
 A veiy iinguler fi,. 
 finders bent dowt 
 prclenicd to the 
 
 NEW GL 
 
 N 
 
 FROM the 
 ifl md was f\ 
 t.'izy. It was ca 
 dileoveicd the noi 
 or I'apos, as was ( 
 hy Van Schoutej), 
 ol it was ftil, d by 
 pier touched here 
 C.ip(ainCook ma* 
 «77o, in latitude r 
 
lOGRAPHY. 
 
 r the moR part arc in 
 ns; l)ur a flip of cloth 
 \\ iiich is tallcncd to a 
 tlic wi-fl. Tlic cloili 
 1, was much valued bv 
 punctures on iheir bo- 
 .•atcr or Icfs tlcgree, to 
 j2;ivatcll fingularity is 
 r extremity ot which is 
 \ on the fhoulilcr, and 
 
 throui^li wliich tlirecor 
 h ealc. The chief or- 
 hiiL- down ot ftatiitrs, 
 the inlidc of tlic hole, 
 
 ir-tane, which is very 
 cli-fpring;. Some were 
 oht cloth, of an orange 
 
 d to he chiefs. 
 
 c on hoard the (hip had 
 whence a kind ot n'.t- 
 thin to anfwcr the pur- 
 
 ng was ficd about his 
 g Ihaped Ike a tongue, 
 aliened to it, antl hung 
 
 ive our people to under- 
 
 fe. He was prefenttd 
 
 ;; ot beads, all ol which 
 
 is iicad. 
 
 arand dillidence, afkinj; 
 
 nerally uied in the Soudi 
 uiideillood by many on 
 
 11 him as an enemy ? 0'.\ 
 
 nt, lie became pertcdlf 
 
 1 talked of nothing but 
 
 •e fmall, flendcr limbed, 
 :, refembling the patches 
 Euroj;can ladies. They 
 letldilli brown ruddle, 
 orange colour, exiradcil 
 ey variegate their faces 
 e; which Led an obferver 
 iiing is not confined to 
 ppuituiiiiy of imitating 
 men were clad in Icanty 
 apped round their loins, 
 Iders, made a complete 
 but not lavage tcatures. 
 ong, and ibmetimes tied 
 
 in upon their heads, iia> 
 coverings for that jiait. 
 iletadorncti with teather>, 
 g like a Scotch one; the 
 e latter by the women. 
 ; about two inches thick, 
 jf grafs, and fitted dole 
 ncred with the long lea- 
 Others had huge bulliy 
 s, wlii h were almoll a'^ 
 gs of European lawyers; 
 iigle hcopol wooel, rounil 
 of the gannet hung luul- 
 nd language, tiie inhai'i- 
 deh alliiiity to the jicople 
 hat then; can be no doub; 
 origin, 
 
 at could be made nc\cr 
 lants in ihi ifl.iiul toab -w 
 le females bore no propor- 
 Lither ihey liave but t.w 
 1 were reflraincd from ap- 
 le lliip; iiotwiihnaniling. 
 I jealous dlfpuliiion, or th- 
 uiiig in public : in tact, 
 L'ferved or chaile. Hut as 
 1 were lilieial ol their ta- 
 ble, that all the niariit\i 
 
 New DiscovERiEi.] 
 
 EASTER ISLAND. 
 
 83 
 
 and modeft had concealed thcmfelves from their im- 
 lictuous vilitants, in I'ome dillant parts ot the ifland ; 
 and what further flrenglhens this luppolition is, that 
 lieai)s o'' Hone were fe.n piled up in little hillocks, 
 which had one lleep perpendicular fide, where a hole 
 went under grouml. Thefc illantlers, in cotiimon 
 with thole of the South Seas, foon gave proofs of their 
 ])roperli y to theft, as before obli^rved. It was with 
 dillieulty the (liip'a crew could keej) their hats on their 
 heads and hardly polhble to keep any thing in their 
 pockets. One thief was lired at with Iniall (hot, which 
 wounded hmi to that he tell foon after he had thrown 
 down the latul aeipiifitiiin. 
 
 There i- a mildiiets and gootl nature in the dilpofi- 
 tion of thefe p.ople, whiJi ])rompt them to behave as 
 kindly and holi)iiably as their barren country will per- 
 iiuithem. A party who had rambled up the ifland, 
 anil were returning to the Ihip, palfcil a native who was 
 digging potatoes in a field ; tlity no f loner complained 
 to iiim oi great third, tlian he ran imnieiliately to a 
 large plantation of fugireancD, and brought out a load 
 of the bell and juicieli on his back, for their ref'relh- 
 ment. Their diipoll>ion is far irom being warlike, 
 alihougli they have weapons ot defence. 
 
 I'oi itoes, bananas, yams, fugar- canes, and about 
 fifiy ijwls, were the only provilions obtained here ; in 
 exchange for wiiich tiie natives received, with great 
 picaiure, emjity cocoa-lhells, which had been procured 
 upon other South-lea iflanils. The cloth made at Ota- 
 beiic, and European cloth, bore the next degree ot 
 clkciii, and iron ware held the lowed place. Moll of 
 the natives, on nceivinij, a cocoa-nut, piece ot cloth, 
 or a nail, in the way of barter, ran away immediately, 
 as if apprdicniive fell the other Ihould repent \w, bar- 
 gain, and infill on a re-exchange. Their eagernels for 
 cloth Id tiiem to part with their cajis, head-diefles, 
 necklac.s, ornaments for the ears, and leveial human 
 fii^ures, made out of narrow pieces of wooti, about 
 eighteen inches or two feet long, and wrought in a 
 nuicii neater and more proporti>,nate manner, than 
 could have been expected from tuch a forlorn race. 
 Tlirv reprefented men and women. The features were 
 not p.ealing, and the whole figure was much too long 
 to be natuial ; but notwithtlanding, there was fome- 
 tlung charaderiftic in them, which bef]Joke a tallc lor 
 tliearis The v\ov;d ol which they were made wa: 
 finely pjlifhed, dole grained, and of a dark brown: 
 nor can it be explained how tu'. h toys coukl come into 
 their potiisHion, as nothing could be tc)und on the 
 illand, .'.fter the niccft fcrutiny, which produced this 
 kind of wood, it being the perfume wood of Otahcite. 
 A veiy iin?,ul.'r fu.ure thu; carved, with king nails and 
 finders bent downwards, was brought to England, and 
 prclcnted to the Bntiflk Muleum. 
 
 Their houfes are low, mit(,rable huts, conftruflcd by 
 letting flicks ii{)right in the ground, at fix or eight 
 feet dillance, the 1 bending them towards each other, 
 and tying them together at the top, forming thereby a 
 kind of Gothic arch. The longefl flicks are placed in 
 the middle, and (hotter ones each way, anti at lets di(- 
 tance afunder i by which means the building is higheft 
 and broadell in the muldle, and lower and narrower to- 
 wards each end. To tliefe are tied others horizontally, 
 and the whole is thatched over with leaves of fugar- 
 cane. The door-way is in the middle of one fide, 
 formetl like a porch, and fo low and narrow asjufl to 
 admit a man to enier upon all fours. 
 
 The weapons of thefe iflanders are fliort wooden 
 clubs, and Ipears about fix feet long, crooked, and 
 armed at one end wiili pieces of flint. They have like- 
 wile a weapon made of wood, like the patoo-patoo of 
 New Zealand. 
 
 Not more than three or four canoes were feen on 
 the whole ifland, and thefe very mean, and badly con- 
 llruded. From tiie fmall number, and flightnefs of 
 "their boats, it may be I'uppoled, that they procure very 
 little ot their lublillenee from filhing, and particularly 
 as no mention is made of any fidiing implements feen 
 here. 
 
 A circumflance happened during the (hort time that 
 the Refolution lay at Ealler Ifland, which plainly proved 
 that the natives had no idea of jirivate projK^ty. A 
 field of fweet jiotatoes turnilhed a definable article of 
 traffic to the Ihip's company. Several of the natives 
 dug up thefe roots, and cxchangal them with the offi- 
 cer, (or what they moll valued. After they had ein- 
 ployeil themlelves in this manner for lome hours, ano- 
 ther native arrived, who with gr^-at fury drove the in- 
 truders away, and himfelf alone dug up the roots, and 
 told them in the manner that the others haddone ; from 
 which tirciimf lance it was inferred very naturally, that 
 this nian was tiie owner of the field, whom the others 
 had robbed of the.truit-. of his labour, being tempted 
 tocminii ihe irefpafs by the ready market 10 which 
 they brought thdr plunder. 
 
 'i'hey have a king, whom they (lilc rtnv or bareeka : 
 he is defcribcd as a middle-aged man, rather tall, his 
 laee and whole body fl;iongly punclured. He wore a 
 piece of I loth made of the mulberry hark, quilted with 
 threads of grafs, and flaintd yell.)w with turmeric. On 
 his head he had a cap ol 1 )ng lliining black feathers, 
 which might be calleil a diadem. No great degree of 
 homage was oblerved to be paid to him by the people; 
 and from the poverty ot the country, his I'ubjeds can 
 afi'otd to ihew but tew dillindions to their monarch. 
 Of the religion oi th.:le people, our navigators declare 
 themlelves entirely ignorant. 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 NEW GUINEA, NEW BRITAIN, NEW IRELAND, NEW 
 , , HANOVER, and other fmall lilands. 
 
 NEW GUINEA. 
 
 FROM the hf ft accounts that can be obtained, this 
 iflind was firfl vilited by an Euroiiean Ihip, in 
 1 5 .'-9. it was called by Saavedra, a Fortuguefe, who 
 difcovcred the north-wed part of it, Terra de I'anuas, 
 or I'apos, as was the fouth-well part of it New Ciuinea, 
 hy Van Schouteji, a Dutch difcnverer. The ealtern part 
 ot it was dil. d by a French navigator, Louitiade. Dam- 
 pier touched here; and alter iiim Admiral Roggewcin. 
 Captain Cook made the coall of this ifland in September 
 1770, in latitude 6 deg. i j min.lijuth; longitude 130 
 
 deg. cad. But his furvey of the ifland could be but 
 tianfient; for ix-rceiving when he landed with a party 
 of our peoi)le, that the Indians were lelljlutely bent on 
 hodilities, it was generally agreed upon, to prevent the 
 dedrudion of thole people, as the) Inil no intention to 
 invade their country, to return to the boat. They are 
 faid by Captain Cook to make the faine perfonal ap- 
 pearance as the New Hollanders; and the country in 
 general is by him liei'cribeii, as refembling the South- 
 (ea iflands, New Zealand, and New Holland, in its 
 vegetable produdions. Indeed, New (iiiinea was (up- 
 pofcd to be conneded with New Holland, uiuil Captain 
 
 Cook 
 
 M 
 
 %r'{ 
 
 »>t.a! 
 
 H '"' 
 
 ' 9, 
 
 -_^^- 
 
A NEW, ROYAL And AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 < I 
 
 
 '% 1 I 
 
 i« i f 
 
 'f f' 
 
 •■\ 
 
 84 
 
 Cook difcovered the (IraU which feiwrales them. Tlic 
 only particuUr liriiimllanLC relative to tlic people of 
 this illand, mentioned in Captain Cook's account, is 
 the tolluwing. 
 
 When our people got on board the h^^at, they rowed 
 along the (bore, and the nuiii'er ot Indians alilrmblcd 
 leeniel to lie between lixty and an iuindred. Ail the 
 while thev were Ihoutin'^ detiance, and throwing lome- 
 thiiie^ out of their hands which burnt c.\ai.'tly like gun- 
 powder, but made no report. What thele Hrcs were, 
 or tor what purpole intended, could not be guetied at. 
 Thole who diichargcd them had in their haniis a Oiort 
 piece ofrtick, iiofilbly a hollow cane, which they Iwung 
 lideways from them, and immediately tire and (moke 
 ifl'ueil, exa:Uv relcmblinj; the diltharge ot" a mufket, 
 nnd of no longer ihiration. This wonderful phcrnome- 
 non was ohlerved from the (hip, and the deception was 
 fo great, tli.u tlie peoi'lc en bciud thought they had 
 fire°-arms : and even in the boat, it they had not been 
 fo near a? that ihev muil h;!vc heard the report, if there 
 had been any, tliey (houU have thought they had been 
 firing vollies After lookin;j; at them attentively fome 
 time°without taking; any notiee of their tlalhing and 
 vociferation, the failors fired Ibme mulkets over their 
 heads. Upon hearing the balls rattle among the trees, 
 they walked leifuiely^away, and the boat returned to 
 the (flip. Upon examining (bmc weapons which the 
 natives had thrown, they were found to be light darts, 
 about four tcet long, very ill made, of a reediir bam- 
 boo cane, and pointed wiih hard wood, in whicli there 
 were many barbs. They were difcliarged with great 
 force; for at fixty yards diftance they went beyond the 
 party ; but in what manner they were thrown could not 
 be exactly feen. But the general opinion w.a' , that they 
 were thrown with a flick, in the manner praitifed by 
 the New-Hollanders. 
 
 The latell accounts of New Guinea are thofe ot 
 Captain Foreft, who vi(ited it in i 775. As the Tartar 
 galley, belonging to the Eafl India Company, then un- 
 der his command, flood on towards Dory harbour, two 
 of the native.^ of Papua eame on board, and ajjpeared 
 perfectly complacent. Tlieir hair was bulhed, or ra- 
 ther fri/.zled out to an incredible extent. To render 
 it as bulky as poflil-.lc, it was combed in a diredion 
 llrail from the head, which is fometimcs ornamented 
 with leather^. The left ears of the women were per- 
 forated, and adorned with fmall brafs rings. 
 
 Coming to an anchor, our countrymen had an opixtr- 
 tuniiy of taking a view of one of the capital manhons 
 ot thcle peo])le, fituated on the hank. Thele were 
 erected on po(ts hxcd (cveral \ards below low water 
 mark, for the convenience of the tenants, who occu- 
 pied divers diftincl parts ot the manfion, that contained 
 many lamilics. In this ccnintry, the married people, 
 unmarried women, and children, live in the larger tc- 
 nemcfitSjand the batthelorsby themfelvesin the (mailer. 
 
 The common drels worn by the men was a thin flutf, 
 produced irom the cocoa-nut tree, tied about the mid- 
 dle, and taken up behind between the thighs. That of 
 the women w:is a coarte blue llutf, worn round the mid- 
 dle, ai;d tviekcd up behind like the men. The boys 
 and girls went naked. Laborioii-. offices here (eemed 
 to fall to the lot ot the women, while the men idly faun- 
 tercd about. The natives follow the diverlion of hunt- 
 ing the wild hog, which they called ben, with a kind of 
 foxljoking dogs they called n.at. Among (inall 
 illands, the wild hogs o.tcn Iwim in a firing from one 
 .'flaini to another; tlie hog behind leaning h^ (nout on 
 thofe before i fo that the l|)ortluien kill them withc.vfe. 
 
 1 lie loalt of the promontory ot Dor) is deleriljcil 
 ai txtendia;^ about lliirtecn or fourteen leagues; the 
 heiglii not extreme, and the rile gradual. The country 
 abounds with lotty trees, whole branches afford the 
 liavelier an agreeable (hade. There are many rivulets 
 of Irelh w.iter; and, Icattered in particular tr.acks, good 
 herbage. 
 
 Of animal produdtions, the country abounds with 
 liogs; and there arc albecores, an J q-'.ki- kinds of hlh. 
 
 The birds of paradife, which fo much excite thccri-> 
 riofity of fpeculai ills, are faid to have been tirft fouml 
 by the PortuguelV, on the iiland of Gilolo, the Papulas 
 Idanils, and on New Guinea. They were ilenominated 
 Pnjfaros de Sol,"\. e. " Birds of thef'un." By ibme they 
 wiie called MtiMuco Beivata, " the bird of Ciod." Cajit. 
 I'urelt was int'ormeil at an ifland calleil Linty, on this 
 coad, (the fmall iflands on which are numberlei'^,) 
 that the birds of paradilecame thither at certain (eilbiis 
 in (locks, and that fettling on trees, they arc caught 
 with birii-lime, after which their bodies are drieil with 
 the feathers on, as they are feen in Europe. It ap- 
 peared further, tluat the account of thele birds having 
 no legs, being conflantly on the wing, anil living on 
 the air, which gave rife to the cuftom of cutting o\\ 
 their legs when offered to file, was without foundation. 
 The natives kill them as (bon as taken. They have 
 formidable bills, and defend themtelves with great re- 
 folution. But what they fubliil on has not been yet 
 diicovered. There are (ix dillinft (pecies of thele 
 birds, and they have attbrded great fcope for the (pe- 
 culation of naturahds. 
 
 In Dory were (bund neither fowl or goat. All tin; 
 refrefhment that could be procured on (hore was the 
 flelh of the wild hog, fome fpecies of fith and vegeta- 
 bles excepted. The quadrupeds feen were hogs, dogs, 
 and wild cats. 
 
 The nutmeg tree was found at different iflands on 
 this coaft, but when cut down, it apiKrared that the 
 truit was not ripe. Our people were informed by the 
 natives, that there were many fuch trees about the 
 countr)-; but they ilid not difcover any knowledge ot 
 their worth and importance, though tiiey teemed to fet 
 a due value iijion other pioduclions. They acknow- 
 ledged that quantities of nutmegs were collected at cer- 
 tain places, but tor what ute could not be learnt. The 
 natives, indeed, did not feem inclined to gratify the 
 curiofity of our people as to this and other particulars. 
 As the Dutch derive fuch a Iburce of wealth (rom the 
 nutmeg tree, they are jealous lell any foreign power 
 Ihould deprive them of fo profitable a monopoly ; and 
 being apprehenfive that the Chinel'e, from being (b near, 
 fhould elfablifh a tnde with the natives for this uli^ful 
 commoility.they have prevented them by an agreement 
 from coming to this place, though a trade might be fo 
 advantageoufly carried on between the parties. They 
 even fend out people yearly to deflroy all the nutmeg 
 trees, wherever they can find them : but it being the 
 natural produce of this part of the country, it will 
 grow, in fpite of their utmofl efforts to prevent it. 
 
 Such is the value of iron amongft thete people, that 
 for the confidcration of receiving an axe or a chopping- 
 knit'e, the receiver fubjetts his lands or his labour io 
 a continual tax of tome a. tide or other for its ute. 
 
 The natives, andefpecially the females, teemed to be 
 of a muhcal turn. One of them being afked by one 
 of our people to (ing, fhe gave proofs of a goo<l voue 
 and ear, as did others upon luture occalions. 
 
 Their mode of courting is rather extraordinary. The 
 lover comes freely to the manfion ot the favourite te- 
 male, and without ceremony places himfelf by her. 
 The old folks at a diflancc arc then laid often to call 
 out, " Well, have you agreed ?" If the parties agree 
 before witnc(fes,a cock, jirocuivd with great difficult) , 
 is killed, ami thus entls the ceremony. 
 
 The tenements in which they dwell are poorly fur- 
 nifhed ; and as they cook in each feparate .apartment, 
 and have no chimney, the Ihioke illues out at every 
 part of the roof; fo that at a diflancc the whole roof 
 teems to (moke. 
 
 'J'hey are very expert with the bow. Some of their 
 arrows are fix feet hjiig. The lormer is niaile of bam- 
 boo, and the (Iriiig of (plit ratan. They carry on a 
 conlidciable traffic with the Chinel'e, of whom they 
 jiurehafe their iron tools, beads, plates, batons, 8i.c. 
 They trade alfo in flavcs, aiiibergreate, tortoifelhell. 
 (mall pearls, and divers kind* of birds, and particularly 
 the bird ot paradife. 
 
 The 
 
 New Discover 11 
 
 The inhabitants 1 
 pretented as numeri 
 from their behaviou 
 
 It apjx;.an that t 
 qucntiy inv.id d am 
 nietans ot the Molui 
 
 NE 
 
 Was fuppofed t' 
 until Dampier ditcc 
 Its moll northern p 
 it exteiul? to 6 deg 
 moll taflern point 1 
 I ^i deg. 34min. ea 
 not then been accu 
 gave names to (i.v 
 pafTing between Ne 
 fiiur of thele volea 
 and (ire. The coui 
 with vallie", every 
 (lately frees, and \ 
 |x;ople of a very d: 
 rcpreteiits the nativ 
 with fri/.zleil woolly 
 white, having pretl 
 round their arms ir 
 but inditierenily co 
 tlieir peril ins tail, 
 tliat ti.ey kept at lii 
 covered a di(politi< 
 tratiie. No Europ 
 courtc with the inhi 
 
 NE 
 
 Was fupixjfed 1 
 northern coafl, to 
 navigator called thi 
 Si. George, whi( !i, 
 Britain, were tlioug 
 a deep bay, whicd 
 Captain Carteret, « 
 to terminate in a n. 
 name of St . Georg 
 narrow fli() of land 
 extent about eighth 
 Captain Carteret E 
 long. 137 deg. IQ I 
 al)iput four leay,ucs 
 teret Harbour. 
 
 The crew of fhe 
 general iierilhing \ 
 tome cocoa nuts f< 
 alio from tome rod 
 troni the rocks at 1 
 
 The upper part 
 nut is called the ca 
 (ubdance : it tailes 
 boileil is fuperior t( 
 the mofl powerful 
 every one of thele i 
 «ere forced tu cut 
 great regret, but tl 
 "IS unavoidable, 
 likewife received gr 
 l.ill tree tlut relemi 
 v\liieh m the W 
 riumb. 
 
 The fliore alxnit 
 high and mountain 
 oils kinds, lijme o 
 Among others, th 
 plenty. Captain t 
 bill ihev were not 
 • 'ell fort, but he ilil 
 being (00 iiiuch in 
 abound with uitre 
 No. B. ^ 
 
GRAPHY, 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 NF.W BRITAIN, &c. 
 
 85 
 
 The inhabitants of New Guinea arc in ccncral ra- 
 prclcntcd as nuineroiis, ticrtc anil liolUk-, as appcarcti 
 itoni their behaviour whun vilitcii liy Capt. Cook. 
 
 It apjic.us tiiat the people of New Guinea are fre- 
 quently inv.ul il ami cai licil into (laver)' by the Maho- 
 metans ot the Molucca iilands adjacent. 
 
 N li W BRITAIN 
 
 Was fuppoled to be conncfted with Kfw Guinea 
 until Danipii-r dilcovered it to be divided i)y a llreight. 
 Its moll northern [xiii-.t is in 4 dei;. louth latitude, and 
 it extend^ to 6 tieg. 50 niin. louth. Danipier ^ave its 
 moll eallern point the name ol Cape Orlord : it lies in 
 151 deg. 34niin. eall longitude: the wellern limits had 
 not then been accurately lurveyed. Dainpier likewile 
 j;,ive names to leverai ihiall iflands which he law in 
 paffing between New Cjuinea and New Britain. From 
 tc)ur of thele volcanc>'i were obl'erved emit^ing fmoak 
 and lire. The country ajiinared to be hii^h land mixed 
 with vallie'', every where abounding with large and 
 ftately trees, and well inhabited by a llrong race of 
 |ieople of a very dark, complexion. M. Bougainville 
 rcjireleiits the natives of this illand as entirely black, 
 with frizzled woolly hair, which li)mc of them powdered 
 white, havinp, pretty long bearils antl white ornaments 
 round their arms in form of bracelets; their nudities 
 but indilferently covered with leaves of trees, and in 
 their perlons tall, artive, and robulf. lie oblerves, 
 tliut they kept at fome dillance from the (liii' , and dil- 
 covered a dilpolition alternately inclineil to vsar and 
 tr.itiic. No I'.uropcan Iwul ever yet any trientiiy inter- 
 courlc with the inhabitants of this ifland. 
 
 NEW IRELAND 
 
 Was fupiwfed by Dampier, who failed round its 
 northern coalt, to be a part of New Britain. That 
 navigator called the moll U)uthern i)oint >)f it Cape 
 Si. George, which, together withC.ii)e Orlortl in New 
 Britain, were thought to be the two points that formed 
 a deep bay, whicli he calleil Si. George's B.u . But 
 Cijitain Carteret, who laiktl round it in i^f^], found it 
 to terminate in a narrow channel, to which he gave the 
 name of St. George's Channel. This illand is a long 
 narrow flip of land lying north-well and lijuth-eaft, in 
 extent about eighty leagues. The harbour, called by 
 Ca|!tain Carteret luiglilh Cove, lies in iat. 1; deg. Ii)uth, 
 long. 1^7 deg. iq mm. ealL There is another harbour 
 about four leagues to wellward, which he nameil Car- 
 tent Harbour. 
 
 The crew of the Swallow, who at tliat time were in 
 gt'iieral ))erilliing with lickneli;, obtaineil relief from 
 tome cocoa nuts found upon this illand, as they did 
 alio from fome rock oyllers and cockles they procured 
 troni the rocks at low water. 
 
 1 he upi)er part ot the tree which bears the cocoa- 
 mit is calleil the cabbage. This is a white, cril[), juicy 
 lubflancc: it talles llimewhat like a cheliuit, but when 
 boiled is fuperior to the bell parlnip, and is, perhaps, 
 the mod powerful antilcorbutic in the world. For 
 every one of thele cabbages which were obtained, they 
 were forced tu cut ilown a tree, which was done with 
 great regret, but this depredation on the parent (lock 
 i\ I-' unavoidable. Thele almoll-cxi)iring navigators 
 hkewile received great rctr'elhment trom the truit ot a 
 l.ill tree that refembles a i)lumb, and particularly that 
 ^\liieh in the Well Indies is calleil the Jamaica 
 I'liimb. 
 
 The fliorc about this place is rocki , and the country 
 high and mountainous, but covered with trcs of vari- 
 'Hh kinds, lijme of which are of an enormous growth. 
 Among others, the nutmeg-tree was found in great 
 plenty. Captain Carteret gathered a few of ihe nuts, 
 Ijiii thev uere not ripe. They ilid not a[ipear to be the 
 Ik II lort, but he imputes that to their growing wild, and 
 being too much in the I hade of taller trees. The woods 
 nboiind with pigeons, doves, rooks, parrots, and a 
 No, 8. 
 
 large bird with a black plu.nage, which makes a noifi: 
 fonijwhal liki' the barking of a dog. 
 
 The only ipiadrupeds teen in this ifland Ijv the crew 
 of the Svvallow were two of a fnuill lize, which were 
 lujip.oled to be dogs; they were very wild, and ran with 
 great Iwiftnels: here we: c leen centipedes, fcoq)ioiis, 
 and a few ler|)ents of dillerent kinds, but no people. 
 They fell in, however, with levcral delerted habitations, 
 and by the Ihells that were Icattcred about them, and 
 leenud not to have been long taken out of the water, 
 and lomc llicks half burnt, the natives were fup- 
 pvicd to have jull left the place when they arrived. 
 Captain Carteret was in fo enfeebled a Hate of body as 
 to be i)revented from attending circumllantially to a 
 defcription of tiie country. However, in llnelilh Cove 
 he took poireflit)n of it tor his Britannic majedy, and 
 nailed ujwn a high tree a piece of board faced with 
 lead, on which was engraved an I'.nglilli union, with 
 the name ot the Ihip and hercommar.iler, the name of 
 the cove, and the time of her co:r.iiH? in and going out 
 ot it. M. lie Bougainville touched hue about a year 
 after, an I gave it the name of Port Prallin. He found 
 part ot Captain Carteret's inlcription, which teemed to 
 have been taken down and defaced by the natives. 
 
 In this ifland were found fume wild boars, large pid- 
 geons of beautitul plum.age, turtle doves, parrots, and 
 crown birds. Ants fwarmed about the thatch-palm and 
 cabbage-trees. The country appeared mountainous; 
 the toil light, yet producing teveral kinds of line tin.ber 
 trees. The i)e|)i<er-tree is laid to be common. Here 
 was found a very extraordinary inll-cT; about three inchc* 
 long; almoll every |);irt ot its body was of ludi a tex- 
 ture as to appear like a leat, even when clolely viewed. 
 Each of its wings forms one half of a leaf, and when the 
 two are doled together, it appears like an entire leaf. 
 The under tide ot its bod\ refembles a leaf of a more 
 dead colour than the u|)per one. It has fix legs, of 
 which the ujiper joints are likewile limilar to pans of 
 leaves. Several Ihocks of an earthquake were felt here, 
 which, latled about two minutes, and wer: very dif- 
 tini'tly noticed on board, as well as on lliore. Here was 
 a jiriKligious cat(;.ade precipitated through vafl rocks, 
 which diverlify the fall of water. 
 
 In the wcftern part of St. George's Channel lies 
 S..\ND\vicn IsL.VND, on wliich coafl tlie Swallow an- 
 chored. SiH)n after ten canoes put off trom New Ire- 
 land, with about one hundred .uul lilty men onboard: 
 they exchanged liime trilks, but none of tiiem would 
 Venture up the fule tf the lhi[). They i)riferred iron 
 to every thing elle, although none of it was manutiic- 
 tured except nails, there being no cutlery ware on 
 board. One of thele canoes was not lels than ninety 
 feet long, being very little Ihorter than the Ihip, not- 
 withtlaniling which, it was tormed ot a lingle tree. It 
 had l()me carved ornaments about it, and was rowed or 
 paddled by thirty three men. There w.as no appear- 
 ance of tiiils. The Intlians were black iiiid woolly 
 headed like negroes, without their fl.it nofes and thick 
 lips. They were ail flark naked, except ornaments of 
 Ihells .about their legs and arms. Their hair, as well 
 as their beards, was protulely covered v\ith a white 
 [Xjwiler. They were armed with fpears, and long flicks 
 or ]ioles, like the quarter (laff. As they kept a watch- 
 lul eye uiion the Ihip's guns, it is i)robalile that they 
 were not wholly un.icquainteil with the elfcil ot tire- 
 arms. They h.ul lilhing nets with them, which, as 
 well as their cordage, feemed to be very well made. 
 After they had continued this intercourte tor fon.e time, 
 a breeze fprung up, and they returned to the fhore. 
 
 TheSwallow having reached the ivellern point of New 
 Ireland, a fine large ifland |)relcnted itfclf, to which 
 Cajitain Carteret g.ue the name of 
 
 N E W H A N OVER. 
 
 The land is high, and finely covered with trees, 
 
 among which are many plantations, and the whole has 
 
 y A beautiful 
 
 ivC'"^^ 
 
 .'joSt 
 
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 I' ' ' 
 
 86 
 
 a beautiful appearance. About eight leagues to the 
 wcftward, appeared fix or Icven Ihiall ilhuiiis, vhich 
 received the name of the Duke of 1'oriland's 
 Islands. 
 
 Admiralty Islands lie in about 2 deg. 18 min. 
 fouth latitude ; and 146 deg. 44 min call longitude. 
 There are between twenty and thirty illands laid to be 
 fcattered about here, one of which is very extenfive. 
 Captain Carteret, who Hrft dii'covered tlum, was pre- 
 vented toudiing at them, although their ajiix-arance 
 was \xr)' inviting, on account ot the condition o{ his 
 riiip; and as he was entirely unprovided with luch arti- 
 cles of barter .as fuited the Indun tr.ule. 
 
 Thefe iflands abound with vegctalile produdions ot 
 various kinds; and the natives Itemed to be very nu- 
 merous. Captain Carteret vv.as of opinion that they 
 produced fpices, as he found the nutmeg tree upon a 
 toil comparatively rocky and barren, ujion the coaft ot 
 New Ireland. 
 
 CHRISTMAS ISLAND. 
 
 This Kland ivas ditcovered by Captain Cook, on the 
 2 4lh of December, 1777, and called by him Clirilhnas 
 liland from the Ihips companies having kejit that felli- 
 val there. It lies in latitude i deg. 38 min. north; 
 longitude 202 deg. zS min. eail. Its form is fcmicir- I 
 cular, and, like nuill other illes in this ocean, it is fur- 
 lounded by a reef of coral rocks, extending but a little 
 diftancc from the Ihore; and further out than this reef, 
 on the wellern fide, is a bank of land, which extends a 
 mile into the lea. There is good anchorage on this 
 bank, between eighteen and thirty fathoms 
 
 The foil of this ifland is in fome places light and 
 blackilh, compoled of land, the dung of birds, and 
 rotten vegetables. In other parts, it is tormed of bro- 
 ken coral llones, decayed ihells, and other marine |)ro- 
 (liidi;jns. Thefe arc tlcpofited in long narrow riilges, 1 
 parallel with the fca coalf, ami inufl have been thrown 
 nil by the waves. This ieems to prove that the idaml 
 has been proiluced by diflerent .accelllons from the lea, 
 and is in a llate of augmentation; the broken pieces 
 ot' coral, and likewile many of the Ihells, being too 
 large and heavy to have been brought from the beach 
 by any birds, to the places where our navigators tound 
 them lying. 
 
 Not a drop of frclh water could be found in the whole 
 ifland, though our people frequently dug tor it. They 
 met with leveral jionds ot (alt water, which having no 
 vifible communic-'ition with the lea, were luppoletl to 
 have been filled by tiie water filtrating through the 
 land, during the time of high tides. Not the Imallell 
 trace of any human tot-lkp bou'd be dilctrned by our I 
 people, who went on Ihore tor the purpole of oblerving ! 
 an ecliple of the fun, which hapi>ened on the v"h of ' 
 December; and alio tor the catching of turtle. Indeed, 1 
 lliould any human b^ing be accidentally driven ufwn \ 
 the ifland, or left there, they could learcely be able to \ 
 prolong their exiilencc ; for though there are birds ;nd i 
 till) in abuiic' 'nee, there are no vilible means of allaying 
 thirll, nor any vegetable that would ferve ;;s a fubllitiite 
 lor bread, or correct the bad etfefts of our fait diet. Very ] 
 little fruit was found o'.\ the few cocoa-nut trees upon the i 
 ifland, and though little, not good. ] 
 
 A few low trees were obfervcd in tome pirf;, belldes 1 
 feveral fmall Ihrubs and plants, which ff^x in a very j 
 languid manner. There was a kind of |,ur(! me, a IJk;- | 
 cic; oflid.i, or Indian mallow, with two forts of gr.ifs. 
 l^idertiie low tr..es lilt v.ill numbers ol .1 ncv ij.vctesof 
 
 tern or egg-bird, black above, and white below, hav- 
 ing a white arch on the forcheail. Thele birds arc (ome- 
 what larger than the common noilily : their eggs arc 
 blueilh ami fpcckled with black. There were like- 
 wile many common boobies, a fort relembling a g.ui- 
 net, and a cbtxolate-colourtil f]K'cies with a white belly. 
 Man-of-war birds, curleus, plovers, irojiic birds, pe- 
 trels, &c. were alio feen here. There were Imall r;its, 
 numbers of land crabs, and lizards. 
 
 Filh was in luch abundance on this ifland, that a 
 party of our [)eople brought on board as many as 
 weighed upwards of two humlred |)ounils, from a graj)- 
 lin ; near the Ihore. A great quantity were alio taken 
 with the hook anil line, principally conlilling of caval- 
 lias, lh.ii)(x-rs, and a few rock-tilh ot two l))ecies, onu 
 with whitilh Ifreaks fcattered about, and the other with 
 numerous blue Ipots. 
 
 At this ifland was prcKured for both Ihips, about three 
 hundred turtles, which weighed one with another about 
 ninety pounds ; they were all of the green fort, and jx-r- 
 haps not inferior in goodnels to any in the world. 
 
 The only occurrence worthy of notice, during the 
 Ihort Ifay of the Ihijis upon this ifland, was the follow- 
 ing. When the party that was emphn'ctl in catchiiiir 
 turtle returned on board, a tailor that belonged to the 
 Difcovery, had been mifTing two days. .'\t (irfl there 
 were two men who had loll their way ; but happening to 
 difigree with reli)ect to the track that w.is moll likely 
 to bring them to their coni|)anions, they had fej)arattd, 
 and one of them found me.ans to rejoin the party, after 
 an abfence of twenty-four hours, during wliich h.-; had 
 experienced great dillrels. There being, ;is before oh 
 ((;rved, no frelli water upon the ifland, anil not one co- 
 coa-nut tree in that part ot it where he w:is flraggling, 
 in order to allay his thirll, he hail rccourfe to the ex- 
 traordinary expedient of drinking the bloml of a turtle, 
 which he had killed for that purpofe. His method of 
 refrelhing himl'elf when fatigued, was equally lingular, 
 thouL,h he laid he felt the good eflce'ts of it. He un- 
 dre'.l'cd himklfand lay down in the Ihallow water on the 
 beach for Ionic time. 
 
 It w;is m.atter of allonifhmcnt how thele two men loft 
 their way. The lanil over which tlieir journey lay, 
 from the ka-coafl tothe place where the boats were fta- 
 tioned, did not exceed three miles .acroli,; nor was 
 there any thing that could obllruCt their view, for the 
 country w.-.s level, with a few Ihrubs diij.crled about it ; 
 and from tuany parts, the maft of the vefiels could be 
 talily dit'cerned. This, however, teemed to be a rule 
 of direction which they did not think oi ; nor did they 
 recoiled in what part of the ifland the Ihips lay at an- 
 chor; and they were totally at a lo!s how to get b.ick to 
 theiu, or to the party they h.ad lo carelebly ftrayed 
 from. 
 
 A party w.as detacheil in itarch of the other man, .and 
 they loon had the good fortune to rind their loll com- 
 panion. The dillreli of this man mull have been much 
 greater than that of the other llraggler, not only as he 
 had been loll a longer time, but he was too delicate to 
 drink turtle's bl; -id. 
 
 As there were lomc )ains and cocoa-nuts onboard, 
 in a Hate of vegetation, they were planted by Cajiiain 
 Cooke's ortler, on the Imail illand v.liere the allrononurs 
 had oblervcd the late ecliple; and lome leeds of meloiii 
 were lovvn in another place. The captain alio left on 
 that little ille a bottle, containing the following infcrip- 
 tion; 
 
 Ctorgitts Teriiui. Rex, ^\ Decemhris, 1777. 
 
 ^Diji^vay, Car. CUrke, Pr. 
 
 if' 
 
 m 
 
 '^.^'^ 
 
 C H A Y 
 
 i'':JL':^-M^\i^ilLJ:y.\.-^.. . -.M^.^ 
 
:or,RArHY. 
 
 :inil white below, Inv 
 Thctc birtis arc Ionic- 
 uKlily : their eggs arc 
 tk. There were like- 
 fort rellmbUHg a g.ui- 
 eticswith a white belly, 
 ivcrs, tropic birds, pe- 
 Tlicre were Ihiaii ratv, 
 arils. 
 
 oil this iflami, that a 
 an board as many as 
 ■il [wunds, from a grap- 
 uantity were alio taken 
 ally conlilling of caval- 
 tilh of two Ijiecies, onu 
 )out, and the other with 
 
 rboth Ihips, about three 
 
 one with another about 
 
 the green tort, and per- 
 
 any in the world, 
 y of notice, during the 
 s illand, w.uj the follou- 
 5 eiiipl>)y>.tl in catching 
 or that belonged to the 
 o clays. At lirfl there 
 
 r way ; but happening to 
 ,ck that was moll likely 
 ions, they had (q)aratiil, 
 ;o rejoin the pa'ty, atier 
 rs, during whitii hs had 
 
 ere being, :is before oh 
 : ifland, and not one co- 
 where he was ftraggling, 
 
 had recourfe to the ex- 
 
 ng the bUxxl of a turtle, 
 
 arpofe. His method ot 
 
 , was equally fingulir, 
 
 J eflefts ot it. He un- 
 
 the Ihallow water on the 
 
 It how theli: two men loft 
 vhieh th.eir journey lay, 
 where the bo.its were ft:i- 
 ; miles acrols; nor was 
 !lruCt their view, for the 
 hrubs clilj.crle'd about il ; 
 ft of the velil'ls could be 
 ver, fcenicd to be a rule 
 L)t think (>t; nor did ihcy 
 land the ihips lay at an- 
 a loi'show to get back U) 
 had lb carelei'sly ftraycd 
 
 irch of the other man, .ind 
 le to tind their loft coni- 
 lan mull have been much 
 ftraggler, not only as he 
 jut he was too delicate to 
 
 ind cocoa-nuts on board, 
 were planted by Capiam 
 ind v.here the allrononurs 
 and tome leeds ot melons 
 Th^- captain alio lell un 
 ling the following infcrip- 
 
 ■\\ Decemhis, 1777. 
 'Jac. Cook, Pr. 
 Car. CUrke, Pr. 
 
 C H A P 
 
 .V.iJ!^#u 
 
 .^ViJlqMl. ^^).A».£4l 
 

 |i)J 
 
 hi 
 
 ■I MAX OF THE SASDWlcm LSLAXD-'i ,MA.SKEI) . 
 
 u'»u by ;uiv inii 
 Cuok licd tuinv bi 
 
;-^- 
 
 ^M 
 
 >;<^''- 
 
 m 
 
 
 p 
 
 U'wu by ;iiiV inii . 
 
 •I 
 
 ) 
 
 knew 
 
II !,' 
 
 h 
 
 Tlic iirll tivc wlii( 
 lives VVoaluH), Atooi 
 hix)ra. He kccIn tti 
 flie exiftencc of a low 
 bourlioutl, named T; 
 viiit^il. Bcliilcs, hi; 
 wiTc other iflands In 
 Owhyhce, llie tpot w 
 a vie I ill! to the iury 
 v,iS not dikovercd til 
 liuncd, and will tlict 
 trantadion relative to 
 ixrr place. All ihelo 
 bciwoen the latitude ( 
 mill, north ; and betv 
 mln. and zot deg. 3c 
 
 All the int'orniatioi 
 Woahoi>, the moll t 
 was, that it is high 1 
 
 Captain Cook toin 
 degree ot homage h] 
 as thi:y crouched dov 
 iliat humble iwllurc 
 Wiic.i he went on (h 
 a)oung boar and low 
 leeds ot onions, puin| 
 poled of in fuch a m 
 tend to\)romotetlier 
 This illanil is chiell 
 
 •# 
 
 .^#. 
 
 .-I WOMAN OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS 
 
 --% 
 
 l£a^n^^^'nBc? .'.-i-^ 
 
 >•-, ; »i">L*rfii.:;>-.lttMiiiii4«ihiP-- 
 
 iUj-A-if^AiA.-' sJu \.Ji^it 
 
[ 8? J 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 SANDWICH ISLANDS. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 CiHeral Dejcriptiou, 
 
 XIIESE iflands were ilifcovcrcd by Captain Cook, 
 on his \.\*\ voyaf;t; to the I'.icilic Ocean in 177S, 
 ly him ilillinguilhcil by ihc ninic ot ti»c Sandwich 
 Iflands, in honour ol ihc liarl ot Sandwich. 
 
 The iirll tivc wliich he law were called by the na- 
 tives VVoaluH), Atooi, Onecheow, Oreehoua, and Ta- 
 hdora. He received Ibme intelligence with ret'iK-d to 
 till- cxiftence of a low uninhabited ifland in the neigh- 
 b.'urluwd, named Taniinata-pappa, which was never 
 viiiiccl. Belulcs, he was t'arlner int'ornieil, that there 
 were other iflands both to tlie calUvard and wtllward. 
 Owhyhc:, tlie Ipot where our celebrated navigator ill! 
 a vicvim to the tury i^i the natives, with loine others, 
 was not diltovered till tome time after thole jii'.l men- 
 tioned, and will llierefore Ix: introduced, witli every 
 trantaclion relative to that mcmoiablc event, in its pro- 
 i)er place. All ihete iflands, he obferved, were fituated 
 between thclatitude of zi deg. 30 min. and 11 deg. ij 
 mill, north; and between the longitude ot 199 deg. 20 
 min. and 201 deg. 30 min. cad. 
 
 All the information that could be derived relpciting 
 Woalioo, the moil eatlerly ot tiie iflands difcovered, 
 was, that it is high lami, and inhabited. 
 
 Captain Cook touched at Oneeheow, and was paiil a 
 degree of homage by the natives that came on board, 
 as tli;v croucheil down upn the deck, nor woulil quit 
 ihat humble jxMlure till they were requelled to rile. 
 WiK.i lie went on (hore, he tiwk with him three goats, 
 a young boar and low of the Engliih breed, and alio the 
 feeds ot onions, pumpkins, and melons. Thefe he dil- 
 jwled of in fuch a manner, as he thought would belf 
 tend to promote the produdion of the reliiedive Ipecies. 
 This illand is chielly low laiul, excepting one part, 
 which riles immediately from the lea to a conliderable 
 heiiilUi as does alio its fouth-eall point, wliich termi- 
 nates in a round hill. Its chief vegetable pnKiudions 
 arc yams, and the fwcel root called tee. Our people 
 pr.xured fome lalt here, called by the natives patai, 
 \\i)i. h is pr(xluced in fait [londs. With it they cure both 
 tub and (wrk ; and fome of tlie tilh being purchaled, 
 proved good, and kept well. The anchoring place at 
 tins illand was in latitude 21 deg. 50 mm. north; and 
 longitude 199 deg. 4; min ea(t. Oreehoua and Ta- 
 lioora, arc two little iflands in the vicinity of the former. 
 ■l"ahix)ra is uninhabited. 
 
 Of Atooi, as the largell feen, and .affording the moll 
 extentive fcope for obfervation, as well as exhibiting a 
 lull difplay of the natives, manners, cuiloms, &c. oi 
 the illanders in general, we (lull give a lurticular de- 
 li ription in the two following ledions. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 0/ the Natives of Atooi. Manner in which they xvere af- 
 feaed on fi'il comiiw on board the Ship. Reception of tie 
 Cmmod^ji Son landing. Remarks on the Country. Dl- 
 jciption 0/ a Moral and its Obelijk. Divers Ciijlums, 
 incidents, isie. 
 
 WHEN the lliijw approached this ifland, imny of 
 the inhabitants put off in their canoes, and 
 ocrv readib- came along-fide. Our iK-ojilc were agreea- 
 bly lurprilcd 10 liml that they fiwke a di.alcft of the Ota- 
 hcitean lana,ui!ie. The could not at tirll he i)revailed 
 uwii bv iuiv \iiueati'.-s to come on board. CajHain 
 c'oo'i lied toiw biafs n.edals to a rope, wluch he t;avc 
 
 to thofc who were in one of tiic canoes ; and they, m 
 return fallened l()nic mackarel to the rojx;, by way of 
 equivalent. This was re|K'atecl, ami fome limll nails, 
 or pieces of iron, were given them ; tor which they gave 
 in exchange ibme more lilh, and a fweet potatcK-; a 
 lure indication ot their having lome notion ot bartering, 
 or, at ieall, of returning one [>relent for another. On» 
 of them even ofleretl for laic the piece of (lufiwhicii he 
 wore about his waill. 
 
 The natives ot this ifland wrre of the middle fla- 
 ture, and ot a robuft form. T'lieir coni))le.\ion was 
 brown ; and though there appeared to be little difference 
 in the carts ot their colour, there was a conliderable va- 
 riation in their features. Mod of them had their hair 
 cropped rather lliort ; a few had itti( d in a bunch .it tlie 
 top of the head; and others lullerci.! it to (low ioole. It 
 feemedtohe naturally black; but thegenenility of tlieni 
 had llained it with l()ine IhilV, which changed it to a 
 orownilh colour. Moll of them had pretty long beards. 
 They hail no ornaments .ibout their perlbns; nor was 
 it oblerved that they had their ears jx;rforated. Some 
 of them were tatooeil on their hands, or near the hips: 
 and the pieces of cloth which were worn by them round 
 their middle were curioufly coloured with white, black, 
 and red. They leemed to be mild and g<Kxl-natured; 
 and were furnilhed with no arms of any kind, except 
 lome fmall Hones, which they had nianifellly brouglit 
 for their own delence; and thefe they threw into ttie 
 lea when they found that there was no occalion for 
 them. 
 
 In procefs of time, as the (liips ranged ilong the 
 coaft in quell of a convenient Ipot for anchorage, Ibmc 
 ot the natives ventured to come on boartl ; and it is re- 
 marked by our ]ieople, that no"e of the iiihabitiuits they 
 evtr met with before, in any other ifland or country, 
 were lo allonilhcd as tliele |)eopl were, upon entering 
 a lliip. Their eyes wee inceliantly roving from one 
 1 objed to another: and the wildnefsof their looks and 
 1 gellures fully indicated their perfed ignorance with 
 refped to every thing they law; and llrongly pointed 
 out, that they had never, till the prcl'ent time, been vili- 
 teil by Europeans, nor been acquainted with any of 
 their commodities, except iron. Tliis metal, however, 
 they had in all |robability only heard of, or had perhaps 
 known it in Ibme inconliderable quantity, brought to 
 them at a remote jxrioii. They .aiked for it by the ap- 
 pellation of hamaite, referring probably to fome inflru- 
 mcnt, in making which iron could be lerviceably em- 
 ployed: for they a[)plied that name to the blade of a 
 knife, though they had no idea of that particular inftru- 
 ment, which they coukl not even handle properly. 
 They alfo frequently called iron by the name of toe, 
 which tignifies a hatchet or adze. On being rtiewn fome 
 beails, they Iirll afked what they were, and then whe- 
 ther they were to be eaten? But on their being inform- 
 eil that they were to be hung in their ears, they rejed- 
 eil them as ufelcfs. They were equally indifferent 
 with regard toa looking-giais that wasoHered them, and 
 rqturneil it for a fimilar realbn. China cups, plates of 
 earthen ware and other things of that kind, were lb new 
 to them, that they alked whether they were made 
 ot wotxl.' they were, in many refpeds, naturally po- 
 lite; or, at leatl cautious of giving oflcnce. Some of 
 them, jull before their venturing on board, repeated a 
 long prayer; and others afterwards lung, and made va- 
 , rious motions with their hands. 
 
 j ^VIlen the boats, with a jnopcr officer, were difpatch- 
 i ed to look out for a coii\unient landing place, the Com- 
 modore gave jieremptory ortlcrs, that none of the crew 
 Ihould go on Ihore, to prevent, it poffible, the impor- 
 tation of ■* daiigeroui dilcafe iulo tlu!> l&Uid, whidi he 
 
 knew 
 
 4| Jii' 
 
 i .1 111' » i 
 
 „^-,,..,-.,fM 
 
 

 I » 
 
 «s 
 
 NRNV, ROYAL, Axn AUTIlf^NTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAl'FTY 
 
 hi 
 il'i 
 
 in '.: 
 [r-, 
 
 li:lb:l 
 iLi ul 
 i;i- 111 
 
 I 'A 
 
 / , 
 
 iniikllc, l)iit inrrowcr at tuli c!ul i ilv 
 
 I'lrair, it was lower iIkiii ili'ir nuiinion 
 
 (.)ii;"ii;tc.' iln- cntiMHcc irii'ii iliis li ailc 
 
 M '-','. iK:ir tlirt'i' tcii iii'li, ml 'Uit (it one 
 
 il,. \'.ith priltllilv. 'I'luy Wen- Kuil to be 
 
 'hi'rui, or i\'[)ri.k'iitatioiii ul f^oddclU-s, and 
 
 ■.V loir.f of thv \\ ..•,ilc now lah'iurcl ur,di.r. an 1 which 
 / iinformnaicA li.ui alrcu'.y n);iuiiLi.nciiU-d l - oliicr 
 
 hK ill ilii- -iii.in. , , , II ♦" 
 
 Kriin i!k- i;"v.i- in.nivt, lie anniiimlal tl,.;t all tc- 
 unic Miitan:- ii^^-uld be c^clud-d iiom both the (hips. 
 , ivny pcrloiis ot this L\ had omic oti in tiic oinoes. 
 'riair couvplcxiou ■lui llaturc were nut very diflereiit 
 in ill thol ■ of t!ie r.uii : mu! thouMi their countenances 
 uere e.uruiulv u;>en and agreeable, few traces ot deh- 
 cacv were viiible, either in theii laces or other propor- 
 tions. Tlie onh, difterence in their drels, was their 
 iMvin-^ a piece oi' clotli ahc^it li'.eir bodies, reaching 
 trom n-ar the middle, alinoll cKnvii to the knees, inrtead 
 of the m.no, worn by tiie male Ua'. Another pn.dent 
 precaution wa, taken, that (trialv eniomingthu no per- 
 ii'ii, capable of communicating the mledion, lliould be 
 lent up-.n dutv out of the Ihij). _ 
 
 When the Ihipswere brou '.lit to anchor, the Cainain 
 ueiit on Ihore, and w.is received at Oneelieow, in 
 the moil fubiniliive manner bv the iflanders, who tell 
 prollrale Lipoii tl;>'ir faces, and cuntiiiue.l in tliat pofturc 
 ufhuiiiiliaiuMi, till, bv li'^ns, he prevailed on them to 
 rile. They then jireiented to him nianv imall pip, witli 
 plantain trees, niakin;;; ufe of nearly the fime ceremo- 
 nies, which had b..n practiled on limilar occalions at 
 the Societv and other ides; and a long oration, or 
 praver, beuit; pronounced by an individu.il, in which 
 others ot the all'emblv occaiionally joined. Captain 
 Cook tigiiitied his .iccejitance of their i)rortered triend- 
 Ihip, bv beftowing on them in return lucli pretenis as 
 J-.e had brought on (liore. 
 
 The capt.iin, determining on an excurfion into the 
 countrx-, was accompanied by two gentlemen, and tol- 
 iowal l-.v a numerous train of natives, one ol whom, 
 who had been ver\- a.tive in keeping the others in order, 
 t'.ie captain r .de choice of as a guide. This man, trom 
 lime to time, -oclaiming the ajipro-uh ol the llrangers, 
 even,' per;on v i met them tell jiroi Irate on the grountl, 
 a'nl remained ; ihat humble potiiion tillthevhadpatfed. 
 'I'liis they were afterwards informed h their mctliod of 
 ih.'.ving relpect to their own great duets. 
 
 O.i their excurlion they law a vi'.iai, which bore u 
 linking refeiiiblance, in feveral relpeets, |o thole they 
 had feen at <;)taheite, and oilier iIIukU in this ocean. It 
 ^vas an obloiit!, tpa.e, of conliderable exteiil, environed 
 l\v a lh)ne wail, f"ur or live teet high. 'I'lie eiitluled 
 I'p.ace w.as kiolely I'ave.l; and at o.u- end ot it wav 
 placed the obelilk or pyramid, caHe.l In the natives 
 /.rii.!iifii:'j:\ which w.is an e\acl moil^l ot tlie larger one 
 that thev hatl dilcerned from the lliip's. li was about 
 twenty teet in height, and four feet tquare at the bale. 
 Its tour lides were f.inneil of Imall poles, interwoxen 
 With twi';s and branche-, thus coinpofing an inditlerent 
 wicker-wjrk. holl./.v witiiin, trom the toptothebot- 
 toiTi. It appeared to be in a ruinou^ Rate, and had been 
 crigiiiallv cuveretl \\ith a thin greyilli doth. On each 
 tide of it were f ii^", pieces ot wicker -work, termed /le- 
 u.'ik'e, ill a condition etiu.iUy ruinou>; with two poles 
 inclining towards each other at one ciffner, where liimc 
 plant.iins were p.iced on a board, fixed at the heigiil ot 
 about lialf a d.i/.eii fed. This was i;.alled by the iflan- 
 ders /u'liiircw ; and they laid, that the fruit wa: an ot- 
 tering to their deitv. Hefore the lu'n.iiui.i'io were leveral 
 pieces of wood, c;irvetl into fome relet, ihlance of hu- 
 man figures. There was alto a lloiie near two teet in 
 height, covered with cloth. Adjoining to this, on the ' 
 c>iitllde of the muii'i, was a fmall llvd, v\liieh they de- 
 noniii;.;lei.l l:,irt'Cp,il:-j'j\An<\ before it time uas agr.ive, 
 where the ri'mailiS of a woman had Ikui (Lpoiited. 
 
 0:i tlic i irtlier lide of the area ot the •>;. i.;;, tl'.erewus 
 n f.na'e or ihcd, called /iewi/.i;,/,; ; it was about toriyteet 
 ■ ;, ten or eleven teet in height, ai.d tui in 
 
 were not very iiulitferent. cither in point of execition 
 or ileli"i7. On the head of one of them wa-; a cylindrical 
 cap, not unlike the head-diets at Otaheite, called /:- 
 mvii; and on that ot the other, a carved helmet, lonie 
 what relembhng thole of the ancient warriors ; and both 
 of them had jiieccs of cloth falleiieil about the loins, and 
 hanging down a confulerable way. There was alio, at 
 the lide of each, a piece of c.irved wood, witli clodi 
 hung on it. Before the pedetlals lay a i|uantity of fern, 
 which had been placed there at dit^-'ernit times. In the 
 middle of the lioule ami before the images jultdelcrib- 
 ed, was an oblong fpacc, encloted by an edging of 
 Hone, t'.nd covered with threds of cloth. This was the 
 grave of leven chiefs, aiid was called lienfcnc. 
 
 h'rom the limilaritv between this morai, and thole ot' 
 the illands thev li.ul lately ipiitted, little doubt was en- 
 tertained by our iieojile, that a limilarily i \illed alii) 
 in the rites here foleiiini/.ed,and jxirticularly in the hor- 
 rid oblation of human victims. Their lufp'cions wen: 
 kHin confirmed : for on one lide ot the entrance into the 
 licmaiuui, they oblerved a fmall tquare place, and ano- 
 ther tlill fmalicr; and onafking wliat thele were, they 
 were informcil by their conductor, that in one of them 
 was interred a man who had been tacriliced ; and in the 
 other a hog, which had alio been oflered u]) to the dei- 
 tv. At no great dillance trom thele were three other 
 llpiare enclolal [)laces, with two ])ieces ot carved wood 
 at each of them, and an heap ot tern ujwn them. Tiiele 
 were the graves ot three chiefs; and betoie them was 
 an enclofed Ipace of an oblong figure, called 'I'cni^aia- 
 iiihv'j, by the guide, who declared to them, tliai three 
 human facritices, one at the funeral ol each chief, had 
 been there buried. Uiion the whole, from appearances 
 in general, tiic;-. "•as not room to doubt ot the iiniver- 
 fd |)rev.dence of this practice in the ifland under de- 
 Icnption. 
 
 Of all "he various articles whic'i the natives brought 
 to exchang;' with our people, nothing to much at- 
 trafted their notice, and, it might be added their ad- 
 miration, as a tort of cloak ai:d cap, which even in 
 more polillied countries, might be ett vmed elegant. 
 Thele cloaks are nearly of the lliape and li/.e of the 
 lliort ones worn by the men in Spain, and by the wo- 
 men in Lngland, tied loolely before, and reaching to 
 the middle of the back. The ;, round ol them isa net- 
 work with the moll beautitiil red and yellow teathers 
 lo clolely tixed u])on il, that the Uirtace, both in [)oint 
 ol '.■.uoothnels and glortinels, ret'embks the richell vel- 
 vet. The method of varying the mixt''..e is very dit- 
 fcrent ; tiinie of them having lri:\;igu' .r Ijiaccs of yel- 
 low and red alternately ; others, a tort of crclcent ; 
 while lijtiie were entirely red, except that thev had a 
 broad yellow bonkr. The brilliant cokiurs of the lea- 
 thers, in thole cloaks that were new, had a very (in • 
 crt'eft. Thw native's, at lirll, refilled to part witli one 
 ol thele cloaks for any thing that was ollereil in ex- 
 change, demanding no lels a price than one of the 
 mulkeis. They ;ifterwards, however, received as the 
 puichale of them Ibine very large nails. Tlioli? of the 
 [leli fort werelcarce; and, it is probable, that they arc 
 uled unly on |)arricular occalions. 
 
 The lips are made in the lorm ol an helmet, uiili 
 the middle part, or crell, freiiuently of an hand'; 
 breadth. They lit very dole utHjii the he.ul, and have 
 notches to admit the ears. They conlill of twigs and 
 oliers, covered with a net-work, into which fe^lheis 
 ."V wrought, as ii|)on iie cloaks, but foniewhat clckr. 
 and I'-ls diverlihed i the major jxirt being red, with 
 lonie \ellow, green, or black (iri|)cs on the lide-. 
 Theli njis, in all [irobabiliiv, (ompleie the drel's, with 
 thetloaks; lor the illaiiders ai-oeaietl, kmieiimes, a\ 
 both together. 
 
 Our people were at a lot's at (iril to cotijecHure by 
 what means thev j^ocired Inch ,i iiuaiitity ot thele beaii- 
 tilul teathers, but were loon m.ide aci|uaiiiled with that 
 jiartiiular from the great number oflkiiisof a fmall 
 red Ipecics of bird they brought for title. Thole that 
 Were tirll purchuftd conlilled only of the (kin tru.n l\'- 
 
 hiiid 
 
 ij' 
 
 fkt 
 
I'S 
 
 -"^■^^ ■■ 
 
 /;v;../vv-^yBANKES's, ),//'. >^.//■v//^(ffiO(JliAI•HY///^//;;./^y/^^ ^(iya/, /a/Zwr/Zy. 
 
 ' ///r ^^//6///^ ryJ/ Moral n/'f/j///vr//f/V^/<r /// At ooi 
 
 f 
 
 i: i'9 
 
 . /Ar', '///,^/f/- rj/f/, ^f/f/,jf. /// //, MORAI /'// A TOO T 
 
 4» 
 
.^■^v 
 
 li' ! ' 
 
 A- 
 
 Kew Discoveries 
 
 Iiiml the ftioulder ol 
 inaiiy witli tlie liim 
 Tlic rcafon alTigned 
 ciiltoin vi cutting ol 
 this pradice tliey c 
 witli'iiit lofiiiif any p 
 
 The n-ii-biid of 
 a'jouc as largo as a 
 Hv.rlcr, wiri; thi- ta 
 arched ImU, twice a 
 iL-ct, was ot' a rcddi 
 were taken fJiit, as 
 not oblerved, tliat ti 
 t'erving them, tlian 
 tliey weic moifi, hi 
 
 S;>me iijftances 
 doiibr, that the inh 
 man fie.'h. One oi 
 b:iiig;ng articles b) 
 reft iir.Be fifh-hcwk* 
 prcel faftcned to tl 
 carefully leparatecl, 
 liifpoled ot tlie iioo 
 poir.ted to his belly, 
 mg dea 1 i faying, ; 
 He w is requeued 
 with great reluctanc 
 a final) thin piece i 
 ance, been dried, I 
 Ol- pef)p!e imagini 
 quellion to the pre 
 flelli was part of a i 
 flood near him, \v 
 torn among them \ 
 flain in battle, on wl 
 
 Candour, howev 
 averit: to entertain a 
 rid eiiftum, notwitl 
 thnce, they made i 
 (iiiall inflruinent c 
 had been piirchaiei. 
 Liiit'e made ull- of 
 diffeft the bodies o 
 employed here foi 
 ilLuiders being quel 
 tliat the iiillrunient 
 pole of cutting out 
 perlbn was llain. 
 circumllance before 
 belly. The nativ( 
 gcnce was received 
 men eat tiie part d 
 whin tiic (jueftion ^ 
 ol appreheiiJlon, ai 
 ly man, who fit (o 
 whetiitr they eat tli 
 Illative. I'lic ijut 
 again aflirmetl tlic 
 
 'I'lie curious en 
 caiuiilwls, wxs icne 
 heuw. TIk- liiL)je 
 I'Ut by our [x-ople, 
 to remove ;ili ilnul 
 to get in at t!ie g 
 then r.lkcd, wh.thc 
 Ihould come in } a 
 lo exptedive, that 
 refpeft to his nieai 
 Uiiiity of retorting 
 a man behind the - 
 that if diov were k 
 toeattiiem: not th 
 ihem fijr tliat jxii 
 Would be the conle 
 
 1 he oblervation 
 
 niake of the illand 
 
 very expert natural 
 
 **ill furiiidi inaterii' 
 
 No, y. 
 
 \ ». 
 
New Discoveries.] 
 
 SANDWICH ISLAND S. 
 
 89 
 
 hind the Oioi.lder of the wings ; but they alu-rwari!s gi>t 
 majiv with tlie hind part, including tlie ti-i-t and tail. 
 The rcafon alTigncd by the inhabitants of Atooi, fur the 
 ciiltem (if cutting ofFdie Ittt: of thefe birds is, that by 
 tliis pradice diey can prcfei v:.* chcni tlie nvMe eafily, 
 without lofing any part whicli 'hey confider as vahiablc. 
 
 The ri-d-bird of this illand was a Ijxicicb of mcrvfx., 
 ahout as brgc as a fpariow: its cokmr was a beaiititiil 
 IL-.ulct, wirii the tail and wings biack : and it iiad an 
 arched hill, twice as long as the hej-,!, wiiich, with the 
 lixt, was ot" a reddifn hr.e. Tlie con-cnts of the heads 
 were tahen our, at in tiit birds of par.-Jifc. IJitt it wa-> 
 not obfeivcd, tliat thoy praitifed any 'iticr mode of pir- 
 ibrving tkcin, than liir.ple drying- ; for the fkins, though 
 they weie inoifi, had neither fincU or t die. 
 
 Some iijftances occurred, whicii proved beyond a 
 doiibr, that the inhabitants of this illand Iced upon hu- 
 man fie.li. One of tlK-m that came out in a canoe, 
 bringing articles by way of barter, and atnongfl: the 
 reft fijme lifli-hfjoks, was obfen'cd to have a vciy fmall 
 parcel faftened to the Itring of one of them, which lie 
 carefully leparated, and reJbn'ed fir himfelf, when he 
 difpolea ot the hook. Upon enquiry what it was; he 
 poir.ted to his belly, and intimated fomething of its be- 
 ing dea .1 i faying, at die fame time, that it was bad. 
 He wis requefted to open the parcel, which he ilid 
 widi great reluctance, and it was found that it conuined 
 a fmall thin piece of tlelli, which had, to all appear- 
 ance, been dried, but was tiien wet with f:ik water. 
 Oi- peopk imagining it might be human fle'h, put tlie 
 quellion to the producer ot ii, who anlwercd, tiiat die 
 ficlh was part of a nun. Another of the illanders, who 
 flood near him, was then afked, whether it was a cuf- 
 tom aiTiong them to eat their enemies who had been 
 llain in battle, on which he replied in the afFirmative. 
 
 Candour, however, rendering our pe(jple extremely 
 averle to entertain a belief of die prevalence of tliis h ir- 
 rid ciiftom, notwithllanding the late ful[)ici )us circum- 
 llaiice, they niatle furtiier enquiries on this fubjeci. A 
 (Inall inftnimcnt of wood, befet with fliuk's tecrii, 
 li.id been purcha'ed, which, as it relembled die law or 
 i.iiite maile ulc of" by the fivages of New Zealand, tj 
 iliiTcft the bodies of their enemies, was fufpeded to be 
 employed here for the fame purjH)fe. One of the 
 ill.uiders being queilioned on tliis point, acknowledged 
 tliat the irillrument before mentioned ferved the jnir- 
 poic of cutting out the lli-lhy \\\n of the belly, when any 
 pcrl'on was llain. This explained and confirmed the 
 circumllance before related, ol the man's pointing to his 
 belly. The native, however, from whom this intclli- 
 {^fiice was I'ectived, being alked whether his country 
 liitii eat the part tluis cut out, flrongly denied it ; but, 
 when the (jueflion w;u> re[X'ated, he Ihewed fume ilegree 
 <ii aiipiehenfion, and iwam off to his canoe. An elder- 
 ly n\M, who fat foremoli: in the canoe, w.is tiien afked 
 wlietiicr they eat tlu' llelli, and he anlwercd in the allir- 
 niativc. 'I'he quelli'Mi being put a fec(>nd time, he 
 ag.iin affirmed the fad, .idding, that it was liivoury H)od. 
 
 'i'he curious ci>0|Uiry, whether tluiij illanders were 
 cannibals, w;»s renewed when the lhi')s were oil" Onee- 
 heiiw. The fiibjedt ilid not aiife from ;uiy quelHons 
 I'ut by our people, but from a circuinflance tliat leemed 
 to remove all doubt. One of the native-, who wilhcd 
 to get in at tlie gun-rojni port, was letuled j and he 
 then alkcd, whether they would kill iuid eat him, if he 
 lliould come in ? accompanying this quellion with ligns 
 l'>e,\ptenive, that a doubt could not be entertained with 
 tvlpcd to his meaning. Our people had now an o|)por- 
 lunity of retorting tlie quellion as to this pradicej and 
 a man behind tlie odier in the canoe, inllantly replied, 
 tli.it it Lhi.y were killed on Ihore, tlw would not Icruple 
 to eat tiieni : not that he meant the natives would delhoy 
 iiiem for that purpoli.-, but tliat their devouring them 
 ^■ol|ltl be the conli-'queiice of creating enmilV- 
 
 1 he ohfervations which Captain Cook was enabled to 
 make of the illand of Atooi, combined with thole of a 
 ^'i:'! ■/ expert n.itural philol()pher who accompanied him, 
 >*ill furnilli inatcrii'ls tor the f<>llowing led.on. 
 No. 9. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Morf piirtinj.n- Difrrflion cj the Ijland of Atooi, Oi to 
 rxttnt, I'licr oj the Vctint>y, Soil, Climate. Proditc- 
 tiom, ammcJ. andvc^itabk. Dijpvjit'.on cj the Natives, 
 Di(J\ Ornamoits. }lahit,itii:ti. Food. Cookny. 
 Divcrjiom. Mn/ical Iiijlivminti. Manufadurti. TooL. 
 Widpoiis. Canoes. Ay^ricnUure. Government. Religwn. 
 Mi'niun. And Language. 
 
 F 
 
 ROM the bed obfervations th it could be made, 
 the ifland ot' Atooi is at ieall ten leagues fiom eaft 
 to well, tioin whence its circunittitnce may be nearly 
 gueflcd. 
 
 Tiie land iloes not in the leail rtfeinblc, in its ge- 
 neral appearance, any of the ilkmds which our late 
 navigators had viHted v.ithin the tiopic ot Capricorn, 
 except its hills near the center, whicli are high, but 
 flopc gradually towards the fea, or lower lands. 
 Though it prelents not t(} the view the delightful bor- 
 ders ot Otaheite, or the luMurianc pliirij of longatiboo, 
 covered with trees, which at once afford a fhclter from 
 the fcorching rays of the fun, a beautiful profped to the 
 eye, and food for the natives, yet its pollening > greater 
 portion of gently rifing land renders it, in'fome de- 
 gree, liiperior to the above mentioned favourite illands, 
 as being more capable of imjirovement. The height 
 ol' the lantl widiin, and the number of clouds hanging 
 over it, leemed to indic.ite that there was a fufficient 
 fupply of water, and that there were fome running 
 fireams, though our people li:;il not an opportunity of 
 feeirg diem. The ground, from the woody part to 
 the lea was covered with an excellent kind ot grals, 
 about two feet in height, which fometimes grew in tufts, 
 and appeared capable of being converieil into abundant 
 crops or line h.iy. But on this extenfive ipace not even 
 a Ihi ub gi ows naniraliy. 
 
 In the narrow valley leading to the morai the l^jil is 
 of a d irk brown colour, radier loofe ; but on the high 
 ground ic is of a rcvkliih brown, more flitrand clayey. 
 Its quality may be better ellimatcd from its produdions, 
 than from its appearance, b'or the vale, or inoilt 
 ground, produces taio, much larger than any feen bc- 
 tore ; and the more ekvaced grouiid fiirnilhes fv.-eet po- 
 tatoes, that feklom weigh lei". th.an two or three pounds, 
 frequently ten, and fonietiniCb a dozen or fourteen. 
 
 The tenijieratiirc ot the climate may be ealily gucfTed 
 from the fituition of the ifiand. It was remarked, how- 
 ever, by tholi; of our pcple who were mofl capable of 
 judging, that, li-om what they experienced, it might 
 be laid to be very variable j for, according to die ge- 
 neral opinion, it w.as, at this dme, the feat'on of tht 
 ye.ir when the weather is fuppoled to be moll tettled. th*' 
 fun being at its greatell: annual dittance. The lieat was 
 now very moderate ; and tew of thole inconveniencies 
 to which many countries lying within die tropics arc 
 fubjed, either from heat or moiflure, teems to be ex- 
 lierienced here. Nor were diere any dews of confe- 
 ijuence ; a circumltance which may partly be accounted 
 for by the lower part of die country being deflitutc 
 of trees. 
 
 The rock that conltitutes the fiiles of the valley is a 
 d' .; grey ponderous Ifone, but honey-combed, with 
 I'o-.ne fpots of a ruily colour, and f une very minute 
 '..I'ling particles interlherled. It is ol .in immenli." depth, 
 ajul li-.-ms to be divideil into Jl>ut,i, dimigli nothing is 
 interpoled 1 for the l.irge pieces always broke off to a 
 determinate thicknefs, and diil not ^'ppcar to have ad- 
 hered to thole that were below them. Other Hones are, 
 in all pnibabiliry, mudi more various than in the 
 foiithcrn illands. I'or during die Iboit time the fliips 
 remained here, betides the A'/'.". Ivdiiis, was found a 
 Ipccies ol cream-coloured whetlbme, lometimcs varie- 
 gated with whiter or blacker veins, like marble j aid 
 common writing Hate. ' ; 'j 
 
 Z ' The 
 
 ■m 
 
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 w 
 
 !( 
 
 Mi 
 
 
 ^Mi 
 
 i 
 
 iM 
 
 i 
 
 9^ 
 
 Tlie only taiiie or domcftic iminuls found here were 
 ilogs, hogs, and fowls, wliich were nil of die fime kintl 
 as thofe met with in die South Sc.i Illands in general. 
 There wvre fome fin.iU lizards and fonie rats, w sib- 
 ling diole of the other illands. 
 
 Our people did not meet with the fcarlet birds alive 
 that were brouglit for lale ; but liiw one final! one, about 
 die fize of a canary bird, of a deep crimlbn colour. 
 Tliey alio faw a large owl, two brown hawks or kites, 
 and a wild duck ; and he.ird from tlie n-.tives tlie nanus 
 of fome other birds, among which were the oIpo, or 
 blucilh bird, and the /,.•;-.;/</, a fort of whimbrel. It 
 is probable diat tlie Ipecies of birds are numerous, if a 
 judgment m.iy be forme.l from die quantity of fine 
 yellow, green, and fmall, velvet-like, blackilli fea- 
 thers ulld upon the cloaks, and odier ornaments, worn 
 by thcle people. 
 
 The idand did not appear to produce filli eitlier in 
 quantiiv or variety, as tiie oiily li!h feen by our (leople, 
 belides die linalf in.ickarel, were common mullets; a 
 fpecies of a chalky colour ; a fmall brownilh rock tilh, 
 atlorned ^\ith blue I'lioti ; a turtle, whicii was penneii up 
 in a pond ; .mci three or four lorts of tiih faked. Tiie 
 few Ihell-fiih dxn were converted into ornaments, tho' 
 they were deltitute of the recommendation eid;er of 
 beauty or novelty. 
 
 Of vegetables produced in this ifland are fix diffe- 
 
 ' w cocoa pnlms, 
 
 New Discoverie! 
 
 rent kinds of plant.iins, bread-fruit, a fe 
 fome yams, the kdppe of the l-'riendly Idaniis, or Vir- 
 ginian rfr;;?/; ; the r'lwa I ree, .and odoriferous ^iirdcnui, 
 or tape ji'fmutf. "!"liere were feveral trees of the door 
 Jnor, that bear the oily nuts, which are Ihick upon a 
 kind of iT<e\vi.i, and made ufe of as candles. The 
 illinders wear thefe nuts, hung on Itrings, rountl their 
 necks. Tiiere is a fpecies of /iilu, or Indian mallow ; 
 alio the mormdd citrifelia, which is here called noM ; a 
 fpecies of convphulus, die nva, or intoxica:i.^g pepper, 
 belides a jjreat quantity of gourds. 'I'hele lalt grow to 
 a\eryl:!rge lize, and are of a remarkable variety of 
 fhapes, which are, perhaps, the effect of art. Upon 
 t'le c'ry fand, about the village, grew a plant, that had 
 never been leen by our people in tliis oct.in, of the fize 
 of a common diillle and prickly, but bearing a fine 
 flower, greatly refembliiig a white poppy. 
 
 The natives of Atooi appear to be of a Iraiik, chear- 
 liil diiprfition i equally tree from the fickle levit)' that 
 ch.iraderizes the inhabitants of Otaheite, and die fe- 
 d.ite call whicli is oblt-rv.'sle among many of tholif of 
 'i'ongataboi). They feein to cuUivate a locial inter- 
 couri'e wiili each other, and, except the jirojH'iifity to 
 thieving, which is, as it were, inii.ite in moll: of the 
 people of (helt; leas, they weie exceeding Iriendly. It 
 docs no ilnall credit t!) their lenfibility to obleiTe, that 
 when they law the ilitfeient articles of Eu!'<i[iean ma- 
 nuuiduie, tliev could not refrain from exprelling their 
 .ilioiiifliment, by a mixture of joy and concern, diat 
 I'eemed to apply the cale as a lell()n of humility to thcm- 
 felves i and, on every occafion, apiK.ired to have a 
 proper confcioulnefs of their own inferi.)rity. It was 
 pleafing to oblerve with what atfedion the women ma- 
 n.iged their infants, and with what alacrity tlie men 
 contributed dieir allilhnce in tuch a tender olhce. 
 
 They are adive, vigorous, and expert fwimmers j 
 leaving 'heir canoes upon the moll frivolous occafion, 
 diving under them, and I'wimniing to others, diough 
 at a confiderable diltaiice. Women were frequently 
 lieu witli infants at their bi calls, when the I'lirf was li) 
 high as to prevent their landing in die caiUA-^, li-a|) 
 overboard, and Iwim to the fliore. 
 
 Ifiiiugmcnt ?iiight Ix.* fnnied from the number {i:en 
 by (lur people ai iney ranged along the coall, die inha- 
 bitants of thi, ifland are pretty numerous, Including 
 die llragi.'liii:' li'/u:'es, tliere iniglit, perhaps, be in the 
 ;.;ry (i:.h ' illages as that near which the 
 i .1 1 1, ii' allo\%ance is maile of five per- 
 u).: f, there would be, in every vili.ige, 
 01' iiility ihoi.Iand u\y)i\ die illand. This 
 no means e:<,'.j;_;' raced, fijr there were 
 
 whole ill:;Hi 
 lliips ar.- MU 
 foMs to each 
 five lumdreil 
 /lumber is li 
 
 M 
 
 ;-iSb2at».»« i L-,' 
 
 fomctinies three thoufand [icople, at lead, coUedted on 
 the beach, when it could not be fuppofed that above a 
 tenth part of the natives were prelent. 
 
 We have already ilefcribed the ordinarv drels of the 
 n.itives of both fexes ; but fli.dl now attend to particu- 
 lars. The women h.ive ot'ten much larger i)ieces oi 
 tilth wrapped about them, extending from jult below 
 the breafls to the hams, and linnetimes lower j and fe- 
 cial were obl'ers'ed with pieces thrown loolely over 
 tlicir llioulders, which covered the grcitell part of tlie 
 b )ily i but the cliiktren, when vcy young, g) eiuir.ly 
 iiakcvl. They do not wear any thing on the liead ; b;it 
 the hair, both of men and women, is cut in vario'is 
 forms, and the general fafhion, particularly among the 
 latter, is, to have it Ihort behind and long before. The 
 men frequently had it cut on each fide in fiich a m.ui- 
 ner, that the remaining [lart liimewhat relembleil ih-,- 
 crefl of their caps or fielmets. B )th fexes, howevc-, 
 feemed to be ver>' carelels ab.iiit tlicir h.iir, and had n i 
 combs, or any thing of die kinil, to drefs it. Ti:c 
 men fometimes twilt it into a number of leparate par- 
 cels, like the tails of a wig, each about .as thick as a 
 finger; thougli mofl: of thefe, whicli are l"o long at to 
 reach far down the back, are artificially fixed upon the 
 head, over their own hair. 
 
 The ]K-ople of the Sandwich Ifles have not their eai-s 
 perfiiratcd, nor do they wear any ornaments in diem. 
 Hoth men and women, liowever, adorn theml'elves wirii 
 necklaces compofei! of bundle^ of iinall black cord, 
 like our hat firing, oflen above an hundrcd-fbkl. Thev 
 ha\e alio necklaces of many filings of very fm:;il 
 flielh, or of tiie dried flowers of the Indian mallow , 
 and they fometimes hang round their necks a finall hu- 
 man figure of bone, about the Iciigdi of three incl-.e -. 
 1 he women likewile we:ir bracelets of a fingle Ihc!!, 
 pieces of black wood, with bits of ivory interf'perted, 
 and ncady jioliflictl, tliflencd together by a firing drawn 
 clolely t.'irough them ; or (jtliers of hogs teeth placed 
 parallel to each other, with the concave part <ut\vard, 
 and the point.s cut off ; fome of v. hicli, formed only of' 
 large boar's tufks, aie very elegant. 
 
 The men fimetimes fix en ihcir he.ids ]ilume<! of IIm- 
 thers of the tropic bird, or tiiole of cocks fattened 
 round neat poliihed flick, two feet in length ; and, for 
 the fame purpofe, diey few the fkin of a white dog's 
 rail over a flick, with its tuft at the end. Thev alio 
 frequently wear on the head a kind of ornamc nt of" t!ie 
 tliicknefs of a finger or more, covered with yellow ard 
 red fc.itliers, ciirioiilly varied, and tied behind ; and, 
 on that pait of tlie arm which is above the elbow, a 
 fort of broad fliell-work grounded upon net-work. 
 
 The men fometimes puncture thenillives upon the 
 hands or arms, but frequently no marks at all were 
 leen ; though a few individuals had more of this fpe- 
 cies of ornament than had been ufiially noticed at other 
 places, and curioufly executed in a great variety of 
 lines and figures, on the arms and tbre-pait of die 
 body. 
 
 I'heir habitations arc fcattereil .about without the 
 leall order; lome are large ami cominodinus, fi-om 40 
 to fyO feet in length, and 20 or ;^o in breadth ; wliik- 
 others are the mofl contemptible liovels. Their figiw\' 
 relembles that of hay Hacks, or, [KTlia[)s, a iietter iilc.i 
 may be conceived of them, by fuppofing the roof of a 
 bai n pkiced on the ground in liich a manner as to finni 
 an high fharp ridge widi two hiw fides. The gable m 
 e.ich end, correljionding to the fides, makes thele 
 dwelling-places cloli- all round; and they are v.cll co- 
 vered with long grafs, which is l.iid on flemler ])ok",. 
 The cntiaiice is m.ide either in the end or fide, and i 
 an oblong hole extremely low : it is ofceii fluit up by .. 
 boaid ul planks fillened together, which lervcs ;' a 
 door; but, as it has no hinges, mull bo removed oc- 
 ca'iorially. No light enters the houfe except by thi. 
 opening; and though filch dole habit.. lions may be 
 C'.mfinable places of retreat in bad weather, they fceii 
 b:it ill iulapted to the warm cl'mate of this country. 
 1 liey aie ki'pt remarkably clean, and the floors are 
 
 llrcwi'il 
 
 ..,v>S»f 
 
:OGRAPMY. 
 
 , It lead, colkftod on 
 I' tbj^pol'ed that above a 
 ■irfk-nt. 
 
 K' ohiinary lirels of the 
 now attend t'> partim- 
 niiu'li larger pictx's oi 
 i-iulin;.; from jull Ik'1>w 
 nccinus lower ; and le- 
 .'s tinovvn loofely over 
 the grcatell part ot" t!'.e 
 't!'y young, g) entir.'h- 
 thing on the head ; but 
 )men, is cut in various 
 particularly among tiie 
 d and long beiore. The 
 li fkle in rucli a niaii- 
 micwhat relembled th- 
 K-)th fexes, howevii-, 
 L their hair, and had n > 
 nd, to drcll it. Tix 
 limber of leparate par- 
 :h about as thick as a 
 IV hich are lo long at to 
 tificiaily fixed upon the 
 
 Iflcs have not their ea:s 
 ny ornaments in diei'i. 
 ■, adorn themielves wir'i 
 i of fmall black cord, 
 n. luinJrcd-fbld. Tluy 
 
 ibings of very lin;:!! 
 of the Inilian malhnv ; 
 1 their necks a fmall lui- 
 Icngrh of three inch.e-. 
 icelets of a fingle llu'), 
 :s of ivory interfperkd, 
 jether by a ilring drawn 
 's of hogs teeth placed 
 
 Cf)ncave part <:iit\vard, 
 f which, formed only of 
 ;ant. 
 
 leir head"; plumes of iei- 
 iofe of cccks falkned 
 feet in linrrth j and, for 
 ■ (kin ot a white ilog's 
 It the end. 'I'hey alto 
 .ind of ornament of t'le 
 covered with yellow :i:\l 
 and tied behind ; and, 
 I is above the elbow, a 
 led upon net-work, 
 ire themklves u]ion the 
 ' no marks at all were 
 
 had more of this fjje- 
 I uliially noticed at otlur 
 1 in a great variety of 
 IS and fbre-pait of die 
 
 red about without tlu' 
 I commodious, from 40 
 )r 30 in breadth ; while 
 le hovels. Their fignro 
 ir, perhaps, a i)etter iiie.i 
 i llipj)oling the roof ol a 
 Lich a manner as to form 
 )W fides. The gable m 
 the fides, makes thele 
 i and they are well co- 
 s laid on llender pole., 
 the end or fide, and 1 
 it is ofcen flnit up by 
 ther, which fcrvcs ;• .1 
 s, mull be reniovctl o<: - 
 he houfe except by tlii' 
 loli.' haliitiitions may I'c 
 1 bad weadier, they iciMi 
 cr-niatc of this country. 
 lean, and the floors are 
 111 ewcil 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 SANDWICH I S L A N D .S. 
 
 A 
 
 9« 
 
 ftrtwed with dried gral's, over wiiich mats are fpread to 
 fit and lleep on. At one end (lands a bench about 
 three feet high, on which the ilomelli>; utenfils are 
 placed. Thefe confift of gourd fliells, which tiie na- 
 tives convert into vefTcls that lerve as bottles to liok! 
 w.'.tcr, and as bafkcts to contain their fbixl aiul odier 
 things i and alfo of a few wooden bowls and trenchers 
 of various fizes. 
 
 Sweet potatoes and pbntains cnnftitute the principal 
 part of their vegetable diet; to that yams and bre.id- 
 (hiit are rather to be conlidered as rarities. Of animal 
 fixxl they feem to be in no want, as they have great 
 numbers of hogs, whic' run without rellraint about 
 the houfes ; and, if they eat tlogs, which is not altoge- 
 ther improbable, tiieir flock of thefe (eemed very con- 
 fiderable. The quantities of fifhing-hooks found ainong 
 them indicated th.it they procure tome fupply of animal 
 f(KKlfrom the fea. They Iwve a cuftom of filting lilTi, 
 and likewiie pork, which they preferve in gourd lliells. 
 The fait which they ufe f<)r this purpofe is of a reddifli 
 colour, but not very coarle. 
 
 They bake their vegetable articles of fixid with heat- 
 ed llones ; and tiom the great quantity which was leen 
 drelled at one time, it was liippol'ed that all the inha- 
 bitants of a village, or at leall a confiderable number of 
 people, joined in the ute of a common (jven. 
 
 They cat out of a Ibrt of wooden trenchers, and, as 
 fir as our people cculd judge from one inilance, the 
 vamen, if rellrained from fc-eiiing at tlie fame liifli, as 
 is tlie cullom at Jtaheite, are at le.ill allowed to e.it at 
 the lame place near them. 
 
 The diverfions of thefe iflands are various. Our 
 people did not fee the dances in wliich they u!e die tiM- 
 thercd cloaks ami caps ; but, tiom the motions which 
 they made wiih their hands, on oilier occafions, when 
 tliey tlmg, tliey judged that they were fomewhat fimilar 
 to thofe they had met witli at the f )uthcrn iflands, tho' 
 not fo tkilhilly perf irmed. They hati not among them 
 either flutes or reeds, a.,d the only two nuifical inllru- 
 nients teen were of a very rude kintl. One oi them 
 does not produce a lound fuperior to that of a chiKl's 
 r.ittle. It confills of what maybedenoiiiii.ated a conic 
 c.i]) inverted, but vei^- little hollowed at the bale, ni.iile 
 of a tedge-like plant, the upper part of which, and 
 likewili; the edges, are embellilhed with iHautifiil red 
 feathers, and to the point, or lower part, is fixed a gourd 
 fliell. Into this they put tbmething to rattle, which is 
 done by hokling the intlrument by the finall part, and 
 Ihuking it brifkly before the {'it:^:, at the fame time itrik- 
 ing the breatl with the other hand. I'he other iiiflru- 
 ment was a hoHow veflel of wood not unlike a platter, 
 combined with the ull- of rwo flicks, on which one of 
 till- natives was obierved performing. He held one of 
 the (licks, about two leet in lengdi, widi one hand, in 
 the lame manner as the Europeans hokl a violin, and 
 llnirk it with the other, which was finaller, and re- 
 I'eniblcd a drum-flick, in a iiuicker or tlowcr ineafure ; 
 heating widi his f lot at the tame time upon the hoHow 
 veflel that lay upon the [Toimd inverted, and thus pro- 
 ducing a tune tliat was not dilagreeable. 'I'his niulic 
 was accompanied by the vocal performance of tome 
 women, whole fong li.ul a pleafing etieft. 
 
 Thetii people ditpkiy a confiderable deal of ingenuity 
 in their difterent nianuf . .-.urei. Their cl oih 's made 
 from \\k nwrus fiipyytj .ra, and, doubtlefs, in die fime 
 imiiner as ,it Tong.itaboo and Oialieite j fiir our peopK- 
 lirought t'line of the grooveil flicks svitli wlmh they beat 
 it. Its texture, however, though tlii( kei , is iiifci ior to 
 that of the doth of eitlier of the places jull mentioned i 
 hilt in colouring or flaining it, the inhabitaiils of Atooi 
 ilifplay a liipenority of talle, by the infinite variety of 
 figures which they execute. Their colours, indeed, are 
 )iot very bright, except the red i but the regularity of 
 the figures and llripes is ama/ingi fiir, as fir as was 
 known, they have nodiing like tlamps or prints, to 
 make the iinpreflioiis. Be ides the variegated forts, 
 they have iitnie pieces of plain while doth, and others 
 of a tingle colour, particularly light blue, am) dark 
 
 brown. In general, the pieces brought {ar exchaiice, 
 were about the breadth of two feet, and tiiur or fTve 
 yards in length, being tl:e fiirm and quantity made ute 
 of by them for dieir common drels, oi" man) ; and even 
 tiime of thele were compol'ed of pieces tewed together. 
 They have alfo a particular fort that is thin, and 
 greatly refembles oil-cloth ; and which is either oiled or 
 fbaked in tome kind of varnifli. They fabricate num- 
 bers of white mats, which are flrong, with many red 
 flripes, quadrangular and other figures interwoven on 
 onj fide. Thefe, in all probability, make a part of 
 their drefs; for wh'-n they oflered them to title, tliey put 
 them on dieir backs. They manufacture others of a 
 coart'.T fort, plain and flrong, which tliey Ipiead over 
 their floors to fleep upon. 
 
 They (lain their gourd-fliells nearly with undulated 
 lines, rriaiigles, and other figures of a black cobv.r. 
 Th.ey alio feem to be acquainted with die art of varnilh- 
 ing ; for fome of their ftained gourd-fiiells are covered 
 witii a l()rt of lacker; and, on other occafions, they 
 make ufe of a (trong fize, or glutinous fubflance, to 
 faften things together. Their v.-ooden diflics and bowls, 
 out of v.'hii-h they drink their avj, are of the rtoor tree, 
 or coriha, extremely neat, and well polilhed. They 
 likewife make tinail fquare fiins of mat or wicker-work, 
 with hanilles of the fame, or of wood, tapering fioni 
 them, which are curioufly wrouglic with finall cords of 
 hair, and cocoa-nut fibres, intermixed. Their filbing- 
 hooks arc ingenioufly made ; tlinie of bone, many of 
 pearl-fliell, and odiers of wood, pointed with bone. 
 The bones arc for the mofl part liiiall, and confill of 
 two ])ieces ; and the various forts have a ba. b, ciriier on 
 the infide, or theoutlide: but others have borii, ihe 
 exterior one being fartheft froin the poitir. Of the lat- 
 ter lorr, one was procured, nine inches in length, made 
 of a fingle piece of bone ; the elegant form and polilli 
 of wk.icii could not be cxcccd.'d by aity European ar- 
 tjil. They polifli their tlones by conllant frlcT.ion, witli 
 pumice-tlone ill water; and tlich of their tools as were 
 teen relembled thofe of die fouthern iflanders. I'lieir 
 liatCiK'ts, or rat.'icr adzes, were ex.ictly of the lame pat- 
 tern, and were either formed of a blackifli Ibnie, or of 
 a day-colouied one. They have alio finall intlruments, 
 compolixl of fingle fliark's tooth, Ibme of which are 
 fixcii to tlie fore part of the jaw-bone of a dog, and 
 others to a thin wooden handle of a fimilar fliape ; and 
 at the odier end diere is a bit of llring (aliened tlirough 
 a little hole. They terve occafionally as knives, and 
 are probably iifed in carving. 
 
 The only ir(ui tools teen among them, and which 
 they poflefli;d before the arrival of our fliips, were a 
 jjiece of iron hoop, about the lengdi of two inches, fit- 
 tetl into a wooden handle ; and another edge-tool, 
 which was fiippoti.-ii to have been made of tiie point of 
 a broail fwoitl. Their having the aftual pofTeflion of 
 thele, anil their being well ac(|uainted widi the uf- of 
 this metal, inclined fome of our people to imagine, di.'.t 
 they were not the firll L'.urojjcan vifitors of theli.: ifl.inds. 
 But the very great tlirprife which they tetlificd on feeing 
 our fliips, and their perleifl ignor ;ce of die ufe of fire- 
 arms, cannot be reconciled with i.ich an opinion. 
 
 Intleed, very ingenious obiervati<Mis and re.1ei5lions 
 Iiave been maiic by men of fpeculation, to fiievv that the 
 natives of Atooi might have received tliis metal fioni 
 intermediate iflands, titiuted between them aiu! tlie La- 
 drones, whicli the Spaniards have frequented almoll 
 iver fiiice the perioil of Magellan's voy.ige in 17 19. 
 
 Belides their fpears, formed of a fine brownifli woo. I, 
 be iiitifiilly poliflied, liime of which are b.irbed at ow 
 end, and il.ittcned to a point at the other, they have a 
 kind of weapon wliich. our people had never met vvith 
 befiire; it liimewhat refembles a dagger, and is, in ge- 
 neral, about eighteen inches in Kiigdi, fliarpcned at one 
 or both ends, and lecured to tlie hand by a Ihing. bs 
 ule is to flab in clofe combat, and it feem:, well aibpted 
 fiir that purjiofe. Some of diefe may be denominated 
 double d.iggcis, having a handle in the middle, with 
 whicii they are die better enabled to llrike iliflerenc 
 
 wayi, 
 
 lfd|-| 
 
 ' n 
 
 _*;J 
 
A NEW, ROYAL avd AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 4 
 
 SI , I 
 
 IM ; 
 
 M 
 
 r- 
 
 ways. They have Uktv/ifc bows and arrows j but, both 
 from their llendcr conftruftion, and their aiij);iri'iit 
 ilarcit)-, it is probibli- tliat tliey never maki- ulc- el tliein 
 in battle. The knife or Taw, with wliich they difll-rt 
 the i!ead b<xlies of tlieir ei'.eniies, m.iy ahi) be ranked 
 among their weapons, as they both Itrike and an witli 
 it when engaged in cU)fe tight. It is a fin;ill flat wooikn 
 inftnr.nent, about a foot in lengtli, of an oblong fiiai'e, 
 rounded at the corners : it.> edges are furrouniletl with 
 (liark's teeth, ftrongly fixed to it, and jioiming out- 
 wards i and it has generally a iiole in th.e hanille, tiiro' 
 which pafTes a long ilring, v.luch tiiey wrap leveral times 
 round the wrill. 
 
 The canoes of tliefe people are commonly about 
 four and twenty feet in length, and have the bottom, in 
 general, formed of a lingic piei.c of wood, hollowed 
 out to the diicknefs of an inch, or more, and brought 
 to a point at each end. The (ides are compoled of 
 three b \irds, each about an inch tliick, neatly fitted, 
 and lafiied at the bottom. The extremities, both at 
 head and ftern, are a little elevated, and bi'th are made 
 fharp, fi)mcwhat refembling a wedge, but they flatten 
 more abruptly, lb tliat the two fide-boards join each 
 other, [wk by fide, for upwards of a toot. As they 
 fcldoni exceed a tb-.-t and a half in breath, tholi.- tiiac 
 go fingic (fl-'r they fometimes join them) have out-rig- 
 gers, which are fliaped and fitted witii more iuc!;iement 
 th.an any before km. They are rowed by padiUes 
 I'uch as had been generally oblerved at other iilanils : 
 and ibme of diem have a light 'riangiilar fill, extended 
 to a mall or boom. The ropes which tliey ufe for their 
 boats, .md die Ihialler cords for their tidiing-tackle, 
 are i'crong, ajid neatly made. 
 
 From appeaiances in general, the n:',tives poflefs 
 a knowledge of agriculture. The vale-grounil is one 
 continued plantation of tuio, and Ibme other articles, 
 which have all die appearance of being caretlilly at- 
 tended to. The potatoc-fields, and Ijjots of fiigar-cane, 
 or plantains, on the liighir grounds, are [)lanted with 
 great regularity ; but neitlier diel'e, or the others, are 
 cncloled with any tence, unlefs die ilirches in the low 
 grou.ids maybe confidered as Tuch : wliich, it is more 
 probable, iu-e defigned to c'>n\ey water to die laio. 
 The great quantity ;',nd excellence of tla ii.- articles may, 
 perhaps, be as much ov.ing to Ikilful culture, as natu- 
 r.d fertility of foil, whicii teems better adapted to them, 
 dian to bread-fruit and cocoa-nut trees -, die few of rhel'e 
 latter which were feen, not being in a thriving tlate. 
 Norwithftanding diis ikill in agriculture, the ifland, 
 from its general appearance, feeiiied to be capable of 
 more extenfive improvement, and of maintaining dirice 
 as many inhabitants as are now upon it ; for the greater 
 part of it, that now lies walle, w;is apparendy as good a 
 lijil as th >!o. pans tli.it were cukivatcd. It mull dicrefore 
 be inferred, that diefe [leople do not cncreafe in that 
 jHoportion, wliich would render it necellaiy for them to 
 talte advant.'.ge of^;e extent of their ilkmd, towards 
 raifing a gi-eaver quantity of its vegetable produ(f>ions 
 for their maliitenance. 
 
 Our i;e.)ple had not an op])ortunity of forming an ac- 
 <'!irate judgement of tiie mode of government ellabliili- 
 ed amoiigil thcle p'eiple; but, from their general ob- 
 Icrvadon, it I'eemed realijnabie to imagirv, that it is of 
 the lame nature with that which prevails in all tlie illands 
 they h;ul hitherto vlfited; and, in all probability, tlieir 
 w. s among theinl'elves are ually tiequtnt. This in- 
 ilced might be inicTied fioni the number of' weapons 
 uhich >vLTe found in their polleUlon, and from the excel- 
 lent order in which they kept lliecn. liut they hid 
 proofa of the faifl fiom their own confetlion; being in- 
 tbrmed, tiiele v/ars arc earned on'l'etween the diflerent 
 dilbicts of their own illand, as well as between it and 
 the inhabitants of the neighbouring illands. No oil.er 
 taufe tlian tins need be aliigntd, to account fir the ap- 
 pearance btfirc mentioned, or their iiojuilation not 
 being proporri-ned to the extent of their ground tliat is 
 capable of cukivatiijii. 
 
 As 'AC do not deem it lufTicieiu to obferve in general, 
 1 
 
 ■■'*' 
 
 that diere is an alF.nity bet\veen d.e manners of thcle 
 ]cople, and the natives of the Erientlly and Society 
 lllanils, we fliall cite a few paiticulars, diat will lervc 
 to place this in a flriking point of view. 
 
 Widi retpect to religious inflituiions, and the manner 
 of difpofing of tlie dead, die iiJiabitants of Tongataboo 
 bury the ilead with great decency, and they alto inter 
 their human I'acriiices ; but they do not ofl<;r any other 
 aniin;U, or even vegetable to dieir deities. The Ota- 
 heiteans do not inter their dead, but expofe them to 
 walle by time and piitrefaflion, though they afterwards 
 bury the bones ; and this being die c.iW, it it remarka- 
 ble diat diey llioiild inter tiie entire bodies of" their hu- 
 man lacritices. They .dl'o oiler up to dieir gixls odier 
 animals and vegetables j but arc far from being atten- 
 tive to the condition of the places where diey celebrate 
 thoti.' folemn rites ; mofl of' their iiwrcin being in a ruin 
 ous tlate, and lliewing manifell tokens of neglect. Tlie 
 people of Atooi, again, bury both their common dead, 
 anti their human facriticcs, as at Tongataboo ; but diey 
 refc'mble diofe of Otaheite, in ollering vegetables and 
 animals to their gods, and in die ncglcdlcd flatc of dieir 
 relivious places. 
 
 As a iartiier inP.ance to fubferve our pur})ofc on die 
 prefent occafion, it may be oblerved, thuthc ltib:w allh 
 I'tcvails in Atooi, in its full c.-itent, and appaienlly 
 with greater (Iriilnefs than even at Tongataboo. For 
 th.e natives here always atked widi great eagernefs, and 
 witii indications of a fear of ofil-nding, whether any par- 
 ticular thing whicli they- defired to lee, or our jx-opi'.' 
 were willing to lliew, was tulmo, or (iis they pronounced 
 the word) III fov i" ir.e.ming, forbidden. 
 
 IJut in no in'liiice does die rcfcmblance between the 
 natives of Atooi, and thcle of Otaheite, appear in to 
 lliiking a liglit, as in die fimi'ari'.y of language. In- 
 deed, the l:inguages of' bodi places may be faid to be al- 
 moft entirely die fame. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Tiuo IJldUth difcoverrd, calltd Moxcce. and Owhyef, 
 i'liiiraihr of the XtiUvcs of the latitr. Defcnptioti 
 of Kaiitkakooa Bay. Inflancfi of tin- D(fj)otijm oj 
 llic Cliiifi. Singular ConjlnuUon nnd Ceremonta of 
 the Moral, Divcn Ceremonies, Forms, Cu/loms, and 
 Manners, 
 
 OL'R late navigators were obliged to quit diet'e ifiands 
 before they had procured a necelliuy fupply of re- 
 fielliments, by an unfortunate incident. The anchor of 
 the Relbhition having flatted, file drove oft' the bank a 
 confiderable way to the leew.ird of the fliip's laft flation ; 
 li) diat die commoilore foreleeing it would require more 
 time to regain it dian he cholc to employ, he matle the 
 tignal for die Difcovery to weigh anchor, and bodi fliips 
 diredci.1 their courle to the northward, in profecution of 
 ilifcoveries, whicii was in February 1778. 
 
 Captain Cook, after having exploreil the dreary re- 
 gions of the north, tor the courle of leveral fucceeiling 
 months, determined to revifit the Sandwich Iflamls, in 
 order to pals a fi'w of the winter months, provided he 
 IhoukI meet widi the necefliiry refrefliments. 
 
 I'Voin a more extentivc view of the fpot on die fecoml 
 vifit, which was November a6, 1778, it appeared that 
 the former dilirovery inatie by our navigators, of the 
 group of the Sandwich Ifi.uids, had be^n very imper- 
 fed; tliofe which they had vifited in their progrets 
 northward, all lyijig to die leeward of their prctcnt lla- 
 don. 
 
 An elevated hill appeared in the country, whole fum- 
 mit role above the clouds. The land, from this hill, 
 fell in a gradual (lope, terminadng in a lleep rocky 
 coafl 1 the tea breaking againtl it in a moil dreadful tiirf. 
 Unable to weather tlie illand, they bore up, and ranged 
 to the wefhvard. They now [urceivcil people on many 
 parts of the thore, and leveral houles and plantations. 
 rho country appeared to be well fupplicd widi wood 
 
 ami 
 
 ': ..JliJi.^,^ 
 
GRAPHY. 
 
 tlx- manners of thclc 
 •litiully iuid Soiitty 
 uiars, that will iLtvc 
 lew. 
 
 ons, anil the nianiitr 
 )itants of Tongataboo 
 , ajiil they alio inter 
 ) iv.)t oftcr any otlier 
 ilcitics. The Ota- 
 iiut expofc them to 
 \oii{rh they aftetwanis 
 i-.ife, it it remarka- 
 liDthcs of their hu- 
 ll p to their f;(KL> otlicr 
 '.;r from being atten- 
 v.hcie tliey celebrate 
 •)te} 
 kCns of neglect. 
 
 /■(in being in a ruin 
 Il;e 
 their conimon dead, 
 iiigataboo j but diey 
 filling vegetables and 
 led (late of dieir 
 
 • our purpofe on tJie 
 •ed, tiiat die taln^o alfo 
 ttent, and apparently 
 at Tongataboo. P"or 
 li great eagernefs, and 
 ing, whether any par- 
 to !ee, or our jxopl'- 
 r (ai they pronounced 
 Jden. 
 
 fcmblancc between the 
 )tahe-.tc, appear in fu 
 trity of language. In- 
 ;s may be faid to be al- 
 
 V IV. 
 
 Moxter and Owhyr(, 
 he hillrr. Defcnplioit 
 :fs of ihc Dcfpotijm of 
 lion and Cetemoniei of 
 i, Fonm, CiiJIoms, and 
 
 iged to quit thefe iflands 
 necediiry fiipply of re- 
 sident. I'he anchor of 
 e drove off tiie bank a 
 f the (hip's lad (lation ; 
 ; it would require more 
 ) employ, he made the 
 anchor, and bodi (liips 
 vaRl, in profecution of 
 ly 1778. 
 xploreil the tlreary re- 
 
 • of (everal (licceediiig 
 le Sai'.dwich Iflands, in 
 ■ months, provided he 
 ieflmients. 
 
 * the fpot on dtc fecon.l 
 1778, it appeared that 
 our navigators, of the 
 
 had bcvn very imper- 
 fited in their progrels 
 ml o( their prelent lla- 
 
 le country, wliofe fum- 
 le land, from this hill, 
 ting in a deep rocky 
 in a moil dreadful (urtl 
 .■y bore up, and ranged 
 ceival people on many 
 houtes ami plantations, 
 ell fuj^plled witli wood 
 • •' and 
 
 o r 
 
 iiithrfiinc 
 
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 iift" ■" " ' \ ■.■ 
 
 { 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 and water anJ llrirain; 
 falling into the lea. 
 
 As tlic main dcfign 
 was to procure a cc 
 would be frullrated, i 
 was permitted, Captain 
 liibiting all perfons on 
 except thofe appointed 
 a!id thefe were under 
 (irovifions and refrcfhm 
 againft the admittance n 
 dor certain rcftriftions. 
 ed to have been prevent 
 got amongft them. 
 
 As the Ihips were rar 
 noes came off, and, wh 
 the comluftors of them 
 tion. Our jjt-ople pcrc( 
 nation as thofe idandci 
 they had already vifitcil 
 were no Grangers to the 
 Theic vifitors fupplic 
 dc fi(h, in exchange for 
 but little fruit or roots, t 
 on their ifland, as well a 
 Many of them after\\ 
 ties, which were bartere 
 had to difpofe of. Thi 
 }Amc(. The ciiief, wl 
 ted the commodore on b 
 in the uliial form. 
 
 Soon after anotlier ill 
 called by the natives 
 the ill.-inii during the n 
 riir})rifed in the morning 
 mountains covered with 
 of .in cxtraonlinaiy lieig 
 appeared to be of a conf 
 maincii there forne time, 
 natives apprf)3ched, and 
 but fome were prcvaile'.. 
 length, induccti to retur 
 ply of what was want 
 brought a tolerable fuppl 
 The commodore hav 
 (if liigar-cane, and, ujx 
 cfidion of it made very 
 of it to be breweil for g_ 
 cartes, not one of the crt 
 Having no^ other moti 
 th,Tyi that of preierving 
 he neither excrtet! his 
 Iwlu.ifion, to induce th 
 tlut ft) long as they co 
 vegetables, there was n 
 iliat he might not be di 
 <lered that no grog flio 
 Ihips. 7'he offers cor 
 beer, whenever material 
 ii'g it. Some hops, wl 
 It much i and it was, dc 
 tliough the inconfid«rati 
 tlicir health. 
 
 Our people met wiri 
 tlii'ir intercourll- with th 
 had ever txpcrienccd 
 f licy frequently lent up 
 "leant to barter, and n 
 fii traHick on tlie quar 
 Otahcite, whom they li 
 "mlidencc in their inte 
 i^Tcd, that thofe of Ow 
 ilcaliiigs with each other 
 'f is but judice to o! 
 ^ttini|)ted to over-rcac 
 •' lingle theft. They pi 
 riiarly comprehended 
 upon the coall. For th 
 No. 9. 
 
 ;e: 
 
 
 t 
 
 >> 
 
New Discoveries.] 
 
 SANDWICH ISLANDS. 
 
 93 
 
 places, 
 
 and water and llreanis were I'ccn, in various 
 falling into the ita. 
 
 As the main dcfign of revifiting thefe idands, which 
 was to procure a competent Uipply of provifions, 
 would be friillnited, if a free trade witli the natives 
 was permitted, Captain Cook, publilhed an order, pro- 
 hibiting all perfons on board the fliips from trading, 
 except thofe appointed by himfclf and Captain Clerke ; 
 a:id thefe were under limitations ot trading only for 
 provifions and refrcfhmcnts. Injun<5lions were alfo kid 
 againft the admittance of women into the fhips, but un- 
 der certain rcftridions. But the evil which was inteml- 
 ed to have been prevented by this regulation lud already 
 got amongft them. 
 
 As the Ihips were ranging along the coail, feme ca- 
 noes came off, and, when they got along fide, many of 
 thi; comhiftors of them came on board without hefita- 
 tion. Our people perceived that they were of the iiime 
 nation as thofe illandcrs more to the leeward, which 
 they had already vifiteil ; and, us tliey umlerftood, they 
 were no flrangers to their having been there. 
 
 Thefe vifitors fupplicd them with a quantity of cut- 
 dc tilh, in exchange for nails and iron. They brought 
 but little fruit or roots, but laid they had plenty of them 
 on their ilLind, as well as hogs and fowls. 
 
 Many of them afterwards brought divers commodi- 
 ties, which were bartered for liicli articles as our people 
 had to difpofe of. This ifland was callcii by the natives 
 Mcwff. The chief, wiio is named Terreeboo, vifi- 
 ted the commodore on board, and made him a prel'ent 
 in the uliial form. 
 
 .Soon after anotlicr illand was feen to the windwani, 
 called by the natives O/nvyhee, Standing on and off 
 the ifland during the night, our people were greatly 
 liiqjrikd in the morning, at feeing the lummits of the 
 mountains covered with fnow. Though they were not 
 of an extraoniinaiy height, the Ciow, in fomc places, 
 appeared to be of a coniidcrablc dcpdi, and to have re- 
 mained there fome time. Drawing near tlie flioie, tlie 
 natives approached, and appeared a little lliy at firft ; 
 but fome were prevailei.. • to come on board j and, at 
 length, induced to return to the i/l^.id, to brini' a liip- 
 ply of what was wanted. Numbers followed, and 
 brought a tolcralilc fupply of pigs, fruit and roots. 
 
 The commodore having procured a great quantity 
 of I'ugar-cane, and, ujwn trial, difcoveri*\g that J. de- 
 coclion of it made very palatable betr, he ordered l()iiie 
 of it to be brewed for general "'le ; but on broaching the 
 calks, not one of the crew woud even tafte the liquor. 
 Having no^ other motive in preparing this beverage, 
 tlian that of preferving the fj^rits for a colder climate, 
 he neither exerted his authority, or had rccourfe to 
 perluafion, to induce them to drink it ; well knowing, 
 tii.it ft) long as they could be plentifully fiipplied witii 
 vegetables, there was no danger of tlx: fcurvy. But, 
 that he might not be diiappointed in his views, he or- 
 <k'rcd that no grog niould be fei-ved in either of the 
 ihips. T'he officers continued lo drink this fugar-cane 
 beer, whenever materials could be jwocured for brew- 
 ing it. Some hops, whicii were on board, improved 
 it much i and it was, doubtlcfs, extremely wholefome ; 
 'hough the inconfid«ratc crew thought it injurious to 
 their health. 
 
 Our people met with fcfs rcfcrve and fufpicion, in 
 tiicir intercourli; with the people of this ifland, than they 
 had ever experienced among any tribe of favages. 
 I liey frequently lent up into the fliip, the articles ihey 
 meant to barter, and afterwards came in themfelves, 
 to trafliek on tlie quarter deck. The inhabitants of 
 Ouheite, whom they had often vifired, liad not that 
 I'mlidenec in their integrity. Whrncc it may In: in- 
 i'Teil, that tliofe of Owhylice are more faithtiil in their 
 ilealiiigs with each other, than fhofe of Otaheite. 
 
 It IS but jiiUice to obfervc, tli.it at firft, tliey never 
 •ittenipied to over-reach in exchanges, or to commit 
 ■I fingle theft. They pcrfcftly undeHlixxl trading, antl 
 flearly comj'rehended the reafon <'t the ihips plying 
 upon the coall. For though tliey brought off plenty oi" 
 No. 9. 
 
 pigs, and other provifion, they were particular in keep- 
 ing up their price ; and, rather than difpofe of them at 
 an undervalue, would carry them -. ihore again. 
 
 Canoes coming off from all quarters, there were at 
 leaft a thouliind about die two ftiips, crouded with peo- 
 ple, and laden with hogs and other provifions. Our 
 people were perfeftly convinced of their having no hof- 
 tile intentions ; not a fingle perfon having z weapon 
 with him of any fort. Trade and curiofity were their 
 only inducements to make the vifit. From the num- 
 bers frequently on board, it might be expeded tliat fome 
 of them Ihoukl betray a thievifh difpofition. One of 
 them took a boat's rudder from the fhip, and was not 
 detccktl, rill it was too late to recover it. Captain 
 C(x)k imagiiietl tiiis to be a proper opportunity to Ihew 
 thefe iflanders the uli; of tire-arms. Two or three mul- 
 kets, and as many four pounders, were, by his orders, 
 fired over the canoe, which went away with the rud- 
 der : but OS the Ihot was not intended to take the effect, 
 the furrounding multitude were only llirprifed and 
 frightened. 
 
 When the ftiips anchored in the bay, calletl by the 
 natives Karakahooa Bay, they conti -.ued much crouded 
 widi die natives, and furrounded by a vail multitude of 
 canoes. In the courfe of their voyage, our people h.id 
 no where feen fuch vaft numbers ot people affembled 
 at one place. Befides thofe who came in canoes, all the 
 fliorc was covered with fpeftators : and hundreds were 
 fwiniming about the flips, like fhoals of Hfh. 'I'hey 
 were ftriiclc witii tlie fingularity of this fcene ; and few 
 on boartl lamented dieir having failed, in their late en- 
 ileavour , to find a northern pafl^ige homeward tiit lall 
 luiiimer ; fince to this difappointiiient they were in- 
 debted f()r rei'ifiring the Sandwich Iflands, and tor en- 
 riching dieir voyage with a diti;overy, in many reljsedts, 
 the moR important that has been made by Europeans in 
 the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Karakahooa Bay is fituated in the dillii£t of Akona, 
 on the well fide of the Ifland of Owhyhee. It extends 
 about a mile in lieptii, and is bounded by two points of 
 land, bearing lijutli-tall and north-well from each 
 odier, at the dillance of half a league. The north 
 jxiint is flat and barren, on which is fituated the village 
 of Kowrowa. A more confiderable village, called Ka- 
 kooa, ftands in the bottom of the bay, near a grove of 
 ftately cocoa-trees. An high rocky cliff, inacccffible 
 from the fea-ftiore, runs between thtm. Near the coaft, 
 on the fouth-fide, the land has a nigged apps-arance j 
 beyond which the country gradually riles, anil abounds 
 widi cultivated enclofures, and groves of c(x:oa-trees. 
 The habitations of the people arc fcattcred about in 
 great plenty. Round th': Li;; the fliore •., covered with 
 a black coral rock, except at Kakov>a, where there is 
 an excellent liindy beacli, with a morai at one extremity, 
 and a Ipring of frefti w iter at the other. 
 
 The Ihips were no fooner brought to anchor, than 
 the natives came off in aftonilhing numbers, exprefTmg 
 tlieir joy by finging, fhouting, and the moft extrava- 
 gant gertures. The decks, lidcs, and rigging, of the 
 Ihips, were covered with them. Women and boys, 
 who were un.able to procure canoes, came fwiinming 
 round in great multitudes ; fome of whom, not finding 
 room to get on board, ainuled themfelves the whole day 
 by playing in the water. 
 
 Amongll tholt; of the natives who came on Ixiard the 
 Refolution, was a chief named Parcea. Though a 
 young miui, he was Ibon ('•..covered to be a perfon ol 
 great authority. He '.Mil Captain Cook that he was 
 Jfaianr to the lover .-ign of the illand, who was then on 
 a military exix;ditioii at Mowhec, from wiieiice he was 
 expocled to return in a (i;w days. Our ^>eopl ■ could not 
 learn whether the word Jakane was a name of office, or 
 cxprcffive of affinity. Some prefents from dio commo- 
 dore attaclicd him "> their interelb, and they found liim 
 exceeding ufefiil. Befote they had been long at an- 
 chor, the Dilcovery had fo many j>eople hanging on ore 
 fide, that flie was obferveil to heel conlidei-uWy j .md 
 our people found it imiwIFible to prevent tl«: crowds 
 A a -n • V from 
 
 -jjtfr- 
 
 •af... 
 
 -^ii* 
 
 ^^a*. 
 
 :# 
 
'f 
 
 ui A NEW, ROYAl. and 
 
 AU riil.N 1 IC SYS IL.M OF UNIVl-.llSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 New DiscovERi 
 
 % 
 
 
 \ \ 
 
 fiom prefllng into lic-r. C':ipt:i;n Cook, appii'lK-iilivc 
 that Ihi- liiigiit receive foiHC iiijuiy, toiiinuiMit.Ufd Ins 
 fl-ars to Paa-cii, who intlantly cleared the iliip ot it:, 
 incumbrances, and ililperled tiie canoes that lurrounded 
 her. 
 
 It appear."; evident, ti-oni tliis circinnllance, thai the 
 chiefs have a molt delpoiic aiithorit)- over Lhe inferi;ir 
 people. .'\n inltanc, iiniil.ir to this, happened on board 
 the Kefolution, where tlie crowd I'o liir impedetl tile or^ 
 dinary biilinels oftiic Ihip, th.it it was found neceiliiry 
 to apply to Kaneena, another chief', who had alto at- 
 tached hinilcif p.M-ticiilar!y to Cajitain Cool<. The iii- 
 convenie'KV liillereu was no liioner mentioned, than he 
 ordered the natives immediately to quit the vefVe:. when, 
 without a moment's hefitation, they all jumped ner- 
 board, except one perfijn, wlio loiteied brhind, and, 
 by his m.inner, ex[)refied fome degree of' unwilliir.rne:- 
 to obey. Kaneena, oblervinir this contempt of his au- 
 tliority, took hold of him immediately, and threw him 
 into rile 'i':\. 
 
 Tliele t\vociiiefs were exccedinily well proponi"netl, 
 and had countenances remarkably plealing. Kaneena 
 was a tine figure. His height was about fix feet i his 
 features were regular and expretlive, his deportment 
 was eaiV, firm, and giaceflil ; and he h;.d il.uk lively 
 eyes. 
 
 The two ch.iels, Pareea and Kaneena. afierwartls in- 
 troducetl a third on board, whole name was Koah. 1 le 
 v;,is reprel'ejited as a p;ielt, antl one who, in his early 
 iluvs, h>d diilinguifhed himl'elf as a warrior. Me was a 
 litde, old, em.iciated figure, having li)re red eyes, r.nil 
 his body covered widi a leprous fcuif, occalioned by the 
 unmoderatc ufe of the ava. Bein:' conducHed to the 
 cibin, he approacheil the commmiore with the grcatell 
 lieierence, threw a piece of red cloth over his flioukleis, 
 and 'etrc'tin;; a tiw paces, mule an ofVering o! a finall 
 pi^, at tiie lame time pronouncing a dilcourle of' a con- 
 liderabie lengdi. 
 
 Durin:; their cDntinui'.nce at O iiyhte, ifiis ceremo- 
 ny was repented otte.i, an, I, fl'om a wuicty of circum- 
 llances, ap[;eared to be a kind of religiius .idoratl'Mi. 
 Red cloth is an article with which dieir idols are array- 
 ed ; and a pig is a common offering to the F.(:li>r,:>, 
 Ti.^ir Ipc'ches were delivered with a volubility 'hat 
 ind ated them to be conf'ormable to tiime ritual. 
 
 At the cnnclulion of this ceremony, Ko.ih liined with 
 the commodore, and eat plentifully of the vi.inds befiire 
 him i but, like moll of the iflanilers in thole teas, he 
 I'oukl hardl) be induced to talle wine or fpirits a feconti 
 time. In die evening, the commodore went on lliore. 
 As foon >is they landed, on the be.ic!i, they were preced- 
 eti by tcur men, bearing each a v.and tip. widi dog's 
 liair, ,ind uronotincinj;, wi;!i a k)ud voice, a ihort len- 
 le.'.ce, in wl'.ieh die wdrdC^i;;' was ver) tlillingi;ilh.i- 
 ble. I'jie crowd which liad allcml)!ed on the ,'hore, re 
 tired at dieir appni.ich ; and not .in iiidi^ivliial was to be 
 leen, except a lew who had prolhated tiiemlelves on 
 the ground near the habitati'Mis of t!ie adjuent vill.ige. 
 
 llire it maybe projjer to obferve, that l'ii,ii:> w.i^ 
 Ca|i;,iiii C'oi'k'.s general appellation .imong tlie n.'tivci 
 of Owiiyliee. Someiimes it was ai.')lieil by them m an 
 inviflble Ixing inhabiting heaven, it was allij a nik of 
 great rank i;i the illand. 
 
 Tlioiigh we have alrea.iy deluiliti! fe\cr.il /«.',,-. 
 a;ipertaining to ilifl'eii -t ill.uids of the Siaiih Seas, il.a' 
 I ' Owhyhee is f(> (in^ailar in its confliuciioii, and lo 
 |'''oliar ill its ceremonies, that we prelume it i.iniKii 
 f.ui o! being entert.iiiiini', in tlie detail. 
 
 I iii.> III nil coiWilled of a fqiiare lidid pi.e (j!' flone , 
 
 [iie l'n!>,th <)f<()rty yard.s, ihe bieailth ol' iwcm\-, .imi 
 
 1 )e iiL'i",l)r III fourteen. '1 he top of it was il.ii. ,m.! a 
 V '> -d' n Mil iirrounded it, on w!i!' h were ilil;ilave>; tin: 
 II 'il!^ ,1 liK;:^- natives, who havl Inen liicrifiied on the 
 oeaihs (., tin II- ciii, I ,. A niiiioiiv wocJen biiikling was 
 liruateJ in the ci nu-r o(' the area, connected wiili i!ie 
 rail by :i lt,,i,e w.ill, dr.i. ling the whole Ip.u e into iwo 
 pait'.. I'ive pole , ol abi^iit twenty leet in heif^ht, lu)^ 
 poJteJ an irie-'jjai k;iid of liafhild, on the lide i.rs- 
 
 the country ; and, on the fide towarils the iea, wtrc's 
 two liiiall licuf'es, with a covered communication. 
 
 The conimodoie, accompanied by a party of ^crjtle- 
 incn, was comlucted to the fiimmit of this pile by 
 Koah, one of the chief's beforementioned. They be- 
 held, at tl'.eir entrance, two large wooden images, with 
 moll d.illortcd features, iiaving a long piece of wo;;d 
 proceeding t'roiii the top of dieir he.ids, of a conical 
 l()rni inverted : the odier parts were covered w^th red 
 cloth. 1 ii re Captain Cook was received by a tall 
 young man, having a long beard, win; prelented him 
 to tliV iin.iges, ar.d chanted a kind of hymn, in wiiich 
 lu was alkfldl by Koah. 'Y\\c party were then ltd to 
 th.it lide of the vw-'iu where the poles were erected, ,it 
 the tiiot of which twelve im.iges were ranged in the form 
 of a femicirde i die ir.^idle figure having a high table 
 bet()re it, on which was a putrid hog, and under it liinie 
 cocoa-nuts, plantains, potatres, brcid-fruit, and piecci 
 of liigar-cane. 'I'h.e commodore was condiifled under 
 this Uand by Ko.ih, wlio, t.iking down tiie hog, held 
 it t iwards him, when, having again .iddielled him in a 
 long and v.heme.it l(.eech, he fuflered it to iall ujion 
 the ground, and ilcended the leaf biding widi him, thu' 
 \ . ilie peril of dijir falling. 
 
 'l'a\ men n,;\v advanced in folemn proceflion, ami 
 entereil die topof the w(wrt/, bearing a live iiog, and a 
 piece of large red ckali of coiilitierable dimen.lons. 
 ,\dv.iiicing ;. iew paces, they (lopped, 'nd prollrated 
 d/mfelves. ami a young man a(ii)roaching them, re- 
 ceived the cloth, .md cariiei.1 it to Koah, who wrapped 
 it round the cominodore, and made him oji offering of 
 the hog. 
 
 lhe fituation of die cominodore w.-is truly wiiimfical. 
 1 le was aloft, fwathed in red ckith, and hardly able to 
 keep his hold in die rotten fcaft'ok'.ing. 1 le was enter- 
 tained, however, with die chanting of Kt.ah, an,; Kai- 
 rcekcea, fometimes in concert, and fometiines alter- 
 natelv. Alter this office was perforn;ed, whicll was of 
 I onlklerabie dur.itioii, Koah let d.e hog drop, and he 
 .md die commodore iminetliately defi.:endeil. I le then 
 conduCied him to die images, to cv.ch of which he ex- 
 prelloa himl'.'lf hi a fnecring tone, fnapping his fingers 
 at them as he p-alVed. He dien prefented him to th.lt 
 in the center, which, from its being habited in red 
 cloth, app.eared to be ... the highell eflimation. lie 
 fell prollrate bef ire this figure, and killed it, requefliii'; 
 Capiain Cook would do the fame ; which he readiiy 
 liibmitted to, being iletermiiied to follow Koali's direc- 
 tions throughout the whole of this ceremony. 
 
 The [larty were now conveyed into *he odier divifioii 
 of the moiiii, where a Ipace, of about twelve feet fquare, 
 w.is funk three fc-ct b-dow tliC level of the area. 1 liiy 
 ilelce.ided into this, anil the commtxloie was immedi- 
 ately feated between ^vo idols, one of his aims beiiii', 
 fujiported by Ko.i, and an officer was rei;uelled to liiji- 
 port the otl'.er. 
 
 .\ leiond (-roceflion of natives at diis time arrived 
 with a baked hog, a pudding, fome cocoa-nuts, bread- 
 fiuit, and other vegetables. As tliey drew ne.ir, K.ii- 
 reekeea pl.iccd liimli'lf befi)re them, and prefented the 
 hog to die commodore, in the ufiial manner, chantiiv; 
 .is belijie, and his companions making ie:'iilar relponlc-. 
 Their fpeeches and relponfes grew gradually lliortcr .md 
 flioitei; and, towards the condufion, Kaireekeea's d.id 
 net exceed three or tijur words, which was ani'wered hy 
 the word Oniu'. 
 
 At till- comlulion of this olleiing, die natives liati I 
 tiiemlelves fronting our people, ami 1 .-gan to cut up the 
 baked hog, to bie.ik the cocoa-nuts, ;ind to peel d'C 
 v( Mciables. Odieis were employed in brewing tiie ffTv', 
 by chewing it in di'- I une manner as at the I'riendly 
 I Hands. Kaireckeea ..leii chev.cd [lait of the kernel el 
 a coKianut, and Wrapped it in .i piece of cloth, wi'ii 
 which he nibbed tlie capt.iin's head, face, hands, ariii^, 
 and tlioukleis. The i/.i; was alterward.s h.inded loiiiid, 
 aii.l when thev h.id all tailed it, Koail and I'ereea pulled 
 the llelh of lhe hog in pieces, and proceeded to put 
 I'liiK- ol It into die moudis of our iieuijle. An officer 
 
 liad 
 
GRAPHY. 
 
 wards the lea, were'Vf 
 ()nitminii.;ition. 
 by a party of ^entle- 
 mit of this pile by 
 ciuion(.'i.l. They bc- 
 sooik-n iiiia|/es, with 
 lonii piece of wood 
 heads, of a conical 
 /ere covereil W'th red 
 i received by a tall 
 , \vl«) prefeiited him 
 id, of hymn, in v.liich 
 iity were ih.en led tu 
 K)les were erected, at 
 ■re ranged in the form 
 ■ having a high tabk- 
 ng, and under it Ibme 
 iread-fruit, ami piecci, 
 was eondiicled luiiler 
 ' down the hog, lield 
 lin addrelled him in a 
 liHered i: to i.iU upon 
 olding widi ium, diu' 
 
 i)lemn procefl'ion, and 
 ing a live Iiog, and a 
 ifiderable dimenfions. 
 oppeit, Mid prollrated 
 pproaching tiiem, rt-- 
 I Koaii, who wrapped 
 ide him an t)Hering of 
 
 re was truly whiinficni. 
 
 th, and hardly able to 
 
 d.ing. 1 le was enter- 
 
 iig of K<,'ah, an/i Kai- 
 
 and fometimes alter- 
 
 •t(.)rnied, which was of 
 
 tlie hog drop, and lie 
 
 r dela-nded. lie then 
 
 each ■)! which he ex- 
 
 , fnapping his Hr.LHTs 
 
 prefented iiim to that 
 
 being habited in red 
 
 ^hetl ellimation. He 
 
 lid killed it, rei]iie(liii'^ 
 
 me i whiih he readily 
 
 o (iiUow Roah's direc- 
 
 cei'emony. 
 
 I into -he odier divifion 
 Doiit twelve feet lijiiare, 
 .el of llie area. I'luy 
 inmoiloie was immeiii- 
 one of his aims being 
 r was rei-iiiefteil to fup- 
 
 \/t:s at this time arrival 
 )nie cocoa-nuts, breail- 
 ■, they diew near, K.;i- 
 lieni, and prefented the 
 ufual manner, chantiiv; 
 akiiig re.'iilar relpoiilc- 
 •w gradually Ihorter a;ul 
 hifion, Kaircekcea's diil 
 which was anfwered by 
 
 I'ring, di'- natives I'eati- 1 
 and l-.-gan to tut up the 
 a-nuts, and to peel the 
 )yed in brewing tlu "-,•, 
 uicr as at the briei.iilv 
 L-d part of the kernel 'l 
 
 a piece of cloth, wi'h 
 ead, face, hands, anus, 
 fteiward.', handed loiiiul, 
 
 koali.iiid I'eieea puHe'l 
 
 ,, and proceedeil to pu! 
 
 our people. An ollmr 
 
 ' ' liad 
 
 New Discoveries.] 
 
 S A N' D W I C II I .S L A N O S. 
 
 'J:') 
 
 had no particular obietlion to being fetl by Pareea, who 
 Wiis remarkably cleanly in his perli-n ; but Capt. Cook, 
 to whom a piece was prefented by Koali, coiiki^yg- 
 fwallow a morlel, the putrid hog being llrong in HiaM' 
 colk*(5lion i and as the old man, tioin motiv.;s of civi- 
 lity, had chewed it for him, his reludtance was much 
 increafcvl. i 
 
 When the ceremony v.as finiilied, the party quitted 
 the Morai, after dillributing among the popuhice foine 
 nieces of iron, and other articles, with which they were 
 much delighted. I'hey were then conducted in pro- 
 tcfflon to the boats, t!ie men attending with waiuls, and 
 uroivjuncing fentences as betl)re. Molt of' the natives 
 .liy.in retired, and tlie remaining few prollrated ihem- 
 .clves ;is they palfed alo.ig the Ihore. 
 
 Curiofity being excited by the regular attendance of 
 the prieils at the iMorai, the \nny iletermined to vilir 
 t.he h.ibitations of a fociety ot them 'vhich they had 
 lately difcovereil. Their huts were ereded "-ouiKi a 
 pond enclofed wiJi a grove of cocoa trees, by which 
 they were feparated from the beacii and the village, and 
 which gave the licii'tion an air of religious retirement. 
 
 When the Commodore arrived at the beach, he v.as 
 condaided to I lavre-no-Orono, or the hoiife of Orono. 
 On liis approaching this f.icred place, he was llatetl at 
 the fu;)t ot' a wootlen idol, relimbling thofc which he 
 had Icen at the Morai. 1 lerc an ofTicer again fup|>ort- 
 td one of his arms. I le was dien arrayed in red cloth, 
 atid Kaircekeea, alTiIled by twelve jiriells, prefentcti a 
 pig with the uliial folemnities. After diis ceremonv, 
 ti.^' pig wasltrangkd, and thrown into the embers of a 
 (ire preo.xred ii>r that pur[)o!e. When the ';air was 
 finged otr", a fecond otlering w.is made, antl the chant- 
 ing repeated as belore -, after which the dead pig was 
 held, for ;i)me time, under Ca[)tain Cook's nole, and 
 then laid, with a cocoa Iilk it his teet. I'his part of 
 the cercniony being concluded, the performers fat 
 down, and the iivii was brewed and hamted about ; a 
 baked fiog was brought in, and the party was fed as in 
 die li)rmer ceremony. 
 
 Whenever the commodore went on fliore, during 
 die continuance of die lliips in tlie bay, he was pre- 
 ceded by one of the prielts, who proclaimed the landing 
 <if the Orono, and ordered the inhabitants to proifrate 
 themfelves. He was conlkintly attended by the tame 
 perfon on tlie water, where he was llationed in the bow 
 of the boat, having a wand in his h.md to give notice 
 ot his approach to the natives, who were in canoes; on 
 which they inllantl)' ceafeil paildling, antl fell on their 
 fixes till he had pallid. 
 
 Leil the altiunomic.d gentlemen lliould be incom- 
 iiiiided at die obfervatory on lliore by the intrulion of 
 t'le natives, the place was conl'ecr.ated by tlie prielfs, 
 '7 pl.icing dieir wands round die wall by which it was 
 enclofed. 
 
 This intcrdidion the natives call Idhoo, a term fre- 
 quendy repeated by thel'e illaiulers, and feemed to be 
 of cxtenlive op-eration. No cmoes attempteil to haul 
 i.e:\r tlie fpot i the native's only fat on the w.iU, not dar- 
 i:i;^ to come within the tidiMud I'pace wiihoui obtaining 
 jierminion. The men, iiideeil, would bring provilioiis 
 into the fieki, but all eiuliavours were inell'ethial to in- 
 diKf t'le women to approach. Prctenis were trietl, but 
 v/ithout fiiccei' Attempts were matle to prvvail on 
 Pareea and K(;.ili to bring them, but to no purpofe : 
 the Fatooa and 'I'errceobco, they laid, would kill them 
 it they did. 
 
 This ciicumlkince affo-ded great amufcineit o the 
 pei>| le on boaiil, whither multituiles of jieopK- ,'p.ir- 
 t;' ularly Women) coiuiinially Hocked, iiil()mucli that 
 liuy were liciiuemly obliged to clear the vellei, in 01- 
 d(r to have room to perfiirm tlieir necelVary duties. 
 I wo or three hundred women were liiineiimes obliged 
 < ' I'impat once into the water, where they continueil to 
 I^Min \"v.\ play till they coukl be re-admitted. 
 
 Tlie civilities of thel'e people were not coiilined to 
 <>l'eiitaiion ; '(Jt the p'.iriy o'l lliore liom the lliips witc 
 lUily i'upplied by them with hogs and veget.ibies fuHici- 
 i 
 
 ent for fubfillence, and to fparc ; and canoes, kulen 
 with provifions, were as regularly fcnc ofF to the lliips. 
 Nothing was demanded in return, nor was the molUli- 
 (lant hint ever given that any compenfation was expect- 
 ed, i'heir manner of conferring favours appeared 
 more like the dilchargc of a religious duvf th.m die 
 refiilt of mere liberality. All diis munificence w.is at 
 the expence of Kaoo, the chief i^ricft, and grandfiidur 
 to Kaireekeea, who was then in the luit of the fovereigii 
 of t!ie illaiKl. 
 
 Soon after the ceremony of the reception of the 
 Commodore at tiie iiabitations of the priefts, die king 
 in .-. large canoe, with lome atrenilants in two others, 
 was teen p.iddling fioin the village, in great flate, to- 
 wartis tlie lliips. Their ajipearance was noble antl 
 magnificent, 'i erreeoboo and his chiefs were in t!ie 
 full canoe, arrayed in feathered cloaks and helmets, 
 and armed with li)ears and daggers. In the k-cond 
 came Kaoo, the chief prieli:, together with his bre- 
 thren, iiaving their idols diljilayed on red clotli. Theli- 
 idols were figures of an enormous li/.e, madeofwick.r 
 work, and curioufly ornamented with Iniall feathers of 
 a variety of colours. Their eyes were large pe^'rloy- 
 flers, with a black nut placed in the centre ; a double 
 row of the fiings of dogs was fixed in each of their 
 moiirhs, which, as well as the reft of their features, 
 appeared diftortetl. The third canoe was laden with 
 hogs anil vegetables. A?, they atlvanced the prielfs, 
 in the fecond canoe, chanted their hymns with great 
 Ibleiiinity. After paddling round the velkls they did 
 not come on board as was cxpccfed, bi't made imme- 
 diately towarils the Ihore at the beach, where our peo- 
 ple were ll.itioned. 
 
 On their approach the olFicers of the party oidered 
 the guaici to be drawn up in form to receive the king ; 
 and Captain Cook, feeing that he intended to go on 
 fliore, went thither alio, and landed almclt: at the liime 
 iiillaiit. They were uflieretl into the tent, and tlie king 
 was hardly feateil, when he rofe up, ami graccf'ully 
 threw over the Captain's fliouklers the rich fiadierej 
 cloak hiinlelf had wore, placed an helmet on his head, 
 and pieleiitcd him with a curious tan. Mve or fix other 
 cloaks, of great beauty and value, were Ipre.id at tlie 
 Commodore's feet. 
 
 l''our hags were then brought forwartl by the king's 
 attendants, together with bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts and 
 fligar canes. Then followed the ceremony of Terree- 
 oboo's changing names with C'aptain Cook, the llrong- 
 efl pledge of frieiidfliip among all the illanders of the 
 Pacific Ocean. A folenin procellioii now (idvuiced, 
 confining of prieils, preceded by a venerable perlo- 
 nage, liillowed by a train of people Ic.idiiig large hogs; 
 otiiers being l.iden with potatoes, plantains, &c. U 
 \vas eafily perceived, by tlie countenance and gefhires 
 of Kaireekeea, that the old man who headed the pro- 
 ceiTion was the chief prielf, on whole bounty our peo- 
 ple liatl l<) long fublilled. I le wra|>()cd a piece of red 
 cloth round the fliouklers of Captain Cook, ns a mark 
 of peculiar refj)e(;t. 
 
 'I'he ollkers wcic not a little liirprifeii to recognize, 
 in the perliin of the king, an emaciateil okl man, who 
 had come 011 boaril the Refohitioii, from the nortli-ealf 
 fide of the illand of Mowee ; and perceived tliat t'evera! 
 of his attendants 'veretiie fanic perfons as before accom- 
 panied him. 
 
 Aficr the ufual ceremonies of interview had pafTed, 
 Captain Cook coridinHeil Terreeoboo, ami leveral o'' 
 his chiefs, on board the Relolution. They were re- 
 leiveil with every inillible .ittcntion and refped ; and 
 the Commodore put a linen lliirt upon the fovereigii, 
 and girt his own hanger round hi, 11. kaoo, and about 
 half a dozen other ancient chiefs, remainetl op Ihore. 
 
 All this time not a canoe >vas |)ermitted to appear in 
 the bay, and thole natives who ilkl not confine tliem- 
 lilves to their huts lay prollrate on the ground. Before 
 the king nuitted the Kefolution, he granted leave for 
 the nativ>s to trade with the lliips as ufi'al, except the 
 women, who were prohibited fiom this privilege. 
 
 SECTION 
 
 «'''«^'^i 
 
 1! 
 
 If 
 
 
 1? 
 
 111 i 
 
 
 
 >'f 1 
 
 
 k 
 
 ifl 
 
 
 ii!l 
 
96 
 
 A NEW. ROYAL ako AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 SECTION V, 
 
 5 'I- . 
 
 Wm 
 
 
 mM 
 
 i'i 
 
 Social Difpoftlion of the Natives. Projicnjily to Thrjt. 
 A botiiig Match. Attnition of thr Pn<jl>, and Ctir- 
 mony of the Natives, at the Funeral of a Seainan. 
 Opinion of the Natives concnnmg the Ohjclt oj the Vifit 
 from our People. Magm/iccnt Prefrntsjrom Terreeo- 
 boo. Departure oJ the Slups. Caii/e oJ their return. 
 
 THE natives of this iHand feem to have exceedal 
 ;ill others in the South Seas, in the holpitable re- 
 ception, ami civil treatment, of their Euroiican vifi- 
 tors, infomuch, that aU ap|)rehennons of danger were 
 banilhed from their minds. Such confidence was placed 
 in them by our people, that tlie officers, &c. trc- 
 quendy made excurlions up the country, either fingly, 
 oi in fmiU parties, and even ventured to continue out 
 tlie whole night. Inik-ed, it would be endlels to relate 
 aU the inrtances of generofity they received upon thele 
 occafions. 
 
 In all places the jieople flocked about them, anxious 
 to afford everv affillance in their power, and appcarcti 
 highly gratified, if tliey condefcended to accept of then 
 fervices. Variet>- of innocent arts were praCtiled to at- 
 tract their notice, or to delay their departure. Tlie 
 boys and girls ran through tl\eir villages before them, 
 flopping at every opening, where there was a commo- 
 dious place to form a group for d.mCing. 'I'hey were 
 at one time tblicited to take a draught of tlie milk of 
 .rcoa-nuts, or except of fuch other relreihment as their 
 huts aftbrcied : at another they were eBcirclei) by a com- 
 pany of young women, who exerteti their fkiU and agi- 
 lity in amufing them with fongs ami dances. 
 
 The more agreeable the natives rendered themfelves 
 to our people, by their inftiinces of holpitalit>', the 
 greater was their difguft and concern, at finding them 
 prone to tlieft, the general vice of the illanders of theie 
 feas. This was a dirtrelTing circumftance, anil lome- 
 times obligetl diem to exercife feverity, which they 
 would have been happy to have avoided, if it had not 
 been elTentially necenary. Some cxiiert fwimmers were 
 one day deteded under the fhips, drawing out the nails 
 from the rtieathing, which they ingenioully performed 
 with a flint ftone, fai^enetl to the end of a fiiort flick. 
 This pradice was lb injurious to the velfels, that our 
 people fired fmall Ihot at the offenders : but that they 
 eafily evaded, by diving to the bottoms of the Ihips. it 
 therefore became highly necelfary to make an example 
 of one of them, by Hogging him on board the lliip. 
 
 An excirfion into the country, by a lar^e pany from 
 both fhip' " -ded Kaoo a frefli opjmrtunity of exer- 
 cifmg h' and generofity. No f<K)ner was he in- 
 
 formeti departure, than he feiit after them a 
 
 large qiiai. of provifions, with orders, that every at- 
 tention and lilillance Ihoulii be granted them by the in- 
 habitants of thofe diflrifts througli which they were to 
 pals. His condiKfl, on diis occafion, v.as f<> delicate 
 and difintcrelUil, that even the jK-ople he employed, 
 were not wrmitted to accept of the rmallell prctent. 
 At the end of fix days the party returned without having 
 penetrated more than twenty miles into the ifland. 
 
 To aild to the amufement of their vifitors, the na- 
 tives prefented them with the exhibition of a lioxing- 
 match. Though thefe games were inferior, in every 
 refpcdl, to thoR- they had leen exhibited :u ;!ie 1' riendly 
 I Hands, yet, as they were Ibmewhat different, a flicrt 
 .iccount of them may not be thought impmper. 
 
 A vaft concourfe of people allemblcil on an even 
 I'pot of ground, not far ilillant from thr tents. A long 
 vacant I'pace was left in the center of them, att'.eup|)cr 
 end of wl.icli the judges prefided, under tliree llamlanls. 
 Slips of cloth, of various colours, were penilant from 
 thelt: (landards ; as were the fkins of two wild geefe, 
 feme fmall binls, and a few bunclies of fi-athers. 
 
 When the ntteffary preparations were made, the 
 judges gave the lignal, and two combatants appeared 
 
 in view. They advanced llowly, drawing up their leer 
 very high behiml, and nibbing their hands upon the 
 foles. As they came forward, they frequently iurveyt-il 
 each odier from head to foot, with an air of contempt, 
 looking archly at the fpeftators, dillorting their features, 
 and pradifing a variety of unnatural gefhires. When 
 they were ailv.anced witiiin the reach of each other, they 
 held both arms llraight out belbre their faces, at which 
 part they always aimed tlieir blows. They llnick widi 
 a full fwing of the arm ; did not attempt to parry, but 
 endeavoured to elude their adverfary's attack, by Hoop- 
 ing or retreating. The battle was expeditiouHy dccid 
 ed; forifeidier of them fell, whether by accident, or 
 from a blow, he was deemed vanquiflicil ; and the vic- 
 tor expreffeii his triumph by a variety of flrange gefhires, 
 which ufually excited a loud laugh among the fpefta- 
 tor, lor which purpofc it feemed to be calculated. The 
 fuccefsfiil combatant waited for a fecond antagonill ; 
 and, if again victorious, for a third ; and lb on, till he 
 was at latl liefearctl. 
 
 A lingular cullom pre\'ails in tliefe combats, whiih 
 is, that when any two were preparing to attack each 
 other, a thini may advance, and make choice of cither 
 of them for his antagonill, when the other is under the 
 ncLtrffity of withdrawing. If the combat proved loni; 
 and tedious, or appeared unequal, a ciiief generally in 
 tcrfered, aiul condudeil it by putting a Hick between 
 die combatants. As this exhibition w.is at the delirc 
 of our people, it was expefted that fome of them would 
 have engaged with the na:ives ; but, though they re 
 ceived preHiiig invitations t ) bear a part, they did no; 
 hearke.'> to the challenges, not having forgot die blow, 
 they received at the l-riendly IHands. 
 
 As death iiaii hitlierto been uncommon amongft the 
 crews of die Ihijjs, and it is laudable to prelcrve die 
 me.Hory of a worthy charadlcr, though inlei ior in (la 
 tion, the departure of Willtam Whatman, a feamcn, ( ; 
 the gunner's crew, is particularly mentioned. He \v,is 
 a man in years, and much rel"iie(5leil for iiis attachmen: 
 to Captain Cook. He had lirved twent}-one years as 
 a marine, and tiien entered as a feanr.'.n in 1772, on 
 board the Refolution, and ferved with the commod' ;e 
 in his voyage towards the fouth pole. On their return, 
 he got admittance inro Greenwich fl(iij)ii.il, rliroiu^h 
 die intereft of Capt.iin Cock, ,'/ the lame time wirh 
 himfelf; and, anxious t<; fbllow the fortunes of his be- 
 neliidlor, he alfo quittal it with him, on his appoinr- 
 ment to the command of ti^e prel'ent expetlition. I le 
 had been often fubjeCl to flight fevers in the courle nl 
 the voyage, and was infirm wiien the Hiips arriveil in 
 the bay 1 where having been lent a few days on fhon-, 
 he diougiu himfelf perfeiflly reftored, and reqv.efted to 
 return on boanl. His requeft was complied witii ; 
 but the day fiillowirig he hail a Hruke of die pally, 
 which, in two days afterwards, put a [x-riod to his life. 
 
 As an additional inllance of the relpe(if to his vifitors 
 Terreeoboo caul'ed the remains of diis honcH feaman to 
 be buried in the moim, with great tolemnity. Kaoo 
 and his brethren were prefent at the funeral, who Ix'- 
 haveti with great decorum, and paid liue attention 
 while the Icrvice was performing. On our people be 
 ginning to fill up the grave, they approached it with 
 great awe, and threw in a de.ul pig, together ^^it!l l<)n-.e 
 cocoa-nut anil plantains. For three hiccellive niglits 
 they lurroundeil it, lacrificing hogs, and reciting hymns 
 and pi-ayers till morning. 
 
 A jjoll was erefted at the heail of the grave, and a 
 piece of boanl nailed thereon, on which was inlcrihid 
 the name and age of the decealed, and die dayofiiif. 
 departure from this life. 'I'hele the natives ailiired tiiein 
 they would not remove j and they will probably be per 
 mitted to remain, li) long as Inch (rail materials can 
 endure. 
 
 The fliips being much in want of fuel, Capt. Cook 
 delired Li<'utenant King to treat with the prielfs fir the 
 (lurchale of the rail on the morai. Mr. King had hi- 
 <loiil)ts about tlie decency of this overture, and appre- 
 hended th.it the bare mention of it migiit be deemed ini 
 
 pious : 
 
 Ntw Discoveries.] 
 
 pious ; but in this lie was 
 t spieH'ed no kind of iiirj 
 wood was delivered widi( 
 
 Strange as it miiH app 
 their religious rite;, thel 
 the circumftance, th.it thi 
 When the particulars w 
 teemed exceeding indiffi 
 ing only the lellorati.-n r 
 iiig inimeil' "ch < ^niplifc 
 of the prien s iioules. 
 
 .'\s the chiefs of the ii 
 an importunate defire tr 
 lor tiie departure of their 
 in the minds <■'( th.e fpeci 
 the (If inion entcrt.iined b) 
 and the objefis of theii 
 ta.it could be obtained w 
 [lie lud left their narive ( 
 tinefs of prox'ilions, .md 
 pmpofe of filling their 
 n.ittiral enougii, confideri 
 fume of the crew, the 
 vniired their frelli provifi 
 < haft" ,is much of it .as p ,| 
 he aikled to diefe, whic 
 n.iinely, that of our peopli 
 
 It was rruly l.iughable 
 hellies of die jailors (who 
 ncis after dieir arrival at 
 the bell manner they coul 
 depart; but if they wou 
 fcafon, they lliould be be 
 
 The Hiips had now i 
 bay, during which tune 
 vciret '.bles had been fo er 
 not be liirpril'ed at their w 
 loave. It rather appear 
 (Uher view-, in iiis enquirit 
 hvient notice, to prepart 
 their departure : fir whei 
 rintifin to quit the illan 
 rlmiacion was imiuediat 
 M Iviiig in tiii-ir hogs ani 
 preknt to the Orono. 
 
 A droll genius amony 
 trick-; liii die entertainme 
 Ills han.i he lield an in h 
 wccii were fiillened (•■iir 
 Iv'g, fiine llrong nettin, 
 rows of dogs teeth, i'.an 
 .iic-ompanied vitli ihaii;;. 
 i)rtinns of hi-, features 
 i,. ridiculous, were, upur 
 "J rtprelT )n. I'his div 
 i;;^ or biwinfj; matches 
 ftliihiivd l.ie (ew fr.'-wc 
 'i' .1:^ could more eiTcifl 
 I ''.ic illanders, or (Irike 
 PI t!!;,- ftipcrior'ty of theii 
 t'ition. ThoiM-o rh's w.is 
 nor tr) that .it Hap ice, y 
 ll' w,is eqtially gre:'.t. 
 
 Previous to die i!e|)arti 
 ilio time of wliicli was no 
 ii'tl tlie commodoie, pri 
 "}'n t.) Kaoo's ivnj.cnce. 
 'w l,i!.^e quantities of ch 
 "biimi.iiKe of red am 
 J'hic', oi' cocoa-nut hulk 
 ii'in ware, wliich liaii U 
 I'r f'raui thefe w.r; depoli 
 niiis kinds of vegetable 
 l''[^f herd of hogs. It ' 
 ^^Kile was intended as a [ 
 iiiforiiied by Kaireekeea 
 •^inp, from the inhabitant 
 H-rc no iboner Icated, tl 
 No. (J. 
 
 ) 
 
Khw Discoveries.] 
 
 S A N D ^V I C H I S L A N 1) S. 
 
 97 
 
 pious i bir in this In- was exceedingly miftakcn. Tlii.'y 
 txpani'd noki!\d of Itirpriiir at the applicaticn, and the 
 Wi)(x\ was delivered without the t'-all Hijnilacion. 
 
 Strant^e as it mufl. appear to ail whc :irc tenacious of 
 their rcligioui rite:, thele peoj'lc were I'l unalVedh-d by 
 tlie circumftance, that they c% en aiTifted in the removal. 
 When the iwrtu'ulr.s were iiienti'.'r.cil at Ka(U), he 
 feemcd exceeding indiftcrenr about tj.e matrer, defir- 
 ing only the lellorati.n of the renter iiii:!ge, which be- 
 ing imineil' "eh ■ ^mpli-d witli, it was conveyed to one 
 of the prieu s noulirs. 
 
 As the chiefs of the ifiar '. had frequently expreffed 
 an importunate defirc to know tlie pvecife time fixed 
 lor the departure of their vifitors, a curiofity was excited 
 in tlie minds r.f th.e fpecui,lti^■e i^.u of tlieni, to learn 
 the opinion entertained by the illanders, relative to tiiein 
 and the objeflb of their vifit. The only inforrriation 
 ili.ii could be obtaineil was, that they u:ppoled iHir peo- 
 ple lud left their narivc country on account fif the fcan- 
 tinefs of pro\'irions, and had vifited tiiem for the fole 
 piirpofe of filling their bellies. This conciufion was 
 natural enoup;h, conftdering tlte meagre appearance of 
 fdine of the crew, the voracity with which they de- 
 voured their frelli provifions, and their anxiety to pur- 
 th.iit- ,is much of it .as p .flible. One circumlhnce may 
 he atided to thefe, which pu/zled them exceedingly, 
 namely, that of our people havinj:; no women with them. 
 
 It Wits ':ruly laughable to fee the natives patting the 
 bellies of the failors (who were much improved in lleek- 
 nels after their arr val at the bay) and telling them, in 
 the bell manner they could, that it was time for them to 
 depart; but if they would return the next bread-fruit 
 !l:at'on, they lliouhl be better able to f'upply them. 
 
 The fliips had now contii\ued lixteen days in tlie 
 bay, during which tune the confumption of hogs and 
 vc'n't'bles h.id been li) enormous, that our people could 
 not be furpril'ed at their wifliing to lee tliem talie their 
 leave. It rather apjieared that Terreeoboo had n') 
 other views in his enquiries, than a defue of having fuf- 
 ficient nf)iice, to prepare lliitable prefents for them at 
 their departure : fiir when he w;ts informed of their in- 
 tention to quit the illa'id in two days, a kirul of" pro- 
 rianiarion vvas immediately ni.sde, requiring the natives 
 to bing in iheir hogs and \egetables, for ilie king to 
 prefent to the Oinno. 
 
 A droll genius among tiiem, exhibited a variety of 
 tricks for the entertainment of our people on fliore. In 
 his h,md he hekl an in Vnimenc of mulic ; bits of fea- 
 wceil were falleneil /"Uiid his necks and, romid each 
 leg, f ime flrong netting ; on which were Hxed lome 
 rows of dogs teeth, h.ingin;^ loole. His dancing w.is 
 accompanied viih ihange ;.Mima'-es, and unnatm-al dif- 
 i')it!r)ns of hi, fe.itnres, which, thinigh |()metimes high- 
 i; ritliculous, were, upon the whole without meaning 
 or e';preir m. This diverpKjn was clofed with wrell- 
 Iri.^ or b<wing matches ; and our people, in return, 
 c-;liihiied t.ie few Fri-wiTks tliey h.ul remaining. No- 
 th.njj; could more elTciflually excite the admiration of 
 t.'ide in.'.nders, or Ihihe tiiem with more exalteil ideas 
 ct the fupeiiorty o(' their vifitors, than flic h a reprethi- 
 tation. riiou;!. rhis w.is, in every rel'ped, much infe- 
 ti'>r to that .It 1 lap lee, yet the allonilhment of the peo- 
 |'1>' was eijually grc:'.t. 
 
 Previous to tiie ileparture of the lliips from the illand, 
 the linie of vvhicli was now fixed on. Terreeoboo invi- 
 ted the commodore, principal officers, ike. to aitend 
 hi!:i t:) Kaon's refklcnce. On their arrival there, they 
 i™ Lirj^ quantities of doth lie fcattered on tlie ground i 
 "iiiniiaiKe of red and yellow fe.ithers faflened to the 
 'hic, oi cocoa-nut hufks -, and plenty of" hatchets and 
 iron ware, whieh had been received in barter. Not 
 fir from tltele wj-. depofitedan iinmenle quantity of" va- 
 rious kinds of vegetables ; and, at a little ilillance, a 
 l'rn;e herd of hogs. It was fuppoteil, at tirfl, that the 
 ^vho!e wa.s intended as a pivfent lor them, till they wcie 
 informed by Kaireekeea, that it was a tribute to the 
 Mng, from the inhabitants of that diflritt. The gucfts 
 Were no li inner lca:cd, iliaii die bundles were brought, 
 No. f). 
 
 anJ laid feverally at Terreeoboo':. feet ; and the dotli, 
 feathers, and iron, were difjiLiyed betuie him. 
 
 The king exprelled the higheft decree of fatisfaiffioa 
 at this m.irk ot duty and alt'eCtim from his fubjech ; 
 and. having caufed about a third of the ir jn utenfils, and 
 fiime jiietes ot cl .tii to be t'elefted, ordcrc'ij thefe to be 
 fi't alkie by themltlves ; ar.d the remainder of the clodi, 
 hogs, vcgct.ible ;, IScr. were af'terv.-.'.rdi pr.feritcd to 
 C:![)t.iin Cook. The value and magnitude of thij pre 
 fent, Kir exceeded any thing they liad met with, iiie 
 v.hole v.;us imiiKxiiateiy C(,nvcyed on b'.urd. The large 
 hogs were feli dted, in order to be faltcd fur lea llore ; 
 but tiic fm.dler pigs, and die vegetable^, were divided 
 between the crews. 
 
 l.ieuten.mt King being the lall on fiiore, and waiting 
 for the return of the boat, the inhabitants crowded about 
 him, and having prevailed on him to (it down among 
 them, ex[)reni.\l their regret at his feparation from them. 
 It was even with diinculiy t!i;it they would I'ufter him to 
 ilepart. I le was, ind.eed, highly elleemed among them, 
 as will appear f"rom the following relation. 
 
 Having h.id, while the Ihips were in the b.ay, the 
 command of' die party on fliore, he became more ac- 
 quainted with the n.itives, and they widi him, than diofe 
 who were requiretl to be on boaril. He experienced 
 gre.it kindnefs and civility from the inhabitants in gene- 
 ral, but the friendlhip fliewn by the prielts was conllant 
 and unbounded. 
 
 Being anxious to conciliate t!;eir elteem, he fo liap- 
 pily liicceeded, that, when they were acquainted with 
 the time of his'ileparture, he was urged to remain be- 
 iiind, antl received overtures of tiie nioft flattering kind. 
 When he endeavoured to exc'ife himle!'", by alleilging, 
 that Captain Cook would not permit it, they propoftd 
 CO conduifl hi:n to the mouptai'is, ai;d there cciceal him 
 till the deparruie of the llfrs. On f"rrtlier r.fVurance 
 that the capt.'.in v.'ouk! not U';\ without l.im, tiie king 
 and Kaoo rep.iired to Captain Cook, (v.i.jm diey liip- 
 pofeil to be his tatlier) formally requefling that he iniglit 
 be liilFered to remain behind. Tlie commodore, un- 
 willing to give a poIiLive rct'ufil to a propolal f:> gene- 
 roufly intended, aiHired them, that he could n.Dt tlien 
 part with him j bur he Ihouid iv:urn thither die next 
 ye.ir, when he would endeavour to oblige them. 
 
 Orthrs were at le;:gdi given for the Ihips to unmoor, 
 which being done, they failed oitt of the bay, attended 
 by a vafl number of canoes. It was Captain Cook's 
 intention to finifli the furvey of Owhyhee, betbre he went 
 to die odier illands, hoping to meet with a road more 
 Iheltered than Karakakooa Bay i and if he lliould not 
 hicceed here, he meant to examine the foudi-eall part 
 of Mowee, where, he had been informed, there was a 
 moll excellent harbour. 
 
 The peojile in boartl, in their progrefs to the nortli- 
 ward, obferved two men in a_ canoe paddling towards 
 them. They naturally coiijeclured that they had been 
 driven oil' the fhore by llrefs of weather, and flopped 
 the tliip's w.iy in order to take them in. They were 
 f"o exhaufled with fatigue, that had not one of the na- • 
 tives on board jumped into tlie canoe to their afiiflance, 
 tliey would liarilly nave been able to fix it to die rope 
 thrown out fiir that purpofe. With difficulty, however, 
 they were got uji the lliip's fide, together with a child 
 about four years of age, which hail been lallied under 
 die thwarts of tiie canoe, v.ith only its head above the 
 water. They informed our people, rhat they hail quit- 
 ted the land the morning before, fince which time diey 
 had not hail fiiod <ir water, rrovifion was given them 
 with die iifual precaunons, and tlic child eiitrulled fo 
 the care of one of the v.'onHn on b :U\\ ; and the next 
 morning they were all perfeclly recoveied. 
 
 The reliilution having received very eirenti.il damage 
 in a gale of wind, inllmiuch .i.s tou'lly to oblliucl her 
 fiirther progrefs, Capt.iin Cook for fome time hefitated 
 whether he Ihould return to Karakakooa, or t.ike the 
 I lunce of findiii'^ a harbour in the illands to leeward. 
 'Ihe bay was not k> (.iinnuiilious, but diat a better 
 mii/ht probably be met with, eidier t'oi repairing the 
 li l. malts, 
 
gS A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Ntw DiscovrRiEs.] 
 
 1 I 
 
 nufo, or procuring refrefhments •, the latter of which, 
 it w.ii iniagiiied, the neigiibourhood of Karak.akooah;iii 
 lately been pretty well drained of. It was, on die other 
 hand, confidered as an iniprutlcnt flop, to leave a tole- 
 rable good harbour, wliicli, once loll, could not be re- 
 gained, tor tlic mere poilibility of meeting with a bet- 
 ter; efpecially as the f.iikir of fuch a contingency, 
 migiit have deprived tiicni of any refource. 
 
 Concluding, at lengtli, upon a return, the fliips flood 
 in for tiiebay, and, ujion arrival, came to andior in their 
 f jrmer ftation. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 Revrrfc of Bchawcnr inth Nativa, en ihr return of the 
 Shipi to Kiirakakooa lidy. Confrquencri oj a Theft 
 en hoard the Difcovcry. An iiiltnk on our People hy 
 the Xativey. Rejleclwm if C.ipttiin Cook vpon the oc- 
 eifion. Incidenti wliuh caiijc animifity. A Chief 
 threnlens Captain Cook, and is /hot h\ him. General 
 attak from the j\at:vei. Death oJ Captain Cock. 
 Skiti'i of his Characler. 
 
 IN'I'XFKESSIBLI'. wastheaftonifliment of our peo- 
 ple, at the very dirterciit reception tliey met with on 
 coining to anchor in Karakakona Bav a lecond time, 
 from that 'vhicii tliey hail experi.-nced on their tirl't ar- 
 rival. No fiwi'ts, bultle, or confu'ion, but a iblitary 
 bay, with iiardiy a canoe Hi; ring. Ti\e curiolity of the 
 natives, indeed, might be luppofed to lie diminiiliedby 
 t!iis ume ; but the Iv.'I'pitable treatment our |)eop!e iuid 
 continually been favoured widi, and the frientily toot- 
 ing on whicli they parted, induced then', to expect that, 
 on their return, they woi:Id liave r'.ceived tlicni v.'ith 
 the greatefl t!em;:nilrations of joy. 
 
 The caule of tiiis llrange appearance was explaineil 
 by tlie return of a boat, wliicli liail 1/cen icnt on \\ow, 
 bringing intelligence, that Tcirecoboo was abf.-nt, ami 
 t!iat the bay was tabooed. This account appeared very 
 ftrisihdory to many of our people ; but otiiers were of 
 opinion, that there was, at this time, Ibmething very 
 duliious in the beliaviourof the natives; and that Av:ta- 
 ■*("'', or interdiclion, on pretence of Terreeoboo's ab- 
 ('.nce, was artiuliy contrived, to give iiim time to con- 
 fult his chiets in wii.it manner they lliouk! be treated. 
 They never couid alcercain whether thele liifpicions 
 were well founded, or whether the natives had given a 
 true account. 
 
 .'\ caufe of fufpi. ion might alfo arif- from the follow- 
 ing circumll;ince. A native having lold a hog en board 
 the Ref(,lution, and received the price agreed on, I'a- 
 reea, wlio law the tranfadion, advil'ed tiie feller not to 
 [lart with his hog, without an advanced price. l''or i',i:; 
 interference in this bufinef;, lie was lurllilv fpoken to, 
 and pudied aw.iy ; and as the lahco was foon laid on die 
 bay, it was at tirll tlijipofei! to be in confequence of the 
 alFront oflered to die clii 1 I'hefe two caufes confi- 
 dered, it is extremely difficult to draw any certain con- 
 tlufifjns. 
 
 Circuinflances in proot' uf tiiis fufpicion on the part 
 of tlie iflanders, foon began to encreafe. Lieutenant 
 King received information that feveial ciiiels were af- 
 lembled near the l)e,ich, anil were driving away the na- 
 tives, wjio alfilled tlie fiilors in rolling the caf'ks to the 
 Ibore; and their iieliavioiir feenied exceeJjingly fufpi- 
 cious, and liable to raife farther dillurbance. 'I'lic 
 lieutenant lent a marine widi the officer who brought the 
 uiteiiigence, .igreeable to his recjuefl, but permiiteil him 
 to take only his fide-arms. The olficer in a lliort time 
 ictiirned, ami intiirmed Mr. King tliat tlie inhabitants 
 iiad armed themli'h.es with ilones, and were become 
 tumMkuoiis. I !(■ diercfiire went himfelf to the I'pot, 
 attended bv a m;irine witii his muiket. At their .>p- 
 proach the ii;a;r.lers direw away their Hones; and on 
 Mr. King's apj,;; .ition to fomc of the chief-,, the \\v,U 
 Nvas d)lj)ei;cd. k.very thing being now quiet, Mr. 
 King went to meet Cap't.iin Cook, wiio w.is then com- 
 
 ing on Ihore in tlie pinnace. He related to him what 
 had recently happened ; and received orders to tire a 
 ball ;it the oHenders, if they again behaved inlblendv, 
 and began to throw ilones. In confequence of diele di- 
 rertions, Mr. King g.ive orders to the corporal, that the 
 centiiiels pieces lliould be loaded with ball, infte.id of 
 niot. 
 
 A continueil fire of mufkets being heard from tiie 
 Dil'covery, and perceived to be directed at a c;inoe 
 which was haltening towards the ihore, with one of the 
 linall boats in purluit of it, diis tiring, it was conclud- 
 ed, was in conlequence of a thelt. Captain Cook, 
 therefore, onlered Mr. King to liillow him widi a ma- 
 rine armed, and to endeavour to ieize the [H'ople iis tliev 
 landeii. Tiiey accordingly ran to the pla.e wiien die 
 canoe was expei^teJ. to come ailioie, but diil not arrive 
 in time; the people iiaving quitted it, .ml tied i:ito die 
 country beline they came uj). 
 
 Being wh.'iUy ignorant, at this time, that the good.'; 
 had been alreaily rellored, and thinking it prob.ibu, 
 from wjiat tluy h.ul obl'erved, diat they migiit In; of 
 importance, dicy ilid not ciiool'e to reruKjuilh their en- 
 deavours to recover tiiem ; and having; enijuired of the 
 natives wh.at courfe the people had taken, they purfued 
 them till it was iihnoil dark, when they Hi]iiH)led tjieni- 
 felves to be about tliree miles from the tents ; and think 
 ing the ill.inilers amuled diem v/idi iallc inri^rmarion in 
 tlieir purlifit, gave u}) the learch, and veturned. 
 
 An incident occurred during their abl'ence, diat oc- 
 c.ifioned a di Jlerence of a vei y lerious nature. The ofli- 
 cer wlio h.ul been difpatched in the i'mall boat after ti'.e 
 thieves, and wiio was returning on board with the booty 
 that h;ul been rellored, leeing Captain Cook and Mr. 
 King engaged in the purluit ot tlie otVf-ders, lei;:ed a 
 c.uioe whicli was dr.iwn up on the iliore. Tliis c;moe 
 uiiiijrtunate'v belonged to Fareea, who, ;u that iiiilant 
 arriving from on board tiie Oifcovery, claimed his pro- 
 perty, and protelled his innocence. The officer pir- 
 filled in detaining it, in which he w;is encouraged by die 
 crew of the pinnace, than waiting for C.iptain Cook ; 
 in confequence of which a fcuHle enliied, and Parci-a 
 was knocked down by a violent blow on the head with 
 an oar. Several of the natives who had hitherto bee;i 
 peaceable fpecl.itors, beg.m now to attack our ]ieopk- 
 widi a ihower of Hone;, that they were liirced to a [-re 
 ci|Mt;ue retreat, andfwam oft' to a rock at a conliderable 
 dillance from the (lioie. The pinnace was iiliindcred 
 immetli.itely by the natives, and woukl have been en- 
 tirely dcmoliihed, if I'areea had not inter[)ofetl. 
 
 Captain Cook, on hearing thele circumllances, c;- 
 pielled the greatell concern, and dillovered tome ap- 
 prehenlions, tliat tlie iflantlers woukl (yblige him to pur- 
 liie violent m .hires ; adding, they mull not be p.ermi,- 
 teil to llippole that they had gained an adv;uitage. It 
 v.\is tiien, liowever, too lare to take any Heps that even- 
 ing: lie therefiire only gave orders that every ilLinder 
 Ihould be immedi.Uely turned out of the i]'i|). This 
 order being exetiited, I.ieiitemuit King returned on 
 fliore ; ami the e\ents of the day Iiaving r,"uch abated 
 former confidence in the natives, a double giiartl was 
 noHed on tlie morai, with oriiers to let Mr. King know, 
 it any men were I'een Uirking about the beach. At eleven 
 o'clock, Hve of th.e mitives were lien creeping roiim! 
 die b"tto1ii (iC the morai : tliey appro;iciied with gre.it 
 caution, ar.il, at kill, perceiving rliey were dilcovered, 
 immediately retired out of light. About midnight one of 
 them ventured himielf near the obfervatory, when a cen- 
 tinel fired over him, on which they all tied ; ;ind there 
 '.ras no iarther d.illurbance during the remainder of the 
 night. 
 
 Next morning Mr. King received infirmat'on thu 
 llie Dikovery's cutter had, lome time in the night, bmi 
 (ii.li- lioin die buoy where it li;id been moored. 
 
 On g^'iiig on board the l<el()hition, he t'>iind tlii: ma- 
 rine, weie arming themfelves, and Captain Cook bn- 
 lifd in I'lailiiig his doiible-barrelleil gun. WliilH he 
 ua-. acquainting him with what had happened in dw 
 night at the mirui, he e.igerly interruiited tiim, iiitoin.- 
 
 M 
 
New Discoveries.] 
 
 SANDWICH ISLANDS. 
 
 9§ 
 
 o\ 
 
 eil him that he had rcccivcil intelligence of the lols, and 
 was making preparations to recover it. 
 
 It was his uliial practice, in all the iflands of this 
 ocean, when any thing of eonfequence had been (tolen 
 from him, bv fome llratagem, to get the king, or Ibme 
 of the principal Kices, on board, wiierc lie det.iiiietl them 
 as iiulla^jes, till the property was reltored. This methoti 
 having hitherto proveil 1'uccelsfi.il, he meant to adopt it 
 on the pre'.ent occafion ; ami gavL -irders to ftop every 
 canoe tiiat Ihoukl attempt to leave the b.iy j refolving 
 to feizeand dellroy them, if the ci. ter could nor be re- 
 covered by peaceable means. Purluant to this order, t.'ie 
 boats of the fliips, properly manned and armed, weie 
 (lationed acrofs the bay; anil, before Mr. King (]uirred 
 the lliip, fome great guns were tired at two canoes, that 
 were attempting to elcape. ^ 
 
 Captain C(K)k and Mr. K.ing quitted the fliip toge- 
 ther : die former in tlie pinn.ice, witii Mr. l^iiiiiijii, 
 lieutenant of marines, and nine priv.ites; and die latter 
 in die Imall boat. The Kill orders Mr. King received 
 from Ca))tain Conk were, to quiet die minds oi tiie na- 
 tives on that iiii>- the bay v/here our pecple -.vcre ILi- 
 tioned, by t!ie ftmnged alVurances that tliey lliouk! not 
 lie iniuied j to keep his people togcdier, and i!) be con- 
 tinually on Iiis guard. Captain Cook and Mr. King 
 then leparated; the captain going towards Kowrov/a, 
 where Terreeoboo refilled ; and Mr. King proceeded to 
 die beach. His tiril bufinel'^, when he arrived on 
 fli<>;e, w.is to idiie Ihiil orders to the marines to con- 
 tinue within the tenr, to charge tiieir muikets witii bail, 
 and not, on any conlideration, to quit tlieir arms. IK- 
 the.i .utentled .-/l i Kauo and the priells at t.heir refpcilive 
 hi:-:, ami explairn d to them, as well as he was able, 
 die reafon of tlie i.jllile prejiarations which hail fo ex- 
 teedii'.gly alarmed them. He found they were no 
 llr.inger'^ to th.e circumllance of tlie cutter's being I'to- 
 iLi, ;uid alfured them, that diougli the coirjiTicdore v.as 
 njtonly reiolved to recover it, but alio to pimiih, in 
 the moll e.xcmpliry manner, tiie authors of the theft, 
 yet tiiat they, and all tiie inhabitants of t!ie village, on 
 tiiar fide, had not the le.ill occafion to be alarmed, or 
 to apprehend die leall ihinger. 1 !e importuned tlie 
 priells to communicate this to die peoj.'le, and intrear 
 diem not to entertain an idea of tear, but to continue 
 peaceable and quiet. Kaoo interrogated Mr. King, 
 with great emotion, if ;iny harm was to happen to Ter- 
 reeoboo ? He affured him tlieie was n(Jt ; and both he 
 and his brediren appeared much tatislied with this airu- 
 rmce. 
 
 In the mean time Captain Cook, having landed at 
 Kowrowa, widi the lieutenint and nine marines, he 
 proceeiled immediately inti) the village, where he was 
 lefpedtliliy received ; die people, as iilu.U, protliadng 
 thcnilelves before him, and making their accullomed 
 ofTcrings of Imall iiogs. Perceiving that liis dc'igii was 
 ii'-t fufpected, his ne.st ilcp was to eni]uire tor the king 
 and die two boys, his lon.s, who hail been almoll con- 
 tinually his gueiLs on board tlw Kelblution. Tlie boys 
 prclciidy returned " irli the natives, who had been learcii- 
 ing tijr diem, and .nimediately condufted Capt. Cook 
 to die habitation where i'erreeoljoo had llept. The old 
 man had Jull awoke ; and after Ibme converlation refpedt- 
 ing the lols of the cutter, from which the commodore 
 was Convinced th.at he was not in any wife privy to it, 
 lie invitril him to accompany him, .and fpend the day on 
 Iviard the Reloiution. The king accepted the invita- 
 tion, and arole immediately to accoi'jxiny him. 
 
 I'he two bo)s were already in die pinnace, and the 
 tell ot the party approaching the water fule, when .i 
 *^oinan, named Kanee-karabeea, the mother of the boys, 
 awl one of 'l'erreeoboo'.s favourite wives, tbllowed him, 
 U-lt;eehing him, with tears and intreaties, not to go on 
 hoard. Two chiefs, who came with her, took hoUl 
 <'i liim, and, inlilling he llioukl proceed no farther, 
 obliged him to (it down. 'I'he illanders, now coUect- 
 lug in vail numbers along the Ihore, who li.id probabb' 
 httn alarineil by the diicharging of the great guns, and 
 die hollile appearances in die bay. gathered together 
 
 round Captain Cook and Terreeoboo. Thus finiated, 
 the lieutenant of marines, perceiving that his men were 
 huddled together in the crowd, and confequently un- 
 able to life their arms, if there (hould appear to be a 
 nccellity fiir it, projjofed to Captain Cook, to draw 
 them u|) along the rocks, clofe to the edge of the va- 
 ter. The populace making way for them to pats, thi* 
 lieutenant drew them up in a line, within about tJiirty 
 yards of the place where Terreeoboo was fitting. 
 
 The ok! king continued, all this time, on the ground, 
 be.iring the moll vifible marks of terror and dejci'tion 
 in his countenance. Captain Cook, unwilling to aban- 
 don the objed which occationed him to K^me on fliore, 
 urged him moll earnettly to proceed ; whilft, on the 
 other hand, whenever die ki"g expreflid any inclina- 
 tion to (ollov/ him, the chiefs who furroundcd him in- 
 terjioled : at tirfl they had recourfe to prayers and en- 
 treaties, but at'terwards to force and violence, and even 
 infilled on his remaining on thore. Captain Cook, at 
 length, perceiving the alarm liad Iprcad too general!) , 
 and that there was not a probability of getting him olF 
 witiiout bloodfp.ed, gave up the point, obt'erving, that 
 to compel him to go on board would probably occafion 
 die lols ot many of the hves of die inhabitants. 
 
 Thougii this enterpiile had now filled, and was aban- 
 doned by Captain Cook, yet it did not appear diat his 
 perlbn was in the leall degree of danger, till an acci- 
 dent hapiiencd, whicli occationed a t'at.il turn to the af- 
 fair. The boats, thitioned acrofs the bay, having fired 
 at tome canoes tijr attempting to get out, unfortunately 
 had killed one of their principal chiefs. Intelligence 
 ot his lie.idi arrivi d at the village where Captain Cook 
 then wa'-, jufl as he had parteil Irom the king, and was 
 proceeding with great deliberati.;n towards the lliore. 
 The ferment it immedi.itely occafioned was but too con- 
 l[iicii;)Us J the women and children wese inflantly lt;nt 
 away, and the men were loon cLkI in their war-mat.', 
 and armed with fpears and flones. 
 
 One of the natives having provided himfelf widi a 
 I flone, anil a long iron t|iike (called by die natives, a 
 paliooa) advanced towanls the Captain, tlounfliing his 
 weap.;;:i in defiance, and threatening to dirow die Hone. 
 The Ca])tain requeflAl him to detill ; but the ifiander 
 repe.iting his .iienaces, he was highly provoi.-,ed, mid 
 fired a load of Imall fliot at him. The man was de- 
 fended in lii"^ war-mat, which the fliot couki not pene- 
 ti-ate ; ills firing, tlieretbrc, fi'n'ed only to irritate and 
 encourage them. Vollies of Hones were thrown at die 
 marines ; and one of the natives atteinjited die life of 
 one of our [leople widi his falwoa, but not liicceeding 
 in the attempt, he receiveii from him a blow witii tht* 
 butt end of his [lieie. Ca()taiii Cook immediately dil- 
 charged his lecond barrel loaded with ball, and killed 
 one of die all^iilanis. A general attack widi ftones 
 tucceeded, Avhicli w.is followed on th.e part of our peo- 
 |)le by a dilcharge of mutiiuetry, not only fi-inn the 
 marines, but thole in the boats. The natives received 
 the fire with great fii mnels ; and without giving time 
 for die marines to charge again, they rull.ed in upon 
 them with dreadfiil lliouts and yells. What f)tlowed 
 was a fcene of horror and conhifion, which can more 
 eafily be conceived than properly re'at^d. 
 
 I'lnir of tlie marines retreateil among the rocks, Mf.\ 
 fell a ficrilice to the tiiry of die enemy ; three others 
 were daiigeroully wounded ; and the lieuten.int ll.ihbed 
 between the thoulders, but having relerved his Ine, thot 
 the man lioni whom he had received the wound at the 
 inilant he was prep.iring to repeat the blow. Vhi: kill 
 time the untintun.Ue commodoie was dillinc'ily teen, he 
 w.is t'uinding at the water's edge, ordeiiiig t!ie bo.ils to 
 ceile firing and pull in. 
 
 riioli- who were prefent tuiyofeti (hat the marines, 
 and thoii: who wcie in the boats, fired without Captain 
 Cook's orders, and that he was anxious to prevent the 
 tardier ctiulion of blood : it is therefore probable, that 
 on this occafion his humanity proved fatal to him > for 
 it *vas obt'ei ved, that while lie faced the natives no vio- 
 lence luid been otlered hini ; but when he turned 
 
 about 
 
A NEW. ROYAL ano AUTIIKNTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPIIV. 
 
 
 ^m. 
 
 ^ % 
 
 
 too 
 
 about to ffvt lUreiaions to the boats, he w.is ll.ibbci.1 in 
 the back, .nJ tvll witl\ his fate into tl'.c water. A ge- 
 iicr.il Ihout.was letup by tlic illaiidciB on lecing luin 
 tall, ami iiis b^xiy wa-. ilia|-'LK\l inliuiiianly on lliore, 
 where he was ilirrounded by ciie eiieniy, who, matching 
 tlte liagg. r tr>)m each otliers lianils. (iifplayea a lavage 
 eagerneb to join in his <.lellri:ction. 
 
 lluis cndea the life oi' the greatell navi|jator that 
 t!iis or anv other nation ever coiikl boall, alter liaving 
 iLiccelsfiilly led his crews ot' gallant Bricilli leanKn 
 thrice rounu file workl ; reduceil to a certainty the non- 
 exilience ol' a Southern Continent, cnncernm^ which 
 the learned of all nations were in d)ubt j lettltd the 
 boundaries of the earth and lea, and Ihewn the im- 
 praaicahliiiy of a north-wdt i)air,'.ge from the Atlantic 
 to the Great Sout'iern Ocean, (ir wiiich our abiell na- 
 vigators had contended, and in piirUnt of which vail 
 fuins had Jcen expended in vain, and many vahiabje 
 mariners liad unfo.timatcly perilhed. 
 
 I low li,Kerely his lol'< w,\s lamenteil by tliofe who 
 owed their fccuricy to his Ikill and conduct, and every 
 confolaci .n to hi:, tendcmefs .uid iiumanity Ciui k better 
 conceived th.::i defcribed, as can a!lb tl;c hcrror, de- 
 jection anJ li "'n.iv .li'. ^ /oliuwed lo ilrca.!;iii .md un- 
 t.;ped-d a utaitropne. We fliall, tha-v'-.re, rurn^from 
 lo calanr.iou.> a fccne, and endeavour to \>\y a juU tri- 
 bute to ;.ls memory in a Ihort (k'rtcli ot I ;i v.'iai i :'.r. 
 
 Captain James Cook raifed himlelf folely Iv 1 ^ me 
 -it fn/n a very olifcure birtii to cl.e rank ot I'u. C.;, - 
 ■ , !■ the R.,yil Navv. He poiielicd, in an cnim -,t 
 ..■-•gre. , all die qualirications retjuifire ii.)r his ;;ro'ciiion 
 and great undertaking. l)elibera:e in j'ldg j;^; i\- 
 gaci >us in determining ; active in e>:ecu;ing ; u.iliib- 
 dued by labour, diiHculiies .md dilapp(i!ntmeut> , lerule 
 in expedients, never wanting prelc-iKC ot niinti, but 
 ever poileliing tile full ufe ot' a found underthuidin,?. 
 In difcipline, though mild aiid jull, he was ex.id : iie 
 was a father to his people, who were attached to him 
 from affection, and obedient from contiiience. By his 
 benevolent and unabated attention to the welfare ot his 
 Ihip's company, le diicovered and intr(jilui.ed a fylleni 
 for die prcitrrvatiini ot the liea.ihs of itramen, which has 
 proved wonderuilly elhc.iciors. Wi.i. a co:npany of 
 ii8 peribns lie perfirir.ed liis (econd voy.vgc, and but 
 one of tlu-;'.' died of adileale. That Ipirit of humanity 
 .Hid jurtice with which he treated die lav;'.ges wherever 
 he fumd ihem, when oppoled- to tiie ferocious and in- 
 l.umui conduci of the hrll contjuerors in the New 
 \V' lid, d(jes honour to his age ar,d country, and will 
 haiui nim down with reverence to (xillerity. Nor was 
 his liumanity lei's conlpicuous ia his erideavours to civi- 
 li :e t!ie nat'ves ot thofe remote regions, and lo intro- 
 duce ir.to tl'.e moll dreary wlids fonie of our ni:iil uletiil 
 .ir.iiuals, vegetables and grain. 
 
 Upon a general review of the ■ '..ira^ler of this onr 
 wortiiy (■' 'ntrymaii, v/e iii.iy ji hiy coixlude, that if 
 ancient l-vome decreed ihe liighell h')n'ii::s to iiim wiio 
 lived die lil'c ot a lingle citizen, what wreaths are due 
 to diat ni.m, who, hi\ing lii.nk-it'five.! many, perpe- 
 tu.ites the me uis by wiiich ijritain may now, .)n ti.e mo'l 
 diila.it V(;yages, lave minibers ot' lie.- intrep;.;, fo.-,'^, her 
 in.irjners, who, braving every danger, liave li) liberally 
 coi'triljiited to tlu f.iiiic, to die opulence, ami to the 
 Hi.uitinie empire of dieir country. 
 
 S '•■ C T 1 O N' MI. 
 
 'J^'iii at Ozuhyhfe nflir llii d'athvfi ipi.itn Cwk. 
 f.: ji.nture oj the J'njn J i.m Kiinikitkivii. 
 
 when, feeing one of die marines, who was a bad Iwim- 
 mer, (Iniggiing in tiie w.iter, and in danger of being 
 taken by the illanders, he inllantly le.iped into tiie lea 
 to his .ilhtlance, though eonliderably wounded himlelf; 
 ami alter receiving a lilow on hi"^ he.ui from a ilonc, 
 which ii.id aliiioit lent him to the bottom, he caugiu 
 tile man by the hair, and brought him otf in I'ati'ty. 
 
 Our peo[)le, tiir llmie time, kept up a conllanc fire 
 triMii the boats, (which, during the whcle tr.iniaction, 
 were at no greater diilance from tlie laml than twenty 
 yards) in order to alionl tl-.eir iinfbrtiinate c()m])anions, 
 if an/ of them Ihouki llill remain alive, an opportu- 
 nity of eU'ccting their elcape. 'I'hel'e continued ctlorts, 
 I'econ.led by a tew gi.ns, that were at the lame tiiiit- 
 I're! fi\.m the Refiii'.tion, having at length com[xlled 
 the eneiny to rcdiv, a I'mall bo.i:, manne.l by five mid- 
 Ihipmen, pulle'.l towards the ihore, where they jxr- 
 ccived the bodies lying on the ground widiout any figns 
 of life. 1 1( wever, they judged it dangerous to at- 
 tempt t) bring them off with lb incoiilidcrable a torce, 
 and tluietiirc returned to die fliips, leaving die bodies 
 ill poiicihofi of tl'.e natives, togerlicr W'di ten llands ot 
 .^nil^. 
 
 \\ iien tl'.e general confVernation cor fequenr on the 
 p.e'A'b of the hue iiielar'-'ioiy event lutl, in llime dcgfe, 
 ll'bfid.ed, t!.egr.ina object of attention vas the pany ci 
 our 
 
 Id li.r- l>en ah'.ady related, that four of the inanne:. 
 '.-.t- ; ilkd on the fp(jt. I'he reil, witli the l;<-ute- 
 1 .1 :, thrc .'- fheinielvrs into the watei', and m.ide then 
 cli .ipe MiK'e,' ii)\eit ot a liiiart lire t'rom the boats 
 
 Onthi on.iiion .1 driving inlhince of grdl.int Inha- 
 xijur, .\n.\ i'\ alie.iion lor his men, was ilif/la.ed \ . 
 the licureiiair. , llji he hat ;'.arcely got into the bo.u, 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 at the Moral, whole litua'ion v/as 
 
 hi^ 
 
 iiv 
 
 iiical and important. Not only the lives ot tUt men, 
 
 L. f ti.c il'liieot tlieeAped.rion, and the return of at leall 
 
 I ae of the Ihips, were involved in the fame common 
 
 danger. " l-'or the m.itl ot' rhe Relijlution, and the prlii 
 
 cipal part of the lais, ^s.■'e on !hure guarded by ciily 
 
 fix marines. 
 
 The firil itep r;'l;en b; Lieuie.iant King was to lla- 
 .1 i.'u-i. ' : ". c .1... M., 
 
 tiie wlieie ted',' ^\ nia'i es on toji ot the Mo- 
 lich 'ormed a llrong and adv.int.igeous poll , and 
 
 tion 
 
 rai, 
 
 having eiitrulled it to the command of an otticcr, he 
 
 went on board the Dilcovery, in order to confer with 
 
 Captai 1 Clerke on the critical liti.ation of affairs. 
 
 ri e natives at hrfl attacked our jieople with ftones 
 fViim lie.'iind die wahs of their incloliires, and meeting 
 « it!i no relillance, tlvy loon became more tiaring. \ 
 few coui .igeous teUows, h.iving crept al'Mig tlic beach, 
 un.ier c;;ver ct" die rocks, liiddenly prelented themltrlves 
 :it the fiot of die Morai, with an intention of llormiiig 
 it on the fide -lext tin; tea, wlilch was its only accelliblc 
 part ; and they were not diOixlgetl belbre they had lloixl 
 a coiifiderable ijuantity of Ihot, and had leen one ot 
 their number fall. 
 
 The courage of one of tliel'e .iffailaiits delerves to be 
 recorded. 1 laving returned with a view ot carrying 
 of}" his companion, amidtl '.he fire of o.ir whole parrv, 
 !ie received a wound, wlii.h obliged him to quit die 
 liody, and retire ; hjt a te-.v minutes aftc- he again made 
 his appearance, ami rece viiig an.nhev wound was un- 
 der die necelilty of' re'p-atiiig a iecond time. At diat 
 moiiKiit Mr. King arri.etl at the Moral, i d tiiw tlii> 
 man rrairn a tliiiv! tii'ie, taint tiom the iol; of blood 
 and tatigue. Beu ^: ,,tl/ nied at wiiat had happ ned, 
 he forbade d.e liikiiers to tire, and rhe il1..ider was ftif 
 firred to carry off his t'ricnd, which he v.as jull able 
 to atiompii'ii, and dun WX i\'W(\ himl'elf, anil liieil ^^ 
 his fide. 
 
 A (lr(>ng reinfijireir.ent lu.viiig lanjed from botii 
 ip'-, the iiativs retreated behind die wall, which af- 
 forded Lieutenant Kirg an opportur.ty of obtaining a 
 mice, ,'.i,d thereby Dili. ai'." itt' ",.tl' his party .he very 
 ellen.ial .irtieies t.hat were Ici' ... il.ire. 
 
 A conl'.i'atioii !iavi!g bei.: I.eki onboard rtljx.'(5ting 
 I'uiur" iiiealiires, the reove.y of Captain Cook's bo*ly, 
 and tiie retlitution of th'.- boat, v<.e..- objects tmiverfally 
 infilled on, but different opinions were givii as Co tiie 
 mode ot' C'fc'-iing the lame, lome being t()r rigorous 
 .11, 1 others l.;r lenient meaftires ; the 'atter, however, 
 were at leiigtli .igreed upon to be ad >pted. 
 
 'I'he chief cummand of the expcuuion hsving tlcvolv 
 ed on Captain Clerke, he went on hoard tlie Ke'iilution, 
 aiid .Mr. Gore took the cum-iiand of the Dili'ovcry. 
 
 l\.rluanc 
 
 I 
 
 NiW DiSOOVERIRS.] 
 
 Futfoant to mealures 
 tstion, i.iaittnant King 
 with the l-M^.vs of both 
 witfi a view of bringing 
 obtaining, if polhlile, a 
 Ereri. If h' fhviulU iiu 
 demand th'.- dead l-xxlies 
 Cook; to threaten then 
 (<■ irmcnt j biit by no ii 
 and not to go on Ihore o 
 Mr. King and hisdet. 
 o'clock in the afternooi 
 Ihore, they perceived evi 
 ti'in. Tiie natives were 
 children retiring; the im 
 fpears and tlaggcrs, and 
 a!:'o appeared, that lince 
 bread-works of llone ale 
 had landed, in expeiftati 
 place. 
 
 As loon as our pafry 
 began to throw (tones ; 
 d )ing any niil< hiet'. M 
 appearance;, th^it all attt 
 vvoukl be inef!e<!tiial, ui 
 for mutual eonfid.;nce. 
 boats to Hop, and adv 
 holding in hi^ hund a wt 
 fTiini an iiniverlai Ihout 
 ti\c fatisflidiion to find w 
 '.-.omen inllantly retiirne 
 tf'er tiiey iiati retired ; ti 
 ail ic-atcd diemleives top 
 their arms, and inviting 
 Though I'uch bcha 
 friendly idifp'iiition, he 
 fufpicions of its lincerity 
 extraordinary boldnefs a 
 wards the 'ooat, with a w 
 proper to return this n 
 ingiy received him into 
 a circumfliwn;e which 
 King's fufpicions. He 
 imfivourable opinioii o 
 ceremony, informed hi 
 the body of Captiiin '2^ 
 the natives, unlets it v'l 
 .ilfu'-t'd him that this fi 
 m<\ that he would go lit 
 renuflling a piece <f it 
 great alftirance, he lea 
 alhore, calling out to 
 friends again. 
 
 Our ]ieop!e (Waiti^d 
 f r his retiirr, Durin 
 hid approachai to ue 
 were 'n them cmcrci it 
 tlic IHa,. 'crs, at a litiie 
 formed, that the captai 
 anti cgrnc"<l iiii the cour 
 The,c appeared, fi 
 ambiguity in the nmc 
 doubts in the minds ( 
 til ."ir preteni operafions 
 exceed'ngly dark, i ca 
 the lliip. And it was no 
 (cntinei.s on J.uck fi'cd 
 natives in this canoe 
 " T'.nv-,'," (which w. 
 Mr. K;of;'.s n.ime,) 1 
 toiiiething with them 
 Whc" tliey came on bi 
 !' e- of the ofiiccrs, ai 
 fied. It-ti.»ro^nately ha 
 huit, notwithllandiuj f 
 through the cr.noc. 
 
 One of diem was tl 
 C.ipi.iin Cook, wiiii 
 No. )0. 
 
 m 
 
lAPlIV. 
 
 ivas a bail I'wim- 
 
 .in[Tcr of' bi.tnt7 
 pul into tlif lia 
 oiiiklal himlclf; 
 ul t'roin a itonc, 
 uom, he cauglu 
 (jtt" in Ihtl'ty. 
 
 a conlt::int fire 
 ht Ic tiar.ractinn, 
 and tlun twenty 
 late a)m])ani(in.s, 
 ve, an opportu- 
 ontiiweii ertbrts, 
 the lamo time 
 en;»th comp-lied 
 le.l by tivi.- niki- 
 wheic they ptr- 
 wiihout any ligns 
 .mgcioiis to at- 
 iliticrable a t()rce, 
 •aving tJic bodik-s 
 \'th ten Ibnds cl 
 
 y leqiient on the 
 in lb:ne degr-c, 
 V as the pariv nj 
 "ion wai hi^;hiv 
 hvci (.t tlic men, 
 let'.iin ol' at leali 
 c lame coiiinKvi 
 on, and the prin 
 guarded by ciiiy 
 
 King was to fta- 
 
 top ot the Mo- 
 ageoiis pol^ , and 
 
 of" an officer, he 
 
 1- to confer with 
 
 of afFairs. 
 )eop!e with lUnes 
 Lires, iind meeting 
 more darinj^. A 
 
 ah;ne tl-,e beacii, 
 :lented tiienilirlvcs 
 L-ntion of rtorming 
 its only acccllible 
 jre they had llmxl 
 
 had ken one ot 
 
 uits del'erves to hi- 
 view (^t' carryinu; 
 ' oar wliole partv, 
 him to quir the 
 fte"- he again Mi.ide 
 • wound was un- 
 iKJ time. At that 
 orai, 1 d law thi> 
 the iol! jf blofxl 
 It had hajip ned, 
 L- ill ..ider was liif- 
 he was jurt able 
 r.l'eir, ami died hy 
 
 an4c:tl from f)ot!i 
 c wall, whicti at- 
 ,ty of obtaining a 
 liis party ,ne very 
 
 n hoard rclpeding 
 taiii Cook's body, 
 Dbjects iiniverfally 
 •re giv "11 as io tju' 
 leing fi)r rigorous 
 L- 'atter, however, 
 pteiL 
 
 on having devolv 
 nxl the Ref')lution, 
 le Difeovery. 
 
 I'l.ifuant 
 
 N\w DisnvERiES.] 
 
 S A NM) VV I C i; ISLANDS. 
 
 lOl 
 
 I'uifuant to meafures agreed upon at the late confui- 
 intioii, l.icuttn.ait King proceeded towards the Ihcre, 
 with ttic fioivs oi both lhi|)s, well manned and armed, 
 witfi a view of bringing the illanikrs to a parley, and of 
 obtaining, if polFiblc, a confea-nce with fome of the 
 Jirfci. If hv fhoiild iiKxtrd in this attenipc, he was to 
 demand th',- dead liodies, and jiarticularly th.it of Cai.>t. 
 C(X)k ; to threaten them in cafe of a refulal with rc- 
 fc itmcnt 1 bit b)' no means to tire, imlefs att-ickcd, 
 and not to go on Ihore on any accou.-u whatever. 
 
 Mr. King ami hi.s detachment left the lliips about four 
 o'clock in the ivfternoon ; anil, m'; riie\' ajiproai lied tlu' 
 Ihore, they perceived every indication of a iiollilr recep- 
 tion. Tlic natives were all in motion ; the v/oinen and 
 chiklrcn retiring; the men arming thcmfelves with long 
 Iprars and tlagt^ers, and putting on thtir war-mats. It 
 a-b appeared, that lince tiie •norn'm;'; tiity lud thrown up 
 brealt-works of Ihme along die beach, where C.ij't. Cook 
 h.KJ landed, in expeftation, perhap.«, of an attack at that 
 place. 
 
 As fnon as our pafry were within re.icli, tlw iflaiider-. 
 hef^an to throw (tones at them widi ilii:g.s, but wiiiiout 
 &)ii\f, any mili hief Mr. King condiuled, from thele 
 apixarances, that all attempt^ to bring them to a p..i-ie'/ 
 v/:.'!ikl be ineffeftual, iinle!"-, he gave rliem fome g'-oiind 
 fir miiuial confidc:nce. He therefore ordered the armed 
 bw.ts to flop, and advanced alone in (lie fmall boat, 
 hokting in hi^ hund a white fingj the me.ming of which, 
 rroni an univerlal Ihout of joy from the n.i;iver,, lie had 
 the latisficfion to \'md w .s i nmediately iindcrllo'td. The 
 ■..omen inUantly returned from tlie Hde of the hill, wiii- 
 tlier they had retired ; tiie i;ien threw off their mats, and 
 ail icaioil thcmlelves t')gether by die il.i-fide, extending 
 their arms, and inviting Mr. Kin;..; l.) iarai. 
 
 'i'hough liich behaviour iccmed exprcHive of a 
 fMcndly dilp'fition, he could not avoid entertaining 
 iiifpicions ofits lincerity. But when he faw Koali, witii 
 extraordinary boklnefs and alfurance, Iwiniming oil" to- 
 wards tiie boat, with a white Mag in hi.> iund, he tiioupht 
 proper to return this mark of conriJence, and accord- 
 ingly received him into the boat, thougli he w.vs arme'l ; 
 a circumllance which did not contribute to lelfeti Mr. 
 Kini^'s Iiifpicions. He had, indeed, long Iwrboured an 
 unfavourable opinioii of Kcali; an! thcreiore without 
 reremony, informed him that he had come to demand 
 the body of Captain Vook, aivl to tkrlare vvar againlf 
 the natives, unlets it wis reifored withouc liehy K.!>ah 
 iil1i"\'d him that .this f loukl be done as toon xs poflible 
 and that he would go Iitmtelt' tiir tiiat purpofe ; and after 
 requeuing a |5iecc a' itxm of Mr. King, witli marks of 
 great alUirance, hd leaped into tlie water, and fwam 
 alhore, calling out to his countrymen, that all were 
 friends again. 
 
 Our people waited widi great anxietv near an limir 
 (■ r his returr. During this interval, tiic otiii.'r boats 
 liid approachal ib uear the Ihore, that ilie men wh*^) 
 Wire in them entcrc J into a convcrlation widi a purty ot' 
 the .P.di. 'crs, at a litiie ciiftance, by whom they 'Were in- 
 li'rmed, that the captain's body hail been cut to pieces, ; 
 ami eanie<.l lit) the cou.irry. i 
 
 *l'he,e appeared, Jor ibir.e time Ortrcr, a degree cf 
 am!)igirity in the condtiiil of the natives which railed 
 tloubts in the minds of our pc .^nle, as tx) thf event of 
 th -ir prefeni operations ; till at length one right, i: being 
 fxceetl'iigly dark, i c;»noc was lieard p.idJhng towards 
 the l1iip, and it was no fJ.oner perceived, th.mi both the 
 (rntincis on vlttck fi-cd into it. There were rvo of the 
 natives in this canoe, wno immediately roared out 
 " Ttntif,-," (which w.vs tlieir met!K)d of pronoiincin'T 
 ^Ir. Kfii't's name,) laid ili-y \vcre friends, and hau 
 t'linethwig with them which belongs! u) Capt. Cook. 
 When they cume on boarti, ttiey threw fliemklves at the 
 !('•' ot the oh'iccrs, and teemed to. ■ -.xtremely terri- 
 fied. It-f(.>rr''nate!y happened, that neidicr of tlieni was 
 Ihiit, iiotwithllandiu.? the balls of boili pieces hid gone 
 thmugh the cr.noc. 
 
 One of ,hem was the peril)', . ';o confuiuly attcntled' 
 
 C .ipi.iin Cook, wiui the p.nti.u'.ar cercnu.inies 1-cfbrc' 
 
 No. lo. ' 
 
 defcribed. After bewailing, with many tears, tl;e lofs 
 ot the Urcn), as lie ca'ucd him, he informed the oPiccrs, 
 that he hatl brought a part of his b(xly. I le then pro- 
 duced a linall bundle, wliicii lie brought under li;. arm ; 
 and it is impoil'bie to defcrilx; ii;e horror with wiiich our 
 pe(>ple were feized, upon finding in it a piece of human 
 f'eih, of the weight ot about nine or ten pounds. This, 
 he laid, was iill tli.it now remained of tlie body; tliat the 
 leil had been cut in pieci-s, and burnt; but that the 
 head, and ali the bone , except :hofe which belonged 
 to the trunk, were in the polfelhon of Terreeobo), and 
 tiie (jdicr chiefs; diat wliat d.ey h.id brough.' Iiad been 
 . lotted to Kaoo, the chief of the priefts, lor 'he pur- 
 p' "-■ of being uled in Ibni _• religious ceremony ; and 
 ti.atheh.id lent it as a telhuiony of his innocence, x^d 
 ot his attiicliment lo them. 
 
 Though theie t.vo friendly vifitants were prcfTed by 
 the olliceih, to continue on board till the r.ext morning, 
 they couki not be prevailed upon ; declaring that if diis 
 trarliittion fhould come to the knowledge of the king, 
 or any o[" the /.'/ffs, it might be attendetl widi the nioft 
 filial confequences to their wh'.le Ibciety ; to prevent 
 which, tiiey had been under the rn.cefi".Ly of coming in 
 the d irk ; and the lame precaution, they faid, would be 
 reqififite in returning on lliore. They added, that tiic 
 chiefs were eager to ta:> revenge tor the death of their 
 countrymen ; and ])aracularly c.uitior.ed or.r people 
 ag.;in(t trulHng K(.,i'.i, v.ho, he allured them, was the 
 implacable enemy of our peopi', and ardently longed 
 for an opportunity of fighung. The two natives then 
 took their ie;ive, it oeing about elev'ii o'clock at niglitr. 
 
 The lituatii :i of our people was now extremely aiik- 
 v.'ard and unpromifing ; none of the purpofirs lor which 
 this pacific plan of proceeding had been adopted, hav- 
 ing hitherto been, in any relj eel, promoted by it. No 
 iatisfacfory ajilwer had been j^iven to dieir tlcmands. 
 They diti not leem to h.ave made any piogrefs towards a 
 reciinciliation viiththe natives, who fliil remained on the 
 Ihore in holUiepoihirci, iis if determined tt) oppofe any 
 endeavours that might be maLJe to land ; and yet it w^s 
 become ablb! jteiy necelliuy to arr ;inpt landirig, as the 
 ce.'npletiiig r!,e flock of water could not a^' nit of any 
 longer delay. 
 
 The illanders behaved in a manner the mofl daring 
 .uitl [irel'umptuous One of them had tlie infolence to 
 come within mulkct-lhot aheail of the Refjlution, and, 
 after dirowing fcveral Hones, waved over hi> hciui the 
 hat which had belonged to Capuiin Cook, while his 
 countrymen on Ihore were exulting and encouraging his 
 audacity. 
 
 Our people were highly enraged at tliis infult, ami 
 coming in a body on the quarter-deck, beggeil they 
 might no longer Ik- obliged to put up widi fuch reitera- 
 ted provocitiuns, and ie.,juefUti Mr. King to endeavour 
 to obtain permifiioii fiir diem, from Captain Clerke, to 
 taite advant.i[',e ot" the fall fair occafion of avenging the 
 deadi of their much-lamented conim.mder. On Mr. 
 King's acq';.:;nting the Csiptain widi what was pa(nn.g, 
 he ordered tome great guns to be fired at the iflarider. 
 on iho'c; and p/omiletl die crew, that, if they iliould 
 ;;'■ ijiolelled at t.'ie watering place, the next day, they 
 ll-.ciukl t!ien be permitted to eiialliic ihem. 
 
 Bcfiire our people could bruig the guns to bear, the 
 natives hitl fufpecled their intentionsj from the biillic 
 and agit.ition they obleived in the fliip, and had retired 
 behind dieir houfcs am! walls. Fhey were conleqiu'nt- 
 lyoljiigedto lire, in liime degree, at ranilom ; notwith- 
 itanding which the Ihot produced all ilie ed'cdi. tliat 
 coukl be delired. For, in a Ihorttime at'terwards, they 
 perceived Koah paddling tow irds them with the greatell 
 halle ; and when he .mived, they learned, that fome 
 people had loll their lives, and, among the red, M.iiha- 
 iVlaiha, a principal Krre, nearly related to I'enceolxjo. 
 
 Soon after Koah's arrival, two buys Avam oir.nom 
 the rip; J towards the veliel, each armed with a long 
 fjitar ; and after they had approached pretty near, tiicy 
 began, ' a very Ibleum minncr, to chant a long ; the 
 fub'eti of whicli, fiom their frequently mentioning the 
 C c word 
 
 -':&'' 
 
 'Ui 
 
 I ! i ' 
 
102 
 
 A NTAV, KOVAL .-.no AUTilKNIIC SYSTEM of UNIV/.RSAI, (iF.OGRAFHY. 
 
 . r 
 
 |.6i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 wt)r.l On'":-, ani! pointir.; to tlic viil.ige wlicre Captain 
 C'>oI< hnd been lUiii, v.as canciiulv.l :o I" ■ tair l:uc cala- 
 mitous (iccurrencf. Having limg t-ir near a tjiurtfr ot 
 an hour in a pl.iiir.ivv' thain, iliirintr all whitli time rhcy 
 CDntiniietl ii-. tiic water, tiit-y repaired on boird the Dil- 
 cover)', and dclivcrcv! i:p tlicir fjcars s and, after re- 
 maining thee a lliort time, reLiiined on Ihore. Oi./ 
 people a;uld never learn who lent tlicin, or v. hat was tlse 
 oiVieo'l ot diis ceremony. 
 
 The t\\> natives who had vilited th:-m bt.'ire, came 
 off afiiin in the niL^it, and allii'-ed them, tlut, though 
 the effevib ot' the j^ivat guns liaii greatly alarmed rhe 
 chief-, they had by no means reiinquiihcd their hollile 
 intentions and adeifed t'lem to be on their puird. 
 * Vv'iie:i the boats of b 'th l!iii>^ were difpa::he.l afliore 
 t) procure water, t!'.e i)il'cover>' was warped dole to 
 the b.-aeh, in order 1 1 \)i\>:i\'l the peilons employed in 
 thac lervice. Our people li.!:;n found that the intelii- 
 [Tcnce lent by the prielh, was not deilitote ot ibunda- 
 tiun, and that the illanders were determined to neglect 
 lio opporciinity of annoyi'ig them, v.iien it could be 
 done w idiout much ha/.ard. 
 
 Matters were mw eop.ic to fuch a pif;, that it v/as 
 deemed abfohitely neeciTary t > burn down fimc Icrag- 
 ling hut.s near the wall behind, which they l;aj llieltered 
 tiiemfelves. In exeeutin^^ tlic or■,!er^ that were given 
 lor thit purpnfe, c.ir peoiile were hurried into ai;ts of 
 uniiecelliiry J-rv.iiuni"n ani eiiudty. 
 
 In eleaphio; from the llam.;:;, feverd of the inhabi- 
 tants were ihot ; ..p.I our people cut off the heads of two 
 of tliem, ar.d brought them oti b 'ard. TIk' tiite of one 
 unhappy native wils much lini'iif-'d by tliein all. As 
 he v.'as repairing to cue we!! l<)r water, he was Ihoi ar liy 
 one of the marine'^. The ball ha 
 labain, which he ,;-<ii:an:''- t! 
 
 tiircv 
 
 Iror 
 
 neil to strike hisca- 
 1 him, and ran o'f. 
 
 He was nurliied into one of the caves, and no li^n could 
 have deieiided his i.kn witli greater bravery and tierce- 
 nefs i till at length, after he h.u! ti)'.ind means to keep 
 two ot our people at bay lor a conii^icrabie time, he ex- 
 pireil, covei-ed with wounds. This aeeiJent iirlt brought 
 our people acquainted with die ufe to wliieii dicfe caverns 
 were applied. 
 
 A man, muL.'' advanced in year,, was taken priloner, 
 bound, and conveyed < n board the ilelcjlucion, in the 
 liime boat widi the heads of his two countrymen. 1 lor- 
 ror could not be more Itronglv pourtrayed than in the 
 face ol this perl' in ; nor f > violent a tranfition to immo- 
 derate joy, as when he wa, untied, and giveii to ur,Jer- 
 
 I le Ihcwed rliat 
 
 ffand, that he might depart in lafet', 
 he 
 
 was not deticient m gratituile, a.^ lie 
 
 r. turned after- 
 
 ward.bwith prefents of provifmi 
 
 h v.-as remarlied as ratliei- extraordinary, that, amidll 
 alt thefe dilhirlxuices, the female natives who v.xre on 
 bo.ird, di'.i not offer to d.epart, i-r difcover any appre- 
 henfions, cither for them.'elves or their li-iends on Ihoie. 
 They ap]-earcd, indeed, U> per!i.-eily uiiconcerncvl, tl'.at 
 lome of them who were on dec!; wlien tiie village was 
 in dames, leenied to admire the Ijiec^acle, -.md fequcndy 
 exclaimed, that it was wj//.;-, or ver)' fine. 
 
 Ac length a chief named I'iappo, a man of the firfl 
 iliftmcrion, came with prelents Horn Terreeoboo, to Um 
 for peace. Thell- preii'nts we-e accepted ; and the ciiief 
 w.is difmilFed with the liillowing anlwer : Tiiat no peace 
 would be granted, till the reinauv. of Capt. Cuo't dioukl 
 be rellored. 
 
 Information was received from the l.appo, that t:ie 
 fielh of all the bone^ of our people who had been llain, 
 a,> well as the bones of the trunks, had been burnt ; diat 
 die limbdiones of the marines had lieen diilribtited 
 ainor.g tl.e inferior chief-, ; and that the i (.mains of Capt. 
 Cook had been dilpoled of as follows : the heati to a 
 groat Li"-, called lvahoo])eou ; the h.\ir to Maiha- 
 ni:i:iia; a,,t; I'uv. arms, legs; and thigh , to Tei.eeoboo. 
 l'.aj)po V, as v. TV urgent that Oi,e of our ollicers ll.ouki 
 go on fli'Te, and olfered to remain on board, in the 
 iiicandtne, a:, an h.dl.igo. This requell, however, w.i, 
 notcomplieiv.ithi .ukI he dep.irted widi a proniife of 
 brntging die buncs tiie fillowins.' da-,-. 
 
 Accordingly in the morning was fcen a numeror.; 
 body of the natives delcending the hill, which i-. over 
 tl'.e beach, in a fort of procellion, each man c.irn'ing 
 on his Ihouklers two or three lugar-canes, and Ion i- 
 bread-fniir, plantains, and taro in his hand. i'hty 
 were pruedcd by two drummers, who, when they 
 reached the w.iter-fide, icated themli'lves by a white 
 dig, and began beating their drums, while tholi; who 
 !i.;d fiillowed thenj advanced, one by one, and defHjilted 
 the prelents they had broiigiit v.ith them ; after whiJi 
 they retired in the fame order. Soon af'terMards I'iappo 
 apiK-aredin his long feathered cloak, bearing loniettiin;' 
 with great iblcmnity in his hands; and having fhitioned 
 himlelf on a rock, he made figns that a boat Ihoiild be 
 lent him. 
 
 Captain Clerke, fuppofing that the chief h.ad brought 
 the bonfs of Captain Cook (which, indccil, proved to 
 be the caie") went himlelf in the |)iniia-e to receive dieni, 
 and ordered Mr. King to attend hini in the cutter. 
 When ti'.ey arrived at the beach, I'.ippo, entering die 
 pi.'inace, delivered tlie bones to C;v^t ii, Cleike, v/iapped 
 up in a great tju.intitv of tine new cloth, and covered 
 with a fpotced cloak of black and white feathers. 
 
 In tins bundle were fiv.ind both the hand-, of Captain 
 Coo!; entire, which were well known from a fear on out 
 of them, diat divided the fine-linger from the tliutub, 
 the whole length </f the met.icarp:ii bone ; the fkull, bur 
 witli rhe fcalp fl-!>;'.rated from it, and tiie bones of the 
 face wanting ; the Icalp, with the ears a.ihering to ir, 
 an;l the hair up';n it cut lliort : die bones of both tlir 
 arms, with ti'.e fkin of the fore-arms hanging tu thcni ; 
 the Ixmes of the thighs and legs joined togetlicr, bt. 
 widiout the (let. The ligaments of the joints wereob- 
 I'erved to be entire: and the whole liiewed furficient 
 marks of having been in the file, except the haiii!-, 
 which IkkI tlie tleih reinaining iip-oathem, and were cut 
 in f'cveral places, and cr.imn,e 1 with lalt, moll proba- 
 bly wi'h a view of preferving thein. 'The Ikull was tree 
 tiom any fn.tfrure, but tlie icalp had a cut in the b.'.-.k 
 part of it. The lov,er jaw ;uid feet, which were w;uit- 
 ing, liatl been feized, ;is L a|)po fiiid, by dirlerent A'xfs, 
 
 that rerreeoboo w.is uiing cveiy means 
 
 and he adi 
 
 to recover them. 
 
 Kappo, and th.e king's fon, came aficrwarcis on 
 bo.irii, .and brought v.itii th.em not only the rein:iinii'g 
 b')nes of Caj)t. Cook, but likewife the barrels of in, 
 gun, his fiiocs, and lome other trides which had bc-^ 
 longed to him. I'.appo declared that TerreeobiM). 
 Mailia-maiha, and himlelf were extremely def.roiLs n 
 pieace; that they h.id giving die moll convincing prools 
 ot it i and that they had been prevented from giving it 
 li)oner by die other chiefs, many of whom were flill dif 
 aifec'ted. lie lamented, widi the moll lively liirrov,, 
 the deaths of fix chiefii, who had been killed by our 
 pe- de, liime of whom, he laid, were among their 1)>.!; 
 friends. 1 le laid that the cutter had been t.ik"n away b) 
 Fiireea's people, pnbiUiiy in revenge liir she i?low tiiai 
 he had recei>ed, and that it had been broken up ihe f.il- 
 l(/wing d.iy. The arms of tlie marines, v> huh had all) 
 been dem:indcd, h.id been carried off by the jjopiilace, 
 and were irrecoverable. 
 
 Nothing now remained on the part of our people, hi' 
 t') p-errorm the hill lidemn offices to their excellent ciiin 
 mander. l-.appo was dlfmiffed with orders to tdhva aa 
 the bay ; and in the afternoon, the bones having been 
 dejx)liced in a coHin, tiie funeral lervice vvas read over 
 them, and th.cy were conunittetl to the deej) widi the 
 ulual military honours. 
 
 'i'hings being now amicably fettled, Captain Clcr!;e 
 gave orders for the fldps to unmixir, and for ail de 
 natives to Ix- difinilied. The chiefs took a fricndi-. 
 leave of their vifitors; and the anchor being wcighn', 
 the)- llood our of' Karakakooa Bay ; but n..t witi.on: 
 many ligiis tror.s ii;e cicw.s, at leaving die remaii.- ei 
 rhcir unfijrtunate commander behind them. 
 
 S E C T I :s" 
 
 New DiscovERits.] 
 
 s i; c 
 
 Ci'O'ifilcri la ihc dfjio 
 Generul Ac.ou.U uj 
 Ciijlomi, Mti)iiier>, 
 a HuppUv.int to the _ 
 
 TIIF. fldps, on li 
 l!hndc.fC)wh)h 
 at Woaliooi and, in ( 
 
 ttempting to water, p 
 anchor in their fi.)rmer 
 obler\'eil on the native 
 wa^ noL that complac 
 cordiality in tlieir m.ii 
 ihcni. Indeed, they | 
 ti'jn totally reverli.- froi 
 hetore, and I'eemcd n 
 nuin defign, in toiichii 
 vMter, in which the p 
 Obllrucled by tiie nati 
 J -eat difficulty, and fon 
 
 vVhen die odicers, 
 ihure, reiiirned to die 
 I'cveral cliief's h.id been 
 condiic't of tiieir countr 
 r.-i'Iianged between Ca| 
 held the lupreme powi 
 till die Ihips left the ilia 
 lioni which they faiied, 
 to the nordiward, in iV 
 
 Tiie group of in;u!ds 
 of the Sandvvieh Ifland 
 eleven in number ; and 
 learn that die natives 
 illands, it is mod prob 
 tl'cir vicinity. Of the 
 W'oahoo, Atooi, Once, 
 Owhyiiee, the grand 
 The others are called 
 Kahowrowhee, and Mi 
 general, with the del'c 
 Morotinnee, as well 
 
 There are two niour 
 dilcrving of notice, 
 (or the mountain K:i 
 ally covered widi fuow 
 dillancc of forty icigu 
 of this mountain, is co 
 from which fall many I 
 
 mountain is verv liev 
 v.tKxl. 
 
 \N'hen the flnps d( 
 
 I,.. 
 
 aooiii 
 
 t! ey had fight oi 
 natives Mouna Koa 
 during the whole tu 
 loudi-e.dlern fide, con 
 objecl. It was Hat at 
 ally involved in fiiow , 
 all'o nightly covered wi 
 This moimtain is liip| 
 aiiil therefore exceeds 
 rifl'e, by 368a feet, 
 feenied to be the heig 
 they are wholly covcrc 
 fummits mull at leall b 
 
 ThciC are alfo foiiu 
 fpeding the interior p, 
 tallied from the infiir 
 who fet out oil an cxpi 
 with an intention of 
 under the guidance of 
 
 They llojjiicd, fir 
 among the plantations, 
 to be fix or kwn m 
 profped from this fpot 
 
iKAlMlY. 
 
 ken .1 numerous 
 ill, whiili is over 
 uih man c.irr\'i:if» 
 •-c.uu's, ami lone 
 hib hand. i'htv 
 IV ho, whon they 
 chrs by ;i white 
 I'.ilc tholL- whd 
 )iic, aiul dofxjiltcii 
 tlif m 1 atK T whi Ji 
 
 atierwarils I^appo 
 bcariiij^ liinnthiii!; 
 1 having Ihitionfij 
 
 a boat IhoiiM bj 
 
 chitt" I'.nd brought 
 ndcfd, piDVrd to 
 I- 1() p.xcivc thcni, 
 iiii ill the ciittir. 
 {\ [10, iiitcriiig tiiL- 
 Ck-ike, \via|)|K-il 
 cloth, and covercti 
 Li- fcatlicrs. 
 han>'.-. of Captain 
 from a fear on one 
 ■ from the; thiimb, 
 )iic i the fkiill, bur 
 d tile bancs ot the 
 irs a.lhering to it, 
 bone^ of b Jtli tlir 
 ; hanging to tiem j 
 ined togetlicr, bt. 
 the joints were-ob- 
 : Ihewed liirHcient 
 except the hand', 
 'hem, and were cut 
 1 lalt, tnoit i)roba- 
 Tlie (kull was tree 
 a cut in the b.v.k 
 which weiv want- 
 by dificient Ellis, 
 ufing eveiy means 
 
 ime afuerwarc^-. on 
 only the reiiiainii'i; 
 
 the bariels of iu. 
 fles which iiiul bc- 
 
 that 'lerreeoboo- 
 tremely def.roiis i i 
 ft convi. icing prools 
 ited from giving it 
 whom were I'ill dil 
 noil lively (iirrov., 
 been hilleti Iry orr 
 re among their l'...! 
 been tak-n away b\ 
 e for tlie i^low tii.i: 
 1 brohv-'.i up the toi 
 nes, \iliKli had ulli 
 )fF by the jiopulacc, 
 
 t of our people, hi' 
 their excellent com 
 1 orders to t^ihoo a . 
 ■ bone":, having been 
 vice was read ovc, 
 I tlie deej) with th^ 
 
 led, Captain Clcrl^' 
 K)r, iinvl for all i' e 
 L'is took a frici.oi' 
 hor being weighei', 
 ; 1 but ii..t will.',!'' 
 'ing the reiiiaii.- '-•' 
 I them. 
 
 S E C T 1 o :n 
 
 Ntw Discoveries.] 
 
 S A N I) W I C H I S L A N D S. 
 
 «03 
 
 s i: C T I O N Mil. 
 
 Oi'irreiicri lo ihc dt pn' lure f rem the Saruhuirh If/uiids. 
 Geneial Ac ou.U vj liiar Siltuilion, A'tilnml I/Jloty, 
 Cujloms, Muniien, Religion, (3c. of the Xutiv^i, in 
 a HupplcKciU to Ihijurvu r Dcfuipltvii. 
 
 Tl IF. fliips, on leaving Karak.ikooa Bay, in the 
 IHandof ()wh)hee, palled Tali ),)ra, and touched 
 ,it Woa'iooi ami, in conlequenee oi dilappointment in 
 ■temptir.!^ to water, proceeded to Atooi, and came to 
 anchor in their tormer llati in. Oiir|ieople immediately 
 obli:r\'ed on the natives coming on b.>ard, that diere 
 wai not that coinplaccnty in their countenances, or 
 cordiality in their manner, as when they lirll vifited 
 thcni. Indee>i, they gave evident tokens of a dlfpofi- 
 ti'jn totally reverli.- from that whii h they hail ilifcoveretl 
 lKti)re, and feemed much incHncd tJ iu'lliiity. The 
 main defign, in touching at this ifland, was to procure 
 vMter, in which the people were much annoyed, and 
 obllrucleil by tlie natives. At length, hov.ever, .titer 
 J "cat difficulty, and fome encounters, it was completed. 
 
 >Vhen tiie oilicers, whole |)refence was recjuired on 
 ihore, returned to the fliips, tliey were ii:fi)rmed that 
 fcveral cliiefs had been on board, and apoljpi;;etl f()rtiie 
 conduct of tiicir countrymen. Prefcits were afterwards 
 tX'hanged between Captain Gierke and '["o.ieoneo, who 
 held the llipreme pnwer, and apparent amiry liibiilled 
 till the Ihips left tia- illand, ami pnjceeded to C'nceheov^, 
 from wliich they laiivd, in I'rofeeution of their voy.icc 
 to the northwarti, in M.irch, i-j~c 
 
 The group of iflands cdleil by the general a;ipeliation 
 ol the Sandv, ;,h lllands, were fiiiiml, at length, to be 
 eleven in number ; and as our navigators coukl never 
 learn that tlie natives had knowledge of .my other 
 iflands, it is moft probable that there are no others in 
 their vicinity. Of ihefe wc h.ive mentioned fix, vi:;. 
 \\'oahoo, Atooi, Onecheow, Oreehoua, Tahoor.i, and 
 Owliylice, tlie grand ami princip,il (ceiie of adion. 
 The others are called Morotoi, Morotinnce, Ranai, 
 K.ihowrowhee, and Mooiloo-papapa. Tiiefe agree, in 
 general, with the dclcription given of tlie firmer : ami 
 Morotinnce, as well as Nlahoora, is un'tihalrted. 
 
 There are two niountains in the Illand ofOv.hvhec 
 dtferving of notice. The lirfl, called Mouna K.iah 
 (or tlie mountain Kaah) riles in tliree [K'aks, continu- 
 ally cove.'-ed widi fiiow, and may be dillerned at the 
 diltancc of forty le-igue:,. The coall to the northward 
 of diis moiintair., is compolird of high and abrupt clifTs, 
 from which fall many beautiliil cafeadcs of water. The 
 inoi'ntain is vcr)' llei p, and its lower pai t abounds with 
 wood. 
 
 When die fliips doubled the caP. part of the in.ind, 
 tl'cy had fight oi another fnowy moiUiL..iii, called by the 
 natives Mouna Koa (or tlie extenfive mountain) which, 
 dining the whole time tliey were failing along the 
 loutli-e.iftern fide, continued to be a very conlj;icuous 
 ohjed. It was l!at at the iliiiimit, which was perpetu- 
 ally involved in fnow ; ami they once obfcrved its fides 
 alii) nightly covered with it for a confiderable w.iy clown. 
 This mountain is luppofed to be at le ilf iG,020 'let: 
 and therefore exceeds tlie height of tlie Peak of Tene- 
 rift'e, by 3680 feet. The peaks of Mouna Kaah, 
 leemed to be the height (jf about half a mile; and, as 
 they are wholly covered with fnow, t'le altitude of diiir 
 fiiinmits muft at leall be i8,.ioo fecr. 
 
 Thcicare alfo lome partici'ilars* worthy of notice, re- 
 Ijiecling the interior parts of the illand of Owhyhce, ob- 
 tained iiom tlie information of a party of our peijile, 
 who let out on an expetliiion up the country, principally 
 \wth an intention of re.iehing the fnowy mountains, 
 under the guiilnnccof two natives. 
 
 They Hopped, for the nighi, at a Init they ohkiNed 
 among the plantations, where they fuppofed dicmlelves 
 to be fix or fevcn miles ilillant from the lliips. The 
 proljicct from this fpot was very delightful ; tliey lud .1 
 
 view of tlie vcfFels in the bay before them. To tlie left 
 they faw a contiimed range of vill.iges interfjicrled with 
 groves of cocfja-niit trees, fpreading along the Ihore ; a 
 thick wofxl extending irfJl behind them: and to the 
 right, a very ronfiderable extent of ground, liid out 
 widi great regularity in well-cultivated [ilantations, dif- 
 played itlelf to the view. Near this tpot the natives 
 jiointed out to them, at a tlillance from every other 
 ilwellin^';, therefidenceof ahermit, who, they f.iid, had, 
 in t!ie tijrmer part of his life, been a great chief and 
 w:urior, but had long ago retired from the fea-coafi of 
 the illand, and now never quitted the environs of his 
 cottage. y\s they ajjproached him, tliey proftratcd 
 t'leiMldves, aivt atterv.arda prclented him with fome 
 ]'. ovilions. 1 1 i. behaviour was cafy, frank, andcheei- 
 iiil. lie teflified little aihmilliment at the fight of our 
 people; .ind thoiigii preflld to accept fomc Kuropcan 
 cuiiofities, he thought jjroper to decline the offer, and 
 li;on withdrew to hi', cotage. Our party rcprelented 
 him as by far the moll aged peifon they h.id ever fcen, 
 judging him to be, at.-i nKKlerate comjaitati(;ii, u])w.ird'. 
 of an Inindicil ye.'irs of ag-*. 
 
 As tlie party h.id fuppofed that the moimt.iin wis nit 
 more than ten or a dozen miles diibnt from the bay, 
 .ind coiifojuently expecled to reach it with ea'e early t.'ic 
 following inoriiing, diey were now gre.ntly liirjirifed to 
 find the dilKuice liarce perccivably dinuniilied. This 
 circumlhnce, with tlie imiiilubited Hate of the country, 
 which they wc- on dr.- p.jint: of entering, rendering if 
 ncceflary to provide a fujjply of provifio.-is, diey dif- 
 jxitche.l one of their c 'tidnctors b.ich to tho village for 
 that piirpole. Vv Iiillt tluy \.aitcd his return, thev 
 were joined hy leveial of Kaoo's fervanrs, wIioti tli.it 
 gcr:erous old man had f^-nt .'fter them, loaded with re ■ 
 fr. ihments, and fully aiiiiurifed, as their route lay thro' 
 his ground'., to ilemand, and t.iice aw.iy with tliem, 
 whitever they might want. 
 
 (ireat was the lurprif. of the tnvtl!ers, on finding die 
 cokl here lo intenle. But as they h.id no thermometer 
 wiih them, tliey ccnid only form their judgment of it 
 [null their liv-liiigi, v.liich, from the warm airiiofphert: 
 they had quitted, mult have been a very fallacious me- 
 thod of judging. They found it, however, fo cold, 
 t:;.it they couki fcarce get any fleep ; and the ifiander., 
 could not fleep at all ; b ith parties bei.ng di'.lurbed, dur- 
 ing the wlulc night, by continual coughing. As tlirv, 
 at diis time, could not be at any very great height, 
 their ililtance Iiom the lea being no more rii.in fix or 
 ieven mile', aii.l jiart of the ro.id on a very moderate 
 ilccnt, this uncommon degree of cold miat be attri- 
 buted to the eaft:er!y wind blowing frefli o^'cr the fnowy 
 mountains. 
 
 They proceeded on their journey early the next morn- 
 iiv^^, and lilleti their ca'.:balhcs at a well of excellent 
 w.iter, fituare about half a mile from thiirhut. .'\(ter 
 they had j'l'.iled the plantation.-, diey arrived at a thick 
 wood, w hich they entered by a patJi that had been made 
 for till- convenience of the illanders, who frequently re- 
 pair tlurher f r ti.e purpofe of catching birds, as well 
 as procuring the wild or horfe-plantain. Their pro 
 greis no'v became extremely flow, antl was attended \vith 
 great labour ; fir the ground was cither I'wainpy, or co- 
 vered with large Itoiies ; the jvath narrow, and often in- 
 tcrru[ited by trees lying acrofs it, which they were obliged 
 to climb over, .is the thicknefs of die underwo.Kl on 
 ea'.:h fide, rendered it impr-idicable to pal'-, round tliem. 
 They faw, in dieio wouclt, pieces of white clorii fixed 
 on poles, at !lii:.ll diihinces, which they imagined were 
 l.iiid-niarks for the divifion of property, as they only ob- 
 fei\eti them where the wikl plantains grew. The trees 
 were of the fame kind with the Ibice-tice of New-Hol- 
 lanii; diey were ftraiglit ami kifty, and ti'.eir circumfe- 
 reiicii was, on an average one with another, fiom two to 
 four feet. 
 
 Hefuies the intenfcnel.s of the cold, mnny other 'if- 
 agrceable ciicumluin.es, and particularly the .avcilion 
 their conductors dilcowred tij going on, induced the 
 party to conic to a determination of returning to the 
 
 fliips, 
 
 % 
 
 b 
 
 tv;.t 
 
 I- 
 
104 A NEW, ROYAl 
 
 fiiijis, after taking 3 llii-vi-y or 
 h'.i .clt frcvs tl'.cy conkl li'id. 
 
 "'I'hey were Hiqirileil at feeing ll-vcral F.cUls ot hay ; 
 
 and upon tiicir ent]uiry to w!\at panicular ufc it was 
 
 applied, v/crc inf-irined that it w.u intended to cover 
 
 tlie grot Mills where the young t<iio grew, in order to 
 
 prclcrvc them from lieing fcorcheii by the rays of the 
 
 fun. They oblerved among the plantations a tew huts 
 
 flattered alxjut wiiith adbrdcd oceafional Ihelter to the 
 
 labourers, but tiiev did not fee any village at a greater 
 
 dirtance from the lea dun four or ti\e miles. Near 
 
 one of diem, which was fuuated ab nit four miles from 
 
 the bay, they dilLv/ered a cave, forty fathoms long, 
 
 three b'oail, and of the fame heiglit. It was oi^fn at 
 
 each end; its fides were fluted, as ii wrought *uh a 
 
 chiiftl; and the furfaie was glazed over, perhaps by 
 
 the aiflinn of lire. 
 
 The biids of thefe idands arc numerous, though the 
 variety is not great. Some of them may vie with thole 
 of any country in point of beauty, l^.eir vegetable 
 [irodudions arc not very difierenc iiom thofe of tlie 
 other iilands in the Pacific Ocean. The coalls abound 
 widi variety of lilh. 
 
 The natives of the Sandwic. Iflands aie, doubdefs, 
 of the lame extraction with the inhabinn'r. of the So- 
 ciety and Friendly Iflands. I'liis ii:: . extraordinary 
 as it is, is not only evinced by die general rcl'eiiiblancc 
 of dieir perlbns, and the great fimilarity of dieir man- 
 ners and culloms, but feems to be eltiblilhed, beyond 
 .all controN erfy, by the identity of their language. It 
 may not, perhaps, be very difficult to conie,:ture, from 
 wluL > icinent thev origin-iUy emigratetl, and by what 
 fteps they have dift'uled themfelves over fb immenl'e a 
 Ipace. They bear flrong marks of affinity to fbme of 
 the Indian tribes, who inhabit the Lulrones and Caro- 
 line ifles i and the fame affinity and rclemblance may 
 allb be traced among the Malays and the Battas. .Vt 
 what particular time iheie migrations happened is lets 
 eal'y to at'certain; die period, in all probability, was 
 not very Late ; as dicy are very populous, and have no 
 tratlition refpefting their own origin, but what is wliolly 
 fabulous ; diough, on the other hand, tl-.e fimplicity 
 which is llil) prevalent in their manners and habits ot 
 life, and the unadulu v.ited ftate of their general lan- 
 guage, fecm to demonftrate, that it could not have 
 been at a very remote period. 
 
 The fame fuperiority generally oblerved at other 
 iflands in tl'.e perlbns of the Erees, is likewile fijtind 
 here. Thofe tliat were teen were perfectly well fiirni- 
 eil i whereas tlie lower clafs of' people, befides tiieir 
 general inferiority, are fubjecl to all the variety of fi- 
 gure and make that is met with in tlie |x)pulate of' 
 other parts of the world. 
 
 There were more frecjuent inftances of deformity 
 obferved here than in any of the otlier iilands vifittvl. 
 While die flnps were cruifmg off Owhyhce, two dwarfs 
 came on bo.ird. one of' whom was an old miui of liie 
 height of fbur feet two inches, but very well propor- 
 tioned , and the other was a woman nearly of the lame 
 ftaturc. Our pei.pk- ai'tenvards taw among tiic natives 
 tliree who were huniji-backed, and a young man who 
 had been deflitute of hands and feet, from tiic very 
 moment of his birth. Squinting is alfo common a- 
 mong diem, and a m:ui who had been born blind was 
 brought on boani for the purpofe of being cured. Be- 
 lides thefe particular defefts, diey arC; i:i general, ex- 
 ceeding llibjedt to boils anil ulcers, whif!; was all ''•bed 
 to the great quandty of fait they ufus'iy ''.'t wiih their 
 filh and flefh. Though the Eree. .irc free fr-Mn thofe 
 complaints, many of diem expcrienc: llill more dread- 
 ful eltedts from the two frequent ute of the av:i. Thofe 
 who were tlie moll affefted by it had their eyes red and 
 inflamed, tlicir limbs emaciated, their b-nlies covered 
 with a Wi.itiili Icurf, and their whole frame trcmbiing 
 and parahtic, attended widi a difiibility of railing their 
 heads. 
 
 We hav. alie.Tly taken notice of die great kindnefs 
 and hoipit.ality widi wiiich dicle illandeis treaced our 
 
 AVD AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 < die country from the 
 
 people. Whenever they v/ent on ihore, there was a 
 continual flriiggle who Ihoukl be moll fbrwaal in ofter- 
 ing little prelcnt > fiir their accepuiice, bringing pros : 
 li'^is and refrclhments, or rdlifying Ibme other inaik 
 of rel'pect. The .igcd pcrl<M. conltandy received d:ein 
 with tears of joy, appeared to be highly gratificti w.tii 
 being permitted to touch them, and weie freqiietidy 
 drawing comparifons with marks of extreme humility. 
 The young woimn likcwile were exceeding kind aim 
 
 engaging. ...-,. , 
 
 iliele people, in point of natural capacity, arc by no 
 me.ins beyond the common flandard of the human i.ice. 
 1 lie excellence of their manirtadlures, and their im- 
 provement in agi icuiture, arc doubtlefs adequate to 
 their fituation and n.ituial advantages. I'he eagernefi 
 of' curiofity witli which they ufcd to attend to tiie armour- 
 ei 's forge, and the various expedients which diey had 
 invented, even before our departure from thefi- iflan.l:, 
 fiir working the iron obtained from us int(> fuch fiirms 
 as were bell calculated for their par[)ofes, were (Irong 
 indications of docility and ingenuity. 
 
 The practice of t,il>oc:n.r, or punifluring the body, 
 prevails among thefe people; and of ?H die il lands in 
 this ocean, it is only at T-.'ev/ Zealand, and the Sand- 
 wich Hies, that the ficcislulnoeJ. There is diis di 111; - 
 enee between thele two nations, that the New Zeala;:- 
 dcrs peribrni this ojieration in elegant Ipiral volutes, ;!.';.i 
 tlie Sandwit-Ii Illanders in llraiglit liiici, that interti^^'r 
 eacli odier at right angles. 
 
 Some of the^natives ha\-c half their body, from licui! 
 to foot, tatcoed, wiiich give them a moll tlriking a;;- 
 pearance. It is generally done withgrcat ncatnels an I 
 regularity. Several of diem have only an arm tli'.;; 
 marked ; others a leg : fome, again, tutoo Ixjth an arm 
 and a leg ; and others only the hand. The hands ami 
 .irms of the women are punftured in a very neat man- 
 ner : and tliey have a remarkable ciiftoin Ot tatoon-^ the 
 tip of the tongues of fbme of the femides. Our peopk- 
 hiul fome realon to imagine, that the pradlice of pu.n 
 turing was olten intended as a lign of mourning, on tlv- 
 dcceal'e of a cliietj or luiy other calamitous occurrence ; 
 fbr they were treijitendy inlijrmcd that I'uch a mark w.u 
 in memory of fiich a chief; .and (b 'of the others. The 
 people of the lowell oaler are hdooeil W\\\\ ,\ particilar 
 mark, which dillinguinies them as the prtiperty of the 
 chiefs to whom diey are refpedivcly fubjec'^. 
 
 'I'he natives of thefe iilands dwell together in fn'all 
 towns or villages, which contain from about one luin- 
 died to two hundred huules, built pretty clofe to each 
 other, without order or regularity, and have a windiiit; 
 path that leads through ttiem. They are frequemly 
 flanked, towards the fea-lide, with looltf lietached walls, 
 which are, in all probability, intended Ibr flicker ar.d 
 defence. They .are of various dimenfions, from fortv- 
 five feet by twenty-four, to eighteen by t elve. Si.nu- 
 are of a larger li/e, being fifty feet in leni^ ., and tiiiir. 
 in bre.iddi, and entirely open at one end. 
 
 They are \ery cleanly at tlieir me.ils : and their me- 
 thod of drell'ing both dieir vegetable and animal fi>'hl, 
 was univerfally acknowledged to be fiiperior to ours. 
 The Ercr conftantly begin their meals with a dole of 
 the extraft of pepper-root, or avn, prepared in the uiliiJ 
 mode. The women eat a]^art from the other fex, and 
 are prohibitetl from feeding on pork, turde, an'! fome 
 particular fjieeies of plantains. 
 
 They generally rife widi the fun ; and, after having 
 enioycd the cool of the evening, retire to tlieir repofe a 
 few hours after fun-fet. The Erccs are occupied in 
 making canoes and mats : the Tim/oji, s are chiefly em- 
 ployed in the plantations, and alfo in filliing ; and the 
 women are engaged in the manufacloiy ot' cloth. Thiy 
 ainufe diemfelves at their leifure hours widi varimb 
 diverfions. Their young pcrlbn'^., of both fexcs, arc 
 fond ofdantingi and, on more l^jlemn occafioiis, they 
 entertain tliemli.l\es with wredling, and bo.xing matches 
 perf^)rmed after the fame manner of the natives of die 
 l''riendly Iilinds ; to whom, however, ihey are greatly 
 inferior in all thefe refpedls. 
 
 Their 
 
 \miS] 
 
 a 
 
 S «, t 
 
OnRAPIlY. 
 
 nn lliorc, there was a 
 moll tiirwartl ia nrtvr 
 tailce, brini^liiiy pr'n; 
 ^'ing loiuc other in.uk 
 )nlt uitly ivtvival tl/'tn 
 ic highly gratitioil v.1,1 
 , and wi-if (K-qi!(iiil) 
 s of" extreme huniilitv. 
 re exceeding kinU ojia 
 
 mil cap.iciry, aa* by no 
 l.uil ot the hum. in iv.cc. 
 attures, ami their ini- 
 
 iloubtlels adequate tn 
 itajjes. The eagenu;'. 
 to attend to the anno!:r- 
 cdicnts which tliey (nd 
 rture Irom theli- illaiul: , 
 rom us into liich tonus 
 
 parjxjfcs, were (trong 
 lity. 
 
 pundliiring the body, 
 ul of .-'1 the iliandi in 
 i^c-ai;ind, and the San'.'- 
 d. Therein this diir.T- 
 
 that the New Zedlan- 
 Icgant fpiral volutes, .'.^j 
 iglit liiiCi, that intertc^'i 
 
 If their body, from licii! 
 lem a motl linking j|; 
 : with great ncatncls m'. I 
 have only an arm t!-.'... 
 again, Ar't'o both ail nini 
 hand. The hands -.11111 
 ired in a very neat m.iii- 
 !e cuftom Ot fnfooir^ the 
 he females. Our peopK- 
 hat the praftice of puiu 
 lign of mourning, on tli ■ 
 -r col.unitoui occurrence : 
 icd that fuch a mark w.u 
 id to of the others. The 
 
 ■ 'aloofil with a particilii 
 111 as the property of the 
 lively fubjed. 
 
 , dwell together in fr,::.\] 
 lin from about one liun- 
 Imik pretty clofe to e.itii 
 rity, and have a windiii:, 
 1. They are frequently 
 witii looie tietached w.ills, 
 , intended lor flielter .ii^l 
 s dimenfion-s, from tijrty- 
 gliteen by t dve. Sunii- 
 
 ■ feet in lenj^ ., and tliirt, 
 It one end. 
 
 Iieir meals : and their I'.'v- 
 ■egetable and animal fii'i', 
 to be fiiperior to oiu^. 
 :heir meal.s With a d'">li' (it 
 urn, [>rcparc>l in the iiftuJ 
 rt from the other fex, ami 
 on pork, turde, an-l <(jmc 
 
 he fun ; and, after having 
 ig, retire to their rejwfe a 
 :ie Eiecs are occupied in 
 ; T(mi/o7u\ are chiefly em- 
 J alfo in lilhing ; and the 
 iniifacioiy ot' cloth. Tluy 
 eilure hours witli varimi-. 
 erliins, of both fexcs, arc 
 ore fjlemn occaiions, they 
 (Vling, and boxing matches, 
 anner of the natives of the 
 however, diey are greatly 
 
 Tiicir 
 
 i 
 
^....•,..„-*_..;ii 
 
 
 n| 
 
 
 li 
 
 
 iUk 
 
 i 
 
 * _„ ' - — —«-■ ■■!■ -I l-r !■ ■--•^^JF-. " '^■jw ■ iMJm.^ 
 
 "/■ 
 
 C ,' / Ws.'i^c/ /Ir Sandwich \)^\.\y.\M^J (f/fcny 
 
 i/iwii ...«'/' 
 
 New Discoverii.s.] 
 
 Tl)fir ilaiicfs \\\\w\\ be 
 tlioll- of' tin- Ni'w Zc.il.indf 
 Society Illmdcr.s, ;iiv intr 
 long, ill which the wiiole n 
 liDwly tiK-ving their 'legs 
 brcalts . their .utiriides am 
 graceliil. So fiir they refen 
 Illes. After this has coiir 
 ten minutes, th.ey gradiia! 
 the motions, and do not 
 with tati;_;iie. This part 
 counter-p.irt of'diat of ti.e 
 ard, as among thofe peop 
 t' e moll violent, and wh 
 Liigell, is applauded by t 
 cei. But our people law 
 the fame kind with thole 
 Illes. 
 
 The inulie of thefe jx'o] 
 oiilv rnufical initrumenisth 
 we c drums of various fia 
 wh eh they arc laid to fHV7 
 omip.my with a gentle rr 
 iiihabit.ints of the I'tieiuilv 
 eftvcl. 
 
 I'hey are generally add 
 their g.imes relemb'es on 
 the nduiber of Iquares, it 
 trieatc. The borird is of 
 and is divided into two hun 
 fourteen in a row. In t!i 
 whice pebbles, which the; 
 a.ni)d.iT. 
 
 Ar. ither of their games 
 iiadet fume tloth, which i 
 [Lirties, and rumpled in fii 
 nit to dillinguilh \/here t 
 nilt tiien rtrik.es v.ith a I 
 where he luppofes tl'.e (ton 
 ing, upon the whole, aga 
 degrees are laid, v.ir\'ing ^ 
 terity of the antago. 1. 
 
 They often enti. ;ain t 
 boys and girls, on which ( 
 great Ipirit. Our jieople 
 and tearing liis hair, in tiie 
 loft tiiree hatchets at one ( 
 purehafed from them with 
 little time before. 
 
 Among the various di\ 
 one frciiuently pi.iyeil at, 
 able Ihare of dexter'tv, 
 one extremity of which rii 
 •■nds, extending about a 
 throwing up a ball formed 
 fWher, ,\\\iX filtened with t 
 'He points of the p.eg; in 
 throw ir up again fnin i 
 round, .'nd c.itch rlu- b.ill 
 lliiis, tor l()me time, diey 
 |niint of the peg alternate 
 are equ.iLy expert at anotl 
 "la-; thriwing up in the 
 wms, n..inv of thele balls 
 ';eii little chiklren thus kec 
 
 Coneeniing their metho 
 lice tool lerve, that it refei 
 "f the P leilic Oeean. 
 
 riie inhabitants of die : 
 into three clalles. i'hc /. 
 Iricl, are the lii II ; and o 
 reft, who was called, at 
 A'ifi' \U)tr \ the lirll name 
 tlic latter lignifying rlia', ii 
 ir.ite themfelvcs. Thole 
 ''"I'ly aiij.'ht ofpropiTf} , 1 
 will) compofe the thirii e 
 l"^'ants, and have neithei 
 No. 10. 
 
 I^ 
 
 
 eU^i^l:h>a»;ii\«' .1 .'.^..U./..lKUJi^ll.<M.L;t;^'^ 
 
 .. ^lii! JiitL'*st.'^ 
 
VtW DiSCOVERII.'..] 
 
 S A N O W I C n I S I. A N D S. 
 
 ic 
 
 Tlieir ilaiirfs wirk-li liear a pri-atcr refoinliliince ro 
 tlioreot'tlu- New /cilanJcrs, ch.in tharof thi' iMic-mily or 
 Society Ifl.ini.ii.-i>, m\- intioduccd with a liilcniii i-Jiul of" 
 lone;, in which the whole number jf/m, at the liiinc time 
 liowly m(.viiig their 'kj?, and gf ntly (lri!-:inp; tlicir 
 brcalts ; tlieir attimdes and manner being very eaiy and 
 pnceliil. Sufiir they refemble the dances oCthe Society 
 Ifles. After this has continued lor the rjv.fe of about 
 ten minutes, they jiradualiy cjuickcn both the tune ami 
 the motions, and do not defid till tiiey are pppi died 
 with fati;>iie. I'liis part of tlie performance is tlie 
 counter-part of that of tiiC Inhabitants of NVw Zealand ; 
 ard, as among thole people, the perfon whofe adion is 
 t'e molt violent, antl who continuei this exercife the 
 Liigeil:, is applauded by the fpcftators as the beft dan- 
 cci. But our people law lome boxing exiiibitions, of 
 the i;uue kind with thole duy had leen at the l-Viendiy 
 Hies. 
 
 The mufic of thefe jieople is of a rude kind; (or the 
 (iiilv rnufical inltrumenisthat wa.s oblerved anion"; them, 
 wee drums ot various fizcs. Their fon[rs, however, 
 wirch they arc laid to linp; in parts, and which tliev ac- 
 company with a gentle moi,;)n of their arms, like the 
 inhabit.ants of the I'riendlv Illands, have a verv pleafin"' 
 effect. ■ - 1 = 
 
 I'luy are generally addi<fled to gambjiiiti;. One of 
 their g.unes relembles our g;une at drafts ; Ivif, !i-oni 
 the number of Iquares, it feems to be much more in- 
 tric.ite. The boani is of the !e:ip;th of about two feet, 
 and is divided into two hundred and thirty eight fquares, 
 Ihiirteen in a row. In this game they ufe black and 
 whice pebbles, which they move from one liiuare to 
 a.ni)i.r.er. 
 
 Ai'i.ither of their gsmes conHlts in concealin.g a (lone 
 iiadet Ibme cloth, which \i fpreati out by one of tlie 
 parties, and rumpled in fuch a manner, that it is dii'H- 
 rnt to diilinguilh \/here the Hone lies. The ant.igo- 
 itilt then llrikes with a ilick, that part of the cloth 
 where he (uppofes the (lone to be ; and the chances be- 
 ing, upon the whole, againft his hitting it, odds of all 
 degrees are laid, v.irving with tlie opinion of the dex- 
 terity of the antago, It. 
 
 They often entertain themfelves with r.'.ces between 
 boys and girls, on which occafions they lav wagers with 
 ga-at (pirit. Our people fiv a man healing hi, breall, 
 and fearing his hair, in tiie violence of rage, for having 
 H\ three hatchets at one of thefe races, which he had 
 piirciiafed from them with near half his property a very 
 little tin\e bcfbrf. 
 
 Among the various diverlions of the cliildren, was 
 one frciiuently pl.iyeil at, and which lliewed a coniider- 
 able Ihaie ofdextei'ty. 'I'hey take a Ihort Hick, thro' 
 one extremity of which runs a peg Iharpened at both 
 fntis, extending about an inch on each fid • ; then 
 thfowing up a b.-ill fiirmcd of green leaves moulded to- 
 izethrr, :>.:kI l-iltened with twine, they catch it on one of 
 'he points of the peg; immeili.itely alter which, rhev 
 'hmw it up again livm the peg, then turn the (lick 
 round, anil catch the b.dl on the other point of'the pvg. 
 thus, tor f()me time, they continue catching it on each 
 piiint of tlie peg alteiti.itcly, without milling ir. They 
 •ire equal.y expert at another iliverlion of a fimilar n.i- 
 'iire. thriwing up in the air, and catching, in their 
 iwns, ii.anv ol thele balls : ami our people have often 
 '.cii little children thus keep live balls in motion aionce. 
 
 Concerning their metlvul of agricultuie, it may fuf- 
 lice to ol lerve, that it relembles that of the other illands 
 "f the P icilic Ocean. 
 
 The inlubitants (>fdie Sandwich Ill.inds arc divideil 
 wito three dalles. i'he Jum, or chicis of each dif- 
 'nd, aie the lii II ; and one of diefe is I'liperior to the 
 rdl, who was called, at Owliyliee, Ern-lahvo, and 
 ^■''tr Moee ; the lirll name cxprelfing his authority, and 
 'lie latter l.gnlfying that, in his prelence, all mull prof- 
 'r.ite themfelves. Thole of the fecond dais appear to 
 "ii.iy a li^'ht of pro|ierr\ , but liave no authority. 'Thole 
 who compole the ihiril clals, are called A'ic/.iti > or 
 Ifi-v-ants, and have neither rank or p.rop.eity. 
 No. 10. 
 
 of t;ie he.'.d, and would have dragged h;i 
 cabin, if the caiitai/i had nor; interfered. 
 
 altercation, 
 
 'Tl'.e Ercrs appear to l.avc unlimited pov.'cr over ilie 
 inferior dalles of people; many in.'lances of v.'iiich oi:- 
 cuiieil daily, wiiiill our pe -.jile cof;tinued among them. 
 On the od;er hand, the people are impiici.ly obe.iient. 
 It is remarkable, however, th.it the chiefs were never 
 feea to e;;ercife any acls of cruelty, iiyjultice, or i.-ilo- 
 leuce towards them ; tiiougli they put in prailice 
 their power over each other, in a mofi: p/raniiii ,d de- 
 gree, as a^)|K'ars from tlie f.dlowing inllances. On-.; of 
 the lower order of the chiefs having Ihewn great civiiiiy t > 
 the m.ilter of the fliip, on his examination of Karaka- 
 kooa B;iy, Mr. King, Ibme time afterwards, took him 
 on board the Rei'oiution, am. introduced him to Capt. 
 Cook, wiio engaged him to diiif. While the company 
 remained at table, Pareea entered, whole countenarvc 
 manifelted the highell indignation at feeing their gueft 
 lo honourably entertained. He fei,;cd him by the hair 
 
 m (.'lit of r!',e 
 After mucii 
 no ether indulgence coukl be obtained 
 (with ).jt qurrelling with "Pareea) than that the gueit 
 fhoukl be permitted to remain in the cabin, on condi- 
 tion tiiat he Icated him.lelf on --lie Hoor, while Pareea 
 occupied his place at the table. An inllance, fbrne- 
 what fimilar, happened when T'eireeoboo came flrlt on 
 board die Refolution, when Maiha-maiha, who attend- 
 ed iiim, feeing Pareea upon dc-k, turned him mofl ig- 
 nomiiiioully out of the tlri>; e\'en di:/Ugli die officers 
 knew Pareea to be a man of the firfl confefjuence. 
 
 Very little inf>rniation could be obtained refpeding 
 riicir adminilleriug of juflicc. If a quarrel arofe amoni; 
 the lower clafs of people, the matter was referred to tlu- 
 decil;()n of Ibme chief. If .".ii inleri or chief l:ad otTend- 
 ed one of fuperior rank, his puniilunent was diclur -d 
 by the feelings of the fuperior at that moment. If he 
 IhoukI fi)rtunately efcapc tiie firfl tranf;-)rt5 of iiis r.ige, 
 he pevhaps found moans, through the mc-diation'of 
 others to compound for his ollence, by all, or part of 
 hij effefts. 
 
 The religion of thele people relembles that of tiie 
 Society and Friendly ifk-s. In Cf.mmon with eacii 
 other, tiiey liave all their mnynis, their whii/im, tlieir 
 facred fongs and iheir faciifices. The ceiemrinir:; 
 htie, are, indeed, longer, and more ininierous than in 
 the illands aliove mentioned. 
 
 It lias been remarked by voyagers, that the Society 
 and briendly iflanders jiay ailoration to particular birds j^ 
 and it li'cnib to be a cullom th;it is prevalent in fiu lo 
 illands. Ravens are, perhaps, the objeCl of it here ; 
 for Mr. King law two of diele birds pertcdiy tame, at 
 ilie village of Kakooa, and was told they were Eatimtn. 
 He ollered feveral articles for tlieni, wliicli were ail re- 
 filled; and he was jiarticulaily cautioned not to hurt or 
 <jfFend diem. 
 
 'The prayer., and offerings made by die priefls befirc 
 tlieir meals, may be daffed among tin ir religious cere- 
 monies. 
 
 It has been already obl'ervetl, that iiuman lacrificcs 
 are common here. I'hey have one moll extr.iordinary 
 religious cullom, which is tiiat of knocking out their 
 fore teeth. [Vlofl of the common people, and m.iny of 
 the ducfs, had loll one or more of them ; and tliis, our 
 p'f'oj)It- .inderflood, was confideied as a [iropiti.uory la - 
 ctilice to the Eutooa, to avert his .inger; and not like- 
 die cutting oil' a ])ait of the linger at the I'liendh !da."uj, 
 to exprefs ti>e violence of dieir grief at ihe deceafe of a 
 friend. 
 
 Cnir v(;yagers could derive but verv im})e.!e.!!t infor- 
 mation of their opinions refpeding a lutuie (late. t)ii 
 enquiring of tiieni wliither the dead were gone, they 
 were told t.'nit tlie breatli, which they leeined to coiifi- 
 der as the immort.d jiart, was fled to Krilocii. 'They 
 feemed alH) to give a lieli'nption of lome place, which 
 they fujipofe to be the abode of the de.id ; but tliey 
 loiiKl not Iciun that they liad any idea of rewards or 
 piinilhmencs. 
 
 Of their marriages it can only be laid, liiai fiich .i 
 
 c-)mj>ad leems to exill among them. \N licilicr polyg.i- 
 
 1) d mv 
 
 ■'•, ■ ■!■ 
 
 :!. i 
 
 
 
!i 
 
 
 W 
 
 if!r4i 
 
 Hfi: 
 
 i. 
 
 io6 A NEW, ROYAL avi> AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GFIOGRAPIIY 
 
 mixcvl with conaib':i. gc 
 
 my is allowal, or wlicther it is 
 
 coiiki n(;t he afa-rtaiiKtl. 
 
 U appcuis, tioiii tlie following inltanco, tlut among 
 married women ot' rank, not only fidelity, but even a 
 degree of rcierve is required. 
 
 At one of tiieir boxing matciies, Omeali, a cliief of 
 die higliert dignity, rofe two or tliree tiines from his 
 place, an 1 anproaclied his wife with ilrong marks of dil- 
 pleafure, eommanding her, as was luppoled, to witii- 
 draw. Whetlier he thought lier beauty engaged too 
 much of the attention of his vifitors, or w! .te\er might 
 be h s motives, there certainly exifted no real eaufe of 
 jealouiy. She, however, continued in her [.".ace, and, 
 at the conclulion of tiie entertainment, joined the [)arty 
 of officers, and even (iJieited i;)me trilling j^refents. 
 She was infiirmctl that they had not any about them ; 
 but that if Ihe would .accompany them to the tent, ilie 
 fliould be welcome to maUc choice of what flie liked. 
 She accordingly proceeded with them, which being ob- 
 ferved by Omeali, he f>llowcd in a great rage, fci 'etl 
 her by the hair, and, v, ith his fifts, began to inlliifl fc- 
 yere corporal punilhmcnt. Having been the innocent 
 Caufe of this extraordinary treatment, the officers were 
 exceedingly concerned at it ; though dicy underftood 
 it would De higlily improper for tlicm to interfere be- 
 tween hufband and wife of fuch fiiperior rank. The 
 natives, liowever, at length inteipofed ; and tlie next 
 day tliey had the fatisfadtion of meeting them together, 
 perfectly liitisficd with each other : andj wliat was ex- 
 tremely fingular, the^wiie would not permit them to 
 laily the huilxmd on his behaviour, which they had an 
 inclination rt) do -, plainly ttliing tlwrn, that he had acted 
 very properly. 
 
 Our people had twice an opportunity, while the fliips 
 Uy at karakakooa Bay, of feeing a part of their funeral 
 rites. Hearing of the death of an old chief, not flir 
 from the obler\-atcries, fome of tl.cm repaired to the 
 pluce, where they beheld a number of people alfembled. 
 
 * They were le.ited round an are, fronting die houfe 
 whcie tiie deteafcd lay ; and a man, havnng on a red 
 fj:adiered cap, came to the door, conftantly putting 
 out his head, and nuking a mult kmint.ible howl, 
 atcomp.uiied with horrid grimaccf., and violent ilillor- 
 rions of the face. A large mat was afterwards fpread 
 (ijion the area, and thirteen women and two men, who 
 came out of tiie houfe, fat down upon it in dirte equal 
 rows; three of the women, and die two men, biing in 
 front. The women had featlieretl rvjf]"', on their necks 
 and hands i and dieir fhoulders were decorated with 
 broad green leaves, curioufl;' f'c(]ll()])ed. Near a Iniall 
 hut, at one corner of diis area, halt' a dozen boys were 
 
 placed, waving liiiall white banners, and lahct) fijcks 
 who would not ililTtT our jieople to ujiproach them. 
 1 lence they imagined that the dead body was ilepofitcj 
 in tiie hut ; but were aftenvards infiirmed, that it re- 
 maii>ed in the houle where the tricks v.erc pLiyinir at 
 die door by die man in the red cap. The company, 
 feated on the mat, (iing a melancholy tune, accompa- 
 nied w ith a gentle inotion of the arms and botly. I'his 
 having continued fome time, they put themlelves in a 
 polliire between kneeling and fitting, and dieir arms 
 and bodies into a molf rapid motion, keeping pace, at 
 the fame nme, with die mufic. Tliele lift exertions 
 being too violent to continue, at inteivaij they had 
 flower motions. An hour having p;'.fleil in tlieli; cere- 
 monies, more mats were fpread upon die area, whca 
 the dead's cliief wiilow, arid three or four othti' eklerlv 
 women, came out oi' the houfe with (low anil Itilen.ii 
 pace, and feating themfeives befiirc die cnmp.ir.v, U- 
 g;'.. to wail mod bitterly, in which they- were joined h; 
 t iC three rows of women behind tliem : the two men a.; 
 r /earing melancholy and penfivc. They continued tiuib, 
 wld: little variation, till late in the evening, when our 
 , eople left them ; and, at day-light in the morning, the 
 people dil"perli.d, anti ev'jry thing was qifict. Our peo- 
 ple were given to uinlerftand, that the bfxly was re- 
 moved, but could not learn how it was ilifpofed of". As 
 they were making enquiry of fome of the natives, they 
 were approached by three women of rank, who fignilicil 
 to them, that their prefence interrupted the perf()rni;u;ie 
 of fome necelfary rites. Soon after they had left dieni, 
 tJuy heard their cries and lamentadnns; and when thty 
 met them a few hours alter, the lower parts of their 
 faces were painted })erlecT.ly black. 
 
 They li.id likewile an opportunity of obferving tlie 
 ceremonies iit die liineral of one of tiie oixiinary elals. 
 Hearing Inine mournful cries ifTuing from a mifcrahle 
 liut, diey entered it, and dilcovered two women, which 
 they fupjiol'ed to be the mother antl d.uighter, weeping 
 over die b(jdy of a man, who had diat moment expired 
 They firfl covered the body widi a cloth, then lyi.i!.; 
 down by it, they tpreatl the cloth over diemlelvcs, be- 
 ginning a melancholy kind of long, often repeating 
 Ai::ih me donah! Awrh lance! "Oh, my f'itlxr! 
 " Oh, my hufband !" In one corner a younger daugli^ 
 rer lay proflratc on die ground, having fome black cloth 
 Ijjread over her, ;uici repta'.ii-g the lame cxpreinons. 
 
 On enquiry aftenvards, how the boily had been dif- 
 pofed of, they pHjinteil towards the fca, p,erha[»s indica 
 ting therciiy, that it had been depofited in d;e tieep ; nr 
 diat it had been conveyed to fome place of burial be- 
 yond the bav. 
 
 ^ f com a rn-ffw nf rrgiom jirjl c\(}loinU in tlie vajl Paafu Off an, l>v the lutfll, mof! ingenioui, am! (nierprizing 
 Navigntfii, rvliirli have pitfent il t.< the mnd a dJfLty of himtiu Viitnrr :n il\ uidc and unciiUivittcdJlelc, Mi 
 p:ll\nt! Ji'iHs tending to excite eijual horror and imazemenl, we paj\ to Afia, tluit quarter oj the globe allowed^ h 
 Geographers ni genera!, lo<!,iim pre-em.vence, from the fenmiy of its air, tlie fertility of its foil, and the rirhnejs oj 
 its mines. Hete new pro/pffts op,n to ike new, and heie. much mere tmpvilant c/i xvill as tnUrtaimng Dtfccvent\ 
 both on the coaf!^, ds alfo in the dijlant i/l.ivds, have been recently made by our 'ate Navigators, all oJ which uill he 
 '''^'nhed in their prii/i'y places. . -■ .,.-..-.. 
 
 dejcnhed ii 
 cj Arts an 
 
 d in their prop' r places. W, Jhall heie furvey Empires e.\tenj:ve and opul 't ,n the extreme, truce the prcgrep 
 and Scieiue>, prrceive fhecjftilsof different drjpn/ittcns and a diffennt r^ .■ n/men, and enter upon adelacicf 
 mi, manner, and ceremonies of people' totally oppo/iie to ihofe already deferibed. This miifl tend to expand the 
 
 th'-enjl 
 ■as oJ 
 happily adapted to llend iiijinillw ■tr'iih inhrlamment 
 
 ideas of the Readn, -ilio ull iiU tii.,,U of having devoted fonw part of his lime to the contemplation vf fuhjeHs Jo 
 
 In our defer iplwneJ this Qjiailcr <;/ Ihe Globe, we /hall have varmis oppoilitmlies of furmjhivg the Reader mlh 
 
 that infornuilion and entntainmnit ih-il could never before be obtained, as different paits have been e Kplored hj n\ii 
 
 modern navigators, xvluch could not b. penetrated by their predecejjbrs, and which we Jheill vnmitely and aaiiratihde- 
 
 fcnbr m their proper places; Jo thct a continued Novillywtll attend our PnrfiiU through the Whole of tur lalonou, 
 
 Until' itiktng. 
 
 It. iihiy !■' prop.r toobfeivet,)our R,.iu'ers, that, afin having amph driuibid all the New Dfovered Ifknds nj 
 niipoi lame 1,1 //;i Great Pacific Ocean, ftch fwail mes as tone only fieu, or flightly vijited by our late SavignUrs, 
 andumjiijueiuiyflij, im/Joif„nee, /iuill be all d.fnbed m then piop'er oid.r, and'daj/id under one g,neral Head, 
 
 an 
 
 mlh our'def,.i.!.,nU large of theAJulic Ijlar.iL 
 
 A N K VV 
 
 iAiM.k . :..;;iiJukSat:f^A 
 
if 
 
 ;eograpiiy. 
 
 iners, and luhi^o fiicks, 
 pie to aj.proach them. 
 i-atl l)ody was ilt-pofited 
 Is inlormcd, that it re- 
 tricks v.'crc playin:^ at 
 \\ iMp. The compiuiy, 
 incholy tunc, acconipa- 
 ; arms and boiiy. i'his 
 hey put thenilelves \n a 
 fitting, and tlieir arms 
 lotion, keeping pace, at 
 :. Thefe lift exertions 
 , at intervals tliey had 
 'ing p.dled in dielc: ccrc- 
 il upon die area, when 
 ree or tour otlit)- cl.lerlv 
 "e with (low aiul iijlen.ii 
 etore die e(ir.ip,i;-iy, Lk.-- 
 lich they were joined b,' • 
 1 diem : the two men Ui, 
 !, ■ They conuiiued tiuit, 
 the evening, when our 
 light in the morning, the 
 ig w;is quiet. Our peo- 
 that the bixly Wiis rc- 
 / it was dit'[)ored of". As 
 bine of die natives, tiicy 
 icn of rank, wiio figiiilicil 
 ;erriiptcd the pertormarxe 
 1 after tliey had left diem, 
 ;ntarinnsi and when thty 
 the lower parts of tiicir 
 lek. 
 
 aramity of obferving die 
 one of tlie oriiinary cLifs. 
 illiiing from a iniferabk 
 jvtred two women, wiiich 
 'T and daughter, weeping 
 had diat moment txpiac'. 
 with a clodi, then lyiii;, 
 iOth over diemtelvcs, be 
 of fbng, ollen repeating 
 <icr ! " Oh, my fid.er ': 
 ' corner a younger daug!i- 
 i, liaving fome black cloili 
 g the liimc expreirions. 
 w the body had been dif- 
 s the fea, perhaps indica 
 depofited in tlie deep; '■< 
 i fome plai :e of buiid be 
 
 ngenitttii, and (nttrprizm^ 
 avd unculttviitcd Jlctc, mv.i 
 'tr of the glo/ie allowed, li 
 Hi foil, and ihr ruhniji of 
 IS (nttrtaining Dtficverio, 
 itors, all ij which mil it 
 fxtrrme, huit the progrep 
 II, and enter upon a dtlad cf 
 rhis mujl linll lo expand the 
 contemplation I'f Julytls jo 
 
 fnrni/htvg the Rritdtr vuh 
 
 have hern nfihired hy our 
 
 I minutely and lUi tirnlth dt- 
 
 the Whi'tr of vur latorms 
 
 AVto Dijivvnrd f/landi "j 
 ted h mtr late Siiwgnl-n, 
 i under one amend IJeid, 
 
 A NK W 
 
 lAPIiY. 
 
 (,;!r"'(>"''^rf.«»ere are great variety 
 jf^-^i>r«^^^«^ particulars, we may 
 '^tCX ^^'' '"^^ namt from the 
 wy^s?^*^''^''*''"" to Afia die 
 
 f"g..ov«.^./!.'<*he Arabic, Perfian, 
 
 Itr- *"i,""'?;T,unded by the Se.i, 
 
 ■■'■" '"'"*"-''E,ir Peter the Giear, 
 
 of extent it is larger 
 
 ....lU'/Ciording to the molt 
 -- 5"~yii, rf- 
 
 {"?aradife, or Garden 
 ^;. jrnce of the Divine 
 |Uences, and, by his 
 
 ,<^<:e fi\'oured peojile 
 ^ ilhence was diJufed 
 
 f .r'.tt,/V/-'"^""<-'''s> "rigin of 
 i|- 3gs of a fjjiriti'al or 
 
 K"*" Jt^^' ''^ ^*''^' '''' fup'T- 
 \»»i„(<i/ ^DuCicfs of its fiuits, 
 
 ty,-— -■^ he quandty, beauty 
 
 fe y,,,,,,,, '^ofs, we cai'.noi but 
 
 i 'i i ! 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 'Ki 
 
 ll 
 

 :;r 
 
I 
 
 ,^- 
 
 
 If 
 
 m 
 
 11; 
 
 liV r'l 
 
 106 A NEW, 
 
 my is allowed, or v* 
 
 xoiikl no: be :xrcfrtj»' 
 
 It aiipciiis, tl<)in*~r ; 
 married women of 
 degree of rtletvc 
 
 At one ol' the 
 the hlgliell clignitf,'_ ' •»n''^K; ' 
 place, and apt)roa^ 'i5^T,ii.f^. 
 plealure, comm; " ^ ,^ 
 draw. Whether f v_ *'"',/ ^. 
 much of the attcnl'i''^ nv*-'"' 
 be h s motives, mj^y/^" ^If^.^.i 
 iealouly. She, h^^'*'"''*' 
 
 at the conclulion pi^i i* i»''" 
 of officers, and i;; 
 She was informeit 
 but tlut if flie wop 
 fhoiild be welcorUt^ 
 She accordingly prT 
 ferved by Omeah,,;^^ 
 ■v her by the hair, an^ 
 
 yere corporal. puiu»! 
 Vaufe of this cxtr, 
 exceedingly concc' 
 it would Be higl-J; 
 twecn hulband anjj 
 natives, however, 
 day tliey had tlie £ 
 perfectly liuisfied , 
 tremcly fjnguiar, 
 rally the hulband |" is*" 
 inclinaaon to do ; fVw^,,^,: 
 very properly. »■- 
 
 Our pcvjpie iiadimi' 
 l,iy at Karakakooa|j> 
 rites. Hearing C^^';,,"" 
 from the obfervatliiu«ni 
 '^ place, where they ir^ J* /"/»/.| 
 ^»>* They were ii;ate($j-ib tf< 
 
 Vheie die deceafi-J^ y' 
 
 
 f}.-athered cap, ca:^ y ""-' 
 out his head, ara' ^ 
 accompi-.nied withj?*''^ 
 tfons of the face. '' 
 lipon the area, and* 
 <;anie out of tlic h'Jf 
 rows i diree of tht 
 front. The wonv 
 and hands i and 1 a 
 broad green leav 
 hut, at one come, 
 
 from n rtvinu 
 Navigatnn, which 
 piRurtd ftfnei tin 
 Geographcn in ga 
 ilf mines. Here r 
 both on the coajh, 
 defiiihrd in then 
 of Arli and Scun^ 
 the ctijloms, manni 
 ideas of the Rende K W 
 happily adapt' d 1,0 
 
 In our defcripti^t, ^•*'* 
 that information 
 modern inivigator 
 Jcribc in ihcir prcA 
 Undertaking. 
 
 It may he propi 
 importance m the j 
 and confequcnlly ol^ 
 with our dffcripti,,,,, 
 
 SYST 
 
 Including 
 
 THE origin < 
 of opinions 
 venture to otier, a 
 Phicnician word / 
 Greater, is fituatci 
 A fid is boundet 
 Lilian and Chinel( 
 only it m\\{\ be ol 
 from whofe furvcy 
 than Eur0|ie aiitl 
 received computat 
 In Afia the grai 
 of Eden, inhabited 
 command. In A 
 ivcceprs, example 
 die Jews -vere enli 
 th'.iughcut -he dift 
 Afia ci.;;;ns the 
 arts and fcienrcs, i 
 mental kind, may 
 abundance. In fi 
 the lalubrity of its 
 ami value of its 
 admit of its decide 
 
 
 A ( 
 
 N 
 
 Nation 
 
 thina - - 
 
 Mogul Empi:e 
 
 s 
 
 India - . 
 
 Perfia 
 
 ■2 
 
 Arabia 
 Syria - 
 
 x^ (Holy L.IUH 
 
 I . 
 
 ii -^ -i Natolia 
 
 
 Melijputar 
 
 Turcd 
 
 ^ Georgia 
 Chinele 
 
 ,1]^ /Mo'tukan 
 
 lnd<.|Hndei 
 
A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC 
 
 SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 BOOK 
 
 AS 
 
 ir. 
 
 
 i|s. ■;.:'.::= 
 
 Including the New Difcoverics on the Continent and Iflands oIT the Coaft. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 TI IP", origin of die common name of Afia is, at bed, btft foimdal upon conjefture, and there are great variety 
 of opinions amf)ng the learned concerning it. A{|i|||^.rninutc examination of the feveral particulars, we may 
 venture to ofYcr, as m )ft probable, tlie JuiL^inent of Bochanl, wha fuppofes it to have taken its name from the 
 i'hccnician word Afi, fignifying the muhUe, becaufe jA-fia Minor, which communicated its appellation to Afia tlie 
 Greater, is fituatcd in the middle berv,'een Euro[.>e and Africa. 
 
 Afia is boundeil on the W. by the Bl.ic!<. and McditeiTanean Soas ; on tlie S. and E. by the Arabic, Perfian, 
 hiilian and Chinefi: Oceans ; and on the N. by the l-Vozen ; fo tliac it is, on every fide, furrounded by the Sea, 
 only it mufi: be obferved, that its limits n )rthward were not difcovcred till the reign of the Czar Peter the Gi-eat, 
 from whofe fiirvey a map was afterwards printed at AmfKTdani. Its form is conical : in point of extent it is larger 
 than Europe and Africa togetlier, and broader than America, thougli not io long, being, acconling to the njjgit 
 received computation, aliout 47 [o miles from F. to VV. and 4380 from N. to S. 
 
 In Afia the grand work of Creation was fiifl m.ule manifell. 1 lere flourifhed tlie terreftrial Paradife, or Garden 
 of Eden, inhabited by our firll" (wrents in a fhite of innocence, till expelled for their difobedience of the Divine 
 comm;;nd. In Afia appeared tlie Great Redeemer ot Mankiiil, to avert the fatal conlequences, and, by his 
 precepts, example and iufrering«, lay the f )un.lation of their ftitiire happiiieis. Here tii.it once favoured people 
 tlie Jews 'vere enlipliteiied by pro])lieric revelations : here Chiiilianity firlt dawned, and from hence was di.Fufed 
 tl''.iughcut 'he dill.mt nations of tlie eartii. 
 
 Afia ci.-.;;ns the firit planting of cities, inllirution of laws and government, civilization of manners, origin of 
 arts and fcienres, and cultivation of human literature in general. To thel'e dillinguilhed blellings of a fpiiitual or 
 mental kind, may be added the bounties of Pmvidence, which are here dil'penfed in valt variety as well as fuper- 
 abiindance. In fine, if we advert to the ferenity of its air, the fertility of i.s foil, the dclicioufnefs of its fruits, 
 tlie liilubrity of its drugs, the fragrance and balfamic c]ualities of its plants, gums and fpices ; the quantity, beauty 
 anil value of its gems, the tineneis of its filks and cottons, and many other natural endowments, we cannot but 
 admit of its decided fuperiority, nor can we wcndcr at its ancient fplendor, power and opulence. 
 
 
 A GEN ERA I. TABLE of the C O N T 1 N' E N F of ASIA. | 
 
 
 tw 
 
 Nations. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 I'rincipal Cities. 
 
 Dillani c and Bearings from London. 
 
 na - - - - - 
 
 1440 
 
 1160 
 
 Pekin - - - j 4320 
 
 S. E. 
 
 Mogul Empire - - 
 
 204 i 
 
 1400 
 
 Dehli - - - 
 
 3720 
 
 S. I'-.. 
 
 C 
 
 India - . . - - 
 
 ■2000 
 
 1000 1 Siam - - - 
 
 5040 
 
 S. E. 
 
 E 
 
 1 
 
 Perfia ----- 
 
 1300 
 
 J lOO 
 
 Iljiahan - - - 
 
 2460 
 
 S. E. 
 
 J 
 
 "Arabia - - - 
 
 i:}00 
 
 taoo 
 
 Mecca - - - 
 
 2640 
 
 S. I'.. 
 
 Syria - - . - 
 
 400 
 
 200 
 
 Alenp'; - - - 
 
 i860 
 
 S. l'. 
 
 
 I loly L.and • - 
 
 200 
 
 180 
 
 Jenilalem - - 
 
 (920 
 
 S. E. 
 
 Natolia - - 
 
 600 
 
 320 
 
 Smyrn.' ... 
 
 1440 
 
 s. !•:. 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 h 
 
 .Vkliipui.iinia - 
 
 (icX) 
 
 300 
 
 BagJat - - - 
 
 2160 
 J 860 
 
 S. E. 
 
 Turconi.mia - 
 
 ;J0O 
 
 200 
 
 J'.r;',erum - - 
 
 S. E. 
 
 Georgia - - 
 
 a JO 
 
 140 
 
 'i'etlis - - - 
 
 1(J20 
 
 E. 
 
 fRiifTian - - - 
 
 \ Limits impofiible tc 
 \ al'eertain, as dicy an 
 <. frcvjuently chariginr, 
 / by continual aoDeals tr 
 
 'i'ohohki - - 
 
 2 1 lio 
 
 N. E. 
 
 i 
 
 1 Chinefe - - - 
 
 Chyni.m - - - 
 
 4 il'o 
 
 N. E. 
 
 1 Mogulean - - 
 
 iibet - - - 
 
 37^0 
 
 E. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Iiiilcpendent - - 
 
 / tl-.c iV.-or 
 
 1. " 
 
 Sain.'.rcand - - 
 
 2«0 5 
 
 !-. 
 
 K f ti 
 
 f 
 
 ! a! 1 f, 
 
 i I- 1; jti 
 
 1 
 
 ■'lA 
 
 If I 
 
 I'" i 
 
 ;:i.;ii 
 
 !:'■!, 
 
 
 
 '^•» 
 
 ,'.i:. 
 
 •- ip '■' 
 
y 
 
 108 
 
 \[\V, KOYAL AVD 
 
 AUTHENTIC SVSTIM at UNI\ KRSAl. GI'.OtJRM'l IV 
 
 C II A i\ 
 
 I. 
 
 iii" 
 
 
 Ji 
 
 ii 
 
 s 
 
 s )•. c r ION I. 
 
 B E R 
 
 A 
 
 6?.-. 
 
 I), ft ore I \, E.\trnf, Siltuitio!', Climate, Riven., 
 
 SIHKRIA «.is liiitovfrcil by a Mulcovire turned 
 AnicA, who, obll'rving cciifuliTablc companies, 
 ilillcrciu fioin th^ Kiini.u'i-.'aniu- luimialiy t'rom ic with 
 fins, \-c. ivlolvL-d to iiif'>;iii himlllf" ot' tlic p;;r;iiiihis 
 1 .iiixriiin" ic, and cnp-ntfs the tradf, diiciailyas tlnll- 
 iH',;pic lailcii into NUi;i.\>vy uy th.c river Wliidbgda, near 
 \\liic!i he refidcd, to 0/:fi!aivi tJilfnj^a, lituated on the 
 (■iwiiia, into which it talis. Anica louml meaivs to in- 
 nxidiicc i'oiiie of liis children and domeltics into their 
 ciM.ipany on their "• irn, and tKpreby ellablilh \ con 
 Ipondcncc with the .ihich .-niied <o eree. ■ ,'i. - tl: 
 .ulvantage, that in time they grew Co opiik.n. .\i to L. 
 come filmed by the nahvil Anicans, 
 
 The part to which rhey traded was to the north .' 
 Siiu-ria, or rather the fouthcrn part ot Samoiedia. To 
 pc'.em the eiVefts of Jifcjvery, they finiciy lecured 
 bv rrelcnt, the prou-cl'ion of prince Boris GordenolF, 
 bualKT-in-law and afierwards Uicceflor to the the:i Ciar 
 I'c'xlor Iwanowitz, wi'.o procured them a patent troni 
 ilie Cz..r, entailing all their lands Mid polTeirmns on their 
 tsi'rericv for ever free from tribute. B(,iib lent the 
 .'. .icaiis an anib.i.Tador, with a great reiir.i.-e, an eleciit 
 (;.' troops, and abundar.cc of trinkets and othei- orna- 
 ments. They vient through great part of Samoiedia 
 :,', tar as tlie (.)by, dlfplaving uieir niagni^'cenee, and 
 eiiltributiii.'-; thei.r prefenC-^ v/itll (lich !ibern'!:y that tlio 
 inliai.iitan'.s vcre c.iprivated, and Cjn'idered it as a 
 fi.'.ppinel" '•> ii\c under liil'pkr.did a monarch, .'^i.veral 
 i'l'i'iar? were tlien left to learn their lavg'.iage, aj'.d 
 llvcr.d na'ives cliearfuily entered into the fcrvice ol' tlie 
 C.'ar, and e jufing to M.)fv:ow earned b.ic!: to tluir 
 I' luntrvnieii fo tranfporting an account of the grand 
 fpeiiacie> liicrein ex!',i!)l:ed, as induced them readaly to 
 fubniit to tlie RuTian empiie, and fubiecl diemfelves to 
 1' ;. .'.n annual tribute, and about the year 1595, they 
 
 IK^ 
 
 le whoi'r tlie vaflills oi' Ruifia. 
 
 Aeeordiii!/, however, to Mr, Ilbrand Ides, Siberia 
 W.I-, dileovered and conquered before that tmie (i. e. in 
 1 ,* ;) in the reigti of Iwanov.itz; whereas Samoiedia 
 I ;1 ;nitred not till thaf of his Ibli I'dxlor. As we would 
 ly ]v) i.ie.ui. on-^it any article that may conduce to the 
 i i.wrmarion ol' our reader', we ihall pre'.enc : •.n with 
 •e; r- ;i,v.'l fr, 111 tl^e author bef)ie-mentioiied, leiative to 
 1..'- ■i.i'vnerv aiii rnh'eetion of Siberia. 
 
 ileicUte' 
 Anir.) in 1 ,'i j, <ii]t 
 ■■I a nii,r,ei- i ■ ltu, 
 r, y .1!) lilt liie nee; 
 !'i!Tel.i;e, fenr .1 e 
 '■ "'■ ''.'d iiiivi I.) r;:: 
 • . .i;:ia tl'oin Siberia, 
 ^■.\■^ ;, )>■ into the territo 
 I'i.iklihip" he ri)und tue 
 
 i'.at a.'ter the ilifcoveiy of Sibeiia by 
 Teriii.iek Timoleiwitz, at the head 
 of e.'oifacks, rav:'ged ail the coun- 
 (..'eea and Volga; thit tlie Czar, 
 sifiderable tare againll: him, and 
 e L.) the mountains, wiiieh divide 
 'Ir.at he crofled thcle mountain^-, 
 ;e3 of M. StrogonotT, whole 
 iieans ol' obtaining, and by 
 vi; e ailjllanee he eir.birl-vcd widi liis ban.litti on die 
 I ;:l, and laileil d.)wn ".a^'t river to the place where it 
 1 . In. ■:•': irieif iiU ) the Tura : that purfuing his cnui'.c 
 ' 1 ■' ' liver, iie iii/ed upon the city of Tiimen, lur- 
 \ r, ^ . r.>b'iil];i, made pritimer the iljn of the Chan 
 ■''.\,u', .i.i, a y.jutJi about twelve yiaas ot' age, and lint 
 ..iiii I , .\[ liow v.ith the ofler of annexing Siberia to 
 ti'e \{ I'.'.Aii erov.n, I)',- whicli he obtained a pardon, and 
 Iwial';, i.hai iie w.e, f,oi) after di owned, and t^ie C.ir 
 (.f troops int; Siberia, the wl 
 I) l;i', arms." 
 
 i.-.i iiii;; a .,,1. 
 I 'uiiTV fnb-lii 
 Siliei'ia r. .'. 
 I '' i deg. no'! 
 
 I '.', IMU.Ut ', 
 
 Kl 
 
 i'jie 
 
 •u 
 
 ,1,. 
 
 )l valt extent, reacainiJ from ;o 
 la'.e, aiul comprehemling the moll 
 i''. '.i.ri.'n enij;iie rvon in AJi.i. Ic ii 
 1 
 
 bounded on tl;e W. by Rulll.i, (lep.uatcd by the ridge 
 cf iiiountain> reaching from iVloiint Caucaliis to the 
 Northern Ocean) on the N. by the I-'ro/en Sea, on 
 the l^'.all by the Japanefe Ocean and part of (Jreat 
 'I'artary, and on the S. by the lame. So that it m.iy 
 be computed upwards of 3000 miles in lengdi, and 
 about -J bo in breadth. 
 
 The northern parts of it are fcarcely habitable tliro" 
 exceilive cold. I'licy exhibit nothing but a drear/ view 
 ot impeivtnble i.oods, fnow-fopt mountains, l'e^^, 
 lakes U.K. ui'.rll-.cs, and are f)e.xpoied to bleak wine':,, 
 that ' .e bare idea of diem muti thrill the mind witii 
 
 norn/i'. 
 h.ubin.' 
 oLH. 
 
 Not a teat.nercu meflenger .ippears ,a» the 
 
 T ' ' any change of le.ifMi. The natives •■<: 
 
 ■) ,1 ke pallages t'.rough lie.'j^s ol lii,, ,, ^,J 
 
 ; ! file year p rly Ihut Uj ai their cottag'.:. 
 
 , ii iA '. exliibits one melanmoiy li.-ene, and 
 
 eard t'ur die cries of fjire iluidderi.nr' tra- 
 
 ils 
 
 f norror and diillncl'; the mcnarJis 
 
 , o tr.c, 
 of Kufii I- ...i. a» exiks tiiofc griuidees who inc, r 
 their dii'pkalure i i()mc for a time prefcribcvl, otiiers tei 
 life. Some have'a fcaiuy pitcince allowed them, others 
 none at all i ii) that tror.i a iUti; of ojxilence and gran- 
 deur, they become atciico the moit dellitute iniiabjecl 
 of mortals. Ihty live by the hunt, and arc not only 
 conipe'led to fend an annual tribcteof furrs to the C/ars, 
 butpunllbeel with relenclefs cruelty by their talk-mailers 
 wiio fu\ erintend them. 
 
 The li)Utliern are the only parts of Siberia fit for hu- 
 man bi.ings to inh.iblr, wnere the climate is l()mewliar 
 mild, anil the ti/il appears ca[;able or culrivaiion; tho', 
 tor want of inhabitants, very little ot any kiml of grain 
 is produceii. 
 
 The priniipal rivers of this country, are tlie Jenifea, 
 the Oby, anti the Lena. Tiiey contain, in great quan- 
 tities, all the fpecies of filh that a.^e found in t.iirope, 
 and many others unknown. 
 
 On the banks of tome of the i.vers, they dig out of 
 die ground a furpriling I 'k1 of bone refemblitig ivory, 
 wiiich f)me inter muil i.ive lain there ever (ince the 
 Hood. I'his bone, Ij lit or lawed, exhibits a variety of 
 figures, fucli as birdf, i1o\vers, ccc. anel the longer it 
 hath lain on the ground, the greater is the divcrfit)'. 
 Several triuketr. .ue m.u'.e of this bone ; and various 
 "pinions are enteriiincd of iU rue a curiofity. But 
 ti.ele we omit as merely coiijecb.ir.i!, and pats to ob- 
 fervc, that in Siberia are gold, filver, copper, &c. 
 mines ; alfo the ir.pis kuu!i, jat'ier, anu loael-ilones. 
 il.e iron ores are CAcellci.t ; tlie brown is of a \ery tine 
 grain; and die load-ilore acls i:ix;n it (iniy after it has 
 been calcined. Kiom tlie generd acc< imt of Silxria, 
 we now proceed to parriculais, beginning with il'.e iDoil 
 northern part, nn ! prtjceed.ing in tvgular grad.ifi-'n to 
 Kamtieliaika, I'.rtk" exjdorcd liy t'MT.ier, b;u [;a:ticiilaily 
 i!ek:il)ed bv our moleni navi;'ators, 
 
 S I', C T I O N M. 
 S A MO 11: 1)1 A, or S A. VI OIK DA. 
 
 r-pIII; 
 J[ t'l 
 
 I Ilti i' the mof: noriliern piroviiicc of tlie 
 I] ire, e.\teiiiiir.g if) tlie I'rozen Sea, 
 
 bounds it on the nortli. It is dividei 
 the Well, and Manamo .and Lopp', call 
 Oby. 1 he Riphaaii uiouiu.iins, ti'.at 
 iivc ■ Pe':'eij, b,ju;id 
 riu, ;KUiioides, oi- 
 Ruihan l.Jiguag.-, 
 broad Ihouldered, b 
 Jiendant, hideous a!; 
 
 the RjlTan 
 
 W'liich 
 
 into Obdora, en 
 
 of the river 
 
 liiin-unil th- 
 on the w( t'. 
 S.imoiedian.., (lignifying, in the 
 ■-'■•■■fd.'i I ^ ) are lev/ in ilatu c, 
 re-.ul faced, fi.ir nofeil, with lip. 
 l^•^ .uid i\e,;:thy f-ii.plcsic.i. , 
 I'l III 
 
IV 
 
 iLci! Iiy tl.c riilgr 
 L'.uic.i'lis to the 
 I-'ro/A-n Sea, on 
 .1 part of (irtJt 
 So that it ni.iy 
 s ill length, anil 
 
 V habitable tiiia' 
 bjt a tlrear/ vievv 
 mountains) tens, 
 to bleak winti:., 
 I tlic mind vvioi 
 ;ipj)c.ii.s as rhf 
 I'hc natives 'i- 
 
 J-S (ll 111.. ., ..iiJ 
 
 11 their coctajj'.-:;. 
 iioly lecne, .uul 
 ■ iluiJderir.;j ira- 
 
 lel'i the !Ticna;\ hs 
 juiecs who inert- 
 ribevl, otlier.s Un 
 wed them, otliers 
 )u!eiHe Mi.\ gran- 
 ilitute und abiccl 
 •mil aic not only 
 :urrs to the Czars, 
 their talk-inallers 
 
 Siberia fit for hii- 
 iiate is i'omewhar 
 
 cviirivalioiii tho', 
 any himl of graiii 
 
 /, are t!ie Jcnifea, 
 in, in great qiian- 
 fuunii in Europe, 
 
 ;, they ilig out of 
 refen.bling ivory, 
 ne ever fincc tl;c 
 ihibits a variety of 
 and the longer it 
 r is tiie iliverfit)'. 
 3one ; and various 
 a euiit.Tity. But 
 I, And pats to ob- 
 vcr, copper, &c. 
 aiiu load-iloncs. 
 'n is of a very tine 
 it only alter it has 
 c;v unt of Siberia, 
 ning with il-.e moll 
 gular grail.idtn to 
 er, bnqiarticiilarly 
 
 ■lOiUPA. 
 
 iva- of the lljfi'iui 
 ro/eri Sea, whicli 
 ll into Obdora, rn 
 , eall of the nva 
 
 tr.at liunauul th- 
 
 (figi'.ilyin^;, in llie 
 r !'. V.' in rtatu i. 
 it noi'ed, with lipi 
 iilliy i..-u.pie\ici. ■ 
 
 ^ y///i//f>f/r////.) r/f /'fUf^y^/t /// ' ///'/■/ 
 
 ///. 
 
 ( '' y/f/of/'f/f/,f/.i (^ //('/ftif //f f ///rj/rf '. 
 
 Hi'^ff.f iT'Vvr^. 
 
 V'>>t' 
 
p 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 li 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 From tl;c Lift partiiul. 
 tlimatcs, cither hot oi 
 Ian.'; cHcft iin the Ikii 
 ar its till! leni^th ; and 
 tut, is ad^irnc.i widi n\ 
 fixoti to it. 'Ilu- inen 
 
 Till- ilrfis of thi- \ 
 (Vins, with a fur cap, 
 iiockir.gs arc ail "f o'v 
 ticoats ilcrcciul down t 
 a kind "i hall' boots, 
 (tro'it colours, (its clol 
 and is dfforatcd wirt 
 ciiith, woollen litl, or 
 ncrally wear long (kaits 
 and ice with wondcrtiil 
 
 They live nine inon 
 iubtciTaneoiis pairai;cs 
 oiiiiT. 1 heir light tin 
 tid filh oil. 
 
 Dn-3'y as the rcgio 
 •-.ippicr cli:nes, the Sn 
 ;i/vu;lly, I'eaftiiig npoi 
 they moll reliih when 
 tlu'V live tlie three liim 
 hn-iiivc, and are cov 
 liuy kill, which ftinks 
 t-iiicc. They arc exc 
 liom their iarkncy to tl 
 
 The) irv, in gcncr 
 h.irdy, and, in fonic ' 
 I ok! country. While 
 i-. quell of die belt g; 
 ti.i- the rein-ileer, tin 
 travel in Picdj^es drawr 
 meafurc about eight I 
 breadtii, and turn up 
 The rcin-ilccrs have ; 
 hnlriing th.eir licads fo 1 
 tlii'ir h.Kks. 
 
 Thei'e people are 
 c'.lk'd tlie lea-dog. It 
 alter ihe animal, with 
 ing the hook to a conv 
 in endeavouring ro a\' 
 t'xcs himlelf in it. 
 iliiis liooked, jumps 
 force and violence, as 
 liini. From the fea- 
 fiilh is eaten by the na 
 
 The Samoides belie 
 and they call him Iley- 
 luiman blelllng is deri 
 and common parent, 
 py lUte hereafter, wlu 
 i hey, however, worii 
 rill) reverence images, 
 "leir priclli, who pret 
 tthrictoivthey conllilt 
 '■- HI allv deliver their c 
 
 I 
 
 rf!t 
 
 SEC 
 
 (■',' 'lie Jakvti. Tin 
 l> ii/ki. A Miiliomc 
 The OJl/ocs iivd the 
 Ci'JlBms of thfjefivc 
 
 TMF.coklin the 
 which is fituatLd 
 '■•'irthf rn parts of Sibt-r 
 i'l l.i' with tieath, in a 
 "h-i h,ippen to be rein 
 ordinarily hajiiJCns in tl 
 01 the body onlv are 
 
 iMl^- 
 
 rubb'jig tlitin \ 
 
 liri' 
 
 iation. 
 
 When, 
 
 
 No. 
 
 to. 
 
 ^^tM^i. 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 S 1 B 1'. n I A. 
 
 109 
 
 From the hft partiiulir, nanirallfts have obltrvetl, that 
 tlimatcs, ritliLT hvit or i ^kl in d'.c i'\treinc, have the 
 lime cHirfl iin tliv fkin. The hair nt botli Icxi-s h;.ii;:;s 
 at its fiill length ; and that of' the wonun, wliich is plait- 
 cii, is ad'.irnf.i widi nil Hips of clotli, ami brais triiiki-ts 
 hxcii to it. 'Mu- men have fcarcc any ln-anis. 
 
 The ilrels of the people eonlills, in general, ol' ileer 
 fl-.ins, with a hir cap. Tlie nuns tiir Ivrenhes and 
 (lockings arc aii of one neie ; and the wou:ens fur p( t- 
 tic'oats ilefccnil down the legs, wIik'? are covered with 
 a kind Of halt' boots. Ihe diel's of ;l)r- latter is of ilif- 
 (crc'it colours, (its clofc to the bo-'y fi<rTt neck to knee, 
 and is ilerorated with flips of reil, yellow, and blue 
 ciiith, woollen litl, or ribbon. On their feet they 'ge- 
 nerally wear long lk:iirs, with which they glide over fnow 
 anil ire with wonderiiil facility. 
 
 I'licy live nine months in the year in caves, and make 
 fiibterraneous palKiics for the ptirjxile of viiititig each 
 other. 1 heir light they derive from lamps fed bv tbe- 
 tid fifli oil. 
 
 Drea'V as the regions mull appear to tl-.e n.atives of 
 '■.ippier climes, the Samoicdians p;ifs their lime in them 
 ;'ivi:illy, feafting upon carri'.n, g-irbaL^;, &c. which 
 citty moft relilh when moll tainted. The tents in w hich 
 thev live tlie three liiminer nnjntlii in form refemble a 
 bu'-Iiivc, and are covered widi the fkins of the game 
 ilwy kill, v.hich llinks aliominably at a confidcrablc dif- 
 tiiice. They arc excellent archers, being trained up 
 tiom their imitncy to the ufc of tlic b'/w. 
 
 The) ire, in general, itrong/ adtive, healthy, and 
 hardy, and, in fomc works, toil tii! they Iweat, in this 
 lold country. \\ hilc the we '.her permits, tiiey wander 
 ill qiicft of the belt sramt' for themlelve., and paihire 
 tcr die rein-ileer, their only bealt of krvice. 'J hey 
 travel in fled^-es drawn by thefe animals. Tlic fleti^cs 
 meafure aboiil: eight feet in length, anu about iiuir in 
 breatidi, and turn i:p before in the manner ol a fkait. 
 The rein-dters have a pleafing appearance in harnefs, 
 holding dicir heads fo higli, that their hnrnsalmoll touch 
 their b.icks. 
 
 Thefe pe^'ple are veiy dextrous at citdiing what is 
 c'.lled the lea-dog. It is lionc by cr.ivling upon tlie ice 
 after the animal, with a laqre hook and line, and throw- 
 ing the hook to a convenient iliftance, when the animal, 
 in endeavouring ro avoiil the Inare laid il'r it, generally 
 fixes hinili-lf in it. 'I'he creature, however, though 
 thus hooked, jumps lometimes into the fea widi iiich 
 fi)rce and violence, as to ilrag the man into the lea after 
 him. h'rom the fea-tlog is extracted an oil, and the 
 f-illi is eaten by the natives. 
 
 '] he Samoides believe that there is a Supreme Being, 
 ami they call him IIiy-h<i. I'rom him they think every 
 human bleiring is dei ived ; that he is our all-merciful 
 and common parent, .uid will reward thole with an hap- 
 py lUte hereafter, who live as they ought in this world. 
 I'luy, however, worfhip the liin, moon, and Itars ; and 
 rJlo reverence im.ages, birds, and bealls. They have 
 their priciV,, who pretend to be ailcpts in the magic art; 
 » herelore they confult thefe uoon various occafions, who 
 kvciallv dehver dicir oracular ileterminations. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 ('/ 'lie Jakvli. The Bnitjki. The Kavijki. The Bia- 
 kiijki. A Miihomftan Ntilion o;i the River htijih. 
 The OJlioci ovd the Titngiiji. With the Monncn and 
 ('i'Jlcms of thejejeveral Nations. 
 
 TMF. co'd in die province of Jakuii, or Jakut7k, 
 which is fituatcd to the north, aj well as in other 
 northern parts of Siberia, is fometimes (b intenle, as to 
 in 1. 1- with death, in a (ew hours, both men atid be.iils., 
 ^Wi 1 happen to be reiiiorefrom any (-kice of Ihelter- It 
 ordinarily happens in fht uiual weatlvr, that fome juirts 
 "t the body only are afVerted witii the froil, in which 
 '.lie lubb'jig diem with liiow immediately rellon ~ the 
 iinii.ition. When, in fevcrc weather, the face is fb 
 No. 10. 
 
 frozen as to lofe all fenf:ition, the pcrfon fo afFedlcd 
 mult be told of it, as without fuch fi iendly office mu- 
 tually rendered, fatal confequc.nces would enliie. Such 
 is the tranfition from cold to heat, that the inhabitants 
 in riie liimmtr go almofV naked. Though the earth 
 produces neither corn or fruit, beyond the 6oih degree 
 01 l.iritiule, the inhabitants of thofe parts are amply 
 fiipplied from the faith : nor do diey pine under any 
 dearth of tilh, animal tijod, or fiiel, having a fuffic icncy 
 of thele necellary articles. The fakud pay very litde 
 attendon to the cultivation of grain, as their chief cm- 
 ploy is the hunting animals. 
 
 • The capital of the province is Jakutzk, fituate op the 
 river Lena, about f nir hundred miles from the I<'ro,xn 
 Ocean. 
 
 This nation, one of the moft confidcrablc of all the 
 pagan in tiie vail country of Siberia, coniprifing, in 
 ten tribe, thirty or forty thoufand pcrfons, is wiioUy 
 Itibjeiif and tributan/ to Hullia. They have an idea of 
 a Supreme Heing, but the image they form of him is of 
 hideous afpcct : it has a bigheail, ami large eyes of co- 
 ral. They place it in a tree, and cover it with furs. 
 Once a year they afieinblc togethei-, and facritice horfes, 
 i>:c. to diis iniajH-, ibckiiig up tlie hbrles heads all round 
 tlic tree. I'lien fitting dcwn in ;. circle, th'.-y drink of 
 liquor which diey call cumiji>, and get intoxicated with 
 it. They alio throw fome of the liquor into the air, 
 and into a lire which they light on die occalion. Tliis 
 cciemony is performed in the fpring, and is their new- 
 year's ofieriiig. 
 
 Their food is horfc-flefh, which they devour with 
 equal gull, v^hether frefli or putrid. They are parti- 
 cularly f'oi'.d of' tlie ulc of tobacco, which they procure 
 from the Kufiians. 
 
 Their habitadons refemble thofe ot the Samoiedians, 
 excepting that their I'ummer huts are in f/irm like a fu- 
 gardoal", ci vered widi the bark of trees, and curioully 
 wrought with horfe-hair. The dead arc generally left 
 on the fpot where diey expire, and the furvivors feck a 
 new habitation. 
 
 Near the lake 15,iikal are fituated the Bratfki Tartars, 
 many of whom attain to a confidcrabie knowledge in 
 mechanics ;ind agriculture. Venifon and horle-ilelh 
 conllitute the chief part of their f kxI, but the latter, in 
 general, has the preferi-nce. They breed great num 
 bers of horlis, as well as other cattle, infomuch, that, 
 by thofe means, many of them poflel's conliderable pro- 
 perty. 
 
 "^ihe Kamfki, who refemble, in cuftoms and manners, 
 the Br.itiki, inhabit a part fituated more to die wcft- 
 waid. 
 
 The vail tielart of Bai bi, from wlicncc the inlmbi- 
 tants are called Brabiniki, lies Hill f.irther to the well- 
 ward. In the fiimmer tlicy remove to the banks of 
 rivers. Their winter halmtions, like diofe in general 
 of thefe northern dimes, are low in the earth ; and die 
 roofs, which are raili-'d about two or three feet, are co- 
 vered with ruilies, or the Ikins of animals. 
 
 A.i the dreary tlefart oi Barba is void of fountain, or 
 river, the common drink of the inhabitants, fiom indif- 
 penfable necclFity, is nuked fnow. They alio drink 
 mares milk, in C(jmnioii uith the 'I'artars in general. 
 
 The Mahometan nation along the river luifch, pof- 
 ii.'''s numerous herds and flocks. They are tributary to 
 Rullia, though under governors of their own country. 
 Their drel's is alter the mode of the ancient Kullians j 
 and the women have rings penilaiit from their nofes. 
 
 The Olliocs are fituated farther to die well, dieir 
 country extending nf)t only along tl;c rivers Oby and 
 Jenilea, but others which ililiharge themfelves into 
 thole lull mendoned. i'lieli; jviipie have no rice, but 
 lubfill on fiih, wild fowl, roots, &c. Their habita- 
 tions relL-mble the above delcribed. They likewile, in 
 liimmer, repair to the banks of the rivers, and employ 
 iheinlt-lves in tilhing. 
 
 The Hedges of the Ofliocs are drawn by dogs, (bur 
 
 of which will dr.iw a Hedge, widi 3001b. weight iij-iMi it, 
 
 fifteen leagues in a ilay. What is remarkable, they 
 
 f. c have 
 
 *^M 
 
 
 
 i;' d 
 
 I . 
 
\K\V, UOYAI. ANo AUTIII.NTIC ;.V^ ITM oi- f iVi. MSA!. GI.O(iUAlM fy, 
 
 ^ii 
 
 m 
 
 "K 
 
 no 
 
 .Uavc fwfts ill tliii (ounn-y I'T llnlgcs, as ir^^Miar .1. ti.- 
 |X)(tb of luir')pL-, Willi alays nl' tbi'!., for iiavcllcr» M 
 duiigi' "II thur i(.uir.'-y, at. Ut iliilan'.cs, the sria'-ir 
 hurry a pililT4;er is in, tl.i 111 .ic ilot^Mlify^''"!'''^. 
 
 As t'> tlic icli^i.'n ol thclt (:c;)pl>-, tl-.cy have linall 
 brazen iiK'ls, pUcc.l in -rovci, or on flic tops ot 
 Inufcs. Whea they iiiiC- oir-uiiiM. 'I'l'V pn-^nt an 
 aii.iiuil to th.c id il, ami cue (it thru puts up the jxri- 
 ti'iiT. of iiiof^.- wi\ ) broUf^Kt ti.c faciiiicc : he then piorccs 
 tl-.o iK-ail wirli ;m arrow, aivl mey all join i;i kiihiig him. 
 '1 hi-n ti>c .iiii'.Tul is drawn rmiaJ ti\- idol, .mil li>uu- ot 
 {' : m f'iiri.ikk t;..- bio. d iipua it. 'li.oy tlicii ilrclj tlic 
 ticih .^ml tit it, Ihouting ami rci.iioing. 
 
 The lungiifi ronfilt of various tribes, Ipread tliro" 
 ditK.er: pans of S;btfii.i, .uul arc of tiie ol 1 Scythi.ui 
 nee. 1 hey are divided into three cl.'.lfes, viz. tlie 
 Konni I ungufi, or t.V)fe who uie iiorks; the Dleni 
 ('un'^'aH, orthil'e who ufe nia-ilc.r , and the Sabatlchi 
 'riJiigufi, cr tii.ife who v.-..:!;l ufe of d )g». 
 
 Hjtli iL-.xcs of the S ,L>.i:fchi T;i:i -iili. who take up 
 their refidcnce becwevii tlie I ena dnA the Peafdfmika 
 Ocean, tri niked m funi rer time, except jiill h.ivm^ .1 
 fin.iil piece of ikin roun.l tiieir w Uib. In winter tiicy 
 .ire ti.iathed wi'.!i deer fKinj. Thiy believe in a fiiper- 
 intciidinj; Providence, butreveren.e idob of tlieir ow.i 
 conltruAion. Tiiey h.-\ng their de.u! upon the branches 
 of tar.s, and burn the b >nes as I'oon as the flc h rots o:t', 
 or is devoured bv .inunjlj. 
 
 S F. C T 1 O N IV. 
 
 IHIL COUNIUY Ol' THE TSCIIUTSKI. 
 
 'I.'i-ir WfUprn^, VfprfUi.^,,, Pnfn^, Drrf., U'.rJcr 
 and Sumnur llJntattcn',, C^ijums, Canon, (3c. 
 
 WIII'.N' CipMin C'):)k iii-ll ir..ule this l.ind, in 
 Auguil 1778, it wasUippolcdby Ibine, onboard 
 tl.v- .'lerilurDn, t) be a part 01 tlie llund ol Alalc.ika, 
 laid d.,v.;i in Mr. Stahlin's map; but, from the ap- 
 pe.'.r.i.nue of thv ciafr, .ind oih.-r eiiejnilLinces, it v.as 
 •■."in C'^n;ec;i:rL\! to be ratiicr tliecuur.rry or the 'I'fehut- 
 iTvi, or tl'.ecukrn ixtiemif.y i.f -Aila, expl'ired by Beer- 
 ia^ in lyjH. In adniiltinj; t!;i>, h;)wever, widioiit lar- 
 i;-.er i.-.\.;;nia.'ition, ^.'e mull have pron^iui.ced Mr. .Stxii- 
 lin t. map, and his account of the .N'ew Nortaerr. Archi- 
 pelago, to he- either remar':.t'-Iy errone >\i:., even in la- 
 titude, cr elfc to be a mere l-.ction ; a judgement which 
 we w.nild not pi-cfume to pafs upon a publication fo 
 rcpeft.ibl'y vouclieil, widiou: producing the molt deci- 
 five p!>Oof^. 
 
 This country, lying on the callern coall of Afia, is 
 boimJed, on the fouth, by tlie river .-Xnadir, and ex- 
 tends alor.;^ the Ihore, to the north and north-eall:, to 
 71 deg. of Latitude. 
 
 L'pon Captain Cook's landing, with a ])arry of our 
 jicople, at this place, thirty or firty men, eacli of 
 wiioni was a'-med with a Ipontoon, a bow, and arrows, 
 ftof)d drawn up '-n an eminence near the iioules. Three 
 of tliem came down towards the ihore, on the approacli 
 of our people, and were fo polite as to pull olf their 
 caps, and make them low bow<. 'I'iiough die civility 
 was returned, it did not iiifpire them with lutHcient 
 confidence to wait for their landing ; for, the inflant the 
 boats put afliore, the natives rcclied. Cajitain Cook 
 hiUowed them alone, without and thin;^ in his iiand, and, 
 by figns and gelhires, priv.i';ieil on them to Hop, and 
 i'.ccept IcJilie trifling preleiits. lii return for tliele, diey 
 gave him two fij.x-Ikins, and a couple of fea-horfe teetli. 
 'I'hc captain was of opinion, that they hid brought tlieie 
 articles down with them, for the puriJ.ife of prel'enting 
 tlieni to him, and tliat they would ha\'e given tlicm iiim, 
 even it' tiiey iia ! exptiled no return. 
 
 T.hey difco'. i.i>d manifeil: tokens of spprchenliop. and 
 fear, intimi'tin-; tiieir defsre, by .'igi":, T'.ac .'rj nv.nv of 
 
 On tiwc.ip- 
 oj o.';e ot ii!t:n, 
 2 
 
 c'lr peop e iivji! 
 ra'n'i lavin ' 
 
 ',.[ be lliffcred toconie 
 
 h,',:iJ on tli;.- !r">ulJe 
 
 he ibrtcJ back f-vci.il paces, l.i pDpMi'-n a^ he r,;. 
 vam'rd, tivy rtir; a:cd, always in t.x aLtituJe t:f biir,^. 
 leidyto m.ii.e uie ( f tlvir fpears ; while laiJe on ^l.,• 
 ^^u.•.el,ce were re.idy to fupp-nt them wi'h tiitu .trr./ . 
 Irlenhbly, however, the captal.i, and tv.o or three o; 
 hi-, comp.inion-, i-.'-pnluted iliviiilclvi. > anion,"; then, 
 'liic dilliibuti'ui ot' a t'ew lieads .'.nion;; f n.e i.f them 
 f,K)ii ereatcvl a degree of confu'encci Id that the}- wtrt 
 not alarmed, wlien the part)' wa', joined by a fcv/ mrire , 
 anil, in a llu>rL ume, a kind o! traiiic v.as eiuerul in'o. 
 In exchange tLir tobacco, knives, beads, and otiier ar 
 tides, tiiey gave a ti. w arrows, and fjine rif tlieir cloat.'i- 
 in*; : but nothing ih.it our people luui to oftcr, criuid 
 induce them to pait witli a fpcir or a bow. Thcfe thiv 
 held in contir, lal re.i liiKv's, never qultiin ; them, exi e; 1 
 at one time, when four vr five (t if ins laid tiieir*. vf. v..,, 
 while they (avoiircd our pei-iiV- wldi a long and a dani c , 
 and even ti'.en, they nlaceil t; em in fuch a iiwnner, tl...t 
 they could l.vy liold 01 t!;em in a mi^ment. 
 
 1 heir a;r I'.vs were pointed .-iti:.'' with ft'T.e or b"i:;-, 
 but very lew of them iiad baib: ; aii i lome ol them h;i,l 
 a round blunt poia'. Vv'h.iC u".e thtle aie ap[)iied t:> 
 could not be detti mined, lialeli it be to kill Imall am 
 m.ils without damaging ti:e (kin. 
 
 Tiieir lii<)nt.)on:., or ipcar?, were ot iron or ('eel, 
 an lof Europe in ui Aliatit workman!! lip; and ccnfiJer- 
 able jiains had been taken to embehilli tlieiii v.irh cirv- 
 ing, and inkiyings i f br.dii, and of a v.'iiite mct.il. 'i h );c 
 wJi'j llood virh Iviw , nnd arrows in their hands, had ihe 
 fpear lltinf; by a iMrlma t'lrap (ner thiirrieht lly.-n!',..;:. 
 .•\ le;i 'I'.rn quivei, tlun^ i.'\er their leit ihouuler, Itiv.-I 
 1) <'op:.tiji ^iirov.'b J an.l f ine ot thele quivers were e:. 
 ceedingly btautitiil, being ivi;de of rcil leatlier, on 
 wliicli \.e!c veiy neat emoroider,-, ;ui.l (;ri*r ornamer.t . 
 In this, and fimc inftancesof their cloathing, theyp .;• 
 prooti, of a degree ol ingenuity, not to be expteu-i 
 among the inhabitants of fo northern a region. Tlie 
 natives v/ere robull and well pro'Kjriioned. No \\(ini< n 
 01 ciiildren, of either lex, were obfervcd, nor any a"-,\; 
 pi-riidi:,, except rme man, v.lv)fe !■• .id v.as b.dd, and he 
 was the only one .vho b jiv n 1 arni> ; t.'.e ocher.i feetr. i 
 to be leledt men, .uid ruth.er u.-.der th:!:i .ibove liic nr-'- 
 'lile age. The ekleriy nun li.id a black mark acrofi ;. . 
 tuc, v.hicli was not jHTieived in anyoihcr>. All m 
 tliem iia.l their e.;r, perli.iated, arul fotne hail glafs Ix-.i :•, 
 iianging to tiicni. riiefe weie the only f- <ed ornamcr.: . 
 lien alxjuttiiei'i, for they woie none to ti.eir lips. 
 
 Tiie diet's of thele people C(..niilU'd of a hock, a (;..;. 
 ol breeciies, a p:i:r of boots, and a pair ot gloves, .il 
 made of the fki^:^ of deer, dogs, feals, an.l otiier am- 
 iiials, extremely v. ell drclie-' lome with the iiair or li.i 
 on, and others wiihout it. i'h'iir hair w.ls a|)paiemiV 
 black i but their hc.ids were aihx r fhaved, or dieir h.f;i 
 cut dole off J and nme of them wore Ix-ariis. 
 
 They have their winter and fummer h.ibications : tin 
 former are like a vault, t!;e Hi;or of which is lunk belo • 
 tlie liirface of the c.'.rtii. One of them, examined i\ 
 Cajjtaia Coo!.'-, pe ,ple, w.is of an oval tigi.'re, aix'.': 
 twenty tiret in length, and tv.'elve or more in luiglu: 
 the framing coniilbng of wood, and the ribs of wh-de-, 
 judieioiil'y diipid'ed, ;uid hound together with lirialkr 
 materials of tiie fame kind. Over tliis fiaming, a i ■ 
 veringof llrong coari"ef;rats was laid, and that ag.fm v. 
 covered with earth -, !.i t!iat on the outiide tiie hoiilr 
 it h.ul the ap[K-.uance ol .1 little iiillock, lu|iporteJ bv a 
 wall of' Hone, of the i'.elglit of three or four feet, '' • 
 W.LS built round the two (ides, and one end. Ai t! 
 other end of the iiabitation the earth was railed fli^pui.", 
 to walk lip to ti.e cntr.ince, which was L-y a u' le in tt.o 
 top of the rot', over tint end. TTie lloor w.is Dcardci!, 
 .mil und.r it was a fort of cellar, in which was iLx-n no- 
 thing but w.itcr. At the end of each houii.' was a vaulted 
 room, whiiii •oa.i fupjiolcd to bea llorc room. 
 
 i iieir fuminei iiu's weie of a tolerable fizc, .nnJ 
 brou;'ht to a kind oi point at the t -p; Silt'Iit pole, 
 and bones, covered witii the Ikiris of fea-aniniaU, coin- 
 
 ]);..fed ihi 
 
 Ihe 
 
 -if one beln.'-' e.xunii-eu, 
 
 thc.c was a lue-pUce jurt within the d'.'or, wiicic a ;ew 
 
 wo-.il-.-a 
 
 *ll 
 
' '>>.,htr.,>/r, }5an kks s. ).h\ ^.-a /// ,/( ;i:( )< JHAriiv /M>l>//y A',yi/- ^//v//^ 
 
 
 *w 
 
 %■ 
 
 '«*-. 
 
 #' 
 
 IIaiji r.vi'ioNS.///. riiori.i.yrsciirKTsaiir/// 
 
 i f: 
 
 //.>/> 
 
 /. 
 
 iftf 
 
 m 
 
 r\ 
 
 ■ -f^ 
 
^ - 
 
 ^ 'V- 
 
 ., Cf 
 
 ill 
 
 ASIA.) 
 
 \vo(v.k-ii vcii;-!i were dep( 
 
 bc;l-t;Ufi.'^ were clufe t>i 
 
 one liili'ot' t!if circuit : fo 
 
 to he iibli-Tvtvl ; f'jr tlicre 
 
 with Ikiiv. I'he be..i an 
 
 Ikiiis, aiv.l molt of them v. 
 
 When a vilicv)r comes u 
 
 tinted with the mafler o 
 
 ttlio h.)ni'» ro him a ba 
 
 •.vl.ich th.-\ifitor (if amn 
 
 liio nouth i and this lie i 
 
 r..)' looked upon as a flien 
 
 Alj'Ut the liouili weit 
 
 wch e tlc't in hcigiit. 1 
 
 ot' i)!i!ie.., and were ap 
 
 their i'lih and (kins, wiiit 
 
 reach oi' their dogs, of wl 
 
 rhtfe dogs ;irc of tJie f 
 
 dilierent cjlours, witli \n 
 
 'V\-xj are, in ail )^rjbaLii 
 
 dtawing their ileJgcs in 
 
 tiicy h.ive fiedgci, as m.u 
 
 ill one of their winter hut< 
 
 b-ibie, that dogs conftitiit' 
 
 vcMi lay dc;u1, whidi h.u 
 
 I'he canoes oi thefe [ 
 
 pit' dm parts, tlie form 
 
 tc: .ry ufeful piirpofe. 
 
 ! rom the large bones i 
 it aj'pt.iied, that the iea I 
 p,ut of their lubfiLttnee. 
 i,i;< b.irren, as our pcopL 
 foiiie dillance towards tiie 
 mountains covered, with 
 betbre. 
 
 Such t)f thefe peiiple 
 Anadir not being under 
 are . iniic.J to tliofe wh; 
 h.iv .;ui;;e many lliviai 
 bring iheiii under a gene 
 Our people, on le;>vi 
 ealhsard, in order to n 
 Ai'iK rican coaft ; and a 
 iar;:iide of 70 deg. 6 mir 
 her ot" lea tiorfes on the 
 uf iicih provifKms, the L 
 "iip to procure lomc. 
 brought Oil board the h 
 weie fuppofed to have 
 (iiilerence have been km 
 on board, who had beei 
 .-.piiiials tiiefc Were, and 
 Nocwiihlbndir. this, t 
 t';( re were fi?w ol out 1 1 
 f<tlt meat. 
 
 '['he tat of tliele an 
 inauow J but, in a Uv. 
 kii. it i.s I'iilted, in whu 1 
 The lean flelh is (u.irk' 
 taile i and the he.ui : ■ a 
 biill.jck. The tat, wl 
 tiiy of oil, which burns 
 hides, which arc of !.' 
 o.L)oui the rigpiiig. T 
 tlicm were, at liiis ip 
 lonie of the lar;j;ell" aU' 
 not exceeding (ix incli 
 'liid'i that they had 1.' 
 1 iiiy lie u;'.on the 
 liuddiui^', like Iwine, ■ 
 vny loud i lo that in 
 w,:s very l'>j^,'.',y, thev 
 viiinity of the lee, I 
 >''.is never t()unii that lli 
 l.une time, finne -il'i! ■ 
 1 htk', on the a|.i'i'!,i 
 that wciv next to tlu 
 (iiiilly i'ommui\itai<.\!. 
 
ASIA.] SIDE 
 
 wotnli-n vTifrh werr ilcpofirt;;!, ail very liirty. Their 
 bc;l-i-Ut'w wore cJ-jle t > the Ikic, ;ip-.l occu^-ieil about 
 one liali'tjf" t!ic circuit: fome dc<;tcc ot' privacy fe(.mci.i 
 to be ob;i:rvt\l ; tijr there were (cvcni! partitions made 
 v.uh Ikin-. The lied and beddiiu!; coalilled, of d^cr 
 (kiar, aiv.l nmjt of them were clean .inJdry. 
 
 Wlicn. a vilitor comes to li;e thedi, he is always pre- 
 lliitcd with the mailer of the hut's wile or dauj^'iter, 
 wla) h.iml> ro him a IxiPm of her own mine, x\th 
 •■vl.irh th.-%ii)tor (if amnng thtir own people) \\ail:es 
 liii Tjut'si i and this lie is oblit^ed fj lio, or bectJine 
 r..)' liijked upon as a friend. 
 
 Abiut the hollies were ereftcd feveral ftat^es ten or 
 twch e feet in heigiit. Tiiey were compofed eiuireiy 
 of jniie.., and were apparently intended for drying 
 their fiih and Ikins, whitii were tlius placed ou: of'the 
 ttavh 01 their dogs, of which tlicy liad great ii'imbers. 
 f'hti'e digs an; of die li)x kind, ratlicr lan<v-, .nui of 
 liilierent c jlours, widi bnjr loft hair reieuibiinii wiiol. 
 'rhiyare, in ail probability, iifed for tiie ptnpofe of 
 dtav/ing their Hedges in winter; ii.'r it a| pears tiiat 
 they iiave fledges, as many of them were feen laid up 
 in one of tlieir V, inter hues. It is likewife not inijiro- 
 lubie, diat dogs ronftitute a par. of their food, lir IL- 
 vciai lay dead, whica lud been recently killed. 
 
 i'iie canoes oi thefe pe.-.pie reianble tiiofe of thefe 
 ni't'sm parts, die torm being fanple, b^it caicuiated 
 It : .ry ufeful purpofe. 
 
 from the large bones o*" fifh, and other fea animals, 
 it ajjueaied, that die lea furnilhe/Uheni with the gvcater 
 part of their lubfitlente. The country fecmed exceed- 
 i:\;i barren, as our people liiw not a tiee or Ih.rub. Ac 
 fonie dilVance tow;''-ds the welt they obferved a lidge nt 
 mountains covered, with fnov/, tlut had fallen not l<in!r 
 befoif. 
 
 Such of diefe people as live to the nortliwarvi of the 
 Anadir not being under the domini mi of the Riinians, 
 are ^.iniic.il to thofe who ;;re. Tiie Rufli.uv;, indeed, 
 h.r. . .:iade many llreiiUO'.^> but uiifucccllful eiforts to 
 bring them under a gener.d fubjedfli. n. 
 
 f>iir people, on leaving this cuiintr)'. fleered to the 
 eidwaiil, in order to make a i.earer approach to tl;e 
 Arnvrican coall; and arrivin..^- in their |ialiage at the 
 iariracle ol' 70 ileg. luin. nortii, faw an auia.'.mg num- 
 Ikt ot fea tiorfes on the ice, and a.s they were in want 
 uf irtih provifions, the boats were ddptched from each 
 i'iip to procure Ibmc. Nine of diel'e ani^nals were 
 brought Oil board the Reliihitisju, whicli, till this time, 
 wcu- tiippofed to iiave been lea cows, nor would the 
 (liilertiice have been known, had not two or I'lree men 
 in board, who had been in Gitenland, declared wiiat 
 •■■Jiihials ihcfc Wire, and that no perfon ever eat oftliem. 
 Notwithllandii this, they ferved for proviiions, and 
 t'ltre were tt\s ol out people who did not prelerthem to 
 Uh meat. 
 
 The Idt of thcf; animals, at firfl:, is as fweet as 
 marrow J but, in a few days, it becames rancid, un- 
 leii> it is fiiited, in wliich ftatc it will keep much longer. 
 The lean flelh is coarfe and, biackilh, and lias a lh(.'iig 
 tartej and the heart !j altnoll as well tailed as tiiat of a 
 bullock. The tat, v.l;en melted, atVords a great quan- 
 liiy ol oil, which burns very well in lamps ; and their 
 hides, which are ot g.'eat thicknels, were very uleful 
 »oout tile rigging. 'I'he teer!), or tulks, of moll of 
 them were, at this time, of a very fmall fize; even 
 fijine of tlie largcll and oldell of theli; r.nimals h.id them 
 not cNreeding lix inches in ler.gth. 1 Knee ir w.is coii- 
 '■|ikI< I diat day had lately llied tlieir n\d leetli. 
 
 li.iy lie upon the ice in herils of many Imndieds, 
 huiMiing, iikel'Aine, one over tiie other j and they ro.ir 
 ^iiyliiud; lo that in the night, 01 when the weadier 
 V'.is very \'y,]s:,y, they gave our people notice of tlv 
 vicinity of tlie ice, beli>re thiy could uifcern it. It 
 ^■as never found that the whole herd were allei,) .it the 
 Imietinie, fiime .il'ifem being conllantly on the w.uch. 
 I hik', tmtlu- ,ippi.>,uh of the .irat, wovikl a'-vuke thi.'ie 
 that weu- nest to the:;! ; ami die a'aim being thus pia- 
 •hiiliy eoinmunnaied, the v\Iioic I.e. J \soUld pi.ienlly 
 
 R I A. 
 
 1 1 ( 
 
 be awake. Hov7e\-er, they were feldom in a hurry to 
 get away, bdhix they had been once fired at. Then 
 tliey would fall into tiic lea, one over the other in tl-.c 
 utmoll: confufion , and, if our pevplc did not h.ippcn, 
 at the lirit difcnai;;;e, to kiil tiiofc tliey tired at, they 
 generally loll them, though mortally wounded. 
 
 ihey did not appear to be f ) dangerous as f )me au- 
 thors have reprelentcd them, not ^ven when they were 
 attacked. I'hey are, indeed, myre fj in appearance, 
 than in re.ility. Valt multitudes of diem would fdlow, 
 and c'Miie cl )fc up to tlic buats j but the llatl: of a muf- 
 ket in the p.in, or even die mere pointing cne .it them, 
 Would lend them d )wn in a moment. I'he female v. lil 
 deiend hir young ones to the very lafl, and at tiie e.x- 
 peiice ol her own hfe, vvhether upon the ice or in die 
 w.i.ter. 
 
 There appeared Ibme [hiking inllances of parental 
 afi'cctiDii in thefe aiiim.ds. All of tliem, on tlie ap- 
 proach of die boats t:nvards the ice, took their younr^ 
 ones under their fins, .-'nd attempted to elcape with 
 diem into the lia. S )ir.e, v.iiofe cubs wcie killed or 
 wounded, a.".d Ici't fi i.idng upon the fur.acc of the w.i- 
 ter, I' ;e again, and carried them down, fomedines julL 
 ai o'lr men were on the p(jint of taking them into the 
 boati iind c )ui I be traced beai ing them to a confide- 
 rable tlill.mce through the water, which was liained \Mth 
 tliiu- blood. Tliey were afterv/aixls obfervx-d biinging 
 taein, at intervals, above the furtace, as if for air, and 
 agsiii I iungmg under it, with a horrid bellowing. The 
 tem.iie, in particular, whofe ytjung one had been kil- 
 led, and taiicn iiito die buat, becinie fo furious, that 
 Ihc even Itnick her two tufiis through the bottom of 
 the cutter. 
 
 Nor will tlie youns' one quit die dam though the h.ts 
 been killed ; fo that if you deliroy one you are fiire of 
 tiie other. The dam, when in the water, holds her 
 young one between her fire Hns. 
 
 VVIiythib aniin.d Ihould be called a fea ■hcrfc is dif- 
 ficult to determine, unlefs die word isaconuption of 
 the Rulllan name M->fr -, for they do not in the Icall 
 reiemble a lic)ri"e. It is, doubtlefs, the fame animal 
 that is tiiiind in the (jul| h of St. Lawrence, and theie 
 ca'led a lea-c(AV. It is ci rtainly more like a cow th.an 
 aliorfe; but this rel'emblaiice conliils in 11 idling liut 
 the fnout. In Ihort, it i.', an animal not unlike- a leal, 
 but incomparably l.irgcr. The length of one of them, 
 which was none of the largell, was nine i'cet four in- 
 ches horn the fnout to the tail; the circumterence of 
 its body at the Ihoulder was leven feet ten inches ; its 
 I ircumterence near the hinder tins w.is five feet fix in- 
 dies, and me v/eight of the carcafe, without die he.id, 
 Ikin, ' i- entrails, was eight hundred and fifty -Ibu! 
 pounds. The head weij'hed forty-one p ,ds and an 
 halt', and die Ikin two luindrcd and hve piii,,n!s. 
 
 Captain Cook's peojile, in a fliort time began to re- 
 lilli thefe animals, lii th.it the wt;^ le llock the) l;,u! pi,>- 
 cured was f ion cNpended. 
 
 S I-. C T I O N \ . 
 
 DiJ.iiftid/i of Toihn /i; ! , .\'< tu:an/koi , Tihnlox, <(/.(' i/..< ,1 
 
 I'lllLts III 'ill- ClHIIltiV I'/ S;!>!!(1. 
 
 Till''. ca|iit il of this country is 'IClv.l.'hi. !' is 
 licuated in 58 dep,. north latitude, .;nd 07 dig. 
 e.ill longitude, i: contains about i,',,-:"^) inhabitants, 
 die greati 1". part of which are Rulii.in:-, oi- liuhasare 
 naturiii ;id. yVni.ai;^ ilu' latter are levci.il ivlai:,)mei..n 
 Tarr.il., whoni.ilily live without the ciry, to avoid in- 
 t.iiii|)tion ill picforini!;;"; the reremonif-s of their reli- 
 gion. 'I'liele cany on a lonfideiable tr.ule up the ri\er 
 Irtilch, and convey meriliindize acrofs (ireai Tartiiy 
 quite to China, 'ilie city is well liirtihed, U'kI nir.iti- 
 i.iips a llroiargarti!(;;i, u,' .ler the command of the way- 
 woue, or governor ol die |>rovtnee, v.'hcfe prerJi'i),- 
 tive (.xteniis ali.ioll tiiioughoat Siberia, Tlieie is a 
 court of equity eltalniiluii tor the regukuion of b<jtK 
 
 civil 
 
 M 
 
 ■ 1; J'l; a 
 
 ' 1 f -i 
 
 1 :i;iiir', 
 
 iHl! 
 
113 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and 
 
 AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 iJ( 
 
 a convent and ic- 
 
 civilan.lmiliurvC'W'.'ra^. Tkore is 
 vcnil cliwiv!; , ,s well .!■< an alificf for thf iciK^t-n'.c ot 
 r'l-' Miifco\i- inetropriitan, whole diocd'c cxtcndr over 
 the ga-atctl: part or'tiie province. It is, liowever, to be 
 (iblcrvcd, that to prevent the governor Trom pervert- 
 in;; his (KAver, there is a prot^-ctor, who ranks next to 
 hiin, hi;': vet is lb far inJependant of him, that i.o point 
 ofeauitv ca^i be ti.»lly derided \s!tlu)iit his acqiiiel- 
 cence. ' Molt part of the oHiccrs b,)th in the civil and 
 inilii-ar>- department'- ot" government, are lent hitlier 
 from the ciiies of Molcow and Peterlbing. 
 
 The cit>- of Toboliki, at the di'.hni e of about an 
 Ens^lil'u mile, prelents an agreeable view, from the radi- 
 ance >/ a number of f,n.iirileep!es covered with brali ; 
 but on a nearer approach the Icene vanillies ; and the 
 oi.lv buildings voitiiy of tlit kail notice are, the pa- 
 laces of the governor and archbiihop, the town-hail, 
 and a kind of citadel. 
 
 Neiv>'ar..1<.oi, in the prrvince of Toboliki, is wordiy- 
 of mention, as having a f 'rt; prtxhicing valuable brats 
 a.'id copper utenlils, and conlid.rable iroii works in its 
 
 vicinitv. 
 
 Tiiere is alio, in the pro'ince above mentioned, a 
 citv called Cathennebu-i;, lituated on the river Ifet, 
 fli'd well defended. Here is a church, a ibne building 
 fir public offices, an arfenal, an exchange, and a cul- 
 to'n-houfe. The direclor of the Siberian mines takes 
 up If.s refuk'nc-.- here, as the central fjH, , md the lu- 
 burbi are chiefly inliabited <•.)' people who toil in the 
 n'ine.s or are tran^porie ' . idier on criminal conviction, 
 i^rovifinns, ingencnil, arc plentiful and cheap. 
 
 In the fame province, on the river Tiira, to the 
 Ibuthward, is a j-lace called Tiiunen, where there i-. a 
 flone fort , and witlioiit it are live hundred h-iules, 1,\ 
 churches, ;uid a convent. One parr of ii'." iuburbs of 
 Tiumen c(>ntain about tv-o 
 ,•1, 
 
 hundred .\:v\ tiiiy liouk-s, 
 t!iree Itone churches, and a :no -.alter;,'. The ot -.( rs are 
 inhabited bv the .Vl.'homeran I'artar:. .v.vl B.i(.'-..'.nanE, 
 as well as RufTians, who Iru ■ a church, as have the 
 ftirn-ier a moKjue. 
 
 Fomfkoy, die capital of a province (-fi!.. it name, is 
 a Ibong frontier place, IliiLCedon the river 'I ora, and 
 containing about two timiifand homes. In tiie l.igheli 
 part of it (lands the Ciftle, built of wood, v ith f>urtr..n 
 pieces of cannon. Tiiere are aifo in ir a tatlie.iral, a 
 court of equiry, an arsenal, tour chuniies, .■•. . -cnaitery, 
 .and a nunnery. Provifions abound heic, and a c 'Jiili- 
 dcabk- trade is carried on by the inhabitants. 
 
 N'.irim, the capital alfi of a province ol t'le fune 
 name, has a flrong fortrcfs, ganif.med by tlie colf.icks, 
 an<l is fitua;cd on tiie river Oby. 
 
 Pol,e:n, a tov.ii (iui.ited on a river flowing! into the 
 Tobol, is pretty ^^ell iiihabired, and defended by a f irtrefs. 
 
 The capitil of the province of Jenitei is Jeneillilk, a 
 citv of conli.'icrable trad.', c intainitig three churches, a 
 monaiiei.. -.i nunniry, an exchange, and about l'e\en 
 or cigiit hu.ivlivd ii'i;i!i-. 
 
 liiairflc, the capital of.'.jrovince of the fame name, 
 and a bilhop's he, i, li[i;.\tt\l iK.r die river .'\ng.ira, ami 
 deftn.k'.l by .; ■ ;■ is. It contains about tv/o thouland 
 gtiod liouli.^, I riou.i.leil by ii.dlifuloes, i'i\^\ lour 
 churclies, two built witf, Rone, and two with wood. 
 
 Before we (ioR- this part of die account, we Ihall jiill 
 hint, that there a.s' f-ver-ii luiail vil'.-.ges upon liie lianks 
 (I the live'' Oby, to lituated .i^ to .!:ti>rd molt pleafing 
 as aiirccabk; llibicits for landkapes. 
 led we llu',!i lefjct .Shordtrrlkoi, Ta- 
 
 pro:|Hx:',, :< 
 l-io!u anioi 
 
 well 
 • -!;c u 
 
 -Vilki, 
 
 ■ .urie > 
 
 'or.i 
 
 ilU 
 
 .Tip. 
 
 ;ive \uv. 
 
 of 
 
 C T 1 O N 
 
 lif. 
 
 11,1, 
 
 II'' !■; ',< :t,!nii 
 ol' lome 1 !i.i 
 in viuioMs coi.n 
 
 ; 
 
 ,/.„•;. 
 
 1,1 J, ,./ .s 
 
 ';■>,..', 
 
 1,'., . 
 
 r (iniii'', 
 
 \,'-/ 
 
 . Ht) 
 
 «, (■»//.' 71 S 
 
 &.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 iia'siin, ;k r 
 
 ■rrliiv 
 
 to i! 
 
 .e o|iinion 
 
 iwl. 
 
 l:l|r| 
 
 , that ;he 
 
 difl-.- 
 
 I'UCC 
 
 , iibvioui 
 
 ': u 
 
 , V 
 
 i.ii i<lj.'i''H 
 
 to j^e 
 
 niiij, 
 
 iiianuers, 
 
 and cufioms, arit'e from ediiiva;ion, ant! tlie diiTercnt 
 conllitutions of governments, we :o'.y ealily account 
 tiirtholi.' of the people we are about to defcribe, and im- 
 pute them, with the iitmoil: propriety, to the mfnle of 
 government under which they live. The Ruliijii,, 
 throughout every province and part, vOierher in Euro] e 
 or Alia, have an evident liiriilarity of genius, manner , 
 and culloni'^, agreeable to the argument tiled upon thi> 
 ocrallon. 
 
 Thete people, as the conrdiiirion tends to onpref, 
 and keep them undir llavery and milery, Itvni addifte.j 
 to many vices. I'lom die extreme rigour ot their cli- 
 mate, they are fhut up in hovels the greatelf jart of tli 
 year; and, dirough the prevalence oi llotii and iill;'- 
 nelis, live in a manner (ikhy beyond conception. The 
 ttencli and inconvenience of rhofe hovels mud be 
 greatly augmented by their being compelled, tliroug'i 
 the inclemency of the weather, to exclude the tiv:1i a:; , 
 notwithtlantiing wldch dil'ulvant;;ge, the natives, in i,-, . 
 neral, are robuii, mufcidar, and live to a great age. A 
 marcality, indeed., prevails among the chiUlren, pard- 
 cularly thole of the co;iimo'. peojile, of whole funilies 
 Iciucely one third pint is ever prefervcd. This i'i iin- 
 [uted to die del>riicHve effedh of the ftuail-poK, fcurvy, 
 .11 .1 ether dileates, infomiicii, that it is the concurring 
 o;-inion of traveiiers, that uiilcis f >nit' uieatiire is adcpteti 
 to lloj) their progrels, the human I'pecies in diis parr of 
 the \s<jrd will be liioii be ne.uiy extinct. 
 
 'I'he features of" the women in general in this c'li.n 
 try are not dil.'.grceablc, though p.iinting is pr.idtiled 
 by all r.mk;. ami agc.^. The women of Tobolfki are 
 reirelented as t.<'eiling both in (eatiircs and com- 
 plexion; ;i.s captiv.iting in their !■"!<, and attraci'tive i-i 
 their mode of dref , having ejes bliciv antl languiiliing, 
 and aiL-ijiLing a mi.de of head-ilrels ijoth graceful ar..l 
 ornamental. They obferve a diHini'tion in point of 
 age; the elder women f<)llowing the Ruffian t^fliioi:, 
 and the younger v.earii.g a Uuffian robe in the manner 
 ofrjic I'olanilcrs. 
 
 'llii-ir h.ur luing;; down fiom each fide, or Ivhimi ; 
 rheirc.ip' are i'rait, adorned witii fringes made oflhil; , 
 die pivKluce o( the place, and curioully interA'oven. 
 
 i heir ininciual houlli'dd fiirniture confills in tliiir 
 beds, ofwii.ch perfons oi' rank in I'obolfki have lil 
 dom more ili.in tv.o, one fir the liulb.uul and wifi, tfr 
 other t"or tlie childivii. the rclf of the I'amiiv llcepiii' 
 promilciiouriy u|)on lum he?, or mats. 
 
 ThaE t'pecies of refneii love which feems to dillingui.'li 
 the natives ofoureliiue is here neither known (.r i'elr, 
 .lithe l.ie.ige brealt cannot be fulceptible of it. The 
 women are patient under tiie correction of flieir lonllv 
 hulbands ; and fuch is tlie prevalence of cuitom overtle 
 
 iple, th.u they are re 
 
 manners of diele [ko 
 
 coui ting the hand (;!' ch.ilfilement, as a tokc 
 
 c.ition oi ariecVion. No wonder, tlicn, th.it 
 
 irelenteil 
 and w' 
 the lol; 
 
 iiio't mem 
 
 I 'x are treatcil like lla'.es, and a^i^-ned the 
 . id tervile otiicc^ v. licre tvciy ik-iicate fentiinenr i> 
 Lianilb.etl, and '.lie difpolition ot'thc native is as iiiggc! 
 as the climaie. 
 
 Notwithdaiidiii!; the rough beliiviour ot' the men i'l 
 ;;:t'fieral to\..irds their wives, they treat iheir daughters 
 with great indulgence. Though iluy think the atten- 
 tion of' m.urieil women (houki Ia- wholly engrolfed bv 
 tlicir luilb.mds, they admit of tlu- pDjiriery of .illowiiif' 
 a licence ro girls, in oider lo afford them an opportiiniiv 
 ot becoming wives; .aid the young females lekloui 
 neglect to ivail themtc'lves of the iiiili-lgence. 
 
 .\iiioiig the liberties alloweii the youtig women (•! 
 this country, is thai of il uu '.iig. Both lexes are very 
 e;:|Hrr in thele exert ilcs, and treiiucntly exiceil the 
 1 .Mind', of deicncy ilnd moderuion both mi cxpr<-irio-;s 
 and gcliun-s. 'Ihey h.ivc alii) other modc^ of amul< 
 iiiciii, as fv ngiiiu u|;oii pl.mks bakmeed acix)ls U'ums, 
 aivl puiiing iieoilt'Kes mto imniic and (jroteliiue [)<>- 
 lluic's lu.iny t.'ii'l'M!' to lakivi''!, piirpoli.s, and cvine- 
 ing a total ililfiluieiH f. ol niainn rs. 
 
 In .1 CI untry white tl-.- :nliJ.liitants are coutr.icted n 
 tJRir iile.is, enll.wcd in mind and peiluii, aiid deluru-.l 
 
 tl.if 
 
 ';'c freedom of woixl r.in 
 i^loi-y ;ind liappinefs of a 
 and fiieiidlliip can be Hti 
 fore, tiie contrary prin^ 
 prevail ; the mind is re 
 lb that ncitlier the one or 
 by principles oi hunianit 
 loyiiient. 
 
 riiu' the inhabitants ii 
 religion of the Greek el 
 e;;trcinc to its rites and c 
 v.iriuiis fpecies of vice 
 g'.'neral 'gnnnuice j'>revail 
 licality to iibertinifni ami 
 no nik's without exccp.t 
 iiy no means incur ccnili 
 iiiMClenratioii of a party 
 i.adour, to obferve, di; 
 
 K 
 
 s p. c 
 
 Gii'.'iUi Accr\}:t, '^o-jr.i; 
 
 nj'^IIE periinf^.ila calk 
 X die eaft, by tiiat pr 
 it irum America; cntli 
 on the north, by tiie con 
 tl'.e fcuth, by die Nordi 
 vieed into two par:., by 
 north to fouth, i'.;i.l i'n 
 ilicir fourcc, and di*rcliar 
 Oicaii, and the lea oi 
 r,j dcg. to f>5 ^leg. iv r: 
 .(5 mill. e.ift. ; that i-> fi 
 is Cape I/^p.icka, (odeii 
 tlic biade-bone of a man 
 t'j bear a lefemblance, 
 rii's, the form ind iTap 
 a iliue, widening fn.un 
 narrowing towards tht 
 till- gulph of Olutorfk 
 nCvMirig it with die con; 
 tending from the river I 
 f'lnij uted at ■.'3() mill 
 di J, res tosv.cds each i 
 li liai mary rivers, 
 tile Kanilehacka, and 
 i:s foiirce Ir-jtn the 
 Bcli.iioircka an.] x Id"; 
 ti<.i.i, and iTiaini.ii.iiiK 
 fri.ii north-well to i 
 Aivdtiku. The river 
 line, hundted nV.les I 
 to liiv eaftward, and it 
 oicm. '1 lie Bolchoii 
 from iio!,i;,'.:, fii^nii'yi 
 i!iaij;cs itfelf i.,:,') the 
 Cor the Kufl'i.U' gallici. 
 
 le.i^V'''^' I'I" lakes 
 Ji i:,. To'.i ,, 
 
 Vi itii rcfpeei i.>.- il. 
 uin..ius, ^(c. of this , 
 i.iii. ami aiiiplc ;u,ec.. 
 I'.itK'f the joui'ii.il o'' t 
 "Inch, on the dein.fe 
 ^.i|'uuii Cook, was V. 
 tiitdoir, as moll nfr 
 "I iiioic Littnt date tl 
 N.>. 1 1 
 
 »' I.V^*'^ 
 
tRAPHY. 
 
 and tiic dii?cicnt 
 '.y cafily account 
 ikrcribc, :md im- 
 j', to the infKlc of 
 rhc Ruliiaii-, 
 wlvrhcr in l''.uro[ c 
 ' genius, manner , 
 cnt ulL-d iijioii tliii 
 
 tends to oppref, 
 try, ftvm a^idiftcl 
 rit^oiir of tistir rii- 
 oir.iit-lV par: ot'tli 
 oi flotii and idlf- 
 concf-ption. IIk- 
 • hovels niu.l bi.- 
 )m[''rilcd, tiirouj^'i 
 chide the frell) air , 
 the natives, in gc- 
 () a rr.eat age. A 
 \e children, piirti- 
 , of whofe families 
 ved. This is iin- 
 Ihuil-pox, fcurvy, 
 is the conctiiTin;; 
 meafure is adcpccd 
 ecics In iJiis part ot 
 
 ■ncnd in this roun 
 intiiiy IS praitiled 
 of ToiKilfki are 
 eatiircs and coni- 
 , and attraCrive ii 
 :■; and langviilliim', 
 ijoth graceful ai\! 
 'iftion in point ul 
 J Ruirnn f^flii('i:, 
 )be in the >iuuir.ir 
 
 rh fide, or liehimi i 
 iges maiie ofihil; , 
 lly interA'oven. 
 re conlills in tluir 
 I'oholfki have li 1 
 ih.uui and \vi!t, r! c 
 lie I'amiiy nte]iiii ■ 
 
 feenmodillini^ui.h 
 iher known or li-h, 
 eptiblc o( it. Thf 
 inn of tlicir lord'.v 
 of cuHoin over tl;<- 
 are reprclenrcil i 
 IS a token and iiv': 
 icn, th.it die Ii:I:t 
 ed the nio'l in'.'ii;.., 
 .'iicate fentiinenr u 
 native is as iiiggc.! 
 
 iour ct die men i': 
 e.it dieir liaiigliters 
 u y ihink the attcn- 
 A holly ent'.rnired In 
 lopriery ol'.illov/in;' 
 hem an oiiporciiniiy 
 nt' females lekloiii 
 i.lgence. 
 
 ,' youn[^ women (•! 
 iiith lexes are very 
 i]uently exued the 
 liith Ml ixprellio^.s 
 r mode-- ol annili 
 n::ed aci-ots U'ams 
 and (jrotefiiue \m- 
 iiipoiis, unci eviii':- 
 
 :s are cnntracted n 
 etliiii, .iiid deb.ini'.i 
 
 t!,jt 
 
 AMA.l 
 
 '■'c fic.cdom of word nnd afiion, which conilinrcs t'.c 
 '.lory and liappinef-. of a hriccn, tht pleafurcs offocicty 
 ami fiiendlhip can be little known. I'l Siberia, there- 
 ibre, the contrary principles ot rc^-rvcJnel:, tiioltiy 
 prevail ; the mintl is ren'lercd as cailoiis as the botly ; 
 !•) that neitlu-rthe cne or rhe other Cin be thilv imi;relled 
 hy principles ol humaiiity, die gran ! bafi:^ oi' iljcial en- 
 loy.iicnt. 
 
 ih'j' the inhabitants in general of Siberia profefs the 
 religion of the Greek church, and ar': bigotttd in the 
 ;.:;tieinc to its rites and ceremonies, thi y arc addided tfi 
 v.iiiuus fpecies of vice and iiumoralir •. Not onlj a 
 g'j.ieral 'gnrirance j->revails among rlie clergy, but .1 pro- 
 pcaiity to libertinitiu and inebriaticn. Hu: as there are 
 ny niles v.-itiunil excep.tion, and a whole b;idy Ihoiiid 
 iiy no means incur cenlureor oiliuin hain a diliii;reeable 
 I'.j'rcfenrati./n of a party, we are bou'id, in juuice .md 
 (-.kbur, to obfcrve, diac diere are among them men 
 
 K A M S C n A T K A. 
 
 of litenry abilities, and irreproachable characters. The 
 depravity .-.nd ignorance of the faccrdotai order of this 
 ]K'opie may ariie fntm their want of education, as the 
 higher rani; here ncvfcr enter into rhe priefdiocd, fo th.it 
 there is no immediate (la'c in the b )dy of ea lefialUcs ; 
 it biing compofed of the com non people, or the 
 fon.s of tiie clergy, who are too Ire juently t.he nu;!!: diiTj- 
 lute. 
 
 Having given tfiis conrife defcripti un of '.iic genius, 
 mi'.nnefs, nnd cufboms, of the inlvabi:ants of the dreary 
 clime of Siberia, 'rt'c '" 'ofe a fcciie that canno'. but 
 thrill the ftul witii hor nd excite in the bre.iHrs of 
 
 all whole lot is call uj- ..1 .1 fpot fertile, free, and focial, 
 the waiiuclf emotions of gratitude to the grind difpofer 
 of :,V Ciiinj;5, an.l v/iil, we trufl, infpire fucii leiidir.ents 
 and influence 10 liich pr.^cbicc-., as rhe kn^iwii dge of men 
 anil things, t!ie grand aim of all hcerary piiruiits, natu- 
 rally tends to p'ro.nofe. 
 
 C II A P. 
 
 II. 
 
 K A M S C H A T K A. 
 
 S F. C T I O M I. 
 
 Gdurni Accc-.nty Of'^Viipk-cjl Di fci !j ucn, Rucr^, Sci!, 
 i:nd C!:u.oir-. 
 
 T'^UE pcriinfu;a ca'.Ird Kr.mfci-utr'.a is bvjnded, ('n 
 die ea;"!:, by that part of die r.tx-.n vhicli feraratcs 
 it ;hnn America i on the well, by tne (l^i (;i' Okotlk , 
 on ilie north, by tiie coun^iy -i" the Koriack's , and on 
 the I'outh, by die Nordieiu .I'aciic Ocea.T. h i.s di- 
 
 vi4-d into two pan 
 
 bv a clu'.in .if liilL Ihitchin,"; fn.ini 
 north to roui.h, :.:r-\ Iroui Nv:ii':!i ni.inv river:, derive 
 tlieir fource, and difcharge dumlelvc:. i.iM die Pacific 
 CJi.-an, and the lea of OkiHllc. lis l.l^n.de i:. lic-ni 
 jji dig. to 65 ileg. nordi i a;>l its l;r.;_-,i:i:de 1 -^d dtg. 
 43 inin. eall ; that u from itj loutliern ^.^tremicy, uhitii 
 i> Cape lx)pa;Li, fodenumina'.ed from a word ugiiiiying 
 ti* bude-bone of a man, to wlii' h itibd">ugiit by lonie 
 t) btar a refenib'ance. According to the late difcove- 
 rii-,, the form and ihape of this peninfula i:. iii c tiv.it ot 
 J ilioe, widening from the toe towards the middle, and 
 narrowing towards the heel, an ifthmus, lying between 
 till- j.nilph of Olutorfk an.l die pulph of Penlliink, con- 
 ned ing it with die continent. Its greatePi bjeadrli, en- 
 (ciiding (rom the river Tigil to that of Kadilchatka, is 
 r'-)i!ij uted at ^3(1 miles iroin whence it contracts by 
 ili^.ces tuw.iids eacii extremity. 
 
 Ii has m.i; yri\ers, but the principal are the .Vwatfka, 
 ill'- Kamfcha'.ka, and Bolchuii cka. The liril; derives 
 is fourre fr-jm the m luntuins fitua d ber.i'cen thi' 
 B</li,i-,{jircka and x jefs conndcable river cUled the Bil- 
 tr„i,i, and mami.)iiiliij; u cjuiic of one hundred miles, 
 ir'i north-wed to loirth eufl, fill.', into the bay of 
 Aivdt;ka. The liver Kanili;h.uka, alter iiuling ab iiu 
 '•i'.re, hundii'd m.lfs froiii ioiidi to north, \e(is about 
 I'l ilie calhvard, and in that CMirle emp-tiib itfelf Into ihi 
 'Kciri. 'I \w Bolclioirckii, cr fi'eat River, iii cal<ed 
 Iroiii (;(!,'(/, I'!,;, ri;.,ii(yi;iggtea', .uid ' .(-', ;i livci-, Uif- 
 
 ■ h'- 
 
 '!i.iij;c.s itleil 1 
 
 tlidf i.ito the li-a < if (.)'■:. >t(k, a;'.d is naviiiiJ iK 
 I'Tilic Kiin"..U' g.illict., i' ; di-' Ij ,, I- i,f iijn'.arjj ol Kse 
 k''.t',in'-. I'lu lakes 111 dil> i.ountiy arc t .^tenfive ,)iv\ 
 
 'I't itii rcfpecl Ia; thi- f lil, diivate, siativc:,, m.:iii:cis, 
 <tifi-nv-, ^c. ol thisj'iii! of the til<.Lie, tlic mcft acou- 
 rate ami aiiipk; a<..cc..Mi i.. •vidfiitiy t.nr.pnlid in diut 
 pan of tiie journal o'' the vi /age to lii-' I'.n li.i Ocean, 
 iduih, Oil (he ileiu.ie o' die '.ngenioiis Init iiii((;niiiiate 
 Cipiain Cook, was wiiitcn .ly CapiMtn Ksi';-;. Tl'.is, 
 tl'itaore, as moll mlmi'.e and ciui;nili;uin..l, as well. 1- 
 "I moic latent date than any '.xtaiu, .md . ohlanieinly 
 
 more cnr,duci\e to d;e inforrnatlnn and enrcrtainment 
 of our rca.'.er.-., will be mir niair. dirtdcry in the courit: 
 of the prc:I;it dell'ripti.,ii. 
 
 Captain King cblerve:, th.it, from the firfl view of 
 the vegetable produiftion:; (;f r'.iis n;)rdiern clime, iie v.as 
 ind'.iced to pronounce it l.unen in die extren.e; ai, af- 
 ter leveia! lefe.iiches, upon (livers occafions, he couiJ 
 n'jt 'lefcry tlie f.nalieil: track chat exhibitctl d-.e ve.'.hire 
 of what, in Ei;gland, is c.dled a g^od green ruif, or 
 li.-emed cap.ible of' ciiklvatl.jn, for die ptirpofe either ot 
 giain or patlurage. Tlie vhole vegetable profpeft 
 leemcd coiiiiicd to i!:ir.tcd tre:.'s ; and the vvho.'e conii'ry 
 itieif to ief;';iible Ncv,lbu;idla:;d, more dian any other 
 .'iid.ert:) obferved. 
 
 Alter thii iiieiancholy viev,', the gloom was difperfcd 
 on feeing, at a place called I'.ii-.itiiiuica, fevjrnl llachs 
 of fv.'cet and dr.e looking hay. Inibrinaiion wai rt- 
 ceivid fioiii a RulVian (jllicer, that many parts (4 tl.o 
 peninfula, partieukuly the banks of die river Karni- 
 cliarka, were fo leiiile as to produce grds oi confivkr- 
 able growth, which they cut twicj in the cotuli; 01 the 
 fummer; and fnoreover, that die hay was ot a nutri- 
 nve quality, and p.utiiularly aiiapted D^pallurage. This 
 infiinnatioii, indeeil, v.as confirmed by die fi;:c and 
 firnefs of leveral hc.ils of cattle tlut v.-ere fenc for die 
 fujijdy (jf the Britifu mariners , and it vas particularly 
 notice,!, diar the fii'. Uf]'\'\) arrived .it the ck.fe o\ the 
 vvimer, and thcrefi;ie teat tlie [,roundi being dim not 
 fiecd from the liiow, tlie hay had been the only food ol 
 the catde for the leven preceding mondis. 
 
 Agreeable to this defcription, Krajthcnuoj], a P. td'- 
 f:a;i traveller, ailiiiiis, til u there is' no purt of die coun- 
 try lb fenile, as tliat whi>.h borders on the river K.in.f- 
 chadia, 'iiferriiig, from eMpe.in-.cnts ni.ide in the cnki- 
 vation of divers I'peci.'. ol gr.iin in disc neighbourhood, 
 iti liiperi' rlty in jioiiu of fiiil ai'd cf.iii.,te, to i!'.e w- iia 
 ern ar.t! loudarn parts, •fmce it yicki':J a very esLtr.'. -r- 
 dinaiy increafe. J'hc :ortdi;\ of tiiis j-articv'i.n- Ipoi 
 h;isbieii anributcd to iii lituauon, liviiig in tl:e widcd 
 parr of the peninfula, ;aul ol CLaic iiion' i\i.v.ie Ik.ui 
 iU(. lea. 
 
 Our B:i::i!i uaviiratcrs exiilo.i.'d, d ■> <-'■■• .-ly the be- 
 a diep ui'iu covered tlie 
 .;i:.'iii\ .■ evei'V .iltellipt i.^l 
 e iiicll r.ecef.li' v purjioles 
 
 iiili uavigatcrs expil 
 '..^Miiiiif ot V^'v i77y, suxn 
 wliulc liice of it, aiiei r'-'iultici 
 the liien to cut wixid, for l' 
 o!' fninu and fiiod. On die 1 .;t!i the' tiiaw bvj'.aj 
 
 tlirir elioris. '1 111 
 
 ig and ftiod. 
 vanec jir< .•■;y, and lin.ilitute tlirir elloris. 1 lie i.iow 
 was then aieh..d froni liiine places on the lides ot the 
 hills, and, by the bci^imniiit of June, die low laiids_ 
 weie ingeiRl'-.h lieed fi' m 1. '.rovraids die middle ol 
 Augi.il, ve, titiim here lecuiid ti be in the highcit 
 
 1 • 1 cil-cil'll ! 
 
 IS v; 
 
 » ii 
 
 ,*■ '. 
 
ni.' 
 
 1^ 
 
 i 
 
 A NK'V, UOVAl. XND AUriir.NTIC SYSli'M of UNiVLRSAL GKOGiiAI'lIV. 
 
 y;;r!l:^i"ri i liarin-T; ti;;- icm::-r;viir of which 1;h;^!mi, and 
 
 chi:n;:!,;ibi.-.- r,iit Odi.Ui no r..;>i,f.r came in, t'un the 
 IKW liiucii ili')W iivcilpicaJ ciic li'.iis. A:, .111 "'men oi iJie 
 iv^uri of tl;a: iiiclLMu;;: k'.-ifm pecu.ur tj tiio cii:r.f. 
 
 S|)riiu', cA.ai'Jt bo -.uliMi'/.L-.l inCJ tk- ii':L-'j-.::r. o; its 
 I'c iftJiis ; iwr f.»n riiirniK-r be iaiti to coiuain a li .iCC loii- 
 g.T t!:.in from the middle ef June f.) rl-.e iTiki.ile .)l Seu- 
 UMiber ; wiiiie iuituniii ii coiiliiicil t" October alone ; 
 and fr-rn \vi;;:er eiv-^nilles tl'.e uijoie li-om iWit pciioii to 
 tM v.x i;ii '.dx' oi ji;;v.-. 
 
 S.i rig(.iMLis ii i!ii> t.lir.ia-c, ,'nd U) intciilc tr.e >:-A\, 
 t'.iiv; oiir^ihipi. -.vtie treqiiei-.t',;,- ei.ifetl in with Ibiid nialies 
 of ice, t) wiilciiuAV loiikl perceive no Imfus fi-oni the 
 insit:-i:e.:d. 
 
 'I'iie piineip/d towi ci K.'.T-'.f.f.atka i^ 11 icl'.eretlk, 
 thi; refidei;>-e of the Kai'i.ui (.jovenT.r. It i;. ut'.iated 
 in a I'W i-.\,iP.;rv pi.v..,, e^r^ ;'..f ;ij: to th.e W.i o\ ^^..rJ]-.. 
 It lies nirlli <.(' tiie ilver I! ■kh>;i;rk::, and in a je:)!:;- 
 fii!.:, \v!;;:;!i ;■.;.. oee:i leiUiHred iioni Uic conti:;'.nt b) a 
 l.!!.'je Lanal. 
 
 S E C T I O X lil. 
 
 X.:l:,:!l ir'fy. T-/,, 
 
 Ilrf 5'/'i. •,;.. PyoJ;i^:c:ii, 
 
 N' Karnf'hi'V.a tiii"? r.re miny vrlcanrs bi:t rnly 
 „ ti.ree dofuvinf? ' i' n' t.c;-. The '..r'.i is .',\.a ol 
 A^'Uiha, ;o fw ]i- rrivA-.ir.l > { .l-: bay >;■' ihu .vn.e, It 
 i. a li 1^.- ..f hil^., H,e Im'I- rf ■■'■■ : h e>::.-i;d. :o x:.-.- h.w. 
 Tl-.e !Tiidd!c is of an ar-.iph'.Mc.i'. i^.d tiiun, '.;'.e f.iniP'.its 
 are !j'j:a', and canni;t be vi.-v.e.l v. ;-!; ,iit amazcn.ent 
 rnd i;.!rr.i!-. Thev aKvay, r-.'.t ' ■, Ix, h\v. ie!d. >ni lire, 
 lil ihc fii;-;i!-;KT of li'.e y:'..i' r/ ,\" ■• r. .i terrible enii)d'>n 
 of' this volcnno, v.hitl., f r i.i-.e day, emitted fmcke, 
 .Tnd eiiid.Ti v.ri.^hin^ P'.ar twi' jioi'!' ';. It was tol- 
 I tv.-fd bv a nci'ie •, i ,i:- eaifi i!:a'.e intf.e cntif.nj^ Oclo- 
 bfr, v.hieh, i'l a vt:y i!:ort f.i.'ce ':f time, w.u.artended 
 \\ith tite moil ali!:ra!i{; .iiid ilelln:':b>.e elKxis to the in- 
 iiabi-amr.. 
 
 I'he fe'"-n 1 \--!oap'> if ■ es friiin iiv:uiit lins lir.iated 
 between tiie iiver of K-i'if. h.itk.i aiiil :f..'t I't l'i;boiiki. 
 'i'har fra;ti th.e llinmfit oi '^liich the iruj-.d'ii ]a- >;ied.i 
 is iofiy, ant! terminates in f;iral nxks. . Nothing hap-- 
 I'Ci'.id ie;uavk!ile eoncerniii;; tliis v.deaiio, till tiie ye.iv 
 I7,;9, when ;t iiFticd a t. rren: (d" H.f.ne-, th.it d.idroyed 
 aU the ne':;l'b:)i.i)in'^ e(,".av.:y. 'VI.: liuiTian iiavel'er 
 Kr ileheninieoll', relate^, th.a tlie eiU| li m was preceded 
 by a rumb',; y_: n..!fe in tlie wot-dlands, v.hieli h.e diou^ht 
 tlireati-i-cd a dii idfi.l lb rm, t\il tliiee dilbnc!; (hoeks, .it 
 inter\..!s o| ,i!i.,ui a ii'iinnte e.;eh, rnnvir.redi him of 
 t'lc real carfe, as well as (d\lri:etLd the prole, ufion ot' 
 a joLincy i.e li.ul u:i le!".i'' i.'i. 
 
 Tr.e tinrd v.,l<.ano iffues iP'in the i'>[i ''I the hiij,|-.e(l 
 r'.i'untain in iIk- poniiviifi i( Kan.f. iia'ka. It emits 
 I 'luir.uahy a loii' ■.ibb'.!- f :v '.c, air.l f.imetir.ies Lirge 
 cinders, 'll,.- niol', ti MMikabi? (■■iijuiun lj(.-!.'.i'i Sep- 
 tember the !'..'■), •■- ij:, .nd c :i:::.;;ed a wu'h, whieli. 
 wirli an caru-..;'',\; L ;, . ;',..\m.-.! i , pr^;d'.iced !i.:',!i vi >- 
 li. :u ami diead hi iff. , .i, are ll.:i reinembe;>.d v.,di 
 hiro'i by fonie of ihahiian' .. 
 
 ■J Iiere are m„ .iv' ' i'-' (..'inirv, b'lt one 
 
 oi them is \eiv u ;....; .. 
 diil.ince from .i <, li!.;';..- i 
 ui'S a Ream horn li. i. Ir 
 
 ■■ . pi-ople, 1 ;i .1, -■••' I 
 j ..;i. Mi., ijihn-i.i . , 
 • ■iM! ". r, is t ;r.,;i ., i 
 ih.'P .<■■•■ |.-. .-.,:! I- , 
 iifu '; l^v v.:.\.'' ■.. 
 .ib 'iir ,,i' ;i. rr, \..;.. . I w,\ 
 leili ,;i ;'.o • .'.n ■;. m il\r f. 
 ( )i,,- ]K'\ w ■:(■ i,-.f)r: 
 
 -o.,- ImI iv.i, , ;■■, 1 h, ■ 
 
 . ' ',-!■ d at a fn.ili 
 N r hi. - .1 :. Tiiere 
 . „ i. ilM-.;.uiMron; ,i',J 
 : ''■.! ton;; hf 
 
 >i .' I" . in ; 
 
 I--; 'hiji. i^ 
 
 lil I . 
 
 (..■: .lt i: 
 
 \'. :w;-<: t.ie , i;n:,v-r: 
 
 ,lilo 
 ;'ie 
 
 g:T:tind is c:n a gentle afcen', having a jrrtcn idii cf :i 
 inoder.ite ii'.e behind it. Soii-.e plane- ii-emed to th.'ivi: 
 liere with great itixuiiance, amongll which was tl;e v.iul 
 garhcb. . 
 
 There is a mci'ntain fuiiared near .1 river, c.illcd 
 P.-iiidja, !'r-;:n the lumtnit of which falls a cataract cf 
 boiling vaier wir!' a tremendous noite. T hence pro 
 ceedint; iiir a confiderable ip.tce, it bubbles up tlie 
 h.eight <d" .1 toot, till it is ilifehariretl into llvcril lake--, 
 I'l'on which ;>re many illamls. ThU mountain prodiier;. 
 Ifor.es of c'.l airs beaiitifufiy variegated, v.hie!!, tho'jjrii 
 lix mere enec't of the operation oi' the ilid'eienr jo^^crs 
 of iicat, hnmiiiity, and friction, are licid i;; hi^h eih- 
 Illation by tlie natives. 
 
 In ihi.s peiiMifiila is choice of timber, adapted to va- 
 rinis jiiirpofcs i l!inib.> of disers kinds, anil ievcrai ix- 
 celicnt [lianis o\ medicinal qualities. Ot the chiif of 
 thefe v.-c- Ih.iil treat diiiii.clly, according to the tenor of 
 the ilircftrry we hold in viev. . 
 
 'I'liencc.-., of vwiich tiie nature, 'ijiMllfiet;, and ufj, 
 are particularly mentioned, are the bircii and the ald^i. 
 'i'he bark of tiiC lall is iifed liirllainii-;}; leather. Of the 
 birch, whicii, according to the accoi:nt oi lair lateil cir 
 ci:mn.ivii^at.)rs, was the moll common tliar came under 
 their notice, tliey obferved three kinds. Two of them 
 are fit liir timber, and vaiy only in tl'.e textiiic and co- 
 lour of tlie b.irk. The thiidis low inltaoiie. 'I'he natiuj 
 Ci.nvert ti,i.s tree t.) a tiiveriity of [urpoi'es. 1 !iey drink, 
 widioiit mixtuie, t!ie lit|iior which it yields, on taj-pii"^', 
 in gre.it abiindi.iri.:e : and o',:r c.)'.;ntrymen, i!pon :n,u, 
 tinind it pii.,;;l'..ii ..; i reiref.lnj.', but i.td.i-r pnrr;:iJi\... 
 V'efilis, appropiiated to domcliic ;;:i-s in general., .ii:: 
 iTi.Kk- of tlie bark i and of the v.'o;;d ate loiined ihiir 
 lleilgc'-: a.'ivl canoe.-:. 
 
 \arioiis are the il^ubs of tlfis cotintry, am! as va- 
 rious their productions. Tlieie a;e u.e juniper, I'.e 
 niountainalli, tiie wild role-tree, die raflK-rry bu;l>, 
 t''gether v.idi a variety of other bullies, bearing blue - 
 lieiricsof two kinds, ova! anti round, paniid^;ie-beri;v , 
 cran-bcrrk-:., ci'.'W-bcuies and black-berrie.s, wliich 'I'.e 
 natives p.iu k iit jin-jicr K.ifcn;, cvA p-vlerve by Ijoil.r;* 
 tf.eni into a conlifLence, but widi-ait Iilvu. 'ihite 
 !)erries form a eonfiiieiable p.iit o! th.eir winter 'h.-e, 
 .ind atlord a !ais f to t.heir dii, i and lak Ihli. 'I Ik y .mi 
 powerliilcoru^'.i\es ol' t,';Ma!i;:e luod, iah;taiy in n:.;:,v 
 other refpcct;, ai'.d aff rd ;: diCCocVu n f.>r tlieir comniuii 
 drink. 
 
 Wikl celery, angelic;'., chers'l, g;iriitk, cr.l"i'. , v.hii 
 other whokloiV'C proiluctions of tlic- vegti.-.l-ie l>ii\l, 
 wire likewile ifu'covcred v.vcn li'.is Ip-.^t; .ui.i uatte;' ' 
 here and there g'l'd I' iri-iips and turnip :;'.!!:!■(•;. Tl / 
 tliis a.pi.eared ih'unnoit e:;teni of v-l.T may Iv; caked 
 die girdeii riilture, it is iheece rea.hna'j/j to i;;ler, ih.'t 
 rnanv common and ii\'ul ani< !e' , Inch a., carrot, 
 ]iailhips, biet, ai'd the i'i.e, as v-ell a^ p'-re/e es niig''.i 
 ;e I'll, and iii tlie lau'.e drgue i:i 
 
 be railed on tiie i .I'.ie 
 perfeelion. 
 
 As the abn-e .tec; 
 conhi'cd to t'le p-Ar!;;i 
 lice of the n.uifiatiri, Ui 
 is pi'i'per to oblnne, 
 
 of veger.ible p''ovh:,''i(;r.s is 
 li I'ls tii..' I.'i ■' idiin tlie 110- 
 
 '■ rni"eih.l[e CiilidenUion, 
 ;■ 'h'' culiiv„vi,.i.i ot g.irovus 
 iullv attended lo i.i die lu e ,. 
 
 more .ger.r i::; a'v! le: 
 
 b:)UiIio','d '>! tiie river Kau-f 'luk.i, the nif li tenile pa- 
 
 if llie cwi .tiv, (as Ix-foi'. i l;;ir\eil,) :i:'.d i viJ.cntlv \ 
 
 \ery con!;.! ..ible a-lvant.!,; 
 deli-ripii'M 'f !w 1 i'!.-.; t , 
 iri''i!',', nr':! u' i I e iiii, .; 
 t.i' d by lb;' n.iLivesy..';..' 
 I'ize of tl, It of tlie Oil 
 
 But V e [ al's cu to t ; ; 
 which, f; . n ihiir i;nr,' 1 
 . ;l. Of d.ele til,: fruU , 
 
 wh;.!,!/. ai..ia 
 
 I i 
 
 ,\ live '';i: '.r' 
 ,Ui I vvi en li:> 
 ol" le.o/es, ol 
 le.ive:-, d.e [ 
 :\ l'l;;de l .' i 
 II e. ilhi ., I :,",' 
 I''".. Th.- 
 tli.it of ■aiiii . 
 l.-,d, .,!-.dh„ 
 
 I 
 
 1 , o! a pii 
 I.er up. 
 1 oval ll 
 • rm. d 
 
 i; ol .. d.;.l 
 ■I 'n h l.ii.i'li 
 ,■ , 1 
 
 I .1' (.eilV 
 
 ,', ,,rid rl.'i, .loM '. t'.e lui:, 
 .'■ '■ i' ) ;■■■;,, lid-, flu Ituttoi:-, 
 iC'v i| , ,{>.■ , lion; If l\.'e' tili'j 
 . i; '.■ ' .\,i r I oiiMlir/" I dii, e 
 
 i i.) rhe imin i I i eiol,. 
 
 i-i • i;..ii:, like tint (,!'^ ihe 
 
 ,, !M..,,-' f -MU the t:-];. of tl.e 
 
 ■^^!>•ll:^, ,.• d I'.ii ' d.'t, , in I ''!'., 
 
 uioeli ot the fi,:.e ,'!.;e, b':t irv.'ie 
 
 , .■i;eteur or liV'- cloves ii.'.i^;:;'.t 
 
 VOj'edier. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 tajetiicr. Tlir plant fp-ii 
 i^f>u.■! 1 in v.ilf plenty. It 
 rn.gatiicr the nwitsin the b 
 ill die ii:n, and jireferve tli^ 
 
 I'hc h.rivei"!: loineiinies pn 
 nurk on t!ic fuigulai bouiir 
 
 eople, as it was obli i vabli 
 they fadeil c' a cor.ipletc 
 lijolt fivoiirable for hilling 
 a delieiency in the lat,\r ii 
 ili.ed by a re duudarue in i 
 iiie.l in cookery, and v.ui 
 jxjwdcred, it is a good fub 
 it is very nutritive, ii.is an 
 not pal! the appetite. Th 
 Oiiaiadika, and makes am 
 natives, a-s it ci.oc.-i of rliofc 
 The odnT p!a;:t wliicii 
 
 Ciiie.i thtfi'ri/ ;i;,f\ It 
 
 our navigators in the nion 
 I'iC heig'ic of u foot and ; 
 down, rejcniblingthe hoar- 
 i'he tiite is very Iweer, i 
 The llalk is hollow, and 
 e,ich ot' rt'hich fpring la"., 
 wiien in a Ihite of nv.iiu'-ity. 
 
 ihc natives tormcriy 
 cookery j but fince tlie c(j; 
 Kul'iins, it hn, been e-<nv 
 tiilation. Havin^i; b.en c 
 h" die wonu-n, riic fpii it is 
 loiving pr.KCls. 'Tlicy lui 
 v.uer, then iinnent it in a 
 ries of tlie /pnn'l /,', or oV 
 to dole up tiie porous part 
 in a warm pLicc during die 
 IS geiier.Vily attendc.l with a 
 ration of the vedid whicii i 
 "If the liilt lijue-r, dicv p-it 
 tl a lecand icrinentatii ii i 
 ilonc, hm hc-ibs and iiqii 
 and the fpiiit is extracted t 
 lion. The li-.pi.ir thu'. pr 
 tiur fpirits, and called by tl 
 
 .N'otwiti. t;iniiing, from 
 ni.iv bepreliimed, 'hat t' 
 i".i,.;ht l)e io iinj roved, ; 
 ' 1 die bene it ot the Inhab; 
 i; mult be arknowledgerl, 
 f'-e ;?.ninia!;i it producis, 
 I'C.al to tiiem, is tha' i 
 pr;.ceed to theildtp; o- 
 iiirithl. r-:- (iiiue. 
 
 I I- I -■iiiury ab.junds 
 lerein colours, and tiie n 
 liieii fur is luperior in 
 put of Siberia or all Am 
 i):t:e breallcd l'oxc,> are in 
 tee artifices of die hunter-, 
 oi the ntiier fpeeies. ;i-n 
 cliaee by th» Kaml'eh.i.l;e 
 tluir cijuniry j but (incc ti 
 moll '."/t-ry individu.d h 
 l.'ur, which, though I liev 
 men, arc found much I- 
 <'l t!ie ehacr. 
 
 I'he gr.uid Piurce ol 
 he i.e-.l to be derived from 
 f 'iii;d iic.ir the rivers 'i i^: 
 h-'!l. They are fold ;it a 
 "i any odu-r part of tiie g! 
 veiy delicate looil by the r 
 ■iii.mals K ijild a rii'.c 1);iit( 
 trees 1 a net to furrouii 
 i-'r refu;.'ei an.l a nu 
 'at- eavitie.< to fnioak (f 
 According to the ace 
 /' v/,(, or ermine, is not m 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 K A M SCI! A T K A. 
 
 »J6 
 
 a- 
 
 uir came uniicr 
 
 Two of thciii 
 
 ;;xtiiic and lu- 
 
 0. I'hc IMtivCj 
 
 'I 'icy ('rink, 
 
 s, on tapjjn^'. 
 
 en, upon irii;, 
 
 l.i.r piiir;aii\L. 
 
 i;i r^tiu'wl, an: 
 
 1.' luiiiK'J il.iir 
 
 r.iilx:rry bail', 
 , bearing; bluc- 
 irtt!'.!\j,c-'iX'n;>.:-, 
 rrlcs, wliich -Ix 
 !(.TV'-' I))' l)i>i!;p;» 
 lug.M. The If 
 ■ir \\ later ''I'-i.-, 
 i;!]i. -Iby;'.' 
 alui.iiy ir, iv..:,v 
 V i!uar I (jir.i.iui! 
 
 \\->l..Mr l-ii^l, 
 
 r ; .;r,.l uatti';' ' 
 iv.li:!'c.. Tl .■ 
 f liiay Iv, cj!a\! 
 j!'j t'.) ir.ItT, ill.'! 
 •.;tii a,-, larro:-, 
 
 ■ I '■■h;i:, . ua'.s is 
 :1 ■> i;iiiii tiu' I'li:- 
 ciJiikraiinn, it 
 ,1 I'.t' ^','.rr..:i.s s 
 
 M i.l lilt IUl;V'l- 
 
 111. il ii.i-.'I.' r.i:; 
 ■,.1 t viJ.tmly s\.i'i 
 ral's (■!! ti> t ; ■ 
 n ilnir llnr' ' 
 :]xk t!i.: fiaiit ■ 
 ^ \vl,;.!,i;.il;..ia 
 .u."/-'. t".c liti;.'' i. 
 .i,d: tin. hwtfdi;', 
 Imiii; If l\.'.' tiifj 
 <„iln!ir."' I ili;n; 
 l'.^;:i\ I I I -■."!-• 
 !;!..(■ rli \t d\ i!i'- 
 lii r'.vj i.'i i-'t' cl.i' 
 ■ il.k , in I'i-ri. 
 c !mc, b':t iTi'-K' 
 
 voivdivr. 
 
 :,),vr,.'.^'r. Tiic- jilant liniri.'.; up without culture, and 
 i-, f;niii 1 ill v.l!^ [Jicnty. It is bic province of the women 
 M^Mtiior the r.Mitsin tlic bcgfnninif of Aiigiill, dn,' them 
 in Jie ii:n, ar.l prcfcrvc tliciii tur iIk* wiiitci's provifion. 
 I'hi." h.irvelt ii>im;inKs pnjviir.; liaa^ iii;;^e;ici) a rc- 
 nur.'t 1)11 r!ic fingular bniiiiry of PioviJ.cnc- l jwaiiL iii(.ft" 
 (.'iplc, iu it vvas obllivdble, t!iu tiiofc kMl'jusin wiii.-h 
 thtrv faiial c' a complete fnnpiy of fii'inm, were tvcr 
 iiKjit fiviiiirablc tor hilling; ami, on the contraiT. tliat 
 a dcliciency in the latter inllan;\', v/as alway.-i compen 
 fiicd by a reJiinitance in t!ie former. The fnana is 
 tifal in cookery, and various ways: bfi.ij^ baked and 
 powdered, it i:; a good fubllituLefiir meal of every i^ind. 
 it -b \cry nurriiive, has an a'rree.ib'e iiavonr, ami d'e; 
 not pa:! the appetite. I'liii iilefui pl.int ^tous alio at 
 Oiial.iiiika, and makes aneiiee.'.i.d put(jf the diet of the 
 lative.i, as it docs oftliofe of Kamliv.atka. 
 
 Tiie otlier plir.t wlv.cii merits parti'-'-iLir attention is 
 c.iiied the /u'iy/ ;>■/;/;. It 'ill under the oblervaci mi of 
 our iuv;gat(;rs in the month of ,\iay, bein;/ then about 
 iiie heit;!it ol' a foot and a lui!', civerv.'. v.'i!!i a wlii'.e 
 down, refeniblinp; fhc hoar-frod, and ea'uy '"".a'.ea oil", 
 i'he taiie is ve.'-y fv.-eet, th lUg i warm an i ii.in;^e;u. 
 The llalk is h'^liow, ar.d coniilh of tour j lincs frv! 
 each of rt'hicii fprinrr ia'\,i- icMvcs. k i.^ |i,: .>..- iiigii 
 wiien in a Ibite of maf.rirv. 
 
 i he natives tornimy iill\l ;!ii-. pl.u-it cli > iK' in 
 
 c'le 
 !if- 
 
 bccame !lib;ei:r t . 
 
 rookery; but fincc the eom-r 
 Ruljians, it has been e'/nvcii'd t.. rl>>- ■.'i'-;-M|f -.f 
 tiilatioi). Havir.;;; bi\;i C'.lie.le,' a-id -.■■•'/ ■ ■, \ ■- 1 
 Ir the wonu'ii, tiic fpiiit is e.^ttraJ.-.l \-^>-n i- ■.', >■ i -l 
 lowing proeef.. Tliey lirll il'. ep l"i'i'!,f . <.A v • h ■'.. 
 v..i[cr, then ieniient itinaveilei, by ir..Mf. '-ft.. f 
 rii's of tlie giiiul :,', or of the r 'i<>ff..-, ■■ f • .■ 
 loeiofeup t:\c porous parts ut' tiv- .c .,<'i, .i ^y '» 
 
 in a w.irm pUce during die time <>' • • iv m • • ■ 
 is gvineiiiiiy atK'nde.l witii a confivlfi^io.'- .i i,'.-, tr. 
 tution of the vedid winch concur. .. ir. .Iivii' fi 
 "If the lirt' li'.jU'.'r, tiievpour on m re ii •', . .1 j^r, <' •! 
 tia fecond ici-mentati. ii m the f.imc 'o - , ,■ r. i'!:i-, 
 done, borji hcibs :uid iiqu ir aro put irto a ■. .crlii.i, 
 and die fpiiit is extra-tted by die ufual iii'^de m dii'iJia- 
 li'in. I'he li-iuor tlm-. prodti'td ■.. ^' Hi ,ng ai <u\y of 
 our fpirits, and called by the natives r//i</. 
 
 Notwid.'landing, from wii-'- ha-s bee-i "iV'erve i, it 
 may iK-prelinned, 'hat the n .'ivation of tf.i'. |)eninfuli 
 niiL;ht be |i) im['roved, a.-, to (.o.idaee rn"rc ' /'i'litially 
 t) the bene it ot the inhabitants than in ic.^ p)re< t'.r f^-ire, 
 i: imill be acknowledged, th.U ir opulence Cinl\'.<i in 
 t".e :>ninia!s it prtxJuces, and that no labour i> 1 1 !)■.' *•- 
 fcial to them, as tha' of their fuirie.irs; fo that w.- 
 pri.ceed to the ddtnj 'lor ofthe animals tl.it 'efpectivrl;, 
 uirnili. t/'e fiiiv.e. 
 
 I'i.v- i.aintry abounds with (oxes, w!ii'''i are of dif- 
 ferent colours, and the moll general ob -■('>- ol' (.iiniiir, 
 Theii fur is (iiperior in quality to thcfe i . ■!: v < l.er 
 pattof .Sibeiia or allAmeiica. Th- dark L.^.'.-it i-.d 
 biuc-brealled f;.se.-, are in [•;emTal !o crafty as to e|i- f 
 tlie .irtiHces of die huntei-'-,, tl.eir lagacity ixceeding tli.tr 
 ol the other I'peeics. Mows and anow.s were uled in the 
 tiiaee by the Kamlrh.idaie.-,, before the Kullians vilited 
 tlit'ir eouniry ; but (incc they iiitrotlaceil rire-arins, aU 
 nioll every individual ii (urnillied with a riile-barrel 
 gun, which, though they are by nome.ms expeitmarkf- 
 ineii, arc found much luptrior to thi f ;rinei weapons 
 ol the ehacr. 
 
 1 he jfnuid fjuree of wealth ni' tliis peninfula may 
 he la'd to be derives! from the z<l>ili;ir, or lab'e. TIi^k.' 
 
 f "n;d iicir the rivers 
 li''!l. They are fokl 
 
 of 
 
 ■ii;: 
 
 a:id Oii.'.a 
 
 aie (;.-eir.,\: 
 
 any oditrr jiart of tiie gkibe. 'I'hc fiedi 
 
 i.s I.: 
 
 veiy delicate io(Ki by the natives. 
 siiiUials is til'ed a rif.c barrel gi'a'. 
 ttiTsi a net to furrouiid the holl 
 
 t.".c reluj'Ci iind a r.u:i.Ler < 
 i:ie eavitie.i to fmoak ihi I'l out 
 Accordin;; ro the acc'i;irir of 
 J' •i.l. I, ori:rn.une, is n-t mucli 
 
 f il.lci.S put 1 .'.llvd i..t 
 
 )ttr la'e^l: n.,vi!';ar:;s, rlii 
 ,.i;:iLd, a.ivl ne''A'.i.eil li> 
 
 the hunters bccaitic &,?. fur is d^.:.TieJ but o.-dinary. 
 I'iic fur of the gvli, or gluuon, is here held in tltt; 
 hitjreft eilimation, and cnnfid.ercd by tiie n.rdve; as th« 
 princi;;al O'liament of their attiic. 
 
 There are bl-ick and white bears; the fitil are very 
 commcn. It is obfcrved by travellers, that tiioie ani- 
 m.d) never attack a man, unkfi they fm 1 lim ct.lee;;, 
 when they tear the fj.ilp oil' the back pa; t ofhishc.id, 
 a.^id lomecimes delltcy iiiin. Their fkins are converted 
 to dive.'s puqjofes oftlrets and furniture, and tiitiir Hzih 
 conliJc red as a delicious repatl. 
 
 I'v.-o white bears appeal ing in tlte water, fomc of our 
 people immediately purf levi them in the jolly bo:»t, and 
 were Ii) fjrtuni.te as ti uili tlie-n botii. Tiie Larger fine, 
 \.;,i; Il v.-.;,, i:i al' probability the dam of t!ie youm-T, 
 being lli't, die oilier w.-uld not le.iv'e it, though it might 
 li.ive efca:>ed v.itii caii- on the ice, while the n-.en were 
 
 at \ high price , aiid eueid iliolL- 
 
 ■d 
 
 In hiiiici.ig l'.ir ti:i e 
 to .'h'.'ui. :!,.-M oil tl.o 
 nv i!s<s ill wi'.H :i .ii> ■.■ 
 
 mil 
 
 ir.-. 
 
 re ! i;vdiii:^ thei: 
 ah. ut till, ^licr 
 i; vas lii:: dea.l. J 
 t'tc I'V'it r 1 t!i.' e'.,: 
 c'le.; it^ cli..:.iriili;.s 
 feet r.M 1... 
 t'l V 1,1 ; .■. 
 il : . I 
 li re 
 
 but e intinued fwiinmi: /j 
 
 .; Ix-en li.-v'.;iMl times Hred tij.vjn, 
 
 .,• ;e/-,gtli of tiie la:"(T o.'e, from 
 
 n i'",: tail, was fcV'-n leet tv.o ii- 
 
 rr, i,c:r the fore ie,;s, v.. is fjiir 
 
 .e.-. i the iieicrht oi the ihoulders was P.nir I'ect 
 
 ; an I the iireadthof the forc-pa-.v was ten 
 
 1.: wi.i,.^lit of itj I'lur qu.'.r'ters was Litir hun- 
 
 a.id diirty-lix potin is. 'i'he four quarters of tlie 
 
 f 1,1 .e!l weiyievl tw.j hundred and fi'ty-fi.K piunds. 
 
 T.hefe aaiiii.tls farniihed f-ime g'xxl meals of frcfii 
 
 .'■■•. I'll' ir lie.'', indeed, li.u! a linn? filhv 
 
 iiitely 
 
 .er, our ix-ople wc/e j ■ rf.i.tdtv!, .ith no 
 ,'■, ' > preier to t'iC'r ; '.i'. .1 .'./vili -,. 
 :■ . ■ '.'.' .'ivc' , .1 •■• .'.1 as lynx.-s, b')ars, 
 
 <■ !g re;eir, ■■. ij; f!-,e fall(jw-deer. 
 
 ■C.:. -. botil V ' .'..id 
 
 p< ',, ■ , nod I 
 ' -.It t'^ ibitani-,, 
 . ,r ■,! irjf *> . ■ t') til' ■ 
 
 .f : ■ 
 
 '■ i-.nlv 
 
 d.Vi .!• 
 
 .•• In >w 
 .'» 
 
 i 
 
 \w 
 
 i/.r, 'V.I 
 
 v'!v:h, 
 
 ^'.rea' did" ■ 
 
 1,1 tli<- ! 
 
 '■■' , And . 
 
 i (K i-e i-, rti 
 
 t i<- 
 '".•vr 
 
 
 tl. 
 
 1 
 '■) tw 
 of t'. 
 
 "f r 
 • ' ■' /' 
 
 •,:.e.vi . 
 
 ■:■.•. I 
 
 r'.. 
 
 .'! s ' r 
 
 'j,r/ 11, 
 
 I 
 
 cn<l '/■ Yiv ■ '■)■ 
 
 ^■^ kit 5/ prijv^.*' f 
 
 A-/ wiut ai.>|>ears c* 
 
 :> -■> 'ill, tlir/ returr 
 
 I jt ir tifffr ffKxl conlii 
 
 .\nl^ '-.»'■• b-<nrt of 
 
 tor •' .• arjyvif. 
 
 I'- .^- X* 
 
 ur.i>-.'. ■■•',/. ,■ 
 
 fVer liy-zii" %/ ■• J 
 11-.*'' 'n. i •■:» if 
 
 from '■Vir ' ', 
 
 during tiw hi,. • 
 
 f«)ii as th< fnov. 
 
 f^)e'dive owners. 
 
 the lie.ad, entr.iils, 
 
 are rd'erval and ihie 
 
 mark,il)ic fiir being of exiraort' '-*) liw .i 
 
 'I'l;'- f.irlels mirnrit, or iTK»uri';.ii ~ ' 
 crear , miicli fmaller than a fui;..' 
 aniii.d, ie;<< mxin roots aivi berrit 
 hind V2;s whil '. ir e.its, and lioklin^thi 
 v.>r;v iV paw. I ike the plumat- l.i' 
 it 1. virwvd in clifilrTRt lights, it ', . i 
 colour ■>. 
 
 The lalt >■''■ -..d we :1. 11 nv or, 
 ivi'iui'.tain-lhti , -^mW wiiuh, ■ 
 ill I'.'.inipe (except in Coiiiea a id -"i. .i 
 a'.ioumls. Ill Ikin it relemble.i t;-. 
 and general aiipeaiance the giiat. : 
 matkahle, being not onK twiilcl, b ,- >- 
 at full growth, ft'in r.'.tiuy Ive ) 
 v.liieh, in iiinning, tlie animal lel i 
 They are converted to divers neeeii nV i 
 , 'la:',y :'p')oiis, cti|i';., and pl.itters. I'iv. 
 ver\ ,.;',)i cable ami 'lourilhing tooii. 
 
 K.'iiil'.harka ab'iunds uiili birds 
 eagles, li.iwks, jHlivMii',, iw.iiii, p; - ■ 
 cue'.ows, m.igpie-, i'liin ., parriu: i ■ '- 
 alio a gi\at v.iiie'\ ' : ' .' ii.'\\l on 
 rlii.-i (.•ii'itrv: .;-, \\w K.i-e.ik', . I ■. 
 
 tr ing lilhv taite, 
 of tiie I'l ; ivirll ; 
 
 ne, m ie- 
 
 •w deemed 
 
 .•.r, .tfter 
 
 ' 'lid ctit- 
 
 . ■ ;■!■.■ i.'n- 
 
 tii.it c,;:i 
 
 ^idiy i'l 
 
 . Scarce, V 
 
 ',:nai: ,■ 
 
 tli C.1 
 
 OI grca 
 ntir do ti'. 
 .■ -ere a: 
 
 e relealtd 
 iiemfelves 
 linary, as" 
 their re- 
 ntirely of 
 I, which 
 are re- 
 •ngth. 
 ■•eaiiti 
 ;:e that 
 upon i' 
 t, m-;;. 
 ;!' , V ' 
 M vari 
 
 ' . or ' .' 
 
 this : 
 , b•.l^ 
 ;i ir.iN 
 ,'lii;i:'. 
 
 •:i il- 
 . ., ,uid 
 
 p i; ti- 
 ii affords 
 
 ii',11.1; ol'b>' '.iitilii! plirii.:; e ; 
 111 e\pr(.,'';ve ..I'vl niel'Kiii'i- 
 t'lok a fc.iie liom it, an.ij lei 
 a ;w.iie ;.dv.'i! h- the iwiiu^s r 
 
 il.ai 
 
 lo ' 
 
 e.sr 
 
 IIS kinds, as 
 
 oris, ducks, 
 
 , , . . . There is 
 
 1 and h.v <\ 
 
 I .! i.iii'l oi \uld 
 
 :ii 1.1 lii,,;'iar e:y, 
 
 liiiiiieil ir.e, eiicr 
 
 v.'on'. .t-u'i J,. J.I, 
 
 its u-y, 
 
 .\, cording 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 ni?i«^i 
 
 
 il 
 
 '? 
 
 
 •1 
 
 > 1 
 
 
 i' ■■ ' 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 '•¥- 
 
 1 ■ M ^"- 
 
 1 
 
 f? 
 
 
 
 I; 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 • ; 
 
 ? 
 
 % 
 
 if*V**i| 
 
 
 R 
 
 hd 
 
 if^ 
 
 ^m 
 
 p. 
 
 ^w" 
 
 
 .A 
 
 
!ti 
 
 1,6 A NEW, ROYAL anu AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGUAPIIY. 
 
 'i 
 
 !'' i 
 
 ii,. I! 
 
 V 
 
 m 'h 
 
 4! •' .f 
 
 Acfowing to Mc RulTun voyagers a grrat variety 
 of a:T>phib!'jiis animals are toiinJ on this co;ifl. There- 
 is the lea-cow, or' proJigi-nis Icngcii, and i?nir.-.-n;l' 
 buli<, v.'ith a Ikiii ahnolt impenetrable. Tiie (lelli, 
 when young, is agreeable to the palate. This animal 
 is caught by a:i iron Iw.r: itmck into it by lomc men 
 in a iin.ill vcni-!, after which it is drawn gr.nltially to 
 the land by a rope licld by pcDjile on Ihore, while tliofe 
 in t!ic veiii'l tear the creature with inlhii'.nents in (eye- 
 ral parts of the l)'Kly till it e.xi)ires. Tlicre are al!o lea- 
 horfes .and fea^tats. Of the latter the male and tctnale 
 diril-rs fo much in fjrm and diipofiticn, tliat they r.-.ig!it 
 be talcen for di:ferent animals. The male is of h.idc- 
 ous afpciT, and It rocioiis in die extreme ; tlie linnale, 
 mild, inotfenfive uiid rimid. 
 
 The Bay ofAwatPKa abounds with tea!?, which are 
 taken Iiy various artiiices. 'i hey are laid to purfue the 
 ti 's which arc their j;rcy into freih w.irer, and to.rbe 
 (o.'iid in nioft lake:; lu.'.r '.he (e.i. 
 
 Sea otters are faid to have abounded formcrlv in tlds 
 p-cninfula ; but fince thj IluiFians have opened ;i tr.ide 
 for their Ikins to Cliina, where tliey fetch a very high 
 price, by liiofe means the countr}' is aimoit clear of 
 tliem. 
 
 The grand article of life in this peniiifiila is fi.li, 
 with v%-hitli it is fupplied in ib ahumlant a degree as to 
 merit tlie appcliati'm of tliC "ftalF of life." They 
 derive, indeed, very fahitaiy effects from d.ivers whole- 
 fimc roots an:! berries, diac act as correctives to thnie 
 putr'-i(:.i!U qu.:i';ties with wl-,icii their dried hfh mull be 
 necclVarily attended. Here are whales from feven to 
 liiceen radiom hmg, which are converted to a variety of 
 u!es. I'lic fl-cin aniwers the iame purpofes as lear' .. 
 d )es in England, being appropriated to mat •'.g ! hoes, 
 flraps, thongs, aiid odicr neceliary articles. They cat 
 rhe fleib and pixkrve tlie la: f)r culinary ufes, and the 
 llippiy of their iaiiv;'>. In ll-.:>rr, the whiikers, bones, 
 OKrail;, ntrvcj, vii.i'., and otiier parts, have their par- 
 titul.ir uit:^, as proois oi the bounty -.n Pro'i. - dif- 
 pl'.yed in every quai.er of die globe. 
 
 i'hcy have /ail quanrides of excellent flat fiili of di- 
 vers kind , a: allv) irout and lierrings. 'i'hc latter, 
 about clie ploK'ofMay, lV.':.rm upon the coail:, bvit d> 
 notrcninin l.jnr,. The c 1 fealon comes in wldi the 
 nioiuh of June, and that ti;h fervcs for a winter llore. 
 But the chief depe.".dance of die natives of Kamlchatka 
 i. the filnion riihcry. Of this delicate fifli naturalifts 
 inibrm us, there are all tiie different fpecies to be (ijiind 
 on the coaft. They arc in great variety with refpecl to 
 li-^e and colour, and eacii diffinct fpecies is conlm'fd to 
 the fame river in which they were bred. The Kamf- 
 chadales, hold the falmon in a ilcyce of veneration, and 
 we are informed by our voyagers, that when tliey pre- 
 fcnted them widrone of the Hrlt caught ir> the feal()n, 
 they were given to underlland, it was the greatcd: com- 
 pliment- diey could j-oPibly pay t!)em. 'I'he llore fal- 
 mon is mo'diy dried, but rarely faked. It i^ eaten ei- 
 tlier whole or reduced to powj.er, and in each llate is 
 at',reeable to the palate. The head, entrails, b'-'nes, &c. 
 are refervcd for tl.e winter provilion fir dogs, whicli, 
 in that inclement leaf )n, draw their fledges. It is to K- 
 obferved, that (lioaL of dih harbour in the difl-en-! i n 
 vers of Kamlchatka during diis (cafon, which, \\^«n the 
 ice begins to break, attempt t ' get to da. It-, tliv 
 natives watch die ojiporttmirv, and uke great ;• i:,,ix-t> 
 in nets prejuretl f.-r the i ofe ; l^uu I'l' v 
 referve for food, and frvn icrs tl'.ev ixdac oi 
 they approp.riate to divei' necelliu" ■ 'irpo'' • , 
 
 \v'ith refpeft : > iiilefts, th- . l dim 
 
 iiy axl 
 
 v4' I. 
 
 i!i!u!h 
 
 and 
 l;l' ,. 
 
 dra^" 
 
 in 
 
 li.cs. 
 
 In 
 
 Ill mv 
 
 part 
 
 
 of thi> 
 
 copic 
 
 l:V.U ! 
 
 : . 1 
 
 . 1).-. 
 
 t . 
 
 dillr)vi- 
 
 .ot, .,( 
 black 
 
 oolt 
 
 
 >'( ' 
 
 
 • U't ( 
 
 re, 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 •dll 
 
 Oi- 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 gre . -y 
 
 ""II 
 
 reli . 
 
 ' 'U f». c. 
 
 Iv 
 
 .ttra- ted !)■. 
 
 lall - 
 
 ' 'Cl V, llCIl 
 
 ! cined. The copper mines are, in moft rcfbcdb, like 
 ibnie of thofe on the Raphaan mountains, the ore be 
 ing of a bcaiitiiul col(nir> ajid capable t»i lj< '.ng poiiiiied. 
 
 S E C T I O N IV. 
 
 0/ the tuilivef: j Ih'ir ori<rin, difcovtry, nvjxheri cr.: 
 /irijtntjiate. Rujjian commerce. 
 
 1"MIE])eople now inhabiting Kamfcliatka mry I 
 conlidered as firming three didir.ctnatiyn:.. 1 1, 
 n.iti\e, or Kamfchadales, who dwell in die Ibudieiii 
 part of die peninfula : the K^jrcki, who inhabit the ii' • 
 dicrn part; and the Kuriles, who occupy the iiLin.! 
 extending linithward ofjappn. 
 
 An ingenious traveller, f me time refiJent in d. 
 country, after much invcfigaiion, aliirms, that u, 
 true Kamfchadaies have, for many ages, peopled tV. 
 peninfula, and th.it tlicy derived riieir origin from t;ie 
 Mung.'.iians. 
 
 The Hril difcovcry of Kamfchatka is attributed to 
 Eeodot Alexeieff, a Ruflian merch?nt, who, incompaiu 
 with kven other veiTcL, iailed nearly round th-' pciiln- 
 fula of the Tfchiitilci about the year 1648. It ii faid, 
 that lofmg fight of the rell in a ftorm, he v,'a»; driven 
 by flrelis of wer.th.cr iijion the coail >)( Kamfchatk.-, 
 where, he wintered, and diat the eniuir.g fiimmer he 
 fiiied about die promontory of Lopatka into the let '. 
 Okotik, and entered the motidi ofdieTigi', b'ltt.t.r 
 he and .hi: Viipanions were cut off in attcmpf.r.g t. 
 ;-..,b from i .r.ce by land to the Anadirfk. Ao th^'i 
 diicoverers, however, did not firvive tltc Httsmpr, ar. ' 
 could not pohibiy malte anV report of tiicir tranf c 
 ri'ins, /olnclimir AdallbiF, a Colfack, ftands for t::.: 
 iirit ackrciv^itdgcd ilifcoverer of this pciiinfula. 
 
 Being fontfro.n the ftirt of Jakutflt in the ycr 1097. 
 as omniilliiry (rtnn t!he Ruffuuis, for thepuipofe of ex 
 jiloring and Uibjccting thcl'e remote countiie^, lie pcnc 
 trated, in the year 1699, into the heart nfthcpcnir.^ 
 fulj, gained the I'igil. and having exacted a tribute i 
 furs, ciolled from thence to the river '.Vamfchatka, r.-. 
 which lie built a town called Vcrchcnei, v.'iiere he l- 
 a garrifcn of listevtu Coflacks, and ref.n'ncd to the :•:. 
 ot Jakutfk in 1700, wid; an immcnfc tribute ot t... 
 choiccll fun.. 
 
 At length Atladliff fell into diigrace, was fci...'d on 
 at Jakuttii, .and diruwn into prilijn, in con'ecjuence o, 
 a remonrtr.uice to the Rulhan cmirt from i.. .• propropii 
 tors of a bark laden with Chincle merchandile, wliicii 
 he had met with on the river Tunguiki, and piilarc i. 
 
 During his contincment fcveral commiffiaries v.:.- 
 fcntinto Kamfchat'.a widi various fuccefs, till at leii / , 
 ii; 1706, he was rcinUatetl in his command, and '\i 
 lent up.sn a fccond ex(ied.i:icn to Kamlchatka, perv>..,. 
 the power vefled in him, and by ads of compiii .. . 
 cruelty aoil iriufd ce r r only excited the averfion o( d > 
 people t' 'i<-ir governors in (n-neral, but caufed in. 
 <^>»» CoiU ..^ tu mc ;y. and infill on the ajipoint'^i.- 
 i>l another to ir^i4Hi»i.r. I he C<j(Ta<>> h.'ving , 
 their i>. it k «• vicgratiaion 'if tlieir euimt'vmr \ 
 '•n'v « r .^l UpfJll ia vfi'ef'S, IwH puKrecd, \ vo a f^-r^- 1 • 
 ^,-NirhKa, laiif afi. ^ jli r itraii.r, an.! [\>t\\\\ M (it 1 
 hn% of fvircecdin-? tniimuiuUrs : ■ riMiwe thim t" 1 ■ 
 htarv difcipUin-. Ihreeofihcf »\'rr alUflinarr', .• 
 the I olfacks i|)urni'ii; ..<. l<»>fti-«n g'<- in«ot, |u-. 
 dcred *mi nul'.acred the natiw^ at t«inA»tu' , fo diat tin; 
 C' .;itiy iS c.i Hi.ir perirAt, ^xhiti.u^l wi* »<<•»• -if blu'.-d 
 !. id, .',nd levoit , brtwetii mr -> t■;l■^Jn^ diH'e.e. 
 t .ef. ' ■>, till rlie ^r*r<i reviM ivi «lw k*infv haJales ir 
 
 •itlutn.hlin': the ; ippa-Hicn Ul *ie rcbel'ti),. 
 
 ijriv ■ popiii.ii.- till- countrv .i ''ion 'i' 
 
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 1 1/67, the .:i.ili-pt»i ray d with i.i :iv moIck' 
 jjia^^iie, and fi.it atene<i an aifioH u.^ai iMtrjMt; 
 viyii>rr> Vitrr ty.: *it!»:;fff. i." it d>4ltwi'r. 
 
)GRA1'IIV. 
 
 moft rcipcdts, like 
 imrains, the ore bc- 
 01 tii '.:iu; poliJh^id. 
 
 f 
 k. 
 
 IV. 
 
 •.every, nvjnbm crd 
 immerct. 
 
 Camfclutka in.-y k- 
 
 liiiiiCt natian:;. Tlw 
 i-ll in lilt: ibudicni 
 who iiihjbit the mr 
 I occupy the iilaaJu 
 
 mc rcfiJcnt in thi; 
 
 n, atiirms, that liic 
 
 J agoj, peopled t'lii 
 
 eir origin trum tne 
 
 uka is ataib\;iL\l w 
 ."It, who, in company 
 rly round th,-pei)in- 
 •ar 1648. It is f-id, 
 ftorm, he wa? driven 
 :oail of Kamfchavk.', 
 
 cjiii.iip.g fiivnir.er he 
 patka into the fei of 
 of die Tigi', '•■'•It tiv.t 
 olF in aticinpf..-.g to 
 
 Anadiidi. A"-- thcl..- 
 dve tl:e nttsinpr, aivJ 
 port of their tranl.c- 
 Hack, ftands for i:.-z 
 lis pcninl'ula. 
 itdi ill the ye.ir 1597, 
 for die pu: pofe ol ex ■ 
 tc eounuie., he penc- 
 le heart of the ptiiir,- 
 ni^ exacted a till'iite ci 
 river Kamrciiadca, or 
 crch.cnci, v.'iiere he h:' 
 lid returned to the u.it 
 nmcnff tribute of t,.c 
 
 ;liigrace, was fei_.\i on 
 lijn, in con't-qucnce oi 
 rtfroni u.,- jiropropric- 
 ic merchandiie, which 
 ingiilki, and pillace.l. 
 ;ral coniniiinaries v,\ri' 
 s fuccefs, till at len;,ri', 
 1 command, and '"i-ii! ; 
 Kamfcliacka, pcrvcrt^J 
 by ai'h of complii:,\r-.-l 
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 ^•fieral, but caufed i'l:. 
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 23 MbST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) S72-4503 
 
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Ntirlli pule 
 
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 ,„glh.-founlnr.vri<mHh. l..l.V'to'» 
 
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ASlA.y 
 
 die obfcrvation 
 were informed, 
 to the account c 
 try, there was 
 paki tribute, an 
 Kurile iflanils. 
 
 The Ru.Tian 
 l)!e in this count 
 ilerable ; and it 
 RulFians, that I 
 verting tlic natii 
 tendcil with gre 
 liefign, miiriona 
 bllfned, fijr the 
 and Coflacks in 
 tlieiii the rites of 
 
 The principr 
 refj^edls tiie Un( 
 ami is carried oi 
 immediate patrc 
 members wear s 
 tion. The fur b 
 burter, but of 1; 
 wiiich means a ( 
 in this place, thi 
 
 Various are t 
 confined to Ruf 
 dwce of L'.nglani 
 confift of wearin 
 and other iifeful 
 chantB derive gri 
 liir trade upon t 
 the iiigiiefl adv: 
 tile exports anil 
 tiie tribute, acc( 
 vernor, aiiiount; 
 ally. 
 
 The grand m 
 Kamfchitka and 
 tain Bcering. 
 molt im|iortant 
 Being fubjeft to 
 have fettlement; 
 agents tor the pi 
 tlie natives ; fo 
 rcfuk from tlieir 
 
 Pcrfom, Oyefs, 
 Religioi 
 
 THE Kami 
 common 
 ted to their gen 
 the early age i: 
 lemble t!ie othi. 
 excepting that t 
 nicr.tlis larger, 
 diirk, their eyes 
 thinefs of their 
 die km relied ii 
 of which, tliolc 
 cover their fact 
 •i"a(ilion injures 
 figlit. 
 
 'I'hey are in < 
 walli thenilelve; 
 are bellowed b 
 dieir nails, .'I' 
 commodities, o 
 dogs, nor do tli 
 
 The drelii of 
 the fkins of 
 They wear, in 
 tiie outer re:i;i 
 bfiots of dof;; 
 No. i 
 
ASIA: 
 
 K A M S C H A T K A. 
 
 117 
 
 the obfervation of places almoll clefol.iti", which, they 
 were informed, hati ' jen fuily inhabitcil. According 
 to the account of a Rufriaii officer reliiient in tiie coun- 
 try, there was not in the v. hole more than 3000 that 
 jwid tribute, and thofe included tlic inhabitants of the 
 Kurile idands. 
 
 The Ruffian government is both lenient and equita- 
 ble in this country ; the tribute exaded is very inconfi- 
 derable; and it muft bi. obferved, to the honour of the 
 RulFians, that they have bellowed great pains in con- 
 verting the natives to chriilianity, which have been at- 
 tended with great luccels. To furdier this benevolent 
 iiefi<;n, mifTionaiies are appointed, and Ichools efta- 
 LUfncd, fijr the gr.'.tuitous inftruftion ot both natives 
 and Coflacks in the RufTuin language, in order to teacii 
 tlicni the rites of the religion of tlie Greek church. 
 
 The principal commerce of Kamfchatka, as far as 
 refpefts the line of exportation, confiils in the furs, 
 anti is carried or. by a coinjjany of merchants umler the 
 immeiliate patronage of the Kmprefs of RufTia. The 
 members wear a medal as a badge of honorary liiflinc- 
 tion. The flir bulinefs was formerly tranfaded by way of 
 burter, but of late they deal for reatly money only, by 
 wiiich means a confiderable quantity of fpccie circulates 
 in tills place, though apparently fo poor. 
 
 Various are the articles of importation, nor are tiiey 
 confined to Ruffian manufadures, but inchule the pro- 
 duce of L'.ngland, Holland, Tartar)', anil China. They 
 confift of wearing apparel, domclfic utenfiis, aliamentary 
 and other iifeful and neceftiiry particulars. The mer- 
 chanm derive great profit from them in general ; but the 
 dir trade upon the fiontiers of China is attended with 
 the higheft advantage. The duties upon the whole of 
 the exports and imports coukf not be afcertained ; but 
 tile tribute, accoidingto the account of the Ruffian go- 
 vernor, amounts, in value, to ten thouflind rubles annu- 
 ally. 
 
 The grand mart fn* flirs is the ifl^nds fituated between 
 Kamfchatka and America, difcovered in 1741, by Cap- 
 taiii Bcering. From thence the fea-otter fkins, the 
 moll important branch of the fur-trade, are produced. 
 Being fubjed to the Ruillan government, the merchants 
 have lettlements upon them, and appoint refidentiary 
 agents for the purpofc of carrying on a commerce with 
 tlie natives ; fo that confiderable advantages mutually 
 refult from their intercourfe. 
 
 SECTION V. •*- ■ 
 
 Pcrfons, Drffs, Habilulion^, Manners, Cii/lomf, and 
 Religion ef the PtnpU of Kamfchatka. 
 
 ' I "'HE Kamfchadales are in flature much below the 
 -■• common fize, which has been judicioufly attribu- 
 ted to their generally entering into the conjugal ilate at 
 the early age of thirteen or f<)urteen years. They re- 
 Icmble the othi.r inhabitants of Siberia in mofl inftances, 
 excepting that their viliiges are fomewhat fliorter, their 
 mciitlis larger, and their clucks fuller. Their hair is 
 diirk, their eyes are hoUow, and the remarkable fwar- 
 thinefs of their complexion is attributed to the power of 
 die fun refleding (iom the Ihow ; to obvfate the eff^eds 
 of which, diofc whi> arc oblii'.od to be in the wcxxls, 
 cover their faces with a kind of netting ; for this re- 
 frac'Lon injures not only the complexion, but the eye- 
 fight. 
 
 They are in general exceeding Piovenly, neglcding to 
 wafli dienileives, comb their hair, (though tome pains 
 are beflowcd by botli fexes in plaiting it,) or i utting 
 their nails. . 'I'jiey cic of' the melt putrid and filthy 
 commmlities, out of bowls and troughs with their very 
 dogs, nor do tiicy even v;ath them afterwards. 
 
 The di-efsof the natives of this peninfula confifls of 
 the fkins of divers animals, widi the fiir outwanls. 
 They wear, in general, two garments, the fleeves of 
 the outer reaching down to their knees, 'liiey have 
 bouts of dog or deer ikin, with the hair iiinennoft. 
 No. 1 1 . 
 
 Alfa a fur cap, or hood, which fcrves to cover die head 
 in bad weather. The dieli of the men and v.omcn are 
 nearly the fame. The coat, or rat.herwaiikoat, of the 
 latter, fii.-. clolc to tlie bodies, and it decorated with flips 
 ot red, blue, and yellow cloth, and fometimcs ribbon or 
 woollen lift. A kind of petticoat is joined tothiswaill- 
 coar, that comes half way down the leg. The v.-omen 
 let tlieir hair grow much longer than the men. Tliey 
 pUic it, ami hang bnifs trinkets to it. The UufTians, in 
 general, ear the t'.uro[)eaii drefs throughout die c'lfle- 
 rent ])arts of Siberia. 
 
 There is, however, diflindions in their drefTes, and 
 particularly thofe of the w( men, fome of wliich are gay 
 and plealing. There -is the comm.'.n drefs, compofed 
 of common rnatcrials ; the holiday ilreis, rather more 
 liecoraced ; aud tlie grandell divls, confining of a loofc 
 robe of white nankeen, gathered dole round the neck, 
 and fallenci-l with a filk collar. A ihort jacket, without 
 (leeves, is worn over this, confilting of different co- 
 loured nankeens ; and they have petticoats made of a 
 (light Ciiir.efe lilk. I'hcir Ihifts, which are alfo made 
 of filk, have ficeves extending to the wrills ; and dieir 
 lie.iils are bound with coloured lilk handkerchiefs, which 
 entirely conceal the hair t)f the married women ; but 
 ti.e unmarried ones place the handkerchief umler 
 the liair, permitting it to flow loofely down the fhoul- 
 dcrs. 
 
 The habitations of the Kamfchadales are of three 
 kinds ; the lirft atiapted to tlie winter, ihc Ic'^ond to the 
 i.mmer, and the third of Ruffian introducii.)n, and in- 
 iiabited chiefly by the opulent. The winter habitations, 
 called jinii/i, are under ground, to the depth of about 
 fix feet. 'Cliey are covered with grafs or earth, and 
 fometimcs with the flcins of the animals they have killed 
 in the field, which, being undrefiird, cault; a moll 
 nauieous ftench. Some of the huts, indeed, are co- 
 vered with mats, and alfo lined with tliem. There is 3 
 cavity in the center, whic'- .rves the purpofes of chim- 
 ney, window, and entrance. They pafj in and out by 
 the lUeans of a pole (inllead of a ladder) widi notches 
 jult deep enough to rell tlie toe up(.>n. They have 
 piattiimis mai'e of be^ards, railed about fix inches from 
 die ground, which they ufe as feats, and on wiiich they 
 rejKjfe diemfelvcs, after llrewing them with mats or 
 n<iii3. Near one corner is the fire place, and the op- 
 pofitc fide is fet apart for the reception of provifions and 
 culinary utenfiis. Our European voyagers found the<e 
 /(i«r/s in general fb warm, as to render any confiderable 
 Hay in them intolerable. It is to be obferved, that fe- 
 veral families live togedier in one jourt. They t.ike up 
 their refidence in them about the middle of Odober, 
 and ullially continue in them till about die middle of 
 May. 
 
 Their fummer habitations, called balagam, are built 
 on the furface of the earth, r.nd conllrudrtf with more 
 regularity than tlie jourti. They are railed on pillars 
 about thirteen feet high from the fu-face, with beams 
 thrown aci-ofs them, on which is fixed a floor, with a 
 roof rifing from each fide to a centrical point. It is 
 fi)und necclfary to raife the fummer habitations to this 
 height, to fecure the inhabitants fr mi the danger of 
 wiki bealls. The Iwhigans liav;' two doors oppofite 
 each other, and they afcend to die.i. by the 'oine kind 
 of ladders as riiey ule in the jourts. I'he .jwer p.irr,_ 
 which is entirely open, is fet" apart for the purpole of 
 drying filli, roots, vegetables, and other articles of 
 winter provifion. 
 
 The third and laiV, of the Rullian introdudion, arc 
 the log houfes, called here [jhns. liiey are railLil ujion 
 long timbers piled horizontally ; the ends are let int(» 
 one anodier, and learns filled up or caulked with mofs. 
 The mof Hopes like our cottages, and is thatchcvl with 
 coarfe grafs or rulhes. There are three divifions or le- 
 parate apartments in them. The firlt runs the whole 
 wiilth and height of the habitation, and is appropriated 
 to the reception of the more bulky aitides, lucli as 
 Hedges, harnefs, and domellic utenfiis that are weight)' 
 luid cumbrous. The next is the middle and moll com- 
 
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 %m 
 
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 i 
 
 
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 r^^h 
 
 iV'l 
 
 a 
 
 K 
 
 modiouj 
 
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 8 A NEW. ROYAL asu AUTHENT'C SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 M] 
 
 
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 1 
 
 11 
 
 modious apartment, furniflied witli benches for tl-.c pur- 
 poles of f.;ting and rcpofc. The latlis tlie kitchen, l'.;'.!! 
 of whicli is taken v^ by the oven or tire-piace, and i'o 
 contrived in point (it fitiuitiiin, ai to convey heat to that 
 and the n-,iddle apartment at die fame time. In eadi 
 apartment are two liiiall windows. The beams ami 
 boarvis are fmoothed ;ii well as pollible witii a hatciiet, 
 (fjr tliey kucnv not tlie ul'cof die [Aane,) and diele, from 
 the eftl-as (jf die iiiioke, become very black and fliin- 
 ifv. 
 
 A town is c.'lled by die natives an I'J) 
 
 lor,, anv 
 
 ronfills 
 
 of die three ieveral li.ibitations I'.elcribeil ; but the lyln- 
 giiin are moll numerous. Our late voyagc-s obferve, 
 that diey never met, in tlie courfe ot" tiieir travels in this 
 cour.try, with any kind of h.ibitation detaclied from a 
 town or I'Jlri'g. 
 
 Their marriage ceremonies are as fmgular as many 
 odiers of their cuftoms. Wlvn a man fixes his affection 
 upon a female, he bin.b himfelf to the fervice of the 
 parents for a limited rime, at the expiradon of which, 
 lie either obcains their confent to many her, or a re- 
 quittal for his lervices upon dilinifTion, If he gets con- 
 lent, diey proceed to the nupti.il ceremonies, wiiich 
 confift in the bridegroom's lliipping the britle of her 
 cloaths, which are purpofely bound fo fall with Rraps, 
 girdles, and other ligamen;s as to render it a very di.- 
 ticult tafii tj accomplilii his delign. The briile is af- 
 ililcd againil his eifcrts by die iiitcipofition of feveral 
 women, notvvitiifianding which he perfiils in his piir- 
 poie, tiil her exclanutiuns bring diem all upon him, 
 and he is lubiecled to veiy r.iugli treatment, and ex- 
 lilbits feveral tokens of theli indignition. Atlengdidie 
 brkiJ, moved widi pity for his iituadon, and the wo- 
 men abating Cif their fury, the man gains his point, and 
 rediing to a Ihoit dillar.ce, i;, called back in a pk.intive 
 tone by the bride, who conlelles iiis conqueil over her. 
 Here ends tiie ceremony ; and the happy pair, t!ie en- 
 lliiiig day, proceed to tlie habitation cf the luilbantl. 
 In t!ie courfe of a week tluy pay a vilit to die parents of 
 the wife, tlie le'ations of b;jrii p-arties ai e allembled, antl 
 the marriage is celebrated with great fellivity. Some 
 men many tlirce wives, who generally live together in 
 an amicable manner, and (what to us mult appear nioft 
 extraordinary) are feldoni or ever jealous. Wiien the 
 vvtmen go abroad, they veil their faces ; and if they 
 meet a man, and cannot get out of tlie way, turn their 
 backs to him till he has palled by. Though the very 
 attempt in a woman to procure abortion is judged a ca- 
 pital Clime, yet when twins are brouglit into the world, 
 or.e of the innocents mull be deftroyed. Infants, as 
 loon as they come to Hand, are left to themfelves by 
 the modier, who liitfers tliem to roil on tlie ground any 
 where. They go in common half naked, and begin to 
 walk at a time that, in Europe, a chilil-wouki hardly 
 be i able to ftand. i^oon atcer th.ey begin to run about 
 the fn')w. 
 
 \\ 'icn one of die natives feeks the triendfiiip oi'ano- 
 ther, he invites him to his hut, which is made ves v h(;t 
 toy reception, and he no fooner enters t'lan both 
 itrip diemlelves naked. The mailer of the hut then 
 fets bef()re his guift great plenty of his belt provificns, 
 ami, while he is eating, 
 Hones, dll die heat of tne 
 The vifitor Itrives to bear it, ar . 
 viftuals, while the malter of the hut endeavouis to 
 oblige him to complain of the heat, and to delilt from 
 eating. He eats nothing hinifrl'', but is allowed even 
 to leave tlie hut, though tlie vilicor \^ not liilfered to 
 Ihr till he contelles that lie is overcome. They ufually 
 eat 1() much at tliefc fe^lts, that, for two or three days 
 dicy can fcarcely move, or bear tli^ light of victuals. 
 .At len;_;th (|if \'!l;t')r, being unable to eat anymore, 
 purchalMnLs dilmillion v.'i.h jirefents of clo.idis, dogs, 
 or whatever the mailer of the hut likes, antl, in return, 
 receives otlieis of iio value. But if the man who has 
 obtaincil liiis ad.'..nta;je over his friend, does not loon 
 return I'v. vini, t'le j^ lell pays him anodier, and then 
 it is III. t,ir;i r; •■udki- hi;n fuJi prele.ri as lie is able ; 
 
 lirows water upon red hot 
 
 ilace bee mes infiipportable. 
 
 to eat up all the 
 
 and if he makes him none, it is coniidereil .is die grcirelt 
 aftrvnti die man himfelf will be his enemy, and nobody 
 cUi; will live in fricndlhip widi him. 
 
 Sometimes one village entertains anotiier, cither ujion 
 account of a wedding, or their having had great fucccfs 
 in hunting or tifliing. The mailer of the hut endeavours 
 to make his guelts fick with eating, and Ibnietinies 
 gives them a rn|Uor m.uk' of a large nuifliroom, prc- 
 paretl with the juice of a willow, wliich into.Nic.itcs then 
 in Ibllrange a manner, that diey commie a ihoulitiid e\- 
 travagancies ; and if the lio.'e be too large, it Ibnu rimes 
 proves fatal, aiid tliofc who are thus intoxicated, die 
 raving ni.id. 
 
 The mirth of the women cnnfilts in jelling and Ting- 
 ing. At (iril they begin to ling very low, giving a gen- 
 tle motion to their hands ; but by degrees raifc their 
 voice, and increafe their moden, till diey are cut of 
 breath. Their only mufical inftrument is the (lute, 
 upon wliich they play very poorly. A Itranger no 
 fooner comes to Kamlchatka, than they give him a new 
 name, and, at d'.eir cntertainmen:., mimic all his ac- 
 tions. TJiey have alfo profeif.d bulr'ocns, but dieirwic 
 is highly inclecent. Their dances are very nnguLir; 
 nor is it pofTible to convey an adequate idea of diis un- 
 couth exliibition. The figure of the Ruffian dance .a-- 
 fcmbles thofe of our hornpipes, and conlHls of one, 
 two, or four performers at a dme. Their iteps are ex- 
 ceedingly Ihort and quick, their feet being raili.'d but a 
 very little w.iy from die ground; their arms are 
 iiung down dole to the lldes, the body being kept, die 
 whole time, erect and immoveable, except wiicji die 
 peif)rmcrs pals each other, when the hand is liid- 
 denly railed with an awkwaril moticn. But, if die 
 Rullian tlance is unmeaning aiid ridiculous, tlie Kanil- 
 chadale is infinitely more fo. The principal aim, in 
 their performances, is to reprefent die clumfy gclturcs 
 of die bear, which the inhabitants of this country have 
 frequent oiipcjrtunitie.i of oblerving in various fituatior.s. 
 i'o defcribe the awkward poitures exhibited on d:e!e 
 occilions, would appear tedious and uninteicrtiiig. In 
 general, li(;\\e\er, tlic body is bowed, ami die knees 
 bent, whillt the arms are employed in inikating the 
 motions of diat awkward animal. 
 
 There prevails widi l(>me of the Kamfcliadales a 
 lliocking cullom, not only of ncgledting d;c burial ot 
 tlieir dead, but giving their carcafes to die dogs, ab- 
 furdiy alledging, that as th.e deceafcd are thus devoured 
 by dogs, they will thereby enfure to tiienifelves a plea- 
 l^uit carriage in fledges drawn by fine dogs in the other 
 world. This horrid praftice, however, does not now 
 prevail (though it formeiiy did) univerfally, fome hav- 
 ing the humaiiiiy at le.all to leave tlie dead in dieir hut, 
 and go in quell of a new habitation. They always 
 tlirow awa)' the cloaths of the deceafcd, from a pcrliia- 
 lion, that whoever llioiild wear them would foon meet 
 widi die fame fate. 
 
 riie natives of diis jH-ninfula always travel in fledges. 
 The length of die boily of the I'.edge is about four feet 
 and a lialf, and the breadth one foot. It is made in die 
 form of a crefcent, of light tough wood, faltcRed to^/e- 
 ther wick wicker work i and thofe of the princijral peo- 
 ple are elegantly Itained with red and blue, tlie leat be- 
 ing covered v.itii fiirs or bear Ikins. It has four legs, 
 about two t'eet in height, relling on two long flat pieces 
 of wood, of the bre.idth of live or fix inches, which ex- 
 tend a foot beyond the body of the ned;';e at each end. 
 Thefe run upl3ef)re fomtwliat like a fVait, and are llicd 
 with die bone of fome lea animal. The carriage is or- 
 namenteil, at the fiire |xirt, with tallils of coloured 
 cloth, and leather tliongs. It has a crols bar, to which 
 die iiariiefs is joinetl j and links of iron, or linall bells, 
 are hanginti; to it, which, by the jingiinp, is fuppofed 
 to encourage the dogs, 'i'hey fekloni carry more than 
 o/ic perliin at a time, who liisalide, with his feet on the 
 lower part of tue Hedge, having his bar^jMgc and pro- 
 vilions in a biiiidte behind him. The ulual number of 
 ciog'. employed in dr.iwingthis carriage, is lijiir, though 
 ve;y l.uely diey have began to uk i\\x. The reins 
 
 being 
 
 '11 
 
 
 ii2i^tL'i!jKj. 
 
'T^^TW^^W^^^^Ji " 
 
 ■^^ppr-"^ 
 
 \ mn 
 
 GRAPHY. 
 
 idcrcil .IS tlif grcircll 
 cntiiiy, and lioLioJy 
 
 another, cither iijion 
 ins; had great fucccfs 
 f tlic hut endeavours 
 ling, and for.ittiir.i's 
 trt: muflirnoni, prc- 
 lich intoxicates thOiii 
 inmic a diouiiind e\- 
 ) large, it ibnuriiTiis 
 ;hiib intoxicated, die 
 
 i in jefting and fing- 
 y l')w, giving a geii- 
 y degrees rail'e their 
 till they are out of 
 iment is die llute, 
 iy. A Granger ni 
 they give him a new 
 ., mimic all his a^- 
 iffoons, b'Jtdieirwic 
 i are very fingular; 
 Liatc idea of tliis un- 
 le Rullian dance re- 
 nd confiils of one, 
 
 Their lleps are ex- 
 t being raili;d but a 
 dj their arms arc 
 )cdy being hept, t!ic 
 e, except wheji die 
 1 the hand is liid- 
 lodcn. But, if die 
 diculous, the Kanif- 
 le principal aim, in 
 
 th.e cli:miy gcllurcs 
 of this country have 
 in various fituatirav-. 
 i exhibited en diefe 
 id uninterelling. In 
 wed, anil the knees 
 ed in in:<tating the 
 
 he Kamfehadak's a 
 ledling ri;c burial ot 
 es to die dogs, ab- 
 tl are thus devoured 
 
 1 themfelves a 
 
 piea- 
 
 le dogs in the other 
 •ever, does not now 
 iverfally, fome hav- 
 ic dead in their hut, 
 :tion. They always 
 afed, from a peiiua- 
 m would foon meet 
 
 ays ti'avel in fledges. 
 Ige is about four ieet 
 t. It is nKule in die 
 wood, falk'Hed to^/e- 
 jf the princijral pco- 
 tid blue, till" feat be- 
 i. It has four Jegs, 
 1 two long flat pieces 
 fix inches, which ex- 
 
 flechiie at eacii end. 
 a (Vait, anil are llicd 
 
 The carriage is (>r- 
 
 laflels of coloured 
 1 crofs b.ir, to wliieii 
 
 iron, or linall bells, 
 ingiing, is ilippofed 
 on\ carry more than 
 , with his feet on die 
 is bagj'agc and [)io- 
 "hc ulu;il niiiiiber ot 
 lage, is i()ii!', though 
 ilc fi\e. i'hc reins 
 being 
 
 
 L ill 
 
 r-«P 
 
 
 #' 
 
 iV; 
 
 ;<\,- 
 
 ^■^^ 
 
K 
 
 mi J 
 Kil ^ 
 Hi 1 i 
 
 111 
 
 iik' 
 
 11 
 
 lift 
 
 11 ^. 1 ' 
 
 V I 
 
 ( //r,/ ly //yfr<////fy a/ . ^i f//j/i.tr//>r//',/ n/ /< ////'/'. j 
 
 / 
 
 btiiig taile.'iCil to tJ-.e o 
 110 jiicat command, and 
 the ilcdgc, the ilriver d 
 obaiicnci; to his voice. 
 fOiifeqijeiKly iifed in tra 
 luicr.riy bcfvjines ver\' v. 
 
 iiiJiTil, furpiifing that t 
 iia- ill which they are l* 
 alliiad our (icople, tha 
 lo!c his flick, rhe d.'i's 
 
 Kngiilh were wiuiehes 
 
 <!iii 
 
 .,5/' 
 
 n-' 
 
 
 '/n ( ,i/^fr<7,',i ///,///('(/('/ //'(f /'If I ///<//// f/ f///i} . \ 
 
 ■n^if It .nm//*. 
 
 H y ^ JS 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 K A M S C II A T K A. 
 
 biing tallfr.Cil to the ccillar, inP.c.id of tlic L.-ul, have 
 110 treat command, ant! arc tlicrcidre iifiially hung upon 
 the Hedge, tlie driver depending; priiii-ipally ii]X)n iheir 
 obedience to his voice, (jreat care ami attent;!>n arc 
 roiirequeiidy iifed in training up the leader, which I're- 
 qucndy heroines vcr\' vahianlc on accoimr ot"hi> ftcadi- 
 nels and docility; the i'um of forty rubles (or ten 
 po'.mdo) being no unulual price for one of them. The 
 rider h.u alfo a crooked llick, anlwerinjj the purp'.'e 
 bfxh of whip and reins, with wliidi, by llrik.in3 in die 
 fnnw, he can rcyulatc the fpeed of the dogs, or even 
 [h\> them at his pleal'ure. VV hen they are inattentive 
 to ilieir duty, he o'ten chaftifes them by throwing it at 
 iheni. The dexterity of the riders in picking this dick 
 up ag.iin, is very remarkable, and is the moll diilicult 
 .r..inaiivre in die exerci-l- i^f their proiell'K.n. Nor is it, 
 indeeil, furprifing that tliey fhoulil be fkiiful in a piie- 
 tice iii whiLh they are fo materially interclled ; for they 
 a.Tiired onr f)eople, th.at if a driver f|-iou!d ha-^^pen to 
 loll' his flick, fhe d. :gs immediately difcoverit; and, 
 iinlefs their leader is b)tli ileady an-J reii)li.:e, tiiey v. iii 
 inilandy let off full fpeed, and never tbjp till their 
 Ibcngdi b exhauded ; or till the carriage is oviitiimed 
 and dalhedto pieces, or hurried dnwn a precipice, when 
 ail are buried in the fnovv. The accounts of the fpeed 
 of diefe animals, and of the hardliiips and fati;:i:e3 they 
 fiifter would have appeared ineicuible, h.ul diey not 
 been fupportcd by the greatefi autiioiity. Some of ti>e 
 Englilh were witiu-lies of the extraordinary expedition 
 with which the meflenger returned, v.'ho had been dif- 
 r.itthcd to Boicheretfk widi the news of their arrival at 
 St. Peter and St. Paul's, though die fnow was c'ccced- 
 ingly loft. The governor of Kamiciiatka afiiired them, 
 that diis journey was iifually peni-rmed in two days and 
 a h.ilf; and that he had once received an exprels from 
 that hr.rbour in twenty- hree hours. 
 
 During the winter the dogs are f>\\ on the oti'As of 
 dried and liiuking (iih ; and even ;hi.-. mifeiable fo'xl is 
 widi-held from diciii a day before tiicy fei (;ut on a jour- 
 ney! and diey are not permitted tj eat a niorfcl of any 
 thing till they arrive at the end of it. Tiiey arc frequent- 
 ly kept fafting tijr two entire days, in which time diey 
 will pert()rm a journey of great extent. During tlie pre- 
 parauon tor the journey, anil die lalhing oi tiie bagga:^e 
 upjn die Hedges, thefe animals make a horrid hfjwling ; 
 but v.hen they are yoked, and ready for travelling, they 
 let up a chearful yelp, which ceafes the inllaiit they 
 march off. 
 
 The principal diverfion of the natives is that of bear- 
 liundng, wliich is followed about fun-let. Having 
 luiind out the track of the animals, and fixed upon a 
 convenient fpot for conceahueiit, die huntfmen point 
 tlic r firelocks in a proper direiflion. 'ihey afterwards 
 kneel or lie down, as circumftances may require, and 
 having their bear fpears in rcadinelii, wait the arrival of 
 tlieir game. On the ilifcharge of the ),icce, the enraged 
 animal makes immediately towards the place frum 
 whence the found .uid fmoke ilUie, and furioiifly attacks 
 his advcrfiii ies. If he fhuuKl not happen to fall, and 
 they have not futficient time to reload dieir pieces, fhey 
 immediately prepare to receive him upon their fpears, 
 their liifety depending, in a great meidlirc, on their 
 giving him a mortal Itab as he advances towards them. 
 Should he parry the thrull, and bre.ik in upon Ids oppo- 
 nents, tiie conlliift becomes dreadful, and it is feklom 
 t!iat die lofs of a llngle life will littisfy the be.ill's re- 
 venge. 
 
 The diverfion of bear-hunting is particularly dange- 
 rous at two feafons of the year. In die Ipiing, when 
 they firlt iliiie from their caves, after having lubfilled 
 the whole winter, (as the natives pofitively ['.ifert) folely 
 on liicking dieir paws, they become exceedingly famiih- 
 ed, and growing fierce and liivage in proportion, pur- 
 liie the inhabitants by the fcent, and prowling ab nit at a 
 diflance from dieir ufual tracks, dart upon diem una- 
 wares; lb that the natives having no itiea of fliooting 
 Hying, or even ninning, they fall a facriticc to their ra- 
 |)acity. 
 
 The time of tlielr copvilation, which is towards the 
 clofe of die year, is another dangerous feafon. The 
 hunters never tirefume to fire at a young bea: if the 
 dam is on die fpot, as, if tlie cub happens to be killed, 
 Hie becomes enraged to an immoderate degree, and i» 
 lure I.} be revenged, on die (jffcnder, or die in the attempt, 
 if the dam fliould fall, the cub continues by her fide, 
 exhibiting, by die moll: aflo'^ing gelbires and motions, 
 the m.jit poignant affiidion. Tlie hunters, inlkad of 
 commifeiating their diltrefs, embrace the opportuni- 
 ties of deriroyiiig them. The native:, ailirin, that die 
 fagaci:y of die bears u as extraordinary as dieir natural 
 afiedion. 
 
 Before the people of Kamfchatka were acquainted 
 with I'ire-arins, it is fiid diey poii';ned their fpears and 
 arrows v;itli a jui. j extracted hoin the root of the azf^tHe, 
 and diat die -.vouiil was inevitable death. The Tfchut- 
 fki are rep.nted to ulfc- the fame drug fjr die liime piir- 
 pofe. 
 
 The drefTng the H-ins of ftals, beavers, dogs, &c. 
 conlUtutes p i;t of dieir employinent. The mode is, 
 firlt to wet and fpread theiii our, then witli I'tones .^ixed 
 in wood to Icrape off all the fat. 'Ihey tiien rub diem 
 with caviare, ri>!l rheni rngedier, and tread on them. 
 Afterwards tiiey fcrape them again, and repeat the firil 
 part of tlieir procef, till die fkin is thorougiily cleaned 
 and rendered fijft. . In die lummer the men are occu- 
 pied in Collecting tlie nccefliiries of hfe, ard laying up 
 a llore for the eiifuing winter's provifMn. The women 
 arc employed in mailing fhoes, fewing clothes, dving 
 flsins, -and in iking glue of die dried Ikins of fidies, and 
 particularly of the v/haie. 
 
 Tlie Ivamfch.ada'es are timid and pulillanimous, and, 
 from an innate kind of ftupidity, leem to defpife life. 
 Tl'.jv never attack an enemy openly unlcl's conftrained, 
 but ileal privately to t'lcir habitations, and tliire exer- 
 cife the moli: horrid barbarities, cutting them to pieces, 
 and even tearing out dieir en'.raib with favage triumph 
 and Ihouts of joy. ^\ hen diey hear of die approach 
 of a foe they retire to fome mouruiin, and forrify it 
 as flrong as puilible ; if it appears that the enemy ate 
 like to get the better, they murder their v.ives and 
 children, antl then encounter dieii alfaiiants widi a fury 
 bordering^n phienzy ; and when overpowered fell their 
 lives as dear as [lofTibie. 
 
 1' hough Tiiany of thefe people ad.ipt the Rufliaii 
 manners, ilelj.ife the culVoiiis of their country, and 
 h.ive been ipitruekd in the Chriflian religion by the 
 Ruiri.in niiHionaries, they have, in general, a very im- 
 perfect idea of a Supreme Being. 1 hey tliliik die 
 wooils and burning mountains are inhabited by evil 
 fpirits, to which, from modves of fi;ar, they make 
 confiderable olVerings, and (bine of tl.em have idols in 
 their huts, while others reverence liime particular ani- 
 mals from which they apprehend danger. 
 
 T'le law of retaliation is llridly ob.'vi-vcd by them : 
 if one man takes aw.iy t!;e life of another, the reladons 
 of die (.lecealeil avenge theinfelves upon the murderer in 
 his deftrudion. Theli is punilhed by depriving tlie 
 diief of his fingcrS. 
 
 Thej' are liable to a variety of difcafes, f<->me here- 
 ditary, others die effeds of intemperance, ami ilebau- 
 chery. Roots an;l herbs are their general antidotes, 
 excepring in a diforder called the pinJr.uUh wliich is a 
 kind of kab that encompalfes the body u.nder the libs, 
 like a girdle ; when this does not flip.puiate, and i'.W off, 
 it is mortal ; and they afiert, that every one his it once 
 ill life. To promote fuj'.puration, they apply die raw 
 fkin of a hare. In fine, natiue here, as in ether ])aris 
 of the world, fcems to have provided remclies tor moll 
 if not all the difeafes incident to the iuiman.'i-ame. 
 
 KURILE ISLANDS^- 
 
 TMF. Kuriles are a chain of illands extending front 
 latitutle 51 deg. to-isdeg. north, in a fouth-wcft 
 diredion from die foudiern promontory of Kamfchadca 
 
 '■•iSii.":-, 
 
 l\ 'iS 
 
tao A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 iMiii 
 
 ■Willi 
 
 ^ i 
 
 to Japan. Aic-ording to Spjnbeig, a Riiifian voyager, 
 thty arc twonty-two in mirnbcr, withoi ■ rokoping t!ie 
 very fmall ones. 'I'luli- if.anils d -'vrd their name 
 from the inhabitants of the nciE;! ocd of I-ipatka, 
 
 who being callal tlu'infelves Kn m^, gave ilit-m the 
 fame appellation when tliey firl. became aciuainte'' 
 with them. 
 
 The inhabitants of the northernmoft, called Shoom- 
 (ka, dillant about three leagues from the promontory 
 I/5patka, confilb of a mixture of natives and Kainf- 
 chadalcs. 
 
 t'aramoufir, whicii is confiderably larjrer than di'.- 
 before-mentioned, is iniiabited wholly by natives, whole 
 ancertors, according to a received tnuiition a:ii!>i;^ 
 them, came from an illand a little farther to the butii, 
 called Onecutan. 
 
 Thefe two iflands were firfc vifitcd by th.e Ruffians in 
 1713, and then lubjeded to the [^^overnincnt of their 
 country. The others, according to the moll .luthentic 
 account that cou'd be obtained, are now niiv.le tributary 
 4s far as Oothclheer. Captain King relates, th.it tiio' 
 the lall mentioned idand is the foutherninoll of any un- 
 der the ilominion of the Rufli.in;, they trade to Ooroop, 
 which is the only one th.it has a good harbour for ili'ps 
 of burthen. 
 
 To the ibuth of this lies Nadeegrada, the inh.'.bi- 
 tants of which, like thole of Oorooj), maintain a luue of 
 independence. 
 
 Spaabcrg, fpeaking of thefe iflanders, fiys, their 
 bodies were covered all over with hair ; that they wore 
 a lool'e (triped filk gown, and that many of them had 
 filver rings pendant Irom dieir ears. He adds, that on 
 fpying a live cock upon deck they fell on dieir knees 
 before it j and likewife before the prefents tiiat were 
 brouglit out to them, doling and ftretching f)rth their 
 hands, and bowing their heads at the fame time down 
 to the ground ; and that except tiie peculiarity of their 
 hairincis, they refenibled the odier Kuriie iilanders in 
 tJieir features and figure, and Ipoke the faiiie language 
 
 The inhabitants of the Kurilc iflands are of a I'W tla- 
 ture and round vifage. Their ilrefs is commonly form- 
 ed of die fkins of difrerent animals. Their habita- 
 tions refemble thofe of the imlchadales, but kept 
 fomewhat cleaner; and their fooil generally conliits of 
 the flefh of amphibious animals. 
 
 VVidi .•■efpecl to the genius and dif(X)rition of thele 
 people, they were Ipoken of to Captain King, by the 
 RufTian miffionary, a man of piety and learning, who 
 vifits them c^nce in three years, in terms of the highefl 
 commend.ition. I le reprelentcd them as a generous, 
 hofpitable, humane race of peojile, luri)alling their 
 neighbours of Kamfchatka no lefs in the formation of 
 their bodies than in their docility And quicknefs of un- 
 derllanding. 
 
 The greater part of the inhabitaiits of thefe illands, 
 who are under the dominion of the Ru'Tians, are con- 
 verted to the ChriPuan religion, from whence it is pro- 
 bable that the time is not very dillant when an advan- 
 tageous commerce will be carried on between Kamf- 
 chatka and this extealive chain. This intercourfe may 
 be gready promoted by a particular circumftance, which 
 »s, tliut Icveral Kultiims (as our people were given to 
 underftand) having been taught the Japanefe language 
 by two nadves of that country, who had been rtiip- 
 wrecked on the coatl of KamlVliatka, had been lent 
 among thefe iflands. The beiietits with which fiu h an 
 intercourfe rnr.ft be attcmled to tlie KulTians are too ob- 
 vious to n^vd defcription. 
 
 h 
 
 The 
 
 K O R E K I. 
 
 7 g ^I Il'i country of tlie Koreki includes two fevenl 
 JL nations, under the diftinct appellations of the 
 fixed and the w.mdering Koreki. Tiie fi)rmer dwell on 
 the coall of die Eaflcrn Ocean, from the river Ukoito 
 the Anadir, and a part of tiie illhmiis of Kamfchatka. 
 The wamkring Koreki inlubit the country weflw.mi i,i 
 tiie river Kovyma, and ak)ng die nordi-eaft of the li-a 
 ofOkotIk, as far as the river I'enfkina. 
 
 The fixed and wanilcring Koreki differ fr<jm eacii 
 odier in form, dilpofition, dref., cufloms and m.anner'i. 
 'I'he foniur nearly refemblcs tiie Kainlciiadales, and dc- 
 [Hrnd, li'.e tliem, on fifhing f)r fliblillence. Their 
 iloatiiin;': .'.ml habit.itions are laiiilar. They are under 
 tlie diliiicl of tlie Ingig.'., and are tributary to tin: 
 KiilFianj. 
 
 The .indering Koreki arc fl-ort of ftature, f.enc'cr 
 in (ha]v , with oval faces, l.irge mouths, and lliort nolti. 
 I'iieir h.iir is very Ihort and Iknder. They .i.t natu- 
 rally ieai<;u^, and often put their wives to death upon 
 the liightell llMpicions. It a man and woman be adi:- 
 aily dctecled ;n criminal cijnneftion, both are line t > 
 IlifFer death. Die women, therefore avoid fcttijig i.'.i 
 their perii)ns 1. 1 advantage, and never walh their facc^ 
 or comb dieir leads. But this is by no means thecaic 
 with the fixed Koreki, whofe wives decorate themfelvcs 
 to the bell adva.ntage ; and fo little does jealoufy prevail 
 among this nation, that exchange of intercourfe is ad- 
 mitted betweer. friend and friend. 
 
 The wandering Koreki are wholly employed in breed- 
 ing and nurmring deer, with which this country li) 
 much ab ;:)iids, that it is common for a linglc chief tu 
 1- ive a herd of four or five thoufand. Deer is their prin 
 ipal fiKxl, and they have an averfion to tilli in general. 
 Their fledges arc drawn by deer; antl thole that are 
 liieil for tliis puqjofe, feed in the fame paflure with the 
 others. When tl'';y are wanted, the herdiman makes 
 ' ule of a certain cry, which being f imiliar to them, tlicy 
 obey, quitting the herd immediately. 
 
 Their habitations are like thofe of the Kamfchadalc 
 joiirli, (having no balugan^,) excepting that they arc 
 covered with rein-deer fkins in the winter, and tanned 
 ones in the fummer. 
 
 Tlie Koreki difl'er from the Kamfchadales in their 
 marriage ceremonies. They have great affection fur 
 their children, whom they accudon' to induflry from 
 <'arly lite. They generally intermarry with their own 
 families, .antl difregard perfonal accomnlifhinents : nor 
 is wedlock prohibited but between fiithcr and daugh 
 ter, mother and Ion. Inflead of caufing the deccali'il 
 to be devouR-d by ck)gs, they put on diem their belt .it- 
 tire, and fixing tliem on a pile of wood, let it on fire. 
 They are drawn on a fletlgc to this pile by a rein-da'r, 
 which, while the pile is conluming, is put to death, 
 and thrown into the fire. 
 
 I'hey have the fame dreadfiil apprehcnfions as the 
 Kamicuadales of evil fpirits, which they imagine hovr- 
 in woods and mountains. They Ibmctimcs fix the hcav! 
 of a ilog upon a ftave, and aiming the animal's fact 
 towards the call, cry " Take this, and fend us foiiif- 
 thing better for it." 
 
 4 
 
 C. H A p. 
 
 S E 
 
 Difcovoy, SUwition, 
 
 THIS cxtenfive ( 
 part of Alia, 
 was <lil<overcil by l()i 
 cafl on fhore by a t 
 ;;nd many lefler illant 
 grics north latituile ; 
 iinginide, being abo 
 and ioo in length. 
 
 Tlie larger of the 
 called by the natives 
 Ximo; and the fmall 
 i itwccn the former t} 
 
 7 ' whole empire 
 mk>., five of which 
 It is fiirrounded by c 
 of the empire from t'u 
 .iiid iiuiccellible, tliat 
 die whole a|)t)ears ;is o 
 
 " A rock 
 
 " Tiie raging temp 
 " Self-propt It leer 
 " Keep ofl" the tea 
 
 The foil is rocky, 
 i' ■ induflry of the n.iti 
 ti their general benel 
 breezes ll-om tlie lea 
 heat, they ailil to the 
 ami render the feafons 
 <' acr parts of the In 
 heavy rains, which a 
 nil iuhs of June and _ 
 ricancs, and tremendo 
 cuninKjn here, to the 
 fives. The principal 
 ava, tiie current <if wh 
 be built over it ; the ( 
 the province in which 
 markable for its depth 
 is one principal lake 
 miles in length, and t 
 fijrmed by the conflux 
 itlclf into the fe.i on tli 
 
 SEC 
 
 ProduBwns, Vtirel 
 
 THIS country pro 
 lieans. With tl 
 fine wheat they conver 
 beans, they grind one 
 with die other make 
 1 h / have alio many » 
 tlieir affiduity in ciiltii 
 other places naturally I 
 in ahiptidance. They i 
 and their tea is cfl'^e 
 ^K3X number of camj 
 Ipiings, which rcfijiiib 
 black berries. The co 
 •uid many other trees, ; 
 wlien cut aliindt-r, exh 
 bealls, landlcai)es, i\:c. 
 No. 1 1. 
 
I'.OGRAPilY. 
 
 [ i2i 1 
 
 C H A l\ 
 
 III. 
 
 
 cifiil apprchenfions as ilic 
 vhicli they imagine hover 
 hey iomctinics fix the head 
 turning the animal's fiu'f 
 this, and fcnil us Ibmr- 
 
 EMPIRE OF JAPAN. 
 
 S E c r I O N I. 
 
 Dijiovoy, Situation, Extent, Sod, Climalr, Rivers, &c. 
 
 THIS extenfive country, Htuated in the moll eailern 
 pan of Alia, and bearing tlie title o(" an empire, 
 wxs ililcovered by li)nie I'ortugueie in 1512, who were 
 taft on ihore by a tempelt. It eonfill.s of three large, 
 .,nJ many leflcr illands, and extends from 30 to 4 1 de- 
 i;ras north latitiiile ; and Ironi ijd to t.\y ileurees eall 
 1 iii[;i[ude, being about 600 leagues in circumfirrence, 
 ami ^00 in length. 
 
 The lart;er of the two idancli is Japan itfelf, ufiiaily 
 (.lilcd by the natives Niphoii The next in extent is 
 XJMio i and the fmaller ot' the three is > icoco, fituate 
 Ktiveen the fijrmer two. 
 
 ■J' whole einpire is divitled itito dven eapital terri- 
 tories, five of whicii arc in Japan properly lb called. 
 It is furrounded by craggy rocks (the greatell fecurity 
 (if the empire from fiireii^n invafions) w'lirh are lb higii 
 .!ini inacceHible, that when feen at it-a from a dill.ince, 
 tlic whole apijearsiis one iinmenfe rock. 
 
 " A rock thai braves 
 
 " The raging tempeft, and the rifing waves. 
 
 " Self-propt It feem:. to llanLl. Its folid fides 
 
 " Keep off the lea-weeds, and the Ibuiuling tides." 
 
 IT.e foil is rocky, aiid rather barren : but throiigli 
 t ■ indullry of tiie natives, it has been greatly improved, 
 ti meir general l)enetit and adv.mrage. 1 h.-iigh the 
 bictzes from the ll-a tend to moderate dw fummer's 
 liiit, they add to the intenfenels of t!ie winter's cold, 
 .i'r.d render the feafons more uncertain here than in any 
 < ler parts ol' the Indies. 'I'hc country is lubiecl to 
 l.ivy rains, whieli are alw.iys exceffive during the 
 ni' ,iihs of June and July. Drcadtiil llornis and hur- 
 ricanes, and tremendous thunder and lightning, are alio 
 comm<jn here, to the great alarm and injury of the na- 
 tives. The principal rivers here are three, the Lijing- 
 avM, the current of which is lb rapid, that no bridge can 
 l)c built over it ; the Corric, that takes its name from 
 the province in which it riles j and the Afkagava, re- 
 markable tor its depth and perjjetual fluctuation. I'here 
 !'• line principal lake called Citz, which is an hundred 
 n;iifs in length, and twenty in breadth. This lake is 
 li.rmed by the conflux of feveral rivers, aiul ilifciiarges 
 itklf into the fci on the ibuth-well: lide of Japan. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 ProduBiom, Vegftahh, Animal, Mineral, &i'. 
 
 THI.S country produces rice, wheat, barley, and 
 beans. With the b.irley they feed cattle; the 
 fine wheat they convert into cakes ; and of two kinds of 
 IxMiis, they grind one into ineal, to boil for eating, and 
 with tiic other make a fort of pieUrve for deferts. 
 I h / liave alio many odier l\ ecies of grain. Such is 
 liiiir afTiduity in cultivation, that the very rocks, and 
 otJKT places naturally barren, produce plants and titiirs 
 lii ibundance. They have various flowers and herbs, 
 ;iml their tea is eflftenud partirularly excellent. A 
 yieat number of camphire trees grow near die hot 
 linings, which rcfemble laurels, and lx:ir ])urple or 
 Wack berries. The cedars of this coiuitry a: c excellent, 
 •iii'.l many other trees, as i)lantains, &c. fomc ci' which, 
 <^lien cut aliinder, exhibit ailmir.ible figures o; Mrtls, 
 bcafts, landfcapes, ivc. Of thefe are made many cu- 
 No. II. 
 
 rious pieces of furniture, wlii:h, when poliflicd, have a 
 fine efieft. 
 
 Of animals they have buffaloes, oxen, flieep, horfes, 
 deer, together with many wild beafh, that yield very 
 valuable fiirs ; and eiepliants, whole teeth are an inefti- 
 mable commodity. I'he horlis, though fmail, are un- 
 commonly fwifc, and extremely beautiful. 
 
 The ducks of Japan are rem.irkable for fizc, fliape, 
 and beauty, as are the nightingales for their melody. 
 They have lea and river fiih of divers kinds, and in 
 great abundance. There is a fpecies of white ant, 
 which, though pleafin" to the eye, is very milchievous ; 
 for they pierce, with ..leir little livjuts, every thing they 
 come near, e::cept metal and flone, and greatly damage 
 all kinds o.' goodi, if not prevented from approaching 
 t.'ietii, by lirewing the adjacent place with l.ik, whi(ii 
 tiiele little infec'fs abhor. The beetles make an agreea- 
 able kind of liumining noili:, which gradiKilly riies to a 
 pretty high note. But the night fly exceeds all the other 
 infects fiir its beauty. The body is about three inches 
 long, round, and finely fh.iped. It l;as four wings, two 
 dole to the body, which make a very brilliant a[:jiear- 
 ance, by mcmsof thelullre of the blue and goldllreaks 
 wich which Jiey are tinged ; and two above thefe, whofe 
 tranfparenr ,■ ii'>t only admits of the others being \'t:a\ 
 through the.ri, but even adds to their brilliancy. 
 
 The J:ipaiiefe derive from die feas b\ which they are 
 encircl'.d, red and white coral, ambergris, antl curious 
 pe.irl.s and fhells. Kiit the grand liuirce of their opu- 
 lence flows fr,>m their invaluable mines of gold and 111- 
 ver, to whicli the Eiiipc^or cl.aims an cxcliifive ri';ht, 
 as he tloesto all the golil find in his dominions. Their 
 copptr mines are innumerable, producing a fine and 
 coarle lb;t. 'i'he bowels of dieir nvnintains are likcwile 
 pregnant with fulphur, iron, and lleel. 
 
 The following- is their procefs for producing fait. 
 They enclofe portions of givuml near the lea, covering 
 them with fine land, till it is well imi)regnated with die 
 faline jiarticlcs. It is then [)laced in l;irge veflels, widi 
 holes in die bottom, for the fait to fall into proper re- 
 ceiver, as it fliers through the land ; after which it is 
 boiled, and brought to a proper confillcncy, as v. idi us. 
 
 Their frequent ea,tli;]iiakes, and number of tremen- 
 dous volcanos, are attributed to the liilpliur every where 
 enchifed in the bowels i/ the earth. From the liimc 
 caiile their hot badis, and mineral fprings, which are 
 extremely niimiTous, may be tleduccd. Some equal the 
 heat of boiling water, ijiul others are even as liot as 
 boiling oil. I'liey have likewife many cold mineral 
 ijirings ; but their phylicians are fo ignorant, as to be in- 
 capable of ail\ iliiig them to die proper life of eiiher, 
 
 Bclidea a vaiiety of ufeliil and ornamental iloncs of 
 various colours, this country abounds with excellent 
 marble, which is applied to the conftruftion of lump- 
 tuous edifices, and oth' r grand and important puriiofes. 
 
 S K C r ION III. 
 
 PetfciiK Drff\. Difp~^jitwn. Qcn.Ms, Endoxwunti, 
 natural and acquired. 
 
 IT is here necefliiry to premife, that the prevailing 
 iliijiDlitions, habits, m.uiners, and ciHloms of the 
 inhabitants of Japan, are diametrically opponte to thofc 
 of' the Europeans in general; and tiuthcr, that as the 
 country was peopled ;it (fivers periods, and from various 
 nations, there inult of courfe be a tliverlity of man- 
 ners, ike. between themfelvcs; lb that it remains only 
 fir us to defcribe thole which are iiioft general and 
 Itriking. 
 
 II h -^l^' Thfe' 
 
 r-hit iii 
 
i 
 
 
 Ni j 
 
 / 1 
 
 
 i;ii 
 
 A NFAV, ROYAl. am> AL'TIIF.NTIC SYSTKM of UNIVKFtSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Tlie cnn^pk-\ion of tlic J .tp.uieri: is f>mmon!y yd- 
 lovkilh, ami their :il}x'Cl t'.;ri'u!.ling, having fiit ivjfcs, 
 thak ty<--li>Is .md liroatl viu^^cs. 'I'hcir Ibture is 
 IJicrt, i)\cir b(Klic» tl.ick, ami tlieir legs clunify. Some 
 dilViT trmii ihi^ tliar.icUT, aini rcicinbli- the Cliiiiclc. 
 'rhofc in the northern ]-i<iviiKcs .ue liniil.u- in their ap- 
 pcar.in'C t) tlio luiropcui^. 
 
 'l"lii-y hlail; t!'.clr teich ami n.iils, ami !eL tlic latter 
 grow veiy lon^,. 
 
 Their yenoral dreli confifts of a Ihort j icket of filk 
 next to the ft.in, ainl a long cotton {;own over it. I'hey 
 wear no covcrin;^ to tiieir heads, but when they g») 
 abn;a;!, tluleiui tJicmielvcs from tlie excelTive heat of 
 tiie lim by means of umhrel]a.si am! the appearance ot 
 the men is at one.- martial ami elleminate ; lor by their 
 Ikies they wear a broail-lworJ or ilai;ger, ami in their 
 haml carry a fan. Tiiev are in an )tiier parti'iil.;r (in- 
 gularly inconfilU.-t, niiiinin;^ tiiemielves up in cloaks 
 vhcii a: home, an^l thrc.v.in;? them otV when they go 
 abroa.l. Unlike moll otiicr nations, white is their 
 mourning dreli., ami blaclt deemeil their gaycll apparel. 
 The travelling, ilrel'., however, iliiiers From the above : 
 it conliil.s ol'a vciy large hat made of bamboo Iplinters, 
 which tdallv defends the head I'rom heat and wet : and 
 a cloak made (/(" oiled pajKr, liiiili iently larj^e to cover 
 jnan an.l horl'c ; v.hich are b')rh lo exccwiin^'ly light, 
 that their weiy,lit is Icarcely li-lt. UilVoons v.iapped 
 roi:nd their le:;:> infte id of llockings ; and wide drawers, 
 with Hits on each fide to receive the esitremities of their 
 gowns complete the whole. 
 
 None tniuiagc or direift their own h)rres, tor none 
 ride but fiich as can have a perfon to lead him. Not, 
 theiciiire, havin;^ a bridle u j rrind, a japanefe tra- 
 veller amiifcs hiinlelf with fin.ip.[;, fanning himfelf, or 
 perilling die fubjeds painted upon his fan, v.hicii ufcally 
 are a map of the coiintrv, defcription of the r<;ad, ac- 
 coimt of the inns, m:mber of iiiiles from Itagc to llage, 
 jirice of accommodation at each, &.C. Agreeable to 
 wlia: wc prenvfed, as we mount our iiorfcs on tJie lelt 
 lide, they get on theirs on the i ight. 
 
 ri;e japanefe women of quality are carried, or rather 
 v.iieeled, by their fervants, in a kind of fedm. Tlicie 
 ledans are not dole like ours, but oi)cn, reil-mbliiig, in 
 lome degree, a car, orchairof llatc, wid> a caiiopv, and 
 decorated with elegant carved work. 
 
 I'he virtues and vices of ihele people feem to bear 
 an equipoile. They are modell, patient, not avari- 
 cious, tenijierate, (fran;';ers to vnvy or defamation, and 
 linc'tly honelt in all their dealings. 'I'heir deportment 
 is grave, their words laconic, ami their behavicjur affa- 
 ble. Gluttony and drunkennels are unknown to diem. 
 They deipife idle ceremony, and are finccrc in what 
 they Ipeak. 
 
 The Japanefe are rejirefented, on tiie other haml, as 
 cruel to an cxrcfs, aml.nLioiis, promi, and pohetfed of 
 fo little feeling, diat they will futier a tellow cre.iture 
 to perifh, I'ooner than give hiin any idief; and lb ex- 
 ceedingly revengeful, that if difappointed in gratifying 
 tlieir refeiitment againll another, they will dellroy ihem- 
 lelves. In war tl,! y are ferocious arid fanguinary, and 
 when a town is taken, [)Ut all the inliabitants indifcri- 
 minatdy to the fword. 
 
 The conception of tlu'fe people are llrong, and their 
 memory retentive, Ui that they make a rapiil progrefs 
 in the acquifition of knowledge, lir.'ir common learn- 
 ing confilfs in readinL', writing, taiderfrandin" their 
 ()wn hillory, civil, military, and ecclelialliial, and a 
 lew iiniple precepts of morality ; but many ut tiicm ac- 
 (juire li-'vcral branches of the mathematics ami pliilo- 
 li:phy frotii the F.uropean millionaries, at various 
 time,, v.liich their deKendants Hill retain. Their philo- 
 lophy, iiowever, is tinttured with many lliperllitions 
 ol their own, and their aitronomy blended' with the ab- 
 furdities ..f allrology. Prior to the arri\al of the liu- 
 ropeans in t'lis country, they were fo ignorant widi re- 
 1j)ect to gei.^j.'iphy, that they imaginetl tht::i- own em- 
 pire, China, ..ml .Siam, to be tlie only c oi.intnes in the 
 u.uveile; and even of the fituation and extent oftheie, 
 
 their notions were extremely im]>erfed. I'hey l,a*i', 
 however, many iiniverlities and public acivkiiiies, fj,- 
 thc training up of youth in the learning of the country, 
 and the praclicd ol the monil iluties. I'hele l'emir)aiie 
 are well liipplie.. "ith books, .inJ lefortcd to by a gte.t; 
 n'imber ot Ihiden.s, under the iliredlion of what .if 
 called l'.'!:zii\, who are ufually ot noble delceni, an: 
 well endowed with money fitr their fupjiort. Acc.iril 
 ing to the I'ortuguele milfionaries, tliele fupiriors oi 
 the j)uWic feats ol learning are adepts in moral philo 
 f ijil.y, ami great mailers of elocution. 
 
 riuy have not rcdueeil the fcience nf phyfic to ar, 
 fyllem, fo that their practitioner^ tnilt to experiem , 
 and always prelL-ribe according to precetlent, if th' \ 
 have a [jrecedcnt to go by j but where that u waa:iii. , 
 they proceed entirely by conjecture; In tliat lini;!.' 
 cales and gueli-work, f)rm the whole of their >»>-/ ',,, 
 mrdiiii. But the moll fi<hionable remedies, upon aii 
 oecalions, are hot and cold bulis. The furgcons ate 
 more unfkillfiil than the phyfioians, in every thing c.\u j t 
 die cure of tlve/fui;, a moll grievous kind of chof ■ pi . 
 euliar to the japanefe, which they idmolt inllanrlv <x 
 pel, by taking blo;)d from flic part atiiidkd, with a frii.,;i 
 nceille made of gold or lik.er. Both [Jiyficians .i:; : 
 liirgeons are, hnwever, highly eueemed by the {)e.ij)K-, 
 and ufually acquire confuleiablc fortunes by thtii- ] ro 
 k-n'ons. 
 
 The ]Toctry of die Japanefe is liiblime, melodioii^, 
 and delcriptive. Tiieir mulic is not equivalent. I'm' 
 their paintings, lil;e thole of the orientals i.i gener::, 
 can only b lall a fuperiority in colouring, being dcftiti- 
 ot every trait of n.itui-c, and lliadow ot'refemtlain.e. 
 
 They lay claim to the invintion of giinix)wder .]:i' 
 printing, as well as the Chiiele. In r!:e iireparati'.a .-. I 
 iil'e of the firll, tiiey are much inlerior to them, I ,: 
 diey exceed them in the latter, which is performed ii.i 
 liniilar manner, as well as in the comjxjfition of ink aii.l 
 pa]icr. 
 
 Like the Chincfe, they write froiii toj) to bottom :> 
 columns, which they begin at the right hand ; a- • 
 their letters were originally the liime, but they li.i., 
 changed die form, and even the found, of many, inc: 
 tier to differ, as much as pofliblc, ficm the C'liincii, 
 whom they naturally hate, and affed upon all occalicr,' 
 to dcfpife. 
 
 Their mode of educating their children is v-orthy rt 
 univerflJ iniit;ition. They win t'lem to a lovf of th. r 
 (Indies by motives of emuiatitjn, and die moll cap; iv.:: 
 ing cnde.irments. They differ from all other orieniil 
 nations in inculcating a contctnpt of pain and dtat:>, 
 teaching them to defpile all kiml of luxuries, weani • 
 them from every thing that in the leall tends to effen 
 nacy, and inuring them to every kind ofliardfliip. 
 
 s t, c T I c) >: 
 
 Mdiuijailurci. Commnru. Vtjjth. 
 Enlntainmcnh. Cti/loms, Mar 
 Cenvwnics. D:/taJes, 
 
 IV. 
 
 Com.. 
 ■idge c 
 
 BuildlV.y 
 
 nd h'unti 
 
 M^EIR mechanics and manufa£Vurers excel in tin r 
 
 diffeient branches. 'Their filks and coftors sir 
 
 excellent, and their Japan ware and porcelain une^nu • 
 led. But great rellriclions are laid upon their trade, u ■ 
 Dutch being die only Kiiropeans who arc permitted m 
 enjoy it: and even when their (hips .arrive, they 2:1 
 obliged to land dieir great guns, and all tlxir ot'i't 
 weapons, liiils, tackling, 6:c. which are carefully C' 
 prfited in warehoules till tliey have the empeioi's y' 
 million to depart, when all is ag.iin returned, and t,.iy 
 are under an obligation to fail away immediately. .Aib' 
 the natives themfdves are not allowed to trade, by tl''" 
 means of ihipping, to any places but China, Korc.i, and 
 die land of Jeffo. 'The fwarms of pirates in their feis 
 atkl to t!;e obllades that obi Iruil their commerce. 
 
 Their articles of exportation arc wrought lilk aisl 
 cotton, rice, iijy, Japan ware, porcelain, gold, filvc;, 
 
 coppi;.' 
 

 jEOGRAPHY. 
 
 iiillHTlld. 'I'licy liaK', 
 is! \n\b\k acMikinies, ttsr 
 
 • learniiii^ (it tlic cijimtty, 
 liitU'^ I'IkIc li'iniiMiii'i 
 inJ rd'iirtcJ t ) by a ^^ni: 
 ic dircttion of what .in- 
 ,y ot' noble dcl'cL*nt, anl 
 
 • tln.'ir riij)iK)rt. Ace. in!- 
 urics, tlicll- iuptriur.s ut 
 e adejits in moral pliili*- 
 )Cution. 
 
 t* fcicnce nf phyfic to an; 
 iticis tnilt to cxpcriciv,, 
 ng to pacedcnt, if tlv i 
 lilt wlicic that is w.in:ir,. , 
 iji'durci in that fimiLir 
 tlie whole of tlicir )>i.;f'>.,. 
 )n.ibk- rcmetiics, uyxm ali 
 bitli.s. The fiirgons arc 
 i.ins, in cvtry thin:; cxir; t 
 ;ricv()iis !-.iml of olir>r ■ \\ 
 1 they iilmoll inllantiv ex 
 ■ pan .itt'liftt-d, with a !!;i.,;i 
 ■CT. Both pliyficians .i:. i 
 Y citecnied by the i^H-;ipic, 
 iblc t;>rtimcs by their [ lo 
 
 L-fe is tiililinie, meloiiiin!, 
 ic is not equivalent. I! •' 
 f thi- oiii.nt.ils i.i ge.icr.i, 
 1 c()lourin'_', \x\v^ deftiri ;; 
 iliatlow ot'refemllanto. 
 iViTition ol'giinix)Wiler .iii! 
 I'e. In the preparation .'.::. 1 
 iich inferior to them; 1 i: 
 LT, -which is performed ii. i 
 the coniivofition of ink ari.t 
 
 -ite from top to bottom in 
 n at the right hand ; an i 
 the lame, but they liavc 
 the found, of iiiany, in or- 
 ,)ofriblc, from the Clvintli, 
 ,nd affecl upon all occafion' 
 
 X their children is vorthy <^ 
 vin tliem to a love of ik-; 
 ion, and the moll captivar 
 Iter from all other orient il 
 intcinpt o'.' pain and dcitii, 
 1 kinil of Ivixurie.s, weanirg 
 in the lead tends to cfienii- 
 very kintl of haR^diip. 
 
 AS I.V.I 
 
 J A r A N. 
 
 i?3 
 
 O 
 
 I\. 
 
 Vc/ids. Com.-. Buildiny. 
 . ' Maviii?,e and Funti,i> 
 
 I m.inufa£luren> excel in tw ■ 
 Their lilks and cottons arf 
 ware and porcelain uneqiiii- 
 are laid upon their trade, li ' 
 opeans who are permiticl :' 
 
 their Ihips arrive, they ?>'' 
 It guns, and all their <>tl,a 
 v:c. which are caretiiliy ti> 
 licy have tiie emperor's yv 
 
 II is ag.iin returned, and t,.iV 
 tail away immediately. Ai«' 
 
 not allowed to trade, by tl''' 
 |)l.ices but Ciiina, Korea, and 
 varms of pirates in their k^ 
 illriKft their commerce. 
 
 tation are wrought liik ar>l 
 ware, porcekiin, gold, fih'^M 
 
 COppi': 
 
 ropper, iron, flcel, aniliilal mcMls, furs, tea, f :r and 
 better cifcd than tint of China) g\iin3, medicimil 
 hahi, riMjts, dl.nnondu, JKarl^, coral, rt'.ells, ain!)cr- 
 gri>, &c. 
 
 The i">ii:ch have a fictory fitiiated on a rock calle' 
 Diliiia, ntir the ci;y of N,ui;5tiw^«l:, from whi'-h i" i> 
 lip.ir.itcd i)y a '.v.i'i and a river; and ont of this little 
 illuid, which is only two miles in circunilerence, n me 
 oi the Dutch arc iiermittcil to ftir. Ti\is reltr.iint the 
 people of the fitc^ory always fuOer, and the merchants 
 and laik)rs arc conijx'tled to endure it during their con- 
 tinuance in Japan, which ulbaliy l.iils about nine 
 ino.uhs. 
 
 The Japanefe, for wh.itever poods tliey want, pay 
 either by way of barter with other coinnKnlities, or in 
 bullion of gokl, filver, or cnpper. 
 
 Their venils have been heretofi'rc repreiented as 
 oniy Kt for very thnn voyages, and ojien in the Item ; 
 but Captain Kin.^; obl'en'es, that accordinj^ t- that de- 
 k.Hption, thofe tiiat he law olf their coalt, couki not 
 have endured the violence of the llorm, when the lea 
 ran as high as the oldelt mariner on li )ard ever reinem- 
 IktcJ to have llxn it. They had oniy one mall, on 
 which was hoilled a t)imdran{^tilar fail, extended alolt 
 hy a yard, the braces of which worked forwards. 
 'I'hrec pieces of black cloth came half way down the 
 lii'', at an equal dillance from each other. .Spanberg 
 mentions two forts of Jai)anele velTcls, one currefpond- 
 ing with the hrlt iiientioned defcriptir.r. ; and the orlier, 
 in which, he lays, the natives make voyages to the ad- 
 laciMt ill.inds, agrecin^^ with tholt* ken by our |iciHiie. 
 
 I'nc Japanefe plcaltirc-bjats, which are in:en led only 
 fitr the navig.ition <S l.xkes, rivers, &c. are lineiy <-ilt, 
 carved, antl otherwife adorned with the m;>!l cuiious 
 and (iijx-rb embeliiihments. 
 
 There are various kinds of coin for the puqiofe of 
 home circulation. Tiiegold coins arc p/>,iii. and (oii,r;!< ■ 
 ten cnhans make one "Aio', which latter is of about two 
 guineas value. Ihe (ilver coin is compolid of a va- 
 riety of flat pieces, of diderent lliajies, di:nenri.)ns, 
 weight, and value. Anil a copjKr coin is llamped for 
 the inferior purpofesof ciiangr. 
 
 The pu',iic an< I private edifices of Japan h:ne their 
 refpedive merit; d-.e former being ma;;-ii in'nt, and 
 the latter neat and convenient; as is the liirnitiire plain 
 amluic-hil. The houfe:, of the nobles are elegantly de- 
 corated. Almort every l-oufe has a gartlen, in wiiich 
 much induflry, and fomc tafte, are diljilayed : and the 
 apartments of moft houfcs are divided by moveable 
 wainfcots or fcreens, whicii inay be taken .way at plea- 
 fure, and many apartments thrown into one up<in ai.y 
 particular occafion. The fcreens, couches, beds, ta- 
 bles, cabinets, &c. of tlie graiulees, are all made of 
 the belt materials, .admirably wrou'iht, and highly 
 tinilhed. Their ceilings are exceedingly magniricenr, 
 being made of the btlf cedar, admirably carvetl and 
 gilt, and inl.iid in a moll ingenious m.mncr witli gold .md 
 lilver plates. 
 
 The coaches, equipages, and drefTes of tiiofe who 
 attend on the eii.peror, are very grand : though moil of' 
 die coaches are dole, p<.articularly thofe appropriated to 
 the ul'e of the women. 
 
 The pollure of lidutacion among the Japanefe isereil-, 
 unlefs it is before the emperor, or i'ome great lord, 
 wlien they proftratc themlelves. If a perVon falutes 
 them, they fit down, inftead of returning it. 
 
 fhcfe people arc abflemious in their diet, and live 
 for the moll part upon vegetables, fruit, &c. They are 
 neat in drelFing their food, ficcrofs-legged to cat it, and 
 make ule of little flicks inile.id of knives and forks. 
 They drink warm v.ater at th.eir nicals ; but afcer din- 
 ner and fupper imlulgt' titcnifelves with a dilh of tea. 
 
 Their entertainments are mtific, dancing, phys, anil 
 malqiierades. Their dnmiitic pieC'sarc neither lb cor- 
 real or elegant as thofe of ti-.c iLurope;;ns, yet they arc 
 not without tlieir merif;. 
 
 The celebration oftlie nurri.igo rite:, comes within 
 the dqiartinent of rhe bonzn or priefl ; die bride and 
 
 bridegroom having li^htc^ a torch or a lamp ptit into 
 tlieir lunds, (luul bciiirc fjme id^)!; v/hui die v/o- 
 man, to evince th.ir i1;e isiUteruimed to <;r)mnience a 
 WiK.ian, burns all the trinkets and toys of her childluKxl; 
 tlie rom|).i!iy then con^ritulue her on her marriage, 
 :i:-iA ma::e her a variety r>. j,rtient3, to rccom_ ence her 
 '■•r til /le Ihe hnth di-llri'Vcd. The rejoicings continue 
 tcvendays, during wiii;:; every thip'^is done top.romotc 
 mirth and feflivity, and at the ci ifc of that time, the 
 bri.'e i . conducted widi g.eai ceremony to her private 
 aplrtnient. 
 
 Ihey treat their women with great fevciir/, and 
 P'miih adultery witli dtkth. Yet a man tnay take as 
 many wives a:, hepk-afes. 
 
 TIic funerals in gener.d, but particularly thofe bf the 
 iv>b!es, are c.jiului-'ted with great p(jmp and fokmnity, 
 and no manner of expence is I'pared, as it is a prev.iil- 
 ing opinion among the Japanefe, tliat the givater the 
 ex|ienceof a fiineral, the haj'pier the deceaftd will l;e in 
 the other life. 
 
 The c<)r[)le of a grandee is tlrflTcd in tl-e mofl (iiperb 
 .ij)j)arel, and place 1 upon a lit:er made of cedar, in tlie 
 ornav.ients of v^'iiitl! the mofl cuiious workmanfliip is 
 difnl'.yed. The women are carried in ckit'e coaches 
 r fed inr. ; an.' the men eleganrly dreHcd in H'hite gar- 
 lents, walk on foot. Many honzr-i follow, foir.e fing- 
 ing, fome playing upon miilical inllruments, and othcis 
 carrying the banners of the deceafed. The rear is 
 brought up by the doniellics of the family, who, like 
 the rell of the nicurners aie clad in white. On arriv- 
 ing at the fiineral pile, which is built of the mofl fv.eet- 
 Icinted \vr;od> that ctn be ]in)ciire 1, and tlie fragrincy 
 of it heiirhrcned by the addition of fpices, gums, oil,, 
 and '/thcr perfumes, or odorikrous materials, the corjife 
 is laitl iij 'in it. An orati m, f'uitabk- to the occaiK,.), is 
 Ijviker. (lan^as are llmg, and tiien lire is put to the pile 
 in fevei J places at once. A variety of cloaths, v.ines, 
 f'U'.\ers, fwcct hcbs, p/ieces of money, viftual.'i, &c. 
 are thrown in by the relations and friends, as prelents to 
 the detiindl fiir lii^ p-anicular ule in the other wond. 'Tlic 
 whole then CMich.dcs with a bimquet, and an entertain- 
 ment of liii;li iiuilic ;is ia Left calculated to baniili me • 
 lanclioly ideas. 
 
 They pay an annu.i! vifit to t'le tombs of their ancef- 
 tors, .at wliich rime, when 'le company have arrived at 
 the flpulchres of the dead, the bonzai dclcribe tlie 
 fituation of *Jie perfons deceafed, and inform their rela- 
 rions of all they have occafion tor in the other liri-, 
 whieii demands are ufu.dly very extr.ivag.int. The kin- 
 dred, however, furniili every article with ineat utisfiic- 
 tion, which tlicy fend, figether vritii a lew kind and 
 compHmerniry mefllvges, to the del'imcl, by means of 
 the hvaifts, wlio c( invert tlie whole to their own ufcs 
 and leave the dead to fliitt f jr themlelves as well as 
 they can. 
 
 The pages and dependants v/Iio attend uixin the gran- 
 dees engage thenil'eivcs, by a m!)ll fiilenin oath, not 
 to outlive their Ijrds, but, upon their deceafe, to put 
 themfelves to a voluntary death, which oath tiicy .irv 
 never known to hrc.ik. 
 
 L'pon thete li ileum occafion';, tlic honzin or pric!*";, 
 are principal agents, acting in die fevera! capacities '-f 
 mourners, priefls, and undertakers. 
 
 The enfliing day the nearell relations gatlicr \\]i t!ie 
 bones and aihes of the deceal(.'d, put them into a li.h 
 fimer.il urn, and dcjxifit them in the Icpulchrrs of their 
 ancellors. It is heie worthy of reniark, that the japa- 
 nefe, in their fiineral cerenumies, very neariy rcfcmble 
 the ancient (jr<-eks and Romar.s, as appears from ti'.e 
 deii-rip.rion of rheir poets. 
 
 'The kp'.iichres are at a diii.ime from r!ie towns, fi!'-- 
 rnunued by an encloliire, and pl-mutl with trees, v/hicii 
 gives them a very agreeable a[ipc.ir::nie. 
 
 Though the Japanefe in general arc healihy, many 
 arc troublcil widi the Icprofv, a diforder e-iuafiy dread- 
 fiil and naufeoiit ; and thole who are infected with it 
 are obliged to live in fome Ibhtury j-!,;cc, fccliided 
 from Ibciety, where they remain without afnikinee or 
 
 compallion. 
 
 Iffl 
 
 r 
 
 
 xlrtW 
 
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRArilY. 
 
 ,a.,-i.,. 
 
 companion, till death puts an inA to their milcrabk' 
 txiilence. The iinail-pox and bliody lliix .■ ■ diforders 
 known here, but not miieh dreaded. But t, arc to- 
 tally vinacqiuitiuet! wiili the Hone ar 1 gravel, t':«iit and 
 riicuniatiiin. 
 
 SE C T I O N V, 
 
 InJlduiioHi civil. 
 
 ,),*,. V 
 
 ■.■.■,"■(()»<. 
 
 InlroduElion 
 
 ■'I 1 
 
 i 'i 
 
 and (xlnininaticn cf Chnjlianity. 
 
 THE government of Japan is monarchical and ik- 
 fpotic in the extienie, tl;e emperor poiUfling 
 abloline power over the lives as well as properties of 
 hi; fiibieds. Formerly the emperors were at the lieail 
 of religions as well as civil and military matters, and, 
 under the title of Dairo, were the pontirts as well as .o- 
 vcieigiis ot' Jap-an ; at which time they were iield lb 
 facred, on iu ■ ount ol" tiie ecclefiallical being blended 
 with the regai asKhority, that a 'lefeftian in any ot'tlieir 
 liibjeds waj deemed a., a rebeliiijn af'ainil heaven itl'eir'. 
 They were perfcclly adored; but ilie abfurd dignity 
 ".vliich thev afteded, and iLite in wiiich they paffed their 
 time, rendered did r lives none of" the moil: defnable ; 
 they were clofely confined, as it was deemed iteroga- 
 tory to their cc; 'equence to llifier the fun to fliine, or 
 the wind to bi.iw upon riiem : duis through a ridiculous 
 parade of importance tliey were at once ileprived of 
 tjiree of the grentell bleffings of Providence, viz. li- 
 berty, light, and frefli air. 
 
 M.iiiy other marks of the emperor's grandeur were 
 equally difagreeablc, and even dilgiilling: tiiey were 
 never fullered to put their feet to tlie ground, to wear 
 the fame tloadis, cat out of the fame utenfils, or lie in 
 tlie fame bed twice : nor were they permitted to have 
 tiicir liair cut, their beards foaved, or their nails pared. 
 
 They had geneially twelve wives, who had each a 
 palace, with fi.ngiiig and dancing women for their di- 
 verfion, befiiles an unlimited number of ccincubines. 
 
 Their titles, and the manner of approaching them, 
 were cvjually abfurd, the firft bordering on blaiphemy, 
 and the latter on idolatry. 
 
 Thus confined to a folitary effeminacy and luxurious 
 i.iaftiv'ity, tf.e adminiftration of public allaii's was de- 
 legaied to the prime minifter, who was (filed Ciilio; 
 and it W'as one of the Cubos that iiripj)ed the Dairo of 
 liaving any concern in tiie civil and military autliority. 
 So diat die Cubo at prefent may be deemed the em- 
 peror, as h( 'lath all the power; and tlie Dairo die 
 high iiiiell, pontiff, . he Itill polfclles all the ec- 
 clefiallical dignity. 
 
 Tlie Cubo goes once in t. ■ years in grand proceflion 
 to tlie cit)- of Meaco to do homage to tiic Dairo, and 
 acknowledge liimfelf his dejuty: this ceremony, how- 
 ever, is a mere piece of affedaiion, ami only c.lculated 
 to prevent an inllirrec"tion in favour of the i)airo, wlio 
 is ftilj iiighly reverenced by the conimcn people. 
 
 The grand council of ti-.e nation at which the empe- 
 ror prelidei, is conipoied of iinir minillers felec'led from 
 the principal nobility, and twe.ity-eij:;ht affillant coun- 
 leliorr, four of whom are tributary princes, who come 
 to the city of Jeddo, anil attend by rotation. And not 
 only thele, but all the other dependant princes, are 
 obliged to attend upon the emperor fix monil's annu- 
 ally. The governor and nobles nv.ll be in waiting a 
 limited time, and the eklelf f )ns of all the tributi-.ry 
 princes, governors, grandees, nobles, &c. mull be edu- 
 cated at court, and remain there during pleafure; by 
 which means the fubmiilion and tiddity of all the prin- 
 ripni people in the empire is lecured eidicr by dieir own 
 preieme, or tm: liolf.igcs they leave behind them. In 
 critic.,1 times, an oadi of fi'.lelity is adminillere,!, and 
 the wives and younger children are obiiged to relide in 
 Je.ldo, till any llonii which is thought to be impending 
 is blown over. 
 
 As an indance of excellent policy, and a moll elFec- 
 fual prcfervative from an idle and refradory diljiofi'ion, 
 not kl.1 than io,ooo of the coinmun people ;u-e con- 
 
 2 
 
 (lantiy cmiiioyed in the public works. Befides tlicJc 
 precautions numerous garrilois are difpeilnl tl'roigli- 
 out the empire ; ,•.!! cities and towns arc divideii into 
 wards, feparated from each other by gate-,, which are 
 iinit and guarded every night. 
 
 The emperor's army, [-arrifons included, confiil of 
 100,000 t()ot, and 20,000 hori'e. I'his is the peace 
 eftablifliment ; but in the time of war die tributary 
 princes are obliged to join the royal (landard with fuch 
 aiiumber of troops as incre.ifes dic firft to 368,000, and 
 die latter 38,000 men. The cavalry wear armour, 
 but the infantry have not any diing delenfive except 
 lielnieti. 
 
 Tiie Japaiiefe troops march in divifions of ,50 men 
 in cacii, live in front and ten lieep, each divilton be- 
 ing commanded by a Tingle officer, who keeps them in 
 exact ortler. They arc armed with eidier mufkcrs, 
 })ikcs, bows anil arrows, liibres and targett, or batdc- 
 axes. Five of tliefe divifions form a i;ind (jf regiment ; 
 but they are not accompanied by ;iny warlike iiiufic ; 
 benveen each divilion aie three led horfcs finely capa- 
 riliined, antl three (laves are appointed to leat! each 
 horle with long reins. The captains ride on horlc'back 
 between tf.eir relpective divilons, and on each fide of 
 die holies are a kind of panniers, containing die offi- 
 cer's bedding and baggage. When an officer grows 
 old iie is jiermitted to liave a fmall f )rt of coucii, or 
 (iipj)C)rter behind him, againll which he may ccir.nio- 
 dioully lean when fatigued by fitdng upright. 
 
 The revenues of' the emperor, from the produce of 
 the gold and (ilver mines, and the opulence of the 
 countiy, mud certainly be very great, though the fiini 
 cannot be pohtively afcertained. But (onie writers 
 have afierted, that it exceeds 28,000,000. 
 
 Their laws are rigorous, ami their penalties fcveie in 
 the extreme ; tlie tirfl iiave litde or no mixture of le- 
 nity, and the latter are more dian adequate to tlic crime. 
 They have no code of llatutes, the emperor's will be- 
 ing he grand law, ami die int:iiii.'.tioiis of tlie fiibordi- 
 nate princes iuid governors final in their own kingdoms 
 and provinces ; even every pet' y lord, or mailer of a 
 fimiiy, has a power over die lives of their valliils and 
 relations. The linalleft crimeu are puniilied with death, 
 and the only indulgence Hiewii is to any of die 'ribu- 
 tary jn inces when ificy offend, and diis is no more tha.T 
 allowing them to execute th.emfclves, which is deemed 
 a great (iivour. The iriilucll lentcnce in Jaj^an is ha- 
 niilimenc to a dreary and almoft baireii iiland, fir- 
 rounded by rocks, and ilellitutc of almoll every com- 
 fort of life. 
 
 High treaf'ti and odier Clinics of an attrocious na- 
 ture, whicli c ..cern die emperor's fafety or interell, 
 are not only puniilied in the peifon of the crimina!, but 
 his parents, ciiikiien, a;id. ;\il his relations are put to 
 death on the lame d.ay, let diem be at ever il great a 
 diflance, exprelii-s being lent for that purpoii; to t!ic 
 diiferent governors. W itli relped to other crime:., the 
 male relations only are p'Ut to death, and the leiiuiles 
 liild as llaves. 
 
 Their punifiiinents are as horrid as invention couki 
 devile, or crueity execute ; fuch as, crucifixion with the 
 head downward, burning, ttniling in oil, tearing to 
 pieces by wild holies, beheading, hanging, 6cc. If the 
 crimir d etca[>os, he is executed in cfHgy ; but his un- 
 (ortunate reladons are puniilied in reality lor crimes of 
 which, perhaps, diey never had the lead dioiight cr 
 conception. 
 
 So wide is the difference between their laws and 
 thofe of our happy idaml, that wc may well lliy widi 
 the poet, 
 
 " When fanguinary laws arc ftrain'd too high, 
 
 " The haplel's guiUlefs for die guilty die, 
 
 " y\nd greater crimes the legillators caufe, 
 
 " 'i'lian the poor culprit who iiiiring'dtlic l.iws." 
 
 The Japaiiel'e are the grolfed of Idolators, and (b 
 irreconcileable to Clirilli;uiitv, that it is tonimoniv (iiid 
 
 the 
 
 were at lengt 
 
 
 l< ' 
 
OGRAIHY. 
 
 rarks. Befides tinio 
 -■ clir[Ailiil tliroi gii- 
 iis iii'j dividcil into 
 
 r by <;.;r.,, which aii- 
 
 inclmiccl, confift of 
 'I'iiis is the peace 
 of w.ir the tribiicaiy 
 al (Liiiciani with fuch 
 firll to 368,000, and 
 avairy we:'r aiiiioi!)-, 
 lihg clelL-iilive except 
 
 divifions of -,o men 
 •p, each ciivili;;n bc- 
 , who kec])s them in 
 with either mdlui,, 
 nd tarn;ets, or battk-- 
 1 a ixipid of reginunt ; 
 y any warHke mufie ; 
 \\ horfcs finely capn- 
 lointed to lead each 
 1)6 ride on horlebat k 
 
 and on fach f:de of 
 , containing the oiM- 
 hen an officer grows 
 all i<)rt of coucli, ')r 
 ich he may ccmmo- 
 ; upright. 
 
 from the prcdtice of 
 
 :he oi)n!ence of tin.- 
 
 ear, though the fii.n 
 
 But ionic wrircrs 
 
 )o,ooo. 
 
 .■ir penalties fevere in 
 or no misnire of Ic- 
 idequate to tl'.e crime, 
 c emperor's will bc- 
 itions of tile fiibordi- 
 1 their own kingvlmi'; 
 lord, or mailer of a 
 s of their vallals and 
 ptaiiihed w-th deatJi, 
 to any of die •ribu- 
 tiiis is no more tha.T 
 es, which is deemed 
 ■nee in Japan is !m- 
 t bairen iiland, fir- 
 M" aliiK^ll every c(,Mn- 
 
 of an attrocious na- 
 's fafety or intercit, 
 
 of the criminal, but 
 relations are put to 
 be at ever u. great a 
 that pur|X!le to the 
 
 to other crime;., tlje 
 atli, and the Iciniiks 
 
 d as invention could 
 , crucifixion with the 
 ! in oil, tearing to 
 langing, ^cc. Ifflie 
 1 clfigy ; but his un- 
 reality lor crimes of 
 lie leall dioiight cr 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 J A I' A N, 
 
 12^; 
 
 ccn their laws and 
 -■ may well lay widi 
 
 Irain'd too high, 
 guilty die, 
 llators caule, 
 inti-ing'dtlie laws." 
 
 )( idoIat(Ms, and lb 
 
 it is coiiiinoniy laid 
 
 the 
 
 the Dutch (the only F.uropeans with whom diey now 
 trade) afFctl to renounce their own religion, and iionour 
 tl'.ein in the moil abliird fuperilitions. They hold the 
 ([crnal exiftence of tiie world, anti that the idols tliey 
 worlhip were originally men, who fi)r their exemplary 
 
 piety, 
 
 were at lengdi transHjnncd into deities. 'I'heir 
 idols are divers, ;uid divided into feveral fecl:s ; their 
 temples numerous, and their monalteries abundant. 
 
 The monks are eidier reguiarsor feculars. The re- 
 aiilus relide in convents, Ibme of which contain adioii- 
 find monks or upwanls ; the feculars are difperfed about, 
 andli\e in piivatc houfes. The tiirmer are exceedingly 
 abfte'.nious, but the latter live in luxury and idlcnc' 
 
 Some of the temples are extraord'uiary for their ex- 
 tent and magniiicence, p uicularly one near Meaco, 
 which is equal in fizc to ^t. i'aul's in London, and con- 
 tains die largcil idol in the japancle empire. Tiie chair 
 u['on which it fits is ieventy feet high, and eighty 
 brii.td. The teltivals are as numerous as the deities ; 
 and as tiie number of riie latter are fo great, many of 
 the former are daily celebrated in ililfereat part^ of the 
 eniiiire, the number of tellivals (.ready exceeding the 
 number of the days in die year ; and various ci .iionies 
 are tiled upon diefe occalions, according to die anti- 
 quity, dignity, and reputation of the idol whom they 
 intend to honour. 
 
 I'hc following is a fuccinft account of tiie rife, pro- 
 grcl's, and e::tinninatii)n of the Cl.rirtian rcligifjn, in die 
 empire of J aj an. ChrilHanity was tirlt introduced in 
 to this country by die I'ortugucle jeliiits, in or about 
 tlie year 1552 ; their Ikiil in tiie madiemaiical fcirnccs 
 being their recommendation to the empcnjr, nobility, 
 aiKi literati. T'liey g.iined many profelytes .imong the 
 kiwer orders of the people, who were won by tlic mild 
 precepts of a religi <n li> dillerent from their (jwn, wliicii 
 abouiidetl with the moil blocKly tenets ; and captivated 
 by the innimierable charities of the millionaries to the 
 poor, blind, lame, and dilealed of all ilenominations, 
 whom their own prielts reprelented as marl e ! out by 
 the vengeance of the g'xl.-,, and afflickd by means of 
 t'li-ir anger. Many of the petty kings, and of" the 110- 
 biiit)', likewife became profelytes ; but thcli.- die mif- 
 fioiiaries repreii;nt a^ hypocrites, who embraced the 
 Cliriifian faith merelv dirough interefled motives j diat 
 is, either to monopolize the commerce of the Portu- 
 gufli;, or to learn thole arts and Iciences in wliii h the 
 jelliits were capable of iiii.lruCfiiig diem. The mif- 
 fionaries had great fucceis till 161b, when, being .fit- 
 fully accufed of having formed a plot to detiiroiie the 
 emjieror, and fubvcrt the government, great jealoulies 
 fubfilfed till 1622, when a dreadful peifecution erfued, 
 not only of the Chrillian flii-eigners, but of die iiadve 
 profelytes. Chnllianity w.us totally extirpated, and 
 none are lincc perm'ttcd to prolefs the Chriltian tenets, 
 umkr pain ofdcadi. Nor is a (hanger fuirered to kiml 
 in any p'.irt of the empire, unlefs li« hut jjubliciy re- 
 no- inces tliem. 
 
 S E C T I O N \T. 
 
 Account of the principal Cities of the Empn-e of Jijpjn. 
 A fiuignijutiit proc(jJniii defcrilnj. 
 
 MI'.ACO, or Miaco, is lituated in the province of 
 Jamatto, and was the ancient metropolis of die 
 whole empire. It is built in a pleafant ,ind extenlive 
 jil.iin, un th ■ liiuthern c<>aU of the Iiland of Japan, be- 
 ing lurrounded at fonie dil'uiine by mountains, which 
 give a delighthil ,ind romaiuic profpcd to the whole. 
 
 I'lic ciiriim.idiac lit country between tae city and 
 the mountains, and the mountains tliemfelves, aie co- 
 vered with templc.i, iepulclirea, and monaibcries, and 
 embeliilhed with a vari< iv of oichanls, gardens, groves, 
 cafckles, and purling fireams i and where 
 
 " The various leaves on ev'ry bough are feen, 
 " ijome ruddy colour 'il, loiiic of liglitcr green ; 
 No. 12. 
 
 " The painteil birds, companions of the fpring, 
 " I lopping from ipray to Ipray, are heard to fing : 
 " Both ears and eyes receive a like delight, 
 " I'.nclianting muhc and a charming fight." 
 
 This fertile plain is watered by three confiderable ri- 
 vers, which unite their llreams in the center of the city, 
 where a magnificent ihjnc bridge facilitate, die com- 
 munication between die upper .ind lower town. 
 
 The jiaiace of the dairo is fituatetl in the north pait 
 of the upper town ; and on the wellern fide is a llrong 
 caille, v/hicli lc;rves as a palace for the cubo, when he 
 comes to jiay liomage to the dairo, wlvo takes up his 
 relidence here. It contains a fiiiall garrilbn, is Goo 
 yards in length, has a tower in die center, and is fur- 
 rounded by two ilitches, the one tlry, the other full of 
 w.iter, and abounding witli tlie molt delicious lifli. 
 
 The emperor having difcontinued his relidence here, 
 die city of Meaco has gready declined; fo diat, accorii- 
 ing to the belt audiorities, it does not at preleiu contain 
 above j 00,000 louls. The univerfides, colleges, mo- 
 nalteries, and temples, are numerous, and magnificent 
 to a degree. But the private houles are but two lloiies 
 liigh, built of wood, and covered with clay or thatdied. 
 Every lioulc i:, oblig.'d to have a refervoir, or trough of 
 water, always read)' in cafe of tire. They, however, 
 join neat.'iefi with dieir fimplicity ; and every trade, or 
 c.illing, hath its particiila.- llreet or dlitrict. 
 
 So extenlive is the pa'ace of the d.tiro, that it might 
 be deemed a city of itfelf! It i; eiicioled by magnificent 
 walls, tianked with Itately towers, and fiirr;)iinded with 
 a double dich. It contains twelve ca]Mtal flreets, in 
 tl;e center of which are t!ie n^yal apartments, fuperbly 
 gilt, elegantly fill nid.ed, and .idonied widi gardens, or- 
 chaals, [lavihi oiis, terraces, gnn'es, &e. 
 
 Jeildo, or Yeddo, deemed at prefent the moft im- 
 portant cit)' in the empire, for commerce, opulence, 
 and extent, and rcfideiicc of die cubo of Japan, is 
 iituate in tlie midfl of a fine plain, in die ];rovince of 
 Miifali. It is ill the (i)rm <it a crefcent, and exceeds 
 Me:!co bodi in ^iicumleience and population. It is iii- 
 terfected in almoit every ftreet liy canals of wa'er, whofc 
 banks are pl.uued-with rows of trees. Tliek- canals not 
 only ferve as ornaments to die city, but are of fingular 
 utility in ci.les of lire, as they botli af?>rd a ready fup- 
 ply, and Itoii the progrefs '' the conflagration. The 
 city is not lurrounded by walls, but has a Itroiig caftle 
 to defeml it. The river Tonkag waters it, kipplies the 
 caille ditch, .and being divided into five Itreaius, has a 
 bridge over each. The iirincipal of diefe bridges, nam- 
 ed Niphoiibas, is tlie itantlard fiom which all the roads, 
 polts, and dillances in tlie empire, are taken. 
 
 •This city is the conllant refidence of die tributa'v 
 princes who attend on the emperor. Tiie ftreet', are 
 wide and Iwnillome, but more irregular than tiiofe of 
 Me:;co. The public bulkiings are maguiiicfnl, but the 
 private bulkiings are as me.;n, aiul at the fame time as 
 neat as thole of the above-mentioned citv. 
 
 'I he 
 
 palace is a molt noble buikiiiig, formei.! 
 
 by three cindiires, or circular piles of building, aiu'. en- 
 cloling many llrcets, ■ ourts, ap\irtment, pavilions, 
 glial d-houii-s, gates, draw-bridges, gardens, can.ils, 
 (kc. tec. In it refides the emperor and his family, the 
 royal domeltics, tributary princes, and their riiinues, 
 die minillers of ilate, many officers, anil a Itrong g;'-ni- 
 fon. 1 iie walk; are buiit of fVce-ltones, which .ue not 
 cemented by mortar, or braced together with iron, but 
 being prodi{;ioully large, are l.iid loofe u|)oii each other, 
 which is a precaution taken, tiiat tj-.ey m;\y not receive 
 any confiderable injuiy liom the earth.]ii.iki.s whlili are 
 fo frequent. The whole pile <,f bulkiings is coverid 
 with gilt tiles, lb diat at a diilance it makes a moll 
 fplendid api'.eaiance, and I'eems to be a laige mcuntain 
 of [I'M. Many of die Hatc!y apartments are f ;!-med 
 and akereil at iiieafure, by means of magniricenr kreeiis, 
 and fuperb moveable jiartitions. T'lie principal apart- 
 ments, are the /i((// vf dH'inhince, where the emp.eror 
 gives auiliencc; ihciounal chamber, where the minillers 
 I i »f 
 
 vW'« 
 
126 A NEW, ROYAT, 
 
 AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Mm 
 
 '7|- , 
 
 
 
 offtate meet; the /;.;// of a UumftitJ mtih, wIktc the 
 tributary prince, do lioina<7(.-, txic. 'i'his jwlucc was 
 built lb lace as the year iGo'o, in the reign ofthecmpe- 
 roi' Tayko. 
 
 Tiiis city is V. Icr the I'lirectioii of two governors, 
 who rule a year t ...Ii aUernaa-!y. Under thele are ink - 
 rior olUcers, like our iildernan, who have tlie direction 
 ofpariieular dillricls or wards; aii.l lub.irdiiiate to thcfe 
 are the <'/(ii;l?.., who have each the care of a particular 
 llreet. 
 
 Oiiieca, fitu.'.ted, on the inouth of tlie river Jedogawa, 
 deemed the ciiief fea-pirt in tlic empire, is inhabited 
 by vm\ numbers of merchants, tradehiien, and me- 
 chanics. It is l() very populous, that an army of eighty- 
 tiioulaiid n-.en iuis been drawn from it upon emergen- 
 cies. It is near fifceen miles in cir-umterence, con- 
 tains many elegant hijules, and fome pal.'.ce^ belony;in!j; 
 to die nobiiity. A iirong (ii:.'.i.'..Mnfi;ular calHe delenas 
 the port. The walls arc tliick, tiie towers with wlfich 
 t!iey are Ranked vsell f.jiti.ie.l, and die g;irril"on nume- 
 rous. 'I'v/o cilicers coiiihiand here; one has the fuper- 
 intendance of the eaiHe, iind the emperor's treafures, 
 Itores, and culVoms : t!ie other jirelides over the gar- 
 rilbn, But the citv irleif hatli a governor of its own, 
 who lias the rcguladon of all civil aifairs. The houie.s 
 in tliih city are co\ered with a kind of earth ol a yel- 
 low colour, which gives their roofs an elep:ant appear- 
 ance ; and great ciuantities of t'nir. earth are tranfported 
 to other paris of the eirpire. In this citythe v.'atchmen 
 make the hour known by means of three inilmmcnts:. 
 An htjur after lun-fct tliey beat a drum, die fucceetling 
 hour is fiOTiiied by liriking on a brazen bowl, and the 
 hour fiibieqtient to diat by ringing a k-ll ; the next hour 
 tiiey begin again with die ilrum, piocecd to the bov.i 
 and bell, ar.d li) continue the wli'ile night, uung tlie 
 three iiiibrunients a'.rernareiy. In ail other parts of the 
 empire, hc/wever, the hour of the nii'lit is told liy beat- 
 ing u ith tv.o wootlen cyf aders ,.g.iin!i: each other. 
 
 Sanin;>a is a cciniidenfole lea-jiort town, has been 
 i!ie refuience of lome of tlie emperors, but is now on 
 the ilecline; i.h<,ugh it retaiiis its ancient privi'eg',; of 
 coining money. 
 
 About twenty ruiics diilar.t from Ofaeca (lands Sae- 
 cai, inhabited by a proud let of pe iple, who all boall of 
 their ancellors, and pretend to be defcended from die 
 .meieiit Ja[)anele emperors. 
 
 I'his city is very advantagecAifly fitsiated ,is ■\ place of" 
 Ibcngth, oeing tlefended on the ili.'ierent fides by a 
 Itrong wall, an inaccellible nviuntain, a capacious ui::ch, 
 and a tiirniidable callie. 
 
 There is an illet near die harliour of this city, called 
 Pie-nes, celcbratetl tor its pleafant groves, and teigned 
 as the refidence of a f.ivoiirite idol, to whole temple 
 many of the inhabita.its of the city rep.iir in boats ; and 
 if me, throuLih an excefs of zeal, jump into the water 
 and dro.vn t'lemfelvcs by the v.ay. 
 
 I laving defcribed the chief cities, i'cc. of Niphon 
 or Japan, we jiroceed to tli'.-fe of .\imo, which are the 
 loUowiivi. 
 
 Bungo, whi.h, th.:.u;^li fdd 'o be the capital, does 
 not contain any tiling worth) ol' particular notice. 
 
 Cango.\ima, rem;irkab!e fir being tiie fpot on which 
 the Portugueie liril landed, is a fea-port. It lies in 31 
 deg. .ii> min. north latiaide; and i,>:s deg. 16 min. calf 
 longitude. A llrongcaf.le is bialt on a rock in die 
 hariiour, und :i light-iv Hiie on anoihcr very hijdi rock 
 in ihe li.uliour., A gjod garrilon L kcjit hj;e, :::\d many 
 llately t' 'les 'atiorn the city. 
 
 N'angi aki claims notice as tlie mart of trade iiir the 
 Uutch, bi-ing the only place in the wliole J.ipanele em- 
 pire where tiny are pemiitxd tw coiiie. It lies in 32 
 d^g. ;iii :i;;r,. .lorth latitude, ami in lu (.leg. iia m,... 
 c.iil longi'.ude, in the province ofi'ingen. The city is 
 in the loi'.u (,i a erefce.ir, dchghtfliliy lituated among 
 verdant lawn'., and liirnninded by pleiUani liill'-. It 
 contanis m.ii.y hancll.jiiie buildings, particularly tem- 
 ples, and is llr(:n_dy garrilbned. The llreets in gene- 
 ral, arc narrow ami irookeil, but niii a coiilider.ible 
 
 length, -die temple, or lome pu'ilic building, iifual'" 
 terminating the villa. The town is watered by three 
 rivers, and dividetl into upper ani.1 lower; the former 
 containing twenty-lix, and the latter fi-^iy-one llreetr. 
 But llrangers refide in the liiburb: , and are narrowly 
 watched. The priniipal bifiklings arc five warelioulis, 
 in which are laitl up all the m;uerials tiir liirming three 
 men of war, v.hich upn an emergency, may be taken 
 out, :ind put together in a very Ihort time ; a powder 
 magazine, the palaces of the two governors, tiie [lala- 
 ces of between twenty and thirty-live giamlees, fixty- 
 two temples, thirty-live bridges, twenty being of Ih-.iu-, 
 ami the rell of timber, and the ^;e/;(;(/ or prifon, which 
 die people very emphatically llile htll. It confifts of 
 about one hundred ilungeons or cages, feparate from 
 each other, apartments for private executions, ami 
 batlis, in which the prilbners are obligeil to walh them- 
 lelvcs, in order, as much as polFible, to prevent infec- 
 tions. 
 
 S'Vith refpccl ro the Ifland of Xicoco, the only au- 
 thentic account that can be obtained i:^, tluit the capital 
 is Ava. Theie are aili) other places appertaining tu 
 die Japanefe cmi^ire, befulcs thole v/e have mentioned, 
 limie tew ot' which are inhabited, but the greater [lait 
 are defeit. 
 
 As the curious reatler will iloubtlefs be highly grati- 
 fied with die dei'cn[)tion of a procelTion, that equals, if 
 not exceeds, any diing of the kind upon recorti, we 
 Iliad prt'ent diat of the cube fr'.in Jedtio to Meaco, to 
 ]-iay homage to tlie d.iiro, in full ilifplay. 
 
 They are ufuaily twelve nionihs in making the necef- 
 fary preparations tor this fup/Crb and niagnificent pro- 
 cellion. The rout between the two cities is divided 
 into twenty-eight Itages, two (>! which the ciibo pcr- 
 tcrms in a day, entering the firii; :it nocn, and puttim; 
 up at die other at nigiit; hence die whole journey takes 
 up a tiirtnight to com|ilete ir. yVt every llage the eoei- 
 pages and guards :ue changed; but the whole join in 
 the jiroceflion, and (iJlow the cubo entirely to iVleacu, 
 lb that die retinue is very co.-ifiderably augmented 
 daily. 
 
 U[ion a certain occafion (accortling to the account of 
 a Dutch grandee, who was upon die fpot) die dairo 
 and cubo agreed to unite dieir numerous redniies, in 
 order to rentier the fcene more ijilendiil and magnifi- 
 cent. The tlreetswere ilrewed with a white glittering 
 land, which gave them a liUer iijijicarance ; and on each 
 tide a ballultrade was erected, and lined with a tlouhle 
 hie of ibldiers, who were all cloathed in white robes; 
 they wore a (cymetar on each fule, a varnilhed caj) 011 
 dieir heads, and .". pike in their right hami. 
 
 At the dawn of day the fiijierb cavalcatie began t die 
 tlomellics of e.ach monarch went hrfl, carrying the re- 
 fpecti\e pref'ents in boxes atlmirably wrouglit, ami ek - 
 gantly varnilhed. Tliefe were fiillowed by an humlieil 
 magniticcnt fei.lan?» contai.ning the l.idies and gentleiiu-n 
 of the ilairo's court, each being carried by lour men in 
 white garments, a leivant attending every one, anJ 
 holding over it a beautiful umbrella of filk, finely em- 
 broidered with gold. Twenty -(<)iir gentlemen on liorle 
 back fucceedcti, tiieir caps were iirown varnillied, and 
 adornetl witii a black plume of (cithers : dieir boots 
 were gilt, ;ui(.l their lirawers were liittin, covered with 
 gohl and (ilverlace; and their arms were feymc■ta^^, 
 bows, and arrows. 'I'he liorles on which ility rode were 
 hiiall, iKMUtifiil, high I'piriled, and richly caparifoneJ. 
 The liuldles were liiiely embroiilered, and the liolHers 
 made of tlie Ikins of tigers; eleg;uitly decorated w'lh 
 reel filk, and gokl fringes. The hories had two gilr 
 horns placed between their ears, ;ind their manca were 
 ciirioufly ornamentetl with gold and filver wires. Each 
 lioile w.is led by two men, who hekl the bridle in or.c 
 hand, and a rick umbiell.i in tlie other; :uid every one 
 of the!!; gentlemen was fiillowed by eight fervants, drei- 
 lid in white, and armed with I'vo Ii yinetars each. Tie 
 horfes were Ihotl, upon this particular occafion, with a 
 knid of red (ilk, jiill Iirong enough to lerve tiir the day. 
 After diefe came three fuperb llate coaches, e.icii ut 
 
 \dii'.i» 
 
 
 
GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 e pinlic buikiin<^, iifiialh- 
 own is waterftl by tlin-e 
 r and lower ; tin- f'Tincr 
 ic latter fixty-one llriTt!. 
 iilnirb':, and arc narrowly 
 dings arc five waiclKailii, 
 iKUcrials tor lorniin;^ three 
 .•mcrgeni y, may be taken 
 ery Ihoic time ; a powtlir 
 two governors, tlic pala- 
 lirty-live giamlees, fixty- 
 ;es, twenty being of ih;ne, 
 ic gpktiui or prilbii, wiiieK 
 
 llile lull. It confilb of 
 s or cages, fe[)arate from 
 
 private executions, ami 
 are obliged to walli nhem 
 polfible, to prevent intei- 
 
 of Xicoco, tiie only an- 
 ibtained ;:>, that the capital 
 ler places appertaining tj 
 
 thofc v/c have mentioned, 
 iieti, but the greater part 
 
 1 lidubtleis be highly grati- 
 
 procciTion, that euiials, i;' 
 he kind 'jpon record, wc 
 
 h' 111 Jeddo to Mcaco, to 
 full difplay. 
 
 onihs in making the necef- 
 ;crb and ma2;i)iliccnt pro- 
 
 the tv.'f) cities is iliviucd 
 o of which tlie ciibq pcr- 
 
 firil at nocn, and piittin;.; 
 ce die whole journey tikca 
 At every llage the etji'i- 
 'ed ; but the w hole juin in 
 c ciibo entirely to Me.ico, 
 y coafidcrably aiigmeiite.i 
 
 iccording to the account of 
 upon the fpot) the dairo 
 leir numerous retinues, in 
 lore I'plendid and magnifi- 
 wdwitha white giitteiing 
 
 a]-[iearance ; and on each 
 
 and lined with a ilouble 
 cloathed in white robes; 
 h fide, a varnilhed cap on 
 ir right hand. 
 
 lerb cavalcade began : the 
 ent firll, carrying the re- 
 niirably wrought, and cK - 
 re followed by an huiuhiil 
 g the ladies antl gentlenu n 
 ing carried by (bur men in 
 atteiullng evuy one, ami 
 nimlla of lilk, finely eni- 
 y-iiiiir gentlemen on horli' 
 \ere brown varniihed, ami 
 : of li.Mthers ; their boots 
 
 were fattin, covered wi ii 
 lelr arms were feymctiir', 
 •s on which they rode v.eic 
 d, and richly caparilone.l. 
 jioidercd, and the liolllers 
 
 elegantly decorated wih 
 The horfes had tv.o gilt 
 .•ars, and their nianc:. were 
 Id and filver wires. h:uh 
 'iio held the briille in onf 
 
 the other; and every one 
 ed by eight (ervants, drel 
 two liymetars each. I he 
 lanicular oecafion, vvuli a 
 nough to lerve liir tiie day. 
 rb Ihue coaches, c.ichi't 
 \.hl<.li 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 J A I' A N. 
 
 127 
 
 which had two beautiful blari; bulls to draw it, evc.y 
 bill! being covereil with crinilhn fik, and led by tour 
 men. 1 he coaciie-> were of a f! lining brown, finely gilt, 
 and embellilhed with the moil: admirable dee.)r;;:ions. 
 Ik fides a iloor on each fide, they had a tloor behind, 
 embellillied with felloons. The wheels were iliod, and 
 tne Ipokes pitted with gold elegantly enanielied. The 
 bodies were lijuaie, but the root's of a circular form : 
 I'.e iiiiides were of a ib.if.ing black v.irnilii, painted with 
 the arms of the dairo. h'ach -•o:u.!i contained one (jfthc 
 ilairo's wives, and a temale atteudant ; and ail three 
 were llrongly guarded by a great number of tixjtincn. 
 Behind each cr. acli was a pair of fh'ps plated with gold, 
 to i'erve in lieu of a toot-board, and the llippers ot the 
 hdy who was riding in it. Twenty-three fcdans tbl- 
 lowed filled widi the l.i.iies of honour. Tlieir chairs 
 were made of a fine white vootl, highly polilhed, and 
 .i.hrned with plates of copper clegancly v.rougiu. 
 flicy were each carried by four men in white, followed 
 by two with umbrella.!, and guarded by a numerous et- 
 mrt. Then came fixuy-eigiit gentlemen on ln-.ri'eb.iek-, 
 attendeil by a great nuir.ber ol iltotmen. Th.efe were 
 Iblluwed by t!ie princijial grandees and minillers vf 
 Wilt, carrying prelents of inelli".iab!e value, aiv.l llie- 
 cecded by two hundred and lixty noblemen. Then 
 fame the cubo's brothers, ant! one hundretl and fixty- 
 i'aur tributary kings nnd governors, each attended by a 
 lliitable retinue. Iheie were fjilov/ed by two Hate 
 coaches, richer and more ULignilieerit than tlie ibrmer ; 
 the firil containing th.e kite emperor, Kede-t;'.dda, who 
 had abilicaccd the crown in favour of his Ion Toxogun- 
 laiiia, who followed his tiither in the other cijch, both 
 being guarded by four hundred Ibkliers ricidy accou- 
 tcred. After thel'e came many otlicr fuperb coaches 
 .-ind canivans, and thirty ledan chairs, made of ebony 
 and ivory, richly embellilhed, covered by the iivjII 
 fiiiipttious umbrellas, efcorted by many lervants, botli 
 horfe and toot, and followed by a large band ot' mufi- 
 ci.ins, wiw) I'lmg to th.e tune of their inllnnnenis. Then 
 followed the iliaro's I'edan, carried by fifty gentlemen 
 rirhly apparelled, and preceiled by forty liii: guards. 
 The chair itfelf was as iiKignificent as art and expencc 
 could make it. I'lic infitle reprel'entcvl a blue ll.y, em- 
 hellilhed with the figures (jf the tun, moon, anil planet^, 
 admirably formed w:t!i diamonds and oilu-r piecious 
 tlones. Perclied ontiie I'ummit of the outlide ar,pcared 
 
 I'laue 01 
 
 the figure of a cock, with wings expanilc; 
 Mull'y gold. And the whole eavalc ule was cl)ied by a 
 minierous retinue, clad in the molt noble gaiments tiiat 
 art could furni.1i, or money procure. 
 
 S K C T I O N \'n. 
 
 Suciinll IIi/loij t>/ Japiui. 
 
 Till'', annals of Japan, diol'e of the early times in 
 particuhir, arc lb perjilexed with incoherent rela- 
 tions, and involved in ambiguity and ablinvlity, that 
 tiicy merit little or no attention. Tluir hii'torians alto, 
 inliead of adverting to the political ami mond clia- 
 Mc'ters of their nionarclis, have confined themfelve , to 
 •lull, tedious and uniiifcrefliiu!; details ci" their ilelcent, 
 ii^mies, births, liiccetlion, lengths t)f reign, &cc. to le- 
 i.ipiuilate wliicli would conduce neidier to prt'iit or 
 emertainment. Wc Ihail therelore reduce the whole as 
 abilraCled from thei." own clironicles, to a narrow cmu- 
 pals, as far down as as'.y audientic account can lie ob- 
 (.liiictl. 
 
 I'rom thel'e it ai'peais, ihat the luoiiarchs ot Japan 
 I'.ive been lamoiis t;;r longevity, and that thice of tiiem 
 in particular had lived iroiii the age of i;i7 to 1.19 
 years. Sin-mu, the found.'-r of the Japanele monar- 
 <iiy, beg.'.n his reign (i(io jetrs before Chrilh In the 
 70th year of his reign he inilituied a Ibrm of govern- 
 ment, etlabliflied laws, civilized the [)eople, taught 
 t'lein chronology, and other ans ;uul tiiences ; divideil 
 time into years, and years into months and iia)s ; le- 
 
 cured the crown to- his potU-rity ; and having reigned 
 79 years, dietl in the 1 lyJi year of his age. 
 
 Some of their monarchs have fignalize-d themfelves 
 by th'ir military exploits : one was ranked upon that 
 acct)unt as more than mortal, and might be d.eemed the 
 Mar^ of tl.e Japaneie, as was his mother the Bellona of 
 her country. 
 
 Another monarch, iiamed Taycho, though of mean 
 extraction, tlil'played lingular relblution in th.e total I'ub- 
 jtclion of die petty princes, and thereby cjuelling that 
 rebellious fpirit which was prevalent in the empire. He 
 cxjK-lled die Pfirtuguefe tioni Japan, prohibited their 
 ever after trailing with his fubjcils, and began the firil 
 [leii'ccution:. .igainil 'he Ciiritlians, of which there were 
 once great numbers in different ]5arts of the empire. 
 'I he caule ol this was I'aid to be the oppofition ot the 
 priefls, in not allowing them a j^lurdity of v/ives, and 
 the perl'uafion of ilv: Dutcli, wlio told them, th.;t their 
 emperor wt)u!d become a Have to the pope. 
 
 liie per.'t eu:if)n ag.'.in't the Chrillians in J'pan, both 
 natives and f reigncrs, w..3 carried on with I'uch horritl 
 cruelty, th.at in tlie i'pace of four y.ars no lei's tlian 
 «;o,570 perfons were cruelly malVacred. NotwithiLintl- 
 ing which, in the two fucceeding ye.irs, after the pl.ices 
 of woriiiip had been fnut, and tiie [lublie profeffion of 
 Chrifiianity prohibited, the Jefuits, by their private en- 
 deavouri, m.ide 12,000 prol'elytes; and when any of 
 tlicle were tletefted, they !'.ot only ablolutely refufed to 
 abjure die Ciiriilian laidi, but readily fubmittetl to death, 
 and fuii'ei.j 1 martyrdom witit aftonilhing contlancy. 
 Indeed, tiie perfecutixm continued ibrty years, reckoning 
 from its commencement in tiie reign of r;iycho, with 
 unremi-.iing ciuelty, befjre Chriiliuni:)' could be tot.dly 
 cxtenninated. 
 
 The iiii!: monarch, of whom there is any autiientic 
 accotrht, wasc.dled 'i r,.-,;:i:», wiio ftands iijion reeoril as 
 a great p.hilofviplur, a llrijl obferver of the laws, art 
 humane, benevolent difiiolition, and, in one word, the 
 fatlicr of hi., icuple. 
 
 T' 
 
 S K C T I O X VI! I. 
 
 Di'faiHiiv. rj thr I.arJ of JelT), or JlvUo. 
 
 IHIS country, which extends from .12 to 50 deg. 
 _ north latitude, and lies to th.e nordiv.ard of the 
 Illand of Nipiion, or Japan, is governed by a tributary 
 printc tlejientling on tiiat empire. 
 
 There are tv.o dld'erent accounts of this latid, one by 
 the natives, the other by Katlier de Angelis, a Sicilian 
 Jel'uit, v/ho went thither in the year 1620. Tluit of 
 the filmier runs thus : 
 
 'i'he nati\es of Jellb are firong, fierce, anil fav.ige ; 
 they wear their hair and beard:, k.ng, and cover thciii- 
 lelves all over with t!ie. fl-^ins of wild beaih, with the fur 
 outwanl.i, to that, upon the whole, tliey have a molf 
 f'nghtful ap[)earaiice. Tlioi'e who live on the linithern 
 coali are much more civilized than thofe who refide in 
 the inland parts. 
 
 Tliey are expert in fifliing, hunting, anil the i.'".- of 
 til',- bow and ai row, which are tlieir onl)' we.ipons. The 
 country is roci;y, wo(^dy, but little cultivated, ;!o.i in 
 many places barren : it only produces a c,>at!e ki...l el 
 bailey, f.menxus, and a fe.v t'ruit trees. 
 
 The people worfnip the iirma:r.ent, but have ic.v 
 religious ceremonies, 'i'hey are llrong, hanlv, .!,>d 
 addicted to ilrinking, when they can procure liqur-; 
 tliey have tlieir ears bored, aiiJ wear iiivtr oriiauieuts 
 hangiiui; to them. 
 
 The Jel'uit .ii)o\e-menfioiiekl gives a more fivourab/.: 
 del'cription of thel'e people, and iniiirnis us, that the 
 natives of Jeilii are Ibniter, taller, and l.fuer than the 
 Japanefe; that they let their beaids grow very long, 
 but llia\etlief(ire parts of their heads; that they ina:<ea 
 very ttroiig wine, which they drink to excels, and drefs 
 themfelves in lilk, cotton, or linen gowns, which are 
 Vnv!, and embellilhed with needlework. 
 
 He 
 
 
 8 I I 
 
 
 li 
 
 1, IJ" 
 
 
 %'-'\ 
 
 . ;■! if 
 
 • i'l S I si: t'(" 
 
 t .jii 
 
 I 
 
 Si' 
 
 !:Vl'Kd 
 
 
 w 
 
 .id-..,. 
 
 i 
 
 ;..ii:riV:, 
 
 ^^}J*■a^iil„ 
 
m 
 
 >' 13 
 
 •8 A NF.W, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTKM of UNIVF.RSAI. GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Me .uUls, that btliJcs bows and arrows, they life 
 lancfs, iVyiTieters, uial poil"oi-.t\l darts ; that they arc 
 quarrcilbme, capricious, pairionatc, and revengeful ; 
 but at the fame time almolt as ceremonious and inlin- 
 cere as the Chinefe. Polygamy is allowed among 
 them, and adultery cliey jnir.iiii thus: they man pays a 
 pecuniary fine, ami t\v woman is cl')le lliaved, which is 
 the grcatelt dilgra:e th.'.t can hapi)en to her. If the 
 gallant rcfufes to pay the muld, the hulhaiulhas a right 
 to fh ip hiiii whenever and wherever he n.cets him, and 
 fend him home naked j to effect wliich he calls to his 
 alTilbmcc ail that are near at hand, who are obligeil to 
 aid him in pkmderin!; the adulterer. 
 
 All the particulars mentioncxl by the Jefuit are con- 
 firmed by ieveral Dutch mariners, who have, (incc his 
 time, vifited Jefib. I'Vom thein it apjK-ars, that tlieir 
 bua-.s are made of fiipiht boards fatlencvl together with 
 cord:, made of the bark of a tree, called coxo, which, 
 v.hen they return from iilliing, are unrallened, and care- 
 fully laid uj). I'hat ui-.iny ot tlie native.-, wear rings on 
 their lingers as well ;t. trini-:ers in their ears, and paint 
 their lins and ere-brows blue ; that the men are very 
 icalous i the \\i:;.ien in general niodell j and the lan- 
 
 guage a corrupt mixture ot the Chinefe and J.jpancfe 
 tongues. 
 
 'Ihey h;>.vc no place in the whole country, that can 
 deferve the name of a city: even Matzimai, the capi- 
 tal, is a very inconfiderable town. Here the prince ut 
 the country, ;is well as the J ap.inefe governor, refules : 
 but the f()rmer is obliged to go once a year to Jedd\ 
 to do homage, and make a prefent to the emperor of 
 
 i'he manner of executing criminals is fomcthing lin- 
 gular : the culprit is laid fiat u[ion his back, his arms 
 and legs being ftretchetl out, antl heki tight by two 
 flout fellows to each ; the executioner then, who is arm- 
 ed with an iron-headed club, dances round him, fmgs 
 a long, and at length difcharges fiieh a blow at his Ium I 
 as breaks his fl^ull, which is immediately f()llowed by 
 another upon the flomach, that dilpatches him in an in 
 ll.uit. 
 
 Of the I ligher Jeflb or Oku, there is no other ac 
 count from the J a[;anele geographers, than that it is i-jOj 
 miles in length: but the Ibuthern parts of Jelii), alreadv 
 dekribcil, were con.iuered by Joritomo, the tirlt ciibo oi 
 Japan, ajid annexed to the do:ninionsof that en.pire. 
 
 C II A \\ 
 
 Kingdom of C 
 
 IV. 
 C) R E A. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 S:t:i^lio)!, Extent, C!i»u:tf , Soil, (i):<! vurio 
 
 IS Pivduclu-.i, 
 
 TWV. kingdom of Corea is divided ii:to eitiht pro- 
 vinces, which connvn upw.u'ds of an hundred 
 ami liKty cities, with many cailies a:i.l f iraiied phu'es. 
 It lies between the 3.1th awl 4:3d deg. (;f northern lati- 
 tude. I-'rom north to louth Corea is about 4.50 miles in 
 length; and from eail to weit about 225 in breailth. 
 On the north fide it is contiguous to that pai't of Chi- 
 nefe Taiiary which is c.illed the Manehcux or Man- 
 chew Tarurs. Notwithftanuing this natural bouridary 
 they have built on thib fide an higii wall as a limit (if 
 feparation betv. ten the tv.'o kingdoms. On tlie well 
 fide Corea hatha nrofpect ot Chan-tong in Chin;'., ficm 
 whieii if is feparated l.iy a bay, and over tliis is die moft 
 tomm-ni paflage from Corea :o China, tlie way by d>e 
 great mountain being almoft inipalTable : i'.i the win'er 
 lealon tliey crols this bay on fix.t, it being then frozen 
 over. Corea, on die ealt and fuuih, is bcundeii by the 
 ocean. 
 
 The entrances into its p-orts are very dirficult and 
 dangerous, from die rocks and finds along the coalis. 
 To the fouth-eall the land rtretd.cs far towards Ja[)an, 
 there being onlv twelve leagues dillance ix'iween the 
 city of P<juf;in in Corea and the Ille of Ttullima, which 
 is under the jurifdidion of die Japanefe. 
 
 The northern climate of Corea is fb c:tceedingly 
 fevere, and the liiow fometimes tiills in fiicli |)rodigious 
 
 tjiiantities. diat the people are f()rced t- 
 
 under it, in order to g.j 
 
 and they lix a firiall boa' 
 
 from finking into the tiiov/. As 
 
 yields no rice, the inhabitants are 
 
 ) work a palfage 
 from one liou e to another j 
 to tl-.eir leet, to keep them 
 thi.s tlreary rejfion 
 forced to live upon 
 iiarlcy ; and, for the want of cutton, cloath diemfelves 
 in llieep-ikins and coarie hempen cloth. 'I'liis climate, 
 Iioalv. ••, produces great [denty of riiifeng, withvhich 
 till ii.itives carry on a very profitable tr.ide to Japan; 
 ll.i^ gin -'^ ng, however, is inferior to that (jf Taitary. 
 
 1 I'.e lou'.;.e!-n parts of the kiii.dom aie liip,.'iil, pi,,, 
 ducing eve.y n-uHary of life," as rice, millet, and 
 odur fort, of grain; alio lilk, cotton and Hay.: \.h- 
 Corcaii.., hov,e\er, have not the art of inanufaiSluring 
 
 filk i.'ito piece goods. Here grows a kind of grjiu 
 Ciilied paniz, of wliich they make a firong liquor. I'lie 
 J.ipanefe, within this laft century, have taught diem to 
 plant and dreli. tobacco, the ut'c of which thev were en- 
 tire (Irangers to before. 1 lere arc lilver, lead, and 
 iron minvh : nor d > the natives nuke an inconfiderable 
 profit of tlicir rvger, fable, and callor Ikin^. The Cv.:n- 
 trv abouiuls vvirli .,11 liirts of cattle, as well as with both 
 wild and tame fowl. 'I'hey have a breed of iiorii-.s not 
 more than fiiur or five feet high. They have wohci, 
 tvgcrs, and bears, but no elephants. In dieir rivers are 
 many crocodiles, or kaimam, as iHleil by die rutivci. 
 The back of the katman is covered with lo fining aioa; 
 ot fcales, as to be mufket proof": it has a large he.ul, 
 and a mouth o[emng almoflto its ears. Contrary to all 
 other animals, tliii creature moves only its upper jaw. 
 Its back bone confills of a long jin.'ccfs of vertebr.c, or 
 moving joints ; ami in its fins it hath a lint of claws. It 
 is a very voracious animal, and is alike grcediy of tilli anJ 
 flefh, particularly human lielh. This country [Moduies 
 likewife great numl>ers of ferjientr., and other reptiles (li 
 the venomous kiml. 
 
 The rivers Yalu antl Tumen take their rife in t!.i 
 high mountain tliat joins Corea to Chineic Tanary, ow- 
 running to the well, and the odier to the call. Tl;:; 
 mountain, which is one of the Ifmliefl in Afia, is af 
 w.-ys covered witii liiov/, and is tlieief(;re called Cliaiig- 
 pe-chang by the Chinefe, :ind Ciiaii-alia by the Tart.ns 
 or the White Mountain. 
 
 S E c r I O N II. 
 
 J'liJ.^ii^, DiJ/ioftini), Drrf^, ILihitatknf., Miirruirf^, 
 tuiui<:h, Ctianonus, (3c. if the Ncl.vcs. 
 
 TWV. inhabitants of this cotintiy are, in gcnei-.il, 
 well made, with good features, of a traclabled;. 
 pofitir,n, addicted to pleafiire, and very liiiid of nuifu 
 and d.incing. They are, fiir die moll part, weak ani! 
 credulous; yet, at th.e fiime time, tiii king and den it- 
 ful. They ii.ive, notwiiliflanding, a law among then'., 
 by which fraudulent coiitrafts are made void, where 
 tht^re is evident piool of tlic deceit. 
 
 'Ihev 
 
IKOGRAPilY. 
 
 le Chincle ami Jai^anefe 
 
 .-.hole c<Mmtry, that can 
 en Matziinni, the capj - 
 vn. IK re the prince 'i| 
 ancle governor, refu'es : 
 () once a year to Jeikl i, 
 -ct'ent to the emperor oi 
 
 iniinals is fomething (in- 
 
 lon his back, his arms 
 
 anil held tight by tW(, 
 
 tioncr then, wiio is anii- 
 
 lances round hini, (inL^ 
 
 s liich a blow at his hci ' 
 
 nmeiliactly (<)llo\vcd iiv 
 
 dilpatchcs hini in an in 
 
 :u, there is no other ar 
 iphers, tiian that it is 90: 
 rn [larts of Jelli), ajreaiiy 
 oritonio, the rtrit cu'jooi 
 linions ol' that en.pire. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 COR I-: A. 
 
 129 
 
 q;rr)V,-s a kind of pr^:', 
 ike a flroiif^ liquor. I'l.i- 
 iry, have tauj^ht thcni (■ 
 It ot which they were d; 
 ;re are lilvcr, lead, aiul 
 i make an inconfiderablc 
 .1 cador Ikins. I'he c.:-,n- 
 ittle, as well as with bo:;i 
 ive a breed of liorlis not 
 gh. They have wol^cl^, 
 iliants. In tlieir rivers arc 
 
 as failed by die native:. 
 I'cred with lo llrong a aa: 
 roof': it ha.s a large hc.ul, 
 ) its ears. Contrary to all 
 noveb only its upper jaw. 
 g jirocel's of vertebr.c, or 
 it hatha lint of claws, li 
 1 is alike greedy of filli anil 
 . I'his country produii< 
 ents, aiid other reptiles <i, 
 
 lien take their rife in !'■ 
 a to Chineic Tanary, or ■ 
 
 odier to the eaft. 11.:; 
 lie hiL'hefl in Afia, i.s .1! 
 is theief(;re called Cli.ai[:, 
 
 Ciiau-alia by the Tar-.r', 
 
 O N II. 
 
 Ilriliitnticna, Miirrii:<:' ■ 
 i3c. if the Nctivcs. 
 
 coiintiy are, in gcner.i!, 
 features, of a traclablnl.. 
 ■, and very iond of ninli 
 the nioH part, v.cak anu 
 time, tri( kin<5 and decni- 
 idiiig, a law among dic'.'.i 
 ts are made void, wlieic 
 deceit. 
 
 ■rh. V 
 
 They arc t. 'd and pnnil.'.nimou:;, and confequently 
 ilic iif'e of a l';klier is their averfion. 'I'liey ablior the 
 li';iit of bl '.od J nor are lefs llwcked a: beholding fick 
 l>coi)ie, ei'pccially fuch as have any malignant difeale. 
 I lie lick are icmoved into little flraw hovels in the 
 fields, wheie their relations are charged with the care 
 of' them, and receive Itriifl ortlers tg warn all pafTengers 
 to keep at a diflance; and lometimes the poor wretches 
 are endrely li)rfiken, and liiircred to perifh. When a 
 t:mn or vilki^^e is vifited by the plague, they hedge up 
 .ill the avenues to llich town or village by briars, and 
 pl.ice lignaU on the infecled houfes. 
 
 rhole of the Hrll rank wear a purple-coloiireil filk 
 <;()wn widi long and wide fleeves, and a fiilh or girdle 
 thrown round them. They alfb wear fiir caps and linen 
 hulkins. The common clafles wear cott(jn o. hempen 
 cloth. 
 
 \n general tlieir h:ibitations are mean; but tliole of 
 perloiis ofdillinft ion aie haiidfijme and fpacious. In the 
 ir nt of thete is an advanced apartment for the accom- 
 niotl.ition of llrangers, the receiving of vifits, and die 
 giving entertainments. There are generally alio be- 
 kiriging to tiieni a grand court, a fountain, and a gar- 
 den planted with rows of trees. At the lower end of 
 the court are the apartments of the women, into which 
 no Itrangcrs are ,;dmitted ; though, the better Ibrt oc- 
 cifionaily luU'er t:;cir wives to receive vifits in the coin- 
 inan-hall, and alii) to fit at t.ible : howeve, , they al- 
 ways I;: immetliatcly oppolicc to thc'r hullwnds. 
 
 Tobacco is uial here by perfons of bf)di fexes, and 
 .ill :'-es. 
 
 Mirriages are here prohibited to tlte thirtl degree of 
 kindred. Sometiines ciiiklren of I'everi or eight year:. 
 oLl are contracled ; in which cafe the females (an only 
 iLiiighter excepted) are brought up by the farlicr-in- 
 law, till the celebi-aiion of the nuptials. On the day of 
 imniage the bridegroom m :unts his Heed, accoiiipa- 
 nied by his fi lends, and, atter riding through di.Tereat 
 p:irts of the town, flops at the door of his biide, upon 
 wiiidi her relations come out to him, anil then conduft 
 hir to his houle, where die nuptials are, without further 
 ccieinony, conliimm.ated. 
 
 A plurality of wives is allowed, provided the hu(l>.ind 
 keeps only one at iionie. A partiality, however, is 
 fhcwntothe grandees, who often keep three or fijurat 
 home; but dien one of them acts as Ible and lupreme 
 miilrels. 
 
 'I'he Coreans do not, in general, manif'eft any par- 
 ticular attachment to dieir wives : on the contrary, they 
 too frequeiuly treat them not much better than flave-,. 
 They not only divorce diem at dic'r pleallire, but 
 ohlige tlicm at the lame time to take their children along 
 witii them. 
 
 The moll confiderable part of the fither's fubllance 
 devolves to tiie eldeft fon : the refidue of his elFeds is 
 equally divided among the other male children, the 
 liaiiyjiters having no claim to any lliare in the dividend. 
 
 If the fadicr of a family lives to a very advanced age, 
 ii is cuftomary for him to make over the whole of his 
 liibltance to Ids clclell Ion, who in that cafe, takes pof"- 
 leliioii of die family houfe, and builds a fiiialler one for 
 his aged father, whom he provides for with all dutifiil 
 rcfpe(5t, though he has nothing fardier to expecl; from 
 hini. 
 
 I'he Coreans bury dieir dead only at two feafons of 
 the ye:',r, fpring iuid autumn ; and, till die dme of bu- 
 rial arri\es, place the coriife in a kind of hut made of 
 r'.iflics, r.'.ifed upon four (takes, in dieir courts or gar'- 
 dens. riiedeceafed lies in a double cotlin, the |iar.s 
 "f which are cemented dolily together, and is dreircd 
 ia his bill apjiarel, with fouie toys lying by the Ikle of 
 hini. All die kindred of the deccal'ed rejiair to his houle 
 oil die evening preceding the funeral, and pal", the night 
 in rarouling and jollity. At dawn of d.iy they fet out 
 ill procellion with die body, the bearers linging all the 
 ^ay, and kcc[)ing ex.id time widi their voices and flips, 
 wiiile the reft of the company pien c the air uitli their 
 doletiil Limentations, In general diey are interred in 
 graves five or fix feet c'cf p ; but people of rank are de- 
 Nu, 12. 
 
 pofitcd in flone vaults, whereon is commonly placed 
 the efligy ofthed'xeafed, with an infcription at bottom, 
 difplaying his tides, &c. The company who attend die 
 corpfe at the funeral return three days .- '.Tto the fe- 
 pulchre, to make their ofl'erings to the deceafed, which 
 fiiperflitious praftice is repeated mondily, at the full of 
 the moon, when they cut the grafs growing round the 
 vault or grave. 
 
 Children mourn for their fathers three year^ during 
 which time no one is allowed to cxercife any public of- 
 fice. A man muft not even lie widi his wife : for 
 fliould any infant be born during the time of mourning, 
 it would not be allowed to be legitimate in law. Quar- 
 relling, figiiting, or immoderate drinking, during the 
 mourning, is deemed an high inifilemeanour. 
 
 The mourning worn by the Coreans confifts of a 
 (liabby gov,n of c.v.irfe ftufl', under which they have a 
 fort of hair dotli corded, v,ith a twifled band of the fame 
 hanging dov.'n from their hats, which are made of green 
 ruihes. Dining the whole time of mourning they never 
 waili themfclvci, and confer;uently ajniear very filthy. 
 
 On the deccafe of a relation, the kindred run intj 
 the ftreets like frantic people, tearing dieir hair, and 
 alarming die whole neighbouWiood with their bitter la- 
 mentations. 
 
 Tiie Coreans are under very little religious rcflraint. 
 According to a late author, the grandees appear void 
 ot all devotion, and r.ither idolize themf'elves than their 
 gods : and though the coinmon clal's are more reli- 
 gious, yet their worlhip feems to confifl: more in exter- 
 nal ceremony, than inward adoration. The religion of 
 h'oe, f() much in cileem by the commonality of China, 
 hath l()me votaries in Corea alfb. The cocnrry abounds 
 with temples confccrated to diis deity. Here too are 
 tlie followers of Confucius. 
 
 They afl'cmble, on particular occafions, in their 
 temjiles, v.lien i;veiy one lights a piece of fweet-l'ccnted 
 wood, and throws it into a vale placed before the idol. 
 The givateft part of the Coreans believe the doftrine of 
 tr.anliiiigration, and that there is a future flate of rewards 
 and puiiilliments. 
 
 i'liere are prodigious numbers of monks in almofl 
 every ]iart of the kingdom. .Some cities maintain, 
 witliin their particular iuriidicHon rei'pedively, noi lefs 
 than .jooo of them : and there'are fingle convents con 
 taining (ive or fix hundred, which are divided into dil"- 
 tinCt claffcs of ten, twenty, and thirty each. The fe- 
 nior of the convent is invelted witii the authority of go- 
 vernor, and has tliC power of intliding the baflinado on 
 his inferiors, upon any violadon of the rules of their or- 
 iler. Thefc monks do not bind themlclves by vow for 
 lifi-', as in fome other coimtrie:;, but have die privilege 
 ot returning to a Iccular life w'len weary of fblitude: 
 and it muft be :icknowledgeil tli.it dieir mode of life is 
 not very eligible j f()r they are not only flibjeft to a 
 moft rigorous dil'cipline, but are forced to p.ay heavy 
 taxes implcd on them by the ftate, and are belides held 
 in contempt by the generality of the p,cople. The royal 
 monks, indeed, aie better relped'-d : tncfe are fiich as 
 live about the court, and arc of'ten eni[)k)yed in oflice: 
 of high importance. The monks are enjoined die greatcfl 
 a'lilinence ; and a failure of obedience is punillied with 
 an expuKlon from the moiiallery, befides previoufly 
 furtcring the ballin.uk). 
 
 There are allb two monafleries for religious women -, 
 the one for daughters of the nobility, and the other for 
 young women of inferior rank. They are all lli.ued, 
 but not confined for life, and have a diljienfation from 
 the king to marry, if they ple.ife, and leave the mo- 
 nallery. 
 
 s F. c T I o N m. 
 
 State cf the Sruucrf, l.an>;unf/, Mode of Educolion, 
 Cdnniiti'if, &c. 
 
 TI ir'.SI.'', people hold the liberal arts in high elleem. 
 Like die Chinet'e, they have their dodors and 
 odier litenui, who dilHnguifli themfclves by a double 
 K k ll-adier 
 
 .'4 
 
 'bi! 
 
130 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 ^ I 
 
 Mrl 
 
 •i ll 
 
 feather in their c;ips. Tlicyp.ifs regularly to their de- 
 grees, through eertain annual examinations in tiie chief 
 cities, iigieeable to tiie Chinefe cuftoin. The aflem- 
 blage of can-.litlatei on thefe occalions is very confiiler- 
 able; but, unfortunately, tlie lufFrages of the cleiftors 
 are for the moll part venal. 
 
 In geograpliy they arc very ignorant, and have the 
 moft abliird notions. Tliey think that the globe coii- 
 fills onl)P of tweh'e kingdoms ; and tlieir map extends 
 no farther tlian Siam. Even tlie literati entertain the 
 erroneous idea that there are no more than twelve na- 
 tions in the univerfe ; nor has it been polTible to con- 
 vince them of their errors. 
 
 The Corean language hath a fet of characters pecu- 
 liar to itleif, which the women, and common cialles of 
 community, Ipeak and write. However, the literati 
 affect the Chinefe language. 
 
 They have the liime method of printing as the Chi- 
 nefe ; and alio a grand library, whicli is under the im- 
 mediate care of the tirlt prince of the blood. 
 
 Tiieir mode of education is liighly commendable. 
 Without rigour, they implant in the tender mind a ienle 
 of honour and emulation. Tiiey relate to their cliil- 
 dren the virtues of their anceftors, and I'piir them on to 
 afTidiiity in tl-.eir Ihidies, by extolling the advantage 
 and reputation of learning; the principal part of which 
 conlilh in the knjwleilge of moral philol()phy, as pre- 
 fcribed by the great Confucius. 
 
 Their chief commerce is with the Japanefe, more 
 particularly with the iflanders of TfuITmia, Uibjeet to 
 Japan, who have a liic1or\ at Poufan in Corea, to 
 which place tiiey bring the Icented w.iod, allum, paper, 
 pepper, butialos horns, and other commodities, in ex- 
 change tor wl.ich they receive cotton anil gin-feng. 
 
 The only Ipecies of money ufei! by ti^e Coreans arc 
 pieces of copper, called ca/is ; and thefe are current no 
 farther than the frontiers of China. Inotiier parts they 
 
 make their payments in wedges or 
 without any llampor mark on them. 
 
 ingots of filver. 
 
 SECTION 
 Civil, Militaiy, and Naval 
 
 IV. 
 
 JnJlUution^ 
 
 ' I ■'HOUGH tiie king of Corea i; no more tlian a 
 ■A vallal to the emperor of China, he af^efts as 
 much flate and pompous ceremony. He keeps con- 
 tinually in his fervice a great number of. houfliold troops: 
 thefe guard Iiis palace, and attend on him wlierevtr lie 
 goes. 
 
 If any one happens to be in the way where the king 
 is pairing, he miift inllantly turn afule, ami not pre- 
 fume to look at his majelly ; and tlie people all lliut up 
 their doors and windows ; for the king mull not be feen 
 by any of them; and Iho'uki any one be difcovered 
 peeping, he would fuffer the baftinado. 
 
 He exercifes an unlimited authority over his fubjefts, 
 is lord of all the lands in his kingdom, no private per- 
 fon having the abfolute right and pro[)erty of any eftate. 
 Thele huuls his majefly bellows on whomfoever he 
 pleafes, and for wlwtever term of ye.irs bethinks pro 
 per; though, on the death of die feofTee, the land re- 
 verts to the crown. 
 
 His council of llate is conipofed of feveral miniflers, 
 who afTemble daily in his palace ; though none are liif- 
 fered to give an opinion upon any thing till tirft afked 
 by his majefly; neither dare they meddle in any llate 
 concern without his royal order. If they behave well, 
 and to the fiitisfiidion of the king, they are continued 
 in office during hfc- : and this rule hokls good alfo with 
 refpci^t to the other court officers, wiio, unlets guilty 
 of ({)me mildemeanor, generally die in their employ- 
 ments : but liiJi employments do not pals by patent 
 to their children. 
 
 Magilhates of cities, and governors of fortified 
 places, are cliokn every thini year. In cale of inal- 
 pracfices, thele are either lent into exile, or fentenced 
 to liilFer de.uh. 
 
 l.xclufivc of tliC revenues arifing from the rents (,f 
 lands granted to the people, the king has the t)thc of 
 every thing protiuftivc of profit either on kuul or fe i ; 
 the tythe of tl-.e fruits of the eaith is colleded in haivell 
 time, before the crop is taken off from the ground. 
 
 There is great rigour, as well as partiality, in tiie 
 laws of this coiintr)'. All rebels and traitors, togedur 
 with their whole fiimilies, are cut olF without the lealt 
 gleam of mercy, and the habitations of the fufferers le- 
 velled with the ground. If a woman kills her hufband, 
 flie is placed up to her llioulders in the earth of lonie 
 high-road, and dole to her is placed an hatchet, witli 
 which every one gives her a chop as he palfes by her. 
 In fliort, all paflengers are obliged to do this by the laws, 
 except thole of noble fimily. The magitirates of the 
 place wiiere the murder is jierpctrated, are liiljx;niled 
 from the execution of their office : and if it be a town 
 of note, it forfeits its jurifdidlion, and becomes liibor- 
 dinate to fome other town ; or, at bell, only fbme pri- 
 vate lubjecl has the care of it. The fame ■ penally is 
 inllided on any town revolting from the obedience liue 
 to its governor, or for bringing any accufiiticn againll 
 him not fininded in truth. 
 
 Notw irhllandin<^ the feverity of the laws refpedting 
 the women, they juflify and proteft the man who kills 
 his wife when deteClcd in adulter)', or any other capital 
 offence, proved by fubflantial evidence : or if he gives 
 her up to public jullice, flie is condemned to die, with 
 perniillion, however, to choofe the mode ofherfuffer- 
 ing death : and in tiiis cafe the women generally rut 
 their own throat. 
 
 If an unmarried man be detedled in criminal conver- 
 fation with a married woman, they punifh him by ftrip- 
 ping him down to the waift, and 'e.aving him only a 
 pair of drawers on : they then fmear his face with lime, 
 pierce an arrow through each of his ears, ami tie a ket 
 tie or. his back, which is beat up.':n as the offeiuier 
 walks tiirough the llrcets, and dien he receives the 
 b.illinado. 
 
 Murder committed on the pcrfon of a freeman, is 
 puniflied as fiiHows. They oblige the criminal to fw.il- 
 low a t]u.uitity of vineg:ir with which the Ixjdy of the 
 murdereil perii'ii has been w.allied ; then they trani]k- 
 the delinquent under foot, and kick him on the belly tiil 
 he dies. Theft is puniflied in the fame manner. 
 
 The common mode of punilliment is the exerclfe of 
 the ballinado on the polleiiors, and fometimes on the 
 lliins and Ibles of the feet. \S n this difcipline is given 
 on the fliins, they bind the legs of the fufFerer to a cou- 
 ple of benches, the one at his feet, and the other unilcr 
 his hams, and in this polhire they Itrike him on the 
 legs with a liirt of laih. They are not permittetl to in- 
 Hidl more than thirty (Irokes at a time. However, t^vo 
 or three hours afterwards, they repeat the dllciplinc, 
 and fo on till they have given the full number of llrokes 
 agreeable to the .fentence palFetl. When ;ui oficnder is 
 fentenceil to fuller the ballinado on the foles of liis feet, 
 tiiey compel him to fit down on the ground, and tlien 
 tj'ing his two gieat toes together, fix tlitin in a wooden 
 frame, and iiifliifl tlie apjiointed number of flrokes. 
 
 Women and apprentices commonly receive the baf 
 tinado on the calves of tlieir legs. Pcrfons who are in 
 arrears witli the king, or who refufe to pay their otlier 
 creditors, are fentenced to be ballinadoed on tlieir lliiris, 
 wliich dreadful and {)ainfiil difcipline is repeated every 
 fifteen days, till they pay the debt or debts. 
 
 The grand council try all crimin.ils of llate, and are 
 oliHged to lay all tlie particulars of their proceedings 
 belore the king. 
 
 Tlie milit.iiy government in Corea is ne;-.rly the fame 
 as the civil, each province having a jj;enera!, or tliiW 
 of the militia, with four or five colonels under him, eacli 
 of them commanding a regiment; ami every colonel 
 has under him lii --lay captains, each of which has d.e 
 government of iijnie fbrtrefs or town. In lli(jrt, tlieie 
 is Icarce a \'illage but what has a commanding offi- 
 cer in it : and tlie inferior officers are obliged to kei-|) 
 an accurate hll of all the men belonging to their rel'ijcc- 
 
 tive 
 
 
n»pr 
 
 OGRAl'HY. 
 
 fing from tlie rents of 
 
 king has the tytht- of 
 cither on Luul or lea ; 
 
 is collected in hai veft 
 from the ground. 
 1 as partiality, in tlie 
 
 and traitors, togetlur 
 Lit off without die lead: 
 ons of the fiifferers le- 
 man kills her huflwnd, 
 i in the earth of fome 
 ilaietl an hatchet, with 
 p as he palfes by her. 
 .1 to do this by the laws, 
 riie magillrates of tin- 
 etratetl, are fiilijentted 
 : antl if it be a tow;i 
 , and beeunies liibor- 
 It belt, only Ibme pri- 
 
 'I'he fame •penally is 
 om the obedience due 
 any accufacien againll 
 
 of the laws refpeding 
 eft the man who kilU 
 y, or any other capital 
 idence : or if lie gives 
 ondemned to die, with 
 lie mode of her tlifier- 
 women generally cut 
 
 ed in criminal convir- 
 ;y punilh him by ftrip- 
 nd 'eaving him only a 
 lear his face with lime, 
 his ears, and tie a ket 
 iipcr. as the offender 
 dicn he receives die 
 
 m^ 
 
 erfon of a freeman, is 
 re the criminal to fw.il- 
 which the body of the 
 led ; tlicn they tramp!!- 
 ick him on the belly tiil 
 e fame manner, 
 imcnt is the exerclfe of 
 and lometimes on the 
 n this difeiplinc is given 
 jf the fufferer to a coll- 
 et, and the other under 
 ;hey ftrike him on the 
 ue not perniitteil to in- 
 time. However, rwn 
 ■ repeat the difcii)liiii-, 
 : full number of llrokes 
 When an oR'endcr is 
 I on the folcs of his (trt, 
 m the ground, and dien 
 r, fix tiiein in a wooden 
 number of ftrokes. 
 nmonly receive the bal- 
 s. Pcrfons who are in 
 efufe to pay their odier 
 llinadoed on their fliins, 
 tiline is repeated every 
 bt or debts, 
 iminals of ftate, and are 
 irs of their proceedings 
 
 L?orea is nei'-ily the fame 
 'ing a general, or rliii'l 
 :olonels uml< r him, each 
 enti and every colonel 
 each of whicli has the 
 • town. In Ihort, dieie 
 as a commanding o.'Ji- 
 :-ers are obliged to kei-;i 
 elonging to their refpec- 
 tive 
 
 M 
 
 M' 
 
 i rf 
 
 ^/J&M^.iii^^'i '. 
 
 [i^.ti^&'maiitaW:^.! .. 
 
< ( 
 
 ( //////// 
 
 't4l/tf/'l'(Ul>, 
 
 V^v liANKEN't.. iJ'./yU/,,,'/ (iEOCiHAl'HY //',/>//../,.//// '//',y,r/. /////,///,. 
 
 7 
 
 liAB ITS r/ / //////.// ' r/ ■ c!/. ,/,/■„ Tartar s 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 tive corps, which thc^ 
 at ftated times, that 
 number of liiiiliers lie 
 Kvtry city in the ki 
 complete (liip of wa 
 two malts aiid about tl 
 each oar, which, aik 
 crew of about three I 
 ftorcs confilt principa 
 Every province has it: 
 to review the lliips o 
 annually. 
 
 S E C 
 
 Ccmpendu 
 
 THE inhabitants 
 different prince 
 III procefb of time th 
 into one nation. Ac 
 moll conliderable of 
 Kau-kiu-li, dercende( 
 The firft king of ( 
 nephew of Gehou, n 
 into the kingdom thi 
 and acquitted hiinfeli 
 afi'airs, with great pr 
 happened in the year 
 
 E A 
 
 ,llff:| 
 
 r| 
 
 ^/yf/.;. .f/N'/^rhu;/., // T^VITNIKAK .///vvv/'/.v' »/ /,f.>/r,//\\\\\'\\\V:^ 
 
 S E < 
 
 Oj Tartary ingentral^ 
 Extent, C 
 
 TARTARY, tal 
 on the weft by i 
 ll)uth by Perfia, Indc 
 Corea; to the eaft I 
 north by the l-'rozen ' 
 and 141 ft degrees of 
 tween the 37 th and t 
 ing ji-'oo miles long, 
 ny places. One part 
 another is under die c 
 is intlependent. 
 
 Tliis wild and inh 
 jx-ople of different d 
 toms. The Mantel 
 chiclly in huts on the 
 try is in the north of 
 Cliinefe provinces, a 
 lian-ula on the nortf 
 l()uth, eafterly by I 
 Mongols country. 1 
 viz. Mugden, Kirir 
 originated that enteri 
 umph(.d over the im| 
 
 The foil of the pr 
 270 miles in length 
 one, protlucing fomi 
 iUs [!a(hire for cattle, 
 
 In Mugden, the c 
 and courts of juftice 
 
 But tlie moft capi 
 indeed, may be deer 
 Corea. 
 
 l^'rom Mugden to 
 i 100 miles diftant, t 
 
 
 !»■: 
 
 ' **•■ 
 
 lv^,< > - _ . h, jii=*;.iA^*, 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 C O R E A. 
 
 »3« 
 
 tivc corps, wliich they tranfniit to their fiiperor officers 
 at Ibted times, that the king may know t;iadlly the 
 mimbir of fokiiers he has in pay. 
 
 Kvcry city in the kingdcm is compelleil to fit out one 
 conipU'tc llup of war. Their lliips have commonly 
 two marts and about thirty oars, with five or fix men to 
 each oar, wliich, aiiiled to marines on boaal, make a 
 crew of about three hundred men in each Ihip. Their 
 ftores confilt principally of cannon and pot-granadoes. 
 Every province has its particular admiral, who is obliged 
 to review the lliips of war belonging to his province 
 annually. 
 
 SECTION V. . 'i 
 
 Compendious llijlory of Corca. 
 
 THE inhabitants of Corca were once dividetl under 
 different princes, laws, maxims, a.id culloms, 
 III procefs of time they uniteil, and formed themfelves 
 into one nation. According tf) tlie Chinefe annals, the 
 moll conliderablc of thefe early natives were named 
 Kau kiu-li, defcended from the Tartars. 
 
 The firft king of Corea is faid to have been Ki-tfe, a 
 nephew of Gcliou, emperor of China, who introduced 
 into the kingdom the Chinele laws, civilized his jK'ople, 
 and acquitted hiinfelf in the pnblic adminillration of 
 affairs, with great pnidencc and wifdom. This event 
 happened in tiie year 1 1 20 before Chrift. 
 
 The throne of Corea was filled by the fucceflbrs of 
 Ki-tfe near nine hundred years : but, at length, Tehu- 
 ang-fiang-vang, ertiperor of China, fubdued the Coreans, 
 and reduced the title of their king to that of Iteav, or 
 count, with a very limited authority annexed. About 
 forty years afterwards a prince of the family of Ki-tfe, 
 named Chun, refumcd the title of king, but was in a 
 very fliort time dethroned ; and, at his death, the race 
 of Ki-tfe became extinct. 
 
 A native of China, named Vey-nan, then forced his 
 way to the throne of Corea, and, in order to fecure his 
 ufurpation, courted an alliance with the emperor of 
 China, and obtained the tide of vang, or king. The 
 fovereignty, however, did not continue a long time in 
 the family of iVey-nan j for his grandfon was malTacred, 
 and the Chinefe profiting by the confufion attendant on 
 this circumrtance, conquered Corca a fecond time. It 
 was, however, in procefs of time, reftored to its ancient 
 monarchial form of government, and the king fubmitted 
 to pay a tribute to the emperors of China. 
 
 Corea has fince undergone various revolutions} 
 fometimes being under vaflaJage to the Chinefe, fome- 
 times tributary, ibmetimes indejx;ndant, and very often 
 at war with tluat nation. It is now, however, tributary 
 I t ; and his Corean majelly, on his acceflion to the 
 throne, receives from the emperor of China, his con- 
 fi.nnation ujxjn his knees. « ^ ', ' .' ; 
 
 C H A P. V. 
 EASTERN TARTAR Y. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 OJ Tartary ingmeral, and EaJlernTarlary in particular. 
 Extent, Cvjloms, Religion, (3c. 
 
 TARTARY, taken in its fiiU extent, is bounded 
 on the weft by the Calpi;ui Sea and Perfia i to tin- 
 (iiudi by Perfia, Indoftan, Arracan, Ava, China, and 
 Corca , to the eaft by the Pacific Ocean ; and to the 
 north by the l-'rozen Ocean. It lies between the 55th 
 and 1 4 1 ft degrees of longitude from London, and be- 
 twi'tii the 3/th and 55th degrees of north latitude, be- 
 ing JiC'OO miles long, and upwards of 900 broad in ma- 
 ny places. One part is fiibjedt to the Chinele empire ; 
 another is under tiie dominion of Ruflla ; and the tliird 
 is independent. 
 
 This wild and inhofpitable country is inhabited by 
 |)aiple of different denominations, manners, and cuf- 
 toms. The Mantcheoux, or Mantchew Tartars, live 
 chitlly in huts on the banks of the rivers. Their coun- 
 try is in the north of Lao-tong, the moll eallerly of the 
 Chinele provinces, and is bounded by the river Sagha- 
 lian-ula on the north, by Corea and Lao-tong on the 
 touth, eafterly by the ocean, and wefterlv by the 
 Mongols country. It is divided into three provinces, 
 viz. Mugden, Kirin-ula, and Tfitfi-bar; and hence 
 originated that enterprizing fpirit, which, in time, tri- 
 uinpJKd over the imperial dirone of China. 
 
 Tlie foil of the province of Mugddi (which is about 
 270 miles in length, and 120 broad) is a favourable 
 one, producing lome wheat, millet, and cotton, iis well 
 ^us p'ailure for cattle, and feveral iijrts of fruit. 
 
 In Mugden, the capital, are feveral public buiklings, 
 and courts of juftice as at Pe-king. 
 
 But die molt capital city is Fon-wang-ching, which, 
 indeed, may be deemed the key of the great pcninliila of 
 Corea. 
 
 h'rom Mugden to the city of Pe-king, wliicii is about 
 1 100 miles diftant, there are two large handfonie roads, 
 
 wliich are kept conftantly in repair, and which were, 
 with great labour, fiirmeil principally for the emperor, 
 whenever it Ihoukl be his royal pleafure to vilit his 
 Tartarian territories. One of thefe roads is for the paf- 
 fage of his majefty to Tart.ary, and the other (i)r his paf- 
 fage b.ack from thence to Pe-king. 
 
 The fecond provinfe is Kirinula. It has Lao-tong 
 on the weft for its boundary, the ocean on the eaft, Co- 
 rea on the foutli, aru.1 die river Saghalian-ula north; it 
 is a mountainous defart, ujiwards of 740 miles in length, 
 ami 600 in breadth. Added to a moft bleak, keen 
 air, here is fcarce any thing to be feen but the gloomy 
 tops of mountains, nor any thing heard but the hideous 
 howlings of wolves and tigers. Very little rice grows 
 here, but plenty of oats. 
 
 Thofe Tartars, who take up their refidence in huts 
 on the river Ufuri, and fuhlift princijially on filli, arc 
 Yupis. They imitate the Chinefe in drefs, and the 
 women decorate their hairwidi a .ariety of baubles. 
 
 The Ke-cheng Tartars live alter the fame manner on 
 the banks of Saghalian-ula. 
 
 When the rivers are frozen over, they are drawn in 
 fledges upon die ice by dogs. They are very ignorant 
 and uncivilized, though peaceable and inoflTenlive. 
 
 The Yupis have no fovereign prince, but chooio fe- 
 veral chiefs. The Mugden provincials have a Tarta- 
 rian general, who has a lieutenant-general, and a great 
 number of fokiiers under him. 
 
 The third province of Kartern Tartary is Twitfikar, 
 and the capital, alfo named Twitfikar, is peopled moftly 
 by Chinefe, and is a place of tolerable tratle. 
 
 Some of tlielc- people are famous for hunting fables, 
 the Ikins of which are of great utility to them ; and 
 die women hunt them as well as the men. In the pur- 
 fuit of this game they fiequendy meet v.ith tygers, which 
 they are never afraid to engage, and generally get the 
 better of diem : however, if any one is unf(irtun.ately 
 killed by this animal, his companion or companions 
 do not decline their purfuit of the fable : for dieir live- 
 lihood 
 
 «ii 
 
 i*:| 
 
 I t 
 
 5\ 
 
 
A NEW, ROYAl. and AL'THl-NTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 mJ' 
 
 '\ ■[ 
 
 \' !l 
 
 Hi ' I 
 
 r": 
 
 i^' H 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 «.12 
 
 li!i-)<Hl depcmls jiiirciually upon the furs tliey ;|ct by 
 their aili\ity and |KTlrvcrancf in the tk-kl. 
 
 Here arc Hiinc gold mines, and levcral of the rivers 
 contain fine pe.'.rl lillieries, th^.' pearls of which are 
 hi[^liiy efieemed by the natives. 
 
 The btell .ind moil authentic account refpeiRing the 
 manners and government of the Scythians, or E.nilcrn 
 Tartars, is the following. 
 
 TJK exicnfive regions of Scythia, or Tartary, have 
 ever been inhabited by vagr.int tribes of hunters ami 
 Ihepherds, t lo indolent to cultivate the earth, and too 
 R-lliefs to be ct-ntined to one fpot. 'i'liey have, how- 
 ever, been famous for ti)eir courage and conquells, and 
 though v.igrant Ihepherds, caufed the monarchs of Alia 
 to tremble on tlicir tlirones. 
 
 Through the neglect of apsriculnire, thtfe people 
 are reduced t.) the nccefiity of living upon their floes 
 and herds, which, as they accompany them on the march, 
 afforil a lure and increafing lupply of llefli and milk. 
 They iL-ed indilferently on the Heih of thofe animals 
 that have been killed fir the table, or died with difeafe. 
 I lorfe-fiefh, which in every age and country has been 
 profcribed by the civili/ed nations of Europe ami Afia, 
 they devour witli peculiar greedine.';, and this fingular 
 talk' tends to the liircels of their military operations. 
 As the cavalry of Scythia is always followed by ;i num- 
 ber of fpare horfes, thefe may be occafionally uled for 
 the purpole of fpecd, or to appeafe the hunger of the 
 barbarians. When the forag? round the camp of Tar- 
 tars is alinoll confunud, they llau^^hter a part of their 
 cattle, and preferve the tletli cither liiio;',ke(.l or dried 
 in the fun. On a hally inarch tliey jirovide themfelves 
 vi:h a fulficient (luantity of little halls of cheefe, or 
 I'.idier of hard curd, which they occafionally diifijUe in 
 water, and this unfiibftantial diet will fuppbrt fiir m.iiiy 
 days the life and even fpirits of the moil patient warrior. 
 
 Notwithrtanding this extraordinary .ibftinence in point 
 of food, the wines of a happier climate are the mod 
 f^racehil prefent, as the moll valuable commodity that 
 can be offered to thefe Tartars ; and the only example 
 of their indullry feems to confift iivthe art of extratH- 
 insT from mare's milk a teniiented li()U()r, which ]iof- 
 feffes a ve:y llrong power of intoxication. Upon the 
 uhole, it may be laid, that the Itomachs of thefe bar- 
 barians are inureil to fullain, without much inconve- 
 nience, die oppofite extremes of hunger and intempe- 
 rance. 
 
 The habitations of ti.e Tartars src fmall tents of an 
 oval form, which afford a ccjld and dirr\' reception for 
 the promifcuous youth of both fexes. The lioufes of 
 the rich are conilruifted of wood, and of fuch a lize 
 that they may be con\'eniently lixetl on large waggons, 
 and drawn by a team of twenty or thirty oxen. 'i"he 
 flocks and herds, after grazing all the day in the adja- 
 cent pallure, retire on the ai'proa'di of night within 
 tlie protccti'in of the camp. The necelfity, therefore, 
 of preventing the moll mifchievous confufion in fuch a 
 pcqjetual concourfe of men and animals muft gradu- 
 ally introduce a fettled plan of the iliilribution, the or- 
 der, and the guard of t'le encampment. 
 
 In the fummer thefe Tartars advance towards the 
 north, and pitch their t>;nts on the banks of a river, or 
 at leafl in the neighbourliood of a running flicam. In 
 the winter they return to die fouth, and ilielter their 
 camp behind fome convenient eminence. It muft ap- 
 pear, therefore, that thefe manners are admirably cal- 
 culated to diffufe among the wandering tribes the Ipirit 
 of emigration and contiuell. 
 
 As the paftoral life compared widi the labour of agri- 
 culture and manufactures, may be laid to be a life of 
 idlenels, and as the fu])eriour people a:nong the Tartars 
 devolve on their capt!/es the mana^-ement of their cat- 
 tle, their leifiire is fpent in the violent and fan;.,im)ary 
 exercife of the chace. I'hev are bold and (kilful ri- 
 ders, and duir hoifrs are eafify trained for the pinpofs 
 nf war :;nd hunting. The Scythians are cijualiy ex- 
 pert in ilu- m,ina;4(*inent of the lance and drawing liic 
 bow. The v;"oiir a.,d patience budi of men anti 
 
 horfes arc continiuilly exerciful by the fatigues of' dxr 
 cjiuce, the objcds of which urc, the hare, the goat, the 
 roebuck, the ihig, die elk, and the antelope. 
 
 Nor arc the exploits of thcle hunters confined to t'n- 
 liellriiftion ot' timid or innoxious animals ; tiiey boklh 
 encounter the angry wild boar when he turns agaiiill hi, 
 purfuers, excite die llu^'gifh courage of die bear, and 
 provoke the fury of the tyger as he llumbcrs in the 
 thicket. The general hunting matches, the pride ai d 
 ilelight of the I'artar princes, compofe an inll:Utfive 
 cxcrcilc for their numerous cavaliy. A circle is ilrawn 
 of many miles in circumference to cncompafs die game 
 of an extenfive dillrifl-. und the troops diat form tl . 
 circle regularly advance towards a common centre, 
 where the captive animals, llirrounded on every liilc, 
 are abandoned to the darts of die hunters. In thi, 
 march, which frequently continues many days, the c.i 
 valry are cbligctl to climb the hills, to fwim the river-. 
 and to wind throiijf the vallies without intcrru|iin:; 
 the prelcribed oaier of their gradual progrefs. Now, 
 as die lame patience antl v.ilour, the fame (kill and d.il- 
 ci[)linc are required .igainll a huni.in enemy, the exer- 
 cile of the ch.ice lervcs as a preparative for die coii- 
 qt.ell of a kingdom. 
 
 SEC 
 COUNTRY 
 
 T I O N II. 
 
 OF THE MONGOLS. 
 
 Cnjlonn, Gnicral /inctwf, as to the Country, Xctm 
 Religion, Prodtiltioin, &c. 
 
 Tin: 
 Tl 
 
 IIS country is fituated to the northwartl of CKir..i. 
 
 he natives are of the fame original as tl.o'c 
 
 who accompanied Tamerlane in his conquefls. It i> 
 bounded on die call by the territories of the Mantchev ., 
 by die country of Kalk.is on the well, by China on t!..- 
 k)i!tli, and by Eallern 'i'artary, and the Kalka 'I'art.'r , 
 on die iiordi. It is about 300 leagues in length, .ml 
 200 broad. 
 
 The climate is exceedingly fevere here, and ice lii". 
 on the ground eight <'r nine months together. It ■, ■ .1 
 country litde known, except that jiart of it whicli tin- 
 caravans pal's in ti-avelling from Mul'covy to China. 
 
 Willi icfpei't to die perfons of the natives, they arc 
 in general of n miildle fi/.e, but \'ery ftrongly mad.-, 
 with broad faces, black eyes, flat nofes, long whilker , 
 liiUow eomjflexion, ami <jf a mod rude behavioui. 
 Tlieir hair is nearly as thick ami ftrong as hoife-hair, 
 which they cut clofe K) the head, and leave only a ti I; 
 at top. 'I'hey wx*ar large Ihirts and calico drawer-, 
 and dieir garments, which are lined widi flieep-Mn, 
 reaci-i almoll down to their feet: thefe they fallen ')" 
 dieir bodies by llrong leather flraps. Indeed, when "n 
 horfeback, they wear a lliort jacket, widi narrow dur- 
 ll.in fleevtj, having the fur outward, with trowfers ami 
 hole of the lame kind of ik'in t botli of one piece, ami 
 light to the limbs. On their heads they Iiave caps bor- 
 dered with fur. The women are not quite fo coarfe te.i 
 tured as the men, though their drefs is much the fime. 
 
 The animals of this country are cair.els, tiromeil.i 
 ries, cows, horfes, Iheep, mules, elks, bears, tyger-, 
 and wolves. There is alio every fpccies of gamekiunwi 
 in Europe. 
 
 Of vegetable produifl'ons, there is rhubarb, and otlx 
 medicinal articles; and of mineral, are fait and l.iit 
 perre. 
 
 There is a race of Tait.irs called the Kalka Mon- 
 gols, who are depe.idcnt on China. 'Tiiefe dwell hc- 
 yond the Mongols, and take their name from the gie " 
 river Kalka. Their perfons, manners, habits, ixc. .rx 
 t!ie I'.ime as the Mongols. 
 
 The lia')it.itinns o( the Mongols, who are a 'vandfi 
 in^^ people, are little moveable huts, formed of twig, 
 and covered with matteii wool, '^"liey have a fire in the 
 center, with a hole at the top to .ei. out the fmoak, aiul 
 boartls or bejK lies round the fire, to fit or lie u\m). 
 
 lire: 
 
Tv*," ■■ 'Sy 
 
 '%. 
 
 )GRA1'HY. 
 
 ' the fittigiics of die 
 L- hare, the goat, the 
 : antelope. 
 
 Iters conrineil to t'n- 
 jniin;i!s J they bolilly 
 1 he turns againll hi-. 
 re of the bear, aiid 
 
 he llumlicrs in the 
 tches, the pride aid 
 iipole an inll.udive 
 A circle is drawn 
 cncompat;. the game 
 roops that form tl ,• 
 
 a common ccntrr, 
 iiideil on every liili, 
 le hunters. In thi, 
 
 many d:iys, tlie c.i 
 ., to fwim tlie rivers 
 
 without interrupting; 
 u.il progrcfs. N<m, 
 e lame Ikill and dil- 
 lan enemy, the exer- 
 :5arativc for tlie coii- 
 
 f II. 
 /lONGOLS. 
 
 '.he Country, Xuiin , 
 
 • northw.nnl of Chiiu. 
 ine original as tiio.'c 
 his conqucfts. It i^ 
 esof the Mantchcw^, 
 veil, by China on tl'.c 
 id the kalka 'ran;ir , 
 aKiies in length, an I 
 
 re here, and ice lii^ 
 
 iths together. It i. .1 
 
 part of it which tin- 
 
 uleovy to Ciiina. 
 
 the natives, they art- 
 
 : \'cry Itrongly madi'. 
 
 nofes, long wiiilkei , 
 
 noft rude behavioui. 
 
 Ilrong as horle-hair, 
 
 and leave only a nli 
 
 and calico drawers 
 
 ined with l1ieep-fi<in, 
 
 thefe they fallen im 
 
 .. Indeed, when "n 
 
 et, with narrow dcci- 
 
 rd, with trowfers ami 
 
 ndi of one piece, ami 
 
 Is they h.ave caps iior- 
 
 mt quite lb coarfe tea 
 
 Ms is much the fame. 
 
 ire cair.els, lironiedii- 
 
 elks, bears, ty{rcr^, 
 
 pecies of game kno\Mi 
 
 J is rhubarb, anil otln: 
 ral, are fait and fait- 
 
 ailed the Kalka Moi.- 
 
 ina. 'I'liefe dwell Ix- 
 
 name from the grc " 
 
 iners, habits, ^c, a:c 
 
 Is, who aiie a ^vandci 
 urs, formed of twig , 
 '"hey liave a fire in the 
 ,vu out the fmoak, aiul 
 -e, to fit or lie upon. 
 I'A-er 
 
 ' //^^^//vi-T^yRVNKKS'.N'. \r//', 4/.>/////yGEiHl\{M'Uy /////. i/rf^/^ /i)'f/tf/. //t//n'///y 
 
 1 :ii > 
 
w 
 
 ASIA.l 
 
 Ever hiving hat! an 
 tiniiilly rove aboi.t fi 
 fl Kki. They gcriri 
 [trt^inations, anct 
 til )ur.in.l in one b^* 
 AVhen they come lo 
 till ail the grafs ajui 
 on which they fix tl 
 of' fomc lake or rivci 
 the fides of miun'j 
 li«.-i.iblc as Ibmctipie 
 citi')ns from hut to li 
 
 Their chief Kjocl 
 paiHonatcly tunii, an 
 the mod palatable, 
 antl tilhin^, as well 
 ciiws, antl marcs 
 boiled witli tlic coarl 
 tnnil a fjiirituoiis liq 
 aiiJ dillil it after k 
 t'lxicaced, and (in()k( 
 
 I'hcy arc as filthy 
 lUiik as they pafs. 
 make life of as Kiel. 
 
 The fupporting s 
 a ver/ ancient cuft 
 tribes are commandt 
 they eleft a great kl 
 rainount power ovc 
 military moving (lati 
 from twenty to fixty 
 
 One of their mon; 
 rity, opulence, and 
 auJior) as foon as 
 fuiindeil, by way of 
 ni.-rhs in the globe, 
 
 The weapons ot t 
 .n tl'.e life of which t 
 inured to hodtrman 
 while in full gallop, 
 tkoiL^h at a confider 
 
 Tiiey liave the 
 boking upon ail buf 
 :bte of llavery. 
 line, they wifh it i 
 tiirojjean. 
 
 w 
 
 As there are div 
 tars borderinj 
 north (if Perfia, we 
 vii'lind Seclions. 
 
 S E 
 
 A S T R A C 
 
 ASTRACHA^ 
 the eour.try < 
 I'V Circ.illl;?, on the 
 • id part of Siberia. 
 try little known, i 
 11 deg. lomin. am 
 i'iie metropolis o 
 !; is built u]ion an 
 ii.siiie of the lile of 1 
 to tiu- 'I'artars, troii 
 1 his city is populoi 
 ;M/.ines, and hath a 
 No. 13. 
 
 JL^^^iiii' .ili' 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 EASTERN T A R T A R Y. 
 
 «:ii 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 Ever h.iving had an averfion to a fcttlitl life, tliev con - 
 tiniiilly rove atxin from place to pkco, with Iicnis ami 
 fl ycks. They generally let out in the fprini; on their 
 pcrej^inations, and tlicir miinluT ii tiiqucntly ten 
 th I'llim.l in one body, preceded by their herd ,, &c. 
 \\ hen they come lo an inviting Ip :)r, they live upm it 
 till all the grafs ajid verdure are eaten up. The fpoti 
 cji which they lix thrir tents, are commonly t!ie bunks 
 ot' !ome lake or river ; and in the winter they remove to 
 the (ides of mnintains, where, it i; faid, they are ih 
 I'od.ible as Ibmitimcs to make liibtcrraneoiis communi- 
 cati'ins from hiir to hut. 
 
 Their chief food is horfc-flelh, of which they are 
 piiHon-itely Kind, and tliat which is tlie moll tainted is 
 the mod palatable. They fubfiil otherwife by hunting 
 ;i!id tilhing, a.s well as on the milk of camels, i;oats, 
 LOWS, anil marcs They drink water th.it h.is been 
 boiled with t!>c coarfell f )rt ol' Chiiicle tea. They e\- 
 ind a fpirituons liguor from the four milk of mares, 
 aiiJ dillil it after fermentation : with this they get in- 
 t'lxitaceJ, and fmokc a great ileal of tob.icco. 
 
 riicy arc as filtliy in their ihefs as in their fxHi, and 
 thiik as they pals. The dung of their cattle tliey often 
 i;ukf ul- of as fiiel. 
 
 The iLppordng a war by laying wafte a country is 
 i vep.' ancient cuftom among tlult: pe'ij'ic. Their 
 tribes .ire commantlcd by feparate khans or leaders, and 
 tncy eleft a great khan, who confenuently ( 'aims a pa- 
 ramount power over all. His refidence is a kind of 
 milit-iry moving (lation, and he can bring into the lield 
 from twenty to fixty or feventy thoufand horfeinen. 
 
 One of their monarchs'i) prided hiinfelf on his autho- 
 rity, opulence, and grandeur, that, cat h tl.iy (!;iys an 
 .uiJior) as foon as h;; v/as 1'e.ited to dinner, a tnimpet 
 fuiindeil, by way of giving notice to all tiie other mo- 
 ni.vhs in the globe, that they might alfo go to dinner. 
 
 The weapons ot tiiefe people are bows an<.i arrows, 
 •n the ufc ot which they are very dexterous. They arc 
 :nured to horiemanlliip from their infancy, and will, 
 while in full gallop, hit a fmall ma:k with .m arrow, 
 tkouj^h at a confiderable diflance. 
 
 They have the utmoll contempt for agriculture, 
 looking upon ail bufinefs ot that kind as the mod abjeft 
 ;bti; of llaver/. When they are angry with any 
 line, tiiey wilh it may be his fate to work like an 
 European. 
 
 'Ihe younger of them make ftnall nuts for the aged 
 invalids near tlie river, and there leave them for th^ir 
 IJK'edy journey into the next world ; and think that in 
 this they do ihem a friendly o.*!ice. 
 
 I laving no other oi-cupatioa than to attend on their 
 cattle, which they feil t)r exchange with the Chinefe t()r 
 ordin.iry tea, ctxirle cloth, &:c. they are never troubled 
 with much care anil anxiety ■, t()r they have nobixly t) 
 pleat'e, nor any b(xly to fear. 
 
 'l"his wandering lavage race of people cannot be 
 (iippofed to be iinder any very regular form of govern- 
 ment, ef])ecially as they aie continually roving front 
 place to place. !t mull be obferved, 'hat as their 
 country is divided into diftri>fls, and that as each of 
 tliefe haili a khan of its own, the Tartars of one province 
 mull not emigrate tf) another: they are to confine 
 themfelves to tiieir own nation, where they have full 
 lib'.rty to roam as much as they pleafe. 
 
 The men purchafe their wives with cattle ; and when 
 the wife is turned of forty, the is employed by the hul- 
 b.m.l as a llave, and as fuch mull attend the young 
 wite who fucceeils her. 
 
 The Mongols worlliip the idol Foe-, and they have 
 an high prietl among them, to whom they do homage, 
 and think that he has the power of obt... ling favours 
 from hoc fi)r them. Whenever this priell fignifies his 
 pleafure to remove to any pardcular part of the country, 
 the inft-rior prietls, and a great number of odier per- 
 lons attend him ; and thole who rcfide on the fjK)t to 
 which he is going, meet him on the road in crowds, 
 liipplicating his blelling, which he never tails to be- 
 fl(»w upon I'ucii as can make him an adequate contribu- 
 ti')!i tow.iri- his fupp.>i-Ci and tlii^ he is in -.a djubt of 
 receiving iw his bci ediftion, as he fuffers n;)ne to ap- 
 pru;ich his lacred perf;n but the higiier order of peojde. 
 riiis high-prie.l is ninied Khutucktii ; and fome of^the 
 deliu'ed peojjle think that the li)iiit which animates him, 
 immediately, on ins death, jalii-S into the b.iiy of him 
 who is elected f) fucceed iiim. Many others think 
 that he grows old wit!i the decline of the moon, and 
 re.'iimes his youth with die new moon. 
 
 Thofe who die in dicir hut are thrown into a burn- 
 ing pile, and their bodies conllimcd to allies, whicli 
 are afterwards interred with great folemniry on fomo 
 mour.tain. 
 
 
 • ^ 
 
 C H A P. 
 
 VI. 
 
 WESTERN TARTAR Y. 
 
 As there are divers nations or tribes of Afiatic Tar- 
 tars bordering on the Cafpian Sea, and on die 
 north of Perfia, we Ihall deicribe them fcverally under 
 ilitlind Sections. 
 
 S K C T I O N I. 
 
 A S T R A C IT A N T A R T A R Y. 
 
 ASTRACHAN Tartaiy is bounded on the eaft by 
 the coiir.try of die Coilacks, towartls the fouth 
 '"[■ Ciicalliii, on the north by the kingdom of Cazan, 
 • id part of Sibeiia. The eai^ern boundaries are defaits 
 try little known, and not inhabited. It lies between 
 14 deg. lomin. and .^^ deg. north latitude. 
 
 1 he metropolis of this kingdom is called Aftrachan. 
 h is built ii]«)n an illand in the Volga, known by die 
 iisme of tlie lile of I Tares. The capital was long fubicft 
 to the Tartars, from whom it was taken by dieRulfians. 
 This city is populous, it abounds in well furniOsed ma- 
 .uazincs, and hath a citadel furrounded by a diick brick 
 No. 13. 
 
 wall, of about diirty feet in height. Though the cita- 
 del, which lies towards the well of die city, is irregu- 
 larly built, the ballions are ftrong, and the cannon nu- 
 merous. Here is a palace tor the governor, and ano- 
 ther for the archbifhop. In the court of chancery all 
 civil and military affiiirs are heard and adjulled, and 
 the records are kept. The citadel hath three gates, one 
 opens to the city, another to the \'olga, and the third 
 to the Tartar fuburbs. It likewile contains a guard- 
 houle, a metropolitan church, and a monallery. 
 
 A confiderable wall encircles the city, which confifts 
 princiually '^f three long flreets from call to weft, 
 intcrl. iled by many odiers, ami is, upon the whole, 
 about a mile in length. The houfes are built of rim- 
 ber. Tl->c fuburbs are cxtenfive, and mor-' populous 
 than the ciiy. T'here are four churches and a monafleiy 
 belonging to thofe of the Greek perfualion. The re- 
 f)rmed have a church bulk of wood. The Roman 
 Catholics iiave a monallery, and the Armenians a 
 church of (lone. Without the fuburbs are a naval and 
 militnrv hofpital, and a large monallery. 
 
 1, 1 Aftrachan 
 
 «p 
 
131 A NKW. ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 *l 
 
 '11 
 
 ^;,ii' 
 
 MMiJ 
 
 iii'l 
 
 Alliachan is inhabited by Amienians RufTians, and 
 Tui'.irs ofvLirious cicnnir.inatioiis. 'liic latter are not 
 permitted to It^y all niglu in tlie city. It is garrifoned 
 by five re'^inients of inliuitry, and one of dragoons. 
 Many field regiments and ColVacks, exeluilve of tiie 
 Taitar militia, winter here, hcfi.les the garrifon itielf. 
 The regulars are ready to march againll the wild Tar- 
 tars whenever tl.cy attempt to make any inciirfions into 
 this kingdom ; and the iiregulars are employed to fcoiir 
 tiie defarts, in order to trace out tlie lurking places of 
 the b inditti. 
 
 The articles of importance here are chiefly filks, bro- 
 cades, velv -^, fattins, dru!-,:-, c<.pper, cotton, Ferfian 
 fruirs, v.ir.L , fweetmeats, ccc. Thofe of exportation 
 are meal, filh, litlt, woollen, &c. All nav.il a:;d mili- 
 tary itores are [.rohibited from b.ing exported to I'erlia. 
 
 The merchant' of Allrachan liave permillion to navi- 
 gatv.- the Cafpian Sea : bcfidc> wiucli, they always keep 
 a great number of barks on tiie Vol;^a. I'ormerly thele 
 barks were tiequendy robbed by a itrong body of jii- 
 rates, who either lurked in die ininieiiie woods near 
 the b:'.nks, or on the iHaiids va that river: but this evil 
 is now pretty well remedied : as the lawlefs banditti, 
 who I'pread lo mtkh terror in Allracl'.an, have been 
 aliiioll exterminated by the care of the govciiior ot" 
 Caian. 
 
 Pirates committing depredations on the Volga, are 
 fentcnceu to be hanged up alive by the nbi, upon gib- 
 bets fixed upon floats, where they are left to exijire in 
 t!ie greateft Pi-jniesi and if any perfons relieve them, 
 th^y render liiemfclves liable to fuffer the fame punilh- 
 ment. 
 
 Peter the Gieat planted a lar^e nr.iUieny garden 
 near the city of Allrachan, and. dcfigned to eilahliili a 
 filk f.idory ; but the building and gardens arc tiillen to 
 decay, and the money inienJed to carry on this defign, 
 was aprlied to more courtly and vena', thougli lels 
 noble .ind patriotic, purpoli.-s. 
 
 The ciiief offices of Itate are veiled in tl:e RulTians. 
 The (ie-jrgiaiis, w!io profeli. the (jreek religion, are 
 fond of ferving in the army. And :'.v.- Armenians, who, 
 in pe: loi-.'., difpofidjns, and fcatiMe^, veiy m'lch re- 
 lenible ci;e jew:, have no other i.ieas but of fcrajmig 
 money togetliv r by t!ie nK-ans of traffic. As f()r the 
 Perfian and Tartar inhabitants, they are too ti^nd of 
 ind"::nre and roving, to think of any thing elfe, unlets 
 compelled to do it by abfilute neeeilitv. 
 
 The foil of tliis country is light and landy, but fo 
 much impregp.ared with liilt, as greati)- to add to its lle- 
 rility. The earth produces no grain, unlel's it has been 
 cverfiov.ed during the winter leaf )n. To remedy this, 
 fome of die Ta.'-tars cut trendies in their g.ounds v.'hicii 
 iiave been under water, and, ilraininu; them, t 
 
 bee 
 
 irainmg tiiem, ti.ey loon 
 ome fit f ,r tilling, and, in a very Ihort time, pio- 
 duce abundance of grain, or even fruit, which the in- 
 tenle heat ot tlie climate foon ripens. 
 
 The natural produce are melons .and pumpkins, 
 which ihcy eat widi bread. This country lilawile prc- 
 ducifs fine grapes, the flavour of which, in eating, is 
 delicious ; but the wine matle tiom them is too fliarp, 
 wliich proceed', liom the faltnefs of the earth. Tiie 
 mulberrics are uinvholef)me. I'hc ganlen vecetables 
 are good, but are obliged to he continually w.itered, as 
 much towaihtlie lalt from them, as on account of the 
 lu-at J fov the lalt lie; on rlie turface of tiie earth every 
 morning lii-.e an hoar fi-oll. 
 
 Many animals which are f<)und in Great Britain, arc 
 alfo found in Aftracii ir ; bcfides which tiiey liave a ■-reat 
 v.uiety of wiki ones J Hich as vild boars, ell.s, rcfand 
 fallow d-er, antciopt , hares, wild liorl'es, &c. 
 
 Tlie antelope is of a light grey colour, of tlie C\.v of 
 ailee., wltli a liead refembling a cow, but the note is 
 without griille. It lias line bhic!. eyes, yet is purblind. 
 The horns are b-autif.il, antl witliout brandies. Th,'v 
 are taper to t!;'_' t''|., and have rin;rs at e(|ual dillance.. 
 The fielVi is ter.-.ier, but teems to taile of mulk. 
 
 Tlie have allij the fame kitr.ls vi' fowl with thofe of 
 ' Ji'-ai iirica:;!. 
 
 The Volga is replete with a great variety of the moR 
 delicious filh : but there are fl;w rc[)tiles in Aftrathan, 
 and none worth particularizing. 
 
 The Rulfuin.s, Armenians, Georgians, &c. who in- 
 habit Allrachan, have the fame cultoms and manners as 
 the people of their relpcclive countries ; but the real 
 natives, or Nagai I'artars, greatly differ horn tlie otliers 
 in many retpects, and require a dillintt account. VVr 
 are tlierefbre happy to have it in own power to jirclent 
 our re.uiers with tome curious and intereding particu- 
 lars refpedingthe manners and culloms of thele people, 
 eommunicateil to ii:, by a learned and ingenious corref- 
 por.dent, who lately vilited this part ol the world, aiui 
 tbrmed his obfervations on the fpot. 
 
 s E c T I o N n. 
 
 The NAGAI TARTARS. 
 
 TIIE Tartars properly li) called, and ilillinguitlicii 
 by the term ol real natives, "leek tor little but 
 wliat is llridly necefliiry, |i) that the luxuries of life are 
 theirdeall concein. Thele people are low of ilature, 
 but rather corpulent. They have olive comiiiexions, 
 large faces, and little eyes. They ihave their lieads, wear 
 a coarte grey caffock, and over it a Ilieep-fkLn cloak, 
 witii tlie wool outwards, and a cap of the tiimc mate- 
 rials. Their women wear linen, and a cap widi Ruillan 
 coin h.inging round. With refpcct ro tiieir perfons and 
 features, they are tolerable. Thi.y are in general Maho- 
 metans. The males v.ear a ring in their right c , , and 
 the feiv.ales in th.e note. The rings worn by the i.'.tter 
 artufually let with a piece of coral, a ruby or turquoiic. 
 Tlie luxury of gi..l!i vdndows is confined Iblcly te die 
 prince's apartment. Pajjcr frames are ufed i'. winter, 
 and taken away in lummer, that they ...ay breathe 
 more freely, and have a full view of dillant objeds. 
 
 The plealaies t.i ha-.vking, hunting, and courfms, 
 are their chief deli'.i.t ; and their chiefs fretjuently fijrm 
 hunting p.irties, attended by numbers of ?«(/;..',(, or no- 
 blemen. They depart (;)r the chile with arms and 
 b.iggage. It lalis leveral days. Camps are formed 
 every night. A body of troops follow the fnii/kn, or 
 commanler in chief (♦(' tlie army; and lometiines thele 
 parties of plealiire I'erve as pretexts for more terious ex 
 peditions. There are fome tribes among tliefe people 
 who live under .i kind oi" tents in vallies eigiit or ten fi- 
 tlioms dee|), wl;idi inteifecl the plains from north to 
 louth, and wliidi aiv more tlian thirty leagues long, 
 til. High but liilf a (lunrter ot' a league wide. Muddy 
 rivulets run through tiie middle of them, on tl.e borders 
 ol v>hich are tents, intended to give fl-i Iter, during 
 winter, to tiieir numerous flocks and herds. 
 
 Each proprietor has his own marks, which are burnt 
 in tlie tliighs of liorlis, oxen, and dromedaries, and 
 paintcil with colours on the wool of the Iheep. The 
 latter are kept near the owner's habl ion; but tlie 
 other fpecies, united in herds, are, tow,. Is tiie fpring, 
 driven to the plains, where they .nre left ,;r large till the 
 winter, ai the approach of which they leek and drive 
 them to their Iheds. 
 
 In tliis learch the T.irtar employed has ;dways v.r. 
 extent of plain, which, from one valley to anotlier, '^ 
 ten or twelve leagues wide, .and more tlian thirty lonj',, 
 not knowing wiiidi way to direft his lean h, nor, in fait, 
 i-'iiiiling l.im'^df about it. 1 1( puts up in a little b.i'A 
 
 about i'ly. pounds of the flour ot'walhed millet, which , 
 tiillicicnt to lafl him diirty days. Ihuing maile thi> 
 provifion, he mounts ids Iiorfe, llo]i-, not till liin- !(.•;, 
 then I logs the animal, and leaves him to graze, I'uyi on lil' 
 flour, goes to reft, ariles, and cominues his route. iK 
 negleds not, liowevei, to obfervc, as he rides, d;e 
 iiiark of the herds he happens to lee, which he conimii 
 nicates to liich as he meets on the fiime errand, ami, in 
 hi'i turn, receives liich inlbrmation as help to put an 
 end to his journey. 
 
 A Tart-aiian 
 
 liirm, and over tl 
 (if camel hair envt 
 le't is thrown over 
 ro give vent to the I 
 
 Hianger at any town 
 'I'll ibicants to ihuid i 
 viting him to enter. 
 
 *li 
 
 ii 
 
EOGRAPHY. 
 
 reac variety of the mo" 
 I reptiles in Aftracha:i, 
 
 eorgians, &c. who in- 
 rulloms and manners ■:,•., 
 :oi'ntricsi but the real 
 ly iliirertioin tlieoti'.eri 
 
 ililHntt accoiinc. We 
 n own |)owcr to prelent 
 imi inttreltip^ particu- 
 .ulloiiis of thele peopir, 
 .1 and ingenious corrcl'- 
 
 l)ait ol'tlie world, ami 
 
 iX. 
 
 N n. 
 
 ARTARS. 
 
 ;ii!ei!, and liiilingnillu'd 
 /es, 'leek tor little but 
 the luxuries of' life arc 
 pk- are low of" ilature, 
 ive olive coinplexions, 
 lliave their lieads, wear 
 it a Iheep-fkLii cloal:, 
 cap citiie fame mate- 
 am 1 a cap with Riiir..m 
 rtl; ro tJ'ieir perions and 
 I. y are in general Mahy- 
 ; in their right c. , ar.d 
 ings worn by the latter 
 al, a ruby or turqiioile. 
 conlined liilely tc tlie 
 les are ufed r. winter, 
 liat they ...ay breathe 
 
 ■ of'diltant objeds. 
 hunting, and courfing, 
 
 ■ chiefs ticcjiiently lijrm 
 ibers oi inirzi:s, or nn~ 
 
 ch.ilc with arms and 
 . Camps are fbrmetl 
 follow the ferajko , or 
 
 : and lonietiines thcli.- 
 ■;t.s for ir.ore ferious ex 
 .■s anion;; thele pe<)[)k- 
 
 vallies eight or ten fa- 
 ' plains from north to 
 n thirty Kagues font', 
 league wide. Muddy 
 
 them, on tl.i- borders 
 give n-i Iter, during 
 and herds, 
 narks, which are burnr 
 
 i\iid dronieda.ies, and 
 lol of tJU' Iheep. TIk- 
 
 s iiabi ion; but the 
 le, tow.. Is the fpring, 
 ire left at large till the 
 
 h diey leek and drive 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 WESTERN T A R T A R Y. 
 
 »3i 
 
 iployed has always an 
 le valley to anotlier, '•> 
 ii.'ire t!>.ui fhirty loiij', 
 ills learih, nor, in fact, 
 puts up in a little b.i;; 
 ivalhed millet, which . 
 I !a\ii)g made thi^ 
 , lloj)-. not till lliii-let, 
 iin to graze, liips on lii'. 
 miiiuies his route. He 
 :rve, as he rides, the 
 lee, which he connr.'.i 
 e fame errand, and, in 
 ion as heljj to put an 
 
 A Taita.iaii 
 
 A Tartarian vim, at tent, in many parts refembles a 
 large kiml of hen-coop. The paling is in a circular 
 firm, antl over this a ilome opens at the top. A fiflt 
 (if camel hair envelopes the whole ; and a piece of ti.is 
 liflt is duown over the hole in tlie center, which fcrves 
 to give vent to die fmoak. 'ijie olxn, or tents, inhabited 
 by tlie 'I'artars, have each of them a piece of felt fiif- 
 tciieti in tiirm of a banner, direcled towards the wind, 
 and fiiihiined by a long pole, which projects out of the 
 ol>a. This pole likewilc ti;rves to lower the t'elt, and to 
 ihiit the vent-hole, when the lire, being extinguilhed, 
 renders its remaining open iifelefs or incomuioilious. 
 
 i'he following ilelcription will fiirnilh an idea of 
 Tart;:rian architcdure. 
 
 There are pillars placed on the points of the angles 
 .".nd openings of the buildings, kept in a perpeiuliciilar 
 jwfition by a beam, on whicli iijirights are \:\y.\.\\ from 
 tiic firlL i^ian, and liifpnfed lb as to receive and fupport 
 lii'.- roof. This accoinplilhed, other perpendicular [m1- 
 l.irs, but fmaller, au twelve incii intervals are erei'ted, 
 rmind wliich hazel twigs are twifted in theiui'iner of 
 Ittlket-work. This kind of wicker-work tlicy rill with 
 iiiiid mixed with cut ili-aw, which they plaillcr with hair 
 mort-ir within and witfiour, and the wliole white v. allied 
 and jjaintctl on the jiillars, ba!i.-.s, iloors, antl v.imlows 
 [;ivc tlie buikiing .m agreeable afpecl. 
 
 ■["lie palace of the Cluim, built firfl in the Ch.ir.ffe 
 r-jv-, and afterv.ar.i.. rcj lired in the Turkilli, preliives 
 f'P.ie of die beauties of u. firfl conflruclion. It flaiids 
 (111 die outlidc of the town, anvl is liirrounded by very 
 high rnck.";, where water abounds, which is diflnbuced 
 tliiough die kiolks and gardens in a mofr agreeable 
 niMiier. 
 
 The tr.ivcller rctened to thus defciibes their provi- 
 fions and nUKle of cookery. A party having [jrociircd 
 two Iheep and a kettle, they fufpended the kettle to the 
 center of three flicks let u|> in the liinn of a pyramid, 
 aiu! the kitchen thus cll.iblilhed, they proceeded to kill 
 and diiledl the (beep. Some fiiled the kettle, while 
 others prepared fpits to roatl wh.at there was not room 
 to h')il. Bread is a luxury with wiiich they are unac- 
 quainted. Their avarice .oiio forbids them die liabitual 
 life of meat, althougii they are very fond of it. Millet 
 and marc's milk, indeed, form the principal pait of 
 their fuhfiftence. No people are more abilemious than 
 till '■■:, \v!io debar themfeives of every diiiig diey can 
 le :;. If any accklent kills one of tlieir cattle, they 
 tlicn only regale on his fielh, and this not unlefs they 
 find it time enough to bleed die dead animal. They 
 fellow the precept of Ma'ioinet likewiie with refjiecl to 
 hearts that are diftempered : they carefully obferve 
 e.-Kh flage of the difeafe, that they may feize the mo- 
 nient when, their hopes being loft of ])referving the 
 k-ail, they may ili'l have Ibme eonfolation, by kiU- 
 :ng it in an inflaiit before the dole of its natural e\- 
 itlcnce. 
 
 The fairs of Halta, and others eftablillieel on their 
 fii:n:iers, are the emporiums to which they annually 
 hring their immenfe flocks and herds. Th'- -rain finds 
 a rcatly vent by the Black Sea, as well as their fleeces. 
 T thele obiedts of commerce arc added Ibme bad hkles 
 and j-Ticat (]uantities of hare-ikins. 
 
 1 liefe difleient articles united, annually procure the 
 Tartais conlkierable funis, which they only receive in 
 ducats of gold, Dutch or Venetian ; but the ufe tliey 
 niake of tiieie anniliilates every idea of wealth wiiicii 
 Inch accumulation p'refentt. t'onllant'y augmenting, 
 without turning ,iny jiart of their iK'ie ii:t) eircuiatkin, 
 "Vaiice fei/es and fv.allows up their tveallires, while the 
 pi. ins i;i wliich they are bufied alKord not tlie leail indi- 
 t. (lion or guide to liiture leie.ircli. The avaiice of .i 
 I irtar never flays to calciihite eventual lofs, but enjoys 
 ifa' momentary gain. 
 
 Notwithllanding tiic prevalence of avarice, the Tar- 
 tars are not deflitute of liofp'.ality. On the arrival of a 
 ftiaiiger at any town or viilaije, it is ciillomary for the 
 'I'll ibitants to jland at their doors, a;, if defirous of in- 
 viting hini to enter. I laving matle clioite of his tem- 
 
 porary refldence, the inhabii,.:,cs go into their houfes, 
 and the llranger is Ihewn into an apartment, into vhich 
 the wife and daughter of die holl enters, both with 
 their faces uncovered i die firfl carrying a baf >n and a 
 pitcher, and tne fecond a napkin, for the purpofe of 
 walliing. They then fet before him their bed cheer, 
 with an alTurance of his being heartily welcome. Ac- 
 cording to their own declaration, they confider the exer- 
 rif'e of hofjiitality as a benefit, and diereforc, if any one 
 Ihould conllandy enjoy that advantage, he would make 
 others jealous ; but tiiey do nor [jermit of any means 
 which might iletermine the choice of travellers. Their 
 eagernefs to come to their doors, is only to prove that 
 their lu ufes are inhabited. Their uniformity preferves 
 an inetiuality, and no one has a chance of procuring a 
 guefl luperior to another. They feem, in this inftance, 
 to have imbibed thole- noble principles, that it is 
 erjually their duty and pleafure to alTiil the ftranger in 
 dillrels ; and that in exerciling holpitality, and following 
 tlie dictates of humanity, they fiilril the law of Maho- 
 met, acc:)rtiing to the fum and fubilance of the Koran. 
 Their lin-niture coiilills chielly of a bed, chairs, tables, 
 and cufliions. 
 
 The Nagii Tartars are fettleil in the vallies that tra- 
 verie the plains from nordi to futh, and their tents, 
 ranged in a flngle line, form ri-.cre a kind of villages, of 
 thirty and thirty-five leagues in length, which dillin- 
 guilii the diilerent hordes. It may be prefumed, that 
 the ruilic fiiigal life which thefe paftoral people lead 
 favours population ; v/liilc the v.mts and excefTes of 
 luxury among poIiHied nations ftrike at its very roots. 
 In fad, it is oblt'ived, that the people are lefs nume- 
 rous under the rootii of tiie Crimea, dian in the tents of 
 the Nagais. 
 
 We fhall relate fome particulars concerning thefe 
 people. Our traveller, in his journey, obferved a group 
 of Nagais allembleil lound a dead horfe they had jult 
 n<!iined. A young man about eighteen, who w,as na- 
 ked, had die hid.e of the animal throw'n over his fhoul- 
 ders. A woman, who pertcirmcd thf office of taylor 
 with great liexterity, then begari by cutting the back 
 of tlii.s new drefs, fi.llowing, with her fcifliirs, the round 
 of the neck, die fiiU of the flioulders, die femi-circle 
 which formetl the (leeve, and the fide of the habit, 
 which was intended to reach below the knee. There 
 was nonecelFity to flillain a kind of ftiifl-", which, by its 
 humidity, naturally adhered to the fkin of the youth. 
 The temale leather-cutter proceeded with equal t:\(c 
 to f()rm the two fore-fiaps :uid die cuffs, which opera- 
 tion eniied, this almolt-nian, who lerved as a mould, 
 CH inched on his hams, while the pieces were Hitched 
 together ; fo tlut in lefs dian two hours he had a good 
 biowH-lmy Cecil, which caily wantetl to be tanned by 
 continu.d exercile. This Icemed to be his firfl care ; 
 fbi- he afterwarils leajied lightly on the bare back of a 
 horfe, to go and join his companions, who were bufy 
 in colleding horfcs fiir the accommodation of travel- 
 lers. 
 
 We have already oblerved, that the Tartar horfes 
 are left to waniler over the plains in companies, .and 
 dillinguilhed by the marks of the proprietors ; but each 
 individual is obliged to contribute t(> the public fervice. 
 There is, therelbre, a certain number appropriated to 
 the uli.' of the community, and kept widiin fight of ti.eir 
 habitation.';. As thele animals run free, they are not 
 eai'y to catch ; and the choice necellary to fiirnilli laddie 
 and draft horfe:. from among them, adds to thi' ililficulty. 
 In i!iis the N.igai liicceed bv a niediotl v.h.ich at once 
 gives their youth, always dejlined to this kind of eh.ice, 
 an opportunity of becoming the niot! intrepid and adroit 
 horl'emen in the work!. To eflci;! this they take a king 
 pole, to the end of which tlicy fiilen a cord, that ter- 
 minates in a loop palled through the \X)W, anil to 
 form a running noofc wide enough to receive the liead 
 of a lioi le. Kurnillied with diis inllniment, die young 
 Nagais mount their horfes, without a laddie, making 
 a bridle of the halter, by twilling it round the under jaw, 
 ride to die herd, pick out the horfe they want, purllic 
 
 him 
 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 : 1 i 
 
 '* 
 
 1 
 
 tlj^Hg 
 
 ■■;l 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 JH 
 
 ^1 H 
 
 H 
 
 fl^^B 
 
 M 
 
 Ul 
 
 il 
 
 
 nj 
 
 "to ■■ ' ■ U'lE 
 
 ;dl 
 
 »',' 
 
1- V 
 
 ! Id 
 
 136 A NF.W, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 him with v;ift: agility, come up with him notwitlift.iiui- 
 iiig his triclcs and turnings, in whicii lie Ihtws inlinitt- 
 addrtli, and ieiziiig die- inltant whta die end ot the 
 pole is beyonii the iicail of tlie horfe, ilip it over his 
 cars, tighten the knot, fiaeken their courte, and thus 
 retain their priibner, whicli tliey bring to the general 
 recepracle. 
 
 S E C T I O N III. 
 The KALMUCK TARTARS. 
 
 THE Kalmucks are divided into dillerent tribes, 
 each of which has its chief. They inhabit a 
 va(t defert, whicli lies between the two rivers Don and 
 Volga. 
 
 Thefe people are continually roving about. In the 
 winter they ufually refidc on the borders ot Circadla : 
 thev [iroceed northerly in the Ipring, and return b,itk 
 again at the latter end ot autumn. They never cuhi- 
 vate any land, their only riches being their Hocks and 
 cattle, on whole account they jiiincip.illy roam about in 
 fearch of trefh (lalhire. 
 
 Their temporary cr moving hab!t.i'.l.)ns are huts, 
 v.hich the poorer tort cover with reecLs w rullies, and 
 the better lore with felt. 
 
 On all occalions they aftcft to protefs the Chinel'e 
 religion, thougii they know very little of its princi])ies. 
 They believe in one God only, are tc)iul ot keeping 
 holidays, and are tolerably decent in tlie mode ot wor- 
 Ihip. However, tliey keep idols about them, but pre- 
 tend not to pay to them any kind of adc-.uion, but only 
 to treat them witii rel'pect out of regard to tlieliiints they 
 reprelent. During t!ic time of their worliiip they ling, 
 and make ufe of cymbols, and other mulical inlliu- 
 ments, which are rtringed ; to thefe tliey be.it time, and 
 l(H)k upon notes, wliich are pricked from the ti;p to the 
 bottom of t;ic p.ige. 
 
 Polygamy is forbidden ; and adultery is leverely pu- 
 niihed. 
 
 When two young people are difpofed to marry they 
 cohabit togcdier for a twelvemonth : if in that Ipacc 
 the woman jjroves pregnant, the marriage is legal ; but 
 it the contrary is the c.ife, diey are at liberty eiither ts 
 part entirely, or to make another year's trl.il. The un- 
 dei-going of llich a trial is no ways injurious to the repu- 
 tion of a woman. 
 
 Conjugal infidelity is rarely known among thefe peo- 
 ple, if the wife is caught tripping, the is immediately 
 condemned to death ; and the hulband, it' he thinks 
 proper, may be the e.Kccuiiuner. 
 
 I'lie prielb arc neither permitted to have money or 
 wives, lor thefe two real'ons i hrlt, they are allowed to 
 fupply their ncceflities from d-.e properties of whom 
 they plcal'e ; and fecoiidly, they ha\e tne lilierty of |ial- 
 fing a fingle iiij;h!; with a;!y marrial woman they chule : 
 and this is lb tiir (i'lni ilifgutling tl-.e hulbands that tliey 
 conndcr it as a tiilliiyniiiked tiivoiir. 
 ^ The niedux! in v.l.ich it has been erroneoully liiid the 
 Kalmucks origiu.'.liy buried dieirtlead was, pf-'ihaps, of 
 the molt: lingular as well as figniiicant nature, as it 
 feemed to have refpect to die dilFcrent elements. It 
 is fiid they buried them that they iv.ight return to their 
 original clay; but bctbre it was poflible ti)r the boilies 
 to corrupt they rook them up again, and then tlirew 
 
 c.ire to li cure them lo, 
 
 them into the Voig;;, but tool-; 
 
 that they might ea!;ly be drawn out again. Alter hav- 
 ing been immerfed in water liir lome time, they drew 
 lip the bodies, and half burned, or roailed tliem, to 
 bring tliem acquainted with the ciemcnts of (ire : then, 
 that they might nor omit the f()urth element, air, the 
 carcafes were txpofed upon the banks of the NOlga, to 
 be devoured either by birds of prey, or by larta- 
 rian dog,. If they were ilevoured by dogs it was con- 
 /ideied as a lucky omen; lor dogs being looked up(,n 
 in a lacred light, diey fuppoli-d i!,.\t ihc' (jm-jt ajiper 
 1 
 
 taining to a carcale belonging to any pcrfon devoured 
 by dogs inult infallibly be in an ablblute (late ot' feli- 
 city. 
 
 It is a/lonl/liinx thaf zctthin thrfe hjl tlnrtyyfan, nei- 
 thcr Ihe. aaount of ihc/u/jpirj/iun of the Kiilmuci'i mode 
 ('/ burial ii mentioned m any oj our Syjieim of Gfogrnphy, 
 or the real method in which thev Jormtrly 11/' d to t>iiiy 
 ihdr dead ; xuluck ciincfi that the writcn vj many Sy- 
 jlems oj Geography wire mtre copyijh frcmtlic antnpiulid 
 and jtale\i:ork:> of ohfohtc and inaccurate authors ; vihn 
 -c.jc thiv miijl have knoirv, that the Kaliuiuk Tartoi s 
 I,, T/r l/nried thtir dead in the manner they I'.av dtjcnlud : 
 that the number of di>f,i who devoured the tody 7iy;,s i>n- 
 material, all their dogsbemg looked upon in a/acred l:gl: ; 
 and that the pralhcr. of opinly expifing the dead l>udi:\ 
 vas fipprej/ed in the year 1710, l>v the mter-ocntionuiul 
 re prij, illation of John Cook, M. D.a Scotch gimUinu::, 
 ichu u.y;s many yean ernpnycd ly the court oj Rvj'jta ,11 
 ,1 midiCtil capacity at AjlraJtan ; andivho repoi ted toiluu 
 court, that one of the chief caufes of that Cflunt>y hnnr 
 vifitcd i<\ the plague, vjas oxomg to the put ri fed carcai'ii 
 0/ the Kalmucks, rthtch trcre continually expojtd to he 
 devoured on the banks of the Volga, and near the city if 
 Ajlraclinn. — In confetiuence ot' this reprefentation ilie 
 Imperial colirt of Kullia luimanely intericied, and iiiueil 
 a prohibition ; lb that the Kalmucks, at prefent, are 
 compelleil to bury their dead in the lame m.uiner as tl:e 
 chrillians of Ailraelian. 
 
 Though the Kalmucks feem neither to be fwayed bv 
 ambition or avarice, they are always quarrelling witii 
 their neighbours. They have a particular enmity to die 
 Karakalpaaks, and to prevent quarrels between them, 
 the Rudians are under the necclhty of kcep,ing a mili- 
 tary lince u|K)n tlie banks of the Volga; but theli; 
 troops are only under arms in the fi -iimer. 
 
 The Kalmuck dogs are exceen ^ fierce, and very 
 voracious, and will attack any man s'tio gives them the 
 leail: ort'ence. In bodies they will aliiiult a number i,f 
 armed men; but ih.c inhabitants tif Alliac'.an very fre- 
 quently go out on purijoi'e to Ihoot them, and, in time, 
 v/iil, with.out doubt, extirpate the whole fpecies. 
 
 SECTION IV, 
 CIRCASSIAN '1' A R T A R Y. 
 
 c 
 
 I RCASSI.VN Tartary is bounded on tlie nort!i 1;' 
 .Mtrachan i on the foudi by tlie high mountain ci 
 Caucafus ; on die e.ift; by the Cafpian Sea; and on the 
 weft by the Paulus Matis and the Black Sea. 
 
 The I'outhern di\ ilion of diis country is claimed hy 
 the Perlians j the wetlern is under the dominion of the 
 Turks i anil die eallern pays obedience to die Rullian 
 em[iire. 
 
 I'lie l(>il has, by many writers, been reported to be 
 fterile, lor this reafon only, because they taw no aj^jse :r 
 ance of fertility. But it llioukl lie confidered, diat the 
 natives iindeiiland nothing of ag: iciilture, and have not 
 the leall: inclination to be indultrious. Its natural riih- 
 nefs is unqiieftion.ibie, ami the luriace of the earth, when 
 juil turned up, will produce a plcmiful crop. 
 
 Ke/Iaar, the capii.il of Circallia, whiciiwas built In 
 die Riillians, is only iiirmed (,t' cartli, bur tlic ganiliin 
 conlifls of' live hunilieil regulars, and tliiee ilioiilimd 
 Colfacks, the latter uf whom are perniitietl by the Uiif 
 lian government to ereft habitations on the banks of tiie 
 Terek. 
 
 Kezlaar is in 4 { dcg. north latitude ; the air is conl'c- 
 quenrly wholeliinie and lerene. 
 
 The river Terek, wiiich Hows fiom welt to call, pro- 
 duces a great variety of lilh, as Uurgeon, iiilmon, 6ic. 
 It meanders beauiil'ully thidugh the country till it dil'- 
 embogue> iilelf into the Cafpian Sea. 
 
 Thole Circallians, who pi {)(eli> ■ the M.ihometan re- 
 ligion, admit of polygamy. 
 
 'The women are lively in their leatures, m.-ijellic 
 in their perfiiis, and agreeable in their deportiiKiit ; 
 
 III 
 
 wlien he is again r 
 him widi great rcjo 
 
uEOGRAPIIY. 
 
 to any pcrfon devoured 
 in ablblutc (late ot' fi.li- 
 
 luff hjl tlnrtyyian, na- 
 on of the Kdlmnck'i modi 
 mr Syjtaui vj Grogiup'n, 
 ley Jormtrly ufid to biiiv 
 
 the wntiri vj many Sy- 
 opyiJIs/roiH the antujiuitfd 
 nauurate anthon ; vthti 
 hat the Kiiliiiiiii TarUn , 
 inner thty hcv difcribai : 
 (voni'ed the lotly nas nn- 
 [cdupon in afacred bg':; 
 
 expi'jing the dead hi'd^:, 
 ,0, /'v the mterventwnuiul 
 
 \l. 1). a SlOtthglVliil.1i!::, 
 
 hy the court oj Kiif/iii ,;, 
 ; and ivl.o repoi ted to thiu 
 ufei of that eotnUiy hiuii^ 
 g 10 lk( pntnfied iar,\;/i. 
 (ont'.nuaUy expoftd to k 
 oli]a, and near the cily vj 
 ot this repref'entation ilu' 
 nely intei<civil, anil iilui;! 
 aluiucks, at prt'.'ent, aiv 
 n the li'.me m.mncr ab i!;c 
 
 1 neither to be fwayed bv 
 always qiianelling \\v.\\ 
 a particular enmity to the 
 t quarrels between them, 
 xliity of ket)/ing a mili- 
 )!' the Volya; but thti'c 
 the I'l iimer. 
 
 xceei. • tierce, and very 
 ' man v tio gives them the 
 will al'uult a number i,t" 
 r.ts oi Allrac'.an very fre- 
 Ihoot them, and, in time, 
 the \vi:ole Ipe^-ico. 
 
 > N IV. 
 
 1" A R T A R Y. 
 
 s bounded on tlie nor;a 1. ;• 
 I by the iiigh mountain 1 1 
 
 Caipian Sea; and on the 
 i the Black Sea. 
 his country is claimed bi- 
 nder the dominion ot' the 
 
 obedience to the Ruliluii 
 
 iters, been reported to bi' 
 .•cauTe they law no aj^jje::! 
 lid lie conlidered, that t'le 
 ag: iculture, and have not 
 ;illrious. Its natural riih- 
 
 lini'ace of the earth, when 
 
 pkntiiiil crop, 
 rcal'ia, whicii was built in 
 ot' earth., but tl;c ganiliiii 
 ,ulars, and thiee liioulimil 
 
 are |)crmiucil by the Uiil 
 i.itions on die banks of li'.c 
 
 laiitiide ; the air is confc- 
 
 )ws from welt to call, pro- 
 as ilurgeon, iiilinon, 6i.c. 
 igh the country tiU it dif- 
 ian Sea. 
 otel's'the Mahi-metan rc- 
 
 n their features, majedic 
 
 ble in their deportiiKnt ; 
 
 in 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 WESTERN T A R T A R Y. 
 
 '37 
 
 in dicir flaturc they are large, ar.d the men make ex- 
 cellent foktitrs. However, none but the principal peo- 
 pcople are permitted to carry fire-arm;., widi wt.ich tl.ey 
 are very expert, kiUing at a grea: diltance, and nwking 
 ulc of balls and rilie barrels. The comn.on wcipons 
 are i'eymetars, bows and .irrow s. 
 
 The Circaflians, who are immediately under the pro- 
 tedion of the court of RufTia, have chiefs of their own, 
 tl'.e principal ot whom, filled Bcroiuteh, is a major-ge- 
 r.eral of irreguLirs in the Rufli.m troops. He i:,, how- 
 ever, always ordered to remain in Ciicaflla, where it is 
 imagined his fervice can be the moft cffential. Though 
 il.e Circafllan princes are cxceedingiy honoured and rc- 
 rpciled by their fiibjeds, yet tiich is the indcpendencv 
 of the people, that they are nor obliged to do any thing 
 at then command, unlets pro'.rpted by ti;eir own incli- 
 nation. The princes themfclvi-s are likewile indepen- 
 dent of e.ich other. 
 
 Whatever prefents the Emprefs of RufTia fends to the 
 Circaflian princes, the refpcdive llibjetts exj^d a part. 
 If die things are not liiHiciently iliviiible to be dithibu- 
 tcd, they will have an etjuivaknt in fpccie, or f/Uie 
 otlier commodity, which muy be ealiiy parted anioi;g 
 them. 
 
 In war, all d.e fpoils are divided among the trorps, 
 die lovcreigns being excluded from h.aving any ihare. 
 
 Circallia, with refpec'l to liibordination to Ru.T'a, is 
 only ccnfined to a forn.al oath of allegiance, in which 
 they fv.ear to be llibmillive to a certain number of ge- 
 neral laws, as k'ng as their being lb continues elfential 
 to the good of tl.. Rullians and diemlelves. The im- 
 perial court, for many '.ogeii: realbns, feldem irter'(.'re:, 
 with their political, and never widi ditir religious con- 
 cerns. 
 
 Like riiC Turks, they have harams, or feraglios, for 
 their women, from wiiom all men, except the hufband, 
 aie excluded. Thefe are feparatc from, diough built 
 contiguous to, their (hvelling houfes. 
 
 Amor.g m;uiy other cuftoms, they have tiie follow- 
 ing lingular one. When the jiriiiripal lady or any of 
 their pnnces is in labour, die lirll Circalnan who hea s 
 it, let his fituation be ever lb menial, rt;ns and j-l.ices 
 liimfclf at the door of the haram, from whence none are 
 aiithoriled to drive him. \\ hen the lady is delivered, 
 if it happens to be a boy, he is richly dreil with tl'e ut- 
 inolHjited, and delivered to the CircaHian, who imme- 
 diately takes him home, and, if he is a married man, 
 delivers him to his wife to nurfe. If he is a batchclor, 
 a mine mult be jirocured, and the chikl remains under 
 liis iiilpeftion and tuition, till he is nine years of age, 
 when he is again returned to his parents, who receive 
 him w:di great rejoicings, and the utmott public cere- 
 monies. The realbn which they give for this remarka- 
 ble cultom is, that the child may not be fpoiled in its 
 ii.lancy, by the delicacies of a court, or cfTeininate 
 treatment whicli he might receive in the haram j but 
 rendered fi) hardy and robuft, as to become, in time, 
 a iniggateer, or hero. I'or courage and perlonal (trength 
 are, by ti.e Circaliians, deemed as the firlt ijualitica- 
 tions of a human being. 
 
 The Circalilans make no fcruple of felling their chil- 
 dren into Turkey and Perfia, elpecially their dr.ughteis, 
 who leave their parents without reluitance, twm the 
 plcaling tales they hear of thofe who have arrived at the 
 honour of being tiiltaiia in the haram of the GrantI 
 Signior and the King of Perlia, and their imatiinations 
 being taken up with line cloaths, jewels, and a luxurious 
 life, they leave their lather's b.oul'e with joy : anil even 
 the mothers are no lets plealeit with the iwpes of their 
 ilaugiiters advancement. 
 
 1 he Circallians pay their chiets great nliicft ; but a 
 pityailing part of their eharacler is their veneratic-ii for 
 ancient houfes. They are as great genealogilts as tlie 
 V\ elch, but more teracioiis of their family honour, by 
 not inteiinarrying, even fiir gain, with an inferior per- 
 lun. 
 
 I lie marriage ceremonies of tlic Circallians are the 
 lullowing. 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 Tlie parents or guudlans enter into a nuptial con- 
 trad : the young people are th.en permitted to fee each 
 other. Alter two or three vilits, if each party is fatif- 
 ficd, the artiiir is c.-nc-iuded, and nori;ing -em-iins but 
 to fend the bii !e home to die brilegr- em's lioule, in a 
 cl,;le w.iggon liiiely painted, atrcnUed by the women 
 who aie to live with her. 
 
 'Tlie contract itfclf fiills heavy on the bridegroom, 
 efpecially if i.e is ardendy denrcus of concluding the 
 match; as die bride's relations give nothing with her 
 but a few fuits ofcloarhs; but the bridegroom is obliged 
 to make them i^reilnts to a gicat value, of hoi lis, dro- 
 medaiies, camels, cows, &c. If they hap^pen to de- 
 mand more tlun he is poflelied of, it makes no differ- 
 e.ice to him, fir he iir.mediately inakes incurfions upon 
 his neiglibours, and fieals as many as will n:ake up die 
 ilcficiency. 
 
 The natives of CircafTia carry on a good trade with 
 tire liufl.ans far an excellent root called Rubia Tinlio- 
 riiin, v,j:ic!i is ufed in dying a beautiful red colour. Be- 
 fides .1 great variety of uleful herbs, this country tiir- 
 nilhes the belt caper;, in the univerle. 
 
 'The \\(>ods iiatura,iy produce vines, the grapes of 
 which are fiuall, but the wine made from them is excel- 
 lent. 
 
 Circa.Ta abounds in wild iwine, wolves and foxes ; 
 their method of catching which i.-. very lingular. After 
 digging a h' le in die earth nine feet deep, b.-o:id at the 
 bo tom, and narrow at the top, they drive a ftake into 
 the middle, v.hich projcds ti-om the iuiface of the 
 earth about fnir fiit. Upon the top of th.e flake a 
 moveabie carr wheel is fixed, f) which a young pig is 
 fattened in the evening. 'The mouth of the pit is then 
 co\ercd v. iili i)!an''hes of trees in a veiy llight manner, 
 (H er which grafs is fcattered. The pig does not fail to 
 lijueak all night, beii'g initiited by its conlinemcnt. 
 VVhen anv of the ab;>ve-mcnnoned animals hear the 
 nolle, they do not tiiil to vifit the place, which they no 
 ((loner apprcuvch than they fill into die pit, where diey 
 remain till morning, being totally unabie to difengago 
 tiiemlelves. 
 
 'Tiiey follow die diverfion of hare-hunting in the 
 fame manner as in England. Pheafant,'. abound in this 
 country. 
 
 b'rom Kizlaar die traveller may pals through a great 
 number of Collack villages, till he arrives at an excel- 
 lent hot well, where Peter the Great built an hofpital 
 for the cure of fcorbutic patients. 'The hot fpring is 
 fituated upon a hill, beyond the independent village 
 Bragutlkoi, liiuthof the river 'Terek : boiling hot water 
 iliiies from it, which liiieUs ttrongly of naptha, and falls 
 into a baton, the diairieter of which is about twelve feet, 
 and the depth diree. On the welt fide there are leven 
 finall I'prings of the fame kind of water; and on theeaft 
 fide there is an acid ipring. The water of the chief 
 well will boil a fowl in a very fluirt time. 
 
 They have a great number of ferpents, who inakc 
 iioles in the ground, and are extremely dangerous. 
 1"liele lerpents are fix or feven fiet in length, and about 
 the thicknefs of a man's arm. 
 
 'There are likewile mice as large as fquirrels, which 
 are called ;r//ua//. 'Their ears are long, and their fiirc 
 feet ttiorter than diote behiml, which prevents their 
 running fwiftly. They can, however, lay dieir tails 
 over their backs, and leap to a confiderable height or 
 diltance. 
 
 S 1'. C 'T I O N V. 
 
 The C03.SACK, KARAKALPAAK, KIRGEE, 
 AND BASKEER TARTARS. 
 
 Tl IE CofHick Tartars inhabit a llrong town, built 
 by themfelves, and called jaik, from die river 
 Jaik, which runs through a deliirt of a prodigious ex- 
 tent, and at length eminies itlelf into the Ciit'iiian Sea. 
 'This vild delart is inlctled with innumerable hordes of 
 wild 'Tartars. 
 
 M m 'There 
 
 t I,, 
 
 ' ' IP 
 
138 A \K\V, ROYAL an-o AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 t,^: 
 
 
 There is a wanck'iin;', (K-oplc ahout the Cafpian Sea, 
 called KarakaljMaks, to die ii;)ii;iwaii.l ot' whoiti tlie 
 Kirgees ami ii.ilkeers take up their abiulej. The Kal- 
 nu'.cks are toiuiiiually at war with thefe tribes. 
 
 TIk Kitijees and i5ilkeers prolef. Mah^imetariifni, 
 and beiiii;, perhaps, the nvil igivraiit atidimpi-liihed 
 of any wao proil!';, tluc religion, tiiey are ot" courle the 
 moil liiperHitoiis, 
 
 D'.iring the war between the RulTiaas and the Turks, 
 thinkiii'^ tliey oiild ni)t do a more ellential lervice to 
 Malioinet, tivsn by injuring the Rullians as much as 
 their power would permiL, they tell upon all the detence- 
 lels towns and vill.i^^es ol'tlic province ot" Umfimatblkaga. 
 AU who were young and vigorous they carried wuli 
 them, defigriing either to ufe tliem as Haves, or fell 
 them as Uicli. The old, the in:irm, and the very 
 young, iell indilcriminaLc violims to their remorfclels 
 tiiry. 
 
 Tlie RuiTian governor oi' Orenburg, however, being 
 infiirmed <,i'tlie!l' cruel dcjired-itions, dr[>atchcd a body 
 of live thoufaiKl ix'gul u's, and tliree thoulimd Coiiiicks, 
 who marched wldi liich Tecrecy, that tliey attacked tlie 
 Kirgee camp in the niglit, and lieftruyed tiie greateft 
 part {if thole baibarians, though they were at the time 
 tv.enty thoufand Itrong. 
 
 'i'l;e filheries on the river Jaik greatly enrich the 
 Cuiiiicks, who, alter Iiaving cured their tilh, leil them 
 to the Allrachan niercliants tor d'.ematt ot'Rullia. 
 
 The cekbrated Peter the Great hail entered into 
 a fcheme for turning tiie '>'olsa to a political ai! van- 
 tage, and gave an exciufiv; privilege to one Demidiotl', 
 with relpect to the llihing, advancing, at the fame 
 time, 20. 033 rubles, to enable him the better to put 
 his defign into execution. In a few years l)emidio!}' 
 repaid tiie money, and became exceeilingly rich. 
 
 i'hele tiliieiies, at length, exciting the attenti')n of 
 the court of RuUla, diey determined to tax them, as 
 well as diol'e ot the Volga. Proper otlicers were diere- 
 fbre lent to enforce the tax, wiio were tlirown into the 
 river and drowned by tiie Cofliicks, f) v. iiom the very 
 idea of any kind of taxation was abominable. Con- 
 linu.d exprefli-s were lent li-oni St. Peterlhurg, to en- 
 quire wiiy the ollicers had not lent an account of their 
 luccels i but tl'.e meliengers v.ere treated exadly as the 
 Ollicers iiad been ; till at length UK 
 lion of the whole affair; but it was 
 dent to wink atitj ti;c Ru.Tian ■.niniltry 
 much lenfe to quaiTcl with a fit of people, whofe fen- 
 timents inflired their independency, and whofe lituation 
 renderet^it impollible to conquer tliem. 
 
 S E C T I O N VI. 
 
 The U .S B E C T A R 1" A R S. 
 
 US^r.C Tartary is bounded, on the north, by t!ie 
 countiy of tlie Kalmucks: on the ealt by 1 ibet ; 
 on tiie foiuh by India; and on the welt, by Perfia anti 
 the Calpian Sea. The capital of the country, vvliich 
 lies in 39 deg. i -, min. iv.rdi latitude, is called Bochaia. 
 Iti.i furrounded by a mud wall. 'The houfes are built 
 of wootl, hut the inofqui and caravanferas are of brick. 
 It is tolerably populous, but not c.iiial to what it vv;is 
 formerly. The Khan is permitted to fci?.e upon the 
 property of whom he i)leafes, v-liidi injures commerce, 
 ajui damps the fpirit of cultivation. 
 
 The I'lLecs, nearly refemlile ilie Perfians in their 
 drefs, dieir boots, wiiich are ur, commonly large, ex- 
 cepted. The chiefs wear :; phime of feathers on their 
 turbans, and, as well .is their Khan, pride tiiemfclves 
 much on being t'c tLlceiidants of tiieir renowned I'a- 
 merl.ine. 
 
 rheir coiiiiuon lliod is pilau, or boiled rice; hut 
 dieir greatell ildic .k y is hoiie-tlelh. They drink a kind 
 of arr.ick, or i',me;iteil liquor, made of mare's milk. 
 
 Their language is a mixture of the 'i'urkilh, Peifian, 
 jinil Mongol; but they are the bell aciuaiiited witii the 
 J'erli.m. 
 
 coiirt got intorma- 
 thought moll pru- 
 
 Tiieir arms are large bows, arrows, darts, and fibre-, 
 whicii they ufe with admirable dexterity. Of late they 
 Iwve begun to ufe mulkets. 
 
 'i'he Bucharian Tarr.irs pique themfelves upon 
 being die moft courageous a.nd robull ( f all thefc na- 
 tions. Tlie Perfians, who are not deficient in point of 
 natural courage, lo;)k upon them with terror. Tiic 
 women themfelves afpire to military reputation. They 
 are flrong and well limbed ; ami yet, in dieir features, 
 have all the delicacy of.\fiatic beauty. 
 
 The horles are the befl in the world fir the Tartars 
 to fcour the defarts, as they can live upon almolt any 
 tiling. A very fmall quantity of provender Itfems to 
 keep up tlieir flrength ; and they are hearty, indefatiga- 
 ble, ami fwift. 
 
 They wage perpetual war with the Perfians, the fer- 
 tile plains of Korofan excidng diem to make frequent 
 oxurlions into that ricli and plentiful country. But 
 they do not find it quite fii cafy to penetrate into t!ie do- 
 minions of the great Mogul, on ;iccount of the prodi- 
 gious mount.ains that intervene. 
 
 'I'liole wjio liibfif^ upon their cattle, or by plunderini' 
 t'leir neiglibours, live fbmetimes in huts, and fometinies 
 in tents, every tribe firming a camp of its own, andfre- 
 ijuently move from place to place, as fuits their incli- 
 nation and conveniency. Others, v/lio cultivate the 
 earth, and are a little more honeil in their principk-s 
 than dieir wandering brethren, form 'locieties, and live 
 in towns and villages. Thefe hitter arc eidier the real 
 Buchari;ins, or dekendants of the Sartes, the ancient 
 inhabitants of the country ; or the Turkumaros, v.ho 
 were letded in the country long -before die Ullxxs fi:b- 
 dueil it. The Ulbecs, like the Taitars in gener.J, 
 however, tlefpili; the th.oughts of cultiv.itiun, and deem 
 it glorious to make excuifions upcn and plunder tiuir 
 neidibours. 
 
 S E C T I O N \U. 
 The CRIM \no LESGEE TARTARS. 
 
 TIIE Crim Tartars receive their name IV.mti thiir 
 originally coming fiom Crimea, the ancient 
 'I .unicaCherionefas, a peninfuLi in the Black Sea. hi 
 greatell extent, from north to l()udi, is about i-i;, 
 miles; its greatell bre.uith, H- oni well to eatl, m near 
 i.io miles; and its breadtli in other pl.ices, are only 
 about 8o miles. It is fituated between 33 and 37 d'-:'. 
 call longitude ; and between 44 and 46 deg. north Lc,- 
 tude. 
 
 The country, from nature, is capable of cultivation. 
 It contains towns and villages; but the houfes arc- 
 wretched huts. It was formerly fubject to the Gr.in.l 
 Signior, wlioiu tiie Khan was obliged, in time of w,-, 
 to funiilh -.vith 30,000 eflective men. Tiicfe nn , , 
 h -.wever, never receiving any pay, phindcrcd and pil- 
 laged every jilace tlu-y palled througli ; on which a, 
 count every man took diree or fourliorfes with him, 
 befides tliat on wiiich he roik', to load with plunder ami 
 cajidves. Whenever a horfc died, the owner imnic 
 iliately drefleii tiie carcaie, and invited liis comrades t j 
 the entert.iinment. Great alterations, however, hav^- 
 taken jilace widiin llimc yeai-s pall, by the conquefts of 
 her Iiii[.erial Majelly, and the Tartars of Crimea are 
 now fubjedt to the Ruffian f!;overnment. 
 
 In time of pcice they purchale bcaiititijl children in 
 Circallla, and fell them to the Turlcs, who pay for them 
 in cloatiiing, uiiis, cofl'ec, te.i, rice, railins, 6zc. 
 
 They travel in clofe carts, which contains not only 
 ihenilelves, but their wives, cliildren, baggage, &'c. 
 
 A [lainteil waggon, and a hut covered with white 
 linen, with a painietl clodi at the top, tied with red 
 llrings, are all they give with their daughters in mar- 
 ri.igc ; though they expect a handlbme prelirnt from the 
 bridegroom. 
 
 1 hey bury their dead very deep in the grounds cred 
 a tomb of mud over their gr.ives, and .idoni it widi a 
 
 vaiiety 
 
 ife'K' 
 
iF.OGRAPIIY. 
 
 TOWS, darts, and fibre-, 
 .Icxttiity. Of late tln-y 
 
 ique themfclves upon 
 rubull ( t" all tlielc na- 
 iiot dcricient in point ol 
 em with terror. Tiur 
 itary reputation. Thty 
 d yet, in tJieir features, 
 lemity. 
 
 ic world for the Tartars 
 
 n live upon almolt any 
 
 of provender I'eems to 
 
 ^ are hearty, indefatiga- 
 
 th the Pcrlians, the fer- 
 thcm to niai<e frequent 
 plentiful country. But 
 to penetrate into the do 
 n account of the prodi- 
 
 cattle, or by plunderin'f 
 i in huts, .ind fonietinu-s 
 :ampofits own, and fre- 
 latc, as fuits their incli 
 lers, v/ho cultivate the 
 oneii: in their principles 
 form locieties, and live 
 latter arc eidier the real 
 the Sartes, the ancient 
 ' the 1'urlcumaros, vdio 
 /before die Uilpecs fub- 
 the Tartars in general, 
 )f (iikivation, and dtcni 
 upon and plunder tluii 
 
 GEE TARIARS. 
 
 I'e their name from their 
 n Crimea, tiie ancient 
 t!a in the Black Sea. \u 
 to foutli, is about i.)-, 
 nil well to eaft, ii near 
 n other places, are only 
 betv.ecn ,53 and 37 de:>. 
 [ an.d 46 deg. iiorrii i.i, 
 
 is capable of cultivation, 
 cs ; but tl;e houfes arc 
 ly fubjeft to the Gr.in.l 
 obliged, in time of w.", 
 ive men. Thcfe m ^ , 
 
 pay, plundered and pii 
 I Uirougli ; on which ar 
 )r four horfcs with him, 
 
 to load with pluniler and 
 
 liieil, the owner imnu' 
 d inviteil his comrades ti 
 Iterations, however, hav.- 
 paJt, by the conqiiefts 01 
 le 'I'artars of Crimea arc 
 ernmcnt. 
 
 hale beautiful children in 
 'I'lirlcs, who pay for them 
 ^, rice, raifins, ^cc. 
 
 which contains not only 
 liildren, bajrgage, 6 c. 
 
 hut covered with white 
 t the top, tied with red 
 h their daughters in mar- 
 andfonie prclirnt from the 
 
 Jeep in the grounds crcd 
 ives, and adorn it widi 1 
 
 variciy 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 variety of Hags, expreflivc of the quality, circum- 
 f.anres, and actions ot the electafed. 
 
 The lame ingenious correfpondeni, who favoureil us 
 widi tlie particul.irs rcfpeding the Nagai Tartars, has 
 fu'^joined the following refpei:ting tiiolb of Crimea. 
 
 While at B.idchel'eray, the relidence of the Cham, 
 he lUidied every means of ingratiating; hiinfelf with ti'.at 
 monarcli. Oblerving that he was fond of (ire-woiks, 
 and that iiis artificers were ignorant, he prepare.! uren- 
 fils and macerials, and inlbuded his own jjcople ; and 
 finding himfelf able to accomplilh his puipole, af!--.etl 
 the Cliani's pcr.niir.on to give him this kind of enter- 
 tainment on his biidi-day. 
 
 The Cham was lb pleafed with the exhibition, that 
 he obligingly complained it was too foon over, and v/,is 
 gi\ien to underflanil, by way of anfwer, diat his Eu- 
 ropean vifitant had prepared fome electrical exiieri- 
 ments, which he propofed to Ihew him as a kind of 
 chamber fire-works that might leivc as amufement for 
 die relt of the evening. 
 
 So gre.it wa.s tiie elFect of the electrical ph(rn )mep.a 
 at fiitt, that they were looked upon in the light (>f 
 magic, to which fufpicpn every new experiment gave 
 ad.iitional Itrength. The Cham himlclf at length tl'-- 
 fired to be elecflritieil, as he accordingly was, and i'e- 
 vcral of 1 lis courtiers. 
 
 The next day the city reibuiuiing widi the wontiers 
 pertormed by tliis Europe.in, feveral perions came to 
 tntrcu the repetition of the experiments on diem and 
 their frientls, all of whom were lent away with equal 
 allonilhment, and each of thein expreK'ing the wontiers 
 uf electricity. 
 
 .So great indeed, was its fame, that application was 
 made by a number of Circallion mirz.is (or permirfion 
 0! admittance to become i"i)eclatois of fuch wonder;> as 
 v.ere never before conceived, that tliev 
 
 WESTERN TARTAR Y. 
 
 '3? 
 
 i\n 
 
 bear 
 
 teitiinony oi the truth in their own country, and that 
 Circadia, though deprived of theli; prodigies, niight 
 yet preferve d'.cir memory in her annals. '1 his requeil 
 was politely complied with, and .dl expreiied the great- 
 tfi: delight, though at the liime time the mofl diltin- 
 guiHicd aftonilhment. 
 
 As our traveller was fully in the graces of the prince, 
 he took an opportunity of giving him fome idea of 
 l.iiro[;ean Iiorfiiinanihip. The Ible principal known to 
 the Tartars is, to fit firm in his feat, which they carry 
 to a degree ot' rough inelegance. The whole court was 
 theref ire aflonillied at the fu[iple motions and paces of 
 his Arabian liorfe. The prince's groom widied to title 
 liiin, but icarceiy was he feateii on the fmooth faddle 
 before he was obliged to clafp the horl'e's rules with his 
 heels and knees, diat he might keep himfelf on. The 
 hnrfe, un.iccultonietl to (iich a rider, was preparing to 
 lid himfelf of the inconvenience, but the Tartar's I'er- 
 v.mfs ran to his afuftance, and prevented his falling. 
 
 Nor v/as tlie Cham let's entert.iined with an F.uro- 
 pean pointer, die property of our traveller. 'The ani- 
 mal being lint fiir at his rctjucfl came into thf mo- 
 narch's pretence with that familiarity to which, from 
 having been long c.ireffed as a fiivourite, he had been 
 accuflomed. In the middle of the apartmen': was a 
 tiHintain, where the tlog bathed himfelf, tiien leaped on 
 the I'opha to caret's his malK r, and underllanding the 
 laugh of the Cham as a (iiendly invitation, fprang mer- 
 rily u(X)n him, and overthrew every thing diat Rood in 
 hii way. In the firtl moments of favour errors are 
 overlooked: the dog was rcc-'ommended to a page, 
 tupped the iiime evening at court, and a grand hiinting 
 I'arty was ordtred on die morrow. Nothing w.is he.ii\l 
 <it over-night but the great :al<-nts of this nev/ tiivou- 
 rite, and the Cham was li) impatient to Ice him in 
 ' 'ion, diat he apiK>imed the meedng of the party in 
 the morning fooner than ordinary. 
 
 When the party was atl'embkd, the hero of the day 
 was led by his page, encircled and terrified by tpefta- 
 tiirs, who were wanting to f.-e liini fet at liberty. This 
 was no (boner ilonc than the horfciiien opened to t!ie 
 right and left of the Cham, and the clattering of hoof's 
 
 to terrified the dog, that at firlT: he teemed to fear be- 
 ing r.ampled to tleadi. At length a quail was flarte-l, 
 and one of the Cham's falconi' let loole in purl'uit of 
 the game. 'The bird joined and feized his prey, antl 
 flying t,j fome diilance, a falconer ran with all fpee;l to 
 take it from him. The dog likewife fprang tbn.ard 
 with all his might ; the double capture of the falcon 
 and ijuail excited his ambidon, to which, had not a 
 a pole-axe been thrown at him to make him quit his 
 prixe, it mufl have fallen a laciifice. Eear feized both 
 the dog anil the falcon ; each by ditTerent routs took 
 tlie road home, and die Cham paid for his experi- 
 ment by the fear of loling his bird. 
 
 There is no ountry where crimes are lefs common 
 dian in 'Tartary : ditir plains, where malefaiflors might 
 cillly elcape, yield but few temptations, and the pe- 
 iiinfula of the Crimea, which afFjrds more objefts of 
 liefire, is daily ihiit up, and leaves not the culprit die 
 fmallelt hope to efcape chalLifemenc. Hence no pre- 
 cautiiins are taken t()r the lecurity of the capital, which 
 contains no cd-er guards than thofe which die fovercign 
 dignity requires. 
 
 i'hc fbil.iv.'ing is an inftancc of the impartiality of 
 tlie Cham in the adminiitration of juitice, 'I'he flave 
 of a Jev/ had atrafiinated his mafler in liis vinc)'ard, 
 and complaint w.is laid by his nearefl of kin. The 
 culprit was feized, and during his trial fome zealous 
 M:ihoiTietans deteimineel to make him a Turk, in hopes 
 to obtain his pardon. The Ciiam pronounced fentence 
 of death, and the mutelerer's converfion was pleaded. 
 It is neceiiiiry to rem.u-k, and the laws of Crimea or- 
 dain the criminal to be puniflied by the hand of him he 
 has ot^cndeil, or by tiie profecutors. In vain was it 
 objcded, that a Turk might not be left to the mercy of 
 Jev.-s; die Cham nobly declaring, lie would leave his 
 brother to their mercy were he guilty, his province be- 
 ing to do juitice, and as tc his converllon and its re- 
 wards, i'.e would leave thofe to Providence. The de- 
 votees, however, contrived, by their intrigues, t ) re- 
 tard the execution of judgment dll the Eiiday after- 
 noon, that their convert might take advantage of that 
 law, v/hich obliges the ofl'ended party to execute fcn- 
 tence within twenty-four hours, knowing that the Jew- 
 iih rites of .Sabbath began at liin-f(.'t. Neverthe'.efs, 
 the affairiri, loaded widi chains, was brought to the butt 
 on which thefe kind of execudons were performed. 
 I lere a nev/ obftacle arofe. The Jews are forbidden to 
 ihed hu.Tian blood, and the public crier was tent diro' 
 the town to otler a conliderable llim to any one who 
 would undertake the office of executioner; but tliis 
 office the moft niiferable of the Tartars difilained. An 
 account of the proceedings w.as carried to tlie judg- 
 ment-1'eat of the Cham, and the devotees hoped to' 
 gain their point, in which, however, they were de- 
 ceived. The Cham permitted the Jews to execute the 
 l.iw according to the jirecepts of the Old 'Teftamciit, 
 and the murderer was ttoned to deadi. 
 
 'The Crimea law requires the complainant himfelf to 
 be the executioner. 1 lerc the peii'on who is obliged 
 to plunge the fiital knit'e is never feduced by any 
 temptation to remit the punitlimeiit, and the law which 
 leaves vengeance in his own hand renders his heart in- 
 accelfible to any other f'enfation. One of die prince's 
 orticers, bearing a filver hatchet, and widi his arm 
 rail'ed, precedes the criminal, con..iicts him, and is 
 pret'ent at the execudon. 
 
 'The liberal, candid, and ingenuous difpofition of the 
 Cham appeared from another circumll.incc worthy of 
 being recounted. An imforttinate 'Tartar taken in the 
 atl of iliiiibeying orders, which were too tevere, had 
 been condeinned to deadi by the Cham, and prepara- 
 tions were m.ide to lead him to execution jiilt as our 
 traveller arrived at die palace. Me was prclently tiir- 
 rounded by ti;veral mirzas, who ex[)lained the facts, and 
 entreated him to pret'erve tlie 'Tartar tioni die conle- 
 quence of this rigorous jiroceeding. He a-cordingly 
 waited on the Cham, whom lie found agitated by th« 
 orders he iiod given, apjiroached him. Hooped to kits 
 
 his 
 
 <^a 
 
 ■ M'r, 
 
A NEW, UOY> AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM o, UKiVERSAl, GEOGRAl'i'T. 
 
 |;. »!#!■ 
 
 I ; ,1 
 
 140 
 
 his hand, an.l rccaiiu-J it, notwitiiaandin;- tlie motion 
 he made to draw it back, wliich never iiappcncd t) him 
 belori-. Upon the prince's demanding ot him, %vith a 
 kind otlirveritv, what he wanted, he aiilwered, the])ar- 
 doii of the culprit. \V hen lie a:hed what interelt he had 
 in the pardon ofdi.it wretdi ? He rejoined none ; ad- 
 din;;, that he could not be interfiled 111 Jelulf ot one 
 who .had dil'obevcd Ids piin^e ; that it w.is U>r his own 
 fake he interceded, lince, Ihould he once be t» ievere, 
 he would foon becoir.e cruel, and thercKire need not 
 ceali: to be good, in order to be conlhintly teared .md 
 refpecled. Ihe Cham fmileJ, and prelented his hand 
 to the petitioner, who went to anouncc the pardon. 
 
 Tnc Lelpee Tartars are a powerful ai'.d warlike na- 
 tion, whole LOiintry extends near 100 miles in length, 
 from north to louth, and .il.'-iit bo miles from ealt to 
 weft. It is fertile and plcifant, producing all kinds ot 
 sjrai'i and cattle. The people are good ifteclunicf, 
 and .any on feveral manufactures. '1 hey are not only 
 very warlike but excel in making lire-arms, witii 
 which they tr.uie into Perlia. Tivjy are indeiK-ndent, 
 and their ciiiefs who are named jhamkalU, hi any com- 
 mon cafe of danger, unite their forces, and are unani- 
 mous in du'ir openitions. 
 
 They are acii\'e and well proportioned : their eyes ; 
 are black, and full ot' tire : their comidcxion fwarthy , 
 
 anc 
 
 .1 their featv.rcs regular and en, 
 
 
 They drels 
 after the Arabi.m falliion, and wear whill-.ers. Some 
 few, indeed, let their hair grow. 
 
 They trade with the Pcrti.ms, RulTians, and Arme- 
 nians, giving hre-aims and madder for cloathing and , 
 ceceliaries. Tiiey are too licquendy guilty of rapine, in 
 which, indeed, they refcnible the natives of this cxten- 
 live region in general. 
 
 Tlicy tijllow the Turks in their mode of worfliip, and 
 the I'erfuns in their manners : but in one particular 
 they outdo molt ot' the oriental nations, for they can 
 drink to irreat e;;cefi. 
 
 Till'', hidory of the Tartars prefents tlie image of a 
 vail ocean, die extent of which cannot be known but by 
 examining its C(;a!ls. Their archives, in fact, are only 
 found among the nations who have liail the misfortune 
 to be tlieir neighbours, and whnm tliey have luccefTively 
 ravaged. ; and as thel'e na-i(;iis have wri:'.e:i little or 
 nothing, tlie hiilorlan is obliged to be contented with 
 probabihties ; but thele are fuch, that, when compared 
 with i!ie aiinais of all nation.^, it inuil be admitted, that 
 the Tartars prove the bell: title to the higliell: anticjuity. 
 
 It vvoiikl be difficult to procure any well ellablilhed 
 facts of the annals of die T.irtars bel()re Zingis-Klian. 
 It is known that this prince was elefted (j rand Cham 
 by the chief, of the dilFerer.t tribes, and was only cholen 
 to be die king of princci, becaul'e he was the moll 
 power.'ul among tliem. 
 
 It is likewiit: linown that Zingis-kh.m conceived and 
 executed prujeifts of uriiriiarion, by v.hich he t'ormed 
 the gieatei: empire known in hillory. The emigra- 
 tions vhich followed tiiis conqueror, and which I'preati 
 over the conquered countries, prove alio the decree of 
 population necellary to Inch an inilux, and the confidera- 
 tions united dirough the origin of th.it family into die 
 obfcurity of tlic nioit dillant ages. 
 
 An uninterrupted chain has brought down the race 
 of Zingifian I'rijices even to our tin ?s, as it likewife 
 li 13 rlie li'iid.d government to which the Tartars are 
 ki'.ijech Tiiey li.ive national afL-niblies, and a kind of 
 re|)rcl'entativcs called biyK Their alf^'mblies are only 
 ci invoked on extraordinary occafions; but in order that 
 the Cliain, wlio has the right to fumirijn the mcmberi', 
 may not take advantage ot dieir ablt-nce, to extend his 
 autli'jrity beyond the bjunds of the feudal lav.s, one of 
 the fix bi\i ciinllantly reprelents the otiier live; and 
 this 1.1. ,tt oi the Tartar nobility has, as well as the love- 
 reign, his ininiller, and the right of convoking the 
 b£,i, i: the negiijence of t!ie Cham fhould render it 
 ncctil.iry to couiueratl his own ab'.iles o: ulurpations. 
 
 'i'he (lime order wifich unites the great ngainll the 
 encroachments of delpotilin is equally warj.ul tiir tl:e 
 fecurity and fupport of the legal power ot tliC ! )verti(.';i. 
 The graiul othcers of the I artars teem to be to the go- 
 vernment, what columns are to an edifice ; they fultain 
 without h.aving tl>c means of Ihaking it. 
 
 The tirfl dignity of the empire is that oiailgit, \\\{k\\ 
 preferves the privilege of regency at the death of thf 
 Cham, till the arrival of die future fovereign. ll.c 
 citlga is commander in chief of the Tartar armies, if' the 
 Cham goes not to war in perlbn. 
 
 The poll of )iooradtn, which is the fecond in the king 
 doni, is likewife tilled by a man of the lirll rank, lie 
 enjoys alio the right of liaving his minillers ; liut they, 
 as well as their mailer, have no power to ait. 11, 
 however, any event calls out the troops of the nooradir 
 to the field, both his autliority, ami ttiat of his niinil- 
 ters, acquire ail tlie activity of Ibvereign pov^-r. 
 
 'i lie third dignity cf die empire, under the title 01 
 or-l'iy, has occafionally been n.interred on 7H(>z«>, who 
 hat! elpoufed princefies of tlie blood royal. Thele no 
 bles, who dildain the tirlt places in the minillry, huvc 
 been appointed to dillant govennncnts ; but luch go- 
 vernments are ufually given to the Ions or nepluws of 
 the reigning prince, wliere they are generals ot their 
 pfcv:;icial troops. 
 
 Bei'ulcs thell- great otiice.';, the re\enues tif v.Iiicli 
 confiiis in certain rights eilabliflicd in their provinces, 
 there are two odiers, wliich a^c iiimale dignities; thatoi 
 ala-i'(v, which the Chamui'iuily bellows on his motiitr, 
 or one of his wives ; .uid that of c'/im-^i;/)/;;, which he 
 always gives to his eldelt filler, or tiie eldell of his 
 daughters. Several villages arc dependent on diefe 
 princefies, who d.ctermine die differences which happen 
 among dieir liibjeels, and do jullice in the perlbns of 
 their intendant;, who fit for di.it purpofe at the gate cf 
 the ieragiio, near the haram. 
 
 I'he revenues ot die Cham fcarcely amount to 25,000!. 
 tlerling for the maintenance of his houlehoki. If, how- 
 ever, this hiiall income confines die prince's liberality, 
 it does not prevent him from being generous, A num- 
 ber of ;;;;»;(;* live at his expence, till the right of el 
 cheat gives him die means of difencumbering himlelt 
 by granting them lands. 
 
 The raifing of forces is no expence to him. All 
 ellates are held by military tenure. Neither does tiie 
 t'overeign fupport any exjjence of juftice : he decid.es 
 ail difputes throughout all Hates gratis: as each juril- 
 didion likewile does in its retpective diflriits. An ap- 
 peal is from thefe individual tribunals to the lord para- 
 mount. 
 
 The beft education among the Tartars gees not be- 
 yond learning to read and' write. But though die 
 education of the vurziis is neglefted they are emiiien!; 
 tor their eafy politeneli;. This is the effetl of their fa- 
 miliar habits of living widi their princes, without ever 
 tailing to pay diem a proper rclped. 
 
 Tlie Tartars are fb little attentive to the natural pro- 
 iluctions of their country, th.at they even negled, by 
 tiigging, to appropriate the mines cf Tchadir-D.igue 
 to their own utes. It may be preilimcd, the Cham 
 would not remain infenfible to die acquilition ot its 
 riches, if the fear of exciting the avarice of the Porte 
 had not made him prett-r inaction to labour, the fruits 
 of which, he wonkl iiot be fuHlred to enjoy. Tlie d.iii- 
 gtr of feeing diis gokl tranl'pi.wited to Conllantinopie 
 is not the only one v.hich a Cham of the 'i'artars would 
 be expoled to in working the mines he polfeires, i-'or- 
 cet! to invite miners and other artills to direct the pro- 
 ceedings, he mull have introduced into Crimea die 
 I'courges of prohibition ; and the Tartar monarciis have 
 facriticed their own interell to die public tranquillity. 
 
 Accutlomed to an exillence, die pleafures of which 
 appertain more to the produce ot the foil, than the 
 pomp imprilbned in the d.irk entrails of the cardi, the 
 Tartars make tlie free air in which thy breatlie promote 
 their h.ippinel's, and the climate adminilters to their ne- 
 ceflities and latisfadions. 
 
 C II A P. 
 
 

 Liii to be c:> the g'o- 
 xlifice; they luluin 
 ;it. 
 
 that oi'ctig,/, \.likl\ 
 at the death of the- 
 re fovercign. 'I'l.c 
 "artar armies, it' tin- 
 
 ions or neplnws ot" 
 e generals ul chirir 
 
 'artars gees not be- 
 . But though tlic 
 eil they are eminent 
 le eHett ot thrir tu- 
 rinccs, without ever 
 
 .' to tlie natural [iro- 
 ;y even negled, by 
 
 tf 'rchadn-D.igiif 
 relumed, the Cham 
 le acqiiilition ot its 
 ivarice of tlie Porte 
 
 to labour, the truits 
 
 enjoy. 'IT.c d.iii- 
 ;l to Cond.intiiiopie 
 jftlie 'I'artais would 
 
 1 lie pohcileo. For 
 lis to direct the pro- 
 il into Crimea the 
 art.ir monaichs have 
 iiblic tranquillity. 
 
 • pkafures of vihich 
 it tlie foil, than the 
 ils of ihc earth, die 
 hy bre.itlie promote 
 ninilters to their ne- 
 
 ('lyhu'i, '/,■)■ BAXIvES s. I///'. 4///-/// V(4EO(tRA1'HY'^>^V/.'/v//4 ^/o'//ft/> //////>'»■//// 
 
 USBEC TAHTAHS . 
 
 •itftttrU .t'iftff'.. 
 
 (wVLMUC. TaBTAKS . 
 
 ?■> 
 
 ; * 
 
 if 
 
 \T 
 
 itl# 
 
 hit^ 
 
 il 
 
 kl 
 
m 
 
 Name, Situation, I 
 
 T\\U<V. are ( 
 vation of ih 
 iincient jwets, it \v 
 Jupiter and Dana 
 think it a C')rru[)ti(: 
 modern I'ertians 1.I 
 tors, the I'.uthians 
 try. The word it 
 and Partlii.ins havi: 
 in lioriciiianfhip. 
 
 Modern F\rlia i 
 anticntly ctlcbratti 
 i'jithia, part of ; 
 Iberia, and Sudan: 
 
 I liis extenfive 
 ythdfg. of call 
 ot' narth latituile. 
 in breaclrii, Ix-ing 1 
 piiii Sea, which ft 
 north eatl by tlie 
 iJIbcc Tartary. 
 Daghifban mounta 
 vdiich divide it frc 
 f.i.crn boundary; 
 Fiiiia and Onnus, 
 key the weflern. 
 the vvori i is more 
 bcttf r calculated t( 
 li'it ir.s natural advj 
 \tTy ;it:k iile by 
 v.hiiever private p 
 rcafon rn;inacicti, 1 
 tl'.ing but libcrt)-, g 
 d)in of thought, I 
 a."./ } eople hiippy. 
 t'le prefent time, 
 ruined the mod pa 
 of the fincll regiur 
 rcnderetl countries 
 potent. 
 
 1 he fliicf moui 
 Caucalus, and Tai 
 guiihed figure in \\ 
 
 I'i'.cre are firwc 
 fitiier of i() vafr an 
 worth naming, an 
 near mount Ararat 
 t^aijiian Sea. '11 
 tered by the Euphi 
 wallie:, the eaitern 
 not merit the naint 
 lets are no better t 
 ereattrt part of th' 
 ii.ive ilipplied by : 
 ri:i"iire ; and by tin 
 r^icn'oirs, aquedu 
 (■'•ntrivances, they 
 
 I'he air and clir 
 I'cceiJarily be very 
 inoiintains, which ; 
 iiir is exceedtnp;iy 
 parts ; but the niic 
 
 Ilpaiian, or, as 
 
 ■^i-'ihawn, the inei 
 
 t'H' capital of tiie 
 
 pii'iifam ph'.in, and 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 \ 
 
[ Ml ] 
 
 C II A P. \'II. 
 EMPIRE OF PERSIA. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Name, Situation, Exirnl, Cliiiwtf, Rivers, chuj Cil:ri, 
 IJlands, y.-, 
 
 TIU'.Rl'', are iliHVrtiit opinions rcfpcfting the deri- 
 vation of the name ot iVriia. Accortling to the 
 ;ificient [KXTs, it wa^ derivcil troin I'erlliis, the Ion of' 
 Jiipittr and Danx ; but k-U fibuloiis autliors rather 
 think it a corruption ot tlie woril Tarthia, and that the 
 modern I'erfians derive ihcir name from their progeni- 
 tors, the I'.irthians, the ancient 'nliahitants of the couu- 
 tiV. The word itlcir implies a horleman, the Perlians 
 2nd Parthi.ins liaviiig always been fanieil fir their (kill 
 ui horleiuanftiip. 
 
 Modern Perlla includes alltiiofe cmntries whitli were 
 ariiiendy celebrated and known by the names ot" Media, 
 }'.irthia, part of Aflyria, Hircaiiia, Colchis, Baftria, 
 Iberia, and Sufi.uia. 
 
 'I ills cxtenfive empire lies between the 45th and 
 yrthdeg. of call longitude; and 25tii and 4.1th deg. 
 of north latitude. It is 1 300 miles in lengdi, ami uoo 
 in breadrh, being bounded, on the nordi, by the Caf- 
 pij.i Sea, whicij feparates it from Rullia; and on the 
 north ealt by the rivtr Oxus, which divides it from 
 lllhec Tartary. The nort!i-well boundarie:. are the 
 Daghi.lan mountains, anil the moiiatains of Ararat, 
 vdiich divide it from Circafliaii Tartaiy. India is the 
 f.ucin boundary i the Indian Ocean, and the gulphs of 
 Fuiia and Ormus, the |i>uthern ; and Arabia and Tur- 
 key rlic wef.ein. 1 lence it is evident diat no country in 
 the v.dri 1 is more hajipily fituated for commerce, cr 
 iKtt; i caicuiated to become a great maritiiiie power: 
 lilt its natural advantages have aiwa).-, been rendered of 
 viry iittlc ule by its unhappy political conftitution : for 
 v.heievcr private property is precarious, aud the human 
 rcMlbn m-inacicd, tlie people mxifl: be milerable. No- 
 tl'.iiig but libcrrj-, guarded by wholefome laws, and free- 
 iliiiu oi thought, under falutary re(lri(5tion<;, can render 
 a;;/ j eople lia[)py. I'roui t!ie remotell periods down to 
 the preient time, we finil tliat arbitary mealures have 
 niiiicd tlic mort powerful Hates, and depopulated fbme 
 of the fiiiell regions in the univerfe, wiiile liberty hath 
 rendeied countries, lefs happily fituated, opulent and 
 potent. 
 
 1 he chief mountains of Perfia are diofe of Ararat, 
 Caiicalus, and Tauris, which have long made a diilin- 
 guilhed figure in hiftory. 
 
 There arc fewer rivers in diis country than in any 
 odier of io vafl an extent in the work!, 'ilie only ones 
 worth naming, are die Kur and Aras; they both aril'e 
 near mount Ararat, and difcharge diemlelves into tiic 
 Caijiian Sea. Tlie weflern lx)undary, indeed, is vva- 
 tered by the Euphrates and Tigris ; and die river Indus 
 wallic;. the eatlern part. The Ibeam c.dled Oxus does 
 nut merit the name of a river ; and the few other rivu- 
 lets are no better than ditches, many of them being the 
 oreatefl part of the year dry. I lov.ever, the Perfians, 
 have liipjihed by ait, what tiiey have been refiiilti by 
 iiarure ; and by tiie means of a great variety of canals, 
 rciervoirs, aqueduifls, and odier ulelul and ingenious 
 contrivances, tliey lekkim know the v.antof water. 
 
 I he air and climate in li) exieiilive an empiie nuifl 
 ix'ceilarily be very difi'erent. Tov.ards the Daghidaii 
 liioiintains, which are condnually covered widi Ihow, the 
 air is exceedingly cokl : it is vei y hot in the fiiiithern 
 parts i bpt the midland regions arc temperate and pure. 
 
 Ilpahan, or, as it is pronounced by the I'crliaiis, 
 
 ■'^i I'lawn, the metropolis of the Perikin empire, and 
 
 'he capital of die province of Eralii, is fituated in a 
 
 pkalant plain, and is defended iiom the winds by a 
 
 No. 13. 
 
 ciiain of mountains, which furround it at feveral miles 
 ilillance. It is twelve miles in circumference, exclu- 
 live of die fubiirbs. The form is oval ; and though 
 the ftreets are irregular, it certainly meiits the name of 
 a magnificent city^ tlio' . Ii it lUflered gready, in ])oint 
 of population anu llipeibnefs, by die ilevalladons of 
 Kouli Khan. Previous to wliich time it contained 
 1 8,000 hojfes, 500,000 inhabicmts, i,8co caravanfc- 
 ras, 160 molqix-s, 260 public badis, a great number 
 of tiiperb palaces, and fine Iquares planted with Il:ady 
 trees. 
 
 The royal palace, with the o.Tices and gardens, is 
 diree niiles in circumference. i'lie royal fqiiare, or 
 riifiihni, is near a mile long, and alxiut diree tlirlongs 
 broad. The fortifications of this city are, however, 
 mean and weak, being molliy made of earth, and the 
 moat that furrounds them is generally dry ; fo that die 
 place is but in a def'encelefo lituatiin. It is, nevcrtlie- 
 lels, not only the bell town, but die greatcll mart of 
 commerce in Perfia, all the trade of the empire center- 
 ing here ; be.ides the vail qu.uitity of goods of all kinds, 
 which are brought by merchants cjf all the oriental na- 
 tions, who deal in niun<, ambergris, diamonds, jiearls, 
 gold, &c. 
 
 The royal f luare, or great market-place, is 700 feet 
 long, and 250 broad. '1 he lioules vvliich furround it 
 are uniform, eredled widi brick'-, and the (hops vaulted. 
 On the lide towarils the palace are fii ps belongi.ng to 
 die lapidaiies, gokhinidis, and drug.jilts ; ojipofite to 
 which are the taverns, eat!ng-houfe^, linen-dnij^er^, 
 mercers, woollen-drapers, Uc. 
 
 A rivulet Hows through the vy'dav, the channel of 
 which is of llone, by wliich tiie v.arer is con 'eyed to 
 two large refervtjirs, that lu;)ply tl.e grearelt part of 
 the city with that ufeiiil article, by the n.eans of pipes. 
 On the banks of this rivulet, and roiuul the m.uket, 
 are jilantctl a great number of evergreen trees, which 
 gready refemble box, and being regularly cut, fo that 
 the (hops a[)pear between diem, they add greatly to die 
 elegance of the place. 
 
 I lere are two covered mufic galleries oppofite to each 
 other, v.liere die city ivaif'cians play every night at lun- 
 fet, or whenever the Sojilii makes his appearance. 
 
 There is an inferior market-place, in which all forts 
 of merchandize and provilions are (()ld, and the prices 
 are ailo.ved tg. be reafonable. Meat and fuel, indeed, 
 are rather tktir. 
 
 Sever.d pieces of cannon, without carriages, arc 
 planted before the royal palace. 'I'his palace confills 
 principally of die fcllival-hall, vdiere the Sophi enter- 
 tains his nobles on new's-year's day, and the hall of au- 
 dience, where he receives foreign ambatl'adors, hears 
 caufes, and ililtributes jullice. Tlie latter has not only 
 a (jxicious court before it, but is in itfclf exceetlingly 
 fuperb and elegant. At one end of this hall is a kind 
 of alcove, which is (eparated from die odier |iart by a 
 red callico curtain, which is occalionally drawn u[) by 
 (ilk (Irings, and refls upon the capitals of dK' piiiars, 
 which, being of wood, are finely carved and gilt, aS 
 well as the walls. The floor i' overed with a carpet 
 of a gold and lilver ground. 'Ihe fides arc adorned 
 with piclures, jjainted by European mailers. In tlic 
 center is a beautiflil fountain, hirrounded by a number 
 of gokl and lilver vclfels. In its bal'oii aie lien many 
 kinds of fruits and flowers (lo-itiiig upon the liirtace of 
 the water. There arc many odier fpacious apartments 
 ill the palace, which (Irangeis are not permitted to liir- 
 vey. Befides rht halls, tiiere are many (inailer cham- 
 bers, clofets, and galleries i (bme for the cnieitainment 
 of the officers of the court, who are exceedingly nume- 
 rous; others l()r tlie women, ''"here arc many detached 
 N n oltices 
 
 t -.i 
 
km 
 
 142 A NI- W. ROYAL and AUTMl'MIC SYSTEM or UNIVF.RSAI. GEOGRAPflY. 
 
 offices for the menial rerv.infii anil a lUncl'.iary, or 
 jijiice of' r(.-rn_;o, ("or ilv'btors ami <r'iininals. But it is re- 
 markable' riiat almoll every apartment hath its peculiar 
 liibilivirum oi the g.irilen. 
 
 Near the paiace is a citadel, well garrilbncd, but iii- 
 ilift'ercntly (iirtifted, which contains the treallires, am- 
 munition, arms, and llore;, belonging to tlie Sophi. 
 
 At the fouth end ot tlie royal meidan is a molipie, 
 built of white marble, in fo artful a inanner, that the 
 eye cannot difcover where the feparate Hones are ce- 
 mented together. There is a l.uge court before it, 
 in the center of which is a bcautitiil fountain. Many 
 of the other mofques are rem.irlvable for their elegance 
 and grandeur. 
 
 In the principal parts of the town are liandfome ta- 
 verns and corteehoul'es, wiiere people go for the lake 
 of onvcrlation, and to hear the p<x-ts rehearfe their lui- 
 monnis and fatirital comiKifitions. 
 
 There are two convents in Ifjuhan, the one Spanilli 
 and the other Italian, wjiicli belong to the Augulline 
 and Carmelite friars. 
 
 Over the Sophi's llables is a high tower, built of 
 earth and tlic horns of Ihigs, in commemoration of a 
 hunting match, in whicii Shah-Ta:nar killed 2000 of 
 thcfe animals, whole horns were employed in the build- 
 ing. There are many warehoufes in different parts oi 
 Ifpahan, which are ulually built three llorics high, witli 
 vaults beneath them. 
 
 That (luarter of the city inhabited by the Armeni.-ins 
 is fuppofed to contain thiee thouliind houfcs, and twelve 
 churches. There is anotlier ijuarter inhabited by 
 (icorgians, who, as well as the .Vrmenians, are Chrif- 
 tians, and merchants. The third quarter is tlie refi- 
 dence of the Gebcrs, or the defcendants of the ancient 
 Perfhins. 
 
 The city of Schamachie, the capital of the province 
 of Schirwan, is divided into the north and fouth citv. 
 The walls of the former are Handing, but are ux) low 
 and weak to be of any lt;rvice in cafe of a fiege. Thofc 
 of the latter were demolilhed by Sh.ih Abbas. The 
 ilreets are narrow, the houles low, and built only of 
 earth. The fliops, bezar, an' cwo capacious ware- 
 houfes, are in the fouth city. The tr.ule chiefly con- 
 lifts of raw and wrought filk, callicos, &cc. The Muf- 
 covite merchants deal in Rullia leather, furs, copper, 
 and tin. The Circafi'ian Tartars trade in horles, bovs, 
 and women, the latter of whom they often (teal on tlie 
 Mufcovite frontiers. The Jews likewife drive a confi- 
 derable traile l-.ere in gokl, lilver, brocade, ta[;eftry, 
 woollen, filk, and warlike inllruments. There arc 
 many colleges here, in which all the branches of oriental 
 learning are taught. The mofques are large and 
 numerou'.. The country round Ifpahan 's fertile and 
 pleal'ant. / 
 
 The city of Ardebil, though large, has neither wall 
 or fortification. It princijiaiiy conlilh of five capital 
 ftreets. i'.very houfe has a g.uden, or rather orchard, 
 fiill of fiuits i and the (Ireets are regularly planted wirh 
 elms, which render diem exceedingly beautifiil and 
 plcafant. 'I'he niarkct- place is 300 paces in length, 
 and 150 in breadth. It is furrounded with lliops ami 
 warehoufes, every trade having its peculiar quarter. 
 Not far dilhnt is a niofque of retiit^v, where criminals 
 are proteded for a limited time. This is a burial place 
 of I man Sadc, a child of their twelve faints. When 
 the time is expired, tir; criminal mull again feek his 
 lafety in the grand finftuaiy, or lepulclire of Sefi, 
 which is at a fmall dilhmce. At the entrance of the 
 city; a little river divides itielf into two brandies ; the 
 one palTcs through it, and tne other furrounds ir. 'I'hele 
 ftreams are fijmetimes fo iwelled bv the melting of the 
 fr.ow fi-om the mountains, that the inhabitants are oblif^ed 
 to divert the tiiry of their curreiiLs by means of innume- 
 rable artiiici.1l trenches, or the whole city v.ould be ovei- 
 whelmed by the inundation. 
 
 Tlurei, .ihaiiiirome fquare fabric, built upon arches 
 on one f;Je of the market place, for the piirpofe of 
 ven(.lin^J; all valuable commodities, fuch as jewels, gold. 
 
 filvcr, brocades, fic. There are three gates in thi< 
 building, which Irad into three trading ftrcets, that are 
 covered over, and well furnilhed widi caravanleros, ftore- 
 houfes, and Ihops. 
 
 -Sulthania, diou{.;h greatly decayed, was once a noble 
 city. It Hill retains many m.ignifitent buikiings, the 
 melt remarkable of which is a protligious large molljur, 
 that contains the ll'inilclire of Sultan Mahomet Choda- 
 bende, the tiiunder of the city. Thismolcjue hath diux- 
 gates of tincpoiilhed (leel, which c-(]ual, in bignelis, the 
 gates of any cluirch in Europe. 'l"he I'erlians /uffi^.J 
 that twenty ll.-ong men cannot open the largcll ot them, 
 without dillindly pronouncing /ir^z/t .•!/; Itn/dut, whiih 
 lignifies, ojini Jur the fake vf Alt; but on tifie repetition 
 •)l thefe Words, the hinges become lb pliant, diat a child 
 may manage the gate, and fwing it open with die great- 
 ell ealir. The roof of the mofque is of blue and white 
 ftones. The tomb of the before-mentioned Sultan is 
 liiridunded by a grate of polidied Indian Heel, moll ail- 
 mirably wrought. Within the brafs rails, which k\r.\. 
 rate it from the reft of the molque, there arc Icver.il 
 books written in Arabic characters of three inches in 
 length, with alternate lines of black and gold. The 
 books themfelves are near a yard Icjuarc. The Holl- 
 tein ambafliitlors, when in Ferfia, procured fome leaves 
 of them, which are now in the Duke of i lollk'in's libra- 
 ry, and contain a paraphraf.; upon the koyan. At the 
 entrance of the molljue is a beautifiil tbuntain. The 
 tower, which is of an octagonal form, is liirroundcd by 
 eight other towers. 1 1 pon the whole, it is a (tiutfture 
 which allonill'.es the imagination, and gratifies die curio- 
 
 nty. 
 
 There arc many other fine mofques in the city, par- 
 ticularly one founded by i^iah limael, which has a 
 rouml tower over the gate ; and the court is cmbellilhcd 
 by a magnificent pyramid, furrounded by eight elegant 
 •iiarble j)illars. Near the mofque are die ruins of a 
 triumphal arch, built of free-llonc. 
 
 The city of Cafwin, the ancient Arfatia, is the pnn 
 cipal city of the province of I-'.rak, which was originally 
 the celebrated I'artliia. It contains about 100,000 in 
 habit.iuts, yet hadi neither wall or fortification. !.•; 
 circumtifrence is alx)iit a (ierman league, and its fitii.! 
 tion in a fandy plain. 'The houfes arc idainly built i.i 
 brick, but are neat and well furnilhed. The I Ireets ui'.- 
 not paved, and conlequently dully. The Inhabitants are 
 iiijiplied with water fr<mi a neighbouring mountain, In 
 the means of |>ipcs. The people thelter tiiemfelves froi-.i 
 the excellive heats in vaulted cellars, where they likewiie 
 pielerve ice and fnow to coo! their liquors. 
 
 'There is a royal palace near die market-place, which 
 was ereded by Shah 'Tamas. He, however, after- 
 wards removed the regal feat to Taui'is. 'I'hcrc is :i 
 bc.uitiliil garden behind it, and another oppolite to it. 
 In the comiiioii market j'rodigious quantities of all 
 kiiuls of commodities are fokl. 'The horle-market 
 contains may fine buildings. VV'e cannot omit one 
 lingular circiimitance wliichis practifed here. As lixm 
 as the Ihoj'S are lliut, a great luimber of prollitutes 
 make their appearance, and leat tliemkives in rows 
 with their tiices veiled. The bawd (lands behind them 
 With uniightcd candles. When a man makes his ap- 
 pearance at any of die rows, the bawd lights hercaiuhe, 
 that lie may have an opportunity of examining which 
 face he likes ; when he has pitched upon one, a bargain 
 is made with the bawd, which being conchided, thi; 
 couple retire. Thi.s, like other large Pcrlian cities, 
 contains many bagnios, caravanlcras, warehoufes, &c. 
 
 The city of Kom, which, by Ptolemy, was called 
 Gurianas, has loll much of its ancient ("plendour: die 
 walls are in ruins, but indicate its former importance. 
 Its jirincipal trade at prefnt is in a much admired 
 earthen w.nc, anil fword-blades, which are deemed tlie 
 bell in the wht)le empire. 
 
 K.ulilian, one of the Hneft cities in Perfia, is fitua"e,l 
 in die midd of a tine fertile plain ; the houfes in general 
 being handibiiie, and the public llrudtuies fuix-'rior tu 
 tholi- of any other city. The country about ir is ly 
 
 fruitful, 
 
 ij^nlii^' 
 
:oGRAi'HY. 
 
 c three gates in tlii^ 
 atiing ftrcets, that arc 
 ath caravanltras, Itorc- 
 
 ycii, was once a noble 
 nificent huiklings, tlie 
 oiligious lar{jc inoliji:-.-, 
 ilt.in Mahomet Ch<)()a- 
 rhismolque hath tJiici: 
 I equal, in bignili, tin- 
 'I'he I'crllaris firtcnii 
 )in the laru;eil oi the;)], 
 ■ii/k All biijiha, whiih 
 
 i but (in the repetititjii 
 le li) {)liant, that a child 
 
 it open with die grcat- 
 ic is of bhic ami wliitc 
 re-mentioneii Sultan is 
 I Indian Heel, moll ad- 
 jrafs rails, which fe|ra- 
 fque, there arc levtwl 
 ctcrb ot three inches in 
 black ami gold. Thtr 
 •d Iquare. The H«ll- 
 ,, procured fome leaves 
 luke of' I lollU'in's libra- 
 )()n the koran. At the 
 L-autitiil fountain. The 
 form, \i, liirroundcd by 
 ivhole, it is a ltiu<iturc 
 
 and gratitics the cuiio- 
 
 ofques in the city, par- 
 
 I Ilinael, which has a 
 the court is embelliflied 
 Dunded by eight elegant 
 que are die ruins ot' a 
 nc. 
 
 lent Arfatia, is the pnn 
 ik, which was originally 
 tains about 100,000 in 
 
 II or fortification. (.•; 
 n league, and its fitu.! 
 Kiles are |)lainly built '.; 
 ailhed. The llreets aii- 
 ty. The inhabitants are 
 ghbouring mountain, by 
 e Ihelter dienilelves triir.i 
 lars, where they likewiu- 
 leir litjuors. 
 
 [he market- [)lace, whii !i 
 . He, however, alter 
 to Tauris. 'I'here is a 
 1 anotlier oppolite to it. 
 igious quandties of all 
 lid. The horl'e-markit 
 We cannot omit one 
 |)ractired here. As Uxm 
 It number of prolliuites 
 feat themlclves in rows 
 )awd Hands behind them 
 •n a iTian makes his ap- 
 e bawd lights her camiie, 
 mity of examining wjiich 
 hcd upon one, a bargain 
 h being conchided, the 
 her large Perlian cities 
 nferas, v. arcliouils, &c- 
 by Ptolemy, was called 
 :s ancient fplendour: die 
 le its former ii!i[jortance. 
 is in a much admiied 
 s, which are deemed tl.c 
 
 cities in Perfia, is fitua'e.i 
 lin ; the houl'es in general 
 ilic (Irudtuies ruix;rior tJ 
 e country about ir is I'J 
 trwd'ul, 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 PERSIA 
 
 fruitful, tlut the very pDoiel' inhabitants live luxuri- 
 oufly- The city is exccaling jxipiilous, not (jnly from 
 the great number of natives, but from the vaft influx 
 of foreigners, who flock thither from all parts, particu- 
 larly from India, to carry on trade. The walls and fiyr- 
 titications are made of a kind of jK)tter's clay. The 
 .So])hi has a grami garden here, in tlie midll of which, 
 is a fuminer palace, reputed to have a dioufand doors 
 and wimiows. The greatell inconveniency in Katii lian, 
 is tlie want of water, as they have not any but what is ill 
 talUd, thick, and muddy. 
 
 'I'lie city of Refched is the capital of the province of 
 Ghilan, which is one of the moll fertile, rich, and 
 plealant provinces in all Perfia : it is large and populous, 
 but has not the leall fortification. The iVreers are 
 agreeable, luiil planted with trei.^; but the houles in 
 general are meaner than thofe of any otiier city in the 
 empire ; they are all covered with tiles or Hates. The 
 market place is caparinus, and contains many go(Ki 
 Ihop; and all the necelliiries of lifo are exceedingly 
 cheap. 
 
 The city of Derbcnt is about three mi:es in length, 
 and nea"- five hundred paces in breadth. The c. Itle 
 ami wall are five feet thick, and it is liippofed tl-.ey were 
 built by Alexander the Great. 'I'hey ap|)ear to be built 
 with hce-ftone, but, in reality, are a compolition of 
 pjundeti mufcle (hells, which being moulded into the 
 form of bricks, are fo excellently cemented together, 
 that the whole coinjvifition is now harder than any mar- 
 ble. A garrifon of five hundred foldiers is kept here. 
 
 About two hundred miles to the louthwartl of ll'pa- 
 lian is Schiras, a place of confiderable trade. The 
 wines m.tde here are the belt in Perfia; the fruits and 
 flowers AW incomparable ; and the furrounding country- 
 is a perfect jiandili- ; but only about four thoufand of 
 the houles arc at pit ient inhabited. It is the c.ipital of 
 Pars, the ancient I'erfia; and its college for the lludy 
 of oriental literanire is one of the bed in IVrfia. Tho" 
 t'ne ftreets are narrow, the buildings in general are lii- 
 perb and elegant, and the mofques are innumerable. 
 
 Moll of the European tuitions, pardcularly the Eng- 
 hlh, have eftablifhed faftories at C.-ombroon, by the 
 means of which they carry on a trade with the Perfians, 
 Turks, 'I'artars, Arabians, Armenians, Banyans, &c. 
 
 The Englilh fadory at (iombioon is dole to the fea, 
 at iiime diltance from the Dutch, which is a convenient 
 and elegant buikling. Great profits arife to both the 
 cnmpani'.s for freightage ; for as tlie natives have no 
 liiips, their goods are carried in b'.ngliili and Dutch 
 bottoms, to Surat, and other Indian marts. The 
 principal commodides are a variety of wines, almonds, 
 raifins, dates, ginger, jiillachiv) nuts, filks, carpets, 
 leather, ammoniac, afiiifcetida, tragacantli, with man\ 
 other gums, drugs, &c. the principal of which, articles 
 being the produce of Carmania, are brought to (joiii- 
 bioon in caravans. The coni])anies pay no cullom, 
 but, at certain fimes, give prefonts to the Shahbinder, 
 or principal Perlian officer, to prevent his being trou- 
 blefomc. The Englilh have an agent at Ifpahan, who 
 receives one third of die company's profits, the chief at 
 (iombroon one third, and the relt of the fadors the other 
 thiul. Thre are three iliaiids near Gombroon ; Or- 
 mus, Sahara, and Quefmo. The fiirmer is fituated at 
 the mouth of die Perlian Giilph, is totally barren, de- 
 void of fr';fli water, but produces excellent white fait, 
 and great quantities of black Ihining fand. The Illand 
 of Rahara is remarkable f()r its pearl fiflieries, which 
 arc attended with great profits. Quefmo is a fruitful, 
 [ileal'ant, and populous ifiantl. 
 
 In the Ifland of Weytoy, in the Calpian Sea, are 
 Iprings of black or dark grey naj)dui, a kind of unclu- 
 oiis fiery minerals. The Iprings foment and boil higlielt 
 when the weather is thick and hazy. The n.iptha often 
 takes fire at the fiirnace, forms a flaming livulet, and 
 retains its flames nil it gets to an allonilliing dillance 
 from the fliore. In fine weadier die fpriiigs boil u]) to 
 about three feet, in doing which it often hardens till it 
 almoft doles die moudi of the fpring, and fometimes 
 
 M3 
 
 ^uitc covers it up, forming a hillock upon it. But the 
 fpring is no fooner ojipofcd and obdnided in one place, 
 than It works its way under ground to another, where 
 it breaks out v.ith redoubled violence. The mouths 
 of the fprings are about ten feet in diameter, or mure, 
 when they have been long open. The poor people ufc 
 the naptha aj oil i<i their lainps, and often to boil their 
 provifions, but it gives the fijod a difagreeable talte, 
 and is, indeed, in itfelt', very dil'gufling to the fmell. 
 This oecalions the ifland not to be inhabited at any time, 
 except when the people are gathering naptha. 
 
 A peculiar kind of thin white naptli;., found in die 
 penini'ula of Apcheron, is drank by the Perlians as a 
 cordial, and ufed externally as a medicine. It is pur- 
 dialt-d by the Indian incrchants, and, being propel ly 
 prepared, forms tlie molt beauuful and durable varnilh 
 m the univerfo. 
 
 The temple of the Cebers, or Gaurs, who are the 
 worlhippcrs of I, re, is about ten miles ti-om Baku, a 
 city 0:1 the Calpian Sea, near whicii there are mine':, of 
 fulphur. The earth, for two miles round, lia^ been 
 long famous tor its Angular qualities ; for on paring olF 
 the furface of the eanh in any part of that e;;tent, to the 
 depth of tw(j or three inches, antl touching the iinco- 
 veicd I art with a red hot coal, it immediately takes 
 fire. Though the flame makes the foil hot, it does not 
 conUimc it, or injure any diing near it. If a hoHow 
 cane, or any other tube, though maile of the flighted 
 materials, be put a few inches into the ground, and the 
 top of it be touched with fire, the flame will inllantly 
 buril out, and will burn exceedingly dear, widiout 
 confuming the cane or tube. Thus the inhabitants of 
 thefe parts kindle a fire, and drefs their f lod, witluuir 
 expence : fordieir houles confifl: only of a ground fljor, 
 which is not paved -, fo that when they want to dreis 
 any foixl, they run three or four canes into the ground 
 and, having kindled a fire, they put on the pot. Tlie 
 flame may be extinguiflieil in the fame manner that I'pi- 
 rltsofv.ine arc. This flame fmells fulphureoully, like 
 naptha, but is not quite fo oflenfive ; and the more 
 ilrong the ground, the more ftrong and clear is the 
 flame. 
 
 On the borders of the Calpian Sea the foil is r.ither 
 unfruitful ; but to the I'oudiward of Mount Taurus the 
 natural fertility of die ground is aftonifliing ; the corn, 
 wliich is brought to perfeftion with very little trouble, 
 is admirable. They make excellent wine of grapes, 
 which are die fpontaneous piodudions of thole parts. 
 The other fniits are delicious, and die Cue of the coun- 
 try teems with all the luxuries of life. 
 
 The oil of this country is excellent, as are the drugs, 
 particularly lenna and rhubarb. The cucumbers, dates, 
 oranges, pilhichio nuts, melons, and all kinds ot what 
 Europeans call garden vegetables, are not to be ex 
 celled. 
 
 Like the Chinefe, the Perfians deem gardening one 
 of the molt important fciences, and fp.ue neither pains 
 or exjience to remler their enclofed grounds beaudhil, 
 as well as uleful. 
 
 The Perfians do not introduce flowers into their g.u- 
 dens, as the Europeans do; thefe are the fpontaneous 
 prexludions of' the fields ; but the gardens are filled 
 with plantations of the moll excellent fruit trees. Their 
 walks are curioufly laiil out, and let on both fides witii 
 tzinnar trees, a fpecics ofp(iiilar not known in Europe: 
 it grows to die height of u pine, bears .1 liuit rel'embling 
 the chelhut, and hai broad leaves like iliole of the vine. 
 Of the wood the I'erfians make their doors anil window 
 fliutters, as it is brown, Imooth, finely veined, ;ind 
 much more beautit'ul than the linell wahiut-tree. 
 Their fountains are deemetl the fiiidt ornaments of 
 dieir gardens. 
 
 There is much art difpl.iyed in the arrangement, 
 cultiire and orname-its of the emperor's garden near 
 the city of Ifpahan, called byarback. It is cxadly 
 fquare, being half a le.igue each way, and is divided at 
 right angles by tin- river Sheiidenidi. Towards die 
 fouth there is a m .nut finely planted with trees, which 
 
 form 
 
Ml A NEW. ROYAl, aso AUTHENTIC SYSTFM ok UNIVF.RSAI, GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 I 
 
 ■•r . J 
 
 t - 't 
 
 ibrm fc\i.ral iKMUCiful walks: or. cac!i fu!c are preri- 
 pii'cs niatk' by cutting the rock, ami trom the top L-- 
 vcral flrvams of water fall into 'ali)n-> at the bottom, 
 and tbr;n a variety of artiliciul c'.iiatles. There are 
 balims a:iJ finmtains in every v,;iik, luit they all liifTtr 
 from eacii ot'.ier in appcaranvc, ami fixmt out the water 
 in various directions. 
 
 In the niuklte of the [!,\:ikn there is a v.ry lan^e 
 bafoii, into which all tiie kveral llrc.uns dilemboguc 
 thenilci\e<, and trom which a column of water is thrown 
 ii[) to the iici<i;ht of .\o (irt. I'hc baliin i^ lijuarc, and 
 at each corner there is a l.-.:gc pavilion, containin;^^ le- 
 veral fine apartments, adorn.al with bcauti.iil carvi.ig 
 and ['ildin^. This garden is not only ptanteil with all 
 the Ipeties of fruit-trees in I'erfia, hut v.ith many from 
 'I'urKcy and India, which were procured at a great ex- 
 pence for th.ir purpote by Shah Abbas; among which 
 IS a peculiar l.i'nl of vine, the grapes whercot are as 
 large as a vval;i'.i- , they contain no (lone, and t.ilte 
 inoil deliti )ii(ly. There are i lO gardenersto v.xlr care 
 of this f^'.arden i tha: is, ten nialK-r gan'eners ami ten 
 others under each <:t tlurp. They are fullered to let 
 any perlcn fee the gaalcn for four kalbckics. or two- 
 pence a piece, whc are allowetl to eat what li-iiit they 
 pleafe, but to carry none away. 
 
 There are fummt-r-houfes in moll [•■■rlens, contain- 
 ina: f>ur apartments, luirable to tiie hmr v.inds ; ai'.d it 
 frei]iieiuly happens that the fumnvr-lv^ui; s are iar lu- 
 peri >r to iU\: dwelling-houi'es, both with refpecl to the 
 architecUire and furniture. 
 
 The fuperabun.lant number of mulberry-trees in 
 Perlia enabl.!. the native; to feed innumciabie cjuanti- 
 ties of filk-worms, which produce fomc of the molt 
 t\( client filk in the univcrfe. 
 
 Wild clielhut, turjH-ntine and iJmond trees abound 
 here, us do the willow and fir trees. Many provinces 
 produce trees which bear thofe gall nuts th.'.t are i:led 
 in (.lying. There are gum, malbc, and incenle trees j 
 the latter, v.hich are found in Carmania, relemble the 
 pear tree. 'Thf plantain trees are iu[)poled to prevent 
 the plav^ue from vifiting places, where liiey are tound in 
 alv.inil.'.iice; and it is alferteJ by the Pcrlians, that at 
 Ifpah.'.n, vhere the pkigue v.a3 tbrmerly frequent, no 
 Contagion hath happened (Ince the gardens and public 
 w.ilk , of that city were planted with th.ele trees. The 
 manna tree.; are of various forts : t!ie i;cil yellow is 
 (bund in Nich.ijxiur and part ot Badria. 
 
 'They have plenty of tobacco about i I.inimadan and 
 Sufa; and the I'erlian poppy is deemed tiie tinelt: i.i the 
 univerfe. 'The roots and lallading are betrcr tailed, 
 and icfs liable to create wind in the llomach, than thole 
 ot .any other country. 
 
 In Clv.)rafi;in they have rhubarb, which is in high 
 eRiniation, th mgii it mull be conieiletl that it is inte- 
 rior to that bro'.r^lit Ironi 'Tartary. Here h plenty of 
 fena, nu.-c-voiiiica, caliia, gum-ammoniac, allafatida, 
 Uc. Aliafu.ri.ia is common in all the eaflern coun- 
 ,tries, b^'ing uled in ragouts, liiuce.s, loups, &c. It is 
 all )wed to liave tl'.e flnin^eit odour of any thing in the 
 univerli: : whatever vellel it i.; put in it alwavs retains 
 the t'cent, .and all the gooils in any Ihiji in which alla- 
 fatida is packed up are more or lefs impregnatetl with 
 the effluvia. 
 
 J lere , re two kind . of mummy : one is a natural 
 production, v.iiirh dilTii. from a mck, and the <!ther is 
 taken from emlv.lmei.t bodies. It is an admirable me- 
 dicine in the cure of wounds, bruile:., occ. 
 
 Galbanum and tl.e cotton tree are very common, but 
 there u another tree wliich [iroduces a very fuie cotton, 
 or rather a (ilk. 
 
 iiurojjean fnfits in general abour; 1 in great perfection 
 in Ferlia, particularly pe.iches, ajiritots and nectarines, 
 fome of which v/cigh eiglitecn or twenty <jiinces. 
 
 'The poiiiegranates, a[)ples and pears, whidigrowin 
 Iberia, pre very fine, as are the ilates of Carmania, 
 t!ie oranges o( J lyrcania, and tlie onions of Ba^lria; 
 the •^■hm and bariey are exceeding good, :urd die rice 
 ii univtrfaJly adnnrc.;: but oar.s and rye are exceeding 
 fcarcc. 
 
 1 
 
 i'he (hiirs of Perlia would eciu.il, if not excel, thofc 
 of Tairope, if the natives knew any tiling of groitiiig 
 and inociil.ttlon. 
 
 Salt, liilphur, alliim and liilt-pctrc, are here prjJu.-eil 
 by tJKintaneous n.uure. 'There are large quart ie} of 
 black, white, reii and mixed m.irble. 
 
 The rerlian hoiles are the moll beautiful of the I a'.h 
 thoiigii not deemed to I'wift as the Arabkui. The allU 
 ;',.e of two Ibrts : the native afles, which are dull, heavy 
 and lUipid, and the Arabian breed, which arc beautiiiil, 
 docile, ami in hiiih eliimation tor the taddle. 
 
 They have alf) mules, oxen, bulfalos, an I thrc? 
 I')rts of camels, viz. the fmall, large and Iwitt: thi. 
 latter can trot exceeding tall. 'The laige camels cm 
 tarry laooor 1300 weight: they are not beaten, hut 
 man.u-,ed by tlie voice, the driver tinging a kind <.f 
 toni.';, .md the camel proceeding taller or (lower accord. 
 ing to tlie miKliil.ition of the viace. 
 
 0.\en are ulid in plougliing, Ivit bix-l is fil.lun 
 eaten. I logs are I'carce : (heep and deer plenty : and 
 wild beads liich as lions, leopards, bears, tygers, 6:c. 
 very numerous, particularly 111 I lyrcania. Tlie jackals 
 dig gr.ives, aiKl tear up the dead bodies, being exceed- 
 ing t()nd of the tlelh. 
 
 There is the tame variety, but not the lame abund- 
 ance ot fowls in Perlia as in Europe, excepting piveoiis, 
 there being alxjve 3000 pigeon-houfes in llp-iiian .uij 
 its ncighb lurhooil. t he realon of (iicli a nuinlH-r of 
 pigeons being kept is on account of their dung, whicii 
 tlie Perhans deem die bed manure tor their melons, of 
 which they are li) Hmd. 
 
 Mardets iuid the inura are taught to fiieik like 
 p-arrots. The nightingale is heard all the year round, 
 though it lings rinell in I'pring: but the principa' bird 
 is the pelican, which has a beak near twenty inches in 
 lengtii, a head too large in proportion to the boily, an.l 
 leathers as loft and white as thole of a g.xjle. It u;iially 
 reus its long beak upon its back: its tiiod is tilh, in 
 the catcliing of which it thews great dexterity. 
 
 There are a great number oi binls (jf prey, which arc 
 taught to tly at other game, the Perfians being great 
 lovers of t \ onry. 
 
 l-relh water fiih are not plenty on account of tlie great 
 fcarcity of rivers : but they have lea tilh in very great 
 abundance. 
 
 In Carminia there is a natural ratity called the wi:;d- 
 poiibning-fiower, which, it i.s liiid, infects the air. 
 I'liere is anodur Ihri'b called alles jjoilbn, becaufe 
 wiien it is eaten by thol^ .i...ii3ls it proves mortal. 
 
 The bezaar ftone ii taken tiom g-ats bodi wild a-ulj 
 tame, which teed near the Perfian giilp'i, and is of gieal 
 value. There are tV.arms ot land locufts, but they are/ 
 devouretl by the water loculls, which are their natural 
 enemies. 
 
 At Ibmetliilance from Ifpahan is a river, which falls 
 into a beautiful balini through a range of rocks, and 
 appears like a lake covered with rocks and mountains. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Peifinii, Drefs, C:i/lo7iii, Ma!:ncr<, Diffinfihons, Di- 
 rry/ionf, Arti, Manujaclurei, Ilal/ilattons, Language, 
 Marriage and Funeral Cereiiwnirs, 
 
 ''r^ I IE Perfians of both fexes are in general hand 
 X fjine, the men being tijiid of Circailian women. 
 'The men 'have their heads, but tbir.e allow tlicir 
 beards to reach up to their temples. The religious, 
 however, wear long beards. All the men, except 
 giaiidees, wear caps, which are pretty high, and gi- 
 thered at the top ; but tiiole of quality wear magnifi- 
 cent turbans. As they make it an univerlal rule to 
 keep their heads exceeding warm, lb they never t.ikc 
 oft' either caps or turbans even to monarchs. 
 
 'I'heir mode of lalutation is by inclinuig die head, 
 and putting die right hand to die biealt. 
 
 Tiieir favourite colour is red, wliich diey admire be- 
 
 i.ai;!e 
 
 ASIA-I 
 
 c.iufe tlieir foldiern 
 ,-ilkt! killlbalhce, o 
 
 They wear callic 
 covered by Ihort c< 
 lalh : as the vetl re.i 
 of drawers fupplies 
 (lockings are joinei 
 high heels are won 
 of their cloathing ar 
 fill of filk, tiirs, c 
 broiilered witli gold 
 boots on their legs, 
 I .ic drefs of the w 
 die men, and is rati 
 what beauty they ha 
 
 'The laws of the 
 wives, and to keep ; 
 But it is the cullom 
 fuier the women as 
 if they plealir, niarr 
 time. 
 
 The higher rank 
 and the lower abfoh 
 till the \.r:\, plant I 
 as well as domellic 
 market, fumter abci 
 
 The Perlians are 
 iile coffee in the mo 
 particularly melons, 
 Their chief meal i > 
 b liled rice and ti)wl' 
 abomination to cut i 
 is ilrelled, their fooi 
 or feparate it with tl 
 of lin.dl diihes. 
 
 If the lower clafs 
 better ti)rt are politi 
 ber of caravanlera; 
 a proof of tiie hutpii 
 is a large Iquare b 
 middle: the buildi; 
 chambers for the a' 
 blc> fl)r tlieir hor: 
 callcni countries, 1. 
 nient, though noth 
 them. A poor fan 
 the rooms and Itabi 
 travellers. 
 
 'The Perfians 
 f.nglilh traveller 
 hounds, and fever.ii 
 and purl'ue, anteloji 
 round the head of 
 ■lil the hound leize 
 i'lr.the antekjpe is 
 univcrfe. The uv. 
 telopes is thus exi 
 .uiiin.ils, and feeilt: 
 liiey are accuflonu 
 the heads of thole 
 in the lame mannc 
 
 In m.my provin 
 . riila drops its v^ 
 ili.'.tely penetrates, 
 Ivniptoms to appi 
 uhliged to drink a 
 tc! wards being put 
 to four pieces of 
 vehemence, a iia; 
 diiorder. 
 
 The following a 
 lonie fpacioii.s plai 
 the top of which 
 trencher, containir 
 down, and Ihoot a 
 ney falls, it belong 
 obliged ro give 
 p:elciit. 
 
 No. 14. 
 
F.OGRAi'ilY. 
 
 iu.ll, it' not excel, tliofc 
 ' any tiling of gruting 
 
 tic, arc lierc p: jJurcd 
 iiie large qiari ics of 
 
 )ll bc;niti;iil of the I a;*, 
 lie Arabian. The aiii-, 
 , w!»ich .'.If lUill, Ik-.i\ V 
 ai, which arc bcuniml, 
 
 the r.uUllc. 
 n, biitKalos, an 1 thrc.- 
 , hirge and Iwit't: tht 
 
 I lie l.in;c caim-Is cm 
 ly an- not beaten, lint 
 river linging a kiml (| 
 t'lller or llower accorii- 
 e. 
 
 ;, l)'!t heef is tU-mi 
 ) ami tleer plenty ; arU 
 inis, bears, tygers, U-:. 
 I lyreania. The jack.iis 
 1 b;xlle.s, bein^; exceed- 
 but n')t the lame aluind- 
 rojje, excepting pij-.-ons, 
 i-hf)iircs in Iljuiian .iiid 
 n ot" iiieli a niiinUr of 
 inc of their clung, which 
 line ibr their iricloiis, of 
 
 tauglit to r[>e.ik like 
 .•ard all the year mmd, 
 
 but tiie princip.il bird 
 k near twenty inclies in 
 portion t(i the body, an.i 
 e of a g.'Kjli.'. It uiually 
 ick : its iixxl is Hlh, in 
 ;reat tlexterity. 
 birtis of prey, wiiich arc 
 he Pcrfianb beinj; great 
 
 ty on account of tlie great 
 ivc lea lilh in very gaat 
 
 al r.atity called the wir.d- 
 IS laid, infects the air. 
 d aiies j)()ilbn, becaufe 
 IS it proves mortal, 
 om 
 ian gii 
 
 and locufts, but they are' 
 , which are their natural 
 
 ASIA.]. 
 
 P F, R S I A. 
 
 iii 
 
 1 g')afs bodi wild ;nclj 
 guiph, and i.s ot great 
 
 1 1 It. U... .1." .' 
 
 lan is a river, whitii falls 
 a range of rocks, and 
 I rocks and mountains. 
 
 ) N II. 
 
 ii:r,cr<, Difpeffior.i, D: 
 , Ilid'ilntions, Language, 
 
 es are in general hand 
 id of Circailian women. 
 -, but l()ir.e ailow tlieir 
 temples. 'I'he religious, 
 Ail the men, excejH 
 re pretty high, and ;.',.i- 
 )!' (juality wear nrigiiih- 
 ; it an univerfal rule t') 
 irm, \'o they never t,ikc 
 to monarchs. 
 by inclining the head, 
 e breail. 
 
 I, wiiijli they adnjirc bc- 
 car.fe 
 
 ci'ife their foliiiers wear it, who, on that account, arc 
 ,ii!n! kiltibalhce, or red hc.ids. 
 
 They we.ir ca'dio Ihirts next to the (kin. th.it are 
 covcrcii by Ihort eiKits or veils, which they girt with a 
 lalh ; as the veil reaches only to the knee*, a Urge pair 
 of drawers fiipplies the plue yf breeches. Ciotii 
 ftockings arc |< lined to the drawers, und nip[iers with 
 hiijh heels are worn inlleati of Ihoes. I'he materials 
 ot tluir cl.)athing are, h^iwever, cxpcniive, as they con- 
 lill of filk, furs, cotton, muPiin, &c. pl.iin, or em- 
 broidered with goKl and lilvcr. They oken v.ear l<K)le 
 boots on their legs, and always daggers in .Iieir lalhes. 
 I ,ic drcfs of the women diil'ers very little trom that of 
 the men, and is rather collly. They, however, injure 
 what beauty they have by paint anil wallies. 
 
 The laws of the Fei lians permit then) to marry four 
 wives, and to keep as many concubines as ihey pl'eafe. 
 But if is the cullom of the country for the men to con- 
 fuier the women as mere llaves. They may, indeed, 
 if they plcale, marry for liie, or flir any determin.ite 
 time. 
 
 The higher rank of women arc abfolute prifoners, 
 and the lower .abfolute drudges j fiir tlv-y arc obliged to 
 till the und, plant die ri-.-c, and do every kind of (ield 
 as well as domellic work, while their luill)ands go to 
 market, fuinter about, or fmoke their pipes. 
 
 Tiie Pcrlians are in general pretty teiijperate. 'I'h'-y 
 iili- cofVee in the morning, and dine on milk and fruit, 
 particularly melons, of which they are exceeding ti)ml. 
 Their chief meal i> fupper, which confills of pilau, .and 
 boiled rice and fowls or mutton. As they clleem it an 
 abomination to cut bread, or any kind of meat, after it 
 b dreded, their food is ti) pre|)ared, that they can divide 
 or feparate it witii their lingers, and is fcrvcd in a variety 
 of lin.iU diihes. 
 
 If the lower clafs of people are balliful and fliy, the 
 better fort are polite and holpitable. The great nimi- 
 ber of caravanleras in this country may be adduced as 
 a proof of the holpitality of the people. t\ caravanlera 
 is a large li]uare buikhng, with a Ipacious court in the 
 middle: the building iticif contains a great number of 
 ch.inibers t()r the acconini(>dation ot travellers, and lia- 
 ble, lor their horles. As tlicre arc not any inns in the 
 callern countries, canwanleras are exceedingly conve- 
 nient, though nothing but llielter is to be obtained in 
 them. A poor family uiually refides in e.ic!i, to clean 
 the rooms and ilables, and to give proper direftions to 
 travellers. 
 
 The Perfians have a variety of divcrfions. A late 
 I'.nglilh traveller mentions, that he Tiw many grey- 
 hounds, and fcveral hawks, who were trained to Hy at, 
 :md purfue, antelopes, in this inanner : The hawks Hy 
 round the head of the antel.ipe, and retard its vekicity, 
 tiil the hound feizcs it : otherwilc; it could not be taken ; 
 i'l; the antelope is much fwiftcr than any hound in tlie 
 iir.iv'erfe. The method of tr.iining hawks to fly at an- 
 telopes is duis executed : they (luff the ikins of thole 
 .miin.db, and feed the hawks between their i^orns ; hence 
 ti.ey are accullomcd to fly towards, an'! hover round 
 the heads of thole animals. The Tartars train hawks 
 in t!ie lame manner to fly at wolves and foxes. 
 
 In m.my provinces, during the hot weather, the ta- 
 
 rnla drops its venom upon the Ikin, which imme- 
 d!.'.[cly penetrates, antl occafions the moft dreadhil 
 Ivniptoms to appear; to remedy whicii, the patient is 
 ohiigcd to drink a great quantity of new niilk j and af- 
 terwards being put inio a tray, failcned by ropes fixed 
 to four pieces of wocid, and twung ab )ut with great 
 vehemence, a naulea enlbcs, which carries off the 
 diioriier. 
 
 The following amulcment is common in Ifpalian. In 
 lome Ipacious place a jiole is Hxcd in the ground, on 
 the top of which diey put an apple, a melon, or a 
 trencher, containing money ; they then ride up and 
 down, and thoot at it on full gallop ; if any of the mo- 
 fiey iulL, it belongs to the lervants ; and the winner is 
 obliged ro give an entertainment to the 
 p:cfcnt. 
 
 No. 14. 
 
 c')m|)any 
 
 Another amiifcment is cricket on foot and on horfe- 
 back. They arc fonil of baiting wiki bcaft-s, encou- 
 raging mimics, jugglers, rope-tiancers, hv. W ith 
 relpect to hawking, hunting, and horlemanlliii), th«y 
 ecjual moft nations, and exceed all, at prelenr, in 
 archery. They throw the javelin with great dexterity, 
 and are tolerably expert in the ufe of fue-.irms. 
 
 The Perlians aic hofpitablc and p'dite, I'o all they 
 cm to oblige, and always accomniod.ite ftrangers in the 
 lull manner. They are, however, taxed with diffimu- 
 Lition anil infinceriry, ami not with.mt fomc realijn. 
 
 rh<y are uncommonly foml ot tobacco, particularly 
 tliat from y\merica, which they fmokc in great cjuanti- 
 ties. In fmoking they ule a gl.afs decanter, called a 
 callcian, filled aixiut three parts with water. The to- 
 bacco is rolled up like a ball, and put into a fmall fil- 
 ver veird like a tea-cup, to whlcli a tube is (aliened that 
 reaches almoll to the bottom of the w.itcrj annriiei 
 tube being fixed above the v atcr to the neck of the 
 vefTel, the fmoak isdniwn through the water, by which 
 means it becomes cool and plcafant. 
 
 In Perfia there is a cullom which, to an European 
 traveller, may appe.n exceedingly dif.igreeable ; diat 
 is, if he gives an entertainment to any capital perfon o( 
 the country, he is obliged to provide a great cjuantity 
 of fweetmeats ; not fo much to entertain die mailer, as 
 to dillribute among the fervants. 
 
 .SiijKTflition prevails in Perfia to an extreme: the 
 twilling of the features, the hands laid .acrol ., the fin- 
 gers interchanged, and other particular g-fhares of the 
 btxly, they fancy are full of magic power. Meteors, 
 or what arc commonly called falling flars, they fup- 
 pote to be blows of .angels upon the heads of devils. 
 Cats they venerate, but dogs arc held in gre.it difclleem. 
 Sneezing is a good omen, but yawning a bad one. 
 Nay, a perfon who was lent li)r by one of the empe- 
 rors, f.mcying his life in clanger, affured an Englilk tra- 
 veller, that his fate depended upon the repetition of a 
 certain prayer, when he came into the preleiice ol the 
 Siiah: " For," faid he, " if I repeat it periec^ly, I 
 lliall elcape with my life : but if 1 fhould happen to 
 omit a fingle fyllable, or even pronounce a word impro- 
 perly, I fliall certainly be a dead man." 
 
 The Perfians were once celebrated for their poetic 
 genius. They are ftill fond of verfe, and dieir wri- 
 tings upon love arc delicate, antl the fentiments they in- 
 culcate refined. Their poetry has generally a moral 
 turn; and th<'ir elegies and paltorals uiually infinuate, 
 tliat though their law permits them to marry four wives, 
 yet rcafon fliould confine tliem to one ; th.at the enjoy- 
 ment of a beloved woman is a virtue, becaufe natural ; 
 but that celibacy is a vice, becaufe it operates againft 
 the grand aftive principal of nature, which is to increafe 
 the liiim.in Ijiecies. There the poets have more fenle 
 than the prieds, and the lower clafs of people are greater 
 l)hil()fo()hcrs th.an the legiflators. The Perfians, indeed, 
 think poetry the moll fublime fcience, and fmoking to- 
 bacco the moll rational amufement. If they are con- 
 d.enined to die, they chear themfelves with a couplet, 
 antl then meet their fate v/ithout the leall fear : and 
 when the fmoking of tobacco hath been prohibited by 
 tlie emperors, inany Perfians have left dieir country, 
 atul lettled in tiireign parts, Iboncr than be deprived of 
 this lomniferous pleafure. 
 
 There is tome fancy in the dances of tlie Perfians, 
 but their mufic is intolerable, at lead to an European 
 ear. After the mufic is finifiied at an entertainment, 
 die principal mufician prcfents an orange to die com- 
 pany, which is a civil indication of his expefting a 
 iiandliime gratuity for himfelf and band. At thel'e en- 
 tertainments die company uiually drink (Irong liquors 
 in tea-cups, till they arc quite intoxicated, each having 
 a plate of fweetmeats before them. 
 
 They dc) not cmbarrals themklves with the concerns 
 of futurity, are fijnd of enjoying the piefent minute, and 
 trull entirely to Providence for all diat is to enfue. 
 Their genius is penetrating, and dieir fancy lively. 
 Their capacity is great for arts, fcicnces, war, and 
 O o mechanical 
 
 w 
 
 I m^ 
 
 ' •*'! i' 
 
 % 
 
 ..k.„:^ 
 

 m 
 
 If |, ii ' 
 
 146 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 mcch.iiiical employments ; but their profiifenefs, luxu- 
 ry, aad indolence, countenidt their natural abilities; 
 and the un;i>rtunate policy of their rulers is a great bar 
 to every tiling uleful anil liberal, and militates ag.iinll: 
 every propenlity to improvement. Their goKl antl (il- 
 ver laces are admirable, and prel'erve their lulire long. 
 They underflaml pottery tolerably, ma'^e good poice- 
 lain, and are famed for their (kill in china ri\'erting. 
 They .ire acquainted with die glafs manuliiclory, but 
 not I'o well as to be able to malce looking-glafi'es. 
 
 The principal manufadur-s of the c.'untry are lilks, 
 fattins tabbies, talKities, brocades, golil luid C\\\\'- 
 tilTues, tie. wiiich are .idmired ail over the 'vorld, the 
 workmanihip being excellent, and the tiguies lively : 
 but tlie hitler, imieed, are ufually out of proportion, 
 
 as the I'erfuns know very little of ilrawing, and nothing 
 at all of perfpedive ; the excellency of their colours, 
 therefore, iulmirs of their being luimirable dyers, though 
 they are but bad p.iinters. Tiiey ulually dclign in pro- 
 tile, i\3 they are very unfucceisful in drawing tiiil iiices 
 or front figures. I'hey have neither modellers, ilatua- 
 rics, o'- engravers, which, as well as the inlufficiency 
 ni' their painters, may be owing to liinie rigid religious 
 tenets, that proliibit the artiiiciai imitation oi any living 
 creature. They are perk'cl.ly well Ikilied in varnilMng, 
 and their turners ;uid joiners are tolerable ; but their car- 
 penters are very indiB'ercnt artiils, whicli is owing to the 
 great fcarcity of timber throughout the whole empire. 
 
 As they have no lockfmiths, die locks to tlieir tire- 
 arms arc purchalld of the Europeans. 'I'lie barrels 
 diey make exceeding Ifrong, but the Hocks are ill con- 
 trived. Tiiey utl" neither brafs, iron, or p'wter, in 
 their kitchens, all their culinary utenliis being copper, 
 well tiniied ; their braziers and tinmen being very good 
 workmen. 
 
 As they cannot make lookin^-glaffe-, their cutlers, 
 wf, ) are excellent mechanics, niaKc Heel mirrors, whicli 
 fuj , iy the defic'cncy. Their i'woril and tabre bkulcs 
 can. t be excelled. Tlieir knives, ra.iors, fcillius, 
 &c. :ierit comnnmlation. 
 
 As the Ferfuns value theinfilves upon iifing the 
 bow, tlie bow-makers take indnice pains in making that 
 weapon as llrong and as elegant as pollible. Th.e ma- 
 terials are v.-ood or hom, boiind round with finews, and 
 Ihiing widi twilled lllk. The c|uivers are nude of lea- 
 ther, linely embroidered with filk, guld and liber twill, 
 lScc. i'iie leather is cxadly die lame as diat which in 
 Eurojie is called Turkey leather. 
 
 riie taylori. tit their cloaths as well, and lew much 
 neater than tiie Eurupe.ia tayi irs. Many of them work 
 llowers upon garments, carpets, culliions, and cur- 
 tain>, in ,1,1 .id'nirable m.tnner. The excellency of the 
 i'eni.ui giruients conrifts in their being light, airy, and 
 lliort ; tf.eir drels confequendy does not impede rheir 
 n;itural activity, nor give them diat air of indolence .uid 
 effeminacy, of which tiie long Howing robe of tlv; 
 Turks are produclive. 
 
 They underlland embroidery on cloth, (ilk, or lea- 
 ther ; |(> tliat their laddies are pot only fupci ior to any 
 in the univerfe, with refpec'l to the w(jrkmanlliip in ge- 
 neral, ba: the embroiilery and Hitching in i\u-ti(ular. 
 The iliiriij.s are Ihort, but very beautiful. 
 
 1 hev are exceedingly fond of all kinds of ornaments 
 made ol' j.'wels, llicl; as little coronets, plumes in imi- 
 uon of feathers, and knots refembling (lowers for the 
 hciiLs. In lonie provinces they wear a ring through 
 tlic nrjifriis, fet with a variety of Hones: .ii:d m.iny 
 yo I'-.g ladies adorn themfelves with a Ipkndid neckl.ue, 
 ol di,;monds and rubies, which is (iiipended b)- tv,()g(,ld 
 i i:i;4-. liiat are run dirough the ears. 'I'heir arms are 
 dc. (.rated with bracelets of jewels or pearls, or with lit- 
 t'e iunacles fet wit.'i ,)iecious llones where they llmt. 
 ■| heir nerkiarcs fill into die bolom, and have a little 
 gold box, containing mu(k or amber, hanging to them. 
 All, who , lie I'ble, load their lingers widi rings. Ihe 
 l,(ii.iries p( lilli the llones in a :oleraLle manner, but 
 th. jev.eilers lit ihem very aukwardly : nor are the gold 
 •iiid ;.lvt:(iiuihs beiur workmen. 
 
 The Perflans, in general, confider the matter more 
 than the manner of every article, and value it for its 
 intrinlic worth more than for the beauty of die work- 
 manihip, which renders their ardlh very c.uelels ab'u,; 
 making imi)rovements. They are f jml of v/atches, buc 
 not one of their mechanics know how to make, or eix-n 
 to inenil a watch. 'l"hey admire printing, yet never 
 attempt to introiluce that art into their countr;,, thougli 
 they confel's its utility as olten as they mention it. I'n.'/ 
 wmk in a (hop, or have a Ihop-boaixl : but the gene- 
 rality of artificers and tnuleliiien go to die iioules of 
 thole who liaie occa lion to employ them, and lit iipcn 
 the ground, or do their work in any other pollute v>hich 
 is mod fuitable to the bufinefs they are upon. 
 
 Their gokl wiie-dr.iwers are good ai tills; and the 
 tanners excellent, not only at tanning leather, but Iha- 
 greefi, which is m.Kle of die minp of an als. Salt aiid 
 gall ferves them fur all the pur; ofes of tanning, bark 
 being unnecelfary on account of tl.e diynefs of tiie.i'!-. 
 
 The brick-makers mix the clay with chop'ped Hiav/, 
 and then make the bricks in wooden moukis, of eight 
 inches long, fix broad, and two and a halfdiick. Tliey 
 dien ilry them lingiy (or three hours, and a(ter\vards to- 
 getiier f()ra much longer Ipace. 'Thefe bricks are dried 
 in the (lin ; but thole which they dry with (ire are iiiucli 
 larger, and are likev.il'c made in moukis, the compofi- 
 tion being two parts clay, and one of allies ; .md the 
 kihi ill which diey arc dried is ulually about twtniy- 
 teven cubits in height. 
 
 Mechanics are ref'pecled in Perfia, but merciianvs a-e 
 placed on a tiiodng with perl()ns of rank. 
 
 hroni t'le great fcircity of timber in Peril;, it is 
 not to be wondered that, in dicir buildings, Icarce any 
 tiling is made c/f wood, jxcept Lhe doors and fal];es. 
 
 1 lie lioufes in general conliil only of a ground, floor, 
 the bottom being earth or cement, though li)me arc 
 paved, anil the roots flat, as they are exceedingly (i,nd 
 of enjoying die ferenity of the evening on the t(j[)s of 
 their houles, which are ufually fituated in the r.iidit ol 
 jjlealant gardens, and excKided from iiublic view by 
 high walls. If tlie niatler has occafion to tranfict any 
 biihnefs, he does not introduce a (Ira'.iger into liis 
 liotite, but fettles the ati'air in hand under die phxz.i in 
 die (rout of it; tor no Perllan hoiife is widiout lii'di a 
 piazza. 
 
 In mo'l hollies i> a hall of entertainment, whirli is 
 always arched or vaulted, and coii(e(iuentiy lonns a 
 dom ■ ; and, indeed, no couniry in the world h is I'o 
 many (lately domes, belonging both to public and \'v\- 
 \\\K buildings, as i'ei r:^ Sever;'l doors open into this 
 hall, which, in hot w '.he, are all fet open, in order, 
 as much as polfble, to draw the air, and incread* the 
 velocity of its circulation. 'The walls are built with 
 bricks; die rools are fji rounded eidier widi a wall or 
 baludrades j and the Perli.ans not only take die air 011 
 tiiem when tl.e evenings are fine, but frequently carry 
 up mattrailes, and lie there all night. 'I'he kitchens 
 and otlices are detached (fom die habitations. 'The 
 lire pl.ue conlills of' a hole in the earth, where a char- 
 coal lire being kindled, a kind of table covered with a 
 iar[iet, is put over it; beneath this the Perfians fonie- 
 tiines j)ut their legs to warm them. 'I'he (iuoak is car- 
 ried away underground dirough pipes, as there are very 
 (ew chimnies in the whole ciAintry. 'The doors are 
 fniall .md incoinenieiit, and are hung on without hinges, 
 being iadened either by wooileii bolts, a kind of wooden 
 locks, or r al loiks, whi'hare puiciialcil ol die Eu- 
 ropeans. 
 
 I'he I'erdans go early to rell. 'Theii beds, whiiii 
 conlid only o( a couple of cotton quilr,, are placed 111 
 the d ly-time in niches. At niglit one o( the(c quills is 
 (okied double, and 1;.;1 upon the carpet ((()r no perdin 
 in Perha is without a carpet) anil the other is u(ed (iir a 
 covering, 'i'hey arc likewi(e a'.commodated with a Ut- 
 ile (tjuare pillow. They only throw o(V their upper 
 garment, fo that they are (bon "ilrellcd and iindrelkil. 
 They have little beliiUs in their apartments, excepi (i> 
 plias or cudiions rij fit upon, and pillows to le.m upon. 
 
 The 
 
 an is written ; ami 
 
 ami ni^ht as we do 
 
EOGRAPIIY, 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 P F, R S I A. 
 
 H7 
 
 The Turkilli language is tlic polite or couit l.m- 
 gtiage, anil the Arabic is the learned langtwge, in wliich 
 all the books on fublime fubjeds are written : but tlie 
 Perlic is )"p()ken in toinnion tliroiighout t!\e empire. 
 In whatever language tliey write, they islways 'mke ule 
 of Arabic charafte'-s. '^'h.-y write ti-oni the rijrlu l;aiul 
 to the left, like the 1 lebrews ; and, inilead of i;uills, 
 the iil'e reeds to make pens ok 
 
 The Perfians make their pajier of cotton and filk 
 rags, ond, afiei- it is manufuLlureu, let a gloLs upon it 
 wirh a Ihiootli llone or llieil. 'Iheir letters of correl- 
 ptmdence are nicely rolled u]i, for the paper being very 
 tliiii will not bear lokiing as the b.iiropean |iaper does : 
 thev are then faitened with gum, and feaietl with a 
 cypher, or tome verfes of th.- koran, which are utli- 
 aliy engraved on the I'erfian rings: the imjirenion is 
 made with a tl.ickiih ink, coinpofed of g.iUs gum and 
 burnt rice. 
 
 As they arc unacquainted with the art of priiiting, 
 tlicir books are all manulcripts; but the writing is be- 
 Vi>nd delcription beautii'ul and correft ; they write eight 
 diti'crent hands, but elteein that moil in wiiich the ko- 
 rxn is written ; and this hand i*^ called the Nelky. 
 
 The Perlians are very fond of altrologv, which they 
 ti-rni the key 1)1 iuturity. They | Lice an implicit con- 
 tiJeiice in tiieir ailroiogcr:;, who are all natives of Cho- 
 riliiii!, and pietcnil to be defcended from the ancient 
 Magi. Tliey ule an altrolaile to find die fituations of 
 the ihirs, and can name the figns ot rhc zodiac ; but 
 they know little of eidier the terreilrial or celellial 
 globe; and underlland nothing more of arithmetic 
 tlian the four fundamental rules. 
 
 riicy obl'erve pretty jullly the eclipfes of the fun and 
 moon, but dread the thoughts of comets. Their al- 
 manacks are an ui.furd mixture of aitronomy and ju- 
 dicial ailrology, fatality and predictions. 
 
 The grand epocha by which they date all events is 
 the Hegira, or Right of Mahomet from Mecca, which 
 t(Kik piace in July, A. D. 622. 'I'hey reckon twenty- 
 fjur hours to dieir day, but do not fulxiivi'.le it into day 
 and night as we do. As they begin dieir week on Sa- 
 turday, l-ri'-!ay is their i'abbadi, whch tliey call the 
 Day of Afieinbly. Their year begins at the vernal 
 tv.j.iinox : their f .'iar and lunar years diller in the fpace 
 ot twelve days, bec.;ute they reckon but twelve moons 
 to their lunar year. 
 
 There is no country in tlie eall where phyficiaii. are 
 more elk'emed, or that produces a greater variety of 
 phylicdl ilrugs, dun Perfia. They are at perpetual 
 variance with the alVrologers j f(>r when a phyfician pre- 
 (cribes a medicine, the ])atient will not take it till an 
 allroioger has u intuited the liars, to Hx precilely the 
 pniper time. If the tnedicine fails of uiccet:, the phy- 
 fician blames tiie aflrologer for making a milhike in 
 !iis calculation ; and the atlrologer retorts by acciifing 
 the phyfician ot'.uhninillering what was imp' >per. 
 
 riie Perfians are very ignorant of tiirgery j barbers 
 being tiip only lurgeon.s, and le.v of them underlland 
 any thing more than letting blood. As bodies are 
 never dilibcled in I'erlia, tliey can have but litde idea 
 "f die animal occonomy. The plague feldom vilks 
 i'crlia, and tlie [leoplc are generally the from the gout, 
 (datica, fniall-pox, coniuinptions, and ajioplexy. The 
 tiileales to which ihey are inotl fubjed are fevers, 
 dropfics, dyfenteries, cholics, pleurilies, and die vene- 
 r>.'al, Tlie common diltemper near the Cafpian Sea is 
 tlie yellow jaundice. 
 
 I he bagni'.'S of Pcrlia, and particularly thofe of If- 
 rahan, are magniticent and elegant. 'I'hey are ufually 
 iijiiiai, thougii lijine lew aie lipiare. The roofs are 
 '■.jveied with painted tiles ; the walls are of a beautitul 
 kind of white flones eat h is covered with a dome. In 
 tile (entre of the building is a large hall, floored with 
 nurble, and a capacious balim to liathe, rtmnd which 
 ihe apartments to dreli; and undrefs in. When the 
 •'lis arc ready in the morning, a iervant goes to the 
 t^'irace on the loji of the buikling, and blows a iiorn, 
 '^ give pubHe notice of the fame, 'ilie men bathe in 
 
 the morning, and the women in die afternoon. V/hen 
 tlie men have done bathing, the male attendants all 
 withdraw, and are lucceeded by the feir.aks, who are 
 appointed to attend the women. No people of any very 
 great confid.eration, however, go to the public baths, 
 as they generally have badis in their own lioufes. 
 
 Befides being well rubbed by the attendants at the 
 bagnios, the barbers fhave the men with incredible dil- 
 [latch and eali-, and there cut the nails of their hands 
 and feet, chafe the flelh, .md give diem a very rough 
 pull of' both the arms, in order to Itretch the nerves. 
 Hadiing is not only enjoined the Perfians by their reli- 
 gion, but 's particulaily conducive to their health. 
 
 In Pcrlia they have neither wheel carriages or pa- 
 lant]ul,i3. The men convey thi"mf"cives and their goods 
 by the means of camels, horles, and alles : antl when 
 the women travel, they are put into a kind of fquare 
 boxes, covered over widi cloth, which is tlifj.ended by 
 hoo])s at die top. 'I'liefe boxes are hung like panniers 
 on e.ich fide of the camels. 
 
 The Perfians are allowed by law to have four wives, 
 and as many concubines as they pleafe, but they feldom 
 marry any more than one : and it is impoirible that they 
 fliould ever marry for love, becaufc they never fee their 
 wives till after the crmtrac't is to firmly made by die p.i- 
 rents, or friends, that they cannot recetle from the 
 agreement. The cliiklrjn. of concubines and ll.ives in- 
 herit etjuaily with die children of wives : dierefore there 
 is no fiich thing as batlardv in Perfia. 
 
 The firll preliminary of marriage is the rcgiflering 
 the contract befiire the civil magillrates. The bride- 
 groom then fends a rich prefent to the bride. On the 
 entiling ■.'veiling, lie proceeds in grand procefllon to die 
 houte where the bride refides, mounted upon a fine 
 horfe, richly caparifbned, and attended by a band of 
 inufic. }3y the way the bride meets him attended by 
 her friends : file is mountctt upon a horfe or camel, ami 
 veiled fb as not to be f'een. The cavalcades having 
 joined each odier return together to the houfe of the 
 bridegroom. The bride being led to tlie apartments 
 dellgned tor her, the bridegroom iin n follows, and, fin- 
 the lirfl time in his life, is [lermitted to fee her. But 
 the Perfians are not under the necellity of taking a wife 
 tor lite, ai; tliey are allowed, by law, to marry for any 
 limited tiu'e. 
 
 If a man wants to part from his wife dirougli mere 
 whim, and choof'es to be ilivoiv ed from her, though )lie 
 hath not committed any fault, he is obliged to pay die 
 dowry contratted for at the marriage. Divorces are 
 lalily obtained, anil both are permitted to marry again. 
 B'^ys are of age at thirteen, and confequcnr'" become 
 their own maflcrs, and are legally authorifeti to con- 
 tnict matrimony. Girls are marriageable when nine 
 years okl. The eldell children u:etlie guardians of tV- 
 refl ; and the ellates of minors cannot be feizi;d for die 
 debts of parents. The efleds of diof'c who die intef- 
 tate are iliflributed by the civil magiflrate aniong die 
 relations of the deceal'ed, according to his dii'ciedon. 
 
 We tlidl now give Ibme account of their treattnenC 
 of die dying and the dead, anJ larticularly of their fu- 
 neral lites. 
 
 When a perfon is on the point of expiring, the Per- 
 fians kindle tires on live tops of' their liouli.-s, which terve 
 as beacons or lignals to the neighbours and travefling 
 llraiigers, to oiler up their prayers for the padenc. The 
 moHali, or prieil, being lent tor, he exhorts the fick 
 |ierfon to repentance, who iitiialiy liiy, taiihr, or, I 
 do repent. 'I'he breath is no fiioner out of the body, 
 than the tiirviving relations and friends let uj^ a terrible 
 fcreaming, and, like the Irifii, make life of iiumy afi'cc- 
 tionate expretVions to the deceal'ed, bewailing his tate, 
 and declaring their alllidion to be [laf remedy. 
 
 After the corpte is wafhed, it is wrajiped in a kind of 
 winding Iheet, on which many pafliiges of die Koran 
 are llaniped or written. The loffin is filled with per- 
 fumes, fait, and lime. 
 
 At the interment of pertims of ilitlimflion tlie horfes, 
 turban, and arms of the deceai'd, precede the corpfe. 
 
 There 
 
 ; I hh 
 
 I 'V r:tl 
 
 ? ^ Jl !' 
 
 » ! 
 
 J, !('|r| 
 
 ■>|.h»i 
 
48 A NF.W, ROYAL an-d AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ■ i*i 
 
 i.;: 
 
 I; . 'r 
 
 'V 
 
 •\ik,i-- 
 
 Tliere are no appointed bc;ircrs to cany a collin to the 
 grave in I'erlia, us every one, from religions motives, 
 makes a point of afiiiling at fiiner;ils. P'.ven the people 
 of quality, wiien they perceive the appearance ot a 
 burial, will alight from their horfes, anil help to 
 carry the corpfe to the ground. The iice of the deatl 
 pericjn is laid towards Mec^a, and an arch is built on 
 tl)at fide near the grave. 
 
 The relations of the dcceafed cany prnvifions to the 
 grave for feveral days after tiie burial, ami \'ery (cri- 
 oufly exportulate with the defund on iu.' leaving tnem. 
 
 They mourn in ragged cloaths, but not in black, 
 which is, a colour they' iiate ; but their mourning lilts 
 only f)rty days. Widows appear inconfolcable, as 
 they feldom marry after the)- liave loft a hulband by 
 death. 
 
 The Armenians of Ju'pha mourn annually ai the 
 graves of tiieir deceafed rel.'.tions and friends. Early 
 m the evening the women proceed to the burial pLices, 
 cloathed in white. They kindle fires widi wood and 
 coals, which diey cany thither for tlie p.urpofe, plue 
 lightctl torches, and burn incenfe on the gnwes, and pals 
 the night in f.id lament.uions. A multitude of prielis, 
 drelliid in black, atteni, wiio repeat a let of prayers 
 for lUitcd gratuities. 
 
 S E C T I O N III. 
 InJIiltttioni, Civil, Rcligum', Political, Military, &c. 
 
 TIIE foundation of the civil power in Ferfia feems 
 to be involved in ambiguity. * It is faid, that af- 
 ter the death of Mahomet the impoftor, two competi- 
 tors appeared, and cl.iiiiicd the privilege offucceeding 
 him, not only in fpiritiial matters, l)ut in temporalities : 
 thefe were Hali, the liulb.md of liis daughter Fatima, 
 and Abubekar, his wife's father. That feveral engage- 
 ments eiifued between tiie contending parties widi va- 
 rious fticcels. Th;it the death of Abubekar leemetl to 
 promilc a cefilition of hoftilit'.es, when Omar, one of 
 Mahomet's generals, darted up, and revived the pre- 
 tenfions of Abubekar, and lud great fuccefs. Upon 
 his death, one of his kinfmen, named Ofm.in, fucceeded 
 him, bur dying in the ,j4th year of the Hegria, Hali 
 bec.une acknowledged by all parties as the fuccelVor of 
 Mahomet; but, upon his death, the officers of the 
 army tleclarcti the throne to be void, anil the crown 
 elective, which inilitatcd againit the inferetl of 1 loflein, 
 the Ion of Hali. It is added, tiiat j (olfein raited m 
 army lo oppofe Mehiviaii, anot! of Mahomet's ge- 
 iiends, whom the officers had. clc jfed : rh.it Hollein 
 v.as defeated and (lain, and eleven n; his f(;ns put zn 
 death, but the twelfth li>n made his efcapr, fiom whom 
 many of the fuceediiig i'eriian moiiarchs have aflerted 
 that they were deliended. 
 
 With reljiei^t to religion, the Perfian fed of Maho- 
 metans adf.pt the priiici|)les and f()ll()w the dodtrines 
 of Hali, as the Tiiikilh do die commentaries of Abu- 
 bekar, Omar and Oliiian, whom tlie Ottomans deem 
 the genuine liiccelf irs of M;:homet. 
 
 'I hcle feds are at perpetual variance with, and even 
 anathematize, each other in their prayers. Tlie Ma- 
 liomctans term theinl'elvc , Mulfelmen, which fignifics 
 fiiithfui : their tenets are, to believe there is but one 
 Goil, ^rd that Mahomet is hi' prop'ivt; ami they are 
 ftriiftly cnjoineil to obl'erve coqioral jnirilications, pray- 
 ers five times i ilay, alms, fading and pilgrim.ige : to 
 the above artii les tlie I'erfians add, that it is ablviliitely 
 necelVary to btlieve that I lali is the vicar of (joil. 
 
 '1 lie generality of the Mahometans believe in tranf- 
 niigration, and many, that no punidiment laii be eter- 
 nal. Their |)aradife is certainly fenfual, thougli many 
 of their dotlors ol a liijierior umlerll.inding are ulhani- 
 eil of that lenfuality, anil .iflt rt, that it is only allego- 
 lically li), and that riic prophets f|M)ke to the pallions of 
 men, in order to awaken their reafon. 
 
 'I'hey are obliged to walh their hands as ofien as they 
 
 I 
 
 offer up their prayers ; for it is one of their principal 
 maxims that prayers are not accepted in he.iven if tiie 
 liipplicant's hands are not wallied before he begins his 
 ejaculations. 
 
 The general purification, or wafliing of the wliole 
 body, is performed previous to a pilgrimage, a faft, or 
 Ibme extraortlinary ad of devotion. 
 
 They are taught that they mu*l obferve the follow- 
 ing particulars: attention and application, fervency, 
 fiitli, modefly, reverential love, hope, purity of mind 
 ami purity of body. 
 
 In the perf<)rmance of their^Jevotions they have fe- 
 veral ceremonies which muft not be omitted. The liiji- 
 plicant mull turn his face towards Mecca, divclt him- 
 felf of ilioes or llipners, and all ornaments, the lkir;i 
 or furs of unclean animals, &:c. lilt up his hands, and 
 prollrate himfelf to the earth. He mull likewife never 
 offer up a pr.iycr in any place where there arc llatues 
 images, pictures, 6ic. 
 
 I-', very perfon has a carjiet on purpofe : upon this he 
 kneels iljwn, and I'preads an alcoran, a bead-roll, ,i 
 comb, a pocket glafii and an eardicndilh; then taking 
 tl;e glal's and comb he combs his whilkers. Their beaiis 
 are diirty-nine in number; the little difh contains h'Ay 
 earth, and is the liime kind of mould of which the be.ads 
 are m.ide : but when ...ey [iray they are not permitted 
 to have fibre, fword, piltol, or even uioney about 
 them ; as ofl'enfivc weapons and worldly pelf they ima- 
 gine would render their prayers fiiiitlels. 
 
 In the Perfian mofques the prielis rather aCls as ma- 
 iler of the ceremonies diaii a pallor, for his bufincfs 
 is neither to preach or pray, but to keep order. All 
 the prayers which are f.iid in the moliiues are taken 
 from the general Mahometan liturgy : b'ut every one 
 begins where he thinks proper, and chufes out what 
 prayer he pkafes without regarding die rell of the con- 
 gregation ; but iiien the Perfiar^s repeat their prayers 
 ;b low, that they cannot dillurb each other. 
 
 Great as the luperllition of the Perfians may be in 
 many reipects, they worlhip Gotl only, ami pray that 
 he would increali; their worldly happinefs, as well as 
 immortal fL'licity, without having recourfe to any faint 
 as mediator : they do not even requeil the interceffion 
 eidier of iMahomet or Hali, though they f"o highly re- 
 verence them. 
 
 1 here are two kinds of alms-giving among diem, 
 viz. legal and voluntary. Tlie legal are tithes, whicli 
 are not given to the prielis, but applied to charit.ible 
 ules ; tlie clergy having lutRcieiit revenues applied ro 
 their liile ul'e. The voluntary charities are uliialiy 
 given to the fiiquirs, or mendicant friars, to be appro- 
 priated to relieve iniiilvent debtors, difdeliijd flrangc"?, 
 and to erect and elhiblilh works of a public nature, 
 fuch as caravanfcr.is, bridges, &c. 
 
 The Perfians have feveral fiifls : die moll remark- 
 able is that called Ramezan, fiom the name of the 
 month in whii h it is liekl. When the moon firil ap- 
 pears die cryers every where proclaiin it as a lignal hap- 
 pinefs, and a general hymn is fiing to welcome its ap- 
 pearance. The (Ireets are illuminated, horns founded, 
 and a general joy difliiles itfelf through the whole coun- 
 try. The baths being ready, the people walli and pii 
 rity themfelves, in order to enter upon their devotion. 
 '1 lie I onclufion of the Uamezan is celebrated in the fame 
 manner as the commencement. 
 
 During this grand kill the people are permitted toeai 
 every evening, but they mull not talle any tiling till the 
 public cryer proclaims the ordei- liir them liito do: they 
 are then allowed to eat fweetmeats, fruit, and other 
 light fiiods. In a lew hours afterthey go to lupper, hut 
 eat llovvly and abllemioully, as they deem it very dange- 
 rous to cat eagerly after f;:lting. 
 
 They oblerve three grand fellivals, vi/,. the new 
 year, the commemoration of Abraham's lacrilicing his 
 l()ii, and the martyrdom of I lolli-in. 
 
 I'liole who intend to celebrate the feall of the facri- 
 fice ride out early in the morning, ml facrilice a Iheeji 
 or a goat ; then returning home they order many more 
 
 lluvji 
 
 A-SIA.] 
 
 (licep and goats ti 
 among the poor, 
 caniei, :it which t 
 the firft day of the I 
 the city, adorned \ 
 which ceremony .s 
 he is brought to tli 
 aive money and pr 
 ing then led to an ; 
 iinperial crown u\ 
 tend. The ilay c 
 led to a fiekl near 
 his ficc towards M 
 and the governor, 
 him. The lie.iil 
 king ; the four qu 
 five wards of the 
 by certain familie 
 ferved till the nei 
 morfels to the pop 
 upon this occafio 
 who fancy that A 
 a camel. 
 
 The next feftiv 
 a fall, is in commi 
 as they term it, o 
 Uiiys, when altar 
 llreets, and a var 
 night the flreets 
 about, and the pr 
 Haiien, wlio wen 
 iinaiis, who peril 
 the (i 1 ll year of i 
 There is a rel 
 Gebers. Their re 
 lived about the 
 philofjpher taugl 
 under tiie fbnn c 
 rity, adlivity, am 
 the mod perfedl 
 Deity. 
 
 The Gaurs, in 
 mealure, refembl 
 ci|«l garment is 
 hii"- anil bearils t 
 thing of human 
 ture aixl gardeiiii 
 iliey weie the 
 Nevertlielefs, fo 
 nics, and, in gei 
 peoj'le, and hav( 
 i'lau government 
 be regulated by 
 do not dalh with 
 They drink w 
 excepted ; but i 
 people. Tliis, 
 them 1 for dicy ; 
 \o well made as 
 if poflibte, eithi 
 hut the beauties 
 hers of thel'c It 
 the rich, and f 
 proper to obfcn 
 cullom of proc 
 places, many c 
 iniproveii both 
 arc very near as 
 iian'; themfelves 
 The Gaurs I 
 prohibit the co 
 iink'fs a woman 
 years, when rlii 
 The Armen 
 ligion coipes lu 
 Oilier. They ; 
 patriarchs, arcl 
 the Perfian go 
 No. i.| 
 
 ^" 
 
EOGRAPIIY. 
 
 one of their principal 
 cptcii in heaven it" tiie 
 li before he begins his 
 
 walliing of ti>e whole 
 a pilgrimage, a fall, or 
 )n. 
 
 iii'l: obfei-ve the follow- 
 applii.ation, fei-vency, 
 hope, inirity of mind 
 
 levotions they have fe- 
 be omitted. The liip. 
 ds Mecca, divelt him- 
 
 11 ornaments, the ihv.i 
 lilt up his hands, and 
 
 He mull likewife never 
 
 .vliere there are llatues, 
 
 pinpofe: upon tiiis he 
 
 alcoran, a bead-roll, a 
 
 irthen dilh; then taKinr; 
 
 whifkei-s. 'Hieir beaiC 
 
 ittle dilh contains holy 
 
 ouLi of which the beads 
 
 they are not permitted 
 
 or even money about 
 
 d worldly pelf they inia- 
 
 fruitlefs. 
 
 irielts rather acts as ma- 
 palbr, for his bufmcls 
 )ut to keep ortier. All 
 the mokiues are taken 
 liturgy: but every one 
 ;r, ami chules out what 
 rding the reit of the coll- 
 ars repeat their jirayers 
 ) eacli </ther. 
 the I'erfians may be in 
 CjoiI only, and pray that 
 ly happinefs, as well as 
 ing recourfe to any liiint 
 1 requcd the intercefiion 
 hough they lb highly re- 
 
 ms-giving among them, 
 e legal are tithes, wiiich 
 but applied to charitable 
 lent revenues ai)pliecl to 
 iry charities are ulually 
 icant friars, to be appro- 
 )torb, dillrellcd fbrangers, 
 irks of a public nature, 
 
 iC. 
 
 tads : die mod remari<- 
 from the name of the 
 /hen the moon tird ap- 
 ■oclaim it as a (ignal hap- 
 funsi; to welcome its ap- 
 ininated, horns founded, 
 through the whole coun- 
 the peojile walli and pu 
 ter upon their ikvotioii. 
 1 is celebrated in the timic 
 
 ■oplc arc permitted to eat 
 lot tade any diing till the 
 I' lor them foto do: the v 
 .■tmears, fruit, anil other 
 er they go to fup[)er, Init 
 they deem it very dange 
 
 fedivals, viz. the new 
 \braham's lacrilking his 
 llein. 
 
 ate the feaft of the facri- 
 
 ig, nil facrifice a diecp 
 
 r tiiey order many nion' 
 
 lliecp 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 PERSIA. 
 
 H9 
 
 (heep and goats to be killed, cut up, and diftributal 
 among the poor. But the principal facrilice is that of a 
 camel, at which the emperor himfclf is prefent. On 
 the tird day ot the fcad the devoted Camel is led through 
 the city, adorned with tlowers, and preceded by mulic, 
 wliich ceremony is repeated till the twelfth day, when 
 he is brought to the houfes of all the great people, who 
 oive inoncy and provilions to the poor : the animal be- 
 ing then led to an adju ent llekl, the einpcror, with his 
 imperial crown u^xin his head, and his whole court at- 
 tend. The day ot liirrifice being arrived, the camel is 
 led to a field near the i i'v, and there made to kneel with 
 his face towards Mecca : the pried repeats fome prayers, 
 and the governor, or chief" magidrate of the city, wounds 
 him. Ihe he.id is then cut off and prefented to the 
 king i the four quarters and the trunk arc given to the 
 five wards of the city of Ilpahan, where they are liiltcd 
 by certain families who have that privilege, and pre- 
 ferved till the next year, when they are diltributed in 
 morlcis to the populace. The reaf )n for ufing a camel 
 upon this occafion is the fuppofitinn of the Perfians, 
 who fancy tha: Abniham did not lacrifice a fheep, but 
 a camel. 
 
 The next fedival, which, in many refpefts, rcfembles 
 a fad, is in commeinoration of the death, or martyrdom, 
 as they term it, of Hofieinand HalTen. It lads twelve 
 days, when altars are erefted at the corners of the 
 llreers, and a variety of tro[>hies laid upon them. At 
 night tiie llreets are illuminated, pageants arc carried 
 about, and tlie priefh repeat the legenils of HolTein and 
 Haiien, who were two celebrated Perfian patriarchs, or 
 imans, who periihed in the wars .with tlie Saracens, in 
 the 6 ill year of the Hegira. 
 
 riiere is a religious fed in Perfia called Guars, or 
 Gebers. I'heir religion was fliuniled by Zoroafler, who 
 lived about the year of the world 2860. This great 
 philofopher taught the worfhip of the tnie God, but 
 under the fbnn of fiie, confidering the brightnefs, pu- 
 rity, artivity, ami incorruptibility of that element, as 
 the mod perfedl rclemblance of the nature of tlie 
 Deity. 
 
 The Gaurs, in general, wear hats, which, in a great 
 mealure, refl-mble thole worn in Europe. Their jirin- 
 ci|»l garment is a lliort clofe veil ; and they differ dieir 
 hiii' and beards to grow long. They diink little or no- 
 thing of human learning, ;ind dcfpile traffic. Agricul- 
 ture atxl gardening they deem the mod honourable, as 
 they weie the primitive employments of mankind. 
 Nevertlielels, fome o.'' the G.iurs are tolerable mecha- 
 nics, and, hi general, are deemed a tjuiet, inofl"enlive 
 jH-ople, and have been hitherto permitted, by die Per- 
 fian government, to have their own magidr.ates, and to 
 be regulated by their own peculiar laws, as far as |:hey 
 do not clalh with the general welfare of the date. 
 
 They drink wine, and eat every kind of meat, beet 
 excepted ; but never intermarry with any other let of 
 people. Tliis, indeed, is of perfonal difadvantage to 
 them J for they are neither fo fair, fo finely featured, or 
 to well made as the Mahometan Perfians, who will not, 
 if pollible, cither many or cohabit with any women, 
 hut the beauties of Georgia and Circallia; gre.it num- 
 bers of thefe lovely females being annually bought by 
 tiie rii.h, and dolen by the poor Perfians. And it is 
 proper tn obfcrvc, that lince the commencement of the 
 culloni of procuring wives and concubines from thofi- 
 places, many of the Mahometan Pedians are mucti 
 improved both in features and perlbps, and, at prefent, 
 are very near as beautiful as the Georgians and Circaf- 
 fians themfelves, 
 
 'I'lie G(Uiri liilFer a man to take only one wife, and 
 prohibit the cohabiiini!; with concubines, and divorces, 
 imlels a woman cc.dnues barren for the Ipace of nine 
 years, when they are permittetl to take iinotliiT. 
 
 The Armenians are numerous in Perfia, and their re- 
 ligion comes nearell to that of the (Jreek church of any 
 other. They are tolerated in Perfia, and even their 
 patriarchs, archbifliops, bilhops, ^e c. are upjioimed by 
 the Perfian government. 
 No. 14. 
 
 It is worthy of obfervation, that the AnT!eni:in chil- 
 dren are all married while they are infants, which is a 
 political precaution in the jiriells, to jirevent their 
 daughters f"rom being tent to the feraglios or harams of 
 the grandees ; tor the Perfians are very particular in 
 never committing adultery, or depriving any m.in of 
 his wife : but though the contract is made in infancy, 
 the cohabitation is not permitted till a fuitable age. 
 1 lowever, at"ter the juvenile marriage, till the young 
 couple are permitted by their parents, or other rektions, 
 to come together, the bridegroom annually makes a 
 ]>rcl<:nt to the bride at Eadcr, of a fine (ilk garment, 
 and other articles, fuitable to her quality and condition. 
 When the time appointed for the celebration of the nup- 
 tials arrives, die bridegroom, richly dtefl'ed, anil mount- 
 ed iijion a fine horfe, proceeds to the houfc of the bride, 
 attended by his friends and relations. The bride dieii 
 mounts a horfe, and being entirely covered widi a veil, 
 attends the company to the Armenian church, where 
 the marri.ige is confirmed, and die bifliop gives die 
 young couple his bleding. They then retire to the 
 bridegroom's houf"e, preceded by torches, mufic, tie. 
 A grand entertainment is given, and a few days after the 
 bride's pordon is paid. 
 
 On the death of an Armenian, the corpfe is dreffed in 
 linen, but not put in a coffin. Prayers are read over it 
 in the church, where, lamps ^s,<i candles being lighteil, 
 it is left all night. The next morning it is carried t j die 
 gate of the principal clergyman of the place, who prays 
 for the repol'c of^ the foul of the deceafed, after which 
 die corple is taken to the grave and interred. 
 
 There is afeft in Perfia termed St. John's Chridians, 
 and Ibmetimes Sabean Chridians, whofe religion leems 
 to be a mixture of Chridianity, Judailm, and Maho- 
 nict:inifm. The Jewilh religion is toler.ited, and a great 
 number of Jews are fpread over the whole empire. 
 
 Widi refpeil to government, Perfia is an abfolute 
 monarchy in the utmoft extent of die word, as the pro- 
 perties, and even the lives of the people, are at die ab- 
 folute diljiolal of the prince. There is no ed.iblifiied 
 council, but the Shah takes die .idvice of whom he 
 pleales. The crown is hcredit.iry in die male line, fe- 
 males being excluded from the government, though the 
 finis of a daughter are admitted to reign, i'he Perfian 
 laws will not permit a blind [lerfon to fit upon the throne, 
 which is the reafon why the riigning monarch uliially 
 puts out the eyes of all his male relations. It is death 
 tor any man to look at any of tlie Shah's wives even by 
 accident. 
 
 'I'he prime minider is called atlamod douht, or the 
 diriclor of the empire ; and his chief bufinefs is to in- 
 gratiate himli'lf into his mailer's favour, and adminifler 
 to all his caprices ; to keep from his knowledge all 
 manner of dilagree.ible news ; to perluadc ! im that he 
 is the moll powerhil prince upon eardi , and that all his 
 affairs arc in a profperous fituadon, flic gh at the fame 
 time, perhajis, he is on the point of ruin. In the lame 
 manner as the prime miniller depends upon the Shall, 
 the inferior otlicers, and go\ ernors of provinces, de- 
 pend upon him. 'I'lius there is a gradation of difiio- 
 dfm throughout die whole empire. 
 
 Next in rank to the prime minider is the luultr, or 
 grand mailer of the houfehold : then the vitlilir, or 
 groom of the chambers, who is always a white eunuch, 
 Belides the above, there are a mailer of t!ie iiorle, ;i 
 grand huntfman or falconer, a chief Judice, liom whofe 
 fentence there is no appeal, a lieutenant of the police 
 in every city and town, a fecretaiy >• date, a Imancier, 
 a royal phyfician, an infpeftor of the palace, a m.ilh r of 
 the ceremonies, and many khans or governc-s uf pro- 
 vinces. The f"piriuiat offices are the zedilrr, or grand 
 pontitV; fubordinate to whom arc \.\x. Jhctk-d, jclovi, 
 and cadt, who determine all religious dil"putes, and aft 
 likewife as jullices and attornies. Next to thefe are tlie 
 fiiiliniimiis,' or fuperintendants of prayer, and die mon- 
 /<;*!, or doftors of the law. 
 
 In Perfia there is no hereditary nobility, for the ho- 
 nors of diol'e in great polls termin.«e with their office ; 
 P () and 
 
 S2^.:i&i 
 
 
m; 
 
 I'.O 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and 
 
 AU rHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 mi >• 
 
 » t ' ' 
 
 '•i ^1 i 
 
 
 and their lives and fortunes ar ' in perpetual danger 
 from the weaknefs aiid cruelty ot the prince. 
 
 The arms of Ferfia are a lion couchant looking at 
 the fun as he riles over his back. Th-^ emperor's title 
 of Shah fignifies, " difpofer of kingd ins." The Per- 
 fian monarch does not fubfcribe liis name to public in- 
 ftruments, but t.ie deed nins in this llile, viz. " This 
 cdift or aft is given by him whom the univerfe obeys." 
 
 The troops of Perfia are dillinjiilbed into two bo- 
 dies, called kortfkies, and -oulans ; tlicfc are c.ivilry, 
 and upon a peace ellablilhinent the former amount to 
 about twenty-two, and the latter to about eight thou- 
 iand men ; they are generally well kept, and regularly 
 paid. 
 
 The kortfkies are the defcemlants of foreigners, and 
 the goulans are made up of Georgian rcnegadoes and 
 flaves of all nations. 
 
 The tangtcliies, or infuitry, are compofed of the 
 moll: hardy peafants, and amount to about fitly tlrju- 
 fand men. Tlie fortilied places are in general dcl'pi- 
 cable ; and they had no great naval power till the time 
 of Kouli Khan, who built a royal fleet, in whicn was a 
 man of war of eigiity guns. But after die ilcaiu of 
 that uliirper they were laid up in tlie ports, and, for 
 want of attention, fell to decay. 
 
 Tiie principal book of tlie laws as well as religion of 
 Perfia is the koran, to which they have rccourli; in the 
 decificn made by the courts. But there is very little 
 occallon to confuit tliat, wiiere any of tiie great officers 
 fit in judgement, as their determinations are entirely ar- 
 bitrary. No difputes ever aiil'e between the fpiritual 
 and tenjxiral courts, eacli of thcni having a diftincl 
 branch ot bufinefs aiTigned them. Marriages, divorces, 
 deeds and contrafts, the llicceirions of eltate^, and 
 other litigi.-us matters come under tlie cognizance of 
 the fpiritual courts; criminal matters, or luch as are 
 plain and obvious, under that of the tcmixiral. As 
 the former proceed in an arbitrary and fummary way, 
 they generally tinilli tiie caute at one he.u-ing, but as 
 tlie others proceed according to written laws, tliey .ire 
 more tedious and expenllve. The tiebtor, on retuUl 
 of payment, is delivered up to the creditor, who may 
 imprilon hi:ii in iiis own houle, fet him to work, be.it 
 iiim, and treat him as he pleafes, fo l.e does not kill or 
 maim him. He may alio fell the debtor's eilates and 
 gofxis, and even his perf'on, wife anti chililrcii towards 
 the payment of the debt ; but they f'eldoni proceed to 
 Inch extremities. 
 
 The Mahop'etans fwear by tlie koran. When apcr^ 
 fon of a diflerent religion is to take an oatii, the juilge 
 fends an officer with him to a prielt of the fame ren- 
 gion : a Ciirillian fwe.ars up;)n the G()l[)el.s and a Jew 
 on the Old Tellment. The real",)n th.ey do n;)t fwear 
 an unbeliever on the koran is not only becuife he does 
 not regard it as a facred book, but lefl he lliould pro- 
 phanc it. Contending parties plead their own caules, 
 and flequentlv with much n!)lfe and clamour, li) that 
 die judge is fometinies obliged to render them more 
 orderly, by caufing them to' be cudgelled. When tlie 
 parries have oflered wliat they have to fay, the juilge 
 proceeds to give I'entcnce. 
 
 The women likewile plead fir themfelves as well as 
 the men, but with much more clamour ; but as they 
 are fet in a part of the court by tiiemfeives and veiled, 
 if gives them gre.iter alliiranie. 'I'heir general buli- 
 nels is, to fue tiir a divorce, and tliey uliiallv [ilead the 
 i.njxitence of the hufband, and make fucli a'crying and 
 howling as in a nu.nner to de.ifen the judge, wlunnulf 
 not ortler iliem to be beaten, as he dues die men upon 
 fucK occafions. 
 
 As there are no public priiiins tlure are neidier fl.e- 
 rifls or jailor:,, but every magilb-ate confines the i riniinal 
 in lome jwri of his own lioule till he is brought to lii, 
 trial, whu h is generally within 'wenty-finir hoilr., after he 
 is taken, .ind.iaitencc is nu fooiier patted ilian ii is ex.-- 
 cuted, the judge's fi-rv.mts pei (Ijiniing the oflii e, bi.di of 
 jailors and exemrioiicrs, 
 
 i'he jiroccedings in tin- irimin.d court, are neailv 
 
 the lame as in the civil. The condemnation of a ma- 
 lefiiclor is comlucfed with very little ceremi.ny, nor is 
 the execution attended with any par.idc. He is pene- 
 rally led to a field or ojx'ii place, near the relklence of 
 the judge, and die executioner caufing him to kr,ecl, tiie 
 ilelinquent pronounces his creed, and then it he is to be 
 behe.ided his lie.ul is taken off widi the ftrokc of a fabie 
 in a thrulUng cut, which, in drawing it back, compleats 
 the execution. 
 
 in cafes of rebellion die punilhment is very rigo- 
 rous i tliofe v/ho are even taken in arms lofe their eyes 
 or their heaiis. L'r miiials of thite are alio tl'iiLcnceil 
 to sveir, for a determinate time, a heavy wooden col- 
 lar aboi'.t their necks, to which one of their hands is 
 fonietimes latlened. Ordinary crimes, where the par- 
 ties are men of liibllance, are uliially puiulhcd with 
 lines i but where they are poor, they b.ilbnado tiain 
 on ti-.e loies of tlie feet, giving tiiem a certain number 
 of blows, notkis than thirtv, nor more than three hun- 
 dred. 
 
 Pickpockets ;.ik1 pilieiersare marked witii a hot iron 
 in tlie k;rehead, and houllbreakers have dieir ngl,c 
 li.ukl cut olF. 'i'he iiune punriiimer.t is inf.iited on 
 tiiole who counterfeit ti'e coin fin the hrit otfcnce, bur 
 lor the lecond their bellies are ripped open. '1 his jiu- 
 niihment is inllicced in the following manner: tiie iri- 
 miiiars feet are tied to a camel, with hi:, head hanging 
 down to the ground ; his belly is then ripped open, ami 
 hi:, bowels falling over his face, he is dragged through 
 the principal llreets, an officer marching betijte him, 
 and with a loud voice iniorniing the people ot tiie na- 
 ture of his crime. Afterwards lie is hung up by die 
 heels upon tome tree, and there left to die pay of 
 birds. 'I'hey have other punilhments fiir capital ciimes, 
 as impaling, fetting them up to the chin in the earth, 
 precipitating a criminal from an high tower, cutting olf 
 die l.ands ami feet, Lnd leaving tlie poor v. retch :n that 
 condition til! he e:;pircs. Tlity ibmetimes ule tortuies 
 to extort confeflion, as tearing off tlie tlelli widi red 
 Isot pincers ; but tlie ul'ual way of examining olli-nd- 
 ers is, while they are beating die foles of tiicir i(;er. 
 Bakers ami victuallers have been Ibmetimes bakctl and 
 ro;ifted alive, tor cheating in their weights and raifing 
 provifions to an exorbitant pi ice; but this is only in 
 times of' gre„^ fciircity : die ufual punifliment in tlieie 
 cali-s is a Hne, or the baflinado. 
 
 This may t'uflice for the govermnent, laws, ike. of 
 the extenlive empire of Perlia. 
 
 S E C T I O N IV. 
 
 A.itiiiv.itiei, i£c. of Perfia. 
 
 ABOU r thirty i'.nglilli miles from die city of Schi 
 ras are the remains of the ancient palate of Per- 
 fopolis, which was wantonly burnt by Alexander die 
 (Jreat at die inil.uice t)f die famed Cjreci'an courtezan 
 known by the name of Thais. 
 
 riie ruins are fituated in a tine plain, which iu about 
 i:!0 miles in length, and only iix or teven iivbreadtii. 
 'i'liis plain is overflowed with water leveral months in 
 the year, which occafions it to be fo very fertile, parti- 
 cularly in rice, that it is covered with little villages or 
 hamlets, to the number of about 88o, including thole 
 which are fituateil in the adjacent mountain'-. 
 
 i licfe ruins ajipear like an ainphitiieatie, and are 
 fituated in a kind of fc'iiiicircle fiiriiieil by the moun- 
 tains. 
 
 This ancient I'alace of the Perfian monarchs, which 
 was formerly called the 1 louie of Darius, .md which 
 the modern', ti rm Chii-niinar, or die Palace of Forty 
 Pillars, is fitu.ited at the foot of a niountai,!, which iias, 
 from time immemorial, been known by the name of the 
 Uoyal Mountain. 
 
 'liie iialace was a flnidure in magnificence that fur- 
 jialled conceprion, and eompri/.ed every thing which 
 ( (juid e:xi'e b odi adiif vatioii and alluniiluiicnt. 
 
 The 
 
 (lows, the widdi o 
 
 i'.e foudiward, into 
 
 ili'« 
 
# 
 
 ;i'.OGRAPfIY. 
 
 coiulcmn.Hion ol ;i ni.i- 
 • little ccrenicny, nor is 
 I parade. Mo is {jciu'. 
 IX-, near the reikleiKc of 
 aiifing him to kneel, tiie 
 , and then it he is to be 
 vita the llrokc of a fabie 
 iwing icbatk, toinpkatj 
 
 iiiilhnunt is very riy ;- 
 n in arms lol'e their eyes 
 Hate are alii) realenecd 
 .■, a heavy wooden col- 
 .li one oi llicir hands is 
 crimes, where the par- 
 e uliially punillied witji 
 jr, they balUnudo tlitiu 
 them a certain number 
 icr more than three hun- 
 
 ■ marked witii a hot iron 
 eakers i'.ave tlieir right 
 i.'iriiimer.t is infiiited on 
 in the hrit ollenee, but 
 lipped ojx-n. This pti- 
 iowing manner : tiie tri- 
 tl, w\th hi:, head hanging 
 is then rippeil open, and 
 •, he is dra^i^etl throiigli 
 r marching betijie him, 
 J tlie people of the na- 
 i he is hung up by tJie 
 lere left to :he p.ey of 
 nnentbl()r capital ciimes, 
 to the chin in the earth, 
 n higii tower, cutting olf 
 I tlie poor wretch .n that 
 y ibmetin;es ule tortuies 
 ^ o!F tlic Kelh widi red 
 ly of examining oilend- 
 the foles of tiicir it;et. 
 ;n Ibmctimes baked and 
 leir weights anil raifing 
 ice i but this is only in 
 iial punilliment in thefe 
 
 \'erninent, laws, ike. ot 
 
 N IV. 
 
 cf Perfid. 
 
 es from the city of Schi 
 e ancient palace of Per- 
 )urnt by Alexander die 
 med Grecian courtezan 
 
 lie plain, which ii about 
 jix or leven in-breadtii. 
 water feveral months in 
 be lb very fertile, parti- 
 .'I'l with little villages or 
 lut 880, including thole 
 t mountain'-, 
 amphitiicatie, and are 
 - fiirmed by the moiin- 
 
 rfian monarchs, which 
 • of Darius, and whicii 
 or the I'.ilace of I'orty 
 
 a mountai,!, whitii lias, 
 lown by the name of the 
 
 n magni licence that fur- 
 /.ed every thing which 
 allonilhmcnt. 
 
 The 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 PERSIA. 
 
 »5> 
 
 . The walls of titree of the fides are dill (landing : 
 the front extends from nortli to Ibuth, 3000 feet, and 
 fl-oin eaft to weft, 1^95 feet, to the mountain itfelf, 
 where an afcent is formed between fbme flattered 
 rocks, beyond which the rocks fi;em to intlicate tiiat 
 riiere were fi)rmerly f()iiie other buildings, as many of 
 the ftones appear to have been polilhed. 
 
 Within each of the two grand portals, there is the 
 Rguiv of a tpliinx, ujxmi a pilaller, in balli) relievo. 
 Boththefe figures are fiiurtcen fiet ami a half high, and 
 twenty-two in length, from the fiire to the iiinder legs ; 
 hilt tiiey are much damaged, and the faces broken. 
 
 I'hat in the Hrll portal faces die flair-cafe, and diat in 
 the fecond tiie inountain. 
 There are fome charaftcrs on the iijiper part of the 
 
 pilalVers, which, from their miniiteneG 
 
 antl 
 
 heiglu, 
 
 cinnot be diltinguillied. The height of one portal is 
 thirty-nine fijet, and of the other twenty-eight. The 
 bale of both is five feet two inches. 
 
 Soudiward from thel'e there are two large flights of 
 fte])b, die one towards the call, the other to the wed. 
 'I'he upper part of the wall, belides foliages, and ff)me 
 (mall figures, is ornamented with the ie()!efentation of 
 a lion tearing a bull to pieces. The figures are larger 
 than the life, and done in baflb relievo. This fl.iircafe 
 is iialf buried under the earth. 
 
 On the fummit of die llaircafe there is an entrance 
 into ;in open court, paved witli large flones, die breadth 
 ot which is equal to the iliflance from the flaircafe to 
 tlie firfl C(^liimns, c-mprifing tlie fpace of twenty-two 
 fat two in.he.s. There are tv.o rows of thefe columns, 
 eac.'iconlitiing of fix pillars, all (;f which are da.naged. 
 B:;fides diele there are ei;;ht bafi-s, antl the ruins of le- 
 \erai others. 
 
 Towards the ead, a variety of ruins prefent them- 
 Idves to view, confifting of windows, portals, avenues, 
 palliiges, 8:c. 'I'he inlide of the portals are ornamenf- 
 td with figures ia baflb relievo. Theli? ruins, from ead 
 towed, are about .1 50 ft;et i from nortli to (biith, about 
 fij feet; and 300 frcm the columns and mountains. 
 In die midii the earth is covered widi the fragments of 
 Icventy-lix columns. 
 
 To the linith there is a pjital, and four open win- 
 iWs, die width of each being five fc-et nine inches, 
 and die height ele\en feet. On eacii (iik of the gate 
 tliere is the figure of a man, with a kind of dara uj'on 
 liii tie.id, attendetl by two women, one of which holds 
 ail umbrella over him. Three niches on the infide are 
 covered with char.iftcrs of the ancient Perfian language. 
 One of the inlcriptions fignilies, " Strength is the gift 
 d'God alone." 
 
 To the wedward there are two gates, which arc not 
 covered. One of tliefe is ornamented within, with the 
 ligiires of a man tigliting with a bull. The odier gate 
 ij enihelliflicd with the ligures of a man and a winged 
 li'.'sr, from whofe foreiiead a horn projefts. Behind 
 this building are the ruins of another, which, in length, 
 exceeds tiie former by diirty eight feet. It has niches 
 cutout of (ingle dones and windows, a double flight of 
 (te])s finely embclliliied with foliages, and (mail figures 
 appear to die fouth. 
 
 There are fbme fubterraneoiis padiiges ftill farther to 
 the ibuthward, into which tlic natives will upon no ac- 
 count enter, though diey are liippofiid to contain im- 
 iiienlc tieatiires; the only reafon fiir whicii is an ablurd 
 iK'tion, diat no light can iiofRbly be made to burn in 
 liiem, 1 lowcver, two I'.uropean travellers enteied 
 'vitli lights, which were not extingiiidicti, as the fu[)er- 
 llitious natives fuppolcd they would be, and, after 
 tiUiging about a^conliderable time, diey both agree to 
 'luir iclpetiive accounts, that thefe palTagcs terminate 
 '■\ a fmrll kind of ac]ueduft, which is tw narrow to 
 enter. 
 
 Near thefe liibtci raneous pafliiges are the ruins of 
 .'ii'ither edilicc, extending, from north to Ibuth, iGo 
 iict, and fioni ead to welt, 191 feet. Ten portals of 
 this building flill remain, with forty eiiclofures, which 
 ^vire formerly rooms, and fl-ven windows. In the 
 
 center are the pedeftals of diirt^'-Hx columns in fix 
 ranges. Benjath the ground, which is covered w::h 
 leveral large dones, diere are the remains of fbme 
 aqiieducls. 
 
 jVnother dniiflure formerly ftood to the wedward of 
 tlie lad mentioned biiiliiing. On the niins of the wall, 
 which is dill elevated about two feet aliove die pave- 
 ment, are the figures, in baffo relievo, of feveral men 
 with lanccj in their hands. Widiin the cnclofure of die 
 wall diere are the remains of fevend pededals of pillars. 
 On the cud fide of thefe ruins are die remains of an ele- 
 gant ftaircafe, of lixty feet in length, the deps of which 
 are in i^eneral dedroyed. The wall is Hill eight feet in 
 height, and the figures which ailorn it are near as bi" 
 as tlie life. On the front are tin- figures of a lion and 
 a bull f'lglitiiig ; and on the wings of the llaircafe are 
 die reprefentadons of feveral lions, and odier figure'-, 
 w ith explanatory characKis. Between this and the laic 
 mentioned edifice are die ruins of feveial cohimna, 
 and the remains ui four jwrtals, widi die figure of a 
 man, and two women holding an umbrella over his 
 head, on the inlide of each. 
 
 In an jther (juarter aj)pear two [Kirtals with pihiders, 
 on one of which are die figures of a man and tv.o wo- 
 men, one of die latter holding an umbrella o\er die 
 head of the former. Ab.jve the women is a fm?.li ligure 
 with wings, which expand to each fide of the portico. 
 Over the other portal is the reprefentation of a man fit- 
 ting in a chair with a llalfin his hand, be';i:id whom 
 (lands another widi his righ.t hand upon the chair: above 
 is a fmall figure holding a circle in his left hand, anil 
 pointing to fomething in his right. Benc.uh this por- 
 tal are three ranges of figures, which li ive all upllfccd 
 hands: above the third ])iliMler, wiiich is entire, are 
 women hokiing an umbrella over the head of a man. 
 The ground is covered with a variety of antique ti-ag- 
 ments. 
 
 It is obfervable, diat the drapery o( all die !ium.-;n 
 figures is fingular, and bears no aflinity to that of the 
 ancient Greeks and Komans, but dieir military habits 
 refemb'.e thole of the Mcdes and Pcrfiaiis, now (landing 
 amidd thefe ruins. 
 
 At a place called Noxi Kudan, there are four tombs 
 cut high in the rock. The place receives ico name from 
 one Rudaii, a luppofed gigantic prince, whole llanie is 
 there carved, and whom the natives mod /5-n:,'ri7«/.')'af- 
 lert to have been 40 cubits high, and 1113 years of age 
 when he died. 
 
 Beneath each tomb there is a feparate table filletl with 
 large figures in ballb relievo. On r.vo of the tables are 
 the reprefentations of men fighting on horf'eback, but 
 the figures are almoll obliterated. Betvcen the tombs 
 are three other tables covered with figures, among 
 which is a man on horfeb.ick, proceeded by two others, 
 and l()lk)wed by a third w hicli is almoll defaced. 
 
 Tiie tomb of Noxi Rullan is llippofed to be diat 
 made for I3arius llyflafpes, as it exactly correlponds 
 with the defcripdons of 1 lerodotus, Diodorus Siculus, 
 and Crefius in his Perfian hillory. 
 
 At Pyrmaraas, ne;' • the city of Scamachie, are the 
 tombs of two Perfian aints. The firfl is die fcjiulclire 
 of.Scid Ibrahim, v.hicli is furrouiuled with walls, and 
 lias two courts like a cadle, widiin which are many 
 archeil apartments. In die fird is a tomb inclofcd withi;i 
 an iron gate. 
 
 At a (mail didancc from the above is the fumimioiis 
 fepulchre of another Perfian faint, called I'iribabba, of 
 whom Seid Ibrahim was a dilciple. It contains Icverai 
 niches, chambers, and holes, where the pilgrims take 
 lip tiieir abode, and perform their devotions. 
 
 The leiiulchre of Shah Seli, near the city of Ardc- 
 bil, is vilited with great pump by the Perli.ins on 
 W'hitfun-Monday. The entrance is through a fpacioiis 
 court, paved with broad lloncs, and furnilhed on both 
 fides with vaulted fiiops. The gate is large, and eroded 
 by a filver chain, frcmwhich another of the fame metal 
 hangs per|)endicularly. The next g.ite has likewifc a 
 fiber chain to it ; and no pcrfun mud jiafs it with any 
 
 ollenfive 
 
« 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 i-^i' ;: 
 
 152 
 
 offenfive weapons about them, not even a knifi*. The 
 threfliokls of this and i'cverai other gates are roiiml, and 
 of white marble. The tomb itll-lf is diree feet in height, 
 nine in lenj^th, and four in breadtli, maile of white 
 marble, and covered with crimfcn velvet. From tlie 
 roof a variety of t;<>ld and filver lamps hang down ; and 
 on each fido arc two very large candlellicks of malTy 
 gold, containing wax cantUes. On the left hand is a 
 vault, wherein arc the tombs of Shah SeH's confort, 
 and fomc odier empreffes of Perfia, and of Shah Ifmacl. 
 Near this is a fpacious arched gallery finely gilt, which 
 is ufcti as a library, and contains a great number of 
 inanufcripts in tlie Arabic, Perfian and Turkilh 
 tongues; Ionic written upon parchment, and otiiers 
 upon paper ; but all liiperbly boural, beautifully paint- 
 ed, and elegantly covered with plates of gokl ami lilvir. 
 In various niches, on the fides of the library, are above 
 four hundred porcelain veflHs, many of tliemfulHciently 
 capacious to liold ten galloiis. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 Concise History of Persia. 
 
 ANCIENT hiftorians in general admit of die an- 
 tiquity and priftine grandeur of die Perfian em • 
 pire, and the variety of revolutions it has undergone. 
 The iiiftory of Perfia is little to be depended on till 
 A. M. 2083, when Abrani fought a battle with lome 
 Perfian princes, and defeated diem witli only 318 of liis 
 own family. The hiltory of die AfTyrian empire, from 
 tlie time of Nimroii, to tlie reign of Sardanapalus, is 
 vague, uncertain, and mutilated. 
 
 Sardanapalus, an effeminate, luxurious piince, was 
 oppofed by Arbaces, governor of Meilia, and other. 
 Bi.'ing defeated, and purfued to Ninevah, in a fit of 
 dcfpair, he ortlered a valt pile of wo(k1 to be raifed, 
 and upon it burnt his treafures, his eunuchs, his women, 
 and iiimleif. After tlie death of the emperor, iiis do- 
 minions devolved to Arbaces, and (jthers who h;'.d 
 joined him to efled his defixitifm. Arbaces took Me- 
 dia and Perfia: Belocluis, one of tliele, alilimed tlie 
 gc\-ernnient of Babylonia aiul Chaldea; and the lell: 
 Iliaied the other provinces, whidi had helped to contli- 
 tute the empire. Belochus, who began his reign 
 A. M. 3257, was f(;lloweii by feveral kings of Baby- 
 lon, of wliom there are autiientic recorils. Ninus, 
 who reigned in Nineveh, conquered Syria, and annex- 
 ed not only that kingdom, but all Ifracl beyond Jor- 
 dan, or Galilee, to his own tloniinions. Sahiiaiuzar, 
 his liic ceflor, to punilh llofea, king of Samaria, who 
 was dclirouj of Ihaking oft' die Aflyriaii yoke, nurchetl 
 .i,^aiaft him with a powertiil army, plundered and laitl 
 wa'le his cmintiy, loaded him widi iliains and inipri- 
 foned him. 
 
 Saliiianazar was fuccecded by his f)n Sennacherib, an 
 impious prince, who, on King Hezekiah's refiifmg to 
 pay the ufi::".! tril)ute, inv.ulcd JiKlea, was guilty of 
 fl.igrant extordons, as well iis violation of oaths and 
 promiles, and atterwanls unilertook the fiege of Jeni- 
 ialem, where by a providential interpolition, 185,000 
 of his men were deftioyed in one night, and he w.is 
 compelled to retreat with the wretched remains of his 
 forces. At length lie hecanie (hUous to his own rela- 
 tions, and • s murdered by two of his fons in his prin- 
 cipal temp'e, .xs he was prollrating iiimlelf betore iui 
 idol. I'he parricides fleil to Armenia, iii that hisdirone 
 was filled by Elarlucklon rheir ycjimger brother, who 
 rcigneil profperoully 39 years, annexed Babylon to his 
 dominions, conquered Syria and I'.ilelline, and added 
 them to the Allyrian em])ire. I le was liicceeded by 
 his Ion Saf.ldui liinus or Nebiicliadne/zar the l-'iilf, who 
 alVemled the throne A.M. 33'<5. One of hi'. [;ene- 
 r.ils railed a rebelHon againlt him, m.ide himkit mailer 
 of Babyk)n, reigned there 21 yeari, and then having 
 enti red into a tn Mty witii C yaxares, king of Media! 
 tiicy, iiitonjimi.ti.il, laid liege to Nineveh, took it by 
 1 
 
 ftorm, and entirely deftroyed it. Saraciis being flain 
 in the fiege, the fuccefsful general NabojxilalTar traiis- 
 ferrcd tnc I'eat of die AlFyrian empire to Babylon, and 
 was acknowledged as fovereign by all ranks of[X()pIc. 
 The neighbouring monarchs, alarmed at the grijw- 
 ing p/ower, and envious of the fifing grcatnefs of Na- 
 boiKilalTar, united their forces aaainlt him and his col- 
 league Cyaxares, recovereil Syria and Palelline, and 
 advancetl as far as the Euphrates. 
 
 Nebopolallar being grown old fent his fon Nebu^ 
 chadnezzar at the head of a powerful army agaiuil 
 them, who ilefeatcl die confederate armies, retook the 
 city of Caicliemifli, and recovered Syria and Palelline. 
 He then penetrated into Judea, laid fiege to Jeri:- 
 liilem, and took it in the year of the world 3398. 
 
 He put Jelioiakim, king of Judea, into irons, de- 
 figning to carry him to Babylon in order to grace his 
 triumph. But being at length mo''..il to compafii.m hv 
 the feverity of th.at king's affliftion, he relented, aiul 
 reltored him again to his throne : he, however, earned 
 a gre.it number of Jews with him into captivit)', par- 
 ticularly feveral of the roy.il family, plundered il'.i- 
 king's treafury, and even the tenijile, ftom whence he 
 removed the moll valuable veflels. From this xra >ve 
 are to date the Jcwilli captivity at Babyk)n, which hap- 
 pened in the fourth ye.ir of Jelioiakim king of Jiuiea, 
 among the rclt Daniel the prophet, being then only 
 eighteen years of age, was carried into capdvity, as 
 was Ezekiel a fliort time after. 
 
 Nabopolalfar dying A. M. 5399, iiis fon Nebuchad- 
 nezzar, who, for lome time, !iad fliared tlie govern 
 ment with him, now afcended the throne of Babylon, 
 anil by die name and title of" Nebuchadnezzar the 
 Second. 
 
 His dominions included Chaklea, Afl'yria, part of 
 Arabia, Palelline and Syria, over which lie reigned 
 ■13 years. 
 
 In the fourth year of his reign he had a dream, 
 whicii greatly opprelled his fpirits, tliough he toiiid 
 not rccollccl the particulars. 
 
 In coiilequence of this the Ibodifayers, diviners and 
 m.igicians of the empire were called t(,getlier. Wlitn 
 they were a.'lembk-d Nebuchadnezzar demandeil of them 
 die particular circumflaiices of the ilream. They re- 
 plied, that it exceeded dicir fkill to tell what any per- 
 loi! h.iddreameil, their art extending only to tiie inter- 
 pretation of tholi: drcims which were told them, lliii 
 lij greatly enraged the king, that he onlered all the 
 magicians and wife men to be put to death. In this 
 bloody order Daniel and three of his companions were 
 included, they being deemed to poflefs all the learnin : 
 and Ikill of die Eg) ptians ;hkI Arabians. Daniel, how 
 ever, dcfired to jiave an audience of the king, whn;, 
 being admitted into his prelence, he, to the king's gn;u 
 allonilhment, told liim die fubftance of liis dream. I'i'.e 
 king being now convinced that the God of Il'rael wis 
 the true God, ailvanced Daniel tf) the highell ofhces ni 
 the Hate, and his fiiends were likcwife promoted to 
 great trulb and honours. 
 
 About this time the king of Jutlea revolted, but wis 
 killed in a bittle widi the troops of Babylon, unilir 
 the command of one of Nebuchadnezzar's genenii>. 
 Jechoniah his fon was fluit up and ckilyly befieged 1 > 
 Jerufalem by tlie Afiyiian army till the arrival of Ni' 
 buchadnezzar, who foon made liimfelf mailer of, and 
 plundered the cliy, feiitling away every valuable article 
 to Babylon. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar placed his own uncle Zedckiah on 
 the throne, and carried Jechoniah, his wives, officer , 
 and even his mother, into capdvity, exdufivc of a vail 
 multitude of the common people. 
 
 Zedekiah, however, loon revolted, and Nebucli.d 
 tiezzar again laid fiege to Jerufalem, whicli after havin:; 
 been invelled more than twelve months, was taken hy 
 ftorm. Zeiiekiah was carried to B.ibylon into capti- 
 vity, after having had his eyes put out ; but his two 
 Ions, his nobles, and all liis principal officers of Hate, 
 were put to the iword. 
 
 Nebucliadr.czzar 
 
 h 
 
EOGRAPHY. 
 
 t. Saraciis bciiif; f, i, i 
 ral Nabo|M)la(lar tr.i,,,- 
 ;mpire to Babylon, and 
 by all ranks of [xople. 
 , alarmed at the gruw- 
 rifing grcatncfs of Na- 
 ig.iinlt him anil his col- 
 ria and PalctVmt, and 
 
 old fent his fou Nebu, 
 powerful army ar.iiiul 
 crate armies, reto<jk the 
 ■red Syria and Palcrtint. 
 idea, laiil fiegc to Jcn;- 
 f the world 3398. 
 
 Judea, into iron^, de- 
 (jn in order to grai:f his 
 mo''>.il to conipali ",. m hv 
 lidlion, he relented, ami 
 he, however, carni-l 
 him into captivit), par- 
 
 ti'.mily, plundered tlu- 
 temple, ftom wher.cc hi- 
 .(Ills. From this ;vrj ac- 
 ' at Babylon, whiili haii- 
 hoiakim king of Juilia, 
 uophet, being then only 
 -arried into captivity, as 
 
 J 3 99, his ion Nebuthad- 
 
 iiatl iliared tlie govern- 
 
 d the throne of Babylon, 
 
 of Nebuchadnezzar the 
 
 [^haldea, Afiyiia, part of 
 over which he reigned 
 
 reign he had a dream, 
 fpirits, though he couid 
 
 : foothfaycrs, diviners and 
 e called t<;gether. When 
 dnezzar demanded ol them 
 )f the dream. They re- 
 Ikill to tell what anyper- 
 tending only t<) the intcr- 
 ch were told them. 'I'his 
 , that h'j onlered all the 
 be put to death. In this 
 L-e ot his comi).inioiis were 
 ro polTefs all the learnin;; 
 .1 Arabians. Daniel, how 
 idience of the king, whin, 
 nee, he, to the king's great 
 bftance or his dream. The 
 that the God of Ilrael was 
 liel to the highelt offices oi 
 i/ere likewife promoted to 
 
 of Judea revolted, but w;is 
 troops of Babylon, uni'ar 
 Nebuchadnezzar's generals, 
 up and cl<)li;ly bcfieged in 
 -my nil the arrival of Ne 
 ade himfelf mailer of, and 
 away every valuable artitii- 
 
 lis own uncle Zedekia!) on 
 :honiah, his wives, ollicers 
 iptivity, exdulive of a vail 
 iople. 
 
 1 revolted, and Ncbuch.ul 
 :mfalem, which after haviii;; 
 clve months, was taken hy 
 ried to Babylon into capti- 
 eyes put out j but his two 
 i principal officers of Hate, 
 
 Ntbuciiadiiczzw 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 P E R S I A. 
 
 153 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar was now fo elated with pride, that 
 he ordered a llatue of gold to be made of fixty feet in 
 heiHiit. 1 lie idol being completed, he convened to- 
 gether all the principal people of the e.npire, in order 
 to detlicate it with die utinoll folemnity, a.'ul puhliihed a 
 decree, that all fiiould be thrown into a fiery furnace, 
 w!v> --efufcd to acknowledge it as a deity, and to pay it 
 adoration. Three Hebrew youths, howevir, named 
 Ananixs, Mifael, ami Azarius, or, as they are termed 
 ill fcripturc, Shadrach, Melliach, and Abc-dnego, ab- 
 llikitely rehned to comply widi the royal niand.ite. 
 Being, thereflire, in confcquence of tlie king's order, 
 thrown into die Hcry furnace, they were niiracuhjufly 
 prelijrveil from the flames by the intervention of I'rovi- 
 dence. Tliis fo aflefted the king, that he publiihed 
 aiiotiier ordinance, enjoining, upin ixiin of death, tiiat 
 nothing fliould jc laid againll the (iod of the I le- 
 bre vs. 
 
 Xebuchadnezzar then laid (lege to Tyre, but was 
 tliirteen years before lie took it. The jniiicipal Tyri- 
 jiis, however, elcaped in their vcdels to a neighbour- 
 ing ifland, where they erected iuiother city, which loon 
 turp.ifl'ed die former in magnificence and wealth. Af- 
 ter the conqueit of Tyre he fulxhied Egypt, anil hav- 
 ing attained die pinnacle of glory, lie determined to 
 complete the buildings and embellilhments ot Babylon. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar now fell a faci irice to his own pride, 
 and, by preteiniing to he equal to (J(k1, became infe- 
 rnr to man; for the Almighty deprived him of iiis 
 (enles. He was excluded from the lixiety of men, 
 grazed in tlie liekls like the oxen, hail nails like the 
 daws of birds, and hairs like the feathers of e.igles. In 
 fevcn years time, however, his ienfes were reitored to 
 him i he re-afl'umed the government, ami being fenfible 
 of die enormity of human vanity, and of the inimenfe 
 power of the Almighty, he publiihed an ediiit againil 
 idolatry, and died the enfuing year. 
 
 He was fucceeded by his fon Evil Merodoch, who 
 immediately releafcd Jechoniah from the ]irilon where 
 he had been confined thirty feven-years. 1 le was, 
 however, of lb vicious a nature, that his own relations 
 tonfpired to put hirr to death, when his filler's liulband, 
 Neziglefliir, who was one of the confpirators, mounted 
 die throne. 
 
 In the year of the world 34 (4 lie entered into an 
 alliance with die I.ydians againll the Medes, when 
 tyaxiu-es, king of Media, called In the alliUance of die 
 IVrlians ; but before the war began, tlie king of Baby- 
 lon died, and his Ion l.eborofoauiioil, (me ol the moll 
 infamous monarchs that ever exilled, reigned but nine 
 months, being put to death by his own fubjects, on 
 account of his excellive wickednefs. 
 
 He was hicceeded by a fon of I'.vil Merodoch, named 
 Eibynit, or, as the Icripture terms him, Bellhazzar, 
 A. M. 3449. 
 
 In his reign Babylon was taken by Cyaxares, king 
 of Media, and Cyrus, king of Perlia, and an end put 
 tu the Babykmilh empire, alter a duration of 2 10 years. 
 Some lucceeding P'-rlian kings not only dellroyed great 
 part of Babylon, but chofc dieir relidence at Perfepolis, 
 Shulhan, Ecbatana, &c. in order that it might fall to 
 decay as loon as polfible, by cealing to be a royal feat. 
 
 Cyrus and Cyaxares reigned jointly over the domi- 
 nions of thofe they had fubdued for the fpace of two 
 years, when Cyaxares dying, Cyrus became fole mo- 
 narch of Meiliaand Perlia by birth, and of the Allyrian 
 empire by conqueil, ami the whole acquired the name 
 of the PER.SIAN EMPIRE, of which he was deemed 
 the lirll l()undcr. Cyrus divided the whole of his do- 
 niinions into one hundred ami twenty provinces, each 
 ot which had its governor, who was obliged to give an 
 account of his adminilliation to three great ofiicers of 
 Hate, of which Daniel the prophet was principal. I'he 
 leveiitietli year of the Babylonifli captivity exi)ired in 
 'he Hrll year of Cyrus, when he ])ublithed an ordinance, 
 by the perfualion of Daniel, permitting the Jews to re- 
 tmn to Jerufalem, rdloring, at the tame time, die 
 velfels Nebuchadnezzar had plundered from the temple. 
 No. 14. 
 
 I'eace being formally eftabliflicd throughout the em- 
 pire, Cyrus made it his pradicc to relide yearly fevcn 
 nK>iiths at Babylon, three at Sula, and two at Tauris. 
 After a reign of inlinite glory, he died in the feventieth 
 year of his age ; the feveiitii after his reigning fole mo- 
 narch of the Perllan emi-ire, the ninth after the c.iption 
 ot Babylon, and the diirtierh after his being appointed 
 to the command of the Peilian forces. His eld ell fon 
 Cainbyfes fucceeded him on the dirone, though he left 
 leveral provinces to his younger Ion Tanaoxares. 
 
 Cambyles, in A. M. 3479, invaded Egypt, and 
 made hiintclf mailer of Peluliam, or Damietta, as it is 
 at prefei." called, by a fingular llratagem ; for he urove 
 a great . lumber of thole animals which die Egyptians 
 adored before die van of his army : thefe were oxen, 
 cats, &c. The Egyptians perceiving fuch a number of 
 thofe animals whom they venerated would not fhoot a 
 iingle arrow, lell they diould wound a god. 
 
 Amafis died during die war, and his Ion Pfamaticus 
 ventured a general battle with the Perfians, but was de- 
 feated, and made prilbner. Cambyles, however, treat- 
 ed him with great humanity, and rellored him to his 
 throne ; but Pliimaticus atterwa.ds revolted, which lb 
 enraged the Perlian monarch that he put him ro deadi. 
 
 A. M. 3480. Cambyles invaded Ethiopia, in which 
 cxfK-dition he loft a great part of his army by a variety 
 of accidents, and at length was compelled to retire. 1 le 
 was lo chagiined at his ilifappointment, that on his re- 
 turn through Egypt, he dellroyed the city of I'hebes 
 out of mere vexation. To adil to his aflliclion, he re- 
 ceived intelligence, tliat an army which he had lent to 
 invade I ,ybia, was I'.eilro} ed by a hurricane of liuiils in 
 the deferts, which was fo terrible, that it had cvcr- 
 whelmed and fulfocated all his troops. This news ren- 
 dered him almoll frantic ; when arriving at Memphis, 
 during the paroxyfm of his rage, he found the people 
 celebrating a certain fetlival. This appearance of mirth 
 redoubled his fiiiy, for he fancied that diey were re- 
 joicing at his ill luccefies : giving way, theretiirc, to the 
 ilicf.ites of his anger, he wounded die lacredox with his 
 fword, and ordered all the priells to be inftantly put to 
 death. In facl, his misfortunes had lb far impaired his 
 imderflanding, and loured his temper, that he exercifed 
 the utmoll: cruelties upon his nearell relations and beft 
 friemls. 
 
 In palling through Syria towards Babylon, he re- 
 ceived adi'ice that his brother Smerdis had ufurped his 
 throne. Cambyles, however, well knew that Smerdis 
 was actually dead, and that this mull be tome impollor, 
 who pretended to be his decealed brodier, in order to 
 im[>ole ujion the people. He dierefbre determined to 
 hallen his uiarch towards Babylon, to undeceive his 
 deluded fubjecls ; but, in mounting his hoife, he, by 
 accident, wounded himlelf with his own fword in die 
 thigh, of which wound he Ipeedily died, A. M. 3482. 
 
 'I'lic ufurper Smerdis, who greatly releir.blcd tlie real 
 Smerdis in pcrlbn, features, and age, was the ton of die 
 governor of Babykm, .who was one of the magi. 'I'he 
 people were ealily impofed upon, and recognized him as 
 tlieir king upon die death of Cambyles. 
 
 As lijon as he was I'eated upon the throne, he fequef- 
 teied himfelf as much as pollible from uie people, and 
 particularly concealed himlelf from the nobles. This 
 myilcrious condu(!:t occalioned the principal jieople to 
 liuniife that he really was not die prince he pretended 
 to be. 
 
 A I'cifiaii nobleman, whole daughter was one ol the 
 uliiiper's concubines, gave her orders to oblerve il 
 Smerdis had any ears. She allured him he had not: 
 fbr Cyrus had ordereu his ears to be cut oH", for fomeof- 
 lence he had comm'tted againft him during his reign, 
 l his dil'covcry beir.g made known, a number of the 
 nobility entered the palace, and having jnit hin. to deadi, 
 cut otf his head, and expoled it to the people, who 
 were lb exafperated at the mi.gi Ibrallilling in the impo- 
 fition, that they murdered the greatell part of them, 
 and inftituted a fellival in comincmoratiou of the 
 event. 
 
 Q^q Darius 
 
 W'- s 
 
 II 
 
A NEW. ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM o- UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Ml" 
 
 *ii; \ 
 
 ' 'i' ■ 'i 
 
 l.,r 
 
 
 v^ 
 
 »5l 
 
 Darius Hyftafce.,, wlio was the pcrfon that gave the 
 ufurper his mortal wminil, was un.inimouny chol'en em- 
 peror A. M. 31^;}. He iiiMnediatdy married At( fiii, 
 tl'.e widow of" Cambyfcs, and Arillona, another d.uigh- 
 tcr of Cyrus. He ii.id m.\nyotiier wives, who brought 
 him a numerous i(Tue. 
 
 It was this monarch wiio was tlie Alialuerus of tlie 
 facrcd writings, and, at the requell of queen I-.IHkt, 
 caulL-d the celebrated edicl againll I laman, in favour of 
 the Jews, to be publiihed. 
 
 Darius removed the regal feat to Sufa, wiien iome 
 interefted perfons taking; tiie advant.ige of his aUtence 
 from Babylon, perfuadeil the people to revolt. Darius 
 accordingly marched a,<^ainll: Babylon, and befiegeil it 
 ihr eighteen months, v.ithout being able to take it ; 
 when one of his gener.ils, named Zopyrus, pretended 
 to defert tiie enemy, and, by means of an artful tale, 
 contrived to infinuate hinifelf fo (m into the good graces 
 of the Babylonians, that they were weak enough to en- 
 truft him with the command of their forces. This 
 [lower he f ion iifcd in iiivour of Darius, to whom he 
 bctr:;ycd the city. Tiie Perlian monarch ordered the 
 walls to be demolilhed, ami put to death a great num- 
 ber of citizens vvho had been molladive in the revolt. 
 
 He afterwards made two unfuccefsful expeditions j 
 the one into Scythia, and the other into India : and in 
 the year of the world 3514, he inv.uled (ireece; but 
 Miltiades, the Athenian general, gained a complete 
 vietory over the Perfian army at tiie pals of Marathon ; 
 tiiough the Pcriian emperor l.aJ. ten times the number of 
 inc:i under his command. 
 
 Darius then made preparations to invade Egyjvt, which 
 had revolted, but dying before iiis army was completed, 
 his i()n Xerxes fucceeded him in the year of the world 
 3519. Xerxes determined to purfuc his late f.ulier's 
 nieallires vigoroully. He accordingly marcheil into 
 Egypt, and fubdueil that kingtlom. 
 
 i'hree years afterwards he invaded Greece with a 
 confiderable army, conlilling of near 3,000,000 men. 
 Tl'.e Carthaginians at the fame time had engageil to in- 
 vade the (irecian territories in Sicily and Italy by fea. 
 Xerxes laid a bridge of -boats over the I lellefpont, that 
 his valt army might pafs with the greater facility, but a 
 llonn dellroyed the bridge. 1 le then caufed a Itronger 
 bri J.re to be made, and tiie army fecretly ;)aircd over it. 
 However, he was unfuccefstiil in his expedition ; no 
 part of Greece, except Thrace, liibmitting to his arms : 
 and I.eonidas, a Spartan prince, difputed his palliigc 
 lo bravely .it die pais of Therinopykf, between Sicily 
 anil Phocis, that 20,000 Perhans were llain in various 
 allaults though Leonidas had only 4000 men undei his 
 conuiianti. 
 
 At length a treacherous native fliewed the Periians a 
 way up the mountain which commandetl the Strait. 
 Leonidas, perceiving this, judged it woukl be impolli- 
 ble to defend the pafs, and thcref'ire iletermined tn die 
 ii])onthe fpot. 1 le accordingly difniilled all his troops, 
 except 300, wlio chofe to Ihare his fiite. Before the 
 attack began, he invited them to dine with him, telling 
 them at the faiiie time, that they mull fuij with Pluto. 
 The attack was thin begun. Leonidas, and his Spar- 
 tans, Ibkl their lives at a dear rate, all being kilkil ex- 
 cept one, who efcapett and carried the news to Sparta, 
 where lie was puniflied for cowardice, in not llaving and 
 dying with his companions. This adion, however it 
 m.iy have been admired, appears to have borilered more 
 iip(n ralhnels than real courage, and to have been found- 
 ed ratiier upon abfurdity tliim true heroilin. 
 
 On die lame iliiy that the above adion happened, the 
 Grecian fleet, conlilling of 400 lail, (.letcited the licet of 
 the Periians, wiiicliconfiiledof full lojolail. 
 
 Xerxes, however, proceetled to Athens, when the 
 Adieni.ins fent their wives and children to i'eloponnefus, 
 al)andoneil their city, and retired to their (liipping. 
 Xerxes entered Athens, which he firll plundered, and 
 then burnt. Tl-.e Grecians, however, obtained ano- 
 ther lijrnal victiiry over his Heet at Salaaiis i and a re- 
 port at the liime time p-revailii.g, tliat tiiey intended to 
 
 cut off his retreat, by dellroying the bridge over tl.c 
 Hellefpont, he therctiire halted back, and finiiid the 
 bridge dellroyed, not by his enemies, but by a Itorm. 
 He, however, C(Mitriveil to pafs with p.art of his army 
 leaving 300,000 men behind to continue the war, who 
 were defeated the ciiiiiing campaign by Arillides ami 
 Pauliinias, and tiieir general iMardonius was (lain, in 
 tliefe various expeditions Xerxes had above two thirds 
 of his v.atl .irmy dellroyed, and was lb chagrined by iii, 
 repeated dilajJiviintments, tii.it he burnt all the Grecian 
 temples in Alia, the temple of Diana at Hphcl'us ex- 
 cejited. 
 
 Soon after Midiridates, an cinuch, and Artabanu.,, 
 a cajjtain of the Perlian guards, formed a conl[>irii) , 
 and murdered diis unhappy monarch, who wa.s fiiccccd 
 ed (A. M. 353'^) by his third ("on Artaxerxes, the tW'j 
 ekier having been dellroyed by the above-mentionid 
 regicides, whom Artaxerxes put to i.kMh loun after ia, 
 alcending the throne. 
 
 This moiiarcli futxlued Egypt, which had revoltc.i, 
 and alliHed the jews in rebuilding the v.'.ills of Jiiula- 
 lem. The Grecians, however, contir.ued the w.ir, an I 
 carried it into Alia widi fuccef,, when Artaxerxc, 
 thought proper to concluile a peace with them ; an<l 
 t'lus terminated a war which had raged fl)r the fpace of 
 fifty years. 
 
 Artaxerxes died in the forty-ninth year of liis reign. 
 His fons, who were numerous, dilj)uted each their title 
 to die throne. At length Ochus, or Darius, prevailed j 
 but dying f(K)n, he was fucceeded by his fbn Arliices, 
 A. M. 3(100, who ruled the whole empire, except 
 I.efler Afu, which was bcciueadied to a younger bio- 
 ther. 
 
 Arf.ices was born before his father was king, but his 
 brotficr Cyrus after : die younger prince, theref ;re, 
 imagined that he liad the greater right to the wlicnc eni- 
 jiire. To fupport this claim, lie railed a nwnieroiis 
 army of Perfians in his government of I .eUi;r Ali.i, a.nl 
 having procured the ainilance of' a bcxly of auxiliary 
 Grecians, he began his march to dil'polllls his brot'ier 
 of his crown. Aifaces met him with an army of 
 1,000,000 Periians, at the dillance of about fcventy 
 miles from Babylon, when the army of Cyrus w.is de 
 feated, and hi.iilelf llain. I'he (irecian auxiliaries, 
 howeve.', made an .admirable retreat, under the cc:i 
 duft of dieir able and learned general Xenophon, wlii.le 
 narrative of diat celebratcil tranladion is one of tlx 
 tincll pieces of ancient hillory thai the motleriis are ac 
 quainted with. 
 
 Arfaces was fucceeded by his fon Ochus, A. M. 
 3612. This prince liibdued the E.gyptians and Plue- 
 nicians, who had revoited, ilellroycd all the fortitici 
 places and temples, and c.irrietl many of tlie peoj*' • 
 into captivity. Among the red was an li^gypti.iii 
 eunuch, called Bagoas, of ^^hom Octius liion grew ex 
 cecdingly fonti, ami he.iped innumerable ft, ours on 
 him. This, however, ilid not prevent Bagoas from 
 confpiring againft him, and poifoning him in the -.4311 
 year of his reign. Notconter.t with diis treacheiy, he, 
 ina veryfhoit time, poifincd his fon O'hus, wholiic- 
 cecded him, and contrived to place another Ochus up' i 
 the throne, who, it is im.igiried, v/as m t in die le.iA 
 related to the royal family. It was not l-~ng, however, 
 befijre he was difpleafed with this monaicli alfo, ami, 
 as uliial, had p.repared a cup of [loiltin for him ; but 
 the king difcovcied liis intentions, ami obliged him to 
 drink the poilim himlelr'. Thus was his repe.ited treache- 
 ry punilhed, ami the law of retaliation properly exir- 
 cifed. 
 
 VIS then alf.imed the name of Darius Codomamis, 
 and {A. NL 3668) was inv.uled by die (irecMiis under 
 the conduft of Philip, king of Macedon, v/lio was chf>- 
 fen generaliHimo ot the contt;derate armies of Gixccc ; 
 but being murdered, his fun Alexander, afterwards 
 knov.'n by the name of Alexander tiie Great, fucceeded 
 him. 'i'his prince, thougli only twenty years of iff'. 
 palled the Helielpont, at the head of 30,000 foot and 
 5000 horfe, and defeated Darius on the b.ink.i ot the 
 
 Gr.uiicub, 
 
ir.OGRAPIIY. 
 
 ng the hiklge over the 
 back, ami finiml the 
 emits, but by a Itorm. 
 Is with part of liis army 
 con'.iniie tlie war, who 
 iip.iif.;n by Ariftidts ami 
 Urcloni'js was flain. In 
 tcs had above two thinis 
 1 was lb chagrined by iiis 
 he buriK all the Grecian 
 t' Diana at li|licfus ex- 
 
 r.iniich, and Artabanii^, 
 tbrincd i conljiiracy, 
 larch, who was ruccced- 
 Ibn Aitaxcrxcs, the tw<> 
 ly the ab<jve-iTicnti()iu(l 
 It to death lou;) .i.cer las 
 
 pt, which had revolteJ, 
 •ing the wails oC Jciula- 
 contir.ucd (he w..r, and 
 ccels, when Artaxerxcs 
 peace with them ; and 
 ad raged i'ur the Ipace of 
 
 nintii year of h.is reign. 
 I ililpiited each their title 
 us, or Darius, prevailed ; 
 edeil by his fan i\rliiccs, 
 
 whole enipire, except 
 allied to a younger bro- 
 
 father was king, but his 
 ungcr prince, tliercfore, 
 :er right to the v.IkjIc ein- 
 , he railed a numerous 
 ncr.t of 1 .eilc-r Alia, a.>d 
 : of a Ixxly of auAiliary 
 
 to difpollcts his brotjier 
 : him with an army of 
 lirtance of about feventy 
 e army of Cyrus Wiis de- 
 I'he (irecian auxiliarii.'s, 
 
 retreat, under th.e ccn 
 ifcneral Xenophoii, whofe 
 ranfaiSion is one of the 
 
 thai the muderus are ac 
 
 his Ion OchuE, A. M. 
 the Fgyptians and Plia'- 
 ellroycd all the fijrtitied 
 etl iniiny of the pcop'c 
 
 reft was an l!^!5yptiaii 
 \\nm Oi iu:s loon !!;rrw ex 
 inniiineruble fa. ours oji 
 ot prevent U:;^'oas front 
 oifuning him in the ^3^ 
 r.t with this treacheiy. he, 
 his fon Ofhiis, who luc- 
 place another Ochiis iijx:n 
 led, v/as r.i.t in the lead 
 t w,is not 1 "nt;, however, 
 1 diis monarcli aifo, anil, 
 I of poittHi for him ; but 
 ons, and obliged him to 
 s was his repeated treaclie- 
 rctaliation properly excr- 
 
 mc of Darius Codomanus, 
 led by the (irccians under 
 ' Macedon, v/ho was cho- 
 rderate armies of Greece ; 
 )n Alexander, afterwards 
 ider the Great, fucceeded 
 jnly twenty years of a-';c, 
 : head of 30,ock) foot mA 
 rius on the banki ot tiic 
 Gfiinicus. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 P £•: R S I A. 
 
 >55 
 
 (iranicns, thoiigii liis army confiftcd of 100,000 Per- 
 ilans and i),ooo auxiliary (jreeks; when Sardis anil 
 many oihcr citK-s Ibbmitted to the conqueror. 
 
 During die cnfuing winter Alexander vifited the 
 teni[)lc of Gordian, where he cut with his fword the 
 cdebratid (iordi.in knot,' which io many had in vain 
 aucmpted to untie, on account of the tra-dition, th.it 
 wlKK'ver couki untie it (houkl conquer Afia. As foon 
 as tiie fealiin [lennitted, Alexander marchetl to the 
 (treiglits of Ifiir; in Cilicia, wheji Darius very impru- 
 dcntlv attacked him at a time the lituation of his army 
 vas ailmirable. The Pcrfians were again defeated, and 
 Darius 's mother, wife, feveralof his children, and 300 
 ofhis concubines, were taken prilimers. All the cities 
 ofPalcftine and Phccnicia now I'ubmitted to the con- 
 ()ueror, except Tyre, whicii fullained a long fiege; 
 but being at length taken by llorm, all the inhabitants 
 \mx put to the iWord, excejit looo, who were left f jr 
 cmciiixion; which cruel leiitence they afterwards fuf- 
 fered upon crofTes ercifled for the piirpole alon-r tiie lea 
 CMll, for no other reafon than having bravely clefeni.led 
 their lives and properties, and pertbnnecl the p.irts of 
 \v;rthy citizens and heroic folders. This tleteflable 
 alFair will be a killing fligma upon the charafter of A- 
 kxander, and bla't liis laurels with infiiniy: Syria and 
 lig;,'pt fubmittcil to the conqueror. 
 
 Alex.iiuier now vilited the templeof Jupiter Ammon, 
 whole fon he pretended to be. After having built the 
 city nf Alexandria, he penetrated into Paltltine, palli-d 
 the F.uphrates ami Tigris, and in the plains of' Arbela 
 j.'.^in ;_'veti.e Perlians a total deicit; the confequence 
 of iviiich w;us, Babylon, Sufa, and Perl()polis opened 
 their g:ites to the c<)n>',ueror : the latter of thefe, wjiich 
 w,is then the finell city in die iiniverii;', he reduced to 
 alncs. 
 
 Alexander then continued to purfue Darius ; but rliat 
 
 .h;ii'j-.y i)rince was murdered by one of liis i!V«n gene- 
 
 nls named Iklfus, whom Alexander afterwards put to 
 
 dcatli f()r his treachery. Thus ended tlie Perlian mo- 
 
 nanhy after a continuance of 209 years. 
 
 Ale.x.indcr then carried his arms into India, fubilucd 
 Poruf, a powerful monarch of that country, and, in- 
 tieetl, conquered the greatclt part of the then known 
 world. 1 le afterwards married .Statir.i, tiie ekleft 
 daughter of tiie unfortunate Darius ; and at the fame 
 time obliged the officers to i'-.tcrmarry with Perlian ki- 
 liies. Ketiirning to Babylon, elated by vanity, and 
 intoxicated by fucccfs, he gave hirnfelf up to all man- 
 ner of debaucheries, and at length fell a martyr to ex- 
 ccfs, A. M. 3681. 
 
 As Alexander had not named a i"uccefi<)r, his gene- 
 rals fliared his tk)minions among diem. 'I'o Ptolemy 
 kllKgypt; Sc'icucus, the Ion of Antiochus, poflelTed 
 B.ibyloiiia and Syria; and Cailanderhad die Ibvercignty 
 of Greece. 
 
 In the year of Chrift 630 the Sanacens, who liic- 
 cecded Mahtime:, ni.ide a conqueft of Perfia. The 
 Turks conquered it in the year 1000 j and Tamerlane 
 the (ireat, Cham of Tartary, I'ubdued Peafia and the 
 greatelt part of Turkey in Alia, in the ye.ir 1400: 
 alter the race of the Tartar monarch Sophy or Seli 
 obtr.ined the reg.il tlominion to Perfia, fome of wIioIIl- 
 tiilccntiants were for a long time contending flir the 
 empire. 1 Ic was fucceeded by his fon Shah Thomas, 
 ail inhuman prince, who wa'' dcpofed by his fubjects. 
 His brotiicr Codabundi rcigneil alter him. This mo- 
 narch was fucceeced by Shah Abbas, a powerful prince. 
 Who greatly enlaiged die Perfian monarciiy by his con- 
 C|iie{ls. Having reigned glorioiilly fijr the Ipace of 40 
 years, he was fucceeiied b/ iiis grantllbn Shah Seli, 
 v/ho was a tyrant and a drunkard. He cUlhoyed his 
 queen in a fit of inebriation, and at Icngdi tell a mar- 
 tyr to repeated cxcelies. 
 
 After this prince Shah Abbas the Second, his Ion, 
 reigned 21 years, and, like his lather, delhoyeil hini- 
 lell by drinkin^^. Me was fucceeiied by his Um Shah 
 Seli the Second, in whole reign the country was greatly 
 Jif'trellai by war and famine. He died July 29, ibcj-i. 
 
 Sultan Hofli-in, his fon, was his fucceflljf, a weak 
 indolent pi ;..<., who, by his vices and fupineneli, gave 
 great offence not only to his own lubjcfts, but to the 
 neighbouring Tartar chiefs i one of whom, named Me- 
 reweis, fui-j)rifed Candahor, penetrated a confidcrabie 
 way into Perlla, determined to march to Ifpahan, and 
 even alpircd to the throne of Perfia itfelf. He died, 
 however, before he could carry his defigned phns into 
 execution. 
 
 Mahamood, the fon of HofTein, fucceedcd his fa- 
 ther, and purfued his meafures. He made .alliance* 
 with the Grand Signior and (ireat Mogul, and pre- 
 vailed on the balfa of Bagdad to invade tlie Pcfian 
 frontiers, and the RulTuns to attack the provinces to- 
 wanls the Cafpian Sea. 
 
 T he Perlian iiiinifters were now in the utmoft con- 
 ilern.ition : Mahamood was, by hafty marches, ap- 
 proaching towards the capital, where the pulillanimous 
 monarch olFered to refign his crown in favour of his 
 cklelt Ion ; but the fon fiaving been ctiucatcd in ef^e- 
 iiiinacy, av.i] never out of the llraglio in iiis life, was 
 mnre frightened than his father, and declined cither 
 accepting the crown or commanding the army. Prince 
 Phomas, however, a youngei brother, having mere 
 fpirit thaii the rell of the family, determined to put 
 himfelf at die head of the forces, and to oppofe the 
 reljcls ; but when he came to take a review ot the Per- 
 fian troops, he fiiund them lb effeminate, undifciplincd, 
 and difpirired, that he was fenfible he could not repote 
 any trulb in them. He therefore withdrew himlHf irum 
 the army, and retired towards tlie C.ifpian Sea. 
 
 Mahamood fliortly after entered Ifpahan without op- 
 pofition, and imprifoned the king and all the royal la- 
 mily, mofl of whom he afterw.irils liellroyed. He Ix-- 
 headed the prime ininiller with molf of his adherents, 
 and fcizei.1 upon the tllates and jiroperties of all who 
 were obnoxious to him ; the whole conqudl being ef- 
 fefled with only 5000 liorfe. 
 
 In the mean time Shah Thomas, the young fultan, 
 alli-mblcd a body of troops, and being daily joined by 
 ;i great number of royalifls, he determined hrll of all 
 to re|)el the T'urks, who were ravaging tlie frontiers ; 
 when intelligence was broilght him, that the ufurper 
 Mahamood was affafrinated by one of his ofricers named 
 I'.lriff, who had liicceeded him. Upo.i this information 
 the prince gave an invitation to KouH Khan, who had 
 been llrongly recommended to him to join his forces. 
 
 Kouli Khan, at the head of tome Ulbec T'artars, 
 accordingly joined the army of Shah Thomas, and 
 marching immeiliately againff Kfriff, he defeated his 
 troops, took him prifoner, and put him to a very cruel 
 ileadi. He then turned his arms againfl the Turks, 
 and wrcRed from them all the places they had taken 
 fiom die Perfians di-ring the late troubles ; and after- 
 waals compelled the RuHians to ev.iciiate thofe pro- 
 vir;es, towards the Cafpian Sea, of which they had 
 polielled theinfelves. Kl.ited with repeated fuccefs, he 
 afpired at the Imperial dignity, and, Ibmulated by his 
 ambition, he not only depoied, but murdered the uii- 
 unfortunate Shah T'homas : fiir that monarch was never 
 heard of after having been deprived ofhis throne. 
 
 As Kouli Khan's aftions have been the lubjcft of 
 general converfation, and the confequences of which 
 they were produttive are the moft recent paiticulars on 
 wliich we'can with certainty ilepend, relative to the af- 
 tiiii!) in Perfia, we lliall be rather circumlbintial in what 
 concerns taai ufuipcr. 
 
 Among the mountains in the neighbourhood of Me- 
 flied tlieie is a petty principality called Chalat, which 
 is ruled by a chief Who is always a native; this chief 
 acknowledges the emperor of Perfia as tiis Ibvereign ; 
 that monarch, however, has not the leatl real power 
 over the abovemendoned little Hate, but the coiin; of 
 Perfia winks at the nominal fubjection and real inde- 
 pentlaiice of the Chalatitts, in order to prefcrve their 
 triendlbip, othcrwile they would prove very trouble- 
 fome neigbours ; for fecure iiv their mount.iinous re- 
 treat, they coukl, at pkaliire, make exc■.lrflo.^s into the 
 
 adiacenc 
 
 ;., ■■m 
 
 I ■' i 
 
 ■I ;!i^ ^^y 
 
 ::i;r|i| 
 
 ':i'lii 
 
 ■'f'i '■- ^.. ^ 
 
 r: 
 
 . L 
 
 -ALWfiivil-' 
 
156 A NFAV, ROYAL anu AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 iJiljaccnt jwovinces, anil plumlcr the Pcrfians with im- 
 punity. 
 
 K.i)iili Khan, or Nailir Shuh, was born at Chalat in 
 the year iCij, and w.is heir to tliat Utile |.rintipality. 
 I Ih tothei- dicil when he Wiis only nine years okl, and 
 an uncle to Nailir was inverted witli the government 
 till he flioukl become ot' age. Tiie untie aded with 
 tlich prudence ainl nvxlerafion, than he bec.une very 
 popular, and the jKoplc unaninioully contirniwl to him 
 die governnwnt during his lite : for young Nadir gave 
 fuch early proof* of a haughty, turbulent and tyran- 
 nical Ip-.rit, that the Chalatites in general prclaged the 
 inol> ^atal conleijuences when he (houkl be invelled with 
 uncontrouled power. 
 
 As this treatment was very dilgurting to young Na- 
 dir, he left the pUte of his nativity, repaired to Cho- 
 rallau, and entered into the Perfun army in 1 7 1 4 as a 
 private l()ldier. 
 
 His rtrengtii, courage, and military capacity, of 
 which he gave tiequent proofs, occaiioned liim to be 
 promoted to the rank of colonel in 1719. 
 
 The Ulbec Tartars having iiivadeil Choraflan, the 
 governor of diat province thought proper to appoint 
 Nadir to the commaml of the Perlian troops, though, 
 by fo iloing, he dilgulled many fenior officers. 
 
 Nadir's comluci temled to heighten the great opinion 
 which the governor of Chorallin hatl entertained of his 
 military talents. He adetl with great courage, and 
 profound policy, and not only defeated tiie Ulbecs, but 
 took many tlioufands of them pril'oners, with all their 
 tents, b.iggage, cattle, and the plunder which tliey had 
 taken from die inhabitants of Choraflan. 
 
 The governor greatly carcfled Nadir, bailed him 
 with favours, and promifed to recommend Tiim fo 
 llrongly to J>hah Thomas, as to engage tiut prince to 
 make him a general. A vacancy, however, falling 
 loon after, a young nobleman .elated to tlie governor, 
 was promoted. This lb exafpcrated Kouli Khan, that 
 he upbraided tlie governor in the moll infolent terms, 
 and grew fo exceedingly fcurrilous, that tiie governor 
 was under the necelTity of ordering him to be baftina- 
 doed. 
 
 Kouli Khan now meditated nothing but mifchief; 
 and, as loon as he recovered from tlie efFcfts ot die 
 
 ■; chalUfement, he fled to the mountaias. Having put 
 
 himfelf at the head of a bantl of robbers, he continually 
 
 *-VEi ravaged die country, antl plunilereil the caravans. 
 
 ■"'•' His uncle hearing of his condudl, wrote a letter to 
 
 him, ftrenuoully exhorting him to refrain from fuch a 
 WaV of life, and that lie woukl undertake to procure a 
 panU)n from Shah 'Thomas, for all he liad hitherto com- 
 mitted. Nadir aflcnted to his unck's proiwfals, ami a 
 j)3rdon was procureil. Nadir, under a pretence of re- 
 turning his gratefol thanks to his uncle, repaired to 
 Ciialat, with a few of his t()llowcrs, where he was cor- 
 dially received by diat gentleman. He had previoufly, 
 however, ordered tome hundreils of his men to ad- 
 vance privately towards the place, and to be ready to 
 attend at a certain fignal, when they were to rulli it, at 
 the only gate belonging to the fortrefs. Early die eni'u- 
 ing morning Nadir murdered his uncle, while his fol- 
 lowers within leized the gate with little or no refiftance, 
 and Ibcn admitted their companions. 'Tims did Nadir, 
 witii very little trouble, become potlelled of a place 
 hirfierto ileemed impregnable, and which had frequent- 
 ly widiilood the whole power of Perfia ; for within the 
 perpendicular anil inaccellible rocks which furrounded it, 
 dicre is land lutticient to feed their cattU', and produce 
 all kinds of provifion for die maintenance of 12,000 
 men. I'hus they are in no tear of famine, and the 
 place being .tcceflibk at only one tiuall avenue, which 
 IS llrongly tiirtihcd by art as well as nature, they are 
 able to put all the troops in the uni^'erle at defiance. 
 . After Nadir feecainc efnperor ofPerlia, he always dc- 
 pofited his tfealiires in Clialat, as die Ihongetl and moll 
 . liicure place in his whole extenlive dominions. 
 , ,,. Being now pofTefleil of his native patrimony, with 
 thejirfdiiion of 0000 well difoiplined, bold, and lianly 
 lie became exceedingly ton nidable. 
 
 He then tock it into his hc.wl to rccovrr the city of 
 Nechabar, v^hich the Afgans hail taken t 11 the Per- 
 li.ms, and fucceeded by the foUowi ig fing 1 llratagein. 
 I !e 'ent liimt of his men to tlic mountains, who having 
 leized a Urge b<Kly of Ibaggling Afgans, they were 
 immediately put to death. Nadir's men having then 
 drelled themlelves in the habits of the deceafed Afgans, 
 preteniled to drive a great number of their companions 
 before them, as if they had taken them prilbners. 'I'hc 
 C':ntinels threw open the gates to let in the lup}X)t"td 
 captives, when tlic Afgans were all put to the fwurd, 
 and the ancient capital of ChoralT.ui was recovered. 
 
 It was after the above exploit that tiie unhappy >iuli 
 Thomas courteil his afTiltance, when he joined tliat nio- 
 lurch at the heait of 6000 men. In the year 17^8 he 
 was apjiointed commander in chitf of die Shah's (i)rces, 
 l<x>n after which he received the title of 'Tachmas, or 
 Thomas Kouli Khan, or Kau, the highetl title the em 
 peror coukl conttrr. He then made a very rlpid pm 
 grefs in the recovery of that part of the empire, whii h 
 liad been conquered by the 'lurks, and, by his great 
 lucceflirs became at once the .idmirafon and terror not 
 only of the Perlians, but all the lurrourding nations. 
 
 .'\fter the removal of the unfortunate Shall 'Tliomus 
 from the throne, Kouli Khan did not prefume to mount 
 it, but to liive appearances, had Abbas Myrz.i, an infant of 
 fix months old, and lijnofthe above monarch, ilecbreJ 
 em[>eror. He, however, took care to keep all the 
 [xjwer, as well as the treafures of the empire, in his 
 own hands, and to till all the great offices of ftate with 
 iiis own creatures. 
 
 Young Abbas now being confidered as emperor, 
 Kouli Khan determined, in his name, to carry (h\ the 
 war againd the Turks vigoroully ; but lirft married an 
 aunt of tlie late emperor's. Then thinking ot his own 
 f.imily, he appointed hb ckleft fon governor of Choral- 
 fan, and his youngell governor of Herat. 
 
 The war againfl 'lie 'Turks was fucceii-fully begun j 
 Kouli Kiian drove th«.m all before him, ;uid laid liege 
 to Bagdad. However, Topal Ol'man, an able 'Turkilh 
 general, marched to the relief of it at the he;ul of 
 100,000 men. Kouli Khan drew up his army, which 
 confifted of 70,(K)o men, and, on the 1 8th of July, 
 • 733i a moll bloody batde enlUed, and Kouli Khan, 
 for the firll time in his life, was defeatci. 
 
 Kouli Khan being joined by one of his fons with a 
 confiderable army, again marched againll the 'Turk .. 
 The Perfian army was in this engagement repullld, ami 
 loft 4000 men. But on the a6th of October another 
 bkxxly battle was fought, in wliicli die 'Turks were to- 
 tally defeated, lofing 40,000 men, all their artiUcri", 
 tents, ammunition, llores, &c. and the gallant 'Tcjul 
 Oliiian was (lain in the action. 'To die credit of Kmili 
 Kh.ui we mull not omit to mention, that he orJirni 
 that great aeneral to be buried with tiie utmoll piuii; 
 and magnilicence, and witii .ill the military honour liu^ 
 to li) great a cliarader. 
 
 Kouli Kliiui now marched to Scharias, to fubit)gatf 
 diat city, and ciuih a powerhil rebellion whicli l>ap 
 pened in thole parts. This he loon efl'ecitetl, and Ijieiu 
 the entiling winter in recruiting his army, and maliinf; 
 preparations t<)r cirrying on the war againll the Turk 
 in the following Ipring. Tor it was impollible for lii: 
 enteq)rifing fpirit ever to be ftjll ; nor could his anibi 
 tious Ibul entertain any idea but th.vt of war. 
 
 In tlie year i7;vi Kouli Khan was very l"uccel-.fal 
 bodi againll die Turks and I'artars, who attempteii ro 
 join them, and before the end of the year conqutral aJ 
 the open country of Georgia and Armenia. In 1733 
 Kouli Khan dellroyed great part of the 'iurkilli muis 
 at Arpa Kavi. In 1736 the young Shah Abbas died, 
 when Kouli Khan convened the Perfian ciiiefs and no- 
 bility, and toid them that tiicy were at liberty to clmle 
 an emperor. Tliey diereforo unanimoufly begged hini 
 to accept the crov/n, being, indeed, afraid to do other- 
 wife. 
 
 I laving mounted the throne, he ruled the Perfians 
 
 witli a . rod of iron, deltroyiiig many of the royal fa- 
 
 2 m'lly. 
 
:'.EOGRAI'nY. 
 
 ocl to rccovrr the city of 
 i.ul taken f ii the I'cr- 
 li)*i ig fing : llratagem. 
 L" mountains, who havin" 
 ;liii^ Afgans, they were 
 s'adir's men having then 
 s of the deceafcd Atgans, 
 mber of their companions 
 en them prilbncrs. The 
 
 to let in the luppofnl 
 ere all put to the IworJ, 
 alTan was recovered, 
 jit that die unhappy Shah 
 
 when he joined that mo- 
 n. In the year 17^8 he 
 chit I" of the Shah's (orces, 
 the tide of 'I'achmas, ut 
 , the highetl title the em- 
 i made a very rlpid |)rn 
 )art of the empire, whu h 
 lurks, and, l>y his great 
 idiiiirar'on anil terror not 
 le kirrounding nations, 
 infortunate Shall 'Ihomus 
 tlid not prefume to mount 
 Abbas Myrza, an infant of 
 above monarch, ilecbrcvl 
 ok can; to keep all the 
 res of the empire, in h;s 
 great offices of ftatc with 
 
 ; tonfidered as emperor, 
 IS name, to carry on the 
 ufly ; but M\ married an 
 ['hen thinking of his own 
 I foil governor of Choral- 
 )r of Herat. 
 
 ks was fucce^sfiiUy bepim ; 
 before him, iind laid liege 
 al Ofman, an able 'i iirkiih 
 lief of it at the hciui of 
 drew up his army, whirh 
 id, on the 18th of July, 
 enlUed, and Kouli Kluui, 
 as defeated. 
 
 by one of his fons with a 
 arched againlt the Turk ,. 
 engagement rcpullul, and 
 
 il6th of Oi'iober another 
 wii;c!i die Turks were trv 
 
 men, all their artiUeri', 
 ic. and the gallant Tcpal 
 . To die credit of Kouli 
 
 mention, diat he ordLrcd 
 cd with die utnioil pomp 
 all the military honour din- 
 
 I to Schar'us, to fubjiigatc 
 ■rful rebellion which lup 
 le fooii ef^eiSteil, and ljx:iu 
 ing liis army, and making 
 
 the war againlt the Turk- 
 ir it was imjxiHible for hi^ 
 : ftill ; nor could liLs aiiibi 
 )ut diat of war. 
 
 Khan was very fucce^fil 
 I'artars, who attemptcil to 
 id of the year concjuerai a!i 
 a and Armenia. In 1735 
 
 part of the i'urkidi arnu 
 : young Shah Abbas dial, 
 the Perfian chiefs and no- 
 y were at liberty to cluil'e 
 c unaniraoudy begged hir.i 
 indeed, afraid to do other- 
 one, lie ruled the Perfians 
 ing many of the royal fa- 
 mily, 
 
 '/y.///v*//vUiiil)»e.sji '//(•//■ 'Ay.i/, ///,■/ <,ni\^i:\\}U\ ■/*,//■/'. i/,,,//-ii/i',iijn/, /////, t/'o// 
 
 
 .gifl i 
 
 Mm 
 
 j 
 
 M, *f!J 
 
 ■A' 
 1' 
 
 . '//.iii/.'/j/ifii 1/ /// ///.I ' /i ////•// //rr I'/ ///.I f ///n i.t /rro 
 r/ ir/i,'//' /ii ■ J'l f/f, //,/■! /f/f i/in/ ti<ftn) i/t.i/tit/c/i /f/ni^- 
 
 MiMiinnnhmi 
 
 •i/f/r i/iti/ rii/ti<) i/t.i/n 
 
 mitmTTfmm,llllllll|-m ^.-^,..»mirnniiMiiii.iiiimn>iinn.iinri||^nJMTilin^TlllHirimT: 
 
 \,f# ^'^^i^^^^^^f^=:^^i^■^'^ 
 
 'M^- 
 
 dC 
 
 
 ■Ws ■ 
 
 t-: 
 
. .■"^'7* "!. im!K9^m 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 niily, and putting 
 
 who were dcemc 
 
 dtlpifcd. He tl 
 
 the church lands, 
 
 the Turks »nd Ri 
 
 gans to Cubmit tc 
 
 the territories ofi 
 
 mits of that mo 
 
 the capital of Mir 
 
 prifoner, put mu 
 
 the empire of jew 
 
 amount of 87,5 
 
 than any other m 
 
 fbre portcffej. 
 
 viii, the imperial 
 
 tlirone, entirely I 
 
 of tiie above, 1 
 
 as many camels, 
 
 fiety ot other wa 
 
 he lodged in lii* 
 
 ilid not truft the 
 
 I'erfians, but to 
 
 ChrilVians. 
 
 He beat the 1 
 and made theit 
 returned to Ifpa 
 for the mal-adiT 
 The year 1741 ' 
 In all thefc e 
 cruellies. Anu 
 OMCj for he attc 
 the year 174a, ' 
 father, and had 
 narch, 
 
 Tlie cruelties 
 friends and ene 
 moll incredible 
 [hort, he demol 
 tile provinces, 
 dered feveral m 
 the ncighbourin 
 Ihe Turks h 
 tender to the ( 
 
 ^'"■'^^ 
 
 Turkey in gen 
 
 -w 
 
 THIS ecu 
 in the \ 
 fo fettered wit 
 n.iturallv addii 
 not avail therr 
 ilant blelTmgs 1 
 Turkey in / 
 empire, and 
 weft, and abo 
 It abounds no 
 the luxuiies ol 
 tile and di ligh 
 Turkey in 
 treat, is fituai 
 and 27 and 4! 
 viftons compr 
 arc Eyraca A 
 mi a, a part c 
 ancient Anw 
 tine. On thi 
 Anatolia Proi 
 
 No 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 PERSIA. 
 
 niily, and putting to ileath all the nobility, except thofc 
 who were deemed idcots, or whofe underftanding he 
 tltlpifcd. He then feized many eftatcs, particularly 
 the church lands, and having concluded a peace with 
 the Turks (»nd Rufllans, he compelled the revolted Af- 
 •ans to fubmit to hi« own terms. Then marching into 
 the territories of the Greut Mogul, he defeated the ar- 
 mies of that monarch, made ninifelf mafter of Delhi, 
 the capital of nindoftan, took the Great Mogul himfcU 
 prifuner, put multitudes to the fword, and plundered 
 the empire of jewels, gold, and otlier valuables, to the 
 amount of 87,500,0001. lUrlingj a greater treafurc 
 tlian any other monarch, in any age or nation, ever be- 
 fore poflcflcj. Among other article* of immcnfc value 
 inas the imperial throne, commonly called the peacock 
 throne, entirely let with the finclljcwcl'). Independent 
 of die above, he took .^oo clcohants, 10,000 horfes, 
 as many camels, a great number of cannon, and a va- 
 riety 01 other warlike Itores. Tliefe immenl'e treafures 
 he Judged in lii» heredii,.ry principality of ChalaCj but 
 did not truft the guarding of them either to Turks or 
 J'erfians, but to la.ooo Georgians, all <jf whom were 
 Chrirtians. 
 
 He beat the Ufbec Tartars in feveral engagements, 
 and made them tributary to I'erlia ; after which he 
 returned to Ifpahan, and fevcrely reprimanded his fon 
 for die nul-adminil^ration of affairs during his abfence. 
 The year 1741 he fpcnt in quelling feveral infurre^lions. 
 In all thefe expediiions he cofumitted unheard-of 
 cruellies. Amony ocIut rebels his eldell Ion proved 
 Oiiej for he attempted to murder him, but efcajjed till 
 the year 1742, when he was brought as a prifoner to his 
 father, and had his eyes put out by order of that mo- 
 narch, 
 
 Tlic cruelties dut Nadir Shall now exercifed both on 
 friends and enemies, the armed and unarmed, are al- 
 moil incredible, and too fliocking to be recited In 
 (hort, he demoliflied cit^s and towns, laid wall fer- 
 tile provinces, plundered all ranks of people, and mur- 
 dered feveral millions of the inhabitants of t'erfia, and 
 the neighbouring nations. 
 
 The Turks having, in the year 1744. fet up a pre- 
 tender to the throne of Perfia, who gave out that he 
 
 w 
 
 was a younger fon of the late f mpcror Shah Thomaa, 
 Nadir Shah fcnt one of his fons at the head of an army 
 againlt him. The pretended prince was defeated, and 
 taken prifoner. Nadir Shah being informed of thi«, in 
 a temporary fit of humanity, gave orders that he might 
 be permitted to efcapc. Nevcrthelefs, he direftcvl t^at 
 282 of Wis followers ftiould be beheaded. In the year 
 1745 he again marched againft the Turks, anddefeatei! 
 them: but in 1746 and 1747, he was entirely cm- 
 ployed in quelling domcftic broils, and inteftine rebel- 
 lions. 
 
 Nadir Shah was now generally looked upon to he in 
 a (late of inlanity. Mis adtions were ulually abfurd, 
 and always unaccountable. Sometimes a gleam of gc- 
 nerofity and humanity would feem to dired his inten- 
 tions; but avarice, and the mod horrid cruelty, at moft 
 times predominated. He was, however, on the 2d of 
 July, 1747, airalTinated by five of the principal officers 
 of his guards. This event happened thus : I'he con-i 
 I'pirators entered his tent about one o'clock in the 
 morning, when one of them Humbling over fome of the 
 cord* that fallened it, the Shah waked, darted up, 
 feized his fabrc, and with one blow cut off the head of 
 him who was next to him. He then ftruck the next o.' 
 the left (houlder with fuch force, that the fabre lodge4 
 in the fpine or back bone, and (luck l"o faft, that, be- 
 fore he could withdraw it, the remaining aifalTins dif- 
 patched him, and cut off his head, which they took 
 with them, and having buried their companions, they 
 retired. 
 
 When the people heard of his death they were greatly 
 rejoiced. They immediately put to death his blind fon 
 and his grandlbn, and even all his women, left any of 
 them (houkl be pregnant by him; fo much did they 
 deleft the breed of this cruel and bloody tyrant, wiio 
 feemed to have thrown Nero, and all the inhuman monl- 
 ters of antiquity, at a diftance. 
 
 After the death of the tyrant, al! was anarchy and 
 confufion in that unhappy country. Several of his own 
 fami'y, .•'s well as others, had many bloody conteft* 
 for the imperial dignity; but the fortunate candid.ito 
 was Kerim-Khan, who, triumphing over his rivals, 
 was crowned in the year 1763. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 TURKEY 
 
 I N 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Turkey in gcveral ; its Si/uniion, Extent, Biviftons, 
 Mountains, Riveis, i^(. 
 
 THIS country contains fome of the fiiieft provinces 
 in the whole world, tlunigh the inhabitants are 
 fo fettered with the chains of defpotifm, as well as fo 
 naturally ad':'.i£i;fd to idlcncls and luxury, that they do 
 not avail themfelves, as they miijlu do, of the redun- 
 dant blelTings of Providence. 
 
 Turkey in Afia Conns a grand divifion cf the Turkidi 
 empire, and extcnd.s about 2000 miles from eaft to 
 weft, and about 800 in breadth, fiom north to fouth. 
 It abounds not only with die necefiliries, but with all 
 the hixuiiesof life, and coiit.iins lome of the mod fer- 
 tile and delightful provinires in the univerfe, 
 
 Turkey in Afia, of which only we (hall at prefent 
 treat, is fituated between 28 and 45 deg. north latitude, 
 and 27 and 46 dcp. of eaft longitude. The grand di- 
 vifions comprife the I'ollowiiij; provinces. On the eaft 
 are Eyraca Arabic or Ciialdea, Diarbec or Melbpota- 
 mia, a part of Curdiftan or AfTyria, Turcomania, the 
 ancient Annenia Major, Georgia, Syria, and Pjilef- 
 tine. On the weft are Anatolia, which is divided ipto 
 Anatolia Proper, Amafia, Aladulia, and Carmania. 
 N* 15, 
 
 This country is, perhap*;, the beft fituated for navi- 
 gation of any in the univerfe ; but the natives do not 
 know how \o make ufc of the uncommon natural ad- 
 vantages wifh which Providence hath blefTed them. 
 The leas which border on it are the Euxine, or Black 
 Sea; the Bofphorus, or Sea of Conftantinople ; the 
 Propontis, or Sea of Marmora; the Hellefiwnt, and 
 the ^.gean Sea, or Archipelago, which divide A(i;i 
 from Europe ; the Levant, or White Sea, and the 
 Perfian Gulph. The Red Sea likewife divides it from 
 Afia, which occafions the Grand Seignior, amoni^ ais 
 other titles, to ftile himfelf " Lord of thi: Black, fVhite, 
 and Red Seas." 
 
 The mountains, which arc many, have been the 
 moft celebrated in facred and profane hiftory, of ar>-- 
 in the univerfe. The principal, which are fituated ,.. 
 Lefier Afia, are Olympus, Ida, Tauris, Anti-Tauris, 
 and the Carmanian mountains. Befidts thefe are mount 
 Caucafus, or the Pagheftan mountains ; mount Arr.i- 
 rat, where the ark relied, and the othir Armenian 
 mountains; the mountains of Curdiftan and PaK dine, 
 p.irticularly mount Iltrmon and mount Lebanon. 
 
 The principal rivers are the Euphrates, Tigris, 
 Meander, Oiontes, Sarabat, Jordan, Haly, an.l Kara. 
 The Tigris and Iniphrates rife in the north, and flow- 
 ing towards tiie Ibuth-eaft, enclof? ajid fcrcilize d^t 
 R r 'p ■; delightfq 
 
 
 '1 
 
158 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTIIFNTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAl, GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 II 
 
 delightful part of Diarbc, the ancient Mefopotamia, 
 which is lup^xjledtohave been the feat of Parailife. I'he 
 Orontes riles in mount Heimon, and running nortli- 
 weft, ennpties itfelf into the Levant Sea. The Mean- 
 der, which rifes in mount Taurus, flows weilerly till it 
 falls into the Archipelago. From this river all winding 
 or ferpentine ftrcains arc called Meanders. The Sara- 
 uat riles in Natolia, and dilchargi-s itfelf likewife into 
 the Archipelago. Haly riles in Cappadocia, and runs 
 into the Euxine Sea. ' Kara takes iu rife in Natolia 
 Proper, and falls into the Euplir.xtes. Jordan isforiivd 
 by the union of two dreams, named Jor and Dan, which 
 rife at the foot of Anti-Libanus. It empties itfelf into 
 the Dead Sea, but is only a fmall river. It forms two 
 hikes: the one, called Merom, is very fmall, and dry 
 in the fummer ; the other, called the Sea of Galilee, or 
 L'ke of Tiberias, is near thirteen miles in length, and 
 five in breadth. It was in the Sea of Galilee that St. 
 Peter, Andrew, Jolin, and James, exercifed their pro- 
 feflions as tinienhen. 
 
 As fevcral of the provinces enumerated hive been 
 feparate kingdoms, and have advantages and difadvan- 
 tagcs peculiar to themlclves, we fliall treat of them fe- 
 parately, .ind not attempt to give a general diUription 
 of the whole, ihat can only be true in part, and mull be 
 liable to many exceptions. 
 
 SECTION ll. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 6'«Vhi;//o«, Climate, Product, Pcifotis, Drejfcs, Altiimers, 
 an.i Religion of the Inbal/itanls. Dejcriptim tf Tefis, 
 the C.'pital of Georgia. 
 
 THIS country, called Georgia, or Gurgirtan, (for 
 the termination uf Tan is a Celtic word, and lig- 
 nifies country,) is bounded on the north by Circallia, 
 on the foutii by Armenia, on the eaft by Dagheftan, 
 and on the well by the Euxine or Black Sea. It in- 
 cludes Colclii.-, Iberia, and Albania. 
 
 Georgia, wiiich is partly fubjid^ to the Turks, and 
 partly to the Periians, abounds witii mountains and 
 woods, which are intei erfed with a variety of beautiful 
 tales, artd fertile plaiiib. 
 
 Georgia has a dry air, cold in wint-.-r, and hot in 
 fumnitr. It produces all kiniis of fruits, which are 
 excellent, and ti.e bread is hardly to be paialleied. 
 Tiiere is plc.uy of fine cattle. Tlie pork is ailmirable j 
 the wild and tame fowl incomparable; and the lilh, 
 both lla and ii\er, equal to any in the univerfe. Tlie 
 country likewilc produces great quantities of excellent 
 fllk. 
 
 A late traveller luy^, tiiat the Georgians arc robull, 
 valiant, and of a loi-'iable temper; crreat lovers of wine, 
 and very fiulty and {airhhilj endowed with good natu- 
 ral purts, but, foi- want of education, vicious. That 
 the women are in general lb fair and comely, that tlie 
 wives and con ubines of tlie king of Perfia, and hi:, 
 court, '"e for the molt part Georgian women. 
 
 G^Kj. ^ '' forn-ii-rly contained many large cities, as 
 hifloiy informs us, and tin it ruins evince : but at pre- 
 fent there arc but lev cities and towns, in piopi-rtion 
 to the uncommon feriility, and great extent of the 
 country, and tliole few are but thinly inhabited, wliich 
 • , pei.,..,)s, owing to tiie baibaious cullom of klimg 
 juvenile inhabi'ants for Haves : for the lords IVU 
 '■..ir tenants an'i •• iiiajs, parents their cluldrtn, and 
 mailers tr.eir leiv;iii:s, as iliey iliii.k proper. 1 he 
 pi nu Hill factors .'n this unnatural buliiiels arc Jews, 
 wlir pu.rliaf'- the boyt iind girls wlien very young, 'jive 
 t. - n a juitable edueaion, and, when tliey arrive at a 
 projicr age, lil'pole o.' tkein to the Turks and Peili.iiis, 
 by whom iliey are employed in their armies and frrag- 
 lios, as concubines, (lave;., imitts, eunuchs, and lol- 
 diers, and many have been raifutl to tiic raiik Qf ilatci- 
 mcn. 
 
 In defence of the above- nentioned cuflom, the 
 Georgians plead, that it is for the benefit of tlieir chil- 
 dren; for if they ftay in their native country, they arc 
 lure of being hard-woiking (laves: but wlienth-y arc 
 (old, tliey are more caielfed, live better, do lefs, and 
 have a greater chaiitc of advancement than they could 
 have at home. Many of both lexes, indeed, who have 
 obtained tlie favour of the great, both in the Ottoman 
 and Pel (ian courts, Iiave h.ul interell fufficic.it to fern) 
 for their parents and rel.ations, and get th;m jiromoted 
 to places of great triifl: ;ind importance. 
 
 The Georgians are, in gentral, implacable in their 
 hatred, and unforgiving to thofe who have oft'ended 
 them. They do not deem drunkennefs, luxury, or 
 libertinifm, crimes, or even follies. The women iuirt 
 their beauty with paint, and their minds by tlie inolt 
 licentious behaviour They are iilurers, and afleft 
 a grave deportment. All religions are tolerated in 
 Georgia, e\^.j one being at liberty to think, pray, and 
 fpeak, as he pleafes. Many individi als of tiie fur- 
 rounding nations refide here; and the Armenians in 
 particular, are more numerous than the Georgian^ 
 tliemlelves. They are likewife richer, and occupy the 
 principal places of truft and jxiwer. 
 
 All the public edifices, and the houfes of the great, 
 are built after the model of the Perfian ""'>ufes. Thiy 
 likewife imitate them in eating, fitting, and Kiajf. 
 '1 hey have buttons and loops to tlieir vefts, and w,-ar 
 them open at their brealls. The habits of the women 
 ...e entirely Perii'-. The mens covering for the legs 
 and feet is in the i ^tfian fafhion; but their bonnets or 
 hats refemble thofe of the Polanders. 
 
 The Georgian nobles are all tyrants, and exercife tlie 
 mod defpotic ciuelty over their v.df.ils and dependents. 
 
 The iovereignty of the Turks and Pcrfians oxer 
 Georgia is rather noiilinal than real ; for as they are a 
 hardy, warlike people, and can eafily retire to and de- 
 lend the palfes of their moiiiuains, it is rather dangerous 
 to ijuariel with them, as no ariny can fubdue them ; 
 and, from the nature t)f their country, they might be 
 come exceeding troublefome, by waking incurfions in- 
 to the neighbouring Turkifli .ind I'erlian provinces. 
 
 Though the Prince of Georgia is a Mahometan, the 
 generality of ihe people are Chrillians, cr at leal' pre 
 tend to be lo ; for tiiey are (bextiemely ignorint, t!iat 
 they fcarce underltand the meaning i;f what they piofeli. 
 A late traveller mentions an abfurd cuftom which pre- 
 vails in this country, the reafon of wliieii lie c-uld never 
 find out, that is, the building their churches upon high 
 and almoll inr.ecellible [ilaces, wluie they are abandon- 
 ed to the injuries of the we.iiher, anil fullered to be the 
 habitation Mif birds. From ilieir fituation, the Geor- 
 gians can fee them at a great diftance, when they never 
 (ail to lalute them with gre.it ri ("ped, but take care 
 feldom to enter tin in. In lome of tlie towns, howx er, 
 the churcl-es are kt-pt ])!Ctty ilecently. Bedilcs the [j.i- 
 triarch, tiiere ire ((.'veial bilhops, and a great number 
 of inferior clerg)'. 
 
 Some Geor;^!,ians, wli ' have nvire decency and con- 
 Iclencethan their neiglibouis, follow the Armenian cuf- 
 t(/m of man yiiig their daughteis when infants, to pre- 
 vent their being fold fir llaves, or taken aw.iy by the 
 great IohIs as ii>ncul>ines. 
 
 The only coniideral.ie and fortified town? in Georgia 
 are five in number, viz. I'eflis, (lory-Caket, ''agan, 
 Suram, and Aly i and tlie principal rivers arethsKiir, 
 or Cyrus, and the Aragus. 'ihe fiiil rifes in the Mol- 
 chian mountain-;, and difcliarges itielf into the Calpiaii 
 Sei; the latter Iprin;'/' from the mountains which fepa- 
 rate Ibcri.i (tomCoUliis, and (alls into the Cyrus. 
 
 'I etlis, the tajiitil of Georgia, is one of the bell cities 
 in tiie oiiental regions. It is watered by the river Km. 
 'Ihe walls are Itiong and li indfome. It contains fbui- 
 tecn churches; (ix belong to the (ieoigiiuis, and eiglit 
 to the Armenians. The caohcdral, called Sion, is a 
 (lone ci~urcli, built near the river. A large dome, 
 fupijorted by four mafly pillars, rifes in the middlcj and 
 adjoining to it is tlie bilhop's palace. 
 
 On 
 
 The P 
 
 &iY^ f'-.-v^ -..r.Lhlsit^.ltJtif 
 
 ^^^ 
 
EOGRAPHY. 
 
 ■- ncntiont'd ciiflom, the 
 r the benefit of their chil- 
 ■ n-.itive country, they arc 
 flavcs: Init when th-y arc 
 
 live bettec, do lels, aiul 
 ancfintnt than they could 
 h lexes, indeed, who have 
 eat, both in the ()ttoni;;n 
 I interelt Uitfieicit to fem! 
 , and get th;m promoted 
 ij)ortance. 
 
 neral, inipl;ic.ible in their 
 thole who have oRended 
 
 driinkennefs, luxury, or 
 follies. The women luirt 
 
 I their minds by tiic iiioll 
 are iiliirers, and affeft 
 
 religions are tolerateii in 
 ibeity to think, pray, and 
 y inilivid. als of the hir- 
 c; and the Armenians in 
 rolls than the Georgians 
 'ife riciier, and occupy the 
 [X)wer. 
 
 id the houfes of the great, 
 he Perfian "ocifcs. Thi7 
 iting, fitting, and lying. 
 s to tiicir veils, and w.-ar 
 The habits of the woiiv.'n 
 lens covering for the legs 
 ion; but their bonnets 01 
 landers. 
 
 II tyrants, and cxercife the 
 eir v.ilJ.Js and dependents. 
 'I'lirks and Pcrfians over 
 iian real j for as they are a 
 can eatily retire to and de- 
 .ains, it is rather dangerous 
 ( army can fubdue them ; 
 r country, diey might be - 
 , byniakingincurfions in- 
 
 and I'crliari provinces, 
 orgia is a Mahometan, the 
 Chrillians, cr at leal' pic 
 
 extiemely ignorint, that 
 
 aning if what they piotefi. 
 
 abfuid (jullom v hich pre- 
 
 bn of wliich lie c-uld never 
 
 their churches upon hii'ji 
 
 where they are abandoi;- 
 ler, and lulfered to be the 
 luir fituation, thcCieoi- 
 iltance, wiien they never 
 
 at r( fpeft, but take caic 
 me of the towns, \vr.\c\ er, 
 cently. Bcfulcs the [m- 
 lops, and a great number 
 
 e niore decency and con- 
 
 foUow tlie Armenian cuf- 
 
 ;ei.s when infants, to pre- 
 
 ■s, or taken aw.iy by the 
 
 fortified towni in Georgi* 
 His (Joiy-c'aket, ''agan, 
 iiu ip.i.i rivers aretiii K.ur, 
 Ihe fiill rifesin the Mol- 
 ges itlclf into the Cafpian 
 he mountains which Icpa- 
 falls into the Cyrus, 
 ^ia, isone of the belt cities 
 watered by the river Kur. 
 ilijiiic. It contains foui- 
 the (ieoigiaiis, and tiglit 
 hcdial, called Sion, is a 
 river. A large dome, 
 rifesin die miudlei and 
 palace. , 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 TURKEY IN ASIA. 
 
 Mf 
 
 On the declivity of the mountain there is a large for- 
 trefs, containing an arfenal, a market, and a public 
 fquare. 
 
 The Georgians ufe bells in their churches, fell pork 
 in the markets, and vend wine in the. ftreets. The be- 
 zars, caravanferas, and fome other of the houfes, are 
 built of (lone, but the generality are only ere«.1ed of 
 mud and bricks, and are low and da.'k. The ftreets 
 »re very badly paved, and confequently difagreeablc 
 either in wet or dry weather. The palace of the prince 
 is a fnperb building. It is adorned with cxtenfive and 
 beautiful gardens, aviaries, falconries, &c. and before 
 it there is a large fouare furrounded with fhops. 
 
 Teflis is fituated in 42 deg. 47 min. north latitude) 
 and 47 deg. 5 min. cad lonsjitude. It is very populous. 
 The ftaplc commoility is turs; but great quantities of 
 raw filk arc fent to various places, as the Georgians 
 l^now nothing of weaving. The inhabitants of the city 
 are thought to amount to about 20,000, Many tolc- 
 table houfes, and fine gardens, render the environs 
 verypleafant for feveral miles round. 
 
 i .he principal amufement of the inhabitants of Teflis 
 is bathing. The baths are agreeable places, and con- 
 tain fine fprings, fome hot, others cold, and others 
 lukewarm. The Grand Vizir's houfe is the fineft in the 
 city, and the Capuchins' monaftery is pleafant. Thefc 
 Italian fathers receive from Rome annually but 25 
 Roman crowns each to maintain them ; but they are 
 permitted to pradlife phyfic, of wliich they know very 
 little. If the patient dies tiiey receive no pay: if he 
 recovers, flaves, wine, cows, flieep. &c, are fent to 
 the convent by way of gratuity. The Georgians 
 make but little ufe of inoiicy, rather chufing to deal 
 by way of barter. Travellers have, therefore, an op- 
 portunity of procuring the aiolt excellent provifions in 
 great quantities, in exchange foi trifies, fuch as neck- 
 laces, rings, bracelets, knive;:, pins, needles, &c. 
 They ul'e neither weiglrts or >neafures ; and are fuch bad 
 arithmeticians that they cannot count an hundreil. 
 
 In C-eorgia a merchant is lefs refpefted than a me- 
 clianic, ..nd a mecliMnic lefs than a hufbandman. The 
 principal met chaiiio and trad. rs are Armenians, whom 
 (lie Georgians natural'y hate, and look upon in the 
 limedefpicable light as Jews are confidered in Kurope. 
 One of the mofl; refpedlable '•mfloynients in Georgia 
 is that of a public executioner. The profefTion is 
 deemed refpeftable and honourable, and tlie profelfors 
 are all rich. If a man can trace a hangman amongll 
 his anceftors, he is extremely proud of it, and never 
 fails to mention it frequently with 'exultation ; at the 
 fame time obfcrving, tiiat nothing is fo noble as exe- 
 cuting julHcc, and that th* fafety of the (late depends 
 un the extlrmlnation of criminals. 
 
 With rcfpeft to 'furkey and Perfia, Georgia is in 
 much the fame predicament as Flanders is in Fairope; 
 for when a war happens between thofe eiv.pires, this 
 country is iifually the feat of it. 
 
 The Prince of Georgia, befides wliat is ufually 
 allowed him by the iMnperor, has the culloms of 
 'Icflis, the duties upon brandy and melons, and one 
 fliccp for every lirc-heartli in the whole country, which 
 amounts to 40,000 flieep. The ciov/n ellates fupply 
 him witli wine, butter, wax, grain of all kinds, vege- 
 table'., fruits, &:c. A great deal of gur'powder is 
 made inGeorj^ia, particularly at Ti'llis, the mountains 
 near that city jiroiluciiigluge quantities of nitre. Thj; 
 people eat and burn a i>i eat deal of linfeed oil, which 
 they have in great plenty, but rhey value only the i'eed, 
 as they have n<J iileaot beating the llalk for ipinning. 
 
 When a Georgian dies, a bifliop fays luafs over the 
 corpfe, foi which lie receives an hundred crowns. If 
 the defunrt has not lett money futlicient to difcliarge 
 this exorbitant demand, fume of his quondam friends 
 very obligingly I'ell his wife and children for Haves, to 
 raife the money! for tiu; clergy mull not go unpaid. 
 The bifliop then f.ys mafs, and afterwards lays a letter 
 upon the bread ol the coi pie, which is only a compli- 
 mentary card to St, Peter, to infomi him tlut the fu- 
 
 neral expences havelieen honeftly paid, and to cntrea 
 him, therefore, to be fo obliging .is to open the gates 
 of paradife to the deceafed. The body is tlien wrapt 
 up in linen and buried. The Mahometans here have 
 the lame abfurd ciiftom of fending 4 note by the dead 
 to Mahomet. 
 
 The Georgian men are ufually more ignorant than 
 the women ; for the girls are, in general, brought up 
 in monafteries, where they learn to read and write. If 
 any of the girls chufe to become profefied nuns, they urp 
 authorifed to baptize, and apply holy oil. 
 
 The language of the Georgians is remarkable for its 
 beautiful fimplicity. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 MINGREl.IA, ANp THE Two Principalities of 
 IMMERETTA and ABASCIA, 
 
 MINGRELIA, known to the ancients by the ap- 
 pellation of Colchis, is bounded on the eaft by 
 Georgia, properly fo called; on the weft by the 
 Euxine Sea; on the north by mount Caucafusi and on 
 the fouth by Armenia, and part of Pontus. 
 
 Mingrtli,'. is watered by many rivers, viz. theCorax, 
 Hippus-Cvaneus, Chariftus, Abfarus, Cifl:a, Opliis, 
 and Phafisi where the Argonauts landed. All the above 
 rivers empty themfelves into tiie Euxine Sea ; but none 
 of diem are confiderable except the Phafis, whicii riles 
 in mount Caucafus. The inhabitants of this celebrated 
 mountain are laid, by the moft authentic writers, to 
 have little, befides fpeech, which can entitle them to 
 humanity. They are tall and well made; but their 
 looks are fierce, and indicate the favage difpoution of 
 their minds. They are, in fad, the moft daring, fe- 
 rocious, and determined robbers in the world. 
 
 The country is, in general, extremely woody, very 
 uneven, full of hills, and but little cultivated. The 
 foil is bad and fterile; and the fiuits are all ill tailed and 
 unwholefomc, except the grapes, which might be con- 
 verted intolbmeofthe bell wine in the univerfe, if the 
 natives did but know how to make it. Rains almoft 
 continually fall, which occalion fuch a quantity of liu- 
 miil vapours to mingle with the hot exhalations natural 
 to the climate, that ptltilences, and a variety of other 
 difeafes, afilicl the native:, almoft continually. The 
 earth is fo moift, diat the few who turn their thoughts 
 to apriculture low tiieir wheat and barley without 
 ploughing : and, for their other feeds, they turn up the 
 land vi:h little wooi'.i. ploughs, which are fufficiendy 
 ftroig to i,.rt'.;; fo'iows in lb foft a foil, Colchis was 
 faic , by the ancients, to be exceedingly pleafant and 
 fert1e,'and even to abound in mines of gold, wliich 
 ga\ e rife to the celebrated fable of the golden lleece, 
 ami the Argonautic expedition; for the iniiabitants ufed 
 to catch the gold iluft, which was brought tlown by the 
 torrents from mount Caucafus, by letting fleeces of 
 wool acrofs fome of the narrow paflliges of thofe tor- 
 rents. 
 
 The country abounds in beeves, hogs, wild boars, 
 ftags, partridges, pheafants, quails, &c. On mount 
 Caucafus, falcons, eagles, pelicans, tygers, lions, 
 leopards, wolves, and jackals breed. 
 
 Their bread is made of a fmall grain, called gomni : 
 it is ap'-.^able to the talle, faliibrious, cooling, an4 
 1 
 
 l-.cad; not ttiai they • • . , 
 
 more fcarce. Tiicir principal tooil is beet and pork, 
 
 ax -..ive. The p oplc of qualify, however, eapwheatcn 
 -.cad; not that they like it better, but becaufe it is 
 
 the latter bciiK^ excellent. l hf nobiliiy Ipend a ^ueat 
 deal of their time in catching and killing game, fuch 
 as phcalants, water fowl, cVc, But their favourite di- 
 v- rfion is flying the falcon at the heron, whicl'. .., no 
 fooner taken, than they cut the beautiful tufi >! fea- 
 thers from its head, and let it go .igain. They h;,\ e a 
 great number of excellent horlf", which are ni. vc" Ihod, 
 01 fed wilh cgrn, 
 
 ui ..UJ 
 
 .-.i^kM^'khb^A 
 
j6o a new, royal and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 T-T-T- H 
 
 M'J 
 
 i'i 
 
 The country is every where interfperfed witli houffS. 
 The caftles there are about ten in number ; in the 
 principal of which, named Rues, the prince keeps his 
 court, and depofits his treal'ures ; tliough the garrifon 
 confifts only of about fixty perfor . Near the caftle 
 are feveral magazines tor provifions, which ferve for 
 places of retreat upon emergencies. They have many 
 huts made of the branches of trees, canes, and reeds; 
 and are fo fecure in thefe retreats, that none cun coir.e 
 at them, but by one winding narrow paflTage, which is 
 always ftopt up when they apprehend an .attack. 
 
 As the Mingrclians have great plenty of timber, they 
 build their houfes of wood, but nevei rail'e them above 
 two ftories. They have neither vindows nor chim- 
 nies, but are furnifhed with beds and couches. At 
 night, not only the whole family, but tiie cattle all lie 
 in one room. 
 
 The men are well proportioned, and the women 
 pretty; but they pain: iheir faces and eye- brows. They 
 wear their hair in curii J ringlets; are witty and polite; 
 but vnin, luxuriou', treiclicrous, and ferocious ; dex- 
 trous thieve.'', and glory in tlieft. They think ii pru- 
 dent, as well as lawful, to have many wives, becaufe 
 they bring them maiiy cliildren, whom they can f"-". for 
 money, or baiter tiir ntcellaries. When cliild.en, 
 however, c«'-.ie too ipiick, diey do not hefitate to mur- 
 der thmi. They likev'ife nurder the fick and aged, 
 and pretend tluy do it with the benevolent dcfign of 
 putt ng them out of tlicir mil'ery. Adultery is thought 
 but a tiifle: for when a man catclies anoiher 'p. faanla- 
 ritywiih his wife, he obliges him to pay a hog, which 
 is immediately drefled, and all three fit down very lov- 
 ingly to feall upon it. 
 
 1 he lords arc the umpii es in all difputes between their 
 vaflals; but when theic i i qu;U"rel between any of the 
 great lo;ds, thev hi', e i c jui fe to arms. 
 
 The ecciefiLili cs havo 1 ng beards; but tlie laity 
 fufier veiy little of tiicir bi uds to grow. They fh.ive 
 the head, leaving only a hrde hair upon the foiehead 
 and round the ea'.j. Their bonnet is made of felt, and 
 in winter is liiiei with fur, but is not of muth ufe to 
 then', for wiien it rains tl.iy put it in their pocKL^s, and 
 go barehe ided to fave it. They arc fo poor that the 
 common people go almolt naked, and h.'ve only a co- 
 vciing of a tri .nj;ular form, which thty turn againll 
 wind or rain. Ihey wear a fliirt, but have feldoui 
 more than one.it atiav, and tliat they only waih three 
 times in a" year. The fliirt is tucked into a [j.iir of 
 brectiu's; and on the feet tiiey wear Hmdals matic of 
 tiie untaiiiied iiide of ,i buffalo, whicii arefaiteiud with 
 thongs uf the fame, in winter they wear fnow (hoes. 
 
 The whole of evei y fa;iiily d." both fexes cat toge- 
 ther. On lu)lidays they eat venilbn, beef, and por'.; 
 but at odicr limes l!ie mailers have tin; and pulfe, and 
 the interiors nothing but gomtits. It the weather will 
 permit, they dine in (he open court. Both fexes iifu- 
 ally giL drunk at tluir entertainments, when the men 
 boall of their thefts, .ind the women of their debauche- 
 ries. 
 
 The continual file of the Mingreli.ins to the Tuiks 
 and I'erlians, and tluir peipetu.U fijuabbles among 
 themltflves, have greatly depopulated the country. The 
 revenues of the print e are eitimated at about 10,000 
 crowns per annum, which are raifed by fines impofi- 
 lions, the fale of flaves, and duties on all imports and 
 exports. Of this money he f[)ends very little ; f()r h\$ 
 (Town lands are more iliaii fulficient ro maintain him, 
 and ihc pe()|)le are obliged 10 work for him i<)r notliin". 
 Jli;. forces aic principally cavalr/, ^nd d<) not amount 
 to jbovc 4000 efi'ecUve men. Kveiy lord Ka^is his 
 iiwa people to battle, but they arc fo bailly djkiplined, 
 that they march, charge, and retreat without oriier. 
 All commerce l, carried on by barter ; tliouj^h they 
 have money whii-h bears the Pirfian llanip,^ but is 
 coined in Georgia, the value of which is always Huc- 
 tu.iting. 
 
 I'he Mingrelians profefs thrmfelvcs Chrillians, but 
 .-lie exciediiigly ignoiunt in aJl religious matter*, Few 
 
 of the clergy can either read or write, but they greatly 
 impofe upon the laity, by pretending to divination. 
 Moft ecclefiaftical writers fay, that a Chiiftian converted 
 thefe people in the reign of Conllantinc the Great : but 
 the Mingrelians themfelves attribute that work to St. 
 Andrew, wiio, tliey affirm, c.ime and preached anion:^ 
 them, at a place called Piguitas, wliere tlieie is at pre- 
 fent a church. The head of their religion i.s culled 
 Catholicos, who is obliged to go once in his life to tl.c 
 above-mentioned cluirch, to make iiolyoil. 
 
 When a Mingrelian is fick, a prieii is fent for, not 
 to pray by him, but to predift whetlier he will live or 
 die. Having opened a book he looks gravely in it ; 
 ti.en (hutting the book fuddenly, he declares that the 
 patient will inevitably die, unlefs a very liandfo.iie pre- 
 fent is made to hiuifelf. The lick perfon being greatly 
 terrified, ej; r^ats tl:e prieft to take wh.U he plealc". 
 
 The cathedral is a tolerable building, and the images 
 within are finely adorned with gold and jewels. Tlic 
 fuperio: clergy wear '.ong beards, black bonnets, and 
 robeo of fcarlet and velvet j but thole of the inl'eriur 
 chis mike but a defjiicable appearance, and are ob- 
 liged '.o work for their great lords as hard as the lalry. 
 1 lie generality of their odier churches are very narty, 
 and their images filthy, though their worlhip ol' them 
 is ( xceeding idolafous. Having no bells, when they 
 Ci',\ tiie people to church, which is but feldom, diey 
 (frike againlt a boaid with a great flick. They pay 
 ',nc greateft refpeft, and m..ke the largefl: prefents t<) 
 thofe faints wlu) have the charader of being the m.il 
 cruel and lavage. S|. Giobas is tlie greateft favonrM', 
 becaufe they think he would kill all who came i-i.r 
 him ; they thcrelbre only peep at liim at a diflance,, and 
 lay down their prefents. Their irafs is after the G.\ik 
 manner, with this diftVrence, the Greek priells rej < ,ir 
 tl'e whole perfccftly, but the Mingr.lianj only iivinii)le 
 the cercmon •. For their chalice they have a wooiin 
 bowl, and a wooden difl' for their jvatten. Tliey con- 
 fecrate both leavened and unleavened bread, and drink 
 the wine without i;s being mixed with water. 
 
 They bapti/.e by immerfion ; and as foon rs the c!;ilJ 
 ischriltened, the prieft, parents, godfatliers and inell,, 
 Indulge themfelves to the greatell excefs. Win 11 t 
 man wants a wife he mull buy her: a toleialile good 
 price is givn for a virgin, lefs for a widow, and lea'.l 
 of all for a woman who has been divorced. When tlj< 
 nuptial contract is made, the couple may colubit to- 
 gether previous to the payment of tlie money. 'J'l.>y 
 may alio ilivorcc their wives, either for b.:rrcnnefs u. 
 ill-nature. 
 
 They keep tlieir dead forty clavs above ground, du.- 
 ing which time tiiey mourn. At firft they make a ter 
 rible howling and fcreaming, tearing their cloaths all 
 into tatters, beating their breafts, Icrarcliing their fai.*i 
 and tearing oft' their hair ; but tiieir lamentations gra- 
 du.illy diminilli till the fortieth dav, when the body is 
 buiied; an eniertainiiu'iit is made, the moll extrava- 
 gant nlrtli is encourageii, and the mourncrr, get drunk 
 in order to forget the deceafed. Whem ver any of t!.e 
 1 lity die, a billiop alwa)s |)erft)rnis the funeral fervice, 
 and then lays i laiin to all that belonged to the deceafid; 
 but wiien a billiop tiies, tlie prince himfelf fays mal., 
 in order to have the privilc {;e of plundering his hmil.-. 
 Thus a burial is generally the ruin of a whole fatnilv. 
 The Mingrelians, when they eat pork, or drink 
 wine, make the fi(^n of the crofs, for which none m 
 them can give the leaft reafon. All their jirayers an 
 addrellld to their faints to whom they facrifice ; ami 
 their gnatelt felliv.ils are when tin fe images are carried 
 about in proceflion, in order to gtt money from the 
 I'vople. At Chrilbnas and Eafter they do not woik, 
 but laboi .' all the reil of the year, '["hey keen four 
 great lents, viz. 4H days before Eafter, 40 days befoie 
 Chiiftmas, St. Petei's fafl, which holds a month, and 
 the faft of the Virgin Mary, which lafts ij days. 
 
 In Mingrelia are fome monks of the order ofSt. B.ifi!. 
 They obferve the fafts with great pundluality, but arc 
 very little Jolicitous about any gthcf points of religiyii 
 
 •Jlity 
 
 ASIA.]. 
 
 They fufft 
 
 black bonn 
 
 are neither 
 
 nor reftrift 
 
 they pleafc 
 
 black veils. 
 
 In ancie 
 
 this countr 
 
 on the Phi 
 
 ftood. Cy 
 
 birth place 
 
 by the poet 
 
 dia, and Z 
 
 On the ( 
 
 of Imniaret 
 
 Immaret 
 
 breadth. I 
 
 plains prod 
 
 the whole, 
 
 They have 
 
 deal of coi 
 
 towns arc C 
 
 Cotatis w 
 
 Immarctta, 
 
 bafliaw. Ii 
 
 the top of w 
 
 defend it. 
 
 no walls, ai 
 
 open on all 
 
 furround it. 
 
 citadel on a 
 
 is flanked w 
 
 north latitud 
 
 Akalziki i 
 
 It is fituatec 
 
 hills, in 41 < 
 
 55 min. caft 
 
 it. The to\ 
 
 tants are 3 
 
 Turks, Gre 
 
 a fynagogue 
 
 walls and fo 
 
 Abafcia 
 ing the Eux| 
 end mount I 
 cipal traffic I 
 deal in the 
 ney, wax, 
 merchants 
 which they I 
 tians, but al 
 tie better til 
 live in littlef 
 Moft ge(| 
 is bounded [ 
 of mountaiJ 
 by Afiatic [ 
 the Ibuth. 
 cultivated , 
 watered b)'| 
 mountain'! 
 and jiretty 
 who are c'llf 
 ly by plunij 
 but drcfs lif 
 wear IhortI 
 lool;' gov/r 
 place th; t 
 lets conlift 
 game, die 
 tlieir countj 
 they have 
 
 Guril, al 
 grclia, IS tJ 
 'ihe maniJ 
 given to uJ 
 the fame w| 
 grelians. 
 
 lA- 
 
 * ' * 
 
 ..kiif .- 
 
#■ 
 
 EOGRAPHY. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 T U R It E Y IK ASIA. 
 
 ill 
 
 They fuffer their hair to grow, e« no flefli, and wear 
 black bonnets. There are nuns of the lame orJcr. who 
 are neither confined to any particular place of rcfidence, 
 nor reftrifled by any vov/s, but become feculais when 
 they pleafe, and refemble nuns in nothing but wearing 
 black veils. 
 
 In ancient times there 'were fome cities of note in 
 this country, particularly Pityus, Diofcurias, and Aea 
 on the Phafis, fo named from the river in which it 
 ftood. Cyta, at the mouth of the river Cyaneus, the 
 biith place of the famous Medea, called from dience 
 by the poets, Cytacis, Saraca;, Zadnis, Surinum, Me- 
 dia, and ZalifTa. 
 
 On the confines of Mingrelia lie the prirxipalities 
 of Immaretta and Abafcia. 
 
 Immaretta is about 120 miles in length, and 60 in 
 breadth. It contains many hills and woods, but the 
 plains produce corn, cattle, pulfe, &c. It is, upon 
 the whole, more fertile and plentiful than Mingrelia. 
 They have fome excellent iron mim-s, carry on a great 
 deal of commerce, and coin money. The principal 
 towns are Cotatis and Akalziki. 
 
 Cotatis was the refidence of the prince or king of 
 Immaretta, but is nowonly the rtfidcnceof a Turkitli 
 baftiaw. It is fituated at the foot of a mountain, on 
 the top of which there is a ftrong caftle to command antl 
 defend it. It is watered by the Phafis. The town has 
 no walls, and contains only about aoo houfcs. It lies 
 open on all fides, except where t!ie rivers anil mountains 
 furround it. On the oppofite fide of the river there is .i 
 citadel on an eminence, wliich has a double v.all, and 
 is flanked with high towers. It lies in 42 deg. 23 min. 
 north latitude ; and 43 deg. 5+ min. eaft longitude. 
 
 Akalziki is likcwiie the refidence of a Turkilli bafliaw. 
 It is fituated in a hole, furrounded by ^aboii:: twenty 
 hills, in 41 deg. 55 min. north latitude; and 44 deg. 
 55 min. can longitude. The river Kur flows very near 
 it. The town contains about 400 houfes. Tiie inhabi- 
 tants are a mixture of Georgians, Armeni;ins, Jews, 
 Turks, Greeks, &c. who have fcveral cliurches, and 
 a fynagogi}e. The houfes are built of wood, and the 
 walls and fortifications are old and ruinous. 
 
 Abafcia is the northermoll of tliefe countries, hav- 
 ing the Euxine Sea to the fouth, CircalTia on the weft, 
 end mount Caucafus on the north and eaft. The prin- 
 cipal traffick is in Daves. The inhabitants, however, 
 deal in the fkins of tygers, deer, &c. box-wood, ho- 
 ney,_ wax, and thread, which they exchange with the 
 merchants who come upon the coall, for many things 
 which they have occafion for. They were once Chrif- 
 tians, but at prefent are exceedingly ignorant, and lit- 
 tle better than favages. They go almoll naked, anil 
 live in little, mean, low huts. 
 
 Moft geographers include Comania in Georgia which 
 is bounded by tlie Cafpian Sea to the eall; by a ridge 
 of mountains, which part it from CircalFia, to the welli 
 by Afiatic Mufcovy to the north; and by tieorgi.i on 
 the (buth. The country is thinly inhabited, and badly 
 cultivated ; but the foil is Hat, low, and fi;rtile. It is 
 watered by feveral rivers, which defccnd front che 
 mountain's about Caucafiis,» Tlie climate is rathei cold, 
 and pretty much fubjedt to rains. The iniiabitants, 
 who arc called Comani, or Kamouche, live principal- 
 ly by plunder. They wear Perfian linens and filks, 
 lilt drcfs like the natives of Little Tartaiy. The uien 
 \ve.ir fliort jackets and drawers, and the women long 
 look* gov/ns, which refemble Ihift.s. They have no 
 phice thr t can be called a town, but tiuir little haiu- 
 liT.i conlift of about fixty huts. Their food is milk, 
 game, ihc flelh of their eaitle, honey, fuch fruits as 
 tlieiv country ('(lontancoully produces, and rice, wiiich 
 they have from Perfia. 
 
 Gurll, a finall dillrict, which appertains to Min- 
 grelia, is too little known to admit of a deftTiption. 
 The manners of die people, fo far as we have been 
 given to iindcrftand, however, are, in general, much 
 the fame with thgfc of tlicir hear neighbours die Miii- 
 grelians. 
 
 No. a f . 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Of the Dagestan or Daohestam Mountains, 
 MountCaucasl's.theEuxinforBi.ack Sea, &c. 
 
 THE province of Dageftan, Daghcfl.in, or Dag- 
 Kftan, is bounded on the ealt by the Cal'pian Sea, 
 on tlie well by m.nint Caucafus, on the fontli by part 
 of Perfia, and on the north by Circaffia. The appel- 
 lation itfejf fignifies mountaineers, for dii^ implie; a 
 mountain, andy?rt« a country. The people call theni- 
 felves Dageftan Tartars, or Tart. r. ot the mountain. 
 They are ufually accounted fome ol the moll terocioui 
 of all the Afiatics, and are deemed the delcendaiKs of 
 the ancient Parthian 1. T.'iefe people extend themfelvct 
 from the capital of Circaftia, for about fortv league* 
 along the coaft of the Cafpian Sea. 
 
 They circumcife their children, and ufe fome other 
 Mahometan ceremonials, but ^re ftupidly ignorant widi 
 relpeft to religion in general. T hey wear coats of mail, 
 cairy helmets and bucklers, ani. ufc bows, arrows, 
 d.irts, lances, and broad fwoids. Their f ces are very 
 ugly and tawny, and their li.iir black and dilhevelled. 
 Their drefs is a long loole gown, made ofdaik coaife 
 cloth ; and over this tliey throw a cloak made of the lk;ns 
 of flieep, or fome other animal. Their caps, which 
 hang down to their eye-brows, are made of various flips 
 of cloth or t'ur. Thtir (hoes are made of only one piece 
 of (kin, and are fewed ab'Uit the ancles in a clumfy 
 manner. Their food is the flelh of their numerous 
 herds, and milk. They ("pare neither age, (ex, or con- 
 dition, but rob all alike, and even plunder their very 
 nearclt relations, whofe children they (ell without the 
 leaft remorfe. They oblige all merchants to pay them 
 tribute, and, if ftrong enough, rob them ';f every tliino;, 
 which occafionsthe caravans always to have a powertiil 
 efcort. There are as many petty lords, called Myrzas, 
 as towns. From among thefe a chief is feleded, called 
 Shamkal. On tlie death o^t\\c Sbcu:iknl, the manner of 
 eleftion is thus : The Myrzas alleniMc in a ring, in 
 tlie middle of which (lands t!ie prieft, wlio throws a 
 golden ball among them at ran. lonij .i;i.l he that firft 
 touches it is duly eledled. His powc, ho-.vever, is 
 limited by the others, nor is he much relj." r'ted. -Thefe 
 Tartars are fometimes confounded with L.lgce, who 
 area different people, though ncarneigiiboiiis. Tarchu, 
 the capital of this country, is fituated on the weftern coaft 
 of the Cafpi.'i ^ea, about forty miles north of Derbent. 
 It confifts of about 1000 wooden houfes, built after tlie 
 Perfian manner, but in a more humble ftile. 
 
 Mount Caucadis, which lies between the Euxine 
 and Calpian Seas, is one of the higheft mountains, or 
 rather chain of mountains, in the univerli:. Innume- 
 rable fir trees ate found upon it. It is full of terrible 
 rocks, hideous precipices, difinal caves, &c. Paths 
 have been cut through it with immenfe labour, for the 
 convenience of paffengers, but by reafbn of the (leep- 
 ne('s, they arc diflicult to pals even in (uinmer ; but in 
 winter much more lo, on account of the vaft ipi.intities 
 of ice and (how. The highcft parts ;ire covered with 
 (how all the year, which makes the paflUge exceedingly 
 dangerous in windy weather ; for the clouds of (how, 
 when driven by hurricanes, have been known to over- 
 whelm will le companies o( men and hords. The paf- 
 fage (juite acrofs the mountain is 1 20 miles in extent. 
 By the way are feveral villages, well fupplied with pro- 
 vifions : fiir the (i)il of thefe afto.iilhing mountains is 
 fruitful, and produces plenty of corn, wine, fruits, ho- 
 ney, cattle, &c. which is princijially attributed to the 
 richnefs of thf manure yieldeii by the (how. I'lie in- 
 habitants hive (lore ofpouhty, eggs, pulfe, bread, &c. 
 '1 hey breed hogs, whole il'fli is very fat and delicious. 
 Though fubjeifl to the Ottoman Porte, they cdl them- 
 (elves Chriliians, but are, in reality, little entitled to 
 that epithet. 
 
 The 1' iixine Sea was only deemed a lake I'y tli>' an- 
 cients. It is by thetirjderiu vifuall) called die black 
 S 1' Sea^ 
 
 15 
 
 A^,. 
 
i^i- A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. ' r.; . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sea ; though Tourncfort, a French writer, obftrvc?, 
 tliat it lias notliing black but the name. It extemls 
 about 900 miles fn)m eaft toweit, and about 380 (roin 
 north to Ibuth, in fonie parts, but lefs in breadth in 
 others. It is encompaiTed by Criin Tartary and Cir- 
 cafTia on the north ; Anatolia, or Afia Minor, on the 
 fouth i Turkey in Europe on the welt ; and Georgia on 
 the eall. 
 
 None but the Turks are permitted to navigate thia 
 fca, though infinite advantages would redound to the 
 Porte, if it was open to the Franks, as the Ottomans 
 are very unfkilful mariners, know little of" navigation, 
 are without charts, and do not undcrlland tlie compafs. 
 
 As this lea hath no communication with the Mediter- 
 ranean, and receives many larger rivers into its bolbm, 
 its waters are frelher and clearer tlian thofe of mofl other 
 feas. The principal rivers which fall into it are tin- 
 Danube, the Don or Tanais, the Niepcr, tiu- Pafis, 
 and the Neiller. The Euxiric Sea joins the Paulus Maco- 
 tis, or Sea of Azoph, by the Straits of C.afta, which 
 the ancients termed Bofphorus Cimmeriusi 
 
 S E C T I O N V. 
 
 TURCOMANIA, or ARMENIA MAJOR j and 
 ARMENIA MINOR. 
 
 Situation. Climate. Defcription of the Cities of Arzerum, 
 Can, Jrvaii, dud Zulpha. 
 
 TURCOMANIA is bounded on the north by 
 Georgia, on the fouth by Mefopotamia, on the 
 eaft by T'erfia, and on the welt by Cappailocia and the 
 Leller Atinenia, from which it is feparated by the Eu- 
 phrates. It is about 300 miles in length, and 200 in 
 breadth, extending from 38 ueg. Cio min. to 42 licg. 
 north latitude i and from 39 to alnioft 42 deg. ealt 
 longitude. 
 
 This country is, in general, exceedingly mountain- 
 ous, not but fome fine dales and pleafant vallies are in- 
 terfperfcd among the hills. The country, however, 
 produces nothing, witiiout the molt indcf^atigable in- 
 (luftry. The inhabitants are forced to cut trenches, in 
 order to water it; and even many fpots are watered h)- 
 hand, in manner of gardens. But after all, every kind 
 of grain is but indifferent. The wine is lihewile bad. 
 The cold is very intenfe here, and the fruit extrenuiy 
 backward. Snow fomctimes falls in June ; but the 
 hills are covered with it all the year round. We arc 
 inf ■'led by authentic ancient writers, that Li:ullus, 
 ' imanded the Roman army in Armenia, was 
 
 i to find the whole country covered witii fnow 
 ... .Uiumnal equinox. Indeed, the feverity of the 
 
 wca. .er was fuch, that he loll abundance of h's troops 
 by the cold. 
 
 Vodern travellers likcwife tell us, that, in the middle 
 of Jiily, ice is found every morning about the fpriiigs; 
 yet while the fun is up the weather is very v,-3rm. 
 
 1 hey have a fingular method of pknighiiig the Imtl. 
 Ten or a dozen oxen are put to one plough. Tlie f ur- 
 lows arc made exceeding deep, to prcftrve the feid 
 from the intCife cokl, and to intermingle the loilofthe 
 furf.ice, which is fandy and di y, with the more iiumid 
 taitli that lies beneath. Yet the Itndis S) impregnated 
 with fait and nitre, that the roots of every thing would 
 be burnt up, if a profufion of water was not evei^ where 
 ufed to meliorate the heat. 
 
 Tlie rivets which water this cotmtry are tlif Cyrus, 
 T.ycus, rhaiis, Araxis, Tigris, and ' .iiplsiates. The 
 n onntains .iie Aiarat, the Paiyadnc, Mar-ulius, Anti- 
 'I'aiiri;., Abus, Niphates, Molchick, and Gordy.v.iii 
 mountains. 
 
 Having, under the head of Perfia, given an account 
 ef the religion, cultom.% and ceremonials of the Ar- 
 menians, V.C lliall. therefore only obllive, that flay 
 .l^)Viik two languiiges, vluch arc diiliaguilheJ by the 
 
 .ippellations of vulgar and learned. The former is ufj.. 
 derlloud by the Aru;enians in general j but to be well 
 verfed in the latter is <!cem^.i a great accomplifhiiienr 
 as it is only found in their ancient manufcnpts, and 
 ufed in the performance of divine tervice. They ok - 
 tend that it bears no affinity to any other oriental \m\.. 
 guage, but is fupe; ior to them all, being more energe- 
 tic, ixprellive, and elegant, and comprifing not only* 
 all the common, but all tlie technical terms of theoloev 
 and the v.irious arts and fciences. If what theyafTcrtis 
 true, it only evinces that the Armenians were formcilv 
 much more learned and poliflied tJi?.ii they are at prc- 
 lint. 
 
 The Armenian merchants are, in general, men of 
 probity and polittnefs. They manage all the trade of 
 the Levant, and are, in fad, the greateft merchants in 
 the univerli.'. lluy fpread theinfelves over the princi- 
 [xil parts of the woi Id, as many arc to bt; found in Italy 
 France, (jermany, Holland, England, &c. and in the 
 dominions of the Great Mogul, all over the i'urkilh 
 and Pcrfian territories, in Siam, Java, the Philippine 
 Ifkinds, and all parts of the eaft, China excepted. The 
 Armenians llrikc their bargains in the following finguUr 
 manner : Several pieces of money arc put upon a ta- 
 ble, or any convenient place ; the buyer and feller then 
 difpute with great feeming carncftnef's about the price 
 of die commodity, the buyer ottering the iir-ney to die 
 feller, who pufhes it away apparently with much indip- 
 iiation, and rlie fqualible has fuch an appearance of ill 
 humour, that a itraii; v'r would be led to imagine, it 
 certainly mud teniiinate in blows. The wlioic, how. 
 ever, is a cullonuu^ aft'cftation, and when the broker, 
 who is always prelent at this farce, thinks that an eijuit- 
 able price is ottered, he Iqucezes the feller's hand till 
 he ro.u s out, which is a token that he accepts the buyer's 
 terms. 
 
 The capital city of Turcomania is called Arzerum, 
 orl'azeron. It is fituated on the northern extremity of 
 the provincCj about ten days journey from the ♦iontieis 
 of Perfia, and five from the iilack Sea. It is ii.creft- 
 dcnce ofaTurkilli bafhaw, is defended by agood cattle, 
 and has a tlrong ganilon of janiffarics, ton mandeU by 
 anaga. It contains about 18,000 Turks, who, in ge- 
 neral, puichule of the balliaw the name and pnvile^;; % 
 of jaiiifi'iiies, or a dil'pentaiion for committing all kinds 
 of ditijrders with Impunity. Ihc pay of a janiliary 
 tio.ii the goveiiiinent is irom about two-pence half- 
 penny to ten-pei;ce per d.ay. In this city about 8000 
 Armenians, and 50q(»recks, relide. The Armenians 
 have tv/o churches, fevera! monalteries, and a bilhop. 
 Arzei-um is a place of great trade, which principally 
 confillu of copix.T and br.ds w.ires, tlie ore of which is 
 found ill the neighliouring mountains J printed c!tllicos, 
 rtd and yellow leather, filk, madder, caviare, g.ill 
 nuts, and beautiful furs, narticulaily fables. Itislike> 
 wife a repofjtory foi vatt quantities of merchandia-, 
 which come fi'om the I'.aft Indies, and a great tlio- 
 roughfare. All who go IVom hence Co Perfia, rxcept 
 Turks, pay a capitation tax of five crowns, and five 
 pt-r cent, tor all I'pecie which they carry with tlieiiv. 
 I'.very llranger who enters the town is obliged to pav 
 live crowns, and all merchandize is taxed at nine per 
 cent, lix of which goes to the Grand Seignior, and tiirie 
 to the beglerberg. 
 
 Fuel is very fcarce, wliich is a great iniionvcniencc 
 in a place where the winters are lu fevere. In lieu of 
 wood, they are luuler the necelH;y of fiibltituting cow- 
 dung to burn. The fummeis arc fliort and hot; and 
 the country niar Arzerum is loleiably fertile, but pio- 
 diires no gooti wine. 'l"he wheat is ripj in about two 
 months after it is l()wn, and the barley in about four 
 weeks. In the neighliourhood ot this city a vail qu in* 
 tity ot poppies gix)W, out of which the Turks cxtrait 
 their opium. The caviare is made of the tpawn of 
 lliiigeons brought from tiie Cafpian Sea, where thcfe 
 filh are reriiail-ably tine j yet it is inferior to that made 
 near ilieBiltic. 
 
 ,.-. — j.j^ 
 
DGfRAPlIY. .; I,: . . 
 
 rd. The former is uH» 
 ;eneral ; but to be well 
 j/rcat accomplifhmenr, 
 lent manufcripts, ami 
 nc lervice. They iMt- 
 any other oriental Ian- 
 ,11, being more encrgc- 
 tl coinprifmg not only 
 inical terms ot theology, 
 s. Ifwhat they aflfertis 
 rmenians wire forinci'y 
 d tli?n they are at pre- 
 
 re, in general, men of 
 manage all the trade of 
 ric greatcft merchants in 
 mlclvcs over the princi- 
 r arc to be found in Italy, 
 •'.ngland, &c. and in the 
 il, all over the 1 urkilh 
 .1, Java, the Philippine 
 \, China excepted. The 
 i in tlie following fingular 
 jncy are put upon a ta- 
 the buyer and feller then 
 •ncftnels about the price 
 jftering the m-ney to die 
 uently with much indip- 
 fvich an appearance oi ill 
 Id be led to imagine, it 
 lows. The whole, how- 
 n, and when tiic broker, 
 ice, thinks diat an cquit- 
 ezes the feller's hand till 
 iiat he accepts the btiyer's 
 
 Tiania is called Arzcrum, 
 the northern ixtrcmity of 
 lourney from the •ii)nticis 
 lilack'Sea. It is ii.c refi- 
 deff iided by a good catlle, 
 .niflirics, con manded by 
 
 000 Turks, who, in ge- 
 the nanvj and pnviK>, » 
 
 1 for committing all kind* 
 I'lie pay of a janiliary 
 
 n about two- pence half- 
 Iiv diis city about 8ooo 
 refule. The Armenians 
 
 \onarttries, and a bilhop. 
 
 t trade, which principally 
 .ires, the ore of wliK'h u 
 
 jiintains ; printed csihcos, 
 
 k, madder, caviare, gall 
 
 iculxily fables. It is like, 
 lantitics o<' mcrchandiva.-, 
 Indies, and a great tliu- 
 
 n hence to Perfia, frxcrpt 
 of five crowns, and live 
 li.cy carry with dieiiv 
 town is obligsd to pay 
 ,..ie is taxt'd at nine per 
 L.1 and Seignior, and tiuTC 
 
 is a great inconvenience^ 
 are fo fevire. In lieu of 
 elliiy of fubftituting cow- 
 s are fliort and hot ; and 
 luleiably fertile, but pio- 
 ,.icat is rip..' in about two 
 the barley in about four 
 .1 of this city a vail quui- 
 which the Turks exfniit 
 IS maile of the fpawn of 
 Cafpian Sea, where thtie 
 It IS inferior to th« made 
 
 ASIA.3 
 
 TURKEY tN ASIA; 
 
 m 
 
 The piles of cow-duiig, wliich is made into tiirfs, 
 and the perpetual burning of that excrement, occalion 
 a fcent throughout tiie city which is very oftcnfive to 
 ftrangers. Every thing you eat or drink, even the very 
 cream is tainted with this vapour j yet travellers aflert 
 that there are coals in the, neiglibouring hills, but the 
 inhabitants neither unilerrtand their nature, or how to 
 dig for them. The water is excellent, rivulets of which 
 run ihrough moil of the llreets, but the wine and 
 branf'' arc difficult to be got at, though they are abo- 
 minably bad when procured, for the fale of them is 
 ftriftly p.'-ohibited. The Greeks are obliged to in- 
 habit the fuburbs, bccaiife, being tinkers, they make 
 fuch a perpetual clattering with tlie hammer, that it 
 would difturb the tranquillity of the Turks, who are lb 
 veiy delicate and indolent, that they cannot bear the 
 thoughts of a noify trailc. This cityjies in 40 deg. of 
 north lat. and 41 deg. 15 min. eaft longitude. 
 
 About fix miles from the above city there is a fmalt 
 village called Flija, which contains only a few houfes 
 built with mud, but is famous for an excellent batli, 
 which is a neat oclagonal building. The bafoii is alfo 
 of an CH^agonal form, and throws out two gulhes of 
 water as thick as a man's body. The Turks are con- 
 tinually flocking hither from Arzcrum to bathe. 
 
 On the lake Van, or Wan, which is one of the lar<jefl 
 in Afu, tliere is a city of tlie fame name, fituated in 
 38 deg. 12 min. north latirude, and 44 ilei};. 55 min. 
 cad longitude. It is huge, and (lands at the foot of a 
 high craggy mountain, on v.liich t'.iere is a fortrcfs 
 deemed impregnable, that coiTunands the town and 
 countiy, and has a flrong Turkifli !;arriii)n. Tiie lake 
 produces a variety of tine fifh, particularly one of the 
 pilchard kind, great quantities of which are cxpoited 
 to many diftant places, as well as confumed at liome, 
 being ufed in fauces, and eaten in the fame m.uiner as 
 anchovies. The lake is 150 miles in circumference, 
 receives many rivers into its bofom, tmd contains fcve- 
 ral iflands : two of thefe iflands, viz. l-imdaii ami Ada- 
 reton, are confiderable, each having little villages and 
 a monaftery of Armenian monks. 
 
 Cars, or Kars, or, as the Turks call it, Azem, is in 
 40 deg. north latitude, and 43 deg. 20 min. call longi- 
 tude, about 105 miles north of Arzerum. ISeing the 
 laft Turkilh town towards the Perfian fromii rs, it is 
 defended by a llrong callle built upon a ltee|> rock. 
 Bcliind is a valley watered by a .iver, whicli ilifcharges 
 iti'elf into the Arpagl, and thefe two rivers unite in di- 
 viding the two empires. The city is almoll fquare, 
 and about iialf as big as Arzerum, but is neithe*- po- 
 pulous or handfome. All ilrangei s have two thing- to 
 lireiul, viz. the extortions of the Turkifti offiiicrs, anil 
 the depred.itions of robbers. The houfes are mean 
 and in a ruinous condition. The baflli of Car is iiib- 
 itcl to the governor of Arzeium. The country about 
 it, thouj^h naturally fertile, is but very little cultivated. 
 'I'he Turks lure liave all private wells or cillerns, from 
 a liiperRitious notion, that the Chrid.ians, wlio are much 
 ir.orc miirierous than tlie Mahometans, pollute the pub 
 r>iwat(is, and render tlu'm unfit for a true Muiful- 
 inan to ufe. 
 
 il van, luivan, or Chirvaii, is fituated in .yo deg. 
 lomin. north lat. and 45 deg. -^o min. eall long. It is 
 about I bo miles eall of Arzerum, and has been alter- 
 nately pofTtfled by the Turks »nd I'erfians. It is ti 
 Ijiacious place, but ill built anil very dirty. The town 
 IS watered by two rivers, niul the neighbouring country 
 is very fertile in corn, wine, rice, cotton, 6ic. Flie 
 raiHe is of no imjiortance, and the fortilications are 
 nude of mutl, fo diat heavy rains frequently damage it 
 ■'b much as anillery would. Over one of the rivers 
 culled Zengerlc is a fine biidpe of four arches. 1 iie 
 ('overnor is obliged to tranfmit to ConlVantinople nn 
 account of all ciu-avans, ambairadors, flraiigers, &c. 
 who pafs through the city. Hi re provilions are cheap, 
 particularly game, and the fruits and wine arc admi- 
 rable. Tiic public fquare, or piazza, is hamilome, and 
 the bazar, or jnarkct, capacious. I'hc baths and ta- 
 
 iSj 
 
 ravanferas, as well as the govei-nor's palace, are elegant 
 and capacious buildings. The river Zengcric ilTues 
 from the lake of F.rivan, which is alwiit 25 miles in 
 circumference, and contains an idand, with an Arme- 
 nian monaflery, the monks of which lead a life un- 
 commonly aullere, never fpeaking to each other but 
 four times a year. Though the lake which furroumis 
 tiiem is plentifully fupplied with moll excellent fifh, 
 and their little ifland abounds with a variety of deli- 
 cious fniits, they mufl not touch either, except on the 
 four times when they are permittctl to fpeak to each 
 other. All the reft of the year they are obliged to live 
 upon herbs and roots, and even .thole mull not be ob- 
 tained by cultivation, but fuch "s ate the fpontaneous 
 produce of nature are to be felefted. Near F.rivan is 
 another famous monaftery called the Three Churchi^s, 
 which is the refidence of the great patriarcti of the 
 Armenians, under whom are feveral archbifliops, 
 who have each four or five fiiffragans. The aichbi- 
 ihops, as well as the fiin^'ra:^ins, ufually refide in fome 
 monaftery, over which they have a jurifJiction. Every 
 Armenian, above the age of fifteen, is obliged to pay 
 five-pence annually to the great patriarch, whofc reve- 
 nue amounts to about 600,000 crowns : he is, how- 
 ever, out of this film, cbligeti to pay a Confiderable 
 tribute to the Porte, and to give alms to many poor 
 Ariiienians. 
 
 Nackfivan (lands about feven leagues from theA- 
 raxes. It was foimerly called Artaxara, and was the 
 lefidence of the ancient Armenian kings. It is built 
 upon a plain which Hannibal gave to king A^ taras, wlio 
 tisen niadt it the capital of all Armenia. The cele- 
 brated batde between LucuHus and Mithridates wa.s 
 fougiit near it. This city contains many public baths,* 
 coffee- hoiifes, handfome llreets, &c. It is in 39 deg. 
 north latitude, 75 deg. 55 min. call longitude, anj 
 ltand« about 63 miles foutli of Erivan. 
 
 Zulpha, or Old Zulpha, to dillinguifli it from New 
 Zulplia, in Perfia, ftands on the Araxes, which begins 
 to be navigable about fix miles below the town. It 
 was from this jirovince that the famous Shah Abbas 
 carried 70,000 families to help to ir-people fome of 
 the depopulated parts of his own kingci )1Ti. tie I'etded 
 part of them in the province of Ghil.in, and the red at 
 llpahan, but many of the former died by means of the 
 leverity of the climate. Shah Abbas enjoined thefe 
 cajnivated Armenians to apply th^'infelves to traffick, 
 and gave them great privileges and encouragement ; 
 l"o that their poftcrity are not only fame of the richeft 
 people in Perfia, but are the molt dillinguiflied mef- 
 chants in thofe parts, trading to the Levant, and many 
 other parts of Afia, and correfpondiiig with the mer- 
 ciiants of molt coiiiniercial nations. About Zulpha 
 are feveral Armenian monafteries, the monks of which 
 are Roman Catliolics of the dominical order. Many 
 young Armenians «re lent to Rome to be educated, 
 v/ho, on their return,, fill the vacancies that mav have 
 iiappened in the monafteries. The difirid of Zulpha 
 contains about 6000 people, who are chiefly Roman 
 Catliolics, and do not in the lealt difier in their worfliip 
 fiom thofe of Eurojie, except that mats is celebrated 
 in die Armenian inflead of the Latin tongue. Their 
 archbilhop is chofen by themfelves, but he is obliged 
 to go to Rome to be confirmed by die [lope before he 
 can olBciate. Tlie monks of one of the monall-ries 
 pretend diat St. Matthew and St. Bardiolomew fiifTci^d 
 martyrdom there, which induces great iiunibers both 
 of Chriftians and Mahometans to ref'ort thither. At 
 the loot of a high mountain near Zulpha are Ibmc me- 
 dicinal Iprings, which are celebrated for many virtues, 
 but more particularly for curing thofe that are bit by 
 any venemous creatures. 
 
 Armenia Minor is at prefent of no great importance, 
 though it wasfi>rmerly veiy confiderable, being l>c;>:nd- 
 cd on the call by the I'.upli rates, which parteii it tVoin 
 Armenia Major -, on the ibuth by mount Taurus, and 
 on the weft "'ul north by a long chain of mountains, 
 called .'Vnti-l aurus, Auianus, fri'c. It is in general « 
 
 inouiitMncut 
 
 ' *■■ 1! 
 '. /I 
 
 ■^^iii' 
 
■I* 
 
 t&fr A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of IfN'U'EftSAL GEOGRArTlY. 
 
 •lin' ; III 
 
 'M-i. -.,.-, 
 
 , h 
 
 i '! 
 
 .iii'iri 
 
 mountainous country ; but in fome pla<es there are 
 fruitful vales, abounding with olives, vines, &cc, Th» 
 rountry wat a part of Cappadocia till the reign »( An- 
 tiochus the Great, when Zadriades and Artaxia^ fftzing 
 on Armenia, and adding it to fonie of thentighlx)ining 
 provinces, introduced the dillinction of Armenia the 
 Greater and Lcller. In the Roman times it was divided 
 into four provinces, viz. Laviana, Mariana, Aravena, 
 and Melitene, which contained the following cities, 
 Melitene, Nicopolis, Garnace, ArabylTus, Dafciila, 
 Zimara, and Ladana. The manners, cultonis, &c. 
 of the people, always were, and ftill are, the fame as 
 thofe of Armenia Major. 
 
 It is imagined tliat Armenia was firft peopled by the 
 immediate defcendants of Noali. It then became a 
 kingdom,, and remained fo till it v. as lubdued by the 
 Perfians. It was afterwards polVeired by the immeiiiate 
 fucctiTois of Alexander the Great. Tiien conc]uered 
 by die Rom.ans. About the year 687 the Saracens 
 made themfelves maftersofit, ;;nd held it till they were 
 deprived of it by the Tartars and Turks, from whom 
 it had tliename of Turcomania. 
 
 It was on mount Ararat, in Armenia, that the ark of 
 Noah refted ; but on what particular part geograpliers 
 and hillorians aie not agreed. 'I'he Armenian monks 
 tell many fabulous llories, which are not worth repeat- 
 ing, concerning it. M. Tournefort tells us that the 
 afcent is not only difficull and tedious, but even dan- 
 gerous, through the ruggednefs of fome parts, and 
 deep fands of others ; not to mention the danger from 
 the beafts of prey. Tiie horrid precipices are beheld 
 with terror, even by the guides themfelves. The fitua- 
 tion of Ararat was, however, very cor.veiiient for tiie 
 fons of Noah to piocced to die land of Siiinaar, as tlie 
 diftance is but trifling. 
 
 SECTION vr. 
 
 DIARBEC IN CEMEPAL. 
 
 THIS divifion of Turkey rn ACa, in its largeft 
 extent, comprehends the provinces anciently 
 railed Ciialdea, Babylonia, AlTyria, and now termed 
 Diarbec, properly fo called, Yerach, Irac Arabic, or 
 Eyrace Arabic, and Curdiftan. It extends about 600 
 miles along the banks of the Euphrates and ligiis, 
 from mount Taurus on the north, to the Perlian Gulph 
 on the fouth. The bi eadth in Ibme places is 300, and 
 in others 150 miles. The air is exceedingly temperate 
 and ilrene, unfcorchcd by excellive heats, and not in- 
 commoded by fevere frolls. 'i'he country produces 
 fdk, ajrd is fertile, with very little cultivation, being 
 rich in grain, fruits, and pallurage. Numerous Hocks, 
 and abundance of cattle, feed on tlie latter. Indwd, 
 in fome parts there are conlidcrable uninhabited dc- 
 ferts. 
 
 The celebrated rivers Euphrates and Tigris flow 
 through this country, and not only fupply it with excel- 
 lent filh, but contribute exceedint;ly to its beauty and 
 ftitility. The Tigris rifcs in the Armenian mountains, 
 and accpiired its nar.ie from its raf)idity; for that word 
 in the iVIedian language implies a dart or arrow. It 
 paiRs through the lake Arctiuifa, and afterwards fink- 
 ing into the earth, rifis again on tiie other fide of mount 
 Taurus. That it is the fame river hatit been evinced 
 by a variety of cxperinn-ntsj for tilings thrown in on 
 one fule are brought up on the other. It proceed* 
 Irom thence- to the lake Tiiefpites, but often (niks un- 
 »ler ground by the way, particularly in one plate, where 
 it hiiles itlilf for the fpace of twenty-five miU s, and then 
 breaking up to tlie liufaceof the earth, it puiteeds witJi 
 great rapidity. Between Allyria and Mefopotaniia it 
 receives feveral rivers into its bolbin i and below Bag- 
 tl.ul it blanches into two channels, which both difem- 
 bogue diemfelves into the Eupliratts, and by that means 
 iurm an idand. 
 
 'I'he Eu|ihrate'5, which is the moft tonfidcrable Href 
 in Afia, hath its fource in mount Taurus; procet'diim 
 v.trllirly, it croni-s Turcon'iania j then tinning liK't!;-' 
 w.ird, ir divides Syria from Diarbec. Aftituards run- 
 ning along the veilern limits of Arabia Dt-ferta, ir wa- 
 ters a great number of towns, ancl then flows fmoothly 
 to the citv of Aria, where the reflux or tiilt-s of the IVr- 
 fian Gulph dilhirb its flream, and difcolour its wains, 
 thotigh ninety miles dilLint from it. At about fixtv 
 miles f'rom the Perfjan (julph it unites with the 'I'igris. 
 In i<,eneral it flows gently, and waters a great number 
 of fertile and lielightdil ])lains. Its banks are embelhlh- 
 ed with perpetual verdure, and adorned by many trees, 
 particularly palms. It is neither dee() nor wide, »• n- 
 cept when tlie melting of the liiows on the Armenian 
 mountains octafion it to fwell. The waters are deemtd 
 exceedingly falubrious. 
 
 Diarbec, as a frontier province towards Peifia, 11 
 always well guarded : yei liith is the tyranny of the 
 Tiirkifh government, and the indc^cnce of the people, 
 that the ctmntry is veiy little cultivated, and not popu- 
 lous. '1 he divifions of 'his province, as well as of all 
 the others belonging to the Turkifli empire, are into 
 beglerbergatcs and bafliawflups. Thefe arc i'ulxiividej 
 into fangiaclhips, inferior to which are the ziamets and 
 timatoits. ; 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 DIARBEC PROPER, or MESOPOTAMIA. 
 
 De/cription tf its Jevrral Cities. 
 
 DIARBEC Proper, or, as the Arabs call it, t!ic 
 Luind, from its biing lituaied between two rivsrs, 
 is governed by a beglerberg, under whole jurifdiclion 
 twelve' fangiacs aft. 
 
 The capital of tiiis proving e is the city of Diarbec, 
 fituated in 37 deg. 35 min. north latitude ; and 4odi.-g. 
 50 min. eail longitude. It is encompafled by nvo 
 walls, the oiiterm.olV of which isdefenu.d by 7 2 towers. 
 There are but three gates. Over that towards the welt 
 fome r«iiin and Greek infcriptions are leen, thougii 
 many of the letters are almolt obliterated. The name, 
 however, of Conllantine is vifible, anvl • frequently re- 
 p'-ated, which gives ot-Calion to lliniiife, tiiat it was 
 either originally built, or greatly repaired and improv- 
 ed, by that emi)eror. The Tigris forms a half moon 
 about it; luid from its wall to the water fide tlierj is a 
 Ihep precijiice. It contains about 20,000 inhabnaiits, 
 and, upon the whole, is one ot the moft commercial, 
 ii.ong, opulent, and populous cities of all Aliaric 
 Tuikey. It is liti)plied with water from the Tigiis, 
 by means of an artificial canal, and cmbelliflied with 
 many noble piazzas tu" market placi-s, and other ele- 
 gant buildings, particularly a fpacious grand mol'que, 
 which was once a Chrillian church. On the fiiles nf 
 the river are feveral caravan lei. is or inns : and near the 
 town is a chape!, in which the Turks affirm that Job 
 lies buried. About a league f. om the city tiie ligris is 
 foidable : neverthelefs there is a llone bridge over this 
 very jnirt, on account of the floo.is, which are orca- 
 fioned by the excellive rains and iVielted Ihows, and 
 which often render the ford impaflfable. Tlic nei!;li- 
 bouring country is pleafant and fertile. The pigeons 
 arc larger and moix delicate than any in Eiiropi*. The 
 meat, bread and wine arc admirable, and the fruits de- 
 licious. 
 
 The men are more aflable here, and the women are 
 treated with much more politeutfs, arul have greater 
 indulgence granted them, than in any other part of the 
 Turkilli em|)ite. The chief manufacloi ies carried on 
 here are dying, drefTing, and tanning, particularly goats 
 fkin, which is commonly known by the name of Tuikey 
 leather, of which immenf'e quantities are vended in all 
 parts of Afia and I'.uropc : tlvy likcwifc dye linen and 
 cotton to great perfcftion. The waters of the Tigris 
 are faid to be admirably adapted to dyeing, and give 
 
 ;':;4* 
 
• "T 
 
 ^EOGRAfllY. ■< • 
 
 ic mnft tonfitli'rable river 
 KXiiu Taurus; prociniintr 
 mia; then tinning Ibntl:- 
 >i.irlu-c. Af'tcT\\ards rtin- 
 , of Arabia Dtfcrta, it wn- 
 , and then flows fmoothly 
 : reflux or tiik-s of the IVr- 
 , ami ilifcolour its waun, 
 from it. At about fixty 
 I it unites with tlie Tigris, 
 and waters a gicat number 
 . Its bankb are cmbclhlh- 
 nd adcMiied by nutiy trees, 
 either deep nor wide, en- 
 he fnows on the Armenian 
 11. The waters are dcemcJ 
 
 TOvince towards Perfia, ii 
 uth is the tyranny of rlie 
 le indolence of die people, 
 cultivated, ind not popu- 
 province, as well as ot all 
 f Turkifli empire, are into 
 lips. Thcfe are fubtlivided 
 J which arc the ziamets ami 
 
 N VII. 
 
 OR MESOrOTAMlA. 
 's fever al Cities. 
 
 , as the Arabs call it, tlic 
 ; fituaud between two riviirs, 
 ■g, under whofe jurifdlclion 
 
 ime is the city of Diarbcc. 
 north latitude ; and A^d:^. 
 
 It is encompafled by rvvo 
 ich isdefenu:dby72towers. 
 
 Over that towards the v,'<:lt 
 fciiptions are icen, thou;^(i 
 ,lt obliterated. Tiie name, 
 
 vifible, and ■ frequently r.- 
 on to funiiife, that it w.is 
 rreatly repaired and imptov- 
 !e Tigris forms a half moon 
 . to the water fide tliere is a 
 •,s about ao,ooo inhablrantb, 
 ncofthc tnoft commercial, 
 lulous cities of all Afiatic 
 ith waier from the 'I'lj^ns, 
 
 canal, and cmbelliflied with 
 arkct places, and other clc- 
 y a fpacious grand mofque, 
 ian church. On the fides of 
 ,niei.-<s or inns: and near the 
 
 1 tlie Turks athrm that Job 
 uef.omthc city the Tigris f* 
 ■re is a fti-ne bridge over this 
 the t^oo.ls, which are oic.i- 
 ins and n.elted ihows, and 
 ,rd impaflTable. l"hc neii'Ji- 
 t and fertile. 'Ihe pigecms 
 ite than any in F.urop:-. Ihe 
 
 admirable, and the Iruits de- 
 
 ible hire, and the womrn ave 
 
 politei.cls, and have greaur 
 
 than in any other pan ol uic 
 
 nef maiiufactoi ies earned on 
 
 ind taiurmn, panicularly goats 
 
 ;nown liy the name of Tui.iey 
 
 e quantities arc vended in all 
 
 • tluy likcwifc dye linen atul 
 
 'The waters of the 1 igns 
 
 adapted to dyeing, and giv'e 
 
 ASIA-I 
 
 TURKEY IN ASIA, 
 
 i6i 
 
 hie 
 
 the leather a finfr gtTiin, and linen and cotton a Mve- 
 lier colour than any other waters. 
 
 The bartiaw who is governor of tliis city is exceed- 
 ingly powerful, and ufually has a body of 20,000 ca- 
 valry under his command, that he may be the better 
 enabled to repel tiie incurfions of tlie Curdes and Tar- 
 tars, who, in great companies of horfe, attack and rob 
 the caravans. 1 
 
 The city of Mof /!, or Moufliil, (lands on the banks 
 of the Tigris, am is fituated in 36 deg. 59 min. north 
 latitude, and 43 deg. ealt longitude, oppofite to the 
 ruins of the ancient city of Nineveh. It is furrounded 
 by handfomc (tone walls, and is very fpacious, being 
 about a league in circumference ; but the number of in- 
 habitants are not proportionable to the extent. The 
 people have great commercial connedlions with the in- 
 habitants of Bagdad, and the merchants of Curdeftan. 
 Caravans likewife pafs through it to and from Perlia. 
 I'hc bafhaw, whofe refidencc is in the calUe, has always 
 •30OO men under his command- It is fingular that the 
 foil on the city fide of the river is exceedingly barren, 
 but on the oppofite it is very fei rile. Tl\e heat is lb 
 excelTive in fummer, that none go out of doors from 
 two hours after fun rife, till an iiour after fun let. There 
 is likewife a malignant and dangerous wind called /«- 
 tniel, which often Wows from hence to Surat, and is 
 fuppofed to be the fame wind mentioned in Job. It is 
 impregnated with little ftieaks of fire as fmail as iiairs, 
 which immediately kill thofe who breathe or inhale 
 them, and turn them as black as a coal, When the 
 people perceive them coming, they fall flat 6n their 
 faces, and fometimes efcape. This wind is felt chiefly 
 on the banks of the river, but not on the water, and is 
 deemed to proceed from fulphurous vapours, which are 
 kindled by agitation. Independent of this wind, the 
 hot air is often dangerous, and injures tlie lungs, in- 
 flames the blood, and parches the (kin, or raifcs it into 
 bliflers, and occafions it to peel 01?'. On this account 
 travellers wear a kind of mafk, made of foft black crape, 
 to prefervc their eyes, But if, after ali' th'-ir precau- 
 tion, they become inflamed, the afflidcJ perfon anoints 
 tiiem with a mixture of lugar and long p,-pper fiffed very 
 fine, and made into a falve. 
 
 Rika, or Racha, (lands on the Euphrates, in 35 deg 
 58 min. north latitude, and 39 deg. 50 min. eafl lon- 
 gitude, about 1C5 miles (buth-weft af Diarbec. The 
 baftiaw, who refides in the callle, has a garrifon of 
 1 2,000 fpahis. It is, however, but a mean town, and 
 contains nothing to merit defcription. 
 
 Orpha, or Orfa, lies ir 37 deg. 16 min. north lati- 
 tude, and 39 deg. 15 min. call longitude; and is fituat- 
 ed at the head of the river Scirtas, on the ead fide of 
 river Euphrates, and about fixty miles from it. The 
 inhabitants affirm that it was vhe place wiiere the city 
 EdelTe (lood, and where Abraham dwelt. The city is 
 llirrounded by a good (lone wall, and is about hvo 
 ■leagues in lompaCs; but tlie houies in general are de- 
 ferred, and in a ruinous condition ; and thole that are 
 inliabitfd are but low and ill built. Upon the whole, 
 the place relembles more a wildernefs than a metropo- 
 lis ; though 'Tavernicr is inclined to deem it the capital 
 ot Mel'opotamia. The inhabitants carry on a great 
 trade in fome excellent tapeflries and yellow leather. 
 The neighbouring country is exceedingly rich in corn, 
 wine, fruits, &c. 'The city is governed by a begler- 
 berg, who has 140 janiflfaries, and 600 fpahis, under 
 his command, to awe the Arabian freebooters. Several 
 pleafant gardens fiirround die walls of the city, and are 
 watered by fmall artificial canals, which flow through 
 cuts from one that is pretty large. In the time of our 
 Saviour, this city anil territory had a prince of its own, 
 named Agbarus. 
 
 Bir, or Beer, is in 37 deg. 15 min. north latitude, 
 and 38 deg. i 5 min. cafl: 'origitude. It is fituated on 
 the fide ofaliill to the eall of ths Euphr.ates, and de- 
 fended by two old cadles, the one on il^e land fide, and 
 . tlic other on the banks of the river. The g...-rifbn con- 
 lUU of about "oo jauilTaiics, aad 400 fpahis, com- 
 
 manded by a fangiac. The houfes extend from the rivcp 
 fide to the top of the hill, where the caftle is placed, 
 the walls of which arc in a ruinous condition. On the 
 oppofite fide is a noble, capacious, ftrong, and well 
 guarded caravanlera. The Eupliratcs is here about a 
 mile broad, and its current finooth, fo that it is a kimi 
 of ferry from Syria. Caravans arc not allowetl to enter 
 the city, but arc obliged to pafs through a difficult road 
 by the fide of it, in order to gain a caravanlera on the 
 top of a hill. At night the officers come to receive the 
 culloms from all, except thofe who have laddie horfcs. 
 Here are all kinds of provifions in plenty, particularly 
 bread, wine, and filh. The neighbouring territory is 
 ple.aiant, fertile, and well cultivated, except to the 
 callward. where it is rough, hilly, and rather (lerile. 
 
 In Diarbec are a few other lefs confiderable cities and 
 towns, namely, Geriza, in 37 deg. 30 min. north lat. 
 and 39 deg. 10 min. call longitude. It is fituated on 
 an ifiand of the I'igris ; the word Geriza fignifying an 
 ifiand in the Arabic language. It is a linall but rich 
 commercial city, where a great number of merchants 
 meet to carry on a trade in tobacco and gall-nut, which 
 are plentifully produced in the mountains of 'faurus. 
 They make no wine, but dry all their grapes for raifins, 
 'The city is governed by a bey. 
 
 Amadia, or Amad, is about feventy-two miles eaft 
 from Geriza, and the fame weft from Moftil. Zibin, 
 in the midway between Orpha and Moful, is a tolerable 
 town, fituated on an afcent. It is furrounded with good 
 walls and ditches, well fupplied with fprings and foun- 
 tains, and furnifhed with good ftore of provifions. 
 
 Nilbin, or Nafbin, about thirty-five miles from the 
 Tigris, is the refidencc of a Turkilh fangiac. The city 
 is divided into two wards, each on an eminence, with a 
 large track of ploughed land bet\yeen. This gives it a 
 pretty appearance at a diftar.ce; though both wards, in 
 reality, are fcarce worthy of the name of a linall village. 
 However, arches, gates, and the remains of a "noble 
 church, are fl:ill vifible, which evince that its ancient 
 fituation was far fiiperior to its prefent. The foil is fer- 
 tile; and, as the chiefbufinefs of the inhabitants is agri- 
 culture, the land is well cultivated, and the inhabitants 
 plentifully fupplied with corn, wine, fruits, Hcc. 
 
 Merdin, or Mardin, is fituated on the weft fide of 
 the Tigris, between Moful and Bagdad, and about 
 twenty-five miles from Diarbec, in 37 deg. 1 5 min, 
 north latitude, and 40 deg. eall longitude. It is about 
 five miles in circumference, furrounded by a ftrong 
 wall, and defended by an excellent callle of about a mile 
 in compafs, which is fituated upon an almoft inaccefii- 
 ble rock. Tiie caftle abounds in fine fprings, and even 
 contains corn-fields. It is the refidence of a fangiac, 
 and a garrilbn of 400 janiflaries, and 200 fpahis. Its 
 ilrength is fuch, that 'Tamerlane the Great was obliged 
 to abandon it, after having invefted it for near three 
 years. The Turks have the following proverb con- 
 cerning its impregnability: •' To attempt to take 
 Merdin is like making figns to the blind." Tiie city 
 is well built, adorned with many noble houfes, and a 
 fine fountain, the waters of which come from tlie citadel. 
 The mainil"a(3:"re!. are fiik, cotton, and gold and filvei 
 ftufts. The air is temperate and ferene ; the territory 
 rich and fruitful. Many Chriftians inhabit the city, 
 and have an atciibilhop fubjedl to the patriarch of Antiocli, 
 
 SECTION VIU. 
 
 EYRACA- ARABIC, or IRACK-ARNBI, thb 
 Ancient CHALD.1':A. 
 
 XHE province called by tlic Turks Eyraca-Arabic, 
 Yerack, or Irack-Aialii, and antiently termed 
 lar, Babyloriia, and Chaldiea, lies between 30 an4 
 40 deg. north latitude ; and is bounded on the north 
 by Diarbec; on the weft by the defer ts of Sha.ii; on 
 the fouth partly by tlie lame deferts, and thofe of Ara- 
 bia; and on tlie eaft by Sufiana, and die Median ami 
 AflA'rian mountains. 
 
 T t Thi 
 
 •!*. 
 
i66 A KEW, kOYAL akd AUTHENTIC SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHT. 
 
 The name of Chaldrca is derived from the Chalda- 
 
 ans, and that of Babylonia originates from the tower of 
 
 P.^bel. The air ot .hii country is, in general, very fe- 
 
 rene and temperate j but, at certain times, it is lo ex- 
 tremely dangerous, and the heats lo exccinwt, that for- 
 merly many of the inhabitants ufed to fleep in citterns 
 
 of water ; and this pernicious pradice is at prclcnt not 
 
 entirely difcontinued. The inhabitants are fomeiimes 
 
 vifited by :iie peftilential wind already mentioned in our 
 
 defcription of Moful, and wiiich has fo mudi excited 
 
 the attention of modern travellers and philofopliers. 
 
 As they have no rain for eight months in the year, the 
 
 land is watered from the Euplu ates and otlier rivers, by 
 
 means of a great number of engines, admirably conf- 
 
 tru(3^ed for that purpofe. Sometimes it hath not rained 
 
 for the fpace of two years and a halt ; and the inhabi- 
 tants are dioroughly fatisfiid if it only rains thrice an- 
 nually, as that IS fufficient to anfwer all their purpofcs. 
 Hertxiofjs informs us, that in t le land of the AlTyri- 
 
 ans it very feldom rained, and that, though the country 
 
 bore great rel'emblance to Egypt, yet it was not wateret! 
 
 by ft e in'indarion of '- river, but by the induitry and 
 
 in{.^ ., 1/ 'jf the iniiabitantj, which liavc rendered it 
 
 cnc of the tineft and moll fertile countries u|)on the 
 
 face of the earth. It certain!" yiek's, in general, '^rai.i 
 
 two hundred I'old, and frequently thi\;e hund-ed : and 
 
 its fertility is fuch, that it would a'.ciifli a i.avcller 
 
 who had feen all the reft of the km 'wn world. The 
 
 palms, particularly thofeofthe datt- kind, alfoid the 
 
 inhabitants meat, wine, am' honey. The millet and 
 
 fcfame Ihootupto the lize of trees; anil the barley anil 
 
 wheat have leaves of four fingers in breadth. They 
 
 have neither olives or grapes; but the fefame is an ex- 
 cellent fubftitute to furnilh oil where olives arc wp - 
 
 ing, and the palm fuppiies tlicin with wine in lieu of 
 
 grapes. 
 
 Foimerly ihe Tigris and Euphrates ufed to overflow 
 
 in tlic months of June, July, and Auguft, and cov" 
 
 the wjio'e country with water, and the inund.nions were 
 
 ufually increafed by torrents of melted Ihow, which 
 
 poured down friiin the Arnieni^n mountains; but thole 
 floods proving very detrimental in various cafes, the in- 
 habitants guarded againll them, by cutting a great 
 number ofartificial canals, rivers, and rivulcta, which 
 they effected with infinite alliduity and labour. Thus 
 the waters were properly diftributed, aneaf; communi- 
 cation niade between every part of the country, and 
 the inhabitants univerfally benefitted. The pallure bv- 
 ing exceedingly richj great numbers of' cattle are fed, 
 wliich not only plentifully fupply the inhabitants with 
 meat, but witii milk, butler, ice. 
 
 This country is famous for the great })lainof S'linaar, 
 where the whole race of m;'..".kind were colledted togc- 
 th-r after the flood, and from thence difpcrfed them- 
 felves over the fci.eof the earth ; for being the iVar of 
 the terreftrial paradife, as foiiie authors athrm, but 'hat 
 opinion is denied by otiiers, and fo. bei.".g the pl.icc 
 where the tov/er i,f Babel was buitt, ..nd the renowned 
 city of Babylon, of uhich the velliges, or what arc Ihe vn 
 for fuel), a.c at prelent very trifling. 
 
 The tint fourKlation of Babylon is, by Tome nuthors, 
 afcribed to Semiramis, and tty others to Belus. Who 
 was the founder is not materia'.; but it is certain that 
 rvJel)uchadnez7.ar was the perfon v/ho railed it :o that 
 pinnacle oi" glory, as to become the principal won.! " 
 of the world. 'I'he moft remarkable A'orks lierein 
 V, ere live, viz. the wails of the ^ity, the temple of B^'- 
 lii>, tin; palace and the hanj^ing gardens in it, the baiiiN.'. 
 of tlie i;ve;, and the artificial lakes and canah made to 
 drain tl"j .•■iver. 
 
 llie wails weie 60 miles in circumftrence, 35c feet 
 tii^li, and ^7 feet itirt.k. i"l»« city was la die l.;riii of a 
 l(jiiare, 15 niles each way. The walls were built of 
 large brii k-., ciinented to^'cther vith a kind of gluti- 
 nou.s llnne found in tiic country, --vh-ch r l"upe;ior to 
 any lime, and ;',u,.>s much luuder than the .>ricks diem- 
 felve . They v.ere eneoinpafled by a lar;^e ditch lined 
 witli ij>'xk, i.eiiK;i:ed by tfiv fci". kja^d gf tiituincii, aiul 
 
 tMled with water. The earth which was dug from rfe 
 ditch I'erved to make the bricks tor the walls. Vt 
 may, therefore, fiom tiic altoniflung magnitude of iho 
 walls, conceive the greatnefs of the ditch. An huridrhl 
 gates,' made of folid brafs, ferved is entrances to the 
 cityi that is, 25 on each tide. Between every two of 
 thel'e gates were three towers, and tour more at the an- 
 gles; and three between each of the angles and the next 
 gate on either (ide. The towers were ail ten feet higher 
 than the walls. Erom the 25 gau s on each fide of this 
 great fquare, 25 llreets went in right lines to the oppo- 
 lite gates ; fo diat the wiiole number of ftreets were 53, 
 eaclibeingi5 miles long, cutting each otiier at riglic 
 angles. lhusw.is the city divided iato 676 fquarcs. 
 The houlls were noble edifices ; and a branch of the 
 Enpfirates ran aciols the city from north to foiith. In 
 the middle there was a bridge. At each end of the 
 bridge was a palace ; the old palace on the call, and tlie 
 new palace on the weft fide of the river. Tlie former 
 took up four of the ftp.iares, and the other nine, ihe 
 temple of Belus, whicii ftood near the old paJstce, took 
 up another of tliefe liuiares. The old palace was tour 
 miles in circumfeience, and the new palace eight, i he 
 latt r had three wails, one v/itiiin another, and wu^ 
 itrongiy fortified. In the latter, tiic li.iogiiig gard.-iis 
 we;e thegreateft curiofity : they contained a fquare of 
 a.00 feet, and were carried to the height of rhc wall of 
 tlie city, by feveral large terraces ; an^ the afcent was 
 from terrace to teirare, by Itaiis of ten feet wide. Tins 
 vaft pile was l"':ltained t)y arclies built upon arciies, and 
 ftri.ngd.ei:ed by a v,all of" 22 feet i.i tiiicknels, whicii 
 furrounde.i ii on every fide. The gaidens contained 
 all kinds of .lowers, plants, and even large trees. On 
 tl'f: upper leriacf 'as an aqueduct, which lerved to wa- 
 ter the whole. 
 
 To prevent the overflowing of the Euphrates, v.hiih 
 did gic: dam.age, not only to the country, but to B.i- 
 bylon itlelf, Nebuchadne.'.zar embanked the river wuh 
 proiligious banks of bitumen and brirks, a.id cut two 
 canals to drain off the overflowings into the Tigris, be- 
 fore the;- fliould reach Babylon. 
 
 Babylon is reprefented by all the ancient authors as 
 the largeft, the moft magnificent, and the molt popu- 
 lous city, that ever was euAed : but the prophecies 
 mentioned in the Old 1 eftament, relating to this citv, 
 once the wonder of the whole earth, are literally ful- 
 filleil : " Babylon is fallen, and become the den of 
 wild •^-afts." 
 
 Tlie ancient Chalda:an language differed from the 
 Hebrew, which was I'poken in Mefopotamia: but both 
 tongues wt»-e biende.i logether by means of the Jew ;, 
 and inutuaily i.orrupting each other, their intermixture 
 formed the piefent Syriac. 
 
 Tlie principal city of Eyraci-Arabic is Baj;dad, or 
 Baghdad, .1 lightfully fituated in a fine plain, on th' 
 eaiUrn bank of the Tigris, am' ics in 33 deg. 20 mir. 
 north latitude, and 43 deg tail lon,iitudi;. ! .-s 
 lounuevi in ihe I4jth year of the He,^ira, by tin- Caliph 
 .Vlmanfur, and is built upon ine fame Ipot wlieie thean- 
 cieiit Sekucia ftood. It was the feat of molt of the la- 
 liphsof the rav.e of Al-Abbas. In the;;,-ar o' ti. ■ He- 
 gira 6j6 it was ta'.en by the 'Tanars, in whole la' ds 
 It remained til) 1392, when 'Tamerune the iveai. lub- 
 duidit. Ufuii Calli'ji, a'Turlvumanpiir.ce, conquer- 
 ed it .A. D. 1470. Jhau llliiael, empci'ir of I'erli ., 
 poflefled hi'^a'. li of ic A. D. 15^8. 'Tl;e Ibvcreigiuy 
 (fit was then icMielicd tor abo\e lou years, between 
 the Terfia.s ano Tmks. At length, A D, it'js, it 
 was totally fubdued by the Turks, under thecoinm.uid 
 of Amuratii the id, .uid has remauieel in their h.i.uis 
 ever lince. This city was foim r.y embellillied by nv.i.- 
 fuj erb pal.ices, and odier m.i^jiiiiicvnt edifices, iielia"! 
 a varii-cy of colk'ges, and Jthcr frmmaries ■>{,' le.irnini'. 
 It was populous, opulent, and wv ,1 10) tiiitd. The lan- 
 guage was the mou pure and elegant A'.abic, and tiie 
 manners of the people the inofl po'ite, as this city i on- 
 raintd more le uned tntn aiid noble tamUivs, than a^y 
 other in tiic calU ' 
 
 Though. 
 
 Though Bagjd 
 of the Turkifli \ 
 the Ottoman en 
 fretiuented by i; 
 tr».v-!ling to an 
 Egypt, Natoiia, 
 to whom every { 
 produces a very 
 here are many C 
 and Jews, fome 
 but many others 
 the fepulchre of 
 day and a halfs 
 The pacha of 
 rifon amounts to 
 a mile and a hal 
 in breadth. Th 
 towers, upon wh 
 the largeit of wh 
 pilgrims, who vil 
 dad, and pay fc 
 brings a very 
 Seignior. 
 
 The inhabitan 
 toa'.out T j,ooo. 
 kept in the night 
 lie on their terra 
 ftead of candles - 
 allowed to go to 
 to wafh anc' pe 
 married and unnr 
 pulfhrcs to pray 
 Curfa is fituatt 
 and 44 deg. 57 n 
 tlie fouthward of 
 Euphrates : it w: 
 ing the refidcnce 
 Damafcus, a.-^d b 
 now quite dcfola: 
 Traxt, on the 
 tnwn, having tw 
 yond Bagdad, 
 have formerly ft< 
 Bafbra, or B:' 
 30 deg. 17 min. 
 caft longitude, 
 Bagdad, and 24' 
 in 6j6 by Omar 
 tiie crmmunicati 
 city is twelve mi 
 pujjus, but the 
 in them, the hov 
 « itli bricks dried 
 city is built on r. 
 rcn i b'lt the cin 
 lightf.il, that it 
 four paradilts of 
 plied with w.iter 
 ts capable of can 
 i a fortrcfs at tli 
 tliftant from the 
 (hat it would be 
 ftout dyke or er, 
 niities.' The 
 bring with them 
 defarts : ic is a 
 velTels from .no! 
 The caravans 
 ■i another fource 
 about J per cent 
 nietans, Jews, ' 
 Chriftians, or C 
 t.iiii>erous. 1 hf 
 Acadi-niy of N< 
 Molk, jie grai, 
 of Iran. At pi 
 literature, thoug 
 ur Cairo. Iht 
 
 < "r--T» i' 
 
'.OGRAPHT. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 ^ U R 
 
 K £ V IN A S t A. 
 
 ^6^ 
 
 Thoup;h Bagdad « prefc ht groans under the tvi ahny 
 of the 'I'urkifli yoke, it is ftill the grand emporium of 
 the Ottoman empire towards the I'crfian fide. It is 
 fre<iiiented by i.^numerabie merchant'; and palFengers 
 trav.lling to and from Perfia into Syria, P.dclVine, 
 Egypt, Natolia, &c. A bafla hath his refidtnce here, 
 townom every paflinger pays tribute, which annually 
 produces a very capital liim. Bcfides Mahoitietans' 
 here arc many Chriftians, who are publicly tolerated, 
 and Jews, fome of whom refide ccmftantly in the place, 
 but many others only come annually, in order to vifit 
 the fepulchreof the prophet Kzekiel, which s about a 
 day and a halPs journey from the city. 
 
 The pacha of Bagdad is ufually a vizir. I'he gar- 
 rifon amounts to about jooo men, and the city is near 
 a mile and a half in length, and about half the fame 
 in breadth. The walls arc of brick ftrcngthened witi; 
 towers, upon which are mounted 60 pieces of cannon, 
 the largelt of which is not above a fix iwtinder. The 
 pilgrims, who vifit Mecca by land, pals through Bag- 
 dad, and pay four piaftres by way of triiiutc, which 
 brings a very confiderable revenue to the Grand 
 Seignior. 
 
 The inhabitants of Bagdad are computed to amount 
 toa'.out 15,000. During the fummer the markets are 
 kept in the night, and the inhr.bitants are obliged to 
 lie on their terraces to avoid the excelTive heats : in- 
 ftead of candles cit of naptha is burnt j tl-.c women are 
 allowed to go to the baths every Wednefday morning 
 to wafh anc' perfume themll-lvcs : on Tl;urfd;>.y.s the 
 married and unmarried are permitted to go to the fe- 
 pulfhrcs to pray for the dead. 
 
 Curfa is fituatcd in ji deg. 38 min. north latitude, 
 and 44 deg. 57 min. caft kngitude, about 60 miles to 
 the fouthward of Bagdad, and on the well fide of the 
 Euphrates : it was formerly a city of impoi tance, be- 
 ing the refidcnce of tlie caliphs after diey had quitted 
 Damafcus, a.-^d before they had built Bagdad, but is 
 now quite defolute. 
 
 Traxt, on the Tigris, is a ftrong and well fortified 
 tnwn, having two caftles ; it is about 42 !e;\inie3 be- 
 yond Bagdad. The Chalda:an Apamea is luppnfed to 
 have formerly ftocHl Ixcrc. 
 
 Baf'ora, or Bafrah, on the frontiers of Perfia, lies in 
 30 deg. 17 min. nortli latitude, and 49 deg. 10 min. 
 eaft longitude, being about 250 miles Ibuth-eaft from 
 Bagdad" and 240 fouth welt from Ifpalnn: it was built 
 in 6j6 by Omar tiie fecond caliph, in or Icr to cut oft' 
 the crmmunication between Perfia and India. 1 his 
 city is twelve miles in circumference, opulent and po- 
 piii.)us, but the buildings have nothing extraordinary 
 in th»m, the houfcs being only two ftories high, built 
 with bricks dried in the fiin, and flat on the tops. The 
 city is built on a ftony foil, and tlie environs are bar- 
 ren i b'lt the circumjacent country is fo fertile and dc- 
 lightf.i!, that it is deemed by the Arabians one ot the 
 four paradifes of the caft. The inhabitants are fnp- 
 plied with w.iter from the Euphrates by a canal, wh^cii 
 i» capable of carrying vtlTels of 50 ions burthen : t'lere 
 s a fortrefs at the mouth of it, which is abo-.'t .tj miles 
 diftant from the fn. Ti\e whole country lies lb low 
 that it would be fubjefl to cor.tinual inundations, if a 
 llout dvke or embrnkment diil not prevent thofe cala- 
 niities. The hot wimls are viry troublel<)me, and 
 bring with iliem clouds or" f;uKl from the neighbouring 
 defarts : it is a place of great trade, and Iwarms with 
 vefiels from .noft of the kingdoms of Afia and t'.uiope. 
 
 The caravans to Mecca pals through this city, which 
 .i another fource of wealth. The duiws on goods are 
 about 5 per cent. The inhabitants confill of M;iho- 
 nietans, Jews, Neftorian^', Catholics, and Chaldai.in 
 Cliriftians, or Chriftia' « . i" Si. John, who are pretty 
 r.iiirerous, 1 here is a uniuus college here c.dkd t!ie 
 Acadi'nry of Nfz.im, fiom its founder Nezam, A!- 
 Molk, the grai. I vizir of Shah Makac, the third fukan 
 of Iran. At pi '• nt this cry is a fiourifhiiig lea' )f 
 literature, thoug/i ir lihs (twi-r coll>"ges than Damafcus, 
 »r Cairo. Iht liorlcs bvught iierc a.c verj valuable, 
 
 on acf 'junt of their being able to travel with great cx^ 
 
 f (edition, and to unilcrgo incredible fatigue : they lell 
 [•cm I GOO to iooo crowns. 
 
 This ciry is fubjcft to an Arabian prince, who !s tri- 
 butary to the Grand Seignior. His revenues arife from 
 the exchangtfof money for horfes and camrls fold here, 
 but chiefly from his palm-trees, of whici; he ha^j a pia.n- 
 tation of 90 miles in length. The manner of planting 
 the p„inis bein^ •'ery fingular we ftiall defcribe it. A- 
 bout joo kernels are buried in the ground in the form 
 of a pyrami(i, with the jx^'nts of the kernels upwards, 
 till the whole ends with a fi;;gle kernel. T'he earth is 
 tiicn prclTe'i' cloli; round it, and upon it. It is .inVrtcd, 
 th.it if thi male and female palm are not planted clofe 
 to each other t'ley will not bear fruit i while others af- 
 fijni, that it may be made to bear by t.iking the blof- 
 ioms from the male, and innoculating the female there- 
 with at the to|)of the ftem. Tiie income of the prince 
 is fo great from money, horfesj camels, and 'iatps, as 
 to enable r.'ni to lay by annually 3,d<3r/,o6o of livres, 
 after all tlie ex}>ences of government, and his tribi'tary 
 loan are defrayed. Tlie prince gives liberty to perfons 
 of all n.itions to trade here, and the police is fo well 
 managed, that people are fafe in the ftreets at ;dl hours 
 of the iiighi ; iiie garrifon confills of about 3000 ja- 
 nififarics. In 1698 it is affirmed that the plague vifitcd 
 this ciry, and I'wept away 80,000 of the inhabitants. 
 
 T'he following anecdote with which, amongft others, 
 we have been fa/oured by an ingenious correfpondent, 
 v/lio has vifited thefe parts, will tend todifplay the dif- 
 pofition and rn.anntrs of the people. 
 
 It was ciiftomary for the caravan fror^) Perfia to 
 Mecca to take coniluftors from a particular tribe en- 
 camped in the environs of BalTjra, (being on the fron- 
 tiers of Perfia) wiiofe chief received a crrain fum for 
 guarding the caravan to Damafcus, and this tribe was 
 one of the moft powerful and extcnfive amongft the 
 Arabs, So lately .as the year 1776 it happened that in 
 th;- caravan which was to be conveyed from Baftbra to 
 Damafcus there 'vas the daughter of a powerful Perfian 
 prince, accompanied by a -rain of ladies, who were all 
 very rich. The chief of the tribe oblerving the great 
 iplendor of this caravan, and the quality of the jjil- 
 gri.us, demanded a greater fum than ufual to conduct 
 them, which they refufed to pay, and addrefl"cd thcm- 
 felves to the chief of anither tribe, who agreed to 
 conduft them fir the ufuil fum. They accordingly 
 fet out from BafTor? j but waeii they were in the deferr, 
 whidi they were obliged to pafs, the chief of the firft 
 tribe, with his followers, fuddenly fell upon the caravan 
 and its conduftors, of whom diey made great flaughter. 
 They then ftripped the pilgrims, not Iparing even the 
 daughter of the Perfian prince, and plundered the ca- 
 ravan, leaving the travellers to purfue their jo\irney to 
 Damafcus, where they arrived in a miferable condition. 
 One of the company, a merchant, who but a few days 
 before poflrefled 500,000 piaftres, was reduced to aflc 
 charity. T'his adventure m.ade the fortune of a Frc:nch- 
 jTian, who refided ar Tripoli in Syria ; for the princels, 
 beir.g unable to borrow money from the Turks on ac- 
 count of the hatred they bear the Perfians, the French- 
 man generoufly offered her his purfe, which flie ac- 
 cepted, and after her return home from Mecca, her 
 father remitted him not only the original Ann he had 
 advanced, but double intereft, and fucli magnificent 
 prefents that the Frenchman was enriched for the re* 
 mainder of his life. 
 
 T'he Perfian prince fent an amb.iflador to the Porte 
 to complain of this daring facrilege (the caravans of 
 pilgrims to Mecca h.aving been iield facred) and to de- 
 mand fatisfaftion, but receiving cnly evafivc anfwers, 
 he marched his troops to Bafi'oia, which he took and 
 plundered. The riches he amalTed by thi* expedition 
 were imnienfe -, but not being I'atisfied he dirtded his 
 courl'e tc Bagdad, which he beliegcd, and kept ir block- 
 ed up for fix months, when the Grand Seignior agreed 
 to give liim anijilc I'atisfaftion, and a peace was con- 
 cludcdi 
 
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 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAHY. 
 
 
 1 ' iK 
 
 . S E C T I O N IX. 
 ASSYRIA OR CURDESIAN. 
 
 A SSYRIA, called by the Turks Curdeftan, or the 
 Jr\ country of the Curdes, lies on the eaft fide of 
 the Tigris towards Pcrfia, by which empire it i- bound- 
 ed eaftwardi by the Tigris on the weft ; Eyraca- Arabic 
 on the fouth, and Turcomania on the north. 
 
 Towards the fouth it is not above 90 miles broad, 
 but to the northward it extends nc.ir zoo miles from 
 eaft to weft. Erom north to fouth it reaches from fj 
 deg. 30 min. to 17 deg. 20 min. nordi lat. It was for- 
 merly a fine fertile country, but having been frequently 
 the feat of war between the Turkilh and Perfian em- 
 pires, it has been greatly depopulated, and rcntlercd 
 almoft a wildernefs. 
 
 The country- of AlTyria derives its name from AlTur, 
 or Alliur, the fon of Shtm, and grandfon of Noah. 
 The firft great monarchy in the univerfe was founded 
 here ; and here ftocd the once magnificent city of Ni- 
 -neveh. It was built upon the Tigris, oppofite to *!iere 
 Mofiil at prefent ftiinds. The walls were 60 miles in 
 circumference, and I'ufficiently thick to admit three 
 chariots to go a-breall upon them : they were flanked 
 with 1 1 50 turrets, each of which role 200 feet above 
 the walls. At a fmall liiftance from the ruins there is a 
 Tuil:ilh muique upon a hill, on the fpot where it is 
 faid the propiiet Jonas was buried. His tomb is al- 
 ways covered with a rich carpet, and fome tapers and 
 lamps are kept continually burning over it. Here two 
 Turkifli pricfts are continually employed to read the 
 alcorap, which draws a great number :>( Turks, Per- 
 -fians, &c. to me place. 
 
 In the territory between Nineveh and Bagdad are 
 feveral hills of fulpluir, to which fome travellers im- 
 pute the pernicious qualiti( sof the hot winds, or famiel, 
 with which the country about Old Bagdad is partii u- 
 Jarly infeclcd. There are likewlf-.- fome fulphurous 
 hot baths at a village called Alchamam, whicli is about 
 ft da 's journey from Moful ; and at Attcndachi there 
 J! a hiil, from which the Arabs tiig gold. 
 
 In the fame territory tamarifks, lic]uoricc and fu ■ 
 mach are produced in great plenty; the latter, together 
 with fait, being infufed in water, gives it a red tinge, 
 and renders it cool, fweet and falubrious : if taken in 
 broth it is a remedy for the bloody flux. 
 
 This part of the coui.try is greatly infcfted with wild 
 beafts, particularly lions, jackalls, ami ceracoiilacks, 
 or wild cats, -wliich are remarkable for having large 
 bhuk ears of halt' a foot in length. Thofe who navi- 
 gate the river in boats always go well armed on account 
 of the lions, who will plunge into the water, an! at- 
 tack the jiafilngcrs with great fury. 
 
 The vvelVern fkirts of this province arc wafhed by the 
 Tigris. Three other rivers, viz. the Lycus, Caprus, 
 and Gorgu!, flow through it at almoft eqral iliftarces: 
 the lirft derives its name fioin a wolf; the fecond from 
 a goat ; and the third is the Zerben of Pliny. 
 
 The Curdes are fii(ipofL-d to be the lineal dcfcendants 
 of the ancient Chaideanb : they inhabit this country 
 and fome parts of Perlia, and fubfift principally upon 
 rapine and plunder. They are continually upon the 
 watch for car.-ivans, and when they meet with one, if 
 they are ftrong enough, they ufually rob and murder 
 the whole company. While the weatlier permits tliey 
 dwell in tents uj.ion the plains, and do not retire to the 
 villages till the fiiows compel them. They range from 
 Moful to the Eupiuates, and acknowledge no fub- 
 jeClion eiriier to '1 urks or Perfians. In fine weather 
 they drive tiicir herds and Hock, about in learch of 
 pa'lure, and while the n-en look out liir plunder, the 
 woiTien mai>.i;j!.- die tattle, and make butter and cheefe. 
 .Their drink is either milk or water. The me.i ride 
 upon very fine fwift hoifes, their only weapon beitig a 
 Jaiice : their tent's .ire large, and made of coarfe brown 
 (iotli, that ferv:'. likcwifa Juracovfiring to their port- 
 
 able houfes, which are fqu ire, .md made of cane Imr 
 dies. The floor is covered witii mats, and ferves both 
 for the purjxjfes of bed and table. When thiy re- 
 move, they load tliiir oxen with their wivis, childien 
 and houfes, tin- latter of which are taken to pieces fur 
 that purpofe. They are very difagreeablc to look ar 
 having lir.all eyes, liark complexions, wiile mouths 
 black hair, and ferocious afpeifis: neverthelels tlieyait- 
 very llout and iiinil)ie, and, while children, uliially i-o 
 naked, which remlers them very iiardy. 
 
 Cherefoul, tlie capital of Cuideftan, isfituatedin 16 
 deg. nortii latitutle, and 45 deg. eaft longitude, aiki it 
 about 1 50 miles north of Bagdad. The houfes aie all 
 hewn out of a rock on the fide of a hill, which ext( ikI» 
 a mile in length, and there is an allent to thtin of about 
 twenty fteps. The bafhaw, or governor of the pro- 
 vince, reiides here, and hath leveral fangiacs under 
 him. 
 
 Abela is celebrated in hiftory for the I'tmous battle 
 fought in a plain near it, between Alexander the Gnat 
 and Darius : it is i. ^5 deg. north latitude, and 77 d-g. 
 20 min. iaft longitude, and fituated between the 1 1- 
 prus and Lycus, or the two Zabs, as fome writers tti?,- 
 thofe rivers. The natives ftiew a mountain in the 
 ne'ghbourhootl, where the ruins of a caftle arc yet tj 
 be feen, in whicli, tr.wlition fays, Darius ftood,to ire 
 the fucceis of the battle. The mountain iti'elf was 
 nimedNicatorius by Alexander, in commemoration ot 
 the above viftory. 
 
 Betlis is Iitu;>ted in 37 deg. 55 min. north latitude, 
 and 43 deg. 30 min. eaft longitude, and is tlie rcfulente 
 of a prince of the Curdes, who is independent both ot 
 Turks and Perfians, and fo powerful, thai he can ra-!l- 
 a body of 25,000 horfe, befides a confider.ible number 
 of foot, among the lliepherds of the mountains, who 
 nre trained to arms : fo that tliough his iloininioiis a;-e 
 furrounded by Turiis and Perfians, tliry are bodi 
 obliged to keep fair with him from notives of policy , 
 becaule it is at all times in his powtr to llo^) and [Ijii- 
 der the caiavans that go between AJipjn) ami Taurii , 
 the road from the former being within a day's i<tuni< v 
 from tlie town, cut in leveral places out of the roi ks 
 between two mountains, and only hroad enough for one 
 camel to pals. Both the town and caillc are fo llront:ly 
 fituated, that the only pafsmay be defended by ten nun 
 againft a thoufand ; fo that this prince is really foiwi 
 dable, and cannot be robbed of his independency. Tie 
 city is built belveen two high mountaii.., dift.uu from 
 each other about a eannon-iliot. The eallle is ntiiaicd 
 upon a hill that refembles a lugar-loaf; and there is no 
 coming at it Init by a winding j)ath cut in a rock, which 
 is exceedingly fteep, rugged, ami difficult to afcend 
 Before the c.iftle can be entered, three draw-btidges 
 iinifl be palled, and afterwariis three courts, pievious 
 to the approach to the palace. The city extends on 
 each fide of the other two mountains, from tlie top to 
 tlie bottom, containing many houfes, and cwocaiavaii- 
 feras. 
 
 Harpel is fitu.ited on the river Capnis, and is fiu - 
 rounded by a mud wail. The houfes are miferablv 
 built. It is, however, a large town, and therefidenc.i 
 of a fangiac. 
 
 llolwan, in 35 deg. north latitude, and 47 deg. 10 
 min. eaft longitude, is fituated between the mountains 
 that divide the Perfian, Irack, Curdeftan, and ChaUlaca. 
 Tlie Mahometans, who believe that Elijah is ftill alive, 
 affirm that he lives in one of tite mountains near tins 
 town, 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 ASIA MINOR, ANATOLIA, or the LEVANT. 
 
 ANATOLIA, or, as it is corrupdy called, Nato- 
 lia, is ,1 large peninfula, and has been denomi- 
 nated Afia Minor, to diftinguifti it from the main 
 Afiatic continent. It w.as called Anatolia and the Ix- 
 vant, by which it is ftill foiown, on account o( its 
 
 callern 
 
. "• --J' 
 
 EOGRAHY. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 TURKEY IN ASIA. 
 
 109 
 
 rivrrr Capnis, and is i'm- 
 
 hii licxifcs are mifcral'Iy 
 
 gc town, and tlien-lkleni-o 
 
 is corruptly called, Nato- 
 la, and has been denonii- 
 inguifti it from the jnain 
 ailed Anatolia and the Le- 
 «iown, on account ot its 
 calU-rn 
 
 ciftern filiation with refpcdt to lairop. On the north 
 it is bounded by the F.uxine Sea ; on the nortli-wcU by 
 the Archipela;^'), the Hiilefpont, the Projiontis, or Sea 
 of Marmora, and the Thracian lioljjhorus, or Strait of 
 Con'.hii'inoplc ; on the lUirh by v,v Levant Sea, Syria, 
 and the I'.jphrarcs ; and on the call by the Mediter- 
 ranean. It lies between y/ and 11 dci;. jo inin. mirtii 
 latitiiJe, and a; and .jo ilej;;. eal! longitude, extendin^^ 
 in length about 600 miles t'roin eali to well, and in 
 breadth about 320 from nonh to foiidi. It is divided 
 by m'xitni i;eographers into Aiiat')lia, properly fo call- 
 ed, Aniafia, Aladii'.ia, and Caramania. 'lliefe pro- 
 vinc:es aneieiidy inel^id'-d Cialatia, Faphlagonia, I'on 
 tiis, Bitiivnia, Myfia, Plnygia, 1 ydia, Mttnia, Ionia, 
 ^>)li.s, Caria, Doris, Pampiiylia, Pilidia, Cappailotia, 
 I.ycia, 1 yea"nia, and Cilitia. Anatolia i-: under the 
 giivcrnment of a viieroy or bcgierberj;, to whom leve- 
 ral balhawb, and a great number of langiacs, arc fubor- 
 dinate. 
 
 Afia Minor naturally is, and always has been, deem- 
 ed one of the fincll cnintiiei in the univerfe : yet fuch 
 ii die milerable policy of the Tinl.ilh government, and 
 the imljlenee ot the people, th.i: it has ken fulFercd 
 to become a mere wiidernefs i antl tlrnigh uncommoiily 
 rich, fertile, and well watered, tiicy iiave permitted it 
 to be over-nm with weeds, b.iars, and brambles. The 
 air is exceedingly ferene and temperate, and would, 
 djubtlel's, become ftili more laiubrious, if the lands 
 were properly culiivatcd. 'I'he inhabicants are not in- 
 commoded by exced'ive heats, n )r ciiilkd 1)V intenfe 
 frofh: all is moderate, di-ij^htfui, and (iihibrious. 
 The lew cultivated p "••;:,, though t!ie land is prepared 
 in a very impened manner, produce, with little li- 
 h()ur, j.^ivat plenty of various forts of com, exquiHte 
 grapes, of v/hich admirable wines arc made, oranges, 
 lemons, citrons, olive:,, fij^s, ilates, tk.c, '"Vc. beiides 
 abundance of cofiec, rhubarb, opium, balliun, galls, 
 and many other valuable drugs, gums, &c. 
 
 Ariatolia is excellently well wateretl. The priii'ip;d 
 rivers are thcfe known by the name of Xantluis, Cyd- 
 nus, Meander, (iranicus, Scamander, Cayiler, I ler- 
 nius, Paclolus, and Caicus, which dill liarge diemfelves 
 into the Mediterranean and I'.uxiiie Sea, the Archipe- 
 lago, and die Euphrates. It hath liiaie lakes, the prin- 
 cipal of which, Gu,)l-Bog-Sluw, is fifty miles in length, 
 and twenty-two in breadth. 
 
 S E C T I O N XI. 
 
 ANATOLIA PROPER. 
 
 ANATOLIA Proper is the ncar.it province to lai- 
 rope, and die largeft of the four province:, into 
 which Alia Minor is diviiled. It extends from 26 to 
 S^deg. of cafl longitude, and from 37 to .}i deg. of 
 north latitude, being bounded by die Archipelago and 
 I'mpontis to the welt, by die I'aixine Sea to the north, 
 by Caramania on tiie fouth, and by Amali.i and Aladu- 
 ILi on die e.ift. 
 
 This province is governed by a begleiberg, who h.as 
 five langiacs I'ubordinate to him, 243 /aims, and 77.10 
 timars. The number of troops arc 60,000. 'I'he an- 
 nual revenue of die beglerberg is i ,000,000 of afpers. 
 
 Anatolia Proper contains the provinces ofBithynia, 
 Mylia, Phrygia, VLolis, Ionia, Caria, Doris, l.ydia, 
 (jalatia, and Paphlagonia. 
 
 Bithynia, now called by the Turks Becl'angil, is fe- 
 parated from Europe only by the riiraci.an Bol'phorus. 
 1 he loii is naturally rich, but, like many other line 
 parts ot die Turkilli empire, is very much negleded. 
 
 BruU, or Builii, as tiie Turks term it, is the capital 
 of Hidiynia, and was the metropohs of die whole Otto- 
 •.lan empire, bet(>re die Turks pollelied themlelves of 
 Conftiuiiinopic. jr lies in .10 deg. i() min. north lati- 
 tude, ami iy deg. 3.5 min. call longituile, and is (iti;a- 
 ted at die toot of mount Olympus, twenty miles Irom 
 the Sea of Marmora, and 58 tbuth of Conllantinuple. 
 U is c.\ceedingly well built, and decincvi one «t the belt 
 No. 1 6. 
 
 })avtd cities in all the Turkiih empire. The ftreers are 
 (pacious, the caravanferas noble and convenient, and 
 t!ie motviues magniticent. I'iic latter are adorned with 
 cupolas and minaiets, covered with lead, .and com- 
 puted at about 300 in number. In one of the moftjues 
 the toir.bs of many of the ancient Turkilli liivereigns 
 arc to bi- li.-en. Th)U.<,h the I'eat of empire has been 
 trandated to Conllantinople, this city Itill [jrclerves a 
 fliare of its ancient graiuletir, beauty, and opulence. It 
 is likewife a place o(' conlidcrable tralli k, as a eanivan 
 goes cvciy two moiuiis from hence to'Perfia; and fe- 
 veial otlicrs pals through it from Aleppo, ConCumti- 
 n iple, Uc. to Ifpahan. In the bezeiline all kinds of 
 commoditiei ot h-)n;e manufaitory, and others from 
 die Levant, are expofed to lale. It is a large edifice, 
 well-built, and ci)nt;iins many excellent lliops and 
 v/arehoufes. Tiie workmen of this city manutkluie 
 the bell fiiks, hangings, carpets, tapeftries, tkc. in 
 Turkey. The ciiy ii aluwt three miles in circumfe- 
 rence, but tl;e walls are falling to decay. It is com- 
 puted to co.ntain 40,000 Turks. The fuburb.% which 
 are mure I'p.icious and Iwiidloine than the city itielf, are 
 inhabitetl by .jooo Jews, 5.) Armenians, and 300 
 Greek t'amihes, independenc of many foreigners who 
 are fetded here. The tine orchards, gardens, planta- 
 tions of muiberry, pLuitain, and odier trees, &c. afford 
 fome of the molt delightful, pleifant, a;id fliady wallvs 
 that im.igination can conceive. All the necedaties, and 
 even the luxuries of lite, are excellent in their kinds, 
 very pleiititiil, and quite realbnabie. The wine, in 
 pariieuktr, is exquilite, and die tilli delicious. 
 
 On a hill in the midiile of the city there is a caflJe, 
 which was oiu:e die p>a!aLe of tiie liikans, but is now 
 running to decay. The leraglio, build by M.ihon.c: IV. 
 is a noble edifice. Tiie ci:)- is gov-.-rned by a bafliaw, 
 a c.idy or a moula, and a jaj.ifTaiy aga, w'lo has about 
 1230 janiU'ajies under liim. In the liiburbs tlie Greeks 
 liave three liaiidlinne churches, die Arn;enians one, and 
 the Jews lour fynagogues. In tlie city are i'lnie excel- 
 lent hot baths, and about a mile from it die baths of 
 Cdyjlij, wiiicrh are liandfiMiie llrudures covered widi 
 tlomes, and mucii frequented on account of die great 
 rejHitation the waters lia\e obtained for their uncommon 
 niedicin^ \ irtue. 
 
 Nice, or, as the Turks call it, Nickor, ftands about 
 thirty miles from Conlaintinople, in 40 deg. 3^ min. 
 north latitude, and ^9 deg. 40 min. eafl longitude, be- 
 ing fituated near a gulph of the lea of Mai'mora, called 
 Alianio, or Alcu. Though its ancient J'plendor is 
 much diminillied, it is fiill a confiderable place, and 
 cont-iiiis about 10,000 inhabitants, Turks, Greeks, 
 Ariiienians, ain! Jews, whole commerce is very great 
 in corn, fruit, tapeflrics, fine cloths, and other mer- 
 chandize brought from the Levant. There is a lerag- 
 lio in the liighefl part of the town. The ftreets are 
 lai'ge, and the houfes well built. This city was cele- 
 biateil tor bjing the feat of the fi.dt general council 
 convened by Coiillantine againtt die Arians, A. D. 
 325, and fince known by the name of the Council of 
 Nice. 
 
 Nicomedia received its name from Nicomcdes, king 
 of Bidiynia, who inade it his metropolis, refideil in ir, 
 enlarged and cmbellilheil it. 'The appell.ition which 
 the 'Turks give it is Ifmai, or Ifmigimid. It is large, 
 haiidf'oiiie, and populous ; and is fituated at die end of 
 a gulph of its own name, fiirty miles north-e.ill from 
 Buii'a. bi point of lituation, it exceeds all the cities in 
 die Turkilli territories, Conllantinople excepted. The 
 inh::bit.ints, compoled of 'Turks, (i reeks, Armenians, 
 anil Jews, are fuj)p(Med to amount, to aboi:*: 30,000, 
 \<ho cany on a confiderable traflick in filk.,, cotton, 
 woollen and linen ckjths, eartlicn-waiu, and giafs; be- 
 tides which, ir is tlie principal pkice belonging to the 
 i'urks for fhip-buiuiing. 
 
 In many parts of the city curious ancient infcrii»tions, 
 
 in Greek and Latin, aic Hill villble. 'To the well ward 
 
 is a tbunt;un of niincial water, much admired tor its 
 
 mcilieinal cjualities : and a little beyond there is a mole, 
 
 V u fuppofcd 
 
 ' m 
 
 ' r» 
 
A NKW, ROYAl. ANr> AUTHENTIC SYSTF.M of UNIVKRSAI. r.Ior.UAPIlY, 
 
 m 
 
 170 
 
 rupiKilcil to have been fiirmcrU made lor tl-.c I'eturity of 
 she Ihijiping in tlic liarbour, wiiicli is about a qiiartrr nt 
 a league lorn;, and twelve yards broad. 'I'he t'"lp''> 
 whiiti receivfs its name irom tliis city, is only about 
 a mile and a half broad, but is verv long and deep. 
 
 Ch.ileed(>n, once an opulent tity, is now an imon- 
 (iderable vill.ige, with a tew remains of its aneient 
 fpiemlour. Ics iituation is on the Klhmus of a peninfula, 
 about leventeen miles to the i-alhvard of Conlbintino- 
 ple, on the oppof'te lliore ot'rhc Uirphorus. 'rhistov.n 
 anciently had in it a temple ol V enus, and an oracle ol 
 Apollo. It has a tolerable h irbour, and the river Chal- 
 teilon (lows to the cdhvaa! of it. 
 
 Berwien Nicomedia and Chalcedon ft«K)d the once 
 opulent city of I.ybylla, whieii ha.> been fimous t()r 
 thedeatli of Hannibal. It is new dwindled to a very 
 poor ami iiiean village. 
 
 Mylia M\d the 1 .cller I'hrygia anriifjally defcribeil by 
 geographers totather, as the exad limits are not afcer- 
 t.aineil. In con|undion tiny arc bounded on the north 
 by tlie Propontis, on the liiutii by Lydia and the Ar- 
 < hipelago, on the e.ilV by Phrygia Major, and on the 
 well by the Miliefpont. In tiiis country the famed 
 mount (Mym]His is fitu.ued, or rather tlie double chain 
 of mountains fo denomiii ited. 'I'hey are tliought to 
 be the iiighcll mountain. i;i the ealk-rn part of the uni- 
 verle, particularly tlie central part, or the celebrated 
 mount Ida o( the I'ncients. Tlule mountains are con- 
 tinually covered with Ihow, and the lides abound with 
 pine and 1 dier trees, with wild thyme and other (hrubs, 
 more particularly the lanJinium cjlm, with broad leaves. 
 About tiie bci'iiuiing of the dog-days the air of mount 
 Ida is !(j ferene, tliat not a fingle breath of wii . '. ap|x'ars 
 ilirrin;^ ; antl at night the fun's rays appear j dart all 
 round the hori/on, which make it ficm as if on Hre. 
 
 The principal rivers in this part of the country are 
 tiie (iranicus anil /Efophus, which difcharge themfelves 
 into the Sea of Marmora ; and the Siinois and Xan- 
 thus, which einpty themfelve.1 into the I lellelpont. The 
 Caicus, with the I'ergauios and Cayller, tlow through 
 Myfia, whicii contains the tijllowiiig places, viz. Cy- 
 zicus or Cyzicum, which is now Chizico, and Spiga, 
 :houg!i anciently a magnificent city, is at prefent hut 
 an inonliderable town, fitu.ired about thirty miU>s wcit- 
 ward of Berlii, on the foudi-eal!: coall of the .Sea of 
 M.uir.ora. Oppolite to this tov.n, on the Prop(;ntis, 
 are Icveral (mail illands, which are called the Marble 
 Illands, from the great number of marble nuarries in 
 them. They likewife abound in corn, fruits, cattle, 
 cotton, wine, &c. 
 
 Lampiacus, or Lamjifaco, as it is now denominated, 
 has loti much of its ancient fplendo\ir. It is but a 
 linail city at [irelent, thinly inhal)ited by a few Cireeks 
 Mv.\ Turks: hut its port is convenient. It is (iniated 
 .It ti:e mouth of tiie 1 lellcfp )nr, oppofite to (iallipoli 
 in I'.urope. The neighbouring country is exceedingly 
 fruitful in vines and ponigranates. 'i'he f{)rmer even 
 the indolent Turks thenilclves cultivate, and make ex- 
 cellent iwine and brandy to mix withtlieir Iherbet. 
 
 Abyi!:)s, now called Avido, or Avio, was formerly 
 elleenictl the key of Afia. It was here that Xerxes be- 
 gan his lamnus bridge, which wa. li) well comjileted in 
 a week, that 170,000 tiiot, and 80,000 horfe, exclu- 
 iive of carriages and camels, marched over it. About 
 12 j-, years before Clirill a Uiine of gold was found near 
 this city, which enabled Priam, King of Troy, to carry 
 on many uleiui and magnificent pubru works. Philip 
 of M.ioetion, laid .'lege to this city, and took it by ftorm: 
 but the citizens, lijoner dian be carrieil into (lavery by 
 the conc^uenir, let fire to the city, and then murdered 
 tlie:r wives, chikhen, and themfelves. Abydos was an 
 epifcopal lee, i ?. rmi is, the bilhop thereof, having 
 alliiled at rlie Council of Chalcedon. In A. I). i:5;}o, 
 it wa.s b.rrayed to the Tu:ks by the treai hery of the 
 go\'ernor's uigluer ; and Avido is at prefent one of 
 tlieir caiUes upoji the Dard-Hielles. It ftands in 40 deg. 
 .6 min. north k.tiiud-, ;md 27 deg. 16 min. eait lon- 
 gitude, upon tile ftraits that divides Alia .roni Lu- 
 rope, which is three nines over, 
 
 The principal places in tiie IxMler Phrygia are, 
 
 Alfos, liirmerly a ci .nfidcrable fea-j)ort town on the 
 fouth coait, now an inconfiderable village. 
 
 Antandro:., 'ow called St. Demitri, is fitti.ited far- 
 ther call of the toot o( mount Ida. Though it was an- 
 ciently a place of importance, it now fcaice delirves 
 mentioning. 
 
 Ailramyctiim, or I-'mlromit, as the Turks call if, 
 Hands at the mouth of the guloh to which it gives naiiu , 
 oppolite to the Illand of Ix-tbos. At prclent, like the 
 kill mentioned places, it is not of the lealt im[)ortan( e, 
 though formerly it was a place of note, and is mcntiuiied 
 in the Acts of the Aiiortles. 
 
 Pergamus, which w;i.s formerly the metroiiolis of a 
 kingdom, it is novv dwimlkil to a llnall vilLigc. 
 
 Thirdeciy of great cities, of which the veltigcs fcarcc 
 remain, and the ruins of ancient fplcndour, give the 
 bell moral lelVons to the tpeculative mind. 
 
 In the inilability of human gloiT, and the m()uki<T- 
 ing remains of the ilrongeft and moil magnificient llrui- 
 tures, we may perceive, and be t lught to reflect on, 
 our own approaching mortality, uid the general dillo- 
 lution which mull await all fublunary things. Thefe 
 melanclwly rellei'li ms, however, are not only inftruc- 
 tive, but admit of being blended with die moll fublime 
 and plealing ideas. Well may we exclaim widi W tbllcr, 
 
 ' I love thefe ancient ruins. 
 
 ' We never tread upon them, but we let 
 
 ' Our f >()t upon fome reverend hiftory ; 
 
 ' And, qiiellionlefs, here, in this open court, 
 
 ' Which now lies naked to t'le iiruries 
 
 ' Of llormy weather, Innie may be interr'd_ 
 
 ' Who lov'd the church lb well, and gave fo largely to'c, 
 
 ' They thought ir flioukl liave canopv'd their bones 
 
 ' Til! dooms-day. But all things have their end. 
 
 ' Churches and cities, which h ive difeafcs hke to men, 
 
 ' Mull have like deadi diat w e have." 
 
 Pergamus, or Pergamos, as the Turks call it, is 
 fituated fixty miles north of Smyrna, on the banks of 
 the Caicus. Here llo<xl one of the feven churches 
 mentioned in the Kevel. lions. Here alio the celebrat- 
 etl phyficim (ialen was born, ami parchment invented, 
 the word itfelf being (;:Iy a corruption of Pergamei)ni, 
 from Pergamos. Some affirm that tapellry wa^ lil.c- 
 \rtle tiilt invented at this pl.ice. A llately temple of 
 /Tfculapius once einbellidied this town. The lurks 
 liavc here a mofque, and the (jreeks a church. 
 
 Tioas Alexandria, to the fouthward of Troy, was 
 t()rmerly the capital of the jirovince, but is now totally 
 ill ruins. 
 
 It is not jiofitively .agreed among the teamed, whe- 
 ther die fuppoled ruins \)fTr'y really bekingid to that 
 celebrated citv, or to the alv --mentioned Troas Alex- 
 andria. We I hall, however, fpeak of Troy from the 
 bell authorities. It is faid to have been fituated on a 
 rifing ground near mount Ida, and about five miles 
 from the fliore of die /F'.ge.-in Sea, on die river Scaman- 
 der, or Xanthus. The ancient geographers place it in 
 39 deg. ffl min. north latitude, and -i-j deg. 56 min. 
 call longiuide. Strabo informs us, that there was l(;arce 
 any remains of it even in his time. 
 
 'The bell account of the Trojr- .var is given by 
 Homer. The narrative, ilrippcd of die poetical fic- 
 tions, ajipears to be genuine, trom the concurrent telli- 
 monies of the mod credible hil'.orians of andquity, and 
 of die Arundelian maibles. The number of lliips em- 
 ployed to tranfport the troops, according to Homer, 
 was 1186: but '1 hucydes exceeds even the poet, and 
 makes them 1200 fail. Tiie Bcetian lliips were the 
 largelt, and carried 120 men in each. The fliips of 
 Phik)(5tet.X' were the fmallell, and only carried 50 men 
 in each. Trov, however, held out ten years againll 
 the flirmidable army of the Greeks, who, when they 
 took that tlevoteil cit\-, fet it on fire, and put moll of 
 the inhabitants, who did not cfcapc, to the fword, 
 i^Mieas. in lelatiiit" to queen Dido the circunillances ot 
 
 the 
 
 Wh.it help! Ol 
 
;roGR.\pnY. 
 
 xlliT I'hrygi.i art', 
 
 lie llw-jKirt town on the 
 
 bit" villoj^f. 
 
 Dcinicii, is fiiuiUcJ tiir- 
 
 ■la. 'rhuiigli it was an- 
 
 ', it now fcaicc ilclirvis 
 
 , as the Turks call if, 
 I to whiiii it t'ivcs naiiu , 
 )5. At (iriU-nt, liki' tin- 
 of tlie Icart iniix>rt.!nii-, 
 L)f note, and is nH'ntiunci.1 
 
 icrly the metropolis of a 
 ) a fiiiall vill.igf. 
 
 which ihcviltiges fcarcc 
 ;icnt fpUndoiir, give tiic 
 ativc miml. 
 
 L',lory, anil the mmildcr- 
 Imoil magnihcicnt llruc- 
 
 be tiiight to rcfli-ft on, 
 y, liiiil the general ililTo- 
 ubl'jriary things, 'rhdl- 
 er, are nit only inftruc- 
 Icd with the moll fublimc 
 we exclaim witli \\ cbllcr, 
 
 ;ient ruins, 
 but we fct 
 ,i hiftory j 
 this open court, 
 In-uries 
 ly be intcrr'd 
 1, and gave fo largely to'c, 
 i-,»nopv"d their bones 
 ngs liave tlieir end. 
 ive ilileafes like to men, 
 have." 
 
 as the Turks call it, is 
 
 imyrna, on the banlis of 
 
 e of the fcven chiuclies 
 
 Here alfo the ctlebrat- 
 
 aml parchment invented, 
 
 irruption of FerganuMini, 
 
 n that tapi-rtry wn- likc- 
 
 ce. A lUtely tcniplc of 
 
 this town. The lurks 
 
 iireeks a church. 
 
 fouthward of Troy, was 
 
 Dvince, but is now totally 
 
 imong the learned, whc- 
 y really bclongid to that 
 
 -mentioned 'Iroas Alex- 
 fpeak of Troy from tiic 
 
 have been fituated on a 
 la, and about ti\e miles 
 sea, on d-.e river .Scaman- 
 nt geographers place it in 
 e, and 27 deg. 56 min. 
 
 us, that there was Icarce 
 ne. 
 
 Trojf .var is given by 
 ^)ped of tlie poetical tic- 
 from the concurrent telli- 
 illorians of antiquity, ami 
 The number of Ihips em- 
 |)s, according 10 hlomer, 
 ccids even the poet, and 
 
 • Bcctian Ihips were the 
 
 in each. l he Ihips of 
 
 and only carried 50 men 
 .•Id out ten years againll 
 Greeks, who, when they 
 
 on fire, and put moil of 
 )t efcape, to the fword. 
 Dido the circumftances of 
 the 
 
 ASIA]. 
 
 the fatal night in wliich Troy was taker iiid dcftroyed, 
 lays, 
 
 • PantI.eus, Apollo's pi Icfl, a ficred name, 
 
 < H.kI fcap'il the Cireiian Iworil., and pall the flame; 
 ' With reli'.'ks laden, to my iloor he fl d, 
 
 ' And by Ins hand iiis tender t'/andlon ltd. 
 
 < What helj) ! Oh, I'antheus ! whirher vdn we nm ? 
 ' Where make a Hand ? or v/liat may yet be done ? 
 ' Scarce had I liiiil, when I'.intiieiis, with a groan, 
 
 • Troy is no more, and ilium was a town : 
 
 ' 'I'he fatal tiines, the appoiiiteii hour is come, 
 
 ' When wrathfiil Jove's invv(>cab!e doom 
 
 ' Transfers the Trojan (late to (ireci'.n hands: 
 
 ' The fire conlumesthe town, tlie fbe comiuamls.' 
 
 According to the moll r.uti-.ei.tii' records, 'I'royw.i- 
 takcn the .J-lthof .Apiil, ii8.| years beibre Lhrili ; and 
 its capture put an end to tlie kingdoin of Troy, after 
 having flood aijf) years, from Teueer to Fri.un. 
 
 We cannot here firbear tranluibing the following 
 paffige li-om the ingenious Marquis D'Argens's Jewilh 
 Spy. " The ruins of the cities in the Archipel.igo 
 have, for many years, engaged the curiofity of travel - 
 krs, yet the Turks leflen them every ilay, and cany 
 away v.ift quantities of the marble. I low much, tlure- 
 li)re, mull there have been of it a: lirfl ! The mofqueof 
 the Sultan ,\chmet was built only of the Hones fetched 
 from the ruins of Troy : the c.jlumns which form the 
 peryitil of that temple, and wliich are not lef's than 1 30 
 in number, were all toiimi entire near that city. I'or a 
 great number of years the 'I'lirks made ufe of no other 
 bullets f()r the cannon of the Dardanelles, than Co- 
 rintliian chapiters and columns, which they broke to 
 pieces, and cut to luve that puiiiole." 
 
 ■Tolls is boumled on the north by the LefTer Fhrygia, 
 <m the well by the /Kgean .Sea, on the eafl by l.ydia, 
 and on the louth by Ionia. The cities were formerly 
 Marina, Cuma, l-'laa, anil Plionea. Myrina is called 
 by the I'lnks M.nham, and I'onea is called h'oggia, 
 or Toplia. .'\t prefent tiiey are all of fo little impor- 
 tance, tl'it, ve.i' they unitetl, they woiikl nia!;e but a 
 very inconfiderable village. 
 
 Ionia lies contiguous to ^'Molis, and contains, among 
 others, li-me places of imporrantv, the principal of 
 which is Smyrna, wliich the Ti;rks call Ifmyr, or Ifmir. 
 It lies in 38 deg. 15 min. north latitude, and 27 deg. 10 
 min. call longittule, is the bed lea-port town in the 
 Levant, .and the mnfl populous and opulent city of 
 Afia Minor. From Conllandnople it is eight days jour- 
 ney by laml, and alxnit 133 leagues by water. 
 
 In the time of the Romans Smyrna was looked upon 
 as the mofl beautifiil of the Ionian cities, and wa;; called 
 the Grnamnit of A/ia. A Turkilh rebel, iiametl 
 I'zachas, in 1084, thought projier to afTume the title 
 of king, and having feized uiion -Smyrna made it his 
 ''apit.il. At the beginning of the i3tli century it all 
 lay in ruins except the fortrefs. In 1 l^i it was finally 
 liilxlueil by the Turks, having ^cen pp-vioully rebuilt 
 at various peri(Kls. 
 
 The [ion, which is fliiit up, reached once to the foot 
 of the callle, but is now dry, e.\cept after a few heavy 
 Jhowers, when it is replcnilheil from thefluices. 
 
 The public eilitices, have, in general, been creeled by 
 tile Turks, with the mateii'Js ot' the ancient city. The 
 hczelUce, or ijiarket, " le ti/ir-khan, were both 
 railed with the white mari-, .i '-e theatre. 'I'he com- 
 modious h.ubour, and advantageous fituation, have 
 K'nderetl it one ot the moll opulent cities in Turkey. 
 I he haven is deltrnded by a llrong callle, and Iheltered 
 from all wimls, except the wefterly, by high moun 
 tains. There is an aflonilhing conflux of p.eople in 
 Smyrna, of leveral nations, who difl'er in manners, 
 drels, language, religion, &c. The Turks occupy 
 ilie greatill part of the town. The Proteflants and Ro- 
 man Catholics have their chapels, and the Jews a fyna 
 fogue or two. The Armenians have a large handfome 
 duirch, with a contiguous burying-ground. l)o<ilor 
 1 
 
 TURKEY IN A S F A. 
 
 in 
 
 Chandler fays, " Tlic Gieeks, ludm- th; fire, had 
 two churches. I'hey applied, by their billiop at C-nl ■ 
 tiuuinoiile, to rcbuiki that which \;.'.s deflroyed, but the 
 fum dcmamled was too exorbitant to be givett. Hy thi^ 
 policy the Turks have .irtemptul to reduce the numbt r 
 of tlv I rofefi'ors of Chrilli.mity." 
 
 I'he mofquc', b.uhs, market, anil l.h.ms, are rl'C 
 priiicip.d buildings, and liime of ihem ate very nob!-. 
 The lliects in general are nirmw, im 'aiveniint, and 
 intricate : but the moll ililligreeable circumil.uice to 
 th()!e who live here is tlie great he.its, which commemv 
 in June, and continue till September. During this 
 fiuf m the grouml is burnt up, and has large cliafms, 
 which, it is imagined, give vent to bituminous vapours, 
 th.it, if confined, wouKi occalion eartlupiakes. l''cw 
 years pat's without a fliock or two ; but, in getieral, 
 they a:e lef> hurtuil tiian alarming. Tliey iitiially hap- 
 pen wlien the wcither is calm in ijiring and autumn, at 
 which times the lea withdraws a contider.iblc way from 
 the beach, .and the v.,iter is exceeding low. A terrible 
 one li.appened in 1688, which overthrew a great part of 
 the city. 
 
 Smyrna is likewife annually vifited bv tiie pbgue. 
 Wlien it rages violently, the confuls, fadors, mer- 
 chants, &e. retire into the country; ami many people 
 abandon their dwelling-, to live abroad under tents. 
 'I'he itlanders return home ; and the grafs is It-en to grow 
 in the llreets of the qu.ii ter belonging to the Franks, 
 which is exceedingly populous at other times. 
 
 The Turks bury without the town, and place cither 
 grave Hones or pillars at the head and teet oi the graves, 
 which, in general, are lliadcd with cyprefs trees. Itr 
 their cemeteries, as well as in flr)l'e ot rhe L'liiillians 
 and Jews, many antiquities in architct'lure are found. 
 The burvin" trround bel')nf.'in<' to the l-'nidilli is walled 
 in, and cont.iins Ibme curious monument , the fculpture 
 of which is admirable. They were not, iio\vever, ex- 
 ecuted at Smyrna, but brought from Italy. One in 
 [)articular is to the memory of Mr. Bouverie, (the com- 
 panion of Mefl'rs. Wood and Dawkins in tlieir journey 
 to Palm;, ra) who died at M.ignit-fia. 
 
 Symrna is plentifully fiipplicd with provifions. The 
 tails of Ibme of the llieep weigh ten pounds, .md arc 
 tleemed a great ilainty. 'The filh taken in li^e b.iy are 
 excellent. Wild hogs, hare*, and .all other kinils of 
 game, fowls, &c. may be had in abundance. The 
 wifie, olives, fnfits, &c. are all .admirable. The 
 mufquitoes, as well as a much fmaller fly, of which 
 the name is not known, are extremely troublefomc, but 
 more lot;) flrangers than natives. Lemon juice is die 
 bcfl remedy tor the fiery tumours which enliie. In the 
 harbour of Smyrna are always lliips of almoil all na- 
 tions, and all burthens. The town is fuppofed to con- 
 tain about 15,000 Turks, 10,000 (Greeks, and 2Coo 
 Jews, cxclufive of Armenians, Franks, &c. The 
 quarter of the Franks is better built, and better paved, 
 than any other. The European merchants bring hither 
 a great variety of gootls from Kurope, the I-'aft and 
 We'l- Indies, &c. export fine and coarfe wool, filk, 
 cotton, mohair, w.ax, rhubarb, grll-nuts, opium, .aku-s, 
 fcammony, tutty, galbanum, tacamahac, gi:m-traga- 
 canth, ammoniam, and Arabic, myrrh, Frankincc.n'i-, 
 zedoar, &:c. The Jews here, as well as in mofl parts 
 of Turkey, generally manage all commercial afiiiirs ; 
 or at leafl the principal [)art of them goes, either di- 
 reclly, or indiretlly, through their hands. The whole 
 town, in flift, is one continued bezar or fair. Tiie 
 confuh- from Fngland, F' ranee, ami Holland, have very 
 handfome lioufcs by the fea litle. 
 
 I'his city is one of the it:ven that contended for the 
 honour of being the birth-place of Homer, to whofe 
 memory a temple was erected. It is likewife the feat 
 of one of the feven Allatic churches, mentioned in the 
 Apocalypfe. In the eiu irons Iloman medals h.ave been 
 frequently found ; and near it are the remains of an an- 
 cient Roman circus, theatre, Sec. In the neighboin'- 
 hood a kind of earth is found, which being boiled with 
 oil makes excellent fbap. 
 
 Clazomenc 
 

 yy 
 
 
 i i| 
 
 i-jz A NI-AV, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPilV. 
 
 Cl.it'.omenc is fiaiaceil on t'le Ionian pcninfiila, about 
 twentv-cight ii,iL*s to the l'')iith-wfil of Smyrna. It v/iis 
 one ot' the tvsclvc ancient cities of Afia, and (imu'd as 
 the birth -"lace of Anaxaj: >nus. it is now callcv.! Urla, 
 or Voinla. It was a cicy ot importance in the time ot 
 tlie Romans, but is now a tielpicable village, anil better 
 known in t';e liillorian's page tor what it v\ as, than for 
 
 any tlii.ig v orth njticin*: in its pret'ent fiuiation. 
 
 When n\l\ Hall eat l\rr brafi. j when Time's Ih-ong 
 
 ' hand 
 Shall tin life to dull her niaible palaces, 
 TriiMiipiial arches, pillars, obeiilks; 
 VVlien Julius' temple, Claudius' a iiieJu,fls, 
 
 Agrippa'b baths, 
 
 ^omjiey's theatre. 
 
 Nay Rom" itielf, Iball not be found at all, 
 ' ililWi.iiis hooks lluil live.' 
 
 /E''ytlir.ca, !ikc the l.ifc mentioned place, was for- 
 merly a conliderabie city, but, by the liime kind oi' ia- 
 tiilicy, is nov.' dwindled to ,in incoiifiderahlc vill.ige. It 
 is on tl'.e loiii^iiiCMi't, between I'eo:. ami Cla/.oiiieiie. 
 
 Tcos, tl-;; birth-place of Anacreon, was anciently a 
 good lea-p'ort, but is now icarce ti.e Ihaiiow of what it 
 formerly > as. 
 
 Lebidrs, or Lebidos, is low a poor f'ea-}x)rt, near 
 the ifthmi's of th.e per.i.Miila, though it wa:, t.^rmerly one 
 of tlie t\>ilve capital cities of i^fia, ana was flin'.cd lor 
 the games of Dacciuis, which w.-re ccicbratcJ tnere. 
 
 About riiirty miles f;i:th of iiiiivrna is the city of Co- 
 Inphc.i, o.-.c ':f tliole which laid claim to the birth of 
 Ilnmcr. It '.lad a tcmpic ar.d an oracle, bu: at prefent 
 is \ery inccn.ldenible, 
 
 I plicfus is in 18 dcg. 16 min. north latitude, and 27 
 de;,'. 3 min. cart longitude. It lies about fifty miles 
 liiuJi of Smyrni, iwenty-tlucc of Miletus, ami fixty- 
 thrce from Laodicca, and was anciently tlie inctr(>polis 
 ofaU.Vfiai I'.phefus and Smyrna luving been termed 
 the e"cs of Alia Minor- buio''diis once 'plendid, opu- 
 lent, pnd m.ignilicent city, notliing lemains but about 
 ihirty hoiif.-s, inhabited by (Jreek I'amilies, wiio arc 
 niiierably poor, and (o e.\ceei.lin;»iy ignorant, that none 
 of them are abic • o read the admir.ibieep'ilic with which 
 St. Paul iionoi;rcd fntm. ll^ iirll b!nii,[) was Timo- 
 thy, whom St. I'aul appointed t.;dut niuiillration. St. 
 jolm ti- ij'.vangeiill: >..is burled he-e. Tiie Cirecks call 
 this city Li'efo, and die Turks h.ave rjivcn it the name 
 of Ajeialouch. 'I I'.trt are nia:n' noble ruins, particu- 
 larly of an aqueduct, a tiieatre, and .1 riiv.i;. '('he 
 celebrated pairiter ParrluGus, and d'.e weepi.ng philollj- 
 pher Heiaclitu::, were n.itives ot' this phce. The prin- 
 cipal ornam it of Lphefus w.is the celebr.:.ed teini)le 
 of Diana, 01. j ot the wonders of t^': worl('. It ua^ 
 built at ti'.e pj.-t of a 1110;. itain, and the head of a 
 marlh ; whic'.i lituat'on waicl ufen, as I'liny informs us, 
 becaale Itli. fub;^! to ea'-thrjUakes. Tour hundred )e:u-s 
 were Ipcnt m buiiding this wonderful tei.ip'le. It wa.s 
 405 tee: in leiigdi, and ioo in brcadrh, iupported by 
 117 pillars, 70 f(:et in Iwigiit, of ■vlucli ^7 were inolt 
 curioully ( arved, and :'•■ rcl'i admirably polilhed. 'Vhc 
 tnnple of Diana was buiiit by Eruflratus, thi-ougii no 
 other motive, ;is lie himle..' cor.fefied iijion the" rack, 
 than to eternize his nam.-. i his icmari^ablc ti.uifac- 
 tio.n happened die very day on which Ak\imkr the 
 ijieat WPS born, in tic yea; of the woild ;j6i8, and 
 3.- 'J before the birth of Cl.rilt. 'There is yet Handing a 
 cliurcli dei.lic;ted to St. John, wiiich w;u, eieC.leii by ;|ie 
 prin.i'.ive ChrilHans, but is at pulent converted into a 
 'T'Tkilh moKiue. 
 
 We riiall conclude this article with „ (luor.ition from 
 an ingciiii ..■ modern traveller. " The r.(>hcli,iiis are 
 now a k ,^ (;:cek pe.Uhnts living in i vtieme writched- 
 nel.s dcpcia.uice, lUid inlenliblliiy : tlie reiireleniaiives 
 of an iili'itrious j eop!>', anU inhabitin'f die \Mvck of 
 tlieir gre.;tnd:-i f( t;ie the lubiliaciioi,:,"ol' tile ai.iiious 
 cUiiice.s whicli they r.iil'cd, l<>me bciieadi the vaults ot' 
 ilie iiadiuin, once the crowded Icene of dieir diver- 
 lio.no, and Ibine h/ the abrupt precipices in tlie lepul- 
 
 ' 1^ 
 
 chres, which received their afhes. We employed two 
 ot them to pile flimes, to lerve inllead of a ladder, at 
 the arch of the lladium, and to clear a peiieftal of the 
 portico by the theatre from rubbilh. \Vc had occafion 
 for another to dig at tiie Corinthian temple, and lendi'ie 
 to the lladium, the whole tribe followed, one jjiayinx 
 all the w.iy before them on a rude lyre, and at times 
 I'.riking die tiiimding board witii the fingers of iiis left 
 l.:iiid, in concert with the firings ; one of them li.ul on 
 a pi'.ir of I'andals of goat-lkin, laced with thongs, and 
 not uncommon ; after gratilying tlieir curiolity they re- 
 turned bach as tiiey came, with their mulician in tioiu. 
 Such are the prelent citizei.s of T.iiheliis, and I'm h is the 
 condition to which that renowned city has been gratlua'iy 
 reduced. It was a ruinous place when the cnipe. )r 
 Jullinian filled Conllantinople with its rtatues, and railed 
 its church c " St. Sophia on its columns. Since then it 
 has been almofl exhaufted." And again, the lann- 
 author l.iys, " the glorious pomp of its headien worlh.in 
 is no longer remembered, and Chrifii.mity, which iviis 
 d'.ere milled by apolUes, and follercd by general conn . 
 cils, until it cncreafcd to liilneis of ftature, barely lin 
 geis on in an exilleni e liardly vilible." 
 
 Caria is bouikled by the Icarian fca on die fbuth and 
 well; by Ionia and the river Mcinder on the north; 
 and by Phrygia and I.yciaon the ealt: the principal 
 place is Miletus, or Miietum, which Hands on the ibuth 
 fide o the Meander, near the lt:a coalt. 
 
 1 here are Icarce ai y vefiigc kit of the an( ient ci:ii-s 
 of TIcraclea, I^ithinuin, Bergyiia, Mylallii, Amy ion, 
 Scratonice.ind Aliiida. 
 
 I Tilicarnailiis w.ts f irmerly the met-opolis of Caria, 
 and has been celebrated in iiiilory for the maulblcuin, or 
 tomb, built by queen Arteniifia, in honour 01' her hiil- 
 b.uid king Mauioleus, wiiicii was fi) noble a flructiirc 
 that tiie ancients deemctl it one of the wonders ot' the 
 world. Hence all tombs, which are remarkable, arc 
 called maulc.liiiins. 
 
 I'lie inhabitants of the country of Caria have bcf:i 
 eharaiiteriled by hillorians anil others writers, ancieiu 
 and modern, as pro|x'nli.- to vyar, fi'om whence it has 
 been inferred they were naturally led to invent and per- 
 fect iome of its appendages, liy them were introdiiccil 
 the lliajis of" bucklers, the plumes of lieinietb, and the 
 lin:.ll bo.its whicii t'le ancients called Ocrea*. 'The \ai- 
 lion for (ilunder appears to have been the only motive 
 diat induced them to abandon dieir country in order to 
 fell rlicir blood ;uul their valour. 
 
 The modern Carians ret.iin tlie charaifler of ti-xir 
 ancetlors, and the country tiiey Hill inhabit furnillHi \ 
 great number of foldiers. Part of them enter into the 
 (lay of the pachas of Alia Minor: the oditrs are cm- 
 ployed by diole agas, wiiol'e ambiticiii ever renders tluir 
 lerviccs r.vceliary, and who, in tlie precarious itHJe- 
 pendeiicy tiiey ufurp, are comiiclktl to admit as p>artni-ri 
 in their extortions J.e ferocious bands diat fecure ihem 
 the means of continuing them. They often clwivdi' 
 dieir mailers, and even boait of never conlulting .ny 
 interefl but their own. 'The chiefs, of whole greatnds 
 tiiey are liicli indil'pen fable liipporters, are obliged 10 
 make ati adequate acknowledgement of their fervid-, 
 and never did one of' tliele ul'urpers form the idtaoi 
 telling the tiipjjorters of nis authority, or of Ipcculatin;} 
 on the blood of his liib,ects, and revelling in die pic .- 
 fores that were [laid for by their llaughter in ano''.-.r 
 licmifphere. 
 
 i he Larian foldiers wear a black turban, the lha]>- 
 and colour of wiiieh form the diflinttions of rank. 'I In* 
 women wear a long robe with a falli. 'Their he.id divls 
 and hair aie oriianienicd witli a kind of beiuls, as aio 
 allii their necks, tiom whicii they wear beads peiKl.iiit 
 below the fall). 
 
 Mindiis ii a f<-a-port on the Jalic bay, about twclvi 
 miles tlijiu 1 lidicainaHiis. 'The 'Tuiks eall it Mtni> 
 It is at pre lent the chief town in thcli' puts, and the '^ 
 lideiice ol a I'uikilli langiac. Ancicr.tly it was but .1 
 llii.di tiA^'ii i yet the g.ites being uncommonly luuiptii 
 ous and large, Diogenes, h. ridicule of the vanity "i 
 
 pcrb edifices. 
 
 ^V~ 
 
GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 hcs. VVt employed two 
 
 re inllfaci of a ladik'r, at 
 to dear a pcdcftal of the 
 ibilli. Wc hiui occafion 
 ihian tciiipli*, and I'cndi'ig 
 be (oliowtd, one piayiiii> 
 
 nulc lyre, and at tiiiics 
 nth tlie fingers of liis lett 
 gs i one of them had on 
 n, laced witli tliongs, and 
 n^; tlieir tiniofity they re- 
 itli tlitir mufician in llop.t. 
 f Kjiliefus, and Kk li ii the 
 ned ( ity has been grailuaiy 
 
 place when the cnipe, ir 
 
 with itb Itatues, and raifed 
 ts columns. Since then it 
 ' And again, the tame 
 )mp of its heatlien worlhip 
 ul Ciirifiianity, which vvus ' 
 1 follercd by general coun ■ 
 neis of ftiuure, barely lin 
 
 vifible." 
 
 :arian fca on die Ibuth and 
 er Meander on the nortii ; 
 on the call: the principal 
 I, which (lands on the foiith 
 lie lea coalt. 
 
 gci left of the anrient cirifs 
 rj^'lia, Mylalla, Amvioii, 
 
 A S I A.] 
 
 TURKEY IN ASIA. 
 
 '73 
 
 ■oiintry of Caria iiave been 
 and others wriccrs, ancieiH 
 ) war, froin whence it lias 
 rally led to invent and per- 
 By them were introduced 
 liimes of iieimetb, and the 
 ts e;',iieil OereiU. The yai- 
 liave been tlif only motive 
 DU dieir country in order to 
 )ur. 
 
 t.iiii llic character of tr.eir 
 tiiey Uill inhabit t'urnill-.es a 
 I'art of them enter into tlic 
 vlinor: the otlicrs are eni- 
 
 ambition ever renders their 
 n, in ih.e precarious inde 
 mpelkd to admit as p>artiieri 
 ous bands diat fcciire ilieni 
 \em. 'I'iiey often clisn.:;e 
 ail of never conlulting .u.y 
 e chiefs, of whole greatmls 
 
 fujiporters, are obliged lo 
 edgement of their lervite , 
 ■ ufurpers form the ideaoi 
 authority, ci of fpcculatin;! 
 s, and revelling in die plc- 
 jy their llaughter in anoi'/.r 
 
 ir a blaclc turban, the flia|x" 
 e dilUniitions of rank. 'I he 
 
 ith a I'alli. Their head divl'. 
 
 ith A kiuil of beads, as an' 
 I they wear beads |)enduiit 
 
 1 the Jalic bay, about twel.. 
 
 I'heTuikscill it M<iii> 
 
 .vn in theli- puts, and the u 
 
 ac. Ancier.rly it was but .i 
 
 being uncommonly lumiitu 
 
 'i, ridicule of the vanity "! 
 
 I lie 
 
 the inhabitants told them to take care tliat their little city 
 did not run away through its own gates. 
 
 l.ydia, or Msonia, is bounded on eafl by Phry- 
 gia, on the well by the Archi[!ela'>;o, on the north by 
 Myfia, and on the fouth by Caria. It was anciently 
 called Mionia, and was once the kingdom of the cele- 
 brated Cra'liis. It is a Hne terrile country, biing wa- 
 tered by the Caicus, Heymcn, Cayiler, Meander, and 
 the Pailoius, fo celebrated by the ancient poets for its 
 iiuul of gold. Tmolus, famed tor its wine and faf- 
 I'ron, is the principal mountain in this country. At 
 prclent the indoleat Turks fufi^er this fine country to be 
 ove!-run with brambles, and lie entirely uncultivated. 
 The chief places are, 
 
 Sardis, formerly the metrop)lis of l.ydia, and the 
 feat of the rich king Crocliis, L now a very inconfider- 
 amc village, feated on tiie hanks of liic i'aitolus, at 
 tliC iiiot of mount Tmolus. It is about t,)rty-eight miles 
 eail of Smyrna, and only inhabited by liicpherils. Jt, 
 however, contains a l.irge caravanfera tiir the accommo- 
 ibti:)n of travellers and caravans, who ['.ilL through it 
 from Smyrna and Aleppo in their way to Per a. 1 he 
 magnificent ruins dut ate flill viiibic give, however, 
 an idea of Is ancient fplcndour to tiie oeliolder. It 
 had one of the Uven Afiatic churches. 
 
 Philadelphia lud another of tlie feven churches, was 
 formerly a very populous city, and is flill a tolerable 
 town, containing about 7000 inhabitants, who .ire prin- 
 cipally Greeks. It is hiled with the ruins of m.4ny lu- 
 
 pcrb edifices. Here are four churches ; 
 
 the 
 
 are 
 the 
 
 neighbouring country is very fertile, provifions 
 pretty |)ienty. The Turks call it Alla-Scheur, or 
 City of (j(xl. 
 
 Thyatirn, or, as the Turks call it, Akilhar, hail 
 another of the feven churches. It fiantls ujion the 
 banks of the Hermus, on the confines of Myfia, about 
 t\vemy-fi.\ miles nortli from Sardis, and fit:y-lix north- 
 ern t of Smyrna. The ht^ufes are low and nir.;n, being 
 Iriilt with mud and turf. It contains atioiit 500 inha- 
 biiants, who arc chiefly Turks. I'ne only u,.inutadure 
 is that of cotton. The neighbouring plains are t'ull of 
 ct ttnn trees and tamarifks-. 
 
 Magnefia, or Siphylum, as it has been called to dif- 
 ting'iifh it from that of' Ionia, or Siizletallar. as the 
 Turks name it, was anciently a city , of great opulence 
 and importance, plealantly fituated .it the toot of 
 mount Siphylus, about Icventy miles loudi-eall of 
 ■Smyrna. The walls are in tolerable j>ierei%.\tion. The 
 inhabitants are compot'eil of Turks ami Jews, the lat- 
 ter having three fynagogues. It is now but a linall 
 tnuiing town, having a manulai^lure of cotton yarn. 
 
 I'ripoli is litiiated on the frontiers ol this province 
 towanis Caria, and the river Meander. It has fallen 
 fioni its ancient fplendour. The Turks call it Koenikoi. 
 
 DingililUy is a handlbme tr.iding town, well peopled 
 with lurks, fituated at about Icventy miles ddlaiice 
 from die mouth of the Mc.ider. 
 
 With rcfpeCl to the ancient cities of Tralles, or 
 Traliis, 1 liero-C:; faiea, Narraiii, /I'.gria, Jnvis-Ta- 
 num, and Laodicca, there are fcarce any ve'.iiges left, 
 except of the latter, which was aivjble city, ;iiid had one 
 of die feven churches. The ruins diat arc vifible are of 
 a circus, and three theatres of white marble, which are 
 almoll entire. The place is, however, uninhabited. 
 
 Phrygia Majfjr is bounded on die north by Bithynia, 
 on the louth by Pamphylia, on the well by Myfia, and 
 on tne eall by Galatia. It is watered liy tlie rivers 
 Mermus, Meanilcr, Marlias, and Sangariu', and 
 wouki, with proper cultivation, be exceedingly fruitfiil. 
 Tiie I'urks call this counf.y Genman. The remarkable 
 places are, 
 
 Cotyitum, or Kutahi.i, as the Turks call it, which 
 llanils on the river .Sangar, about lijveniv three miles 
 l')iith-ea(l of Burfii. It was anciently a verv conliiler- 
 able city, and is flill aveiy tlnurillung populous town. 
 It is at piefei.t the feat of a beglei berg, and was former- 
 ly the place of relidencc of the Turkifh fovereigiis, 
 prior tu the t;iking of Conllaiitiuoi le. 
 No. 16. 
 
 Midcum, or Mid^um, was anciently the regal feat 
 of the celebrated king Midas, of whom it is recorded, 
 that when lie w.as a child, a fwarm of ants were ob- 
 ferved very bufy one day, while he was alleep, in con- 
 veying their flores of wiieat into his mouth, whereupon 
 the oracle being confuked, returned anfwer, diat im- 
 inenle riches were prcfaged by that omen. The pre- 
 didion was fiilhlled, for he was accounted by ancienJ 
 authors one of the richefl princes that ever reigned. 
 Strabo tells us that he drew immtnfc fuins fnm; the 
 mines of mount Bermius. The fable of Midas's hav- 
 ing alTes ears originated from his being of a very fufpi- 
 ci'ius temper, and em|)k)ying many fpies in different 
 parts of his dominions, by which means fcarce any 
 tranl'adicns could be concealed from his knowledge. 
 This induced liis fub'ctls to fay metaphorically that he 
 hail long e.irs ; and as afles aic faid to be endowcfd witli 
 the lenlc of hearing in a greater degree of perfiiiflion 
 than iuiy other .mimals, they liKewifc laid he had afles 
 ears : but wiiat was fpoken metaphorically came at 
 lall to be vulgarly imagined aiitift. His v,i:\\ to be able 
 to change every thing he touched into golil, tiie grant 
 of that v.ilh, and tne conltrquent punilhment whicll 
 was that even i.is food became gokl, and lie was in 
 danger of being llarved, by having die completion of 
 his willi, are all likewil'e metaphors, and idluded to his 
 avaricious temper, which was never to be gratified 
 witli the heaps of riches he polfefled, but always craving 
 for more, and aiming to turn all lie could into money. 
 We may well fay widi the jxiet. 
 
 ' Fond men, by pafTions wilfully betray'd, 
 
 ' Adore thole i.kiis which their fancy made : 
 
 ' Purchafing riches widi our tiniv: and care, 
 
 ' We lole our fieedoin in a i-ilded Ihaie : 
 
 - - 
 
 ' And having all, all to ourlelves rcfiile ; 
 ' Opprels'd witn biellings which we fear to lofe. 
 ' In vain our fiekls and flocks increafe our flore, 
 ' If our abundance makes us villi for more.' 
 
 The ancient geograpijers placed Mideum near the 
 porth-eall limits uf Phrygia, en die river Sangarlus ; 
 but there are no velliges of it to be teen. 
 
 Goreiium was once the refiiience of Gordius, king 
 of i'lirygia, celebrated for having tied the famous knot 
 in the temple of Apollo, which was known by the name 
 of the dordiaii Knot. Alexander the Great afterwards, 
 not being able to unne ir, cut it with his fword. 
 
 Cololle, Cokiiliis, or Chonos, w;is fituated on die 
 fouili-lide of the river Meander. St. Paul's epitlle to 
 die Colollhuis was addrellc-d to die inhabitants of diis 
 city. 
 
 Of the three kill mentioned cities, as well as Hiera- 
 polis, Smyraila, Kucarpia, Prymnelias Tiberiopolis, 
 1 lipios, &c.' Icarce ;.ny traces are now to be fouiul, 
 except the hot tjirinj , and the fupeib ruins of Miera- 
 polis. 
 
 A[)amca was once one of the moil conliderable cities 
 in Alia, but is now e(iiite run to ilecay. It was fituated 
 on the river Meander, a little above where M'.rcias 
 f.ilis into it, and arofe out of the ruins of die ancient 
 Celene, whole inhabitants were trantplanted inti) it by 
 Seleiicus, who named it after his wile Apamea. 
 
 Galatia, called by the Turks Chiagare at prelent^ is 
 bounded on the nortli by Pauhl.igoni ■., on tiie liiutli by 
 Pamphilia, on the call by Cappadocia, and on the well 
 by I'hrygia Major. It n ceivdi its name from a colony 
 of Gauls, who palled through Greece wito Alia, and 
 fettled in it. A great number of Gieeks afterwards 
 mingled with them, whence it was called Gallo-C>r;ecia. 
 It wiis always a line fertile country, tuid formerly it 
 was well cultiv.iteii, but at preient lies neglected like 
 other places, dirough Turkilli indolence. I'he inliabi- 
 tiuiis were among the primitive Clirillians, as appears 
 by St. Paul's epillk to them. 
 
 Aiicyra, or as tlie Turks call it, Angouri, or An- 
 gora, is in {o deg. north latitude, and 32 deg. 58 min. 
 call iongituvic, 250 miles eail of Smyrna. It is die reli- 
 X X denae 
 
 f. : ■'^:> 
 
 i .„» ■vrattji 
 
 ,»!»;,* lire- tif-ili 
 
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 »74 
 
 dencc of a langiac, ;ind a very populous trading place. 
 The inhabitants arc elliniatcd 40,000 Turks, 5000 
 Armenians, and 1000 Giccks. The chii-fmanufadurc 
 is camblets. The evidences of its primitive gran- 
 deur are innumerable, the llreets, piazzius, &c. being 
 full of Ibucly remains, columns, itc. of the finell 
 marble, porpliyry, red jaiper, and other beautiful ftones, 
 elegantly wrouuht. 'i'he modern buildings, however, 
 are mean, low, and formed only of mud and turf. A 
 tj;reat variety of' inlcriptioris, in leveral languages, ap- 
 ])ear ujim the gates. In th' tallk is an ancient Arme- 
 nian church, built laoo years ago. It lias only one 
 window, wliich has its vacancy filled by a tranfparcnt 
 marble, through which t!;e liglit penetrates into the 
 church, but receives a rediiilh tinge from the nature of 
 t!v rtone. 'I'his city was once an arciibilhop's fee. 
 The :licep bred here are lome of the fined, and the 
 goats tl-.c moll beautiful in the iiniverie ; the hair of the 
 latte; being of a dazzling wliitenef's, and as tine ?5 filk. 
 It is curled naturally into locks of eight or nirj inches 
 long, wiiich make the lined camblets. Th.s hair is 
 fpun in the countr}', ami manutaflured at Angora, 
 'i'hele goats are only to be feen within a few miles of 
 the city, as tiie breed degenerates it" they a> _■ carried 
 further. 
 
 Bolli is the metropolis of a province, a.id the refi- 
 ilence of ore of the fifteen fangiacs under the begler- 
 berg i,f Anatoli;i Proper. 'I'he other places are An- 
 dres, lituated a little to the call of Ancyra : Thenna, 
 I'o called from its hot baths : Germ.itle, fbrmeily Ger- 
 mia, on the .Sangarius : Opifium, a dirty ill built town, 
 which receives its name from the opium made in and 
 about it, its environs being covered with poppies, from 
 V, hichtiie Turks extract their opium. 
 
 The ancient cities of Tabia, Cinna, Afpona, Rega- 
 ualia, Pifnuus, Heliopolis, Regemnenis, Merecium, 
 i'elinefus, Clancas, Alorium, Regetnocaile, Myraci- 
 um, Eudoxius, and .*\morium, are eitlier totally in 
 ruins, or tlwintlled to fuch trifling villages as Itarce to 
 deler\-e mentioiii.ig. 
 
 Pontus and Paphlagonia nre contiguous, both lying 
 to the north of Galatia, and being divided from Cappa- 
 docia on th.e eall by the river 1 lalys, and on the well: 
 iiy Metapontus. 
 
 Paphlagonia was anciently inhabited by die Heneti, 
 or Veneci, from whom the Venetians are delirended. 
 I'he Turks call this country Pcniler ; the principal 
 placi."s ot' which are, 
 
 Ileraclca Ponti, which, like many of the befiire- 
 mentioned cities in die Turkilli tlominions, was former- 
 ly a very important, but at prelc-nt a very inconfidera- 
 blc pl.u\.'. It lland^ on the Euxine Se.i, on the ruins of 
 the ancient 1 ler.iclea. It was or^ce celebrated tor l:eing 
 the relideiice of the Commeni family, die t()i.nders of 
 the Trcbi/.oude emnire. 'I he houlis are fiuall, mean, 
 and ill built; but tlie gate-, towers, walls, &c. con- 
 tain many fi-agmcnts of the gr.uideur of the ancient city. 
 The links call it Penderachi. 
 
 Claudianopolis, about thirty-five miles fouth of Ile- 
 raclea, is a very liT.all town, though once it was an 
 epilcopal lee. 
 
 Amallris, lituated at the mouth of the river Partlie- 
 iiius, calleil by tlie Turks Ai'iattro, is now a very ob- 
 Icure mean town, thoui'h anciently an import.uit lea- 
 port. 
 
 ■Teuthra:u;a, now 'Tripoli, is Hill a good town, on a 
 b.iy of the Euxine .Sea: but it mult be oblerved, that 
 there is a town of the fame name in Anatolia, fituated 
 on the Meander (exclulive of Tripoli in Barbar>'.) 
 
 The following cities, though formerly confiderable, 
 are nnw either totally deferteil, or nearly in ruins : and 
 in their prelent decayed Hate, are too inlignilicant to 
 have ariy thing laid about them, excejit the bare men- 
 tion ot their names, which are Amaliis, now Amid: 
 Gangara, now Zagyra* Junopolis, now Cinopolis : 
 and I'omi)eiopolis, orCimolis. 
 
 'The mod conhderable city in this part is Sinopc, 
 which W.IS anciently the metropolis of die kingdom of 
 
 Pontus, and the birth and bunal place of the celebr.ntiJ. 
 king Mithriilates. It is at prefcnt a good trading tonn, 
 being in 41 ileg. i\ niin. nordi latitude, and 34 dc.;. 
 5j min. eall longitude. In Strabo's time molt of the 
 dately walls, edifices, and the callle were dandio!-. 
 'The walls which n av furrounil it were built by the 
 Gieek emperors. They have ilouble ramparts, and 
 arc flanked witli pentagonal and triangular towers. On 
 the land tide, however, it is conimandetl by eminences 
 which would gre.itly expole it to the enemy : but by k-a 
 it would, re. [ui re two fleets to befiege it. 'The callle is 
 now nin to ruin; and there are but few janiifaries in it; 
 yet the 'Turks are fo jealous of it, that they futfer nc 
 Jews to live in it, and confine the Greeks to a cert.i 
 tliberb. Mere is a profitable dlhery, and a great dc.il 
 of trade carried on. Many magnificent antique re- 
 mains are to be feen; and the new buildings are inter- 
 mixed with innumerable noble ti-agmencs of the old. 
 The water is excellent, and the country fertile, abound- 
 ing with walnut, olive, and m.'.ple trees, and a line lire 
 ot wormwooii. Diogenes the celebrateil cynic pliilulu- 
 pher, was a naJve of this place. 
 
 'The honourable J. /Egidiiis Viin Egmont, envoy ex- 
 traordinary from tlie United Provinces t) the court of 
 Naples, in reciting his travels through Anatolia, liiys, 
 " In the country ;ire gre;'.t numbers of dorks, whicii 
 ali'ord die inhabitants an odd kind of diverlion. 'They 
 place hen eggs in the Itork's iiell; and when the young 
 are hatched, the m;ile, on feeing diem of a different 
 form from its own Ipecies, make a hideous noife, which 
 calls together a crowd of other dorks hovering about t! 
 ned, and who, to revenge tlic ililgrace that die teinao 
 li:'.s in appearance brought on her neli, dedroy her, by 
 pecking her to de.uh : the male in the mean time mak- 
 ing the lieavielt lament.uion, as if bewailing his nusf()r- 
 tiine, wiiich obliged him to have recourle to liicli dila- 
 greeable li: verities. 
 
 " I lere I alio liiw the creature called Cameleon. It 
 w:ui found among the ruins of old Smyrna callle. The 
 creature was pretty large, and I law it change its colour 
 three li;veral times, becoming black, white, ant! green. 
 It was placed on a piece of red clodi, ajid often turned, 
 but never alTumed that hue. Whctiier the creature 
 was too large, and tlie fmall'.-r only imitate this colour, 
 or tiom any other reafons, is beyond my philoliiphy to 
 determine. \Vith regard to its fciod during the eight 
 tlays it lived with us, 1 dkl nut oblerve it to eat any 
 thing except fmall flies, which it c.uight in the .lir with 
 
 S E C T I O N XII. 
 
 A M A S I A. 
 
 I'lS province of the 'Turkidi empire is bounded 
 on the north by the I'.uxine Sea, on the liiuth hv 
 Carmania .ind .ALululia, on the eall by Armenia, and 
 on the well by Anatolia Proper. It is governed by a 
 beglerberg. 
 
 The capital of the province, and the refidence of the 
 begkrberg, is the city of Amalia, which the Turks c.ill 
 Amn. I. It is jibout fixty miles tiom die Euxine ,Se.i, 
 and foKy e.ill of I'ocat, fituated on the river Iris, or 
 C'alalmach, as it is now called. 'Though the city ittelt 
 is large, the commerte is inconliderable. 'The river, 
 however, is navigable for lliips of great burdien, up to 
 the town iilelf On a mountain to the call diere is a 
 llrong callle, and a wooden biiilge over the river. Se- 
 lim the tirlt emjieror of the Turks, and Strabo, the 
 celebrated ancient philotiipher was born here. Their 
 are only two iarav.uiferas at prelent in this city. The 
 magnilicent tragments of antR]uity, which are lliiind ii 
 and about this city, evidently prove that it wiis formerly 
 a place ot great beauty and importance. 
 
 I.erio, or, as it was anciently calletl, 'I'heinili.'yra, 
 was one of the llronged and mod important cities ot 
 Pontus, though at Drelcnt but a trifling place. It is 
 fituated on die fea-' oad, near the mouth of die river 
 
 'Tliermod.in, 
 
 T 
 
r.I.OGUAlMIY. 
 
 il place of the celtbrata! 
 li-nt a good trailing town, 
 id) latitiiilL-, aixl j-t (k:;. 
 trabo's time molt of the 
 ic calHc were llandini;. 
 nil it were built by the 
 e double rainpaits, ami 
 id triangular towers. On 
 :onimanded by eminences 
 to tlie enemy : but by lea 
 befiege it. The ciltle is 
 e but tew janiilaries in it ; 
 of it, that they fuffer w 
 e the Greeks to a cert.i 
 e rtlhery, and a great ili.il 
 magniticent antique re- 
 new buiklings are inttr- 
 bk fragments of the oki. 
 le country fertile, abound - 
 aple trees, and a fine lore 
 celebrated cynic philoio- 
 
 V'an Kgmont, envoy ex- 
 Provinces to the court of 
 s through Anatolia, lays, 
 numbers of rtorks, whim 
 kind of diverfion. 'I'iiey 
 iicl^ i and when the young 
 eing tlieni of a different 
 ike a hideous noife, v.hicli 
 r iVorks hovering aboutt! 
 e ilifgrace that the tirm i i 
 1 her nell, ileilroy her, by 
 i!c in die mean time mak- 
 a.s if bewailing his misfui- 
 lavc recourle to fuch dilii- 
 
 iture called Cameleon. It 
 Id Smyrna callle. The 
 1 I faw it change its colour 
 ; black, white, and irreen. 
 -'d clodi, aiid olten turned, 
 •. Whether die creature 
 ';r only imitate this colour, 
 , beyond my philoliiphy lo 
 its food during the eight 
 lot obferve it to eat any 
 :h it caught in the air with 
 
 • N XII. 
 
 S I A. 
 
 mkini empire is bounded 
 uxinc Sea, on the li>utli by 
 the call by Armenia, and 
 per. It is governed by a 
 
 e, and the refidence of the 
 lafia, which the Turks c.il) 
 iiiles from the Kuxine Sea, 
 ated on the river Iris, or 
 d. Though the city ittelf 
 nconfiderable. The river, 
 [IS of great bunlien, up to 
 rain to die ealf there is a 
 iiiilge over the river. Se- 
 ■ Turks, and Strabo, die 
 T vj.^s born here. 1 lure 
 [irelent in this lity. ITif 
 tiquity, which are found i'l 
 [irove diat it was formerly 
 nportanee. 
 
 ently ca'led, "i'liemilin'ra, 
 d moll imjiortant cities of 
 nir a trifling place. It is 
 r the mouth ot the river 
 Thermodaii, 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 TURKEY IN ASIA. 
 
 »73 
 
 Thermodan, about 6o piiles to th.c north-eafl of A- 
 mafia. 
 
 Coma.ia, or I'ontica, was formerly a great city, but 
 is now nly a mean ftraggling village. It is about forty 
 miles ii-om Aniafia, lituated upon the Iris, or Cal'al- 
 mail . 
 
 Si.vas, which authors imagine to be the ancient S^- 
 balle, i^ a -■nail fcattered village, fituatcd about fifty- 
 tivc miles fouth of Tocat, and leventy- live Ibuth-iMft 
 of Ainalia ; yet mean as it 'is, a balia, fuperior to that 
 of Tocat, refidcs here, and an aga with a tew janiftaries 
 under his command. 
 
 Phamacia is about forty-four miles weft of Trcbi- 
 zonde, and fituated near the coafV of the Kuxine Sea : 
 the Turks call it Kerilliii. It is a large populous town, 
 but its harbour is ot.ly lit to receive thofe fm ili vellels 
 called faies. It is geierally imagined to be the .liitient 
 Cerafunta, andis fuppifed to have been lo denominated 
 on account of the great .".umber of cherry trees which 
 grow in its environs. 
 
 Trebizonde, Trapezinde, Trabezonde, or, as the 
 T'nki call u, Taraboy.in, is fituated in the antient 
 Pontiis Cappaiiocia, on the "^aflern parts of A;..,.Iia, at 
 the f(X)t ot a hill, it is a ki;'d of peni.i.iiila running 
 into die fc'.uxine .Sea. It lies in 4 1 deg. ,5 min. north 
 lat. and 39 deg. 2i min. i .it long, at about iK miles 
 dilfance from l"ocat. This city was anriently very 
 important from being the metropolis of the Trebizonde 
 empire. It i.s flill a place of great trade, and is laid 
 to have contained 20, 00 inhabitants prior to the year 
 1617, when it was burnt by the RulFians: fincc that 
 period it hath been but diiuly peripKi , though a Tur- 
 kiih bafi'a and a (iieek archbilliop relide in it. The 
 houfes arc mean, and ill buik. The caftle is large and 
 built on a rock, out of which the furrounding ditches 
 are cut. The harbour is in a very bad condition, and 
 will only admit fmall I'urkilh ba. ks. l"he city is in 
 the form of an oblong iquare, anil lieriveil its name 
 from Trapcfus, .1 table, from whence we likewife have 
 the word Trapt-ium, a geometrical term for an oblong 
 Iqiiare, whole angles and fides are conlequently un- 
 equal. The walls are high anil UroUiT, detlnded by 
 towers, battlements, &c. It is celebrated in hilhiry 
 for having been the birth-place of many eminent men, 
 and more lb on account of the martyrdom of 40 Cliri- 
 llian foklicrs, who were thrown into a frozen lake in 
 the neighbourhood, by order of Licinus. The envi- 
 rons, diough litde cultivated, are very fertile; the 
 neighbouring mountains are covered with flately woods 
 of various trees, fuch as oaks, elms, beech, &c. which 
 are of an allonilliing height, and the whole liice of the 
 country fbrms an agreeable landfcape. The iinelt fo- 
 n-ft lies about 2-, miles Ibuth of the city, in the midlf 
 ot which Ihinds r'le famous convent of St. John, all 
 built ol woihI, upon a high rock, anil furrounileil by 
 one of die moll romantic wiklernelTes in die univcrfe. 
 t\ great deal of rock-honey is found in the neighbour- 
 hooil of this city, which is k) very lufcious as to render 
 eating much of it dangerous. Tournefbrt alcribes this 
 rich quality to the nature o(" the flowers from which 
 the bee extrads it. In the city the gardens and groves 
 arc as numerous as die hoults ; but the fuburbs, which 
 are inhabited by (.1 reeks and i\rmenians, are both ex- 
 lenfive and more po]nilous than th.e city itfelf. 
 
 The emj)ire of Trebizonde was fbur.deil much about 
 the time of that of Nice, by David and Alexicus Com- 
 meni, who were the grandlons of the tyrant yXndroni- 
 cus. I laving elcapeJ from Conflantinople, they feized 
 upon the e.allern parts of I'ontus, Cialatia and Cappa- 
 docia, mid erected the whole into an emuirc, which 
 was fiiundcd in 1204, and continued about •^58 years. 
 But in 1461* MahouKrt, furnamed the Great, conquered 
 the whole, and having put to death all die remains 
 ot the Commeni liimily, added it to the Turkifli em- 
 pire. Thus Hates rili' and fiill, their greatnefs being 
 only the jMefage of ti.eir iliiroluti;)n. 
 
 vVhcn empire in its childhood hrfl: appears, 
 
 A «acciiful (ate o'crlues its tender years j 
 
 Till grown more ftrong, it thrufts and ftrctchei out, 
 
 Ami elbows all the kingdoms round aboutj 
 
 The i-l.ice dius made for its bill breathing free. 
 
 It moves again for eafe .md hixury ; 
 
 Tiil, fwclling by degrees, it has pMlFelVd 
 
 The gi cuer ijiace, and now crowds up the rell ; 
 
 When, from behind, there ftarr<^ ("-me petty ftate. 
 
 And [niflies on it.s now unwiekly fate; 
 
 Then down die [recipice of time it goes. 
 
 And finks in minutes what in ..'ges role. 
 
 Tocat, or NcocrcHirca, was .antiendy tlie metropolis 
 of Pontus Polcmoniacus. It lies in 39 deg. 4^ min. 
 nordi lat. and 30 deg, 58 min. eaO- k)ng. and, bcfides 
 being the refidence of die be.<,ierberg of the province, 
 is a conliderable dioroughfiue lor the car.:vans to Sinyr- 
 na. It Hands partly at tiic fiot, and partly on the lides 
 ot two very high hill'., on die river Tolimlu, which is 
 fupiwled to be the I.upis of Pliny, that iiills into the 
 Ins fome miles below I'ocat: both rivers frequendy 
 fwell and overflow die count;-,. The town is luge, 
 llrong I'.iKl well buik, in the foim of an amphitheatre : 
 on tlie tops of two marble nxks are two old caltles. 
 P'.very lioule has a fijuntaiu of frelii water in it, as the 
 rocks abound with fine fprings. Yet, though water is 
 fo ])Ientiful, the town was ileltioyed by tire in tlie begin- 
 ning of the prefent century, and many eminent iner- 
 cliants were thereby tot.diy ruined. It ibon, however, 
 recovered dirough the excellency of its fituation, and 
 is now deemed the center of Aliatic commerce: the 
 caravans come from DiarbiL in i8 days : diofe of To- 
 cat go to oinope in fix day>, and to Pri'.la in lO; bun 
 fuch as go diredlly to Smyin.i, widiout pafTing thn)U<;ri 
 Prufa or Angora, take up about forty days with ca- 
 mels, or twenty-feven with mules. The environs arc 
 very fertile, ibme excellc'it plants are prodiiced, and 
 curious tbinis found, particularly many fubterraneous 
 vegetations of admirable beauty. Tike our flints they 
 arc cndofed in matrices, which, when biuken, difplay 
 lome ot the finell cryltallizations imagin.ible ; fome are 
 like petrified mother of pearl, and others appear like 
 candied lemon and orange-peel. This city is governed 
 by a cadi, a vayvode, and a janifiary aga. I'he gar- 
 rifon confifls of about 1000 janiflaries and fpaliis, and 
 the city and fuburbs are fuppofed to contain 20,000 
 Turkilh, 4000 Arminian, and about 500 Greek fa- 
 milies. It h.is twelve mofques with mi^arets, .and many 
 without ; teven Armenian churches, and one Greek 
 chapel. Previous to the before-mentioned tire it con- 
 tained twelve Chriftian churches, one of which was ar- 
 chiepifcopal. Here were likewile two monalleries and 
 two nunneries. 'I'lie maiifaiftures arc filk, leather, 
 red linen, and copper worked into a variety of Lten- 
 liN. About two miles from the town are two Im.iII 
 rooms cut out of the folid rock, and held in great ve- 
 tieration by the Chriftians, who fuppole it to have been 
 the retreat of St. Chrylblloin, during the time of his 
 exile. 
 
 It may not be improper to obferve, that Amafia con- 
 tains the whole or the principal part of the antient pro- 
 vini ts of Pontus CappadociiC, Pontus Polcmoniacus, 
 and Pontus Galadcus. 
 
 SECTION XIII. 
 
 A 1. A D U L I A. 
 
 THIS divifion of Afia Minor is a countr/ unfit for 
 the purpoles of agriculture, being rough and 
 hilly i but It abounds in excellent palbires, and pro- 
 duces abumiance of admirable (ruit wines and cattle, 
 particularly liorles and camels, bclides v;.ll; herds of 
 goats and Iheep, venifon, all kinds of j^uiie, &rc. The 
 mountains contain lilve., copper, iron, .ilum, 6cc. 
 
 'The province is divided into four fangi.-cfhips, which 
 are again fulxliviikd into zarinets and timaiiots. 'The 
 plundering banditti, or fiee-booters, are very trouble- 
 Ibnie ill diis countr;. . The printip.il pl.tces are, 
 
 Cailiir, 
 
 I ? ley 
 1 i ,1? 
 
 m 
 
 I ^;r 
 
 •■ • '■ 'hi 
 
 i IV 
 
176 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 
 fm^ 
 
 
 '4 
 
 Caitar, the aiitient Cxlaiii : it is a large town nn 
 tlic b.'.nks ut" th^' Milas, near luoiiiu iVrgotus, and near 
 70 miles well ot Secias. The walls are ftrong, and 
 il.inkcd with tDwers, and the calUe is in the center ot 
 the city. Tiic bc/ar is hiindronie, and well fumilhed 
 with ail forts ot' me.chandize : the houlls in its neigh- 
 bourhood are built either in the t'orin ot' a tower \vith a 
 cii['.ola, cr tliey relemble a fugar-loat". The city is 
 well t'upi'.lied with water from the river j and tlieir prin- 
 cipal trade is in cotton. 
 
 Malathi.ih, at the confluence of the Euphrates and 
 Ari'u, wai anciently called Melitene. It is in 38 deg. 
 ai inin. north lat. and 38 deg. 56 niin. e.xft long, it 
 v^as t'ornierly the leat of tlie Ottoman princes, and now ot 
 a (jieek aichbilliop. It is tiiil a coniiderable town, anil 
 well inhabited. 
 
 Mars, or Marafch, is a large well built city in the 
 foudi-call boundaries of the _)rovince. It is lituateil on 
 a fmall river, which falls into tiie I'.uphrates about 80 
 miles to die I'outiuvard of 1 ivbizonde : it is a place of 
 Ibme commerce, and the refidence of a baffa. 
 
 Anciently there were many line cities in this country, 
 fuch as Tyana, Nyll'a, Nazianzuni, iv:c. whicii at pre- 
 fent are either heaps of ruiiis, or liich mean villages as 
 not to merit the leaft mention. Among the eminent 
 men who were born in this province, the foremott upon 
 the lifl: are Paufanias, the Greek hillorian, tiie two 
 Grcgories of Nagianzen, St. Bafil, and St. George the 
 patr<m of England, of whom we lliall Ipeak a tew words. 
 St. (jeorgc was Lx;rn in the latter end of the third cen- 
 tuiy, of Chrilli.in parents. He ferved in the army of 
 the emperor Dioclclian with great reputation tor tome 
 time, when that monarcii relblving on a perlecution of 
 the ClirilKians, and being unable to win over St. George 
 to I'aganiiin, he ordered him to be put to the torture, 
 which not ihaking his conllancy, he was beheaded by 
 the command of that tyrant, on the 23th of April, A. I). 
 290. St. (iecrge King reprefentcd on iiorfeback, and 
 tilting at a dr.igon, is only an emblematical figure, im- 
 plying, that he conquered die devil by liis tiiidi and 
 Chriltian fortitude. Several churclies have been dedi- 
 cated to ul;:.. taint. The noble order of tlic garter was 
 fo-inded in honour of him; and the a3d of \pril is Hill 
 obferved in commemoration o'l his piar yrdom ; his 
 blamelcfs lite, and unmerited death, having t<:cured to 
 him a glorious name. 
 
 ' Giury by t'ew is rightly underftood : 
 
 ' What's truly glorious mult be greatly good." 
 
 S E C T I O N XIV. 
 C A R A M A N I A. 
 
 TIIE province of Caramania extends itlilf along the 
 Mediterranean coail from north to liuith, com- 
 priling the ancient Lycia, I'amphilia, filiJia, I .ycao- 
 nia, and Cilicia, v.itii ()art of Ifauiia, I'hrvgi.', I'aca- 
 tiana, Galat a, Salutaris, and t'apjjadoiia. It readies 
 from the neighbourhood of Alexandretta, to tlie (iiilph 
 of Macri, at the mouth of which lies the llland of 
 Rliodes. This country is called by the 'I'urks Caraman- 
 Ili, and is divided into the Greater and I.eli'er the lat- 
 ter lying along the I'ea-co.ill, and the I'orimr to the 
 north of mount Taurus. It is governed by a beglcr- 
 berg, whole re\enue is excecdin^.;ly large, and li'bordi- 
 nate to whon. are fe\eii langiac: , with many zamin; aiul 
 timars. The principal places .ue. 
 
 Myraor Myrra, which the lurks call .'.trumira, wa; 
 once a confiderable city, but is now dwindled alnviil to 
 nothing. It is about twenty-two miles north-ealt of 
 P.itor.i, Htuated near the mouth of tiie l.imyrus. 
 
 Patnra was once the metropolis of l.vcia, but is now 
 a very ineonfideiable village, near the mouth of aie 
 ZaiitliU'.., beuvecn the (iuljihs ot' Macri and Satalia 
 
 Satalia, die ancient Attalia, is called by die liirks 
 Saialiah, It was fonneriy m\ important cJl) \n I'am- 
 
 philia, at t!ie bottom of the giilph of its name, in 36 
 deg. 45 min. north latitude, and 31 deg. 20 min. call 
 longitude. It is the Itrongell place the Turks have upon 
 th.is coail. The harbour would be comm(xiious, iftlw 
 entrance was not di/Iicult and dangerous. It is one of 
 tile moll: lingular places in the univerle, being divideii 
 into three diliinft towns, each of which is fcparatwl 
 from the others by its own llrong walls ; and the uauis 
 are thut up precifely at noon every Friilay till om- 
 o'clock, from a preteinled prophecy, that on fuch m 
 hour the Chrifdans are to I'urprize it. The whole is 
 about lix miles in circumterence. The buikiiiigs ^re 
 good, the place populous, and the trade coniidcrabic, 
 riie liimmers are to hot, that tholt: who can afford ir 
 reciie towards the mountains, where there is more at 
 and lli.ide. The catlle, whicii commands the place, 
 i-i a very good one. 'I'he Ciirillians had fi)rmeriy a line 
 chinch in one of the towns, but it is at pretent ct,n- 
 verted into a Tu'-'vilh niolque. The neighboiir'ni» 
 country is very fertile and deiighttiil, being covercil 
 with citron and orange groves, which afford an exqiii- 
 fite fragrancy. 
 
 o.igalallus, tlioiigh anciently a tolerable town, A:v% 
 not at preltrnt merit the name of a village. 'I'he liinie 
 may !■"• laid of Antiochia Pifidi.v, or Ciefarca, which 
 Hands at the loot of mount Taurus, and was once the 
 metropolis of the province. Such are the vicitTitiKks 
 of I'ublunary things ! 
 
 Lonium, now Cogni, orKogni, is the metropolis of 
 die beglerbergate. It Hands in the ancient Lycaonia, 
 in a fertile pleafant plain, near a fine large lake of frelh 
 water, which was anciently called Pauhis Trogilis. 1; 
 is about 1 10 miles t'rom ti-e Mediten-anean Sea. It is 
 furrounded by llrong w.iil , adorneil with towers, and a 
 broad ditcli. Tlie i'urks only inhabit the city, 'i he 
 Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, inhabit the liibud);, 
 whicii are fpacious. The city is commanded by a 
 fmall caftle, and .ulorncd widi fevcral molques, ale- 
 raglio, and fonie Ipacious caravanleras, t(>r the .iccoin- 
 modation vif the caravans anti travellers which pals 
 through the town. The mutton here is exi,uilite, the 
 wool of the ll.eep ailniirable, and their tails to larm", 
 that fledges are t'allened to the animal, upon which they 
 are tirawn. 
 
 Tarlii.s tiie birth-place of the great apofllt Paul, 
 W.IS anciently the capitd of Cilicia, and one of the belt 
 towns of the Letfer Alia, but atprefent is quite decayej. 
 It is lituateel on the Cydnus, about fix miles frinn its 
 mouth. The lurks call this town 'I'arlbu, 'lanilii 
 and I lorn. It we may venture to judge by the nuns 
 of the old wall, it appears to have been near twelve 
 miles in circumference. At the mouth cf the river is x 
 good conimouious harbour, and about a mile below 
 the town is the like Uliegma, through which tiie C'ydmis 
 runs. 
 
 Adam is a conliderab'e t'lwn on the liver Cl\c,<nifn, 
 to the eallward of 'larliis, about 35 miles on the iwu! 
 to Aleppo, and about eighteen miles tron.the iVlediter 
 ranean. 'I'liis town coniains a great number of biaiititiil 
 fountains fuppiieil with water by n'luedutits, and iner 
 die river is a luperb bridge of ir, arches. I'he adj.i- 
 cent country is plealant, and the toil fertile. 
 
 Ajazzo, or l.ajazzo, which was fiirmerly called Ifl'tis 
 is litiiated on a gulpli of the Mediterranean, to w hich it 
 gives names. It was anciently a place of very great 
 importance, and is at piel'ent a neat, ilrong, o'lHilci t 
 lea port town. 
 
 'i'lii- fiillowiiig cities anil towns, which were kntiwn 
 to the aiuient, but of wlich the moderns have but very 
 impertect accounts, are now lo reduced to poor, mean, 
 little hamlets, or lb totally ruined and del'crtetl, as not 
 to merit any particular det'cription, vi^. Azar, Aiii/ar- 
 ba, lelenelliis, .Xanrhus, I'hcfelis, l-'igiui, Olbii, 
 Magidis, Side, Perga, Sitnum, Arpendus, Termellii , 
 Olba/a, l.yllra, 6:c. 
 
 1 he priiici|)al rivers in Caramania arc the Xar.thu'i, 
 Lamus, Ccllrus, EuiynuJon, Cydnus, Sarus, or Sma- 
 rus, I'yiamui, Llmyiui, l..iiainao, inc. Carainania cun- 
 
 t.iir.s 
 
GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 e giilpli of iu name, in -jG 
 , and 3 1 deg. 20 min. cart 
 place the Turks have upon 
 iild be commtxlious, it'tlie 
 nd dangerous. It is rmt ot' 
 the univeric, being divided 
 ach of which is fcparatai 
 llrong walls ; and the gates 
 oon every I'liday till one 
 prophecy, that on fuch an 
 turprizc it. The whole u 
 .Tcnee. 'I'lie buildings iitc 
 anil the trade coniider.iljif. 
 lit thole wlio can afford ir 
 
 where tiicre is more .vr 
 licli commands the plud', 
 11 illians had formerly a line 
 
 but it is at prelent ctn- 
 Iqiie. The neighbouring 
 
 deiightliil, being covemi 
 es, which afford an exqui- 
 
 itly a tolerable town, dr-,rs 
 of a village. The limio 
 
 ilidia-, or Cx-farca, whiiii 
 
 Taurus, and was once the 
 
 Such arc the viciiTitmlis 
 
 Kogni, is the metropolis of 
 is in the ancient l.yeaonia, 
 .ir a Hne large Like of frclli 
 called Paiihis Trogilis. 1: 
 
 Meditcnaiiean Sea. It is 
 adorned with towers, and a 
 )nly inhabit the city. I lie 
 cws, inhabit the llibiirb;, 
 
 city is commanded by a 
 witli feveral nioiques, a I'e- 
 iravanleras, (or the aicoin- 
 
 and travellers which pals 
 lutton here is exc,ui(ite, rln- 
 e, ami their tails fo lart^f, 
 le animal, ujxjn which tlicy 
 
 of the great apoftle Paul, 
 Cilicia, ami one of the belt 
 It at prcfent is quite ilecayeil. 
 s, about fix iniles from its 
 this town Tarlbu, Tarillii 
 iture to judge by the nuns 
 I to hav^* been near twelve 
 t the mouth cf the river is a 
 , and about a mile below 
 I, through which the Cyilniiv 
 
 wn on the liver Cho(|Ufn, 
 ibout 35 miles 011 the io;ul 
 eeii miles tion.-the Mcvliter 
 s a great number of bcaufitiil 
 ter by .I'.jueduLts, and ()\.m 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 TURKEY IN ASIA. 
 
 ol 
 
 aielies. The ;ulj 
 
 1 the loil fertile, 
 ch was ft)rnicrly called 1 litis, 
 ; Mediterranean, to which it 
 tntly a place of very great 
 (-•nt a nci'.t, itrong, ojuile: t 
 
 towns, wliiih were known 
 1 the moileiiis have but vcrv 
 V lo ledticeii to poor, ineiwi, 
 ruined and del'erted, as lu't 
 ription, vii. Azar, Ain/.u- 
 Phclelis, Pigii;i, Olbia, 
 nuin, Arpendiis, 'I'crnicliii', 
 
 ;)aramaiiia are the Xar.tlais, 
 un, Cydntis, Sams, or Snia- 
 itaitiau, Occ. Caramania con- 
 tains 
 
 tains many celebrated moimtams, molt of which are 
 branches of mount Paurus, viz. Olympus, of which 
 name there are many mountains in Afia ; Cragiis, the 
 eiyinon of which Bochart derives fi-om die Arabic word 
 CMc, which lignifics a rock, from whence, it is pro- 
 bable, tlie Knglii'i word Crag originated ; and Anti- 
 gragus i all in Ljcia. In Ciljcia the inolt remarkable 
 i» Atnanus. The great chain, called mount Taurus, 
 begiii-s in l^ycia, and runs caltwanl. But we muit not, 
 omit to mention the celebrated l.ycian volcano moun- 
 tain, c.iilcd by the anciciits Chima.'ra. Its bottom was 
 inlWled with ferpents, the miiidie parts ati^brded pallure 
 for goats, and the top was inlelled by lions. 
 
 The Lycians l)uiit the city of I lephelli;v, near tliis 
 mnuntain, in honour to Vulcan, on account of its vol- 
 cano, v.hicU is mentioned by Virgil in the 6th book of 
 r.is /Tncid. 
 
 S I. C T 1 O N XV. 
 
 SYRIA. 
 
 Geveral Dcjcrifilwn of Syria, Divi/r'm, Suklivijioiis, 
 Si'iuUwn, Extent, Chinak, Hoil, foUlUy,, Prudua, 
 InliahUanti, &c, 
 
 THIS country, in the mofl extcnfivc fenfe, includes 
 Syria pro^ierly fo called, Piicenicia or Phenice, 
 and Jiidea or PaieUine. It extends from north to foiuh 
 aboiit 400 miles, and about 200 from eall: to well, bc- 
 ■ig bounded on the north by mount .•Vmanu^, aiid a 
 U;..'i<.n of mount Taurus, wnich feparates it from Ar- 
 menia ivlinor and Ciiicia ; on the eall by the P.upiuates, 
 wi'iich divides it from Mefopotanua or Diarbec ; and 
 vn ti c va;!1 bv Arabia the Delert. 
 
 1 iic principal mountains are Libanu.s Anti-libanus, 
 Gilead, Tabtir, Carmcl, Calliiis, Amanus, and Alfa- 
 itttirus, w:di I'^rie fmaller m Jiidea, viz. Sion, i ier- 
 rrioi., Ibal, Olivet, Calvary, Geri/yiin, and Moriah. 
 Of thefe mounts the I.ibanus apii Anti-Libaiuis, which 
 are fitiiated in Coelo-Syria, are of an altonilliing height 
 and extent. 
 
 ' His proud head tlic airy mountain hides 
 ' Among the clouds ; his Ihouiders and his fides 
 ' A fliady mantle cloaths ; his curling brows 
 ' i'uin on tlie gentle llrcam v.hich calmly fiows ; 
 ' While winds and llorms his I'.fty fiirehead beat; 
 ' Tlic common fate of ;ill diat's high and great.' 
 
 Tiiefe mountains were formerly celebrated for their 
 lofty cedars, which, at prelent are reducii to a very 
 iinall number : they are green all the year, and bear 
 It'aves refenibling thofe of the juniper-tree, the liriell of 
 which is ilclightfully fragrant. The hiialler Ijiecies 
 bear a kind of apjjle, as large as a pine-apple, but 
 iinoother, and of a browner cokiur; rncy contain a 
 iranlpaient balm, which falls from them by drops at 
 certain li:afi>ns. Thefe apples alv.iys grow in clullers at 
 the extremity of the branches, 'I'he incorri'ptibility of 
 the cedar-tree is o-.s iiig to the Intternefs of ' h'; wood, 
 wiiich is ti) git-at tiiat no worm will harbour in it. 
 
 The higheft (urts of thefe mountains, aid tl.ofe of 
 Amaiius, are covereil with fnow the grcate'.t part of the 
 vear; and in fome hollow phices, whidur the liin beams 
 'a.nnot penetrate, it remains undilfolve.l the whole year. 
 Ma.n' of the cavities abound with ')etretadions which 
 arc exec 'ilingly cu.'ious. 
 
 r!ie rivers arc the Euphrates, JoriLn, CalTiineer, 
 Licoineii, Chrylorrhoas, Orontes, Odonis, Clierleus, 
 vvitli others leli. confiderable, particularly the Ceik, or 
 river of Aleppo. 
 
 The Jordan receives its name from the brooks Jor 
 and D.in, which liirm it by unii'np; ther- llreams. It 
 t(;mieriy overflowed its banks, as bodi laered and pro- 
 fane writers inform u?. It does not, liowever, uo li) at 
 preif nt, btit fl..'vs with great regulaiity. 
 
 Syiia is blelfed with die molt ferene, temperate, ami 
 No. 17. 
 
 »77 
 
 healthful air Imaginable. During tlie hot montlis of 
 June, July, .ind Aiiguft, it is agreeably refreflied by 
 cooling bitczes from the Mediterranean. The face of 
 the country is delightful and level, and the li.il rich and 
 fertile. It aboumis with n(>t only all the neceffarics of 
 life, but with all ttie delicacies which can gratify the molt 
 luxurious appedtc; and is fuperior, in point of climate 
 and produce, to all ot'ier countries that even lie under 
 the lame parallel of latitude. 
 
 ' Here fummcr reigns with one eternal fmile ; 
 
 ' Succeeding harvelts blefs the liappy foil : 
 
 ' I'air fenik fields, to whom indulgent heav'ii 
 
 ' Has ev'ry charm of ev'ry leafi.n giv'n. 
 
 ' No killing cold deforms the beauteous year, 
 
 ' 'Phe fpringing llowers no coming winter fear 
 
 ' But as the parent role decays and die;:, 
 
 ' The infant buils with brighter colours rife, 
 
 ' And with their fwcets the m.odier's fcent fiipplies 
 
 ' Near tiiem tlie violet grows witii odours bleil-, 
 
 ' And blooms in more than Tyrian purple drefh 
 
 ' I'he rich jonijuils their golden beams dilpla)', 
 
 ' And llfme in glories emtilaiing day. 
 
 ' 'Phe iieaceful groves their veidant leaves retain, 
 
 ' 'Phe llreams Hill murmur, undelil'd by rain, 
 
 ' And tow'ring greens adorn the fi-iiith,! plain. 
 
 ' 'Phe warbling kind uninterrupted fing, 
 
 ' Warm' ' vith enioymcnt of perpetual fpi'ing.' 
 
 Ladv iVl. W. MovTACuE. 
 
 1 
 
 This charming country produces fpontaneoiifly a 
 liiperabiindince of .ill that is neceflary for the profit or 
 tlelight of man, for tlie indolent Turks are too lazy to 
 cultivate it. Tlie only people who take the lead pains 
 with the foil are the Armenians and Franks, who are 
 fettled in the country. From wliat has been l^ud, it 
 may nu'ually be inferred, that die inhabitants are plen-. 
 tifiiUy fiipplieil with corn, wine, oil, figs, lemons, 
 oranges, melons, canes, dates, cotton, honey, aroma- 
 tic and medicinal iierbs, &c. They likewife breed 
 gi.at numbers of buffaloes and other oxen, camels, 
 dromedaries, Iwine, deer of all forts, lures, rabbits, 
 atid other game. 'Pliey have a breed of goats wliole 
 hair is long, and of a colour exceedingly beautiful. 
 Phe Iheep are fbine of the betl in the univerfe : their 
 wool is exceeding fine ; and rlieir t lils are fo large, 
 that, to prevent their receiving any injury fiom trailing 
 in the dirt, they are i)laced upon fledges, as in fbme 
 other parts of .Afia. Heudes a variety of excellent fifii, 
 this country aboumts in wikl fowl, fuch as partridge, 
 (juails, ph.."at;ints, turtle-doves, ike. 'I'he plains ari; 
 to tender, f'..t, ami humil, that the foil is turned up with 
 wooden coulters. In fiiort, tliough Syria contains 
 lome rocky mountaiiis, itwouklbethe finell ;uid moft 
 defirable country in die univerfi.-, was it not under ''icii 
 a detjiotic government ; but die Turkiili tyranny is I'lch, 
 diat it fireveiits the inhabitants from e\ er tailing die 
 tweets of that moll effe.ntial necefliuy to hunun happi- 
 ni'fs, viz. LiiiiiRTv. 
 
 ' O Liberty, thou goddefs heav'niy bright, 
 
 ' I'rofiil'e of blifs, and piegnan; widi delight, 
 
 ' Eternal plealures in thy pref'cnce reign, 
 
 ' Ami fmiling plenty leatls diy w.uiton train. 
 
 ' Eas'd of her load, fubjeftion grows more light ; 
 
 ' And poverty looks chearhil in t'ly fight. 
 
 ' Thou mak'ft the gloomy face of nature gay ; 
 
 ' (jiv'll beauty to die fun, and iplendor to the dav.' 
 
 liefules Mahometans and Jews, many Chrillians of 
 diff'erent i'ciU inhabit Syria, viz. Gre( -is, Latins, Annt- 
 meniaiis, Malchites, PJlaronites, and Jaeoblces. 
 
 The Armenians d'lTer but little from the Greeks, 
 and have a p.vi.iarch, wliofe plai e of refitlence is Da- 
 niid'eu.':. '1 he Mar.Miitcs of inotint L'lbaniis hokl fbme 
 of die Greek, .uid tome of the E'.:y(hiac tenets. They 
 give the facrament in both kinds, and iilc the Syriac 
 liturny. Their patriarch ii> always ililed Peter, and 
 
 m^^m 
 
 m 
 
 ^ m 
 
 'MU 
 
 ^^4 
 
 ft^'- 
 
 Y y 
 
 looked 
 
 
 I u 
 
if I 
 
 .78 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 looked upon as the only true fucceflbr of that apof- 
 tJe. 
 
 The Jews arc here the principal broliers in the mer- 
 cantile, and their wives tlie chief agents in the intrigu- 
 ing way; for, under the pretence of vending jewei:,, 
 laces, perflimes, cofmetics, &c. they get admittance 
 not only into the houfes, but harams of the Turks, and 
 can flip a billet-deux, eluding at the fame time the pe- 
 netrating eye of Afiatic fufpicion, with as much dex- 
 terity as a Neapolitan valet can deceive ajealous Italian 
 hulband. 
 
 The language fpoken by the Syrians is a rnrnipt 
 kind of Arabic or Morefco. But moft of the inhabi- 
 tants of the trading or maririme towns ufe the Lingua- 
 Eranca. 
 
 Each of the gnnd divifmns of Syria, viz. Syria 
 Proper, Ca-lo-Syria, Phoenicia, ami Paleftine, is go- 
 verned by a beglerberg, fubordinate to whom are many 
 fangiacs, zainis, timars, cadics, &c. 
 
 SECTION XVI. 
 SYRIA PROPER. 
 
 SifRIA Proper is bounded on the fouth by the Dc- 
 ftrts of Ar-bia and Phoenicia, on the nortli by 
 Armenia Miner, on the call by Melbpotamia, and on 
 the well by the Mediterranean. Syria Proper had an- 
 ciently three fubdivifions, viz. Coflo-Syria, or Syria 
 the Hollow i Syria-Antiochene, or Seleucis ; and Syria 
 Comagene. 
 
 The principal places in that fubdivifion, called Co- 
 m.igene, are 
 
 Sunofita, whicii die Turks now call Scempfd, and 
 was once the capitl of Comagene, but at prefent is 
 only a wretched village, furrounded by heaps of ruins. 
 It (lands on tiie Euphrates, on the conrincs of Armenia 
 Major, 22 miles from Ediffa. Thecelebratedfadric.il 
 puet I.'jcian was born here. 
 
 Dolica, called by the Turks Doliche, once an epif- 
 copal fee, but at prefent a mean ill-built town, thinly 
 peopled, and of litdc confideration. It is fituated on 
 the river Marfyas, which dilembogues itl'elf into the 
 Eufjhrates. 
 
 Nothing now remains but the names, and a little 
 rubbilli of tiie ancient cides of Germanica, Singia, 
 Antiochia-ad-Tauram, Catamana, Deba, Chaomia, 
 and Chelinadura. 
 
 In that fubdivifion of Syria called Seleucis, or An- 
 tiocliene, which is bounded on the north by Com.agene, 
 on the fouth by Ca'lo-Syria and Phoenicia, on the well 
 by the Mediterranean, and on tlie call by Mel<)pota- 
 mia, the principal places are, 
 
 Scanderoon, which w.as anciently called Alexandret- 
 ta, or Little Alexandria, to ditlingiiilh it from Alexan- 
 dria in Egypt. It lies in 36 deg. 34 min. north lati- 
 tude, and .16 deg. 40 min. ealt long, at die dillance of 
 about 60 miles to the wellwanl of Alepjjo, to which it 
 is die poit town, and Hands near the li'a on the Gul[)h 
 of Ajazzo ; but its marfliy fituation renders the town 
 fo unhcaldiy, diat it only contains, at prefent, a con- 
 ftifed and llraggling heap of mean wretciied houfes, 
 built of wood, or huts formed of the boughs of trees, 
 interwoven ami covered with mud, inhabited princi- 
 pally by CJreeivS, who accommmlate common travellers 
 and (ailors tliat rcfort hither; as peoi)le of a fiiperior 
 rank uliially lodge with the confuls ot their rclpedlive 
 nations, who have handlijmc lioufes at a coiiliderable 
 dilhncc from the town. During the hot mondis the 
 natives themfelves retire to a vili.ige called Beylan, 
 whicli is fituated on a high hill, at .ibout two leagues 
 dillance, and abounds in excellent water, ani.1 iulniira- 
 ble fruits. It llraiigers happen to arrive during this 
 fultry feafon, they leKlom elcapc widi their lives. The 
 above-meiitifjned mountain yields a tlioroughtiire to the 
 north-eait wind by me;uis of an opening ; .and whenever 
 it bluws haul, the lliips in die haibour all put to fea 
 
 with the utmoft expedition, to avoid being daflicd 10 
 pieces. 
 
 Some alTert that this city was built by Alexander the 
 (iireat, in commemoration of a viftor/ obtained over 
 Darius in its vicinity. It is defended only by an old de- 
 cayed eaftle, and a few Ibldiers, under the command of 
 the governor. Hut we mull not omit to mention this 
 fingular circumllance, that the corrclfmndence between 
 Scanderoon and Alep]X), was formerly carried on by 
 means of pidgeons, that were taught to fly backwards 
 and forwards with letters faflencd about their necks. 
 This cufloin, however, has been long fince difconrinued. 
 The adj.acent country is, in general, level, rich, and 
 fertile. 
 
 About twenty-rwo miles from Scanderoon is the an- 
 cient city of Antioch, or at Icaft its remains. It w.u 
 formerly tlie capital of all Syria, and one of the molt 
 noble metropolitan cities in the univerfe, but is at pre- 
 ftnt reiiuced to a poor mean hamlet, containing only a 
 few Icattered houfes. It is fituated on a fine plain of 18 
 niiies in extent, on the river Hafi, or Orante. Tht 
 Turku call it Antackia. The vail number of plantain, 
 poplars, lycamores, fruit-trees, &c. in the gardens cf 
 the town, make it look like a foreft at a dillance. It 
 has a eaftle which commands tlie town and river, and 
 lome confiderable remains of ancient temples, walls, 
 churches, &c. together with an extenfive canal. 'I'he 
 difciples of Chriil hrll obtained the name of Chriftiaiis 
 in this city. St. Paul and St. Barnabas pre.ached a 
 twelvemonth in this place. St. 1 -uke the Evangelill, 
 and St. Ignatius the martyr, were born here. 
 
 Selucia, or Sehicia Piera, which latter denomination 
 was given to diftinguifli it from another town of the 
 fame name on the I'igris, was anciently a confiderahle 
 fea-port town, though at prefent but a trifling village, 
 fituated on die Mediterranean, at the mouth of the 
 Oionces, about 60 miles from Scanderoon. Thv I- ranks 
 call it the port of St. Simeon : but its Turki.h name is 
 Sehiki-Jelber. 
 
 Tertafo, which was formerly called Oicliofia, was 
 once a i'ainous fea-port, and an epilcopal lee ; but at 
 prefent it is a very inconfiderable place, and inhabits;! 
 only by poor filhermen. 
 
 Litakia, or Ladhikiya, the ancient L.aodicea, was 
 fininded by Seleucus Nicanor, or the Victorious, a'\, 
 called by him after his filler's name. It is the nioi: 
 northern city of Syria, fituated upon a rifing ground, 
 with a full profpedl of the lea, in 35 deg. 30 min. north 
 latitude. It is a confiderable maritime town. 
 
 This city contains many antique remains, particu- 
 larly feveral rows of cohimns of granite and porphyn ■ 
 with part of an aiiuedutl, which Jofephus affirms w.in 
 built by king Herod. The llruclure is fpacious, bin 
 not arched. Here is a mofque formed of a magniii- 
 cent ancient triumphal arch, lup[X)rted by Corinthian 
 pillars : the architrave is embellilhed with a varict)' oi" 
 warhke trophies. Many Greek and 1 Mm infcriptions 
 are found among the ruins, but tliey are in giiu ral 1<, 
 much defaced, as to be unintelligible. 'l"o die wilt 
 of the city are the remains of a harbour, big enough to 
 hold the largefl navy in the univerfe. The mofji, 
 which is about forty feet wide, is defended by a caltit- , 
 and the whole is in an amphitheatrical form. It is h< 
 choaked up at prefent, as to admit only of a few fiu.ill 
 veflels. 
 
 The remarkable catacombs whicli are a little to the 
 northwanl of the city, excite the attention of travellers. 
 Tiiey contain large Hone coffins, embellifhed widi em 
 blematic figures, fhells, &c. Tiie covers of foine air 
 fuppt)rted by iiilafters, generally of the Corinthian, bui 
 fometimcs of the Ionic order. Tliele colliiis ars dt • 
 jKifited in cells on the fide of a number of ciiambers hul- 
 loweil deep into the rock, being each from ten to thirty 
 feet lipiare. The moft rcl'peclcd of the fl'piikhrj) 
 chambers is that called St. Teckla, which is tledicattd 
 to that firft virgin martyr. In die niidfl is a fjiring, to 
 which many mir.iciilou* cflects liave iK-en afcribed.' 
 
 . . . 'Hie 
 
^L GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 I, to iivoiti bring darticd lo 
 
 ' was built by Alexander the 
 of a viftor/ obtained over 
 (iifended only by an old de- 
 
 diers, under the command of 
 
 ull not omit to mention this 
 the correfpondencc between 
 
 was formerly carried on by 
 
 •crt- taught to fly baclcwanis 
 laOencd about their necks. 
 
 bicn long fince dilcontinucd. 
 
 in general, level, rich, and 
 
 from Scanderoon is the nn- 
 at Icaft its remains. It w.x; 
 
 Syria, and one of the molt 
 1 the univcrfe, but is at pr.' 
 :an hamlet, containing only a 
 
 fituatfd on a fine plain of 18 
 vcr Hafi, or Orante. I'hi 
 The vail number of plantain, 
 rets, &c. in the gardens of 
 ke a foreft at a dillance. It 
 ds tlie town and river, ami 
 s of ancient temples, wall;,, 
 itii an extenfive canal. The 
 tained the name of Chrillians 
 d St. Barnabas preached ,1 
 c. St. I -like the Evangehll, 
 r, were born here, 
 a, which latter denomination 
 
 from anotiier town of tiit- 
 
 was anciently a confidtrahle 
 
 prefent but a trifling villaj^-, 
 
 unean, at the mouth of tht 
 
 )m Scanderoon. Th.. I-rrinks 
 
 on : but its Turki.h name is 
 
 rmerly called Oichofia, was 
 and an epifcopal lee ; but ,it 
 .ierable place, ami inhabit^:! 
 
 I the ancient Liiodicca, v.x< 
 mor, or the Victorious, -.v.. 
 liter's name. It is the iiici: 
 iiated ujx)n a rifing trroimu, 
 fea, in 3 5 deg. 30 min. 1101 tii 
 blc maritime town, 
 ny antique remains, paiticii 
 nns of granite and porphyr, , 
 t, which Jofepluis affirms u.is 
 le rtrudure is fpacious, Im: 
 nofijue formed of a magniii- 
 ■ch, liip[X)rted by Corinthi.m 
 rmbellidied with a varii t)' of 
 Greek and i..uin infcriptions 
 IS, but they arc in gnuralli. 
 unintelligible. To ilie wilt 
 . of a harbour, big enough tu 
 the univerle. The morwi, 
 ■ide, is ilefeniletl by a caltlr , 
 phitheatrical form. It is f'> 
 to admit only of a few liu.ill 
 
 mbs which are a little to the 
 cite the attention of traveller.. 
 ofRns, enibellifhed with em 
 c. The covers of fomc aif 
 icrally of the Coiinihian, hi); 
 rder. Theic Collins ars il< 
 if a number of chambers hoi- 
 being each from ten to thiny 
 rcl'pedcd of the Icpukhrul 
 :. Teckla, which is dedicati it 
 In the inidil is a Ijirinf^, to 
 Fctfls have Ik-ci afcribed. 
 
 . , 'Ihe 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 TURKEY IN ASIA. 
 
 »7f' 
 
 ,»:. 
 
 The whole of the adjacent country is extremely ro- 
 mantic, from the intermixture of rocks, woods, fepul- 
 c'lres, plains, grottos, fountains, cafcades, occ. A 
 few miles fiom the place calleil the Ser[>c:it P'ountain 
 arc the fpindles, or maguzzels, a name w .ich is given 
 to feveral painted cylindrical buildings, tliat are ereftcd 
 over a number of fepulchres. 
 
 The ruins of the ancient city of Arka are delight- 
 filly lituated oppofite the northern extremity of mount 
 1 .ibanus. To the ealtward a romantic chain of moun- 
 t;iins appear. A line extenfive plain, interljHjrled with 
 caltles, villages, ponds, rivers, &c. open to the north, 
 and the lea is leen to the welt. The city was eredted on 
 tiie fununit of a hill of a conical form, which appears 
 ti) have been a work of art. A line itream waters the 
 vdley below the city. Ncverthelefs, the inhabitants 
 were liipi'lied with water from mount Libanus, by 
 means of a magnificent aquedud. 
 
 SECTION XVII. 
 
 C O E L O 
 
 SYRIA. 
 
 THIS divifion of Syria comprehends the following 
 places : Apame-\, founded by Seleucas Nicanor, 
 iind lb named in honour of his mother, as Antioch was 
 after his father, Laodicea after his filler, ami Seleucia 
 from himfelf It is greatly fallen from its fijrmer fplen- 
 dor, but llill remains a confiderable town, Handing on 
 a fpot of ground which is ahnoll furroundetl by a lake 
 ti)rii;r-l by the river Orontes, about fixty miles to the 
 I'outhward of Aleppo ; fo that it has no communication 
 with the land, but by an ifthmus or fmall nrik. The 
 Turks and Greeks call it Hama. It is the rcfidence ot 
 a bcglerberg, whole government is very extenfive. The 
 adjacent territory is exceedingly rich and fertile. The 
 city is well watered, retains many marks of its ancient 
 magniticence, and was very early an ei)ifcopal fee. It 
 lies in 35 deg. 6 min. north latitude, and 37 deg. 18 
 min. call longituile. Near this city Seleucus conltantly 
 fed 5CK3 large eie])hants. 
 
 Between Antioch and Tortofa, near mount Lifa, 
 there is a little mean village called Margat, which was 
 a.".ciendy a confiderable place, named Marathos. 
 
 Fmefa, Emilfa, or Emifa, is fituated between Apa- 
 mea and Laotlicea, on the river Orontes. The mad 
 emperor Heliogabalus w.as born here, and on that ac- 
 count took tht whim into his he.id to be maile one of 
 tlie priefts of its temple. The Turks at prefent call it 
 Haman, or Aman. it is under the jurifdiftion of the 
 begkrb'erg of Damalcus, who governs it by means of a 
 deputy, it Itill makes a confiderable figure, nof.vith- 
 fbnding what it has fuflx;reil by earthquakes, and the 
 various changes it has unilergone. It is furrounded 
 by good Hon:? walls, with fix fuperb gates, and feveral 
 magnificent towers at proper diflances. The walls are 
 environed by a i])acious ditch ; and on an eminence 
 there is a caille, which commands and defends the town. 
 Here are lome fine churches, the greateft pan of which 
 are converted into mofques. The cathedral is a magni- 
 ficent itrufture, fupported by 34 marble columns, 
 adorned with baftb-relievos and (ireek infcriptions. The 
 Chriflians are permitted to pray in it at certain times ; 
 bcftdes which they have fome churches appropri-.'.teil 
 entirely to their own ufe. 'I'he bezars, kans caravan- 
 i'eras, &c. are, in general, very Iiandlome ftrudlures. 
 The inhabitants traile in filks, and a fine kind of 
 needle work of filk. gokl, and filver, curioully inter- 
 mingled together. The ailjacent country is very rich 
 and k'riile, .and the gardens in the environs exceedingly 
 delightful, abouniling in a great variety of excellent 
 plants, and delicious fruits. In ;dl the gardens innu- 
 merable fnulberr)'-trees are plantrcl in regular rows, and 
 well watered, as thedemaml for muibcny leaves to fi-ed 
 their filk worms is very great. 
 
 Ale[)po, the finefl and moll opulent city in all Syria, 
 lies in 36 deg. 30 min. north Latitude, and 37 deg. 50 
 «nin. call longitikie, about fixty miles to tlie callv, ard of 
 
 Scanderoon. It is built on eight fttiinerceJ Of hills, 
 one of which in the center of the city is higher than the 
 reft, and on its top tliere is a (trong caflle. 
 
 Aleppo, including the fuburbs, is about feven miles 
 in circumference, in extent, riches, and population, 
 it is inferior to Conftantinople and Grand Cairo, but 
 exceeds them both in the elegance of its buildings. The 
 furrounding wall is old and decayed, and the ditch con- 
 verted into gardens. The houlcs are of Hone, built in 
 a qimdrangular form, confiding of a ground floor and 
 an attic flory : the roofs are flat, and either fpread with 
 plailter or paved with Hone : the ceilings, panncls, 
 doors, windows, &:c. are neatly gilded and painted, 
 and adorned v, ith infcriptions from the Koran, or the beft 
 Afiatic poets : fo that their very embellifiiments are 
 f'iblervient to tlie purpofes of morality, and their cham- 
 bers are rendered tacit advifcrs to prudence and precau- 
 tion. Of thefc infcrijitiuns the following Ipccimens 
 may be entertaining to the reader. 
 
 The Mahometiins are exceedingly fond of the two 
 f^jllowing pafliiges from the Koran or Alcoran, which 
 are tiiercfore frequcndy found about their rooms written 
 in letters of gold. 
 
 The firfl, which is deemed one of the beft adages in 
 the Koran, is, " Forgive eafily, do good to all, and 
 dilpute not with the ignorant." The other, which re- 
 lates to the Almighty's Hopping the deluge, is, " ILiith 
 fwallow down thy waters, fky drink up thofe thou haft 
 poured fortli. The waters were immediately gone ; 
 the commands of God were executed. The ark refted 
 on the mountain, and thefe words were heard, " Woe 
 to the wicked." 
 
 We fliall add the following fix infcriptions from the 
 Kor.m, as they arc concife and fignificant, and fre- 
 quently ufed : 
 
 ' l'"our things lliould never flatter us ; the familiarity 
 * of princes, the carefles of women, the fmiles of our 
 ' enemies, nor a warm day in winter ; for none of 
 ' thefe are of long duration.' 
 
 ' One pound of food is fufficient in one day to fup- 
 ' port you ; if you eat more it is a load, and you muft 
 ' fupport in your turn that.' 
 
 ' We are the bow, and fhoot but in the dark : 
 
 ' 'Tis God direfts the arrow to its mark.' 
 
 ' He that wiHics to content his defircs by the poflef- 
 ' fion of what he withes for, is like him who endca- 
 ' vours to put out fire with ftraw.' 
 
 • To obtain knowleilge you muft have 
 ' The vigilance of a crow, the greedinefs of a hog, 
 ' Th- carefTes of a cat, and the patience of a dog.' 
 
 ' I have cleaned my mirror, and fixing my eyes on 
 ' if, I perceived lb many defedts in niykif, that I cafi- 
 ' ly forget tholij of others.' 
 
 But to return to our defcription of Ale])po : ti;r 
 ftreets have a dull ai)pearance on account of being 
 lliielded from the view by dead wai's, if prdliiadots 
 were uf-d inllead of walls, it would render the llreeti 
 admirable pleafant, as the court y.irds are all pratily 
 paveil, antl have a fountain in the center environed widi 
 a little verdure. 
 
 The belt houfes h.ive ufually on the ground fioor a 
 hall covered with a dome, with a fountain in tlu middle 
 to cool it. Among the numerous mofqiies of this city 
 fome an very iriiignificent and agreeable. There is a 
 f()untain of ablution, and Ibmetiines a little garden in 
 the area of each. In every garden you are line to Iind 
 cyprels. The khans are fpacious ami elegant, but the 
 Ihoiis a,- fmall. The buyer Hands always widiout, 
 none beinj; admitted within a lliop but the mailer and 
 his clerk "' Ihey ufually Hiut them about an hour and 
 a half after lim-fet. I'here is great fingularity to be 
 obferved in the houfes of Aleppo; the doors are 
 Hrongly cafed with iron, but the locks are only Hightly 
 made of wooil. 
 
 Ti e llreets, though narrow, are extremel/ clean, and 
 
 always well paved. All olfenlive manutaduresanddir- 
 
 agreeable trades are confined to the luburbs ; in which, 
 
 among others, tliere is a glols imnufadory. 
 
 I Every 
 
 iifi 
 
i3o 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GECCRAPHY, 
 
 H^^'Vi.' 
 
 
 M 
 
 ■t'.vcry houS; hi* "a wdl, but the waters .King hrai'-- 
 iili, are aofuil-J in tlrciTing provllioi.s, (^r p iir.'v.^i 
 :he water for thelc jiurpites beln^ broufijit tiOui Unv.e 
 tine f'^rings by means o!' an aqiic l;u"t, an.i properly 
 tlilltilnirai by fome conimumiating pipes. 
 
 Tiie houfe fiiel is wood and charcoal ; but tlie bavj;- 
 nios are lieatcii with dung, t!ie parings of fruit, iVo. 
 the gatlier-ng of which gives eiuploymeiit to .-nmy ;xx)r 
 people. 
 
 Aleppo is fituated m .1 vail plain. The environs of 
 the city are llony and uneven; 'ojc, at a few miles dil- 
 tant, the circimiaiijaeenc country is level and fertile. 
 Nc^erthelefs, the whole ii.'s tin- name of the defert. 
 'l"he weftern part of the city is wailied by a fueam call- 
 ed Coic, which, with the wells in the city, and the 
 water brought by the acjuediid, is ail tiie water that is 
 to be iljund fir the fp.Ke of thirty miles round. Th 
 neighbouring villages have none but rain water, whi it 
 they five in large tillerns. 
 
 The air is i\> pure anJ. fiec from damps, that the in 
 habitants deep on the iiuufe-tops wit!iui lie ieni i" 
 conve -e. I he only win"-r •« f )m . , if 
 to J.nn.iuy >.o ; out even ihen • ■» ainh. r 
 
 i/t die micidle of the day. The fnow t\ \ 
 than a d.iy iipon tlie ground ; and the h ' ' ' ■ 
 ever llroog enuu.eh tob'-ar the weigh: of a man. ; rom 
 M.iy to tlie niiddie of December, the air is exeesiive 
 hot : but the mod malignant heat continues only about 
 five (Liys, during which die inliabitants keep within 
 doors as iniich as pxirt'iblc, atkX defend themfelves trom 
 tiie jieniicious winils by ihutring cloll their wintlows and 
 doors. The harv'ett coniaiences in the beginning of 
 May, .uul ufuaUy lalls aboiK twenty days, I'he horfes 
 arc ![\\ ■.\iti\ barley, as oats do not grow nearer than 
 .■\r,ii'H.h. Near die city, but more i>ar'ii:ularly in the 
 neighbouring country, from Sh'igre to Ixtaehia, are a 
 great number of tobacco pl.iiications, a conliderabls 
 trade being carrievl on in that article v.ith Egypt. The 
 adjacent country yields a few olives, red and white 
 jjrap'.-s, .ind feveral kinds of fruit, which arc but indif- 
 lercnr. At li^me ilii'.ance fioni die city a ipecies of ful- 
 ler's e.irth is found, whicli is an excelk'nt fubttitute for 
 li.ap. Black cattle are fcarce: the larger fort are kept 
 for labour, tiie finaJler liave fhort horns, and the butlii- 
 loes ue valued on .iccoun: ot their milk. It is to be 
 obierved, that tlie Turks and Jews fuldoin or ever eat 
 beef, tiicir favouri:c liiod being mf'-'jn, of which, thev 
 have pkaty at Aleppo. Tiierc are two forts of (keep, 
 die one much like die Engiilh flieep, and tlie (!iher of 
 the Ipecies widi L'.rge tails, which tliey drag after diem 
 on fledges, as alr-.idy mentioned. The goats have 
 long ears, and give e.Hcelleut milk, which is fold about 
 the flreets fioni April to Seiiienibr-. 
 
 The butter and c'ueele are madt iditr from the milk 
 of rows, bulkiloer, Iheep, or goats. The people ate 
 very fond of lilhin, or coaguhited milk, Here are 
 plenty of hires ami antelopes : the latter are of two forts, 
 \\2. the antelope of the mountain, and the antelope of 
 the plain ; the former is the inoll beautiful, the back 
 and neck being of a dark brown ; tlie latter, diough its 
 colour is brighter, is neiriier I'o f'wif't or fb well made. 
 Tan.e rabbits arc kept in die city, and f<>me few wild 
 flags are found in the country, as well as jioreupines. 
 The Franks of the Romilh perfualion often eat land 
 turdes and frogs. The camels of this country are good 
 and I'erviceable, but the horfes are very inditler'.-nt. 
 I ly.xnas are tou.nd among tiie rocks, which teldom at- 
 tack the human race, but commit gre.it ravages among 
 the flocks, and even plunder tlie fepulchres. In the 
 city of Aleppt; are vail mnnbers of dogs ; and the envi- 
 rons are infefled with wolves. .Ser|x-Mt , are innumera- 
 ble, p;u-ticu!arly a white fhake, wiiicli is fijuiid in 
 iioules, but whole bite is not venomous. Tlic fcolo- 
 pendi'a and fiorpion often fling the natives, but a few 
 hours pain is the only confequeace. Belides the above, 
 here .ire lociills, lizards, bees, (ilk-worms, .ill kiiufs 
 of fowls, iNc. 
 
 I lav, king and hundng are fiuourite amufements. 
 
 The fportfaien have u vi / bcatiful fpecie."; of the grev . 
 iiound. Shooting is cxerciled only tor a liibfiirance. 
 
 Aieppo, by computation, i inhabited by 1200,000 
 TurLi, 30,000 Cnriflians, .ind 50(X) Jews. The 
 C;i;i;h.;ns are Greeks, Armenians, Syrians, and Maisj. 
 nites. They have each a chiirch in the liibuib Jin'.id:e, 
 where rliey ail ref.de. The common i.inguage is vul- 
 gar Arabic. The Ix-tter fort of Turks fpeak the Turk- 
 iih; die Jews fpeak Hebrew; the Aniunians their i.a- 
 tive iongu- i anil f'ome of the Syri.ins underfland tlie 
 Syriac ; but the Greeks no little or nothing of eidui 
 the ancient or UKxiern Gieek language. 
 
 In general, the people are well in.ade, '.f a midvilc 
 llaturc, inclining to leiui, but inac'live ami languid. T'lc 
 citizens are ufuaiiy fair; but tlie iieifants who ,i>-' f\. 
 }x)lcd o the fun, Iwaitiiy. Both h.ive bl.u!- nair, and 
 bl.uk eyes. 'I'liey are tolerably handliime v/hcn youiiL', 
 but fceiu to appear old by thirty. 'I'he rerr,aie, llla^y 
 aL)Ollt the ay;e of fiuirteen. It is very f'ligul.ir t!iar t.'ie 
 'lien gird tiiemfi Ives very tiglit about the waill in iinl, ■ 
 I lUake themli ives look llender, ;... .1 !.e wonie.id.i .dl 
 L. V can to I nder d en Ives plump, as they deem a 
 \< .der waift a ; reat deformity. 
 
 lie people in general .are polift', but guilty of di!- 
 firnulation, and ailedcdly grave. They often iiuarrd, 
 I never light. The cotfee-hoiiles are fretjuented only 
 ! . e vulgar. The amulc-ments within d.mrs areehei'i, 
 back|_,amiiion, drafts, and tlic game of li.e ring, whidi 
 only confifts of guefling under wh.it coffee-cup the ring 
 is put: die winner blacks the (iicc of the lofi :, „,,d puts 
 a fiiol's cap on his heiut. Though Chri(li.ins are lomi 
 of playing t(;r money, the Turks only play fur amulet 
 inent, or fbmedmes for a feafl to entertain their friends. 
 Dancing is liejpifed, and only praclilc\l by buffoons, 
 who, as well as wrellleis, are attemiants at all ei;ti'r- 
 tainments. 
 
 The common bread is inade of wheat, badly ferment- 
 ed, and badly baked. l'eo|)le of failiicn have, how- 
 ever, a better fort. Belides theie diey have bifciiits 
 andruiks fire wed with fennel flower. 
 
 Thole who pay vilits are entertained with a pipe of 
 tobacco, wet fweetincats, and coffee, v.ithout fiigar or 
 milk. When particular rel'pedt is intendeil, flurbtt 
 anti a f'prinkling of rofe-w.iter are addetl. But as ifwii 
 as the hofl begins to .-uh his vilitor gone, tiic wckkI of 
 aloes is produeeu, v.'hich implies, that die vifit has be*en 
 fuihciently i'>;ig. Men and women here iinoke to ex- 
 cels. The tube of tlie pi()e is made of the wood of' tlie 
 rol(.--ir'e, but die bowl is of clay. Opjium is in little 
 efleem at Aieppo ; luui tliofc who take it to excelii are 
 looked upon ,)s ilcb.iuchees. I lere are no coaches ; tiie 
 better loit of people ride on Iiorfeback, widi a ninnbcr 
 of fervviits on foot parading before dieiu. Women of 
 rank are carried in Inters, and the lower clali. in co- 
 vered cradles on mules. 
 
 They go to bed e.uly, and fteep in the principal part 
 of their cloaths. Tlieir bed confifls of a martraJs, and 
 over it a fheet, in lummer ; and a carpet, widi a ilicet 
 fewed to it, in winter- The men are cither lulled to 
 red by mufic, fiiioke tliemlelves to Ik-ep, or taliiCil to 
 deep by their v. .imen, who are taugiit 10 tell innumera- 
 ble ilories for that porpofc. The (^sionle are, in gene - 
 r.d, grolsly ignorant; few evtii ot t'le Ix-tter fort c.ei 
 read, 'i'he clergy are not only ihvin-.-s, but b.vyers 
 and phyficians. They have many co'kges, but litdc 
 o: nodiing is taught in diem. 1 lie governmenr docs 
 not permit ot the prai^tice of anatomy ; ditir phylicians 
 ;uid fiirgeoiis, therefore, can ki-.ow but little of die 
 flructure of die human body. 
 
 'I'he okl men colour their beards bkck to conceal 
 their ;ige ; iuid the old women dye their luiir rcil with 
 henna, to render it graceful. They likewtli; dye tlieir 
 hanils and feet witfi the forms of roles and «. .'icr floweri., 
 which appears very difiig.ieeable to m European, 'i'iic 
 women in the villages, and all d.e Chinganasand Arabs, 
 wear gold or filver rings diiough their ri;^u nollril'. 
 The I'urks breakfiifl on honey, Leban cheele, fried 
 eggs, &c. 'I'liey dine about eleven o'clock, liny 
 
 Life 
 
 a,^, ... r> ■ 
 
 XX here hangeil. 
 
GECGRAPIIV, 
 
 L-atiful fpecies of the grrv. 
 onlytoraiiibfiicanc;.'. ' 
 i inlubiteJ by aoo,ooo 
 and 5000 Jews. 1-;,^ 
 niaiis, Syrians, and Maro- 
 hrch in the Iub.:rb Juuidi-, 
 common ianguagi" is viil- 
 of Turkili;c-ak the Turk, 
 i the Armtnians their i.a. 
 le Syri.ms imderlhnd tin- 
 little or nothing oi' eiiiui 
 laiiguaye. 
 
 well maiie, r^ a midvll,. 
 inactive ami languid. T'x 
 ■ the [KMrints who a--- t.,^. 
 i5!>th have bl.u-;- juir, and 
 ily haiidlljir.e v/hcn ymin,., 
 rty. 'I'lie ien-,alc;. iiutry 
 t is very f/igclar t!ut t!ie 
 It about thi waill in .ml. 
 hiler, .., .; ;.c won .ci I (.ill .Jj 
 cs piuiiip, ;« they deem a 
 
 'y- 
 
 politt', but guilty of dif- 
 
 ave. _ They often tiuarrei, 
 
 ■hoiifes are fre(]iiented only 
 
 ents within d.iors areehels, 
 
 egameof ihe ring, which 
 
 r what eoftte-eup tlie ring 
 
 fate ot' the loli;:, .„.a .,,,ts 
 
 hough Cliriftians are lond 
 
 i:rks only play (or amull-^ 
 
 II to entertain dieir friends. 
 
 nly pradiied by buffoons, 
 
 ire attendants at all ei;ter- 
 
 ie of wheat, badly ferment - 
 )lc of faniicn have, ho*, 
 s theie tliey June bifeims 
 dower. 
 
 entertained with a pipe of 
 
 id coliVe, witliout liigar ( r 
 
 pec'l is iiitemled, liinbct 
 
 -T are addeil. But as iiioii 
 
 viiitor gone, tiie w(«)d of 
 
 )lie.s, that die vifit has bei-n 
 
 women here linoke to ex- 
 
 is made of the wood ofihc 
 
 f elay. Opium is in littic 
 
 who take it to excels are 
 
 Here are no coaches ; die 
 
 horfeback, witii a number 
 
 before them. Women ol 
 
 id the lower dali. in co- 
 
 fieep in the firincipal p,ait 
 conlills or" a manrafs, and 
 md a carpet, widi a ffitet 
 
 men are either lullal to 
 .'CS to ileep, or talked to 
 • taug.it ro tell innumera- 
 I'hc jsconle are, in ^cne- 
 'tn oi t!ie Ix-tter fort can 
 only divines, but la.vycrs 
 many c(jlleges, but litde 
 1 lie governmeric does 
 inatomy ; tlitir phylidans 
 
 ki-.'iw but littic 'of die 
 
 beards bLick to oonce:ii 
 1 dye tiuir Iwir red with 
 
 Ihey likewile dye diclr 
 )f roles and <..'icr Howeri, 
 e to aji liurojican. 'I'iic 
 :he Ciiinganasand Arabs, 
 >ugli dicir rii^ht nolhih. 
 ey, Lcban checlt, iried 
 : eleven o'clock. Thy 
 uie 
 
 ASIA] 
 
 TURKEY IN 
 
 A .S I A. 
 
 i9t 
 
 ulc a table here, which is round as wtU as the diHies : 
 JMith arc made of copt<ci finned, or filvcr. 'I'hc :ib:e 
 is|ilare<l upon a TkjoI about itiurtecn inches high, be- 
 neath vvhicii a piv-ce of ivd ciorh is fpreid, t'l prevent 
 tlie divan from being fpoiled. There is no table ci .>ch, 
 I,,' their knees are -jovcivd with long (ilk napkins. 
 ;'i;e dilhes are pla< ed in the ml Idle of the table, being 
 h jiigh" in <iiie by one, and changed as Ibon ai evciy 
 one hab I i!tcd a little. The lcban in Kilbns ; bri- .J, 
 'illids, pickles, fpoons, ^c. are difp'ill'd in order 
 i,;uiid the edges. Thcfpooii. aic made of wood, horn, 
 tortoilcd ', &'"• They u!e neither knive: or iorks. 
 The H' ;h is br.- t.'i, and die la'r pi'.aw. ihe ii'.er- 
 ir.L'diate .'hes are muitoi'. roa.led nn'' ftcs.ed wi'h 
 herbs, •■ ' cut 10 pieces; I'ewed igeoiis, (owh, inc. 
 ituiied wi a rice and Ipices; but the moil fiiviwrite diHi 
 is a V e lamb ftufted .ifith rice, aimonds, raifm.-, 
 piftacfi ^.c. "liey have likewife a dv fcrt of fwcet 
 ihirci' J a thin lyrup with it, with ciiirants, rHif'n , 
 tirird jiricots, (hces of ^mt-ts piilachios, apples, ivc. 
 fwimniing in it, of which e; 'h c:'' fpoonfiil, and tiien 
 the repaft is concluded. 
 
 They drink water at meals, and coftlv after dinner : 
 flip about five in "^he winter, and fix in the fummer. 
 The licentiuiis ihink wine and fpirits publicly, bur t!-.e 
 lij Kicritical part f)[ the people in privat- ; and when 
 rh;'y once iiegin they <>rneraliy drink 10 excefs. 
 
 They h 've a few black flaves in .Meppo, which are 
 hroiigk from F.thio|)ia by way of Cairo, but the flavcs 
 arc, in general, white, being Georgians. Criminals 
 n,e here hanged, impaled or beheaded, at the option 
 of the ''.idyc, but the janilliirics are ftrangletlby a cord 
 iwifii I twice ron.id the neck, and drawn tight with a 
 |iieit of (lick. 
 
 llie Chriili.ans of AIe]>po eat much in the fame man- 
 ner as the Turks, only the latter ufe oil, and the for- 
 11"" butter. 
 
 I'l'.ere is but little tHfTerence in the ctrfloms and ce- 
 remonifB of the (ireek, Syrian, Armenian, and .Maro- 
 nite Chrillians. A Maronite nuptial ceremony is thus 
 comhifrcd: the bridegroom's relations arc invited to 
 the hoult; oftlic bride to an enti-.tainment : after fup- 
 per they return to the bridegroom's houfe, who has not 
 hitheito appearcil: for he is obligeit to hide himfelf, 
 and not to be- found wichout a pntended fcarch. At 
 leii;;di he is brought our in his woriV cloadis, but tiion 
 alter the bridemen conduct him to a chamber, which 
 contains the weilding garments, where he is 'eft to drefs 
 himiell. About midi'.iglit the <T.mpaiiy, preceded bv 
 a band of muiic, ami each carrying a lighted candle, 
 go to the b»-ide's houfe and tlemand her. Admittance 
 is refilled, and a mock fight ciifiies. The bride is 
 taken priioner, and, being clofely veiled, is conduded 
 to the bridegro(>m's houfe. The night is fpent in feall- 
 ingand mirth; but the bride muft not ijx'ak the whole 
 time. 'Ihe biihop, or prieft, comes die next morn- 
 ing to jierfbrm the ceremony, in which he purs crowns 
 oil their heads, and joins die hands of the britle and 
 bridegroom, wl-.o each have a ring to put on the finder. 
 A (ew ridiculous, uniiitereiling ami riotous ceremonies 
 eiifi.e i and the bridegroom is not left to himfelf till 
 t\sdve o'clock at night, when he is permitted to retire 
 to the bride. .'Vil the bride's (einale - quaintancc lend 
 flowers to her as pre((-nts fir liime days afi-er her ntar- 
 riape -, bur ftie is not allowed to <peak for the fpace of 
 a nKinth, even to her hulhand. 
 
 Tlie h'ranks here aie p.incipally h'rench and bnglilli. 
 The l-.nglilli have a confnl, chaplain, cliancellrr, and 
 chiau. The Krench have dieir conful, di ugumeii, anil 
 other (.(ilcers, and a;e more numerous than the I'.nglini, 
 No Dutchman refides here except the conlul. A tew 
 \'enctian merchants, aiul Italian Jews, are, however, 
 fettled in thepl.K-e. 
 
 ihe pl.igue is the m()l> dreadful thing at A lepjio : it 
 liegins to rage in June, and decreafes in Juiy i and 
 titaaily viiits die inhabitants every ten years, when it 
 Commits vafl devaflations. To avoid the infection the 
 following circumllaiices are to beobfei-yed. Never go 
 No. 17. 
 
 If 
 
 ■d 
 
 abroad failing: drink plciiriflilljr of acid; : Jive rejciihr- 
 ly, bi:r nnt ab(h-miout1y ; avoid (-'.Ci-Ts and piTfion : 
 bre::the thftinth > !'.!.-.d;;crchiet) or fpng? wetted with 
 vir.egar, or an intiifion of nie : fw.illfiw not fhf fnittle : 
 wafh y(iur mouth, ficc, and hands i.fren v-ith vinegar; 
 air your clf;.iths well, cli.'nge;them oti:eii, a.id f:mak 
 them with fulphur. 
 
 SECTION XVIII. 
 PHOENICIA, o;'. P HE NICE. 
 
 I^IKENICIyV, taken in its largeft extent, is boiind- 
 .jd by ti\e Mediterranean on the weft, by Ca?lo- 
 Sv ' I and Eatanea on the caft, by Palcftine on the fouth, 
 a; Syria I'ripcr on the north. 
 
 Jn ancient times this country inade a very confivlera- 
 bie figure in hillory, on account of the ingenuity of its 
 inhabirar.rs, its manufadures, commerce, colonies, &;c. 
 To the I'hd-nicians are .attributed the invention of let 
 ters, the art of navigation, glals-making, &c. 
 
 This crnintiy is a narrow ilip of land, running .aioii;? 
 the fea-coaft from north to flaith. Anciently it was 
 divided into SyroT'hctnicia, and Maritime i'hrenicia, 
 and contaiu-d many line cities and fca-ports. In the 
 (jcred writings it i^ diftingui.'l.ed by the name of Ca- 
 na.in. The principal places An, 
 
 Tripoli, or Tripoli of -Syria, lb c.i" 
 it from other places of die lame nan: 
 Levant .Sea, in 34 deg. 30 min. no • 
 deg. ig min. call lon.wiaide, at dif 
 baiHis. It had its name from its 
 each of them a Hade's diflance ^ .1 
 which belonged to die Arabia.. 
 nians, and a third to the Ty-'" 
 at prelent united, and it is fl-': 
 tlivkled into what is called 
 It is extenlive, ftrong, popuio. 
 ed with fine garden;- am! orcli..f 
 
 berry-trees, &c. The walls are Itrong, .md fortified 
 with leven tov/ers. The caftle is the refidence of the 
 beglerberg, and garrifoned by 200 janiflaries. It is a 
 ftrong fortrefs, (ituated on an eminence, and well ftorcd 
 widi cannon. On account of irs imporeince, it is 
 deemed the metropolis of Phtrnicia. The city is com- 
 modious, and w.iicred by a litde river. '1 he harbour 
 is very open, but is rather defindcd by two fmall iflands 
 at about two leagues from it. There are fix Iquare 
 towers or calHes ahmg the fhorc, v.ell fortified with 
 artillery. The town contains 8000 houfes, and 60,000 
 inhabitants, who confiil of Turks, Jews, and Chrif- 
 tians. The river has a g«)d llone bridge over it, and 
 turns feveral mills. The gardens have all cafcadcs or 
 fountains, and even the ciiambers have water conveyed 
 to them. In the gardens the people fpcnd moftof their 
 liimmcr, being bulieii in their fUk-worm rnanufactor)'. 
 1 he air is clear and healthy, the counrry rich and fer- 
 tile, and the town plentifully fupjj'.ied with .all kinds of 
 provifions. 1 ierL is a large han Home molque, which 
 w.as once a Chrilban church. 'I'ho Jefuits have a hand- 
 limit colk'gc, and the Chriftians in general Ibme mo- 
 n;" -ries and chapels. 
 
 .jotrys, or Botrus, was once a confiderable place, 
 but is now a poor village inhabited by fifiu'rmen, Hand- 
 ing oil the co.ill to die fouth of Tripoli, and c.Uled by 
 the 1 tirks Fatron, or Elpatroii. 
 
 Hybliis, or Byblos, fcninerly a fine city, but now a 
 mean village, denominated Gcbail, is (ituated on the 
 coaft, about 20 miles fouth of I'ripoli. The river 
 Adonis, ik (lending frtim mount Libanus, runs through 
 the town. This river is fubjeft to fv\ ell to an immode- 
 rate degree by the iwlting of iiiow, or failing of rains ; 
 and at certain times the waters ..jijicar bltjody, which 
 the iiiperditious inhabitants iili-'d to impute to the tieath 
 of Adonis, who as thus alluded to in firipture, under 
 the name of Tammus, or Thammus, Ezekiel viii. i.j, 
 " Then he brought me to the door of die gate of the 
 Z z Lord's 
 
 IKliuguifh 
 
 ■ '5 in the 
 
 and 36 
 
 unt Li- 
 
 . cities, 
 
 ei , one of 
 
 dr Sido- 
 
 . . :, h vvever, are 
 
 flou-'hing city, being 
 
 ■ r n i Tower Town. 
 
 i. i opulent, adorn - 
 
 plantations of mul- 
 
 Jf 
 
 
 
 )l %n^ 
 
.^ 
 
 n: If 
 
 % 
 
 Mi 
 
 
 
 182 A N-^.W. ROYAL, .^sr> AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAl. (JEOGRAIMIY, 
 
 X.onVs hiuilc, which W.U towarils liic north, ami bc!u)kl 
 there fat women weiping tor I'ammuz." 
 
 The natural caiife of this pri'teiuieil bl<MKlincfs is only 
 a kind of imniuni or red earth, which is l)n)ught away 
 by the wat<-fs when they fwell to an vimiliuil height, anil 
 give the river a ciinifon tinge. 
 
 I'lie jxKtieal fable of Adonis is, that liaving negled- 
 fil tJR- gtxxl aitvice given liiin by X'eniis, relative to 
 huntings he Wiis devoured by a wild lioar, and after- 
 wards iranst()nned by that gtxldelii into tin- flower 
 XaWtSiiiiieiiK nil. 
 
 li\ this town there is a de[)Uty governor, lubordinate 
 to the beglerbcrgof Syria, ami a linall garrifon. There 
 is however, but little trade, the harbour being alnioll 
 iclioakcd up. 
 
 Berytus was once a llourifliing city, but is now upon 
 
 tin- decline. The (Ireets are narrow, dirty, and dark. 
 
 It is, however, a trading place, and a llage (or the 
 
 caravans that go to Ijraml Cairo. It is litu.ited on t.'ie 
 
 lea-coaft, in a country that is fertile and delightful, 
 
 about forty miles from Trijioli. About the town fonie 
 
 (lately ruins are vifible, particularly of the paLcc ainl 
 
 gardens of Taccardine, the fourth emer or prince of the 
 
 okl Drufians j and of an old amphitheatre, fupjx)l'ed to 
 
 have been built by Agrippa. The tnide conlills of fine 
 
 tajK'llry, canib'cts, (ilks, cinnamon, nutmegs, ginger, 
 
 calfia, pepper, rhubarb, cochineal, &c. j\long the 
 
 coaft mulberry ami other trees, gourc's, colocynti;.. &c. 
 
 abounil. 
 
 Serepta, Serphant, or Serphanda, a city anciently 
 
 celebrated (()r th.c abtKle which the prophet Klias made 
 
 in it with a poor widow, is at prefcnt but an indil^'erent 
 
 village, about a mile (Vom the lea, and .'itu.ited on a 
 
 biU. 
 
 Sidon, or Sayd, as tiie Turks call it, a city cele- 
 brated l>oth in lacred ami prophane hiftory, more par- 
 
 ticularh for its extenfive trade, is now a fmall town, 
 
 and C(intains about 6000 inhabitants. Here are many 
 
 molcjues, two kans, .1 public bagnio, and a line Iquare 
 
 buikling, called the cotton market. The exports con- 
 
 fift of Turkey leather, pillachios, fenna, buffalo (kins, 
 
 '"otton, blue filks, rice, foap from Egypt, allies, oil, 
 
 raifins, A;c. There are die niins of a Hue jwrt on the 
 
 mirth fide of the town. The city is govcrnecl by a 
 
 bafhaw, and an aga, who has under his command 
 
 about 30CK1 loldiers, tjuaitcred in tliecaiHe ami thetov/n. 
 
 The harbour is large, but not lafe, on which account 
 
 the lhi['S ride ac anchor about a mile from the town, 
 
 under a ridge of rocks, '('he ganlens in the llihurbs 
 
 contain gro.'ts of mulberry, olive, tamarind, fycamorc, 
 
 and other trees. The I'rench conful relides in a very 
 
 pleafani houfe near the before-mentioned roi.ks where 
 
 the (hips lie at anchor. The city, it is laid, had its 
 
 name from tl:e eldell ion of Canaan. 
 
 Tyre, 'I'yrus, or Sor, at it was anciendy called, wns 
 
 firuated iipin a rock, which its name implies. It was 
 
 ufually nami'd die diughrer of Siilon, being about two 
 
 luindred furlongs dillmt from that city. Tyre had tw(j 
 
 havens, one towards Sidon, and the other toward.s 
 
 Egypt, and was dividei.l into three cities, viz. Pal.x- 
 
 Tyre, that is, Tyr* on the- Continent, or Old Tyre; 
 
 Tyre on the ifland ; ami Tyre on the Feninfula. The 
 
 hollies of the city were very lofty, which was owing to 
 
 the fcarcity of ground. The buildings in general were 
 
 magnificent, partirularl)' the luj^ierb temple erected by 
 
 its king Hiruni, and dedicated to Jupiter, Hercules, 
 
 and AlTarte ; the w.ills of which were 1 50 feet liigli, 
 
 propijrtionably broad, firmly built of huge blocks of 
 
 (lone, and cemented together widi a tlrong white 
 
 mortar. 
 
 This once jjiov/erful city, the capital of Pha-nicia, 
 
 tile <:mi>orium of commerce, and millrefs of the it-a, 
 
 equally famed for its trade, beauty, and oiiulenci , and 
 
 lot matiy ai;es deetned impregnable, both from its al- 
 
 mofl inacccflibk lituation, ar.d tlie llrengtii of its l()rti- 
 
 fications made by arc, is now a mere de.'Lrt. I's pr..*- 
 
 fent inhabitants are only a few p,oor wretclus who dwell 
 
 in caverns and lublill b)- lifliing : luch is the eompk 
 
 tion of Ei-ekiers prophecies conrerning it, of which wr 
 (liall tranlcrilie the words : " Thus faid the LORD 
 " (i(Kl, behokl I am againft the, Trnn, and wii| 
 '• caulir many nations to come up againll thee, as tin- 
 " lea cauleth his w.ives to come up, aiul they (hall ik-- 
 " (troy the walls of Tyrus, ami break down her tower. 
 " I will alii) fcrape her dull from her, and make Im 
 " like the toji of « rock : it lliall lie a place for tin; 
 " fprr ailing of nets in the miilll of the (ea : fiir I h.ivi- 
 " ijxtken it, laidi the I.ord, and it lliall become a IjHiil 
 " to the nations." Kzek. chap. xxvi. 3, 4, ami 5. U 
 is uncertain what kim.s reign-d before Abidale, or .Abii- 
 m.U, who was conte Tnx)rary with, ami an en«-n)y u„ 
 king David. His lim Hir.uii, whofuccealed him loi: 
 years befciie Chrill, li-ems, however, to have Ix-en of 
 a dift'erent difpolition ; fiir he not only maintained i 
 (Iricl (riendOiip and ;iHiance with David, but lent pn- 
 fents of cedar, and Ikilful workmen, to the royal 
 pliilmill: ..nd on his demife tranlmitted to his lim Solo- 
 mon, by embafly, letters of comkilence, which, with 
 die anfwers, were extant in the time of' Jolt:pluii, as 
 that admirable Jewilli wiiter infiirms us. Hiram like- 
 wife not only furnifhed workmen and the principal ma- 
 terials for building the iVmple of Solomon, but ad- 
 vanced lao talents of gold to forward that great work. 
 Tyre was befieged thirteen years together by N'ebii 
 chaiinezzarj who at length fulxlued it 572 years be 
 fore Chrill, when he put all tlie inhabitants he coukl find 
 to die fword, and ilcllroycd the ancient Tyre. But 
 many of the people had, in time, pruilently retired 
 with the chief of their efleifls, to an illand at liime ilil- 
 thDC-; from the fliore, where they built New Tyre, (.r 
 Ty.-e on the liland. The city, however, at length fub- 
 mitted to Nebuchadnezzar, who appointed Baal lii- 
 bordinat-? king thereof, under his own fuprcme authori- 
 ty. In th" reign of Azelmic, and 332 years bct()re 
 Chrill, Tyre was lielieged by Alex:uiile the (ireat, ami 
 taken by llorm, after holding out feven months. He 
 put to deatli the greateft part of the inhabitants, eitiur 
 during the capture, or afterwards in coljj blood. Such 
 arc the horrors of inlatiate war ! 
 
 ' The wand 'ring babes from mothers breads are rent, 
 
 ' And fuller ills they neither fear'd nor meant. 
 
 ' No (ilver reverence guards the Hooping age, 
 
 ' Nor nile, nor metliKl, tie die boundlefs rage : 
 
 ' Nodiing but fire ami (laughter meet the eyes, 
 
 ' Nothing the ear but groans and difmal cries.' 
 
 Alexander, after dellroyiiig the place, and munWring 
 the inhabitants, was vifry lorry for hu ralhnefs ; iuiil, 
 like other worthies of the fame precipitate difixirition, 
 who become wili; t<v) late, determined to reintir one 
 evil by committing i'.notluT ; in confe<^uence of which 
 refo!'.!tion, he iLi/.cd moil (if die artificers in die neigh- 
 bouring coun'ries, ;ind having comjx-lled them to rc- 
 buikl the city, lie obliged them to relide in it, lell he 
 (hoiild have a L'reat city widiout any inhabitants. Such 
 was tin humanity and wifdom of many of the great he- 
 roes ot antiquity, svlio ftnight (or fighting fake, did in 
 juries inlleiul of redreding them, and quarrelled with 
 every bixly to avoid being idle. 
 
 liaving thus rebuih and rei)eoi)ied this ;uicient cf\, 
 he thoug!it proper to (lile himfelt the founder of Tyre, 
 in order, we liipjiole, to prevent the people from re 
 eollecling that !ie had lieen the liellroyer of 'I'yre. The 
 city recovered its beauty and oiHilence in time, became 
 t'onfederate with the Romans, and was invetled with 
 the privileges of a Ronuui city on account of its gre.it 
 tidclity. In the primitive times of Chrilllanity, it was 
 made the metropolitan Ice fi)r the province of Phoenicia. 
 In 6j6 in was conquered by the Saracens, but in i u I 
 recovered by the Chrilli.ms. In 1280 it was hnally 
 liibdued by the Turks, in whole hands it has eoiuimieJ 
 ever fma'. Theli.- inliilels took it loon .liter the leduc 
 tion of Aera, o. .Acre, where du'V committed Inch 
 unheard-t'f ciuclties, tiiar the 'I'ynans, terrified with 
 die 'eport tiiereof, be'.ook themfelves to their lliips at 
 
 midnight, 
 
 midnight, ami 
 filtered it tlie 
 rable fmiation 
 mcnt. We 
 were particulai 
 Hril tound out 
 lips being finel 
 chilis. This 
 ancients to all 
 to an hunting 
 famed Tyrian 
 wis It) much 
 rors, on accot 
 one pound of 
 above thirty pi 
 Acca, or, a 
 anciendy callei 
 afterwards Sr. 
 feffion of the k 
 about 28 null 
 lar .ml 35 di 
 Sea ; but is 
 It was (or lonv 
 the infidels am 
 wars. In the 
 conquereil it, 
 knights, who I 
 Turks, howevi 
 men, ami took 
 bitants had pn 
 dwfe who rem 
 fidels, who ra^ 
 edifices, and i 
 The following 
 occafion : a n 
 nuns might li 
 conquerors, pi 
 their faces, th; 
 might prcferve 
 cited them by \ 
 immediately in 
 fpecfacles o( l 
 jjcded, cruelly 
 heroic ladies I 
 *ferve their dial 
 the Danes inva 
 acted in the fa 
 I'roin the fimil 
 Acre copial tl 
 It was in ( 
 Wales, receivi 
 Inch was the < 
 lucked the poi 
 he was cured : 
 
 There is 
 I'herc is 
 Even froi 
 A certain 
 Of grofs 
 
 'The city hi 
 to fea and lam 
 piilliiie fplenti 
 towers and bii 
 the magnificer 
 tlie cathedral c 
 tlie church o 
 the convent 1 
 the grand mif 
 large cJiurch 
 afferts, that v 
 ' luirches were 
 
 Paneas, or 
 fiently, but n 
 the foot of mi 
 tlie Jordan. 
 
 Damafcus, 
 
 A ■■■' 
 
 .;*,;: 
 
-v-i^ 
 
 , GKOGRAFHV, 
 
 conferning it, of which wr 
 : '• Thus ikid the LORD 
 nft thf, YVriii, ami wiil 
 n)c up againil tlicc, as tin- 
 i.nic up, ami tlu-y lliall i|o- 
 iiKJ lircak down licr towcr . 
 t from her, and malie Iri 
 
 it Ihall he a place for the 
 liiilt of the (i-a : (()r I have 
 
 and it Ihall becojiie a Ipiiil 
 uip. xxvi. 3, 4, .(ml j. I, 
 •ilbflorc Aliidale, or .'\lxi- 
 ' with, and an incniy to, 
 II, who fucccaleii hiiu loi : 
 liowever, to have Ixen of 
 
 he not only maintained j 
 
 with Oavid, but ll-nt pic 
 I Workniin, to tlie royal 
 tranlniitted to his lim Solo- 
 )t' condolence, whicii, with 
 I the time of" Jolirjiiuii, as 
 r int()rms us. Hiram likt- 
 kinen and the principal ina- 
 iiplc of Solomon, but ad- 
 u forward that great work. 
 
 years together by Ncbii 
 
 fuljtlucil it 572 years be 
 lie inhabitants he couki tiiui 
 .1 the ancient Tyre. But 
 in time, prudently retired 
 :s, to an illand at (()mc dit- 
 e they built New I'yre, (,r 
 ty, however, at length liih- 
 , who appointed Baal lli- 
 .T his own luprcme author! 
 lie, and yyz years bebre 
 f Alexiuiile die (Jreat, ami 
 ig out feven months. 1 Ic 
 rt of the inhabitants, eitlier 
 «rds in coljj blood. Sutli 
 
 it! 
 
 mothers brcafts are rent, 
 fear'd nor meant, 
 the Hooping age, 
 llie boundlefs rage : 
 Iter meet tlie eyes, 
 and difmal cries.' 
 
 g the place, and murdering 
 )rry for hij railinels; ami, 
 anie p.-eci[)itate dif(X)fiti()ii, 
 
 determinni to reintir oiu: 
 i in eonfet^uente of whieh 
 
 die ariiiicers in tiie neigli- 
 ig c(im|x-lled them to re- 
 lem to refide in it, loll he 
 loiit any inh.ibitants. .Such 
 n of many of the great he- 
 it l()r lighting fake, did in 
 hem, and quarrelled with 
 le. 
 
 •e])eopled this ;uicient if), 
 mfelt the founder of '1 yre, 
 
 vent the people from re 
 e d.elliDyer of Tyre. The 
 1 o[Hilence in time, bcLMiiie 
 us, and was invelK'd wirh 
 city on account of its gre.i! 
 ncs of Ciirillianity, it was 
 
 the province of Phccnicia. 
 
 the Saracens, but in 1 121 
 In i.!8o it was finally 
 
 ife hands it has continued 
 jdk it loon .liter the ivduc 
 c they coniinitteil liich 
 
 le 1 yi lans, territied with 
 leml'elvcs to their lliips at 
 midnight, 
 
 ASIA]. 
 
 r u R K F. V In 
 
 A is I A. 
 
 ^»3i 
 
 mitlnigtit, am^ abamloncd the city to their fury. Thfy 
 entered it tlie next day, and rcdiued it to the dcph) 
 ralilc fitiiation of which the difmal ruins are Hill a monu- 
 tncnt. We miifl: not omittoobfervc, that the 'I'yrians 
 were particularly celebrated for dying purple, whicli was- 
 firfl found out by them from an accident, viz. a dog's 
 lips being finely tingeil by eating of the Hfh calleil con- 
 chilis. This fi(h is a buccinum, a name given by the 
 ancients to all fifhes whole lliells bear any relcmblance 
 to an hunting horn j anti r appears from Pliny that the 
 famed Tyrian purple was obtained from it. This dye 
 was li) much valued in cue time of the Roman empe- 
 rors, on account of its being the im|>erial colour, tliat 
 one pnind of it coll a thoufand Roman denarii, or 
 above thirty pounds lleriing. 
 
 Acca, or, as the Franks call it, Acra, or Acre, was 
 anciently called Ace, or Accho, then Ptolemais, and 
 atterwarils St. John D'Acre, while it was in the pof- 
 lefTionof the knights of St. John of Jerulalem. It is 
 ab<xit a8 miles from Tyre, in 32 deg. r,,- min. north 
 laf .in I 35 deg. 47 min. eaft. long, and on the Levant 
 Sea J but is at this time a very incoiifiiierable place. 
 It was for fome time a fubjecl of c; ntention between 
 the infidels and Chriftians, during the crufades, or holy 
 wars. In die year 1191 Richard 1. king of England, 
 conqucreil it, and gave it to the before- mentioned 
 knights, who held it 100 years with great bravery. The 
 lurks, however, inverted it with an army of 150,000 
 "en, .ind took it Ma) 19, 1291. Many of the inlia- 
 Dit.mts had previoiifly retired to tlie ifland of Cyprus ; 
 thofe who remaineil behind were malfacred by the in- 
 fidels, who razed le fortirtc.itions, dellroyed its noble 
 edifices, and rediicf .1 it i.> the molt deplorable llati. 
 I'iie following lingulai circumlfance is recordeil on this 
 occafion : a noble abbefs, fearing that herfelf anit her 
 nuns might IlifFer violation from the brutality of the 
 coiwuerors, propofed to her Hock to cut anil mangk" 
 their faces, that by the dellruclion of tiicir beauty they 
 might prclcrve their purity. 'I'o tliis Ihe not only ex- 
 cited them by words, but her own exainple, which they 
 immediately imitated. The Turks, finding them fucli 
 fpectacles of horpKf inllead of the beauties they ex- 
 [leded, cruelly put them to the fword : thus lell thele 
 iieroic ladies by the means they lauiiibly ulcd to pre- 
 •Itrrve their challity. It is pro|xT to obferve, t!iat when 
 the Danes invaded i'.nghmd, the abbefs of Coldingham 
 acled in the fame mann'T : we may therellire lupix)fe, 
 from the fimiliarity of the expeiiient, that the lady of 
 Acre copied the example of the Kngiilli lady. 
 
 It was in diis city that Kdward I. then prince of 
 Wales, received a wound with a w>ifoned arrow ; but 
 Inch was the conjugal fidelity lA' his princels, that flie 
 lucked the poiliin from the wound, and by that means 
 he was cureil : fuch is the force of a-al love. 
 
 There is in love a power, 
 There is a foft divinity that draws tranfjMirt 
 Even from dillrefs, that gives tiie heart 
 A certain pant^, excelling far the joys 
 Of grofs, unfeeling life. 
 
 The city has an excellent finiation witii refpect both 
 to lea and land, yet has never been able to recover its 
 prilline fplendor. It lias two walls well fortified by 
 towers and bulwarks, which are much decayed : among 
 the magnificent ruins, with the walls, are the remains of 
 tiie cathedral dedicated to St. Andrew, near tiie lea fide, 
 the church of St. John, the titular faint of the city, 
 the convent of tlie knights holpitallers, the jialace of 
 tlie gram! mailer of tiie order, and the remains of a 
 large church belonging to the nunnery. I'hevenot 
 •ilFerts, tiiat when he law the place, the remains of 30 
 < lunches were Hill \ifible. 
 
 Paneas, or Cielarea Philippi, a celebrated place an- 
 ciently, but now nothing more than a jxjor village, at 
 the foot of mount Panis, is fituated near the fburce of 
 the Joalan. 
 
 Damafcus, a city much famed in ancient hiftory, 
 
 originally fijf the refideiKc of the firil Syrian fiings, and 
 afterwards ft>i- being a regal Jl-at of the calijihs of the 
 Saracens, is finiated in 33 deg. 37 ini;i. north latitude, 
 ant! 37 dej;. 4 mitl. call long. With refpeft to its an- 
 fitjuity it is die nioil venerable in riif whole univerle ; 
 it IS generally agreed to have been built by U/, ( >n of 
 Abraham, ami grandfon of Shem, the Ion of N'oiili, and 
 was the birth place of Flie/.ir the lUward of Abraham. 
 It was ponelltd by the Mamahikes till 1 506, when the 
 Turks com|uereil it, and have kept it ever ftnce. It is 
 waflied by tite river Barady, fbrmerlv called the Cliry- 
 lorrhoas, or (iolden River; the form is an oblong 
 liiuare, abtnit two miles in length : at a diilaiice it ap- 
 l^ars like a city in a w(kx1, from the great number of 
 towers, domes, minarets, lice, inttrfnerfed witii ganlens 
 and orcharils. The water of the river is conveyed not 
 only to all parts of the city, but into the neighbouring 
 plain. The molques, b.igiiios, be^ars, khans, &c. 
 are magnilicent, but the priv.atc houles are low and 
 mean, being erefted either with liin-burnt bricks or 
 mud i yet, though the houles are dcl'picable, they are 
 in general accommodated with (lately apartments, 
 fquare court yards, marble fountains and niarble por- 
 tals : one cofTee-houfe m die town will contain ^(K) 
 [xjople : it is divided into two parts, one for fummer, 
 aixl the other for winter. 
 
 In a large field called the Meida.n, near the city, is 
 an hofpital for pilgrims and itrangers of all religions, 
 wh) are maintained at the Grand Seignior's expence. 
 •he grand niofque is a magnificent edifice, and was 
 f(»rnierly a Chri(li.in church, built by the emperor He- 
 ruciiub in h.inour of Zechariah, the father of John the 
 Baptilt ; but at prefent it is death f()r any one to enter 
 it biif a Mulliihiian. About the middle of this city is a 
 caftle of an oval f^.Tm, with Hrong walls 14 feet thick, 
 flanked with li[uare towers, mounted with cannon, and 
 well furnilheil witii arms, water, &c. It is garrilbned 
 by 1 .-,000 janifliiries, vi/.. 5000 to guard the city, 5000 
 to attenil tlie lliltan when he goes to Bagdail, ami 5000 
 to efcort the M^cca caravan. There is a large bake- 
 houfe where bilcuits are made for the pilgrims that are 
 going to Mecca, as the Grand Seignior allows diem 
 200 camels load of bifcuit, and the fame quantity of 
 water. 
 
 The manufaifluresof Damafcus are Icymeters, knives, 
 fword blades, bridle bits, and many other iron and Heel 
 Wares, in wh'ch about ^0,000 of the inhabitants are 
 employed. Caravans bring hither their merchandizes 
 of Turkey, -Ar.abia, ami India; and caravans are conti- 
 nually going to and returning from Bagdad, Aleppo, 
 Mecca, &c. The city hath eight gates and Hrong walls. 
 The principal Hreets both in the city anil luburbs are 
 arched to keep oft' the fun and rain. The neighbour- 
 ing territory is plealant ami fertile ; and the grapes are 
 remarkably fine, fome of tiie bunches weighing from 
 30 to 10 jiounds ; and the llieep, which are very large, 
 and their fiefli delicious eating, iiave tails that weigh in 
 general (io pounds. Near the city alabalter is found in 
 great quantities, and a r'd earth, efllcacious as a re- 
 medy ag.iinll tlic bite of venomous creatures. The 
 corn is not here thrallied as in moll other countries, 
 but the Hraw is cut oft" with iron pincers, falfencd to 
 wooden rollers, drawn over the corn by a liorlir. 1 lere 
 the Jews have fome hamlfonic fynagogues, and Chrif- 
 tians of all denominations have their churches of wor- 
 lliip according to their own communion. Tiiis is at 
 prefent called by the 'I'urks Scan or Schan. The em- 
 l)eror Julian formerly Hileil it the City of Jupiter, the 
 Eye of the EaH, and the Scat of M.igniliceiice. Ma- 
 homet, beholding it from a neighbouring mountain, 
 \vas fo delighted with the appearance of the city and iti 
 environs, that he refuli^d to en'cr, or even approach any 
 nearer to it, faying, " I am line diere is but one para- 
 dife deligncd for man, and 1 will not enjoy mine in this 
 world." 
 
 The following lingular ciicimiHiuices are, by many 
 autiiors, laid to have happened during the liege of this 
 city by the .Arabians, A. 1). 634. One iiighr foine of 
 
 iht; 
 
 i- 
 
 
 1!'! 
 
'4f 
 
 5 
 
 f- 
 
 ' i • ', 
 
 m 
 
 :h 
 
 'I' 
 
 
 1,84 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHF.NTIC SYSTl.M or UNIVF.U^;AI. GF.OGKAPilY. 
 
 centincls, who were upon duty, heard the lU'ighinp of 
 a horfc, which was roniiiit; i»uc of one of the city jutes. 
 Thoy kept liltriu till it appniutiw-J, when the) took tlie 
 riJer prifouer. liumaliatciy ai'tcr there Cdiin: out ot 
 the liiini- {;.ite another perlon or. horlebaek, wl-.o called 
 the man that was taken priloncr by his name. I'he 
 Saracens coinmanJed the ptiK'ner to aniwer him, 
 when the captive cried out aloud in Greek, " I he 
 bird is taken." Ilic perli)n to whom theie words were 
 I'pokcn, tomprchcEitiing their meaning, yjallir^ied b.ick 
 again to the city : thoiigii the Saracens knew not what 
 the iirifoner had laid, as none of i!u-m hiippencd to un- 
 tlerlland tlie Greek Lini;uage ; yet dicy were fenfibic that 
 hy tliis nuMns they huif lol! a prifoner. I'hey thereti>re 
 carried him betiire Khalcd, their general, \vh') ile- 
 inandrd what he wa.-,. " I am 'leplied he) a noble- 
 man, and have mairinl .1 lady who is dealer to me tlian 
 life ; but, when I lent U>r lur home, hei parents nude 
 a (lighting anfwer, ;uk1 faid they had other Inifmefi to 
 mind. if.ising found nn opportunity to yet to tiie 
 fjjecch of her, we agreed to leave the city in the even- 
 ing, and f(.'r that purpfe to give a confiderable f.jm of 
 money to the periim who lliould be on ^uaul at ni^^^ht. 
 I leaving t!ic city firft was fuipriled by ih.it man, ajid 
 to prevent my beloved wile fnin lallinc; into his hands, 
 I crieil, the binl is taken. The dear creature uniler- 
 llanding my meaning;, returnetl with her two lervants 
 into the citv : and who can blame me tor Ihewing futh 
 tendernel's." .Said the general, " Then wii.it think 
 you of the Mahomct.m religion? Embrace it, and your 
 wife fliall be rellored to you wiien wc take the tity. 
 Kefufe, and you are a dead man." 
 
 The poor wretch being terrified, renounced die 
 Chriftian faith in diefe words ; " I tellify that there is 
 but one God i tiiat he has no partner; and Mahomet 
 is his projihet :" then ilevoting himlelf to the Intiilels, 
 he dillinguillieil himfclf in lighting againO the Chrif- 
 tions. Damalcus being taken, Jonas, for that w;ls his 
 name, ran in fearch ot his beloved, and was intiirmed 
 that fl-.e had immured herfelf in a nunnery, diinking 
 tiiat Ihe Ihouki never fee him any more. 1 le llew to 
 the convent, difcovered himlelf to .die lady, ;uid at the 
 lame time informed her of his having changed his 
 religion. This intormation induced her to treat him 
 widi the utmolt contempt, and to conclude, that as he 
 had renounced die Cliriltian religion, it was her duty to 
 renounce him. Agreeable to this relohition Ihe lett the 
 city widi the Chriftians, who were permitted to depart. 
 Jonis, ill d.e utmoil dillradion, applied to the general, 
 and cmreateil him to deL.'.in lur by force , but Khaletl 
 replied, " that he could not t!o any lluii thing; but, 
 as the Chriilians had voUintarily furrendered, he lliould 
 fulrer them to liepart according to the articles of capitu- 
 lation." 
 
 Soon after, however, die .Saracen Cliief rtjjenting 
 that he had favoureil them with liich mild terms, and 
 fiiffercd them tc cairy away fo nuich wealth, determined 
 to purllie and plunder diem. Jonas llrongly urged the 
 Iniidel to execute his relblution fpceilily, and otfertd 
 to be his guide. They theretore left the city at the 
 ■head of .100 horfe, being all difguifed like Chriftian 
 Arabs. TIk-v foon came up with tlie Chriftians, when 
 a fliarj) conteit: cnfued, but the Saracens proved v'lilo- 
 rious. During die engagement, Jonas got among the 
 womeh in k.irch of his wile. Kaphi Kbn Omeirah pal- 
 ling that w.iy, law him fcuffliiig with his l.tdy, whom 
 l:e had thrown down upon the ground with fome \io- 
 Icnce : and Kaplii himlelf fciicd upon the daughter of 
 the emperor 1 1 jrachus, ami die bcautilul widow of 
 
 Thom.is, a Chriftian chief, who liad been killeil in die 
 engagement. Having fecured his captives, he retuni- 
 cd to tlie place where he had left Jonas, when he 
 found iiim bathed la tears, and his witc weltering in 
 her hi oo.i. l.n'iuiring die occafion, Jonas wrung his 
 haixis, and cried, " Alas ! I am the molt miferable 
 ■treatiire exiftiiig. I came to this woman, wliom I 
 j;rized above all diiiigs, and would fain liavc perfuaded 
 her to return widi me. Siie was, how^jvcr; deaf to my 
 1 
 
 entreaties, bccaufc I hail chiuigetl my religion, and 
 vowed Ihe v.tiuld retire to a cbiftcr to end her slsys. 
 Not Ixav; able to perfuade by tender citreaties, | itr- 
 terinincd to employ force, and dicretere threw lux 
 down, and took her j^riloner ; when Ihe fuddenly drew 
 out a knife, ibibbcd herlelf in the breaft, fell down nt 
 mv feet, and i'lllantlv cxfiired." Raphi coulii not re- 
 frain from tears at tliis mournful relation. :\t lengtli 
 he faid to comfort him, " Heaven did not intend rh.it 
 you flioukl live with her, and has therefore provided 
 better for you." " What do you mean ?" laid Jonas. 
 " I'll Ihew you (replied Raphi) a l.ulythat I havetalcen 
 of admiralile beatry, and in the richeft attin'. I'll 
 make yoii a iirell'iit of her to compenfate vour Infs." 
 Jonas being brought to the princefs converfed with her 
 in Cireel^, and recei' •• 1 her as a prefent from Raphi. 
 
 After the carna; e had cealcd, the gener.d, lu-arin" 
 that the emfieror's ilaup^htcr w.is taken, demanded ht.- 
 I f Jonas, who frceiv reli(.'ned her, and received .1 pre- 
 li-nt whiiii Klialeil th()i!,;ht proper to make, Jorvas 
 continueil ever after athided with a deep melanelioly, 
 a jull punillunent for hi.^ .apollacv, for which lie was 
 Hnallv rewardeil at tiie battle of Vermuk, being (hin 
 through the breaft. 
 
 \\ !};ail conclude this digrefllon, which we flattr- 
 ourlelves will not be deemed ua'.:;'. reftinj.', by inloniiin<: 
 our reailers, tiiat the above ftory llirnilhed the ijifjcnimb 
 John Hughes, hXq. with the plot of his excelient tra- 
 gedy, called 7Vir .'>Vi,';r c/ D.niinjfus. 
 
 Balbec was called by the Cireeks Helio[iolis, or tli.- 
 City of the Sun. Its venerable ruins evince that it W;is 
 once one of tiie moll m.ii;ni(icent cities in the univerl'e. 
 At prelent it is nor above a mile and a half in circum- 
 ference, and the poor inliabitants live in mean hou<t's 
 no ways anfwerable to die grand ideas wiiich the fiir- 
 roiindlng rums give us of the dwellings of dieir an- 
 ceftors. 
 
 The honourable Van Egmont fays, " Balbec, now 
 called Baalbec, is probably the ancient Heliopolis, or 
 City of the Sun ; and it'- new n,<me leems to correfponci 
 with the ancient Baal in die Pliirnician Linguage, lig- 
 nifyingan idol, particularly diat (/ die fun. And what 
 lecms to confirm me in niy opinion that Balbec is the 
 ancient Heliopolis, or City of the Sun, was > med.il of 
 Fhilijjpus Cafar, which 1 found here. » He is on " '<■ 
 fide reprelented as a yiudi v.ithout bcaal or ciov. 
 and on tiie reverfe are two r.-glcs with the ends of their 
 beaks jmied, and between them dietetwo word.s, COI,. 
 I IF.L. whence it is plain that diis city was at that time 
 a Roman colony." It is fituateil in one of the moft de- 
 lightful plains in t world, at die foot of mcnint Aiiti- 
 l.ibanus, toward., d.' wclhvard. It is about thirty 
 miles north of Damaii-us, and the fame eaft from tia- 
 fea-coaft, in 33 deg. north latitude, and ,^7' dcg. 00 
 min. call h^ngitude. This |)lace was called by die Ara- 
 bians die Wonder of Syria : and the m.ignificeiit ruins 
 are ccriaiiily the admiration of all travellers who behoU 
 them. A fuperb palace, a nobk temple, and llniie 
 other ruins, Itand at the fouth-weft of the town , an.d 
 having been patched and pieced in Liter times, are 
 converted into a caftli', as it is called. In approacliini: 
 tliefe venerable eilifices, a rotunda, or round pile, at 
 trads the view, encircled with pilla.'-s of the Corinthian 
 ortier, wliieh lupport a cornice di.it runs all round tiie 
 llruiihiie. The whole, though greativ decayed, ex 
 hibit marks of altonifiiingeiegaaie and ^.T^ideur, beirj; 
 built of marble, circular widioiit, and odangiilar widi- 
 in. The Greeks, by wh. >in it luih been converted in- 
 to a church, have taken inlinite pr.insto fpoil its beaiisy, 
 by daubing it with plailler. i here is a fuperb lotry 
 building contiguous to the lotunda, which kad^ to a 
 nobk- archcil |)ortic(j oi 1 50 paces in length, tiiat con- 
 dufts you to a temple of aftonifhing magnihcence, 
 which, to a miracle, h.is widiftood the injuries of tin.e. 
 It is an oblong fquare, of 192 feet in lengti; on the out- 
 fiile, and (20 within. The breaddi is 96 lect on the 
 outfide, and Go within. The whole is ftirrounded by 
 a noble portico, fup'ported by jnll.irs ot the Corinthian 
 
 order, 
 
 4 t 
 
GFOGRAFilY. • 
 
 uig«t my n-luMon, am! 
 
 ckMftvr to t'lvJ hcrdsvs. 
 
 ■ tciwltr (nrn'irif;, 1 d^-, 
 
 ml tlicrfti;rc tlinw lux 
 
 when Ihi" luildcnlv drmv 
 
 tlif l>riMll, Ti'll down lit 
 
 liaplii coulii not n- 
 
 iful n-huion. At leni,'t!i 
 
 avi-n i\'n\ not intend th.it 
 
 1 Ills therefore provided 
 
 vou mean ?" laid Jonas. 
 
 ) .1 Lulythat I havetalccii 
 
 tJK- rithcll attire. I'll 
 
 tompenfire vosir Infs." 
 
 iiufl's convfrfed with lier 
 
 a prel'cnt (rom U;iphi. 
 
 led, the t;cmr;'!, hearin" 
 
 w.is taken, tlcm.mdcil hrr 
 
 iier, and received a pre 
 
 (iroper to mukc. Joria, 
 
 v.itii a deej) irelanehoh', 
 
 lolbicv, (or which lie was 
 
 «)t" Yermiik, being ftioi 
 
 igrefl"ion, which \vc flatrc- 
 in'.:\: ;eftin^', by intiiriniii- 
 )ry tiirniflied the ii'ifi;cnioiij 
 plur cit" his excellent tra- 
 <imafc.ui. 
 
 jreeks Meliopolis, or tli': 
 b!e ruins ivinte that it wis 
 enc cities in the tiniverlf. 
 nile and a iialf in circinn- 
 tJnts live in mean hou*r, 
 and ideas wiiich the fiir- 
 he dwellings of tlieir an- 
 
 nont fays, " Balbec, now 
 
 :he ancient HeliopoHs, or 
 
 ni'me Icems to corrtfpond 
 
 PhLcnician language, lig- 
 hat of the fun. And what 
 opinion that Balbec is the 
 )f the Sun, was > intxiol of 
 nind here. * I !c is on one 
 1 without beard or crown , 
 gles with the ends of tk-ir 
 ;m tJiete two words, COL. 
 t tills city was at that time 
 latedinone of the moftiie- 
 t tlie fo(jt of mount Anti- 
 iViird. It is about thirty 
 ikI the fame call from tlu- 
 Idtituile, and ,^7' dcg. jO 
 lace was called by the Ara- 
 
 and the magnificent ruins 
 if all travellers who behold 
 
 nobk temple, and liime 
 ith-weft of the town ; aiul 
 pieced in later times, are 
 
 is called. In approaching 
 oDinda, or round [lile, at 
 :h jiillai-s of the Corimhiun 
 ce thai runs ail round tlu- 
 iigh y;rcatlv decayed, ex 
 -gancc. and ^r:.jxlein-, being 
 liout, and odangular wiili- 
 
 ic lath been converted in- 
 
 lite prins- to fpoil its beatity, 
 
 i here is a fuperb lofry 
 
 lotunda, which leads to a 
 
 ) paces in length, that con- 
 
 attonifhing magnilicence, 
 liftood the injuries of tin.c. 
 )i feet in length. 0:1 tj\e oiit- 
 
 brtadtli is 96 feet on the 
 
 he whole is furroundeil by 
 
 jy pillais of the Corinthian 
 
 order. 
 
 ASIA]. 
 
 TURKEY IN ASIA. 
 
 order, eachofwiiich confiftj only of tliree flones, tho' 
 ikc height is r,4 teet, and the iliametcr (> tiet \ inches. 
 They are nine feet ihlhuit tioin each odier, and from 
 the wall of the temple. I'heir number on e.ich fide of 
 the temple ii 14, and at each end a. The arcliitrave 
 and cornice arc cxtiuifuely' carved an I cinlxllilhed. 
 Round the temple, between the wall and the pillar., is 
 an arcaiie of large flonei hollowed our arch^^iie, in the 
 center of each of which is a g(Kl, goddefs, or hero, e.te- 
 cuftd widi liich animation as is fcarce conceivable. 
 Round the fiot of tlie temple wall is a d'Wible border of 
 marble, whole lower parts are lilleil with ballo relievo 
 nuMiatures, expretfivc of hcatlien ccrein mials and myf- 
 ttries. 'I'he tiituiice of the tcm|)!e is the inoll augult 
 imaginable, the afcent being by ;p ftejis, bounded by 
 a wall on each fiile that leads to a peilei'ial, on which a 
 ftatue formerly flood. The front is compofed of eight 
 Corinthian pillars, fluted like thofc that go round the 
 temple, ami a nubly prop.irtivmed tri.iiif^ilar pedinient. 
 In die mi.m of thele pill.us, at fix feet dillaiice, .ire 
 four others relcmblmg die fiirmei, ami two more with 
 tliree tiices each. All thele ti)nn a portico 60 fi-et 
 broad, and 2 | dee(), before the i\>xn ot t!ie temple. 
 Under the vault of the jwrtico the entrance of the tem- 
 ple appear.', riirougli thele [lillars in admirable propor- 
 tion. The portal is Iquare, ;uid of marble, 40 feet 
 high, and '.iS wide, the aperture being about 20. I'Vom 
 this portal the bottom of the hntel is feen, embellillied 
 by a piece of fculjnure not t;> be paralleled in the uni- 
 verfe: it reprefents a pnxligious large eagle in baifo re- 
 lievo : his wings are expanded, and he carries a caduceus 
 in his pounces : on eidier fide a cupid apjK-ars holding 
 die one end of a felloon by a ribbon, as the eagle him- 
 lelfhokls the other in his lieak, in a manner iuiniitably 
 fine. Tlie temple is divided into three iiles or aiP.es, 
 two narrow on the fides, and one broad in the middle, 
 by three rows of Huted Corinthian p,illars, of near 4 tlet 
 in diameter, and about 36 (iret in heiiHit, incUitling 
 die pedellal. The pillars are 1 2 in niiiiii ler, 6 of a (ide, 
 at eighteen feet ditlance from each other, and twelve 
 from the w.ills. The walls tlienil'elves are decirated 
 by two rows of pikigers, one above the other, and be- 
 tween each two of the fjwermoll is a niche 1 5 teet high : 
 the bottoms of the niches are ufKm a level with tlie 
 bafes of the pillars; a itl the wall, to that height, is 
 wrought ill die pr.iportion of a Corintiiian pedrllal : 
 die niches dicinlclves are Corinthian, and executed 
 with inimitable delicacy. Over the round nithcs are a 
 row of fl]uare ones between the pilalters of the u()per 
 ortler: the ornaments are marble, ;uid the pediment 
 triangular. At the well: end of tlie middle aille, )(ni 
 alcend to a choir by 13 lleps: the choir is dillingiiillud 
 from die red of the fabric by two large Iquare columns 
 adorned widi pilallers, which form a luperb entrance. 
 Tiie pnjfiilion of admirable fculptuie here is altonilli- 
 ing; but die arcliitechire is the fame as in the Ixxiy of 
 file temble, except th.u thi- niches fland upon the pave- 
 ment, and the pillars are wi. it pedellals. The princi- 
 pal ckrity fornK-rly worlbippvi lerc flood in a vail niche 
 at the bottom of th.e choir. 'I c choir is open towards 
 the niidiile. The whole pile l! Is upon vaults of luch 
 excellent architedure, aiici lb l><i ' in tlieir conftrucUon, 
 that it is imagined they were iLligned (or Ibmcthing 
 more than merely to fujijiort the lliperincuinbent build- 
 ing. The temple was anciently accoin|)aiiied by fome 
 other magnificent buildings, as is evident from four af- 
 Ccnts to it, one upon each angle, widi marble ileps, 
 long enough for ten people to go up a-breall. 
 
 J'he palace, which is in what the Turks call the 
 callk-, mull h.ive been one of the mull fuperb llruc- 
 tures tiiat imagination can conceive, but it is much 
 more decayed thun the temple. It ought to be ob- 
 ferved, that the old wall which encloles both thele 
 fUiidlures is compofed of Uicli prodigious blocks of 
 flone as almoll tianfcemls Wief: three in particular 
 that lie clole to each other in a line, cMend 183 teet, 
 one being 63 (i.'et in leng h, and the other two 60 iier 
 each. A dark arched vault, containing many bulls, 
 No. 17. 
 
 •I| 
 
 lead, to an hexagon buikling, which forms a fpacioui 
 theatre : the end opens to a terrace which is alcendej 
 by marble fleps: you then enter a fquare court, fur- 
 rounded by nugnilicent buikling-, : op each hand .iro 
 double rows of pillars, which furm galleries ofCGIi- 
 tiioms in length, and 8 in breadth. The b<)ttr>m of 
 this court is occupied by a building amazingly lump- 
 tuoub, which appeals to have been the Ixxly of the pa- 
 lace : the columns are as lirge as thijfe of the Hippo- 
 drome at Cotiflancinojile : nine of them are ftiuiding, 
 ami a gotni piece of the entablature. But it is furpri- 
 fing thut each of thele large columns is made of one en- 
 tire block only. All the buildings in this ..illle front 
 the call : and the Corindiian order prevails throughout 
 the while. Tliere is no pl.ice where fuch precious re- 
 mains of architecture and fculpture are to be f >und, as 
 the line ta'.le ofCjreecc, and the magnificence of Rome, 
 leem to be blended ; the ornaments are at once iiinu- 
 meratile and ex.iuillte. Berieadi the whole are vaults, 
 in wiiich vail llights of marble Hairs, of 200 fleps in a 
 Hight, iK lieijuently found. The turn and elevation 
 ofdiele vaults are b.ikl and furpriling: they contain ma- 
 ny n )b!e halls, and fuperb apMtments, admirably de- 
 corated. Some of thele vaults are dark ; (.x.\v:n re- 
 ceive light froai large windows which Hand on the level 
 of the ground above. But the moll fingular circum- 
 flance is, that all thcfe allonilliing edinccs r.rc built 
 widi liicli ei-.oriiious tlones as diolc* hef ire mentionetl, 
 widiout any vilible figns i,\' mortar, or any kinil of ce- 
 ment v/hatever. The pri.leiit city is furrounded with a 
 wall of fquare Hones, An'\ fome towers in good condi- 
 tion. The gardens in the environs are plealanr, fruit- 
 full, anil vveil watered. Many hoiiles, which contain 
 various apartments, are cut out of the liilid rocks. It 
 is inhabited by about thirty or firty Clirillian families, a 
 few Jews, and vxxr 800 lurks. 
 
 SECTION XIX. 
 
 I'ALESTINK.JUDy'FA.THELANDoFCANAAN, 
 OR THE HOLY LAND. 
 
 g HE ancient kingdom of Juda;, or Judca, or 
 X I'alclline, firms the third grand divilion of Syria, 
 I'he former of thcfe names it received from Judah, 
 whole tribe was the moll conHderable of the twelve ; 
 and the latter from the Palellines, or Phihllines, as 
 they are termed iJi icripture, who poiTefTcd die greatell 
 part of it. It had likewife a variety of other names, 
 fuch as the Land of Canaan, the Land of Ifrael, the 
 Land of God, tiie l.and of die Hebrews, &c. but the 
 muW i>re-enuiient appellation by which it has ever been 
 dillinguillicd, is. The Hoiy Land. The name of Ca- 
 naan it received from the tlefcendants of Canaan, the 
 foil of Cham, or Ham, who being expelled by th.e 
 Ifr.ielites, it v/as tlicnce called die Land of Ifiacl. E.ith 
 Jews ;'jid Chriilians call it the Holy Land, (or thele 
 dilliiict realbns : The former give it diac epithet, be- 
 caule it was folely appropriateil to the fervice of Gotl 
 under their immediate difpenfation; and the latter lb 
 call it, bccaufe Chrill was born here, and it became 
 the Icene of all that was wrought or lurTered fir the 
 SALVATION of MANKIND. It was figuratively 
 called die l.;ind of Promife, as having been 01 ' .'ied 
 by (iod himfelf to the cliofen people of If- lei • .':i.i ;! c 
 land liowing widi milk ..ml honey, fro-^- ■. • .liU.-rfi.l 
 fertility. Lnder the general name ■ 
 or Palelline, ibme include the whol 
 feifed by the twelve tribes, thourii 
 longs to no more than the coun' 
 Jorda'i, which Moles himfelf pai n 
 Deut. ii. 29, in diis expreliion, " I ■ 
 "Jordan unto die land which die Lord . ur GiM ;..;iveti! 
 " us." Judea, in the general exi> v: of it, ;\iull, 
 therefi)re, be divided into Leller and rireater. 1 he 
 (Jreater Judea extended from the Med'^-rranean to :).c 
 Euphrates. This divifitiii was never ,ie.\ceahle pvf- 
 felicd by the Jews, though they in fowe meafure ful:- 
 A a a verted 
 
 '' 'r;:naaij, Judea, 
 ■ if ilie land p)f- 
 ■i peculiarly be- 
 \ 11 I'f the rive- 
 ; irly poi;K^> i.ui., 
 il I thai! p •:' ovvT 
 
 ■?l'^ 
 
 W-' 
 
 f ^ 
 
 m 
 
 <;.; 
 
 
 
^ - 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SVSTl-M of U\*IVE!ISAL GEOG:i.A?ir^ 
 
 '^^i 
 
 ^ 
 
 -.85 
 
 vcrteii of mr)lt the Syrian powi-rs. Tlv.- I.oiTcr was 
 continal ro the land j);;ficill\l by nation;, parncihrly 
 ■ m. rkul out fi>r exinilfion aiul cxtfrniinirinn. This is 
 iviilfiir froni the toinni.mLls oi' (j:k1 i.iniilU: for whvn 
 the ainiies of the Ilr.iditCo mnrchcil ug.iiiill any or the 
 cities in the former, they were orJereJ to make ofters 
 of peace ; but in the hitter no comliii -ns were to be 
 pri>]i()tl.i, but the inlwbit.iiits totally dcilroyeJ ami 
 rooteil out. 
 
 Theexad extent o>' Canaan feems to have been ac- 
 curately pointed out by Mofes, in Gen. x. 19, in 
 thefe words : " The boriler of the Canaanites v/as from 
 " Sidon, as thou eomell to (lenir unto (.aza, as thou 
 " goell unto Sodom and (iomorrah, and Admah and 
 " Zeboim, even unto l.a!l;ah." 
 
 I'a'xiliin, or Judea, is fituated between j deg. ,p 
 min. and 32 deg. 2j niin. north latitude; a .d froin 
 ;U deg. rp min. to jj dej;. 1.-, min. e.ilt longitude; 
 being liouniled by the Med^teiiMnean Sea on the well, 
 S\ ria and Phci-niiia on the north, Aribia Deferta on 
 die e.irt, and .Arabia Petirea on the llmth. It is, ihere- 
 fiire, near 'Joo miles in lengt'n, ami .ibout 80 in breadth 
 towani"- :iie middle, but inereafes or diniinilbes 12 or 
 15 miles in other places. The longed day is aixjut 1.1 
 hours 15 minutes. 
 
 The air ol' judea is the molt I'alubrious and pleafant 
 imaL'inable. Neiiher he.it or a;ld are felt in the ex- 
 treme, bu: an agr-'.-able ferenity tlilFiifes itlclf through- 
 out the vcar, which puts the llranger in mind of the 
 golden .ige ; 
 
 ' The flowers unfown in '".elds and meadows reignM, 
 ' And welkrn v vis immortal fpring main::ii!i'd. 
 
 ri'.ough tlic climate of this country is at prefent the 
 m>il atinii..'.b!e in the univerfe, we have no doubt but 
 in the eaily ages of thf world, when the palloral li'e was 
 Jie moll honourable, and agriculture the moll refi)ected 
 emjiloy, it e\en exceeded its prelcnt excellency, by 
 
 means of the 
 
 eneral cultivation of the country. Of 
 
 t!ie richnet'> and fertility of its foil we have the mofl au- 
 thentic teilimonies ; in particular that it abounded in 
 corn, wine, oil, honey, pomegranates, dates, figs, ci- 
 trons, oranges, apples ot I'.u idife, fugar-canes, cot- 
 ton, hemp, llax, cedar, cyprelfes, and a great variety 
 of oflier (lately, fracran:, and friiithil trees, bal;n of 
 (iile.id, and other jirecious ilrugs, ivc. c.ittle, t()wls, 
 li:h, game, ami otiier ilelicacies, as well as necellaries 
 of lie. Indeed, win, ever confiders tlie very liiiall ex- 
 tent of Judea, vv.lj be I'enlible that notliing but liicli 
 alloniil'.ing liTtility could enable it to maintain fuch a 
 number of inhabifunts as rclided in it in the time of 
 king IXuid, lince thev amounted to (1,000,000. The 
 produce ot' the land not only fubfilled this prodi!!;ious 
 multitude, but flu re was a liifficient fuperfluity to fend 
 to Tyre, and other places, for export.ition. Vet the 
 foil was only cui;ivated fix years in li'ven, as tlie kp- 
 tenni.d ve.ir was always a time of reft from the aflairs of 
 ag.ieulture. It is to be obferved, that the whole of the 
 country w.is cultivated, and that woods, parks, w.ille 
 grounils, t\;e. were unkno\n. It is now unhappily in- 
 habited by lome of th' moll indolent jieople exiliing : 
 yet a tiMvellcr iniiirnis us, that, with p..oper cultiva- 
 tion, it would yield as much as it did in tlie days of 
 king Davi.i and king Solomon. 
 
 riie piincipal mountain of I'aleiline is the famous 
 I hain th.it goes ui.iier the name (if 1 ibanus and Ariti- 
 Libaiius, and d.ivides Syria Irom I'alelliTv/. Thewliole 
 i-, abiur 100 leagues in compats, and confills of tiiur 
 ridge-, oi'.e .ibovj another, two of which are fertile, 
 an I t.'.o bane", viz. the lower is rich in grain anil 
 truit , till- ne:;t rocky and barren; the third alxainds 
 in g.ii'k h> .md ou hards, though higher than the jjie- 
 cediii!-: in.i 'he fummit is Itcrile ami uninliaJiiiable, 
 by reilon ol the excellive coldnefs on its any brow, 
 1 he M.uviutes inhabit its lower regions, and Arabs 
 .ill th.e oiluT parts except the top In this mountain 
 Icvcral confkierable, or ratl-.cr celebrated iivtr> have 
 
 their fource, vi;^. the rivers Uccham, T\iihiT-R( fi'.-n, 
 Nahah Codicha, am! Aboiiiiii th.e firil or.ly of v.liidi 
 runs tl'.rough I'.ileltiiie. Of thefe mount. ii;s the wtj'. 
 tern part al<,-nc is pnperly culled I.ibanus, ti.e eatiern 
 being named Anti-I ibanus, and the intervening pai: 
 Ca.'lo-Syria. T' •••hole chain, however, firmerly w.iv, 
 and is lliil locke ^ ■■« as, a retreat tiir robbers. 
 
 Mount llermon, like L.ibanus, is very high, ani! 
 c.ipped with fnow the greatell part of the year. 
 
 Mount Tabor, anciently called Mons Alabyrius, and 
 llabyrium, from a city of that name which flood iipiiii 
 it, is admirable with refpecl to its conIl:mt vcrdiiiv, 
 beai;ty, tirtility, and regularity, ,is well as t()r its litiii- 
 tion, whitli is in the middle of a large plain, at a uii' 
 tance from any other hill. A wimling alcent, of abonr 
 two miles leads up to it ; and the plain cii its top is 
 half a mile in length, anil a t]uarter of a mile in bie.«lth. 
 This mountain was the fcene of our Sa-.'.our's transi:g;i. 
 ration, and confequently is held in great venerat!"!i, 
 ail has been much reforted to by Chrillians of ail .uvs. 
 
 Mount Carmel, lituatedon the fea-lhore, is theuici) 
 remarkable heatl-land on that coalt. 'I'he ].r.'.p,het Eli- 
 jah is fupp )fed to have refided here in a cave, which is 
 Ilill Ihewn, previous to his being taken up to lieavcM, 
 The cave is 18 tect in length, and 1 1 in breadth. 
 
 Mount Oliver, or the Mount of Olives, is (nilv 
 about a mile from Icruliilem, being feparared there- 
 from by the brook Kidron, and tlie valley ot Jeholhaj hat. 
 It is of a condd.erable lieiglit, and there is a hne prolpei'l, 
 of Jeriilalem fnim its liimmit. It runs in a ridge, and 
 has three or four he.ids higher than the rell. h'roni 
 one of the principal thrill afcemled into lie.iven ; and 
 the imprellion of a iiiot in a hartl rock, lliewn there at 
 this day, is laid to have been made by him. 
 
 Mount Cilvary, or Ciolgotha, the place where our 
 Saviour \ as crucitied, is a rocky hill on the well fde 
 of Jerulii'cm, and was amienily ulld as a geneiMl 
 charnel-hoiite to that city, fii:m wi.enc- it derived its 
 name of Ciolgotha, that Hebrew word lign'ying the 
 ■/n'lu'e or )e/)i</iii)iy nf a jkull, of which Calvary is the 
 Latin tranflation. This mountain, according to the 
 authority of the antient fiuhers, is the dime on which 
 Abraham went to offer up his ion Ifaac. It was (()rmer- 
 ly the place were crimin.ils were executed ; but Unco 
 the crucifixion of Chrill, i": has been fo reverenced and 
 reforted to by Chrillians of all ilenominations, that, if 
 we may he allowed the cxiireflion, it has div.wn the city 
 round about it, for it now llands in th.e uiid.ll of Jen- 
 falem. Con(lan'.ine the Grct emloletl ir within thj 
 new walls, and even left out fome part of Mount Sion, 
 that none of Cavalry lliould be excUidcit. 
 
 Mount Moriah is the eminence on which the ten .pis 
 of Solomon was built. 
 
 Moun; (lihon (lands about a quarter of a mile from 
 Jeniialem, ami on it the pool is llill to be fcen from 
 whence llezeki.ili broughi water by an ai|iieilin:t into 
 the ( iry. 
 
 A lew other mountains are found in Paleftire lef» 
 conliderable than the tbrmer, yet worth mentioning on 
 account of many fir.gular circunill.inces which are jarti- 
 cularly noticed in the Iloiy Scriptures, conceiniii;; 
 them. Of thefe we fliall begin Hrll with Mount I'.hal. 
 Moles had enjoined, tliat when the diiklren of llVael 
 had palled over Jordan, they llioukl let great lloncs 
 tipon Mount I'.bal, and, liaving is, '..red them witli 
 ] lailler, Ihould write tlie liw up(ai them : Dcut. xxui. 
 ■J., j, 1. .Ami thv-y were ro Innld analra- tliere unto tin' 
 Lord their (iod, and to ofiir b'lrnt uHeiings, ami 
 peace-('rterings, and to (eltbraie a t<.'iill unto the Lord : 
 vide ver. r,, (j, 7, o(' the lame chapter, and they wen' 
 to divide the p'eople, and to |iiace fix ot t!ie tribes ol 
 the people on Mount (itri/ini, op|iofite to M<,unt Kbal, 
 and fix on Mount Klial: and then the Levitcs were to 
 read, with a loud vi)i-.c, the lurlt's (et down by Mofi, 
 for the tranlj'ielibrs -if tlic l.iw, unto each of v-hich iHo 
 people were to aniv.ei, Anien. [Sn the lucccednig 
 vcrl'es <■'. the lame clu|iter. ] Jolhua atterw.irds perti.)r:ii 
 ed the whole of the abo'": iniuiKtion. 
 
 Moiur, 
 
 Is ami various w 
 
 ■'\^i- 
 
vyiJivAi I 1 1 . 
 
 Ivim, Tviilu:r-R( fi'.m, 
 •- firil oi;!y of ^^hi(.)J 
 '' nioi'nt.irs the wif. 
 I .:l-;iniis, t!:e L-alUrn 
 tlic inu-n'fnin;T [,;„•[ 
 )Wi-vfr, formerly w.b, 
 It ti^r robbiTs. 
 
 is very high, arn! 
 t of the yciir. 
 Mons Ahibyriiis, and 
 m- which ftooil upcn 
 its con(bnt vcrduri', 
 
 I well as tor its fitii:u 
 large plain, at a an 
 
 iding afa-nr, ofahdur 
 the pl.iin cii irs top is 
 
 r of.i mile in bieidtli. 
 
 ir SiV. loiir's transiigu- 
 
 \n great veneration, 
 
 ChritUans of all a:vs, 
 
 feii-lliore, is the inci! 
 
 t 'I'hc pr.f.het Kii- 
 
 re in a cave, wliiih is 
 t;'.ken \ip to hta\eii. 
 
 I I in brea(irh. 
 
 of Olives, is c>ii'.v 
 eiii<r )i,'par.ired there- 
 
 ■alley of Jehitiliajhar. 
 
 leie is a line prolpecl 
 t runs in a ridge, and 
 
 han the re!h Imoiii 
 ded into iieaveii ; and 
 
 rock, (l;ewn there at 
 le by him. 
 
 the place where mir 
 y hill on the well !\k- 
 tiled as a general 
 wlienc" it derived irs 
 .' word fi'^ni'ving die 
 which Calvary is the 
 in, according to the 
 is the finie on which 
 Ifaac. It was i(;rnier- 
 : exfciited ; but linco 
 t'cn fo leverenced and 
 Icnoiiiiiiations, that, if 
 , it has drawn the citv 
 in the midll of Jen - 
 ■neloled ir within rhc 
 :■ part of Mount Sion, 
 (eluded, 
 on which the tcr.ipjs 
 
 uarter of a mile from 
 
 s llill to be lien from 
 
 by an aijiicducf into 
 
 Kind in Paleftir.e lef* 
 wortii menriiiniit(>; nn 
 ancc which are parti 
 criptiires, concerniiv:; 
 rit with Mount I'.hal. 
 the (i.iklren of Ifracl 
 louki let great lloius 
 ; ci.v ,ivd them with 
 n them : I leut. yxvii. 
 an alra- tliere unto il'.i' 
 l)'irnt otKiings, ami 
 I feail unto the Lord : 
 lapter. and they wen 
 ■e I IX of tlie tribes ol 
 pofire to Mi.uMt Islial, 
 I the L evitcs were to 
 -s let down by Muli > 
 nto each of v-liich thi: 
 [Set the liiccecdiii;; 
 la afterwards pert<)r;ii 
 on. 
 
 Muiiii: 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 TURKEY IN ASIA. 
 
 187 
 
 Mount Enpyiiii is near the Lake of Sodom : Mount 
 Arnaleck andGahalli, in the tribe of Kphraiiii : I'ilgah 
 and Nebo f>n the other (ide Jordan, whem •; Moles was 
 |.enniired to view the Land of I'romife : tl . Mountains 
 of Cjilboa, fimed for the defeat of .Sai.'l and Jon.uhan, 
 .aul the chain of hills' called th.c MotMirains <>{ (;iiead, 
 extend fi'ora north to foiith beyond Jordan, and are ce- 
 lebrated for their excellent rclin or balm. 
 
 The juincipal inland leas, or rather lakes, arc, the 
 Dead Sea, or Lake of Sixlosn ; the .Se.i of (i.ili!ee, or 
 lake of Tiberias ; and the Samachonite Sea, Sea of 
 Jczar, or 1 .ake of Samachon. 
 
 The Dead .Sea, Lake of Smlom, Afpha'tite Lake, 
 nr Salt Sea, received its latter name from the qtiantity 
 (if bitumen in and about it. Formerly it was im.aj;ined 
 that great (juantitics of this combulHble were thrown 
 up by this fea : that, however, is not the cafe, for it is 
 the inount.iins on both fides that produce it. It re- 
 Icmbles pitch, and is only to be dillinrruilhed from it 
 hy the fiilphurouliiefs of its talle and fcent. h'or the 
 bitumen itfelf fome have miilaken a black pebble loiind 
 nn the Ihores of tlie lake, which being lieki in the 
 llame of a candle pielnitly takes tire, and burns with 
 in intolerable flench, liefules the above tjualitv, th.ele 
 j-ebbles have this lingular property, that by buriung, 
 their weight only, and not their bulk, is dimiiiilhed. 
 It is termed the De.id S/a, becaufc it is fuppoled that 
 nu living creature can exiit in ir, on account of the 
 cxcefTive filtnefs of its waters. Maundrell, however, 
 infills that it contains fiHi, and likevvife gives tellimony 
 •igainll anotl'.cr received opinion, which is, that if any 
 binls attemined to lly over it they were lure to drop 
 down '.lead ; but he declares that he law many fly over it. 
 Why it was called the .Salt Sea is obvious, and it is 
 imagined that no colli ction of waters in the univerfc have 
 li) great a ilegree of laltnefs. 
 
 The great phylician (jalen obferves, that the exceed- 
 ing laluieli of the water is tinged with an un])le.ifant 
 bitternefs ; and that, with relpecf to fpecilic rjravity, it 
 as much exceeiis other lea waters as they do river wa- 
 ters. I; is .iboiic 21 leagues in length, and between fix 
 and I'even in breadth. It is bounded on the eatf ami 
 well by exceeding high mounuins, ant! on tlie north 
 by ilie plains of Jericho. 
 
 The .Se.i of Cialilee, or I akc of Tiberias, is much 
 Imaller that), that of Sodcni, bui abounds in nth, and 
 is highly commended fi)r the '.xcellency of its waters. 
 it w.as on diis Sea that St. Peier, Andrew, John and 
 jar.u-s, tiillowed their employ as filhe-men. The river 
 Jnrd.in palfes through ir. 
 
 1 he 1 ake of Samachon is an hundred furlongs north 
 of tli u of I ibcrias, near the lource ot" the ri\er Jwr- 
 dan It is between feven ami eight miles in length, but 
 not above half a mile in breadth where broadelh 
 
 There are two otlier fmall lakes in Juilea named 
 I'lii.ila and Jazar; but they are two inconfiderablc to 
 merit .my deliription. 
 
 JonJan is the only confiderable river in this country. 
 It takes Its lource at the lake of Phiala, enters the S,i- 
 iiiachonite lake, proceeding trom whence it di\ides the 
 'caof (ialilee, ami at lentnh dillharges itielf into the 
 I'ead Sea. After riling at I'hiala, it runs under ground 
 tor the Ipace of hiken miles, then ap(ie:ning again at 
 I'anoiim, it [valU's the before mentioneil Samaclionlie 
 lake, flow -, ti)r tiiccen miles more, enters the Sc.i of 
 I'lberias, aiul having palled ir, flreanis througb a ile~ 
 liirr till it dilembojjic, illell into the Alphakite I .ake. 
 Coiitr.vry to the general nariin of rivers it is t'ullelt in 
 i'lmnier time -, it-, banks arc lii covuvd v/ith tali reeds, 
 vill'ins, tamarilk-, iS,,c, that iluy haibour innumerable 
 •'iiiiiKilsand v.irious wild bealls. Its (Ireain i,> lo r.ipid .iiid 
 llioii.t that a mail cannot Hem it in I'wimmmg. 'l"he 
 breadth where it is wideft does not exceed listy feet : 
 rlic waters aie lalubrious and incorruptible, but turbid or 
 " ii.ldy, the naiui.d co-ilequence ot' it^i rapidity. 
 
 1 Iv other rivers, or rather rivulets, are .\inon- I 
 Jabok, Chenih, .Soi.c, Killion, Hofor, Uelus, Nahar 
 ■*1 lai.ir, and Je/reel. 
 
 1 
 
 The principal vallies and plains mentioned in (crlp- 
 ture, an.i by profime writers, are, 
 
 Herakliap, or tl;e Valley of IJelllng, on the weft fide ' 
 of the I.ak5 of Sodom: the Vale Of Siddim, whi;h 
 contains the Afplialtire Lake: die Valley of Shavcl:, 
 or Royal Val..- : tl;e Valley cf :Sa!t: the Vaiky of 
 Je-zreel : the Vale of Man,bre: the V,.|i- of Reph'aim: 
 the Valliy of Jchofliaphat: the V.iiley of die children 
 of Ilinnom: the V.ile of /eboim : the Vale of Achor 
 near Jericho : the Vale of IJcxhim, and the Valley of 
 Llih, where David Hew the giant (jolkili. 
 
 Among the plains are thole called the Great Plain, 
 through which the river Jordan P.ows : the Plain or 
 Valley of Jezreel : the Plains of Sliaion and Scphelah, 
 and the I'lain of Jericho. 
 
 '1 he whole country at prefent is a mere wildernef-, 
 through the v.ant of cultivation : anciently, wlien in iti 
 moll llourilhing ftate, it w.as lai>l to contain tome de- 
 lerts or wiklernelles j but this is to be underftood of 
 fuch tracks as produced no corn, wine, oil, ike. but 
 were let apait tor feeding cattle, ilocks of flicep, goats, 
 &;c. There was not a flerile Ijx.t throughout the whole 
 country ; the people, therefore, had no conception of 
 barrennefs. 1 lappy land ! where rich palhircs and rhc 
 molt be:uuiful me.idcnvs were termed d.efjrt.s, tl;roug!i 
 the ablence of real barrennefs ; where the peoples ideas 
 ot tei'.ility were confined only to fpots productive of a 
 profulinn of luxuries. 
 
 Many natural curiofities are found in tlfis countn , 
 particularly Hones, which exadtly refemble citrons, ir.e- 
 1 )ns, olives, peaches, bunches of gra[jes, and even 
 many kinds of filli ; they are found jKincipally about: 
 mount Carmel : thole that relemble olives are tlie La- 
 pides Judaici, whicli has alw.iys been deemed an c>;cei- 
 lent remedy fiir the ftone and gravel. Ne.ir Hethleheni 
 is found a ftone of the Ihtu kind, which exhibits in 
 every flake the reprefentation of a great variety of 
 tifl-es. We m.iy include among the natural curiof-ties 
 many hot and mii.eral waters. Near the Deatl .Sea are 
 a number ot hillocks refembling places where there have 
 been lime kilns, and abundance of faline etHorefcences. 
 
 A ihoiny bull) grows in the plains ot Jericho, whicli 
 bears a truit that has Ibme liinilii.ude to -.m ujiripe wal- 
 n'.:r. L'rom this fruit die Arabs extrac'l an evcellent oil, 
 whicii is a love.xign remedy f'orbruifes, when internally 
 apjilied, and for wounds when tiled externally. Its re- 
 put.ition is to great, th.at it is preferred even 10 the balm 
 of Gilead. 
 
 Two more natural curiofities abound in this plain of 
 Jeiicho, vi/. the wood olive, the outv.ard coat of whicli 
 is green like the common olive, but being taken off, a 
 nut ot a woody fublhuice app.ear k is of about the 
 thicknels of analmoid lliell, and u.-bed long ways. 
 
 Alio the caroub, or locull tree, whicli bears a fruic 
 like a bean, vdierein are fome fmall leeds : the ftiell, 
 when dried, is eaten, and has a very agreeable tafte. 
 Sr. John Ibjourned here, whence it is called St. John's 
 Defarts ; and thele are thought to be the loculls on 
 which h.e fed, and not the animal of that n.imc as m.iny 
 have fujjpoU'd. 
 
 Judea was pemiled by the defcei'.dants of Amor 
 Cham, who came hither with his eleven Ions after the 
 confulion of t(>ngues at Uabel, live of whom fettled in 
 .Syria and Pluinicia, viz. Lleth, Jebus, L.mor, Gir- 
 galhi, ami Heve; who were the founders of to m.any 
 n.itions, ind thele were afterwards encreakd by the de- 
 Iceiulams of Abraham ; that ])atriaivii having been 
 called out of Melijjiotamia to liijjurn here. 
 
 We lliall now particularize the dilliicts allotted to the 
 fever.il iribes, beginning with the two tribes and a 
 halt w'lio lettieif beyond Jordan, and then proceeding 
 to the oppofite fide, take in the other trilx-s as they lie 
 ffoiii north to I'outh. 
 
 Tin- lot of Reuben extended along the banks of the 
 river Jordan fro'n the north-eall coalt of the Dead Sea, 
 and was fiounded on the ealt by the country of tlie Mo~ 
 abires and Ammonites, on the I'outh by the river Ainon, 
 which I'eperatcd it tiom tlie country i;i,'iabited by the 
 
 Midianitcs, 
 
 if: m% 
 
 i: M 
 
 i-i 
 
 
 '■mM 
 
i88 A NEW, ROYAL ano AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 m 
 
 H „ I . i> 
 
 Mil 
 
 Midianitcs, and on the nortli by a fiiTill river, wliicli 
 parted it from the lot of G.id. It fo'iner'.y contained 
 many good cities, of v.iiici; tliere arc no particular an- 
 cient defcrijvtions known, nor any tri-'ces of the towns 
 thcmfelves at prefent remaining. 
 
 The lot of Gad had lialf the tribe of MinafTeh on die 
 n irth, Ruben on the fouth, the Ammonites on the eaft, 
 and Jordan on die well. Thougli naturally a cot:..: y 
 of iniinite ridinefs and fertility, it at prcient appears 
 like a wildernefs. N'eitlier any modern-built towns a])- 
 pear in tliis tr.uk, or riie remains of die ancient. 
 
 The lot of theJialf tri'ie of Maniiifeh had (»ad to the 
 foiich, mount l.ebaiio.i to the noitii, Jordan and the 
 Samaehonlie lake to tiie well, and the hills of Bafiian 
 and 1 lermon to t!ie call. Thisdillrid, widi rclpecl to 
 cultivation or ciucs, is in the liime predicament as th.e 
 two former. 
 
 The lot of the tribe of Allier, on this fide Jordan, 
 was bounded on die north by Plurnicia, on die fouth 
 by Ztbuiun, on the call: by N'aphtal:, and on the well 
 by die Mediterranean. Of ail the cities aii.i towns be- 
 longing to the de'iend.a; i:^ of Alher, hone are now rc- 
 ir.aining except A ltc, wiiich we luvc already deicribed. 
 Saphat, a town nc.ir Acre, was dellroyetl in the year 
 '7o9> ^y '*" eartliquake, which did a great deal of 
 damage all over Syria, but more pardcularly about 
 I-'amalcus. 
 
 The tribe of Naphtali extended along the wedern 
 banks ot the Jordan, horn Lebanon to die Se.i of (iali- 
 lee. No veiliges of am of die ancient cities are now in 
 being; and the very tew viiUges aref) poiir and incon- 
 fiderable, that travellers Icarce mention them. We 
 lliall, nevtrthelels, notice feme particulars rel.uive to 
 two of its ancient cif.e;,, viz. Capernaum and Dan, tlio' 
 dicy no lo/iger exill. 
 
 Caperiwum, Dr. Wells t:il;cs n'ltice, is not mentioned 
 in die Old T'ellanr nt : it was, tlivreiore, moll proba- 
 bly one of the tow ,s built by the Jew^ alter tiieir return 
 trom tlie Babyloni li cap>:ivity, on the le.i-: >ail:, that is, 
 on the coalt of die Sea of Galilee, on die borders of 
 Zebulun and N'aphtali, aiid eonlivjuendy towards the 
 up;K-r partol that coail. It took ics name from an .id- 
 joinlng ffiring, fimeti for the exceUe;;ce of its chrvilaliine 
 waters. Our Saviour chofe diis as the plaee of liis refi- 
 dence, in preference to Nazareth, wher ■■ the stubborn- 
 nefi and incredulity of die people ha'' obllru^ted die 
 pro;>agatioii ot hisdo(^trines. It was nu re ,;ardcii!arly tlie 
 place of his aboik- durin;; ti'.e lall direr \ears of his lite, 
 and where he wrought a great number of miracles. 
 Cliriil, however, infi)rmed the inhabitants, that though 
 their city was tiien ixnli'd unti' licnvfii, it ll'.ouki liiortly 
 be hniught (l.an to hdl ; diat is, to die moll deplorable 
 titu.uion , (M.uthcw xi. 23.) whicli predidi( ii was ve 
 rifled in tiie Jewllli war-s, when it w.is totally dellro\e.i: 
 lb diat there is not at prefent the leall trace of it left, 
 unlefs a few poor tidiermens cottages may be lb 
 termed. 
 
 Dan was built by the Daniics, ulio being too'baiten- 
 ed in their own trilie, and leeking lor a new liabiradon, 
 thdfe of Zci.i!i .'.111 Aflitaol .iiin.;,l 600 men, who fci^ed 
 tiie rich town ot' l.a.ili, deilriiyed its i'lliabitiiius, buint 
 the city, anil then rebuilt it, and c.dled it Dan, after 
 die name of tluii- |-rogenltor. It w,i.s [)r(Aiably the lame 
 as Lallia, mentioned Genclis x. 19, as one on the bor- 
 tlers of the land of Canaan. It was lituatetl at the head 
 (»l JortUn, and, atier having received its new name, 
 Was deemed dieiiortlKin bouirJ.iry of llie land of I'.irvpt, 
 a> bierdieba wii> die loiidiem. 1 knee the proveiliiai 
 lu-i)H,re cxprellion, hn'in Dm to lUtiJinha. It was 
 here iJiat Kehoboam placed one of his golden calves. 
 Dan was {^iven by Augulbis to I lerml the Cireat, who 
 iHijiuudml it to his vouiigei f (11 I'liili]), (together with 
 the retiMiriiy of I'.rKiia and 1 rachoMiies,) who made 
 it liistuptttl, and CiiUttd it Ciefarea riiili, pi. 
 
 The tribe of Ztbiilun i.id the Mediierianean on the 
 well, die Sea of G^likv on the call, IlliJar, Inin 
 which i- W.I'. p.ried bv tlie^brook Killi'iii v\\ the lljudi, 
 and Xaphuli ai^J. Aflitr w\ the norili. iln: principal 
 
 town of diis ditlritl is Nazareth, where our Saviour was 
 brought up. It is now a very inconfalerable villa-e 
 though once a fine city, niuated in a kind of concive 
 valley, on die top of' a hill. A convent is here built 
 over the pl.tce ot tlie annunciation. The monks ll.iw 
 a huufe, which, they infill was die houfe of Joleph, wi 
 which Chrill rclidcd. 
 
 Bedifiitla is fre(iuendy mentioned in the New Tefta- 
 ment. St. John, chap. i. ver. 41, exprcfsly tells 115, 
 that St. Peter, Andrew, and Philiji, were of diis city. 
 The name in Hebrew imi'lies a lilhing-place. It is not 
 mentioned in the Old Tellament, nor is that indeed 
 alloniihing, iince it was but a trifling village, as Jofc 
 phus inf)rrns us, till Philip the Petrarch rendered it a 
 m.Hjnificent, rieii, and po[)Ui<)Us city. At prc!<;nt i[ 
 only conliSls of a lev/ poor cottages. 
 
 joppi, or Jattii, as it is at preli nt called, is fituate.l 
 on die Mediterranean co:dl. It wasancientiy the prin 
 cijial tea-port tov/n To Jeniialeni and all Judea, and tlx 
 place where die cedars of i.eljanon, broiigiit ir. i'.f.,it.4 
 tiom Tyre tor buikhng the temple, were landed. It 
 v.a^ pkafanriv r^uared on a rock in a beaudful pliij;, 
 in ^jO deg. 20 niin. north latitude, and 35 dcg. 3 inin. 
 ealt longitntle. Jonas here tmliarked tor iNiiioeli; 
 and, from the hillory of his miraculous voyage, tlie 
 Itory of Antlromeda was iiibricateii by die I'.catiien 
 poets i for dieir le-a monfler was no other than the levii- 
 tlun ot the lacred wiiungs, and the wlule of the mo 
 ilerns. 
 
 We cannot !iel[) adding the fuliiime defcriprion given 
 by Job ol tnis tremeinknb cieatuie, which tlie ancients 
 to terribly ilieaiied, and v.liich tlic r.'.i/cierns liave iinioil 
 the mens not <;iily to lubiiue, but to render lublernem 
 to many ufes. » 
 
 I (is bulk is charg'd with fuch a furious foul. 
 That clouds of linoak from his fpread nollrils roll 
 As from a furnace -, an^l, when rous'd his ire, 
 1 ate idiies from his j.iws in llreams of lire. 
 'Phe rage of teiripeli, and the roar of leas, 
 'I'he great fupeiior of the ocean pleaii' : 
 Strength on his ample llioiilders fits in Hate, 
 1 lis well-join'd limbs are dreadfully compleai: ; 
 I lis dakts ot iiilid llelh are (ii w to part. 
 As Heel his nerves, as adamant his heart : 
 Large is his Iron'-, and when his burnifli'il eyes 
 Lift their broad lids, the morning leems to iiii.-. 
 I lis pallimes, like a cauklron, boil the flood. 
 And L>l.i( ken ocean with the rifnig mud ; 
 The bi'lows Itel r.im as he works his way, 
 1 lis lujary liiuttlcps lliiac along the fea. 
 
 ')r. Yoi'No's Jcb. 
 
 It was in Joppa that St. Peter raifed Dorc*. tt> li r, 
 and received the melledgcrs of Cornelius, Tlioii;^ 1 
 w.is anciently a verv m.. ;niticent tovn, iind a great vjv.. 
 niercial m.ut, yet the harboiir was never conmi'.di , 
 on account of leveral rocks, which nnder the pall-,e 
 into it dangerous, k lay Un- many ages in ruins, tur 
 of late has been mncii unproved, diough it Itill tjiii 
 beneath its original Ipiendor. I'Ke lower ground t 
 wards die tea is covered with good houfes, chielly ■■!• 
 ftone. I'he principal comimtdities are, Uamah aa-i 
 Jerufdcm foap: rice and odier a;ti':les are broiiKli' 
 from Igypt, and exported from lieiict to various p.ir; . 
 which yields the balki of Ga/a a conliderablc ariiiii.^l 
 ..''.ome. 'Phe iniiahitants are llipplied with water ii"it} 
 an excellent Ijiring on the wed fide of the town. I i.i 
 Cluilliaiis have no church, except one hIuioH in rmiv. 
 and uncoveri'd J but they have lever.d handlome lKKJli•^ 
 appropriated to ti.tir uic, and fur the enteriainaieni e; 
 I'ilgiims. 
 
 Caiia of Gaiike, Jo v.alleii Co dillingviif.i it (r':n a 
 .o; ., of the lame niune, which lay near Siilon, is iMt 
 fii tioiM Na^aredi. I iere Chrill llitwed his liril cai- 
 latle, bv ciiangint-, the water inm wme at the ituurii;;- 
 leall. 
 
 Vx 
 
 The modell wai 
 
^"■hcre our Saviour v., is 
 
 inconfiilcrable vilb^c, 
 
 ill a kind of concivo 
 
 convent is here l)uilt 
 
 n. The monks ll-.iw 
 
 houfc of JoIcjjIi, :„ 
 
 iir;Ku!oiis 
 
 (.ated by the I'.tathc-n 
 i'> other than ihc. Icvia- 
 the wltilc of tiie iiij 
 
 !)iiin(.' di-ftiiprion pivcn 
 uif, which die ancients 
 iic iiKHicrns liav.' ilnimi 
 ut to iciidiT luijlervicii! 
 
 ) dirtinaiiif,) it Ir-'iJ J 
 
 ASIA]. 
 
 The before-mentioned miracle brings to our mind tiie 
 fiillowing circumftancc : A yjunp; gCiUkin.iii of great 
 "cnius, who was placed in a certain fcniinary of karn- 
 ina; tor eitucation, a few yea'.;, fince, liaving tlie Miracle 
 of Cana given him as a tl'eme, negiccU-d to prepare it 
 far the inlpedioii of tiie ir alter till, witliin a tew niiniues 
 of the time when it wa^. |)r.iper to j rodiice it : (earful at' 
 being piniiihedfbr his remiff'ief), l.e lilt down and com- 
 prilid tiie whole in die foUovvinij admirable line : 
 
 'I'iie modefl water law tae Lord and bUirii'd. 
 
 Tiie madcr was lb charmed with r.iie energy of this 
 ((.•ntcnce, that he eafily pardor.cil the youny; [)iiiiil tor 
 not rendering iii.s theme mon; prolix. 
 
 Cana was t!ie native, or at leall dv/eUiiiL^place, of 
 the apoltie Nathaniel, or Barthokmiew ; for lie is cx- 
 prefsly (tiled Nathaniel of Cana in (ialilee ; viJc 
 Joim xxi. •-!. 
 
 I'he k)t of the tribe of IHachar was bountled nn tlie 
 r.orth by Zebiilun, on the foiith by rlie otiier iiilf of 
 Manaffch, on the call by Jordan, and on the welt by 
 the Mediterranean. It contained tiie mounts Carmel 
 and (jilboa, '.lie valley of Jjzreel, ami plain of Galilee, 
 r.ow c.illed Saba. Though its (ertiliiy is allonilliin^, it 
 contains only .i (i.'w mil'erable inliabitaiits, who refide m 
 Ic.ittcred huts, and lias Icarcc any remaining traces of 
 the cities, towns, villages, wl.ich it might formerly 
 contain : but as Ibme of the places, in their ancient 
 ftue, were remarkable, we (hall mention them on ac- 
 count of ("ome curious circumdances with wiiich diey 
 were connected. 
 
 Sh'.inem, or .Sliiinen, was a city fituated on the bor- 
 ders of the tribe of Kliichar, ;:nd was fiuiioiis as tiie place 
 u( refidence of die holpitable Shunamitc, v/ho was Co 
 kind to die prophet Kliilia. 
 
 I'lidor, mentioned in j Sam. xxviii. as a place of rc- 
 fnience of a v, itch, or woman wlio had a fuiiiiiar fpirir, 
 to wliom .Sa'il apj'lied to raife tiie fpirit of .Saiiuiel, was 
 litiiaceil on the we'.l of tlie river Jofd;ui. 
 
 Tlie circunil'.ances of Samiiel's aiipearaiicc t. ivSaul 
 was certainly llipernatural, and permitted by (iod fiir 
 the wifelV purpofes, and upon a inoft fiagiilar OLcalion. 
 Ncvertiielcis, we fliotikl be cautious of iir.iining fo re- 
 markable a text, t(j lavour the lliperllitious notion of 
 tile power of witches, wi^^ard', 6:c. andol the tieijiiciit 
 appearance of app.iritions upoii the iiioll: trivial occa- 
 fioi;s. 
 
 A learned divme, on occafioii of re[;ealing tlie act of 
 parliament relative to witches, witchcial't, iVe. in the 
 year 17,36, pieachtd a lermon on tiie text in 1 Sam. 
 xxviii, 6, 7, in which he very humanely and julUy oli- 
 iervcs, that the vulgar notions concerning witciicr.rii-, 
 and the atFair of the witch of I'.ndor, elientially diller, 
 ■ind Continues duis : " A magician, iji its bell Uiife, is 
 a will:' man, or wife woman; and this is alio the proper 
 meaning of witch, and wi/.ard, 01 rather wifird, that 
 i', wit-ch and wif-ard, ni our language, being botii 
 iicri\eJ from tlie old verb to wit, or will, that is, to 
 1^11' iw or uiiderihind ; and do dierefore imply no more 
 than i, knowing or undcillanding perliin ; ci)iilei]iiei>ily 
 witelurift is the hidden art, << liivltcrioi'.s praiitice, of 
 fucli a i)er(<)n i and tliele woid-, I believe, were never 
 iiled in a had ligi'ilie.uion, till they were appropriated 
 lo filth pcrlt)ns a^ pretend 10 kn :)w :nore than they re.iliy 
 «io, a'lil by that means inipiile t upon the icnorinee 
 niu *eaknei!s of oilurs t'lr tiie tal e of gain: tins men 
 dill by v.irums ar s, which were tlierelbrc calleil inagi- 
 Ci i tliat is, eraliy, liibtil, myllerious contrivante;, in 
 ordtr to ama/,e the people, and to niakir lliem belieee 
 ftraiige &.\t"j.s of them, as if they cnuki work wonders, 
 and predict lltange tilings ; ibnietimes by t!ie ilais,"aiKl 
 tlieii they were called allrologeis ; lomvtinies by con- 
 fiiltiri|jr tlie eiitr. ils ot I'mditied In .ids, and tiie Hying 
 or leedii,:.' of oir,!'., and then they wire calle<l .niguis 
 or loothliiyers J l.imetinK". I)y rliarnis, tliat is, by verii s, 
 (pells, or love potions, and then tliey were called in- 
 chanters.; (imietiir.es by throwing of dice, drawing lou. 
 No. 1 8. 
 
 T 17 R K E Y IN A S I A. 
 
 89 
 
 or fleighl of hand tricks, and then they were called 
 ( ircerers ; and fomeiiines by [Tetending to raife tl\e 
 
 and tiien they v.'erc 
 
 dead, and converfe with them 
 
 called necromancers; but migician was a common 
 n i!!ic to all thefe ; a:id fo feems die fcripttirc witcli or 
 wizard to liave been, wiiich are of the ("aiiie import. 
 But witchcraft now is feldoni or ever afcribed to wili.- 
 or know i:ig peoi>le, but to poor, defp.icable, ignorant, 
 creatuies, who have not fenfe enoii(-,h to defend them- 
 felves, nor c^'^'^ng to iinpole on others. It is n-Jt !<> 
 much as pr* , diat they ("oretel any diing, or ever 
 
 make theinlc' .mous, or grow rich and great by the 
 art of magic, rhe poet Shakefpear, fpcaking of thtir- 
 ridiculous pretenfions, lays, 
 
 But fee they're gone. 
 The eartli lias bubbles as the waters have, 
 And tliei'e are fonie of them ; they vanifli'd 
 Int<j the air, and wliat leem'd corporal 
 Me'ied as breath into tlie wind. 
 
 " It is not poverty and nadlnels tlint makes a witch, 
 nor agt, nor wrinkles, nor yet a revengeful eye or ma- 
 licious tongue j but it is craft, and cunning, and itnpof- 
 ture, let on (()ot to make a proHt ot", and jir.icii'cd t,j 
 the detriment of crudi and r^^iigioii." 
 
 Indeed, lb far back as the reign of Queen IJizabetli, 
 the frauds and impolUires of pretended fortune -tellers 
 and diviners were fo well known, tliat an act of parlia- 
 ment v/as jialled concerning them, which contained tho 
 liillowing worils, " I''urther it is enai^li il, that if any 
 perfon, by witchcraft or divination, pretends to ddeover 
 any iiidilen tiealines of gold or lilver, or to tell where 
 things \o([ or Itolen may lie (ound, to excite any un- 
 lawtiil afli'e'lion, or to prejudice any body in perfon or 
 goods, he lliall fuller a year's imprifiinmeiic, and (t;;nd 
 once a quarter in tlie pillory, (ijr the lirlldlrirnce ; and 
 fiir tiie l(\'ond tiirtirit all iiis good.-, and chauels, anJ 
 fufler iiiiprilbnnient during lite." Vide 5 Queen Idiz. 
 cap. iC. 
 
 A polite modern writer hath obii rveil, that it is re- 
 markable how imicli the belief of appaiitions has loit 
 ground within the lalt fifty years ; which lie vcit jufHy 
 afcribes to the general inc.eafe of knowletige, and con- 
 feiiuent decRV of fuperllition. " A belief of this kind 
 (fays he) might fpread in tlie days cf popilh infatuation; 
 a belief as much lupported by ignorance, as the gliolts 
 themfelves were indebted to niglit." One of the prin- 
 cipal arguments that hath been urged in favour of vi- 
 lionary appearances, is, " Tliat if tliere h.ul been no 
 real, there could liave been no counterfeit ihiliings." 
 But this, tlieliune author obfcrvcs, is a piece of (iipliil- 
 try ; for die fimile of the true (hillings mull: aiiiide to 
 the living perfon, and die counterfeit relenibl mrc of 
 the polHiiimous figure ot liim diac cither (liikes our 
 lenfcs or ou'' imagination. 
 
 I'liere is anotiier eaule whicli, in our opinion, Ikk 
 kej.t up tile infatuation, fincu the time o: llic iei'.>;ma- 
 tioii. As our tliougiits upon tlie fubjeiSls are novel, 
 they may be agreeable ; and as they are fmnded i;pon 
 experience, we iiope they are jiill ; we Uii .in the num- 
 ber of apparitions and piiantalms railed by driiiiatlc 
 writers : for the principal iileas of the vulgar, relative 
 to gliofls and app,;:itioiis, are drawn from wh:i; rliej' 
 liave feeii or 'leard in the p'ay-houle ; and ihe bjiili.int 
 eflulions of i poet s tanc) have oft'^n wor!-ed iipor. a 
 weak mind li) far as to make it imagitu an ideal lubjeft 
 a rtal objecl. We have no d.. .uht but the foUowing 
 lines liave railed innuineral/le vifioiMiy K.iis; 
 
 Hi thoi! a fpirit of liealdi, or goblin liamn'd? 
 Bring with thee airs fi'jin h.aven, or blalls from hell? 
 Be diy intents wicked nr chantal^'e ? 
 Thou Cornell in fiich a ijiieilionable iliape, 
 l hat I wiilfpi ik to thee, i-'h ! aiilwc ■ me: 
 !.ei iiK not burll in igii nan.e, but tell 
 Why thy can ■ W bones, liears'd in earth, 
 I lave burll tlieir ce.'.rments ? \Vliy the lepijehre, 
 
 B b b Wherein 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 is 
 
tgo A NF.W, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL Gj.OGRAPHY. 
 
 Wherein v.'e I'.iw tlut quietly intcrr'd, 
 
 Has o[5'cl its ponderous and marble JAWis, •> 
 
 To give dice up ag.iin ? What inay this mean, 
 
 That thou, dear corle, aj^iinin complete lUvl, 
 
 Rcvifit'il; thus the glimpks oi' the moon, 
 
 Making night hivieous, and us tools of nature 
 
 So h'liriiWy to l"hakc our diipolition 
 
 With tliouglits beyond the reaches of our fouls? 
 
 Shakspeark's 1L\mli:t. 
 
 The poets h:-.ve, l-.owcver, made ample amends tor 
 whit they m;>y iiave ontribMcd towards the eontin.iance 
 of a belief of the trojuent ajipearance of .'.ppiriiions, by 
 the ridicule they have fo poimedly and jiillly thrown 
 
 upon allr.i 
 
 i!id tortiine-teli 
 
 Sir Samuel (jarth 
 
 in dcfcribing one of thefe pells of ((H-iety, lays. 
 
 An inner room receives the num'rous llioals 
 Of flic!', a;, pay to be reputed tools : 
 The lagc in velvet chair here lolls at eafe, 
 To proniil'e fnnire health for preient lees ; 
 Then, :« from Tripoli, folemn Ihams reveals. 
 And v/iuU the ibrs i.nov,' notiiing ot tortels. 
 
 But, perhaps, the rwAl pointed and humourous piclure 
 of thefe my- .'tors is painted by the in<jenious autlior ot 
 i ludibras, in tlie fol!;)wing lines : 
 
 They'll li-arch a planet's houli.' to know 
 
 Wlio brtike .'.;id nibb'd a houl'e below ; 
 
 {''xamifir \'enus anil the moon. 
 
 Who ll.iU- a thimble, who a Ipoon ; 
 
 And thcv.^h thry ivj'-hing will eontels. 
 
 Yet by their very 1 loks can guefs. 
 
 And tell wiiatyuiliy afpecl bodes. 
 
 Who ftole, and who neeiv'd the goods. 
 
 Tl:ey tl'el thepulfes of theilars, 
 
 'I'o tind out agues, coughs, catarrhs ; 
 
 Wliat gains or lofes, hangs or faves j 
 
 What makes me'n freat, what tools, wliat knaves, 
 
 But n.jt wiiat wiii-, tor but of thole 
 
 The tbrs, they liiy, cannot dilpole. 
 
 The other half tribe of ManaiKli had liTai har on the 
 north, F.phraim on the fouch, the Mediterranean on the 
 well, antl tjy Jordan on -the call, it was a beautitiil 
 country, finely divcilitied wiiii mountain^, vuUies, lawns, 
 fprings, &c. The mort conliderable place was Hetli- 
 Ian, or Bcthflian, iituated on tiie welt ot Jordan, and 
 the l()u[h coaft of the Sea of (i.,li!ec. It was conlkk r- 
 able in the time of St. Jerome and Euitbius. The 
 Jews call it Uethlim, and the (hecks Scyiliopjlis, as it 
 is likewilt: named in die Icriptures. The Turks, how- 
 ever, rail it I'lbyzan. 
 
 Another remarkable place is Salem, or S/jlynia, as 
 Jolqihus cJls il, ajid which is likewile called fo by 
 Mr. l\<i', whi), in his iin'oeaiion ^t the beginnin;^ of 
 tiiat hcau.ifu! poem ,'hc Melll.th, lays. 
 
 Ye nymp' ■ 
 I'o hcav'i i, 
 
 No f . 
 fent , anil h 
 ancient litu.uio 
 
 'I'hefitof 
 hv t' n.' ni- 
 the .sf 
 on tlie 
 r'.oi;!. h > 
 
 d.,1'1, ..;■ 1 
 
 plaic v\ , 
 
 Sulu 111, 
 able, b.iiu; 
 <'t Saili.iri.i 
 
 Soiynia benin the f KiC;, 
 t .lA . ItiblniKr llrains U Ion 
 
 anv .'f 
 
 till other t'l'vns are leit at p-re- 
 
 ititii; 1.-, rceorilei 
 
 the 
 
 ■(^hraim, afie'-v, 
 d d^ 'cjrd.in < i 
 
 .^■ibe b' I 
 ' 'ianatk!i 
 ;re utvveui the 
 
 oi tlie;r 
 rdsk 
 
 rli 
 
 ,.nat( 
 
 \ 
 
 i.wri 
 
 <•. >. 
 1 .'1 
 . the 
 kinc- 
 xij 
 
 Ml 
 
 OI Sh. 
 
 a ■, il > 
 the , 
 ti'ie \ilu< e ui'ieic ii 
 ktuiv.n by thr nan,.' 
 tlic mouatj i.'.bal ami 
 
 „\ 
 
 ,t. 
 
 Cu II 
 2 
 
 . ■ nt 
 re'.- 
 .nerc is 
 .iplolii, or 
 
 or.ee eonfiiler- 
 
 1 the ddlrtkli'in 
 ed kiii|.;viom. ( )ii 
 at prelent a lin.n 
 N.'.ploule, betvvcui 
 
 im. It is the leatofa i urki.h 
 
 fangiac, and capital of a territory confiding of lOo vil. 
 lages. Mr. Maundrell intorms us it is in ii poor condi- 
 tion, compared with what its ;'ncient ruins Ihcw i to 
 have been, eonfillin^;; of only two ftreets, lying pataiiel 
 under Geri/.im, but well built, and lull of people. 
 
 Arimathea, or Ramah, in 1 lebiew, which figni'.es 
 an high place, was the place of the propiiet Samuel's 
 nativity. 
 
 Sainaiia, anciently Somcron, from the mountains on 
 which it was built, but now Seballe, was the capit.il (.f 
 the revolted kingdom, and railed by its monarchs to 
 great I'plendour. It was dellroyed by the Alt'yriaiu; 
 but 1 lenxl rebuilt it, and embelliflied it with man,' 
 magnificent edifices, of wliii h there are Hill fonie le- 
 niaiiis, particul.irly a large k]uarc jiiazza, cnompalieil 
 with marble p/illars, I'ome Itanding, others lying ; ti;e 
 lr.igments of feme Itrong walls ; and die church buiii 
 by the cmprefs Helena, over the place where John the 
 liaptill was behe.ided, or, as fomc lay, buried, i i.c 
 retn.iins of this cluirch are divided into two [larts, (v c 
 ot whicii btlongs to the Chritlians, ami one to the 
 'i'liiks. The hitter ihvilion is paved with m.u'ble, and 
 has a ch.ipel under ground, to which there arc twenty- 
 three Heps to deiiend. 'I'here are three tuuibs in it, 
 v.-iiere, it is alFirme.l, the Kaptiil, h'tilha, an'lObadiah, 
 were buried. Tlu: Turks likevsile lay, that it wa.s in tin-. 
 ch.ii)el St. John was im|)riioned and beheaded. I'Vri 
 trille of money th.ey let the Chrillians down to fee tl;e 
 tombs, or raiher to peep at them through l()me open- 
 ings in the v..;ll. Not far from theli; ruins Jacob's \Ve!l 
 is (liewn, wh< re (.'liriil hekl the conference widi t!ie 
 Samaritan v.onian. It is covei'ed by a iconc vault ; an I 
 thole who are delirous of feting it, are obliged to i \! 
 let down through a narrow iiole, when they may tili'- 
 covcr the moiitii of it. It is liev.n (iut of the i'.i:,l 
 rock, is tiiree yards in diameter, and thirty- five la 
 depth, five of which are filled with water. 
 
 Shiloh, or Sio, was celebrated tijr the tabernacle '<:i 
 which the ark was kept, tilljiiit before the death (;f h.;!, 
 1 Sam. iv. 3, e^c. At prelent tiiere is nothing renuiii- 
 ing (<f it. 
 
 Judea, propedy li> called, contained the tribes 1 1' 
 IJenjamin, Jtidah, Dan, and Simeon, and l.i;- to the 
 loutiiv.,ird (A the whole country. 
 
 I'hc lot of the tribe of Benjamin h.'.d Samaria on t!i ■ 
 north, Joaian on the call, and Dan on the wed. J He 
 principal jjlaccs are, 
 
 I he jiillly f.med city of Jerufilem, the capit.il of 
 Judea, the regal !eat of the Jev.ilh nvnarclv;, .inLl t;,e 
 center (it the Jcwilh religion. In its moil ikmrilhing 
 Hate this city was divided into ioiu' diltinct parts, eatj) 
 being cnckiled by its own walls, vii:. 'I'hc old city "cf 
 Jtbiis, wliirh llood on Mount Zion, or Sion, wfure 
 the propliets tlwtlt, and where king David built a fu- 
 perb pai-ice, which Ixcame tlic lelidencc botii oi" hi.-n- 
 lelt and his lii.celiors, on wiiicli n:'coiint it w^.. ealie 1 
 tile CtTY of IJavii). 14. I'he Lower city, or tlie 
 Daughter of Z ion, fo called in accmin! ot its haviri!; 
 been built liibfetjuent to the (!ther. In tliis divilieii 
 Hood the fvTii n'.agnii.ccnt p:Uaces wiiicli Solomon bui;t 
 tor himfel! and ins queen i tin; hue palate ot tiic Mai-^ 
 cabean primes i tlie noble amivhitlicaire erected by I le 
 rod, which w.is faid to be capai)ie of contiiining So.ocu 
 Inettiatois ; the cii.ulcl built by Antiochus, which was 
 udlroyed by Siuion the Maccabeci :\nd the fecomi 
 cit.idel called Antonia, wliicli wa-. erected by Herntl 
 upon a craggy rock. 3. 'I'he New City, pnn.-ipaliv 
 inlwbitcd by m^-rchants, artificers, -iiechanics, i\c. .|. 
 Mdiiiu Morian, on whiiti tlie ttmpile of .S(>liimon w.i^ 
 i>iiili, ill which an unpic dclcripition is given in ilie tiili 
 .ui.i ;:th I iiaptei-s ot the hrll b'lok of Kings. 
 
 jiriiliileiii is alx>ut thiec iniU-! in tirtumfet\-nce at 
 ()reUnt, aiitl lies in ,(i lieg, 50 min. north latiiude, .and 
 jfi ik-i,;. call iciOj^it'.'.de, being luuaied on a loii-.', 
 moiiiiMin. I )r. Shaw ;'iys, " I'lie !iilis v/liiih It.ii.i 
 ab(/ia Jeruial'.'in make it apjiear to lie lituated, '.'.s ^1 
 were, in an aiuphithe.irre, whole arena inchneth to ihc 
 e.ilin.iid. We luive no v.hcre, as 1 know of, any d;:- 
 
 til!'. ■' 
 
 tinct VKW 
 wliicIi is die leaft, am 
 funding, at lb fmill .i 
 was diere, he might 1 
 ' to have wept over it 
 t',e city, either as it ■ 
 was afterwards rebuilt 
 left iipoii another. 1* 
 (.M- .Mount Sion, the 
 j'li '.n, is nov/ exclutli 
 tiic pl.iees adjoining 
 liHxred on the crols 
 ia t!'.e center oi the c 
 \u'c, the Turks call 
 hite.:!. 'I'iie walls an 
 ditch inconlideiable. 
 D.iinafcr;:, St. Steph 
 lcher:i, ami Mounf Si 
 iviiieh is Hiut Uj), or 
 Turks Iiave among ti 
 ti;U)s are to take Je 
 and ciie houf.-s mcj 
 Rixi: from all parts, 
 lurinfity, are the pi 
 Tiidiilii baliiaw refid 
 kit the grand Seigiiii 
 grinis from the infult^ 
 
 No European C'hi 
 tiii t!ie reiiuilite duties 
 laid) Hay here, widi 
 tiie Latin f.ithers. 
 
 liie principal obje 
 tl.i 1 ioly Sepulchre, 
 
 ' 'IN 
 
 . 1 '1 ' 
 
:oGRAPnv. 
 
 conliiling of lOO vil- 
 i it is ill II poor coiiii- 
 iciffit ruins Ihew i to 
 ftrcfts, lying paraiitl 
 d iiiU of };fople. 
 •Ijicw, which figni!'.fs 
 the propl-.ct Samuel's 
 
 rom the mountains on 
 U', was tiie laiiit^l i,{ 
 d by its monarchs to 
 ,\\\ by the Allyiiaiib; 
 L-ihlliftl it with mail,' 
 icrc arc Hill fon'.t n- 
 piazza, cnomp.'.linl 
 iig, others lying j riic 
 and the church builr 
 place wlu-re Jolin the 
 lie f.iy, buried, 'i'iic 
 ed into two parts, oi o 
 iajis, and one to the 
 aved with m.irble, and 
 hich there are twenty- 
 ire three t^nibs in u, 
 , Elillia, and Oba^!i.l!^ 
 lay, that it wa.s in thu 
 and beheaded. Fcr :i 
 'liaiis down to fee the 
 n tiirougli fomc open- 
 icli; ruins Jacob's Well 
 L' conference witii the 
 dby a iconc vault ; a:: i 
 ; it, arc obliged tu : ,• 
 e, wlien tlicy may iV'- 
 hewn out of the fvi:,! 
 er, and thiriy-live „i 
 'ith water. 
 
 d K)r the tabernacle iii 
 :)efore the death of li<\, 
 here is nothing reiiuiii- 
 
 ontained the tribt s i > 
 ime<.'ii, and la}' to the 
 
 iiin h,;d Samaria on i: 
 l-).in on the weii. 1 j,' 
 
 ■rufilem, tiie capital (i! 
 ivilh munarchs, and t,.:' 
 hi its moil llourilliiii^ 
 iinir diilinct jjartf, eaj^i 
 -, vi',:. 'I'he old city c' 
 
 /.ion, or Si;)n, wher. 
 
 king Diivid built a iu- 
 rehdence both of hi:ii 
 :h aL'counr it wuj calle i 
 c Lower city, or the 
 1 account of its havi'i:' 
 .dier. In tiiis diviiri. 
 .'■; wiiicli Soicinon biii;t 
 hue palace of the i\iai 
 uthcatre erected bv 1 !c 
 lie oi eonuiining Kc,0Cj 
 • Antiochus, wiiich wu* 
 .abce; ;ind the lecoivl 
 was creded by HernJ 
 New City, prinripaliv 
 ■&, nierhaiiies, 6lC. .|. 
 ttmple of .Solomon v.;> 
 prion is given in the tun 
 ■ok of Kings. 
 lU-! in circum(civnce a; 
 I'.in. north latitud;', aivl 
 r, fuuiued on a iia:--. 
 
 The liilis v.'hiih i;. i:.l 
 ■ar t(.' l)e fituated, «.'. '! 
 le arena intliiieth to V.v 
 
 as 1 know o(, ,wiy di:- 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 TURKEY IN ASIA. 
 
 191 
 
 tinft view of it. Tliat from tiie Mount of Olives, 
 tt'jiicli is die le.ill, and perhaps the farthell, is, notwith- 
 liaii'ling, at fo Im ill a dilfance, that v/hen our Saviour 
 was there, he miglit be laid, almofc in a literal fenfe, 
 • to have wept over it.' There are very few remains of 
 t',.: city, citiier as it wa.. in our Sa,vi uir's tinif, or as it 
 was ai'terwaids rebuilt by Adrian, fcarce one ilonc k ing 
 k'ft upon anotiier. Kven the very fiLtiation is altered ; 
 f>i .\l'.)unt Sion, the moll: eminent part of the Old Jeru- 
 r;i in, is nov/ excludeil, and its ditches HUed up ; whillt 
 ihe places adjoining to Mount Calvary, where Chritl 
 liiifcred on the crofs v/ithout the gate, are now almoll 
 in t!;e center of the city." V.'.di refpect; to its prefcnt 
 iute, the 'I'tirks call it Cudfembaric. It is thii.iy inha- 
 bited. 'I'he walls arc weak, and witli'iut ballions ; the 
 ditch inconlider.ible. 'I'he gates are li.x in number, vi/. 
 IXunafcr;:, St. Stejiheii'.-, I teroil's, Mtei-quiliu.;, lietii- 
 lehciii, and MoiuK Sion date; befide the (ii>lden tiate, 
 which is fliut ii[), on acc(nint of a prophecy wliicli tiu: 
 Turks have among them, tinit bv iha: g.uc the Cluil- 
 ti;Uis are to take Jerufaiem. The Ilicets are n.'.rrow, 
 p.aJ die houfes mean. I'iigrims and travellers, who 
 llixi. from all paus, either thr-, ugh devotion, or out of 
 (.liii'ifity, .ire tlie principal fupport of the city. A 
 I'liii.ilii balhaw refidts here, to keep good order, rol- 
 lut [he grand Seignior'.-^ P'venues, and pr!)tei':i the pil- 
 grims from the infultsof the Arabs. 
 
 No European Chril'ian i-. uermi'ted to enter the riry 
 till i!ic requifite duties are dilchargtd i nor can a Ibangtr 
 Uf.ly llay here, widiout beirg up'rfi /•<'xl tcrr.-is with 
 the i ,.'.tin fathers. 
 
 liij princijjal ob)eift of ti-.e -pWy^'m^ laOy ('■.■'.rdt of 
 tilt i loly Sepulchre, fituated u^yn -<'>'.«x < A^tt-f. Jt 
 is 100 paces in lengdi, and ';0 in ori',i''>i-* J ;# '."/fk- 
 mtn were obliged to reduce die hill £•- .■ ;A*i« M>t, « 
 order to lav the foimdati;>n , Ixit gic^ ^' ^•' .vjii¥*\ /.^ 
 ulid iv'jc to alter any part of it tiW.'r our .'>.»v.< .i'' //Hf/Ai 
 was concerned. I he place (4' th< Crucf'xi i' .. l"^ 
 entire, being alxmt 1 2 yan's fijusw, .iid ft.rA .<■ Itm 
 (lay fo much higher ti'a.i the^or (/ */./' I'iiurt \\, rl-mi if 
 isal'ceiKled to by 21 i'cps. Tliif Holy x'pulch.u', wliich 
 was originally a cave h«'wn out in tlu botioni ot the r-xi', 
 may now be compared cj x pr'/'t(;{laiv'ling<riy)ve gn-urnl, 
 and having the ro(k cuta><iy, and kvellid all rouml. 
 Tlie walls, of the clit.'n h of the I ("■/ Sepukiire are of 
 ftone, .ii;d the roof of ctxiar. Tire fifV end tn< i'/les 
 Mount Calvaiy, and the weft die I lolv •K'jj'ilchrc. 1 iie 
 lijrnier is covered witli a fup«rb cupola, ? f^>portai by 
 ifi large column?, and opien .it top. 0\<f the al.vr 
 ilurre is anotlM-r fine tiome. 1 he nave com #.,fes the 
 choir i and tin* l"' ies ot the eh jrch contain ii.c n'lolt 
 I'nurkablr | ice* *hcrt the circiir^ Ihnccs ,(' our Sa- 
 ioiir's Pal'ioa were fr.in(aCled, toj5Ctl er witii tiu tombs 
 >il (iodiiey and Bakiwiii, ihe two f^ril Chiillian king.i 
 <ir Jeiulaiem. In tlie clu.rch of t!.i' Ciii'i W'^n, li*- 
 h'Jc is lliewn in which it is fuid tlie <fol.i *4 fi,\ci. 
 Tile altar has three crolfes on it riclily ado, ""cd, parti- 
 cularly with four lamps t)i' iiriiuenfe value, which are 
 kept conttandy l^urning. The cioiller round the Je- 
 piikhre is ilividcd into fundry chapels. The I .ariiis, 
 *lio t'lke care of tlic clunch, liave apartments on tiie 
 north-wed fide; but they aie never iiilltred to g.) out, 
 '■he Turks keeping tiic kevi, and liirnilhing them with 
 l>rovi;)-ins through a wicket. Some grand ceremonies 
 lire pert()riiied at Kaller, reprefenting Chrill's I'allion, 
 Crucifixion, Death, i.nd Uefurredion, o\ whicli take 
 ihc following authentic account: 
 
 At dulk die pilgrims and monks meet in tlie rjiaj'cl 
 I'l die a|^paritinn i the iigiirs an- extiiip.uiii'.ed, and a 
 Icrinon pu-adied by one of the Latin [)nclls : then each 
 htng f\ifni(b<'il with a iighred ta|H'i-, a!! v»'a!k in pro- 
 >i'iii(jn round the church. They Hop firll at the I'lllar 
 III i''l,''gellHtiun, where a liymti is liiiij!;, and a I'-i-nion 
 jneached, TiietKC ihcy proceed to the Ch.ipel ot the 
 FHlon, to hear ano'.l'.i'r hviiiti, and another liniv.'ii. 
 (\t the Chapel of the iJivilionof rheCrarment, to whicli 
 iliiy go next, a hymn is liiiig, but no lenu'ii jire^'ched. 
 1 ary then proceed to the Chapel of' Dei ilioa, ilie al 
 
 tar of whicli is fupported by two pillars, and underneath 
 is a piece of greyifh marble, on which they fay the 
 foldiers placed Chrift, when diey crowned him with 
 thorns, and mocked him, frying, " Hail, king of the 
 Jews !" Here a fermcn is preached, and a fourth 
 liymn fling. They next enter another chapel, parted 
 from the ii)rmer only by a curtain, and advancing to 
 die eaft end, come to die very fpot on which our Re- 
 deemer was crucified. This chajiel is covered ail over 
 with Mofaic work ; and in the middle of the ii'ivement 
 are foine marble Hones of various colours, dePgned to 
 liiew the very place where tiur Lord's blood fell, when 
 his hands and feet were pierced. It is adorned with 
 1 3 lamps, and a candlellick v. ith 1 2 branches. An 
 hymn is here fung, and a fermon prciched on fome text 
 relative to the |\U/ion. Tlicn two friars, who perf ^11 fj 
 Jolc'ph of Aiimariiea and N'icotlemus, come with grcVit 
 loleinnity to the crofs, and take dov.ii the image that 
 refcnible^ Chriil, wliich they put into a winding Iheet, 
 carry it to the Hone of undion, antl fing an hymn o\er 
 it. A fernvjn is t'ncn preached in Arabic ; and thus the 
 ceremonials or.cl'ade. 
 
 On Mount Moriah, in the f<Aith part of the city, 
 'l.'-mis the edilifc called Solomon's Temple, wliich is 
 fituaced upon the lame fpot as the ancient temple Hood ; 
 but it is unceriain by whom it was erected. The mid- 
 dle part, where the jewilh Sanc't'im Sanftorum was 
 fuppoted to have Hood, is converted into a Turkilh 
 n.ofque. 
 
 It is to be cbferved, that the Tuil ..li liingiac who 
 govern'- this city refides in tiiC vry I 'ilc: where I'on- 
 tius FiU«',- i', liippofed t'> have Ibnt rly lived, i'he 
 principal p. • of the chuni.cn have k..en converted into 
 mof'que.-,. i ^' prieits and otixr '- liriHians, are kuic 
 rnrl'erAbi'y Ofx^, iv tlic tyia'.'^y '/ the government, 
 mA h'*ve I' .*rce -m' • ;• iMlfteii' . o-y >..;ir they procure by 
 /' <y)«wm(Am--itt ftr/rj^^r-, with . '.-"' .;;.d kjdgiag, arid 
 '>1I»<^ ■Atem leJK ks. 
 
 r 
 
 Ji.rul.i- ni, the molt rc- 
 
 <■/.<- ^yio!'. •/ jt< 'JieJiU .*n<l (Jilion The former is 
 ; "■/ j.'j' Jf'iig, I'y broad, rf> 1 8 deep. It is at pre- 
 ■ ''f ,''A thv' *rdie." t'.,r,.med up. But Cjihon, 
 /vy.i' a i^tiaiafr of » n 
 " • .«. '*vren: n'i^ k , %'/> ^ 
 *.^ «nd plaiHer, a.. 
 
 Will 
 
 9 ■' ', 
 
 hn I V.I: 
 
 water. 
 
 'i'he tomb oft'.' rsfinWiry. 
 fha{'l;at, has a dek.«;i>' .. it b>' J 
 cent lleps. On tlie t^/^y iuau\ '.s : 
 Anne, the mother of ui' IV '1< .1 
 >-fi: hand is that of Jofepji i- !l 
 tut ill the ti)litl rock. 
 
 Al'i horn's piiiar or place, v. 
 
 from Bethlehem 
 k>ng, 60 broad, 
 ill Holed widi 
 
 e valley of Jeho- 
 
 of 47 magnili- 
 
 icpiilchre of St. 
 
 in i and tin the 
 
 The v\liole is 
 
 iS faid was 
 his m- • 
 
 •M-aed 
 ■<)> as 
 ■9;h it is 
 d yrc.it 
 tlli-.C . 
 .• poll t 
 
 There ■ 
 
 e always im 
 ciy it mak- 
 li(M[), a' i" "ken of 
 
 unnatui*! ■«'o«?Hioii 
 e itlell ^y> < .'lits 
 iw with .Liur ^tA\KJ 's 
 
 by di.it prince, in ortlc; ti< 1, 
 !.<• had 110 !*«lc liiii'', relen.: ■■■. ' 
 r>w known rfur he wa> b<iriui i 
 heap of lloncv dioiit % whi 
 
 fii .1. ',' ws and I 111'. >l ' 
 of rliiouiiig a Hone caca upi iu. 
 abhoiience to Abliikim f'li iii 
 agaiiill his liitlier. The it'-.d! 
 fouare, anil Go higii, ailoriud Ix 
 of" rhe Ionic (/rdei'. i- ro.n the he;.;iit of *o to .{O cui»' 
 u ^^I'lws lel'^, and is plain, tt ima i fillet at the iippcri- 
 e\rc| icil ; I'rom dience to the top it is circular, and ru,; 
 up !i a.'.ily to a point; the wiiole being cut om of a lotiil 
 I'H v. There is a rwim witliin < oiifiderably higher than 
 'he ie\'(l of the {',roiintl wl k. '<n r!ie fide., of which 
 ,ut' niciifi, p,"')b;'iily to receive 'is. 
 
 ill [he ealtwani of die aoovi .. ilic r:;iv.b of Zecha- 
 liah, the Ion ol'H.vradiiah, v\h'' iuIk' jew.^ dew hetveen 
 rhe tt';iiple and the altar, .!■. ; 1, commonly f'uppcled. 
 h 1. tut out of the roci; 1 '^ feet higii, as many U]uare, 
 and .idorned wirli Ionic rilii-iir- on each front, cut out 
 oi die fame rock, and ,l|v"|'''"R * cornice. The 
 « '.ole emU in a pointed t ■, m e a diamond. 
 
 rhe 
 
m\ 
 
 f ^ 
 
 U 
 
 J9T A NIAV, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTKM of UNIVERSAL GROGRAl'IIY. 
 
 Till" roy.il lipulchres without the \\':x\U of J L-n;l'ali'iTi 
 are fonie of the nioft chiboratc, cunoiis, ami niagr.iti- 
 cent antique remains that imaainition can conceive. 
 By whom they were built is uncertain, but they conlilt 
 of a great luiniber of apartments, nui'.l: of wiiieh are 
 fpacious, and all cut out of the marble rock. 
 
 Near Jerulaleni is a fpot of groiiiul, 30 yanls long, 
 and 50 broad, wiiu h is now the burial place of the Ar- 
 meiii.uis. It was t,)rnierly the Aceldama, //(/</ nj Mood, 
 or potter's, fielJ, purchakil with the jirict of Judas 's 
 treafon, as a place of interment for llrangers. It is 
 walled round, to prevent the Turks from abiifing the 
 bones of the Chrillians: but one half of it is occupied 
 by a eharnel-h.oufe. 
 
 At Bethany, which ft.iod ia the road bet^veen Jeru- 
 falem and Jericho, the remains of an old calUe are 
 Ihcwn, which, it is affirmeil belongetl formerly to I .a- 
 zarus. There is a delient of 25 Heps to the room 
 where he was laid, am! tlic tomb out of which he was 
 raifed. 
 
 Jericho is reduced from a magnificent city to a little 
 mean village, without any velliges of its former fplen- 
 dour, except fume grand arclies ot an oKl conduit. It 
 is about twenty-three miles from Jeruf.dem, ami v..is 
 remarkali!e for being the tirit city invaded by the II- 
 raelites after their palTage over Jortlan, when it was 
 taken by the fmgular lall of its walls. 
 
 The lot of the tribe of Judah was boumleil on the 
 fouth by the mountains of I-'.dom, on the north by Ben- 
 jamin, on the e.ift by the Dead Sea, and on the well by 
 the Mediterranean. This w.is the moll fertile, ]io; '.- 
 lous, and largeft of all the twelve lots ; be ■. prelent 
 there are no remains of any places wi'.^n n might (br- 
 merly contain, except 
 
 Betiiiel'.em, the place of Jesus Ciinrsr's nativity, 
 and theret()re the moll wortliy to be held in elleem by 
 all mankiml, fjr the bledings brought by the Redeemer, 
 agreeible tcj t'le prophecy of Ifaiai ' ""h prophecy is 
 tlius paraphraled by Mr. I"v>pe : 
 
 \\' afit into future times, the bard begun : 
 A virgir, P.iall conceive, a virgin bear a Ion. 
 I'lou Jelle's ri",t behold a branch arife. 
 Whole facretl (lower with fragrance tills the fkics : 
 Th' ethereal Ipirit '>'i-r rlie leaves Ihall move, 
 And on its top defcend the uiyllic dove. 
 Ye .'-.eaven's troni high the dewy nectar pour, 
 Ami ill loft filence Ihcil the kindly lliow'r. 
 The fick and weak the healirg plant Ihall aid ; 
 I'Vo'ii llorms a fiielter, and froni heat a fliade . 
 Truth o'er t!ie world h.T olive branch extend, 
 Ami white-rob'd innocence fron; heav'n defcend. 
 Swift fly th'' years, and rife the cxpeded morn ! 
 
 (pring to light I aul'picious babe l)e born : 
 
 1 lark, a glad voice the lonely delart chears : 
 P:ep.ire tlij" way ; a (iod, a (joil .ii)pears ! 
 A (iod, a (jod, the vocal hills rejily : 
 
 Vlv: rocks |)roclaiin th' approaching Deity. 
 \jit '. earth receive hiin (iom the bending ll<ie'- ' 
 .Sink down ye mountains, and ye vallies rili- 
 With he.e.i^ reclin'i!, ye cedars, homas/^ I a\ ; 
 Be fmooth, yerocl;Si yera|Mdflo ' ;ive wo 
 'I'he Saviour cjines, by ancient Itauh t.iretok'. ' 
 Hear him ye deaf, .'.id alive blind behold. 
 He lro:n thick fi! Ihall |nir{.'e I'le vifii ray, 
 And on the CvS 1 eye-lulU jM)!; the dav. 
 'lis he the ilillructcd p.uhs il '■nmi dial) ' lear, 
 .\nd bid 111 \v mui"' 'n- u tl.i miruldinge 
 'i'lii .1 ;:•,') 111 ill ■ ..c kurif his • ■ it.i •rcj'o, 
 
 A:. ,1 '■'.'. i. ! n' boondirv >■■ 
 
 t . 1, ' ' , '. V • rv r\ •. „i, 
 
 !•■ . ' ' U.I.. . .; .1 aCiill IX bolUi.U 
 
 .^il'i'-- I' .kJth'' ernal wou/kI 
 
 ' .•.V(,'.-n .ixanilfevcn miif, loni 
 
 ' I Mil, III the \\\iy to Hebron. 
 
 ui.nor;; latitude; andinfi-, v!tj 
 
 , ' '< Aiitie.'iuy it was tailed ti,. 
 
 City of David, haviii:]; been the birtii-place of the Roval 
 Plalmifl. It \v;is odierwile c lied Lphrah, or l-'.phra- 
 tahi Gen. xxxv. uj. It was originally built bv the 
 Jebulites ; and both Jerom and Kiifebi'.is alliire us, that 
 the monument of JeH'e, the fi'.ther of David, was hen- 
 Ihcwn in their time. Bethlehem is I'eated on a j)!t it^mt 
 hill, in a fine fertile plain, and enjoys a moll: e.\cellcnt 
 .air. It contains a convent of the L.atiiis, another of the 
 (jreeks, and another of the .Armenians, iml is annuaiiv 
 reforted to by a grct number of lalgrim: and travclkr«. 
 All the convents have doors which open into the Ciw d 
 of the Holy Manger: for the place wnere i,.e blelic | 
 Redeemer was born, ami the manger in which \-r was 
 laiil, are lliewn to this day. The manger is adornni 
 wiih three pillars, one in the middle, and the otl'.crs at 
 the ends : in the angle, a Hep lower, are two other 
 liliall ]iillars of an equrd bignels, betwcL-n which thci,' 
 is a iiiai ble man:A'r, big enough to hold a :itw barn 
 infant : ami oppolite to it is a llone, v.liereon thebk-lk-.l 
 \'irgin lilt when tlie wili.' men came to adore the iie/.vcnlv 
 infant. The whole is become entirely black throi'j i 
 time. 
 
 At the diftancc of about forry yard; from eiie of t'lL' 
 convents, tixre is a grot loll j>,ved in a ch-ilkv nek, 
 where, tradition f lys, the bleiled X'irgin hid lurli;: 
 and her divine b.ibe, from the malice of Herod, lome 
 time previous to her liepaiture into Kgypr. l-'a!t,vard, 
 at the dillance of about half a mile, the pilgrim i arc 
 Ihewn the field where the lliepherds were watchinu tlicir 
 'locks, when they receivetl the gkid tidings of the binii 
 o .1 bleiled Redeemer. 'I'he magnitieent church built 
 over the grot where 'iie divine infant was born, is (i;i>; 
 of the molt fuperb in the eaft, being divided into fiv.- 
 allies, t"ormed by four rows of elegant marble pillar-, 
 to the amount of .}o in number, that is, ten in a row. 
 Belide. thef'e, lO more fiip[)ort the whole choir, wliicli 
 is enclo'ed by a w.ill. The [lavement is beautiful, an,l 
 the cedar roof proportionably high. The noble p.,r 
 tico by which you enter the church is fupportcd by 16 
 ii?ndfome marble pillars. The choir, which is overed 
 by a noble cupola, terminates -n a lt;micircle that con 
 tains the altar: not far from which are two marble flair- 
 cafes, confitling of thirteen Heps each : by one of thefe 
 the pilgrims deleeml to tlie Chapel of the N.itivity, 
 where there is an altar umler a concave, witharepre- 
 fentation of the n.itivity : the whole bein^ illuminated by 
 l.mijis continually kept burning. 
 
 This magniricent edihce wa- built by the pious eni- 
 prefi, I lelenii, in commemoration of thebirtli of Chrilh 
 At a fluall dillance to the fouthward of Hethlehem, the 
 tiimous fiiuntains, pools, and gar^lens of Solomon arc 
 Ihcwn. The pools are tliree in number, lying in a row, 
 and fo difpof.'il, that the w.iters of the Mj'pcrmnll tiiil 
 into the fc, iiul, and thofe of the lecond into the third. 
 They are of a quadningular figure, equal in breadth; 
 but differin;' in length; the br'.atlth of each being 4-,o 
 ^--t I but the length of the firll is 800 feet, of the le- 
 .,,.•1^.1 1000 l.\t, anil of the third 'too teet. They 
 Are ve^vdvip, and lined witli (|!iiltei' til. Cloli.- 
 tori. .-^""N is a plc-af4iu calUi it .; m..'. ,,, trmlnre: 
 m*t il a!~"*it tiic diftartie 1 >' "o- '' ' - ■ i niiu.iii', lr<m 
 which tl. receiu- iheir w > . . On f!-.e .4i|»i>,inl -ifth. 
 city the well 0! I>avid i !;..vn, li>r the v\uei,i 1 Nvlii. 1 
 thai monauh fn \:" ivivly loim' I, at><irdij»j< m thi 
 inlpiicd writei, . v-i » \xiii. i l\^. "And ''avid 
 
 ilK 
 
 was then m 
 
 was ill :, il Beihli 
 
 O thai I'lv wo\ild 
 
 IujKI, -i^kI i!i 1 .1) of the I'iu' ilin- < 
 
 uui . M\A b.aid Iwiged, a,: 1 laid. 
 
 ive •!„ ,11,1.1, >| th. wafer oi uie \wil 
 
 iiie k ur. \nd thrv ■ mis'iitv 
 
 o( Beth! 'lem. wliith is 1 
 •11' ;i ' ! .ike -'irviii '1 (he hoi I 01 '*■ 
 our of the »\cll .>; UeiNv ^ 
 .id ;jli'iui twi> tiirlo.'ij', 
 .luains ol an old .ii;ueduLt. w 1.' 
 he ".atcr. .)! Solo.ii'in's p. vvl> 1 
 1 haixls i: 
 
 I'hililtme:. 
 
 ..IK' 
 
 ilr. 
 
 -m, til 
 
 well 
 
 >'.tn 
 
 parr. 
 
 i. i.i. 1, ' ,\ 
 
 • 1-T\lt.lli III. 
 It .i^leiu:"!. 
 Chap. I of 'it. Jofet'h., tiK hoi'i.i .. ol th< 1 1 
 the Ch.Tjiei of til. hinoceiit'i, and llwle v( St 
 ot. I'.. ^ tiilt'v hium, 
 I 
 
 the alx)vc-m< iitioned 
 
 '"I 
 
 In MS 
 .11 ■ ;tK" 
 11.1 veil 
 Befidc, 
 
 ...r ' ■ 
 
 V liri.:, 
 
 h roiiie, 
 
 brought fuch nobli 
 
 prelirnted the king 
 
sOGRAl'IlY. 
 
 nrdi-placf of tl.c Royal 
 (.il I'.phraii, or )-'.plira- 
 ori;^inaliy liiiiit by the 
 I'.ullbi'.is alliirc lis, that 
 IT of D.iviJ, was luTi- 
 I is iLMtctl on i\ \)k yU;)[ 
 enjoys a inolb txctlltnt 
 : Latins, another of t'lc 
 lenians, iml is anniiaiiy 
 [.ilf^rim: and travclltr".'. 
 :h open into the L'iiajci 
 >lacc wiicre i,.c bldfcd 
 anger in wliirli l;c wj-, 
 "he manger i>> ailonin! 
 I'Jle, an.l the otlu-rs at 
 ) lower, are tw:} other 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 TURKEY IN AS I/. 
 
 »93 
 
 betwei-n which 
 
 riK-it 
 
 h to hold a new oirn 
 )ne, wiiereoii the bli-(lo.l 
 i!;/ 
 i 
 
 v: to ailore the iicaviii! 
 
 entirely black thru'' 
 
 y yanl; from cue of i\x 
 
 j'.ved in a chaltv iK-k, 
 
 led A'in^in hid herll!: 
 
 iialicc of Hepid, fjinc 
 
 Jr.to Hfnjir. l-.ill.van!, 
 
 mile, the pilgrim > are 
 
 ■rds were watchinj^ tiicir 
 
 lad tidin;;s of the bin;\ 
 
 magnificent thurcli btiilj 
 
 inlant was born, ii <.;i^ 
 
 being divided into fiv: 
 
 elegant marble pillar-, 
 
 , that is, ten in a row. 
 
 the whole choir, which 
 
 /emcnt is beautiful, an;! 
 
 p..r. 
 
 The noble 
 
 lurch is fupported by iG 
 choir, which is covered 
 1 a lemicircle that c(jn 
 lich are two marble ftair- 
 )s each: by one of thefc 
 Cliapel ol the Nativity, 
 a concave, with a repre- 
 hole bcin., illuminated by 
 
 V, built by the pious em- 
 
 nn of the liirch ot Cf.ri'.l. 
 
 I'.vard of Hedilehem, tlic 
 
 grrilens of Solomon arc 
 
 number, lying in a row, 
 
 Ts of the Mjipcrmnft fail 
 
 le fecond into the third. 
 
 JUire, equal in breadtli ; 
 
 '.adth ill' each being 4",o 
 
 rll is 800 feet, of the le- 
 
 hird > 100 teet. Tiiey 
 
 •\ plailh'i> • ill. Cloll: 
 
 of .1 nv, '. M, tnirhire : 
 
 ■ , ( , .1 .ium.ut', lj'')!'i 
 
 t>n the «ll»>/|(f'l'!frlK 
 
 , tor the v\ ui;i.> 1 whi. 1 
 
 .>!\vv>h at.'>rJii>>/ ') ri" 
 
 « e. .. •• And ' 'jid 
 
 1 •i\ of the I'lu' liiiv - 
 
 >.u:d f.iiged, ;;,■ 1 find. 
 
 t. *l th. water I 'I sue "' ' 
 
 I i.r. \n.i dm ■ inigiuv 
 
 '<^ lUniiltmes. ,aiJ dre'A 
 
 i«i."^vTn, tli'.i ^^.i' tn ac 
 
 W: 1 .\1 ihl-- VNcIl 
 
 .11 ;ne 
 
 V\,l:l h III' «. 'A I 
 
 - 11,1 ved 
 
 » 1 ' l-TMLdv 111. 
 
 H.'lu'i. 
 
 ii. It nline"', 
 
 ...i- ' ■ 
 
 1.1, ,, ol rh<. 1 \ 
 
 '. iri",!-. 
 
 and ihole w( Sr. 
 
 J' roiiif, 
 
 It i'. proper here to obferve, tliat St. Jerome was a 
 Ic.irned and celebrated vviter in the fourth century ; 
 that i'aula, and L'ulluchinum, her daughter, were two 
 Roman ladies, iiillrudk-d by St. Jerome in ie.irning 
 and piety. This cclebr.ued city is, however, at ])re- 
 fent reduced to a mean village, itihabited by very poor 
 people. 
 
 } lebron, the ancient city of David bef()re he took 
 Jerufdem, has long fince been ruined. Near it Hands 
 tiie vill.ige called I'ilkahil, on a pleafant hill that over- 
 looks a moil Jeiigluful valley. Ruinous as its prelent 
 condition is, it llill contains a handlbme church, built 
 by the eiiiprefi Helena over the fepulchral grave where 
 Abrali.uTi and Sarah, Ifiac, J.icob and l.eah lie buried. 
 The lurks li.ive fince turned the church into amolque : 
 but Turk- Chrillians, and Jews, all regini it with 
 great venerition. This town is the cap.itai of ailifti-icl 
 conliiling of about i-{ little villages, whicii die 'l"url-;s 
 call die I'erritoiT (if the I'rier.diof Cjod. 
 
 Bethzor, or Hethlbr.i, t()rmerlv a very firong fortrefs 
 is fjppoled to have Itood upon a craggy hiil, twenty 
 rriiicb to the louthwarti of Jeruialein, where there is now 
 a village named St. Philip, from a tradition that it was 
 at a fountain near thia pl.ice, where Philip baptized tiie 
 eunuch of queen Canduce. 
 
 l-iiigeildi, a village on the top of a rock tu-ir the 
 Dead Sea, about four miles call: of Tekoaii, is filmed 
 fbr the great, qu.uitity of palms, and other c/doriierous 
 trees, wiiich grow on the mountains above it. Among 
 t'-.e caverns of" theli." mountains two are very remark a- 
 hk'i the one for being the retre.it of Lot and his daugh- 
 ters after the coiifkigration of Sodom ; ami the odier 
 for being the cavern in which David lb gcn-jroully 
 fpared the lite of Saul, contenting himfelf witii only 
 tuning off the Iklrt of his garment. 
 
 The lot of Dan was bounded on the four'; by Simeon, 
 on the iiordi by l',i)iiraim, on .the cart by Judah and 
 Benjai.iiii, and on tlie well by the c:)Uiitry of the Phi- 
 lillines antl the Mediteir.mean Sea ; the length being 
 40 miles from north to liuidi, and die greatetl bieadth 
 not excelling 25 miles. It abounded in all the necef- 
 liiiies and luxuries of" life; and from hence die Ipies 
 brought flich noble fpecimens of it^ admirable fertility 
 to the llraeiitiih cam[i. 
 
 The tribe of Simeon, v.fhich was boundetl by Dan 
 on the nortii, b)' the river Trihor on the if)u;ii, by Ju- 
 d.ih on the call, and a iK'ck of land towarch die Medi- 
 terranciin on tlie'weft, lay in tiie nn^ft f mtiiern coiner 
 of Jiidea. This part was not Co fertik' as t!'.e refl of the 
 land of Canaan, nor were tlie towns either many or 
 conliderable, none del'erving any mention, even in an- 
 cient timei, except Aorhedon and Rhinocolura, which 
 are now poor ruined t(;wns, llar.iling on tiie tea-coait, 
 and Hecillicba, of v.iiich in Gen. xxi. we learn, diai 
 Ahrah.im, having eiiiered into a foleiini league of 
 iiiendlhip witli Abiiiieiccii, king of the Plnliilines, to 
 lecure lii.s property in a well againll tlie outrage of die 
 Phiiillines, who had taken fevtu wells from iiim before, 
 prefented the king with leven young Iheep, aiitl entreat- 
 ed liim to accept of them as a token that he had dug 
 luch a Well, and Ihouid thencehinh be permitted to en ■ 
 joy it peaceably : upon which occalion the jilace was 
 eallcij Bei rfheba, or the \\ eil of the 0;uh, liec.iuie of 
 tlie covenant made relative ihcreto. ] lencc the city 
 which was ereCled near it, hi procelii of time, obiained 
 t!ie name of Beerlheba. 
 
 A linall part of tiie prelent i'alertine, litu.ued on the 
 coall of the Mediterranean, aiul extending troni the le.i 
 <>t Janinia to the mouth of the river Hi/or, was long 
 lubieft to die five lords of tlie PhililliiKs. Tlie prin- 
 cipal places were, 
 
 Alcalon, which is dwindled into a very trilling vil- 
 lage, Hands on the lea coalf, and was the native place 
 '■i Herod the ( ireat, who w.is thence called .'Xfc.ii mites, 
 h v.isan epil'co|)al fee lioiii die earliell ages <if Chril"- 
 ti.i.Diyj and during tlie lloly Wars had many llately 
 e lilices remaining, which have fince been all ruined by 
 t'.e Turks and Sar.icens. 
 No. ly. 
 
 Gaza Ibnds between two and diree miles from the 
 Mediterranean Sea, and lies in ;;i dcg. 22 min. nortii 
 Lititude, iuid ^r, deg. ealt longitude, 'it retains many 
 monuments of its prifline andeur, and on all fides 
 fbnie noble remains of antiquity are to be feen, viz, 
 fi:vcral rows of llately inarble columns, with all their 
 ornaments entire, magni.hccnt fepulchres, monuments, 
 ixc. i\mong thele is one in particular furrounded by 
 a high v/all, w/iich belongs to a I'lirkifh f'amily. Near 
 the city Hands a rounil caltle, flanked with four fquare 
 towers ; oppofite to which is die ("eraglio, where the 
 balliaw's wives and attendants are kept ; and a httle 
 above are tlie remnants of an old Roman caltle, die 
 materials of which are fij firm, diat the hammer can 
 make no imprefli'.'n on them. 
 
 The Greeks and Armeniiu.s have each a church here; 
 and near to that of the latter, die fpot is Ihewn whersr 
 the temple Itood which Sainpl'on pulled down over h;s 
 head, and dellroyed at once liinifelf and a grear number 
 ot Pliilillines. The caUle is die refidence of .a liingiac, 
 who is fuppofcd to have near 300 fmall villaces, or 
 hamlets, within his jurildiftion. At a litdc dillance 
 from the town, quite up to I'igypt, the eountrj^ is inha- 
 bited by a race of v.iki .A.rabs, who are continually rov- 
 ing about, not being fubject; to any regular govern- 
 ment. 
 
 MafTuima, or New Gaza, was the ancient fea-port 
 to the former, or old (jaza, and on that .account only 
 was of note. It flooti about ten miles fioni Afcalon, 
 near die mouth of the river Bezor. About it are lliil 
 f'oine andqiie remains, but whether tiiey belongcil to 
 New or Old Gaza is uncertain. 
 
 About three miles tbuth from Gaza, and two miles 
 from the tea, Iknds a town named Laiifla. It it at pre- 
 fent a pour mean place, d<-(enued by an old caftle, and 
 a gai rifim o!" 200 men ; but was forr.ierly celebrated as 
 the burial-place of P( ■ "'V die Gre.it, who was killed 
 in its neighbourli(K)d 
 
 Ac a Httle diflan^ the above ftands Rapiiia, 
 
 whicli is now lii incoiu.i.i, . ble, as f'carce to deterve 
 mentioning. It wa;, however, a place of fome account 
 in the time of the Maccabees. 
 
 Gath was anciently the principal of die five capital 
 cities of the Piiihtlines, being the regal feat; but ic 
 dwindled away to early, that no velligcL of it are now 
 remaining, and ic is even uncertain where it e>:.iclly 
 flood. It was f'anieil as the refidence of tlie remnant of 
 tlie giant race, and v.'as the place or Goliatii's nativity. 
 
 I'ikron, or Kcron, was the nordiermoft of all the five 
 cities which gave naines to tiie five lordll.ips of the Phi- 
 iillines. It w.i, once a place of great weakh and power, 
 and fiequently mentioned in the fiicred writings, but it 
 is dwindled to nothing, anil not noticed by any profane 
 autiioi:>. 
 
 iVllidod, or Azotur., whicii was fituated about 12 
 iiiilc.^ to i'ic n;.r:h of A'.cai;.n, b: re .in cxtraord!n;"v 
 fiiine among tlie anck-nts. The lituation was inlai 
 and die circumiacent country exceedingly fertile r.. ,i 
 plealiint. It w,is fiimous tor the temple of Dag on, 
 where \/.is the pr.indeff and mofl fivoured god the Plii- 
 lillines hath 'I" him they attributed the invention ui 
 agriculture. This city, in the tiniei of primitive Cliril 
 tianity, was an epilcopal fee, and w.as even a fair vil- 
 lage in the time of -^t. Jerome, but at pret"ent no traces 
 of it are left. 
 
 riius li.ive we minutely dcfcribed t!ie Jloi.v Lano, 
 a'lvl amply dwelt upon ui.iny ciiikms ami interelHiig 
 p.iuiculars : but we would earnelUy rccomrneml to our 
 ,eader:i to comii.arc our geograj-hical account of the 
 various parts of' Syria, with the p.il'iiges irt which rliey 
 
 are iiKiitioned in rlie f"acrcd wiinnj^ 
 
 do 'bt but they 
 <omparil<)n. 
 
 w:i 
 
 1 receive in 
 
 vhen we have 110 
 latisfatition f"rom tlic 
 
 Charm us, ye licri-l le;;\es, with nobler dienuv. 
 With op'ning luavuis, and angels rob'd in llinies. 
 Yerelllefs palhons, while we lead, bea'.v'd, 
 1 lail, ye myilerioui oracles of C»od ' 
 
 C c c ' 1 leu 
 
 H. -i' 
 
J94 A NEW. ROYAL anp AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGUAPHY, 
 
 j'li 
 
 
 
 iff 
 
 Here wc behold how infitnt tiinc l>cg^n, 
 How the cliift irov'd, and qiii;kcn''.l iiico man ; 
 Here, thro' tl\e How'ry walk of Eden rove, 
 Court the fott breeze, or range the fyky grove j 
 There tread on halluw'd ground, where angels trod. 
 And rev'rend patriarchs talk'd a.s t'riiiuis with Got! ; 
 Or heir the voire ofllumb'rinp prophets giv'n, 
 Or gaze on vifions from the tlirone of'heav'n. 
 
 As we have bten treating ot tlie fi>ot wliich gave 
 birth to (*iii Blcfled Saviour, m.- deem it a duty we owe 
 to die caufe of Chrirtianity to give the moll important 
 tn-jts in the lite of that liicted cli.inirter. 
 
 S E C T I i> N XX. 
 
 A /Jinrt Accoiinl of iht l.ifi\ DoHiiiir, Sii/ffi/r)'';' ,md 
 Death., of Uur BIrJJrd Lord and Hiiviour j£SLfS 
 CHRIST. 
 
 THE temple of Janus* was fhut; the fceptre had 
 departed from Judah f ; and tiie prophecy of 
 fJaniel was accomplifhcd ; when God, in t.mipadion 
 towards mankind, fei.t his fon into the world to take 
 off that guilt of fin which defiled our nature j and the 
 great work of our Jiilvation was thus acconiplidied. 
 
 In the time of Herod, God fent die angel (jabricl to 
 an holy virgin, nan ed Maiy, who was cfpouled to Jo- 
 k'ph of Nazaredi, a city in Galilee, to inform her how 
 highly favoured fhe was of God. The confummation 
 of marriage between Jol'eph and Mary had not taken 
 place, as was the cuftom not only among the Jews, but 
 with many nations of the eaft ; the parries being often 
 ri,ntrai5fed in tliiir infancy, but not permitted to co- 
 habit together, till after they had been feveral years 
 betrodicd. Mary, however, conceived by means of 
 the H' ' • '' 'lit, and God fent an angel to Jofeph, to 
 convince i. of the chaftity of his fpoufe, and die di- 
 vinity of her fon. 
 
 Puring her pregnancy flie travelleii to Bethleliem 
 with her liuftwnd Jofeph, in order to be taxed, agree- 
 able to a decree ilRied by Auguftus Csfar for a general 
 capitation tax. The city wn lo crowded, that not be- 
 ing able to tind iiny room i: 'n inn, diey were under 
 the nccefTity of retiring to ■ table, where the Holy 
 X'irgin humbly bowed her l;nc( s and brought her firit- 
 born into the world. 
 
 The conception being without fin, the produiflion was 
 v.itliout pain, and notice was given to tiie world of the 
 nativit)' of a REDEEM F-R, by an angel and a ftar. 
 Tlie angel ajipeared to the Jewith lliepherds, and the 
 flat was fcen by the Magi, or wife men of the eaft. 
 At the expiration of eight days tiie blefied infant was 
 ciicumcifed i and thuf, by a few drops, gave earneit 
 of die abundance of blood which he was to fhed for the 
 purification of mankind. 
 
 Indue feafon the Holy Virgin prefcnted the Divine 
 Infant in the temple, and redeemeil him, according to 
 the written law, with five ihckels, and a pair of turtle 
 doves J for Chrif: did not come into the world to over- 
 turn, but to tiillil the law. At this critical ini^ant Si- 
 meon and Anna, two pious perfons, entered the tem- 
 ple, being ftimulated by a tiivine impulfe, when tiicy 
 joined with great fervency in praifing God for having 
 lent a Redeemer inf) the world. Simeon, in parti- 
 cular, begged to die, in the words of the celebrateti 
 canticle uliid in the liturgy wt«ihe church, and taken 
 
 • Jaims, the firft king of Italy, was deified at his deatli, 
 .111(1 (lepitVjd with two lacc-s : the temple dedicated to him 
 at Rome was a-ar-tys kept (hut in times of peace, and open 
 in time* of war. it was therefore natural that tlic Saviour 
 •f Mankind, who brought eternal piece and falvation into 
 llie worid (liouid b? born in a time of general fi.ii\iluility. 
 
 t Jacob, <m I115 death-bed, thus prophefieth : " The 
 " fteptrc /hall not depart from Judah, nor a law-giver from 
 " between his f^-ct, until Shiloh come ; and unto him (liall 
 " the gath'.ring of the pcoijla be." Gen. xlix. 10. This 
 
 from Lu!;e ii. 29. " Lord, now lerrcil tii.iurliv fer- 
 " vant tiepart in peace, acconling to thy word ; fi/r 
 " mint- e)^; have Icen diy falvanon." 
 
 Heroii, being informed of the birth of the child, 
 Tied, by v.iriou.s artifices, to get him into his pov.er, 
 but Jofeph, being informed of his blotnly in'cn'it.;:, 
 had the precaution to withdraw privaceiy into Egypt, 
 with his wite and the holy infant, where diey rcmaineii 
 twelve years. 
 
 On their return, Jefus, though fo young, difpim-tl 
 with the mofl learned doctors in the temjile, and after 
 w.irds ileparteil for Jordan, where he was baptized bv 
 John; when the heavens iinmediately opened, t\v: 
 Hnly Gholl; delcended upon him in the (mm of a 
 dove, and a voice was heard to pronounce the f dlow. 
 ing words : " This is my beloved Son, in wliom I ani 
 " well ple.iled." 
 
 Soon after the BIclTed Jefus wrought his firft miradc 
 at Caiia in (ialilce : he then cleanfed the f-'inple nf 
 merchants, money-changers, tkc. foretold his own death 
 and rtfurredion, and convinced Nicodemus, a doctor 
 of law, of his divine niidion. 
 
 He then traverfed Juilea with his difciples, bapdzed 
 great nunbers, ;<nd reprired towards (jalilee, where 
 John ^as in confinemi-nt for h;\ving, in one of his frr 
 mons, rejjrchc.nded Herod for hij incefluous marriaj.%- 
 with his iVotlier's wile. By die way he converfeJ with 
 the Goo'.l Samaritan, and rcllored the dead child of a 
 nobleman to lifr. 
 
 He now ita veiled througliout Galilee, healing all 
 mann:T of di.'lafifs, refloring the blind and lame to 
 their fight and liiibs, clca:iring k-pers, and doing all 
 manner of benevolent aftion?. Near r'le lake Gene- 
 zareth, being preflei: liy the crowd f)f people, he en- 
 tered into Siiron's Hup, where he preached, and com- 
 manded the mir.icuI(.MS draught of filhcs. 
 
 At the p<K i ,)f Bethfcda he, on a fabbath, cured a 
 poor paralytic man, who had been lame 38 years, bid- 
 ding liim, " Take up his bed and walk." The Jews 
 exclaimed againft this breach of the fabbath, but Our 
 Lord foon convinced theni, that a work of necelFity 
 ought to fuperfedt a ritual command. 
 
 Jefus foon after returned to Galilee, and cured a man 
 whofe right hand was llirunk up and withered. He 
 now Icledted his twelve apoftles, to wliom, and a great 
 multitude of people, iic preached tnat .admirable dii- 
 courfe calletl " The Sermon upon the Mount," which 
 comprifes all the great principles of die Chriilian reli- 
 g"on. 
 
 On the defcent from the mount he healed a leper, and 
 in returning to Capernaum cured a favourite fervant of 
 a Roman centurion. At the gate of Nain he brought 
 to life a willow's fon, as the people were carrying him 
 to be buried ; dien dined with Simon the Pharifee, ami 
 confoled the penitent prollitute. In various parts of 
 Galilee he continued comforting the afflifted, healing 
 the difcafetl, and inrtrufting the ignorant by the mofl 
 exprefTive parables, till he crofled the fea of Galilee 1 
 when a terrible ftorm arifing while he was afleep in the 
 Ihip, his diliriples waked him, when he rebuked the 
 waves, and reiloied the fea to a perfect calm. Land- 
 ing at Trachoiiids, he met two demoniacs, from whoiii 
 he call out the devils that pofTefTed them, who entered 
 into an herd of fwine, and occafioned thofe animals to 
 precipitate themfelves into the fea. 
 
 He foon alter performed two remarkable miracles ; 
 tlie firft was feeding the multitude in the defeit wiiH five 
 
 prophefy was accomplifhed 111 the moft literal manner ; for 
 aboiitt' ^ vciy time in which Chrift was born, the Romans 
 de the jews of all regal authority, and appointed ma- 
 
 gi of their own to adminifter jufticc throughout all 
 
 Syr. a. Thus dul the Iccptre depart from Judah, nor were 
 the Jewifli law-givcrs futfered to retain ;iiiv authoriu'. Ihc 
 latter par of the prophecy wa» eijuallv a'complifllcd j fur 
 although iitere arc many ftut^rifliing naticn.-. of^ ChriiliaiiSi 
 the Jcvirs a.-.' no lonijer a pei/pie. 
 
 barley 
 
LUCiUAPflY. 
 
 >w kttrl\ th.m rln- frr- 
 di;iL' to tliy wdni, (or 
 
 tidll," 
 
 till- birth of fht chili!, 
 r tiini into his priv.fr , 
 if liis bhxHly intcn'io;; 
 privatciy into Kpypt, 
 t, where tlicy rcinaiud 
 
 ii.;h fo young, liifpiitrd 
 tht temple, and a(t(-! 
 ii-re he was bapti/cii hv 
 imediatc-iy djiened, tlii- 
 him in the t(>rin ot a 
 ) pronounce ihc iMlow- 
 ;d Son, in whom I ain 
 
 wrought his firft miraf It 
 cleanfed tin; trinple »( 
 . (''retold his own diritii 
 1 Nicodcmus, a ilodor 
 
 h his difciples, baptizcii 
 owards (ialikc, where 
 ving, in one of" his fcr 
 his inceftu'uis marrii'- 
 • way he converfeJ v. jrl, 
 red the dead child of a 
 
 lut Galilee, Iiealing .ill 
 :he blind and lame to 
 1, lepers, and doing all 
 Near r'le lake Genc- 
 rowd of people, he en- 
 ht preached, and com 
 of filhcs. 
 
 on a fabbath, cured a 
 ten lame 38 years, bid- 
 and walk." The Jews 
 of the fabbath, but Our 
 lat a work of necclTity 
 Tiand. 
 ialilee, and cured a man 
 
 up and withered. He 
 , to wJiom, and a great 
 hed tnat admirable ilii- 
 )on the Mount," which 
 les of the Chriilian rt li- 
 nt he healed a leper, and 
 rd a favourite fervant or' 
 ,te of Nain he brought 
 ople were carrying him 
 imon the Pharifee, ami 
 :. In various parts af 
 ig the afflided, healing 
 le ignorant by the moll 
 (Ted the fea of Galilee ; 
 liile he was afleep in the 
 , when he rebuked the 
 a perfect calm. Land- 
 demoniacs, from whom 
 fed them, who entered 
 fioned thole animals to 
 a. 
 
 i remarkable miracles; 
 lein the defert wiiS five 
 
 • moft literal manner; for 
 ft was born, the Romans 
 hnritv, and appointed i;i.i- 
 [Vcr juflicc throughout all 
 art from JuOah, nor were 
 erain ;imv authorit)'. Ihc 
 eijuallv a'compliflicd , fur 
 i" natii.n^ of^ Chriftiaiis, 
 
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 Virgin humbly bi. 
 born into the woild. 
 
 '['lie conception beii. 
 without pain, and noticv. 
 nativity of a REDl'.F.M. ' 
 
 I" he angd appeared to the _ 
 liar was ken by the Magi, o 
 At tlie cxpiiation of eight liays 
 clirumciletl ; and thus by a few 
 of tlie abundance of blootl which he \ 
 p'.iriiication of manisind. 
 
 Indue teafon the Holy Virgin prefentv 
 Infant in the temple, and recieemed him, 
 the written law, with five thekels, and a p. 
 doves i f()r Chrift did not coinc into the work 
 turn, but to fulfil the law. At this critical it. 
 nieon and Anna, two pious perfons, entered tu 
 pie, being (timulat^-d by a divine impull'e, wh< 
 joined wicli great fervency in praifing God for h, 
 fi'nt a Redeemer into the world. Simeon, in p 
 in the woids of the celebr. 
 
 :anticle ufed in the liturgy e^thc church, and tak 
 
 * Jamis, the firft king of Italy, was deified at his death, 
 ;i!iil dcpiit^d with two taces: the temple dedicated to him 
 at Rome w.is always kept (hut in times of peace, and open 
 in times of w.ir. It was therefore natural that the Saviour 
 (if Mankind, who brought 'Eternal piece and falvation into 
 the world fliould b:: bora in t time of general tranquility. 
 
 t Jacob, on his death-bed, thus prophcfieth : " The 
 " fceptre (hall not depart from Judah, nor a law-giver from 
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 95 
 
 barley loaves and two fiflies J and the lecond was walk- 
 ing on the furfacc of the vater, with Peter, to thtr fliij) 
 in whicli were his other di!'ciples. 
 
 After performing many other miracles, and explain- 
 ing Ills milTion more fully to his difciples, Jtiiis, at 
 length, at the time' of tiie Pairovtr, eat the I'afchal 
 l^nib with his difciples, wadied their tect, and inform- 
 ed thcni, tl-..u oiie of them fhould betray iiim. Judas 
 foon after left them, though it was night; and then 
 Jefi"^ reached his farewell iernion to his remaining dif- 
 ciples, in which he recommend'-d focid love and una- 
 naniity, .;nd4()retold that Peter ll\i)iild deny him. A 
 multitude of arineil men tl-.en fiirroi:ndtd iiim, and 
 Judas kilR'd him, in order to dillinguilii, and thereby 
 betray him. In the fcuflk Pcrcr cut otr' the ear </ 
 Malchus, fervajit ti» the high jri'.-ll ; for wliich Jefus 
 reproved iiim, and immediately healed the ear of Mal- 
 chus by touching it. 
 
 When Jelus was led away, all his ilil'ciples fletl, ex- 
 cept Peter, wiio foUowetl at a dilhnc e, and John hav- 
 iiig recovered his fpirits, returned ii:to the high prieiVs 
 liail, where Jcfus was brought bctJ)re Annas, wlio, 
 though |)nnce of tlie fanheilrim, refufed to judge him, 
 but fent him bound to Caiphas : thither Peter came, 
 and was challenged three times by the fervants to be a 
 Galilean, and of the funily of Jefus, which he three 
 times denied, and forlwore : till Jefus looking back, 
 reminded him of his prediflion ; then the cock crew, 
 and Peter, being fenfible of his crime, went out, and 
 wept bitterly. 
 
 In the morning the council was to aflemble, and 
 while Jefus was in cuflody the Jews mocketl him, co- 
 vered his fice, and liaving fmote him, called upon him 
 to tell who it was. I'he ciders likewife did their en- 
 deavours to fuborn falfe witnelles againft him, but 
 were not fo fuccefsful as they expeded in their infernal 
 mncliinations. 
 
 Theprincip.al articles of accufation, which their whole 
 malice could mvent, was only that h.e had fait! he woukl 
 (lellroy the temple, ami in three days build it up again. 
 To this Jefus making no reply, Caiphas abjured him, 
 by the living God, to fay whether he was Chrill the 
 Son of God or not. To which he anfwered in tiie 
 affirmative. Then Caiphas acculed him of blafphemy, 
 and he was condemned to death by Pontius Pilate the 
 Roman governor, who, though conlcious of his inno- 
 cence, weakly yielded to the l<)licitations of the Jews, 
 ard delivered him up to the foldiers to be crucified j 
 who fidl cruelly beat him, and fpit in his face. 
 
 ludas, hearing the hnal fentence, brought in the fil- 
 ver which they had given him as a rewarii for his trea- 
 dury, and thiowing it among them, laid, " I have be- 
 trayed the innocent blood." With the money they 
 bought a field called Potter's hieki, to bury ftran- 
 gersin: and Judas went out and hanged himfelf. It 
 is likewife to be obferved, that Ponthis Pilate was fjon 
 I'ter depofed by Vitellius the jiroconful of Syria, on 
 •ii count of his great cruelties and extortions. He was 
 afterwards banifned to V'incennes in Gaul, where he put 
 * period to his miferablc exigence with his own hands. 
 
 • Thofe who would wifli to read a full and ample ac- 
 count of the I.itc, Doiftrine, Suft'ciings, Rcrurrcdlioii and 
 Al'ccnlion of the Great Rcdecnier of iMaiikiiui, are rLferrid 
 to an rxcclltnt perfornunce, intituled, " Tlie Revcrcrd 
 " Dr. Fi,f:Krwoou*s Life of Our lileH'cd Lord and Saviour 
 " JKSUS CHRIS'l". Cont.iining a full, ample, .iccur.(tc, 
 "' inftrui'live, and univcrfal Hiftory of every Tranfailion 
 " ill the LIFK of Our HLKSSKD REDKKMKR, from 
 " his taking upon hinifcif our finful Nature, to his Cruei- 
 " fixion, Kcfuncflion from, the Dead, and his (Jlorious 
 " Afccnfion into Heaven. Parlicul.irly his Genealogy, In- 
 •' carnation, I'refervation, Circumcilioii, I'refentation, 
 " Divine Miffinn, Haptifm, Falling, Temptation, Mi- 
 " niftry, Suftcrini^s, Ooitrine, Calling the Apcfties, Mi- 
 " r.icles, Parahles, Charity, Meekiuf', '['ravels, Trans- 
 " figuration, I'allion, InlHtution of the Satiainent, Cru- 
 " ciHxion, Uurial, Refurrertion, Appearanee and Afcen- 
 " fion. Together with tlie Lives, 'I ranfadlioiis and Suf- 
 " fcrings of hit Holy Lvangclills, A[)olUcs, Difciples, and 
 
 Jcfu.s, being arrayed In a kingly robe, with a rccd in 
 h.s liand lor a fcepue, and a crown of thorns upon his 
 head, was led to Golgotha, on Mount Calvary, and 
 there crucified, with this infciption over his head, 
 Jesus oi- NAZARtTH King oi the Jews,*, 
 
 SECTION XXI. 
 
 Perfnii', Drifs, Food, Cii/lomi, Mannfrs, Govenwif/it, 
 Rtli^ion, (3c. of the Turks conjidircd in gnieral. 
 
 ^T^ HE Turks in general are well m.ide, and of the 
 
 X middle llaturc ; thofe who rcfide in cities arc of 
 a complexion tolerably fair, but the peaiants, from be- 
 ing e:;pofed to the fun are fwarthy. Their hair and 
 eyes are commonly black. Their features, when young, 
 are .agreeable ; the wcmen are deemed beautiful, but 
 bear the marks of age by the time they reach thiity 
 years, as they fi equently marry at fourteen. 
 
 The life of paint is not coroi.ion with the modeft wo- 
 men, but peculiar to p.offitutes. Tlu-y have, however, 
 a general [iraflice of blacking tlie infidt of th.cir eyelids 
 by ajiplying a powder called Ifmed. They pcrlbrni 
 this operation with a cylindrical piece of filvcr, Heel, 
 or i\'pry, about two inches long, and of the ii/x of a 
 conmon probe. This they wet with water, in order 
 tiiat the powder may (tick to it, and applying the mid- 
 dle part horizontally to the eye, (hut the eyelids upon it, 
 and drawing it through between them, it blackens the 
 infide, leaving a narrow black rim round the edge. The 
 women alfo (lain their hands and feet wiih henna, which 
 is brought from Egypt chietly for that purpofe. 
 
 The women of fome of the villages wear a large gold 
 or filvcr ring through the external cartilage of the right 
 noflril, and f<jme of thefe rings are at lead an inch and 
 an half in diameter. Thefe people, likewife, mark 
 their under lip, and Ibmetimes their breafls and arms, 
 with a blue colour, by pricking the part with a needle, 
 and nibbing it with a certain powder, which leaves an 
 indelible mark, 
 as a deformity, 
 vours to render themfelves apparently plump. 
 
 The Turkifli habit has a graceful appearance. Next 
 the (kin the men wear a pair of drawers, and over them 
 a Ihirt and a doliman of fattin, taffety, or other neat 
 (buff, which reaches to their heels. In the winter this 
 is guilpetl, and they girt it veiy tight round the waill: 
 with a fafh, in which they frequently wear two dag- 
 gers, the handles and flieaths of which are fiimetimes 
 ailorned with gold and filver. In this girdle they alio 
 carry their money and their pouch for tobacco. Over 
 the doliman they wear a kind of night-gown, which 
 tliofe who arc able line with furs in the winter. Their 
 (lockings are of cloth footed with red or yellow lea- 
 ther, and their (hoes are of the lame colour. On duir 
 heads they wear acrimfon velvet caj), round which they 
 wrap a red or white turban, which is a fcarf of linen or 
 (ilk many ells long. 
 
 The f^rft part of the womens tlrefs is a pair of draw- 
 ers, very full and reaching to the ihoes lb as to conceal 
 
 « other Primitive Martyrs, who have f.-aled the great truth 
 " of Chriftianity with their Hlood. Including the Traiis- 
 " actions of John tliv Baptift, the great Forerunner of the 
 " Mefliah ; as alii) the Life of the Blefli-'d Virgin Mary, &c. 
 " To which is addi'd, A Full Defence of the Cliridian 
 " Religion, in which the Evidences of Chriftianity are 
 " fully (lateu, the New Tcftament proved to he Genuine, 
 " and the Religion of the Great -Redeemer of Mankind, 
 " truly Divii.c. I'he whole properly .idnpled to promote 
 " the Knowledge of our Holy Religion, a hrm Faith in the 
 " Merits of Our Ulcflcd Redeemer, .ird the FraiSlice of 
 
 " every Chriftian Virtue." This excellent Work is 
 
 hcautifully printed in Qiiarto, snd compleatcd in only 113 
 Weekly Numhers, Price fid. each, emhellilhcd with a Set 
 of admirable Copper Plates, properly adapted to difplay the 
 nioft folenin and interelling Subjects contained in tiiis Di- 
 vine Hiftory. — I'ubliflicd by C. Couke, No, 17, Hater- 
 uolter-Row. 
 
 tlie 
 
 A lleiuler waill being rather confidcred 
 the Turkifli women iifc all their endea- 
 
 

 196 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 the h^s. Over this is die iV.ift, with wide fleeves !i;!ng- 
 ing lialf way down the arm, and doled at the neck 
 • with a button ; but the Ihape and colour of tlie biloni 
 are very well to be ililVingniir.ed through it. They 
 have a long m aiilcoat made clole to the lliape, witii very 
 lorig fleeves tailing back, comnt)fed of materials and or- 
 naments according to their reljxclive abilities. They 
 have a robe exacily fitted to the O.ape, and readfing to 
 the feet, with very long ftrait tailing lleeves. This is 
 girt with a girdle of about four inches broad, wiiicli all 
 that can afford have fuperbly ornamentetl. The ciirdic 
 is a loofe robe, which they throw off or put on accord- 
 ing to the weather, lined witli ermine or table, die ileeves 
 reaching very little below the Ihoulders. 
 
 The liead-drels is compoled of a cap railed luljioc, 
 which is, in winter, of line velvet, and in funimer of a 
 light rtufF. This is fixed on one Side of the head, 
 hanging a little way down, with a tafiiil bound with a 
 circle of diamonds, cr a rich embroidered handker- 
 chief On the otiier fitle of the head tiie ii.iir is laid Hat, 
 and here is an opportunity for the difpl ly of fancy, 
 fome purring lloweis, odiers a pluine of feathers ; but 
 
 the moft gener.'l falh.ion among the great is a large 
 bouquet of jewels, made like nituial I'iowers. Tlie 
 hair hangs at its full length behind, divided into trelfes, 
 braided with pearl or ribbon, which is alwajs in great 
 quantity. 
 
 No woman, let her rank be what it will, is permitted 
 to go into the llreets without two inurlim ; one that iiides 
 the whole drcls of their heads, and hangs halfway down 
 their backs ; and anodier that covers all the fice but the 
 e}es. Their Ihapes are alfo entirely concealed by a 
 Jcrtgcf, which no won'.an of an\' fort a[ineari. v/itiiout. 
 This has long lleeves diat reach to their finger ends, 
 and wraps round them like a riding hood. By this means 
 they are lb dilguifed, that a woman of die firit rank 
 cannot be dillinguiflied froin lier ilave : arid it is imp(;l- 
 fible for the molt: jealous hufl-;:iiid to know his wife wlu-n 
 he meets her ; no man d.iring to touch or follow a 
 woman in the llrcet, 
 
 Notwithluuiding this fl'emlng relei-vo, the Turkilli 
 women lead a liti; of plealbre, exempt from cans. 
 Their wiiole time is fpent in vifiting, badiing, or die 
 agreeable amulement of fpendiirg money, and inventing 
 HL-w methods of adorning their perlons. A hulhand 
 woukl be tliought m;'.d, that exaftcd any degree of 
 tcconomy fr.)r,i his wife, whole expences are only li- 
 mitteti by her fancy. It is his bufinefs to get money, 
 and hers to tjiciid it ; and this p.rerogative extends to 
 the m( ancfl. of die lex. Iniiced, they iiave no pi ces of 
 refort but tiie bagnios, anil there can only be leen by 
 their own lex. However, they arc fond of drefs, and 
 take great pleafure in frequenting the baths. 
 
 Witli refpecl to food, dn- Turks are not li) abftemious 
 as is generally imagined, 'i'hey ule the liime articles, 
 and obferve the fame forms ami ceremonies, with re- 
 fpeft to fare, dmes of eating and ih inking, nianiv r of 
 ierving, ice. as already defcribed uniier the article of 
 Aleppo, together witli other particulars, which we lliall 
 therefore pals over, and ailvert only to Inch as are not 
 ipecilied under diat head. 
 
 Thofe among die Turks who have once given them- 
 felves up to the immoderate ufc of opium, are ealily 
 known by a kind of rickets which this jjoiion never fails 
 to produce at laft. Not able to exilt agreeably, except 
 in this fpecies of intoxication, thele perllins are parti- 
 cular objefts of curiofiry, when tluy are allemblcti in a 
 part of Conltantinopk- calleil Tmkiiy 'ri.luircltj//y, or 
 tlie market for the takers of opium, 
 
 I'here, towards the evening, the lovers of this driip' 
 arc leen coming down the llreets which lead to thv f li- 
 ■inauy. Tiicir ^)aie ant! melancholy ligures would be 
 lullicient to raile pity, diti not their lengiluned necks, 
 their hci.is tunv d on one fkle, their back bone dillort- 
 fd, diiir Ihoulder railed up to the ear, and a numbemf 
 other extr.ivagant attitudes whicli reliiit fn)m tlieir 
 dife-afe, exiiibit a picture of the mofi riliculous nature. 
 
 A long row of little lliops are built againll one of 
 
 V'n 
 
 tlie walls that fiirrnund the fquare within which is ihc 
 iiiolijue. Thefe ihops are lliaded by an arbour wliitii 
 reaches from one to the other, and under which the 
 mafler takes care to place a little Ibplia, to accommo- 
 date iiis guells, withoiit Hopping up the pafliige. The 
 culloniers arrive ami place themfelvcs in order, to tuLi' 
 the dole which the iiabits cacli of them have contracted 
 rentiers necellarj-. 
 
 The pills are dil'.ributed. Thole mofl ufed to the 
 pr.iCtice, perhaiis, Iv.allow four very large ones, aad 
 eacii imuK-diately drinking a glafs of cold water, waii.s 
 in his particular attitude. An agreeable reverie at tlu- 
 end ot tliree quarters of an hour, or an hour at mull, 
 never fails to animate thefe mere moving figures, caii- 
 fing tiiem to throw themfelves in a thouland liitferci-.r 
 jioitures, but always extravagant, and always nienv. 
 Tliis is the moment when the fcene becomes moll: in- 
 terefling. All die aftors are hap; y, and each returns 
 home in a flare of local irrationality, but likewile in tlie 
 endie and full ii,joynient of happinefs not to be pro- 
 cured by realon. i)ilregarding tlie ridicule of thole 
 they meet, who divert tliemlilves by making them talk 
 abfurdly, each imagines, and looks, and feels iiimlill' 
 polirficd ct whatever he wiflies. The reality of enjoy- 
 ment often gives lel.s latisfadion. 
 
 Tiiough intoxication impels and enables die TurLs 
 to commit many outrages, and though their laws forbid 
 the ufe of wine, tiiere are, and have been for years 
 pall, in their capital cities, public laveins, and govern- 
 ment imjiolis a tax on, and j roteds them. 'I'hofe ol' 
 tiie 'I'lirks who go tinie generally get drunk ; and tin- 
 lonfumption of the wine becomes a revenue of dv- 
 treal'ury, and is firmed b) an intendant. Thi;, offico 
 receives '.lie entrance duties; but the regulation of tl ■ 
 taverns, and the tax they pay, apperuins to die tiri. 
 magiftrate anil particular governor of die qu.irters 
 where they are lituated. Tiuir police affixes tiie ll-.d 
 to die door of every tavern ; but a little wicker is cor.- 
 trived underneath., which they pretend to overlook, 
 and alfords an ertiance always open and public. It re- 
 quires only a little Hooping to evade the law, and g':t 
 drunk unmolefled. 
 
 The Turks have no inclination to cxcrcife, eitlier lor 
 the prcfervati'iii of htaltli, or curing of difeafes. They 
 laugh at the ! '.uropeai!-. for taking a walk, deeming it li- 
 liiculous to walk merely for tlie take of amulement. In- 
 deed, it is with reludance they ule exercife either tor 
 bufinefs or pleafure. An European ambalfailor once 
 giving an entirtainment to all tiie foreign muiifleis ami 
 Eurojieans fettled at Conllandnople, excited the curio- 
 fity of fome Turks of diflindion, who cxprelled die 
 greatell wonder :ind allonilliiiicnt (not to fay contempt) 
 at feeing fome of the fiifl characters among the Emo- 
 peans Hand up to take a i>art in tiie dances on the oc- 
 ealion. To walk or ride to their gardens, where thiy 
 are lituated at .' fniail diflance, once or twice a week, 
 a: the pro'ur feafins, is as much as moft of diem caie 
 to ilo. 'i ne people of rank, however, diough not foml 
 Of walking, are \'ery adive on horfeback, and dexterous 
 at ftveral equellrian manctjuvrcs. 
 
 The TurklHi n.nuc confifts of two forts, one for the 
 field, and the other for the chamber. The firll is per- 
 fiirmed before the great military officers, a.id alfo ufeil 
 in tlieir garrifons. It conlills of trumpets, cymbah, 
 heaiitboys, and large drums, the upper head of which 
 is beat upon widi a heavy druin-ftick, and die low' r 
 with a linall fwitcii. Befides thefe, diey have filial! 
 iliiiuis, which are beat upon after the manner of our 
 kettle-drums, and this nuilic has a good efiiid at a dil 
 tance. Tlieir clumiber mulic confiils of a gulttar, an 
 Aral) fuldif, a dulcimer, the dervifes llute, which i> 
 blown in a very particui.u- m.iiiner, a cou|)lc of linali 
 drum;, and the liill, an inltrument which lerves to beat 
 time to the voice, which is frequently the worll of all 
 their mulic ; t()r m.my of them bellow Hi liideuuily, .i^ 
 lo fpoil what woukl oiixrwife be harmonious. As the 
 Turks arc unaci]uainttd with the mediod of writl. j, 
 "mufic by notes, diey are obliged to learn entirely bv 
 
 the 
 
GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ijimre within which is the 
 i:uleii l)y an arbour whicii 
 licr, and unikr which tlic 
 Httlc Ibpha, to acconii no- 
 ling up the pafiagc. Tlic 
 enili'lves in order, to tal^c 
 hof tliciii have contraded 
 
 Tlioii- niofl. ui'ed to the 
 )iir very large ones, and 
 glals of cold water, waiis 
 II agreeable reverie at t!ie 
 our, or an hour at myll, 
 ncrc moving figures, cau- 
 es in a thouland ditteniit 
 j-ant, and always mm\. 
 ic icenc becomes moll in- 
 • hapi)', anil each returns 
 iiality, but liktwile in the 
 liappincfs not to be pro- 
 ing the ridicule of thole 
 Ives by making them talk 
 
 looks, and fi'ds hiniluf 
 :s. The reality of enjoy- 
 in. 
 
 Is and enables tlie Turivi 
 id though their laws forbid 
 and ha\'e been for years 
 b!ic laveins, and govern- 
 
 rotectsthem. I'liofe oi" 
 erally get drunk ; and the 
 comes a revenue of tin- 
 1 intendant. Thi;. officer 
 but the regulation of ti- 
 y, appertains to t!->e firit 
 ivenior of the quartvrs 
 elr police affixes tlic lc,il 
 but a little wicker is coi;- 
 ey pretentl to overlook, 
 
 open and public. It rc- 
 I evade the law, and j^-ct 
 
 tion to exercifc, eidier for 
 curing of dilenfes. 'I'hcy 
 inga walk, deeming it li- 
 e fake oi'amulciiient. In- 
 y ule exercile cither tor 
 n-opean ainbalfador once 
 die foreign minillcrs and 
 nople, excitetl the curio- 
 lion, who cxpreiled die 
 ent (not to f^iy contempt) 
 iraclers among the Kujo- 
 in tiie dances on the oc- 
 licir gardens, wliere they 
 once or twice a week, 
 ich as mod of them care 
 however, though not fond 
 horfcback, and dexterous 
 :s. 
 
 of two fiirts, one for the 
 .mber. The firll is per- 
 ary officers, a.id alfo uleil 
 Is of trumpets, cymbaU, 
 :he upper hcail of which 
 um-ftick, and the lower 
 ■s dicfe, they have final! 
 after the manner of our 
 has a good eHec'^ at a dif 
 : confifb of a guittar, an 
 ilervifes flute, whicii i. 
 anner, a couple of finali 
 nent which Icrves to bcii 
 irqucntly tlie worll of alJ 
 in bellow li) hideuuily, ;ii 
 be harmonious. As the 
 I the method of wrid.rjj 
 gcd to learn eiitirtly bv 
 the 
 
 TURKEY I N 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 the car. However, when feveral perfons play togetlier, 
 they keep exadl time, all playing the alike for they 
 have neither bals, nor any oilier parts in mi .lie. The 
 Turkilh ballets are very [ileafmg and entertaining, both 
 for their figures, and the variety of their ftepr, ; ami the 
 dancers are elegantly and lighdy habited. 
 
 In all tiie capital places of Turkey are numbers of 
 public bagnios, frequented by people of all fcdls and 
 conditions, except diofc of very diuingiiill/.-d rank, 
 who have generally baths in their own houl'.-s. The 
 conltrudtion of tiiefe private baths are worthy defcrip- 
 tion. 
 
 Two finall chambers, built with brick, and faced 
 with marble or plaiiter, communicate, and are each 
 enligiitei'cd by (iiiall cupolas, cut in chequers. This 
 little cdiiice is commonly joined to the houfe by a fmail 
 ,!iom, in which they unthets. DouMe doors, folding 
 over and lilted i.'ith telt, Ihut in the firft and lecond 
 part of the Hove. 
 
 A wood fire is kept up in a fubieirancous vault, the 
 cntr.mce of which is wijiout. 1 his !iie-p'.ice is under 
 tlietiirthcrMioll chanilier, and heats a cauldron imineui- 
 alely beneath die marble il';i;r, whicii ferves as a ceiling 
 to the vault. Pipes, placed within the walls, come 
 from the inlide of the caiildron, anil go out at the cupola, 
 to evaporate the water, whicii is kept continually boil- 
 ing. Other tube.-,, communicating with a relervoir. 
 
 I A. 
 
 ^97 
 
 iikewilc cont.iincd within the brici 
 
 and fur- 
 
 nilh die infide with cold water, by means ot' cocks 
 placed at the fide of tlujle which yield the warm water. 
 Small feats of Ihiootli wood are mi'.de to fit on ; and 
 lirains cut in the iiiaibk-, to carry ofi' the w;'.ter which 
 is thrown ilown. 
 
 Thefc private badis dius hcnd twenty fair h.ours 
 hefiiie diey are ufe.l, by being dius conflructed, have 
 fo great a degree of heat, that, filter being entirely un- 
 dielled in the exterior chamber, and having put on 
 very high famials of wood, to keen tlie feet from being 
 burnt by the marble floor, it is inipolijble to enter the 
 tiril room, without flopping a moment between die two 
 doors, and let die lungs dilate; after wliicli it is impoiri- 
 hk' to enter the fecond Hove, under whicii tlie heat is 
 moll attive, without taking the fame precautions ; and 
 it is prijbable that die air (;f diis room bears die fame 
 proportion to diat of the firll, as this docs to the extet- 
 iiiil air. A fiidden pcrfpiration rulhiug through all the 
 pores, is felt iBftneiliately as they are entered : but the 
 violence of this heat iloes not ]iri vent tlic women from 
 flaying in tliel'e baths fi\'e or fix hours together, and 
 returning to them very fiequentiy. 
 
 Tliofc who have not private baths, go to the [luhlic 
 ones, which are always prei)areii, and contrived in fuch 
 a manner, as to contain a great nmnber of people. 
 Some of the women, more delicate and li rupulous than 
 the reft, take die barh lor themlcdvcs idone, an.l go 
 thither with their partiiular friends. To cc.nrplcte the 
 <ntertainment, they c.i;;y with them their provifions. 
 Their plcafuies conliil in enjoying greater liberty than 
 tliey could otherwif'e profiibly procure. 
 
 Badiing women, named li licks, with their hands 
 wrapped in little bags of Icrge, rub the fkiii till it is 
 dry. They Iikewilc make uli; of a very fine clay, mixed 
 with role leaves, and afteiwards dried in the fun, as a 
 kind of foap, with which they rub die head, pouring 
 on it warm water from large metal bafons. The wo- 
 mons hair thus cleanfcdand perliimed is afterwards tied 
 lip in a great number of fmall trcHes. 
 
 Tliefe public baths are Iikewilc frequented by the 
 men, but at ditlerent hours from thole lit a])art flir the 
 women; ;is it is deadi for any of the liirmer to enter 
 die bath when the latter are dieie. It is moll certain 
 that a too fiequent ufe of tliefe lloves, at lengtii ojxns 
 the jiores to iiich a degree, as to render thcin vifible. 
 It is equ.dly certain, that fo violent an opening of the 
 fibres brings on decripitude betiire old ;ige. 
 
 Ihe Turkilh women are inexorable, winn the auda- 
 city of a man means nothing more than an inliilt; but 
 it is impoflible to confider, without hori'or, tiie Uifmal 
 No. i8. 
 
 confequenccs of the blind paflions to which tliey are 
 fometimes a prey. 
 
 We do not here fpeak of tiiofe women who fo fre- 
 quently fell dieir charms, and whofe mutilated dead 
 bodies are lb often feen in th-- environs of cities, a cir- 
 cuniflance that may be accounted for on the principles 
 ot avarice or fear in tlie men, but of tlio'e v/omen of a 
 more exalted rank, whom an irrefiflib e fury over- 
 powers, and who efcape fecretly fiom th.'ir harams or 
 Itraglios. 'I'hele unfortunate creature, always carry 
 off with them their jewels, and diink m ithing too good 
 lor their lover. Blii.ded by their unhappy palTion, 
 tliey do not perceive that this very wealth becomes the 
 caulc of their diflruftion. The feducers to svhom they 
 fiy feldoni fail, at the end of a few days, to punilli 
 their temerity, and infure die poflt'tTion of their efllvls, 
 by a crime which, however moniVrous, the government 
 is le.ill in lufte to punifli. Tlie bodies of diefe mife- 
 rable women, llri|)t and mangled, are frequently feen 
 floating ill the j)orts under riie very windows of their 
 imirdercrs; and thefc dreadhil examples, fo likely to 
 intiniidate the reil, and prevent fuch madnefs, feklom 
 terrify or amend. 
 
 \N'ith refped: to literature in general, die Turks are 
 extreiiicly ignorant, Ibme few of thofe who are bred to 
 chvinity and law excepted, die profefTors of bodi wliich 
 pretend to have (kill in phyfic. The few who under- 
 fland aflronomy, fo fir as to be able to calculate the 
 time of an eclipfe, and are looked upon as extraordinary 
 perfons : but tiiere are many pretenders to judicial 
 adrology, in whicii tiie Turks iii\ e great faith. 
 
 They iiave many colleges, but few proficients in Ici- 
 ence. Their phylicians are native Chriflians, and a 
 tew Jews; t(>r the Turks rarely make diis their profef- 
 Tliey h.ive a very imperfect idea of anatomy, ami 
 
 fion. 
 
 are totally ignorant of tlie ufe of cliemiflry in medicine, 
 riicir libraries in fine are few, and the vie of them 
 rare. 
 
 The Turkifh government is dcl"potic in tlie c; 'me, 
 and military authority held in the utmoil awe, even diat 
 of liibaltcrn degree. 
 
 An ancient cullom, the origin and uli- of wiiich are 
 fcarcely known, has mixed the moll infipid biiQbonry 
 with die ad of afk-mbling together the forces of this 
 vail empire. This lidiculous ceremony is called by 
 the 'Purks nhr, that is, " the irium;)li." It confills in 
 a kind of mafquerade, in which each trade llicceirively 
 prefents to the fjjcftators tlie mechanical exercile of 
 its refpee'^live art. I'he iiulbandman draws his plougli, 
 tlie weaver liandles his fhuttle, and the joiner his phme; 
 aiai dielc difi'ercnt chaiafters, leated in cars richly or- 
 namented, commence the procefVion, and precede the 
 llanUard of Mahomet, when it is brougiit out of the 
 leiMglio to be carried to the army, in order to infure 
 vidoiy to the Ottoman troops. 
 
 The banner of tlie Turks is fo revered among tl.em, 
 that, notwithllaiuling its reputation has been fo often 
 tarnillied, it iliil retains dieir implicit confidence, and 
 is the lacred lignal unto which they rally. Every thing 
 p'roclaims its fiindity. None but die emirs, who are 
 its guards, are allowed to touch it, and it is carried by 
 their chief The MufTt linen alone are permitted to 
 look upon it. If 'touched by other hands, it would be 
 defiled : if feen by other eyes, prophaned. In fine, 
 tliey maintain die moft ridiculous opinions concerning it. 
 
 'Pyrannically defjxjtic as is this government, t!ie op- 
 pretled fubjec'ts have, upon all occafions of public re- 
 joicing, intervals of tranfient liappinels. It is plain 
 ihai a government wiiicli liems in its own nature de- 
 llrudive of joy, can no otiierway produce its appear- 
 ance, dian by diliippearing itfelfi and mankind, ever 
 eafy 'o be deceived, and ready to grafp at each flattering 
 illufioii, as l()on as they loolt- the light of tyrants, take 
 advantage of the opportunity to enjoy the feeble ami 
 iranfitory femblance offelicitv. Tliefe i)eo[)le, tliere- 
 fbiv, give themfelves u[i, on diete occafions to all the 
 intemperance of mirth, and pals at once iiom oppref- 
 (ion to ha()()inefs, and fiom himiiliation to infolence. 
 I) d d We 
 
 \\ 
 
 ,XjL.-Ji. 
 
 ■'!M}r-i ''^ 
 
igg A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 We ftiall give -a liefcription, as brief as poflibk, of tliis 
 fccne. 
 
 Upon a public rejoicing, the miinfions of the grt-;\t 
 arc clrfgiintly dtcorati-d, and fiiperbly illuminated. The 
 houfcs of private perfons are likewilc embeilillirtl at- 
 foriling to the ioiportance or vanity of tlic proprietor. 
 
 The i)alace of the vifn-, and thatof the janillary aga, 
 arc ab')vc all remarkable lor the fumptiioufnels of the 
 decorations, and die protiilion of toys which are ahfurd- 
 ly inixed with the richcfl omamcncs. It is inipodible 
 to fee, without rJlonilhment, the hall of the divan, that 
 dreaded tribunal, liecked out in the moll ludicrous 
 manner f'jr Ibme days. I'erlbns who might be cxptiitttl 
 to be moll: giavc, from their age, and the importance 
 of their Ciuployn\ents, are plcali-d as much as the ^ul- 
 gar widi I'lich trivial and puerile rcprcfentations. Pro- 
 fulion lo gre.u amongil the niinillers and grandees muif, 
 no doubt, k\ul us to iinagiae, that in this particular, the 
 illumination of the feragiio exceeds all die rcll. But 
 in this, by fo jud-'in;!;, we greatly err ; fir every diing 
 in the city priicl.iiins tiefpotifni to have loofed its reins 
 to tl'i utmolt extent of fintititic joy. It is ealy to be per- 
 ceived by the nulincholy afpeCt of the firll court of the 
 icraglio, that witliin this formidable circle (till remains 
 tlie impenetrable reccis in which that dreaded power 
 waits in reftlefs cxpeC'tation, for the inilant when it Iha!! 
 ilpelthis intoxication of momentary liberty, wiiich has 
 >ized on every individuiil. 
 
 The excellive gaiety of the common people muff 
 indeed be confidered as a tranfjiort of phrenzy. Many 
 perfons in office have comedies acted betbre tiieir hiufes 
 the whole time. The fubjects of tlicfe are various, but 
 always indecent, and give great liititfaction to the peo- 
 ple. If morals are but little re-^arded in tliefe diverfions, 
 the government meets not witli more reipecl. Nor are 
 the maniier.s of tiie prince, and thole ot his attendants, 
 exempt from laillery. 
 
 An European (jxclator oblrrves, tiiat tlieir fire works 
 are very iiidifrcreiit, anti give no indication of the ge- 
 nius of tiic arci^iccrs. Tlic .ipplaufe, however, is re- 
 ierved f )r the moment when the unfuitunate Greeks or 
 Jews, who are hired to wear the European habit, and 
 defend an aflault with fome lerpcnts, which ammuni- 
 tion being loon exliauilcd, they are attacked .irnl buf- 
 feted on account ot their drefs, with as man\ blows as 
 die laws of war autiiorile, and which they are not al- 
 lowed to return. l>uring tlie whole time of rejoicing, 
 wiiich ufually continues aixnit three days, iief|H)tilm is 
 conflrair.ed to pay refpeCk to liberty, till the time hav- 
 ing expired, the md of authority again appears, and or- 
 der is rc-elUbliiliixl. 
 
 With relpcCf f) die Turkilh legiilatiirc, the firft law 
 is, that every thing mud lie decided by the tellimony of 
 witnelles. With thcfe, then, both jilaintitT and de- 
 fendant mull be equally provitied ; but there are few 
 law-fuits without fallc witnenirs. The art of the jiuige 
 is employed in difcoverivr to wiiich of the parties he 
 fhali allow die right of lilirming, and this Hril: judge- 
 ment deciiles the cau!<' for if one party denies, tlu* 
 other is permitted to p.,.ve. If, therefore, a man is 
 fued by another he never faw, (or a debt lie never ow- 
 ed, he will be obligal to pay the I'uer, on the depofition 
 of two Turkilh witnefles, who (hall affirm their know- 
 letlge of tlie tiebt. The only defence that can be mat' 
 in (iich a calc, is to admit the debt was due, but alfcrt 
 that it liad been paid. If the judge will admit of die 
 party's producing witnelles, they may ealily be pro- 
 cured, and it will not only coll a trilling comjicnliition to 
 thofe who have taken the trouble to perjure diemlelves, 
 ami ten per cent, to die judge by wliuli; means the caufe 
 is gainai. He who gains the day always pays the coils. 
 The puniihment appointed for liilfe witnelles, is to be 
 led thiough tiie llreets Ujion an als, but it is rarely exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 One apparent good property of the civil law ..mong 
 the Turks, is die liglit which every individual pollellesof 
 pleading his own caufe. But this privilege is of very 
 little advantage in a countiy vhcrc die judgement is 
 arbitrary. 
 
 With refpeifl to the law of criminate, it is a fliocki.-.g 
 trudi that tliefc monllers are more favourably uled; (or 
 that law which condemns die murderer to loli: his lifo 
 permits, at the (iime time, the neareft rcbtions of the 
 murdered to grant him a pardon. The crimin.il is 
 conducted to the place of puniihment: the executioner 
 takes on him hkewife the office of mediator, and nei'o- 
 ciates till the la(l minute with the next of kin to the de- 
 ceafed, or his wife, who commonly follows to he 
 prefent at d.e execution. If tiie propolkls are reftilij.) 
 the fentence is executed ; if accepted, die crimiiul il 
 re n inducted to the tribunal to receive iiis ])ardoii. 
 But an accommodation very feldom takes place, ;is 
 there is a kind of Icandal annexed to die fellin" tiie 
 blooii of relations. 
 
 To render robbers on the highway punilhable, thev 
 mull be taken in the commilllon of (bine liaring crinK-. 
 Tlie territories of die (irand Seignor arc iniefted v.ith 
 banditti who connr.it the greateit enormities ; and the 
 efforts ot government fei've too often only to diljieili- 
 them, anil drive them fiirtlier from the cstpiuil. ];' 
 they commit robberies, or even muoders, in a village, 
 tiie cadi goes diithcr, and lays a fine on'the inhaoiLink, 
 without troubling hinilelf to take the oUcnders. On 
 diis account the country people take care to conceal the 
 robberies that ha\e been committed from the jiid^'cs, 
 whole prelence is more d.mgcrous to them th.iiuhe 
 diieves. 
 
 I'lom die low ebb of commerce, and the opprclUm 
 of die great, die artilans are oiten deprived of work : 
 and the w.int of empioymcnr, joined with povert\, 
 lead die populace to every kind of milchief The hoj-e 
 of pillage, and delire of avenging them.l-lves of ri;e 
 rich, niultiply incendiaries. Theic, to eficct th. ,r 
 puroofe, commonly ufe cnndah, wliicii confiil of a 
 lliiall bundle of iplintcrs of jiinewood, in the hiidiik- of 
 wiiich are (bnie combuftibles, wrapped up in cotton 
 dipt in fuliihur. This they lecretly place behind a deor 
 wiiich dicy lind open, or in a window, and h.ivin" let 
 it on fire, make off. No more is neccfTary to caufe liic 
 moft terrible ravages in cities wiiere die ' lioufes beiiiq 
 built of wood, and painted with oil of afpic* are tr.filv 
 reduced to aihes, by die firft vi54ain who makes the ai'- 
 tcmpt. 
 
 'I'he dodrinc of the Koran, which enjoiins fitbmil 
 fion to the tiecrees of Providence, (ioin ri:e tolioVin.; 
 inftance, feems iinjiroper to make pan of a ciimiir.i 
 code. A Turk liaving killed a C'hriltian by a viol.iu 
 blow with a club on th.e fl^uii, the judge, after cx)/il!dn- 
 ing the inltrument employed in committing the muuler, 
 declared it could not caufe tiie"deadi of the Chrilhaii 
 without die particular interference o<' ProvrdcinT, which 
 mortals had no right to ojipole. If tlie Giiridiaii h^;ii 
 committeti the murder in queltion on the body of .1 
 lurk, woukl the Judge have ever confidend hini ;i> 
 the executor of a divine decree ? 
 
 Eacii quarter lias its tribunal, in which a cadi, :i! 
 tended by a clerk, fit.s all day long, to hear complaint-, 
 and adminilter juilicc, which is the more fpeeiiy, .iv 
 tlie payment of die expences immediately follows tlu 
 lentence. 
 
 The fbir.ibol cftj-miifTl, or efftndi, a.s lieutenant ol 
 the police, fixes the prices of commodities, prochiw^: 
 diem, and takes care, eiiiier by himfelf or delcg.ite, 
 diat the weights .and meafures are iionelt. jlelinqiicnr- 
 aiecondemneil to die baftinado, or Ibme leveie puniih 
 nient. Bakers fomedmes have an ear nailed! to their 
 (hop, or aie hanged, according to the caprice of tlie 
 judge. But thele, for a comjx-nfiition, procure (iiblH 
 tutcs, who become amenable to the ia\V iti their lleml, 
 which, if they c.innnt evade, they mult of courle li'friT, 
 l here is an inltance on record.'of a bakei-, who, h.iv 
 ing been proved guilty of making bread deficient in 
 weight, as well as being concerned with others in raifit.g 
 die price of tliat neceliiiry aiticle of Hfi;, was by ot\!er 
 of the (irand Seignior, baked alive in iiis own oven. 
 Punilhmcnts, however, are not l\> freijuendy inflicted 
 in general cafes as iliey are deferved. 
 
jF.OGRAPHY. 
 
 :riminaK it is a flioddnG 
 nore favourably ulcd; t'„"r 
 
 murdfi cr to lolc hji IK;.^ 
 ic ni'arfft rcli'tions ofrhc 
 irdon. The ciiinin.il is 
 lilliment: the execiitiontT 
 X of mediator, and nc,'.;- 
 thc next ot' kin to the de- 
 ommonly follows to he 
 
 tlie propolals are retiifi.-.!, 
 accepted, the criminal li 
 . to receive iiis pard'>i). 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 T V n KEY IN A S I A. 
 
 '»gb 
 
 feldom takes p!a 
 
 ilarc, 
 
 inexcd to tJie ii;llin 
 
 tMt 
 
 highway piiniihable, tht-v 
 on ot loiiie tiaring criiin. 
 
 Scignor are inieftcd v.ith 
 ateit enormities ; and tin- 
 :oo ot'tcii only to (iiijx'i: ■ 
 er from the Ci!pi'.;iJ. ]: 
 en muDtlers, in a villagi', 
 . a tine on the inhaoit.uitb, 
 
 take the oiFemltTs. C)n 
 c take care to toncwl the 
 imitted (I'om the Hid»cs, 
 gcroi.s to them than the 
 
 nerce, and the opjirelTlon 
 oiten depriv ed ot work : 
 if, joined with povertv, 
 •I of mifchief. The h(>]-,e 
 -Tiging themfelves ot riie 
 i'hefc, to eOect: thiir 
 ilal>, whicli conlfii of a 
 lewood, in tlie (i)idiilc of 
 , wrap[)etl up in cotton 
 cretly place beliind a drnr 
 I window, and having (et 
 e is nccetrary to caiili: liic 
 i where the iioutes beinq 
 :h oil of afpic* aw ii-.fily 
 vfflain who makes the at- 
 
 1, which enjiTiins fitbmif 
 cnce, from th.e ibiiowii!;; 
 maki' part of a ciiminn! 
 a Chrillian by a vioKiii 
 the jutlgi-, after coiilider 
 1 committing the munlvr, 
 lie de.iih of' the Chrilhaii 
 nee o< ProvrdeniT, which 
 Ic. (f the C'hridian kA 
 elWon on the binlv of .1 
 
 e ever conlideral him ;i^ 
 
 J 
 
 i.il, in which a caili, .nr 
 long, to hear complaintN 
 is the more f|xeily, .^^ 
 immetiiately follows tli< 
 
 elftndi, as lieutenant ol 
 commodities, proclaiit's 
 by himfelf w delc^M'.v. 
 are honell. i1clincluent^ 
 D, or l()me tt-vere punilh 
 ive an ear iviilcil to their 
 iing to the caprice of tla- 
 H'niiition, prnciiiv fiiblH 
 to the laW id their fh*;id, 
 'ley nmft of cmiile Icticr. 
 I, o(' H baker, who, liu' 
 aking bread deficient in 
 neil witii others in raifug 
 iele of lifir, was by onler 
 i alive in his own oven, 
 lot fi) freijui'rttly inflicted 
 Ii.Mved. 
 
 The following anecdote will furnifli an idea of the 
 value of property in Turkey. One of the Ottoman 
 princes iiaving determined to buikl a mofque upon a 
 particular I'pot, fouml no dillicnlty in making tlie nt- 
 celTary purciiafes of the houfes on the premifes, till a 
 Jew, who potrclled ;ihoule of liiial! v;'.lue in the center, 
 rcfufe to part with it at any price. Large otlers were 
 nude, but the Jew rcmainetl inflexible, his obftinacy 
 ])rcvailing over his avarice. Th.e courtiers pleated 
 themfelves with the exjieftation of feeing the Jew's 
 houfe eraled, and himfelf dragged t'> piinilhment. But, 
 contrary to general example, the prince defcended from 
 the throne to conliilt the l.iw, and wrote thus to the 
 Mufti : •' A man deflres to build a temple ; all the 
 iVlullelmen, pro])rietors of the ground on which it is 
 to be eredted, are in hultc to participate of fo good a 
 work. One man only, and he a Jew, rcfufes all ofti'rs. 
 Whatpunilhm.'ntdoes he deferve ?" None, replied the 
 Mufti : property is facred without dillinf.ion of indi- 
 viduals, and a temple may not be erected in vi(.>lation 
 of fo holy a law. As it appears to be the dcfne of the 
 Jew to trai i>--' is property to his deicendants, antl it 
 is the right'i ■ .he fovereign to infill on hiring any 
 ground he may choofe, a conrnift fl-r tlie h.ire of the 
 ground muft be made out to this Jew and his defc -ii- 
 ilants : then the houfe may be pulled dov.'ii, and the 
 tcinple built, without fe;.r that tlie pr.iycrs of the Mul- 
 lirlnien offered therein fhould be rejefted. Tlie decree 
 of the Mutti was executed. 
 
 The law concerning flaves fubmits them to t!ie will of 
 tlie buyer, cj...jrts to uCe them we!!, and fill them 
 when ililliitislied. Tlie evidence ol Oaves cannot be 
 received either for or agaiiifl their mailers. 
 
 The ladies of tlie haram, or feniglio, are a collec- 
 tion of beautiful Nnuiig women te.it as preients from 
 dificrent provinces. Their number dejcmls on the 
 talle of the reigning monarch. It has been from 2C0 
 ti) 300. On their admiffuMi they are committed to the 
 care of cunuchr. and old ladies, taught every accom- 
 plilhmcnr, and furnilhed with the richefl: cloches. They 
 lleep in leparate bed:., and oetween every lii'th there is 
 a prece|'irefs. They arc allowed no fervaiits, and there- 
 fore obliged to wait on one another by rotation. They 
 •are Icarcely ever lu.'T'ercil to go abroad, except v/hen the 
 drand Seignior removes from one ])lace to anodier, 
 when a troop of black euruchr. conveys them to the 
 boats, which are enclofed with lattices and linen curtains. 
 'v\ hen they y,; by land they are put into dole chariots, 
 and lignals are made at certain dirtances to give notice 
 ihat none appmtu h die roads ilimugh wiiicli they march. 
 Atnong the emperor's attendants are numbers of mutes, 
 who ait and convcrle by figns, and fome dv/arfs for his 
 own diverfion. 
 
 The Turks have their forbidden me.its as well as 
 the Jews.' Their law obliges r' cm to w.ifh and drain 
 the bl(K)d f'riiin thole animals which they eat. It like- 
 wite forbids them certain parts of die animal, fuch as 
 the liver, lights, &c. The butcluTS mufl, therefore, 
 provide for the fale of thefe articles, which can only be 
 of ufe to the ChrilVians. 
 
 The dgiherdgis (or fellers of liver) cany on their 
 ihouklers a long Hick, to which they hang dieir commo- 
 dity, and cry it tiirough the ftreets, by no means fparing 
 for aoife, but never dillribute it gratis. The nuinber 
 of Iheep killed (as the Turks are not for of beef) ne- 
 celfarily proiiuces many of thefe dealers in liver, who 
 (^0 about and fell it wholefale to the Chrillians, who eat 
 it, and in fmall quantities to the old women who are fond 
 of their cats. 
 
 In treating of the religion of the Turks wc Ihall not 
 enter into a detail of the particular doflrines of Maho- 
 metanitin, as that has been given in our account of 
 I'erlia, in whicli we have alii) pointed out the difference 
 between the religion of the Perllans and the Turks. 
 
 The 1 urks name their chiklren as Icon as they are 
 born : they do not circunicifc them till tiiey are eleven 
 or twelve, and fometinies fourteen or fifteen years of 
 •ige. The operation is attemleil with foire ceremony 
 and much tiain. Thofe whc» are iincirciimcilcd, whe- 
 
 ther Turkilh children or Chriftians, dre not allowed to 
 be prefcnt at public prayers, and if they are found in 
 n;olc]ues they are liable to be burnt. 
 
 The Turks obferve the beaft of Ramezan in the 
 fame manner as the Perllans, the next new moon after 
 which th.ey keep the l-'cafl (jf Baiiam, which is pub- 
 lilhed by firing of guns, bonfires, and other rejoicings. 
 The feftival latl three days, during which the people are 
 entertained with miific vocal and inftrumental, and fire- 
 works ; and many women, who arc, in a manner, con- 
 fined the reft of the year, hai'c liberty to go abroad. 
 At this time they forgive their enemies, and become 
 reconciled to them ; for they think tiiey have made a 
 bad Bairam if :hey harbour the leaft malice in their 
 hearts againfl tiny peribn v/liatever. 
 
 To our learned and ingenious correfpondent men- 
 tioneti on a fiirmer occtilion we are indebted for the fol- 
 lowing account of the fi-afl of Tulips, fo called be- 
 caufe it confilis in illuminating a garden, and this flower 
 is that which tlie Turks molt admire. The account, 
 indeed, was communicated to his lady by a fultana, 
 whofe good graces the pofllfled ; for no European 
 could pollibly gain admittance to tlie interior part of the 
 haram. 
 
 The garden of the haram which is very extenfive, and 
 laid out in elegant tarte, is the place where thefe noc- 
 turnal entertainments are given. Vales of various kinds, 
 filled with natural and artificial flowers, are brought 
 for the occaliun, and add to the fplendor of an illumi- 
 nation caufed by an infinite number of lanterns, co- 
 louretl lamps and w;ix candles, in glafs tubes reflected 
 on every fide by mirrors difpoleti for that purjicfe. 
 Shops eredled for the rejoicing, and furnifl.ed with dif- 
 ferent kinds of wares, are occupied by the women of 
 the haram, who reprefcnt in proper drefies dealers, and 
 offer the goods they contain to ttile. The fultanas, 
 whether fillers, neices, or coufins of the emperor, 
 are invited by him to partake of this amutement, 
 and they as w<'ll as his highnefs purchafe in thefe fhops 
 trinkets and toys, of which they make eacii other pre- 
 lents. They likewife extend their generofity to the 
 women of tlie Grand Seignior, v,ho are admitted to the 
 dive'-lion, or who occupy the fhops. The dances, 
 mufic, &c. prolong the entertainment till night is fiir 
 advanced, ami tpread a kind of momentary gaiety over 
 a place which feems, in every other rel'pefl, tievoted to 
 lluinefs and difcontcnt. 
 
 'I'hey liave otiier feflivals, on all which the fleeples 
 of the motijues are atlorned with lamps placed in va- 
 rious figures. They j'ray five times :i day, and ufe the 
 fame ablutions as the I'erfians. 
 
 'I'he gieaieft cement of friendrtiip and alTurance of 
 fidelity among the Turks confilis in this ceremony. The 
 party who willies to pledge his faith to another calls for 
 fome bread and fait, which being brought, he takes a 
 little of" the filt between his fingers, ami putting it with 
 a niyfferious air on a piec> ,.* bread, eats it with a de- 
 vout gravity, alliiring his friciiii that he may implicitly 
 rely upon him. The Turks hold it the bkckeft ingra- 
 titude to flirget die man from whom they have received 
 f()od, which is fignilied by the brctid and fait in the cere- 
 mony. 
 
 'There are a few monafteries of dervifes, of which 
 in Turkey there are two kinds. The diflerence aiifes 
 from the difference of t'e rules impofcd on them by 
 their refpedlive founders. That of the Mewliach der- 
 vifes is to turn round like a whirligig, and feck a kind 
 of religious intoxication in the giddinefs which mull 
 naturally refult from this abfurd exercile. The rule of 
 the other derviles, named 'Tacla-Tepen, ismore melan- 
 choly, and borders on kirbaritj-. It confilis in walking 
 l()lefnnly in a row, and uttering a religious invocation 
 with a loud voice and much exertion at e.ieli llrokeona 
 drum beaten liir thepurpofe. 'They fometimes uiidergt* 
 violent labour of the lungs, and many at the clofi; of the 
 procelFion vomit blootl. Their appearance is fail arid 
 furly, and there is an auflerity in their general deport- 
 ment which indicates that they look upon tlie reft of 
 mankind with the utmoft contf ihpr. 
 
 'There 
 
 1 . 
 
 ( ,* 
 
aoo A NI'AV, ROYAL, axd AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 .'i\ 
 
 There ;ir liki-will- in Turkey otlier monks who, un- 
 der the inalk of religion, jji.iiflil'e the inoll llugrant 
 cnormirit.', an'l levy contributions on the fanatical and 
 (Iduileil jHiblir, nor are the molt enlightened exempt 
 I'ro'.n their inipoiitioiis. 
 
 The marriages o( the Turks, as among other ea 
 ftern n.uion.s, are lUiriUy brought about by the women, 
 who treat for the refpeclive lexes. When the preli- 
 minaries are fettled, tiie father of tiie young man makes 
 a formal demand of the female, and a licence is pro- 
 cured from the cadi for their marriage. I'.ach of the 
 parties then appoint a pro,\y, who meet the Imaum, or 
 priett, ail' I feveral of tlie male relations, and after ex- 
 amining wiriie|]es to prove that thofe proxies are re- 
 gularly apfiuinted, he afKS the one if he will be willing 
 to p.urchafe the bride lijr fuch a fum, and tiie other if 
 he be farisfied with the lame. Being anfwered in the 
 affirmative, lie Joins the hamis, and the money being 
 paid, the ceremony is concluded with a prayer out of 
 the Koran. The nuptials are then celebrated with fe- 
 rtivity. Among tiie Turks it is a greater difgrace to 
 be married and not fruitSil, than it is with Europeans 
 for a Vvoman to be fruitful before marriage. 
 
 Upon the death of a Turk the women burll into 
 Ihrieks which tliev continue till the corple is interred. 
 In carrying it to the grave a nun.'.er of men witli tat- 
 tered banners walk tiril ; then come the male t'rientis, 
 and after them the corpfc upon mens flioulders. The 
 women dole the procellion with dreadful llirieks, while 
 the men are all tlie way employed in chanting prayers 
 out of the K(,ran. In this order tiiey proceed to a 
 mofi]ue, wliere the bier is let down in the court-yard, 
 and fervice is faid by the Ima'.im, after wiiicli the corpfe 
 is carried in the fame order to the burying-pi :ce, wiiich 
 is geneiMJly in the liekk, and there eiitert' v.-ith the 
 face towards Mecca. 
 
 Tlie iie.ireft relations jvray at the grave on the third, 
 levenrh and lortieth d.iy^ alter die iiitermenr, and alio 
 diat day t\\elvem!inth after tlie perfon's deccafe, and on 
 each of thofe ilays a quantity of provifions is drefTed 
 and gi\en to the poor. 
 
 The men wear no mourning, but tlie women drels 
 in their gravelt coloured cloaths, anil wear a head-drefs 
 of .1 d.irk colour. Their jewels, and all other orna- 
 menis are laid afide for the fpace of twelve montiir. 
 when they mourn for a hulband, and fix if it be for a 
 father. Thefe periods are not, however, very Ihictly 
 obferved upon all cccalions : but before tiie widow can 
 marry again, flie mull mourn for forty days without 
 leaving tiie lioiife, or fpeaking to any [jcrfon more tiian 
 is abfolutely neceffary : and this prohibition extends 
 even to her nearell relations. 
 
 S E C T I O N XXII 
 
 A compendtov.s Hijioiy of the Turks, 
 
 THAT warlike and hardy race of jK-ople, wiio in- 
 habited the vaft country known to the ancients 
 by the name of Scythia, have, at different periods, ex- 
 tended their conquelh over the more fouthern and fer- 
 tile parts of Afia. One tribe of tin fe people called 
 TurKs, or Turcomans, wiiich fignities ivandems, who 
 likd to ramble from one country to anotiier with their 
 flocks and herds, but refidcd cliieily nortli of the Paliis 
 M.TOtis and the Euxine Seas, in the eighth century 
 t'avelled louthward, and fettled in Cjeorgia, between 
 the J'uxine anti the Cafpian Seas, where tlicy continued 
 about 200 years. 
 
 About the year of Chrill looo they removed farther 
 foutliward into Armenia, the name of wiiicii they chang- 
 ed for tiiat of Turcomania. They iljon after fubtlued 
 Bagdad, ravaged Perlia, antl matie tiicmlllvcs mailers 
 of the northern provinces of Arabia: tjiey were at diis 
 time all p.igaiis ; but dieir leader Tangrolipiie thought 
 projKrr to turn Mahometan tiirough political motives, 
 well knowing that a lovereign of a diflcrent religious 
 pcrliiafion is never agreeable to the generality of the 
 
 people. The Turks then proceetkd to invade the ter- 
 ritories of the Grecian emperor in Afia Minor, when- 
 they concjuered feveral cities, as the S.ir.icens lud done 
 in Syria, I'alelline and Egypt. 
 
 TheChrillians beii.g greatly opprefTed, the emi;eror 
 of Conllantinople, who was tlir-n at tiie head of tlu- 
 Aliatic Chrillians, implored the alliftance of tiie difitr- 
 ent lovereigns of Europe, in ordir to oppofe both tlic 
 Turks and Saracens. 
 
 Tiie pope interefted liimlclf in the afiair, and tlie 
 clergy in general did their endeavours to excite an emu- 
 lation, by whicli the Holy Lind might be relcued fioni 
 the hands of tlie infidels. 
 
 All Juirope took the alarm, and in the year of Chrill 
 I0y6 the hrll crufide commenced, when an allonilhinf> 
 multitude, to die number of near 800,000, engami 
 in the enierprize, and proceeiled towards Fnlilline: 
 but, as they had not conlidered the length of the jour- 
 ney, nor how they were to fublill till tliey arrived in tlie 
 enemies countiy, above half of them pcrifhed by tlv 
 way i fome being taken off by ficknefs, others by fa- 
 mine, and others by the fworti, even in Ci,tiflian coun- 
 tries through which they marcheti : for as they obferved 
 but little order, and committeil many depredations, 
 the natives were fi-equently obliged to (land upon the 
 ilefenfive, and repel force by force. 
 
 Many of thofe wiio arrivcil at Conflantinople, were, 
 indeed, but a confuli^d multitude, without liilcipiine, 
 or fubonlination in their leaders. The more regular 
 troops followed, and proceeiletl with greater cautiin, 
 under the conduct of Godfrey of Boulogne, and oiiier 
 comiiiander<: celebrated for their mihtary exploits. 
 Thefe arrived at Conlli'ntinople in tolerable ortler ; bm 
 their numbers greatly furpriied the (irecian emjiercr, 
 who began to be more afraid of them, than he luul be- 
 fore been of the infidels ; and, inllead of joining liis ar- 
 niies to them, as he had irevioudy promiled, con 
 trived, by every finiller means, to diftrcl:; them. I le 
 duiil not deny the lliipping which he had promifed tu 
 tranfport the troops, leli he tlioukl feel the refei.tincnr 
 of the commanders, who had great realon to be tiil- 
 plealed at his treacherous conduct. 
 
 On mullering the troops, it appeared that the Cluif- 
 tians had 100,000 horfe, and near twice that number of 
 foot, i'his valt army began its operations by befie^',in;j 
 Nice in Bithynia, to relieve which. Sultan Solymnn 
 marched, but was totally defeated, when the place fur- 
 rendered, antl was put into the Grecian emperor's 
 hands, as had been previoully agreed. 
 
 'I'he Chriltians then proceeded towards Antiocli, 
 when Sultan Solyman, at the head of aoo,ooo men, 
 gave them battle, but was totally defeated. Antiotli 
 was fbon after taken ; but the Chiiflian le.iders did iidt 
 choole to put it into the I inds of the enijieror of C(!n- 
 llantinople, as his perfidy I ad repeatedly difgufted them. 
 They then marched to Ji rufalem, which tiiey iiuxltui 
 with only 5-. ,000 men, r leir numbers being lb far re 
 duceil i and the garri'.n at the fame time was more nu- 
 merous tlian the l.Ticgers. The arrival of a fleet of 
 Englilh, Norman, b'lemilli, and Genocfe fhips, linw- 
 ever, gave new Ipirit to their operations, by bringing 
 them a frefh fupply of men. The outward wall wr.s 
 foon carried by Itorm, and the city itfelf was foon after 
 taken fword in hand, when Gotifrey of B^)ulogne wis 
 crowned king of Jerufalem. 'ihis fovereign loon fi:h- 
 dued Ptolcmais, Celiirxa, Antipatris, Alkalon, tec. 
 but he died within a year after his coronation, and Bait! 
 win of Umgenlis fucceeded him, A. D. iioo. In his 
 reign the Chriilrans took the city of Tyre, and obtained 
 three victories over the intiilels : he then laid liege to 
 the city of Damalcus, but proved unfuccefslul u\ his 
 attempt. After reigning 30 years he died, and was 
 fucceeded by hulk, earl of Anjoii, in the year 1131. 
 In this reign the Chrillians began to qnarrel among 
 theinlelves j but I'uik, being killed by a fiill tlom hib 
 liorle, his eldell liin was elected king in the year 1 i.)'-', 
 under the title of Baldwin the Second, but being then 
 only 1 3 years of age, his mother was joined with him 
 in die adminillration of public affairs. The 
 
il-.OGKAPMY. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 TURKEY IN ASIA. 
 
 The Chrifiians, who had hccn la j)ol!ll]ion of the 
 Holy Liiiui, ami couiiti its aciiactiu, more than forty 
 \(..iis, had cttablilhcd four diilin<;t kini'donis, \\7.. 
 
 (. The kinptlom of I'dcfia, which lomprihcndcd 
 ;hc coiintrifs on the banks of tlit luiphiaus, 2. The 
 kingdom of Tripoli, wl.ich was nc^r the fca coart. -{. 
 'fhckinj^doni of Antioch. 4. '1 he kingdom of Je- 
 lufuleni. 
 
 Sanpuin, fiiltan o: Aleppo, and afterwards Noradin, 
 1 i. Ion, took advantage of tlie continual difeords among 
 the Chrillians, and retook many of the conijuercd 
 places, which ocrafioncd the ChriHians again to call in 
 rhcaiiiHanceof the European fovereigns. Upon which 
 invitation, Conrad, emperor of CJernianv, at the head 
 pf 100,000 men, iintlertook the expedition. 15ut the 
 Grecian emperor proving as great an enemy to him as 
 the inlidcls, he loll tiie grcatcfl part of his army, and 
 puirncd home greatly difappoiiitcd. 
 
 S;iladin, lultan of Damafcus, had great fuccefs 
 jffiinft tile Chriftians, and, in 1187, took Jerufalem. 
 'I his engaged Frederic, emperor of (Jermany, in ano- 
 ther crufade. I5ut the imperial forces, who were for 
 ; ).iit time fuccefdul, were at length vifited by the 
 rbi'uc, which dellroycd the army. 
 
 Richard I. of England, and Philip Auguftus of 
 Imikc, were '"len llipulated l-y the pope, to carry 
 t!cir arms into Falellinc, which ihcy did in 1 190; but 
 if-.c t«o kings dilagreeing, this, like the preceding 
 inrcrpri'/.cs, likei., ifc failed. 
 
 Intheycar . ?oo Conftantinopic was taken by the 
 latins; and BuUtuin, earl of Mandcrs, being ele(^led 
 uiiicror thereof, foon after laid fiegc to Adrianople: 
 Init the Greeks inviting the Tartars, to their alllflance, 
 the Chrillian army was defeated, and Baldwin himfelf 
 uk^nprifoner. 'J'hey cut olf the iianijs and feet of 
 thcunhapiiy monarch, and left himto perilhmiferably 
 in the held, where he died three days after, in the jjd 
 )arof his age, and firlf of his reign. 
 
 Henry, the brother of Baldwin, being then elccled 
 emperor of Conlhmtinoplc, by the alUllancc of the king 
 offhelTiily, drove the Tartars out of'i"hracc, and re- 
 cuvcred all the jjlaces they had taken. 
 
 'fhe fultan of l''gypt was now the mod formidable 
 fihhnmetan power; therefore the Chrilliansdetermincd 
 ill inva.ie E.gypt, which they did under the condud of 
 Lewis, king of France, commonly called St. Lewis, 
 aIioJci arted iiom Europe with a fleet of iSoofail, 
 onraining an army of 60,000 men, including about 
 i;j,ooo knights, luigiilh, French, and Cypriots. The 
 army landed near Damietta, which they entered with- 
 oi;t oppofition, the infidels having previoufly abandon- 
 ed it. 
 
 Lewis left his queen at Damietta with a confiderablc 
 prrifon, and began his march towards Grand Cairo, 
 iit the head of lo.ooo horfe, and 40,000 foot ; butthey 
 lUre I'll harraliid by the infidels, that they were above 
 t'niee months in ailvancing 40 miles. At length the 
 Mahometans taking an advantage of the van of the 
 Chrillianarmy being feparated from the main body, 
 atlai ked the criifaders with great fury, totally defeat- 
 ed tlKin, took the king of hrance prifoner, and all 
 ;hc troops who were not flain in the engagement. It 
 «as at lirfl debated by the Mahometans, whether they 
 llinuld not cut the throats of all their prifoners; but 
 a^arice getting the better of revenge, they determined 
 to fpare them, in order to exai't a large ranfom for 
 the recovery of their libeity. They therefore agreed 
 to ehtraiichife the king of i'lance, and the reft of the 
 prifoners, ujxm the delivering up Damietta, and pay- 
 ing fiich an immenfe fuiii of money, as almoft drain- 
 ed Frame of its treafures. 
 
 About this time an army of Tartars, under thecon- 
 iliirt of Haalon, came down like a torrent fiom the 
 nnrtluvaid, -md took Bagdad, Aleppo, Damafcus, and 
 Iconiuni. The fultan of F'gyi"- at the fame time in- 
 vaded and took the priticipal places in Syria. This 
 fuccefs of the infidels occalioneil another crufailc to be 
 undertaken in the year 1271, by Prince lidwaid, after- 
 No. 19, 
 
 aot 
 
 wards Edward I. king of England. lie took Naza- 
 reth, and defeated the Tuiks m feveral enga^^emcnts : 
 but not being properly fiippfnted by the Chriflian prin- 
 ces, he returned to hnghiinl, after havmir been a year 
 and a lialf in Pah lime; whereupon F.l|ii-,is', fiili.mof 
 Egypt, invadeil Syria, took Tripoli, Tyre, Sidon, 
 Berethus, and all the towns poflefled by the Chriflians 
 except Ptf)lemais. A truce was, however, agreed 
 u[ion fi)r five years; but being broken by theChriflians, 
 the fultan of Egypt laid (iegc to Ptolemais; but dying 
 before the place, his fon Araphus took ir by florm, and 
 gave the plunder to his foldiers: alter which the Chrif- 
 tians were entirely expelled from Paleflinc, 192 years 
 lubfequent to the taking of Jerufalem. 
 
 But Calfanes, the 'lartar, who was fovcreign of 
 Perfia, revenged the quarrel of the Chriftians, by fiiU- 
 ing upon the '"ultanof I'gypt, defeating his armies, rc- 
 co'-ering moll of the places in Syria and PalefHne, 
 which he had taken, and rebuilding the city of Jeru- 
 falem, whiehhe did at the inftigation of his queen, 
 who Aas an Armenian Chriflian. He likewifc offered 
 to join the Chriflian jirinccs, and rc-eftablifh them in 
 the Holy Land; butthe principal I'oxereigns in Europe 
 were unliappily engaged in a war among themfelvcs, 
 and could not, therefore, fpare any foices to fend to 
 Palefline; u}H)n which Calfanes r.rired into Perfia, 
 and the fultan of Egypt recovered all he had loft. 
 
 Upon the eleath of Aladin, the lafl prince of the 
 Selzucian fiimily,the Turkilh h)rds divided the coun- 
 try among themfelves, the principal of whom was 
 Ottoman, or Othman, the fon of F.rdiogrul. 
 
 The Chriftians of Bithynia, when the Turks were 
 drove out of Perfia by the Tartars, permitted their 
 Hocks and herds to graze upon their mountains ; hut 
 the Turks, after having been here for fomc time, be- 
 gan to claim the place as a matter of right, and to dif- 
 pute the poireflion of it with the Chriftian natives, 
 which naturally led the latter to complain to the gover- 
 nors of the neighbouring Grecian caftles, that thofe 
 they had fuccoured through compaffion, wanted now 
 to be their niaftcrs. The Grecian governors, therefore, 
 affembled a body of t()rces, in order to compel the 
 Turks to acknowledge the fovereigntyof the Grecian 
 emperor, or to relinquifh the place: but Ottoman, 
 putting himfelf at the head ofa body of troops, defeated 
 the Chriftians, and took Cara Chifar, a fortrefs litua- 
 ted on the frontiers of Bithynia and Phrygia. He 
 afterwards plundered all Bithynia, which Co greatly 
 alarmed the Chriftians, that they prevailed upon the 
 governor of Belezugar to invite Ottoman to the fo- 
 lemnization of a wedding at his caftle, that the'y might 
 have an opportunity of taking him off". Ottoman, be- 
 ing apprized of the defign, contrived to introduce a 
 party of foldiers in difguili;, who killed the governor 
 and all his guefts, and took poffeffion of the caftle. 
 He then made himfelf n.ifter of many other places in 
 Phrygia, and even laid liege to the city of Nice. The 
 emperor of Conftantinopic fent an army to relieve the 
 pdaces but it was defeated by Ottoman, who, from 
 this time, viz. A. D. i;^oo took upon himfdfthe 
 title and ftate of fultan, and made Neapolis the 
 feat of his government. The Chriftians invaded the 
 territories of this new fovcreign, but were defeated. 
 
 Ottoman, now growing old, conftitiited his fon C)r- 
 chancs generalilllmo, who fubdued all the remaining 
 place, in Bithynia and Phrygia, anil fucceetled his fa- 
 ther, who died A. D. 1 J28, as fultan, or king. 
 
 Orchanes having taken Abydos, at t'le entrance of 
 the I lellefpont, on the .'\fian lliore, from thence tran - 
 fporteil his army 'nto E.uropc, and took Gallipoli in 
 I 5 jS, which was the lirft town the Turks cvcrpoHef- 
 led in F'.urope. 
 
 At the lUath ofOrt hanes, which happened in 1359, 
 his fon Amurath fuccceded him, who, in the beginning 
 of his reign, was dilturbcd by a confederacy between 
 the leffcr Mahometan princes in Afia, ;ind the Chrif- 
 tians; but fiipiv.el!ing thefe, he tranfported his army 
 into Europe, where he took many places from thcGre- 
 E e c ciaii 
 
 ' ..ft 
 
 r-'-iii 
 
 ! 
 
 •^ti 
 
 if in 
 
 ! . -3 • j 
 
 ' H; \ iitr^ ' J ^ J 
 
 ^^^ 
 
A NEW, ROYAI, and AUTHF.NTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 -it. 
 
 
 :o2 
 
 cian emperor, particularly Atlrianoplc, which he full- 
 lUicd in i.<f'2, ami made the capital of all his Aliatic 
 aiul Kuropeaii dominions. 
 
 Alioiit tliis time the body of janilfaries was eftablifli- 
 cd ; for every fifth eaptive.not above fifteen yearsof ajjt 
 vas, by Anuirath's order, retained in hisfervicc, and 
 educated in tlie feraglio; when, at a propei fealbn, 
 thofe of the hirger llaiure were to be fclected for the 
 fiihan's tniard. 
 
 Anuiiath returned into Afia to fupprcfs an infiirrcc- 
 tlon, when the Servians, Bulgarians, ami Iliyrians, in- 
 vaded his European ilominions; but the emperor of 
 Conliantinople not joinini; tluni at this critical junc- 
 ture, Amurath, at tlie head of 200,000 men, crofled the 
 Bolphorus, and totally defeated them. Amurr.th, how- 
 ever, furvivedthisvietory but a iliorttime; foraC'hrif- 
 tian foklier, pretentiing to beg his life of him, took an 
 op|)i)rtunitv of llabbing him with a dagger which he 
 had CDiicealcd under li is cloaths, of which wound the 
 fultan immediately died, in the year i.};;^. 
 
 Amurath was fuccceded by his fon Sajazct, who, to 
 have no rivals, began his reign by the murder of his 
 brother. He then invaded Servia, and laid liege to 
 Crotava, which furrcndcrcd on condition that thegar- 
 rifon fliiHild have leave to march unmolerted away, and 
 join the ChrilUan army. They were, however, no 
 Iboncr oui" of the town, than Haja/ct ordered a detach- 
 ment of h s troops to put them all to the fword, whicli 
 bloody injunction was immediatelycxccutcd. 
 
 The enfiiing year the Turkilh generals plundered 
 the countries north of the Danube, w hile Haja/.ct him- 
 feif, palling the Heilcfpoiit, took the city of Philadel- 
 phia in Lybia, conquered Caramania, Ionia, and the 
 coart of Natolia. Thccomplaifance which the Grecian 
 emperor hail lliew n the Turks was not of any fervice 
 to him ; for Bajazet, uimiindful of his obligations to 
 that monarch, laiil fiegc to Conflantinople, w hich was 
 fo well defended, that he blockaded it for eight fuc- 
 cellive years, till Sigifmund, king of Hungary, allirtcd 
 by the French, compelled him to raife the fiege. But 
 Bajazet foon after defeated the Chriliian army, and 
 to<ik fucha multitude of prifoners, that every Turkifli 
 ibldicr had a Have to his flurc. After this victory ' ;- 
 jazet again laid ficge to Conflantinopie, but was oblig- 
 ed a fecond time to raife the f'egc, on account of the 
 approach of a vaft army under the command of Ta- 
 merlane, commonly called the Great, who had been 
 invited to march againft Bajazet, not only by the em- 
 peror of Conitantinoplc, and other Chrillian princes, 
 but by the Mahometans thcmfelves, w ho were greatly 
 oppretlldby that tyrant. 
 
 Tamerlane marched firft to Sebaflia, which he in- 
 \efled, and funmioncd to furrendcr; but the Turk 
 trulling to the numerous garrifon, and the ftrcnglh of 
 the place, treated the meffagc with contempt. Tamer- 
 lane, therefore, began the fiegc, and having niade a 
 conliderablc breach by undermining the wall, he car- 
 ried the place by ftorni. 
 
 Bajazet, hearing of Tamerlane's fucccfs, marched at 
 the head of an army confining of i.oco.oco foldiers, 
 when a liloody battle was fought in the plains of Stella, 
 in w hich the Turks were totally defeated, and Bajazet 
 himfelf was taken prifoner. 
 
 Tamerlane at lirli treated his royal captive with great 
 humanity, but being provoked by his infolencc, he con- 
 fined him in an iron cage, and carried him wiih him 
 wherever he went. The haughty TMrk,not being able 
 loendure this ignominious kirdn.'punilhment, daflied 
 his brains out againll the bars of his moveable prifon. 
 
 lamcrlane foonafter fubdued thegreatelt part of the 
 IaIHt Afia, took the city of I'rufa in Bithynia, con- 
 quered S) ria, fubjugateil I'gypt, and returning back 
 to his o«n country, died A. D. 14O4. 
 
 Bajazet'.s livcfons tiien difputcd for the fovereignty 
 of the Ottoman cni|)ire for ten years. Solyman, the 
 eldell, reigned for a Ihort time; but at length Muho- 
 jiiet, the \ounge(t,im)ving fuccef^ful, was unanimouf- 
 iy acknowledged li;>ie fovereign of the Turkilh domi- 
 
 nions. Having rendered VV'allachia and TranfiKn.;, 
 tributarv to him, he 'J led in the year 1422, and wa; 
 f •ccceded by lu>fi)n Amurath, commonlvcalleil Ainii- 
 nth II. This prince, after fuppreliing feveral diiiiHl"- 
 ii infurrccfions, fubdued great part of (ireece, v\\.>. 
 vcreti Servia and Caramania, and then iinaded Ilu:u 
 gary with an army of So.ooo; men but was repiilk,! 
 by the Prince of Tranlilvania, w ho, being jdinej hy 
 the king of Polanci, palfed the Danube, drove the 
 Turks out ofServi.i, and advanced to mount Hcrnms. 
 The pallls of tlie mountains were, however, fo well 
 guarded, tiiat the Chrillians, not being able to pciie- 
 trate into Romania, were obliged to retreat. The 
 Turks purfued them, atid coming up with their re.ir 
 a general battle cnfucd, when the Chrillians olnainij 
 a complete vidory. It was during this engagcnimt 
 that the celebrate Scandtrlieg, v* ho commanded a by. 
 dyof Turkilh troops, dcferted to the Chrillian arim. 
 This prince was the Ion ot John Calhiot, priiKHH 
 Epirus, whofc territories Amurath invaded, and coiii. 
 pelled him to deliver up his four fons as hollages tor 
 
 his fidelity. Amurath th- a ordered all the 
 
 young 
 
 princes to be circumcifed, a id inlhudcd in the M.iho- 
 metan futierllition, and, on tlie death of their fatlitr, 
 feized the country of Epirus as liis own, after puitii,; 
 to death the three eider prince . He, ho\ie\iT, ji- 
 fecfled to have a gn at regard for 1 lie younger, on w i.i m 
 he conferred the title of Scanderiieg, which li;;niii ,< 
 Lord Alexander ; Scaiider, in the 'I'urkilh languaL'v, 
 implying Alexander, and Beg bei;ig the titular ajipd- 
 lation for lord. 
 
 The Turk's pretended kindncfs could not, however, 
 eflacc from the young prince's bofom the fenfe of tin; 
 w rongs he and his family had fiiflaincd from the in(i.''J. 
 I Ic was a Clu irtia.i in his heart, and long iiieditatui to 
 efcape from the Mahom.t.ui. 'J he above-mentioned 
 battle prefcnteii him with an ipportunity, when he not 
 only enticed {ooof'^'.iiers, who wercnativesof Hpiiui, 
 to delert with him, Lut brought oifihe Ottoman ftca'- 
 tary at war. I le afterwards proceeded towards Cn>ia, 
 the capital of Epirus, and compelled the fecrctary ro 
 write an order in the name of the bafiiaw, his mailer, 
 to the governor, commanding him to deliver up tl".: 
 city to the care of Scanderiieg. The governor, nor l',;!- 
 peding but whattheorder leally came from the balLiv, 
 and was w ritten w ith the concurrcnceof Amuratli, uc- 
 livered up the place without hefitation. Scandcrlx,;, 
 being joined by the inhabitanis, immediately put all 
 the Turks in the place, who refufed to turn Chnlba ■., 
 to the fword; and having affembled an army of i :,g:d 
 men, he marched to Petiella, which furrcndcrcd iipua 
 the firtV fummons; and Stellufa followed the example, 
 which fucccfs gave him encouragement to invade Ma- 
 cedonia, and lay it under va!t contributioiis, raiiini', 
 by this means, afuflicient fum of money, in the ene- 
 my's country, to pay, and even augment, his army. 
 
 Amurath, being alarmed at the [irocecdings of^i.ar- 
 dcrbeg, fent Ali-Balhaw, at the head of 40,000 men, 
 to prevent his excurlions ; but Scanderbeghad the <;(V),1 
 fortune to defeat him. The Turkilh itionarcli, ui.aJ- 
 ing the confequenee of thefe fuccelles, patclied u;i 1 
 peace with the Hungarians, that he might liavean op- 
 |X>;tunity of bending his whole force againll Sca;ii!>!- 
 beg. '1 he Hungarians foon became fenilble ol i'^' 
 error they had committed, in making a peace with I'ne 
 Turks at tlie time the prince of Epirus was fo luceeU- 
 ful, and confeqiiently enabled to make a powerful ili- 
 verfion in their favour. 'I'hefc fentiments were follou- 
 cd by a breach of the treaty. They were, ho\vo\cr, 
 totally routed at the battle of \arna, and their kiiu, 
 Uladiflaus, was llain in the field. 
 
 Amurath now iletermined that his forces ftmiAi 
 plunder Epirus ; but three armies, whicli he lent t.ir 
 thatpurpofe, were fevcrally dei'eated by tiie forti.ii.uo 
 Scanderbeg : and it is remarkable, that, in all thefe en- 
 gagements, Scandcrbeg's forces never amounted u 
 above a third par: of t.he number of the Turks. 
 
 Diftradcd 
 
OROGRAPHY. 
 
 J Wallachia and TranfilsAii^ 
 il in the year 1422, and «,,, 
 luratli, conimonlv lallcil An,,,, 
 Iter fupprellinji; feveral ilonii;!- 
 ■d great part of (ireece, in - 
 inia, and then invaded Hu!'. 
 0,000 ; men but was rcpii!k.| 
 Ivania, who, bcinj; juimd liy 
 ailed the Danube, drove tlu' 
 1 atlvanced to mount Hcrni li. 
 itains nerc, however, (b wcli 
 lians, not bcin<; able to [viic- 
 :rc obliged to retreat. Tli, 
 nd coining up with their n-.u, 
 when the Chrillians olitaincl 
 was during this engaj^eniti: 
 crbcg, who conniiandcd a bu- 
 .ieferted to the Chridianarnn 
 Ton ol John Calhior, prince r 
 :s Aniurath invaded, and om 
 ) his four fons as hod ij^i-, to; 
 I thi ii ordered ail the 5 ouii;- 
 ed, and inlhudcd in the Mahc 
 I, on the death of their fatlu.. 
 pirus as his own, after piut,r> 
 :r [irince-. He, houi.\ii, a; 
 :gard for i he younger, on wii m 
 )f Seanderl'eg, whieh lii'inli 
 f(r, in the 'I'urkilh laiij^ua ■ 
 nd Beg bei:ig the titular ajiiKi 
 
 d kindncfs could not.howcvr, 
 :irince's bofoin the fenfe of kc 
 If had riiftaincdfronuheinru''. 
 is heart, and longmedita^d ui 
 n.t.in. Tiie abovc-nieiu.onul 
 th an -jpportunity, when hi' nut 
 .IS, vs ho w ere natives of Epinn, 
 brought oil" the Ottoman fcin-- 
 ards proceeded towards Cn.1,1, 
 tnd compelled the fecrctary to 
 uneof the bafnaw, his nialK;, 
 landing liim to deliver up tl 
 lerbeg. The governor, n.ir l..!'- 
 ler really came from the hall, a s 
 e toncurrcnceof Annnarli, lIo- 
 thout hefitation. Scandcrl i,;, 
 ihabitanis, immediately imt ail 
 who refiifedtoturn Chnftia'., 
 ig aflembled an army of 1 2,000 
 ■trclla, which furrcndered iipua 
 Stellufa followed the e\amp!i-, 
 encouragement to invade Mi- 
 ler va!t contributioiis, raiiiii.', 
 ent fum of money, in the cnc- 
 and even augment, his army. 
 ned at the proceedings of ;va"- 
 w, at the head of 40,000 men, 
 s ; but Scanderbcghad the foo i 
 The Turkiili monarcli, ur.aJ- 
 ' tlicfe fuccedes, pa:c!ied in 1 
 ians, that he might have an r-;- 
 is whole force againlt Scani'n- 
 is foon became feniible (il i '-" 
 ;ed, in making a peace wiib i'^' 
 irinre of Epirus was fo lueiils- 
 nabled to make a powcrli.l u'- 
 Thefe fcntimcnts were folio" - 
 treaty. They were, however, 
 ttle of N'arna, and their kin:, 
 1 the field. 
 
 rmined that his forces rtu'. M 
 :hree armies, which he lent for 
 L-rally defeated by the forturiaic 
 jmarkablc, thitt, in all tliefi' vn- 
 g's forces never amounted iJ 
 .he number of the Turks. 
 
 ■i 
 
 DilhacuJ 
 
 I .f i 
 
d t:\ 
 
 '.K/nilvif/rr l<iiilki'S> '/lili' i/y,)/,/// <y ('<f<.t^v:\\<\\y y/iM,ifitf//y ' '^/r-yii/, /////n/'f/y . 
 
 i 
 
 ^'1 
 
 -'.■ «: 
 
 tt'r ill 
 
 Iff. PI f 
 
 m ;i r.i;.;o, railVil an .u 
 „!'whiih lichinifilt 111 
 pi;.il eil\ ofCrui.i, \\lii 
 iiron.aiulaliniMf^DM 
 i)q)cml,"liili-t!iat jni 
 the nuuintains, w liii 1 
 torccs. Anuiratli aili 
 [rrcat fury; hut not h' 
 iK'lori- its walls, in tl 
 the year of our l.onl 
 elililt Ion Maho'iKt, 
 This prince, iminciiia 
 niifal ihc lit;j;c, ami r 
 M\homctliC!,'anhi.s 
 anil tiun proccalal t( 
 hitookDn the :oth o 
 emperor, Conlhntinc 
 alljiik ; and all his tela 
 were at'tcrward" put to 
 The plunder of this 
 tioops ; and the feat of 
 Adrianoplc to Coiidai 
 Grecian empire to his 
 pcror, which the fui 
 hnvc ever lincc retain 
 Irene, a beautiful ( 
 other captives in Coni 
 bcc.rmc fo cnamoure 
 aiVaiis for the cnjoyni< 
 rcmilihefs with iel|)ec 
 aftDiH-dadani^cious i 
 Maliiimet's temper w 
 durft mention to hin 
 nay, perhaps, furprii 
 pable of a tender imp 
 At lenfj^th one of I 
 him with his dangers, 
 himforhisinfolence,; 
 of the feafonablencfs 
 his fubjects lliould fl 
 as well as he could r 
 orders that the princi 
 ;hi' "rcat ofliccis ot I 
 ingda,- in the divan. 
 At Jic time appoii 
 dcririg expectation, 
 him the beautiful Ir 
 care, in all the extras 
 emperor than orderei 
 a laifed fioor, and (I 
 they thought he was 
 to i'l) charming an ol 
 that it was impoflibh 
 beauty. " Then (fs 
 nunc than man." 1 
 fair Irene by her bca 
 her head with his fc; 
 of all prcfent. Son 
 others have fevei-ely 
 this lingular tranfadt 
 by the long unintcrn 
 orwas really that pat I 
 to he thought, is itr 
 that he might ciih( 
 evinced his regard fi 
 to fuch a barbarous ( 
 plainly proved that ; 
 kiiidj his love beiiij 
 pretended fcntimcnt 
 dignity. 
 
 iking entirely roi 
 danger, he deprived 
 of the a territories, 1 
 Bel<7rade, but wa? i 
 prince of Traniilvar 
 year. Mahomet ihci 
 
 •" \ 
 
 >^ ^ M /^laiL-i 
 
 !---■ 
 
 : i&5^k- .'; ikd 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 I L' U K E Y I \ A S I A. 
 
 UiftradcJ at Itnj^th nith liij rnntimial lolll-s, M'ap- 
 |H)mtnu'nts ami Jcfca... by an haiuifiil ofmtn, Ann lath, 
 111 a ra;.;c, raifal an army of 140,000 men, at the luail 
 (,t«hiih Ik- hiniftltniaidicci, anil laiii liq;c- ti) the ca- 
 rnal til> of Cmia, which wasddiiuli il h\ a Ihon;; gur- 
 rir()n,aMi.l a brave {governor, on wiK/U.Si.iiiulcrbijf nmUl 
 ili|>(.iiil, while that prince Kiniiiiaiiilcil a riviiii; an iv in 
 the ni"i"it;^'"s. whiih continii.illyhanaHlii the I'lirkilli 
 liirccs. Aniuraih allaultal the city many times with 
 ■treat fury; but not being able to tarry it, he liieil be- 
 kl<)re its walls, in the joth year of his reign, ami in 
 ihc year of our l.oril 1450, and was fuccceilcd by his 
 (lilill Um Mahomet, funvnned, Mahomet the Second. 
 1 his prince, immediately after the death of his father, 
 r.iifeil the liege, and returned to Adrianople. 
 
 M ihomct began his reign by murdering his brothers, 
 anl thtn proceeiled to bcliegc Conllaniino;)le, whiih 
 iu :oi)k on the 20th of May, 145,3. The lall Crrecian 
 finpcror, Conllantinc I'alcologus, was killed in the 
 air.uilt i and all his relations, w ith the principal citizens, 
 were afterward" put to death incold blood by Mahomet. 
 The plunder of this wealthy city was given to tiie 
 iiii(i].s ; and the feat of government was transferred from 
 Adi 'aiiople to Condantinople. I laving thus added the 
 (itecian empire to his own, he adlimcd the title of em- 
 peror, which the fiiccccding fosercigns of the Turks 
 hive over lincc retained. 
 
 Irene, a beautiful (jreci.n virgin, was taken among 
 otlartaptives in L"unnantino()ic, with whom Mahomet 
 iiecime fo enamoured, that he neglected all public 
 ai'tiiiis for the enjoyment of her fociety in private. This 
 rniiilihefs with refped to the bufineis of the Hate oc- 
 uilioned a dangerous mutiny among the janilliirics : but 
 Mahomet's temper was fo fierce and favage, that none 
 (i-.:rll mention to him the fitualion of his affairs. It 
 iiiav, p.erhai's, furi)rife many, that fuch a foul was ca- 
 paiile of a tender impVellion. 
 
 At length one of his balliaws ventured to acquaint 
 liim with his dangers. Mahomet fevercly reprimanded 
 himf(irhisinli;)lence,as he termed it; but being fenfiblc 
 ol the feafonablenefs of his ad\ ice, he told him, " That 
 his fiibiccts iliould find that he could rule his paflions 
 as well as he could rule kingiloms." He then gave 
 onlcrs that the principal ollicers of the army, and all 
 ;h'' great onkcrs of Hate, lliould attend him the cnfu- 
 iiig ila / in the divan. 
 
 At Jic time appointed every one attended with won- 
 ikririg expectation. The emperor appeared, and with 
 lim the beautiful Irene, drelled w ith the moft coftly 
 arc, in all the extra^ag-arce of Afiatic elegance. The 
 tniptror than ordered the lovely Greek to Hand upon 
 aniifed floor, and flernly demanded of all prefent, if 
 ?luv thought he was blameable for devoting himfelf 
 10 I'l) charming an object. They unanimoufly agreeil 
 tiat it was impoflible for any man to relirt fo much 
 1 . luty. "Then (faid he) you fliall find that I am 
 II ; ic than man." So faying, he inllantly feized the 
 lair Irene by her beautiful locks of hair, and flruck olf 
 he- head with his ftymetar, to the great aflonifliment 
 Pl all prefent. Some have greatly commended, and 
 others have feveKly blamed, Mahomet, on account of 
 this lingular tranfadion. Whether Mahomet was fated 
 I", the long uninterrupted polFelfion of Irene's charms, 
 (irwas really tliat patriotically heroic monarchhewiflied 
 to be thought, is immaterial; but it is our opinion, 
 that he might either have parted with the lady, or 
 evinced his regard for his fubjcds, without proceeiling 
 to fuch a barbarous exiivinity. His ferocious conduct 
 plainly proved that all his paflions were of the brutal 
 kind; his love being tbunded on fenfuality, ami his 
 pretended ftntiments of honour on a favage parade of 
 dignity. 
 
 Being entirely roufed from his lethargy by his late 
 danger, he deprived foiue of the princes of the Mnrca 
 of their territories, fubeiucd Servia, and laid fiegc to 
 Eelfrade, but was ilcieatcd bv I luniades, the brave 
 prince of Tranlilvania, who unhappily died the fame 
 year. Mahomet then attacked tlie Mahometan princes 
 
 20J 
 
 on the fouth-caft coafl of the Kuxmic Sea, paiticulaily 
 the prince . Sinopt, vihofe capital he bciieged i,v lea 
 and land, which being furrendeixd to him, he invcllcd 
 Tiebi/.oiule, tonk it, and put ;in end to that little 
 empiri'. 
 
 Mah.iMKt then extendeil his conquers in Fi pc, 
 and fubjugated VV'allachia. His prodigious fiicofs ob- 
 tained him the name of Great. Neverthclcfs, ho was 
 a ir.oll abandoned cruel wretch, nnd guilty of alniolt 
 every crime which cculd debafe human nature. He 
 dieil A. D. I4S1, in the (.(d year of his reign. 
 
 I5a)a/,et 11. his eldell Ion, fucceeded him; but fpcnt 
 f<. much time in a pilgrimage to Mecca, that he was 
 neai iieing fupplanted by his brother Zemci. This fo 
 miK h alarmed him, that he had his brother murdered, 
 and rewarded the alladin with the poll of prime iiiinif- 
 ter, tliough he was only a barber. He took feveral 
 towns from the Venetians; but was continually alarm- 
 ed with domelHc |)lots againll liim, which at length 
 fucceedeil; for he was dethroned h\ the ianiiraries,and 
 his fon Sell III made empcro;-. 
 
 Selim began his reign l-, murdering his father, his 
 brothers, and all their children. He then fubdued the 
 Mamalukcs, and (nit an end to tlieir cmjiire in I'.gypt, 
 which frc.n that tiiiK became a Turkilh province. Se- 
 lim died A. D. I 5 20, the J4th year of his .age, and 
 loth of his reign, as he was preparing to invade the 
 Chriflian princes, 
 
 Solyman II. or Solymaii the Magnificent, fucccded 
 his father Selim, and immediately after his acc-IIion, 
 laid liege to lielgrade, which he took on the 29th of 
 Augull, I 52 I. He invaded the llland of Rhodes the 
 year cnfuing, the capital of which luliiuitted to Ins 
 arms on Chriflmas-day 1522. Solyman then invaded 
 Hungary, dc.eated the Hungarians, and took the cities 
 of Buda, Pert, and Segcdin. In 1529 he penetrated 
 into Auftria, and laid liege tf ' ienna, but it was fo well 
 defended, tliat he was obliged to raifethe liege and re- 
 tire. He, however, returned again into Audria with an 
 army of ;joo,ooo men; but the cmiicror, and other 
 Chriftian princes, being well prepared to receive him, 
 he again recreated to Conftantinople. 
 
 The celebrated Genoefc admiral, Andrew Doria, 
 joining the Heets of feveral Chrillian |)o\vers, particu- 
 larly that of the Spaniard;-, ir.vaded the Morea. Soly- 
 man, in return, ordered his Heet, under the coinmand 
 of his admiral Barbarolfa, to plunder the coafts of Italy 
 and Sicily. Thcfe orders being obeyed, the Turkilli 
 admiral Hood over for the African ccaft, where he de- 
 j)ofed the dcys of Algiers and Tunis, and had thofe 
 kingdoms confirmed to him by Solyman. 
 
 In the mean time Solyman, with a large army, in- 
 vaded Perlia, hut met w ith very little fucccfs in this 
 expedition. He then lent a Heet to the Red Sea, to at- 
 tack the Portuguefe fettlemeiits in the Eall Indies; but 
 this defign likewife proved abortive. 
 
 The Irench, who were contending with the emperor 
 of Germany for the Milancfe, now made an alliance 
 with the Turks, whole Heet again plundered the Italian 
 and Sicilian coalh ; and the Ottoman armies met like- 
 wife with great fuccefs in Hungary and Italy. 
 
 In 1 548 Solyman again invaded Perfia ; but the Per- 
 llans deHroycd the country before him as he advanced, 
 by which means moH of his army pcriflicd, and he was 
 obliged again to retreat: but, to make him fome 
 amends, he, in 1551, took the Hrong city of Tenief- 
 waer in Hungary, and the territories belonging to it. 
 
 Solyman, who was now advanced in years, was fo 
 abHinlly foiul of his concubine Roxalana, tliat he put 
 his eldcH Ion, MuHapha, to eleath to oblige her, and 
 even confented to marry her; though no Turkifli fove- 
 reign, lince the time of Baja/.ct, li..d ever been married, 
 as it was contrary to the policy of the Turjiifli govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Hajazet, the youngcH fon, foon after underwciit the 
 fame fate at his brother MuHapha, for being concerned 
 ill a plot iigaiiiH the government. The Turks now 
 made a iVuitlefs attack upon the Ifland of Malta, but 
 
 Hill . 
 
 i.r Ljp 
 
 
 • I 
 
 llW^'i 
 
 .w.t.- 
 
 'U i^ i 
 
204 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPIIV. 
 
 ^-#' 
 
 p m 
 
 ]y.' 'i J 
 
 y fs 
 
 i M 
 
 ftill ciintimicd fucccfsful in Hiiniiary. \\\v:n (tcath put 
 an end to Sol\iii;in's pni^itfs A. D. i -,66, :iik1 took 
 liini off by means ota lilooily flux, in the 771!! year ol 
 his ape, anil 47th of his reign. 
 ' Seiiinus, or Selini 11. the oiiiy furviving fonofSoly- 
 inan, fuccceded him, v.horc fndi expedition was to in- 
 i'ade the Ifland of Cyprus. He laid (lege to Nicolia, 
 which he took hy llorm, A. D. 1570: and the enfiiing 
 year he in\e:kd Eaniagufla, which cajjitulated upon 
 honourable terms; but the gariifon were no fooner 
 mnrehcd, than a great number oftiic inhabitants were 
 mafllured, and the brave governor, JSragailino, was 
 Hayed alive. The balhaw AIu(bi|)ha found here an im- 
 iiienfe treafurc, which he put on board three fhips, to- 
 gether w ith many lovely captives, among w hom was a 
 voung lady of exqnilite beaut}-, who, dreading the 
 thoughts of being facrihced to the embraces of a Turk, 
 ilt lire to the ponder, wiiieh blew up the lliip in which 
 Ihe was, and tlic two others thar were near ir, together 
 w ith hcrfell', all the Chrillian cajitivcs, and the Turkilh 
 I'ailors. In the mean time the Turkifli admiral pro- 
 ceeded to make defcents on many of the Venetian 
 Jflands, as l^pirus, Dalmatia, &:c. from whence he car- 
 ried many thoufands of the inhabitants into captivity. 
 It is affirmed that the tow n of Curzola was forfakcn on 
 the approach of the Turkiih Hect, """v the governor aixl 
 all the men, but that the women taking up arms, de- 
 fended the place till a ftornuirofe, and obliged the Turks 
 to retire to their gallies, in order to prefervc them. 
 
 In the vear i 571 , theTurks fitted out the large!! fleet 
 that ever they lent to fea, which was engaged, at the 
 entrance of the (Julph of Lepanto, by the united Clirif- 
 tian fleet, commanded by Don John, brother to the king 
 of Spain, in conjunction with the Venetian admiral. 
 The fight was obrtinatc and bloody, and iaftcd live 
 hours, when the Ottoman fleet wastotally defeated. The 
 Turkilh admiral, with 15,000 of his men, were killed, 
 and 160 gallies taken or funk. The Chriflians, on their 
 part, loll about 6000 men, among whom were many 
 brave and diitinguiflied ollicers. 
 
 Afierthis defeat Sclim equipped another fleet, and 
 took Tuni , on the IJarbary coail, from the Spaniards, 
 which was the lafl: confiderablc adlion of his life, for he 
 died on fhe 9th of December, 1 574, in the 5 2d vear of 
 his age, and 9th of his reign, and was fuccceded by his 
 ..iJeft fon, y\murath III. 
 
 This prince, like his prcdcccfTors, began his reign by 
 the murder of his five brothers; and, to prove himfelf 
 a true Turk, and not inferior ; ■ cruelty to any of his 
 anrrflors, he had them exccuti in his pre, ncc. That 
 nothing might b" w anting to complete the fp 'laclc, he 
 obliged his faihcr's favourite fultana to be prci U, who 
 '"' I'ted at the malTacre of the young princes, 
 '. •■■■'i\ herfelf to the heart, and expired in 
 
 vaj 
 that 
 tiie I 
 
 I. ■ 
 
 te young tyrant. 
 
 -iTmpted to reduce the Perfians, but lofl 
 lit r.'inies in the attcn>pt. Thefe difappoint- 
 . > !■ "ined iiim, that, ii; r 5X9, he afle nblcd an 
 .r. '. ' ( 'r.joo men, and gave tl-.e cnmmaiid of it to 
 i!'. ' .and Vizier. In this expedition the Turks loll 
 80,000 by the I WO! d and I'amine: for the Perfians always 
 valle the country when they arc invaded, which rcn- 
 ilers a Perlian war much more dilagreeahle to the 
 I'urks than any other. In 1592, as the fultan found 
 that his troops carried on this war with great reliK'tancc, 
 he withdrew the army from Perlia, in order to employ 
 It in Hungary. Nothing dccilive, howesir, wasuone; 
 and Amurathdied January the 1 Sth, 1595, in the j jd 
 ) car of' his age, and 20th of his reign. 
 
 Mahonv.t III. fon of the above fultan, began his 
 reirn, according to th'- Ottoman cullom, by jnitting 
 his brothers to death, who were no lefs than twenty in 
 number. This, however, did not fatisfV him; for he 
 ordered icn of i\is lather's concubines, whom he ima- 
 gined to be pregnant, to be thrown into the fea. As 
 loon as he was iVated ujion the throne, fnuling that his 
 general, I'crat liali'a, hail been imfuccefsful in Hun- 
 gary, he ordered him to be flrangled. The t'hrilli.uis, 
 
 2 
 
 however. Hill proving vii'lorious, Mahomet afrenil.lcihm 
 army of 200,000 men, put himfelf at their head, took 
 tin ityof Agria, where he pradiled unheard of cnicL 
 tie\ and alterwards defeated the Chrillian arniv, hy 
 which means he reco\ered Moldavia and Wall.idiia 
 Being obliged to march back into his own eountrv to 
 (]uell Ibme domellic tiinuilts, the ChrilHans feizciltlic 
 opportunity, and recovered many of the places they 
 had loft; while, on the other lide, the Perlians retook 
 Tauris. 
 
 Mahomet's cruelties had rendered him fo obnoxioiii; 
 to the people, that a confpiracy v as formed to dcpolo 
 him, and place his eliKll fon u])on the throne. Hciiv 
 apprir.ed of the aliair, he had his fon flrangled, aiul put 
 all the confpirators to death, who were fo unfortunate 
 as to fall into his power. But now being every whcri; 
 unlucccfs'ul, and many of the infurgents continuing in 
 arms, he began to think that the wrath of Codpurlt'iil 
 him for his manifold crimes. To avert, therefore, the 
 vengeance of heaven, he ordered prayers to be ])iit m 
 for him throughout his dominions, and fent two nioilas 
 or priefls, barefoot, on a pilgrimage to Mecca. lie 
 however, died in 1604, with all the horrors of a guilt, 
 confciencc upon him, in the 45th year of his -gc, ami 
 9th of his reign, and was fuccceded by his fon Achiiut. 
 
 In this reign the Turks gained fomc advantages over 
 the Chriflians, being joined by the Proteftants ol Aii- 
 ftria, Hungary, and Tranlilvania, who were l\^ eniellv 
 perfecuted by the Ron>an Catholics, that they were 
 obliged even to receive f"uccour from inlidels. 
 
 Achmet's pnnciixil fultana undcrftanding that t',- 
 emperor had taken one of his filler's Haves to his b.-.*, 
 was fo inlle.mcd with jealoufy, that fhe caufed her ti 
 be flrangled. This Achmet relented by flabbiiighir, 
 and trampling upon her body. .At length hedcpurtil 
 this life on the 15th of November, 1CU7, in the nil 
 year of his age, and 1 jth of his reign, and was fucceeiU 
 cd by his broii'.er Muflajiha. 
 
 The acceflion of *'Tullapha was cxfremcly finf;ii!.ir. 
 The brothersofthc uiltans had ufiially beeninit fo i'' ii'i 
 by the reigning fovercigns, through the abfiird idc.i v( 
 rendering thcmfelvcs fecure; but .\climet being only 
 thirteen years of age when he began hiv reign, was ad- 
 vifed to fpare his brother Muflapha, till he faw w heihcr 
 he fhoiild have any children of his own, as no ether 
 prince of the Ottoman family was then living. Tlui? 
 Muflapha was fecured by the policy of the Hate till 
 Achmet had children, w hen it was debated in coup, il, 
 w hether he fliould not be put to death, and the execution 
 was agreed upon accordingly : but Muflapha was again 
 providentially favcd ;, for Achmet dreaming that he law 
 his brother executed, was fo ; rritied at tiic vifiniiary 
 fpedlaclc of' horror, that he would never fuller the fen- 
 tence to be put in execution. Muflapha, however, reign- 
 ed but five months; for the bafhaws finding him tot:!!!/ 
 unqualified to govern, they confined him to the lera:^- 
 lio, and advanced his nephew Ofnian to the throne. 
 
 Soon affr the commencement of his reign, Ofinnn 
 marched to the frontiers of Poland ; but the janillarit'i 
 refuting to march any farther, he was obfiged to pati ii 
 up a diflionourable peace with the Poles. This fo en- 
 raged him, that he determined totally toabolilhtlie Inxly 
 of janillaries. which fhofe regular bra vosunderllantiini;, 
 the\ m'lrdered him in '6: 2, and rellorcd hisuncleMiil- 
 ta[)ha to the throne. But he being no better (ju.ilili J 
 to govern than before, was a fecond linie dcpolcJ, aiul 
 Amurath, Ofiiian's yoimgcr brother, advanced to liic 
 imperial dignity. 
 
 The reign of this prince, Amurath IV. which com- 
 menced in 1623, was not only filled with infiirrei;i:i<ins 
 and mutinies, but the Perlians ravaged ilie Turkilh 
 frontiers, and took Bagd.ul, whi( h the Ottoman, forces 
 belieged tliree years, withoi't being able to recovn- 
 This emperor was a cruel tyrant ; but he was certainly 
 iiiiparti:il in his brutalitv, equally onprcfling and in:ii - 
 dering Chriflians and Turks. .\ dramatic writer very 
 julllyoblerves, that the molt fiivage animal in the whole 
 '.reation i:- a human crcatiire w ithout feeling. 
 
 A dreadli'.l 
 
M. CrFOGRAPIIV. 
 
 01 ions, Mahomet afllTiihlcJan 
 lit himaifat thrir head, took 
 he pradilai unheard oftmcL 
 feateii the ChriHian aiim, |,y 
 red Moldavia and Walladiia. 
 
 'n( k into hisoun country, to 
 Kilts, the ChrilHaiis fei/eil'thc 
 •red many of" the places tiuy 
 )tiicr lide, the Pcrlians retook 
 
 ail rendereti him fo obnoxious 
 ilpiracy vas formed to dcpolb 
 Ion upon the tlirone. Hdiv 
 hail his Con ffrancjed, and put 
 ■atli, who were I'o unfortun.uc 
 But now being every where 
 fthe inlurgcnts contiiiuirt; ii 
 that the wrath ofCJod purlu,! 
 lies. To avert, therefore, the 
 ordered prayers to be put wt 
 ominions, and fent two niollas, 
 1 pilgrimage to Mecca. I!,' 
 vith all the horrors of a giiil:,' 
 the 45th year of his "ge, and 
 fuccecded by his fon ;Vhiiu'.. 
 s gained fome advantages over 
 icd by the IVoteftants ol \u- 
 ililvania, who were fo cnicllv 
 ni Catholics, that they wen- 
 uccour from inlitkls. 
 iltana underftanding that t',- 
 )fhis filler's (laves to hish-,', 
 loufy, that ihe caufeti lur :', 
 imct refentcd by llabbiin' hi;, 
 body. .-Xt length he drpirtr i 
 VJovember, 1617, in the n]\ 
 of his reign, and was fueeeal- 
 lia. 
 
 apha was extremely llnrruhr. 
 IS had ufua!lybcen|nitfii,'. iiS 
 ns, through the abfun! id^u, 
 lire; but Achmet hong o.ilv 
 :n he began hi< reign, »'as a:l- 
 Mufhpha, till he faw w heilur 
 Iren of his own, as no ctKr 
 aniily was then living. Thus 
 ly the policy of the' (late till 
 hen it was debated in conn, il, 
 put to death, and the exec ution 
 igly : Init Mufbpha vas ;i-a'ii 
 Achmet dreaming that he i.uv 
 s fo : rrificd at the vilinnary 
 u- would never llilfer the I'vn. 
 n. Muftajjha, however, iei^;:i- 
 hc balhaw s linding him to;:i!ly 
 1.7 confuKii him to the leia:;- 
 )iicw Ofman to the throne, 
 iccmcnt of his n-ign, Oiinnn 
 )f Poland ; but the janillarici 
 tlur, he was obfiged to pa!< ii 
 w ith the Poles. This frt tu- 
 ned totally to aboliflulic body 
 regular bravosunderdarutini;, 
 i.and redored hisuncleMul- 
 hc being no better q'.i.ilili il 
 is a fecoiid time dcpofed, and 
 L^cr brother, aiKaiited to ilie 
 
 c, Amurath IV. wliiihrom. 
 :inl\' filled u ith infurreotKins 
 'crfians ra\aged the 'ri!r!.ii!i 
 I, whi( h tlie Ottoman tones 
 hout being able to recover. 
 tyrant ; but he was certainly 
 ecpially oj^prclling and inu- 
 rks. :\ dramatic writer verv 
 It linage animal in the wliolo 
 re without feeling. 
 
 A dreadful 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 A dreadful fire happened at Confl.-'ntinople during 
 this reign, w hich confumcd upwards of 20,000 houfes. 
 Amurath, however, dctcrinined on a Perfian war; 
 hut being in great want ol money, he encouraged a 
 number of informers to accufe th.- richcft people he 
 could get intelligence of, with bei'ig guilty of various 
 crinics. This gave him a pretence to jnit them to 
 death, and feize their elVeiiis. B) thefe infernal means 
 he was enabled to raife an army of joo.ooo men, w hen 
 marching to the frontiers of Pcrfia, he took Tauris, 
 ordered it to be plundered by his foldiers, marched 
 back without atchieving any thing farther, and then 
 ordered a fellival of fevea days to celebrate his won- 
 Jcrful conquerts ! 
 
 I'he cruelties of Amurath now grew dre.idful to 
 tvery one: the murders he committed were incredible, 
 ami the modes of execution were Ihocl-ing to human 
 nature. Among the reft, his brothers, jiajazet and 
 Orchun, tell victims to his ferocious difpofition. In- 
 d'cd, murder was his fuprenie delight: fo'- his moll 
 tlivourite aniufcment was to fit in a pavilion in the pa- 
 lace gardens, and fire upon thofe who pafFed by in 
 boats, by w Inch means he killed a |>rodigious number. 
 Indeed, it mull be admitted, that he feldom performed 
 ihefc frolics but when he was drunk; but the woift 
 affair for his fubjeots was is feldom being loher. 
 
 In 16)7 he again prepared to invade Perlia; but, 
 before his depnrl'irc, caufcd another of his lirothers to 
 hi' llranglcd, who was a moll accomplillied and pro- 
 miliug )oung prince. He then invefted Bagdad, when 
 thcgarnfon lurrendeied on condition of receiving no 
 pcrlona! injury. Amurath folemnly promifcd to fpare 
 their lives; but they had no Ibor.cr laid down their 
 arms, than he ordered them all to be cut to pieces, in- 
 cluding in the bloody mandate not only men, butwo- 
 iiieii and children. I'or this conquell hecaufed a fefti- 
 val to be proclaimed of twenty days continuance, at 
 ivhichhc very happily (for his fubjects) drank himfelf 
 into a fever, that took him olFon the Hthof February, 
 1640, in the 1 8th year of his reign, and only the 3 2d 
 nt his age, whe" he was fucceedcd by his brother 
 Ibrahim. 
 
 ijoiiie fuppofe that the reafon why Ibrahim was not 
 murdered as w ell as the reft of his brothers, was owing 
 to there not being any other prince of the Ottoman 
 liiie living; but others fay, that he was an ideot, on 
 idiich account Amurath defpifed him too much to 
 think him dangerous 
 
 Ibrahim, however, had more cunning than was fup- 
 I'oled; for it;.,ipeared that he had adted with folly only 
 to fecure his lite ; and preteiuled ideotifm, only to pre- 
 fcrve himfelf from being murdered. 
 
 1". rhe beginning ol his reign he put an end to the 
 ni\a!;csol'ihefavage Coflacks, took the city of Afoph, 
 and added the greatcft part d the Ifland of Candia 
 to the Turkifti dominions. He \('a3, however, depo- 
 I'ed by his mother and the janiliiiries in 1648, and 
 murdered foon after ; his fon, (Mahomet IV.) then a 
 child of fevcn years of age, being placed on the throne. 
 
 The fultana mother, the vizier, and the aga of 
 the janiliiiries, were inveftcd with the adminiftration 
 during the minority of the emperor; but affairs turn- 
 ing out a little unluccelsful, the grand vizier was foon 
 dcpofed, as were feverul others who fucceeded him; 
 for whoever is in fault, the minifkr there is fure to 
 bear the blame. In 1658 a tbrmidable infurreiilion 
 was, with dilliculty, fupprelfed. The Turks were 
 next vilited by the plague, which ufually carried oti" 
 i400or 1500 people every day in the citv of Conftaii- 
 tinople onl). In Hungary an obftinatc battle was 
 fought between t!ie Chriliians and the Turks, n which 
 the latter were totally defeated, and left 17,000111011 
 dead on the field of battle. This occalioncd a peace 
 between the Porte and. the emperor of (Jermany. How- 
 ever, to recompenfe rhe above lofs, the ancient Chaldca 
 was fubdiied, and added to the Turkifh empire, and 
 the llluid of Candia totally conquered. 
 
 In i()72 the Turks invaded Poland, conquered many 
 No. 19. 
 
 TURKEY IN ASIA. 
 
 205 
 
 of its towns, and obliged the government to confent 
 to pay 70,000 dollars annually ; but, on the failure of 
 the ftipulatcd pa)ment, the war began again in the 
 enfuing year, when the Polifti general Jiobielki had 
 the good fortune to gain a fignal victory over the Turks. 
 About the fame time the peojjle of Tripoli, in Bar- 
 bary, killed the buftiaw, and threw off the Turkifti 
 yoke, by which the/ became independent of the Porte 
 in every thing , a triHing tribute excepted. 
 
 In i68_j the Turks laid liege to Vienna, but were 
 attacked in theiri.rcnches, and routed by John Sobielki, 
 king of Poland, at the head of the (iermans and Poles, 
 
 'i'he city ot 'uda was afterwards inverted by the 
 Imperialilis, and taken the 22dof Auguft, 1686. King 
 (Jeorge I. thci elector of Hanover, was prefent at 
 this liege ; aiu'i from thence brought the two Turks 
 who afterwards conftantly attended him when he was 
 king of England. Several other noble volunteers were 
 prefent, particularly Lord Cutts, who took a young 
 Turk prifoni.T, to whom he gave the name of Budiana. 
 This Mahometan afterwards turned Chriftian, and 
 became an fiflicer in the Englifli fcrvice. 
 
 In thefu' e year the Venetians recovered great part 
 of the M'lrea; prince Lewis, of Baden, totally de- 
 feated the Turks ; and the Poles gave a great over- 
 throw to the Tartars. Thefe, and other fubfequenr 
 ill fucccdes, fo difpiritcd the troops, that they de- 
 manded the grand vizier's head. This the Cirand 
 Seignor fent them, with the heads of fevcral other 
 great ofl'icers, without which they did not appear dif- 
 pofed to be fatislied. But, after all his compliances, 
 they dcpofed him in the 39th year of his reign, and the 
 53d of his age. He was not, however, murdered, 
 but died in the feraglio five \cars after. 
 
 Solymanlll. the brother of the laft emperor, was 
 aiivanced to the throne in 1687. In the beginning of 
 this reigntheduke of Bavaria took Belgrade; prince 
 Lew is, of Baden, obtained a victory over the Turks 
 at Bofnia ; and the Venetians extended their frontiers 
 in (ireece and Dalmatia. 
 
 This run of ill luck induced the Turks to offer vry 
 advantageous terms of peace to the Chriftians; but the 
 treaty w as broken by the machinations of the French 
 king, Lewis XIV. who promifed to invade Germany, 
 and divide it with the Turks : but neither the Turks or 
 French were able to compafs their deligns ; and Sc'v- 
 man died in the 4th year of his reign, and 53d of iiis 
 age; bis brother, Achmet II. fuccceding him in 1621. 
 
 A numerous army now paffed the Danube; but, on 
 the 19th of Auguft, 1691, the Turks were defeated by- 
 prince Lew is, of Baden, when the grand vizier and 
 ?.S,ooo men wereflain. Achmet died in the 4th year 
 of his reign, and the 51ft of his age, and was fucceeded 
 by his nephew, Muftaphall. 
 
 This prince raifed an army of i20,coo men, took 
 Lippa, and defeated the Imperialifts. His fleet was 
 likewifc fuccefsful againft the Venetians. But, on the 
 other hand, the Ruffians took Afoph from him, and 
 opened a communication to the Black Sea. 
 
 In 1 692 prince Eugene defeated the Turks at Olach, 
 when the prime vizierand 30,000 men werellaM. A 
 difhonourable peace being now concluded, the lultan 
 was depofed in 1703, and his brother Achmet advan- 
 ced to the throne. 
 
 The filft thing that Achmet III. did, was todifplacc 
 all the great ofticers of ftate, who had brought alxmt 
 the revolution in his favour, by realbn.as it was faid, 
 of their aftiiming too much upon that account. 
 
 The king of Sweden, in 1709, after his defeat at 
 Pultowa, took refuge in the 'i iirkifh territories, and 
 had fullicieiu intereft to ftir up the (Jrand Seignor to 
 declare war againft ihe Czar of Mufcovy. The czar 
 raifed a large armv, but not ac'iing with prudence, he 
 was foon compelled to fign whatever conditions the 
 (;rand Seignor pleafcd to (irefcribc. 
 
 In 1715 the Turks fubdued the Morea, on which 
 
 the einperor of Cermany declared war againft themj 
 
 and the Ottoman army, in 1 7 1 6, was defeated at Car- 
 
 Fff lowits, 
 
 ! - 
 
 Mi 
 
 I L 
 
 i^^;k 
 
 M 
 
2o6 A NliW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVF.RSAL GF.OGRAPMY. 
 
 m 
 
 F''i J.fl ■ 4 Ml 
 
 !.« 
 
 1 i-^i 
 
 lowits, hy prince F.u|i;cnc. In this battle the p;rancl 
 vizier, the a>^:i of the janifiarics, a great number of 
 bafliaws ami 100,000 men were flain. Tcmcfwcar 
 was taken by the Impcrialills tliis campaign: anil, in 
 1717, prince luigenc took Uclgni.lc, ami again de- 
 feateii an army of Turks, conlilhii , of 200,000 men. 
 A peace, however, was concluded in 171H, by the 
 mediation of Great Britain and Holland. 
 
 In 1722 the Turks invaded Perfia, and had fomc 
 fuccefs, till compelled to retire by the celebrated Kouli 
 Khan. Achmct's ill fuccefs occafioncd him to be de- 
 poled, and his nephew, Mahomet, was, in ivjo, ad- 
 vanced to the throne. 
 
 Maliomet V. on his accedion, made peace w ith Per- 
 fia, and entered into a war with Uuilia. 
 
 In the vear 17^7 the Turks defeated thelmperialifts 
 .Tt Crottka, and took Orl"o\a. In 1739 they belieged 
 Iklgrude. I5ut a treaty being entered into between the 
 Germans, Trench, and Turks, it was unanimoufly 
 agreed that the Turks Ihould have Belgrade, but the 
 fortifications were to be dcmolilhed. The Danube and 
 Saavc were to be the northern boundaries of theTurk- 
 ilh territories ; the river Atalanta, and the iron gate 
 mountains, the eallcrn boundary; and the river Unna 
 the wellcrn limits towards the German dominions. 
 
 The Rullians, by another treaty, were obliged to 
 demolilh all rheir fortson the Palus-Mi-otisand Euxinc 
 Sea, auvl todeOroy the fortifications of Aro[)h. 
 
 This monarch was of a pacific and jult dilpofition, 
 and on that account refpected much by the Chriflian 
 princes. Nothing material, but "hat is above related, 
 liap|ientd during his reign; and on the rjth of De- 
 cember, 17>4, about one o'clock, he died fuddenly of 
 a fit of thcallhma. About three o'clock the fame af- 
 ternoon, his brother Ofmond was proclaimed from the 
 minarets of the mofqucs. 
 
 Ofmond 111. began his reign in a time of profound 
 tranquillity, and nothing material occurred till h's 
 death, which happened in 1757, when he was fuccecd- 
 cd by his brother Mullapha. 
 
 Mulhipha III. began his reign with cvcrv perfonnl 
 advantage. Me was of a different difpofnion from 
 any of his predfcefFors, being of a liberal was of think- 
 ing, a lover of learning, and the fuft who introduced 
 the art of printing into the Ottoman empire. In the 
 year 1766, a general fpirit of liberty feemed toditl'ufe 
 itfclf through many parts of the worlil. The Turkith 
 empire was affected by its influence. The (Jcorgians 
 began toafpire at independence ; and many infurrec- 
 tioMs happened in Egypt and Cyprus, which, though 
 fupprcfVid, evinced the fpirit of the people. 
 
 In I'bS a war broke out between Rullia and the 
 Porte. .'\ confederacy was formed .igainft the Rullians 
 among their own fubjccls and dependents, which was 
 fomented and increafed by the C)ttomans. The con- 
 federates were, however, obliged to retreat into the 
 Turkilh territories. The Rullians formed a line of 
 troops along the frontiers of Poland; large bodies of 
 Tartars appeared along the Rullian Ihore ; and aTurk- 
 ilh army was atilmbled between Choc/.im, Bender, 
 and Oc/.akow. 
 
 In June, 1 761), the Ruflian admiral SpiritilofF fct 
 fail for the Levant with a powerful fipiadron. Admi- 
 ral Ivlphinllone loon followed with another confidera- 
 blc fleet, and arrived in the Morea in 1770. Count 
 OrlofV, in a fliort time after, joined the Rullian fleet 
 olf'Paros, with another fquadron. 
 
 An engagement foon ai hap|>ened between the 
 Turkilh and Rullian fleets near Napoli-de-Romain, 
 !i which the fi)rmer were totally defeated, an<l took 
 Uielier in the harbour of the above-mentioned place, 
 whither admiral Elphinflonc purfucd, and did them 
 great damage. 
 
 During this time count OrlolTwas adiingby laml in 
 the Mon a ; but he foonaftcr joined the otherfquadrons, 
 and the whole fleet, on the 7th of July, 1770, enga- 
 ged that of the Turks, when the t)ttomans received a 
 total defeat. In this light, which was very blooily 
 
 anddcfpcrate, admiral Spiritdoll'eng.iged the Capij.riiJ 
 of 100 guns, yard-arm to yard-arm, when thcTurkl 
 ifli (hip taking fire, the flames conmiunicated to thd 
 Ruflian fliip. Both unhajipily blew up, and the cicusi 
 a few ofhcers and men excepted, periflied, either in 
 the explolioii or the waves. 
 
 The Turks now fleil, in order to fecure thcml'clvcl 
 in the bay of Schifma, where, a few nights after, thcij 
 fleet was Hred by means of three fire-fliips. A pcrfcirt. 
 who was upon the (pot, mentioning this action, favjj 
 " A fleet, confiftingof 20o(ail, almoftin one general 
 blaze, prefented a pidhirc of dillrcfs and horror drcadJ 
 fully fublime. While the flames, with the utmoll r.iJ 
 pidity, were fpreading deftrudion on all fides, x'A 
 fliip blowing up after (hip, with every foul on hoard L 
 that feared to truft to the waves to fw im tor Ihoic, the! 
 Rullians kept pouring upon them ll.ich fliowers ofcanj 
 non balls, fhells, and fmall fliot, that not one of thcl 
 many thoufands of their weeping friends on land, who 
 faw their diflrefs, dared venture to their relief. No. 
 thing now remained but united flirieks, and unavail 
 ing cries, which, joined to the martial mullc, ami thcl 
 loud triumphant flunits of the vidors, fervcd to Auill 
 alternately the various notes of joy and forrow, thnti 
 comjiofed the folemn dirge of their [the Turks] dc--| 
 j arting glory.'* 1 
 
 The lofs on the part of the Ruffians was admiril) 
 Spiritdoff's fliip, .md between 70oand 800 men. Onl 
 the fide of the Turks, befides the deflrudion of thcirl 
 whole fleet, above 9000 men periflied. 
 
 The Turks, in great confternation, quitted Schif-! 
 ma, and hallening to Smyrna, murdered an incrcdibli; 
 number of (Jrecks, and other Chriflians, whom thcv • 
 fuppofcd to be well aflcdcd to the Rullians, fpariiii' I 
 neither age or fex. 
 
 The Ruffians, in this expedition, fpread defol;itinn] 
 through the coalts of Greece, Alia, and the Illands of] 
 the Archipelago, and greatly injured the trade of thcf 
 Levant. But they acquired little benefit to thenU'clvcj 1 
 by their fuccelles. 
 
 This year, likcwifc, the Turkifli army on the Da-| 
 nubc, under the command of the grand vizier, was at- 
 tacked in its trenches at Babadagh,and totally routcJ, I 
 
 In 1772 negociations were let on foot in order to I 
 bringabout a peace, but the plenipotentiaries not agrcc-l 
 ing, the whole fell to the ground. Nothing, however,! 
 was performed this year tlecilive, or worth mention- 
 ing, by either army. 
 
 In Egypt and Syria the people were in open rebel- 
 lion. AH Bey was, however, defeated, and driven out I 
 of Egypt, by Mahomet' Aboudaab, when he fought 
 refuge in ;]yria, and was affectionately received by hij 
 friend Chick Daher, an Arabian i^rincc. 
 
 On the 21 ft of January, 1774, the emperor, Mtifla-I 
 pha in. departed this life at Coniiaiitinople, in the! 
 58th year of his;igc, and 17th of his reign, with the] 
 character of having been the w ifeft, bcft, molt hiinianf, I 
 and dilintereflcd monarch that ever fat upon theOtio- j 
 man throne. 
 
 Abdiil-Hamct, the brother to the late emperor, fur- j 
 ceeded him. Some commotions were made'in favour ] 
 of the young prince Selim, but they were ealily llip- 
 prefled. The war upon the Danube was carried on! 
 w ith vigour ; and the Ottoman miniftry did not fail to j 
 encourage as much as poffible, the rebellion of Pugatf-j 
 chelf againll the Ruflian government. The Turks] 
 Wire, however, defeated in various engagements. 
 Difoider, mutiny, and ilclertion, prevailed among thcl 
 troops. The grand vizier, being iibandoncil by the] 
 greatelt part of his forces, was obliged to accede ii>J 
 tiic terms prel'cribedb) the enemy, who had flirroiind-j 
 ed him at ^.chumla. 'I'hefe ill fuccefles threw the! 
 whole Ottoman empire into confufion. ThePorti',] 
 however, under the prefent complexion of affairs,] 
 thought proper to ratify the articles of peace; the 
 principal of which were, 
 
 I. The independency of the Crimea. 2. The ah- 
 folutc cclilon to Rufiiu, of Kilburn, Kerchc, Janichal ', 
 
 and 
 
 'li'ii \fi 
 
at the 
 
 vot:on ; 
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 oiintry, 
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 3, lying 
 ; called 
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 c Icgil- 
 
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 \. 
 
 
 
 'A 
 
 I 
 
 ^/ ('(Uij^KCT Map 
 OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 
 
 Volsolsfl Dv, or Tributarv to Uie 
 
 T r K K s. 
 
 (^ " 
 
 Kl^rOL, Oil or GohwaW 
 
 rxEiRopE, Asia, {AFRICA, /-«'— ' ' '^'^hham 
 
 OF 
 
 AlBD 
 
 RA 
 
 witli T)art()f'(li»' Afliiuvnt'lrrritoruvs, i... >' ir , vV ^ \ /■„* >; 
 
 by TJioMiowen. 
 
 •niiiliirn ) 
 
 Lorufiltide 
 
 / 
 
 /vyw 
 
 B o I' n rrr ~r~ 
 
 > K^.^ i. 
 
 It R N D B a O 
 
 Lofhlon 'j 
 
''yzi^.3 
 
 /■I (1 
 
 » I 
 
2o6 
 
 lowits^ 
 vizier, 
 bafliaw 
 was t.il 
 
 '7' 7. 
 
 fcatcti f 
 
 A pcac 
 
 ini'diat 
 
 In I 
 
 fucccfs 
 
 Khan. 
 
 pofcd, 
 
 vanccd 
 
 M:ih 
 
 fia, a IK 
 
 In th 
 
 at Crot 
 
 Bclgrat 
 
 Gtrmai 
 
 airrtcd 
 
 lor ti fia 
 
 Saave w 
 
 ilh rcrr 
 
 iiiounta 
 
 ti-.c wd 
 
 The 
 
 dcniolil 
 
 Sea, an 
 
 Thij 
 
 and oa: 
 
 [irinces. 
 
 hr.pp.fm 
 
 ccnibcr 
 
 a lit of 
 
 tcrnoon 
 
 minaret 
 
 Ofmc 
 
 tranquil 
 
 death, v 
 
 cd by hi 
 
 Mulh 
 
 uvivantaj 
 
 Any of h 
 
 inp, a ic 
 
 the art c 
 
 year i-]( 
 
 itfcif tin 
 
 empire • 
 
 bej^an t( 
 
 tionsha] 
 
 fupprell 
 
 In 17 
 
 Porte. J 
 
 among t 
 
 fornentec 
 
 federate; 
 
 Turkilh 
 
 troops a 
 
 'I artars 
 
 ilh arm 
 
 and Oi, z 
 
 In Ju 
 
 fail for t' 
 
 ral I'Jph 
 
 ble Hcet, 
 
 Orloir, i 
 
 olVParr 
 
 An en 
 
 'i'urkifh 
 
 in whirl 
 
 flieiter h 
 
 whither 
 
 great da 
 
 Durir 
 
 the Mor 
 
 and the 
 
 gcd tiiat 
 
 tutal del 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 and all rhc diflriifl bctwe 
 1. A free navigation in a 
 tliepainige through the 1 
 lci;ts and immunities wh 
 favoured nations. 
 
 In return for thefe co 
 (lore all ihe had conquer 
 ci'ptcd. 
 
 The grand vizier died 
 hart, on his return to C 
 joii'ingswere made at St. 
 mon fucccfs of the Rudi 
 
 The rebel Pugaffchelf 
 Riillian army, taken prif 
 
 The year 1775 provec 
 Chick Daher, the .Arabi: 
 conquered by Mahomet 
 Krrvptians. But Aboud; 
 fucccfrcs. Chick Daher w 
 his affairs, when a bafli 
 Svria with a very tonfidi 
 liahcr was foon fubdued 
 hud lent to Conftaniino 
 
 SiiM the above period , 
 rims times, been greatly 
 Inkeii place in different pat 
 been made by the people to 
 
 S E C ' 
 
 Termer and prejcnt Stai 
 Defcriptioit. Convent of 
 
 '"r^HIS country, fann 
 X crctl and profiinc, 
 traiifaLtions, the birth-] 
 and feat of the liberal ai 
 generate, the inhabitant 
 in morals as ignorant in 
 
 i lillorians mollly agn 
 divines, from fcripture ; 
 inhabitants were a mixcc 
 Anialckites and Ilhmaeli 
 they c itc the word A rab, \ 
 figniiics to mix or «;/« 
 country was called by M 
 afterwards applied to the 
 they became entirely po 
 
 A labia compri/.es in 
 breadth 1 20«, and is V 
 I'ali, and 1 2 and 30 dc] 
 nil theealV by the (iulpl 
 Ked Sea, on the north 1 
 the fouth by the Indi: 
 Arabia Petr.Ta, or the S 
 iXllit ; and Arabia I'\ 
 fi) denominated from th 
 m tile refpective diviiion 
 cms and rocky, and tiie 
 tile anil pleafant. 
 
 As great part of this 
 zone, and the tropic of C 
 Felix, the aTrof courfeis 
 proves fatal, efpecially t 
 foil is entirely compofei 
 lonefome defolatc wildi 
 called, in difliniffion fro 
 general mild and fruitfu 
 
 iktsux-ti .-iMaiiiA^ll- 'i ■ 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 TURKEY IN ARABIA. 
 
 ami all rlic dirtriifl between the Bof^ and the Dnieper, 
 j. A free navigation in all the 'rurkilli Teas, including 
 tlicpairage through the Dardanelles, with all theprivi. 
 kgcs and imnninities which are granted to the moft 
 favoured nations. 
 
 In return for thefe conceffions, RufTia was to rc- 
 (lore all Ihe had conquered, Afoph and 'J'aganrok ex- 
 cepted. 
 
 The grand vizier died, as is fuppofed, of a broken 
 heart, on his return to Conflantinople: and public re- 
 joicings were made at St. Peterlburgh, for the uncom- 
 mon fuccefs of the Ruflian arni:i. 
 
 The rebel PugarfchelFwas foon after defeated by the 
 RuHian army, taken prifoner, an' I put to death. 
 
 The year 1775 proved fatal to the old and brave 
 Chitk Dahei", the Arabian prince, his country being 
 conquered by Mahomet Aboudaab, with an army of 
 Egyptians. But Aboudaab dying in the niidft of his 
 fucceflcs. Chick Daher was in hopes to have retrieved 
 his affairs, when a bafliaw arrived upon the coall of 
 Svria with a verv contidcrahle reinforcement. Chiek 
 Daher was foon fubdued, his treafures fcized, and his 
 held lent to Conflantinople 
 
 Since the above period the •tuvk'ijh empire has, at va- 
 ricus times, iee)i greatly agitated. Injurredions have 
 taken place in different parts -, and thegreateji efforts have 
 teen made by the people to jiibvert the power of the Otto- 
 
 207 
 
 man government, and procure independence. F.v n at the 
 prefent time the empire is in a general fr.'te of lommoticn; 
 andAbdiil-Uamet, the emperor, is under the greTel ap- 
 prehenfions for the fnfe'v nf his dominions. Shciild the 
 Ruffians, or other powers, iuterpofe in favour of the in- 
 Jurgents at this critical period, or engage in a war with 
 the Turks, it might be produ^ive of fuih confequences as to 
 produce a total overthrew of the Ottoman empire. 
 
 To finiflj our account, therefore, of the bijlo'y of the 
 Turkip empire, as the flate of affairs are at prefent in that 
 quarter, would be fir from compleating our defign in Ihe 
 prefent undertaking, from what has been obferved, it is 
 not only probable, but, indeed, mrft likely, thatfome ma- 
 terial alterations, if not an abjolute revolution, will take 
 place among them, between the prefent period, and that 
 which will terminate our work, IVe fhall not, therefore, 
 at prefent^ purfite any farther relation of the hiflory of this 
 vafl empire : for asfucb a length of time will elr.pje be- 
 tween this and the clofe of the work, as may probably pro- 
 duce an iffue to the prefent diflurbances, we jhall give the 
 whole particulars at the clofe by way of fnpplcment. IVe 
 fhall alfopay the like attention to the hiflory of every other 
 empire and kingdom. So that our deftgns will be amply 
 accomplijhed byfurnifliing the reader with a more complete 
 hiflory of the various empires of the world down to the 
 very latefl period, than ever did, or could appear, in inj 
 other work of a ftmilar kind. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 ARABIA. 
 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 former and prefent State. Antiquity. Geographical 
 Defcriptioit. Convent of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai. 
 
 ''r^HIS country, fimcd in ancient hiflory, both fa- 
 X cred and profane, as a fcene of molt important 
 tranfactions, the birth-place of renowned characters, 
 aiul feat of the liberal arts, is now become totally de- 
 generate, the inhabitants in general being as depraved 
 111 morals as ignorant in fcience. 
 
 1 1 irtorians molHy agree as to its antiquity ; and fome 
 divines, from fcripture authority, fay, that its ancient 
 iiihabitants were a mixed j)eople, formed of Midianites, 
 Anialckites and Ilbmaelites. To confirm this allertion 
 tliey cite the word Arab, which, in the Hebrew language, 
 fignifics to mix or mingle. The weflern part of the 
 country was called by Mofes, Arabah, which name was 
 afterwards applied to the whole by the Iflunaelites, when 
 they became entirely pollcfled of it. 
 
 Arabia compri/.es in length about 1300 miles, in 
 breadth 1200, and is betv*een (5 and 60 deg. long. 
 fall, and i 2 and 30 deg. l.it. North. It is bounded 
 »m theealV by the (Julph of Perfia, on the well by the 
 Ketl Sea, on the north by Syria and Diarbec, and on 
 the fouth by the Indian Ocean. Its divilions are, 
 Arabia Petra-a, or the Stony ; Arabia Deferta, or the 
 l)elert;and Arabia I'elix, or the Happy. They are 
 fi) denominated from the dilfercnt face of the country 
 111 the refpective divilions. The firif being mountain- 
 ous and rocky, and the lall comparatively ferene, fer- 
 tile and pleafant. 
 
 As great part of this country lies under the torrid 
 zone, and the tropic of Cancer exteniis through Arabia 
 fi lix, the alrof courfeis excelFive dry and hot, anil often 
 proves fatal, efpecially to Grangers. In fome parts the 
 foil is entirely compofed of immenfe fands, forming a 
 lonefonie dcfolatc wilderncfs; but the fouthern part, 
 tailed, in dillin(i>ion from thcrdl, "the Happy," is in 
 general mild and fruitful. 
 
 Thconly remarkable river in Arabia is theE'Dhratcs, 
 which is the north-call bmits of it: but it is furround- 
 ed with feas, as the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the 
 Gulphs of Perfia and Ormus, and the Straits of Babel- 
 mandel, in which are the capes or promontories of Ro_ 
 falgate and MufTeldon, 
 
 Some writers are of opinion that the Red Sea received 
 its appellation from a kind of refulgence peculiar to its 
 waters being tinged with a red mineral earth, as alfo 
 from its having red fand on its fliores. Mariners have 
 declared, that, through the turbulence of the waters, oc- 
 calioned by the Hux and reflux of the lea, the land has 
 been fb agitated as to appear of a red colour of the 
 flrongclt dye. The agitation prevented its fubfiding 
 to the bottom, w hich of courfe it mull have done in flill 
 water. There is fuch a dearth of water in this country, 
 that the natives have contended for the poUefTion of a 
 fpring at the hazard of their lives. 
 
 The mountains of Arabia are, Sinai and Horeb, Iving 
 in Arabia Petrxa, call of the Red Sea, and thofe called 
 Gabel el Ared in Arabia Felix. Mount Sinai has two 
 fummits, and is called by the Arabs the Mountain of 
 Mofes, becaufe the angel appeared to that Divine legif- 
 lator there in a burning bulb. 
 
 Near this fpot is ereded the convent of St. Cathe- 
 rine, which belongs to the Creeks. The monks hold 
 it in great veneration. There is a tower built by the 
 emprefs Helena. It is lituated in the heart of the con- 
 vent, and flill called St. Helena's tower. This conv^int 
 is built on a defcent. The vails and the arches, with 
 the church, arc the only ancient buildings. The latter 
 is of coarfe red granite. The walls otthe convent are 
 fix feet thick; but fome parts of them are in a ruinous 
 flate. The flrudure, upon the whole, is irregular, and 
 compofed of unburnt brick. There is a liiiall marble 
 flirine, in which they pretend to have prefervcd the 
 fkull and one of the Iiands of St. Catherine. 
 
 The convent is fblely under the jurifdic'lion of its 
 own bifbop, chofen by the monks, who live here in the 
 mod abflemious manner, and attend on their religious 
 duties with great punctuality. 
 
 . Their 
 
 I 
 
 - lijt 
 
A NEW. ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Jt • 
 
 Their vaflals cultivate their gardens, and do other 
 menial oflitcs. A lay-brother, or caloytr, is appoint- 
 ed to attend upon rtran|;ei.s arriving here, to (hew tiu'in 
 the chapels, offices, and the library, in which are de- 
 politfd lomc of the firit Greek books that were ever 
 printed. The leet of pilgrims, on their arrival here, 
 are waflied by the lay-brothers ; and tliofe ot" a pricll 
 by one of C(.]iial rank in the church. Dr. PiKocke, 
 bilhop of Olloiy, had the fatisfaclion of being prelent 
 at all their I-uifler ceremonies. The church which con- 
 tains the relics of St. Catherine, is called the (Jieat 
 Church of the Transfiguration. It lies to the north- 
 cart, on the loweft part >)f tiie convent, and conlills of 
 a nave, an ailk .;n each lide, and three chapels on the 
 ouiliile lower than the ailles. The pictures of Julli- 
 nian, and his emprcfs 'I'heodora, o\ er the arch of the 
 high altar, are well executed in niofaic: and fi^veral in- 
 fcriptions, to the honour of that illuftrious pair, are 
 carved on the beams that fupport the roof, which is of 
 cyprels covered with lead, and is very antique. The 
 Turks dedroyed the pavement of this church, digging 
 it up in hopes of difcovering treafures ; but it was ele- 
 gantly repaired by archbilhop .\thanalius, in the laft 
 century. 
 
 Mount St. Catherine is fituated near Mount Sinai; 
 and it was to the former place that the body of St. 
 Catherine was brought after her martyrdom under the 
 tyrant Maxentius. It over-tops Mount Sinai, and its 
 foil is a fpecies of fpeckled marble, in which are fccn 
 beautiful configurations of trees, and other vegetable 
 reprefcntations. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Prcdunicns. Part'uuldr Dt/cription of the Coffee Plant 
 and jirabian Cattel. 
 
 WITH rcfpect to the vegetable produdions of 
 Arabia, the mo(f profitable is coffee, \ -'h w hich 
 a number of fliips arc annually loaded for Ev pe and 
 India. 
 
 The coffee flirub grows to the height of eight or ten 
 feet; the twigs rife by pairs oppofite to each other, as 
 do the leaves on the twigs, one pair being about two 
 inches diffant from another. The leaves are about tour 
 inches long, and two bioad in the middle, from whence 
 they decrcafc in both extremities, ending in a point. 
 They are nearly in the form of a bay leaf, and arc 
 finooth, with many inciffures on the edges. Thellirub 
 has a grey fmooth back ; and the wood is white, and 
 has not much pith. The fruit hangs on the tw igs by 
 a foot-llalk, foicietimcs one, two, or more in the fame 
 place. Thcfe Ihrubs are watered by artiticial channels, 
 like other vegetables, and alter three or four years 
 bearing, the natives plant new Ihrubs, as the old ones 
 then begin to decline. They dry the berry in the fun, 
 and afterwards take olf the outward hufks with hand- 
 mills. In the hot feafons they ufe thefe hufks roafted 
 inftead of the cotfee berries, and eltccm the liquor im- 
 pregnated with them more cooling. 
 
 Here are aloes, caflia, fpikcnai d, frankincenfe, myrrh, 
 manna, and other valuable gums, cinnamon, pepper, 
 tardaimims, oranges, lemons, grapes, peaches, tigs and 
 pomegranates; alfo honey and wax in plenty; and in 
 the feas arc conlidcrable quantities of the bcff coral and 
 pearls. 
 
 There arc abundance of acacia trees in the plains of 
 Arabia Petraea, from which ill'ucsa very valuable gum ; 
 but there are very few forelt trees. 
 
 Rice and barley are the principal grain; and where 
 they can obtain water they have a great plenty of gar- 
 den-fluff, herbs and Howers. Some of the diflriCtsallb 
 ailord excellent pallurc tor cattle. 
 
 The Arabian horfes arc the fineft in the whole world, 
 whether conlidercd tor their fwiftnefs, beauty or faga- 
 ( ity. There are alfo Iheep, cows, oxen, mules, goats, 
 hogs, dogs, &c. But the motl efleemed and ufeful ani- 
 mal lithe camel, which can carry fcvcn or eight hun- 
 
 dred weight Ujion its back, and with this burden will 
 travel .at the rate of about two miles and an half in a„ 
 hour: it is therefore the beafl of burden moll in ufe 
 and is peculiarly ferviceable in long and tedious jour- 
 nies, which arc commonly pertormed in caravans 
 efcorted by guards, to prevent the depredations of tho 
 free-booters. 1 his creature is the moft patient ami 
 temperate of the whole quadruped creation; it wi|| 
 travl tor many days together w ith only a few ilatcs, oi 
 fome balls of bean or barley meal, or|)erh;,ps onlv the 
 miferably thorny plants it meets with in the fandy dc- 
 farts, where not a drop of water is to be met with dur- 
 ing a journey of eight or ten days, and where nothiiit; 
 appears but mountains of fand and heaps of bones of 
 thofe who have pcritlicd through wani. The camel's 
 
 power of fuflainingabttinencefromdrinkingarifts from 
 the conflrucUon of its internal parts ; fo that it evident- 
 ly appears Divine Providence created it purpoH.lv for 
 the fultry toil of Arabia. Betides the four ll«'i:;-,li,- 
 which it has in common with all the other ani.nals tha:! 
 chew the cud, it has a fifth, ferving as a rcfervoir to 
 hold more water than it has an immediate occallnn for: 
 there the fiuid remains without corrupting, orwirhoii- 
 being adulterated by other aliments. When the ( rc.i- 
 ture is thirfty, it throws up a quantity of this water, by 
 a contrac'Uon of the mufclcs, into the other flonuchs, 
 w hich ferves to macerate its dry and fimple tooJ. It 
 can, by its fcent, difcover water at the diflance of more 
 than half a league, and, after a very long abllinencc, 
 will haflen towards it. 
 
 The Arabs train their faithful camels from their birtln 
 to all the haidfliips they have to undergo during' th^- 
 whole courfe of their lives. They accullom them tj 
 travel far, and e..t little; to pafs their days without 
 drinking, and their nights without flccp; to knci-l 
 down to be loaded, i id to rife the moment they tind 
 the burden equal to tiicir tlienglh: and, indeed, they 
 w ill not futfer any greater weight to be put upon t'loir 
 backs than they can bear. Their feet arc adapted to 
 the fands which they are to pals over, their roughnefs 
 and fpongy foftnefs preventing them from cracking. 
 
 Such is the nature of the animal fo often celebrated 
 in the bible, the koran, and the caflern hiftories; and 
 with which the Arabian robber forms a fociety, for the 
 purpole of carrying on his trade of plunder, in wliiih 
 the man is to have all the profit, an the animal all the 
 fatigue. 
 
 When the maflcr and his camel arc equipped fiir 
 plunder, they fctout together, traverle the fandy dtfarts, 
 and lie in ambulh upon the confines to rob the merchant 
 or traveller. The man ravages, maffacrcs, and lli/is 
 the pray; and the camel carries the booty. 
 
 The Arabian free-booter qualifies his camel for cy- 
 pedition by matches, in w hich a horfc runs againft him. 
 The camel, though let's adive and nimble, tircsoutliu 
 rival in a long courfe. •> 
 
 The banditti frequently rob on horfcback as well .n 
 on camels. They will alarm and dart upon a traveller 
 w hen leafl expected, and gallop away, if under any »{)- 
 prchcntion of a purfuit, with incredible fwiftnefs. 
 
 SECTION III, 
 
 Perfbns. Appnrel. Number. Manner of living. Ci- 
 vernment. Cookery. Mode of Salutation. Difpo/i- 
 tions andDiverftotis of the Natives. Remarks on ttc 
 Privileges of the /Irabian IVomen. 
 
 LIKE many of the nations of Afia, the Arabians arc 
 of a middle ftature, thin, and of a fwarthy com- 
 plexion, with black hair and blaik eyes. They we.ir 
 long beards as a mark of gravity and confequeni-c; 
 being ferious and referved, they fpeak little, ufe no 
 gedure, make no panics, and never interrupt each 
 other. Their apparel is a loolc diforderly kind of drcO, 
 five or fix yards long, and not lefs broad : this they 
 wrap round them, and are forced to gird it withafalh; 
 
 at 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 at night it ferves them 
 upper gaiment is gene 
 acap t()r the head, is ti 
 wide towards the bottoi 
 iniold and rainy weatl 
 ilut wraps entirely ove 
 along clole-bodicd wai 
 fifli or girdle is oj wor 
 poinards, their ink-hor 
 The women wear a kinc 
 bur fometimcs they ha' 
 ihcir loins. Whenever i 
 f.htb with rhe fame kin 
 worn by the men, that 
 thci r la' es ; for jealou fy 
 ^uaidid and impetuous 
 the hreall of all the nial 
 iJnioll naked in hot wc: 
 nippers, but noilockinj 
 Thcfe people arc dill 
 thew hole number of inh 
 to about :,oco,ooo. T 
 or roving Arabs) no fe 
 fiah places as lujiply I 
 Iriiits, fiibfilling upon tl 
 .iml cattle. 
 
 Their grcatell hai^pii 
 ihfv look upon their mk 
 (luis. They tieep in t 
 ill the evening in any fp 
 nm^ciiience. Jhele m 
 ul'.rd illymas, from the 
 arc of an oblong iorm, ; 
 the number of tlic peo] 
 jrc covered w ith the tl^i 
 III by one pillar, fume 
 whillt a tort of curtain o 
 the tent into feparate ap; 
 poles, eight or ten feet 
 thiek, ferving only to fi 
 ot hooks, the. natives h 
 bafkrts, laddies, &;c. ^ 
 la;, thcmleh es dow n upc 
 or in a corner of the tei: 
 formr of the tent divide 
 The tents of thefe i 
 maybe (lieliered from t 
 iiig, attended with their 
 .ind dews, to which the 
 commode half to muc 
 and fcorpions. 
 
 Tlu) are under the 
 (hief, who, allifled by 
 dehares, and punilhesof 
 worthy ot the approbat 
 hull; if he be guilty ot 
 aneiki to his exillence, 
 in his room. Thele p 
 ami hmms, both of then 
 and priefl. 
 
 Vvhat they confumc 
 laeio, is bought with tl 
 tiers, and with the calli 
 of not lefs than 30,000 c 
 to I'cr/ia. 
 
 The Arabians retain f 
 
 nets we read of in facrcc 
 
 I'cing, if wc except th 
 
 ihfy were two or three 
 
 meeting one another, th( 
 
 lionot" Peace be unto V 
 
 c'lnquclh, the expreffu 
 
 lile." The inferiors, out 
 
 the tcet, knees, or garni 
 
 the children and other ki 
 
 parents and relations. 
 
 giving one another the f 
 
 right hand upon the b 
 
 Nofc 19. 
 
 # 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 ARABIA. 
 
 209 
 
 at nirl'' '^ fiT^'f s tlicm for a l.cJ and coverlid. Their 
 upiicr gainn-nt is pcncrally wove in one piece: it has 
 a cap for ilic head, is tight about the ik\ k, and grows 
 wide towards the bottom. 1 his garment is only worn 
 in cold and rainy weather. Under this, and the garb 
 that wraps entirely over the whole, fome ot'thcni wear 
 along clole-bodicd waillcoat, without (lecves. Their 
 fafli or girdle is ol worlk'd, and in it they IticL their 
 poinards, their ink-horns, or badges of their calling. 
 The v\onien wear a kind of fhort waillcoat and drawers, 
 buf foinctinics they have only a towel wrapped round 
 their loins. Whenever they go out, they fo cover theni- 
 fjvcs v»ith the fatne kind of general incloling garb as is 
 ■worn by the men, that there is \'cry little to be feen of 
 their faces; for jcaloufy, that conlhint dilhirber of un- 
 ciiaid^d .ind impetuous minds, here plays th.e tyrant in 
 the bread of all the male Arabs. Some of the men go 
 almofl naked in hot weather: others wear drawers and 
 llippcis, but noilockings. 
 
 Thcfe people arc didributcd into feveral clans ; and 
 the whole number of inhabitants are fupjM)fed to amount 
 to about 2,oco,ooo. They have (at leal! the Bedouins, 
 or roving Arabs) no fettled place of abode, but lix at 
 fuch places as fupj)ly them with water, palhirc, and 
 fruits, fubiifting upon the Hcfii or milk of their herds 
 aiiil cattle. 
 
 Their grcated happinefs is in the roving life; and 
 thcv look upon their more fettled countrvmen as abjeCl: 
 lla\ts. They deep in tents or huts, which they pitch 
 in the evening in any fpot prefci ibed cither by fancy or 
 con\cnieiicc. Jhcfc mo\ cable habitations, which are 
 called ilhmns, from the Ihadc they alVord the natives, 
 arc of an oblong form, and differ in lizc according to 
 the number of the people who occupy them. They 
 arc covered with thell\ins ofbcafts, and fomcfupport- 
 cii by one pillar, fome by two, and others by three, 
 whiUl a lort of curtain or carpet, made of fkins, divides 
 the tent into feparate apartments. The pillars are flrait 
 poles, eight or ten feet high, and four or five inc -s 
 thick, fervingonly to fupjiort the tent; but being full 
 of hooks, the. natives hang 'jpon them their cloaths, 
 bafkcts, laddies, ^c. When they retire to flccp, they 
 la) thcnifches down upon a mat or carpet in the center, 
 or in a corner of the tent. Such as are married have a 
 corner of the tent diviticd ott'by a curtain. 
 
 The tents of thefe roving inlanders, though they 
 maybe llicltered from the weather, arc, notwithftand- 
 ing, attended with their inconveniencies; for the cold 
 and dews, to which the people arccxpoled, do not in- 
 commode half fo much as the tieas, vipers, fpidcrs, 
 and fcorpions. 
 
 I'hcy are under the government of an hereditary 
 chict, who, alliilcd by a few old men, determines all 
 debates, and puniib.cs offenders. If his conduci: proves 
 wunhy ol the approbation of his people, they revere 
 hini; if he be guilty of mal-adminiftration, they put 
 an end to his cxiHencc, and eled another of his family 
 in hi.s room. Thefe petty princes are filled Xerifs 
 and Imans, both of them including the ollices of king 
 and pried. 
 
 What they confumc in collcc, dates, rice, and to- 
 bacco, is bought with the butter ^ey take to the fron- 
 tiers, and with the ( alli they get by the yearly difpolal 
 of not lei's than 20,000 camels, many of which are lent 
 to IVrfia. 
 
 The Arabians retain feveral of the culloms and man- 
 ners we read of in facred as well as prophane hiflory, 
 being, if wc except their religion, the fame people 
 they were two or three thoufand years ago. U[)on 
 meeting one another, the) Hill ufe the primitive faluta- 
 i:»n of " Peace be unto you." Before the Mahometan 
 rnnqucfh, the cxprefTion was, " God prolong your 
 life." The inferiors, out of refpeCl and deference, kifs 
 the feet, knees, or garments of their fupcriors; whilll 
 the children and other kindred pay the fame rcfpeiit to 
 parents and relations. The poUure they obferve in 
 giving one another the falute, or aflemah, is laying the 
 right hand upon thc.breall; while others, who arc. 
 New 19. 
 
 perhaps, more intimately .irquainted, or of equal age 
 and dignity, muuially kifs the hand, head, or Ihoulder 
 of each other. 
 
 At the feart of their Bayram, and other great folcm- 
 nities, the wife compliment.': herhufband by kilTnig his 
 hanil. 
 
 It is nodifgrace here for people of the higheft charac- 
 ters to bufy tiicmfelveseven in the molt menial oflices. 
 Nor is the greatell prince or chief of thefe countries 
 nOiamed to turn drover or butcher, by bringing a Iamb 
 from his herd, and killing it; whillt his lady, or prin- 
 ccfs, makes a lire, and puts on a kettle to drcfs it. 
 
 Their food is rice, and any kind of Hclli, except that 
 of the hog: but they have always the blood drained 
 carefully from every vein of the animal when kdled. 
 1 heir moll delicious food is the Hefli of a young camel; 
 and fiir their bread, they makethincakes of flour.which 
 they bate upon an hearth. 
 
 They drefs their victuals by digging holes in the 
 earth, and then making a fire with whatever fuel they 
 can get, or with the dried dung of their camels. They 
 carry their water w ith them, loading their camels with 
 that neceffary article. 
 
 The w andering.Xrabs pique th'-mfelvcs on obferving 
 the flrictelt probity towards one .lothcr, and maintain 
 the character of humane, dilinteiefted, and beneliccnt 
 holth-, in their tents ; but, out of them, they are favage 
 and rapacious, committing continual depredations in 
 the different towns and villages. If thev are purfucd, 
 they mount each a camel or horfe, and make a precipi- 
 tate retreat, driving a whole troo|\ or rather herd, of 
 camels before them, loaded with plunder. 
 
 They frequently carry their incurfions to a great dif- 
 tance ; and Syria, Mefopotamia, Ferfia, and other parts, 
 are not uncommonly the fcenes of their depredations. 
 Mr. Ives, in his travels from Diarbekir, fays, " To- 
 day we joined a nation of wandering Arabs, with their 
 families and numerous flocks. The latter confilted of 
 the finefl: flieep, and mod hairy goats, I ever remember 
 to have feen. We wanted to buy fbme of them, but 
 could not fucceed. The Arabs were jull come from 
 the Armenian mountains." 
 
 The fame gentleman fays, " The Arabs are divided 
 into tribes; and, out of as many of thefe as pofTib'c, it 
 is advifeable, in crofting the dcfarts, to felect men : 
 for no tribe, of w hom you have a fmgle inan, will 
 hurt or moleft you. Or if you meet with any of their 
 fcouting parties, and can prevail with a (ingle one to 
 enter the tent, and drink coffee, or eat rice, or any- 
 thing, you will then be fafe from any inlulr, either from 
 them or their brethren ; it being an invariable maxim 
 with them never to molelt thole ftrangcrs they have 
 eaten and drank w ith. Should any out-party come up 
 with you, and hang back to their main b(xly, to com- 
 municate intelligence, even in that cafe, if one of your 
 men can make greater hafte, and throw himfelf at the 
 feet of their xerif, or prince, and implore protection, 
 you may reft alTurcdofyour life and property: for ano- 
 ther maxim with them is, that whofbever fliall fly to 
 rhe powerful, and fupplicate alliltance, has a right to 
 receive it." 
 
 The following is an account given of the reception 
 which fome European merchants met with from a tribe 
 of Arabs, wandering from country to country. " This 
 cxtcnfivc encampment of roving Arabs (fays the au- 
 thor) was under the command of a jjrince, whofe tent 
 was in the center: the reft were pitched about it; not 
 in a circular form, init extending in length as the plain 
 opened, for the convenience of a (tieam that flowed 
 through the encam[iment. As foon as the merchants 
 were alighted, who had previoully fent before them 
 fome native Arabs, they were conducted by Ibmc of 
 the prince's chief people to a larger tent pitched next to 
 his own, and the prince thenvifitcd them, giving them 
 a hearty welcome. In the evening a fupper was pro- 
 vided, confining of a diili of pilau, or boiled rice, and 
 feveral diflies of meat cxclulively. Next day a grand 
 entertainment was given by one of the prince's ngbles. 
 
 i\\\ 
 
 ■'1* ' 
 
 lilL 
 
 
 1 ij^.um^':'. 
 
no 
 
 A NEW. ROYAL avd AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 
 at which his hiphncfs attended, ns did the merchants. 
 The dinner, \\hith conliltcd <it two younix cairicls, a 
 difli oi eaiiiel'.s liones and loiip, and feveral dilhes ot 
 rice drefild various ways, was conducted with tolerable 
 decorum; though there were neither knives, forks, or 
 l[ioons; lingers alone being the indrunicnts made life 
 oi." 
 
 TIic life of an Arabian is one continued round of 
 idlencfs or diverlioii. When no palfime tails h'ln 
 abroad, he loiters in his. tent, fnioaks his pipe, or 
 ihctches hinil'elf under the ihaile of fomc tree. 1 !e 
 has no relilh t(>r doniellic pleafure, and feldoni ron- 
 vcrfes with his wife or children. He values nothinj^fo 
 much as his horle, being ftldoni fo well pleafed as when 
 he is hunting; and in this diverlion they are excellent; 
 for mod of them will hunt down a wild boar with 
 aHonilliing exjK-dition. 
 
 When they hunt the lion, great numbers of the na- 
 tives afVemble, who, lorniing thenifelvcs in a circle, 
 cnclofca large fpacc of ground, ot three, four, or five 
 miles in conipafs: then the people on foot advancing 
 iirll, rulh into the thickets with their dogs and fj-ears, 
 to roufethe game; while the horfenicn, keeping a little 
 behind, arc always ready to charge upon the lirll fally 
 ui' the heart. In this manner they proceed. Hill con- 
 trading their circle, till they at laft cither dofe together, 
 or nieet w ith game to divert them. 
 
 'i'hc accidental paltime upon thcfe occalions is fomc- 
 timcs very great; ti)r the feveral diti'ercnt forts of ani- 
 mals, fuch as hya:nas, hares, jackalls, ivc. that Happen 
 to lie within the compafs, being driven togethei.atrord 
 a variety of excellent ilivcrtion. 
 
 The iirlV perfon againll whom the lion flics receives 
 him on liis fpear, which furniflies the others with an op- 
 portunity of attacking him behind. The lion fuiding 
 himillf wounded in the rear, turns that way, w hich gives 
 tne tirlt man time to recover. Thus he is attacked on 
 all fides, till at lad they difable and difpatch him. 
 
 The eyes of a lion are always bright and fiery, and he 
 retains this afpecl of terror even in death. 
 
 'I'he roaring of the lion, when heard in the night, and 
 rc-ccchocd by the hills, refembles diftant thunder. This 
 roar is his natural voice; his cry of anger being a dif- 
 ferent growl, which is ihort, broken, and reiterated. 
 His cry of anger is alfo much louder, and more formi- 
 dable. He then laihes his lides with his long tail, anil 
 his mane feems to Hand like brillles round his head; 
 the mufcles of his face are greatly agitated, and his 
 huge eye-brows cover a great part of his glaring eye- 
 balls. It appears, however, from various accounts, 
 that the indignation of this animal is noble, his courage 
 magnanimous, and his difpoiition grateful. His cou- 
 rage is tempered with mercy; and he has been known 
 to fpare the weaker animals, as if they were bene.athhis 
 attention. 
 
 Fowling is a favourite divcrfion of the Arabs. They 
 do not fpring game w ith dogs, but ihadc thenifelvcs with 
 a piece of painted cloth, rtrctched u[H)n two reeds, and 
 w alk thus covered through the fev;.'ral brakes and avenues 
 where they expect to find game. In this painted 
 cloth are fe\era! holes for the fouler to look through, in 
 order tO()hfer\e uhat pallc!, hetoie him. The Iportf- 
 iiiaii, on light of jranic, refls his Ihade upon the ground, 
 and direcls the mu/./le of his gun through one of the 
 holes, and thus dilchargcs it. 
 
 We hnd very early in Arabia the women in high con- 
 iideration, and pollening privileges hardly inferior to 
 thofe which they enjoy in the moll enlightened countries 
 ol' Europe. They had a right, by the laws, to the en- 
 jo) nient of independent property by inheritance, by gift, 
 by marriage fettlemenr, or i>y any other mode of acqui- 
 lition. The wife had a regular dowir, which fhe was 
 to enjoy in full right, after the demife of' her hulbaiul; 
 and a kind of Hated allowance, which fhe might difpofe 
 of in her life time, or beciucath at her death, without 
 his knou ledge or confenr. 
 
 Marriage lettlemeni.^ and portions, given w ith daugh- 
 ters or lillers, appear to have been of great antiquity 
 
 in Arabia; for long before Mohammed, or Mahonu' 
 they hail refined fo much upon them, that it bccani' 
 common, where two nien were obliged togivegrer 
 fortunes with their neareli relations, to evade pavnicii 
 by making adouble marriage, one efpouling the vlaii'!,. 
 ter or filler of the other, or giving his daughter or liric- 
 in return. This praetice, probably with the view o: 
 encouraging alliances among diHeient tubes, or jm- 
 venting too much wealth from accumulating in parti- 
 cular families, Mahomet declared to be illegal in the 
 Alcoran. The fej)aiate property which the wife tiu 
 joyed, feems to have been the i)roiluce of fuch preflrin 
 as the bride received from her friends, or from he, 
 hufhand beli)re marriage. Thofeof the bridegroom had 
 no fixed medium, being proportioned to his atl'ection, 
 to his fortune, and often to his otlentation: for it was 
 cullomary to fend thofe prefents a liay or two hefdic 
 the nuptials, with great pomp, from his houfe to the 
 dwelling of the bride. 
 
 At th.' celebration of the nuptial rites in the ca'.^ 
 even upon ordinary occalions, it was ufual to thioM- 
 amongfl the populace, as the procellion moved aloii', 
 money, fweetmcats, ivc. which the people catchcd ii 
 cloths. The bride, on the day of marriage, was cn-i. 
 ducted with great ceremony to her hulband's hnuli.; 
 and, immediately on her arrival, (lie made him a va- 
 riety of prefents, cfpecially of houfchold furniture, \i itli 
 a fpear and a tent. 
 
 S E C 1 1 O N IV. 
 
 Prefeni Stale of the Sciences in /Irahin. Fe.it s of Sor- 
 cerers. Language. Commerce. 
 
 THE prcfent (late of the fcicnces in Arabia is r. 
 a very low ebb. The Arabs afford now no luoini- 
 ment of genius, noproducHonsof iiuUillry, that uuiiL' 
 them to any rank in the hillory of the human iniiui. 
 Phyfic, philofophy, aftronomy, and the mathematics 
 for which they were once fb famous, are fb lort to tiuni, 
 that fcarcely the traces of them arc remaining. \\V, 
 however, mull fay, that the prefent Arabs have (Irom; 
 intellects, and that nature has, in general, gi\ i thcnia 
 genius; but application and inclination are both \v.im- 
 ing to in\[irove it. 
 
 To remove a diforder, they frequently ufe chainn 
 and incantations, or leave it to contend w ith iiatuir. 
 They pour hot Irclh butter into limple and gun-lho: 
 wounds, and this remedy fometimcs fuccceds. An ap- 
 plication of the prickly pear, roalled in aflies, is good 
 in fuj^purations. 
 
 Time is in thcfe countries meafured by hour-glair^: 
 and in fomc parts of Arabia Petra'a they have calen- 
 dars, that were left them by their anccflors, w hich arc 
 rather curious, and in which the fun's place, the femi- 
 diurnal and nocturnal arch, the length of the twilit,'ht, 
 anij the hours of prayer, arc inferted in their protKT 
 columns, and calculated to a moment. 
 
 They now know little of algebra, or numerical arith- 
 metic ; though their ancellors furniflied us with the 
 characters of the one, and with the oame at Icall ot 
 the other: yet they have a way of reckoning, by [)iit- 
 ting their hands into each others flccves, and toiiching 
 one another with a certain joint or finger fo exprcllivc- 
 ly, that, without even moving their lips, they can con- 
 clude bargains or agreements. 
 
 There are fomc wife men, however, amongll them, 
 who, if you believe them, are fo fkilled in figures, as 
 to be able, by certain combinations of numbers, tc 
 form even the mod wonderful calculations. 
 
 Here too are fomc famous lirc-eatcrs and hrcafl- 
 thumpers, who both pietenil to forcery. The fbriTur 
 put burning wadding, and fuch fort of (tulf, into their 
 mouths; and the hutc; flrike their breads with laigf 
 iron pins ; and \ et neither of them receive any dania:,v 
 from thcfe adonilhing floats. 
 
 The language of thcfe [icoplc is Arabefk, a very co;- 
 
 rupt Arabic. The pure Arabic is only underdood bv 
 
 « 1 ' . ioiiie 
 
Or.RAPI fV. 
 
 ASIA.J 
 
 ARABIA. 
 
 foineof the fettled natives on the fca coalh, ami i> 
 jjii.rht in the fchools, as veil as iilcd in places of 
 
 xvorlliip. 
 
 The Arabian exportation of < u.Uc may he cftiiiiatcil 
 at twelve niillioi'.s five luini.lri\i ami lilcy tlioufaiid 
 weight. The Kiiroi)ean companies take off a million 
 and a half; the .Sue/ licet fix millions and a halfj the 
 IVrfuns three millions and a hall j Imioltan, th'.' Mal- 
 dives, and the Arabian colonics on thccoaP of Africa, 
 to,cX30i anil the cara\aiisa million. The cotfee piir- 
 (haled in the Kuropcans ami caravans is the hell that 
 cin be procured. And here wc cannot omit to men- 
 tion, that the roving Arabs raifea contrilnition on the 
 caravans. 'I Imfe which travel from Damar to Mecca 
 procure an uninterrupted journey for thecoiiliJcration 
 <)t an hundred and fitly thoufand livres, to which the 
 Grand Scignor is fubjectcd. 
 
 Mocha IS fup[)lied by Abyfllnia with nuifk, flieep, 
 elephants teeth, aiul flave.s ; by tiie callern coall of 
 Alriia, with gold, amber, ivory, and Haves; by the 
 PcrJian (iulph, with corn and tobacco; by Surat, with 
 linens; by Fondicherry and JJombay, with copper, lead 
 andiron, carried thither from Murope; and by Ma- 
 labar with rice, ginger, and . ther articles. None of 
 thefe branches of trade, however, thus carried on at 
 Moiha, can be Paid to be 'inder the managenK-nt of 
 the natives; the warehoufcs are occupied and regulated 
 by the Banians ol .Surat or Gu/urat. 
 
 To the p.ort of Joi'da (which is fitiiatcd near the 
 center of the CHilj.'h ol'Arabi.i, about 20 leagues from 
 Mecca, and where the (Jrand Scignor and the Xeritf 
 oi Mecca Ihare the authority and revenues between 
 them) Surat lends annually three lliips, laden with 
 lilks, cotton, linens, thaw Is, &:c. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 Rtl'igion of the Arahs. Prevalence of impoftiire andfu- 
 pcrftition. Tenets and ceremonies. Defcriptionofthe 
 pilgrimage to the icinple of Mecca. 
 
 Wl I'H rcfpc(fl to the religion of the ancient Arabs, 
 lome of them had more enlightened notions 
 ot tiie Deity than others ; fo that their worihip was 
 proportioned to their know ledge. 
 
 The celehrated Dr. Wells obllrves, " Chriflianity 
 Mas taught here by St. Paul and his difciples; fo that 
 it received the light of the gofpel very early; but, in 
 many parts it was much clouded, if not totally cclipfed, 
 long before the grand impollor Mahomet, their coun- 
 tryman, made his appearance; and upon their being 
 fiibducd by the Turks, they embraced his religion. 
 Bur, in more ancient days, they were idolaters : hence 
 Alixander the Great was induced to attem|)t thecon- 
 quedot them, that he might be woriliipixd by them 
 as a deity ; for though great numbers had an exalted 
 idea of one all-ruling omnifcicnt and oniniprefent Be- 
 ing, yet many had other tleities." 
 
 Many of the modern Arahs carry about with them a 
 paragraph of the koran, which they place ujwn their 
 brealls. or few under tlieir caps, toprevent fafcination; 
 fo addicted are they to fuperllition. 
 
 They have a great veneration for the Marabbats, who 
 arc deemed faints, ami arc pcrfons of a rigid and au- 
 ftere life, continually employing themfelves either in 
 counting over their beads, or clfe in prayer and medi- 
 tation. 
 
 So infatuated w ere thefe jjcople in favour of Maho- 
 met, that, on his death, they would not fuller the 
 dead body of the imiwdor to be interred, till Abube- 
 kcr, the fucceeding caliph, produced feveral pallagcs 
 from the koran, convincing the deluded multitude, 
 that, according to the nature of things, Mahomet 
 niufl be really and abfolutely dead. 
 
 The four fundamental points of religious practice 
 
 quired by the koran arc, prayer, giving of alms, 
 farting, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca. 
 
 211 
 
 Then? ii, purification performed bv rubbing, and 
 which is enjoined in fiftieth chapter of the koran. It 
 is called Al Tayamon, denoting properly the a^'tion of 
 taking any thing from the furlace, as fine land from the 
 lurface of the ea, th ; whence the parts of the body arc 
 fometimes rubbed with fine fand, inllead of being 
 walhcd with water. I he words of the koran arc, " If 
 yebe lick, or on a journey, or if ye have touched 
 women, and ye find no water, take fine clean fand, and 
 rub yourfelves thercw iih.'* 
 
 Helides thefe purifying ceremonies, there is the ce- 
 remony of circumcilion ; which, though not dircitly 
 required in the koran, is yet held by the Mahometans 
 ti)have ' r-n originally of Divine inflitution, and is 
 exercifed on children as foon as they arc able to pro- 
 nounce the profellion of their faith. 
 
 It is a maxim, too, with the mulTulmcn, that as 
 combing the hair, paring the nails, anil plucking out 
 the hairs of the arm-pits, are all jioints of cleanlinefs, 
 they are ellentially neiellary to internal purification; 
 and thefe therefore are looked upon as indilj)cnliblc 
 duties. 
 
 Kvery flricf and confcientious mufFulman performs 
 public prayer five times a day, in confei|iienceof the 
 Divine command pretended to have been given to Ma- 
 homet f()rthat purpofe : this he docs either in a molquc, 
 or in fomc other place that is clean, after a prefcnbed 
 form, and with a certain number of prailes or ejacu- 
 lations. 
 
 The mulTulmen of Mecca, when in a mofque, mufV, 
 when they pray, turn their faces towards the temple of 
 Mecca. 
 
 The Maliometans do not attend divine fervice in ele- 
 gant apparel, but drefs themfelves only with a becom- 
 ing and coniillent decency ; and are, for the niolV part, 
 predertinarians. 
 
 Of the article of prcdeftination the impoftor Ma- 
 homet made a very political ufe, efi)ecially at the battle 
 of Ohod, in which he was rcpulfed by the Coraifchitcs. 
 He calmed the minds of his party after their defeat, 
 by rcprefenting to them, that the time of every man's 
 death was decreed and predetermined by God ; and that, 
 therefore, thofcwho fell in the battle of Ohod could 
 not pollibly have lived had they flaid at home, for the 
 inevitable hour of their dilfolution was arrived. 
 
 There is annually a mort numerous and folemn pil- 
 grimage of the Mahometans to the Masjad-Al-Haran, 
 or Sacred Tempi'- of Mecca; which pilgrimage was 
 inftituted by Mah .net. 
 
 To this holy temple, in the ancient city of Mecca, a 
 prodigious concourfc of people refort. The temple ftands 
 in the center of the town, and hath a famous caaba, 
 or fquare flrufture, peculiarly hallowed, and fet apart 
 forworlliip: its door is of fiber, and a golden fpout 
 carries oifthc water from the roof. It is 24 cubits in 
 length, z\ in breadth, and 27 in height. On the north 
 fide, within a fcmicircular inclofure, is a celebrated 
 w hite ftonc, laid to be the fepulchre of Ilhmael, w hich 
 referves the water that falls from the golden fpout. 
 The caaba has a double roof, fupported within by oc- 
 tangular pillars, between which hang (il vcr lamps : the 
 outlide is covered with rich black damalk, adorned with 
 an embroidered band of gold, which is changed every 
 year, being provided by theCiiand Seignor. jull with- 
 out the inclofure, on the foutli, north, and uell fides 
 of the caaba, are tiiree buildings, in which three par- 
 ticular feds allemble to perform their dcvotir ,s. 
 
 To this antique and celebrated edifice the pilgrims, 
 in prodigious numbers, annually refort, when there is 
 a fair held for all forts ofmcrchandi/.e ; people, in crouds, 
 from dillerent nations, alfembling, to the amount ge- 
 nerally of not Icfs than 20,000, at which time even the 
 very vaults of mofques, and the caves of neighbour- 
 ing mountains, arc rtored with rich commodities, 
 
 It mull be obferved, that the holy temple is opened 
 four times in the year; but it is at the folemn fcaft of 
 the Bayram, or Ealler, when the grcateft multitude af- 
 fcmble, who purchafe relics of the old black damaflt 
 
 ' '' ,^ovcring. 
 
 '. 
 
 
 ;• m 
 
 till 
 
 'A 
 
 ^i\ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 1 ') i 
 
t » 
 
 A NIW. ROYAi. and AUTHENTIC SYSTKVl of UNI\ I-.RSAL GKOCRAPIfV. 
 
 I 
 
 £- 
 
 I 
 
 i'- 
 
 covering, previous to it» being fuccccded by a new 
 one •roin the CJrand Sctj^nor. 
 
 The pilf^rinis liounil to Meet. i ronmionly wirc.i 
 Tort of blatk ilo.ik, which is talUnid about the ntik 
 unha loH)^ hixjp, and hnii^',s I(H)rc behind. As ("oon as 
 they huvc ^'ot into the tity, they proceed to the holy 
 temple, and walk round ii ieveial times ; the three tirll 
 inav- quiek paee, to manitert their rcadincfs to 
 light tiir the true worlhipi>i' 'ioil. 
 " From the mountain of Mina tlie prieih deliver their 
 pious harangues, and afterwards in the vale make trelh 
 facritieis of Iheep, the Helh of which is I'llhibuted 
 among the poor. 
 
 'I'hevenot all'erts, that when he was in this part of 
 the globe, uowards of 6000 pcrfons belonging to one 
 earavandied in the rooii between C'^.i.o and Mecca, 
 by the hot winds, and other calanities ; and that the 
 trt'eds of fuch as die devolve to tl." priells. 
 
 As the northern Arabs owe fubjectior. to the Turks, 
 .UuJ are governed by bailiaws reliding aniongll them, 
 thcv receive conliilerable gratuities from the CIrand 
 Seignor, t()r jirottv ting the pilgrims from being plun- 
 dered by their coimtryincn. 
 
 Having had fre juent occafion to mention the arch 
 impollor Mahomet, we lliall now prefent our readers 
 vvitii on account ofthe life of that dillinguiflied h\po- 
 critc, which »c fliall conclude with the hiflory of the 
 ca!i|'hs, his fucccflbrs; and then proceed to a liefcrip- 
 tion of fuch of the cities of Arabia as arc worthy at- 
 tention. 
 
 S E C T I O N \ I. 
 
 Manoirs of tic Grand Impcjlor Aluhomet, from lis Rirlb 
 to his Death. 
 
 THAT fingular charadcr Mahomet, or Mahomed, 
 as Ibleil by the Arabians, was born at Mecca, in 
 tile fixth century, in the reign of JulUnian XI. emperor 
 of Conllaiitinoplc. Mahomet, though illiterate, and 
 of mean birih, poirdfcd a moll llirewd underllanding. 
 Ho was left an orjihan at about eight years of age; and 
 Abutelcd, his uncle, took him under his care. Till 
 the age of twenty he lived with his uncle, who wa.->a 
 factor, and afterwards entered into the fervice of a 
 wcalthv merchant, who dying, Mahomet made his ad- 
 d relies to Cadiga, his widow, and married her. 
 
 Iluring the time he was in the ferviceof his uncle, 
 Mahomet travelled into S)ria, PalelUne, and Egyjit, 
 where he made particular oblervations on the great va- 
 riety of religious feds, whole antipathy againft each 
 other feemcd inveterate, at the fame time that, in ma- 
 nv points, the majority ot them evidently concurred. 
 
 He continued his commercial connections for fomc 
 years w ith great fucccf aft<rr his marriage w ith Cadiga, 
 but at the fame time s forming a project of inllitu- 
 ting a new fylKm of eligion, more general than any 
 which had hitherto been eftahliflicd. 
 
 As Mahomet well knew the geniu;; of his countrv- 
 men, he entertained the moll fanguinc hopes of fuccei's. 
 He was aware that the Araiiians >\ere fond of novelty, 
 and that they were addieleii toilluiions and ciuhuliafm. 
 
 He v\ as powerfully aided in his grand deliga by Scr- 
 gius, a monk, who, being of loofc morals, hadrilin- 
 quillied his cloilier and profellion, and was a fervant 
 iintler Cadiga, at the time that Mohomet married her. 
 '1 liis monk was exceeding well calculated, by his eru- 
 dition, to fupply the ttelects of his illiterate malkr. 
 When the latter hail maturely weighej the chief arti- 
 cles of the worlliip he intended to eltabhih, he made a 
 beginning in hi-, own family; and, fenlible that no re- 
 ligion would be looked upon as true without fome fanc- 
 tion, lus lirll rtep was to make his wife Cadiga believe, 
 that he had an intimate corrcfpondence with heaven. 
 
 In order to bring this about, he made an artlid ufe 
 of an inlirniiiy to which he was fubjcct, viz. the epi- 
 Icpfy. V\ heiievtr lie was attacked w ith fits, he ufed to 
 caution Cadiga not 10 lorm any erroneous opinion of 
 the convullivc flate in which llic liiw him; for that. 
 
 fo far from being a calamit) , it was a bicfling froii' 
 heaven; that thtfe fits were trances, info which la «, 
 miraculoully throw nbv tlie Divine Bein;;, andilurm/ 
 which he received inltruetions from him ; which ii. 
 lUui'tions he was ro makepubli( to the foiis of nun 
 
 I lis w iti', either really believing, or atleLtin'' to be- 
 lieve, this curious llory, propagated a rejiorr hat lirr 
 hiitband was infpireil: and the impoflur, liv.iiirver 
 abllemioiifly, aki]uired a character l^lrl\lpcrior^;^^ai[^ 
 tiiroughout his neighlM)urhood. The vulgar implicit! 
 bclieveil that hereally heldconverfe with the Alnii.'hr 
 and they looked u[X)n his epilejitii fits as an incoiiuili 
 ble evidenie t)f his infpiration. In a little time Mu 
 homen boldl) iledarevl himlVlf a prophet lent by(i,i,| 
 intothe world to teach his will, and to coiniH'l man- 
 kind to pay obedience to ir. 
 
 I lis difi iples rapidly incrcaling, th'j magifl rates m 
 Mecca thought it highly cxpeilient to cxercil: tin 
 authority on this occalion, and fii-nilied a dcii.-ii . 
 bringing Mahomet before thim. '1 he latter, howcx,, 
 being foon apprized of their intention, made his tit a . 
 in the night, acconipanied by many of his deluded i-n . 
 I)le, to whom he made very eloquent and pathetic \y,\. 
 rangiies, toucliing the obllacles railed by the w ilis c • 
 Satan, to the propagation of thofe tenets that had bei 1 
 revealed to him. 
 
 The ignorant people, captivated with the forre. 
 his language, devoted themiclves entirely to his wu 
 with ort'ers of facrificing their all in delencc of lu;.. 
 and his doctrine. 
 
 Mahomet, thereii.re, finding hinifclf verv fonnitl.i. 
 ble, and fecure in tiie attachment of the foli.licr\ ;i, 
 well as others, meditated an attack uiion .Met (a. Hk 
 followers approval of his delign ; and accordin'ilv \ • 
 fent forth a conliderable force under the commanj of ' 
 one Hamza, an un< Ic of his, and whom he thoihv.t 
 worthy of his confidence, in conlideration of the /,i;il 
 the latter had fliewn liir his doctrine. Ham/.a, who, 
 to the blindelV zeal, joineil the moft confummatenj. 
 tiiral bravery, marched at the head of a nunuio> ; 
 boily, and laid liege to Mc ca, but was repulfed wiih 
 conliderable lofs. 
 
 This repulfe, however, was fo far from difconccriiii!' 
 the beliegers, that it fpurred them on to the refiiliuina 
 of a fecond attack. 'I'hey improved themiclves v.\ the 
 military art with the utmoft aliiduity. 
 
 They began their march for Mecca a feconil tinn-, 
 and on their road they fell in with a caravan of Co. 
 raifchites, whom they furioudy attacked, i!eli:Unl, 
 plundered, and killed thofe who refilled to '■mhrace the 
 doctrine of their leader, who then proceeded o;i to 
 Mecca, and forced that city to fui render. Blithe 
 was afterw ards deieated at the battle of Ohod. 
 
 Abu Solian, is im[)lacable enemy, having put Iiiii;- 
 fclf at the head of the Coraifchites, caiifed his trodfu 
 to advance tow arils Meilina, and poUefled himfeliof 
 Mount Ohod, dirtant .iboiit lour miles from that nrv. 
 Mahomet inaiie a moll furious attack ujio- hini, ro 
 drive luiii trom his |ioft, and, in the beginning ot ih.' 
 action, obt.iined fome fmall advantage; but bem^ 
 wounded, was obliged to quit the field. His fiillowns 
 finding their leader had dclerted them, were llrui k 
 with a general panic, and a terrible llaiighter cnfucJ ; 
 the vic'tors perpetrating the mofl: horrid cruelties on il c 
 vanquill.ed. Nlihomer, however, had recourfe toliu 
 dtlulive arts to lilence the complaints of his inlatuawl 
 ailherents, w ho, lealTlimingt heir arms, obtained impor- 
 tant conquells oxer their opponents, fb that the inipel- 
 tor, encouraged thereby, turned his force againll the 
 jews, fei'/.ed feveral of their towns, ami, amonirii 
 others, Kaibar, one of the flrongefl; bur, after that, 
 had like to have met with death. Having taken up 
 his lodgings at the iioufe of one of the principal citi- 
 '/ens, whole name was H.ireth, among other things a 
 I^oilbncd Ihouider of mutton was fervedup at table, ot 
 which he eat, and was ibon tak:'n ill. I'roper reniedit^ 
 were, however, applied, and his life preferved, though 
 the poilon was never totallj- eradicated. Who coninut- 
 teJ this atrocious ollencc nobody then knew. I low- 
 ex er, 
 
U.MMIY. 
 
 wa.i a blcdlng fnMii 
 rrs.into wliith he «„, 
 inc Ikin'!, aiul ilurin,- 
 from him j which iii- 
 1 to tht foils of men. 
 ng. or alKfi:;liiy to he- 
 /attil a rrpor hat hrr 
 ilDpodor, liv.n;;; Very 
 !tT torriipc'riorllinctit/ 
 The vii|j;ar imphcitly 
 rli-withthfAlmij^hti; 
 ic- fits an an incomdlu 
 
 In a littli- time M,. 
 
 .» prophet fint l)y{;,„| 
 
 aiul to coiiipil 111.(11- 
 
 injr, the- map;! draffs of 
 lii-nt to cxernl- their 
 
 liiTnifu'd a (Iciij^ri v( 
 . The latter, howewr, 
 iition, maile hi-i tfcae 
 inyofhisdtluiieii pciu 
 liient and pathetj/ ha- 
 
 railed by the wiles of 
 I'e tenets that had been 
 
 tatcd with the force of 
 es entirely to his will, 
 all in defence of him 
 
 hinifiirvcry formith- 
 lent of the foldierv a; 
 ack upon Men a. Hii 
 1 ; and acconhnv;lv hi; 
 nuler the commaaJof 
 iiid tt hom he thouj^iu 
 nfiderntion of the ■/.a\ 
 trine. Ilan\/.a, who, 
 moft confumniatc na- 
 head of a nuineroDS 
 but was repulfed with 
 
 far from difconecriing 
 III on to the refiiiutioii 
 >ved thcmfelves in the 
 luity. 
 
 Mecca a fecond time, 
 
 ith a caravan of Lo- 
 
 y attacked, lieliatcd, 
 
 etuled to '■nibracc the 
 
 hen proi ceded on to 
 
 to 111 I render. Hut lie 
 
 ttleof Ohod. 
 
 my, haviiifr put hini- 
 
 ites, canfed his troops 
 
 d ponill'ed hinifelfof 
 
 r miles from that citv. 
 
 attack upo" him, to 
 
 the beginning of the 
 
 idvantage; but bcins^ 
 
 c field. I lis follow trs, 
 
 L\l thcni, were llriiik 
 
 ble ilaughter enfueJ; 
 
 lorrid cruelties on the 
 
 •r, had recourll' toliH 
 
 aintsof his inl;uiia\'J 
 
 arms, obtained impor- 
 
 iits, fo that theinijir!- 
 
 lis Ibrcc .igainll the 
 
 towns, and, amon!?'!' 
 
 iS;ert; bur, after that, 
 
 1. I laving taken up 
 
 of the principal citi- 
 
 among other things a 
 
 i fcrvcdup at table, o1 
 
 1 ill. Proper renicdif 
 
 life preferved, though 
 
 cated. W ho comniif- 
 
 y then kneu. IIo«- 
 
 cvcr, 
 
 .\SI.\.] 
 
 fvcr, after his death it was oifcovcrcd that Zainab, 
 viaughter of I lareth, had given him the jxiifon on this 
 principle, that if he was the i^eat i)rophet he pretended 
 to lie, the poifon couiii ha\e no i fleet on him. 
 
 I'art of the |ioilbn hirkmg in his body, notuiihlland- 
 ini; many reineilies had been apjilied, he, at intervals, 
 wa-; much indif(X)leil. This, hoM ever, did not [irevcnt 
 him from piirfiiing the vii'fory of his arms. He 
 inarched againft"the (Ireeks, and lighted up the t'uW 
 fiwrk of that fatal «ar whiclihis followers forigoroully 
 tarried on for feveral centuries. 
 
 Mahomet delegateil the command of this war to an 
 imrepiii general, named Knled VValid, who, after a 
 repulle at lirll from the enemy, atreniled with the lofs 
 (if niolV of his ollicers, had recourle to the arts of his 
 mafler, and thereby infpired his nien with fuch an en- 
 thiifiafiic ardour, that they fell furioiilly upon the ene- 
 niv, and obtained a complete vidtory. 
 
 After the above battle Mahomet went in pilgrimage 
 III Mecca, atteniled by a vafl contourfe of Miiliulmcn. 
 The pompand magnifuencc hcdifplayed in his journey, 
 and the furreptitious (hew of religion with which he 
 vifitcd the Caaba, made a p-reat imprellion on the inha- 
 bitantsof Mecca, and cfpei iallv the Coraifchites, num- 
 bers of w hom embraccil his religion. The example of 
 thefc, however, did not fediice the reft of the Coraif- 
 thite tribes. They, on the contrary, broke the truce 
 that had been made, and gave Mahomet battle, but 
 were totally defeated; and fuch as did not, in confe- 
 i^uence of this defeat, embrace his religion, were maf- 
 lacred on the fpot. 
 
 Mahomet then catifed himfelf to be acknowledged 
 fovereign of Mecca: and the beginning of the year fol- 
 lowing, which was the eighth of the Hegira, fome few 
 fcattered dillidents, who had efcaped the fword of the 
 tyrant, contrived, with great judgement and diligence, 
 to form a confiderable party, and, as loon as they fiiund 
 thcmfelves fufliciently formidable, took the field, ra- 
 \aging many of thnfe parts that had fubmittcd to his 
 power. 
 
 The tyrant, enraged at the infolencc of this prc- 
 Aimptuous taction, put himlllf at the head of his forces, 
 and marched to give them battle. Accordingly a 
 bl(Hxiy engagement enfued, at a place called Honaim, 
 in which the troops of Mahomer, though fiipcrior in 
 number to the enemy, were vigoroiilly repulfed; upon 
 which, flying to the yielding ranks, and re-animating 
 them with his perfoiiat courage, he rallied them, and 
 obtained a moll decitivc victory. 
 
 Mahomet then caufcd himftlf to be acknowledged 
 fovereign of all Arabia. He dcftroyed all the idols 
 and monuments of paganifm, and fullered no other re- 
 ligion to be profefl'ed but his ow n. 
 
 He now made a fecond pilgrimage to Mecca, conll- 
 derably more folemn and magnificent than the firll, anti 
 performed all the ceremonies with great appearance of 
 devotion. He erected courts of juftice, appointed 
 pro|)er officers, and conllituted a pontiff or high prieft. 
 I ie no longer appeared the ilreailiul conqueror, but the 
 mild Icgillator, and the Arabians were fbon reconciled 
 to ins go\ernment. 
 
 Mahomet took a proper advantage of this general 
 tranquillity, flreiv.^thened his armies, and exercifed 
 them himfelf; and the good policy of fuch precaution 
 was foon apparent: for the (ireeks, who ill brooked 
 the dilgrat e they had IlilVered, refolved on revenge, and 
 .idvanced to Balka, a city on the frontiers of Syria. 
 Mahomet, at the head of 30,000 men, went to meet 
 them: but the (Jreeks, alarmed at lb numerous an ar- 
 my, thought proper to retreat; and theimpoflor fpent 
 the remainder of the year, which was the loth of the 
 Hegira, in reviling the feveral laws he h.id made tbr 
 the government of the fUte. I Fc then made his third 
 and lalt jiilgrimagc to Mecca, which far exceeded the 
 two Ibrmcr in pomp and magnificence. Some of the 
 iii'ifV conliderable perfons in Arabia accompanied him ; 
 and his wives ( for he had more than one ) alio attended 
 him in llately litters, borne b\' camels. 
 No. 20. , A 
 
 ARABIA. 
 
 2'.1 
 
 To infpirc the ptople w ith the mod aw lul venemtioti 
 (or his doe'lrin.-, and at the fame time to evince to them 
 that he was the fiipr^ine hean as well in fpirituals as 
 tern|M)rals, he now (lerformed the ollii e of [xintilf hiin- 
 lell J preached in the temple, anu concluded his ha- 
 rangue with the proportion of new regulations, wliicli 
 he afterwards publifbrd, toiu hing the rites and ccrc- 
 nioniisof the newly ellablilhecl religion. 
 
 Hecaufed feveral camels to be llaiii, and ollV'-ed ai 
 lacrifices, which feflival was concluded by a general 
 farewell that he t(K)k of the people. I Ie now found his 
 health much on the decline, 'i'lie (xiifon that he had 
 fw allowed fbme years before, operated with greater 
 violence than ever. He perceived that his diflblution 
 was not far off. 
 
 On his return to Medina, his illnefs confidcrably in- 
 rrcafing, he repaired to the houfe of Ailka, who was 
 his favourite wife, and there dicvl at the age of (ixty- 
 three. \ ie was buried at Medina ; ib that the opinion 
 which fome have maintained, that his body was placed 
 in a feiiulchre at Mecca, is entirely erroneous, 
 
 Mahomet, with the advantage of an engaging conn- 
 lenance, and well proportioned figure, polfelfed a moft 
 comprehenfive genius, and a firmnefs of Ibul ever ca- 
 pable of combating the greateft difficulties. Stedfafl 
 and refolute in the purluitofthemolV amazing projecfs, 
 he w as potlcfled of the means of procuring luccels. His 
 deep penetration, his excellent ludgcment, his never- 
 failing courage, his unwearied perfeverance, and re- 
 fined lagacity, fupported and directed him to a ftateof 
 profperity and triumph inalinoll every thini^he under- 
 took. \ Ie nuide no fcruple of acknowleilging that he 
 had not received .iny education, though principal ac- 
 thor of' the Koran. He was, however, :ic of the 
 fineft and moll eloquent fpeakers in the w hole country. 
 He had not only a very good memory and lively con- 
 ception, but was of a chearful and even temper. He 
 could fuit himfelf to all times, circumftances, and dif- 
 pofitions. He was as familiar with the nobility, as he 
 was popular with the commonalty, and could lend an 
 ear of real (or afteifted) coinmiferation to the fupplica- 
 tions of the diftrelfed. 
 
 It may not be unworthy of remark here, that after 
 the decitive battle of Honaim, w hen Mahomet made a 
 fecond pilgriiiuage to Mecca, a poet, who had feverely 
 lampooned him, folicited the honour of being intro- 
 duced to him, that he might repeat fome verfes he had 
 written in his praife; for the face of things was now 
 coiifiderably changed. Theconquerorcould not fc:get 
 the feverity with which he had been treated by the poet : 
 to iliew refentincnt, however, wtiuldhave been a de- 
 gradation of dignity ; he therefore granted him pcr- 
 million to approach. The poet came trembling to his 
 new fovereign, and on his knees imploring forgivenefs 
 for the rafh freedom he h.ad taken in his fiuires, began 
 to pronounce his verfes, being encouraged theretc by 
 the mildnefs and complacency that fat on his counte- 
 nance. The verfes were fo mallerly, fo graceful, pa- 
 thetic, culogical, and elegant, that Mahomet not only 
 moft freely and readily pardoned him, but prefented 
 him with a rich mantle from olf his own back, and 
 which he himfelf placed on the back of the poet. So 
 lingular and diftinguiftied an honour immortalized 
 Caab, (for fuch was the poet's name,) who wore it till 
 his death, with all the exulting pride and ambition 
 natmal to a human being on fo remarkable, fb memor- 
 able, and fo great an occalion. 
 
 As Mahomet died without male ifTue, and had not 
 nominated any fucceflbr, dilVerent p.. tics roic, claim- 
 ing an exclufive right of ap[iointing one. Abubcker, 
 however, who had always been the friend of peace and 
 good order, propofed two pcrlbns, Omar and Abou- 
 Obcid, for their choice of one of them: but this pro- 
 pofition created ftili greater divifions, and the clc'tion^ 
 I villained iindetermined, till Omar, to the aftoniftiment 
 of every perfon prefent, addreifed himfelf to Abubeker, 
 and killing hishanit,delired that he (Abubcker) would 
 atiiiiiie the fovereignty himft-lf. The latter was ac- 
 H h li ' cordingly 
 
 I I 
 
 i %i 
 
 b 1 
 
 f:,l, 
 
 4 
 
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVER?;AL GEOGR API IV. 
 
 214 
 
 cordingly chofcn aniidll ihc ai.claiT>ations of the aircm- 
 bly : but lie icfufcd, from an inviolable veneration to 
 the memory cf his late mailer, to take on him the title 
 of fovercign, chilling that of Caliph, iignifying_/ttff(;^cr ; 
 which was afterwards the title of all who reigned over 
 the Arabs. 
 
 Abubcker reigned only two years, during which 
 time he made himfelf mailer of part of Syria. 
 
 On the death of Abiibekcr, Omar was elected caliph 
 without oppofition, having been nominated by his pre- 
 dcccflbr. This monarch complcatcd the conquell of 
 Syria, and marching his army into Egypt, reduced that 
 country. He loll his life by alfallination, the particu- 
 lars of which are as tijllow. A native of 1\] lia, named 
 Eirouz, refuting to embrace Muhoinetifm, a tax was 
 levied upon him ; upon which he made his corrplaints 
 to the caliph, foliciting that the tax might be taken oti", 
 or at leaft retrenched, as he was incapable of paying it. 
 " What trade do you follow?" faid Omar. The man 
 replied that he had three. " Very well (added the ca- 
 liph) then you are taxed very moderately." Firouz, 
 however, w' polleired a mofl: wicked vindictive foul, 
 c iceiedtheii. |'jea few days afterwards while the caliph 
 V us there, and took an opportunity of ftabbinghim in 
 three different parts of his body with a knife. Inftantly 
 the w retch was furrounded ; but he defended himfelf 
 with the bloody inftrument, and ftabbed thirteen 
 others, fevcn of whom died in a few hours. Frcfli ef- 
 forts, however, were made to fecure him; and the af- 
 faliin at length difcovcring he fliould be ovcrjiowcrcd, 
 plunged the kniie into his own boAels, and expired. 
 
 On the death of Omar, Othman fucceeded to fhe ca- 
 liphlhip. He was all") affallinated, as was likewife his 
 fuctcn'or, Hali, who left two fons.on theeldeft ofwhom 
 the Arabians bellowed the crown. 
 
 Haffan, fon and fucceffor of Hali, after a reign of 
 only about lix months, abdicated his rljronc in favour 
 of Moawivah, who was the firft of the dynafty of the 
 Ommiyans, fo called from Ommiyah, the head of that 
 prince's family. As foon as this prince was firmly 
 fcated on the throne, he adopted meafures to render 
 il e dignit) of caiiph hereditary w hich had been before 
 elective, and fucceeded in his dclign. His crown 
 defcendcd to his Ion, and afterwards to the reft of his 
 pollerity. 
 
 Thatdynafty of princes maintained themfelvcs w ith 
 great glory for fourteen fucceflions. The houfe of 
 Ommiyah, however, was deflroyed by the Abballians, 
 princes fo denominated from their being defcendcd 
 from Abbas, uncle of Mahomet. They took up arms 
 againft the Ommiyans, under pretence of revenging the 
 death ofHali, \vhon\ they alledgcd, had been murder- 
 ed by them, and Abul Abbas was accordingly pro- 
 claimed caliph. 
 
 Abdallah, uncle of Abul Abbas, caufed an act of 
 grace to bepubliilied, in the caliph's name, for all the 
 Onimi;. ans who Ihould appear before him, and take the 
 oaths of allegiance to the new caliph. A day was Hxed 
 lor the meeting of th.e chiefs or princes, and Abdallah 
 attended them ; but while he was preparing to tender 
 the oaths, a party of foldiers, appointed for the pur- 
 pofe, drew up behind them, and deftroyed them all on 
 the fpot, except one, w ho eftaped, and fled to Spain. 
 Immediately after this barbarous deed, the foldieispuf 
 to thl- fworda great number of Muilulmen, known to 
 he dc oicd to the houfe of Ommiyah: and Abdallah 
 liaving put an end to the flaughter, completed his 
 bloody tranfadions with a moll horrid cntertamir.^nt. 
 
 The above infernal monller caufed the bodies o** the 
 Ommivans, who had been Ihuightercd by the foldiers, to 
 bcplaci d dole to one another, and covered « ith b lards, 
 over which he ordered carpets to be laid j and upon 
 this H(Kiring, formed by dead carcafes, he gave a fumj)- 
 tuous leall to the officers of the army. " Perhaps ( (iiid 
 he) all of them may not be quite ilead : in that cafe we 
 Ihali have theh.Tppinefs to hear them groan." 
 
 Such was the beginning of the reigh of Abul Al;ba>;, 
 who, however, did not enjoy the throne long; for he 
 
 was fei/ed with the fmall pox, died at the agcofci..[i. 
 teen, and was fucceeded by his brother, Abul CJialici 
 furnameil Alman/.or, or Victorious. 
 
 Almanzor built the city of Bagdad, which was the 
 capital of the empire till the race of Abbas became ex- 
 tinct; on which account the Abballians have been com- 
 monly called caliphs of Syria. 
 
 The Abbaflians, who lliled themfelves thetrue chil- 
 dren of the houfe of Mahomet, pollllled the diadeni 
 for more than 500 \ears, under (7 princes. Durinir 
 their reigns, part of their empire was at ieveral tinio! 
 granted away ; and the territories thus difmemi)er.d 
 were ereCteil into as many ilynallics. Of thcfe ucrc 
 the Thaherians and the Soffarides, who reigned in 
 Perfia, Tranfoxtana, and Turkellan ; as alfo the I'ho- 
 lanides and Afchidians, who ruled Egypt under the 
 title of the fultans; though at the fame time thev ac- 
 knowledged the fupremacy of the caliph of Bagdad. 
 The Afchidians were fucceeded by the I'atimites, who 
 pretending to be the true and riglitful fucceflbrs of 
 Mahomet, as defccnded from Hali by Eatima, alFu- 
 mcd the title of caliph. 
 
 After the extinction of the Fatimites, a new dynaHv 
 arofe, called Gengiflonians, from Gengilkan, their 
 founder. This prince, who became highly renowned 
 on account of the rapidity of his exploits, put himfelf 
 at tlie head of an army of Moguls and Tartars, and 
 foon conquered an immenfe track of land. His fucccf- 
 fors, who inherited his bravery, as well as his antipathy 
 to Muflulmen.added to their crown almolf all the llatc? 
 which had been fei/.cd by the princes of the other dv- 
 naflies, and at length, made themlelves mailers of IJaL'- 
 dad, malFacred the caliph and his rjuldren, and, liv 
 their deaths, put a final end to the ilhiftrious houfe of 
 Abbas, w hich had fat on the throne fur upwards of :;oj 
 years. At this period the hillory of the caliph.s pro. 
 perly concludes ; for we cannot include, among the cn- 
 liphs, Ahmed, who was three years afterwards pro- 
 claimed caliph by the Mamalukes of P'gypc, under the 
 name of Modanzer Billah. They calleii him the foil 
 of Duller Ben NalFer, the Aballian; and Bibars, who 
 was then fultan of the Mamalukes, caufed him to he 
 recognized in Egypt ; fo that a fccond ilynally of .\h- 
 baflians was formed, if the name of dynally can be al- 
 lowed to a race of princes who were only looked upon 
 merely as the heads of the church. This preteinlnl 
 dynally fublilled til! the end of the reign of the Mama, 
 hikes, in the 92;{d year of the I legira, and 1 517th of 
 the Chrillian ;na; whenSelim the Eirft, emperor el 
 the Ottoman Turks, annexed all Egypt to his empire 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 De/iiiption cf the chief Cities of /Irahia, and of the 
 Mofque and Tcmb of Mahomet in Medina. 
 
 MECCA, the capital of Arabia, and birth-place of 
 Mahomet, is lituatcd ina valley, and furround- 
 ed by mountains, from whence the Hone of which it is 
 built was taken. It is about two miles in length, and 
 a mile broad. The temple is in the middle of the 
 town, and is called Masjad Al Haram, or, The Sacred 
 Temple. The houfes here make no great figure; nor is 
 it a place of any llrength, not having any kind of forti- 
 fications. The principal lo[iport of the city is the 
 great concourfe of pilgrims who come hither. The 
 Xcrifof Mecca generally reltdcsathis cidlh oI'Marhaa, 
 about three miles dillaiit : his troops are entirely iiil.ui- 
 try, called Al I larrabah. There arc fcarce any Ipriiigs 
 in or about this city, except the Zetiizem, the watiis 
 of \i hich cannot be drank tor any continuance, being 
 rather brackilh, and cauling eruptions in thole who 
 drink too freely of it ; fo that the inhabitants arc forced 
 to life rain water cat( lied in cillerns. Many attempts 
 have been made to coinev water to the cii) by mciiis 
 of aqueiluCis, but have all proved ineffectual. 
 
 M(i( ha isalaiin-, populous trading city and fea-porr, 
 lituaf.'d at the enirancc of the Red Sea. It contains 
 
 •J about 
 
 ASIA.j 
 
 ahout 1000 inhabitants 
 are great numbers of 
 livcinthcfiiburbs. 1 
 .1 wall, has four gates, a 
 mounted with cannon, 
 Itrccts are fpacious, ai 
 ilone, confirting of tw 
 tops. The fliops are 
 llored with all forts of 
 mially the great (liip M 
 nor, laden with the rid 
 back fpices, filks, calli' 
 Caravans alfoarrive her 
 The port of Mocha is 
 each point of which is ; 
 liirce miles from each 
 of commerce of this cit 
 Iktcl-fagui, in the terri 
 more than a mean villa 
 Ycncn drove the Turl 
 trade principally to ihi 
 
 Aden is a large and 
 6000 inhabitants, and 
 till its trade was chi 
 iituated between the P 
 Aden is fo called, accc 
 liiunder Aden, the fon 
 liani. It is furioundci 
 vhich are fortified wii 
 aqueduct conveys wai 
 aliout half a mile fro: 
 hni'.dfomc he fcs, with 
 and the place is well l"e 
 tioii, and proper forti 
 mailers of this city, tli 
 with their u'ual cruelty 
 coii...:'"'cd further aCh 
 of Yenen extirpated tl 
 
 Medina, which is 1 
 Sea, ib Iituated in a pi; 
 britk. Here are the 
 The mofque is fuppori 
 \.\x\\ 300 lilver lamps, 
 iiii/;. Near the tomb t 
 Abiiheker. 
 
 Medina has feveral 1 
 Mahomet is Itiled the 
 general low; aiiii thisc 
 
 Mahomet's tomb, 
 the magnificent moli] 
 cd with a grand cupol 
 is a kind ^f tower, cov 
 its Hodiing is thrown 
 the 11 lib is enrichec 
 fizc and beauty. Ov( 
 crcllcnt, fo curioully 
 precious tlones, that it 
 is I ii\ered with ;irich 
 uli n is a canopy oi 
 fnmi the bafliawof Jv 
 nor, with the great el 
 of a camel ; which ai 
 from it, and is nevei 
 drudgery. 
 
 S E C 
 
 Defcription of the 
 
 AS Palmyra is fitu; 
 any common 
 noi's protection, there 
 tall fo difficult as a^ 
 ever, into the ruins ol 
 the ingenious Mr. U 
 Mr. W ood, and Mr. 1 
 before the defign wa 
 lourth ptrfon who hai 
 
 .««yysAirV M.'- 
 
 ■Bii 
 
ASIA.j 
 
 about 1000 inhabitants, moftl) Mahometans: and here 
 arc great nunihcrs of Jews; but thcfc arc obliged to 
 live in the fiiburbs. The tiiy, u hith is fiirroLindcd by 
 n wall, has four gates, and feveral towers, fonieof thcin 
 mounted with cannon, and garrifoned by foldiers. The 
 ttrccts are fpacious, and the houfes built of brick or 
 jlont, confirting of two ilorirs, with terraces on the 
 tops. The fliops are judicioudy built for trade, and 
 Itored with all forts of commodities. Here arrives an- 
 miaiiy the great fliip Manfouri, lent by the Grand Seig- 
 nor, laden with the richeft merchandizes, and carrying 
 back fpices, filks, callicoes.and other valuable articles. 
 Caravans alfoarrivc here yearly from Turkey and Egypt. 
 The port of Mocha is formed by two flips of land, on 
 each point of which is afortrefs, at thedillance of about 
 three miles from each other. A confiderable branch 
 of commerce of this city iscoifee, which is cultivated at 
 Iktcl-fagui, in the territory of Venen. Mocha was no 
 more than a mean \ illage of fiiliermen, till the king of 
 Ycnen drove the Turks from Aden, and removed its 
 trade principally to the above-mentioned city. 
 
 Aden is a large and populous city, containing about 
 6000 inhabitants, and was a place of prodigious refort 
 till its trade was chiefly removed to Mocha. It is 
 licuated between the Perlian Gulph and the Red Sea. 
 Aden is fo called, according to the Arabians, from its 
 fncndcr Aden, the fon of Saba, and grandfon of Abra- 
 ham. It is furrounded by mountains, the funmiits of 
 which are fortified with cannon, anc' from which an 
 aqucducl conveys water into a cap.icious refervoir, 
 about half a mile from the city. There arc many 
 huidfome lid Ccs.with terraces on their tops, in Aden; 
 and the place is well fecurcd by its advantageous fitua- 
 tioM, and proper fortifications. The Turks became 
 nialicrs of this city, through treachery, in 1538, and. 
 ttith their u'ual cruelty, hung up the prince of it. They 
 colli. .■.'"'cd further acts of inhumanity, till the prince 
 of Yenen extirpated tlum, 
 
 Medina, which is about fifty miles from the Red 
 Sea, is fituatcd in a plain, and furrounded by a wall of 
 biiik. Here are the mofque and tomb of Mahomet. 
 The mofque is fupported by 400 pillars, and fupplied 
 ivith 300 tilver lamps, which are kept continually burn- 
 iii!,^ Near the tomb of Mahomet is alio the tomb of 
 Abiibeker. 
 
 Medina has fevcral other grand mofques, but that of 
 Mahomet is Itiled the Moib Holy. The houfes are in 
 general lov, ; and thiscitycontainsabout i 200 families. 
 
 Mahomet's tomb, which is in one of the angles of 
 the magnificent mofque, is of fine white marble, cover- 
 ed with a grand cupola. The roof of the mofque itfelf 
 is a kind ^f tower, covered with plates of filver; and on 
 its ffodiing is thrown a rich gold cioth. The infide of 
 the ii :11b is enriched with precious flones, of great 
 fi/.e and beauty. Over the foot of the cothn is a gulden 
 cri'ii.' lit, fo curioufly wrought, and adorned with fuch 
 piec lous flones, that its value is immenfe. The coflin 
 u I (i\ered w ith ;i rich pall of gold and filver tilllie, over 
 wli '1 13 a canopy of the fame. IJoth are annually fent 
 fioiii the bafliaw of I'lgypt, by order of the Grand Scig- 
 nc)r, with the grcateft ])<)mp imaginable, on the back 
 of a camel; which animal derives a kind of fandity 
 IriMii it, and is never afterwards ufed in any fort of 
 drudgery. 
 
 S E C T I O N VIII. 
 
 De/criptioti of the -jenernUe Ruins of Palmyra. 
 
 AS Palmyra is fituatcd in adreary defart, quite from 
 any common road, and beyonii the Cirand Seig- 
 nor's proteelion, there is no part of a tour through the 
 tall fo difficult as a journey to it. An enquiry, how-- 
 ever, into the ruins of this place, was refblved on by 
 the ingenious Mr. Uawkins, who was foon joined by 
 Mr. Wood, and Mr. Bouverie, the latter of whom died 
 before the defigii was carried into execution. The 
 fourth ptrfon who had engaged in this peculiar under- 
 
 ARABIA. 
 
 215 
 
 taking, was an Italian of experienced fkill in architec- 
 ture and drawing. The rendezvous of this fcientific 
 fociety was at Rome, where they fpent a winter in flu- 
 dying the ancient hiftory and geography of the places 
 they intended to vifit. 
 
 y\s foon as they had embarked for this expedition, 
 they made fail for the Archipelago, and vifited every 
 thing worthy their obfervation there, as well as in parts 
 of Greece, Europe, the coafls of the Hellcfpont, Pro- 
 pontis, &:c. up to the Black Sea ; as alfo the inland 
 parts of Afia Minor, Syria, Phoenicia, Paielliiie, and 
 Egypt. They copied every infcription they met with, 
 and bought up all the Syrian, Greek, and Arabic ma- 
 nufcripts they could poflibly get. 
 
 The chief defign of Mr. Dawkins in his tour, was 
 to compile an hiftory of the three Greek oraers ofar- 
 chiLCc'Vure, at leaft with refpedt to the changes, from 
 the days of Pericles to thofe of Dioclefian. With this 
 view no difficulties whatever could deter our adventu- 
 rers from profecuting their truly laudable plan. In the 
 courfe of their peregrinations, during which they in- 
 fpciflcd every piece of antique architecture, they vifited 
 Damafcus by the way of mount Libanus, over which 
 they crofTed, and were here informed, that neither the 
 name or power of the bafliaw of Damafcus could be any 
 fecurity to them. Palmyra being entirely out of his 
 jurifdidion, and under that of an aga, who reitded at 
 Haflia, a village on the great caravan road from Damaf- 
 cus to Aleppo, and from which the Orontes is but at a 
 Ihort diflance. 
 
 They went to Haflia, and were moft kindly received 
 by the aga, who exprelfed great furprizc at the journey 
 they had undertaken, and gave them an efcort of his 
 befi Arab horfemen, properly armed, who, in a few 
 hours, conducted them to Sudud, travelling through a 
 defart fwarming with antelopes. 
 
 Sudud is a miferable village, confifling of huts, built 
 only with mud hardened by the fun. The inhabitants 
 are Maronite Chriftians, who juft cultivate as much 
 land as they have occafion for, and make tolerable red 
 wine. 
 
 They dined at this village, and bought fomc Greek 
 manufcripts of a prieft-. From hence they proceeded 
 to a Turkifli village, called Howarccn, a mean place, 
 but which, it was prefumed, had been oncea fituation 
 of (bmc confequence ; there being in it a fquare lower 
 with projedling battlements, and two mouldering 
 churches, in the walls of which were li:veral Corinthian 
 capitals, as we" I as large Attic bafc; of white marble. 
 
 From thence they bent their courfe for Carieteen, a 
 village, in which were forne few broken columns, and 
 Corinthian marble capitals, with two imjicrfeCt: Greek 
 infcriptions. Here they relied befl part of the fecond 
 day, to colledl their people, and give their cattle relt : 
 for in this part of the defart they may eafily be loft, 
 there not being any fettled flages ; likewife there is not 
 any water. 
 
 All the caravans had now time to come up, with 
 whom this kept company, and travelled two days with- 
 out either reft >,. water. 
 
 The company were now about 20opcrfons in num- 
 ber, with their camels, mules, afles, &c. and the chief 
 guide told the travellers, that as they were now in the 
 mofl dangerous part of the way, it was rcquilitc they 
 fhould put themfelves entirely under his direction ; in 
 confisquence of which, the fervants, with the baggage, 
 were ordered to fall back to the rear, there to remain 
 protected by the Arab efcort, from w liich two or three 
 horfemen, who '■ode Tartar falliion, with very fliort 
 flirrups, were difpatched for difcovery, to every emi- 
 nence in fight. The road was north by cafl, through 
 a flat fandy plain, about ten miles broad : nor was there 
 a fingle tree or drop of water to be f een. 
 
 When night came on in this gloomy place, the Arabs 
 diliiiounted from their horfes.and feating themfelves in 
 a circle, fmoaked their pipes, and drank cotl'ec. 
 
 At midnight the caravan halted two hours to rcfrefli ; 
 and on the fourteenth of March at noon it arrived at the 
 
 end 
 
 ;.i 
 
 m. 
 
A NEW. ROYAL and AUTIIEMTIC SYSTEM or UNIVIIRSAL GIIOGRAPIIV, 
 
 21b 
 
 ciitloi the plain, where iome hills appeared; and here 
 .1 \ alley v;is lixin fern, in whuh was a ruinated aqiic- 
 diid that once conveyed water to Palmyra ; the fepui- 
 chres of the anticnt inhabitants ot" which city lie thick 
 both on the right and left, being fijuare towers of con- 
 liderable heiglit: and foon after ha\ ing palled them, a 
 fikldcn ojicning among the hills exhibits a prociigioiis 
 nimibcr of grand ruins of white marble, and beyond 
 them a flat wade, extending quite to the Euphrates. 
 
 No profprd can be co!Kei\ed more romantic, more 
 (biking, more melancholy, or more grand. Here arc 
 innumerable piles of Corinthian pillars, without any 
 intervening buikhng, or wall of the Icall folidity. 
 
 In this venerable, this folemn, fplcndid, romantic 
 (itiiation, our virtuofi (laid fifteen days ; during which 
 rime the Arab inhabitants entertained them in their 
 huts with mutton and goats Helb. 
 
 " The walls of this ancient and ftupendoiis city (fays 
 Mr. Wood) were Hanked with fquare towers in many 
 parts, particularly on the foiith-ealt, but nothing of 
 them exifls ; and, from the bell computation I could 
 make, I imagine their circuit could not have been lefs 
 than thiee Englilh miles, provided they include the 
 great temple. IJut as Palmyra muft, when in its Hou- 
 rilhing flate, Iiave been much more than three miles 
 round, it is not improbable that the old city covered a 
 neighbouring piece of ground, the circumference of 
 which is ten miles, and in every fpot of which, the A- 
 rabs fav, ruin^ are turned up by digging. This is a 
 flill more reafonable fupp.jfition, when we remember 
 that fuch fragments of antiquity as are found upon the 
 three miles compals, juft mentioned., could have be- 
 longed only to magnificent fepulchrcs, and public edi- 
 fices of the giandert kind j the moll evident proofs that 
 can be of an extenlive city. Perhaps the walls, jurt 
 now fpoken of, inclofed only that part of Palmyra 
 which its public buildings occupied in its mod prof- 
 perous llate ; and were fortified, if not crefted, bv Ju- 
 ilinian, who, according to Procopius, judged this a 
 proper place to Hop the furious progrcfs of the Sara- 
 cens. Hy clofely infpccling this wall, it appears that 
 two or three of the flanking towers on the north-call 
 were formerly fepulchral monuments; and this is fomc 
 pr(M)f that the walls were [lollerior to the monununts, 
 and the work of a Chrillian a-ra; for the pagan reli- 
 gion would have condemned the metamorphofe as pro- 
 fane : belldes, the Greeks and Romans always buried 
 without the walls of their refpeCtive cities; and the 
 fame cullom w as religioufly obferved all over the call:." 
 
 Northwert oftlic ruins of Palmyra, on the fummit 
 of a rocky hill, llands an antique caflle, the afcenc to 
 whi( h is very lleep and rugged; it is a mean llrudure, 
 not fo old as the time of jullinian. It hath a ditch 
 round ir, which cannot be palled without foniedillicultv, 
 the draw-bridge be.'ig broken down. There is one 
 building here, the remains of which are truly grand ; 
 and this, according ro the opinion of Mr. Wood, was 
 the Temple ot' the Sun, which being much injured bv 
 the Roman foKliers, when Aurelian took the place, that 
 emperor ordered, for the purpofe of repairing it, three 
 hundred pounds \ eight of gold, taken from the trea- 
 fures of Zcnobia ; and one thoufand eight hundred 
 pounds weight of lilver, levied upon the peoj^le; be- 
 lides the jewels of the crown. The heiglit and foli- 
 dity of the walls of its couit tempted the 'lurks to 
 convert it into a place of llrength ; anil then on the 
 north-call and fouth they Hopped up the windows, dug 
 a ditch to the well, and demolillied the portico of the 
 grand entrance; building its place a fquare tower 
 to Hank that Hde. To the call anil fouth of tliis tem- 
 ple are fonie plantations of olives, and foine fniall fields 
 of corn, furrounded by muil walls, aiul watend by 
 two Iheaniv, uhiih, though hot and fulphurous, are by 
 the inhabitant:! deemed very wholefome. One of thcle 
 flreams rills well of the ruins, in a grotto nearly high 
 enough to admit ot a man's Handing upright : tl-.c bot. 
 torn is a baton ol c!car water, about two feet deep ; and 
 the place, on ai count of the htats being confined, is 
 
 ufed as a bath. By an old infcription found here, n-, 
 an altar facred to jujjii. r, we learn that this Hream'u,,; 
 much elleemed while Palmyra Hoiiriihed, and was w . 
 der the care of cert.'.in people elected thereto by balln: 
 
 In the defart, three or tiiiir miles foiith-eall of Pal. 
 myra, lies the Valley of Salt, whence Damafcus aini 
 the neighbouring towns are ftipplied with that coi,i- 
 modity. In this place David is fuppofed to have finoto 
 the Syrians, as mentioned in ; Sam. viii. rj. 'n,,. 
 ground is impregnated with fait to a very coniideiable 
 depth; and here they have a method of hollowing the 
 ground to about a foot deep, ami from the ruin water 
 that lodges in it a fine white fait is gathered. 
 
 " \Vc have but little information Irom hillory," favs 
 Mr. Wood, "of either Balbcc or Palmyra: theknou. 
 ledge we have is chiefly from infcriptions. Does not 
 this defeCf convey inllrudion, and lonviiuc us of tl'c 
 infiability of human grandeur? The fate of ihcfe tu.i 
 cities ditlers from every other; we have no tellinioiur; 
 of what they were, but their own noble fragnieni-; ,'' 
 which arc defcribed in the follow ing manner by ancMv ; 
 author : 
 
 " Palmyra, in the dcfarts ol" Arabia, or, as hy tlv 
 Scripture Hiled, Tadmor in the Wildernefs, is a mn;' 
 aw fill fpcdacle. As you approach, the tirll object il;.ir 
 prefents itfelf is a ruinated catUe, on the north tide of 
 the city. From it vou defcry Tadmo;-, inclofed (m 
 three Hdes by long ridges of mountains; and to tlie 
 fouthw ard is a vail (ilain cxteniling far beyond the Hl'! •. 
 The city muH have been of large extent, froni \\\- 
 fjiace now taken up by its ruins; among which li , 
 about thirty or forty tniferable families, in huts of di:;, 
 within a fpacious court which once enclofed a mav'n:- 
 ficent temple. This court has a flately high \v;ill (,!" 
 large fquare Hones, adorned by pilallers both witliii 
 and without; there arc about fixty on each tide, ll,- 
 beautiful cornices have been beaten down by the Turk . 
 Towards the centre are the remains of a callle, Ih.roiiii- 
 ing the fragments of a temple of exquilite beauty, a^ 
 appears hy what is Hill Handing of its entrance, viz. 
 two Hones thirty-live feet long, carved with vines and 
 cluHers of grapes. In the great court arc the remain? 
 of two rows of very noble marble pillars thirtv-feven 
 feet high, with capitals finely carved, and the cornices 
 mull have been of equal elegance; fifty-eight of thefe 
 pillars arc entire : there mull have been many more, 
 as it appears they went quite round the court, fupport- 
 ing a moH fpacious double piazza. The w alks on the 
 well Hde of this pia/za, which face the front of the 
 temple, fecm to h;ive been grand ami fpacious; a'ldat 
 each end are two niches for H.-.tues at length, withpe- 
 dcHals, borders, lupporters, canopies, iv:c. earvcd \uili 
 inimitable art. The (pace within this onee beautiliil 
 incloHire is (or rather was) encomiiaireel by anothi-r 
 row of pillars of a diHcrcnt oreler, lit'ty feet high, lix- 
 teen of which are yet Handing. The temple wai 
 ninety feet long, and about forty broad : its grand en- 
 trance on the well appears, by what remains of it, to 
 have been the moH magnificent in the world. Ovcr;i 
 door-way in the remaining walls you trace a fprcail 
 eagle, as at Balbec ; antl here are the fragments nl 
 cupids, as well as of eagles, moH finely imit.itingn;!- 
 ture, in large Hones mouldering on the earth. Nothin;; 
 of the temple Hands but the walls, the window-places 
 of which are narrow at toj), but richly adorned with 
 fculpture. In the niiddli- is a cupola, all one told 
 piece. Leaving this court and temple, \our eyes are 
 faluted with a great number of jiillars of marble fcat- 
 tereel for near a mile. To the north )0U ha\e a Itately 
 obelilk before you, > Diilitling of feven large Hones hc- 
 liiles it.i ( a[)ilal, graiiilly fcul|;tiirid : it is more than 
 Hfty feet high, and is twelve feet anel a half in cirmiii- 
 lerence jiill above the peelellal, ami it is imagined a 
 llatue once Hnod upon it. EaH and «ill of this, at 
 the elillance of about a quarter of a mile, is another 
 obelilk, that feenis to have correfponded with the lirl'- 
 mentiemcd; aiiel, according to the fragments of a thiid, 
 it fecms as if there h;vd been a continued range of them. 
 
 On 
 
-OGRAPIIV. 
 
 ilcription found here, n^i 
 
 learn that this lh-cani'w,ii 
 
 :» llouriiliecl, and was un. 
 
 clecled thereto by bailor. 
 
 • miles foiith-eait of PaU 
 
 , whence Dainafcus and 
 
 fiipplicd with thai coni. 
 
 is iupiiofed to have fnintc 
 
 1 : Sam. viii. i j. -||,j> 
 
 alt to a very coniideiablc 
 
 method of hollowing the 
 
 and from the rain water 
 
 fait is ^.^athcred. 
 
 iiatioii troni hirtory," fav-j 
 
 or I'alnvra : the know- 
 
 infiTifnions. Does ni)t 
 
 , and lonvimc us nt tile 
 
 r? The fate of thefe tu„ 
 
 we have no tellinuinu-,; 
 
 own noble fragments ;'• 
 
 owing manner by am"h-V 
 
 of Arabia, or, as by tlv 
 lie W'iklernefs, is a nio:i 
 •oach, the tirll object ;l-,at 
 idle, on the north fide ot 
 :ry Tadmor, inelofed «. • 
 f inoiintaitii,; and to t!i, 
 din<; far beyond thcliL'h-. 
 
 large extent, fnini ih.- 
 uins ; among whieli f , 
 
 families, in hnts of dirr, 
 1 once enclofed a niai'ni- 
 ;is a flately high \i:ill ,,;" 
 
 by pilallers both witiii;i 
 iixty on each tide. Hi- 
 eaten dow n by the Tiiik .. 
 niains of a calUe, Ihroud- 
 e of exqiiilite beauty, m 
 ing of its entrance, viz. 
 g. carved with vines and 
 cat court arc the remam? 
 arblc pillars thirty-feven 
 
 carved, and the corniees 
 ance; fil'iy-eight ol'tliefe 
 \ ha\c been many nioic, 
 round the court, fii[)pi)rr- 
 azza. The walks on th- 
 cb face the front of th- 
 and and fpacioiis; a'ldat 
 p.tues at length, withpe- 
 anopies, ^:c. carved (\iili 
 ithin this once beautilri 
 eiicoinpaired by anotluT 
 der, fifty feet high, U\- 
 ling. The temple m,h 
 rty broad : its grand ci:- 
 y wliat remains of it, ro 
 nt in the world. Over a 
 vails you trace a fpread 
 re are the fragments v' 
 molt finely imitatiii;' n;i- 
 igon the earth. Noihiti ;; 
 vails, the window-plaics 
 but richly adorned uiili 
 1 a ciijinla, all one lold 
 id temple, \<)iir eyes an- 
 )f pillars of marble Icat- 
 
 north you have a Itau!' 
 of fcven large (loiies be- 
 ptured : it is more than 
 ;et and a half in cin inn- 
 d, ami it is iiiiaj^'incd a 
 lalV aiul well of this, ;r 
 er of a mile, i>^ aiuiili(! 
 iref(K)iided with the llrll- 
 tlie iiagiiunts of a thiid, 
 :oiuinued range of them. 
 On 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 On one of thefc remains of antiipiity, which is about 
 forty feet high, is a Greek infrription, commemorating 
 two patriots; and about an hundreci jiaces from it is a 
 large and lofty entrance, leading to a grand piazza, 
 adorned with marble pillars, on moll of which are in- 
 fcriptions. A little forther onward, to the left, are the 
 remains of a Ihitely pile, of remarkable fine marble, 
 twenty-two feet long. On the weft fide of the piazza 
 are feveral openings for gates; two of therVi appear to 
 have been the moll fiiperb that ever cajnivated the hu- 
 man eye, both in point of grandeur of work in gene- 
 ral, and the beautiful porphyry pillars w ith w hich they 
 are adorned. Ealhvard of the piazza are a great num- 
 ber of fcattered marble pillars, moll of which have 
 been deprived of their elegant capitals. A little ruined 
 temple lies mouldering at a Ihort dif'ancc, which ap- 
 pears to have been a very curious ftruc'ture. But of all 
 the venerable remains, none more attract: admiration 
 than the n-ignificent fepiilchres, towards the north of 
 the city, extending a mile and more, and which, at a 
 dillancc, have the appearance of tops of decayed 
 churches, or baftions of ruined fortifications." 
 
 The magnificent city of Palmyra is mentioned in the 
 Arabic tranflation of the Chronicles, as fiibliding be- 
 fore the days of Solomon: but John of Antioch, fur- 
 named Malala, fays that it was built by Solomon, and 
 on the very fpot where his father flcu the Philiftinc 
 chief He afliniis that the ity was built in conmic- 
 nioration of that memorable action. 
 
 \Ve find in the (>i li chapter of the i fl book of Kings, 
 and the 8th of the id book of Chronicles, that Solomon 
 enx'Ud a city in awilderncfs, and called it Taumor: 
 and we arc informed by Jofephus, in the firrt hook of 
 his Antiquities, that fomc time after, the Greeks and 
 Romans dill inguiil'.ed it by the name of Palni) ra.even 
 
 'ilc its firft nan'c was llill retained by the Syrians : 
 a. id this is conlirmed by St. Jerome, who fays, Palmyra 
 andTadmor are the Syrian and Cireek names of the fame 
 place : r.id the country Arabs, even at this time, call 
 it by the former name. In this circumllancc they arc 
 remarkably particular, preferving the ancient denomi- 
 nation of places through various revolutions. Thus 
 the Acca of the Old Tellament is at this day called by 
 them Acca ; and the Circck name of Ptolemais, in 
 vhich that of Acca was for fomc time immured, is loft 
 tlnoiigh ilifiife. Not that human judgment can pre- 
 tend to advance, however, that Palmyra was ai;:hially 
 the work of Solomon; an opinion can only bcotfered, 
 concurrent w ith that of the prefent inhabitants, who, 
 among many other particulars, pointout the w ife man's 
 feraglio, the tomb of his favourite concubine, 6>:c. »S:c. 
 and fav. All thefe things were done by Solomon, the fon 
 of David. However, fuch llructiues as might have 
 been erected by Solomon, we w ill luppofe to have been 
 entirely dcmoliihcd by Nebuchadnezzar, who, in his 
 march to the liege of Jeriifalcm, dcftroyed this city, 
 as we are aillired by John of Antioch. I'or it is almoft 
 improbable that buildinj);3 fo elegantly grand could be 
 prior to the footing of the Cirecks in.Syria; and taking 
 this for granted, we mull not be fiirprifcd that Xeno- 
 phon takes no notice of it in his retreat of C'yrus the 
 younger, though he is minutely exaCt in his defcription 
 ot the defart. Neither mull weexprefsthe leall amaze- 
 nicin that it is not mentioned by Alexander, whoalfo 
 crolfed the defart in his roatl to Thepfachiis on the 
 Euphrates. I'roin its litiiation between Antioch and 
 Scleucia, and its being a llrong barrier againll the Par- 
 thians, one would be apt to conjecture, that it was 
 founded by fomc of the Seleiicidia-; though nothing ol 
 it is to be met with in hillory : and yet no time is more 
 proper to make enquiry about it, than from the dcndfe 
 of Alexander, to the reduof ion of Svria to a Roman 
 province. That the a:ra of Sclcucus was ufcd at Pal- 
 myra, is proved by many infcriptions; whence it may 
 be inferred, that the i)lace fiibmittcd to Alexaiuler, and 
 v»as for fome time governed by his liiccei''ors: but this 
 evidence could not be looked upon as abfolulelellimo- 
 ny, if not llrcngthencd by collateral fads; for it might 
 No. iO. 
 
 ARABIA. 
 
 217 
 
 withreafon bcfaid, that the natives of Palmyra ufcd 
 the sra-of the SeleucidiEonly as common with their 
 neighbours. We arc told by Appian, that Marc Antony 
 attempted to plunder this city, and that many of the 
 natives made their cfcapt by crolfing the Euphrates. 
 
 We do not find that Palmyra is taken notice of even 
 when Pompey reduced Syria to a Roman province, and 
 w hen a tafte for the liberal arts began to be prevalent. 
 
 Appian, w hen he fpeaks of Marc Antony's vifit to 
 Palmyra, fays, " At this time the Palmyrcnes were 
 merchants; they fupplied the Romans with the com- 
 modities of Arabia and the Indies; and his real mo- 
 tive for attacking thcin was to enrich his troops ; though, 
 to give his condudl the colour of jufticc, he alFerted, 
 they had broken the neutrality fiibfifting between the 
 Romans and the Parthians. 
 
 Pliny, fpeaking of this noble city, fays, " Palmyra, 
 which is on all fides cncom[)aired by an cxtenfive defart, 
 and totally feparated from the rclt of the world, has 
 preferved its independence between the two great em- 
 pires of Rome and Parthia. It is diftant irom the 
 Parthian Seleiicia, on the Tigris, 337 miles, trom the 
 highell part of the Mediterranean 203, and from Da- 
 mafcus 176. The foil is rich, and it is pleafantly 
 watered." 
 
 The llreams, of which wc have before fpokcn, may 
 with great truth be faid to " pleafantly water the 
 place," being capable of receiving any direction to 
 nurture the Ibil. 
 
 As the Palmyrencs, according to Appian, were mer- 
 chants, and a wealthy people in the time of Marc 
 Antony, their riches and trade mull have been of fomc 
 ftanding. 
 
 Palmyra, according to the coins of Caracalla, was a 
 Roman colony in that prince's life-time; and by fome 
 antique infcriptions we difcover, that the people joined 
 Alexander Sevcriis againft the Perfians. 
 
 The grcateft figure Palmyra ever made in hiftory 
 was in the reign of Galliennus, under whole (hameful 
 indolcnccthe Romanglory in theeaft becamcconlidera- 
 bly obfcurcd; when Odenathiis, joining that emperor's 
 party, colleded the poor remains of the difcomfitcd 
 Romans <n Syria, whom he led againll Sapor, the Per- 
 lian monarch, put his army to ftight, and adva;iccd 
 with his vidorious troops to Ctefiphon, the capital of 
 the empire. On his -eturn from this expedition, full 
 of riches and honours, and revered by the Romans as 
 their deliverer, he wasunanimoully proclaimed Au^^uf- 
 tus, and co-partner in the empire with (Jalliennus. 
 
 Si:ch of the accounts of Odenathus as have reached 
 pollerity, fervc rather to heighten than gratify human 
 curiolity. He was a native of Palmyra, and fo admi- 
 rable a politician, that he for a while held the balance 
 of [xjwer between the empires of Perlia and Rome. 
 He drove the Goths out of Afia Minor, where they had 
 committed the moll violent ravages. This was his lall 
 great action, in which, it was apprehended, he was 
 treachcroiifty flain by Mx'onius, hiskinfman. His fon, 
 Herodes,iiitfered the fame fate foon after. Nor did Mko- 
 niiis longfurvivc, being cut to pieces by the foldiery. 
 
 /enobia, the queen of Odenathus, was a charader 
 worthy of attention. She po'^.-fled extraordinary endow- 
 ments, both mental and perfonal, and gave fignal proofs 
 of military prowelsin attending her hulband inthe field. 
 On his demife flic alTiuned the reins of government in 
 the name of her children, and renouncing all alliance 
 with Rome, attacked and defeated the army of Hera- 
 clianus, the Roman general, who was lent againft the 
 Pcrliaiis. She afterwards difplayed other gallant at- 
 chievements; but was at length comiielleti to fubmit to 
 the power of the Romans, under the emperor Aurelian. 
 Her character, however great and extraordinary as it 
 may appear, is tarnilhed with the fufpicion of her hav- 
 ing been privy to the death of her hulband and fon. 
 
 It appears from a Latin infcription llill extant, that 
 Palmyra was afterwards governed by the Romans, and 
 tVat in the year of Chrill 400, a Roman legion was 
 (luartered there. 
 
 I i . CHAP. 
 
 \i\ 
 
 $' 
 
 inl 
 
 ; ih 
 
 I (', 
 
 Ji 
 
3l8 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 EMPIRE OF CHINA. 
 
 f 
 
 BEFORE we enter on our dtfcription of this exten- 
 fivc empire, together with tiiccuftonis, manners, 
 i»:c. ot' tiic inhabitants, it may not lie improper to 
 prcmile, that as we have been t'avourcd by an int'eriious 
 iVienil, with his own obfervations and rcmnrks on a 
 voyage ib late as the year 17S6, never iientofore made 
 public, we fliall have a mod agreeable opportunity of 
 interfperfing them with the accounts of others in fuch 
 a manner as, from their novelty and peculiarity, we 
 prefume, will prove highly acceptable to our readers. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Origin, Difcovery,Siluaticn, Boundaries, Extent, Rivers, 
 Climate, Soil, i^c. 
 
 ACCORDING to ancient records, and the prevail- 
 ing opinion of the learned, this kingdom, or ra- 
 ther empire, appears to have been governed by its own 
 nionarchs above 4000 years, dining which the laws, 
 manners, language, and apparel of the people, have re- 
 mained invariably the fame; fo that they not only lay 
 claim to antiquity, but a venerable attachment to 
 old cuftoms peculiar to thenifdvcs. 
 
 China is faid by many to have been the country of the 
 ancient Sina?, and fo called from one of its monarchs 
 of remote date, named Chin, or Cina. But the moft 
 probabledcrivation of its name fccms to have been from 
 a word fignifying in the Chinefe language central: for 
 the natives, till they were convinced of their error bv 
 European mathematicians and allronomcrs, imagined 
 the earth to be fquare, and that their country not only 
 occupied the beft part of it, but was iituatcd exactly 
 in the center. China is divided into 16 provinces, all 
 of \>hich, except one, are within the great wall. 
 
 The difcovery of this remote and opulent empire by 
 the Portugue/e feems to have dazzled the eyes of its 
 cxp.orers. The Jefuits, who were the firlt luiropeans 
 that have given a defcription of it, reprefent it, in point 
 of extent, populouihel's, and riches, as vaflly fuperior 
 to any part of the known world. 
 
 China is fituatcd on the moft eaflern verge of the 
 Afiatic continent. It is bounded on the north by Ealt 
 and W'ellern Tartary ; on the call by the Ealk-rn Ocean ; 
 on the vert by part of the Mogul empire, and India be- 
 yond the Ganges j and on the fouth by the Indian 
 Ocean, and the kingdoms of Laos, Tonquin, Ava, 
 and Cochin-China. It extends in latitude, fiom :o to 
 almoft 4) degrees, viz. from north to fouth about 
 I 200 miles; and in longitutie, from 9 S to 1 2 j degrees 
 eall, making i6co miles in breadth. If that [lart of 
 Tartary, now fiibordinate to the Tartarian Emperor of 
 China, is included, the length of the whole empire 
 will beincreafci' 'o 1800 miles. 
 
 As the whole empire of China extends from the fc- 
 cond to the fifth climate, its air and foil muft confe- 
 quently be varioi's. The longeft days in the northern 
 parts arc 14 hours am' 45 mituites, and the ihorteft 
 about 10 hours and 45 nunute.'-; fo that throughout 
 this very extenlive empire, the liiHtTence in length of 
 days is only four hours. Towards the north the air is 
 colder than, from its fituation, might be naturally fup- 
 pofed. This frigidity, ho\ve\er, is caiifed by the rid- 
 ges of mountains that run along thofe parts, which are 
 exceflivchigh, and commonly covered with ileep fnow ■-. 
 The foiithcrn parts are fultry ; but the climate in ;> nc- 
 ral is temperate and falubrioiis. 
 
 Of the many rivers in this country, we fliall (iiil\ 
 
 fpecify thofe th.U are iiioft worthy of notice. 1 he 
 
 principal of thefe are as follow. The Hoambo, or 
 
 Yellow River, focalleii, becuul'e, after heavy rains, the 
 
 2 
 
 waters are muddy, and tinged with a yellow colour 
 owing to thei)eculiarquality')f the foil through whith 
 it flows. It takes its rili; towards the frontiers of In- 
 doftan.inthe intermediate mountains between Tartary 
 and the province of Suchan, and after maintaininira 
 ferpentine courfeof near 1900 miles, difcharges iiliji' 
 into the Kaftern Ocean. I'he Hoambo is rapid in the 
 extrcjne, and, together with the efledi: of torrents of 
 rains from the adjacent hills, fwellstothat degree, that 
 notwithftanding the exertion of the indefatigable pains 
 and labour whichcharacteri'zcthe Chinefe, it frequently 
 overflows its bounds, and does irreparable dam:igc. 
 
 The Ky-am, or liUie River, takes its rife in Thibet, 
 maintaining a courfe from ea(t to weft, and empties it- 
 felf into the Eaftern Ocean. It is remarkable for iti 
 breadth and depth. 
 
 There arc in China, alio, the Bloody River, fo called 
 from the rednefs of the land ; and the Pearl River, l(> 
 called from the nuniberof precious ftones foinid aiiiDni' 
 its gravel, which, by moonihine, overfpreads its waicrs 
 with (o uncommon a luftre, as gives their furfacc the 
 tranfparent glofs of waving pearl. 
 
 The River Tomin, in harveft time, turns blue, of 
 which the adjacent inhabitants avail themfelves, by 
 ufing its waters for the purpofe of dying, which, at 
 that feafon, aflbid anadnnrable tinge. The waters of a 
 .iver near Pomgaw are fo thin that timber w ill not tl;)jc 
 on them J and thofe of another, in the ncighbourliooj 
 of Ching-tien, are odoriferous. The River Kin-xa h;\» 
 gold fand in its bottom. The waters of the River Xd 
 are of a medicinal quality, and much rcforted to by the 
 difeafed tor the cure of fundry difoiiiers. 
 
 But the moft remarkable river in China is one near 
 the city of Hang-chen, which rifes yearly uponacer- 
 tain day to a Ihipendous alitude. Multitudes re[)air to 
 behold this phii'iiomcnoni though neither Aliatic or 
 European philofopliers have yet defined thecaiife of if. 
 When tha,i"urges fiiblide, the adjacent people pare ntf 
 the furfate of the flioics, which they covered, a:ui iliis 
 part becomes excellent fait, a commoility ufeful and fa- 
 lutary to .heinhabitantsotan inland didrict, who«oiiKl 
 be greatly diftreIRd, were they not fupplied through 
 the means of this inundation. This adds to other iii- 
 ftances of the lingular bountyofProvidcr.ee, in adap- 
 ting various bleliings to various climes, as may fuit ilic 
 exigencies of the creatures wliii h inhabit them. 
 
 The ba) s of this country are thofe of Nankin anJ 
 Canton. 'I'he canals claim the greateft attention, are 
 equally admirable in delign and execution, and exhibit 
 the moll flrikiiig[)roofsof humaninvemion, diligence, 
 and adiduity, as w ell as the excellei"je of the legiflaturc, 
 and proviiient care of the ancient Chinefe. .Some of 
 thefe canals extend feveral hundred miles, and are deep 
 enough to contain vcflels of cnnliderableburthen. They 
 arc difpofed in wonderful proportion, and the bankson 
 each fiileare lined with hewn ftone. When the wind 
 admits, the vellelsaie navigated in them by the ufii.il 
 means of fails ; and in calms they are towed by men. 
 The ivhole country ischev]urred, as itwere.and watered 
 by Ihiices from the huge canals, over which arecrci'led 
 a great number of l)ridges, with the center arches lo 
 conllriK'ted, as to admit of the palfage of velfels wiili- 
 oiit the leaft obftruelion. The molV fuberb of thcl'e 
 < anals is that called Yun-lean, or the Royal Canal, a 
 niolf (lupcndoiis work, that divides Cliina into two 
 parts, north and fouth, and therepy opens an uninter- 
 rupted commutiic;vion between the two extremities ot 
 the empire. As the low lands are rendered fertile by 
 innumerable canals, the higher grounds are cultivated 
 by the indefatigable labour of the people; fo that the 
 liberal hand of a bountiful Providence, as well as vili- 
 
 ble 
 
 Natural Hiftory, 
 
 . fiit'i^U&&-MMi* 
 
 J...':^,uti.^^^:i^^l^'»l.A^»iu;V.. 
 
OCR A PHY. 
 
 ly o];cns ;iii uiiintcr- 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 blc cfTcds of human exertion, arc every where to he 
 traced. They have levelled hills with infinite labour: 
 the furfaces of others they have increalld by ll.ittening 
 them at the funimit. They have divided a great num- 
 ber into feparate ridges, regularly fee ured with ftone 
 walls; and the furface of thefe terraces arc fown with 
 divers kinds of grain, and watered by machines curi- 
 oudy adapted to the pur;)ofe. 
 
 Some of the hills are cut into the mod fanciful fliapes, 
 fo as to refemblc, at a diflance, a variety of animal 
 figures, as elephants, camels, leopards, boars, tygers, 
 &c. Thofe, by way of eminence, called, " The hills 
 offivehorfes heads," have great aflinity to their ap- 
 pellation, and may be deemed a ftupendous produc- 
 tion both as to nature and art. 
 
 Nor arc they only expert at levelling natural hills, 
 but equally adroit in raifmg artificial mounts; fo that 
 every cultivated part is thereby fecured from colds, 
 heats, blads, or droughts, in the moft cUVitiial manner. 
 From this concifc view of the natural fertility of the foil, 
 and ingenuity, as well as indurtry, of the pconle, the 
 reader muft be led to infer, the production of a fuper- 
 abundant fupply, not only of the necef^.iries, but deli- 
 cacies of life ; and alfo the opulence and health, popu- 
 loufnefs and pleafantry, of a country thus lituatcd, and 
 thus cultivated. It might afford an admirable tiefign 
 for the pencil of the ingenious artift, as the agreeable 
 variety of its laiulfcapes furpaffes imagination fully to 
 conceive. Such is the variegated ]-irofped of its verdant 
 , lawns, bending blades, delightful proves, fequellered 
 bowers, wonderful canals, w inJing dreams, trees cover- 
 ed with delicious fruits, together with cafcades, turrets, 
 kc. that the eye cannot behold it « ithout rapture, and 
 entertaining the idea of a pertl\ft Klyfium. 
 
 The only mountains of China are thofe which feparate 
 it from Tartary, and are craggy, ftcep, and almoit in- 
 acceflible. 
 
 SECTION 11. 
 
 Natural Hijlory, and various Produlfions of China, 
 
 WE deem it incumbent on us, before we enter upon 
 the fubjeiit before us, to obferve, that much 
 honour is due to the memory of the late John Bradby 
 Klakc, Efq. one of the l-'nglilh Eafl: India Compan) 's 
 relident fupercargoes at Canton in China, for his curi- 
 ous refearches, and valuable difcoveries, in the natural 
 hiffory and manufactures of China, and other parts of 
 Afia; as rtlfo for his great and fuccefsful endeavours to 
 render histiifcoveries ufeful to mankind in general, and 
 his fellow fubjects in particular. His plan was to pro- 
 cure the feeds of all the vegetables produced in China, 
 which arc ufed in medicine, nianiifadures, or food, and 
 forward to Europe not only fuch feeds, but the |ilants 
 producing them, in onler to be propagated in Great 
 Britain and Ireland, and fuch parts abroad as apper- 
 tains to them. Nor did he confine himfelf to the pro- 
 duce of that empire onlv, but eftablilhcd an intercourfe 
 (by means of the junks) with Japan and Cochin-China, 
 and fucceeded fo well, that, through his means, the 
 feeds of the fine Cothin-China rice, and thofe of the 
 tallow-tree., were propagated in Jamaica, and fome [larts 
 adjacent, and proved of great utility to the inhabitants. 
 An eminent phydcian and naturalill, who received by 
 the fame means, feeds of two forts of China indigo, tlie 
 lacquer tree, the oil tree, (ufed to mix up the lacquer 
 fortabinets,) the alcca, which is an article of vegetable 
 Ibod, and many other feeds from Pekin, and more 
 northerly provinces of China, very candidly declares, 
 that much advantage mull accrue from a ]>lan of this 
 kind, at lead: ought to accrue from it, if as well feconded 
 on this fide the Atlantic. All the plants betbre-men- 
 tioned, with a variety of others, from feeds lent to Eng- 
 land, were prudently diftributed, and afterwards Hou- 
 rilhed in his Majedy's garden at Kcw, and in the gar- 
 dens of fcveral eminent phyiicians and botanifts in the 
 vicinity of London. 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 219 
 
 Mr. Blakcalfo fenthome, at various times, above fifty 
 drawings of choice plants, moll curioudy delineated from 
 nature, with all their parts of frucLidcation difleOted by 
 himfelf, and coloured. Thele drawings were diew nto 
 many of the curious, and particularly to that ingenious 
 and learned botanillthe late Dr. Solandcr, who declared 
 them to be excellent performances. 
 
 Nor was Mr. Blake's genius confined to botanic fub- 
 jccts; he had began to collcifl, or rather procure, fofTils 
 and ores. Mineralogy was likewifc a branch of his re- 
 fearches. He fent a fpecimcn of lead ore, from a mine 
 the Chinefe had of late difcovered in the interior parts 
 of China; and alfo a fpecimen of the ovq paaktong, or 
 w hite copper; as alfo the proceflcs by which this beauti- 
 ful metal is made into divers utenfils in China, in order 
 for experiments to be made thereby in England, under 
 the diredlion of the Secretary to the Society liir the En- 
 couragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce. 
 He alfo fent fpccimens of the earths, clays, iixnds, 
 doncs, and other materials ufed in making the true 
 Nankin porcelain, from which an ingenious Englifli 
 artifl produced fonie pieces of excellent porcelain ; and 
 declared the earths, ficc. \\ere fo complete a let of fpe- 
 cimcns, and yet fo limple, as to be, beyond a doubt, the 
 true porcelain materials. Mr. Blake, in fine, colleded 
 models of machines, various arts pracLifed, and manu- 
 factures carried on, by the Chinefe, in order that his 
 country might receive benefit by the ingenuity of their 
 invention. 
 
 From what has been premifed, it is not to be won- 
 dered that in China, are to be found the produds of moft 
 other countries, as well as many peculiar to itfclf. In 
 fome of the provinces they have two, but in molt three, 
 harvefts in the year. It produces grain of every kind 
 in rich abundance, excellent oranges, grapes, ananas, 
 figs, pomegranates, and many other fruits. 
 
 The meadows and palhires are extremely rich, and 
 feed vaft numbers of cattle : nor is any country bettci 
 furniihed w ith horfes, oxen, fw ine, buffaloes, and game 
 in general, and in particular deer of fundry kinds, whofe 
 furs are a very profitable commodity. Here are fome 
 elephants, and numbers of tvgers, very ferocious, that 
 range for prey in la ge herds, and are extremely dan- 
 gerous when predcd by hunger, in entering villages, and 
 attacking the inhabitants with the molt favagc fury. Leo- 
 pards, and other wild creatures, fome peculiar to the 
 country, are very numerous. Here is alfo the mufk- 
 cat, which carries that valuable perfume in a kind of 
 bladder, under the navel, and is therefore of great im- 
 portance to the commerce of the country. 
 
 The Chinefe camel is about the bignefs of a middle- 
 fized horfe, of a dun or adi colour, well made, and has 
 two bunches upon its back. 
 
 The bears of China naturally walk upon their hind 
 legs, in their face refemble monkies, have long beards, 
 great cunning, are very docile, and, through the manage- 
 ment of their tutors, capable of performing a variety of 
 tricks highly laughable and entertaining. There are 
 abundance of mules here wild in the mountains, but 
 fometimes they venture into the plains, where they arc 
 hunted, and, if taken, killed, and eaten; their flefii be- 
 ing fweet, tender, and much admired. They are foun- 
 tractable, that they cannot be rendered otherwife fervice- 
 able. They refemble ours in point of (hape and lizc, 
 but are of a lighter colour, and very fleet. 
 
 Of the animal curiolities thegreateft is the dwarf (lag, 
 refembling exadly a dag in form, and being no bigger ■ 
 than adoginfize. This little animal is chiedy domef- 
 tic, few jK'rfonsof any confideration being without them 
 in their houfcs or gardens. 
 
 The breed of the Chinefe horfes, which originally 
 were but finall, has been greatly improved by the intro- 
 iluclion of Tartarian, Arabian and Perfian horfes, info- 
 much that the natives arc now not only poffeffcd of 
 good horfes, but are become expert in the management 
 of them. 
 
 With rcfpc(5l to birds, eagles, cranes, dorks, birds 
 of paradife, pelicans, peacocks, pheafants, gecfe, 
 
 fwans. 
 
 M 'i 
 
 i, \ 
 
 HkJikiiiii^MiiJu^Su.- 
 
 1 1 i 
 
nt ? 
 
 2:0 A NEW. ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SY 
 
 fw.ins, tliicks, and a great variety of others, are found 
 licrc in abumlancc. 
 
 Among the rell, the phcafant is fingularly rcmark- 
 nble for the beauty of iis plumage and the delicacy of 
 its talle. It is, therefore, as much prized by the vo- 
 luptuary in China as in other parts, and therefore falls 
 a geiKial facrifice. The hait-iing, a bird peculiar to 
 China and part of Tartary, has feathers admirably va- 
 riegated and curioully interfpcrfed. 
 
 From the multitude of its rivers, canals and lakes, 
 as well as its proximity in fome parts to the fea, this 
 country cannot but abound with filh, and that in the 
 greati'rt variety. 
 
 Moft of the opulent flock the ponds in their gardens 
 uithgold or fiUer fifh, or keep tlitni in their houfes 
 in fine china vcfTcls by way of ornament. At prefent 
 they are as well known in Europe as in China. They 
 are in length from three to about nine inches, and 
 proportionably thick. Some are of a gold, others of 
 a lilver colour, the luflre of which is inconceivably 
 beautiful, and many are elegantly variegated with fine 
 lliining gold and lilver tints, and ilelicately llreaked 
 with an admiralile gold. In mild weather they gene- 
 rally fwim near the furfacc of the water, and give an 
 cxquilitc brightnefs and variety to it. They are very 
 tender, and eafily killed by heat, cold, firong fcents, 
 the report of cannon, thunder, &c. 
 
 In England they will biced in ponds, but not in the 
 glafs globular vcllels in which they are ufually kept in 
 houfes. When kept in glaffes, the only trouble is to 
 change the water about on':e a week ; and the cxpcnce 
 is fo trifling, that three penny wor h of millet-feed will 
 fupply a fcore of them w ith food for a twelvemonth. 
 There prevails an error that the gold hili is tjie male 
 and the filver the female. This has been refuted by a 
 correfpondent in the vicinity of London, who has now 
 great numbers of the gold fort only in one pond, which 
 everv vear have increafed their Ipecies ; a full proof 
 that there are the male and female of the gold fort as 
 well as of others. 
 
 Some of the rivers of China produce a yellow fifli, 
 which is delicious food. They are ver\- large, and only 
 to be caught at Hated feafons. The meal filh is much 
 t'fteemcd, and the eyes are remarkable, being fur- 
 rounded by a black ring, which is again enclofed by 
 two white circles of an admirable bightnefs. There 
 is the armoiir-fifli, fo termed from the vaft number of 
 fcalcs with which it is covered : it is deemed excellent 
 food i and there is a faying concerning it among the 
 Chinefo, which is, " that the armour is fit for a foldier, 
 and the flefli food for an emperor." 
 
 There are various modes of lilliing pracT:ifcd in Ciiina. 
 They catch the ycung fry in order to flock their [K)nds 
 and rcfervoirs in their gardens, by placing hurdles, 
 mats and net-work acrofs the rivers and lakes to inter- 
 cept them. They alio ufe nets and lines as in Europe; 
 fometimes catch lifli by diving, and fometimes transfix 
 them with darts. They have a cuftom of going in 
 boats in the night-time, when the beams of the moon 
 TcHcding on the varnifii with which they are painted, 
 the fiili being thciehy deluded, leap into the boats, and 
 become an cafy prey. 
 
 Ducks arc taken upon the canals by the followitig 
 firatagem. Being fond of pecking at the gourds, me- 
 lons, and other fruits, that fall from the trees which 
 overiiang the Iheanis, and float uj'on the waters, tliev 
 icoop a liirge gourd out clean, and cut holes fo as tJi 
 come exactly before the c\es and mouth. A man then 
 puts the gourd on his head, and goes into the water up 
 to his chin. The ducks, imagining it to be a goiinl 
 floating on the water, fwim to and peck at it, when 
 the man fci/.es them by the legs, and with great cafe 
 catches numbers in a fhort time. 
 
 In Chin.t there is a particular birtl, trained to decoy 
 fifb, as ducks are to decoy their own Ipecies in thektis 
 of Lincolnllure. Thefe birds f()llow the lilhermen to 
 the rivers or lakes, dive at a fignal given, fei/.e the 
 f:lh, Hy with it to the boat, and immediately difgorg'.- 
 
 STEM OK UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 it, which they cannot but do, a ring being placed up- 
 on the neck to prevent their fwallowing it. If the fiil» 
 proves too large f()r one, fcveral feize it together, and 
 convey it to the filhermcn. 
 
 Of infects the nioft remarkable is the filk-worm of 
 which we iliall treat hereafter; a butterfly of amazini'- 
 fize and beauty ; and a Ipecies of li/.ard, called wall- 
 dragons. ■ The fields in the fummer are infelted with 
 locufis, which do confiderable damage. The natives 
 however, ufe divers means cither todeflroy or expel then!.' 
 
 Agriculture in China is held in a degree of vene- 
 ration : they revere the memories of thofe hulbandnicn 
 who fowed the feeds of the happinefs and fiabilitv of 
 the empire in the fertile bofom of the earth, that in- 
 exhauflible fource of whatever conduces to the nou- 
 rilhment, and confcqucntly to the increale of mankind. 
 Ir is remarked by the Abbe Raynal, in his Fhilofophi- 
 cal ami Political Hiflory, that, to do honour to this pro- 
 feHion,thc emperors of China become hulbandmcn of- 
 ficially. It is one of their public functions to break 
 up the ground in the fpring ; and the parade of nuL'- 
 nificence that accomjianies this ceremony draws to<>c- 
 ther all the farmers in the neighbourhood of the ca- 
 pital. The example of the prince is followed in all 
 the provinces, antl at the fame feafon the viceroys n-- 
 peat the fame ceremonies in the prefence of a nume- 
 rous conrourfe of hulbandmcn. The Europeans, w ho 
 have been prefent at this ceremony at Canton, never 
 fpeak of it without emotion; and it has been regretted 
 that this feftival, the political aim of which is the en- 
 couragement of labour, is not cfiabliflied in our rli- 
 mate. In fine, the rural indurtry and oeconomv of tin: 
 Chinefc may be propofcd as an example to all other 
 iwtions in the univcrfc. 
 
 Bur nocw ithffanding this dcfervcd eulogium on their 
 rural indurtry and occonomy, it is obfcrved by bota- 
 nifls, that they arc unacquainted with the nature of 
 grafting trees, or meliorating the earth when they arc 
 planted, the fruit in general being of an inferior fla- 
 vour, and lefs delicious than that of Europe. They 
 have divers trees appropriated to divers ufes. There 
 are the orange, lime n|nd citron trees j a kind of date 
 tree; the pea tree, whiOh proiluces a fruit that rcfemijles 
 and is as delicate to the talk- as the pea of Europe; the 
 meal tree, the pulp of which yields excillent Hour; 
 the pepper tree, the berries of which arefo Itron;; us to 
 overcome by the (cent thofe who pluck them. There 
 are two kinds orvarnifh tree, called by the natives the 
 Tfi-chu and the Tong-chu: the former produces an 
 excellent varnilh that is univerfally admired; the latter 
 furnilhes a varnilh of an inferior kind. From the 
 Kou-chu, or fi'/.c-tree, is extracted a matter refcinh- 
 ling milk, which is of great ufe in gilding. The wil- 
 low is merely to gratif)' the view, and therefore planted 
 oiuhe fides of their riversand canals ; and is al'b the fub- 
 jcct of paftoral poetry with them as well as with other 
 nations. The red leaves and white fruit of the tallow 
 tree fiirin a llriking contraft: of the kernels, which 
 have the properties of tallow, candles arc made, hut 
 their light is rather dim. Swarms of infeds, as ftated 
 feafons, cover the white wax tree, and leave on its 
 branches their threads of wax. Delicate pickles au- 
 made from the mango, and admirable fw eet-mcats from 
 the prixiuce of the tfe-tfe tree. 
 
 It is agreed by naturalifts, that the polomie tree (nor 
 peculiar to Chiina) bears the largcH fruit in the um- 
 verfe. Thr kernal, when roalled, is delicious, and 
 makes an excellent tillli when drefled in cocoa-nut 
 milk. The moll extraordinary property of this tree is 
 that the fiu grows from its trunk: indeed, it is of 
 fuch bulk that the branches could iir,t fullain it. 
 
 The Chinefc form their anchors of the wood of 
 the iron-tree, which is fi» very hard and durable, 
 that they atlirm they are more lading than thofe maile 
 of the metal from which the tree derives its name. 
 The tret-hani is admired for the beauty of its wood, 
 which is of a bright red, viriegatcd with tine veins, 
 which aiipear like thccflcds of art. 
 
 The 
 
 1 he bamboo, or ca 
 likhil pur )ofcs. The 
 ami thepitli is fine eat 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 C H I N A. 
 
 il 
 
 221 
 
 The b.imboo, or caiic-trec, is appiV)priatcil to many 
 uR-tiil piiriofcs. The bud has an agircahlc H;ivour, 
 ami the p:'li is fine eating. It is ufeil in buiKiings, and 
 ih.' tubes Is ufed for water-pipes. The fplintiis make 
 Inilkcts; and when it becomes rotten, it is rediieed into 
 a palle, ofuh h they make paper. The nan-mutrcc, 
 however, t'urnuiies the ehief wood tor building: though 
 tlu-yhave oak, lime, fanders-wood, ebony, camphire, 
 and other large and lofty trees. 
 
 Aniongll a vaft variety of Ihrubs is the tea-plant, or 
 !l:rul>, of which production , as fo generally eftcemed 
 throughout Iuiro])C, we ihall give a particular defcrip- 
 tion. There arc fcveral kinds of tea, fomc finer, 
 fmoother, and more fragrant than others, according to 
 the foil they grow in. That named Sing'o is deemed 
 the nioft elegant, and ufed by the more opulent. Snnte 
 are denominated from their particular colours or quali- 
 ties; as the Vowi (i. e. Bohi or Bohee) fo called from 
 itul.irk or brown colour. 'I'his fort is much clkemed 
 in China for tarte, flavour, and medicinal qualities. It 
 i,( oriL;inally the fame ])lant with the (rieen, and only 
 (iiiltr> from it by its being gathered lix or (t:\xn weeks 
 fdoncr, that is in March, when in its full bloom, and 
 the leaves are full of juice: whereas the other, hy being 
 left fo much longer on the tree, lofes part of its 
 juice, and contracts a dilllrent colour, tafte, and vir- 
 tue, being more rough to the palate, and raking to the 
 fliiniach. The Bohea, or firft bud, is gathered as 
 al'orcfaid ; the Imperial in April; and the Singlo in 
 May or June: fo that the generil diviiion of teas is 
 ir.iotwo forts, viz. Green and Boix:;; though they arc 
 ih!linguillied by other appellations, according to the 
 tirne of gathering, province w here produced, or method 
 of curing, as Congo, Souchong, Singlo, Bloom, Im- 
 perial, Hyfon, Gunpowder, &c. 
 
 The procefs of curing or preparing it is as follows. 
 A ficr the leaves are plucked, they arc infufed in water 
 for a certain time, by which the refmous particles are 
 diltipated, and rendered palatable: for without furh 
 piiparation, they would be fo exceedingly bitter, that 
 fcarce any quantity of fugar would be fufliciein to cor- 
 rect the tafle. After this infiilion, the Bohea is expo \d 
 to the heat of the fun, or dried by the fire, till it is 
 crifpcdorconrraded intothcfmall compafs in which we 
 fee it. Hut the Green having been alliduouflyturnedand 
 ftirred about the whole time, is Itrewed upon Ihects of 
 tcpper, (which arc gently warmed by embers beneath 
 thini,) and rolled \\\-> and ilown by perfons, whole 
 hamli are defended by thick Icatiicr tjloxes from the 
 effluvia, which, without precaution, would prove of 
 tl'c moft pernicious confequcnce. Though the Green 
 ica coiifefledly ilcrives the princii^al part of its tincture 
 and flavour from the baleful vapours that exhale from 
 the heated copper, thefe very circumliances, inftead 
 of rendering it obnoxious, arc the principal rccom- 
 mciulations of it, not onlv to the Europeans, but the 
 Aiiatics : for fuch is the inlluuation of mankind, that 
 they would rather pleafe the eye, and gratify the palate, 
 than attend to the eonftitution of their frame, though 
 Ibeffential to its prcfervatioa. This is evident in the 
 particular inftance of the general preference given to 
 the unwholefome Green over the more falubrious Bohea. 
 A writer of allowed authenticity, however, affirms, 
 that the Brthca, in curing, is fometimes mixed with 
 another herb. This niay probably be an adulteration 
 fit which the Chinefe, who are very avaricious, and 
 [iradifed in mod kinds of fraud, may be reafonably 
 fiilpeClc.l, The price of the (Jrecn is enhanced not 
 only on account ot the greater degree of trouble in pre- 
 paring it than the Bohea, but alfo becaufe when 
 tlie young leaves arc plucked, the tree receives fo much 
 injury, that it is allowed two or three years to gain its 
 flrcngth and vigour ; during which time the leaves that 
 actidently tiill are gathered up, and methods ufed to 
 convert it into Bohea. 
 
 The Chinefe neither ilrink it in the manner we do, 
 nor follroiig, but vSi: it oidy as their common ill ink. 
 It is faid they wcrclirll obliged to have rccourle to it to 
 
 No, 21. 
 
 correct the unwholefome brackillinefs of their waters, 
 which, in fome places, were not only dillaltelul, but 
 productive of tliltempers; fo that when its virtues be- 
 came known, it grew into univerfal ufe. It is deemed 
 by them a fingular dilutcr, and purilicrof the blood, 
 a great llrengthener of the brainand llomach, and pro- 
 moter of digellion, perfpiration, and other fecrctions ; 
 and particularly a great diuretic, and cleanfer of the 
 reins and urethra. They drink it in great quantities in 
 high fevers, in cholics, and' other acute difealej; and 
 think it a llirc, though flow, remedy againll thofe of 
 the chronic kind, from its admirable falubrious qua- 
 lities. 
 
 The faculty are divided with rcfpecl to the qualities 
 of this celebrated exotic plant. Dr. Quincey fpeaks of 
 tea, particularly the Green, as one of the mofl whole- 
 fome vegetables that was ever introduced into food or 
 medicine: while Dr James, on the other hand, aflirms, 
 that whatever virtue mav be afcribed to tea, or how- 
 ever ufeful as a med.eine it ma\ be in China, he is very 
 certain, that either the tea, the water, or both, are 
 very prejudici:d as an habitual drink in Kngland, info- 
 much, that he has known many hyllerical cafes relieved 
 by ilifcont inning the ufe of it, without taking any re- 
 medy whatever, and in one in particular attended with 
 fliockingconvulfions. 
 
 But thefe eminent profeffors may have carried their 
 refpec'iive opinions to the extreme ; for it is generally 
 admitted, that tea has ma:iy of the virtues attributed 
 to it by the Chinefe, without being fo univerfal in its 
 effects as Dr. Quincey would perfuade us. It may like- 
 wife be in fome inftances unwholefome, without being 
 fo pernicious as Dr. James would reprefent it. If to 
 thefe we add the probable adulterations of the Chinefe 
 merchants, and our own retailers, together with .the 
 virtues it may lofc in a voyage from a variety of ac- 
 cidents to which it is expofed, it will tend to render 
 us more candid in our opinions concerning the particu- 
 lars for which thefe profeflbrs fo w armly contend. 
 
 The tea-tree commonly bears leaves from top to bot- 
 tom, which are indented like ourrofe leaves, or fweet- 
 briar ; and the Hower is very much like that of the l:\tter, 
 w ith lix upper and tix under leaves. The fruit is of 
 the fi/.e of a fmall pippin, finely flavoured, and tafles 
 fon'.ewhat like a clove. The feed is round, blackiih, 
 and about the tize of a large pea, w hen dry and ihrunk. 
 [king pur into the mouth, it yields at (irftafucer, but 
 being kept longer in it, a bitterifli talk, and yioKIs 
 likewife a quantity of oil, which, in fome parts, they 
 ufe as fauce to food. It feldom, if ever, grows to above 
 the lize of a rofe bulb, or, at molt, a filberd-tree. It 
 is worthy of notice, that the Dutch dry and prepare 
 their fage like other teas, and fell it to the Chinefe, 
 who arc fo fond of it, and prefer it fo far to the beft of 
 their own growth, that they give four pounds of the 
 latter for one of the former. 
 
 The ufe of tea was introduced into our country be- 
 fore the Reltoration, as mention is made of it in the firft 
 act of parliament that fettled the excifeon the king for 
 life in 1690. Catherine of Lifbon, w ife of Charles II. 
 rend'''ed the ufe of it common at his court. 
 
 Theginfeng, fo fiimous among the Chinefe, as the 
 univerfal remedy, and monopolized even by their em- 
 perors, is now found to be but a common root, and is 
 plentiful in Britilb America. 
 
 There are feveral vegetables in China of a medicinal 
 nature, oarticularly rhubarb, totiling, or Chin:i-root, 
 and tobacco. 
 
 The mountains of China are ftored with iron, cop- 
 per, quick-iilver, lead, white copper, or tut;inaguc, 
 which the natives call pc-toiig, load-ltones, pic-coal, 
 falts of various kinds, and quarries of Itones, particu- 
 larly marble, many veins of which are finely variegated. 
 As one of the fundamental maxims of the Chinefe go- 
 vernment is that of not introducing a fuperabundancc 
 of gold and filver, li)r iVar of hurting indullry, their 
 gold mines are but lligluly worked ; and the currency 
 of that metal is fupplied by the grains the people pick 
 K k k up 
 
 -M'' 
 
921 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 A ( 
 
 )■ ' 
 
 H 
 
 up in the fand of rivers and inmintains. The filver 
 fpccic is turnilhcd from the mines of Honan. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Per/ons, Dre/s, Di/pe/itiens, Cujloms, Manners, Marriage 
 and Funeral Ceremenie.', i^c. of the N.-Jtives. 
 
 THE paintings of the Chinefc are fo extremely de- 
 ficient in point of refcmblance of leature, that the 
 Europeans have thence conceived a lefs fiivourablc 
 opinion of their perfons than ihcy really deferve. In 
 general they are comely and graceful. In the northern 
 parts their complexions are fair; but to the fouthward 
 they are fuarthy. They arc ot the middle itaturc, their 
 faces broad, their eyes black and fmall.and their pofes 
 rather lliort. The women have little fparkling eyes, 
 plump rofy lips, regular features, and a delicate, though 
 florid, complexion. The fmallncfs of their feet is 
 deemed a principal part of their beauty; and no fwath- 
 ing is omitted, when they are young, to give them thrt 
 actomplidment ; fothat when they grow up, they may 
 be Hiid to totter rather than walk. This fanciful orna- 
 ment, or piece of be.'. , if it may be fo called, is 
 faid by fome toha\u uccn invented by the ancient 
 Chinefe, to rellrain women from vifiting and rambling 
 too much abroad ; while others affirm that the fatliion 
 was taken from an emprefs, called Takia, who natu- 
 rally having very fmall feet, took infinite pains to make 
 them worfc, and thecourt ladies imitating her example, 
 the fafhion became general, infomuch, that no cxpref- 
 fion was thought (o ignominious, as to reproach 3 
 Chinefc woman with having large feet. 
 
 The Tartarian women have not given in to this ab- 
 furd practice. 
 
 The Chmcfe, in many inrtances, have particular 
 ideas of beauty. In youth the men pluck out moll of 
 the hair of their beards by the roots; but when they 
 advance to the age of forty, they futfcr what remains 
 to grow long, as they imagine its appearance gives 
 them an air of wifdomand dignity. On the crown of 
 their heads they wear a tingle lock of hair; the Tartars 
 having obliged them tocutotf the reft. Men of quality 
 and learning let the nails of their fingers grow to an 
 enormous length, to lliev. that they are not employed 
 in manual labour. In the fummcr they wear a conical 
 cap made of fplinttrs, lined with fatin, and adorned 
 with the tail of a red co^v, the hair of which dcfcends 
 from the top to the edges. But the cap of the fupcrior 
 order is made of parteboard, adorned with a tuft of red 
 filk, and covered within iide and without with the 
 richcfi fiitin. 
 
 The drefTcs of both men and women are much alike, 
 andfcom calculated for eafcand freedom, confifting of 
 a veil and fafh, and a kind of gown with long (Icevet; 
 thrown over them. Their drawers are wide, and they 
 have buikins quilted with cotton. In fummer their 
 necks are bare, and their veils without lining; but in 
 •winter they are covered with filks or fkins, according 
 to their different circumflances. The women of qua- 
 lity (though feldom fecn by the Europeans) take much 
 pains in decorating their heads with artificial flowers, 
 and gold and filver fpanglcs. Sometimes their hair is 
 drawn up in a net, and fometinies dilhevelled. The 
 women in common wear it tied in a bunch at the top of 
 the head. Their garments are of all colours except 
 yellow , which none but the royal family are permitted 
 to wear. The females adopt a mofidifagrecablecufiom 
 of chewing betel to darken their teeth, as black teeth 
 are deemed ornamental in th^s country. Thofc who 
 live upon the water, or follow the employment of lilh- 
 ing, are clad in cocoa-nut leaves, and have a fort of 
 umbrella made of the fame fixed clofe to the head. 
 The fafhion ofufing fans is univcrfal throughout China, 
 .and has hence been tranfplanted to fevcral other places, 
 particularly Europe. 
 
 The Chinefe merit great applaufc, and are highly 
 worthy of imitation, w ith rcfpeifl to their induflry and 
 
 pcrfcverancc in the acromplithmcnt of whatever thiy 
 undertake. Their public works arc founded ujwn ra- 
 tional principles, utility being the leading point in view 
 and pleafureand ornament but fecondaryconfideratioris! 
 As theirlaws prcfcribe monies of behaviour for perfons 
 of all ranks and degrees, thefe people are cerenioniou-: 
 to an extreme, and appear very polite and affable . hut 
 thefe exterior accompliflimcnts are clouded by duplicity 
 and fraud ; and as avarice is their leading palllon, thc> 
 can neither be influenced by motives of honefty or hu- 
 manity. They arc very artful in evading the law, a-c 
 not daring enough to commit a public robbery, but ex- 
 cel every nation upon the earth in privately cheatiivj. 
 Nay, they take as much delight in over-reaching anil 
 cozening one another, as they do the grcatcrt ftraiieers. 
 Captain Cook obferves, that (the danger of bcini? 
 hanged for any crime being excepted) there is nothinjj, 
 however infamous, which a Chineffc will rcfufe to do 
 for gain, and in this opinion he concurs with every pre- 
 ceding writer; fo that thefe people have taken no fniiill 
 pains to cftablilh thcrnfclves in their reputation for 
 infamy. 
 
 When the Refolution and Difcovcry, on the l.i(l 
 voyage, performed by order of his Britannic M.iielfy, 
 anchored ofl^ the townof Macao, Captain King was fent 
 by order of Captain Gore [to whom the command of 
 the cxf)edition devolved on the demife of Captain Cook J 
 with a party to Canton, to procure, if polfible, fome 
 necefTary fupplies of provifion and cordage. Here he 
 had an opportunity of difcovering the genius of the 
 Chinefe for trade. Apprehending that Canton wmiii' 
 be an advantageous market for furs, he had taken with 
 him about twenty fca-otter fkins, and being dirccfcJ 
 by fome of the Englifh fupercargocs to a member of 
 the bong, (an appellation given to a fcciety of the 
 principal merchants of the city,) was afTured by him, 
 that he might rely on h'S integrity in the tranfadtion of 
 bufinefs between them. 
 
 The fkins being laid before this merchant, he ex- 
 amined them over a^d over again, with particular at- 
 tention, and at \a.(\ informed Captain King, that tie 
 could not think of otfering more than 300 dollars for 
 them. As the Captain was convinced, from the price 
 at which fkins had been fold at Kamtfchatka, that he 
 had not offered one half of their value, he found him- 
 felfobliged to drive a bargain. He therefore, in hii 
 turn, demanded icxDO dollars. The Chinefe merchant 
 then advanced to 500 ; after which heoflx-red Mr. Km;; 
 a private prefcnt if porcelain and tea, which amounted 
 to 100 more: then he propofed to give the fame fum 
 in money; and at length rofe to 700 dollars; upon 
 which the Captain lowered his demand to 900. Here, 
 each of them declaring that he would not recede, they 
 parted : but the Chinefc fpeedily returned with a lillof 
 haft-Indian commodities, which he now defired that 
 Mr. King would take in exchange, and which (as the 
 Captain was afterwards informed) would have amounted 
 in value, if faithfully delivered, to double the fum the 
 merchant had before otfered. Finding r'.ic Cajjtain 
 unwilling to deal in this mode, he finally p jwfcd, that 
 they Ihould divide the difterence, which Mr. Kin;;, 
 weary of the conteft, agreed to, and received the 803 
 dollars. 
 
 That fraud is the prevailing charaiScriftic of the 
 Chinefe is corroborated by fevcral proofs, the l;\(l ot 
 which was fo late as the year 1786. Our corrcfpondem, 
 to whom we are under great oblisrations for divers com- 
 munications, in the late remarks with which we havi- 
 been favoured, fays, as the firft inftance of Chinefe im- 
 (Mjfition, that the pilot, who came on board to pilot 
 the fiiip to Macao roads, had the alTu ranee to aik forty 
 or fifty dollars, and took only. ten. He further add>i 
 upon this head, that as all kinds of provlfions, live 
 Hock, &c. are fold by weight, it is a common pr-icticc 
 with the Chinefe to give the hogs, fowls, ducks, geelc, 
 &c. plenty to eat and drink jult before they are dil- 
 pofed of, to make theni weigh the more: and alfo, 
 that unlcfs a check is kept upon them, they will charyi- 
 
 lor 
 
 f, 
 
 :j:s .t'* :.\!, 
 
EOGRAPHY. ■ 
 
 iment of whatever thiy 
 cs arc founded iijron ra- 
 ic leading point in view, 
 Tondaryconfiderations! 
 f behaviour for pcrfons 
 people arc ceremonious 
 polite andatfublc: but 
 »rc clouded by duplicity 
 :ir leading palHon, they 
 itivcs of honcrty or hul 
 in evading the law, a'c 
 public robbery, but cx- 
 1 in privately cheatiivj;. 
 tin over-reaching anil 
 
 the grcatcrt ftraliprcrs. 
 (the danger of bcinir 
 
 :pted) there is nothinL', 
 lincft will refufc to do 
 concurs with every prc- 
 plc have taken no final 1 
 ,n their reputation fur 
 
 Difcovcry, on the h{[ 
 his Britannic Majcfty, 
 , Captain King was lent 
 whom the command of 
 lemife of Captain Cook j 
 •cure, if poinble, fome 
 and cordage. Here he 
 ring the genius of the 
 ing that Canton wouK' 
 furs, he had taken with 
 ns, and being directed 
 argocs to a member of 
 en to a fcciety of the 
 ',) was alTured by him, 
 •ity in the tranfaftion of 
 
 this merchant, he ex- 
 ain, with particular at- 
 Captain King, that he 
 re than 300 dollars for 
 nvinced, from the price 
 ,t Kamtfchatka, that he 
 ir value, he found him- 
 . He therefore, in his 
 rhc Chinefc merchant 
 lich heoifered Mr. Kin<^ 
 id tea, which amounted 
 
 1 to give the fame funi 
 to 700 dollars; upon 
 
 iemand to 900. Hire, 
 would not recede, they 
 ly returned with a lillof 
 ch he now dclired that 
 nge, and which (as the 
 [I) would have amounted 
 , to double the funi the 
 . Finding r'.ie Ca])tain 
 he f.nally p jiofed, that 
 ence, which Mr. king, 
 a, and received the Soo 
 
 ig charaiScriftic of the 
 eral proofs, the htt ol 
 86. Our corrcfpondeiu, 
 isrations for divers com- 
 rks with which we have 
 [ inftance of Chinefc ini- 
 ame on board to pilot 
 the afliirance to alk forty 
 f. ten. He further add< 
 tinds of provifions, live 
 it is a common practiic 
 jgs, fowls, ducks, gteff, 
 ult before they are dil- 
 rh the more: and aKc, 
 n them, they will chum 
 for 
 
 Hi 
 
 /<f. 
 
 C.IIINESE DkESSES. ' ' , 
 
 y'fii/tt//t^///>f'//,y 2r/. \ff// ,-i. ^/if ( /////rn>/'f // /n.//l<>rn< , f ff ffi>f/frf // (>/////■ //Ki/ /f////f . 
 
 /^ 
 
 I ;l 
 
 ^,4 
 
 Ttr-rfA'/f'/ •i7///'. 
 
 1 ,f{'/f't/,uf ///.... 
 
 Chink SE Dresses. 
 
 ^(f c/ 
 
 ^^r 
 
 . ,^' ^^i^-^-- - i'^^sidJ^L. 
 
"■31^? 
 
 
 # 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 for articles nor receive 
 ilti'tription, it is canilii 
 women, callcil by the fi 
 along-liiie the Ihips (tor 
 on board) to get their I 
 in returning the fame c» 
 that there is fearcely ev 
 Jilhontlty. 
 
 Thcfe uafliay giils, .1 
 pans, which are fniall 
 whole families. A ma 
 ottrn ilwcll in one of ti 
 cooking utenlils, furniti 
 nien fiiiU thefe fampans 
 It is very common to fei 
 achiKI at her ba^k, am 
 the fainpan Ihioaking v 
 'I'hi fis are piinillied 
 nianilarin, or cutting ot 
 na-nuin having one plaii 
 drays or pritlfs excepte 
 qiicnce is committed, t 
 this punilbment they 01 
 other. 
 
 It appears from the 
 
 who have touched at 
 
 faithlefs, deceiving, cr 
 
 Previous to a vilit n 
 
 billet is always prefei 
 
 the name and rank of I 
 
 of equal rank with the 
 
 ccived at the hall door 
 
 meiHcs holdini; before 
 
 moved upon the vilitat 
 
 (trcniony begins, witl 
 
 ami bowingsoi the bo( 
 
 each other with their 1 
 
 right and left fide of ca 
 
 monies over, the gue: 
 
 when feated declares tf 
 
 fliort converfation tea i 
 
 they make their obeifai 
 
 with much bowing on 
 
 Upon the birth-day 
 
 pie of the firrt (juality 
 
 to his paht'.e, taking fv 
 
 th(.n>. Upon entering 
 
 make a molt profounc 
 
 taking a cup of liquo 
 
 fayin;;," Behold the li 
 
 with fweetmeats, fays, 
 
 Then others of tliecoii 
 
 A niandarin of inf 
 
 rior, inftantly Hops h 
 
 found reverence. 1 f 
 
 lute each other in thei 
 
 and railing them toth 
 
 they are entirely out 
 
 The cuftoni amonti 
 
 mciTt is to introduce : 
 
 invited, unlcfs the gr 
 
 necefliiry to place two 
 
 a line on each fide of 
 
 with picuircs, flower- 
 
 bles being placed dir 
 
 guclls face one anothi 
 
 tahle-cloths or napkin 
 
 is ( mbtUiflied with er 
 
 it handfomcly japannc 
 
 ot meat ready carved, 
 
 and citrons at the top 
 
 forks or fi)oons, but 1 
 
 leveral difhes have 1 
 
 brought, attended wi 
 
 break and put into th 
 
 afterwards fruit: but 
 
 of the houfc takes his 
 
 other place. In the 
 
 0'"^ 
 
 iM 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 a 1.1 
 
 for articles nor received. As a cniintcrpoifc to this 
 iklcTiption, it is camiidly obfirvttl, Jiat the Chincfc 
 women, called by the Tailors waibay girls, who come 
 along-lide the lliips (tor they are not allowed to come 
 on board) to get their linen to walh, are moft pum'tual 
 in returning the fame exactly folded ami mended, and 
 that there is fcarcely ever known an inllance of their 
 Jiihoiitrty. 
 
 1 hcfc wafliay girls, as they are called, live in fani- 
 pans, which are fmall boats, and the habitations of 
 whole families. A man, woman, and four children, 
 ofiin dwell in one of them, and have w ith them their 
 cookiii<:utenlils, furniture, &:c. Both men and wo- 
 men liuUthefe fampans with one fculler very rapidly. 
 It is very common to fee a Chinefe women fculling w ith 
 aihild at her ba^k, and two or three fat Chinamen in 
 the fampan (inoaking within lide. 
 
 'Ihi fts arc punilhed here by either flogging by the 
 nianil;nin, or tutting off their lock of hair, every Chi- 
 na-man having one plaited almolf down their backs, ha- 
 dravsor pritlfs excepted. If a crime of more confe- 
 qucnce is committed, they are (Irangled by mutes: but 
 this punilhment they only inllict when they wrong each 
 other. 
 
 Ic appears from the account of voyagers in general, 
 who have touched at Canton, that the Chinefe arc a 
 faithlefs, deceiving, cowardly, thievifli fet of people. 
 Previous to a vilit made to any perfon of quality, a 
 billet is always prefcnted to the porter, fetting forth 
 the name and rank of life of the vifivant; and if he be 
 of equal rank with the perfon whom he vilits, he is re- 
 ceived at the hall door by the mailer, two of his do- 
 meilics holdini; before him a large fan, which is re- 
 moved upon the vilitant entering the hal. It is then 
 ceremony begins, with many bcndings »>• ilie knee, 
 and bowings of the body on both (ides, complimenting 
 each other with their refpedivc titles, and taking the 
 right anil left fide of each other by turns. Thefe cere- 
 monies over, the guell is conduded to a chair, and 
 when feated declares the intention of his vilit. After a 
 (liort converfation tea is brought ; and when that is over, 
 they make their obeilance to each other, and take leave 
 with much bowing on both fides. 
 
 Upon the birth-day of a conliderable mandarin, peo- 
 ple of the fird ijuality allltnble, and proceed in bodies 
 to his palare, taking fweetmeats and other prefents w ith 
 them. Upon entering the hall they ftanJ in rows, and 
 make a molt profound reverence. One of them then 
 taking a cup of liquor, prefents it to the mandarin, 
 fayin;;," Kchold the liquor which gives joy." Another 
 with fweetmeats, fays, '' Behold the fugar of long life." 
 Then others of thecompany repeat the iameceremonies. 
 A mandarin of inferior rank, on meeting his fupe- 
 rior, inflantly Hops his fedan, and makes a moft pro- 
 found reverence, if two of equal rank meet, they fa- 
 lute each other in their fedans, by eroding their hands, 
 and railing them to their heads, which th''y repeat till 
 they are entirely out of each other's light. 
 
 The cuftom among the great at giving an entertain- 
 mcirt is to introduce as many tables as there are guefts 
 invited, unlefs the great number of viiitants render it 
 neceflhry to place two at a table. Thcfe tables Itand in 
 a line on each fide of the great hall, which is adornetl 
 with picUircs, flower-pots, and china-ware. The ta- 
 bles being placed dircdiy oppofitc to each other, the 
 guclls face one another as they lit. There are neither 
 tahle-f loths or najikins, but the fore part of each table 
 is cmbtUiflied with embroidered lilk, and the whole of 
 it handfomcly japanned. On the tables are large dilhcs 
 ot meat ready carved, piled pyramidically, w ith flow ers 
 and citrons at the top of the table. They have neither 
 forks or fpoons, but eat with little ivory flicks. After 
 ieveial ddhes have been ferved, bafons of foup are 
 brought, attcndetl with very fmall loaves, which they 
 break and put into the foup. Then tea is brought, and 
 afterwards fruit: but before the fruit is ferved, the lord 
 of the houfe takes his guefts into the garden, or fomc 
 other place. In the mean while the fervants arc em- 
 
 ployed, fomc in carrying water for the guefts to wafli 
 their hands, others in clearing the tables, and others of 
 them in prepring the defert, which confifts of the 
 richeft fruits, fweetmeats, &c. 
 
 While the com{)any are regaling thcmfelves, ic is 
 very common for players to introduce themfelvcs, who, 
 bowing fevcral times to the very ground, prefent the 
 principal gueft at the entertainment with a book, in 
 which are written, in golden letters, the titles of feveral 
 plays; but the head gueft refers the choice to a fecond, 
 the fecond to athird, the third to a fourth, and fo on; 
 but all refuling, heat length choofes a play that he ima- 
 gines will bell pleafe thecompany. 
 
 During the dramatic entertainment, the women are 
 feated in another apartment, where, through a filk 
 netting, they fee the ]K'rformance without being feen 
 ihemfelves. Between the ads thecompany are relieved 
 with mufic, both vocal and inftrumental. Of the 
 latter kind are bafons made of copper, drums which 
 they beat with flat fticks, and flutes of ditferent forts. 
 About the mitklle of the play one of the adlors quits 
 the ftage, or rather floor, covered with a carpet, and 
 colledls money of the company. And at all thefe cere- 
 monious feafts, the fervants of the houfe make a col- 
 ledtion likewife for the mailer's ufc, to rcimburfehim 
 in part of the expcnces of the entertainment. 
 
 Parents here have an abfolute controul over their 
 children, no age nor ollicc exempting them from their 
 jurifdidion ; hence the refped ftiewn by children to 
 their parents. 
 
 The mere tcftimony of the father is fufficienc for the 
 convidlion of his fon when cited before a mandarin, 
 without any corroborating circumftances. 
 
 If a fon attempts the life of his father or mother, his 
 be ' is cut to pieces and burnt. If he leaves any houfe 
 or dwelling-place behind him, it is razed to the ground, 
 and a monument ereded in the place to per^Ktuatc 
 his infamy. Even the houfe, or houfes, adjoining it, 
 are alfo levelled with the earth. 
 
 The Chinefe atled vuft national fuperiority; even 
 the mcaneft among them have a contempt for other 
 countries; and before they were viflred by the Euro- 
 pean miflionaries, they looked upon themfelves fo fu- 
 pcrior to the reft of mankind, that they treated all other 
 nations as barbarians. They had conceived the moft 
 extravagant ideas of their own country as to its fitua- 
 tion. Upon one of the jefuitical miflionaries, who 
 vifited them, prcfcntinga map of the globe, they de- 
 fired him to explain it to them, for they were totally 
 ignorant of the delineation of it. " This (fays the fa- 
 ther) is Europe, this Africa, and here is Afia. In 
 Afia you fee Perfia, the Indies, andTartary." " But 
 where is China?" faid they. " Here it is," replied 
 the Pricft. " Uon't you fee it? 'Tis in this little 
 corner of the map." Upon which, overwhelmed with 
 ama/.cmcnt, and looking at each other, they faid, " k 
 was littlt indeed." 
 
 Notwithftandingtheftrideft laws are made in China 
 againft gaming, the natives play till they fometimcs 
 lofe their houfes, eftates, and even their children and 
 wives. There is one moft Ihocking cuftom here: when 
 a man has more children than he thinks he can well 
 provide for, the midwife receives orders to drown the 
 next female infant, or throw it into the ftreets. 
 
 Courtfhipis conduded in China like matters of gal- 
 lantry in other countries. There are certain women 
 fixed upon for thepurpofe of procuring hulbands for 
 maidens; tor as the latter are kept confined in their 
 apartments, and the young men, -.vho are to he their 
 hufbands, arc not allowed to fee them till the day of 
 marriage, they are under the necelTity of relying entirely 
 upon thole women, or confidants. The young people 
 arc never fuftered 'o treat upon the fubjed ot their 
 nuptials; the parents fettle every thing th'^mfdves; and 
 though in other countries it is the cuftom for women to 
 bring portions to their hulbands, here hulbands pay a 
 fum of money to the parents of the bride, which is ge- 
 nerally laid out in cloaths, &c. for her. Then follow 
 
 certain 
 
 m . 
 
 nij 
 
 xn 
 
 t 
 
 ssXiJ^diMlitM^i&i^tiM^ ^ 
 
A NEW, ROYiiL and AUTIIFNTIC SYSTEM or UNMVFRSAL GF.OGRAPHV, 
 
 
 tJ4 
 
 cerrain rcrniionies, the chief of which confift in the 
 rclaiioiis on IxJth liiics fendir.;^ ti) liiiiianJ the name of 
 the inteniieil britlcj;ro()in ami bride, ami in making; 
 t!:ii;i prifents. The relations of the briJe, who (ixon 
 thi' ilay of the nuptials, frei|uently confult the calerular 
 for a fortunate ilay: in the mean tniie the man fends 
 his intended bride f«)me jewels, pcmlants anil the like. 
 At lead this is the lulhim w ith wealthy people, 
 
 U|xin the day appointed for the celebration of the 
 nuptials, the bride is put into a fedan ma>;nificicntlv 
 adorned, and her ba<,'i;ai;c of rl.Kiths, ornaments and 
 trinkets are carried afitr her in i hi Its, by the doniellic 
 fcrvanti, and other perfoni hired on purpofe, whoalfo 
 carry li>.^hted flambeau; in their hands, thou};h it be 
 noon-day ; the j^raml ledan is p'eccded by mulic, and 
 followed by the relations and friends of the bride. The 
 ncareft of kin carries in his hand the key of the fedan 
 (for the windows of it arc ^;rated vp and lockid) and 
 gives it to the bridegroom as loon as the pio( ellion 
 reaches his houl'e, who waits at his own door, dreU'ed, 
 in order t()recci\c her: and as this is the lirll interview 
 between hi^i and the young lady, it is cafy to conceive 
 with what eager curiolity he unlocks the iloor ot' the 
 fedan. Some, difl'atistied with their lot, immediately 
 fhut the door again, and find the |)oor girl back with 
 her relations, rather chutiug to lofe the money they 
 have given, than be united with a perfoa they do not 
 like: this, however, is feldom the cafe. 
 
 As fdon as the bride He[vs out oi her chair, the 
 bridegroom prcfents his hand to her, and leads her 
 into a hall, where a table is brought for them in par- 
 ticular, the reft of the company fitting at other tables, 
 the men in one apartment of the hall, and the women 
 in another; but before the bride and bridegroom lit 
 down, they make four reverences to Tien, a fuppof(;d 
 fpirit prefkiing in heaven. When feated at table, they 
 jM)ur wine onthetrround before they begin to eat, and 
 let apart fonie of the provifions for their idols. 
 
 The moment each of them talles of the vicluals on 
 table, tie bridegroom rifes up and invites his lady to 
 drink : u[)on which llie rifes alfo, and reiurn, him the 
 compliment. After this two cups of wine are brought, 
 of which they drink part, and pour the relidue into 
 another cup, out of which they alicrw arils drink alter- 
 natelv; and this laft pan of the ceremony ratifies the 
 nuptials. The bride then goes among the ladies, and 
 fpends tlie day with them, while the biidegroom treats 
 his friends in a feparate apartment. 
 
 No man, except the emperor, can (confiflently with 
 the laws of China) marry more than one wife: he, 
 however, has the privilege of taking as many concu- 
 bines into his houfeas he pleafes; but thefe muft be 
 obedient to the wife, and treat her as their millrcfs. 
 Tne ~~\ .'or has three wives, and the number of his 
 concubines isellimateil at about 3000, who are called 
 Con-gu, or ladies of the palace. 
 
 If a wife elopes from her hufband llie is fentcnced 
 to be whipped, and the hulband may difpofe of her as 
 a (lave : if fhe marries another ma'i, the firft hulband 
 cancaufe her to be llrangled. If a man quits his wife 
 and family, the wife, alter an abfence of three years, 
 has the privilege of prefenting a petition to a man- 
 darin, laying open her fituation; and the rnndarin, in 
 fuch cafe, can authorize her to take another hulband: 
 flie, however, would bo very feverely punilhed were 
 file to marry w ithout this previous mode of application. 
 In certain cafes a man may jiut away his wife: thus, 
 forinllance, divorcing a wife is allowed of, not only 
 for adultery, but for a bad temper, a clamorous tongue, 
 difobedience, theft, barrennefs, or indeed for any con- 
 tagious difordcr: but though the law on thefe occalions 
 puthorize a divorce, it is feldom put in force among 
 perfons of condition : there are, indeed, examples of 
 it among the low er orders of the people. Some of the 
 nien are fo very jealous, that they will fcarce fuffcr 
 their wives to fpeak in private, even to any of their 
 near relations of the male kind. 
 
 The funeral folemnitiesof theChincfc arc very fin- 
 
 gular, and worthv of attention. W'lu-n a perfon of 
 rank dies, they lirll walli the corps, and alter cm. 
 ba!' 'ng it, drefs it in the rii hell robes, and tlien ex. 
 jxife it to view in a railed al.ove, before whii h the 
 wives, children, relations and friends, prollr.itetiirni- 
 fclves : near the i iillin is an image of thedeceafed or 
 elfc fome carved work, with his name in lap'c cha- 
 raclers, and furroundeil with l!i;.\ers, perfumes and 
 Hambeaux. ThccolUn is var'-,ilhcd and gilt: andhm: 
 it is nccelfary to remark, that tlie L'hinefe like to hu,- 
 their coffins made in their life-times: even the pooai: 
 amoni; them w ill find means to be at this e\pcnce. 
 
 The Ions of fome </i tlie great men, t;) lhe«- tliur 
 regard for the memorici of their lieceafed lathers «iil 
 keep their bodies in their houfes unburied even tuour 
 three years; and this facred filial veneration pr.)ccc\t< 
 from the extenfive and abfolute authority w hich the f.i- 
 ther haii exerciled over the fori; for the father is not 
 only mailer of his fbn's ellate, but alio of his coiicii- 
 bines and children, who, whenever they offend him 
 he may fell and enllave. 
 
 The funeral proccflion begins with a great numher 
 ofperf()ns carrying little pafleboard figures, reprefint- 
 ing Haves, t\gers, eunuchs, cam. Is, ho^l'es,^;c. Then 
 come the daughters and the wifeanil concubines of tlie 
 deceafed, who are carried in fedaiis; and though iluv 
 are not ken, they arc fu Ificiently heard, for they caiile 
 the air to refound with their lamentations. The bi:ri.il- 
 place is always without the town in .t fort of groiio, 
 built on puriK)fe. It confills generally of three riKims, 
 and is furrounded with little groves of pine or cypnls. 
 
 When the proccflion reaches the fepulchre, thecolfm 
 is placed in a vault, and perfumes are burnt ; the lixurc^ 
 of pafUbf)ard arc alfo burnt, and libations and nu.it- 
 otferings made to the deceafed ; for thefe people have 
 an idea that the fpirits in the other world receive iIil- 
 offerings thus made, and that the iliffcrent repreliii:a- 
 tions of thcpaflcboard figures become realized for thcr 
 ufe and emolument. 
 
 So attached are thefe people to their funeral lo!rtii- 
 nities, and fuch i^itlie veneration in which ti.ev hiiid 
 thedeceafed, that they derj)ife foreigners ;or abaiulnii. 
 ing the lepulchres of their anceflors, and e.\poliiig 
 them to the hazard ofdyingina remote country, with- 
 out having relations with them to pay their fall tribiiiL' 
 of alfeCtion. 
 
 As to public feftivals or rrjoicings in China, the two 
 princi()d are celebrateil, one in the beginning aiul ti'.c 
 other about the middle of January. The former r 
 kcjic in viliting, feailing, making prefents, &c. Th;.: 
 fit t!v,- middle of the month is called the Feall of the 
 Lanterns, when every family, botii ofcity andcouiitry, 
 on the fea-coafl, or on the rivers, light up l::rgc paiir- 
 ed lanterns, fhick full of wax candles or finjll lanij)-, 
 rcprelenting cavalcades, l]ii()s under f.iil, armies e;;- 
 gagin/z, horll'S galloping, fpectrcs, mimics, anioth.i- 
 objects. 
 
 It is afTertcd by many, that this grand anniverf.irv 
 fefiival had its origin from the l()llow ing circumlU'.n.i : 
 a (crtain mandarin, in former times, who wasgr.arly 
 carefieil by his people, havingan only daughter drown- 
 ed by falling into a river, he looked for her a whulc 
 night by the liglit of lanterns, all the inhabirants of the 
 dillrid: following him by lanterns and torches to alliil 
 in fearching for his darling child. The particular al- 
 fei!;tion wliich the people Ivul for their mandarin, ot 
 elfe the lingularity of the adventure, let tliein to \ui'-k 
 with their lanterns the fame night of the year follow- 
 ing; and this culloin gradually fprcading, occafione.l, 
 in time, a public feftival throughout the empire. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Divers MmufaBures. Mode ef Printing in China. 
 
 THE produce of that earthen ware, gcneral'y 
 known by the name of china, and called by fhf 
 ancients porcelain, is an object of great importance to 
 
 this 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 this country. Though thi 
 
 nt.icels of its preparation a 
 
 a doubt, that the grand art! 
 
 make e\ery kind of reprcft 
 
 asuiols, animals kc. M 
 
 in Fiirope by the name of ( 
 
 0|'tl;i' (i(hIs thev worlhip. 
 
 it is a pity that their \ 
 
 the art of deiigning a little 
 
 quit ihemfclves tolerably w 
 
 in fome othe. imitations, 
 
 animals are, for the moll | 
 
 Ihis niufl be cither the elf 
 
 ol fymiiutry ami proportir 
 
 aHeitntion of the grotefi]iK 
 
 Silks, .iccording to th< 
 
 were originally fal>ricateil 
 
 wiirms are fuppofed to have 
 
 tncrnicd are Nankin dam; 
 
 tins, taHeties, brocades, 
 
 quite new , have a very fin 
 
 but their beauty foon fade; 
 
 called louan-tfc, is mucl 
 
 plain, and fometimes figi 
 
 birds, trees, flowers, and { 
 
 fi^irc of a dragon is a \ 
 
 uith the t^hincfc, on arcoi 
 
 thcv have for the menic 
 
 »hirh, agreeable to their 
 
 ihiir great kgillator Vo-\ 
 
 the juices of herbs and fl 
 
 penetrate the lilk, that th 
 
 ll.uing thus far treate 
 
 fiy Ibinethingof the filk-' 
 
 haves its egg, is no biggc 
 
 (111. It fi:eds upon the t 
 
 i':c lize of a caterpillar, a 
 
 hut pre|)ares for its diffolu 
 
 ot lilken ball fpun from i 
 
 rates from its body, am 
 
 Irom its original form. 
 
 (ir motion. However, . 
 
 liime time, it awakes to 
 
 ilillcrent kinil of infccl. 
 
 butterfly; and in this lad 
 
 ihcfpeeies by laying a pri 
 
 which fhe dies. 
 
 This valuable worm is 
 fprings' and, from one e 
 kind of little nerve, whit 
 Ipine, placed in the centt 
 through its whole length 
 firings: one of thefe is t 
 of many oval veircls : the 
 double, and appears to be 
 extending towards the tw 
 twecn which are certain 
 thdfc dillributed along 
 thefe apertures that the 
 its fpring and rxpanlion | 
 chvle or humour which 
 It is ncceffary 10 ad. 
 black when it firk con>e,-> 
 it begins to alfumc a v 
 this its coat fiillies, an 
 time theinfecf calls itol 
 It increafes in bulk, am 
 a little inclining to a bi 
 olitslkin, it appears in 
 head, and whole form, 
 appears quite another in! 
 elianged to a bright yell 
 ils leaving the egg, it ha; 
 eiit coverings. It cnntin 
 and then renouncing all ( 
 filken ball as already nn 
 This curious infecl at 
 delign, and forms only , 
 No. 2 1 . 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 CHIN A. 
 
 Printing in China, 
 
 tils cmintrv. Though thr nativM affVift to keep the 
 nriials otits preparation a (h ret, it is known, bcvond 
 aiioubt, that the j^rarul article is caK ineii earth, ihey 
 make every kind of reprefcntation in this fort of ware, 
 as idols, animals, ivc. Many of thofe fif^iires known 
 in Europe by the name of Chinefe balxxins, are images 
 ot il.i Ci(xis thev worrtiip. 
 
 It is a pity that their workmen do not iindcrftand 
 thr art ofdeiigninga little beer-, for though they ac- 
 quit thenifelves tolerably wcH in draw in<:j How ern, and 
 in fome othe; imitations, yet their rcprefcntations of 
 animals arc, for the moll parr, verv aukward fiRures. 
 This niiirt be either the crteiit of ignorance in the rules 
 ot fymniirry and proportion, or miift proceed from an 
 iffitctation of the grotefque. 
 
 Silks, aceonhnr^ to the moft authentic accounts, 
 were i>ri;'inally fabricateil in this country, where (ilk 
 viorms are fuppofed to have ori),dnated. The filks moft 
 tftccincil are Nankin damalks of various colours, fat- 
 tins, taH'eties, brocades, gau/es, &c. Thefe, when 
 quite new , have a very fine ..ml handfome appearance, 
 but tluir beauty foon fades. A ffiong durable (attin, 
 c.illal Touan-tfc, is mucheftecmed: if is fomeiimes 
 plain, and fomutiines lij^ured with rcprefcntations of 
 birds, trees, Howers, and particularly dragons: tor the 
 figure of a dragon is a very favourite reprefentation 
 with the Clhinefc, on account of the peculiar veneration 
 they have for the memory of a celebrated dragon, 
 nhich, agreeable to their fidr.ilous antiquity, infpircd 
 ihcir great legillator Ko-hi. Their colours conlUt of 
 the juices of herbs and flowers, which fo cflccitually 
 penetrate the filk, that the ftain always remains in it. 
 Having thus far treated of the filks, we Ihall now 
 fav I'oinethingof the filk-worm. The worm, when it 
 leaves its egg, is no bigger than the hcail of a common 
 (in. It feeds upon the mulberry leaf, and grows to 
 i!'t li/e of a caterpillar, after which it no longer eats, 
 biit prepares for its diflfihition. It wraps itfelf in a kind 
 ot (ilken ball fpun from its own bowels ; its head fepa- 
 ratcs from its body, and it in every refpedt changes 
 Irani its original form. It hath apparently neither life 
 or motion. However, after remaining in this llate 
 loine time. It awakes to a new being, and ajipears a 
 ditferent kind of infect. It rcfcmbles a large moth or 
 buttertly; and in this laft ftage '.he female propagates 
 ihcfpe* ies by laying a prodigious number of eggs, after 
 vthich fhe dies. 
 
 This valuable worm is compofcd of fevcral elaftic 
 fprings! and, from one extremity to the other, it has a 
 kind of little nerve, which we will call the fjiine: this 
 fpine, pLiced in the center of its body, and continued 
 through its whole length, fuflains two other nerves or 
 llrings: one of thefe is the heart, which is compofed 
 of many oval vefTels: the other, which is the lungs, is 
 double, and appear.^ to be an airemhlage of fevcral ring.s, 
 extending towards the two fides of the infeVt, and be- 
 tween which arc certain orifices that correfjiond with 
 thofe liiHributed along the exterior tides. It is thro' 
 thefe apertures that the air flows to the lungs, and by 
 its Ipring and expanfion promotes the circulation of the 
 chyle or humour which nouritlies the infcOl. 
 
 It is ncceflliry to add, that r' e worm is perfedly 
 black when it firli cone's out of thi. egg. In a few days 
 it begins to aifiime a whitifli hue, or afli grey: after 
 this its coat fiiUies, and beccnies ragged; at which 
 time the infect calKs itolf, and appears in a new habit. 
 It incrcafcs in bulk, and becomes more white, though 
 a little inclining to a bluifh c.ill : then diverting itfelf 
 iititsfkin, it appears in its third habit, when its colour, 
 head, and whole form, arc fo metainor]5hofed, that it 
 appears quite another infedt. In a tew da) s it becomes 
 changed to a bright yellow: fo that from the time of 
 its leaving the egg, it hath divclled itfelf of three diller- 
 eiit coverings. It continues tixding a flM)rt time longer, 
 and then renouncing all focicty, wraps itfelf in its little 
 filken ball as already mentioncil. 
 
 This curious infect at firlt fcctns to labour without 
 detign, and forms only a fort of flue or aown. This 
 No. 21, 
 
 ii its firft day's employment. On the fecond k begins 
 to form the outfidc of the cone or ball, in the midit of 
 the l(X)fc filk or Hue made the day before: and on the 
 third day it is entirely obfcured. In the fpace of a week 
 the cone is completed, and the worm changes to a 
 chryfalis, wrapjH-d in its little iilken tomb, without feet, 
 head, or any dilline't part. The cone is like a pidgeonN 
 egg, and is more jx)inted at one end than the other. 
 A female (ilk-worm fometimes lays 5CX) eggs. 
 
 The Lhinete have two nu'thods of bringing up their 
 filk-worms. They either fiifl'er them to range on the 
 mulberry trees, or keep them in nxmis; but the latter 
 methixl is prtxludive ol'the linefl (ilk. 
 
 Prior to the introduction of paper into China, which, 
 according to the chronologers of that country, was 
 about the fecond century of the Chritlian iura, the Chi- 
 nefe ufed to exprefs their fentiments by means of carved 
 letters, or rather hieroglyphics, which were cut in 
 blocks of wooil; and thefe boanls, or wooden leaves, 
 being fiiiU-ned together, formed bcxiks. Some of thefe, 
 we are inforiBcd, with the characters flill legible, are 
 to be found at this time in China, but they are deemed 
 valuable rcliques by the Chinele antiquaries. 
 
 The Chinefe (bon adopted another mcthoti upon pieces 
 of tilk and linen, cut into di HI- rent forms, according to 
 the fizeof the book or volume intcndeil: till at lensith 
 one Tfai-lun, an ingenious mandarin, invented a paper 
 made of the bark of trees. The trees principally cho- 
 fen were the mulberry, bamboo, elm, and cotton; bur 
 they ufe only the fecond (kin of the bark, which is foft 
 and white : this is fl^ceped in the mud of fome ftanding 
 water, then wafhcd clean, and fpread in a dry ditch, 
 where it is covered with lime; and latTly, to linifh the 
 bleaching part, it is fcparatcd into threads, and dried 
 in the fun. It is then boiled in a cauldron, and after- 
 wards reduced to a parte by a m: hine. Then they take 
 foinc water, in vvhichthe branchesof the koteiig, a fiirub, 
 hath been foaked, in order to make it fizy, and mix it 
 with the matter the paper is made with. The whole 
 then becoming a clammy liquid, and being poured into 
 large refervoirs, they, with their proper moulds, take 
 up the furface of the liquor, which in an inftant almoft 
 becomes paper. The moulds are long and broad, and 
 the bottom made of threads of bamboo; fo that there 
 are (beets ten, twelve, or perhaps thirteen feet in length. 
 They afterwards dip every rtieet of paper inallum wa- 
 ter, when it h.as the denomination of fan-paper; for, in 
 the Chitfefe langu.age, the word /■/« lignifies allum. 
 The ink is prevented from finking into the paper by the 
 allum, which gives it an agreeable lultre befides. The 
 paper is in general full as white, and is finer, and much 
 fofter, than any we have in Europe; but it is more 
 apt to crack, as well as to become damp and worm- 
 eaten ; and, if not very carefully preferved, it is lefs 
 durable. That made from the bamboo is more fubjecl 
 to crack than any; though, perhaps, the dipping it in 
 allum-water may, in general, occafion this defeft. 
 The paper made from the cotton trees is the niott deli- 
 cate, and rao!l generally ufed, for it is as durable as 
 any European paper. 
 
 The Chinefe do not write with a reed, like the Ara- 
 bians, or with a crayon, like the Siamefe, or with a pen, 
 like the Europeans, bu: with an hair pencil. They 
 make ufe of a piece of polifiietl marble, hollowed at 
 one end to hold water, wherein they dip ilicir rtick of 
 ink, and then gently rubbing it, there is in a few mo- 
 mcnts produced a fluid ink. They do not hold their 
 pencils fiopiiig, as wc do our jicns, but perpendicular 
 to the paper. They write froni top to bottom in co- 
 lumns, and begin their books where ours end; that is, 
 they begin at the right hand fide of the paper, and pro- 
 ceed to the left, like the Hebrews. IJiit their paper is 
 fovery thin, it will not bear writing on both fides of it. 
 Their method of printing is not at all like ours. 
 Theylay claim to the invention of this art at leart 400 
 years before it was praClifed by the Europeans. As we 
 have but twenty-four letters, and thofe arc capable of 
 1 compofing whole volumes, it is not neceflary that the 
 I 1, 1 1 compofitor 
 
 1 If i 
 
 [M 
 
i:6 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVIKSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ./••I 
 
 conipofitor have moreihan a certain quantity of t^cfc 
 tharadcrs, iufficicnt tor a ilu-ct or haU" flicet of pages, 
 as the volume may be done, making one or two com- 
 plete tramcs, (or forms, as ftileii in the printingotTice.) 
 and enough to keep him employed while thefe are 
 working ofl'at the prefs;bccaufe when the proper number 
 is printed, he diftnbuteshis types into their rcfpedive 
 boxes, and w itli the uimc letters compofes a frelh frame 
 or form ; fo that a very large book may be printed w ith 
 a moderate number of characters. But the Chinefe, 
 who do not pradifethis molt ufeful and admirable me- 
 thod, arc under a ncccflity of uling a prvodigious num- 
 ber of charaders, as they have properly no letters, but 
 dirtercnt marks of all the ditferent words in their lan- 
 guage. Inltead of types, they cut their characters on 
 wo(xle;i blocks. When an author is about to print his 
 manufcript, he gets it fairly tranfcribed on fine tranf- 
 parcnt paper; then the engraver glues each leaf upon 
 a fmooth block, v ith the lace of the type to the wood, 
 and then cuts away the wood, leaving only the types, 
 which is clleded with fuch a degree of nicety, that, 
 when printed off, they fo exactly refcmblc the original, 
 a' to render it difficult todiftinguifii the print from the 
 l.v.d-writing. This method of doing bufinefs, itmiift 
 be allowed, is fubject to great inionveniencics, on ac- 
 count of the nccellity of multiplying the number of 
 blocksof wood, and the length of the time taken up in 
 engraving; and, as the pages are feparately worked off, 
 it mult be a long time before a volimie can be com- 
 pleted. Hut then, on the other hand, it is to he con- 
 iiderid, that the Chincfc engraver works his characters 
 almolt as fait as the Europcui printer compofes his. 
 This could noi, howc\cr, be fuppofed to be done, 
 without conlidering that the Chinefe characters area 
 fort of Ihort-hand, fome of which not only exprefs 
 words, but whole fentcnces. Moreover, when the 
 whole copy is engraved, the author can order to be 
 printed only jultfuch a number f books as he thinks 
 he fliall have occalion for; by « ich means he confe- 
 tjucntly avoids that lofs which I iropcan authors and 
 bookfelleis fullain from the nuwiber of fupcrtluous 
 printed copies. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 Ins and Sdences cultivated hy the Chinefe. Dramatic 
 Exhibitions 
 
 THEREare but few of the Chinefe who apply them- 
 fclves to any of the fpeculative fcienccs. Moral 
 philofophy has always been their principal fhidy, and 
 this they reduce to two principal heads, viz. the reci- 
 p'-ncal ilutics between parents and children, and be- 
 tween prince and people. Between polity and niorality 
 they make no diftindion: the art to govern well, and 
 the art to live well, are one and the fame principle with 
 them. 
 
 The fages of China have produced the moft excel- 
 lent moral books, and have uiited their ftilc and tenets 
 to the moll ordinary capacities; (ludying more to in- 
 Itrud the uninformed, than to acquire applaufe to 
 th'. .iifclvcs. LeariMUg is the o;ilv path to preterment 
 there, and none but the literati are governors of cities 
 and provinces. 
 
 The libraries of China are numerous, el'-gantly 
 Iniilt, fupcrbly ornamented, and enriched w ith grand 
 collections 
 
 It appears from the c'uking, a canonical book of 
 great antiquity, that thele peo|!k- had cultivated the 
 iVience of aitronomy with imidt application. That 
 book lets forth, that in tiie reign ol the em[)eror Yu, 
 whichwas near 2000 year^ beforeChrill, there live(! I "i 
 and Ho, two noted aft ronomers, who, however, were 
 in very great difgracc , for not prognollicating an eclipfe 
 of thi I'un, which happened in theii' life-time. In the 
 fame hook mention \s made of another eclipfe of the 
 fun, that happened - ; years before the Chrillian ;vra, 
 ilie triith of whitr- ida confirmed by the takulution 
 
 of thejefuit P. Schaal. Gaubil, the jcfuJ' hasol 
 ferved. th.it from above 120 years before the lanicar 
 they have given the number and extent of their conft 1' 
 lations, what (tars anfweredthe foKtiees and cuuinov 
 the declination of the Itars, the diitance of the troni?' 
 and two poles. He adds, they were acquainted w„h 
 the motions ot the funandmoon, and alio of the nlm J 
 and fixed ftars; though they did not determine th 
 motion ot the latter till 4CX) years after Chrilt. 
 
 Their learned hiltorian Confucius h.is been founi 
 exact m his calculation of eclipfes in general, accordini 
 to the declaration of the jefuits: and the Chinefe a, 
 at this very day polTelTed offcveral altroiioniical hook?' 
 w^hichthey alfert were compofed under the dvnaftvo' 
 Han, who reigned before the birth of Chrilt ; by 'whU 
 it appears that thefe people, for upwards of 200a vca\ 
 pall, have been acquainted with the folar year, ascoii' 
 filling of 365 days and fome hours; the apparent di" 
 urnal motions of the fun and moon from ea(t to well" 
 the meridianal altitude of the fun by the Ihadow ofVno" 
 nu)ns; the right afcenlion of the liars, and the tiim-oi 
 their palling through the meridian; as likewife the ro 
 volutions of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, and M.r. 
 cury: and their obfervations in thefe particulars ha- 
 been pretty neai the fame with ours in point of exaC;- 
 nefs: though they have no tables for the retroirradc ami 
 ilationary afpeds of the planets. " 
 
 They divide their ^ ear into twelve lunar mont'is 
 fome of them confifting of twenty-nine, others of thirtv 
 days; and every five years they have an interralari 
 month, to adjufl the lunations with the fun's coiiri'c 
 They reckon by weeks, as we do, and in like ni.uinci 
 give the name of a planet to each of the liven da\M 
 and according to the fame order. Their allronoii.ial 
 day begins at midnight, whicii \^ divided into twdvc 
 c(]ual parts, each anfwcring to two of our hour-. 
 1 hough they are not acquainted with the art of inakinc; 
 clocks, they have folar quadrants, and other chrono" 
 meters. Among other fmiplc inventions in private iif , 
 for the purpofe of meafuring time, they ha\e a littic 
 perfiimed paflil of a conic figure, which thev burn 111 
 the night. This pallil is marked, to Ihcw the jiartii u- 
 lar time it is made to burn, and hath generally livedi- 
 vilions, anfwering to the five watches of the night; fi 
 that thofe who wilh to be waked at a particulir time 
 hanga fmall metal ball by a ftring to the pallil, which 
 at the time burns the firing, and the weight falling into 
 a copper bafnn, awakes the perfon lleeping 
 
 As the TkIII of the Chinefe in natural jihilofophy a:i,l 
 anatomy Is very fuperficial, it cannot be fiippoled t'^y 
 are acquainted much with phyfic. However, tlie\ nl 
 tend to have applied themfelves clofely to it even tmiii 
 the eflablifiiment of their empire. Certain it is, thq 
 have fome very good practical phyficians, the gieatdt 
 part of w hofc medicines conlifts of herbs, roots, iriiiis, 
 feeds, &c. which are, for the moft part, good It >- 
 nwchics and gentle purgatives. By the beatiii,r of the 
 pulle, thry pretend to know the caufe of anv dilordn, 
 and in what part of the body it lies: and, indeed, thcv 
 have difcovered pretty exaCtly, by this means, t!i' 
 fymptoms of complaints. They fay that the piiU'cn! 
 a man differs from that of a woman, and that it chanp . 
 with the feafons of the year. To forma decilive |uilj.v- 
 ment of the caufe of complaint in a patient, they iiv 
 his arm upon a pillow, and then apply their liut^rs i" 
 the artery. At firll thcytou<h it gently, then a fci- 
 clofer, and lallly prcfs it very hard, 'rhcy take tin ■ 
 to examine the beaming, and diflinguidi the dillacuM^ 
 according as the motion is more or lefs(iuick, Uiuliirm 
 or irregular, which thev obfcrve with the moll atn;- 
 tive exadncfs. According to the variations, thev pro- 
 nounce what part of the body is atfedcd, how lo.i^ tU- 
 diforder will hold, and whether the patient will get the 
 better of it or not. 
 
 Though thefe people lay claim to the invention ol 
 muli' ,and bringing it to high perfection, theirconcen- 
 have no de|)endence on a diverlity of tones, or a dilK 1 
 encc of parts. They have no mufical notes, nor a;i) 
 
 li.. : 
 
F.OGRAPHY. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 CHIN A. 
 
 allcdcil, liou lii.ih 
 the patient will get: the 
 
 iian to denote the variations which conditutc harmony. 
 llicv karn tunes by the car, and when thefe are played 
 on tin- inllrumcnts, or fiing by a u;ood voice, they are 
 not iiU;igrecable even to an European. 
 
 The Chincfe have divers niufical inftrunients of their 
 own invention; fonie made of metal, others of ftone. 
 One hath fome rcfemblance to our trumpet. They 
 have fome covered with (kins, like our drums. They 
 have wind inrtrumcnts of two or three kinds, as flutes, 
 and a fort of little organ, which yields ■.v\ agreeable 
 foum'. They have likewifc many forts ot Itringed in- 
 ihiiincnts, the llrings of which are, for the moft part, 
 inadeoflilk, few of them of gut. The generality of 
 thciii confiHs only of three firings. They have one in- 
 llriinient with fcven firings, which is in great cfieem 
 anionLi them, and not difagrceablc when played by a 
 malk'iiy hand. 
 
 It appears, from the befi authority, that the inven- 
 tion of gunpou tier isjufily elamied by the Chinefe, v ho 
 fctm to have known nothing of fmall fire-arms, and to 
 have been acquainted only with the cannon, which 
 they call the fire-pan. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 Pullic Buildings, great IVaU of China, JrchiUiJiire, 
 Habitations, i^c. 
 
 THE bridge' built over the rivers in China arc of 
 fione, and of very firong workmanlhip. Some 
 of them are very handfomc firuclures, and of great 
 length. The bridge of Sucn-tchcou, in the province 
 of Fo-Kien, is built over an arm of the fea, and fup- 
 ported bv above 300 pillars. Its length is about 2500 
 feet, its breadth 20; and the fione work, fromp'-^i-to 
 pier, at the top, conlirts of large fmrrle malFy fiones. 
 
 There is a bridge called t' Iron Hridge, in the pro- 
 vince of Koeitcheou, which confifis of chains of iron, 
 reaching over a river extremely deep and rapid, though 
 not very broad. On each bank are raifed two mally 
 piles of mafonry, to which are faftened chains that crol's 
 to the opiJofite lidc, and on thefe are laid broad planks. 
 In one province the fix poles of wood into the rocks, 
 and on thefe lay broad boards.' y*'''.ward, however, 
 ai thefe are, the country people pafs over them without 
 fearing any danger. 
 
 The Chinefe have given amazing proofs both of art 
 and iiidullry, in the projc^ition and execution of the plan 
 far their high" roads, which are broad, commodious, 
 well paved, handfome, and fecure. The high road in 
 the province of Chen-fi may he deemed a prodigy, it 
 reaching over mountains and hideous preci[)ices. Up- 
 wards of 1000 men arc reported to have been employed 
 in the making this road, who levelled fome of the 
 mountains, formed c()mmunications by arches with 
 others, and finilhed it v.irh furpriling expedition. 
 
 The pagod-), or temples, ereded to their fabulous 
 deities, are very numerous. They coniifi in general of 
 one tower, terminating in a dome. Some are built of 
 hrick, and others of hard tempered earth. 
 
 The celebrated Forcelian Tovxer fiands at a fmall 
 (lilVance from Nan-king, and is looked upon as the 
 hamifoniell anil grandefi building in all Alia. This 
 tanions teinp'e, which, by the Chinefe, is llileil the 
 Icniplc of Ciratitude, confills of a prodigious number 
 01 pieces of timber, liitl'ercntly boxed, and let one into 
 another, w hich is lookeil upon as no inconliderabie em- 
 hellillinicnt in Chinel'e architecture, it mufi be ac- 
 knowledged, that this labvrinth of beams, couples, 
 iruciers, tec. has foniething in it (hiking and amazing; 
 ihoiii^h, in truth, it is no better than a regular kind of 
 <iiibarrn(fment and confu(ion, proceeding from the ill 
 lade of this nation tor architecture, who are entire 
 ltrati|.^ers to that noble limplicity fo jufilv admired in 
 "iir befi buildings. 
 
 I he molt (hipcndous IniiUlingin hina is the great 
 wall, begun about 2000 years ago. 1 he Chinefe erec- 
 t-il it by way of lielending themfelves againfi the Tar- 
 '^rs. It is a mafier-piece of indufiry, genius, and pcr- 
 
 fcverancc, excelling every fortification attempted by 
 the ancients. 
 
 As China is feparatcd from Tartary by a chain of 
 mountains, this wall, which begins in the province of 
 Chen-fi, on the fi.lc of Tartary, is continued over 
 mountains and vallies to the 42d degree of north lati- 
 tude, and then reaches fouthward as far back as to the 
 39th. It is principally built of brick, aijd bound with 
 the firongeft mortar, infomuch, that though it has ftood 
 niany centuries, it fiill continues firm. It is about 500 
 leagues in length, including its many turnings and 
 windings, and the intermuliate fpaccs fiipplied tiy the 
 mountains, which, in feveral places, art a natural (or- 
 tilication; and in many others there is a wide ditch 
 only ; fo that of the real wall there is not morcthan 100 
 leagues. '1 his wall, during the reigns of the Chinefe 
 emperors, was guarded continually by i,ooo,ocx3 fol- 
 diers. However, fince the conqueft of the Chinefe by 
 the Tartars, they are fatisfied w ith only guarding parti- 
 cular parts of it. 
 
 Notwithfiandingthe different reprefcntations of tra- 
 vellers, it may be atTirmed, from the befi authority, 
 that the greatert elevation of this wall does not exceed 
 30 feet; and that its breadth is about fudicient for eight 
 or ten men to (land abreafi upon it. 
 
 The cities and towns of the Chinefe in general are 
 built on a fquare model: two handfome fiicets from 
 eafi to wefi, and from north to fouth, crofs each other 
 in the center, and divide the town into quarters. 
 Where thele llreets intcrfedt each other there is a large 
 opening, from whence arc feen the four great gates. 
 
 The chief cities, and capital towns, are enclofed by 
 very high walls: and thofe towns to which the Chinefe 
 give the appellation of war-towns, have firong ramparts 
 lined with thick walls, and flanked with towers; the 
 whole encompalfed by broad ditches. In fome of the 
 fireets arc the triumphal arches and pagods. 
 
 T heir houfes are erected upon fione pedeftals, and 
 coniifi of a porch at the entrance, a hall, and three or 
 four chambers, all on the ground floor. The merchants 
 have frequently a fiory above the ground floor, in 
 which their goods are depofited. 
 
 The Chinefe find great fault with our fiories rifing 
 one above another. They exprefs their furprizc at our 
 hazarding our necks in climbing up our (tair-cafes. 
 When one of their cmn'''rors was Ihcwn (ome models 
 of European houfes, he .aid that Europe mufi certainly 
 be a fmall and pitiful country, (incc, for want of room 
 to build, the natives were f(.'iced to mount up into the 
 air. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 Dcfcription of Pe khig, the Metrcpolis, Nan-king, Sout- 
 cheott, and Canton. Chi„efe Navigation and Barks. 
 
 PE-KING, tbi: metropolis of China, is fituated in 
 latitude 40 deg. north. It is an exad fquare, and 
 diviiled into two cities; that which contains the impe- 
 rial palace, which is called the new, or the Tartar citv, 
 bccaufe inhabited by Tartars ever fince they conquered 
 the em|)ire: the other is called the old, or Chinefe city, 
 as inhabited by them. The circuit of both without 
 the fiiburbs meafiires about fix leagues. 
 
 The city is enclofed by fiupendous walls, being 150 
 feet in height, and broad enough (or feveral hori'emen 
 to ride abreafi upon the top of them. At proper dif- 
 tances are large fquare towers. The ditch is dry, 
 though very deep and wide. T'hc gates are of an ex- 
 traordinary elevation, and the architCL'ture of them in 
 tolerable good tafie. At each gate are two great towers, 
 one without and the other within. T'hcy confift ofninc 
 fiories, each with port-holes; ;i id at the bottom is a 
 fpacious hall, where the ofiicersand foldiers retire who 
 come o(f guard. 
 
 The Tartar city has nine gates; two facing the eafi, 
 two the wefi, two the north, and three the fouth. The 
 Chinefi- city has only (even, to each of which anfwers 
 a fuburb. The latter city is much the more populous 
 
 The 
 
 ^llilffi 
 
 I'M 
 
218 
 
 A NEW. ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Tlic fliccts in f^eneral areas ftraight as a line. The 
 grand ihcct is 120 feet wide, and a league in length. 
 'I'hc flwps on each fide of the ftreet, fiirniflied with a 
 beautil'iil variety of porcelian, varnillied ware, and the 
 richeit lilks, exhibit a nioft plealing pidiire. Every 
 tradei'man places a iliop-board before the door of his 
 Ihop, containing, in large charac'lcrs, an account otthc 
 diP.l-rent articles of trade that he has todifpofe of. 
 
 Incredible numbers of palfengers throng the ftre'ets, 
 but not a iingle woman is ever feen among the multi- 
 tude. Perfons who ride in chairs are often under the 
 necelHty of having an horfcman to go before them to 
 clear the wav. Several caufes combine to produce 
 thcfe crowds: as for example, befules the vail number 
 of pcafants who lepair hither from the neighbouring 
 country places, with their camels, horfes, mules, and 
 other V lih of burden, the greateft part of the me- 
 chanico, .nlkad of keeping to their Ihops, go about 
 the town in qucft of bufinels, carrying with them the 
 fevcral implements of their relpertive profcflions. Bar- 
 bers, for inllance, go about ringing bells to get cuilo- 
 mers . thev carry with them a (lool, bafon, towel, pot 
 and fire; and when any perfon calls to them, they run 
 up to him, and placing their IV00I in a convenient 
 place in the flrect, they ihave the head, dean the ears, 
 put the eye-brows in order, and brulh the Ihoulders, 
 all for the value of little more than an l.alf-penny. 
 They then ring their bell again, and are ready for ano- 
 ther cullomer. The taylors, who ply in the ftreets, 
 go home to the houfes of their cullomers, and do their 
 work there. They do not ufc thimbles, as ours do, but 
 tie a rag upon their thumbs : nor do they fit down to 
 their work, but few ffanding, except when they grow 
 tired: the work is upon a table, and they ftand clofe 
 to it. 
 
 The motley crowd, bufied in their feveral occupa- 
 tions, caufe a vaft confufion, while jugglers, ballad- 
 fingers, and nortrum-mongers are encircled by their re- 
 fpcdivc mobs ; which reminds us of the following lines 
 of a celebrated Englifli poet: 
 
 With various hafte here fev'ral ways they run. 
 Some to imdo, and fomc to be undone : 
 While luxury and wealth, and war and peace, 
 Are each the others ruin and increafe, 
 y\s rivers loll in fcas, fome fecret vein 
 Thence re-convcys, there to be loll again. 
 While diff'rent avocations each purfues. 
 All have theii fecret aims, and private views. 
 Whether they fpread iiirth pleafure's (ilkcn fails. 
 Watch folly's winds, and catcli her fleeting gales; 
 Or, full of buiinefs, fly from Iheet to llreet. 
 With looks important, and unwearied feet; 
 Or, to the more ingenious arts inclin'd. 
 Make china-ware, or fans to catch the wind ; 
 To fclf, ol each purfuit the cunent flows, 
 There all their wiflies, all their labours clofc; 
 Yet private ends aflifl the empire's aim. 
 Tor true felt-love and i'ocial are the fame. 
 
 A man of rank never goes abroad without being at- 
 tended by a. great number of his domeltics: if he be 
 a mandarin of the lirfl rank, he is not only attended 
 bv thefe, but alfo by his fubordinate mandarins, who 
 alfo, to in( reafe the pomp of his retinue, are all in 
 particular drefles, attended by their valets; fo that the 
 train of one of thefe mandarins is of itfelf fuflkient to 
 embarrafs a llreet. 
 
 From the multiplicity of palTengei-s ant. carriages, 
 the llrcets are always lb incommodeil,*eith'.r with nuitl 
 in the winter, or dull in the fummer, that they are in 
 both feafons very difagreeable. I'rom thefe conlide- 
 rations it may be eafily judged how populous Pe-king 
 nmfl be, when its ftreets can hardly contain one hall of 
 the people, who, according to the alfertions of fome 
 authors, amount to fix or i'cvcn millions. Others 
 compute them at three, and fome at only two. 
 
 Proftitutes are not fufl'ered to live within the walls: 
 their houfes are of a particular kind, and many of iheiii 
 
 lodge together, generally under the infpeftion of a man 
 who is rcfponlible for any difturbance they occalion! 
 In fome provinces proftitutes are not tolerated at all. 
 
 All the principal ftreets arc guarded by foldiers, who 
 patrole night and day, not only with thin fwords, but 
 w ith whips in their hands, with which they lafli inJitTc. 
 rently all perfons concerned in any riot or b'each of the 
 public peace. Indeed, there is always in this city ;i 
 garrifon of 40,000 men to prcferve gooii order and 
 peace. There are no clubs, balls, or other nocturnal 
 meetings here ; and the foldiers take into cullodv all 
 perfons whom they fee in the ftreets in the night-time 
 if they do not give a good account of themfelvcs. 
 
 The emperor's palace is of vaft extent. The apart- 
 ments in general arc fuperb and elegant, as, exckilive 
 ofthecarvcdand gilded ceilings, they are furniflicitwith 
 paintings, tapeftry, rich cabinets, and beatitiful carpets 
 As agriculture in general, i'nd gardening in parti- 
 cular, is in great cftimation in China, it is not to be 
 wondered at that the royal gardens of Pe-kini^ have 
 juftly challenged the admiration of the curious, and 
 may be numbered among the wonders of the world. 
 They are .1 kind of ftupendous drama, in which the 
 beauties and defecfts of nature and the w orks of art are 
 admirably reprefented in fuch a manner as to aF'Ct 
 all the paflions of the human foul. 
 
 Thefe gardens contain innumerable buildings, fnine 
 regularly elegant, others rurally limple; fonic of a 
 grotelljue nature, and others in imitation of ruins. Thr.s 
 all the varieties of achitedture are blended with the 
 productions of nature; and the animal, vegetable, and 
 mineral creation are happily united to complete a molt 
 aftonifliing fcene. 
 
 Nan-king (a name lignifying the court of the fourh, 
 as Pc-king does the court of the north) is the capital 
 of the province of Kiang-nan, and was for -nany agc^ 
 the capital of the Chinefe empire, as well as the re!i- 
 dence of the emperors. It is the largeft city in China, 
 and was originally furrounded with a triple wall.iiiea- 
 furing about fixteen leagues in circumference: hut the 
 palace, once famous for its fplendor and magnilicciue, 
 hath been deftroyed, as well as many grand mnmi- 
 ments. The ftreets of this city arc narrow, but well 
 paved; the houfes low, but handfomc; the fliops Ipa- 
 cious, and well furniflied with goods. Nan-king is ce- 
 lebrated for its great number of libraries : it excel; 
 likewife in printing, and in artificers of moll kinds; 
 here, too, relide the moll eminent docflors of the em- 
 pire, iis well as the greater part of fuch mandarins ;ii 
 ha^'c'occn dilth.argei' from their governments. 
 
 Jhe number of .ts inhabitants is ellimated at a'wur 
 four millions, including thofe who live m barks \i\ny.i 
 the water; and, indeed, wherever a city is lituatcd on 
 the banks of a canal or river, there is feen another 
 large floating city of barks; fo that the rivers and ca- 
 nals ofCnina are in pmportion as populous as the land. 
 The public buildings arc rather mean, except ale* 
 temples, the city g:Ues, and a tower of porcelain about 
 two hundred feet in height. 
 
 Sou-tcheou, the fecond city of the province ot 
 Kiang-nan, may, in point of (ityation, be comparcl 
 to Venice, though it far exceedk it in extent and popu- 
 loufncfs. It is four leagues in circumference, txclii- 
 live of the fuburbs, which are very extenlivc: u I1.I' 
 many canals of fine water, capable of bearing ihipso^ 
 heavy liurthen: the peojile are conveyed toalniollan. 
 part of the city m gondolas, elegantly painted. 1« 
 commerce antl riches of this city, the beauty n( 1 
 lituation, the fruitfulnefs of the country arouiul, ti> 
 concourfeof vifitants, and the natural |)olitenrls oM' 
 inhabitants, render it, in the fuUeft fcnfe of the teriv. 
 the Paradife of China. 
 
 Canton is the ( apital city and fea-jiort of the pr|''- 
 vince of (.Juang-tong. The houfes Hand very iIih^j 
 the ft.eets are long, and rather narrow, almoO all l.i'' 
 out by the line, and well paved, with triumphal ar> lir 
 in feveral of them : here are alfo fome temples ot i>'- 
 Icrable good workmanftiip, in which the bon/es live. 
 
EOGR APHY, 
 
 the infpcftion of a man, 
 hirbancc they occalion! 
 re not tolerated at all. 
 ;uarded by foldicrs, who 
 y with thin fwords, but 
 whichthcy ladiinditre- 
 any riotorb.eachofthc 
 ls always in this city u 
 rcferve goou order and 
 >alls, or other mtchirnal 
 rs take into cullndv all 
 reels in the night-time, 
 mint of themfelvcs. 
 all extent. The apart. 
 .1 elegant, as, exclulivc 
 s, they are furniflied with 
 and beautiful caip(t<. 
 J-nd gardening in partu 
 n China, it is not to be 
 ;ardens of Pe-king have 
 ion of the curious, and 
 e wonders of the world, 
 us drama, in which the 
 and the works of art an- 
 :h a manner as to aF'ct 
 oul. 
 
 micrabie buildings, fonic 
 ally limple; fonie ot a 
 limitation of ruins. This 
 re are blended w ith the 
 le animal, vegetable, and 
 mitcd to complete a moll 
 
 ng the court of the fouth, 
 'the north) is the capiiil 
 I, and was for mam ag« 
 ipire, as well as the nii- 
 the largeft city in China, 
 i with a triple wall.mca- 
 II circumference: hut the 
 Vendor and magnificcnic, 
 :ll as many grand moim- 
 city arc narrow, but well 
 hanilfomc ; the ihops lixi- 
 I goods. Nan-king is cc- 
 )er of libraries : it excel; 
 artificers of moll kind^; 
 ninenc docflors of the cm- 
 part of fuch mandarins as 
 cir governments, 
 ants is ertimated at alwut 
 e who live m barks upoa 
 rever a city is lituatcd on 
 /er, there is fecn anothct 
 fo that the rivers and ca- 
 in as populous as the land. 
 •ather mean, except a lew 
 I tower of {wrceiain about 
 
 c\ty of the province ot 
 )f fityation, be comparcJ 
 edf it in extent and popii- 
 in circumference, cxchi- 
 irc very extenlive; n ha- 
 ipable of bearing Ihips i' 
 •e conveyed to almoll an 
 
 elegantly painted, 'fl'f 
 s city, the beauty ol r 
 ■ the country around, ti' 
 le natural poliienelsolt!' 
 
 fullell fenfe of the tern', 
 
 and fea-port of the pr^ 
 houfes (hind very ilmi' 
 er narrow, almoO all li 
 L-d, with triumphal ar> :i' 
 alfo fomc temples o! i"- 
 iiwiiiththcbon/eslivf. 
 
 ASL\.] 
 
 As Canton h fituatcd on the banks of one of the 
 lincrt rivers in China, deepeiiough for the largell (hips, 
 ail the curiolities of the empire are brought hither. In 
 L'oing up the river the eye is delighted with one of the 
 ni(ilUliarming]irofpects in nature, being nearly cncom- 
 iialFid uith verdant fiekls, lawns, groves, and hills 
 I'ontly riling one above another. Both lides of the 
 river are covered with barks, ranged on parallel lines, 
 forming.', 'IS it were, ftreets and alleys; and in each of 
 ihcle barks refide a whole famil) : the meaner fort quit 
 their bark in the morning, and repair to the (ields or 
 (hccts to earn their livelihood, and return to their fa- 
 milies in the evening. 
 
 A principal (hare of the opulence of Canton Hows 
 I'rem its commerce with the Europeans, who are not 
 iicrniitted to enter any other port in China. 
 
 As the accounts of Canton hitherto given are deem- 
 ed ^rcatly exaggerated, it is prefiimed, that the fuble- 
 quent remarks collected by Cajitain King, which he 
 received troni (everal oi our coutitrymen long reliilent 
 •here, together with thofe of later date, from the cor- 
 rc-fpondent before mentioned, may not be improper. 
 
 The circumference of Canton, including the old and 
 luw tou;i, and alfo the fuburbs, is about ten miles. 
 U ith regard to its populat'on, judging of the whole 
 trtJiiiwhat he faw in the fu! iirbs, he is of opinion, that 
 it lulls conliderably fliorto' an European town of equal 
 magtiitiide. Le Compte has ellimated the number ol 
 its inhabitants at 1,500,000; Du Halde at 1,000,000; 
 andM. Sonnerat athrms he has afierrained that their 
 nitnibcr does nv)t exceed 75,000: but as this gentleman 
 has not thojght proper to communicate to us the 
 (grounds on which he founded hiscalcuhition, and, be- 
 lidcs, I'eems to be as much inclined to depreciate what- 
 ever relates to the Chincfe nation, as the jefuits may 
 he to magnify, his opinion docs nt't lay claim to an 
 implicit allent. The following particulars may, per- 
 haps, enable our readers to form a judgment on this 
 point with fomc degree of accuracy. 
 
 It is ceitain that a Chinefe houfe, in general, occu- 
 pies more fpace thati is commonly tr.ken by houfes in 
 Furopc; but the proportion ol four or live to one, as 
 fiigjrir.ed by M. -Sonnerat, mull be acknowledged to 
 go far beyond the truth. To this we may add, that a 
 eonfulerable number of houfes inthefuburbs of Canton, 
 are kept only (or the purpofes of commerce, by mer- 
 chanisand opulent tradefmen, whofc families refide en- 
 tirely within the walls. On the other hand, a Chinefe 
 family is more numerous than an European. A man- 
 darin, in ])roportion to his rank and property, has from 
 five to twenty wives. A merchant has from three to 
 five. A perfon of the latter clafs at Canton had, in- 
 liecd, fi\e and twenty wives, and fix and thirty chil- 
 I'lcn : but this was mentioned to Captain King as a very 
 micominon circumdance. A wealthy tradefman has 
 fjcnerally two wives; but people of an inferior (hition 
 very rarely have more than one. They have at lealV 
 double the number of fer\ants employed by Europeans 
 of the fame rank. If, therelbrc, we iuppofe a Chincfe 
 family to be larger by one third, and a European hou(e 
 Icfs by two thiiils, than each other, a city of China 
 will comprehend only half the number of people con- 
 tained in a town of the lame extent in Europe. Ac- 
 cording to thefe pojliildta, the city and fuburbs of Can- 
 ton ma\ , in all probability, contain 1 50,000 inhabitants. 
 
 ( aptain King (oiind various opinions entertained re- 
 fpec'ling the number of inhabited fampans; but none 
 computed them to be under 40,000. They are moored 
 in rowvclofc to each other, a narrow palliige being left 
 at intervals, (or the boats to pals and repafs on the 
 river. The Tygris, at Canton, being of greater width 
 than the Thaii.es at London, and the whole river, fo. 
 the fpace of at leal! a mile, being covered in this man- 
 ner, it does not appear that this eOimate of their num- 
 ber is at all exiiggerated; and if it be allowed, the in- 
 habitants in the iimijwns alone, each of which contains 
 Me lainily, mull amount to almolt thrice the number 
 nliirincd by M. Sonnerat to be in the whole city. 
 No. 21, 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 329 
 
 Fifty thoufand men conftitute the military force of 
 the province of Quang-tong, of which Canton is the 
 capital. It is alTerted that 20,000 are ftaticned in the 
 city and its environs: and Captain King was aflured, 
 that, on occafion of fome commotion which had hap- 
 pened at Canton, 30,000 troops had been drawn toge- 
 ther in the courfcof a few hours. 
 
 The (Greets of this city are long, and moft of them 
 arc narrow, and deftitute of uniformity. They arc 
 well paved with large ftones, and, in general, kept ex- 
 tremely clean. The houfes are built of brick, and are 
 only one flory high. 1 hey have, for the moft part, 
 two or three courts backwards, in which are crefted 
 the warehoufes liirthc reception of merchandize, and, 
 in the houfes within the city, the apartments for the 
 females. Some of the meaner fort of people, though 
 very few, have their habitations compofed of wood. 
 
 T he houfes of the European faOtors are built on a line 
 quay, having a regular facade of two (lories towards 
 the river. They are conftruiitcd, with refpedt to the 
 inhde, partly after the Chinefe, and partly after the 
 European mode. y\djoining to thefe areaconliderable 
 number of houfes which belong to the Chinefe, and 
 arc let out by them to the commanders of velfels, and 
 to merchants, w ho make only an occalional (fay. 
 
 As no luiropean is permitted to take his wife with 
 him to Canton, the Englifli fupercargoes live together 
 at a common table, which is maintained by the com- 
 pany; and each of them has alfo an apartment appro- 
 priated to himfelf, conliiting of three or four rooms. 
 The period of their rehdence rarely exceeds eight 
 months in a year : and as, during that time, they are 
 almoin condantly occupied in the fervice of the com- 
 pany, they may fubmit with the lefs uneafinefs and re- 
 gret to the rertrietions under which they live. They 
 very feldom tnakeany vilits within the walls of Canton, 
 except on public ocrafions. 
 
 The Chinefe boalt that they were acquainted with 
 the art of navigation, and the Indian Seas, long before 
 the birth of Chrift. They are acquainted with the 
 com[)afs, and jiretcnd to be the inventors of it. The 
 Chinefefailorsare fupeiltitious enough to worfhip their 
 com|)afs, and oiler perfumes to it inliicrifice. 
 
 Their barks have generally two mafts, and fome- 
 times three, Mo(l of them, efpecially thofe ufed (or 
 merchandize, have flat bottoms, and are, from head to 
 llern, of one and the fame breadth. The malls and 
 (ails have a very rude afpeiil; the former being of rough 
 trees jufl as produced by nature, except that the twigs 
 and branches are lojiped olf. The fails are of mat, 
 Ihengthcned with pieces of bamboo. They have ano- 
 ther fort of bark, not unlike our gallies, which they 
 not only ufe in their rivers, but on the fea-coafts, to 
 fail between the illands: they have three marts, and in 
 calms go with oars. 
 
 The dealers in (alt and wood convey thofe articles in 
 booths built on rafts. They fallen themtogether with 
 o(ier bands, and fo form their floats five feet high, ami 
 about ten broad. They have no fixed meafure for their 
 length, fome extending half a league. 'At convenient 
 diltances, they eret^thuts orbooths; and as every length 
 of timber is only faflened to the next by bands, the 
 whole united raft moves eafily any way, like the link 
 of a chain, and is very conveni- .«fly managed in the 
 windings of any river. In the huts, or booths, the 
 pco[)le eat, tlrink, and (leep, and often fell them with 
 their fait and wood. T'hefe rafts are fomctimes thus 
 conveyed live or fix hundred leagues, and feen at adif- 
 tance like fo many little floating towns. 
 
 S E C T I O N VIII. 
 
 Parade and Ceremonies relative to the Emperor. His 
 immenje Revenue and bomdlefs Sway. 
 
 FROM the llile of the emperor, and the adoration 
 paid him by his fiibjecTs, it might be imaginivl 
 that he was more then mortal, lie is called Holy Son of 
 M m m Heaven, 
 
 1 1'^ 
 

 230 
 
 A NIAV, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Ihoven, Sole Ccveriwr of the Eartb, Great Father cf 
 Lis PccfU., His Cubjciil; always i)roftratc thcrilllvcs 
 w hen bitorc his throne, even if he be not luting there ; 
 and if they '^^c either his giriUc or his robes, they nudl 
 alio fall proftratcon the ji;rouncl. No pcrfon, even of 
 the fall runk in life, jiafles by his palace on horfeback, 
 or ill a chair, butiiuiis his feat before he anvcs at it, 
 anil walks till he has got beyond it. 
 
 .When the emperor goes to the temple of Tien with 
 tl'.e offerings ami facrifices of gratitiulc, he appears 
 in all the magnificence of eallern pomp. The proeef- 
 iion commences with drums anJ trumpets, lour hun- 
 ilretl magnificent lanterns, and as many flambeaux, 
 then appear, dilluling a molf grand illumination. Then 
 come a great number of perfons with fpears, and 
 twenty-four banners, with the ligns of the Zodiac 
 painted on them, whidi theChinefe divide into twelve 
 parts: the fifty-lix other banners follow thefe, repre- 
 I'entin"- the liftv-iix conlkllations, to w hich the Chinefe 
 reduce all the liars. Then conies the emperor himfelf, 
 V ho is on horfeback, in rich apparel. He is attended 
 bv his pages, and lOO men with fpears. The princes of 
 tlie blood, mandarins, &;c. then follow, in their proper 
 habits, with 500 youths belonging to the palace, fol- 
 lowed by 1000 footmen. 1 wo grand chaus are next 
 ,'len: one is borne by about forty men; and the other, 
 which is contiderably larger, by upwards of 100. Then 
 come chariots drawn by elephants, and fonie by horfcs, 
 each attended by 50 men. The procelllon doles w ith 
 aooo mandarins of letters, and the fame number of 
 mandarins of arms, all in their proper dieffes. 
 
 The revenues of the emneror of China arc fitid to 
 amount to 21 ,oco,oool. a yt.ir; and his army is 770,000 
 llron^f. He has an unUmiteu j;Ower to declare war, 
 proclaim peace, or conclude treaties. He takes cog- 
 nizance of all imjiortant matters tranfacled in the fix 
 fovereign courts of Fe-king: but the management of 
 the linances is under the direction of the ollicers of the 
 fecond fovereign court: all the revenues of the flate 
 pais through tlieir binds, they being the apjMiinted 
 guardians of the imperial treafure. 'J he public re- 
 venues are not farmed, nor do they pals through the 
 hands of feveral under receivers, but the chief niagi- 
 llrates of each city regulate and collect the levies, and 
 remit them to the treafurer-gencral of the province, 
 w ho tranfmi ts them to the tribunal of linances at i*e-k iiig. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 ClajTes'of Rmk, Authority, Privileges, and Offices, of 
 the Mandarins. 
 
 THOUGH dignities in China are conferred on per- 
 fons in proportion to their merit, ttriclly fpeak- 
 ing, none but the imperial family have any real title of 
 diliindion, in whole favour five honorary degrees of 
 nobilits .-.le elbililillied. 'I'he title of prince is notonlv 
 givep. CO til- Ions of the .emperor, but alfo to his fons- 
 iii-law ;aiidu) thefe latter are granted 11 ipends adequate 
 to their digirty, but no authority in confequence of 
 marriage. A prince of the lowell rank, however, is 
 luperior to the liifl mandarin in the empire, ami dif- 
 ringiiillics hi.". I'elf by a yellow girdle. 
 
 The Ion of a mandarin ranks no higher on account of 
 his birth than the fon of a pealant. The emperors, in- 
 ilecd, confer certain title.;, aiifwering tothofe of duke, 
 earl, and vifconnt with us; but tliele do not defcend. 
 
 As fuch deference is paid to genius and learning, the 
 dcfceiidants of Conlucius have been honoured with ilif- 
 tinguillied privileges for 2000 years ; and it is from his 
 illullrlous family that the emperor always choofis a pcr- 
 fon of learning for governor of Ki-fcou in Chaii.tong, 
 the place of nativity of that great philolbpher. 
 
 There are feveral clafles of mandarins. Thofe who 
 are governors of proviiu i , and cities arc chofeii by 
 the emperor. Thofc are called mandarins of letters 
 who have applied tlicnifelves to literature, and palled 
 through the degrees prior to that of the doCtoraic. 
 
 Thefe ntien have the direction of the political goviT.-. 
 ment of the empire: their number is from 1 j to i . o-m 
 and they arc divided into nine clalTes : from the tlircc 
 firft the emperor makes choice ofhis minillcrs and oHi, 
 ccrs 1 the lir'l rank, as the colaos, or iiiinilKis of 
 ftate, the juiiges of the fuprenie courts, tlic .'o. 
 vernors of the capital cities, the trcafurcrs-gciierai of 
 the provinces, the viceroys, &c. 
 
 As the mandarins are the reprefcntativcs of the fove- 
 reign, a proportionate homage is paitl to them, aiul tin 
 people addrefs them on their knees v. hen thcv arc icatcj 
 on their tribunal, 'i'hofe of higher dalles hav>'alwavj 
 a pompous attendance when they appear in piihlic. 
 Four men carry them in a magnilicent chair, the olFu 
 cers of their court walking before theni; fonK-carryin- 
 an umlirella, and others beating on a copper baliin, to 
 give notice of the mandarin's approach. Eight ciiiii'n 
 bearers exhibit on their enfigns the titles of honour, ia 
 large charaders, of this great man. Thefe arc fnc. 
 cccded by fourteen flandard bearers, bearing thi' f,ii% 
 hols of his ofHcc, viz. a dragon, phoenix, anildtlur 
 animals. Six people then arc fecn with little tahlcts 
 on which are infcribeil the virtues of this niaiiilarin. 
 Two archers on horfeback are alfo in the prordlioii 
 riding in front of the jirincipal guards, whocarry lan'c 
 hooks ornamented with lilken fringe. Some carrv hal- 
 berts, fome maces, fome axes, fomc whips, fonn: 
 Haves, and fome hangers and cutlalfes. Others.! arrv 
 chains of iron; and at length come two men londcil 
 with a grand chelV, containing the fcal of his nilirc, 
 while two other perfons beat upon kettle drums. The 
 mandarin then appears, preceded by two (l.iiiilanl- 
 bearers and the captain of the guards. I le is furrc.iiiieied 
 bv pages and footmen, wliile an oftker holds iicarliim 
 a large handfome fan. The procellion is cloUii by 
 guards and domellics. When he goes out in tluii: iit 
 time, inflead of flambeaux, there are feveral laive l;\r,- 
 tcrns, on which are infcribcd his title and qualiti.;. 
 
 There are five clafles of mandarins, called, in geiien!, 
 mandarins of war, viz. the mandarins of the rear ;^i::,ri, 
 the mandarins of thel eft w ing, thofc of the right y-wvs,, 
 thofe of the main b(Kly, and thofe f>f the van giLUvi. 
 Thefe five claifes are under the jurifdidion of fiuiiany 
 courts or tribunals, which are all fubjeci: to a lixth, \i/,. 
 the fourth fovereign court at I'e-king, which i^ eii- 
 truflcd w ith the care of the military of the empire. 
 J he preliileiit of the fixtli tribunal of war is always ,1 
 grandee of the realm. 1 lis authority extemls :o all 
 military jierfons. To him belongs the fupreme kmii- 
 mand of the army : but fliould there be a war, the 
 Chinefe law prefcribcs, there fliall, iri-fuch cafes, he 
 [oiiud with him in commillion a mamlarin of letters, 
 bearing the title of fupcrintendant of arms; ami there 
 mull: be likewife appointed, out of the fame order, tuo 
 infpec'tors of his conduct. The gcneraliHimo Miikr- 
 takes noenterprize without the content of thcli' three 
 ollicers, who fend a particular account of his opcrapum 
 to the fourth lii[ireme court at I'c-king, that awful tri- 
 bunal, to which even the general hin>felf is an ouiua- 
 b!e. Thefe mandarins, or ollicers at war, are compu- 
 ted at no lels than i H,ooo. 
 
 The poor fort of Chinefe pay tncle mandarins !;icit 
 homage and refpect, ami never approach tliciii till tlioy 
 make ^rnndec-chin-chin, as tlicy term it, which i-i put- 
 ting their hands clofe togctlier, and Ihakiiig ihun he- 
 fore the face. 
 
 SiiCTION X. 
 
 Civil and Ecclefiaflical Kftnbliflments. Stale of JiuUiJ'"K 
 Altibomelanifm, iind Chriflianily, in Ch:i:,t. 
 
 THERE h much equity, a.s well as humanity, dif- 
 jilayed in the mode of taxation in Jhiiia. ! very 
 citizen, from the age of 20 to 60, pays a tribute pi<>- 
 portionate to his income. If any perfons neglict to 
 liay, they receive the ballinado, or are thrown into pn- 
 Ibn J and I'omctimcs a certain number of fuch aged pi"" 
 
 WK 
 
 rfii'*! • lar flB^Hifli'r' ^'*--''-^''"'' >.^. . ...^ 
 
"'*r"^^"'^*-'°'^^~ 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 I of the political govern. 
 nbcris tVom i,j to 14,000 
 ic clafTcs : from the tlucc 
 : ofhis minillcis ami oll'u 
 j colaos, or niinilkrs ot' 
 iprcnic courts, tiie ^^o- 
 t he trcafu rcrs-gc iicraF of 
 ice. 
 
 jprefcntativcsoftlief.nc. 
 e is paid to thciii, aiul the 
 ;nccs when thi.v are fatcJ 
 
 higher dalles hav,alwa\i 
 » they appear in puhht, 
 agniliccnt chair, tin- olli- 
 forc theni; fomecarrym- 
 iiig on a cojJi)cr baton, to 
 i approach. Eight cmign 
 IS the titles of honour, m 
 t man. Thcfc are fuc 
 learcrs, bearing the Am. 
 igon, pha;nix,'ando'tlur 
 : fecn uith little tahktj, 
 .'irtucs of this mandarin.' 
 e alfo in the prorcllioii, 
 d guards, who carry iar<;o 
 I fringe. Some carry hal- 
 xcs, fomc whips, fome 
 1 cutlalfes. Others,(arry 
 h come two men hiadcil 
 ng the feal of his oilicc, 
 upon kettle drums. The 
 ceded by t«o (l.tmlanl- 
 guards. He is fiuromklcd 
 an ofiicer holds near him 
 • procellion is clofed by 
 1 he goes out in theiii.'ht 
 lerc arc fevcral larj'e l;\n- 
 his title and qualitic;. 
 ndarins, called, ingeneral, 
 mdarins of the rear jniarj, 
 I, thofe of the right win.r^ 
 thole of the van gu.irJ. 
 ie jurifdidion of foiiKiiiy 
 all fuiijcol: to a lixth, viz. 
 [ Pc-king, which is en- 
 military of the empire, 
 ibunal of war is always a 
 authority extends :o all 
 elongs the fupreme icni- 
 :)uld there be a war, thi' 
 L- fliall, irifuch cafes, ho 
 )n a mandarin of letters, 
 iidaiit of arms ; ami thero 
 lit of the fame oviier, tuo 
 rhc generaliilimo Mivler- 
 th'j confent of thel'e three 
 ■ account of his operations 
 ,t Pc-king, that au tul ui- 
 lerai hiii'felf is a( roiinta- 
 iiiccrs at war, are coinpu- 
 
 ■)ay tnefe mandarins i^reat 
 er approach them tilltlicy 
 icy term it, which is put- 
 L-r, and Ihakiiig ihcui K- 
 
 iN X. 
 
 'P-ments. Stale of 'puhip, 
 >rijli<tnity, in Cl'i::.i. 
 
 as will as humanity, dif- 
 taxation in Jhina. I'.vciy 
 ■() 60, pays a tribute pn)- 
 If any pcrfons neglect to 
 Jo, or arc thrown into pn- 
 luimbcr of fuch aged ponr 
 arc 
 
 f N'/h/rr,>/„A\X^ K I'LS S, \,H'. ^y.>/,i,i ,'/ V \\'AM\\\N}C\\Y /n/.L/,,:,/ //, A',y,>/. /////y/y. 
 
 If/ i/u ■ //,'i/, 
 
 ('.iiixKSK Mandarins. 
 
 ;/ .///- /,n, 
 
 .3>'/ //i(' U//^//ny 
 
 ..;%• 
 ?*•• ^.j- 
 
 I 
 
 Chin e n !■: M k k ( ; h a x t s , s.r 
 
 > , 
 
 M' 
 
 
 ■ 1^:- I'S 
 
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 ^' 
 
 
A 
 
 v^ 
 
 ■'Ws 
 
 -.^■ti'ii' ■J^i'-ifc^'.^*^. ' 
 
''^^ --«»!^!' MV-V... 
 
 ■ H*^.>- 
 
 I'- 
 
 IS' 
 
 ll 
 
 IH 
 
 w 
 
 II 
 
 ^IMi 
 
 ' nV^ 
 
 
 
 Inln 
 
 . '^^Be> \t- 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
, 'R-pfJS''^ 
 
 ,| 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 jic qiiaitcrcil upon t!icm, 
 «ifc have to luaiiuain; 
 fac ("11 till the ciiipcTor 
 
 The penal laws of thi 
 trcnie. Thel't is njvcr |) 
 ia()iKi time; the crimii 
 with ail hot iron; but }( 
 liits. Tl.c three capital 
 jlaapiiation, ami cutting 
 tlicfe is Idokcd upon as il 
 tcr li the nioll lireaiirul ai 
 whiife fate it is to be cu 
 a Itake, the Ikin of his '. 
 that he may not behold 1: 
 
 Adultery is punillieii \ 
 ilcr with either behcailin 
 [hci'c is accounteti the li 
 annex the idea of great 
 bclicailing; and the real 
 nothinj^ more difgraceful 
 fun dvuig, than not to pi 
 tire as it was given them 
 this death are not allov 
 intirment. 
 
 Slaves w ho dope fron 
 the left arm with a burni 
 hunil.ed ladies. 
 
 The haflinado and wh 
 nillinients. lii the execi 
 delinquent is laid fiat, wi 
 receives twenty, forty, li 
 his naked tlclli. After tl 
 ftrcri;; forced to fall at t 
 turn him thanks for his m 
 bcr of llripes given to a 
 the nature of the olfcncc. 
 times commands this pui 
 grcit pcrlons, and after\ 
 fence as iifual. Scurciloi 
 the fills in the (Ircct, will 
 even if a common lello\ 
 mount when a mandarin 
 in his prefence, he receiv 
 ftcrs ule the fame coned 
 to their children, and grai 
 challiling inllrument is a 
 
 Another inllrument f 
 eangue ; it i.-. a w qoden c( 
 of two Hat pieces of woe 
 five or tix inches thick, 
 nc( Iv, and rell upon the 1 
 nicnt is tallcncd round t 
 ther fee his feet, nor j)U 
 is under the necellity of 
 (on. This uneafy conf 
 both dav and night : it i.s 
 tion to the offence com 
 ncart«o hundred pound.' 
 litty or lixty. lor fome 
 fenced to wear the cang 
 ajjpear with it in the pi 
 tiered a> a mark of the g 
 
 .Sharpers, gamellers, 
 are often punillied with I 
 various ways to relieve i 
 walling on cad. lide, an 
 llunilders; by chains lb fr 
 foiiie by kneeling reft t 
 thus give thcmfelvcs a tei 
 go tordl at night, their 
 lor tliem, fo as they nuij 
 
 1 hey ufe a kind of r 
 extort confdlion in trcali 
 a much feverer torture f 
 lions, w hich is opening t 
 ing the llefti. 
 
 The office of cxcciit 
 being attended with any 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 31« 
 
 arc iiiMitcrctl upon tlirm, as {Tovcmmcnt wnulJ othcr- 
 u iff have to maintain; and thffc live ii|)()n thcni at 
 tVcc o'rt till the emperor's ileinanils are fatislied. 
 
 The penal laus of thistoimtry are cnul in the ex- 
 treme. Thei't is tijvcr jjunidicd uitli death the lirll or 
 frt'oiii-i time; the criminal is only burnt in the arm 
 with an hot iron; but tor the third otlence he furely 
 tliw. The three capital punilliments are, ftrangling, 
 liaapitation, and cutting a pcrfon in \m\x-j : the lirll ot' 
 thd'e i-> looked upon as the moll favourable, as tiie lat- 
 ter is the moll dreadful antl flux king; for thecriminal, 
 whofe fate it is to be cut in jiieies, being tied fall to 
 a Hake, the Ikin of his head is llripped over his eyes, 
 that he may not behold his own torments. 
 
 Adultery is punillicil «ith the balHnatIo; and mur- 
 der with either beheading or flrangling: the latter of 
 ihcfc is accounted the leall ignomiiious: the Chinefo 
 annex the idea of great infamy to the punilliment of 
 lxtic;iiling; and the reafon they allign for it is, that 
 nothing more difgracetul can poflibly happen to a per- 
 fon ilvnig, than not to preferve the human form as en- 
 tire as it was given them by nature. Thofe w ho fuller 
 this death arc not allowed the ufual ceremonies of 
 intirmcnt. 
 
 Slaves who elope from their maftcrs are marked in 
 the left arm with a burning iron, befides receiving an 
 hund;ed ladies. 
 
 The ballinado and whip are the mod common pu- 
 nilliments. In the execution of the lirll ol' ihele the 
 ddinquent is laid Hat, with his face to the grounil, and 
 receive* twenty, forty, fixti or an hundred llrokes on 
 his naked tlcfli. After the whipping is over, the fuf- 
 fcicris foiced to fall at the feet of his judge, and re- 
 turn him thanks for his mercifid correction. T"he num- 
 ber of Ihipes given to an olicnder is proportioned to 
 the nature of the oHence. The emperor himfelf fomc- 
 tinicu commaiuis this punilliment i.) be indicted upon 
 gri.at perfons, and afterwards admits them to his pre- 
 feiice as ufual. Scurrilous language, or fighting with 
 thciills in the drcct, will incur this challifement ; nav, 
 even if a common fellow on horlebaek does not dif- 
 mount when a mandarin appears, or ctofles the llreet 
 in his prefencc, he receives eight or ten drokes. Ma- 
 ilers ule the fame correClidii to their fcholars, fathers 
 to their children, and grandees to their domellics. The 
 tlialliling inllrument is a fplit bamboo. 
 
 Another inllrument for ininilhing olfendcrs is the 
 cani^ue; it iaa wooden collar or portable pillorv, made 
 of ttto dat pieces of wood, about two feet broad, and 
 five or fix inches thick, fo hollowed as to encircle th(; 
 neck, and rell upon the Ihoulders. When this inllru- 
 ment is lallencd round the neck, the culprit can nei- 
 ther fee his feet, nor put liis hand to his mouth, but 
 is under the nccedity of bein;'; fed by fome other pcr- 
 fon. I'his uneafy conlinemeat he is forced to bear 
 both dav and night: it is heavier or lii'htcr in propor- 
 tion to the ofl'encc committed: fome of them weigh 
 near two hundred pounds; but the common fort about 
 lilty or lixty. 1 'or fome odenccs the delinquent is fen- 
 tcnced to wear the cangtie for feveral months, and to 
 appear with it in the jniblic market, which is conli- 
 (lered a^ a mark of the greated infamv . 
 
 ■Sharpers, gamellers, and tlillu.bers of the ])eace, 
 are often puniflied with the cangue; but they contrive 
 various ways to relieve themfelves, as by their frientls 
 walking on each (ide, and bearing the weight on their 
 fliouKlers ; by chains fo framed as to fupport the cangue ; 
 fome by kneeling reft the ct)llar on the ground, and 
 thus give themfelves a temporary relief; and when they 
 go to rell at night, their friends have fonu' contrivance 
 lor them, fo as they may lie at full length. 
 
 1 hey ufe a kind of rack for the feet and hands to 
 extort confenion in trcafonable cafes; and there is llill 
 a much feverer torture fometimes ufed on thele occa- 
 lions, which is opening the Ikin with fciilars, and rail- 
 ing the lledi. 
 
 The ollice of executioner in China is fo far from 
 being attended with any difgrace, th.it it is ellcemed 
 
 an honour.iblc employment! he wc.irs a -irt even of 
 yclkni lilk, which is the badge of the emperor's fcr- 
 vice; nay, one of ihe diftinguilhing ornaments of the 
 princes of the bl.'od; and his inftrumcnt of punilliment 
 is wrapped in lilk of the fame colour. 
 
 The prifons in China are fp.icious, commodious and 
 dean: the ufual number of perfons confined in the 
 jails of Canton only, is computed at no lefs than i 5,000, 
 w ho are allowed to work at tlieir feveral trades and oc- 
 cupations for a fublidence; for they are not maintain- 
 ed at the charge of government. 
 
 T"he manner of difpatching trials in China is very 
 concife. They have no counfcll'M or lawyers: every 
 man ple;uls for himfelf. Th plainti IF draws up his 
 grievance in writing, and lakes it to the palace of the 
 mandarin, where, beaiuig on the drum a: thegate, ho 
 immediately receives ailmittance. Me then prcfcnts 
 his declaration to an officer of j iliicc, who takes it to 
 the mandarin, and the advc.ie party is forthwith lent 
 for; who, if found guilty, is immediately liaftinadoed: 
 but if the plaintilfbe wrong in what he alledges, he 
 lofes his caule, and is ballinadoed himfelf. 
 
 With refpect to the date of religion in China, it 
 may be laid to be divided into three feds, one ot w hich 
 acknowledges Confucius for their founder; the fecond, 
 Lao-kium ; and the third, I'o, or Foe. 
 
 Confucius was born 550 years before Chrlft, in the 
 kingdom of Lou, which is now the province of Chan- 
 tong: he was cotemporary with P\thagoras. In early 
 life he gave proofs of a liberal genius, and, as he ad- 
 vanced in years, ap[)lied himfelf wholly to the lludyof 
 philofophy, particularly to the moral part. By degrees 
 his reputation fpread through the empire, and he was 
 foon at the head of 3000 followers, out of whom he 
 made choice of feventy-two to propagate his doiflrine 
 in dilfercnt places. He jirudently avoided giving of- 
 fence to the prejudices of his country, by a too zealous 
 and violent attack upon its errors; his modenition and 
 candour wereec]ual with his genius and learning. lu 
 all his actions, as in all hii difcourfes, he fupported 
 precept by example. 
 
 .■\t the age of fifty-five he was raifcd to the dignity 
 of firfl minder of the kingdom of Lou, his native 
 country, which he governed with fo much w ifdoin and 
 rcfpeclable authority, that in a little time the face of 
 thitigs imderwent a total change; but thefe happy ef- 
 fects of his good adminillration and zeal were of no 
 long duration; for the king of Lou, feduced by the 
 allurements of a woman, foon forgot the excellent ad- 
 vice and inllruclions of his miniller. Confucius, there- 
 fore, after vainly endca-.ouring to reclaim him, ipiittcd 
 him, anil left his native country in fearch of wifer 
 princes in other kingdoms; nor had he occadon to tra- 
 vel a great way, for all were ambitious to have him 
 for tiieir gueft. 
 
 This ornament to human nature died at the age of 
 feventv -three, and had a magnificent monument eredl- 
 ed to his memory near the city of Kio-feou. The Chi- 
 nefc entertain a prot()und veneration for his memory, 
 and have achaplc eledicated to him in almoll every city, 
 wherein the maiularins, and other literati, allemble on 
 partii ular days, prelc-nting oblations to him, after the 
 manner of a facridce; honours, however, very con- 
 trary to the principles of Confucius, who never allowed 
 of li.ch homage and worlhiii being paid 10 a creature. 
 The emperor, the princes of the blood, and all of 
 learning and diftinclion in China follow the religion of 
 Confucius. 
 
 The Chincfe, in general, have clear apprehendons of 
 a Sujircnic Iking: they ilo not, in their avocations to 
 Tien, or Chang-ti, :uldiels theinrdvcs to the material 
 heavens, but to the King ot heaven. 
 
 The Chinefe literati frequent the temples, and at- 
 tend the facrificcs in common w ith their countrymen ; 
 and they declare they addrefs their adorations to one 
 Supreme God. 
 
 Lao-kium, the fouiuler of the fecond fed, was born 
 about 6oo vears before Chiift, in the province of Hou- 
 
 quang. 
 
 '1 Km 
 
 f^ 
 
 I :M 
 
23J 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY 
 
 quanij. As fixm as lie attained to tlie eM-riifc of rca- 
 lon, nc applicil himlclt with uinvcariiil dilij^enci- to the 
 fludy of the iliciKcs, and made liinilVltnialK-r ol the 
 hiflorv, laws, and ciiHoinsof his conn. ry. lie wrote 
 a book entitled 'I'aii-tfe, containing 5000 fentenees, 
 replete with excellent morality. At length, after hav- 
 in:; fpent a life of folitiidc and fanciity, he died at a 
 place called U, where a tomb was erected to his me- 
 mory. 'I'his philofophcr conllantly preached up foli- 
 tude as an infallible means of elevating the human foul 
 above earthly things, and of enianci|>ating it from its 
 material chains. Notwithllaniling, however, this his 
 ftriCt and folitary life, he difgractd all by denying the 
 innnortality of the foul. 
 
 The founder of the third fcifl, l"oe, was born in India, 
 about 1 000 years betbre C'hrill. 1 le taught the doi.trine 
 of tranfmigration long before P\tliagoras, and was the 
 founder of the adoration to himfelf as a god. His fol- 
 lowers, after his deceafc, pretendeil he had been horn 
 Sooo times, and that his loul had fucccfiuely tranfmi- 
 grated through dilVercnt animals. 
 
 They give out that Foe left behind him five grand 
 commandments, vi/.. Never to deprive any creature 
 vliatcvcr of its life; never to rob any man of his pro- 
 perty; never to be guilty of unchallity; never to tell 
 a lyc; and never to drink wine. 
 
 '1 he bonzes hold that there are places of revv ards and 
 punifhniLnts; and they preach up acts of benevolence 
 to monall'erie-;, as peculiarly jirofitable to the foul in the 
 next life; maintaining that fuch piou'S deeds willabfolve 
 from tins ; but that if they arc omitted, the confe- 
 (juencc will be the inolt dreadful tortures, and the foul 
 villpafs through the mofl difgraceful mctamorphofes. 
 The idol Foe is vvorlliippcd under ditferenr forms, 
 moll of them extremely hideous. He is reprefented 
 principally by three figures: one is a gigantic man, 
 with a monftrous belly, fitting crofs-Ieggcd, in the 
 calkrn tafic; this they rtilc the idol of immortality: 
 the fecond is about twenty feet high, and is called the 
 idol of pleafurc: and the third about thirty feet high, 
 with a crown on his head, and is denominated the great 
 king Kan. Exclufiveof thefe, they have a great num- 
 ber of little idols, not in their pagodas only, but in their 
 houfes. All of them have their !os, or houfehold gods. 
 The'e petit gods, however, are not treated with that 
 rcfpcct which is (liewn to their great gods; on the con- 
 trarv, if they do not fomctimes grant them their re- 
 quells, they give them the balHnado. Hut the great 
 gods in the temples have the mod profound veneration 
 paid them. I'cople from dillant places go in pilgri- 
 mage to fomc of the temples on the mountains, pro- 
 firating themfelves repeatedly as they afccnd. 
 
 The mandarins, and others of the literati, profefsto 
 abominate the idol Foe ; yet, in cafe of a drought, or 
 other calamity, the}' invoke this deity, merely to pleafe 
 and fitisfy the people. 
 
 Theie are fonie religions of IcfTer note in China. 
 When the Tartars became inallers of China, they in- 
 troduced their own religion into the empire, which, 
 though, for fubflance of doctrine, is the fan\e with that 
 of the \vorlhip[)ers of !""oe, yet', in point of mode of 
 worlhip, is ililRrcn". The Tartars have no priefls of 
 the order of bonzes, but priells of their own, named 
 Lamas; and, inlleail of vvoi iliipping the god I'oe, they 
 pay adoration to the Ci'rcat l.ama, or high pricll, whom 
 thcv denominate the Inunortal Father, believing that 
 he never ilies; and the priells omit nothing that may 
 give credit to the deceit ; lor w hen one Father happens 
 Iodic, they immediately appoint another that refembles 
 him as nearly as poflible. 
 
 The Great Lama relidcsat Barantola, in Thibet, wlrcrc 
 he is never fi en but by his favourites, exce[)t when he 
 makes his appearance in the temj)le, to receive the 
 orterings and adorations of the people. He then (its 
 uj)on a kind of throne, arrayed in fine robes. The 
 throne is lighted only by a few lamjis, which give fo 
 feeble a light, that there is no podibility of difcerning 
 plainly the features of the arch importer. The farce is 
 
 fo admirably condu<fted, that no fufpicions are fornicl 
 of if. The peo|)le abfolutely believe that the Unv 
 Lima is immortal. 
 
 As to the rtatc of Judaifm in China, the Jews, who 
 many agesago inhabited a part of this country, havcat 
 this ()eriod a fynagogue at Kai-fong-fou, the'ca|)it.i! of 
 Ho-nan. 'I'hey were vilited in the year noi by |> 
 (Jozani, an Italian jefuit, who held feveral conference, 
 with them. They permitted him to fee the i.incrmoll 
 part of their fymigogue, or ''jni/um/<ini/oriim, referve.l 
 only tor the high-priefi, who never enters but v^ith the 
 mod profound reverence. They fiiewed him tMcKo 
 little tabernacles or prelTes, in which were (kp(j|ircj 
 their (acred books; anil putting by oneof thecurtain* 
 they took out a book written in beautiful characters 0:1 
 long fiieetsol parchment, rolled round feveral wmKlon 
 rollers. This was their pentatcuch, whith, thev faid 
 was mort miraculoudy preferved in the time of a f,'ri.;i: 
 inundation that happened in 164J, when the whole riiy 
 of Kai-fong-tbu was laid under water; but as the leavn 
 and characters hail fiifiained fomc injury from the wo 
 the chief otHcers of their fynagogue had caufeil a dozen 
 copies of it to be taken, and placeil in the talierniKlc. 
 Exclulive of the above manufcri(ns, thev had num- 
 bers of finall volumes in old chefis, containing cxtnui; 
 from the pentatcuch, ami fragments of other f.icml 
 books. However, they laid they had lod fevcra! o;' 
 their canonical books atthetimeoithc above-nieniim- 
 ed inundation: nor did F. (Jozani in the leall dmibi 
 the truth of this alFcrtion- for they were acquaintul 
 with the names of Mofes, Jolhuai David, SdIoiuoh, 
 F./.ekiel, ivc. 
 
 Gozani relates that, from an allowed traJitiun 
 amongfl them, their ancellors entered China under tlw 
 dynally of Han, which commenced 206 years before 
 'Thrill, ami continued on the Chinefe throne4:6ye;ir>: 
 lb that in this wide (pace of time we mull plate the 
 uncertain epocha of the firft fettlement of the Jchs 11 
 this country. 
 
 The Jews of China adhere ftedfallly to modofihu* 
 ancient ceremonies enjoined by the laws of Molls, a; 
 circumcilion, a (Irict obfervance of their fabbiith, .m] 
 of other feads, particularly that of unleavened hri:J. 
 They eat the I'afchal Laitib. They never drefs anv 
 provifion on a Saturday, but prepare it the precedi.ig 
 evening. When they read the pentatcjchin the iVna- 
 goguc, they cover their faces with a tranfparent veii, in 
 memory of Mofes, veho defcend'.:d from the mniiiiia 1 
 with his face covered. They all > abdaiU from bhuKi, 
 cutting the veins of the animals they kill, that it may 
 How out. 
 
 There were once many fam'lies of tiiem, but the/ 
 are now greatly reduced. They keep dole together, 
 and marry only among themlelves. They tall the 
 books of the pentatcuch by the following names: l!e- 
 rediith, X'eclcfmath, Vayiera, Vajedabber, and Hab- 
 dabarim. Thefe (ive books they divide into lil'ty-three 
 fet'tions, viz, (icnefis into twelve. Exodus intoek\eii, 
 and the other three into ten each. Gozani, iiixinidm- 
 paring their pentatcuch with a bible he had carried \v;:h 
 him, found an exact agreement between them with re- 
 gard to chronology, as well as the age and gcnealo;;;/ 
 of the patriarchs. In otiier refpedts, however, the 
 text in their pentatcuch was much corrui)ted. 
 
 Mahometans have inhabited here upwards of f 03 
 years. They have conliderable fettlements in inanyol 
 the provinces, particularly in Kiang-nan; and as thev 
 do not lludy to make profclytcs, nor give any caule il 
 jealoiify to the (late, the government never dillurhs 
 them. 
 
 Chridianity is faid to have been planted in Ciiina 
 nearly as foon as the religion of Mahomet. It mult h ' 
 acknowledgetl, however, that it matle not the laine 
 early progrefs. .Some fay that the Patriarch ol il" 
 Indies fent Chridian miliionaries to China, in llie ;>i- 
 riod of the thirteenth dynalty, in the eighth year ol ths 
 reign of Tai-tfon, or about the middle of the fevcntli 
 century of the Chridian xra; and that, for four y"i' 
 
 alur 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 reign of Tai-tfou, 
 ciiitury of the C 
 aiir this, 'I'ai-tfon 
 in his country. Tl 
 there was toiind in 
 let, ten leet long ai 
 of feventy nulHona 
 the gofpel to the CI 
 of the Chridian fai 
 is a known fat'l, h 
 fixtecnth century, \ 
 fct footing in Chin; 
 nity among them, 
 jefuit, fird opened 
 way in which thofe 
 acquired fo much 
 have given of their 
 cecded by P. Ricci, 
 the vyork with fuch 
 jeluits as the princi 
 a man ot very extra 
 rendering hinilclf a 
 means acquired the 
 lure reconciled the : 
 fird principles of th 
 moral (ydcm was tl 
 philolbphtr Conluc 
 lowers. .At Icngt 
 Franc ifcans took tl 
 the harved after the 
 tions broke out. '1 
 haps.jealoufy had < 
 ject of certain cert 
 Confucius, and fom 
 in their funeral obfe 
 tifed libations, faci 
 vouring of idolatry, 
 of the midionarics, 
 the Chridian faith, 
 more moi'erate tern 
 iing up this infant [ 
 indulgcticies, were t 
 thernaa things of ai 
 tictl ceremonies, 
 rtnce to the progre 
 before the arrival 
 monks. Several y( 
 the literati, who po 
 government, were 
 and the eftablidie( 
 fonable condefcenii 
 abate any thing of tl 
 monarch, Chang-h 
 ing Chridianity to 1 
 Strenuous appeals 
 of the contending 
 the holy ft t ilecreed 
 ti diould not any U 
 the tablets, whereor 
 or, ' honour of b,\ 
 the Chridian churc 
 aifilt at offerings 
 cius and their foref 
 tcr the temples en 
 ward pay no furthe 
 lartly, that thofe 
 the infcription of 
 moved from every 
 decree was, howcv 
 The converts had 
 of thei,- ancedors, 
 performed, but ne 
 They had the furth( 
 lets of their ancedo 
 that there (hould be 
 lets, than fimply th 
 withdamling theie 
 and a fubfeiiuent h 
 No. 22. 
 
F.OGRAPIIV. 
 
 litrpicions :irc UnmA 
 believe that the (inat 
 
 \ China, the Jews, who 
 of this country, havoat 
 fon>^-fou, the tapiul of 
 in the year 170+ hy P. 
 heKi (evcral conferences 
 liin to fee the iiincrmol> 
 'tumjaniloriim, rcHrvcl 
 ever enters l)\it with ihe 
 hey rtieMcd him r«il\c 
 n which were depolitcj 
 ■^r by oncof tiieciirMins, 
 
 1 beautiful (■h:iractei\,o:i 
 \\ round feveral v\()oilcn 
 cuch, which, thev f,iid, 
 •A in the time of a i;ri;i; 
 4;{, when the whole diy 
 
 water; but as the Icavn 
 me injury from the wo;, 
 oguc had caufed a dozen 
 laeeil in the taberinc li\, 
 jforipu, they had num- 
 c(b, containing extrat; 
 laments of other furcd 
 they had loll feveral o:' 
 icof the above-inentii;!- 
 o/.ani in the leall doiilK 
 - they were acquaintal 
 )niua, Daviil, SdIoiiu)!, 
 
 1 an allow eil traditiim 
 entered China undt-r tlio 
 iienced 206 years befori: 
 hinefe throne4:6yeaK; 
 inie we mull plate the 
 ttlcment of the Jews m 
 
 (Icdfartly to inodnfihj 
 >y the laws of Moles, a; 
 ICC of their fabbath, .ml 
 lat of unleavened hri.d. 
 They never drcfs any 
 prepare it the precedin;; 
 ; pentatcjchin the I'vna- 
 ith a tranfparent veil, in 
 ided from the moimtai 
 all ) abftain from hliwKi, 
 Is they kill, that it inav 
 
 rlics of them, but the/ 
 ey keep dole together, 
 delves. They tall the 
 c following names: Bc- 
 
 Vajedabber, and Hab- 
 ;y divide into fifty-three 
 Ive, Exodus into eleven, 
 :h. Gozani, upon eiim- 
 bible he had ( arricd \vi:h 
 t between them w ith re- 
 s the age and gciicaloirv 
 
 rcfpedts, however, the 
 uch corrupted, 
 d here uj)wards of Co'i 
 e fectlements in many oi 
 Kiang-nan; and as the. 
 •s, nor give any eaulc ii 
 crnment never dilturhi 
 
 been planted in Chii'i 
 F Mahomet. It mult h.' 
 
 it made not the lame 
 It the Patriarch of the 
 ies to China, in the ;k- 
 in the eighth year of the 
 le middle of the fevcnth 
 and that, for four ycJ" 
 altw.' 
 
 ASI.\.] 
 
 reign of Tai-tfou, or about the middle o*" the feventh 
 (Tiuury of the Chriftian srra, and that four years 
 a; I this, 'l"ai-tfon fulfered them to preach the gofpel 
 in his country. They further fay, that in the year 1635 
 th'ere was tound in the province of Chenfi, a itone tab- 
 let, ten teet long and five broad, containing ihc names 
 of feventy milfionaries who came from Judea to preach 
 thegofpcl to the Chinefc, together with a compendium 
 of thcChriftian faith, all cut in Syriat charadters. It 
 is a known facJl, however, that towards the end of liic 
 fixteenth century, when the European miffionaries firll 
 fet footing in China, they found no remains of Chrif^ia- 
 nitv among them. P. Michael Roger, a Neapolitan 
 jeluit, firll opened the million in China, and led the 
 way in which thofe of his order that followed him have 
 acquired fo much reputation, by the telHmonies they 
 have given of their ieal. P. Michael Roger was fuc- 
 coeded by P. Ricci, of the fame fociety, who continued 
 the w ork with fuch fucccfs, that he is confidered by the 
 jeluits as the principal founder of this mifTion. I le was 
 "a man o\ very extraordinary talents. He had the art of 
 rendering himlclf agreeable to every iMxiy, and by that 
 nieans acquired the public efleem. He in fome mea- 
 liirr reconciled the ancient religion of the country to the 
 firft principles of theology, alluring the people that this 
 moral fylkm was the fame with that of their celebrated 
 philofophcr Confucius. This fecuied him many fol- 
 lowers, .^t length, in 1630, the Dominicans and 
 rVancifeans took the field, though but as gleaners of 
 the harvell after the jefuits ; and now it was that conten- 
 tions broke out. Their (irlt difputes, in which, per- 
 haps, jealoufy had too great a (liare, were on the i'ub- 
 ject of certain ceremonies concerning the worlbip of 
 Confuciu.s, and fome honours paid to the dead : for a.->, 
 in their funeral obfequies, they burnt incenfe, and prac- 
 tifed libations, facrilices, and feveral other rites fa- 
 vouring of idolatry, thefi: were condemned by one part 
 of the miflionarics, as incompatible with the purity of 
 the Chrillian faith. Others of the mifTionaries, of a 
 more moderate temper, and who had little hope of rai- 
 ling up this infant plantation lo maturity without fuch 
 indulgencies, w ere for tolerating thefe rites, looking on 
 themaa things of an indifferent nature, and mere poli- 
 tical ceicmonies. Thefe difputes were a great hinde- 
 nince to the progrefs of Chriftianity, which flourilhcd 
 before the arrival of the Dominican and Erancifcan 
 monks. Several years w ere fpcnt in altercation ; and 
 the literati, who poflcflcd all the employments under 
 government, were fo oblHnately attached to Confucius, 
 and the eftablifhed rites of their country, that no rca- 
 fonable condefccnlions could ever prevail with them to 
 abate any thing of their fuperftition ; though even their 
 monarch, Chang-hi, granted an edict in 1692, allow- 
 ing Chrirtianity to be preached throughout the empire. 
 Strenuous appeals were made to Rome by both parties 
 of the contending mifrionarits. At length, in 1704, 
 the /'o/y/ic decreed, " That the words Tien and Chang- 
 ti Ihould not any longer be applied to the Deity : that 
 the tablets, whereon were inferibcd the word Kicng-ticn, 
 or, ' honour of heaven,' Ihould be taken away from 
 the Chriflian churches : that the Chriltians fliould not 
 afllll at offerings made in fpring and autumn to Confu- 
 cius and their forefathers : that they fliould omit to en- 
 ter the temples credcd to Confucius, and thencefor- 
 ward pay no further adoration to their ancel^ors : and, 
 lallly, that thofe tablets of their forefathers, bc:;ring 
 the infcription of • the feat of the foul,' fliould be re- 
 moved from every Chrillian's habitation. This rigid 
 decree was, however, foftcned by a few privileges. 
 The converts fiad the liberty of appearing in the halls 
 of their anceflois, and to be fpeitators of the rites there 
 performed, but never by any means to participate. 
 They had the further indulgence of hanging up the tab- 
 lets of their anceftors in their houfes, with this provifo, 
 that there (hould be no other infcription on the laid tab- 
 lets, than fimply the name of the deceafed. But not- 
 withftanding thefe indulgencies, this decree of 1 704, 
 and a fubfequent f 11 of Clement XI. in 17 15, created 
 No. 21. 
 
 H I N A. 
 
 23J 
 
 the utmoft confufion. The minif^en of ftate, amhhc 
 othcrmdndarins,evcrjc:iloi:s of the growing reputation 
 ofthejefuit.i.werccontinu lii) declaiming igauil' iiiem; 
 and at length, by j-emonlf ranees, obtained a revocation 
 of an edict that had been palled in favour of ti.e Chrif- 
 tian religion, by which means it fell under pcrfccution 
 in the reign of the very monarch who tolerated it.Cang- 
 hi, and was afterwards entirely fupprefled by his fiictef- 
 for, Yong-tchin, when all the milhonaries were banifli- 
 cd to Canton, and upwards of 300 churthes cither 
 puiled to the ground, or converted to profane ufes. 
 I'rom the period of tfiis fatal cataflrophc, which hap- 
 pened in 1723, Chrillianity was fo far from gaining 
 ground in China, that the profcffors of it were perfc- 
 cutcd with the utmoft rigour, till the month of Fe- 
 bruary 17S3, when the prcfcnt emperor, Kien-long, 
 was pleafed to put a flop to it, and ilfue a decree, where- 
 in he exprcfFeda delire that the midionaries might pro- 
 ceed peaceably, and without molcltation. 
 
 SECTION Xi. 
 
 Commerce zvilh its feveral Appurtenances. 
 
 FROM the commodious fltuation of China, and the 
 variety of its produce and manufactures, a judge- 
 ment may be formed of the nature of its commerce. 
 However, the traffic which they carry on from home 
 is inconliderable, comoarcd to their inland trade; Can- 
 ton, Emony, and Ning-po, being their only maritime 
 townsof any note for exports and imports. Befid.'s, 
 their navigation is very confined; for they never fail 
 be>ond the Straits of Sunda; and their common voy- 
 ages are to Japan, Siam, Manilla and Batavia. 
 
 They export to Japan ging-feng, china-root, rhu- 
 barb, lilks, fugars, fweet-icenced wood, leather, and 
 European cloth; and import from thence pearls, red 
 copper, both manutacftured and in bars, fabre-blades, 
 porcelain, varnifli-ware, tambac, and gold. The tam- 
 bac is a fpccies of copper, with fome mixture of gold 
 and lilver. 
 
 The Chinefe export to Manilla and Siam, tea, drugs, 
 filks, &c. and receive pialtics. A piallre is about the 
 value of a crown. 
 
 Their commodities of export for Batavia.are chicHy 
 green tea, porcelain, leaf-gold, medicinal drugs, and 
 utcnlils made of yellow copjx'r. Their returns are in 
 piaftres, fpices, tortoife-fliells, fnutf-boxes, agates, am- 
 ber, Braxil wood, and Eurofiean cloth. 
 
 This is the chief foreign tralHc of the Chinefe. Some- 
 times they fail to Achen, Malacca, Potana, Cochin- 
 China, &:c. 
 
 We ftiall here introduce the latcfl remarks with rc- 
 fpcift to the commerce of the Chinefe with the tnglirti. 
 
 The compraJore comes along-lidc the fliip every 
 morning in a large fampan, fitted up in a very corn- 
 pad manner for his articles of trade. He returns on 
 fliore every evening; the hoppo, or cuftom-houfe offi- 
 cer, not permitting him to remain long-fide all night. 
 This is done to prevent fmuggli ig, which is often 
 pradifcd when ging-feng or opium is in demand. It 
 was obferved upon one of thefe occafions, that this eom- 
 pradore frequently brought on board bad beef, and the 
 failors got no redicfs, until they cobbed him, a piinilh- 
 ment they inflid on each other for flight offences. It 
 is performed by placing the delinquent in a fixed pofitron 
 over a gun, having his arms and legs extended, fo that 
 he cannot move. They then get a flat piece of wood, 
 which they apply pretty fmartly to his poltcriors, until 
 he promifes never to be guilty of the like again. They 
 were obliged to repeat the puniflwient; and, it is pro- 
 bable, if he had again ofiendcd in the like manner, t n(y 
 would have cut oft" his lock. A greater injury cannot 
 be done to a Chinaman, than cutting off his long lock 
 of hair, or even threatening to do it. This punifli- 
 mcnt of infamy they inflid only on thieves. 
 
 Every fliip has a bankfall, or temporary ftore-houfc. 
 
 Thefe bankfalls ftand upon a fmall ifland, having no 
 
 N n n connections 
 
 •* 
 
 -^o,' ■siiJKftA--. 1.-* i ijj; _ 
 
A NFAV. ROYAL and AUTHF.NTIC SYSTEM of UNIVF.RSAL CI-OCRAPHY. 
 
 T J 
 
 2.14 
 
 Connexions with any other place. They arc built up 
 with bamboos and mats fo (lightly, that they are calily 
 broke through, and thii Ircquentiy happens,' though a 
 j^ watch is, or ihmild be, kept in each. 
 
 A grand mandarin coine<< on board, to mcafure the 
 Icnj'th of every (1up,but takes roaccount ot'the breadth. 
 It is fuppofed that the fecurity-merchant pays a duty 
 accordingly to the hoppo, or receiver-general of the 
 cudoms. Thcfc fccurity-merchants are people who 
 are very rich, and the mandarins make them accounta- 
 ble for all duties, and for all depredations committed by 
 the fliip's company while at Whampoa. They are no- 
 minated againit their will by the hopjHJ,who is viceroy 
 at Canton^ Sometimes the fecurity-merchant buys all 
 the private trade belonging to the lliip. Two are ap- 
 pointed toth'sortice. Ifa mandarin feesany thing that 
 hrikes his fancy, he will order the fecurity-merchant to 
 purchafe it, which he mull have at any expcnce. Very 
 often the fccur-'y-merchanrs arc under the neccflity of 
 making a prel'ent of it to tiie mandarin. 
 
 Thecaptiinandall the olRcers attend when the (liip 
 is mcafured, to receive che mandarin, ivc. He is ge- 
 nerally regaled with fwcet-meats, and M:ideira wine 
 mixed with fugar. Sometimes the hoppo comes him- 
 fclf, butthis is fcMom. 
 
 Our articles of commerce arc fcarlet do'.h, lead, 
 rryftal and glalFcs of all kinds, watches, clocks, &c. for 
 which we receive in return, teas, raw filk, varniib, china 
 wares, &:c. but lince the Europeans have learnedto imi- 
 tate the two lall manufactures, they haveof courfc funk 
 in their value. There is no trading to China with advan- 
 tage except in filver, for the purcnafe of their ingots of 
 gold. The principal, or, indeed, the only ftaple for 
 European commodities, is the city of Canton. No other 
 port in China is fnHered to be open to us. 
 
 Copper and lilver arc their only current metals. 
 Cold p;iires in trade as a commodity. The only nietal 
 that is llamped with any character is copfjcr. They 
 do not imprefi it w ith the head or imageof the emperor; 
 for it w ouid be a diflionour to a great perfonage, for any 
 rcprefcntation of him to pal's through common hands : 
 but they give it different infcriptions, pompoufly 
 fetting forth the titles, or name of the imperial fa- 
 mily. 
 
 SECTION xn. 
 
 CONCISE HISTORY oi CHINA. 
 
 TUF, learned in general admit of the antiqtiity of 
 the Chinefe nation, though none have been able 
 ti) afccrtain the firfl period of their chronology. From 
 the btrt of their own accounts that can beobt.iined, it 
 feems that its real commencement bears date in the 
 reign of Lye-vanf, which anfwers to the year 4'}4 be- 
 fore Chrifl ; previous to which, the writers of the grand 
 chronicle of China ingenuinilly acknowledge that their 
 chronologies are not lo be depended upon ; nor do their 
 memoirs go any farther back. 
 
 With refpcct to the European writers, M. Fouquct 
 allows the Chinefe nation to be near as old as the de- 
 lude. M. Tournefort, and others, give it as their 
 opinion, that the Chinefe have been a nation near 4000 
 years 
 
 " Under the '■cign of the emperor Yu {fays P. Du 
 IlalJe) which they piace above 2000 years before 
 Chrifl, thi?)' difcovereil a large track of territory to the 
 fouth, partly deflitute 01 inhabitants. This large ex- 
 tent of country was peopled by Yu and his fuccellbrs at 
 different pericxls, under the controul of princes of the 
 bloo.i, to whom they iiortioncd out this new country, 
 roferving to thcmfelvci only fome acknowledgment. 
 Thus were formed feveral little tributary kingdoms, 
 which being afterwards united to the empire, rendered 
 it very conlidcrablc. Duringthc reign of Yu, the mo- 
 narchy was diviilcJ into nine provinces, a particular 
 delineation of which this emperor caufed to be engraved 
 on nine brazen vciFels. In the year 2037, before Chrift, 
 
 feveral nations fcnt ambaffadors to China, ami fuhmir. 
 ted voluntarily to a yearly tribute. Tow -rds he end 
 of the fecond dynally (or race of emperors) abi.ut 1 :o3 
 )ears before Chrill, certain Chinefe colonies extemicd 
 themfelves to the caftcrn coall, and idfo took p<»fkirioii 
 of feveral iflands. Under the fifth dynally, which 
 commenced about 200 years before Chrill, the Chi- 
 nefe not only enlarged their borders to the north, aftrr 
 many fignal vidorics obtained over the Tunars, hut 
 puflicd tncirconqueUseventothecon'inesofliivlia, vii, 
 to I'cgu, Siam, Camhoya, and ik-ngal. About 600 
 years after Chrift, Kao tfou-venti, founder of the 
 twelfth dynaOy, added to the empire feveral of the 
 northern provinces, lituated beyond the river Yang-ife. 
 kiang, and w hich at that time comp')fed a partitular 
 kingdom fubjeifl to the Tartars. This went by the 
 name of the northern empire for feveral ages. I.alliy 
 the revolution which happened in 1^44, when China 
 was conquered by the Tartars, only fervcd to incrcUe 
 the power and extent of this great em|)ire, by joining 
 to its former [wffcffions, a con d r ble jiait of Ctrnt 
 Tartary. Thus this vaft monan hy a tained to the fiim. 
 mit of its greatnefs by a gradual progrcfs, not fo iniirh 
 in the way of conqueft like other empires, as bv the w if. 
 dom of its laws, and the reputation of its governnicii." 
 The Chinefe empire has been fucceflivily govci i< J 
 by twenty-two imperial families. The order of the 
 dynafties commenced with the family of Hia, the lii;t 
 of whom was dirtinguifhed by the title of Yu. 
 
 Near 2000 years in the annals of China are filled 
 up by the three tirftdynadies, or families on the inijx;- 
 rial throne; whilft the reigns of the fucceeding nio- 
 narchs fcarce meafurc an equal fpacc of time. The 
 hiftory of the monarchy of thofe three firft dyna^liis 
 (and indeed the fourth) prefents nothing to the view 
 that can tend to their own honour, or the interefi of the 
 empire; exhibiting fccnes of cruelty, debauchery, ty- 
 ranny, and rapine. 
 
 The fifth dvnaftry, which Iafted426 years, produced 
 many monarchs of rcfpeddable characters: but the con- 
 dud ^f the lall of this race excited inteftine commo- 
 tions, and caufed a divilion of the empire into four p:irrs, 
 under four diftincl fovereigns ; but they were rc-i;nitcd 
 under the founder of the lixth dynafty, who rdgnttl 
 with honour to himfelf three years, and left a fon that 
 terminated it with difgrace. The monarchs of the ic- 
 venth race, ordynafty, are reprefented as totally difqiia- 
 lified by birth and abilities for their elevated ftation. 
 
 The Chinefe annals of the five fucceeding d}na(iics 
 prcfenta fucceffion of weak princes, whofe reigns were 
 in general attended with revolutions, rapine, and de- 
 ft ruction. 
 
 Thebleffings of pe;ice were rcftored and enjoyed un- 
 der the firlt emperor of the thirteenth dynally, and 
 maintained under that of hi." fon and fucceflors; till the 
 tranquillity of the nation was difturbed under the fixth, 
 after which commotions prevailed to the clofe. It fccnn 
 that the caufe of thefc difturbances arofe from unlimited 
 cxercifeofregaljurifdidtion committed by the monarchs 
 to their eunuchs. 
 
 In the fourteenth and four following dynaflies, no Icfs 
 than thirteen monarchs fwayed the innxrial fccptrc, 
 mod of whom fuffered violent deaths. 
 
 The Tartars who inhabited Leo-tong, one of the mod 
 northern provinces of China, during thcfe lad dynaflics, 
 began to render themfelves pHJWcrful. This province 
 was ceded to them by the lad emperors of the thir- 
 teenth race: and Kao-tfou, head of^the fixtecnth, who 
 was indebted to them for his advancement to the throne, 
 ;ave up to them fixteen more tow ns in the province ot 
 >-tche-li, exclulive of a tribute of 300,000, pieces of 
 filk. Thcfe diamcful compliances increafed their 
 power and pride, and were productive of wars for 40O 
 years, whicn nearly dcfolated the empire. 
 
 The Chinefe under the nineteenth dynady, called 
 to their affidance the Niu-tchc, or Eadern Tartars, in 
 conjundion with whom they drove the Northern Tar- 
 tars from a country which they had poflcfled upw ards of 
 
 two 
 
 AlIA.] 
 
 two centuries. Tl 
 to pav dearly for Ji 
 condrained them t( 
 penl.ttion, hutalfot 
 and Mo'nan: and 
 the very heart of tt 
 t.il, Inirnt the roya 
 the Chinefe to accc 
 of picification. 
 
 The twentieth d; 
 hid for its founder 
 whom commenced 
 pation. The Yvenfi 
 the former of whoi 
 won the hearts of 1 
 monarchs, indulgin 
 (lilfipation, perceiv 
 .irnis and natural C( 
 they hail conqucrei 
 fentiments of freed 
 victors, wredcil coi 
 them back to thei 
 which laded only ei 
 the perfon of Chun 
 was addictej to a v 
 The twenty-fiill 
 founder, fubiiiled J 
 hap()ened under thi 
 grand revolution wl 
 nan family on the t 
 a brief narrative of 1 
 The Tartars bein 
 retreated into their 
 Leao-tong, it happc 
 that place received 
 of China, and exhil 
 who, indead of attei 
 grievance, by craft 
 ambiifcade, and lev 
 The Taitars, inc 
 fidy, marched a nu 
 Leao-tong, comma 
 murdered prince, w 
 li, but was foonob 
 which were, how 
 empire, referved 
 was cut od" by fud 
 great view of foye 
 and educated in 
 tongue, and pcrfe 
 and genius of the 
 Tlie empire \\.\ 
 the war with the 
 an :iddition to this 
 famine in the lani 
 Hoti-tfon::, wai 
 himfelf to be dircv 
 and eunuchs, wlu 
 revolt was the con 
 time, there w ere ei 
 number of chieti 
 reduced 10 two, ai 
 commander named 
 himfelf of the prov 
 himfelf emperor o 
 This ufurpcr cor 
 III his attack of Cu 
 town was laid unde 
 of the dykes of the 
 
 fieiidicd in the inu 
 'e-king at the heai 
 city without the le 
 conveyed into the 
 guife, who threw 
 the fiipinenefs of 
 knew nothing of th 
 laid the whole city 
 foon as he heard t! 
 
 fo 
 
 r( 
 
 P 
 
 S i 
 
 N 
 
 :)f 
 
 '. Mi ';\i.. VJfcl 
 
 Ui-^ti 
 
"iRAPHY. 
 
 Ctiina, ami fubnijr. 
 I'oM-.rds he v\v\ 
 iptTors) ab».,it I :oj 
 f lolotiics cxicmlcil 
 :,\{\-> took polklHoii 
 tth dynally, whirl) 
 re Chrill, the t'l.i. 
 s to the nortli, alter 
 i-r the Tiirtarf, hut 
 on'mcsot'liiJia, vi^. 
 engal. About 600 
 i, founder of the 
 ipirc fcvcral of the 
 1 the river Yanj>-i("c. 
 Imv'feil a partitular 
 
 AHA.] 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 2.15 
 
 Thi 
 
 is went by the 
 vcral ages. I,a(Hy, 
 1644, \>hcii China 
 ly fervcd to iiicre.ile 
 : empire, by joining 
 r bic part of Creat 
 a taineil to the fimi- 
 ogrcfs, not f(i niiich 
 ppircs.as bv the v. ('. 
 1 of its govern 1 l.m," 
 ucccflivfly govei.uil 
 The onler of the 
 iiily of I lia, the lirll 
 ■ title of Yii. 
 of China are filial 
 amilies on the inijK-- 
 thc fiirceccling niii- 
 pace of time. The 
 three firll dynaliu 
 othing to the view 
 or tlie intercd of the 
 Ity, debaucher}', ty- 
 
 426 years, produced 
 raclcrs : but the con- 
 ?d inteftine comnio- 
 ■mpirc into four parts. 
 It they were rc-i:nited 
 lynaliy, who rdgnrtl 
 3, and left a fon tli.it 
 e nionarchs of the fe- 
 lted as totally difqiM- 
 ■ir elevated ftation. 
 fuccecding dynamics 
 03, whofe reigns were 
 ons, rapine, and de- 
 
 ored and enjoyed un- 
 rtccnth dynally, and 
 nd fucceflors; till the 
 irbed under the fixth, 
 to theclofc. It fecnii 
 arofe from unlimited 
 littcd by the nionarchs 
 
 ,ving dynamics, no Icfs 
 the imiKrial ftcptrc, 
 taths. 
 
 i-tong, one of the mod 
 ngthcfelaft dynallics, 
 rful. This province 
 mpcrors of the thir- 
 of thcfixtcenth, who 
 iccmcnt to the throne, 
 vns in the province ot 
 of 300,000, pieces ot 
 nces increafed their 
 jctive of wars for 400 
 empire. 
 
 .'cnth dynafty, called 
 )r Eaftern Tartars, in 
 ive the Northern Tar- 
 i pofleflcd upwards of 
 two 
 
 two renturics. The Chincfe, however, were oblij»ed 
 tn pav dearly for lii' of their allies, who not only 
 con'Vained them to I.eao-tong, byway of coni- 
 
 pciil.ition, hut alfo took polfellionof Pe-'che-li,Chcn-fi, 
 and llo-nan: and they Ionic years afterwards invaded 
 the very heart of the empire, took Nan-king, thccapi- 
 t.il, burnt the royal pal.icc to the ground, and forced 
 the Chincfe to accept of the moll dillionourablc tcrnu 
 of pirification. 
 
 The tv^entieth dynafty took the name of Yvcn, and 
 hid for its founder Chi-tfou, fourth fon of Tai-tfou, in 
 whom coiimicnccd the third (or Weftern) Tartar ufur- 
 pation. The Yvcn family gave nine emperors to China ; 
 the former of whom, .ly their [irudent adminilhation, 
 won the hearts of their fubjects : but tlie fuccecding 
 nmnarchs, indulging in a life of indolence, luxury, and 
 diiripation, perceived themfclvcs excelled in the ufe of 
 arms and natural courage, by the very |x;ople whorT\ 
 they had conquered, who, poireHing the inoll lively 
 fititimenrs of freedom, and liefpiling their di(Tip.ittd 
 vidors, wrellcd conquell from their hands, and drove 
 them bark to their native country. This dynafty, 
 which hilled only eighty-nine year-;, became extinct in 
 the perfoii of Chun-ti, a very worthlcfs monarch, who 
 was addicied to a variety of vices. 
 
 The twenty-fiilt dynally, of which Tai-tfou was 
 founder, fubiilled iflt years. The commotions that 
 happened under this family produced gradually that 
 grand revolution v\hich a fecond time placed a Tarta- 
 rian family on the throne of China. The following is 
 a brief narrative of this memorable event. 
 
 The Tartars being cx[iclled the empire," and having 
 retreated into their ancient country, bordering upon 
 Leao-rong, it happened that their merchants trading in 
 that place received fome nidignity from the merchants 
 of China, and exhibited a complaint to the mandarins, 
 who, indead ot attendingto the fame, augmented the 
 grievance, by craftily drawing their prince into an 
 jimbiifcade, and fevering his head from his flioulders. 
 
 The Ta/cars, incenfed at this aitl of cruelty and per- 
 fidy, marched a numerous army into the very heart of 
 Lcao-tong, commanded by Ticn-ming, fon of their 
 murdered prince, w ho fubdued Leao-tong and Pe-tchc- 
 11, but was foon obliged to abandon thofc province, 
 which were, however, with the reil of the Chincfe 
 empire, referved for his grandfon, Tfong-te, but who 
 was cut oil" by fuddcn death, in the moment of his 
 great view of fovereignty. 1 le had been brought up 
 and educated in China, was mafter of the Chinefe 
 tongue, and perfectly acquainted with the difpofition 
 and genius of the people. 
 
 The empire was at this period very critically fituated: 
 the war w ith the Niu-tchc Tartars continued, and, as 
 an addition to this national calamity, there was a great 
 famine in the land. The then reigning monarch, too, 
 Hoai-tfon.r, was a man of mean abilities, fulfering 
 hiinfclf to be directed in every thing liy his miniHers 
 and eunuchs, who greatly oppielied the- people. A 
 revolt was the conlajuencci and, in a iliort fp.acc of 
 time, there w ere eight different faclions under the fame 
 number of chieti. Thefe were, however, afterwards 
 reduced 10 two, and at length to one, he.aded by a 
 commander named Li, wlio, invading and poflef.ing 
 hiinfelf of the provinces of Ho-naii and Chcn-ii, ftilcd 
 himfelf emperor of China. 
 
 fhis ufurpcr committed the mod dreadful ravages. 
 Ill his attack of Cuif-ong, the capital of Ho-nan, that 
 town was laid under water by a fudden breaking down 
 of the dykes of the Yellow River, and 300,000 perfons 
 
 fieriflicd in the inundation. He afterwards marched to 
 'c-king at the head of joo.ooo troops and entered the 
 city without the leaft oppofition ; for he had privately 
 conveyed into the city a number of his people in dif- 
 guife, who threw open the gates to him : and fuch was 
 the fupinenefs of Hoai-tfong, the emperor, that he 
 knew nothing of this circumftance, till the ufurper had 
 laid the whole city under his fubjedtion. However, as 
 foon as he heard the news, he marched from his palace 
 
 at the head of 600 of his guards, who trcachero-idy 
 abandoned him. Thus fituated, he Hew into the garl 
 dcn.1 of his palace with his daughter, whofc head he cue 
 off, and then hung himfelf upon a tree. I lis wives, his 
 prime miniftcr,andfome of his eunuchs, alfo dcltroycJ 
 themfclvcs. 
 
 The news of this melancholy event foon reached the 
 army, then making war in Tartary, und<r the com- 
 mand of a general named Ou-fang-guey, who refiifcd 
 to acknowledge l.i as his fovereignj whereupon the 
 latter put himfelf at the head of his numerous army, foi 
 the purpofe of giving him battle. Ou-fang-guey Ihut 
 himfelf up in a ftrong fortified town. Thither Li 
 marched his trcops, and having taken captive the fa- 
 ther of Ou-fang-gucy, ordered him to be loaded with 
 irons, and jilaced at the foot of the town wall, fending 
 word to his fon at the fame time, that if he did not im- 
 mediately furrcnder, his father's throat iliould be cut 
 from ear to car. The father found means to lend a 
 meffagc to his fon, begging him to furrender. The foni 
 facrificed his filialc ftccin to the interelh of his country, 
 and the old man was moft cruelly put to death. 
 
 Ou-fang-guey, naturally inflamed with rage, con- 
 cluded a peace with the Niu-tche Tartars, and engaged 
 them to enter into an alliance with him againlt Li, 
 whofe fupcrior force it was to'.illy impoffible for hini 
 to refill. 
 
 Tfong-te, the king of the Tarurs, very readily came 
 to his affirtance at the head of 80,000 warriors, forced 
 the ufurpcr to raife the liege, purfucd him even to Pe- 
 king, and fo totally routed his army, that he was forced 
 CO fly into the province of Chcn-fi, where he fpervt the 
 remainder of his days in obfcurity. Tfong"-te being 
 thus fuccefsful, the people idolized him as their deli- 
 verer ; and he beftowed feveral diftinguifficd honours 
 iijxjn the faithful Ou-faiv^-guey. The latter, however, 
 foon h.ad caufe to repi his having leagued himfelf 
 w ith fo great and po\i , lul a prince; for Tfong-te was 
 no fooner arrived at Pe-king, than he began to think 
 of improving the fuccefs of his arms, and the favoura- 
 ble difpofition of the jjeoplc, (with whom, as hath been 
 obferved, he had been brought up and educated,) into 
 the means of his advancement to the throne of China; 
 but being feized with an illnefs that fpecdily brought 
 on his diffolution, all that he could do was to declare 
 his fon emperor, who was only about fix year» of age. 
 This eleiftion was confirmed by the grandees and peo- 
 ple, who, in confidcration of the lignal fervices done 
 by the father, connived at the tender age of the child, 
 who took the name of Chun-ci, and is confidered as 
 the founder of the twcnty-fccomi dynafty. Kien-long, 
 one of his defcendants, now iills the imperial throne 
 of China. 
 
 This revolution happened in the year 1644, uniting 
 a confiderable part of Great Tartary to the Chincfe em- 
 pire: and fince the union, the Tartars feem rather to 
 have fubmitted to the laws of the Chincfe, than to have 
 impofcd any upon them. In fadt, the latter may be 
 faid to be as gre.at gainers by it as the Tartars them' 
 felvcs. China Hill holds the fe.at of empire, and has 
 the fiiprcmc courts of JulHcc. Thither flows all the 
 opulence of the united kingdoms, and all honours arc 
 conferred there. Doth nations, fo oppofite in genius 
 and charafter, have each been confiderably benefited 
 by the incorporation. The fierce fpirit of the Tartar 
 has given a Ipark of martial fire to the peaceful temper 
 of the Chincfe, while the arts and commerce of the lat- 
 ter have humanized and foftened the favagc roughnefs 
 of the former. China having acquired great additional 
 ftrength by her union with Tartary has now no enemy 
 to dread. Never were the opulence, power, grandeur, 
 and glory ofthe Chinefe empire greater than at prefcni. 
 At home it hath all the blellings of peace, and abroad it 
 is rcfpcded. It hath enjoyed a perfed tranquillity for 
 upwards of feventy years, and is unrivalled by all other 
 nations for its public works of art, having 32 royal pa- 
 laces, 272 grand libraries, 709 halls, 1 1 59 triumphal 
 arches, ni beautiful bridges, and 681 various tombs. 
 
 The 
 
 i- 
 
 im in 
 
9]6 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM 6t UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 li'( 
 
 '¥ 
 
 pi. 
 
 The next mcnidrable event in the annals of Chins 
 happened in the year 1771, when a nation of the Tar- 
 tars left their fcttlemenfi under the Ruflian government 
 on the banks of the Wolga snd the Jack, nearthe Caf- 
 
 fiian Sea, and, in a vaft body of many thoufand fami- 
 les, pafTed through t'n. rountry of the Hafacks, and, 
 after a march of eight 'no.uSs, in which they furmounted 
 innumerable difficulties and dangers, they arrived in the 
 plains that lie on the frontiers of Carapn, and offered 
 themfclves ar fubjedls to Kien-long, the prefent empe- 
 ror of China, who was then in the 36th year of nis 
 reign. He received them gracioufly, furnifhcd them 
 with provifions, cloaths and money, and allotted to 
 each tamily a po.tion of land, for agriculture and paf- 
 turage. There happened :he year following a fecond 
 emigration of feveral thoufand other Tartar families, 
 who alfo quitted their fettlements under the Rudian 
 Eovernment, and fubmitted 10 the Chinefe fceptrc. 
 The emperor c.iufcdthe hillory of thefe emigrations to 
 be engraven upon (lone, in four different lanpjages. 
 
 As a tribir.- due to the very lingular liberality of the 
 emperor Kun-long, as well as a moil interelli.ig and 
 rei.cnt circuniftanccof the Chinefe hillory, we prefent 
 cur readers with the following account ofthefcaft given 
 by him i) the ancients, on the 14th of February, I78ri 
 iranllaied from ihe Memoirs of the I-'rench Miflionaries. 
 
 ^' This imperial fcalt, which Kien-long gave to the 
 ancients, is one v>fLhofe events which will make an epoch 
 inthe»mpire. Karig-hi, his uncle, fct the example, 
 who, mounting the throne very young, celebrated the 
 (ixtieth year 01 his reign in 1722. Kien-long celebrated 
 the fiftieth year of his reign, and fixty-fifth of his age, 
 on this day. At the end of 178+, he Iblemnly announ- 
 ced his intentions, and made a Muinber of promotions 
 among the mandarins, profeffors of the arts, belles let- 
 tres, and military. He likewife exempted all the peo- 
 ple from taxes that year, and repealed for ever thole 
 which bore hard on them. He ordered diftributions of 
 rice, and pieces of filk or ftuff, to be given to every 
 poor perfbii throughout the empire, who had attained 
 the ageof lixty ycrs. fhofe who were one hundred 
 had hfty bufhels of rce and two pieces of filk ; one of 
 the firft, the other of i^e fecond quality. Thofe who 
 hadattainednincty years, received thirty bufhels of rice 
 and two pieces of lilk, of an inferior quality. Thofe 
 who were lefs than lixty, and exceeding fifty, had five 
 bulheis of rice and one piece of filk. Every other per- 
 fon had rice and filk in proportion to their ages, reckon- 
 ing by ten years. 
 
 " This grand and fokmn feaft was held at the city 
 
 of Pe-king, on the i^th of February, in the year 178c 
 and gave great fatisfadion to thofe forwhom it was made! 
 " Three thoufand aged men of quality (which nuiiu 
 ber M. Amiot, who relates this hiflory, faw at the pal 
 lace, and who were invited by the emperor) beini' af- 
 fembled, the emperor, who chofc to do the honours of 
 the table, took his place at the head. The only dif. 
 tindion made was the elevation of his throne about a 
 foot higher than the other feats, folcly, as he declared 
 for the purpofc of feeing that every thing was liuhtl 
 as the tables were ferved in all parts equal, where the 
 gucfls were diftributcd four and four. At others were 
 the princes of the blood, the nobility, and the iiianda. 
 rins. At a circular table fat the emperor's family, to 
 fee that nothing was wanting by thofe ancient guclts 
 and to exhort them Co partake 01 the repall wall laiisfac- 
 tion, which their good mafter had invited them to. A 
 numeious band of mulic played during the tiine.w hich 
 was followed by a billet, rcprefented by t'r- ^onicdians 
 of the court; and, at the end, the vocal ptifonncrs 
 chanted a hymn in honourof Tien, to return thanks for 
 this particular day. The emperor then retired and his 
 minifters diflributed to each of the company a pi c lent 
 with a wifh written thereon by the emperor, • That 
 each might enjoy long life, and what they wilhcd:' 
 alfo a piece '.1 verfc, which he had comiwftd for tl-.L' 
 occalion. ^nd which was nearly as folions. Tl;.j title oi 
 the pi'-.;«' i^, ' To the venerable Aiicicnts invited to the 
 So'.;,nn Feaft, to rejoice with me, in nieniory of wiut 
 as done before bv my augul^ Uncle.* 
 « The blc/Tings which I have received from heaven, 
 are without number: it is impolTible for me to reckon 
 them : but 1 cannot avoid exprelliiig the ijcciiiiar hap. 
 pinefs I feel in having renewed this day, which has 
 caufed the moft pleating emotion in my hear', and 
 which I Ihall ever call in pleafure to my memory, as 
 having feen my princes and my people take their }4icc 
 by the fide of their mailer, f'Mving, and to be f"civ«|, 
 equally upon the lame footing, without any diflJLiio,! 
 of rank, being equally happy as an allenibly of friends, 
 with the fame motives of joy and gladnefs. This is the 
 fecond time, by the fpecial favour of God, that I have 
 enjoyed the fame light, with the fame feeling of heart. 
 Our defcendants will, no doubt, be penetrated with 
 fcntiments of the moll tender veneration, when tliey 
 read -r "-jftory, that two emperors of my augufl race, 
 have celebrated, the one his fixtieth, and the other hii 
 fiftieth year of their reign ; rejoicing, as in a taipily 
 repafl, with the whole empire, rcprefented by the 
 Chofen of its aged people.' 
 
 l-^ 
 
 i<. i 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 XI. 
 
 O N Q U I N. 
 
 SEC 
 
 'p t /-> 
 
 boundaries, Extent, ami Silitathn. Climate, So'/, and 
 Prod ice. Divijion uf the Country, nitb the Manners 
 and Culloms of the Inhabitants, 
 
 * I ^HE kingdom of Tonquin is bounded on ihe eaft 
 •*• and north by the cmpii': of China \ on ' ic wef> by 
 the two fmall kingdom of Laos and Bowes, bo.-di.ring 
 on Slam ; and on the fouth and fouth-e;>rt, by Cochin- 
 China. It is abdut jco niile? in length, and 40c -Tiiles 
 in the broadefl part: and ,: divided into eigh; pro- 
 vinces, viz call, wed, north, and foutl' provinces, Te- 
 naj, Tcnhoa, N;;e,im, and the |)r()vincc of Cai.hao. 
 It lies on the (ide of a i;iilph, thirty leagues acrofs in 
 liie i.!ei> part, at the extremity ai which are feveral 
 fmall illanos. 
 
 This country being fituated under »hc tropic, the 
 weather is extremely \ariable. However, their two 
 chief difliniflions, with refpcdt to this, are thofe of the 
 dry and rainy feafr>ns ; the former of which is the molt 
 agreeable, and continues from September to Man:!'! 
 during which time the north wind blo.vs without intcr- 
 miUion, and the air is healthful, except in Januar>' and 
 February, when the weather is frequently very feVLTC. 
 The rainy feafon begins in .April, and ends in Anuull, 
 the fcuth wind blowing all the time. The three firft 
 months of this feafon are very unhealthy. During :!.- 
 months of June, luly, and Augul\, the heat is very 
 intenfc: ncverthelefs, the country, at this time, has a 
 mofl pltaling aiKl beautiful appearance . tiie :rte^ are 
 loaded with fruit, and the plains covered with a rich 
 harveft. However, as the land moftly lies low, par- 
 ticularly near the fea, it is fubjed to frequent iiuinda- 
 lions, by which the natives arc foinetiiucs great fulicier';. 
 
 In 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 T O N Q^ U I N. 
 
 Vl 
 
 In this kingdom there are great numbers of canals ; 
 and as rice is the chief food of the natives, fo the huf- 
 bandryofit is the peafant's whole employ, and it gene- 
 rally rewards his toil with two crops annually. 
 
 Their oranges are faid to excel all others in the caft, 
 for richncfs of flavour : and here are guavas, ananas, are- 
 kas, papays, &c. as well as various kinds ot How ers, 
 ainong which arc very beautiful lilies and jcflaiiiins, 
 though the Tonquinefe difcover not much talte for ciiis 
 elegant entertainment of nature. Indeed, the ladies 
 here have great clkem for one particular flower, which 
 retains a very fragrant fmell even for fifteen days after 
 it is gathered. With this Hower they decorate their 
 perfons, when in their bed and gaycll apparel. 
 
 Though Tonquin afibrds no mines of gold or filver, 
 there are iron and lead mines in abundance. Silk- 
 worms arc alfo here in fuch plenty, that lilk is almoft as 
 cheap as cotton. Sugar-canes likewife thrive well in 
 this country : and they have a fort of tea which they call 
 Chia-bang, the leaves of which they boil ; as alfo ano- 
 ther kind called Chia-way, the leaf of which is not fit 
 for any ufe ; but the flower, when dried before the fire, 
 makes a very agreeable liquor by infulion, as the other 
 does by decodion. 
 
 Cacho is the metropolis, thcrefidcnce of the chova, 
 ui iv'Tig. But this city has no remarkable buildings, ex- 
 cept the royal palace, which Hands in the centre of it. 
 This is a fpacious edifice, cncompafTed by a wall, with- 
 in the precindt of which are fcveral buildings, two (lories 
 high, with gates and fronts in a fuperb Hate. The 
 chova's apartments, and thofe of his concubines, are 
 grandly decorated with gilding and varnifh work ; and 
 behind :he palace are large, handfome gardens. 
 
 The 'loufes of private people in this city, are of wood 
 and earth, and chiefly of one ftory. Thofe of foreign 
 merchants only are built of brick. 
 
 The natives of Tonquin are of a middle fize, and 
 pretty well proportioned. They are of a tawny com- 
 plexion, bordering upon yellow. Their hair is black, 
 thick, and long. Jailing in waves upon their Ihoulders, 
 Their teeth are white as fnow, till th' • colour them 
 black, uling for this purpofc a corrolivocompofition. 
 They much refemblethe Chincfe,and, like them, nave 
 great natural politenefs, without being altogether fuch 
 flaves to ceremony. They are lupcrftitious, inconflant, 
 and int mperate. Tiieir provilions arc drelTcd and 
 ferved up in an elegant taftc; and they perfuire both 
 their t jIcs and their diflies. Their ufual fare comifts 
 ot rice, IrelFed various ways, eggs, pulfe, roc's, fowl, 
 filh, bufl^ilo, pork, beef, kid, and frogs. They have 
 neither taole-cloths or ruqikins ; and, inftead of forks, 
 ufe ivory flicks, as the Chincfe do, and eat much in the 
 fame manner. The food of the common people is rice, 
 dried fifli. and pulfe; and tea is their ufual drink : but 
 the higher claffes mix arrack with their tea, and often 
 become intoxicated with it. The grandees have halls 
 in their houles, for the entertainment of linging and 
 dancing in the evenings: and, indeed, every villa hath 
 its houfes of mirth or jollity, where the people affemble, 
 cfpecially on their feltivals, and caufe plays to bcaJled. 
 The aclors arc generally about half a dozen in number; 
 and the dances arc performed by the woinen, who 
 'ing at the fame time. A merry-andrew too appears, 
 exciting the laughter of the fpeiitatois by his drol'ery 
 and humour. They have feveral kinds of mulical in- 
 driimentr fuch as kettle-drums, trumpets, fiddles, gui- 
 tars, and hautboys. 
 
 A great number of feftivals are obferved in this king- 
 dom : two of them arc kept with more than ordinary 
 folemnity. The firfl is held at the beginning of the 
 year, which, at Tonquin, commences with tlic luw 
 moon neareft to the end «)f January and fomet'.ues 
 three or four days fooner. This feall lafls about twelve 
 days : but the lirfl day is rather a day of lanicntation 
 than of rejoicing! foi they then fliut up their habitation, 
 and keep within doors, for fear, as they pretend, of 
 meeting with fome unlucky object in the flreet, wl.ich 
 might prove lo them an omen of ill fortune in the ccurfc 
 
 No. 33. 
 
 of the enfuing year. On the day following th^y begin 
 their feftivity, when booths and llagcs arc erected in the 
 ftreets, in which are reprcfented diireient kint's of 
 fliews. Nothing is heard but the found of mufical in- 
 (Irumenis, and thewild uproarof riot and licentioufiiefs. 
 'I'he fecond grand feftival is kept with the fame kind 
 of mad merriment, in thefixch moon: and cxclufiveof 
 thcfe, they obferve two monthly fealts, in which reli- 
 gion has fome Iharej it being cuftomary at thcfe feafl's, 
 to facrifice to their anceitors, by oblations of provifions 
 at their tombs. Another folemn feaft is what they call 
 Can-ja, on which their king gives his public benedic- 
 tion to the country, and ploughs two or three furrows 
 with his own hands , which cuflom the princes of Ton- 
 quin have undoubtedly borrowed from the Chincfe em- 
 perors. The natives praclifc fafling and prayers, by way 
 of preparation for this feflival. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Mariiages, Sciences, Laiis;na^e, MiViufiiiliires, Commerce, 
 Religion, and Funeral Ceremonies. 
 
 "■ I ^HE law of Tonquin, as well as of China, forbids 
 -*• young people to marry without the confent of 
 their parents ; and females arc ieldoin difpofed of in 
 marriage before the age of fixteen. When a young 
 man fecks a maiden, he firlt applies to the fitlier, and 
 makes him a prefent. After the articles arc agreed 
 upon, the man fends to the houfe of the young woman 
 fuch prefents as have been ftipulated ; and on the wed- 
 ding day, the father of both families, acc(mipanied by 
 their friends, conduct the bride to the bridegroom's 
 houfe, where the ceremony is performed in great form. 
 There is no wedding without a feaft, which holds 
 three or more days. 
 
 Though the men have the privilege of marrying fe- 
 veral wives, only one takes the title of wife. The men 
 arc fuftered to divorce their wives whenever they pleafe, 
 but the women cannot divorce themfelves without the 
 confent of their hufbands. However, when they are 
 thus put away by their hulbandv, they have the privi- 
 Icf;. of taking with them, not only the cfllds which they 
 brought, but likewife the p.cfenrs nude to them pre- 
 vious to marriage; and if there be any children, thefc 
 are 'eft with the father to maintain. On this account 
 very few divorces happen. 
 
 A woman convidted of adultery is condemned to be 
 trampled to death by an elephant. The adulterer is alfo 
 fentcnced to die, bur not to fufl'cr fo fevcre a dcith. 
 
 Thefc people arc indebted to the Chinefc tor the 
 greatcft part of their nrts and fciences. They arc little 
 Ikilled in the mathematics or attronom/; ni,.- have the;, 
 any public fchools, the children beii.g priv.atcly edu- 
 cated at home by their parents. The art of medicine 
 here is principally confined to the kno\. ledge of finiples ; 
 and the phylicians pretend to be as Ikilful as ihofe of 
 China, with regard to the pulfe. They judge of the 
 caufc, feat, and quality of the diflemper, by the number 
 ofpulfcs in onerefpiiation. Their fuigcry is confined 
 to the ufe of cauftics anil cupping, which they praClKc 
 in moft diforders, uling gourds and calabatlici, in the 
 latter, inftead of glafics. Ttie fever, dyfentcry, and 
 f mall-pox, arc the moft common maladies the peo])!c of 
 this country are fubjeCt to, which they in general treat 
 jirctty fucccfsfully, by means of certain drinks, and pru- 
 dent regimen. They prefcribc tea, as hotas it can polli- 
 bly be drank, for the licad-ach. 
 
 The Tonquinefe language aboiiivl-. with monofylla- 
 bles : one word, in fome inftaiu- j, lignilies eleven or 
 twelve dirt'erent things; the piecife fenfe of which, in 
 converfation. is only dillingiiilhed by thediflijrent in- 
 flection and nuKlilication of t'lv' voice. 
 
 Here arc good manut.iciures of lilk, potters ware, 
 and paper. Their varnilhcd coirviodities arc in good 
 ettimation. They work well in woml and iron, under- 
 ftand the art of foundry, and know how to caft cannon : 
 but notwithftanding this their ingenuity, they make but 
 O o o littl; 
 
 ^1*',. 
 
 
23" 
 
 A NEW. ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYS'i.M or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 ittic advantage of it through want of genius for traffic. 
 Tht-ir ihief trade is with the Dutch and Chincfe, who 
 buy up their lilk.both raw and in thread; and theyalfo 
 fell large quantities of their wrought lilk to the Knglifli. 
 The articles chieflv imported into Tonquin are falt- 
 petre, fiilphur, Knglifli broad-cloth, &c. The traders 
 are faid to be fairer dealers than the Chincfe. 
 
 Thel'c people have no coinage of their own, but make 
 ufe of foreign coin and particularly copper money, 
 which thty have from China. 
 
 The Tunquinefeprofefs twofyftems of religion, both 
 received from their ne-ghbours the Chincfe. The one 
 is that oi Confiicius, the Aibftancc of which, as held by 
 thcni, conlilisin an inwatd devoi'on, or obfervancc ol 
 foine fecret rites in hoiiot.r of the dead, nnd in the prac- 
 tife of moral virtues. The profefibrs of this fyllem 
 have neither priells, temples, or any fixed mode of 
 public worfljip, cvcrv ;)ne paying his adorations to the 
 Deity, in w hat lorni he thinks proper. They pay a kind 
 of adoration to fon\e (pints, as the vicegerents ot' the 
 fiipreme governor of all things. Some believe hat the 
 fouls of perfons are inmiortal, and tnat there is a future 
 Hate of rewards and punilhments. Others, however, 
 aflign inui.oriality only to the fouls of the righteous. 
 The religion of moll of the common jieople is that of 
 I'oe, who worlhi]) many idols; an.l, indeed, thefe have 
 their temples and their priells, w ho lead a very auftere 
 life, and fuhlilt chieHy on alms. They relide ni mean 
 huts near the temples, to olflr up the petitions of tiic 
 people, as occafionally brought to them, w hich they 
 read aloud to tiieir idols, and then burn them in anin- 
 cenfe pot, the peiitioiiers being all the tmie proltratc 
 on the ground. The religion of I'oii is divi led into 
 many fc(^ts. The molt conliderable is that of I ,an/o, 
 whole fd'owers profefs iiKigic: they pretend to the pre- 
 diction . . llit'ire event?, and arc divided into dillcrent 
 dalles. 
 
 The ronquincfe da-fs thcirflead in their richeft ap- 
 parel, anil ])ut fmali pieces of gold or lilver, together 
 with pearls, into the mouths of the rich, and into thofc 
 of the poor arc put little copper pieces, and other 
 baubles. They do this from a fuppofition that they 
 hereby fecure the dead from poverty in the other world, 
 and themfelvcs from being haunted by them. 'I'hcre is 
 great emulation among the o|)ulent in providing fine 
 coffins tor themfelve.'). In framing thele cothns they 
 makenouleot nails, ..sthis would have the appearance 
 of laving a conllniint on the deceafed, but only Lcment 
 the boards together. The corpse is conveyed to the 
 place ov' burial « ith great funeral pomp, the Ions of the 
 deceafe 1 attending, cloatheil in robes of grey cloth, 
 and fup;)i',;tingthemfelves with a llalf, as if ready to 
 drop to I'lie ground with immoderate grief. The wives 
 and daughters follow, robed in grey, and crying moll 
 bitterly and loiidl) . The eldell fon, during the pro- 
 ceffion, prollrates himfelf fevcral times beloix; the cof- 
 fin, and fometimes thuirps upon the lid of it, as if to 
 awake his father from the llee|) ol death. The rell of 
 the funeral foleiiiiiities of thele people diiVer very little 
 from thofe of tne Chincfe, and their mourning habili- 
 ments arc exactly the fame. 
 
 S V. C T I O N in. 
 
 Origin^ Soirrc!\^n, Ct'rvaitminl , l.azis, M Hilary and 
 Naval Armaim-iil of Ibc J'roplf of Tonquin. 
 
 AS thefe people were fome ages unacciuainted with 
 the art of writing, matters relating to the foun- 
 dation of their government are buried in obfcurity. 
 One of the firll kings mentioned in their hiftory was 
 Ding, faid to have reigned aoo years before Chrifl, 
 and to have been raifed to the throne by a troopof ban- 
 ilitti. He, however, reigned with fuch opprcffion, 
 that his fubjecls revolted, and muriirred !iim. This 
 revolution and inuider were followed by long wars, 
 which at length tcrmiiiateil in the elertion of a king, 
 named Lc-day-han, in whofc reign the Chincfe invaded 
 
 and over-run the kingdom. This, prince, however 
 defended himfelf w'ith the greateft bravery, and defeat! 
 cd them feveral times, but could not drive them out of 
 I the counfy. Upon the death of Lc-day-han, Li-bal. 
 vie was placed on the throne, who vanquiflied, and 
 totally drove the Chincfe from his territories. The pof. 
 tcrily of this prince enjoyed a tranquil reign for fevcral 
 generations; and the lift king of this family leaving be. 
 hind him but one daughter, this princcfs ffiared the 
 throne with a nobleman whom fhe efpoufed; but ano. 
 ther grandee, named Ho, conipired againll the queen, 
 fubdueJ her hulband in battle, put both of them to 
 death, and took pollellion of the crown ; w hich treache- 
 ry .ind cruelty occalioncd a revolt of the pciiple, who 
 applied to the Chincfe for aid, and occafioned their cn- 
 tranv'c into the kingdom with a numerous a rmv, which 
 drove away the tyrant, and, as a reward for their for- 
 vices, took polfeffion of the governiiient themfelvcs 
 f()iTing the Tonquinefe to except of a viceroy from 
 China, who changed the form of chc conftituticn, and 
 introduced the Chincfe laws and cufloms. 
 
 However, the Tonquinefe, in procefs of time, head- 
 ed by a man '-"fa moft intrepid fpirit, named Li, took 
 up arms againfl the Chincfe, piu them all to th(,fw> ni, 
 and coinpelled '•' : emperor to afTent to a dilhonr.urabic 
 peace. Li was orownetl ki'ig of Tonquin; and all 
 that the Chincfe were able to obtain was, that the king, 
 of Tonquin fiiould hold the crown in fealty under the 
 emperor of China, and pa' them a trieixnial tribuie. 
 This treaty was concluded alK^ut the year i?cx) of the 
 Chrifiian <':'-:i,and both n.itions have faithfully obfcrved 
 the articles of it ever lir.ce. The Tonquinefe fend am- 
 bafliidors to lV-kinge\ery three years w ith their tribiitr, 
 who do homage to the cmpercr: ami the latter alio 
 fends his amlianadors to 'I'onquin, who behave « ith 
 the utmod haughtinefs; infomuch, that when the kin;^ 
 has occalion to treat with th:m on any important mat- 
 ters, he is obliged to wait upon them, i.iflead of their 
 attending u[)on him. Nor iwn a prince of Tonquin ai'- 
 cend the throne of his ancellors, without a confirma- 
 tion from the hand of the emperor of China. 
 
 The dcfcendants of Li fat ujwn the throne for twe 
 centuries, after whichenfued many revolutions. About 
 the year 1400 of the ChrilVian a;ra, a fitnple lilhernwn, 
 named Mack, ufurpcd the crown, Iwt was depnl'ed by 
 Tring, uiother ufiirper, who coverei' his ufurpation 
 with the pretence of reltoring the family of Li to the 
 throne, and accordingly caufed a young prince of that 
 houfe to be crowned; but whilll he bclVowed on the 
 prince the title, he referved to himfelf the rcj'al power, 
 under the riamc of chova, or genera! of the re^hii. 
 
 Tring had a brother-in-law, whole name was Hia- 
 ving, fon of a governor of the province of 'f'ingiva, to 
 whom Tring lay m der fome particular obligations; 
 for this governor had not only been greatly his friend, 
 in affifting him in an enterpri/.c with the troops of his 
 piovince, but likew ife difpofed of his daughter to him 
 in wedlock; and moreover, on his death-bed, com- 
 mitted to him the guardianlliip of his only fon, who was 
 this Hoaving above-mentioned. Hoaving retlecioJ 
 with great concern on the condudl of his brother-in-law 
 ami guardian, in having employed his father's forces to 
 fet any other than himfelf (Hoaving) on the throne ot 
 Tonquin, and conceived on the occalion fuch a (pirit 
 of refcntment, that he not only refufed to do homage to 
 th: new king, but openly took up arms, poifeircd him- 
 felf of Cochin-China, an ancient province of Tonquin, 
 and, after the example of his brother-in-law, caiiK'd 
 himfelf to be proclaimed chova at the head of his army 
 'Jhefe two generals governed with abfolute authwiuVi 
 the one in Tonquin, and the other in Cochin-Chim, 
 and waged war with each other as long as they lived, 
 with fucccfs nearly equal on both hv i. They tranl- 
 mitted the title of chova to their fucceflors, and their 
 dcfcendants enjoy it at this |)rcfent period of time in 
 both kingiloms. But we Ihall here confine ourfelvcs 
 to the chova of Tonquin, where, indeed, are, at prclent, 
 two fupremc magifVrates or Ibvereigns, the one titular, 
 
 isiiuaiton, Eiitcnt, Do 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 the other real : the former has the name of bova ; but 
 in tht-rhova arc veiled all the powers of government, 
 The authority of the bova confifts principally in giving 
 t'lC form cf ratification to the decrees of the chova. 
 The dignity of the latter is hereditary, and his eldcll 
 fun fiiccccds him ; but the fuccellion of bovas is uncer- 
 tain; tor when a bova leaves fcvcral fons, the chova 
 choofcs w hich of them he picafes, and may even raifc a 
 collateral branch to the dignity. 
 
 Kvery provnicc in the kingdom of Tonquin has its 
 particular governor, and each governor has a mandarin 
 for his licvitenant, who has the care of adminiftering 
 j'lilhie, and ot feeing that the laws are j)ropcrly obferv- 
 ed; which, indeed, arc the Chinefe laws, as introduced 
 anioni;ll them m the twelfth century. Ncverthelefs, 
 funic of the courts of judicature in Tonquin arc fo cor- 
 rupt, that there are few olfences for which money will 
 not fecurc the culi)rit from puniiliment. 
 The army of the king of Tonquin confills of 1 50,00c 
 
 COCHIN-CHINA. 
 
 '-39 
 
 mcn,cxclufivc of rn 000 horfc, Thefoldicrs are picked 
 men out of the diH'eie!>r villages; and it is the chief 
 pride of the otTicers to have tlic firelocks of the men 
 neat and bright. They are fo nice i.i this refpcct, that 
 if the arms become rulty, they Hop a week's pay of the 
 foldier's wages tor the tiilt olfence, and tor the ftcond 
 inflicl corporal punifhment. When the army marches 
 the generals, and other principal onkcrs, ride upon 
 elephants. 
 
 The Tonquincfc arc by no means good foldicrs, and 
 this may in a great meafure be afcribed to the elfbmi- 
 nacyot their officers, to the \*'ant of military encourage- 
 ment, to the influence of money, and to the favour of 
 the great. 
 
 The naval force of Tonquin confills of a confiderable 
 numbe,- of gallies, barks, and boats, bjjt thefe are bet- 
 ter calculated for coafting on the fea-thore, than for 
 long voyages. They have no fails, but make ufeof oars 
 only. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 XII. 
 
 COCHIN 
 
 S 1: C T I O N I. 
 
 Hilualion, Eatcitt, Boundarws, Producr, Inhahilanls, ££?r. 
 
 COCHIN-CHINA, or Weft China, as the name 
 imports, is fituatul under flic torrid zone, and ex- 
 tends, according to foire, fvotn the 8th to ihe J 7th, 
 and, according to others, fiom the 12th to the 1 Stii 
 uciirec of north latitude. It is about 500 miles i:i 
 kii'j;th, and is bouiulcd on the eaft by the Chinefe Sea. 
 on the weft by Laos- and Cambodia, on the fouth by 
 Champa, nr Chianipa, and on the nortii by Tonquin. 
 It i>., like ronquiii, tributary to China. 
 
 Hiic is great |;leiiiyof lice and fugar; alfogold and 
 filver mines. They have likewifceaulc-wood, cahim- 
 b^ic, an ordinary fort of tea, iind fevcr.d kinds of drugs. 
 Tiie kingdom i ■■ divided into live or lix provinces, and 
 is well pe.ipk'd. The km;; refides at the capital of Ke- 
 h:;?. Moiig tiiccoall arefeveral iflands fubjeCt to this 
 kingdom, which produce many ufeful truit and other 
 trees. 
 
 There is a regular annual inundation, about the mid- 
 dle of autumn, which overfprcads the country for two 
 months, anil leaves behind it a kind of llime, which 
 helps to fertilize the land. In this wr: feafon the people 
 fail about the country in barks ; nor would tiiey be fe- 
 cure in their habitations, were they not to erect them on 
 piles, fo ;is to leave a free iiaffige for the water below. 
 The houfes are built of canes entwined togethei, fo tiiat 
 the wails refemble the fides ofa wicker balket, and thefe 
 they plafter over witii a mortar made of dirt or lime. 
 They cover their habitation"- with ftraw, or the leaves 
 of cocoa, and they conlill, in common, of one llory. 
 The window-frames are tlofet' up with Japan paper, 
 or Naker lliclls, ground to tranf,' irency. The partiti- 
 ons of their chambers arc formed of fcreens, and their 
 floors are covered with mats, which firve them both tor 
 feats and beds. In the houfes of the opuient, indeed, 
 the r<x)ms are furnilbed with handfoivic chairs. 
 
 Thefe people are tempeiiite, and the chief of their 
 f(K)d is rice and lilb, w hich ilicy have in great plenty. 
 They have no kitchens in their houfes, for fear of acci- 
 dents by fires, but drcli their provifioiis liy the fiiles of 
 rivers, with which the country abounds, and on wliofe 
 banks their towns are built When the wind blows 
 from the fea, it is cutlomary for a foldier to go about 
 beating a drum, as a fignal lor people to cxtinguifl\ their 
 fires. 
 
 -CHINA. 
 
 The natives, though but imperfedly civilized, poffefs 
 that felicity which mighi exL-ite the envy of more im- 
 proved focieties. They have neith'r robbers or beggars, 
 and hofpitality is fcen in every habitation. A tra'vellcr 
 freely enters a houfe in any village, fits down to eat and 
 drink without any invitation, and departs without ac- 
 knou ledging the civility. He is a man and fellow-crea- 
 ture, and therefore welcome. If he were a foreigner, 
 he would excite more curiolity, but would be equally 
 welcome. 
 
 The wealthier fortoccafionally entertain their friends 
 in a fumptiious manner. At tNcfe times their tables 
 vie w ith the liuropean, either in variety or cookery. 
 
 The common people, at public feltiv.als, atlemblc 
 in the flreets, where they fpread their mats, and, fit- 
 ting in a circle, eat their provilions, while tumblers and 
 iiieriy-andrews cxercife their mummery. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Of the C.bnva, cr hiii^. Govcriiiiunt and Lazvs of ihe 
 Coibiii-CbiiKfc, 'Their Mtrhnuhs, IraUe, tiiid Muiiry. 
 
 A S in moft of the eaftcrn countries, the king of 
 ■^^ Cochin-China is a defpotic monarch, and fo dilli- 
 ciilt of accefs, that thcmofl confiderable, oropulcntof 
 his people, mufl not pieliime to prefent a petition to 
 him, without previoully making court to his chief m i- 
 niller of flate. He gives audience at his palace gate in 
 a fort of ftate litter, fuperbly gilt, and Ibmewhat re- 
 fembling a cage. No perfons mufl approach nearer to 
 him than at the diflance of tburfcorc paces. His |)a- 
 lace is at Ke-huc, the nietropolis,w here, alter thecaflern 
 ciiftom, he keeps his feiaglio, guarded by eunuchs. 
 When he goes abroad, he rides on an elephant, on 
 w liich he always fits fide-ways, and is acconiiMiiied by 
 guards. On his head he wears a turban of tl : llnefl 
 calico. Pendants of the richcft brilliants hang from 
 his cars. He has bracelets on his arms; but his body 
 is aim »fl bare, having only a covering round his pud- 
 dle , ai.d he holds a fpear, or rather a long javelin, in 
 his hand. 
 
 The rcfpciflivc [irovinces of Cochin-China arc go- 
 verned by mandarins, and dill'ercnt courts of jullice: 
 and if a mandarin tlioiild be convicted of nial-.idminir.. 
 tration, he is, at a certainty, punilhed with death. Not 
 only all theolliccrs of flate, but even the lives and tor- 
 tunes of the people, aie entirely at the diljiofal of the 
 King. 
 
 The 
 
 
 ! J 
 
 ^X 
 
340 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 The laws of this country are exceedingly rigid in cafes 
 of treafon and rebellion, which capital crimes are not 
 only punilhed w ith the moft dreadful tortures, but very 
 fevcre penalties are likcwife inflicted on all the kindred 
 of the traitors. Other oft'ences, thiat are in any degree 
 heinous, are punifhcd with death, or the lofs of a limb; 
 though it iiHift be acknowledged, that the all-powerful 
 influence of money too frequently Inciters the guilty 
 from the punifliment due to their crimes. 
 
 Though totally unacquainted with the fciences, thefe 
 people arc very (kilful mechanics; and, in the manu- 
 facture of filk, they furpafs the Tonquinefe. They 
 make fugar-mills and water-engines ; but know not how 
 
 to make any fort of fire-arms. Their foreign trade 
 is by no means confidcrable. Silk, cotton, betel, aloes 
 wax, Japan wood, caflia. and fugar, are the chief ar- 
 ticles they export ; the greater part of which are pur- 
 chafed by the Chinefe, who, indeed, have nearly cn- 
 grofled the whole of this trade to thcmfel ves. The on- 
 ly money current in this country confifts of pieces of 
 cooper ftruck in China. Silver is exceeding fcarcc 
 with them, infomuch that a man is deemed wealthy 
 who is poflcfled of 80 or too piaftres. 
 
 Their religion, marriages, funeral ceremonies, &c. 
 arc the fame as at Tonquin. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 The kingdom of CAMBODIA, or CAMBOYA, and the 
 ISLAND OF PULO - CONDORE. 
 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Sittialiott, Boinuiayii's, Extent, Soil, ProduSions, Perfons, 
 Drr/s, R/li^ion, Mamifa'/nres, i^c. of the Natives. 
 
 CAMBODIA is lituated on the eaft fide of the 
 gulph of Siam. It is bounded on the weft by 
 Cochin-China; by the Indian Ocean on the fouth ; 
 and by the kingdom of Laos and the Kemois moun- 
 tains on the north. It extends from north to fouth up- 
 wards of jco miles, and is about 210 miles in breadth. 
 The river Mecon, which is very f|.acious, runs through 
 it, and falls by two channels into the fea. At the 
 place where it firft rifes it is called Longmu, after which 
 it takes the name of Mecon, and continuing that name 
 for a confidcrable fpacc, at length changes it to Oubc- 
 quannc. This river has an annual fwell, which begins 
 in the month of June, and countinues till Augult, when 
 it generally rifes fo high as to overflow the neighbour- 
 ing countries. It nins the fame way for fix months to- 
 gether, owing to the foutherly winds, which drive the 
 fands in fuch flioals that the bar is entirely (topped up, 
 and the current, by that means, driven back, till the 
 w ind Ibifts and removes the fands, when the current is 
 reftorcd to its regular courfe. 
 
 The foil in general is exceeding fertile, and pro- 
 duces various kinds of grain, particularly rice and corn. 
 There is likcwife a great v? -ety of fruit trees, particu- 
 larly oranges, citrons, ma ' toas, &c. Here are 
 alfo various kinds of woe ; fandal, aquila, and 
 
 japan, fticklack, and lac' ■ . nning. 
 
 Cambrxlia abounds in ri< , as alfo flclh and fifli; 
 the two laft of which arc thct.mly articles allowed to be 
 purchafed without a permit frcmthe king. A fine bul- 
 lock is frequently purchafcd f ir a dollar ; and the com- 
 mon value of rice is one fhilling and fix-pence for 140 
 pounds weight. Poultry, indeed, is very fcarcc, be- 
 caufe the few that are bred, when young, retire to the 
 woods, where they Ihift for thcmfelves; nor do the 
 people take any pains to feck after them. 
 
 Gold, cambogiaofa gold colour, or deep yellow, 
 in rolls, raw filk, and elephants teeth, are produced 
 here. There are fcveral forts of very valuable drugs, 
 and many parts abound with amcthyfts, garnets, fap- 
 phircs, cornelians, chryfolites, and bl(KKl-(tones. 
 
 The animals of this country are, wild cl'.'phants and 
 boars, which an: very numerous, particularly in the 
 woods; tygcrs and lions; a'fo wild cattle and bultaloes; 
 with many horfcs, and a i-nxligious number of deer; 
 all of which ever) [icrfon has free liberty to kill and 
 convert to their own ufe. 
 
 'I'he natives arc in general well shaped, and the wo- 
 men in particular hiUHifoinc. The men wear a long 
 
 veft, which reaches from the fliouldcrs to the ancles ; 
 but their heads and feet are bare. The women wear a 
 thin garment that fits quit clofe on the body and arms, 
 and have a kind of petticoat that reaches from the waill 
 to the ancles. Their heads have not any covering, hut 
 their hair is drefled and curioufly decorated. Both 
 fexes have long hair, and take great pains in difplay- 
 ing it to the greatelt advantage. 
 
 The priefts are chofen from among the laity, and 
 are little refpeCted by the people in general ; nor have 
 they any other provifion for their exiftence than what 
 arifes from public benevolence. 
 
 Manufactories are eftabliftied in different parts of the 
 country, for making callicos, muflinG, dimities, and 
 other curious pieces, which are very good in quality. 
 
 The poorer fort of people are employed in makinc; 
 beads, fmall idols, bracelets, necklaces, &c. They 
 alfo weave filk, and work curious tapcftry, whiih is 
 ufed for lining chairs and palanquins of the quality. 
 
 SECTION IL 
 
 Of the City of Cambodia. 
 
 THE city of Camliodia, which is the capital, i^ li- 
 tuated on the river Mecon, about an hundred 
 miles from the bar. It is built on a rifing ground, in 
 order to avoid the annual overflowings of the river, anJ 
 principally coniifts of one large ftreet. About the centre 
 of it is a palace for the reiidence of the prince. It is a 
 very infignificant edifice, furroundcd by a kind of wall, 
 with ramparrs, in which are fevcral pieces of artillery. 
 
 Defpotic power prevails here, and favours are only 
 obtained from the prince by pecuniaiy complimenu. 
 When he thinks proper to diftinguifli any peculiar fa- 
 vourite, he prefcnts him with two fwords,one of which 
 is called the fword of ftate, and the other thefword ot 
 juftice. The perfon on whom this honour is beltowcd 
 receives them with the greateft marks of huinility, and, 
 after proftrating himfelf to the ground, retires. When 
 he has received this high dignity, the fwords mull he 
 always carried before him whenever he goes abroad on 
 public occalions ; and all people are engaged to roin- 
 pliment him in words ailaptcd to the elevation of his 
 charaiter. If he meets with another who has received 
 the fame pn l<rment, they enquire of each other the 
 time of their being honoured with this great didindion, 
 and he who laft received it muft fii it falute his fuperior. 
 
 Thefe perfons are empowered to hold courtsofjafticc; 
 and the choice of punifliment, whether in civil or cri- 
 minal cafes, is left folely to their determination. 
 
 The only fort of coin in this kingdom are Imsll 
 pieces of ordinaiy lilvcr, with cbaraitcrs on one tide, 
 *^ but 
 
 n ■! 
 
JRAPHY. 
 
 Their foreign trade 
 :, cotton, betel, aloes 
 ;ar, are the chief ar- 
 t of which are pur. 
 ccd, have nearly cn- 
 hcmfetves. The on- 
 confifts of pieces of 
 is exceeding fcarce 
 is deemed wealthy 
 res. 
 
 ;ral ceremonies, &c. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 PULO- CONDOR E. 
 
 341 
 
 L, AND THE 
 
 ildcrs to the ancles; 
 The women wear a 
 n the body and arms, 
 rachcs from the wailt 
 not any covering, but 
 ly decorated. Both 
 at pains in difplay- 
 
 mong the laity, and 
 n general; nor have 
 exigence than what 
 
 different parts of the 
 [uflin:;, dimities, and 
 bry good in quality. 
 mployed in makini; 
 cklaces, &c. They 
 IS tapeftry, which is 
 ins of the quality. 
 
 n. 
 
 nhodia. 
 
 is the capital, is (i- 
 . about an hundred 
 1 a rifing ground, in 
 ings of therivcr, anj 
 :ct. About the centre 
 f the prince. It is a 
 cd by a kind of wall, 
 al pieces of artilU'ry. 
 ind favours are only 
 miaiy compliments. 
 ulfli any peculiar ta- 
 fwords.one of which 
 le other thefword of 
 s honour is bcftowcd 
 rks of humility, and, 
 lund, retires. When 
 the fwords mult be 
 cr he goes abroad on 
 are engaged to i"om- 
 ihc elevation of his 
 ler who has received 
 ; of each other the 
 his great dirtindion, 
 1 1- falutc his fiiperior. 
 loldcourtsof jaflicc; 
 ether in civil or cri- 
 letcrmination. 
 kingdom are Imal! 
 raiftcrs on one lide, 
 but 
 
 but plain on the other, and called galls, the value of 
 which is about four-pence ftcrling. 
 
 SECTION HI. 
 
 Of the Ijland of Pulo-Condorc. 
 
 AS the account hitherto ^iven of this idand is very 
 imperfed, and as it is greatly improved, both 
 as to animal and vegetabk pr'dudlio.ia, (incc the time 
 when it was vifited by Dampicr, we cannot adhere to 
 our plan of novelty more effedtually, than by referring 
 to the journal of Captain King, (fucceffor to our late 
 celebrated countryman Captain Cookc.) who ftates par- 
 ticulars very circumftantially to the following purport. 
 
 Piilo-Condore fignifics the Uland of Calabafhes, being 
 derived from two Malay words; Pulo implying an (//««^ 
 and Condorc a calnbajh, great quantities of which fruit 
 are here produced. It is elevated and mountainour, of 
 a femi-circular form, extends fevcii or eight miles, and 
 is encompafled by feveral iflands of inferior extent. The 
 anchorage in the harbour is good. The irioft commo- 
 dious watering place is at a beach on the cart fide, 
 where our people found a fmall ftream that fupplicd 
 them with fourteen or fifteen tons of water in a day. 
 The latitude of the harbour of C'ondore is 8 deg. 40 
 niin. north ; longitude 106 deg. 18 min. weft. 
 
 The inhabitants of Pi.Io-Condore, who are fugitives 
 from Cochin and Cambodia, are not numerous. They 
 arc very fwarthy. Their hair is ftrait and black ; their 
 eves are remarkably fmall, and their nofes high. They 
 have thin lips, fmall mouths, and white teeth, and are 
 very courteous in difpolition. They go almoft naked, 
 except on very particular occafions, when they are 
 drcifetl in a long garment, girded about the waift, and 
 ornamented with various coloured ribbons. 
 
 The principal town is compofcd of between twenty 
 and thirty hovfes, which are built contiguous to each 
 other. Bcfidcs thefc, there are lix or feven others dif- 
 perfeti -"bout the beach. The roof, the two ends, and 
 the fides that 'Vont the country, are conftructed of reeds 
 in a neat manner. The oppolite, which faces the fea, 
 is perfedly open : but the inhabitants, by means of a 
 kind of fcreen made of bamboo, can exclude or admit 
 as much of :hc air and fun as they think proper. At 
 each extremity of the houfe of one of the chiefs was a 
 room feparated by a partition of reeds from the middle 
 fpace, which was cndofed on either fide, and fumiflicd 
 with partition fcrcens. Some Llunefe paintings, repre- 
 fentingperlbnsof both fexes in ludicrous attitudcs,were 
 hung at each end of the middle room. In this apart- 
 ment a party of our people who went to vilit the chief, 
 were rcqiicllcd to feat thcmfelves on mats, and betel 
 was prefented them. 
 
 Our party took an opportunity of walking about the 
 town, and did not omit fcarching, though incffec'lually, 
 for the remains ofa fort built by fome of their country- 
 men. The Englifli fettled on this ifland in 1702, and 
 
 brought with them fome Macaflar foldiers, who were 
 hired to contribute their afliftance in erecfting a fort; 
 but the prefident of the faftory not fulfilling his engage- 
 ment with them, they were determined upon revenge, 
 and one night took an opportunity of murdering all the 
 Englifh in the fort. The ifland had been purchafcd by 
 the Englifh of the king of Cambodia, to whom, after 
 this circumftance. it again reverted. The fort was 
 dcmolilhed, but fome few remains are ftill vifiblc. 
 
 Among the vegetable improvements of Pulo-Condorc 
 may be reckoned the fields of rice that were obferved. 
 Cocoa-nuts, pomegranates, oranges, fliaddocks, plan- 
 tains, and various forts of pumpkins, were alfo found- 
 here. There are feveral forts of fowl, and the woods 
 arc plentifully Hocked w'th feathered game. 
 
 The buffalos of this idand are lingular. Some of 
 thefc animals weigh from feven to eight hundred pounds. 
 Our people had procured eight of them, hut were at a 
 lofs how to get them on board. After confulting the 
 natives, it was determined they (hould be driven thro* 
 a wood, and over a hill, down to the bay. This plan 
 was accordingly executed; but the intracfablenefs and 
 amazing ftrcngth of the animals, rendered it a (low and 
 difficult operation. The mode of conducing them was 
 by putting rojies through cheir noftrils, and round their 
 horns; but when they were once enraged at the fight of 
 our people, they became fo furious, that they l{)mc- 
 times tore afun.ler the cartilage of the noftril, through 
 which the ropes palled, and fat themfelves at liberty. 
 At other times they broke the trees to which it was 
 found frequently necefHiry to fallen them. On fuch 
 occafions all the endeavours of the failors for the reco- 
 very of them would have been unfuccefsful, without the 
 aid of fome little boys, whom the buffaloes would fuffer 
 to approach them, and by whole puerile m inageincm 
 their :age was quickly appcafcd. 
 
 A circumftance relative to thefe animals, which was 
 conlidered as no lefs lingular than their gentlenefs to- 
 wards children, and feeming alfectioii for them, was 
 that they had not been a whole day on board, before 
 they were as tame as poffiblc. Belides butfalos, there 
 are very large hogs of the Chincfe breed ; alfo fome of 
 a wild fpccies, that live in the woods, which abound 
 with monkies and fquirrcls. One fpccies of the fquir- 
 rel here obferved, was ofa beautiful giofly black ; and 
 another fort had white and brown llripes. This is de- 
 nominated the Jlyiiiof'iiimr/. 
 
 The land near the harbour is a continued lofty hill 
 richly adorned, from the fummit to the edge of the wa- 
 ter, with a great variety of tine high trees. Among 
 others, our late voyagers faw tiiat which is called by 
 Dampicr the tar-trce, but perceived none that were 
 tapped in the manner dcfcribed by him. 
 
 We have only to obferve .vith refpeCt to the natural 
 produ(flions of this ifland, that the fea produces great 
 plenty f^f turtles, limpets, and mufclcs. 
 
 The inhabitants are Pagans, worlliipping idols re- 
 prefenting horfes and elephants. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 KINGDOM OF LAOS. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Boundaries and Produce. N.Uiiye of the Inbabilants, 
 Manners, Cujloms, Ceremonies, &c, 
 
 LAOS is bounded on the eaft by Cochin-China and 
 Toni,i in, on the weft by Brama, on the north by 
 the Lake Chamay, and on the fouth by Cambodia and 
 Siam. It reaches from the i jtn to the 25th degree of 
 north latitude. 
 No. 22. 
 
 The gardens in this country abound with great variety 
 of fruits, and they have rice in abundance, which, tho' 
 different in tafte from that of any other country, is ef- 
 teemed the bell in the eaft. They have plenty of ho- 
 ney, wax, cotton, amber, and mulk ; and ivory is fo 
 little valued, from the great number of elephants with 
 which the country abounds, that the teeih arc ufed for 
 fences to their fields and gardens. They have prodi- 
 gious herds of beeves and builalos, and the rivers 
 abound with all kinds of lilh, fome of which are of an 
 P p p immcnfe 
 
A NEW. ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 1*11 
 
 243 
 
 immenfc fize. Inthcfcriversarc founj gold and fil- 
 vcr duft J and in luvcral parts of the country arc mines 
 of" iron, lead, and tin. Salt is alfo produced here in 
 great abundance, and prodigious quantities of it arc 
 exported to foreign parts. It is formed by a white froth 
 left ^n the rice fields after harvcft, which afterwards 
 beconie? rondenfed by the heat of the fun. 
 
 The inhahiiants of Laos arc naturally very affable in 
 their d.fpofition j and though they envy fuch as arc in 
 a ii.nre eligible fituation than themfclvcs, yet they are 
 ftri,:il> i\oneft, and appear to be utter ftrangcrs to ava- 
 ricious fentiments, 1 hey are in general w ell (haped ; 
 and though their complexion is of an olive cart, yet they 
 are much fairer t'"»an their neighbours. The women arc 
 very niodcft in their carri.ige j and in other refpcfts little 
 inferior to the women of Portugal. 
 
 Rice, the flofh of the buffalo, and fcvcral kinds of 
 pvlfe, chicHy conlHtute their food. They eat four 
 mi'nls a day, and have very great appetites, notwith- 
 ftandinp which they are feldom afflided with any dif- 
 caffs. They lometimcseat fowls, which theydrefs with- 
 out plucking off the feathers; and they kill them by 
 ftriking them on the head with a flick, the ihcddingof 
 blood being conficKred as one of the grcateft crimes. 
 
 Hulbandry and fifhing arc their prmcipal employ- 
 ments ; but they are naturally of an indolent difpolition ; 
 nor will they attend bulinefs till they arc reduced to it 
 from abfoluie neccdity. 
 
 Robberies are feldom heard of here ; but when fuch 
 circumrtances do happen, if the criniiiial cannot be 
 found, the neighbours muft make reftitution to the 
 parties injured. 
 
 Adultery is puniflied in women with lofs of liberty, 
 and fubjection to fuch fevere treatment as the hulband 
 fliall think proper to inflicfl. 
 
 Their marriage ceremonies confifl only in the parties 
 promifing before two, who have been fomevearsjoined 
 in wedlock, that they w ill be true to each other fo long 
 as they fliall live; but they often part froni the moft 
 triHing circumflances ; and this may be attributed to 
 the iniignilicancy of the mode by w hich they are joined 
 tc^eiher. 
 
 l-'oriiication is permitted among the laity; but the ta- 
 lapoins, or priefts, arc prohibited from it under fevere 
 punilhments. Polygamy is alfo allowed ; buttnc firft 
 wife has the pre-eminence, and muft be treated with 
 great lefpecl by the others, who are conlidcred more 
 as her fcrvants than her companions. 
 
 An opinion of forccry prevails here, to prevent the 
 effects of which, during the time a woman lies in, all 
 her relations and friends repair to the houfe, and divert 
 themfclvcs w- S finging, dancing and other amufe- 
 ments. They Jo this that the magicians or forccrers 
 may not conic near the w oman ; for fliould that be the 
 cafe, they would immediately take it for granted, that 
 the infant was bewitched. 
 
 The death of a pcrfonofrank is celebrated with much 
 fplendor, and continues for a month, at the expiration 
 of which a jjyramid is erected, on the top whereof the 
 corpfe is laid. The talapoins, or priefts, (who are the 
 only pcrfons invited to the fcftival,) then iing certain 
 fongs, which ihcy aflcrt qualifies the foul of the deceaf- 
 ed for the manlions of paradife. Afterthc priefts have 
 finilhed their fongs, the pyramid is fet on fire; and 
 when the body is confumed, the afties are con"eyed 
 with great ceremony to the pagod, or ufual place of 
 interment, where the better fort of people ered mag- 
 nificent tombs to {K-rpetuate the memory of their an- 
 ceftors. 
 
 The natives jprofefs the Pagan religion. The tala- 
 poins, or priefts, are in general very indolent; and 
 though they originate from the moft humble ftations, 
 yet on their being elevated to the dignity of prieft, they 
 allumc the moft diftinguilhcd airogancc. They arc 
 under tuition from their rhildhoud till ihey are twenty- 
 three years of age, when they undergo an examination, 
 and, if approved, are in.mediately appointed to the or- 
 der of prieftlioud. 
 
 SECTION n. 
 
 Poiverand Dignity of the Swereign, Ojfiieis ',f Stale, ^c. 
 
 IN this country the fovcreign is abfolute and indepcn. 
 dent, and dif|x>fes of all honours and en-.ploynnnti; 
 whether civil or eccleiiaftical The private proui.i;y 
 of individuals is fubjed to be converted to fuc h piirijolci 
 as he lliall think proper; fo that no perfon, in fad 
 who has an eftate in land, can projKrly call it his own. 
 The priefts, indeed, have the jieculiar privilege ofJii". 
 pofing of fuch things as are immediately occupied • but 
 their property in land is under the diredion of ni:ii,d.i- 
 rins, who let it out to farmers, and on.- half of every 
 third year's rent is converted to the ufe of :hc king. 
 
 The grcateft homage is paid to the king by all ranks 
 of jjcople. In order to imprefs his people with a due 
 fenfe of refped for him, he appears in public tw ice evcrv 
 year; and his fubjeds are In elated on this occalimi, 
 that they teftify their happinefs by the moft diftinguillnd 
 rejoicings. His fuperiority over other princes is dif. 
 tinguiftied from the length of his ears, wl.ich art fodif. 
 tended as to hang upon his ftiouldcrs This ;s coiilidu 
 cd as a mark of the higheft dignity ; and the ihcuh for 
 obtaining it arc ufid m their infancy, vthen the Hrilty 
 parts of the ears are repeatedly bored, an(1 rhi y arc ex- 
 tended by weights hung at the ends ol tl-tni. The 
 people, in general, are very load of liige eirs; b;,t 
 they muft be careful that the dimenfions ol rhcni do 
 not come near to thofe of their fnvcreig'i. 
 
 On all public occafions his fubjeds exert themfcl'ts 
 to exprefs loyalty to his perfon and government. Tiicy 
 bring a variety of wild bealls, particuhrly elephants, 
 which they decorate with the moll fuperb trappings. 
 They have alio wreftlcrs, gladiators, &c. all of «hoin 
 affemble in a large area, or field, before tliC king, who 
 is diverted with their various exhibitions. 
 
 The king's court is moll l',jlcnJid whci he goes with 
 the manJarms and nobility to olll-r prcfents t.) (oinc 
 diftinguirtied temple. On this particular occaiion tiic 
 king is featedona beautiful elephant, decorated with 
 trappings of gold, which hang from his (ides to the 
 ground. The king is drcfTed in the moft fiiiiiptuoiis 
 manner, his garments being loaded with diamonds of 
 immenle value. The mandariiisgo in front, the km;; 
 follows next, and the nobility dole the prortliiin. 
 Thefe laft are mounted onfinehorfes elegantly decora- 
 ted ; a'ld with them are a great number of cattle, richly 
 drcfled, and laden with piefents for the idol. 
 
 On thefe days the women are prohibited from bciriR 
 feen in the ftreets : they therefore look out of their w in- 
 dows when the procellion paffes, and fprir.kle fcentcJ 
 water on the king, and the prf cuts that arc going to 
 be offered to the idol. The tahqwins are dreffcd la 
 their richeft habits, and meet the king as he arrives at 
 their refpective convents, after which they attend him 
 during the time he fijcrilices the prefents to the idol. 
 
 Several tributary kings come to court, in order to 
 pav homage to the king of Laos, and they acknowledge 
 their fubmiffion to him by magnificent prcfents. 
 
 Seven viceroys attend on the perfon of the king, the 
 chief of whom is diftinguiflied by the title of viceroy- 
 general. This officer executes the principal bufinefsof 
 the government; and, on the death of the king, adiiills 
 all matters, and dif|)ofes of all employments, till a I'uc- 
 ceffor is chofen to the throne. The feven provinces in- 
 to which the kingdom arc divided, are under the go- 
 vernment of thefe viceroys. They fiipport their cha- 
 raders with the higheft dignity, and are always om- 
 fiiltcd by the king in matters of a public nature. Tlicy 
 have each a deputy, who officiates for them in their re- 
 fpeCtive provinces, durini. their abfence, or when the 
 alfairs of government command their attendance at 
 court. 
 
 In every province there is a militia of horfe and foot, 
 who are maintained at the expencc of that province to 
 w hich they belong ; and the officers aic all dependent 
 on the viceroy -general. 
 
'i,Ofiiersr,fSlal,','^c. 
 
 ASIA.] T H I 
 
 The relations of any chief convidled of committing 
 a capiial ottcr.cc arc immediately deprived of their poU 
 ftHi.ins, and forever alter employed in difcharging the 
 nio!l icrvile offices. Crimes are here puniflicd with fuch 
 fcveiity that there are fewolfenders, and in all civil af- 
 faire the judge's determination is abfolutc. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Of the capital City of Laos. 
 
 THE capital city of this kingdom is by fomc called 
 Lunchai.g, and by others Lanjeng. It is fituated 
 in the interior part of the kingdom, in 1 8 dcg. north 
 latitude. It is licfended on one (ide by the great river 
 Ijo, and on the other by high walls and extenfive 
 ditches. 
 
 The palace is the rnoft di(lingui(hed edifice in the 
 city. It is very lofty and magnificent, and, with the 
 oflices and other buildings, extends more than two miles 
 
 BET. 
 
 343 
 
 in circumference. The architevflurc is exceeding grand, 
 and the apartments within are furnifhed in tlie moft 
 fumptuous manner. The balfo relievos, in particular, 
 are lb richly gilt, as to appear as if covered with panes, 
 inftead of leaves of gold. 
 
 The houfes of the better fort are built of wood, and 
 are very lofty and handfome ; but thofe of the comnion 
 people are very low and mean, and chiefly made of dirt 
 and clay. The talapoins.orpriefts, have liberty ro build 
 their hou fes of brick cr flone ; but all others are reftram- 
 cd from the like indulgence. 
 
 The manfions of perfons of rank arc, in general, very 
 elegantly furnifhed. Inflead of tapcftry, they line the 
 walls with matts, bcautiluUy wrought, and ornamented 
 with foliage, and a great variety of very curioua figures. 
 
 The inhabitants arc all Pagans, and have temples 
 which contain the idols they worfhip. They are more 
 ftrict in theexecutionof their religious ceremonies than 
 the people in any other part of the kingdom, and pay 
 much greater refpedl to their priefh. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 XV. 
 
 KINGDOM OF THIBET. 
 
 Siliialioti. Perfns, Manners, and Difpnfliions of the 
 Inhabitants, lood. Religion. Singular Manner of 
 dijpnfing of the Dead. Trade. Commerce, &c. (^c. 
 
 WE arc happy in having it in our power to lay be- 
 fore the reader, a more modern, as well as au- 
 thentic account of 'his country, and its inhabitants, as 
 communicated to us by an ingenious correlpondcnt, 
 who iclidcd lately in India, in an official capacity, than 
 any that has been lunctofore given. 
 . This khif^doni, fituatc.l between -^o and 40 degrees 
 north latitude, is divided into two parts. That which 
 l;cs contifi^iious to Bengal is dilfinguilhcd by the name 
 of Boutan : the other, which extends to the northward 
 •IS !'ar as the frontiers of Tartary, by that of Thibet, 
 limitan is a mountainous country; but the vallics, and 
 IilIcs of the liills which admit of cultivation, produce 
 tro[s of wheat, barley, and rice. The inliabitants arc 
 a liout and warlike people, of a copppr complexion, 
 rathe;- aticv^ the middle li/,e, hally and quarrel bme in 
 their temper, and adiiii.ied to the ufe of fpiri'.uous li- 
 quors J but honcll: in their dealings, robbriy by vio- 
 lence being alniolt unkr.ou n among them. The chief 
 city is Tani:y-Sediicm. 
 
 Thibet bcf:;ins properly from thctop of thcgrcat ridge 
 of the Caucaflis, and extends from thence, in breadth, 
 to the confines of CJreat Tartary. The country is bare 
 and dciblate, and the climate fevere and rude. The 
 natives of Thibet are of a fmal'er fi/e than their fouth- 
 trn neighbours, and i)f a Icfs robuft make. Their 
 complexions are alio fairer ', and many of them have 
 even a niddinels in their countenances unknown in the 
 other climates of the Eall. They are of a mild and 
 chearful temper; and the higher ranks arc polite and 
 •■ntertainingin converfation ; in which they never mix 
 cither flrained compliments or flattery. 
 
 The comnion people, both in Boutan and Thibet, 
 arecloathed in coarfe w(K)llen fluffs of their own manu- 
 tadiire, lined with fuch fkins as they can procure; but 
 the better fort art dicired in European cloth, or China 
 lilk, lined with the iinefl Siberian fur. 
 
 'Ihe chief f(H)d of the inhabitants is the milk of their 
 cattle, made into cheefe, butter, or mixed witli the flour 
 <)fa coarfe barley, or of peas. They are fupplied with 
 filh from the rivers'in their own and the neigbouring 
 provinces, faked, and fent into the interior parts. They 
 have no want of animal food, from the quantity of cat- 
 tie, fheep, and hogs which arc raifed on their hills; nor 
 are they deflitutc of game. 
 
 They have a fingular method of preparing their mut- 
 ton, by expofing the carcafe entire, after the bowels arc 
 taken out, to the fun and blcak northern « inds, which 
 blow in the months of Augull and September, without 
 frofl, and fo dry up thc.juiccs, and parch the fkin, that 
 [he meat will keep, lincorrupted, for the year round. 
 This they generally eat raw, without any other prepara- 
 tion. Our correlpondcnt was often regaled with this 
 difh, which, however unpalareable at firft, he after- 
 wards prcfeired to their drefll-d mutton; which, he 
 fays, was generally lean, tough, and rank. He farther 
 fays, it was ver) common for tlie head man in the vil- 
 lages throupl' '.vhich he palfed, to ni.i'.c him prefents of 
 flieep ("0 prcj^ared, fet before hiin en their legs, as if 
 they had been alive; which at tirfl: made a very odd 
 appearance. 
 
 The religion and po'.iiical conflitution of this coun- 
 try, are intimately blended together. At prefenr, and 
 ever fince the expulfion of the Tartars, the kingdomof 
 Thibet is regarded as depending on the empire of China, 
 which they call Cathay ; and there adually refides two 
 .nandarins, with a garrifon of a thoufand Chinefe, at 
 Lahaffa, the capital, to fupport the government ; but 
 their power docs not extend far. In fadl, the Lama, 
 w hofr empire is founded on the furefl grounds, perfbn- 
 ally affefting religious reverence, governs every thing 
 internally with unbounded authority. The people be- 
 lieve the Dclai, or Grand Lama, to be immortal, and 
 endowed with all knowledge and virtue. Though ce- 
 libacy is not polltively enjoined by the Lama, it is held 
 indifpenfable tor both men and women who embrace a 
 religious life : indeed, their forms, rites, and ceremo- 
 nies of religion, much refemble thofe of the church of 
 Rome, 
 
 Polygamy, at leaft according to our acceptation of 
 the word, is not in pradtife here ; but yet it may befaid 
 toexift in a manner ftill more repugna.it to European 
 ideas ; that is, the plurality of hulbands, which is 
 firmly cftablilhed, and highly refpecled. It is ufual at 
 Thibet, for the brothers in a family to have a wife in 
 common ; and thi-y generally live in harmony and com- 
 fort with her, though fometimes little diffentions will 
 arife. 
 
 The manner in which thefe people beftow their dead 
 is alfo lingular. They neither put them in the ground, 
 like the Europeans; nor burn them like the Hindoos; 
 but expoii: them on the bleak pinnacle of one of the 
 neighbouring mountains, to be devoured by w ild beafts, 
 ami birds of j.r'-y, or waffcd by time and the vicifli- 
 
 tudes 
 
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 244. 
 
 tildes of the weather in which they lie. The mangled 
 cariatVs. and bleathid bones, lie fcattercd about ; and 
 arr'dll rliis fccnc of horror fonie miferable old wretch, 
 f ,1 .^t woman, loi\ to all feelings, but thofc of fuper- 
 :l.'. on, ^jiicrally lets up an abode, to perform th; of- 
 if.c cf receiving the bodies , afTigning each a place, 
 and ^arhcfing up the remains when too widely dif- 
 perftd. 
 
 Lahafla, the capital of Thibet, is a place of confidcr- 
 abkri/x; populous and flourifliing. It is the refidence 
 of the chief (.ihcers of government, and of the Chinefe 
 mandarins, and their fuitc. It is alfo inhabited by 
 Chinele and Callemirian merchants and artificers, and 
 is the daily refort of numberlefs traders from all quar- 
 ters, who -omc in occafional parties, or in caravans, 
 which Travel at Hated times. 
 
 1 he chief trade from LihafTi to Pekin is carried on 
 by caravans, that employ .""ull two years in the journey 
 thither and back again; which is not furprifinc, when 
 we confider, that the dillance cannot be lefs than two 
 thoufand Engl-fh miles, as well as the lloppages confe- 
 quent on trade : and yet it is to be obferved, that an 
 cxprefs from Lahada fomctim ;s reaches Pe-king in little 
 more than thrje week:; ; >, '•••■un.Ilu.^.e much to 'he 
 hono'ir of the Chinefe iiolit c, in eUablifliing fo fpcctly 
 ai:d ellei'iual a communication, through dcfarts and 
 moun-.»:n'', for fo long i. way. 
 
 With reff' vi to the commerce of chcfe people, oit 
 eor-('i ■I'^cn Jfcrvis, that, bclidcs their trafiic with 
 ft'cir ,if .ghb. ■ hr Q's, hog', rck-falt.coariecloths, 
 
 ;:id other coi ..1 oditus, they enji>y four llaplc artivli.s, 
 w ' ch are T'Oicient in themfelvcs to procure every io- 
 r gn comn xliiy ol which they rtand in need. 
 
 The firft, though kaft conliderahlc, is that of the 
 cow-tails, fo f.mous all over India, Perfia, and the 
 other kinga. 's of the Eaft. It is produced by a fjx'cies 
 of cow, or l/ullock, of a larger fizc than common, with 
 flioi: horns, and no hump on its back Itr, fkin is co- 
 vcreJ with whitilh hair, of a filky appearance; but 
 itschie.Tinf;ilarity is in its tail, whichfpreadsout broad 
 and k-r.g, «'th flowing hairs, l.i.c that of a beautifui 
 
 marc, but much finer, and far more glolTy. Thcfc 
 tails fell very high ; and are ufed, mounted on lilvcr 
 handles, for chowras, or brullics, to drive away the 
 flies: and no man of confei]uente in India ever -ocj 
 out, or fits down, without two chowrawhad.ii, ,r 
 brulhcrs, attending him, withfuch inrtruincncs in their 
 hands. 
 
 The next article is the wool, from which the n.iul 
 the moft delicate woollen manufatlure in the world is 
 made. Till our corrcfpondent vilited Thibet, 11 wai 
 concluded, that the materials of the fhauls, as they 
 come from Calfimire, were of that country's growth. 
 It was faid to be the hair of fome particular g;)at, the 
 fine under hair from a camel's brc.-'.ll, and mam (ithcr 
 fancies ; but it is now known for u certainly, to be the 
 produce of a Thibet (lieep. They are of a finall 
 breed ; in figure, like our O.cep, except in their nils, 
 w hich are very broad : bu". their fleeccj, for the tiiul 
 nefs, length, and beauty o' the wool, exceed ail other? 
 in the world. The CalTimirians engrofs tiiis am. Je 
 and have factors ellabliflud for its purchafe in ever,' 
 pau of Thibet; from whence it is fent to Calliaiitc, 
 where it is worked up, and becomes a fourcc ofunit 
 wealth to that country, as well as it has been, and I''! 
 i.i, to Thibet. 
 
 Mufk ij another of ti.eir Itaple commoditir's, pro- 
 duced from ihedce. cr-mmoi. in thcmountansot Ti.i- 
 ber ; but'nc;. being exceflively Ihy, and fri-qiicntiy in 
 pla.es tnoft wild a. id difticult of acceG, it bcionui ,1 
 iracic ol great trouble and danger to hu;it after. 
 
 The lall article is go'd, of which grc.T: q.iantitip-arc 
 exported from Thibet. Ir is tbuul it. the Ww.U oiMc 
 great river, as well as in mo!t of thy fai;".!! brook- and 
 torrents that pour from the iiioMaiains. A'tiiough thcv 
 have their gold in plenty in Tn.be',, vliey do : ot cinplov 
 it in coin, of whi( ii their govcrnnicnr never ilrike aiiv; 
 but it is (fill ufed as a medium of comn.erce.ami <'oaIj 
 are rated there by thepnct ofgolJduh, as here Ir, mo- 
 ney. The Chinefe Jraw it from t iciii. 10 a "reat 
 amount, every yeui, in return for the produce of tiicir 
 labours anu arts. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 t M P I R E 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 SiiiiJiior. BoiiitJarii:', ProduHion:, &c. l^c. 
 
 rTMWl > mpireof Ava is i.cualed between the hititiide 
 .1, of I c, and 2 S dq/rces north, and bounded by Thi- 
 bet on the north j by ihe kingdoms of Laos and Siam 
 on ihe caft ; by Bengal 011 the weft; and by the Indian 
 lea Oil ''ic fbuth. 
 
 Ava is iLict to be largcrthan the whole cmpiic of Ger- 
 many. The king of Pegu was origiiully in poflcffion 
 ofthc greater paT of ii: but two mighty princes of Ava 
 and Siam have deltroyed that monarchy : and the king 
 of Ava is emperor of both Ava and Pegu. 
 
 The opulence of the ernpuror is leen in the magnifi- 
 cence of his palace," which, according to captain Ha- 
 milton, is built of Oonc, and has fcir grand garcs, viK. 
 the ealfern gate, called the golden, bccaufe ambaflhdors 
 are admiticd at it, who make nreli'ms 10 the emperor, 
 when they approach his royal pcrfnn; the fouthern gate, 
 or gate of jultice. at w hich people enter w ho want to 
 prefent petitions; the wellcrn gate, or gate of grace, 
 through which fuch pcrlonspafsas have been honoured 
 with any particular lavour, or hav.' btxn acqu^.ted of 
 any otfeice unjuftly laid to thjir charge ; and lIic 
 northern gate, or gate of Hate, through <vhich the em- 
 peror paries, when he is inclined toflicw himfclf to his 
 people." 
 
 O F 
 
 XVI. 
 
 A V A, &c. 
 
 Several neighbouring dates arc tributary to the lovv- 
 rcign of Ava. Pegu, which is within the tropics, m 
 flooded when the iun is vertical ; but the fliine, left li. 
 the waters, gently fertilizes the low ia'ids. As to nr 
 highet ground, this is parched with intenle heat att:r 
 the rains have ceafed ; and the nativjs are ;jbligcd to 
 witer their fields, by therymmunic itiou of fmall than 
 nels, from cillerns and refervoirs. 
 
 The hills of Pe^iu are cloathed with fine wooo, and 
 the bamboos are of great utility to the natives. Ihe 
 country abounds with o'.tnges, lemons, can ins, f'^s, 
 pomegranates, bananas, durians, mangocif, gf pas, to- 
 coa-nuts, pine-apples, t.uTiarinds, &;c. 
 
 The inhabitants pfe agreti deaiofrice, am fome 
 wheat : they h-.vc plenty of garden-f.uiF, which i; a > h:i'i 
 part of their ifjod. They have aifi.- jji-'f. of .afjus 
 kinds, good poultrj , and a variety of fi(h I.i f-me "' 
 the ro)al parks are ponds of clt..r w.-tcr, w .-..ic lortoilts 
 of a middle fizc arc kept and fed, the iliehs of which .w 
 a mixture of feveral colours. With thefetlie\ v> iikiip 
 many things, as cabinets, boxes, and other liii niturc, 
 makitip very handfomc work, for the flieilsaiepoliflicd 
 like diamonds, and are tranfparent. 
 
 Tlic country produces rubies, fmall diamonds, and 
 other precious Hones ; iron, tin, and lead ; r-.Ic-petrc, 
 \vov>d-o', oil ofewih, elephants teeth, fugars, &i:. liv. 
 iron is laid 10 be fo excellent in ks quality as robe little 
 
 inferior to fteci. 
 
 There 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 There arc here i 
 people plough w ith 
 ceedingly numcrou 
 arc very fiefliy, the 
 more in elephants 
 tries ; they comput 
 the number and fiZ' 
 
 S E 
 
 Pnfotts and Drrfs of 
 Ii omen for Enroj 
 Prirjis. 
 
 THP" women are 
 who are of a 
 ihinl) clad, and th 
 llotkings or ihoe.s. 
 wUkh they tic on 
 band, in the form ( 
 abroad to pay vifits, 
 friK k, under w hich 
 and hanging alniofl 
 to have been the in 
 who confidered it 
 I nild adorn the fen 
 The females of tl 
 gcr ; fo that any in,i 
 niiKiated «ith a tei 
 riu' foreigners w ho 
 w ives, w ho are ver; 
 iiulbands. 'Ihe wi 
 tuais, takes care ol 
 fells his retail com 
 falfe the hulband ft 
 ialfe file poifons hii 
 
 The wife, when a 
 expiration of a twel 
 the hulband does -k 
 monthly allowance. 
 
 The talapoin.s,or| 
 inanity as ihegreate 
 men do honour to h 
 oftlum be literally 
 veifel happens to be 
 this calamity, lieeoi 
 talapoins humaneiv 
 under their pioiis c; 
 pics thcfegood mei 
 e\ery thing he 
 Well as prii ;fN, they 
 and, after their recs 
 ineiidation toloine 
 vel. 
 
 The actions ofihc 
 iity andbene^(delu 
 about all ran; 
 ing, ind '".ir they > 
 giotu :i e by them 
 moral dutijsanii fi 
 fi.;:iition,apdali nu 
 tohui"i,iity,ur iini 
 to Frov'dencc; a 
 lieii'gat' '. d invar 
 of aJoraiionllioii.'d 
 benevolence. In fi 
 inUife in thelnima 
 neral tiijeiatior, a 
 
 (Jnifp the whol 
 
 In one < iofc 
 
 Happier as kiiu 
 
 And heiohr of h 
 
 n 
 
 S 1 
 
 temples, IJois, S,!. 
 
 MUCflpageail 
 a. id thedeCD 
 of Kiakiack is a !;> 
 No. 2J. 
 
lemons, ciiriins, 
 
 ASIA.] A 
 
 Thtrc are here but few horfcs or fliccp, but the 
 people plough with oxen and burt'alots. Deer are ex- 
 ceedingly numerous here ; but though thcfc animals 
 arc very tlefli) , they are not fat. No place abounds 
 more in elephants than this u.id the adjacent coun- 
 tries ; they compute the IVrength of their armies by 
 the number and fr/.e of tliefe animals. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Peifons and Drrff of ihc Inhabitants. Prrdiltf/ion of the 
 IVoincn for Europeans. Benevolenl Difpofition of the 
 Priijls. 
 
 THE women arc confiderably fairer than the men, 
 who arc of an olive complexion. Uoth arc 
 thinl) clad, and the bell among them wear aeithcr 
 (lockings or ihoes. They let their hair grow long, 
 which they tie on the top of their heads with a rib- 
 band, in the form of a pyramid. When the ladies go 
 abroad to pay vilits, they wear cither a cotton or lilken 
 frock, under which is a fcarf, girded round the waift, 
 and hanging almoft to their aiulcs. 'Ihis drefs isfaid 
 to have been the invention of a queen of this country, 
 who coniideied it as the moft graceful drefs that 
 cnild adorn the female fex. 
 
 The females of thi., country are ver\ for.ci of ftran- 
 gc .' ; fo thatany man, during his ftay, mxy be acconi- 
 nuKlated with a tcinporar;. helpmate: hence moli of 
 t'lU" foreigners who trade hither mar-y one of thcfc 
 wives, who are very obedient and obliging to their 
 hulbands. The wife goes to market, dn-dcs the vic- 
 tuals, takes care of licr hulbands effects, and even 
 fells his retail comniodiLics for him. If the proves 
 falfe the hulband fells her as aflave; and if heproves 
 falfe flic poifons him. 
 
 The wife, w hen a hulband quits the country, at the 
 expiration of a twelvemonth marries again, provided 
 the hulband does 'lot leave her a mainter'ance, by a 
 monthly allowance. 
 
 The talapoins, or priefls, recommend charity and hu- 
 nianityas ihegreatcflofall virtues, and, indeed, thefe 
 men do honour to human nature, if the accounts given 
 ctthem he literally authentic. When the malk-rofa 
 vcl'el happens to be lhip\\ rcckctl on the coa'T, and, by 
 this calamity, becomes the Have oi'the fovercign, the 
 talapoins humanely intercede for him, and take him 
 iinderthcir pious lareand pioieOtioi. In their tem- 
 ples thefe good men fupply a diflred'ed (hanger with 
 every thing he v. ants; and as th'.y are [ih\(icians as 
 well as pri' ;f\ they tenderly take care of (ick perfons, 
 and, after their recovery, give them letters of recom- 
 mendation to fome other convent on the road they tra- 
 \cl. 
 
 The anions of thefe men a,e inHuenced by real ( ha- 
 rity and bene\(ilencc. Tin v never make any enquiries 
 about a (han; r ; it is enoiii^h tliat he be a human be- 
 ing, ind''nt theyc. ' reliesehi pcceiruics. All reli- 
 gions a c by them deemed good, uhiih mculcate the 
 moral diitic'sanci fecial virtues. 'Ihey think 'hat per- 
 Rcution.ard all modes of \m -.(hip u nich are contrary 
 tohui"anity,or tiniv erfal philanthropy, are obnoxious 
 to Frov'dence; and that the Ahuighty delight.; in 
 bcii'gat' • .din vari(nisccrenioni;Us ; but that all modes 
 of aiforation tlioukl be conliflcnt .\ ith the molt refined 
 benevolence. In line, their maxiins arc calculated to 
 infufe in the human hearrunbounded char'ty and ge- 
 neral t(ileratior, and to 
 (irafp rlic whole world of reafon, life and fenfe. 
 In one clofe (y(tcm of beiievolcucc ; 
 Happier as kinder ir whate'er degree; 
 And height of blifs hut height of charity. 
 
 s r. C T I O N III. 
 
 Ti-mplrs, Idols, •Sai rijurs, Siipirjlilion, mid Jrfi-vnfs. 
 
 MUCf I p,igcantry is difplayed if rheit temples, 
 a. id theilecoration of ilicir idols, lnti> • itr.mle 
 of Kiakiack is a large ligure lying in the attitude of 
 No. 2 J. 
 
 A. 245 
 
 flceping, and which is pretended f» have lain 6coo 
 year)! in this podurc. 
 
 The other temple is called Dagun; but none ex- 
 cept the prielts muft enter there. 
 
 Some of the facrifices of thefe people arc verv lin- 
 gular. Having inmiolatcd a white (beep, and mingled 
 Its blowl with meal, on theday of the grand fellival of 
 Kiackiack, they diltributeit >vith exhortations. I'or 
 the celebration of another fort of f ' rilifc, &zi pur- 
 chafe a flaveat a very high price, who is youthful and 
 handfome, and having purified him, tiiey doarh him 
 in a \\ hite robe ami make a [jublic (licw of him till the 
 day of his dih(. ution, which is in about thirty days, 
 when theycond .t him to a temple, and I yinghim Hat 
 on a (tone, rip up his belly, and then taking out his 
 heart, burn it, and offer it in ficrifice to the idol of 
 the pl.ace. 
 
 As the Peguans believe that all the ills which he- 
 fal mankind proceed from certain evil fpirits that 
 hover about: they therefore woifhip thefe demons, in 
 order that they may not be afflicted by them. 
 
 Perlbns of high rank attend at their grand feffivals 
 in their richell apparel, adorned with jcwl'Is. ilce 
 they dance to mulic, which, from brifk and lively, 
 changes to doleful and melancholic ; when in » cry 
 plaintive ftrains, they ling of their aiiccftois; the nun 
 alternately (ighing, the ladies weeping, and all ac- 
 knowledging they (hall never equal duirgood ancef- 
 tors, who performed liich and fuch great teats. After 
 a general lamentation, they revive their fpiriis with 
 good food, and refumc their merriment. 
 
 S E C T I O N IV. 
 
 Poxi.rr, Spl'i itdoiir, and Pomp rf the P.wpcijr. Pun:jh~ 
 mrnt i'ljUHrd on Criminali. Cojirmuiiif. Ponn of pro- 
 claiming If 'ar. 
 
 iH E emperor of .\va is defpotic; all his commands 
 JL are laws. Heistreati.d w .th the molt fuUbiue 
 adulation by his fubjeOts, vho, either in fpea'.ing or 
 writing to him, ftile him x god. 
 
 1 o tee his ma'jelty ' ; face is the grandeft honour that 
 can be conferred. When an an-balfador apjiroaehes 
 this great prince, he is attended by found ot trumpet, 
 whileheralds proclaiinaloud the honourand happincfs 
 heis-ibouc to receive. The king is at this time at- 
 tended by all hisminiltcrs, and 200 guards. Ion e with 
 daggers, and. others with Heel hows, (iiiely polHhed. 
 
 As foon as the king has breakfafledj his majelty re- 
 tires to an apartment, from whence he can("ee the per- 
 fons who are about thepalace, without being feen; and 
 that he may be thoroughly intormed of every thing ot 
 moment that palfes either in the city of .\va (the me- 
 tropolis ) or any of his pro\ inces, deputies ofgreat oHi- 
 cers, and governors, are always relident in the palace: 
 for he holds the reins of government entirely in hi.s 
 ow n hands, ami punilhes, w ith great rigour, fuchofli- 
 cers and governors as are guilty of nial-practices. 
 When he hears of the conuviilTion of any ent.'rmous 
 crime, he iflics his royal mandate f)r fuch offen-eto 
 be tried by judges of his ow ul hooling ; and if the de- 
 Inquent be convicted, he fixes the particular punilh- 
 inent to be inHicted, which is the being trampled to 
 death by elephants, or fome other equal!} cruel mode 
 of punifliing. 
 
 '] he reipectivetow nsinthedominions of the king of 
 Ava have a kind of arillocraiical government. I'he 
 governor leldom preiides in council, 'out appoints a 
 deputy a. 'twelve judges,w ho meet in a large hall, and 
 every man has the privilege of pleading h.isow n caufe. 
 If a man is committed to prifon u,rdebt, and can- 
 not, or will not pay his creditor, the latter may dil- 
 pofeof him as a (lave; and thu privilege granted to 
 creditoj-s, (fimulatcs the 'oui'non people to indu(tiy. 
 
 Cn thedcclarationof wa:-, the heralds proclaimtheir 
 
 fovcrcign's will with Ham ng torches in their hands ; 
 
 and ^h-'govcrnorsof piovincesarcobligedto raife fuch 
 
 nuiiiljcr of trooos .is the flare want-., in addition to the 
 
 ( ) (1 q accufloiiied 
 
 11: 
 
0+6 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTIIFNTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 K' ■ * 
 
 accuftomcci military cflabiifhmcnt. Upon thifcntca- 
 lions a troop of perhaps looo elephants arc fooii fccn 
 in full march, the king featiil on his throne, ujwn 
 the back of one of the whit ([, attended by all his no- 
 Wcs, with trumpets, and othvrnulitary mufit, found- 
 ing as they march to the lielii of war. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 Of Tilt Kingdom oy ARACCAN, or ARACHAN. 
 
 ARACCAN, which is called by fomc the empire of 
 Moj^o, is bounded on the call by Ava, on the 
 weft by the bay and country of Bengal, and on the 
 inorth by Tipra. It extends about 400 miles in length, 
 and contains a great number of places, many of which 
 are uninhabited, from the multiplicity of wild hearts 
 that infcft the whole country. 
 
 For the major part the inhabitants of this kingdom 
 arc very robull, and diilinguiihed by having remark- 
 able broad and flat foreheads. They are fo fond of this 
 particular in their Ihape, that when a child 's born, 
 they bind a plate of lead on the forehead, which they 
 do not remove till they are fatisfied it has had the 
 wiflied-for ertcvt. Their nofes are exceeding red, and 
 the nollrils wide; but theireves are fmall, and quick 
 of difcernmcnt. 
 
 The colour of the habits of the common people is 
 generally a dark p.irple. 'I'hofe of diftinciion wear 
 veftments of white cotton, w ith an apron before them, 
 and a kind of bag behind their back, formed in plaits. 
 Their hair is divided into locks, each of which is tied 
 and ornamented with knots of line cloth. 
 
 The women arc much fairer in complexion than the 
 men, but arc proportionably robuft. Th. , wear a gar- 
 ment made of cotton, which is bound ieveral times 
 round the boiiy, and reaches dow n to the ancles ; and 
 over their necks and llioulders they have a kind of 
 handkerchief, made of Howered gauze. The better 
 fort wear a lilk fcarf on one of their arms, and decorate 
 their hair with a variety of ornaments. 'I'hey have 
 rings in their cars which are made of glafs, and fo large 
 as to hang on the Ihoulders : ano ;he arms and legs are 
 ornamented w ith bracelets of (ilver.copper, ivory, &c. 
 
 Their houfcs arc exceeding fniall, and are made 
 with branches of palm-trees, or canes built upon pil- 
 lans, and covcrcti w ith leaves of the cocoa tree : but 
 the better fort have more fpacious buililings. All the 
 houfcs, however, arc made without ihimnies, or any 
 convenience forfirii^.g; fo that they drefs their vio 
 luals without doors in carthern pots. 
 
 This country abounds w ith all kinds of provifions, 
 but the people are exceeding temperate in their diet. 
 Their common drink is made from the leaves of a tree 
 rcfembling the palm tree, which, if drank new, is 
 very fwcet, but in a few il:iys will turn four; and in- 
 ftead of bread they ul'e rice. 
 
 The foil is very fertile, and produces all kinds of 
 fruit, with various forts of grain. The climate is very 
 healthful and plcafaiu in fuinmer; but in winter it is 
 much othcrw iff ; for the inhabitants are fubjcft to 
 agues, from the great niins tliat fall during that fcafon, 
 which continue from .April till 0>iober. 
 
 The butfalos and cltphaiits here teftify a particular 
 difguft at thofe that wear red garments; but thefe 
 hearts are calily governed b\ the herdfmen, and will 
 rcailily follow him when they arealllmbled together, 
 «hi( h is ertccted by the found ot a horn. 
 
 The fovercign, who is as powerful as any of his 
 neighbours, generally rcfides at rhecaj)ital. He has 
 twelve princes under him, w hofe relidenccs are in the 
 chief cities of the kingdom, and they arc permitted to 
 alFumc the title of kings. The king himfcif is ftilcd 
 " Emperor of .\raccan, poflbUorofthe white elephant, 
 with the two Caniques, rightful heir of Feger ami 
 Brama, and lord of thctwcKc kings, who Iny their 
 hair of their heads under the foles ot his feet, &;c." He 
 ii> fccn by his fubjeds but once in five years, at w hich 
 
 time the palace is furrounded with buildings and (ijaf. 
 folds erected on tbe occalion. The king comes from 
 the [■Kilacc drclled in the mort fumptuous manner, (i-at- 
 ed in an elegant tent placed on the back of an elephant 
 richly caparifoned. He is followed by his courtiirrs 
 riding on elc|ihants, whofc harnefs and trappings arc 
 fuoci bly adornid. The king then, w ith his attendant ., 
 rides through 'he principal ftreets of the city, after 
 which he returns to the great fquare before his palace, 
 where his fubjecb renew their oath of allegiaiKc to him 
 and the evening is concluded by all ranks of ])eople' 
 with thegrcatert feflivity. 
 
 Their temples, and other facrcd places, arc huilt like 
 ftccplcs, and contain many idols, whom they worfliip. 
 They hold a feaft annually in commemoration of tin- 
 dead, at which time they carry one of their idols in pro- 
 ccflion attended by a number of prielh dreflcd in one 
 uniform, conlifting of a long garment made of veliow 
 fatin. Tlic idol is ,)laced in a large heavy ch^rior; 
 and fuch is the fujxrihtious notion of the [iooicr (urt 
 of people, that many will throw themfclves unc.r the 
 wheels, and others will tear their ficl'.i with iron hwks 
 faftcncd to the carriage for that purpofe. They take 
 great pains to colour thefe hooks with their blood, an J 
 they are ;ifte'.tards hung up in the temples, and jre- 
 fcrvtd a.s rclicks. 
 
 The highelt order cfpricfts is diftinguiflicd by wfar- 
 ing a yellow mitre; but the other two always rjo bart-- 
 he.idcd ; and they are all prohibited from nian\ing, on 
 pain of being degraded. 
 
 The pricrts pray with fuch as arc ill, in return fur 
 which the patient offers facrificcs of fowls. &:c. in jiio- 
 portion to their rcfpet'fivc abilities. If the patient re- 
 covers, it is attributed to the prayers received from the 
 priciV; but if he dies, the pricfls tell their relations 
 that their facrilices arc accepted, but the Deity delipns 
 the patient a greater favour in the other world. If the 
 patient ai)pc-ars incurable, the pricfl thinks it acharit)' 
 to drown him. 
 
 A pcrfon of diftindion dying, the body is burned; 
 but the poorer fort are throw n into the river. They be- 
 lieve in trani'migration, aiu" therefore ornament thcir 
 coflins with the figures of fuch animals as they think the 
 moft noble. Every family has fome particular aiiiii\.il 
 by whom they fwear, and whofc figi'rc they maik with 
 a hot iron on different pans of their bodies. Their 
 nuptial ceremonies are performed in the prel'.nceof 
 this animal, and they always of^cr him part of ihcir 
 provifions Ixforc they eat. 
 
 The ca;)ital of this kingdom is Araccan: it is large 
 and well fortified, tituatcd in a valley, and fittc'a 
 miles in circumfercntc. It is cnclofcd-liy very high 
 Ifonc walls, and furrounded by a ridge ofllccpcraggj 
 mountains, fo artificially formed as to render a pene- 
 tration almolHn" .-cgnab'c; bclides which, there is » 
 callle within, Ifrongly fortified. The city is well wa- 
 tered by a fine river that pafl'cs through it in ditFer- 
 ent llreams.andat length forms two channels, which 
 empty thcml'elvcs into the bay of Bengal. 
 
 There are faid to be 160,000 inhabitants in thiscit>, 
 excluliveof foreigners. The houfcs in general are linall, 
 and built of bamboos; but thofc of the better fort are 
 fpacious and handfome. In it are upw ards of 600 ulol 
 temples, molt of which arc fpacious buildings, el(- 
 gantly ornamented. 'I'hc pahacc iscxcccdingly magni- 
 ficent, beingdecoratcd w ith the njoft cofUy ornaments. 
 The ap.-irtmcnts are lined w ith various kinds ot wood, 
 thatdilchargc the moll agreeable fragrance; and the 
 roofs of thole belonging to the king arc covered with 
 plates of gold. In the center of the palace is thcgrami 
 hall, which contains a canopy ornamented withwedgii 
 of ''<lid gold, rcfembling fugar-loaves. 
 
 Several idols of the fame metal, as large as life, and 
 ornamented with diamonds andothcrcolllyjewels, are 
 placed here. In the center of the hall is a cabinet ot 
 gold, fupported by a large llool of the fame metal, and 
 overlaid withdiamonds and other precious (tones. 1 hi> 
 cabinet contains the two Caniques, or famous pendants 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 of rubies, which the 1 
 hv which he prtfcrvc: 
 fa! priiKfs. 
 
 Without the palaci 
 elephants, tygers, ho 
 dcrablc lake with f'ni 
 priells. This lake is 
 the inhabitants of tin 
 the necellity of flight 
 bv cutting a lunk wli 
 flaw the city, and rel 
 
 The environs of th 
 adjoining countries di 
 mountains, &c. arc 1 
 ofdilVcrent kinds of | 
 water, and numtrous 
 
 1,1 the neig'.bnurhi 
 many of the fliops in 
 of the richelf conmu 
 
 There are many cii 
 ent parts of this kingi 
 remarkable for 'ralhc 
 
 Orictan, whici' is f 
 to the fouch-wert of t 
 of the twelve capital 
 rov, who affumes th 
 crown from the king 
 
 Near this city is a h 
 lifted place for the ca 
 other diftinguiihal ct 
 tain called Pora, on t 
 principal idol, which 
 tclfona certain day, t 
 ties of Araccan and Oi 
 of which aa'delightf 
 form, as it were, an 
 under which is confic 
 plicity of peacocks t\ 
 one tree to another, 
 tiful, and fully anAv 
 given in the book of, 
 phrafed by Dr. Youn 
 
 How rich the peac 
 From pUiine to pi 
 He proudly fpieat 
 Gives all his coloi: 
 With confcious fta 
 And flow'ly moves 
 
 Rama is a city of 
 forted to, on accoun 
 it, cither by land or 
 from the number of 
 fains arc infclfed, ;in( 
 to fuddcn tcmpelfs. 
 
 Dobazi is another 
 chiefly remarkable i< 
 f|iacious river, by w' 
 the ncignbouriiig pi 
 
 Dianga is a larm 
 Araccan ; the inhab 
 guefe fugitives, and 
 able privileges. 
 
 Perocm, or I'eon 
 a very convenient 1 
 governor, v\ho keep 
 ablblute authority of 
 
 S v. ( 
 
 TlIK KlN( 
 
 THIS kingdom 
 and part of C 
 dependent Tartary ' 
 fouth-weft, and by Ii 
 forms us, that to cro 
 
iRAPHY. 
 
 h buildinprs ami H af. 
 
 c kini» comes IVom 
 ptiious manner, Ibt- 
 : back ot'an elephant, 
 
 cd by his coiirticrs 
 fs and trappinj;? arc 
 , with his attendant ;, 
 •ts of the city, after 
 arc before his palace, 
 fjofalltgiancctohini, 
 
 all ranks ot jKopIc 
 
 places, arc htiilt like 
 
 u lioni they w()rflii|). 
 
 iiiincmoration of the 
 
 of their idols in pro- 
 
 ricds drcflcd in one 
 
 iiciit made of yd low 
 
 aii^e heavy churior. ; 
 
 )n of the ixwicr fort 
 
 thcmfclvcs um.., the 
 
 Hc(!i with iron hooks 
 
 piirpofe. They take 
 
 with their blo(Kl, an] 
 
 he temples, and p;c- 
 
 liftinguiflicd by wear- 
 r two always r»o barf- 
 ed from man \ ing, on 
 
 arc ill, in return fur 
 of fowls. &:c. in pio- 
 es. If the patient re- 
 yers received from the 
 s tell their relarions 
 but the Deity dclic;ns 
 .' other world. If the 
 icft thinks it a charity 
 
 the body is burni\l; 
 ito the river. Thcybc- 
 rcforc ornament their 
 limals as they thini; the 
 bme particular anini.il 
 figiTc they maik with 
 
 their bodies. Their 
 ed in the pref.ncc ot 
 fcr him part of their 
 
 is Araccan: it is large 
 
 a valley, and fifteen 
 
 :ncIofed'l>y very high 
 
 1 ridge of Itecpcraggj 
 
 .1 as to render a pcne- 
 
 lides w hich, there is i 
 
 The city is well wa- 
 
 through it in dilfer- 
 
 two channels, whieh 
 
 of Bengal. 
 
 ihabitants in this city, 
 I's in general are fmall, 
 •of the better fort arc 
 e upw ards of 600 iJi>l 
 cious buildings, ili- 
 iscxcccdingly uiagni- 
 iioft collly ornaments, 
 •arious kinds of wood, 
 !e fragrance; and the 
 cing are covered with 
 he palace is the grand 
 lamented withwedgu 
 ■-loaves. 
 
 d, as large as life, and 
 nhercoltly jewels, are 
 le hall is a cabinet of 
 af the (iime metal, and 
 r precious (iones. 1 his 
 fs, or famous pendants 
 at 
 
 ASIA.] A 
 
 rt rubies, which the kinj^ v.nrs at his coronation, and 
 hv which he prtfcrvcs a fuperior authority over his vaf- 
 f.il priiKt-s. 
 
 VVitiK'utthc palace arc fpacious flabics for the king's 
 flcfihant.s, tygers, horfes, i\:c. and near it is a conli- 
 dcrable lake with I'mall illands, inhabited chietly by 
 priells. 'I his lake is fo lituated as to be a fecurity to 
 the inhabitants of the city, (houiil they be reduced to 
 the necdlity of Hight by an attack from an enemy ; fiir 
 bv cutting a bank «lucli (urrounds it, they might over- 
 flow the city, and retire to the illands. 
 
 The environs of this city are verv extenfivc, and tiie 
 adjoining countries delightfully pleafant. The villages, 
 mountains, &c. arc beautifully diverfiticd with fieliis 
 of dilVercnt kinds of gram, intermixed with pieces of 
 water, and numiroiis Hocks of rattle. 
 
 Ill the neighbourhood is a Dutch factory: and at 
 niany of the fliops in thr city are to be purchafed Ibtne 
 of the richell commodities m Alia. 
 
 There are many cities of coniidcrable note in difter- 
 ent parts of this kingdom, as alfo many capital towns, 
 remarkable for Malhc; the moll material of which are 
 
 Orictan, whic!> is lituated on a branch of the river, 
 to the fouth-wert of the city of Araccan. This is one 
 of the twelve capital cities, and is governed by a vice- 
 roy, who affumes the title of king, and receives a 
 crown from the king himfelf 
 
 Near this city is a large mountain, on which is a for- 
 tified place for the conlinement of Hate prifoners, or 
 other diftinguilhed criminals. There is another moun- 
 tain called Fora, on the top of which is placed their 
 principal idol, which is worlhipjx'd by the king hiir- 
 Iclf on a certain day, once in the year. Between th'.' ci- 
 ties of Araccan and Orietan is a fpacious river, the banks 
 of which aa- delightfully IbaUed with tall trees, that 
 form, as it were, an harbour; the pleafurc of failing 
 under which is confidcrably heightened by the multi- 
 plicity of peacocks that are continually moving from 
 one tree to another. Thefe birds are exceeding beau- 
 tiful, and fully anfwcr the line dcfcription of them 
 given in the book of Job, which is thus elegantly para- 
 phrafed by Dr. Young : 
 
 How rich the peacock! what bright glories nin 
 From plume to plume, and vary in the fun! 
 He proudly fpicads them to the golden ray ; 
 Gives all his colours, and adorns the day ! 
 With confcious (late the fpacious round difplays. 
 And flowly moves amid the waving blaze. 
 
 Rama is a city of confiderable note, but little re- 
 fortcd to, on account of the great danger in getting to 
 it, either by land or water: the Ibrmcr being dangerous, 
 from the number of wild beads with which the momi- 
 tains are infclhd, und the hitter from its being fubjcA 
 to fudden tern pells. 
 
 Dobazi is another large and populous city ; but is 
 chiefly remarkable for having a good harbour, and a 
 fpacious river, by which great trade is carried on with 
 the neigtibouring placcj. 
 
 Dianga is a laVgc town, fituatcd 1 20 miles north of 
 Araccuii; the inhabitants of which are chiefly Portu- 
 gucfe fugiMvcs, and are indulged with very confider- 
 able privileges. 
 
 Perocm, or Pcom, is a town of great trade, and has 
 a very convenient harbour. It is the relidencc of a 
 governor, w ho keep- a grand court, and exercifes the 
 ablblute authority of an eaftern monarch. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 TiiK Kingdom of T I P R A. 
 
 THI.S kingdom is bounded by the empire of Ava, 
 and part of China, to the fouth and eaft, by In- 
 dependent Tartary to the north, by Araccan to the 
 fouth- weft, and by Indoftan to the well. Tavernier in- 
 forms usj that to crofs it rcquireii fifteen days. It is c.\. 
 
 rt. 247 
 
 cccdingly hot, being Under the Tropic of Cancer. 
 The uir is, ncvrrthelcfs, pure and faliibrious: but the 
 water is fo bad, that it occalions the throats of the in- 
 habitants to fwcll to a prodigious li'/e. 'i"hc fovcrcign, 
 and the nobility, ride upon elephants, or arc carried in 
 p.ilant]uinsj but the common pcojjle, in travelling, 
 make ulc of horfes or oxen indilVriniinately. The ac- 
 commodations tor ilrangers arc bad, and 'he behaviour 
 of the nativis rude and unpoliflied. The fiihjeCts of 
 this kingdom pay no taxes, but in lieu thereof labour 
 annually one week tor the king, cither in his mines, or 
 among his (ilk-worms, from wbence alone his revenues 
 accrue. He exiH)rts gold and lilver to China in ingots, 
 and in return receives filver which is coined into two 
 fpecics of currency, of is. 8d. and is. lod. value each, 
 (iold is coined intoafperS, which arc worth about i;s, 
 each. The tbvcreign of this country is tributarv to the 
 king of Araccan. The river Caipoumo runs from Chia- 
 may lake through this and many other kingdoms, till 
 it difeiiibogucs itfclf into Bengal bay. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 The KiNcnoM of BOUTAN, or L.\SSA. 
 
 THIS kingdom has China dn the caft, Thibet and 
 the Mogul's dominions on the wefl, Tartary on 
 the north, and Afem on the fouth. 
 
 A late celebrated traveller fays, that when the mer- 
 chants of Patna and Bengal come to th( foot of the Nau- 
 gricut mountains, they are carried over ihem on the 
 backs of women ; there being three women, who al- 
 ternately relieve each other, to every traveller. The 
 baggage and [^rovidons arc carried by goats, who climb 
 the iviountaiiis with wonderful agility, and are able to 
 bear 1 folb. weight. Tlicy are a week in parting thefe 
 mountains. Tbe women, lor their trouble, receive to 
 the value of a crown each; and the fan^e fum is paid 
 for c\ery loaded goat. 
 
 Both fexes wear a kind of felt in winter, and fuflian 
 in fiimmcr. They wear a high capadorned \, i:h pieces 
 of tortoifelhell, or boars teeth, which they deem grand 
 cmbellifliments. The women decorate their necks with 
 necklaces of amber or coral ; and both m;de and female 
 wear bracelets on the left arm, from the elbow to the 
 w rift. They are exceeding fond of fpirituous liquors, 
 and conclude their entertainments by burning amber. 
 Here is plenty of corn, rice, pulfe, grapes, mullard- 
 feed, rhubarb, mufk, furs, coral, i\:c. 
 
 The natives, who are grofs idolators, more particu- 
 larly venerate a cow, which they term " the nurfe of 
 mankind." 
 
 The ufc of fire-arms has prevailed here many years. 
 I'rom infcriptions on fome of their pieces of cannon, 
 they api^ear to be 500 years old. None are permitted 
 to ijuit the kingdom without a fpecial licence from go- 
 vernnT'nt; nor muft any one take a mufkct with him, 
 unlefs he gives proper fecurity to bring it back again. 
 On the backs of their elephants and camels they place 
 fmall cannon, which carry half ]iound balls. The king 
 is always in fearof treafon, and has aguard of 8000 men 
 conftantly attending him ; though at the fame time be is 
 vain enough to call himfelf a god, endued uith the at- 
 tributes of " invincibility and invulnerability !" 
 
 The natives have mollly flat notes, are llrong ami 
 well made; but the women ar" more robud than the 
 men. Silver mines arc fuid to abound in this countr)-, 
 and, by the king's order, tilver money is coined here 
 each piece being of the value of 2s. 6d. and ot an ocla- 
 gonal form. They have no gold but « hat is got in trade. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 The KiNGDONf or ASEM, AZEM, or ACHAM. 
 
 THIS kingdom is bounded by China on the call, 
 Indoftan on the weft, Tipra on the (buth, and 
 Boutan, with partoflndcpedanc Tartar}-, on the north. 
 
 The 
 
 •«& 
 
 
24B A NF.VV, ROYAL and AUTIIKNTIC SYSTEM or UN'IVI.RSAI, GKOGRAPIIY, 
 
 ,H- 
 
 Thc courttry, in the reign of Aurcngzcbc, wai con- 
 quircd by the Moj^uls, whoiiirtovcrtil it by naviKut- 
 ing the river LAi.(|(iia, which has its fourcc in the lake 
 Chiamay, and difcharges itlelfinto the flanges. The 
 above-nK-ntiontd celebrated Indian lake is 180 leagues 
 incirtumtcrcnce, and lies in ih ileg. north latitude. 
 
 Bclides being oni of the moft fertile m the univcrfe, 
 this country is rich in mines, which produce both the 
 noblert and nioll uftful metals, \i/. gold, lilver, iKel, 
 iron, ■ ad, ixc. Ihcre is nienty of the nioft delicious 
 animal food, but dogs Helh is deemed the greateft 
 dainty. They make no wine, though they have excel- 
 lent grapes, wliiih, when dried, are u fed in making 
 brandy. The lakes of thi'i country are of a faline qua- 
 lity, and the fcum which arifes to their furra( e is con- 
 verted into fait. Another kind ot fait is extracted from 
 the leaves of what is callid Ailam's fig-tree ; and a ley 
 is. made, whiih renders tlieir filks admirably white. 
 
 No taxes whatever arc paid togosernment, the king 
 contenting himfelfwith the foie polleHion of the va- 
 luable mines which his country contains. Nor are 
 thofe mines worked by the natives, but by Haves, 
 which he purchafes of his neighbours. 
 
 To every fubject is allotted a houfe, a large piece of 
 groundcontiguou3thereto,anda:i eleph.uutoc arry his 
 >* ives.of whom he is permitted to hav e four. Previous 
 to marriage, the Afemians inform the women minurcly 
 of w hat thev expect them to do. The females being 
 thusprccifely inllructed in their duty feldomdifobligc 
 their hulbands. Ihe inhabitants towards the north 
 have good complexions-, but thofe w ho iluell fouther- 
 Iv are lather fwarthv . All have very large holes bored 
 in their ears, from whi_i e defcend heavy pendants of 
 gold and liver. '1 hey wear their liair long, have a cap 
 upon their heads, and go naked, except about their 
 middles. I htv adorn theirarmsw ith biacclets, which 
 are buried with ihem when they die. Their gold is 
 current in ingots ; but they have pieces of lilver coin, 
 each IS. in value. They have great plenty of gum 
 lacque, which they export toChina and Japan, to var- 
 mlh cabinets, chells, &c. 
 
 The rcfidence of the king, which is in the metrojio- 
 lis, lies in 25 degs. 2j min. north latitude, and is 
 named Keinmeroofe, orGuergcn. The city of .\/oo is 
 
 the royal burial place. When any king is buried in ri ■ 
 urand temple, his ta\ouriteidol is buried. Thisalw.u 
 being of gold or filver, the vaults are filled with im, 
 menfe treafure*. The people imagine thr' the rghti. 
 ous have, in the other world, plenty of w ,.at thev Ue- 
 lire , but that the wicked fulfer all the milerio oi 
 hunger and thirll. 
 
 I rom this opinion, and not entertaining any very 
 high idea of the morality or piet) ol their numanl),^ 
 they bury withthemall kinds of eatables, great n, lus' 
 feveral of their wi^es, »)ni er>, elephants, flasci, \i ' 
 left they Ihould fare worfe in the other worldlhan iluy 
 did in this. 
 
 The Chinefe are fuppofed to have rcceivid fronitlir 
 people of Afem, the invention of gunpowdi r, ihoui^h 
 the) have fince thought proper to arrogate it to thiii). 
 felves. 
 
 The following plares near the coaft of Ava, arc 
 reckoned in the I'egu dominions. 
 
 1. The illand ut IJola, which has a good hailMnir, 
 and where twent\ houfes areapj^ropriated to the pur- 
 pofe ot taming elephants for the ufeofthe km^ui 
 Pegu, 
 
 2. Cofmin is a fertile illand. The houfes ott lie na- 
 tives are built on frames of wood, and a(iendc\l to b, 
 ladders, on account of the furious tygers with which 
 thistouiur, abounds. The inhaUrants go fronihen.c 
 toi'egu in btwts, in which whole tamilies reli.ieaiithc 
 )ear. riiis country produces (igs, oranges, co.oa- 
 nuts, vuld boais, parrots, alles, ^c(■. 
 
 ,}. Meden is a tolerable tow n, w here a markctis kcp 
 on the water in boat ., the commodities being flu.kii 
 from the fcorchin;; lun-beaiiis, bv umbrellas. 
 
 4. Negrais i- , tow n and cape on the coaft, due «tO- 
 wardfiom Fi^u, fioiii wheiue it reijuires about lui 
 days to (ail. I he harbour is good, but a ftielving b:u 
 renders its entrance c'ifagreeabic and dangerous. 
 
 5. Diamonil Iftand, near capeSegiais, is celeliiMUil 
 for two Pagan tempUs. This iftand is low, h;irr. ;,, 
 and rocky. The chief ecclelialtic of the illand rtliii 
 here. He is greatly vinerateJ by the peojjle, and lakt- 
 the right ham! of the king, who, on his deiiuie, ; 
 obliged to attend hisliiiural with lis whole court, 
 and to defray all expences thereby incurred. 
 
 C H A P. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 M A 
 
 S 1. C T I O N I. 
 
 Stluaiioii, Bonitdarifs, E.\lfiit, iTtd Divijivi. (Joiijls. 
 I i^etaMt'i I'lid Jiiiiiuh. j'laount of ibc Natives. 
 Their l.iiiigna^e. 
 
 THIS peninfiila is fituated between the 2d and i ith 
 degree of north latitude, and bounded by Siani 
 on the north, by the ocean on the eaft, and by the 
 ftraits of Malacca on the fouth-eaft, being about 600 
 miles long, and 200 broad. It is fei)arated into fmall 
 kingdoms, viz. Malacca, from which it has its name, 
 Jolior, Parana, Sincapour, Palian, Trangano, Pera, 
 <.^ieila, and l.igor. .Some ofthefe arc independent 
 ftates, under dilferent defpotic princes, and others are 
 tributary to the kingof Siam. 
 
 Malacca is faid to have been originally joined to the 
 Iftand of Simuitra, and to be the Aurea Cherfoncfus of 
 Prolemy. The coaftsofthe kingdoniare flat, marlhy, 
 andunhcahhful; and the inlaiul part.s of th.e coiiiury 
 confiftof fcarce anything i)ut barren lulls and dreary 
 dcfcrts -. fo that it produces nothing for cxjxirtation, 
 fjceptafjiiall quantityo'ti'^.andfonic elephants teeth. 
 'JTir common neceirarics ol jife arc produced in gar- 
 dens; and fmall ijiiantitics ofpeas and rice are reared 
 
 A. 
 
 in fuch parts of tlic mountains as appear to have ^iny 
 tolerable foil. 'l"he natives have a fupply of proviiiiMis 
 from Sumatra, Bengal, Java, Siam, and L'anitw.lr;. 
 Here is, however, a variety of fruits, and particuLiri 
 the mangoftan, which is very delicious, and rei*cnih!> ■ 
 a pine-apple. I Icre arc cocoas in abundance, .in t .r 
 great plenty of aloes; and as to pine-apples, then ii' • 
 no better in the univcrfe than are to be had here. 1 Iv 
 raioboftan, a line fruit, is about as big as a wainrt, 
 with a moft deli( ions pulp; and the durian, though 
 not [jleafant 10 the iinell, has a very agreeable talTe. 
 
 Though Iheep and bullocks are fcarce h.Tc, pork, 
 poultrv. and lilh, are pre.ty pleiitiful. The w.Id ani- 
 mals oi the country are tygers, wolves, ivc. 
 
 'I'he complexion of the natives, whoarecalled Ma- 
 lays, is tawny; and iliofeinhabiting the inland parts ci 
 the country, are leiiiarkable for the fcrocitv ot thc.r 
 manners. The men go naked, e.\cept hav iiig a [)ici <: 
 of cloth round their waftes. 
 
 'Ihe women ot Mahuca, who have their hair \er 
 long, and are extremely proud, wear a loofe iiikeii 
 garment, embroidered with lilveror gold, liofhlexi 
 have jewels in their ears. 
 
 While nature haddone every tMng in Favo'ir ol \\e 
 Malays in their prift me Hate ;whik Ihehad bount.ouf!. 
 
 r,i,..u!.,; 
 
cicnhants, (lavc», \c. 
 c other worKlthan thiy 
 
 the toaft of Ava, arc 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 provided for them, l»y placing them in a fcrcnc and 
 laluhriiiiis clinK', uhcrc rcfrcU-' ^ t^alcs and cooling; 
 llreaiiii .ili'iiacc the heat of thi: torrid zone ; where the 
 loll tetiiii «ith delicious fruits, where the trees are 
 iU«tiie(i with a lontinual verdure, and the llowcrs 
 breathetheiroilour^, fociety has done them every pof- 
 lible injury : for futh has been the inHuence of an arbi- 
 t.aiy government, that jthe natives of the moH happy 
 country in the globe have become remarkably fcroci - 
 ous in their manners. The feudal fyrtem which was 
 firfttoncertedamongtheMomlsand rot ks of the north, 
 has reaihed the fcrenc regions of the ciiuaror. The 
 Malays are go\eri\ed bv dcl'potic primes. This fcenc 
 of arbitrary domain occalioiied a general favagenefs of 
 manners. In vain did bounteous heaven bellow her 
 richblcllingson the Malays ; thcfc celeftial gifts ferved 
 only to make the people ungrateful and dilcontented. 
 Mailers let oiit their fervants, or lathcrthofc of their 
 dependents, to the highclJ bidders, heedlefs of the lofs 
 which hulbandry would futfcr in the want of hands. 
 
 When the I'ortugucfe took poUeflioii of the chief 
 city ot thefe jieople, the latter, ill brookinga fiibmif- 
 lion to their new lu irteis, either retired into the inland 
 pins, or difperfed thtmlelves along the coaft. Havmg 
 lollthe fpirit of ciinmiercc, they nnbibed ihatofcon- 
 iiucrt, and I'ubdued a large .Archipelago on their coall, 
 while the Fortugiicfe rendered Malacca the moftcon- 
 lideiai'le market in India. Loll to all commerce, 
 they fell into every ex^'cfs of fiercencfs and barbarity, 
 and ciimmltti'd nii.rder, when harm was Icalt expcdcd. 
 
 .'Kiiie, however, there arc, who are piililhed, wcll- 
 bnd, and humane; whotlilhnguilhthemrelves by their 
 talent-i, and particularly in the ufe ol a language ef- 
 tecmed the moll pure, nervous, harmonious, and co- 
 pious, ol'any fpiken in the Indies. The) ftudy it 
 with great cares atid many do honour to its natural 
 graces, by fuiniilimg elegant poetic compofitions. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 0/ ibc City of Malacca, 
 
 THIS city is laid to have been founded upwards of 
 2CW years before the arrival of the Portuguefc in 
 1509: and in tiie year 151 1, Alphonfo Albuquerque 
 liibdued th. city, after it had made a moll vigorous dc- 
 ti-nce. He plundered it of immenfe treafures, vail 
 nlaga/.ine^, and whatever could contribute to the ele- 
 gancies and pleafuies of life, and then put the prince 
 to dea;h. '1 he king of Siam, enraged at his cruelty, 
 afterwards took the city by Itoini, aiFilled by other 
 piinccs, equally inctnfed againll the murderer. But 
 the Poauijiiefeafurwards retook it, and built churches, 
 monallciics, a taflle, and a college for the Jcfuits. In 
 the year 1606 the Dutch, in conjunction with the king 
 ol Johor, began to be very troublefomc to the Portu- 
 giicfe, and, altera ieiies of hodilities for the fpace of 
 thirty-live years, deprived them of it in 1641, by the 
 t. llowing means, liiiding that conliderabledifputcs 
 li.id Cublilled between the king of Johor and the Portu- 
 liiicfc inhabitants, the Dutch mflantly formed a dcfign 
 (it attacking and reilucing the place. Accordingly they 
 l.ttcd out a formidal'le Iquadron of Ihips at Batavia, 
 and entered into an alliance with the king of Johor, 
 w hoattacked the :iry by land, w bile the Dutch invert- 
 ed it by lea: but the invaders finding there was no ."•' 
 fibiliiy of reducing J', and hearing that the govcri'-. 
 ^^asa \ery fordid, won hlefs man, the Dutch, hy letters 
 fecretly conveyed to him, otl'ered him a confuld'able 
 premium, ifhewouldfav-ilitate the furrender of thi' fort. 
 The bribe was accepted; the Dutch loon enicr^d the 
 place, and, to favc the payment of the premium, nnir- 
 dcrcd the governor. 
 
 Malacca is an extcnlivcand populous citv, Curround- 
 
 ed with a Hone wall and baUions. Many of the llrects 
 
 are fpacious ami handfome, and fliaddi with trees on 
 
 both (ides. The houlcs Hand pretty clofc to each other, 
 
 No. rj. 
 
 MALACCA. 
 
 ^49 
 
 and arc bui't chiefly of bamboos, though fomc of them 
 are of ftone. The governor's houfe is handfome and 
 commodious, and is lituated in the fort, garrifoned by 
 200 Kuropcans. The harbour is one ot the bell and 
 fafert in that j>art of theglobc.and receives velTcIs from 
 mofl parts of the Indies. When pofVelTcd by the Portu- 
 guefc, the city was remarkablyopulcnt, being a grand 
 mart for prcciousftones and gold : and before the Dutch 
 made Batavia thechiefplacc of their commerce, it had 
 all the rich commodities of Pegu, Coronundel, and 
 other countric^i: butatprefcnt it has little conunercc. 
 
 SECTION III, 
 
 Tn„ Kingdoms of JOHOR, SINCAPOUR. PA- 
 TANA, PAHAN, and TRANGANO. 
 
 nPHF firft of thefe kingdoms is about too leagues 
 ■■• long, and 80 broad: it is the next country to the 
 north ot Malacca, and w allied eaft and well by the 
 ocean. It lies in one degree north latitude. 
 
 The country, which is wof»dy, abounds with tin, 
 pepper, elephants teeth, gold, aquila wood, canes, 
 citrons, lemons, &c. and among the quadrupeds arc 
 deer, cows, wild boars, and butfalos. 
 
 The inhabitants are i haractcrifed as cruel, treache- 
 rous, lazy and lafcivious. The common people, of 
 both fexes, wear nothing more than a j)iece of Hurt' 
 round their wairt. The females in a fuperior degree 
 of life, wearcallico garments, fallened with a lilken 
 girdle. They paint their nails yellow, and the longer 
 they are the more genteel. Theillanders live princi- 
 pally upon fago, fruits, roots, and poultry: but thole 
 natives who refide on the coall iublift, for the molt 
 part, upon lilh and rice, brought from Java, Siam, 
 and Cambodia. 
 
 About 1400 Chinefe families refide here, who are 
 diftinguiflied for their indurtry, and carry on a con- 
 iideiable tralTic. 
 
 The natives, who are a mixture of Mahometans and 
 Pagans, have priclls lent to them from Surat. 
 
 The Johor iflands lie to the north-cart of Cape Ro- 
 mano, but produce nothing lit for carrying on com- 
 merce. Pulo-Aurc, one of them, is peopled by Ma- 
 lays, who are faid to form a fort of republic, headed 
 by a chief. In this idand are feveral mountains, 
 which produce plenteous plantations of cocoa-trees. 
 Articles in trade are purchafed here with iron; and 
 the people have the character of being very honell, 
 friendly, and hofpitablc. 
 
 Sincapour, or bincapora ifland and town, lie at the 
 fouthernmoll point ot the peninfiila of Malacca, and 
 give name to the fouth-eart part of Mahicca .Straits. 
 Here is a mountain which yields excellent diamonds, 
 and fugar-canes grow to a great fizc. The foil of 
 Sincapour is fruitful, and the woods produce good 
 timber for fhip-building. 
 
 On the eartern coaft of Siam lies Patana, which is 
 about 60 miles long. Its port had once a confiderable 
 traffic with Coromandel, Malabar, CJoa, China, Ton- 
 quin and Cambodia; but the traders unhappily finding 
 no rellriCiion put upon the commiffion of piracies and 
 murdeus,were undertheneccllityof withdrawing their 
 commerce, and turning it into another courfe, highly 
 beneficial to Siam, Malacca, and Batavia. Patana 
 abounds with grain and fruits. Here are butfalos, 
 'iw Is, and fome of the molt beautifiil doves ever fecn. 
 The wild animals are tv gers, monkics, elejihants, ike. 
 
 The king of Patana can bring r S.ooo troops into the 
 field, and has morcvelfels than any of the other neigh- 
 bouring fovercigns. The Chinefe bring hither a va- 
 rity o! articles in trade, and take confiderable returns. 
 
 The natives, though proud, are kind and obliging, 
 and remarkable for their f'ohriery. 
 
 Pahan lies to the fouth of Patana, on a river of the 
 
 fame name, in w hich there is much gold duft found. 
 
 People of fortune relide m the capital of Fahan, litua- 
 
 K r r ted 
 
 H 
 
 ' 
 
 i 
 
 mi 
 
■■■•' ^^K 
 
 250 A NEW. ROYAL akd AUTHENTIC 
 
 ted about 1 50 nuits north-caft of Malacca. The city, 
 which is but fmall, has the appearance of a garden, 
 from the number of cocoa and other trees planted in 
 the ftrects. 
 
 The king's palace is a wooden rtnictire, and the 
 other buidings are in general of reeds ard ftraw. 
 
 Along the fides of the river Ahich waibes the foot of 
 Malacca hill, is planted pepper. The adjacent coun- 
 try is low, woody, and well Irored with g-iic. Aquila 
 and Calamba wood, coarfe gold, camphire, nutmegs, 
 &c. arc alfo proiluced here. 
 
 Pahan is well peopled, and carries on a confic'. rabif 
 traffic; but the natives, who are Pagans end Mahome- 
 tans, are reported to be the mo*^ arranc cheats in the 
 world. 
 
 Trangano is fituated next to Pahan, and is a fine 
 healthy co-nitry. Its hills produce a plenty of rich 
 fruits, fuch as oranges, lemons, limes, darianj, man- 
 gollans, mangos, &c. and the vallies teem with fugar- 
 canes and corn. Gold and pepper arc likewife produ- 
 ced here, and arc principally exported by the Chincfc 
 refident in this country. 
 
 The pri ice's palace ftands on the banks of a fine ri- 
 ver near the ocean; and the Chincfe carry on a confi- 
 derablc trade with the adjacent countries. 
 
 SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Of PERA and QJJEDA. 
 
 THIS country, which is mountainous and woody, 
 is famous for its produce of tin, there bci;i;; mure 
 found here than in any other j»rt of Imiia. I'cra, its 
 capital, lies at the bottom of a bay about 1 50 miles 
 north-wefi of Malacca. There are fonu- hideous dci'jrts 
 in this country, abounding with numbers of wild ele- 
 phants, tygers, &c. 
 
 The people are mere barbarians, and of a mod 
 treacherous difpofition. 
 
 Queda (the capital of a finall territory of the Himc 
 name) is a fca-poit town, diflant from P.uana 140 
 miles. When a foreign merchant comes here, the kuv 
 pays him a vifit inperfon, not to compliment him 011 hC 
 arrival, but to receive prefents from him. The pr/;. 
 fents, howe.er, are not made t'U the vifit is repaid; 
 and then the king honours the merchant with a loat 
 near h!; royal perfon. 1 lis "lajefly at the fame time 
 chews betel, and putting it out of his mouth on a fmail 
 golden plate, the merchant takes it w ith great rtlriot, 
 and puts it into his own mouth. The people are Ma- 
 hometans and Pagans. The chief produce of the place 
 ':s tin, pepper, elephants leeth, canes, and d.imer. 
 
 H A P. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 EMPIRE OF S I A M. 
 
 S E C 1 I O N I. 
 
 Name, Situation, Extent, Rivers, Divifions, SitbJi- 
 ■lijions, (sc. 
 
 THE Portuguefe, and from them the reft of the 
 Europeans, coll this country Siam ; but, by the 
 natives, it is lliled Tai, or Freemen; though th^y 
 have long beci. deprived of their liberty. 
 
 Siam, which is furrounded by mounrai-s, is bouniVd 
 on the call by Cambodia and Cochin-China, on the 
 weft by the fea, on ihe north by Pegu and Laos, and on 
 the fouth by Ivlaiacca and the nay of Siam. 
 
 Siain Proper (by fome callei. Upper Siam, to dif- 
 tinguilh it tioin the Lower, and which contains feven 
 provinces, viz. Proftloue, Sanguelouc, I^co^tai, Cam- 
 pcngp Coconrcpina, Pechekonne, and PiiLhia) is fi- 
 tuated in about the i ith degree of north latitude, and 
 is fuppo-l-d to be above 550 miles long, and :2 50 broad, 
 though in fome parts it is not more than ubout 30 
 miles in breadth. 
 
 The Menam, Or, Mothrr of It'ai- s, which is the 
 chiet ri\cr, dilcharges itfelf into the gulph ')f Siam. 
 'I'he fourcc of this river is unknown to moft of tne in- 
 habitant.S; or they miscprefent it, in orde.' to magnify 
 its origin. A nothf-r great river is called the Mecon ; 
 this pailes through 1 aos and Cambodia, ami falls into 
 the Indian ocean. A rhird river, nam:d the Tenafe- 
 rlri, falls into the bay of Bengal, forming the Ifle of 
 Meiguy, which has a rr.jit exceller.: birliour. 
 
 This country, furrounded with .nouiitains, and bav- 
 in;; tew hills, is one wide exien. led plain, with a great 
 river branching and running through it Iroiii i>(;rt!i to 
 f(,i'ili. I'hefe mountains form t"o huge diains, one 
 on the wed, and the other on the call li.le, diniinifiiing 
 l^ruluall^ a., ihey reach feuthwaid. Tlie; yield dia- 
 monds, faphires, and agates. 
 
 The fever piovinces 01 Siam Proper, or Upper Siam, 
 liave theii names fiom their jnincipal lities. which 
 are fituated iica"^ '.lie r.-a-coall, or on fome o( the ri^ cis. 
 
 Tile « inter here is dry, and the (ummer wet. Were 
 it not that thefundiaus cloud.'* and lain, and the wind 
 
 blows from one pole when the fun is declined towards 
 the Oiher, the torrid zone would doubtlefs be uninha- 
 bited. Thus in Siam thai great luminary being to the 
 fouthof the line during winter, the north winds blow 
 continually and cool the air. On the contrary, in the 
 fuinmer, while it is to the north of the line, and verticil 
 to the Siamefe, the fouth winds reign in their turn, and 
 thus either cp.ufe inceffant rains, or at leaft difixjfe the 
 weather to be rainy. It is thcfe ^vinds which the Por- 
 tuguefe call moncaos, and other nations monfoons; 
 and hence it is that vcfTels iiavc fuch difhculty to -p- 
 proach or depart from the I r of Siam. Thus the bleak 
 winds of the frigid zones temper the cxceffive hea: ot 
 the torrid, and rhe warm breez.cs of the torrid tloiv 
 through and gic genial warmth to the lemjieratc, till 
 they reach the frigid, and in fome meafure qualify tiu: 
 e.xtrenv. colil, whici, in thofc ii^hofpitablc regions, iu- 
 .•'unib nature. 
 
 The principal places in Siam Proper arc the fi)llo»- 
 iiig, viz. 
 
 Chi'.uebon or Liam, which is fituated near the gulj'h 
 of Siam, at the mouth of a river to which it gives name. 
 It IS about a day's journey from the fea, and has li.'iiie 
 conlidcvuiile inland trade. 
 
 Hankafby is fituated on a river near the bar of Siam. 
 The king himfelf is the folc merchant belonging to rliK 
 place, for al' the ele[)hants teeth, fapan, ami aquiU 
 wood, is remitted to him. They make here the cxqui- 
 lite fauce called ballichang, on which the epicures ct 
 Siam regale; for man" ofthcSiamcfe fall martyrs to a 
 lux'.irious appetite. The bellichang is a compoliu'in 
 ,jt coil, dried Ibrimps, pepper, fait, fea-weed, iS:c. 
 pou; .led together, and beaten to the conlillciicy of 
 a palte. 
 
 Ill the above-mentioned river are two fmall iilanJi 
 belonging to the Dutch. 
 
 Uancock, fituated about 50 miles fouth of Siam, n 
 remarkable for its large gardens, fome of which exteiul 
 three or (bur leagues in length, and are filled with trce.^ 
 that produce the molt delicious fruits. The liNcr Mf- 
 nan runs tiom hence to Siam, and its banks are adorned 
 V ith many pleafant villages, the houib of which are 
 
 made 
 
OGRAPHV. 
 IV. 
 
 y E D A, 
 
 imainous and woody, 
 'tin, there bciiip; mure 
 t of India. IVra, its 
 bay about 150 miles 
 fomc hideous dil'jrts 
 miinbcrsot" wild clc- 
 
 ■iaris, and of a mod 
 
 territory of the fame 
 ant from Patana 140 
 t comes here, the king 
 
 Diiipliment himonhu 
 from him. The p,-/;. 
 11 the vilit is repaid; 
 merchant with a Icat 
 
 clly at the lame time 
 f his mouth on a fmall 
 s it with great reli rd. 
 The people are sh- 
 ef produce of the i)!ace 
 incs, and darner. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 S I 
 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 
 Ji is declined towards 
 doubtlefs be uiiinlu- 
 luminary being to the 
 the north winds blow 
 )n the contrary, in the 
 of the line, and vertical 
 reign in their turn, anJ 
 or at Icaft difjwfe the 
 : 'vinds which the I'or- 
 ler nations monfoons; 
 : fiich difficulty to :-.p- 
 fSiam. Thus the bleak 
 r the exccirive heat of 
 7.0 of the torrid ihif 
 I to the ienij^)eratc, till 
 [ic nieafure qualify tha: 
 'hofpitabic region n.Iic- 
 
 Propcr arc the fi)llo\i- 
 
 fituatcd near the gill I lit 
 
 to which it gives name. 
 
 the lea, and has A.'iiie 
 
 r near the bar of Siani. 
 :hant belong' ng to this 
 eth, fapan, and aqiiili 
 y make here the extiui- 
 which the epicures ot 
 inicfe fal! martyrs 10 a 
 hang is a compjliiion 
 , lalt, fea-weeil, iVe. 
 to the conlilfency of 
 
 ■ are two fmall illaiiJs 
 
 nilcs fouth of Siam, i« 
 foine of which extend 
 
 ind are filled with tnei 
 (ruiis. 'I'he ii\er Me- 
 
 d its banks arc adorned 
 
 : houfes of which are 
 made 
 
 made of bamboos, and crcded upon flakes, on ac- 
 count of the inundations of the river, which would 
 otherwife fweep them away. 
 
 The king ofSiam paflcs fevera! months of the year 
 at Louvo, for the fake of having more freedom than 
 in the metropolis, where he is obliged to be ilnit up, 
 that his fubjeds may not lofe that profound refpei;;t 
 which they entertain for him, by feeing him too of- 
 ten; lor foiitude and indolence are the chief charac- 
 terillics of his dignity. 
 
 Upon a couch of dow n in thefe abtxlcs, 
 Sujiine, with folded arms, he thoughtkfs nods ; 
 No paflions interrupt his eafy reign; 
 No problems puzzle his lethargic brain ; 
 But dull oblivion guards his peaceful bed. 
 And lazy fogs bedew his gracious head : 
 Tluis at full length pamper'd monarchs lay. 
 Balking in cafe, and llumb'ring life away. 
 
 There is a communication between Louvo and Siam 
 by means ofa lar^^e canal, on each fide of which arc 
 extenlive plains abounding with rice. 
 
 The king's palace at Louvo is a brick building, but 
 exceeding capacious, and furrounded by fine gardens. 
 The roof is covered with yellow tiles, which, w hen the 
 fun lliines upon them, appear like gold. The town it- 
 fclf is jxjpulous, large, and pleafant, and (lands about 
 thcdiflanee of 14 leagues from Siam. 
 
 Probat flands on a branch of the river Menan, about 
 65 miles norih-eaft of Louvo. The king of Siam an- 
 nually repairs hither in grand proceflion, to worfhip a 
 mark in the rock, which is pretended to be the print 
 of the loot oi their idol Sominona-Codoni. 
 
 Pourcelano, 320 miles from Siam, was formerly a 
 conliderable city, defended by fourteen baftions, but 
 has run to decay. 
 
 Six miles to the north of the laft; mentioned place is 
 Mcnang-tan, celebrated on account of the pilgrimages 
 made to it by many devotees of Siam, Pegu, Laos, ice. 
 who repair hither to pay th;;ir refpeds to out of the 
 ahove-nientiont.d idol, Sommona-Codom's teeth, w hich 
 is here preferved with great care. 
 
 Tcnnaflerim, about 200 miles from Siam, is a place 
 of Conliderable trade, lltuated on a river, to which it 
 gives name. 
 
 Cui is a town near the former, from w hence the king 
 of Siam receives great quantities of tin and elephants 
 teeth. 
 
 Margui, about 1 40 miles fouth-wefl from Siam, is 
 fituated in an illand near Tennalllrim, and deemed the 
 bell: port in India. 
 
 Ligor.the metropolis ofa country of the fame name, 
 was formerly an independent ftate of itfelf, but a few 
 centuries ago was conquereil by the Siamefc. 
 
 On the weflern coaff there is an illand called jonfa- 
 lem, which was formerly a kingdom, but at prefeiu is 
 of no importance. 
 
 Martab.an, or Martavan, in the bay of Bengal, was 
 once a kingdom, but i.s now only a Siamefc province. 
 It produces corn, oranges, lemons, figs, pears, chef- 
 nuts, nictiicinal phiiits, oil of Jelliimin, gold, flcel, 
 ii"ii, lead, copper, rubies, lacque, bon/.oin, &c. 
 
 Or. the wcftcrn coafl of Siam are three cluflers of 
 iflands, viz. 
 
 I. The Niiobar iflands, which are fituated about 90 
 leagues from the continent, and 120 nortli-wctV from 
 Sumatra. The mido e clulkr arc all w el! inhabited e\- 
 ce[it one, anil the la id ingetieral is very fertile. They 
 are called Sombrero. But the northern duller, named 
 Carnitubars, are not fo populous. The inhabitants, 
 ■who are of a tawny complexion, paint their t.ices witii 
 various colours, and the drefs of the priclls is liiigu- 
 larly whimfical : their cloaihs fit them lb dofe, that 
 they feem to be fewed up in them. They wear horns 
 on their heads turning backwards, which, as well as 
 tlicir faces, arc painted green, yellow, and black. 
 
 !5» 
 
 About eight miles to the fouth of Sambrcro are two 
 well inhabited and fertile iflands, called Ning and 
 Gowry ; the inhabitants of which will fella hog forthrec 
 feet of iron hoop, and a pig for one foot. They fpeak 
 a broken kind of Portuguefe, and are fo fond of tobac- 
 co, that they will give a fowl for a leaf of it. 
 
 Thelbuthernclufterof the Nicobars are vcrv moun- 
 tainous, and the people much more lavage than thofe 
 of the middle and northern clufleis. 
 
 '1 he inhabitants of thefe iflands worfliip the moon, 
 and venerate certain grottos in the rocks as temples. 
 The men fcrupuloufly confine thcmlelves to one wo- 
 man; and murder and theft are feldom Heard of among 
 them. 
 
 Nicobar, properly fo called, which is the principal of 
 thefe illands, and gives name to the r.Ji, is near loO 
 miles north of Sumatra, about 10 leai-ucs in length, 
 and 4 in breadth; is watered by man) rivulets, and is 
 very fertile. The inhabitants are robufl, well made, 
 and in their apparel rel'emble the j-eople of the neigh- 
 bouring continent. They employ thcmlelves princi- 
 |)ally in fifliing, and are fomeof the moll expert fwim- 
 iners in the univerfe. The Englifli Ihips bound to Su- 
 matra ufually touch at this ifland. 
 
 2. The Andcman Iflands lie in ij dcg. nu -th lit. 
 about 100 leagues north of Sumatra: they are well in- 
 habited by a bokl lavage people. 
 
 3. The Cocoa Iflands, 35 leagues weft-fouth-weil of 
 cape Negrais, produce a great abundance of cocoa- 
 trees, but arc uninhabited. 
 
 SECTION U. 
 
 Soil. MiHfnil, rt-^rlal>lf, and Aiiimd Prodiiilions. 
 /Ipkulluir. 
 
 SIAM may be faid to confill of cultivated and uncul- 
 tivated land. There is fcarce a Hint to be fount' in 
 the whole country. The larid feem; to be formed by 
 the mud defcending from the moini lins; to which 
 mud, and the oxerfiowings of the river, the foil owes 
 its fertility; for in the higher places, and pans not 
 reached by the inundation, all is ilried and burnt up 
 with the fun fiwn at'cer the ra'.ns are over. 
 
 This country had once the reputation of being very 
 rich in mines; and, indeed, this appears from the great 
 number of flatues and other call w orks that are here, 
 many of which arc of gold. M. Vincent, a Fiench 
 phyflcian, difcovercd a mine of very good fled, and 
 another of cryftal : alfo a mine of antimony, and ano- 
 ther of emery; exclulive of a i]uarry of white marble, 
 and a rich gold mine. The latter mine, however, he 
 concealed from the natives, Thi.y have plenty of tin 
 which, however, is rendered hartl, .as well as white, 
 by being mixed with kedmia,a mineral reduced ealily 
 to powder; ami it is this white tin w hich is called tute- 
 nagc. M. Vincent, during his flay at Siam, taught 
 the inhabitants the art of feparating and puri ying 
 metals. 
 
 There is a mountain near the city of Louvo which 
 jiroduces loadfloncs; and there is another near Jonfa- 
 tam, on the Malacca coafl ; but thefe minerals, it is 
 faid, fbon lofe their virtue. 
 
 Thofe trees in Siam arc the mofl |irolitable which 
 produce cotton, o'l, and varnifli. Indeed the bamboo 
 may be ranked «ith them, it growing to a prodigious 
 (ize, and being of the utmofl utilit) . 
 
 In the forelis is produced timber for Ihip-biiilding, 
 houfc-building, S:c. Here is a wooil that will no: 
 cleavc, and is called woodmary by the Europeans. 
 Cinnamon-trecs are natives of Siam, but not lo good 
 as thofe of Ceylon. 
 
 The iron wood which grows here furniflies anchors. 
 There is likewifea wooii as light as fir, and ol the 
 fame colour, but more lit tor carving, as it always 
 flands the chilld. 
 
 The chief grain ufed heie is ricc; but wheat is fomc- 
 timcs town upon the land that the inundation does not 
 
 extend 
 
 'if' .■')■&!- 
 
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 4 
 
 f. 
 
 252 
 
 extend to. This is watered by fmall channels cut 
 through the fields. 
 
 The natives rear pulfc and roots in tlicir gardens ; 
 and they have radiihcs, garlic, and potatoes; but no 
 parfnips, carrots, onions or turnips; nor have they 
 any of the kind of herbs that uc make u(e of in 
 Europe. 
 
 Of Howers here are tubcrofes, jeflamins, gilly-flow- 
 crs, trii olets, aniaranthuf's.&c. but thel'c havenot the 
 fragrance of the Europe. ,n Ho\i crs. Oranges, lemons, 
 citrons, and pomegranates, grow here, but no other 
 fruit K' own in Europe. Here are mangollans, tama- 
 rinds, bananas, ananas, mangos, durians, &i . 
 
 Thcaniinals here arc tygers, elephants, hoi ics.oxcn, 
 buttalos, Ihecp, and goats. There are fome hares, but 
 no labbits. .As to deer, there is a great plenty of 
 them. 
 
 The birds are peacocks, doves, pigeons, partridges, 
 fnipes, parrots, fparro\vs,and various i.thers. A bird, 
 called the Noktho, is a very rcn-iarkable one: it is 
 larger than an oftrich, and has a bill near three feet 
 in length. 
 
 The infects are white ants, marin-gowins,or gnats, 
 millepedes or palmer-worms, iicc. 
 
 In rilling their land the Siamcfc employ both oxen 
 and butialos. Thcfe they guide by a cord run through 
 the griftle of the nolesoftheanimals, wirha knot on 
 each fide, that it may not Hip: it alio palFcs through a 
 hole or ring at the head of the machine ufed forplow- 
 ing. Nothing can be more limplc than this plough : 
 it confills of tliree pieces of wood; one is a long beam, 
 which ferves for the draught-tree or pole ; another is 
 crooked, ferving for the handle; the third is a ftrong 
 Ihort piece fafteiied underneath at the end of the han- 
 dle; and it is this which bears the ihare. The wi;olc 
 ii fixed together by leathern thongs. 
 
 SECTION iir. 
 
 Petfons, Dtr/s, Manrii'rs, Ciijhvn, Maniag^fS, Fune- 
 ral Cnrmonits, (sr. of ibc Sutivcs. 
 
 THE nativcsnf thiscouiitryarcof fniall flature, and 
 well proportioned : their complexions are tawny, 
 and both fcxes have broad fates: their eyes are fniall, 
 their mouths hirpe, their lips thick, their nofes iliort, 
 and their jaw; h<illow. Their hair is black, thick, and 
 lank : each lex has it cut fo ihort as to reach only to 
 the top ot their ears, which are particularly large. 
 Hoth n^cn and \v omen dye their teeth black. The 
 great nun arc (aid to paint their legs blue, but the 
 ladies never ufe any paint at all. 
 
 The drefs of people of diflinction is a piece of ca- 
 lico or iilk, about t\u) ells and a half long, which 
 reaches to their knees. Great oflicers and placemen 
 wear, befides, a mullin Ihirt, as a fort of veil. 
 The king wears a veil of brocaded fattin under his 
 Hiirt, with lleeves rcai hiiig to his « rills. 
 
 I'lonithe Mahoiiuians arolc the ufe of popufhcs 
 or flippers, a kind of pointed ihoe, without either 
 quarter or heel, whu h they leave at the doois of the 
 houfcs they enter, 10 avoid foiling the rooms. They 
 approve of hats for travelling ; though very few co- 
 ver their heads from the fun's heat, except en rivers, 
 v\herethe relraCtioii may be too violent. 
 
 The natives of .Siam, in general, are remarkabh 
 (lean and neat: tliey bathe three or fiur times a day, 
 and peifiime themfclvcs. 'ihey walh liieir hair with 
 water and fweet oil, and keep their bl;ii k dved tectii as 
 • lean as poliiblc. They apply a pom ituni 10 their 
 lips to render them pale; tor pale hps and black 
 teeth are the marks ot delicacy and beauty. 
 
 Thofe of the women as do notchoofe to bathe have 
 water poured upon them. They never go quite naked 
 into a river, the idea ot iniiimy in the lex being allixed 
 10 nakednils ; nor can a greater allront be ollered to 
 a Siamefe lad) , than the introducing any obfcene 
 i.onverfation. 
 
 The Siamefe have very clear ideas, and are ex 
 tremcly fmart in converfation. 1 hev are bv n?.-' -'■ 
 kind and complaifant, though rather haughtv uliii^ 
 too much fubmiflion is ihewn them. Thcv aShd 
 both drunkcnncfs and adultery, and a finccre affce 
 tion fubiifts between men and their wives, whobnin" 
 up their otfs|)ring to be as temperate, modell, ohiiirl 
 ing, and alFecfionateas thenifelves. They ;ue pu- 
 tial to the curtoms of their ancellors, and littk aJ, 
 mire the curiolities of foreign countries. Thev'arr 
 timorous, carclefs, inetolent, and have an avcrli'o'i 
 to the fpiUing of human blood. 
 
 Rice and filli arc their ufual food. The fea yiekh 
 them very excellent filh of all kinds. Thev Jww 
 tine lobllers, delicate little turtles, and fmall (n(fi-:,s 
 betides a variety of Hlh that the Europeans are unac- 
 quainted with. 1 lere, too, are very line river iiih 
 particularly eels. They, however, prefer dr\ lh'[ 
 fiih, even though it llinks; and they eat niicej rat , 
 locufls, and lizai'ls. 
 
 They are fo > loderate, that a pound of rice, whuh 
 co(h about at'arthing, with a little liilt lilh.of lui 
 greater value, will terve a Siamefe the whole dav. 
 Their laucc is >nly a little water, mixed with (pK\-< 
 or herbs. Thi / have a favourite dilli called ba-li- 
 chaun,made( t fmall tilhreduccdtoamalh. ThcvdrinK 
 arrack, which is very cheap, or clfe common watir. 
 
 When tiiey receive company they drink tea, hu: 
 do not put lugar into their cups, as wedo; they pi;:, i 
 bit of fugar-candy into their mouths, and tip th,' tui. 
 
 Great tubordination is ohferved here. Scr>ani< 
 and ilaves, when in the prel'ence of their fuperioiv, 
 mufl never ftand, but kneel, or tic on their hrcls, 
 with their heads inclined a little, and their haiiih 
 raifed to their Ibreheads. When inferior people p:if* 
 their fuperiors in the Iheet, they bow the bod\, |oiii 
 their hands, and raife them to their heads. In vi- 
 iits, an inferior prottrates himfeif, an^l never fpenrs 
 till fpoken to by the perlbn to whom he makis il-.c 
 vitit; for the perfon of fuperior rank mull aWx. 
 fpeak lirll. The viiited offers his plate to the viii- 
 tant, and prefents him with fruit, betel, i\:c. 
 
 I'hc right hand is looked upon as more honourab'v' 
 than the left; and that part of a room oppoliti thi- 
 door is always ottered toa vilitor. It there be nun ii 
 company, they are all feated according to their ic- 
 fpective ranks in life. 
 
 Notwithllanding their general ceremonies, the Si. 
 amele are, in fome inlhances, rather indecent; In 
 they bel.:h without reltraint, and wipe off the Ivmi: 
 from their faces with their fingers. 
 
 The chddrcn have much dojditv, and iiitural 
 fweetnefs of dilpoiition. 'I'hey are inlfructid to 
 exprefs great modelh' in every action, and all poKi 
 ble fubmitlion to their fuperiors. I'arents are tiie 
 more careful in the education of tboir childien, as 
 as ihey are accounttible for their offences. 
 
 Their method of travelling is ridingon th.e biillaln, 
 the o\, and the ele|>hant. i'Acry perlbn has an ii'i- 
 limited privilege to hunt and take a wild eleph;ini, 
 but he mud not kill him. Tlie female is cmplo.ed 
 in coiimion ules, and the male is trained for war. 
 
 I'erlbns of rank alto ride in chair-' h fedans, unirli 
 arc fquare, w iih flat leais plated on . crs, and are ear- 
 ried on mens thoulders. 'i"o fome there are eight inci, 
 to othcis four. I he Europeans have the privilege ei 
 riding in palanquins, or canopied couches, cairiiJi.i 
 n>ens Ibouldeis. Uinbreliasare no:a!lowed bi't m In h 
 natives as l-.ave tl.e king's royal fanctionfor thein. 
 
 Daughteisare lure iliipofed of in marriage ar a \i;'. 
 early age. It the |)aiciits of the maiden appro. e nt her 
 lover, ti-icyconliilt an attrologcr, after the match li:i' 
 been propofal by a \M)inan ;idvanced in years, lli' 
 lortiine-ti.ller is to inform them whether the match will 
 be happy or not; that is, in fad, he is to know wi.e- 
 tlier the man be opulent or not; for liich is ;hcd.'lf")- 
 tilm of the government, that individual ; are o!ili.;'d '.0 
 hide iheir wealth. If the anfwcr of the altf.)lo;vr tic 
 
 favour.' Lit 
 
ASIA.] S I A M; 
 
 favourable, the lover makes three formal vlfits to his 
 niifta-rs. On the third vifit the relations of the parties 
 meet, when the young 1 .dy's portion ic paid, and the 
 niirriai^e is looked upon as fully con'^)lctcd, without 
 further ceitmony, for the prcfent. However, a few 
 days afterwards the new-married co.ple arc fprinkled 
 with water appropriated for that pu pofe, and prayers 
 arc olfcrcd to heaven for their felicity . T'.ic wedding 
 is then celebrated with fcalting, dancing, and mudc, 
 at the houfc of the bride's father. 
 
 Although men have the liberty of marrying fevcral 
 wives, very few, except the higher clalil-s, marry more 
 than one; and th.s is done lather for grandeur and Hate, 
 than tVoni moiw , of cither convenience or regard. 
 
 Anion;^fi: the oidinary clafs, women work here for 
 their hulbanris, and maniain them during the while 
 time tliey aie in the fervice of the prince, which is 
 about fix months in the year. They till the land, buy 
 and fell goods, and do other ncceflary bufinefs. 
 
 Divorce IS here tolerated, on condition that the huf- 
 band rcllorcs to Ids wife the portion flic brought him. 
 In this cafe the children are dividz-H cquali/ between 
 thcdifunitingparties.vhoareat liberty tonar/y again 
 as foon as they pleafe. 
 
 'll-,eirdead here are buried in lacquered coffins: thefe 
 they place upon a tabletill every nccellkry jircparation 
 is made for the funeral. In the mean time they light 
 uptapers.andburn perfumes. Thetalapoins, orpriefts, 
 adbmble, and fing itanzas, for which they are well re- 
 quited by the relations of the deceafcd. The corps, 
 in proper time, is taken into the fields to be burnt. '11 i 
 pile is made nea fome temple, in a fcjuarc fpot of 
 ground fenced with bamboo. The body is decorated 
 with guilt and Ifained paper, reprefentatives of birds 
 flowers, fruits, &:c. which arc for the u(c of the dc- 
 ccafed in the other world, where fuch emblems are 
 fiippofed to be animated and realized. 
 
 Various inftruments of folemn mufic attend the pro- 
 cclfion of the corps to the funeral pile, and the mourners 
 are all drefled in white. 
 
 When they arrive at the place of interment, the body 
 is taken out of the coffin, and laid on the pile ; then the 
 priclls fing, and a fire-work is foon played off. About 
 noon(rorit isinthe morning the dead are thus carried; 
 the [iile is fet fire to, and the aflies o( the dcccafed are 
 afterwards depofited in fome part of the temple. 
 
 The poorer fort of people do not burn the bodiesof 
 their deceafcd relations, but either privately inter them, 
 orelfe expofe themon a fcaffold in the open field, where 
 thcyare devoured by birds of prey. 
 
 The Talapoins or priclls teach the doclrineoftranfmi- 
 gration, and inculcate many tenets equally abfurd and 
 paradoxical. They allow foreigners, however, the 
 pradiccofall religions. 
 
 The principles of the Siamefc morals arc reduced to 
 five negative precepts. 
 
 The firlt precept, " kill nothing," is extended to 
 vegetables and feeds, as well as animalsj becaufe they 
 believe the Iced contains the plant, or is only theplant 
 iilclf under a cover. The perfon, therefore, who keeps 
 the precept inviolate, can live folely upon fruit, which 
 they confidrr only as part of a thing that has life, and 
 which thing does not fiiffer by having its fruit plucked 
 from it: but in eating the fruit, the kernel mull not be 
 dcvound, as being a feed. The precept even forbids 
 the dcflruition of any thing in nature; diey believe, 
 that to break a branch of a tree, is like breaking the 
 arm of an innocent man, and ofl'ends the foul of the tree; 
 but when once the fbid has been diflodged fioin an/ 
 body, they think there is no crime in feeding upon the 
 latter. They have methods of evading many of the 
 rules ordained by their religion. 
 
 The fecond precept, " fical nothing," is mofiflrii'l- 
 ly and religioully obferved, as is the third generally, 
 " commit no iinjiurity." The fourth, " lie not, nor 
 flandcr," is enforced w ith great warmth and zeal by 
 the talapoins, and obferved, as much as the frailty of 
 the human heart will admit, by their difciplcs. The 
 Nu. ij. 
 
 2«3 
 
 fifth and iafl precept, " drink no intoxicating liquors," 
 prohibits not only thediinkingflrong liquors toexceU, 
 but even the drinking them at all. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Account of the Talapoins and Talapoincffcs. 
 
 THERE are two clafTes of the talapoins, thofe of 
 the woods, and thofe of the towns; but as any 
 perfon who is learned may become a talapoin, he who 
 mclines to enter into the brotherhood firft applie'> pro- 
 perly for admifrion,and then afTumcs their habit which 
 is a garment of various colours. 
 
 A talapoin is never fuffered to intermeddle in any 
 but religious affairs; nor mull be, if avaricioufly in- 
 clined, in the leaft fliew it: he niuft never adorn hi? 
 apparel, or betray any particular fondnefs for women. 
 Thefpirit oftheiiiflitution of his order is rolcada 
 iifc oi devotion and penitence for the fins of other peo- 
 ple. They fubfift entirely upon alms, and are conflrain- 
 ed fo long as they continue to follow their profeffion, 
 '•o live fingle, on p:.'... of being burnt. 
 
 Thefe fathers educate children, and at every new and 
 full moon expound the principle sof their religion in the 
 :mples. When the rivers I'well, they preach confiant- 
 ly every day, both morning and afternoon, till the in- 
 undation fubfides. They relieve each other, and fit 
 crofs-legged, in a hign Ifate chair; and when each con- 
 cludes his fermon, the jieople give him alms: fo that 
 thofe who arc induftriousin preaching foon become rich. 
 
 After 1 ;ivelt, the talapoins of the towns go every 
 night, for three weeks fucceffively, to watch in the 
 fields, under little huts, and in the day return and fieep 
 in their cells, near the temples. In the center of their 
 temporary habitations fluids the hut of a fiiperior. 
 
 At d;''> 11 of day the talapoins rife and wafli thcn'.felves. 
 They then attend their luperior to the temple, and 
 fpend two hours in prayer and tinging hymns, which 
 are engraved in the Bali tongue upon long and broad 
 leaves. Both the talapoins and the people proihatc 
 thenifelves three times upon entering as well as leaving 
 the temple. The objeil of their homage is a great idol 
 in the building. When fervice is over the prielts go 
 and beg alms in the ftreet. Their begging is of a pe- 
 culiar nature : they have an iron bowl in a piece of linen, 
 which they throw acrofs their fliouiders, by means of a 
 cord, and then fix thenifelves at fome door, without 
 opening their lips. The people, however, generally 
 give them fomething, and, with whatever they get 
 they repair to ihe temple, to make an ottering of it to 
 the idol. Afierbreaktuft they apply thenifelves to flu - 
 dy, and the inflrudion of their jnipils. In the after- 
 noon they fleep; and towards night, after fpending t\^o 
 hours in prayer and linging, they refrefli thenifelves 
 with fome fruit, and retire to their natural rclh 
 
 The fiiperior is called Chaw Vat, or a lord of the 
 convent. The highefl, however, in ottice, is the San- 
 krat, who ordains the talapoins, as our bifliops do their 
 priefls. 
 
 The talapoins have great privileges granted them. 
 Among othersthcy arc exempt from lervices under the 
 king, who therefore, lelt they btxiune too numerous 
 caules them to be exainiiied at particular times, as to 
 their kiiou ledge of the Ban language, and ol the holy 
 writings. If they are not deemed lulficicmlv learned, 
 he reduces them to a I'ecul ir date. 
 
 The talapoineffcs are nuns v( h.o live with the tahqioinS 
 in the fame convents, « hich convents arc a number of 
 tingle houfes fr.inding upon baiuboo pillars, atafmall 
 dillancc from each other. 
 
 Though the tidapoincffes refidcwith the men in the 
 fame convents, yet, as they arc never admitted till they 
 are old, there is no apprcbciuion of a criminal con- 
 nexion. 
 
 Every perfon who goes to a convent goes there en- 
 tirely by choice, an'J has liberty to leave it whenever he 
 or ftie pitafes. 
 
 S n- SECTION 
 
 » \\l \ 
 
 iliU 
 
 ■ S' \\ 
 
»j^ A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY 
 SECTION V. 
 
 i/ift*, 
 
 I 
 
 7hc Lazvs cf Sum, Manner of Trial, and Nature of 
 Punijbmenl. 
 
 THE governor of every province of Siam is vcftcd 
 with the (oie command, both in civil and military 
 concerns. The la« s enjoin an unlimited obedience 
 from children to their parents, and fubjecl the former 
 entirely to the jiirifdidion of the latter. 
 
 Some of then- punilliments are equitable and rational, 
 
 others ridiculous and barbarous. That for robbery is 
 
 the being i.blis'ed topay double the value of the effects 
 
 ftolen, or the iuffei ing corporal puniflmient, ;i> the dc- 
 
 inqucnt may perhaps have no effects to com^i,-nfate. 
 
 He who wrongfiii'y keeps polRfiion oi'another man's 
 cftate is confidercd m the light of a thief or robber; 
 fo that when ejecled by law, he is not only obliged to 
 give up the inheritance to 's right owner, but alfo to 
 pay, exdulively, the full value of fuch elbtc; half of 
 which goes to the party injured, and the other half to 
 the judge who tries the caufe. 
 
 'i hole convicted of rebellion are ripped up alive. 
 Thofeof treafon or murder are trampled to death by 
 elephants. If a great man of the court be detected in 
 embezzling any of the royal trcafure,they |X)ur melted 
 lead or mjlted metal down his throat. OmiiTions in a 
 general execution of ordcis arc puiiilhcd by cutting 
 the head v\ ith a fword, called pricking the head, as if 
 to punilli the memory. The ballinado is fometimes 
 cxercifed in a very rigorous manner. Almofl the 
 fmallell appear.\ncc of guilt confirms the crinrc; and to 
 be actiifed is nearly enough to render a man culpable. 
 When a perfon, however, d.ligns to profccute another, 
 he is obliged to draw up a petition, in which he flates 
 his complaint, and prcfents it to the Nai, or chief, 
 who corn cys it to the governor of the province in 
 which the offence w is committed. When every thing 
 is prepared for trial, the parties have fummonfcs lent 
 them to ni.tke their pcrfonal appearance in court,w here, 
 merely by way of form, they are adviild to compro- 
 mife matt< rs. At length, howevei', tii-- governor fixes 
 upon a day foraP parties to attend again, and on this 
 day, if fullkien'. tertimonics are not produced as to 
 matter of fae't.ard admiffibledcfcnces made, both plain- 
 t;ff and defendant are conftrained to walk upon red- 
 hot coals, and he who cfcapes unl 'nt is looked upon 
 to be innocent. In fome cal'es the iurtics are obliged 
 to puL iheir hands into boiling oil; and in both thefe 
 •irdeal trials, by lone dexterous management, one or 
 th.' other of the pari'es is faid to remain unhurt. 
 
 A I'rench writer rttatcs, that a Ercnchman from 
 w'lom a Sianulc had lh)len fome tin, not having fuf- 
 f Cleat proo;' to convict hini, wasadvifedto put his 
 hand into a tot of boiling oil, with this alluiance, that 
 •f he was jiifl \\\ his accuf.tum, I'.ie oil could not pof- 
 iibly hurt him. The Ireiichman agreed to the trial, 
 but almoff confumed his hand, whillt the Siamefe, 
 who had readily fubmitted to the fame proof, diew his 
 h.;nd out of the oil unhui t. 
 
 1 i'.'Tc is alfo a prool in this country, by pbcing the 
 parties under waiei, and hj who can remain there 
 longelt is CuppoR I to be innocent. Sometimes emetic 
 pills are adininille.ed, and he who can keep them on his 
 itomach without vcmitmg is looked upon as guiltlefs. 
 " Thefe trials ( fays un author; are made in the prefence 
 of the kingand magifiraies; and ii fometimes happens 
 that the tormer caiifcs both plainiiti'and defendant to 
 be tli.o.. .iio tygers, and if either of the perlbns has 
 tl'.f good loitune to eleape, he is deemed innocent." 
 
 Appeals are frrqiiently made from one province to 
 anotlurj and the prelidciit of the tribunal, in the city of 
 Siam, can rtvcrfe a judgment given in any of them, 
 except the provinie appeals to the king; It) that where 
 the parties are opulent, a fuit is fometimes very tcdioi's 
 and expenlive : and w hen the pocrer fort of people have 
 f()imiilul)le adverfarics tocope with, their innocence is 
 but a llender Ihicid to them. .Suits ought always to 
 end in three days, but fume lalt as ntiiny years. 
 
 Having fpoken of the puniffiment inHiifted for trea- 
 fon, we liiall add a quotation from an author wl-o 
 treat*of the trial of Captain Hamilton for that ollcncc 
 at Siam, in the year 1719. 
 
 " In 1719, Captain Hamilton being at Siam, and 
 converfing with OyaSennerat, a man in power, about 
 fome alteration in the Englifh treaty of commerce, Imp. 
 nened to fay, that " the king had been impofed on." 
 Now it feems that the merely faying that the king of 
 Siam can in any thing be deceived is treafon. The 
 captain was therefore in a few d.iys taken into eultody, 
 and brought to a court of juftice, where Oya Scnncrat' 
 appeared againlt him, and brought as evidence one 
 Collifon, who affirmed he had heard the captain nttei 
 the words in the Indoflan language : but Collifon bei;i, 
 aiked by the judge if he underrtoixl that language, anil 
 the former acknowledging he did not, the captain was 
 acquitted. Had he been convicted, he would jvue 
 been immediately executed on the fpot, the eleolmnt'i 
 being ready." 
 
 Crimes of an inferior nature are ufualiy puniflicd in 
 a very equitable manner: for lying, the mouth isfew- 
 ed up. A cheat is obliged to ■'valk about fevcral davs 
 with a fmall wix)den pillory about his neck: and one 
 who is guilty of affauking another with a malicious in- 
 tent is fentenced to be (juickfet, il.it 's, fet in thv 
 grounil up to the flioulders, and his head fe."rely hiil- 
 fetted ab(nit. in thefe rational punilhmcnts ilrict t- 
 quity feems to deal her judgments with impartiality. 
 
 In Siam, as well as other places, favour niav he 
 bought. Equity is frequently facrified to a hr.hi, 
 and the finiles of the law are difpofcd of to the belt 
 bidder. 
 
 Laws bear the name, but money has the jw.ver : 
 The caufe is bad whene'er the client's poor. 
 Thofe ftricT:-liv'd men, that feem above our world, 1 
 Are oft t(X) niodeft to rcfift our gold; > 
 
 h(\ judgment, like our other wares, is fold; J 
 
 And the grave knight that nods utxin the laws, 
 Wak'd by a fee — Hems! anei apprcves the caufe." 
 
 One ex-ccllent cuffom, however, prevails here, 
 which is, that none are permitted to upbraid a delin- 
 quent w itn Ills offence, after he has futVered the fentcn.c 
 of the law. Nay, the crime is fo littlerhought of, atui 
 the piinifliment has been inflicted, th;it the peilon n 
 carclfed as much as ever; and an oflender, who is one- 
 day in the utmoft difgrace, may the next be advanced 
 to the higheO dignity. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 Languages, and Skill in the Sciences, 
 
 IN this country there are two languages fpoken, tb- 
 Siamefe and the Bali. The former conlilts cbit iH 
 of manofyllables, that have neither conjugation or dt- 
 clenlion. I'he latter is the learned language. 
 
 Arithmetic i;^ much ffudied here. In it they ufe tin 
 figures, as we do, and are very ready in calling i;;'Ji.- 
 counts. 
 
 Oratory is not much cultivated; nor have they tbr 
 art of printing among them: books are engraved wiib 
 an iron pencil 
 
 Of philofoj>ay they have very (lender conception- 
 and as to the laws of their country, thefe they do m- 
 fliidy, unlefsjila'ed in fome oflice where a kiiottled;> 
 of tiicm is eflentia'ly requiJite. 
 
 They know nothing of allronomy, but think tli.u 
 cclipfes arcoccafioned by a mighty dragon ready loilt- 
 flroy both the fun and v lOon, and therefore make a grcu 
 noilc with brafs pans, fire, to frighten away the monlKr 
 They believe the earth o be fquare, on the extreniitn-J 
 of which the arch of the firmament refts. 
 
 Their calendar has been rcgulatedtwice byablc Euro- 
 pean allronomers.Vr ho have taken two remarkable ep»- 
 chas ; the firfl rcferj to the years 545 before Chrilt j ih-' 
 fecond to the >.-. ii'i^ afta Chrill. Their year they 
 
 diviJ^' 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 divide into three feafo 
 of November or Dec 
 but judge of the timi 
 watches for the night 
 lace there is an holloi 
 in; and this, fet upoi 
 it finks juft as the ho 
 pcrfons about the pa 
 hilbns, to proclaim 1 
 
 No affai rs of con fee 
 out a previous conful 
 learned fa^re, in the f 
 
 There are fome ph 
 nwft aft w ith great c 
 the king or royal tan 
 are feverely cudgeled 
 fudorifics. Their w 
 uling certain receipts 
 cellois. I'hey fome 
 very feldoiii emetics, 
 anddyfenteries; and 
 havock anoiigft ther 
 cure, they lay he is < 
 
 .\n author, fpeaki 
 know nothing of chv 
 affeei it; and fome 
 king of Siam once fp 
 of the philofophcr's 
 
 Their mufical inll 
 with three firings, ai 
 drums and copper bi 
 by any kind of notes 
 that makes a very ha 
 
 On the king's goir 
 attending him, the {\ 
 fed upon an Europe; 
 
 SEC 
 
 Pizi'er, Palace, Giuiri 
 dants rf I be King. 
 Navy, and Rcvenui 
 
 HAUGHTIN?^1SS 
 guifhingcharaci 
 is almoff adoieii b 
 when in council, nev 
 but upon their knees 
 edifice, fituatedonan 
 to a city, foextenlivt 
 p\ raniids, iVc. This 
 I'll r.h fide of the cii) 
 is liirrounded by thre 
 bctw ecn each vval 
 queen are in the inne 
 ral elegant gudens. 
 felves or entering or 
 
 Hismajefty has a 
 are nati> es of Laos a 
 partly of the natives 
 '1 hele horfe-guards 
 {joes abroad: but it 
 iiiffeied to be withii 
 
 The llablesofth.e 
 firll cnclolurcofthe 
 by the king, and att 
 has the moll hono 
 greater refpeCt. 1 h 
 on when taken out o 
 an opinion, that th 
 louls that formerly 
 nious men. The 
 elepha'U, from a not 
 foul of Ibmc priiici 
 king of the white i 
 the king of Pegu d 
 
 Ladies only area 
 ty in his bedchamb 
 
 
ill the Scintcf) 
 
 iiiry, iiiiii; 1-1^7 »•>■ ■■■• 
 
 ASIA.] S I A M. 
 
 divide into three fcafons, hcj»i lining it at the firft moon 
 of Novcinbcr or December. They have no clocks, 
 but judge ot the time by the fun. Ihcy ha' e four 
 untches for the night : and in a court of the royal pa- 
 late there is an hollow veffel with a fmall hole there- 
 in; and this, fct upon water, gradually lets it in, till 
 it (inks juft as the hour expires; and then pai icular 
 pcrfons about the paliice llrikc loudly upon copper 
 balons, to proclaim the expiration of the hour. 
 
 No aH'airsofconfequence are ever undertaken with- 
 out a previous confultation with fome prophetic and 
 learned fa^re, in the fublimc fciencc df agronomy. 
 
 There are fome phyficians among them; but tlicfe 
 niiift aft with great caution; for if they jjrefcribe for 
 the king or royal i'amily, and do not give lel ef, they 
 are fcvercly cudgeled. They cure mod difeal'es by 
 fiidorifics. Their whole pradice of ph' fic conlillsin 
 uiing certain receipts, handed do«n troin ttieir an- 
 ccftois. I'hey fometimes prefcribe purgatives, but 
 vcrv felJom emetics. The chief difcafes are fluxes 
 anJdyfenttrics; and the una') pox often makes great 
 havock aiTOiigft them. VVhen a patient is palt all 
 cure, they fay he is enchanted. 
 
 An author, fpeakingof thefe pco()Ie, fays, "They 
 know nothing of chvmiflry, though tiiey padionatcly 
 artecl it; and fome boait of profound fecrcts. A 
 kintr of Slam once fpent a prodigious fum in fcarch 
 of the philofophcr's Hone." 
 
 Their mufical inllruments are a kind of violin, 
 with three firings, and a ilirill hautboy; alfo little 
 drums and copper bafons; but ncithir play nor fing 
 by any kind of notes. They have alfo a trumpet, 
 that riiakcs a very harlh noife. 
 
 On the king's going out, and the whole royal band 
 attending him, the founds have an extraordinary ef- 
 fect upon an European car. 
 
 SECTION vir. 
 
 Prx'cr, Paltue, Guards, Klephants, tiiui Female Atlcn- 
 daitts f.f ibc King. His aiiimul rvoajions, drmy. 
 Navy, and Revenues. 
 
 HAUGHTINESS and defpotifm arc the diftin- 
 guilhiiigcharadcrifticsofihckingofSiani. He 
 is almoit adored by his fuhjcits. Even liis iiiinillcrs, 
 when in council, never mult prefume to (peak to hin 
 but upon tlieir knees. His palace is a molt fplendid 
 edifice, lituated on an eminence, and may be compared 
 to a city, focxtcnlivc is it, and fogianti are its feveral 
 pyramids, iSic. This fupcrb pile, which ttands on the 
 m r:h fide of the tit) of Siam, and is built with biick, 
 isfurroundtd by tiirce encloCiires, and fpacious courts 
 betw ecu each wall. The apartments of the king and 
 queen are in the innerr.iolt court, which includes feve- 
 ral elegant gndens. The people always proftrate them- 
 felves or entering or quittini^ this inner court. 
 
 His ma jcfly has al il> t wo bodies of horfc-guards, who 
 are nati\cs of Laos and M.'en; and a third, compofed 
 partly of the natives ot Indoftan and Chinefe Tartary. 
 Thcfe horfe-guards always attend his niajefty when he 
 goes abroad: but it nnill be obferved, they arc never 
 lulfered to be v( ithin the palace gates. 
 
 The Itables of the befl elephants and horfes arc in the 
 firll cnclolurc of the royal palace : the former are named 
 b) the king, and attended with great care: th:it which 
 has the molt honourable name is treated with the 
 greater rclpeCt. They have alwa/.; their rich trappings 
 on when taken out of the itables; iind the people have 
 an opinion, that tliel'e (agacicus animals poflefs the 
 louls that formerly lived in tlic bodies of great and fa- 
 mous men. The king will never rule upon a white 
 clepha"t, from a notion (hat it is animaitd with the 
 foul of Ibme prince. 1 lis majelty, however, is (tiled 
 king of the white elephant; a title, however, which 
 the king of Pegu difpiites with him. 
 
 Ladies only arcallowed toattend his Siamefc majcf- 
 ty in his bedchamber , they drefs and und-ifs him, ex- 
 
 cept indeed putting on his night cap, which he docs 
 himfelf, as nobody muft touch his head. His provi- 
 fions are drefftd by females alfo, who wait on him at 
 table, after fome little ceremony between them and the 
 eunuchs, with regard to bringing in the dilhes. 
 
 The eldeft fon of the queen does not always fuccccd 
 to the crown, but generally the cldert fon of the king, 
 by the fir(t concubine that brings him a child. Daugh- 
 ters never inherit the throne. 
 
 The king, when he goes abroad, cither rides upon 
 an elephant, moft richly caparifoned.or is carried in a 
 grand chair. Once a year he palTes through the city, 
 with a numerous train of elephants, and bnnds of mufic. 
 The populace, during the proceflion, fall proftrate at 
 the approach of his majcfty, and rife, afte.- he has paifed 
 them, to gaze at him. 
 
 His majcfty alfo fticws himfelf once a year on the 
 river in a grand balon, covered with a rich canopy ; 
 fcvti?) thoufand other balons arc (ten upon the water 
 at the lame time, forming a moft elegant light. He 
 is rowed to a temple on the oppofite lliore, where the 
 priefts pray for him, and prelent him with a couple of 
 yards of cotton cloth, fpun and woven on that day. 
 At fun-fet he leaves the temple, and is rowed back 
 to the palace. 
 
 An author, fpeaking of the king of Siam's water 
 proccdion, fays, " his rcafon for honouring the rivtr 
 and his people at this time is to forbid the water nf- 
 ing above (uch an height, or to con., me increafiiig 
 above fuch a number of da) s: however, it often dilo- 
 beys his majefty's commani'.s." 
 
 No officer or other pcrfoii muft ever prefume to ap- 
 proach the king in his royal apartment, without a pre- 
 vious order given him: this is a law made for the 
 prince's fafoty. 
 
 Nor muft the f^reat officers vifit each other private- 
 ly; the vifit muft be on fome public occafion ; and 
 they muft always i'peak loud, fo as :o be heard; for if 
 they fpeak in a low tone of voice, it is fufpected they 
 areconfpiringagainft the ftate. 
 
 Though it ishii;h tre,il()n ti- ("ay the king can be de- 
 ceived, yet he is often and catuy deceived; for all in- 
 formers aredifhoncft, and the Indian princes h)ve to 
 be flattered; the courtiers conceal their real (i:ntiments 
 from their prince, and the prince conceals his own from 
 them: they muft never prtliime to point out any error 
 the fovercign has committed, or be fo bold as to tell 
 him tiiat it is imponibletocxecute what he commands} 
 they therefore implicitly obey him, and if they mif- 
 carry, cxcufethc nufcarriage afierwarJs in the gcntlcft 
 terms. 
 
 The common people live in much greater fecurity 
 and hap|)inefs than the nohility and officers of the 
 crown; tor honours here never lead to happincfs, but 
 to anxiety, dread, and a ptipetual dilturbance of miitd. 
 " The common people, lays a lefpedable author, enjoy 
 pleafures which their fuperiors are ftrangersto; noi' in- 
 deed are rhey fb liable to be opprefled as the fubjeds 
 of foni." ether countries, free actcfs to the throne be- 
 inr; alwavs had when complaints are to be made." 
 
 The Suimefeorder of encampment and battle i'^ thus: 
 the army arra.?;''-'S itfell in three lines, and each line is 
 compofed ofhive great fquare batallions, the king be- 
 ing in the cf iner one. The nine batallions thus form- 
 ed, each has (ixrceamalc elephants in the rear, accom- 
 paniett by two females, bclide others of thole animals 
 tbrcar'.ying baggage, &.c. The Siamcfe rely much 
 on th'ir elephants, who, when they are wounded, of- 
 ten t.irn back on their mailers, and throw the whole 
 army into difordcr. 
 
 The engagement begins with a difchargc ofartillcr/, 
 with which they have been fupplied by the Portugucfc, 
 and then they exercife their arrows, but never come to 
 a clofe "ngagement. 
 
 An author fays, " the armies of Siam, and indeed 
 all ti.; neighbouring countries who hold ;hc metcm])fy- 
 cholisor trandi.igratioii of (buls, bufy tht.r'.felvcs only 
 in making Haves; and the ufiial way among them of 
 
 waging 
 
 J 'f I 
 
256 
 
 A N^.W, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 #' 
 
 ■N 
 
 ,1 ' 
 
 wjging war, is to invade each other's dominions in 
 diifertnt parts, at the fame time, and to carry off 
 whoh' \ ilhiges into captivity." 
 
 Thi kmg of Siam's navy confifts of about half a 
 dozen > apitai fliips, the crews of which are foreigners ; 
 he has, however, exclufive of thelc, about lixty gallies 
 of war, but they arc fmall, with only one man to an 
 oar, who is obliged to row flanding, the oar being fo 
 Ihort, for lightnefs fake, that if not held perpendicu- 
 larly, it would not touch the water. The king, in his 
 naval expeditions, only makes reprifalson fuch ot his 
 neighbours as injure him in his commerce. His royal 
 batons, or pleafure barges, confift of aboutan hundred 
 and fifty, and are very magnificent. 
 
 The revenues of the kingarife from cultivated landj, 
 Exports and imports, veflcis, gardens, fruits, fines, con- 
 fifcations, ixc. 6ic. His tiealury is immcnfcly rich. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 The Nobility, great Officers of State, and Ambaj[fadori . 
 
 NEITHER dignity of birth, nor extent of poflef- 
 fions, but the prince's favour alone, conftitutc 
 nobility in this country. He fometimes ennobles peo- 
 ple of the very meaneft extraction, provided they nave 
 any particular fervices to recommen J thein. To thefe 
 he gives, as a mark of diftindion, either a goldin or 
 filver boulfette to hotel their betel. 
 
 The king of Siam has many lords, who are peculiar- 
 lyattached to his royal perfon: thcfc always live with- 
 in the palace. Others there are, who arc employed 
 without, to govern atVairs, and prelervegood order 
 among the people. The rank of each nobleman is dif- 
 tinguilhed, when he appears abroad, by the richnefs 
 of his fword, as wtll as other marks of honour. The 
 ladies are alio diftinguiflied in proportion to their re- 
 fpedlive ranks. 
 
 The officers of ftate refiding in the capital muil 
 daily attend in fome part of tTic palace, except they 
 have leave of abfence, on pain ofbeing feverely whip- 
 ped with fplit rattans, which cut deep in thefielh. 
 
 In Siam ambalfadors areconfidered in a very infe- 
 rior light, being deemed only the fpecial mcHengers 
 of the princes whom they rcprcfent. Thofeuhocome 
 from the neighbouring fovereigns, that are dependent 
 on, or connected with, the emperor of Siam, are obliged 
 to prollrate themfelves before him, and advance to- 
 Mards him, creeping on their hands and knees. Am- 
 balfadors from Aliatic monarchs aretrcatcd with fome 
 tritlinp degree of greater refpcct. Hut the European 
 amball.ulors are exempted from many of the ceremo- 
 nials « hich the others are obliged to obftrve. They 
 murt not, however, attempt to open their lips till the 
 emperor has firrt I'poken ; and, when they do fpeak, 
 to be very brief, a long harangue being deemed an 
 egregious infult. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 Dcfcripiion of the City of Siam. 
 
 SIAM, the metropolis of the Siamcfe empire, is in 
 14 deg. north lat. and 101 deg. 5 min. long, its 
 circumference is 10 miles; and many canals, whole 
 fourccs arc in the river Menan, paO through it ; as 
 they are navigable, theconveniency to the inhabitants 
 is very great. The walls are thick and high, built of 
 (tone and bricks, of both which materials fome of the 
 bridges are erected, though molt are built of wood. 
 The only public ftruCtures worth notice are the tem- 
 ples, whicli are fo gilded on the outiide, that the ef- 
 fulgence of the fun-beams, rcfiectcd fromthem, dazzle 
 the eyes of the beholders. In one of the latter, which is 
 a fquarc building, arc 100 idols, placed in niches 
 four feet from the ground. They areas big as life, fit 
 crofs legged, and are all gilt. The figures of dreadful 
 dragons arc placco at the gates of the temples. .'Ml the 
 
 houfes are built of timber or cane, except in one (licet 
 which contains 200 brick dwellings of only one (lory 
 The markets here are well ftojked withcattle.wilil anj 
 tame, rice, fruits, pulfe, roo s, &c. The tiaJecoa- 
 fifts of the admirable gems f.t ^cg-J, (ilvL-r bullion, mi. 
 nufaCtured iron, broad ftanmcl cloth, looking glalfcs 
 &c. China wares arc cheaper than at Bantam. The 
 river will contain vefTels of 400 tons burthen, and di- 
 vides the city into eight parts. 
 
 The walls and floors of the houfes arc of cane mate. 
 rials, covered with mats; the windows arc holes m the 
 lides, which are always open ; the ftair cafes arc lad- 
 ders; the chimnies are apertures in the roof, and thiir 
 fire place is only abafket of earth in the middle of the 
 room. The cattle are kept in the houfes for fear of 
 inundations. The principal pieces of I'urn.ture aic, a 
 fmall couch covered with a mat, whichferves tor a (bt 
 by day, and a bed by night; but when the\ retire to 
 reft, a mattrcfs llutfed withcocton is added in lieu of a 
 bed; many have likewifc a flicet, a quilt and pillow ; 
 the red of thet'urniturc confilfs of lacquered tables, ca- 
 binets with drawers, copper and earthen velfels, chini 
 ware, &c. Bclidcs which, every fiimily has a chcll of 
 working tools. 
 
 The Ibvereign claims fix months labour from all his 
 male f;;bjc;ts; if he is ar. war, they arc inrollcd as foU 
 diers; but it it is a time of peace, they are employed 
 in agriculture, mining, building, filliing, rowing, ice. 
 They arc divided into bands, each of which is under 
 the direction of a proi>eronicer who frequently fupplics 
 their neceilities ijy lending them money, pa) mg their 
 creditors, &c. but this often turns out to his own ad- 
 vantage, as all who are infolvent become his (laves, 
 Thofe who row the emperor's balons, barges, and pon- 
 dolas, arc branded in the wrilts to be peculiarly dillm- 
 giiidied; they arc belter fed than fuch as belonj; ^othc 
 other bands ; but at the fame iime_ they are harder 
 worked and oftncr corrcded. 
 
 Thus all the advantage which from drcfs they gain, 
 Is loll inpuniihmem, and funk 111 pain; 
 While the (lill greater (lav'ry renders crude 
 The tinctt fauces to the daintieft food. 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 Ihjlory of Siam. 
 
 nPHEhirtory of Siam cannot be traced with anyde- 
 -*■ grec of certainty, pre\ious to the year 1 ^oo, nor 
 do the Siamcfe themfelves prc'cnd tc be poUclfed of 
 any ancient records. 
 
 The Portugucfe affirm, that in 151 1, whin they 
 took the city of Malacca, it was governed by an Ara- 
 bian prince, named Mahomet, who was totally indc- 
 ])endtnt of the Siamefe fovereign. l-'rom the above 
 ii-ra nothing remarkable happens till 1640, when the 
 Duteh took Malacca, (which they (till retain) from the 
 Portugucfe. 
 
 In 1648 the general of the Siamcfe troops, being 
 [popular among the (bldiers, and having the army at his 
 devotion, took occalion toquarrcl with his fi)vcreigii in 
 order to dethrone him. This he effected, and deprived 
 his mailer of life, by pounding him to death in a large 
 iron mortar with a wooden pcltle. The fecrctary of 
 llatc was kejjt conlined three years with the Siamcfe 
 piilery about his neck, and was never, during that 
 time, permitted toquit his dungeon, but wlicn he was 
 taken out to be fcveiely lallicd, in order to nuke him 
 accufe fome of the principal people of having accuiiui- 
 lated riches by clandcltinc means, that the iifurper. 
 might have fome pretext 10 plunder them. The ufurper 
 however, enjoyed but little fati.sfaCtion from reigning; 
 as he lived the martyr of guilt and Have of fufpicion \ 
 his crimes incrcafed his fears, and his fears multiplied 
 his crimes, for, while his conic ience tornuiitcd him 
 with the idea ot the murders he had done, the dre.id of 
 being himfell murdered ptomptcd him to commit 
 
 more. 
 
:OGRAPHY. 
 
 nc, except in one (Ircct 
 lings of only one Ibry. 
 ed with cattle, wild and 
 &c. The trade cori- 
 igi;, f.Iver bullion, mu 
 cloth, looking giaircs, 
 than at Bantam. The 
 ) tons burthen, and di- 
 
 loufcs arc of cane mate. 
 indows arc holes m the 
 the ftair cafes arc Ud- 
 s in the roof, and that 
 th in the middle of the 
 the houfcs for fear ot" 
 ieccs of furnturc aic, » 
 , which ferves tbraft-at 
 ut when they retire to 
 ton is added in lieu of a 
 :t, a quilt and pillow ; 
 of lacquered tables, ca- 
 .1 earthen veHlls, china 
 ry lamily has a chcft ol 
 
 iths labour from all his 
 :hey are iiiroUed as foU 
 ce, they are employed 
 ig, fifliing,ro\\iiig, iv:c. 
 ;ach of which is under 
 vho frequently fupplies 
 m money, pa)i:ig their 
 rns out to his ow n ad- 
 ent become his flavcs. 
 jalons, barges, and ijon- 
 to be peculiarly ililbn- 
 n fuch as belong 'o the 
 iimc_ they are harder 
 
 h from drefs they gain, 
 nk in pain ; 
 ■ renders crude 
 eft food. 
 
 N X. 
 
 he traced with any de- 
 
 to the year i soo, nor 
 
 :nd to be poiUlFed of 
 
 in 151 1, when they 
 13 governed by an Ara- 
 who was totally indc- 
 ign. l-'rom the above 
 ns till 1640, when the 
 icy rtill retain) from the 
 
 Siamcfc troops, being 
 having the army at his 
 el with his fovereign in 
 e effected, and deprived 
 him to death in a large 
 ;le. The fecrctary of 
 ears with the Siacncfe 
 as never, during that 
 gcon, but wlicn he was 
 in order to mike him 
 jple of having accimui- 
 rans, that the uliirper, 
 ider then>. The ufurper 
 ifktion from reigning r 
 ind (lave of fufpicioni 
 nd his fears multiplied 
 jiencc toriiuntcd him 
 had done, the dre.id of 
 iptcd him to coiiunit 
 more. 
 
 ^ 
 
 • *^f 
 
 ^.kn 
 
 44 J :,i| 
 
'*?• 
 
 w 
 
 
«»; 'v 
 
 -H -• 
 
 C 
 
 
 •?'•< 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ••if . .A 
 
 
 • _•* *.' 
 
 
 •VA 
 
 >ii 
 
 % 
 
 / 
 
 «M 
 
 ). dldLau>'''iJ&b4M 
 
 t>4^V#' . 
 
 i'-J^*.:* ^■*'•»^ 
 
, ( 
 
 ( i/il)iir<i^ fiT' ^. ^i//f4(:i.i/iif/yfMt:A/,>/r//ir/ //tftnaA/ttJ . 
 
 liP 
 
 'Ik. 
 
 '.4 
 
 ;' 
 
 i.Torc, and induced hi 
 only be founded on tl 
 
 •' The man who ri 
 «• Lives in a crowil 
 « In vain hispow' 
 •' His guilty thou] 
 " Steal in unfccn, t 
 " Wretched didra^ 
 «• Strikes him with 
 
 SE 
 
 Hamt, Situatkn, Bott 
 
 Waft me! () waft 
 Where dwells the 
 Health, danger, f 
 I from the bottom 
 Anii pant for noth 
 Hail, happy clinu 
 Whofc bowels glov 
 Thy rivers, wealth 
 \N'ith golden fand i 
 To grafp at trcafui 
 Isi there a blefling 
 Ten ample lacks c 
 And freely part wi 
 What's virtue or h 
 When captivating 
 To be a man, and 
 I'll brute conimen 
 
 1 .> 
 
 r 
 
 
 \ 
 
 • * 
 
 
'^. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 more, and imluced hire to fancy that his fecurity could 
 only Isc founded on the blood of thofi: he fufpcCtcd. 
 
 »' The man whorifcson his country's ruin, 
 " Lives in a crowd of toes, hinilclt the chief : 
 " In vain hispow'r, in vain his pompand plcafurcs; 
 " His guilty thoughts, thofe tyrants of the foul, 
 " Steal in uiifcen, and ilab him in his triinnph. 
 " Wretched diilractinj^lbte! when cv'ry objed 
 '• Strikes him with horror, ev'ry thought with fear." 
 
 *' 
 
 H I N D O S T A N. 
 
 
 The above revolution was the ruin of the fa<5lory 
 wliich the French had but a little time before erciied at 
 Bancock. 
 
 The Siamcfe monarch, in 1717, invaded Cambodia 
 with 50,000 men by land, and 20,000 by fca, but pro- 
 ved unfuccefsful in his expedition, which is the moft 
 recent circumllance relative to this country, that can 
 be depe ndcd on as authentic. 
 
 H' 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 HINDOSTAN, or LNDOSTAN, or INDIA PROPER. 
 
 SECTION :. 
 
 Name, Situatkii, Boundaries, Divi/iotts, Rivers, Moun- 
 tains, (Jc. 
 
 HINDOSTAN, or Indortan, the principal, richeft, 
 and moll fertile part of India, is more famed lor 
 its luxuriant, inclbmablc produdions, than any cir- 
 iiiinllances that have been handed ti>)wn by ancient and 
 authentic records. Avarice has, however, at different 
 periods, taught innumerable fordid adventurers to 
 Itudy its geography fword in hand, who have r. )t 
 fcrupled to wade through blcod to glean riches ; anti 
 the bow els of the inhabitants have been ripped open to 
 ionic at the precious products of the bowels of the 
 cart''. The richnefs of the country has been thegrcatell 
 nis.ortune to the natives; their gold fliined, and their 
 diamonds blazed, but to invite robbers to plunder 
 them; and while the heat of the climate, and the de- 
 licious fruits of the earth, killed the effeminate peo- 
 ple into the lethargic flumbers of luxury, they became 
 aneafy prey to thofe who were more fordid and bold, 
 anil had lefs confcicnce than thcmfelves. 
 
 Well may the worldly mifcr pant for thefe regions, 
 and fay, 
 
 Waft me! O waft mc to that diftant (horc, 
 
 Where dwells the precious idol I adore ! 
 
 Health, danger, friends, religious, moral tics, "| 
 
 1 from the bottom of ir.y foul defpife, >• 
 
 And pant for nothing but the glittering prize. J 
 
 Hail, happy clime, whofc bofom gold contains, 
 
 Whofe bow els glow with radiant brilliant veins: 
 
 Thy rivers, wealthy as the Haming mine, 
 
 W'hh golden fand and di'mond pebbles ihine. 
 
 1 o grafp at treafure is aloni- to live: 
 
 lii there a blefling but what wealth can give ? 
 
 Ten ample lacks of dear rupees I'd take, 
 
 And freely part with confcicnce for their fake. 
 
 What's virtue or humanity to me, 
 
 When captivating precious Itoncs I fee? 
 
 To be a man, and poor, will never do: 
 
 I'll brute commence, and be a rich one too. 
 
 India on this fide the Ganges wasancicntly fubjedl to 
 the Perfians j and Alexander the Great puflied his con- 
 ijucfts into India, to the extremity of thofe parts which 
 had been tributary to Uarius. Previous to the time of 
 Alexander, fomc Grecians had travcrfed India in fearch 
 of fcience ; and above 2;jOO years iincc the relebratcd 
 Pilpay there wrote his admirable fables, which have 
 fincc been tranflated into molt of the known languages 
 in the world. 
 
 This extenfive country received its name from the 
 river Indus, and is called by the natives Mogulftan.or 
 the Emi)ire of the Great Mogul. It lies between the 
 Indus jnd the Ganges, which fall into the Indian 
 Ocean, at thediftancc of 400 le;igues from each other: 
 and is bounded by Ulbcc I'artary and Thibet on the 
 No, 34. 
 
 north; by Acham, Ava, and the Bay of Bengal, on 
 the calf; by the Indian Ocean on the fouth; and by 
 the fame fea ami Perlia on the welt. It is (ituatcd be- 
 tween66and92 degrees of call longitude from London, 
 and between the 7th and 40th degrees of north latitude, 
 being 2042 miles long from north to fouth, and upwards 
 of 1 400 broad in the widefl: part from ealf to weft. 
 
 The Mogul empire is divided into feveial provinces: 
 though it cannot be faid the Mogul is fole and abfolute 
 mafter of them all, as there are a number of rajas, .<M 
 petty princes, fovereigns independent of him. "^ 
 
 The north-eaft divilion of India contains the pro- 
 vince of Bengal, as well as Jefual, Naugracut, Patna, 
 Necbol, Gor, and Rotas. The nonh-wcft divifion 
 extends to the frontiers of Perfia, and contains the pro- 
 vinces of Surat, jcfTclmcre, Sinda, Tatta, Bucknor, 
 Maltan, Hercaii, and Cabul. Thefe arc fituatcd on 
 the river Indus. The fouth-eaft coall, orcoaftofCo- 
 romandcl, contains Orixa, Golconda, the eaft fide of 
 Bifnagar, or the Carnatir Madura, and Tanjore, Afrne, . 
 Jengapour, CalTimere, Hendowns, Labor, Agra, 
 Dehli, Gualior, Narvar, Katipore, Chitor, Bcrar, and 
 Crantlilli, arc ikuated in theccnter divifion. Thefouth- 
 weft contains Guzarat, the Decan, and Bifnsgar, or 
 the Carnatic, 
 
 The tropic of Cancer runs through the center of the 
 empire. The fouthcrn part lies within the tor'd zone; 
 yet in the very hottelt part of the year there arc gene- 
 rally rains, which, from about the end of June to No- 
 vember, rcfrelh the earth and cool the air ; the (bowers 
 then, cfpecially in Auguft and September, fallingforfc- 
 veral days without intermilTion, attended with thunder 
 and lightning. Even in the faireft weather they have 
 lightning, though without thunder, for feveral weeks 
 fuccefli^ely; but this lightning never does the fmallcit 
 detriment: thefky at this feafon is clear and ferene, and 
 the earth rcfrelhid with gentle breezes, which, in the 
 mornings and evenings, are extremely agreeable: the 
 heavens have a mort beautiful appearance, and vege- 
 tables fpring forth with incredible forwardnefs. The 
 air is perfumed with the choiceft fn"-s, affording an 
 wholcfome and refrcfliing nourillimcnt, while the trees 
 form a Ihade impenetrable to the rays of the fun. 
 
 The monfoons, or periodical winds, blow iix months 
 in one direction, and iix in the oppolite direction. ?"or 
 ipffance, fuppofe they blow from the fouth-weft from 
 April to Odtober, they then turn about, and blow from 
 the north-eaft from October to April. At the fliifting 
 or breaking up of the monfoons, there are ufiially fuch 
 (forms of w ind as will not fuff'er a vefTcl to ride with 
 any degree of fafety. 
 
 The Ganges and Indus arc the chief rivers of this 
 empire. The former rifes from different fources in 
 Thibet, and, after feveral windings through Caucafus, 
 penetrates into India acrofs the mountains on its fron- 
 tiers. This river, after having formed, in its courfe, a 
 great number of large, fertile, and well peopled iftands, 
 difcharges itlelf into the fca by feveral channels, of 
 T t t which 
 
 p-' ^ -p^- f *r | ' -t 
 
 4'. L 
 
 ".Vf"' 
 
a5« 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL Avn AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVF.RSAL CrOGRAPIlY. 
 
 I; 
 
 Ei. r :< 
 
 :•>■♦ 
 
 i 
 
 whiih only two arc frequented. It runs a winding 
 courfc of about ;<ooo miks. 
 
 The Indians hold thcCJanf^rs in the hij^htft eftccm, 
 vorlhipit as a deity, and deem that pcrfon happy who 
 terminates his cxilience upon its margin: and even fc- 
 liiitarethat family, an individual of which has been 
 drown-d in its Drcaro. Towards the fource ot this 
 river wasomethc ( ity of Palibothra; the antiquity of 
 which vas fo great, that Dicxlorus Siculus feruplcs not 
 to fay it A as built by that I lertules to w hon» the Circcks 
 afcribed the moll fiirpriling actions which had been 
 pcrformcil in rln- world. In the days of I'liny, the opu- 
 lence of Paliboilua was celebrated throughout the 
 globe; and it «as the general mart for the inhabitants 
 (if both fiilcs the river that « allied its wails. 
 
 The Indus, v.hich runs an equal courfc with the 
 Ganges, waters the wcftern tide of India, tUiwing from 
 the north-eaft to the fouth-wert, and falling into the In- 
 dian ocean by three channels. 
 
 In Hindoftan arc fcvcral rivers, as the Attock, (the 
 H\ dafjHs of the am ients,) thejemminia, the Gucnga, 
 f\:c. w hich are all too inlignilicant to merit a particu- 
 lar dcfcription. 
 
 The mountains of I his country divide it into two 
 equal parts, ruiuiing acrofs from north to fouth, and 
 extendingas far as Cape Comorin. Many of the moun- 
 tains proiiucc diamonds, rubies, amcthyfls, granates, 
 chryfolites, jafpcr, agate, &c. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 CUmolc, Soil, Vegetables, Animals, Infers, L?c. 
 
 T^IE feafons of this country fccni to be feparated 
 by .1 barrier erected by nature in the mountains; 
 for the countries that arc divided by them, though un- 
 der the fame latitudes, have a ditterent climate; and 
 while it is fummeron one fide of thefc mountains, it 
 is winter on the other: though all that is meant by 
 winter in this country, is that time of the year when 
 the clouds, which the fun attracts from the i'ea, are 
 ^iolcntly driven by the winds againll the mountains, 
 where they break and diflbive in rain, accompanied 
 with frequent ilorms; hence the torrents which rulli 
 from the mountains, fwcll the rivers, and overflow the 
 plains. Hence, too, the vapours which obfcure the 
 day, and diftiife a gloom over the country. It is a rule 
 here, that they have the faircft weather when the fun 
 is at the grcatert diflance from them, and the worft 
 wh:n it is vertical. The foil of this country is ren- 
 dered fo pliable for its various productions, by theex- 
 ceflive, but nourifliing, rains, that it needs little alFirt- 
 ance from the hands of the hulbandman. 
 
 The natives in the fouthern part of the peninfula live 
 principally upon rice: indeed, fcarce any thing elfe is 
 fown there. In the northern part there is excellent 
 barley and wheat, and they have good peas and beans. 
 Their butfalos, cows, and goats, fu|)ply them with 
 milk in plenty, with which they make a great deal of 
 checfe. 
 
 The gardens of India, though extremely plcafant, do 
 not produce any great choice of Howcrs. Here is, how- 
 ever, a variety of fruit-trees; and what flowers there 
 are have a moil elegant mixture of colours, though few 
 of them have any fragrance. The fruits arc mangos, 
 guavas, pomegranates, ananas, pinc-applcs, cocoa- 
 nuts, oranges, lemons, limes, plantains, tamarinds, 
 mullH'rries, &:c. There arc, in the north part of the 
 cnqMre, alfo apples, pears, and other fruits that arc 
 produced in Europe. Both fruit and forert-trccs in the 
 ibuth part of India are ever-grccnsj and fomeof the 
 fruit-trees have green and ripe fruit on them at the fame 
 time. Their kitchen-gardens yield water-melons, pot- 
 herbsj potatoes, &c. They have alfo ginger, fatfron, 
 turmeric, fugar, cotton, indigo, opium, the pepper- 
 plant, &c. with fpacious plantations of fugar-canes. 
 
 The mod: ufeful trees in India arc the cocoa and cot- 
 ton trees. The cocoa yields meat, drink, and oil, as 
 
 well as timlicr for building. Of the fibres of the hark 
 they make their cordage, and with the branihciilv, 
 cover their houfes. l-'rom the cotton-tree thcv nul' 
 their calico, and moll of their doathing. 'I'histrcc 
 grows to a conliderable height. There is alfo the cot- 
 ton llirub, of which are made ginghams, nmllins ^;c 
 The llirub and tree put forth yellow blolfouiii, fucccciU 
 ed by |kx1s, the fkin of which burlling, di (lover* i 
 line foft white w(X)l. 
 
 Here is the indigo tree or llirub, whi( h is aixiut th.- 
 fi/e of a rofe-tree, but has a fmooth rind. The lcav(< 
 when ftrippedolf at thepr(.|KTllafon, are laidtogctlur 
 when a vegetable dew exhales from them. They are 
 then immcrled in water, containeil in vclfels ai!.ipt,i| 
 tor the purpofe. ;\fter the water has cxtradcd tin' hi,;, 
 from the leaves, it is draineil olf : the fedimcnt ^ thni 
 expofed in broad fliallow vellels to the fun bcaiu'., thro' 
 the heat of which the moilhire eva|X)rates, and the in- 
 digo itfelf remains in cakes at the bottom. 
 
 'ihe oxen of India are of great utility, either f 
 draught orcarri.agc: though not li) large as oiirs, the, 
 make much greater fpicd, travelling thirty niilcsadav, 
 and more. Ten thoufanil of thefe animals arc fomc- 
 times feen in a caravan. IJy a caravan we mean ,i j)ro- 
 digious number of oxen, camels, or other Ixalh of 
 burthen, loaded with merchandr/.c. Their drivers 
 never have any lixed habitation, but take their famiilK 
 with them. Each caravan ;is a captain, who is |wrti. 
 cularlydiftinguilhedby wearing a ftringof pearls rounj 
 his neck, and receives lingular homage from all ranks 
 of people. The caravans are divided into tour eiair.s, 
 eachclafs conlilliiig of many thoufand perlon^. Thdi. 
 are attended by their prierts; and each morning, be- 
 fore they fet out, they pay their ufual devotiDns w 
 fomc idol. One caravan carries barky, another rin, 
 a third beans and peas, and a tburth fait. 'I'ciior j 
 dozen oxen arc generally employed in drawing a wag. 
 gon,and mo in drawing lighter carriages. When they 
 bait, the) are fed with grais, if it can begot: hut there- 
 is little of this tobchad in the fouth of Indiain this ■ ir 
 feafon, which is the proper time of the year for travel- 
 ling, in which cafe they fubllitutc kxider. Thcwhnli- 
 company lleep in tents, except thole appcinted a-iieii- 
 tinels. Camels arc but fcldom ufed here, being in!.- 
 rior in utility to oxen. Thofe they have differ but little 
 from the Arabian camels already defcribcd. 
 
 The elephant is the largell quadrujxd in the ur.!- 
 verfe : it is in height from i 2 to 15 feet, and in breadth 
 about 7. There cannot be a liner dcfcription of iHh 
 unwieldy animal, than what we fiml in the facrcdviri- 
 tings, where the elephant is termed Bchenv 1, whieh 
 word, in Hebrew , implies, " the collciftivc 1. enr.h oi 
 many beafts." 
 
 " Behold, now. Behemoth, which I made with thcc; 
 he eateth grafs as an ox. I.o, now, his ftrcngth is in 
 his loins, and his force is in the navel of his'k-liv. He 
 movcth his tail like a cedar; the finevvs of his Itontj 
 arc wrapped together: his bones are as rtrongpiecesol 
 brafs ; his bones are like bars of iron. He is the chief 
 of the ways of God: he that made him, can make hu 
 fword to approach unto him. Surely the mountains 
 bring him forth food, where all the beaOs of the ficl.1 
 play. He licth under the lliady trees in the coven oi 
 the reed and fens. The Hiady trees cover him witli 
 their fliadow. The willows of the brook compals him 
 about. Behold, he drinkcih up a river, and boalle- h 
 not : he trulteth that he c an draw up Jordan into his 
 mouth : he taketh it with his eyes: his nofc picrecth 
 through fnares." JobxI. 15, &:c. 
 
 The above pafllige is thus elegantly p.iraphrafcJ ny 
 the celebrated Dr. Young . 
 
 Mild is my Behemoth, though large his frame: 
 Smooth in his temper, and repreft his flame. 
 While unprovok'd. This native of the wood 
 Lifts his broad feet, and prowls abroad tor food. 
 Earth links beneath him as he moves along 
 To feek the herbs, and mingle with the throng. ^ 
 
;fograpmy. 
 
 A5IA.] 
 
 II I N D O S T A N. 
 
 459 
 
 which I made with thee ; 
 0, now, his ftrength h in 
 
 Sec with what ftrcngth hiiharden'iJ loins arc bound, 
 All over priHil, auU llutt againlt a wound, 
 ||()N« like a nioiintaii) cedar moves his cad! 
 Jsicir can his complicated linews tiid. 
 Built hi^h and wide, his Iblul bones I'liipafs 
 Ihe bars ol iteel : his ribs are rd^s of brafs. 
 His port niajedic; and l\is armed |aw, 
 Give the wide tbrell and the mountain law. 
 The mountains tear him ; there the bealls admire 
 The mighty (Iranger, and in dread retire: 
 At Icnjitn his grcatnei's nearer they furvey. 
 Graze ni his Ihadow, and his eye obey. 
 The tens and mai ll.i ,-. are his < ool retreat. 
 His noon-tide llii-lter troni the burnmg heat: 
 Their ledgy bolbms his wide couch are made. 
 And groves of w dlows give him all their fhadc. 
 His c)e drinks Jordan up; when lir'd with drought. 
 Hi' hurds to turn its current down his throat: 
 111 lillen'd waves It creeps along ti.e plain; 
 He links a river, and he thirfts again, 
 
 Tlic elephant commonly lives iijwn roots, leaves, 
 grafs, ilirubs, is:c. but he is fond ot corn when he can 
 get It, and will drink wine to intoxication. The fe- 
 niale goes two years with young, brings but one at a 
 time, which continues growing tdl it is thirty years of 
 ai;c, and is exceedingly iond of her progeny. In crofs- 
 ing A river, the dam takes up her otfspruig with her 
 trunk, and carnes it fafely over, it is remarkable that the 
 male is the thongelt and molt courageous; but the 
 female is the Kngefl and moll graceful. 'Ihe docility and 
 fagacity of this animal are univerfall/ acknowledged: 
 though able to enco -ntcr the moft ftrong, it may be 
 brought to be managed by the moll weak. Its fen- 
 fibility i.^ fuch, that it exprelfes gratitude for thofe who 
 treat it kindly, and alwavs evinces a fpirit of rcfent- 
 nient againll I'uch as behave to it viith indignity. Its 
 eve, though fmall, is cxprefTivc and penetrating. Its 
 (t'nfe of fmelling is cxquilite : but in the fenfc of feel- 
 ing it is fuppofed to exceed all other animals. 
 
 When tamed, the elephant may be taught many 
 things, by which it is rendered both ufeful and enter- 
 taining. It travels (]uick v. ith a great burden; and, 
 when trained to v\ar, will carry upon its back a wooden 
 tower, containing rnen, ammunition, and provilions. 
 In the fortification « hich it bears, a piece of cannon is 
 often planted, and it will ftand the firing of it without 
 the leall trepidation. 
 
 Many ancient writers have given various inftancesof 
 the uncommon fagacity of this animal, wiiich theohfer- 
 vations of modern travellers fecm to confirm. In par- 
 ticular, acelebrated traveller relates, in his account of 
 the Kali Indies, that an elephant pullied his trunk into 
 the window of a t;'ylor's work-fliop, when one of the 
 men ran his needle into it, which fo highly affronted 
 the animal, tluit he went to a neighbouring brook, and 
 having filled his trunk with water, returned to the Ihop, 
 fpouted it in at the window, and w allied all the taylors 
 from oil" the place where they fat working; evidently 
 llicwing that he had fenfc fullicient to comprehend an 
 indignity, and Ipirit enough to relent one, at the fame 
 time joining humanity w ith his anger, and giving his 
 revenge a ridiculous inilead of a tragical turn. 
 
 I'o conclude, the celebrated Mr. Pope feems per- 
 fectly toacquiefce in the opinion of this animal's near 
 appro -K to rationality in ihefe lines: 
 
 How dilTers inflind; in the grov'ling fwini^ 
 L'ompar'd, half reas'ning elephant, \»ith thine ! 
 
 There are flicep, affes, bufValos, &zc. here in plenty. 
 In the fouthern parts are flieep which have reddiih 
 liair inltcad of wool, and arc much thinner and longer 
 legged than ours. Their tleih is very dry and coarfe. 
 line Perlian flieep, however, are brought into India, 
 with good fleeces, and tails weighing fcveral pounds. 
 '1 liey have plenty of goats, and their kids are pretty 
 gO(Kl food. The hogs here, particularly the w ild ones, 
 are looked upon as the belt butchers meat in the coun- 
 
 try. Antelopes, deer, and hares, arc here in great 
 numbers, and people have lull Ulierty to hunt them 
 whenever they pleale. Among theii wild bealls arc 
 leopards, tygcrs, wolves, monkics, &c. There is alf« 
 the jackall, commonly called the lion's provider, from 
 an opinion that it roufes the prey for that animal. The 
 truth is, every creature in the forcll is fet in motion by 
 the cries of the jackalls, which run about in companies 
 at midnight, making fotlreadful an howling, as to ter- 
 rify other animals; when the lion, and other beallsof 
 rapine, attending to the chafe by inllind, fei/e thofe 
 timorous animals w hich fly from the noife of this night- 
 ly pack. The jackall is laid to be of the fi/.c of a com- 
 mon fox, and to refemble that animal in the hinder 
 parts, cfpecially in the tail, and the wolf in the fore parts, 
 particularly the nofe. Its legs arc fliorter than thofe of 
 the (ox, and its colour is a bright yellow. It h:is the 
 ferocity of a wolf, and at the fainc time the familarity 
 of a dog. Its cry is between how ling and barking, and 
 its voice doleful, like that of human dillrefs. Thefc 
 creatures often go together in packs of 40, 50, too, or 
 200 together, hunting, like houiids in full cry, from 
 evening till morning, and will Ibmetimcs make their 
 appearance in towns and villages. Thus united, they 
 dellroy Hocks and jx)ultry, ravage gardens, and even 
 attack children that arc unprotected. When they can- 
 not obtain living prey, they fubfift upon roots, fruits, 
 and carrion. They will voracioufly take up the dead 
 fropi their lilent graves, and feed on the putrid Helh. 
 They are conllant attendants upon caravans and armies, 
 expeding that death will I'upply them with a feaft. 
 
 The tygers here are a kind of cats of the forcft : 
 their heads refemble that of a cat; and they never pur- 
 fue their prey fairly, but, on perceiving it atadiflance, 
 lie down clofe in fome cover till »he_obj eel: approaches 
 which they intend to fei/e, and then fpring upon it 
 with all imaginary fury and eagernefs. 
 
 In the channels of the Ganges are amphibious ani- 
 mals, called alligators, fome of which are twenty feet 
 long, with their jacks armed with impenetrable fcales, 
 and are capable of fwallowing a man. They purfuc 
 their prey as well upon land as in the water. Tiieir 
 bodies, however, beingof fo confiderable a length, they 
 turn w ith great ditficulty, and a man may calily avoid 
 them. 
 
 India abounds with poultry, but thcflcfli of them is 
 not fo good as the European. Here are likcwife great 
 numbers of vultures, and white headeil kites, which 
 the banyans hold in higheftimation, and pay them re- 
 ligious honours. They have no great variety of linging 
 birds in India; but they have bats nearly as large as 
 kites. 
 
 The inhabitants here arc annoyed by fwarms of 
 troublcfomc infeds and reptiles. The molketos or 
 gnats will feizc upon a perfon on his firft landing on 
 lliore, and, in one night's time, fwell a man's face and 
 head fo much, that his friends fliall hardly know him. 
 H ever, w hen an European has been fome time in thtSJi 
 C(. ry, he does not futfcr by them fo much; their 
 (\u\^\ have not then an equal etfed; but they arc at all 
 times ; > troublefome, that people keep flaves on pur- 
 pofe to ' ' ufli them oft", efpecialiy in the fcafon of fleep 
 and reii.cment. Bugs alfo arc here in fwarms ; but 
 thcfe are avoided, indeed, by tarring the feet of the 
 couch on which people repofc thdmfelves, for they can- 
 not crawl over the tar. There are houfe fcorpions, 
 which are both troublefome and dangerous: they arc 
 about as thick and as long as a man's little Hnger, and 
 lliaped almoft like a lizard: their flings arc not mortal, 
 but caufe the moft excruciating pain, infoniuch that the 
 perfon flung isalmoft deprived of his f-nlcs whilft the 
 pain lafls. If the leaft dufl be left in the corner of a 
 room near the ceiling, thefe crcitu res will get into it, 
 and drop upon the couches that people fleep on. They 
 carry their flings open at the end of their tails curled 
 upon their backs. Snakes will likcwife get into the 
 rooms or warchoufes, ami fuddenly dare at people. 
 There are various kinds of fnakes and ferpents in India; 
 
 and 
 
 
 a rki&ji,!^dL^. 
 
46o A NIAV, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of U::lVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 *;. k 
 
 nntl the cobrc cnpelle, ni hooded fnakc, is extremclv 
 beautiful, th()ii<;h his iUng is dans^^Ci'ous. It will 
 Iprcad its head as hroad as oir-'s hand, and lu that time 
 difcovcrs a kind of human face. 'I'he jugglers and 
 nicrry-andrews of the country carry feveral of thcfc 
 reptiles in haflvets, and, on tinging to them, and play- 
 ing on foi. e inllrunient, the fnakes raife the upper parts 
 of their btxiics, and keep fime with the mulic by the 
 infU'on of their heads. Thife reptiles are firft drawn 
 from their holes by means of a mulical inltnmicnt fomc- 
 vi.at like a flagclet; fo powerfully doej mulic operate 
 on t;-,en; This might apjiear fabulous, was it not au- 
 thenticatCv' by perfons of veracity and character. 
 
 To the lit.le green fnakc, which w ill dart from tree 
 to tree, where the trees ftand thick, fome people have 
 given the appellation of the flying f-rpent. The centi- 
 pede is no other than what the Irench call cent-pied, 
 and the Knglilh ivccd-UuJc. It is obvious that it receives 
 its namo from its grea: nuir.ber of legs. Its (ling or 
 bite is .IS dangerous as that of the fcorpion. 
 
 Frogs toads, and rats, grow here to a confidcrable 
 <l7.e. The rats are at lead three times as big as l'!nglilh 
 ratN, and very daring: they will 'b.iiLuiiies fcarcely 
 i'lilRra perlon to pafs. There is, however, one fpecies 
 i)f rar, called the nui(k-rat, covered with a (oft white 
 down. It is naturally very inoH'enlive, and obnoxious 
 only on accoiuu of its fpoiling tea and w ine by its infec- 
 tious bre; th, w hich it effects by /unning over the boxes 
 of the firtl, and knawing the corks from the bottles ot 
 the latter. 
 
 In many parts are fwarms ot ants, which arc parti- 
 cularly deilructivc tocloaths, furniture, and even build- 
 ings. 
 
 The feas in India abound with fifli. Among thefe 
 arc dolphins, bonetas, and albacorcs. The former h.is 
 not the fainted refemblancc to the de. .riptions of that 
 filh as given by our painters; it is as llrait a lilh as any 
 thai iwitii:, and has abrig*"^ golden colour, ap[)earing 
 through the ground-work of a beautitul azure that is 
 mixed with it. The fi(h, however, is no fooner out 
 of its element, than its colours begin to fade. 
 
 There are man;, forts of tliell-lilh on the coafl of 
 India, particula ly oyders, which are little inferior to 
 thofe caught on the coalt of England. 
 
 SECTION 111. 
 
 Perfciis, Drefs, Manners, Cujloms, Marriages, Fune- 
 rals, Cujlom if ITomen /timing tbemjelvts with their 
 deceaj'id 'lujhands, Dej'criplion of the Polygars, tfc. 
 
 THE natives of thefe climes difTcr in complexion 
 acconling to fuuation, but arc, in general, of the 
 middle lluiure, and ha\egood features. Tliofe of tlie 
 norihcrii part are .if a deep alive colour, anil thofc in 
 the fouth black. Thofe who dwell on the mountains 
 in the tenter of the peninfula are exceedingly black. 
 All ha\e black e\e.;, and long black hair. 
 
 The drels the men wear is a white veil, girt with a 
 faili. Some are of lilk, Ibme of mullin, and foioe of 
 cotton. '1 he (k ves are very long; and the u[)p'T 
 j)aii of 'he gariiie it is contrived to tit lb as the we.'-er's 
 ihape n'tay be fce.i. Uiuier this is another, fome that 
 llor?..!. Their legs are covered by their breeches. 
 They wear flippers peaked like womens flioes, into 
 which they put their bare feet. Their hair is tied up 
 ill a roll, over v hich they wear a fniall :iirban. 
 
 I tieiiiefs of the women is a pieceof white callicotied 
 about their waifls, whii h reaches to their knees, anil 
 the rell i^ thrown acrofs their flioulders, covering iheir 
 breads, and part of their backs. Their hair, like the 
 mens, is tied up in a roll, and adorned wiiii )ewel.s, or 
 toys ill imitatiuii of them. They have pendants in their 
 ears and nofes, and jeveral firings of beads round their 
 iu.ck:i. They weaci»raceltts on their wrills and ancles, 
 and rir.gs on their fingers and toes. They put their 
 bare feet into llijipcrs as the men do: though, indeed, 
 in the Ibiithi rn [larts, fome of the women wear no dip- 
 pers or dioes at all. 
 
 Ihcdrcfsof the M(K)rs, or Mahomctjrs i- .. 
 handfomc and beconiing. 'Ihcy have granii' turU^' 
 ot rich mudin, and their garments reach down to i',;' 
 feet. Their ladies are embroidered in great tifb rh' 
 ends being decorated with gold and lilver tifiu.'' I 
 their falhes they dick their daggers: and rhry '„. ''! 
 embroidered dippers, which they take i., lid]. 
 at the foot of a fojiha, when on a vifit. "^"^ 
 
 They arc remarkably f )ndof fmoakin.r tobacco ml 
 life the calaan; their method of doing uhich ha./b, „ 
 already defcribcd under the head of Pcrfia „ , 
 The poor roll up a leaf of tobacco about foiiror it;' 
 inches long, and lighting it at one end, fmoak thcot'.rr 
 till It is about half exhauded, and then throw it awa 
 
 In manners the inhabitants of I lindodan ri-(m[>\, 
 the other n .cs of Southern Ada. They arceticmi 
 iiate, luxurii 13, and by education taught to allot' 
 grave deportment. This naturally initiates them vuhi 
 into the arts of diflimulation; lb that they ran rarefs 
 thofe whom they hate, am' even behave with thi- -n 
 mot! affability and kindnefs to fuch as thev intend to 
 deprive of exidence by the mod tanguiiury means 
 Many of them may judly fay, 
 
 '• Why, 1 can fmile, and murder while I fmilc- 
 And cry content to th.at which grieves my ha;t' 
 And wet my cheeks with artificial tears. 
 And frame my face toall occalions." 
 
 Thus educated, they feldom fcold or wrangle, hut 
 often dab each other invidioudy, and, without m 
 public quarrel, gratify a private revenge. 
 
 Their common method of falutation is by liftinjroic 
 or both hands to the head, according to the i]uuli;v m 
 theperfon laluted; but they never lalute with the 1.;; 
 hand tingly. The falutation of a prince is bowiiuT liii 
 body very low, putting the hand to the groiirul.'dini 
 to the bread, and atierwaids railing it to the head; th.j 
 is repeated thrice: and tome fall c; their faces IkI'iot 
 a prince. An elegant modern writer obferves, " !'h,ii 
 lometimes, to lliew greater (>we and defercmc, they 
 throw thcmfelves intoa fit of trembling, as if thcyu.i,' 
 Ihakcn by an ague." IJut this lad piece of iiminnurv 
 is refervtd liir great occations. In lliorr, then- is to 
 podure too bate, no language too humble, no fubm i. 
 tionor dattery too grofs, to be given to thofe they i.ai. 
 On vilits among fV'cnds, the matVer of the houlc 
 never gets up to receive his vititor, but requelh hiiiiio 
 tit down by him on the carpet, (for their tlcxiis arc 
 fpread with rich carpets,) and betel and areka iiethi.i 
 olfeied him to i hew, which, as in the iicighlnwring 
 countries, they have aliiiod continually in their iiiimih. 
 They lit and chew together, but talk very little. Thcv 
 I'lay at cards fometimes, biit never game ib high .is the 
 Chinefe; nor are they outof tem[Kr when they lolc. 
 
 At a public entertainment they fend tor a nimiberof 
 dancing girls, who entertain the company with a va- 
 riety of dances, and perform [ilays by torch-light i:i 
 the open air, which they execute with great iinigmi';!. 
 They embellifh their necks with carcanets, thiuarnii 
 with bracelets, and their ancles with fiuall golil I't 
 tilver chains. In their nofes they wear jewils: ami 
 ibmcof them tbrni black circles rouml the whites of 
 their eyes, which they think heightens their beaut;. . 
 
 The manner of drinking among the (ieiuoos is n-- 
 markable, They religioufly avoid touching iheveiid 
 which contains the liiiuor with their hps, and [lour i: 
 into their mouths, holdin;,' the velFel at a ilillamo. 
 'I'heir idea is that they would be polluted bv Ih'^naiu 
 water. They will drink from a pump, oro) any run- 
 ning dream, but not out of a pool. 
 
 'I'he Mahometans ride U|)on elephants, horlVs, .vi! 
 in palamiuins. A palaiuiuin is a kind of couch.coMi' I 
 with an arched canop) , and hath cufhions, a quik, ai'J 
 pillows. It nangs u|)on u bamlKw, and the perfoniii i: 
 may either I'i' upright, or loll at his eal'e. ri^.vn: 
 commonly carried by four men, two before, aiuhvj 
 behind, by means of poles, thccnds of which tins pij •' 
 their Ihoulders. Thofe in which the lallle^ rijca:.' 
 
 on their dioulders. 1 hole m which the lalhe^ i 
 covered with a tilk netting of dittcrcnt colum 
 
 'int 
 
 I 
 
 Ult 1^ 
 
Jl'.OGRAPHV. 
 
 or MahomctJijs, is vcre 
 1 lu-y have grami turbnn, 
 Kilts reach down to i\,^i^ 
 )ulcrcd in great taR,-, th, 
 old and lilvcr tid'ue, 1,, 
 daj^jrcrs: an-l 'hry wca- 
 thcy take . , ,,ui leave 
 i)n a vilit. 
 
 oflmoakimrtohacco.anj 
 
 oi doing vs liich has kv,, 
 
 head ot Fciiia, p. |^. 
 
 bacco about four or liij 
 
 onccnd.finoak the other 
 , and then throw it awav 
 s of 1 luidolhm refeniblc 
 
 Alia. They are effcmu 
 ication taught to ailed a 
 urally initiates thcniearlv 
 fo that they can rarcfs 
 even behave with the ut. 
 to fuch as thcv intend to 
 nioll fanguiii..ry means, 
 F. 
 
 murder while I fmijc; 
 hich grieves my heart; 
 rtificial tears, 
 accalions." 
 
 v\\ fcold or wrangle, but 
 lioully, and, without a:i» 
 vate revenge, 
 falutation is by iiftinironc 
 ccordinp to the tjiiafiiv ni 
 never ialutc with the I.;: 
 I of a prime is bowing li.c 
 land to the grourid, then 
 railinj.Mt tothehtaii; t'l.i 
 : fall u ; their faces Ik-for; 
 n w riter obferves, " I'hjt 
 $\vc and defcicikv, ihty 
 "trembling, as if theyuii,^ 
 lis lall piece of luummcrv 
 ns. In lliori, there is i'd 
 ;e too humble, no llibm i. 
 ic given to thole they I.mi. 
 , the mailer of the lioiu: 
 /ilitor, but reijuefts him to 
 rpei, (for their fi(X)is are 
 [id betel and areka iicthi,i 
 , as in the neighhoiiriiig 
 ■ontinually in their miiiith. 
 but talk very little. Ihcv 
 never game lb hi),'h as the 
 temper when thev lole. 
 . they lend tor a numk'rof 
 
 I the company with a \.\- 
 in |)lays by torch-light n 
 cute with great juilf^iiieu. 
 vith carcanets, their arms 
 ncles with fniall gold «r 
 cs they wear jewels; ami 
 rclcs round the iihitcsoi 
 heightens their beauiy. 
 imong the (ieiit(H)s is ro. 
 ■ avoid touching ihcvLiLl 
 :h their lips, and jiour i- 
 the vellei at a aillano.'. 
 d be polluted hv l':i;',i'''"" 
 
 II a pump, or o) any rii;:- 
 i pool. 
 
 on elcjihants, horlis, r< ' 
 i a kind of couch.couc i 
 lath culhions, aquil:, ^i'^ 
 iiiIkk), and the ptrfoniii-: 
 ill at his eal'e. Ti'-'-'vaK 
 len, two before, aml:vD 
 eends of which tiicypij- 
 II which the ladies ride, ir; 
 of dirtcrcnt coluui., 'i«! 
 
 Ult'til, 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 H I N D O S T A N. 
 
 261 
 
 entirely prevents their being fccn by any pcrfon. This 
 is done by order of their hulbands, w ho are naturally 
 
 very jealous, 
 
 Kone but the Mogul himfelf, the princes of the 
 bliiod, and great men, ride ui)on elephants, which are 
 moll fiiperbly capanloiied : and hcie it nuift be ob- 
 fcrved, that the animal appears always tieliglitcd with 
 the liiiery of its trapjiings. 
 
 The beft horfes ufed in India arc brought froni 
 Perlia and Arabia, and the Mahometans take great care 
 ot ihcni. 
 
 Their houfes are of two l.inds, thofe built by the 
 Moguls, and thole by thi: ori}; inal Inilians, The houfes 
 of the Moguls arc aP, in the Fcrlian talk. In fliort, 
 thcv imit^it'- the I'erlians in moil things: like them, 
 ilicy are fond ot having elegant gardens, with pavi- 
 lions, tountains, cafcades, &:c. 
 
 Moll of the princi j>al towns confift of the habitations 
 of the Gentoos, which are, for the moll: part, very 
 mean. In front of thcfe houfes are flieds on pillars, 
 iinilci' which the natives expofe their goods to fale, and 
 rntertain their fi lends and acijuaintancc. There are 
 no vundows opening to the llreets. Kvcn the palaces 
 of their princes have no external defiance. The apart- 
 ircnts in the Jioufes of the wealiiiy are ornamented 
 chierly with looking-glatli-s, which are purchafed of the 
 Europeans; and many oft! r ceilings are inlaid with 
 mother-of-pearl and ivory. I he private rooms are al- 
 ways in the back part of the houfes, tor the better l"e- 
 ciiritv of the women, fo meanly jealous are the men. 
 
 All the great men have their feraglios or ha,iranis 
 well fupplied with handfonic women; and fo jealous are 
 ihev, ilia: they conliiic them very dole, and follow the 
 ufual Atiatic niethol of ct)mniltting them to the guard 
 oteiiiiuchs. Thus are frequently facriliced numbers of 
 brautiful young creatures to the caprice and jealouly 
 of one man. 
 
 The Mahometans have pol c hummums for bathing, 
 cupping, cramping, &c. Lnamping io chafing and 
 nililiing the limbs of a perfon, and cauiing the joints 
 (Ithe w rills and lingers to crack, in order to procure 
 a hrilk ( irculation of the blood. 
 
 The Indians marrv at an early per'od ; and fomc of 
 the higher ranks of the (ic.uoos have the privilege of 
 taking icveral wives. The little bride and bridegroom 
 are carried through the ftrcets, drcfied in the moll elc- 
 jjaiittalle, forlevcral fucceflive nights, the houfes being 
 at the fame time i.lun>inatcd. They are preceded by 
 their rein ions and friend,.s, with nuilic playing, and 
 llieaniers 'lying. 'Ihey all proceed to the lioule of the 
 hnde's father, and the li'tlecouple being feated oppo- 
 lite 10 each other, and feiiarated by a riMe, they reach 
 out and join their hantis ncrof'-- thi ible, when the 
 jiri.'ll puts a fort of hooi\ upon the head of each, and 
 liipplicating heaven to profper them, gives them the 
 niipfial benediction. 
 
 The women begin to bear children at the age of 
 atiout twelve, and treat their huftwnd.< with the moll 
 |)rofoimd refpeel, atVeJtii n, and tendernefs. They are 
 entirely in the (M>werol their luifbands, and bring them 
 no oiher dow ry than their wearinj.'; ajiparel, and perhaps 
 a tew female Have?. 'J'hey, liowever, enjoy much 
 trcater freedom than the u ives of the Mahometans ; at 
 leafl thofe w ho are marri'-d to tradefmen and mechanics. 
 The Bramins and 15an}ans generally content ihem- 
 felvrs with one wife; though fhe other tribes of tien- 
 tooscticn lake more. 
 
 A I'tiange ciiltom prevail .iiiiong lome of the naires 
 or nobles, of one wife being lubiecl to l\ vend hiifbaiuls. 
 The number is not fo much limited bv any (jncilic law, 
 iij by a fort of tacit coiueiiii'in, bv .\iiii h it rarely ex- 
 I eds hall a dozen. T he hulbanils . ohabit with her al- 
 icinaiely, according to [iriority of marri.ige; and each, 
 on going to viiit her, leaves his arms at the door, as a 
 fignal that none of the others mult piefume toenter. 
 
 '■V hen the wife w!,o has iiioie hulhaiid;. ihaii one 
 bnn;.!;s forth a child the notninates iis father, v ho is ai; 
 the ( xpcnce of educating it ; but liom the impraciita • 
 No. .'4. 
 
 biiity of affigning the real heir, the cftatcs of the huf- 
 band devolve to the children of their litters, or others 
 near in blood. 
 
 In llindoftan "-he expcncc of cloaths is trifling, as is 
 that of food, tiring, and lodging; but this nuifl be 
 iindcrrtood as refpecting the natives only. The Hin- 
 doos arc not addided to any cx|>enfive views, their paf- 
 lions and defircs tieing gentle andsmoderatc. They arc 
 frugal and induftrious, and as eager to amafs riches as 
 any of the natives of Europe. Yet they admire fplcn- 
 dour and magnificence, and particularly in what relates 
 to their women, infoniuch, that, upon the occafion of 
 marriages, they ]5our forth the collected treafures of 
 many indullrious years. 
 
 Some tribes bury the bodies of the dcceafed, and 
 others burn them on piles; but the latter is the moft 
 cuftomary. liefbre they burn their dead, they carry 
 them on .» bier to a fmail diltance from the tow n or vil- 
 lage wiiere they died, dieffed in their ufual wearing ap- 
 parel. A pile is ereiited on the deflined fpot, and the 
 corpfe placet! upon it; and as foon as the Bramin, or 
 prieft, has done praying, one of the corners of the pile 
 is fet fire to. When the body is confumcd, its relics, 
 or allies, are gathered, and thi nvn into the Tea by the 
 Bramin: tor the funeral pile is always eicCtcd near the 
 fea, or tome large piece of water. .Some perfons, on 
 the approach of their diiroiution, rcquell that their alhcs 
 may be put into an urn, and carried to the Ganges. 
 The perfon w ho fets lire to the pile is always the nearell 
 relation, who walks bare-headed, in a coarfe tattered 
 garment, (their common mourning,) rounei it three 
 times before he places the fire-flick, and when the 
 whole is in a blaze, he appears dirtradted with the molh 
 agonizing grief. 
 
 Fidelity to their hufbands is the motl diflinguifliing 
 and fupremecharacteriflicof the Indian married ladies. 
 Some of the wives of the Bramins have even burnt 
 thenifelves in conlcquencc of the deaths of their huf- 
 lianils : though, perhaps, it may be faid, that the in- 
 juniflion of the laws, more than fentiments of atrection, 
 occafioned fuch facrifice. Thiscuflom is faid to have 
 originated from the practice of burning (Jentoo wives 
 for poifoning their hufbands : but this, perhaps, may 
 not be the cafe, as the iaw rccciuinends a \o!untary 
 facrifice. 
 
 As it has been alTertcd, by fomc writers, that the 
 cullom of the Gcntoo women burning theinfelvcs with 
 their dcceafed huiliands is now difuied in India, we 
 infert the follow ing ac count communicated by Jofeph 
 Cator, Eiq. who refided at Calcii.ta in the year 1779, 
 U) Thomas IVarfon, Etq. of London. 
 
 " Being informed th:ir thi wife of a Bramin of fupc- 
 rior call, a man of integrity, and much rcfpcv.ted 
 among the Europeans, was refblved to be burnt w itli 
 herdeccafedhulbaiid, I accorilingly went to the defli- 
 ned fpot, where the corpfe of the Bramin lay naked on 
 a pile of flindal wood and dry llraw, about four feet 
 from the groiiiKl, I lis w ife was (cen praying near the 
 pile, where her children, two boys and a girl, (one of 
 the boys fcven years, the other live, and the girl thir- 
 teen months old,) and her hulband's eldell brother, 
 were prefent with her. At tight of her children, the 
 lies of nature ilruggling with her relblution, drew a 
 tear from her; but (he toon recovered hcrfelt, and told 
 her children that theit* father was d,'ad, and the was 
 going to die with h'lu; that they mult look up fotheir 
 uncle, who would tie both fath<r and inotlierto them, 
 iiiul therefore dem;inded the obedience one" due to 
 them. rhi.s done, the comniiLted them to Jic care of 
 the niicle, left them, and .advanced towards the fune- 
 ral pile, which nas iiir.oundcii by a va/l concourfe ot 
 pcoj)le, chiefly Hiamins, about eight or ten feet fioin 
 It, lb that there was a frcx- [.atrage round the pile. 
 
 " When file appea:e(l in the circle, flic teemed con- 
 fufed, liut whether troiu thefightof her hulliand laving 
 dead on the pile, the crowd allcmbled, or feeing Eu- 
 ropeans among them, could not beafcertaincd. How- 
 ever, llic loon rccovercil herfcltl She then walked 
 U u u gently 
 
 1 
 
 r;!- 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 ■ H 
 
 'HI 
 
 M 
 
 ;t ' 
 
 ■^L 
 
552 A NFAV, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVl'RSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 i 
 
 if 
 
 v 
 
 I' 
 
 i%. 
 
 jfcntly unattended round the pile in filence, ftrcwing 
 flowers as flic went round ; and w hen flie had nearly 
 completeil the thirtl time, flic ^ot up at her huiband's 
 feet upon the pile without afliflante, ftrewed flowers 
 over it, and then laid herfelf do\\ n at the left lide of her 
 hufliand, raiting his head, and puttini^ her right arm 
 lender his neck, then turning her body to liis, threw 
 her left arm over him, when one of the Uramins raifed 
 his right leg, and put it over her legs, w ithout a fylla- 
 blc being uttered. Ueing thus cloCely embraced, a blue 
 fliawl was laid over them, and they were not feen after- 
 wards by any bodv. Some ilry flraw was laid over the 
 fliaw I, and tiien fome ligiit biliei ; of fandal wood was 
 put upon the flraw ; but altogether not fuflieieni to 
 prevent her railing hcrfelf up, throwing all ofl", and ex- 
 tricating herfelf froni the pile, if (he hail re|icntcd, or, 
 from feelni['; the heat of the lire, had been inclined 
 to favc her life. The dry ftrav , which corn|W)fed a 
 part of the pile, was then liglitcd. During the whole 
 time, from the m!>ment flie made her appearance in 
 the circlr, to the lighting of tlie pile, then- v.n< a prn- 
 ioiind filcncc: but on the pile being lighted, the Bra- 
 niins called out aloud, fome dancing and brandifliing 
 ciiilgels or flicks, perhaps to prevent the cries being 
 heard by the multitude, fo as to give them a bad im- 
 prelllon of it, or deter other women from following 
 what the Hindoos term a laudable exam})le, 
 
 " I was fo near the pile, that, notuitliflanding the 
 noife made by the Hramins, and thofe that daiu eil 
 round if, I could have heard any < ries or lameiuatiinis 
 flie iniglit have made ; fo that I am convinced flie iiKule 
 none, and that the fmoak mulV ha\e futloc.iced her in 
 a very fliort fpace ol time. 1 ftaid about ten minutes 
 after the pile was lighted; for fuch a light was too 
 dreadful to remain long at: bcfides, nothing more was 
 to be fcen except the flames, which Mr. Shakefpeare 
 and I had a pcrfccf \ iew of at a diftance, as m e r turn- 
 ed from tl'.e funeral pile, 
 
 " This Bramin's wife was a tall, wcUmr.di, good 
 looking woman, fairer than the generality of Hindoo 
 women are, about twenty tir, perhaps, twenty-two 
 years of age, at mofl-. She was decently drelled in a 
 white cloth round her waifl, and an oorney of white 
 cloth, with a red filk border tlirown loofely over her 
 head and ihouldcrs; but her face, arms, and lect, were 
 bare. 
 
 " I have heard, and, indeed, fuppofed, that women 
 in fuch a fltuation intoxicate themfelves; but, from 
 the relation gi\en me (jf what pafl'ed between the Bra- 
 min's wife lier children, and brother-in-law, as well as 
 what Mr. Shakefpeare and I faw at the funeral pile, I 
 am perfuaded flie was as free from intoxication during 
 the whole ceremony, as it is poflilile to be ; for flie ap- 
 jicared to be pcrfec'tly cniii|iofcd, not in the leall Hur- 
 ried, except at (irii, for an inflamol time, as before ob- 
 ferved; but went through it deliberately, wiihanalhi- 
 nifhing foititiuic and rufolution. 
 
 " This liarharous ( ufloni, fo fl oi king to Euro- 
 peans, if J miflake not, was j>r. .'li fed b) our anceflors 
 in Britain, in the time of the Diuids; but whether our 
 (oiintry women in thofe days were treated with the 
 lame co;neiiipt, after the death cf their luilbands, as 
 ihc Hindoo \((inun ire, 1 know not; lor. In the re- 
 ligion of the Hindoiiv, they never can luarrv again, or 
 ha\eany coninunc. withanoiher man, without jne- 
 I'ldice to their cafls, which, to ihciii, is as dear as lite 
 itfi It'; but geiierilly ate rcdu> cd to perfiirm the moll 
 iiuni.il ollices in the fimily of which tliey were licfbic 
 tile lulttrels. 
 
 " Tins reHcdion, together with the gicat credit 
 ihey gain aniongll the Bramins, ui iindcigoing lii |)aii\- 
 fiil a I cr'-moin , ma) be very Ihoiig induceii,ent.i to 
 their continuing this priK'tice. 
 
 " I have now given a full and circumftantial rela- 
 tion ot the whole matter refpecting the wife o( ihis 
 Braiuin latrilicing hcrfellon the funeial pile ollur hiif- 
 banil. Such parts of it as were told mc of what was 
 done out of my flght, I have no reafon to doubt ; and 
 
 what I have wrinen mav be depended on as liter ■ 
 true, tint 1 omitted to obferve, that though the lira' 
 
 ■ ''i<^ iiisiii 
 
 inins l',ied tears w hen praiing by their brotl'i 
 previous to his death, there did not appear the i a 
 concern in any of them during thcceremonv at thr'f 
 nernl pile, not even in his eldcfl brother, or a;,,- ,fv 
 dependents.'' '' '"* 
 
 When this afloniniinginlhrnccof attachment to l,„r 
 bands is confidered.it cannot be caflK reconrileahic " 
 b iiropean ideas, that a people, boailing ol lbi,K'V 
 (inement, fliould, in the moll public manner, beniili" 
 of every fpecies of indelicacy to their teniaks. Mj.,' 
 nations have the ciiflnm of immuring their wona' 
 but the Hindoos feem lingular in the grolFnefs of tli-'' 
 ordinances relative to them. '"'^ 
 
 It is unaccountably flrangc, that, notwithflanJin.T 
 all this leverity of difpolition, and their contoni|niioijs 
 treatment of the Hindoo women, the iiuii arc \m 
 conflant to their wives, the women arc reniarknhiv 
 chafle, and adultery is a crime feldom to be hrard 
 of among them. 
 
 As to their food, both Mahometan.: and Geiuoos cat 
 rice flewed till it is quite dry: this they eat as hc ;Jd 
 bread. A favourite dilh with them is wh.at thev call pi 
 lau: it is a tiiwl boiled with rice, and fealbiicl urh 
 turmeric. Another difli is the curry, which i, a [\nu,j 
 liicaflec of animal food or vegetables: and anmluTis 
 the kitcharee, which is rice flewed with a foi-ofiHilf; 
 and is eaten commonly with pickles of diJferent khi,i<' 
 They never uie anv knives, forks, or fjinons, buic'at 
 with their lingers o ily. They always w afh their haii.li 
 both belor;- and after meals, and ufe onlv the ri.'ht 
 hind in eating. Water is their common liquor: they 
 alio drink the milk of the cocoa-nut. A< to Hccr, 
 ale, or \> ine, there is not a drop of either of th.cf^ 
 liquors made in India; they buy all of the Europeans'. 
 They iKive fpirits of levcral forts, which thcv riili ar- 
 rack, fome of wliich is dilliUed from fiigar, and I'omc 
 from rice; the latter is drank chiefly by the romni-n 
 jx-ople. TIk ("e Indians are in general very ibhcr, nn.l 
 fome of them ahflain Irom all animal food, The 1! a- 
 mins, in particular, never c:it any thing that h:i< '-J 
 animal life: curries of vegetables are their cmrnn 
 diet, the chief ingredients of* which are tiinikr; , 
 fpices, and the cocoa nut pulp. 
 
 It is generally known, that the praclicc of li-onih- 
 ting tor the fmall-pox is common in all Alialu emm- 
 tries. It may not, thcrefoii', be improjier toohltT\i', 
 from the declaration of .i late ingtnimis imcll-r, thi'. 
 there is an art in Hindnlhin, not yet kii iwn in iuiop.', 
 by which the women eflectually prevent any ! i. : of 
 the finall-pox on the faces of their httic ones. I Ms 
 prefervalivc is compofed of a falve made of certain li- 
 dian herbs, and a certain kind of oil, which thev.iivl' 
 as toon as thcjxxk begins to blacken. It is piefirii;! 
 that the nature of liis [ireparation would he coniiir:iii- 
 caied on enquire: and it mufl be allowed, le.n. ij 
 iloiibt, a matter worthy of notice. 
 
 'I he (ame perfon mentions another operation o 'v 
 chirurgical kind, as attended with the happiel ef i. 
 In cafes of hruifes in any part of the bodv In a fi I, ,i 
 blow, oidtherwifc, thofe who are nearcfl ihi |': 
 prctentiv Itrij) uH' the greater part of his cloaili-, 
 with the palms of their hands, genily rub theaiii.vi. ' 
 ]Xirl, and proceeding from that fjiot, iiih ove;, « ■ 
 greater tbrce, the whole body. This giKid n'h 
 gcnerallv performed l^y the women, who are, nul 
 the liirgerxis and ph\ticians of ihc couiitu, ii I 
 handle their patients with the iiimi^fl caie an. I u i 
 nefs. 
 
 There are people in Indo(la:i, inhabil.mi: i; I'r 
 iiupenciiable woods, whoar ' uinlei theahiolut'. 
 tioniil theiroHn chieftains, nd in times of pr\ , 
 protellional ri^bl'crs, but in tinus of war tliegiiu i 
 of their country. The general name of rlule ixi 
 is /'ft/v^-t/j-. Their original inllituluni ^ioi- ilir. 
 in diliinct daiisj is not very well undeiilond. 
 
 1 he poilams or woods 
 
 word Polygar, lying in pi 
 
 crn parts ot llindolfan, t 
 
 open countries by tliole ad 
 
 qiient anddeflructive. C 
 
 llaiit booty of the Polyg 
 
 dcfjioil travellers of thei 
 
 nnirder if they meet wii 
 
 Polygars are the hands int 
 
 the wives, children, a;'.d i 
 
 others arc entrullcd, uIk 
 
 unfiiitunately hap])eiis to I 
 
 Ccction they aflbrci is paid 
 
 iiderable, when the helpli 
 
 to them, and cfpecially w 
 
 raeler is properly attende 
 
 Iiuidrtan is under a necetl 
 
 able banditti. Maii\ of t 
 
 be able to bring 15 and 2- 
 
 The Hindoo code of la\ 
 
 hath this remarkable clan 
 
 arnongll robbers fliall be t 
 
 by the command of tb.c n 
 
 tillancc, have comir.itte 
 
 brought away booty from 
 
 i!;iftiate fliall receive a fli 
 
 uhole. If they received 
 
 from the magifliate, they 
 
 one tenth part of his fliare 
 
 chief Ihall receive tour fliai 
 
 is [jcrfect mafler of his oc 
 
 iluircs; whichever of then 
 
 ftout fliall receive two fliar 
 
 each one fliare." 
 
 Here then we fee not 01 
 inducement to frauelulent 
 inconliflency among a peo 
 their hiflory have been } 
 manners, and uncommon 1 
 wards travellers and flranp 
 The natural indolence i.< 
 country are accuflomed n 
 counted ii:ir, from thc^'x 
 whi< h prevents them eith 
 anujfcment the chief jv.rt o 
 they can follow thel'e are,, 
 iiig, and tne latter part ol 
 obliged to rife carh', -ne 
 people, even the mofl 11 
 alter dinner; and from t 
 every thing is as tilcnt as a 
 (htfsand recreate themfel 
 tive nations. 
 
 The genius of thefe |i 
 than inventive, they ba\c 
 the I'.uropeans, and do n 
 their tafliions. I'rom thi i 
 ;ts iri.ni fevcral hints in ai 
 nion; than probable, th:u 
 Idod, furniture, building 
 which prevailed among tht 
 1 ears ago, actually preva 
 tbis day. 
 
 S E C T 1 
 
 indent and prefent Stale vf 
 huh 
 
 rl IE fcicncej mufl 1 
 country at an early ■ 
 'iiliagoras theCJiceks ir.i 
 "II. The native Indian 
 '■rung naturid endowments 
 ii'Lirv knowledge: the) 
 WilJDile's works in the /' 
 lofeof Aviccnna, and foi 
 'iiieiit, TheGenioos, or 
 
 
OGRAPIIY. 
 
 3cndal nil as litcrj'r 
 tlKit thmi;:'ii the l!rj. 
 thi'irbi-iirlHTthenl.r;-,, 
 .1 not appear the \a'\ 
 lie ceremony at thcfu. 
 brother, or any of l,i, 
 
 of attachment iDhui". 
 
 caiiK reconciJrahleto 
 lioallinj'; of Ibnic n. 
 
 blic manner, he pijit - 
 their females. Mi-,' 
 
 nuiriiijr their v.omn, 
 
 n the groirnefs oltlwr 
 
 that, notwithflamliniT 
 k1 their contcmpttiui^ 
 ;n, the men arc ven 
 omen are remarkably 
 -• fekioin ti) he lu-ird 
 
 ictan.: andGcntoosat 
 this they eat as «ci1o 
 Mil is what they call j.j. 
 cc, and fcalbiicl uith 
 urry, which is a fort nf 
 :talilcs : and anoitur is 
 ed with a for: ofMuli;-, 
 kles ofdiJVerent kiiiili. 
 •ks, or (poons, biacar 
 Iways walh their h.i;i>k 
 nd life only the rijjht 
 
 common hquor; thev 
 coa-niit. A» tn hccr, 
 rop of cit!icr of thcil' 
 f all of the Iviiropca:b. 
 IS, which thev r:ill ,ir- 
 
 from fiigar, ami Iniiic 
 .hielly by the CDinni'^n 
 ;cncral \ cry foher, iivi 
 
 niinal food. Tlic I'.i- 
 iny thini:; that h:i^ '■-..! 
 Ics are their c iiirnii 
 'which are tmiiKr, , 
 
 ic pracHrc of i-'onih- 
 
 v\ ill all Aiiatic coun- 
 
 e improper tooblcTM', 
 
 i;ciiioiis uinell'r, thi'. 
 
 vet known in l-.iirnp.', 
 
 prevent any ! .h . <'l 
 
 heir little ones. 1 s 
 
 vc nuuk- of certain l-i- 
 
 od, which the-, .ijvK' 
 
 icken. It is|)iel'i;r.v,-,l 
 
 n would be conini ;iii- 
 
 be allowed, I.. . ii 
 
 e. 
 
 lother oiH-ratim " 'v 
 th the liappiel cl. I . 
 f the body bv a it ■ i 
 ire neared ih: ;". 
 t of hi'i cloailw, 
 j;ently rub the aiii.iiiJ 
 t f])Ot, nih on-:, i>i:' 
 
 This good ii''ii' 
 len, who are, iniln 
 the coiimts, a:. I ' '" 
 imoi) caie an. I !i i : ■- 
 
 inhabii.'Ki • '• ' '' 
 idci theabioliil ■ ■' 
 
 I in times oi yi ' • 
 s of war tIie).':iMr i 
 n.imc of rlielc n^i' 
 uiitioii I h>y ilii i 
 
 II imdei llond. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 II I N D O S T A N. 
 
 26; 
 
 The poliams or woods, from which is derived the 
 word Polyj^ar, lying in profiilion throii}.^h all the fouth- 
 fin parts of Hindolhin, the ravages coiiiroitted in the 
 open countries by tliofe adventurous clans arc both fre- 
 quent and dellruclive. Cattle and grain are the con- 
 Uant booty of the Polygars. They not unfrequently 
 (lefpoil travellers of their 5)ropert) , and fometinics 
 murder if they meet with oppolition; yet thcfe very 
 Polvgars art the hands into which the aged and infirm, 
 the wives, children, a:'.d treafure of both Hindoos and 
 others arc entrulled, when the circumjacent country 
 unfortunately hapjiens to be the feat of w ar. The [iro- 
 Ccction thev afforti is paid for: but the price is incon- 
 liderable, when the helplefs lituation of thofe that Hy 
 to them, and cfpecially when their own peculiar cha- 
 racter is properly attended to. The government of 
 Iiidiilbn is under a nccellity of tolerating this honour- 
 able banditti. Main of them are lb formidable as to 
 be able to bring 15 and 20,000 men into the field. 
 
 The Hindoo code of laws, in fpcaking of robberies, 
 hath this remarkable claufc. " 'I'he mode of (hares 
 ariiongll robbers (liall be this: If any thief or thieves, 
 by the command of th.e magiflrate, and wiih his af- 
 fiilancc, have comir.itted tiepredations upon, and 
 brou'dit away booty tfom another province, the ma- 
 gilhatc Ihall receive a Ihare ot one lixth part of the 
 vdiolc. If they received no command or allKhuice 
 from the iiiagift rate, they fliall give him in that cafe 
 one tenth part of his iliare, and of the remainder their 
 chief fhall receive four Ihares: whofoevcr among them 
 ij|:crfecl mafier of his occupation ihall receive three 
 iluircs; whichever of them is remarkalily Ifrong and 
 ftout fliall receive two fliare.;, and the red ihall receive 
 each one fliare." 
 
 Here then we fee not only a fandion, but even an 
 inducement to fraudulent practices: another lingular 
 inconliflency among a peo(>!C who in many periocls of 
 their hidory have been jirovcrbial to; innoccncy of 
 manners, and uncommon huneily in their conduiit to- 
 wards travellers and Grangers. 
 
 The natural indolence to which the i)eoplc of this 
 co.intry are accullomed may, in fome degree, be ac- 
 counted ibr, from the'^xcefiivc heat of the climate, 
 whicli prevents them either tro:ii purfiiing bulinefsor 
 aimifcment the chief p.irt of the day. The only times 
 they can follow thel'e are, the early part of thcniorn- 
 ins;, and tne lutierpart of the evening, fo th;!t they arc 
 obliged to rife early, -nd fit up late. All ranks of 
 people, even the moll menial fervants, retire to reft 
 alter dinner; ami trom that time till near liin-fet, 
 every diing is as lilent as at midnight ; after w hich thev 
 ilnfsand recreate ihemfelves according to their rcfpec- 
 tivv. nations. 
 
 The genius of thcfe people being rather imitative 
 iha.i inventive, they have iiatuiallv lefs ( iinolity than 
 t!ie I'.uropeans, and do not, therefore, ib often vary 
 their fafliions. I'roin their temper and tenets, as well 
 as irom fevcral hints in ancient hillori.ins, it apiieais 
 more than probable, that the fame kind of garments, 
 tuod, furniture, buildings, and manners in general, 
 which prevailed among tin ir nrogeiiilor.' fome thouland 
 \<arsago, aCtuall)' prevail among the Hindoo tribes at 
 tbisday. 
 
 SKCTION iV. 
 
 Andi'itt and prefettt State of Siioue, Ltngii'igcs, i^c. in 
 Indio. 
 
 Ti IF, fiieiues mull h:ue Jicen cultivated in this 
 country at an early period, as before ihrtime of 
 I'vthagoras the CJieeks tra\el!cd into Indii for inflruc- 
 non. 'i'he native Indians, ot Miniloiu, are mcnot 
 Itiiing natural endowments, thovigh they hi:ve but 'ittle 
 literary knowledge: they have, however, io'iie ot 
 Ar.liotle's wotks in the Arabian language, aswrllas 
 Uiofeof Aviccnna, and fome |ialliiges in the Old 'lel'- 
 lanient. The tjlenioos, or original Indians, begin their 
 
 year on the firll day of March, and the Mahometans on 
 rnc tenth, and their yeariscompofed of thirteen moons. 
 The day they divide intofour parts, and the night into 
 fliur, which they again fubdivide into eight, and mea- 
 fure them by water dropping from one veflel into ano- 
 ther, in fome of the princii)al towns there is a large 
 veflel fixed, w hich a pcrfon conlfantly attends. 
 
 The Bramins arc adepts in arithmetic, at Icaff in the 
 oracTical part; in their childhood they are "Tlrudecl 
 10 caft up fums by their fingers only. T' ve ta- 
 
 bles for calcuh.ting the ap])n)ach of an ccli jt are 
 
 no theorifls in their calculations. 
 
 I'heir grand and favourite fcicncc is aflrology, and 
 the Indian Bramins arc the almanack-makers, who 
 mark dow n what they ]>rophecy will be lucky or un- 
 lucky days; and fo infatuated are the Gcntoos, that 
 their iiienhants will tranlaot no kind of buiinefs on the 
 ilays predicted to be unlucky. 
 
 Theyha\e very ictle tkill in ph>flc and anatomy. 
 The Bramins ufe cha-ms for thecx]niiiionofdiforders: 
 they, however, at the fame time apply fimples, and 
 withg(K)d fiiccefs; they allow no 1; .lor but water, 
 mixed with cailia, lignum, orcinnamon. 
 
 The Indians arc fuhjeiil to the bloody flux, which 
 they cure by the prefcri[)tion of Hewed rice. 
 
 i'he languages and dialed fpoken in India are va- 
 rioi.'s. The language fpoken at court is the Pcrfian ; 
 what is deemed the learned language is the Arabian; 
 but none is fo generally underdood as the Periiari, 
 though much corrupted. The Hindoo, incorporated 
 with a great many Perlian and Arabic words, islfjokcn 
 throughout liidolhm and other parts of India, though 
 the accent and dialed differ in the fcvcral places where 
 ic is fpoken; the purell is fpoken in the province of 
 Ag.-a. 
 
 Hcic was invented the game of chefs: wcowe to 
 them the ufe of cyphers, which, though imported 
 amongft us by the Arabians, cameoriginally from India. 
 'l"he ancient Indian medals, in fuch ellecm among the 
 Chinefe, prove that the arts were cultiv;ued in India 
 even before they were know n in China. 
 
 SECTION \'. 
 
 Religion of India in genera!, and the different Seilariej 
 particular. 
 
 TWV. nnihology of the Inilians is very irregular, 
 'i'he religious and philofophic books of the Hin- 
 doos are called bedas. They are written in Shanfcnta, 
 a language known only to the Bramins, who confine 
 thofe writings entirely to I heir own trilie. 
 
 The Hindoos inriexibly adhere to the Mofaic injunc- 
 tion, " Thou ihalt not mu//lc the ox when he trcad- 
 nh over the corn." 'I'hey niu//.le not the ox, but let 
 him quietly tread out the grain as the Ifraelites ufed to 
 do of old. 
 
 'i'here is reafon tob'-lieve, that the Indians were al- 
 iiiolt as ci\ili'/;ed when Brama inffituted his laws as 
 the) are at this time. It is from him the Indians de- 
 rive their religious veneration for the two great rivers, 
 (iaiige.^ and Indus ; it was he who confecrated the cow, 
 whofe milk is fo wholefonie and agreeable in nor coun- 
 tries ; and to him i^■ attributed the divifion of the peo- 
 ple into tribes; which inflitution is anti-ccdent to all 
 traditions and known records, and may be confidercd 
 as the mod Ifriking tcilimony of the ;»ntiquite:)f the In- 
 dians. Throughout all Indoflan, the laws of govern- 
 ment, cuftoms, ami manners, fiirm .1 part ot religion, 
 ami arc all derived from Brama, who was the author 
 of thefacrcd books. He prefcnbcd different fort :> of 
 food for the refpedive tribe.: the military, and fonie 
 oiher ranks, were allowed to eai venil'on and mutton; 
 lilli was allowed to fome hulbaiv'iiien and mcchanicsj 
 and others lived upon vegetable., and milk. 
 
 Although weaic not fo well acijuainted with i'lc ;il 
 of Bramins, as might be expeded tiom the enlarijed 
 knowledge, comnuTcc, and curiolit, of the pielenr 
 
 times. 
 
 M 
 
 i ' 
 
264 
 
 A NIAV, TIOYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 if' H 
 
 times, W'c know enough ofthcin toconclmlc with cer- 
 tainty, that thcv have degenerated from the purity of 
 their anceftors. In thcprefcnt times it is iiirertcd, that 
 European ufurpers fomctimcs make ufe even of the 
 Jiramins as tools of opprellion and inflrumcnts of plun- 
 der. But whatever their lives be, their dodrines, upon 
 the whole, a trucan<J excellent; for among ieveral 
 errors, they niaintain thofe truths which fiirm the har- 
 mony of the world, viz. " That Goii is deliglited \xith 
 charity and good works, more than by any other facri- 
 fuis." In general, their religious tenets are very con- 
 iillent with the ide.is which are entertaineil of the Di- 
 vinity in Europe. Many fuix-rrtitious practices ha\e 
 been introduced among the generality of the people, 
 and the ufc of images is common, though feemingly 
 (according to a candid obferver) not as objects of ado- 
 ration, but livcl renrefcntations of thoie attributes 
 Avhich they believe tiie Almighty Iking only to polfefs. 
 
 The Hramins arc very fober and temperate, and, up- 
 on the whole, exemplary in their conduch They di- 
 vide part time into four dirtini't ages, and pretend to 
 trace the cxirtence of time through a valf fuccethon of 
 years. The four lacred books, or bedas, contain an 
 hundred thoufand jwetic flaitzas, eachconiirting of tour 
 lines; the furt treats of aerology, natural philofophy, 
 aflronomy, and the creation of matter; theilcond treats 
 of rriigious and moral duties, and has facred fongs or 
 h\mns in honour of the l)i\init\ ; the third ha'i for its 
 ful)iect a'l religious rites and ccremoniis, as lalts, ief- 
 tivals, penances, purifications, &c. and the I'ourth com- 
 prehends the whole fciencc of theology and nutaphsli- 
 cal phiU'fophy. However, lince the rife of the Maho- 
 metan religion, the Hramins have laid afide the fourth 
 book, orbeda; as the hercf\' of Mahomet, according 
 to them, hath been founded upon tlv.it book. 
 
 It may be necellary to ohferve, that the term Gentoo 
 dllunguiflies the Hindoos trom the Mahomctaus or 
 Muilulmcn, commonly, though inijiroperh-, denonii- 
 natcd Moors. The word has it derivation fromGcn- 
 tio, in Portugucfc, fignifying Gentile. 
 
 The I lindoos are divided into lour tribes, thcmort 
 confiderab'.e of which are the Hramins; of thcfe there 
 are feveral orders: thofe who mix in fociety are, for 
 tl-iC moll part, very corrupt in :heir morals ; thev fay 
 that the water of the (Janges will walli away all their 
 crimes; and, as they are not fubiecT: to any ci\il jnrif- 
 ilidion, they live without cither virtueor rcllraint ; ex- 
 cept, indeed, that thc> have the great character of rom- 
 [lairion and charity ; principles en\incntly dii'Hnguilh- 
 ablc in the mild climate of India. 
 
 An Hind(K), being b.ini(lied and difgraccd, is forced 
 to ioin the 1 lall.ichores, who are a tribe, or rather the 
 re'lif;' cf all tribes: for they [x.ribnn the vilell olhccs 
 in lite, and are held in fuch general aliomin.ition, that 
 on the Malabar tide of India, if oncot them ha[)i)ens 
 to touch a perlon of a fu|)erJor iri'ie, he receives a 
 d.agger in his bodv, and the lav, imntenanccs the 
 deed. 
 
 The riindoo-., or (^cntoos, are coiifideraiily more 
 numerous than tin Mahometans. \\.iri(e is their 
 chief jwllion ; a p.diion which |)rt\ai;- l.)r the moll 
 I)arr, m perfons ol weak boilicN and ' nund.-:. 
 
 The latirt wriur upon this lubji, ■, 1 w '1; 
 
 lecn, thu.-. defcribes tluirchara. u:i : 
 
 " '!'o linn up tin ir general character m fe ■ 1 Is ; 
 they arc gentli-, ji:itient, tem[H r.i i , re dar in their 
 li\ts, cliai Italic, ;ind Ihic't obi'i I '. :. I it ii . . 
 ceremonic'. 'l"hey are fiiperlluio ,.,: .,• •, a' 
 
 ritious, and crafty; deci itfiil ankl diiuohi 
 ings, vokI of" every princijile of liimo .,>^."C' 
 graritiii'c. (rain is their predominat j' .n !, , • hI, 
 asapart ot theirgains, beflowcdin gil'^ toth n, 
 or charities to the poor, will [)rociire thei- p;it\ . ; 
 fhcy can iluar without fearing the angc I ,u 
 gods." 
 
 The duifion ot tlie GentoO'-- into tribes or dalles, 
 difcc<vers a (Iriking peculiarity in their gnvernmenr and 
 riligion. The tribti arc headei: by a chief, who is, in 
 
 fonu- degree, refponfiblc for the conduct of thole iindLr 
 him; and individuals, on proper occafions, arc fomcl 
 times fummoncd to afl'emble together in conformitvto 
 the requifitions of government. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 Government, Climate, Conftitution, Civil, M'tUtan, if ^, 
 cf India. 
 
 BOTH the lives and fortunes of the jicoi-ilc an- 
 wholly at tlie dil'pofil of theCheat Miiriil. Ci\| 
 llavcry hath been here added to political llaverv; i\\- 
 tlibjeOl: opprelled has no law to protect him. HcriM 
 man fcarce dares to think; his Ibul is lb much dcb.ilij 
 that its faculties are dertroyed ; defpotifm dcbafcsaihl 
 (Htles every kind of fentiment. The fuhject is nc: 
 maflerot his own life; he is not malkr ofhisowniin- 
 derrtanding: he is debarred from all Riidies that .i:\ 
 ferviceable to human kiiul, and is only alloweit liuii 
 as arc calculated to enflave him. He is not niallcrn, 
 his own field; the lands, and their produce, heloni'i 
 the Ibvereigii; and the peafant mull be conteiuod, ,, 
 he can earn julT' enough to keep himl'elf and his fiiird. 
 w ith a common degree of decency. He is no: nia!k, 
 of liifMiwn indiillry; every artift, whohas bee:i Ii) u:; 
 happy as Hi betray his talents, lives in dread of hciii;; 
 fated to ferve the monarch, or fomc powerful laurtici 
 who hath purchafed a right to ufc and eni])lov him :; 
 he thinks proper. Me is not mailer of his own mo 
 ney; he ii' forceil to conceal it in the earth, hy\\a I'l 
 fee tiring it from the tyrannic hand of power. Tfx 
 will of the Mogul is tlie only law of his l'iib|odv, ■, 
 decides all law-luits, without any perfon's daring ii 
 call it in i|iiellion, on pain of being deprived ol' lite. A: 
 his command alone, the greatelt perfonages arc ]nit :i\ 
 death, and their pofFellions taken from their l.iniiliv. 
 No lioubt thisabfolutc am! tyrannical authority, \u!!i 
 which the Indian is every v.hcreo[)prcired, nuilll.iii,! 
 his fpirir, and render hnu incapable of thofe clior. 
 which courage requires. 
 
 The climate of this country is another oblhic!'.'^ 
 any liberal exertion: the indon^ncc it iiifpiirs is an 1:1 
 \ incible imjiediment to great revolution; and vi m.;-. 
 o[)po(itions, fo connnon in northern region^. 1 
 foul and body equally enervated, have only ttievuiu 
 and vices of llavery. Since, then, the climate hath w 
 powerful an etlect over both mind and body, its mt! .- 
 cncc mud bear a mutual analogy to thcdifierentln.it;h 
 of th;r foil on which a man bieathe;-, indepeiuiciu ■. 
 other local caufes, which mull make fome exctpiu 
 to the general rule. 
 
 The emperor of Hindollan •Ibmetimcs appeiir; :;: 1 
 window at fun-rile, when all t!ie great men ot h;si v 
 areobliged to attend in his apart meiitstoiio hi n~.'..ii;i: ;.';'• 
 At fVm-iet he ;dlb a})pears at a window, ami rv^i > * 
 the acclamations of the people. The principal oh:;.h 
 of his empire are the prime vi/.icr, the full fccret.iiy 1 
 Hate, the treafuri'r, the chiei'of the eunuchs, the p'l, 
 ral of the elephants, and the mailer of the wardmii' 
 
 No perlons mull prefume to enter the inirir;jl j 
 lace except the rajas and great ollicers, aiui i!ii'\ in 
 pay a moll proloiind reverence to the empuor, a:. ■ 
 ')rollrate themfelves w hen they depart from him. 
 
 No potnj), iiKignificence, or luxury, is coinjun 
 to the ollcntatious brilliancy of the Great Mogul "'i 
 
 ..')pears ;:i pui)' ;. I le fits upon a throne ot !,'■ 
 ''i ^ ng witl \ .-ious tlones. The throne , mil m 
 •«k', are both ;,pon the back of an elepli mt, • - 
 elevation g.\ the emperor liich an airofgr.iiKlcin 
 mull liirpalsti ' conception oi'aiiy iVuirupc:in wln> : 
 •lot , ' n him. 
 
 A • le elephant moves (lowly on, the people Ij I 
 nro(lr;itc before their great and mighty prince. I iH' 
 h) dazzling the eyes of his llaies, and infpirn;,': lii : 
 with terror, he fiipportj. his defpoiic ai.ithor:r\. 
 
 On the Ihield of this fplendiit delj-ot ire ilicedii '^ 
 mondsand rubies; on his bead i; a gaudy turlua, .. 
 
; 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 on his neck a rich chain of pearls. Bcfides a fword, he 
 has a quiver of arrows ; and on the right and left fide of 
 him hang rubies or diamonds. He holds a ftatf in his 
 h:ind, adorned with drilled diamonds. He has rich 
 bracelets on his wrifts, as well as above his elbows; 
 and on his fingers are coftly rings. 
 
 When the tiiiptror marches with his troops, he is 
 attended by about lOO elephants, richly capaiifont '■, 
 and 10 or 1 2,000 men. -In the center, either 6n an 
 elephant, or a fine Ferfian horfe, he rides hiinfelf. 
 When he goes into the country, he is feated in a covered 
 chariot, drawn by o.xen. 
 
 Tin- emperor has under him four principal fecreta- 
 rits of flare. 
 
 The foiis of the emperor arc ftiled fultans, and his 
 daughters fultanas: the nabobs are viceroys or gover- 
 ncirs of provinces: tlie next in rank have the title of 
 khan, or cawn : the great othcers in the army are ftiled 
 oiiirahs; and the chief, or general, is called mirza. 
 The Subah of the Decan hath the fuperintendancc of 
 all the Mogul governors within his jurifdiclion, and 
 whofe fupremc viceroyalty is made up of fevcral pro- 
 vinces, which were formerly fo many indepcndant 
 Uatcs. 1 he women in the emperor's feraglio are up- 
 wardsof 1000. He allows himfclffeveral wives, and 
 generally m.u rus fome of his own fubjects. The iirft 
 fon of either wife is heir to the enperor, though the 
 riown is ufually enjoyed by hiin whofe fword can do 
 ihemofK'xeciition. 
 
 At the age of about twelve or fourteen years the ful- 
 tans are nianied, and fent to different governments, 
 the heir to the throne excepted, who ftaj* at home. 
 The fultanas, who are relliained from marrying, arc 
 educated very liberally; and, in confequence of that 
 retlridion, great indulgences are often given to thofc 
 princefles. The govcrmf^Vs ot ihcfe ladiis have fre- 
 quently no im onfulcrablethare in the government; for 
 great olHces an: often difpofed of through the fole in- 
 Hiicnce of thei'e women, each of whom, indeed, has a 
 title anfwerable to fome confequential department and 
 corrcfptinding with the minifter whole title the bears. 
 The emperor, in retirement, is attended and ferved 
 cntirel. by women. 
 
 With refpeiil to thT .aws of Hindollan, the emperor 
 himf'elf decides in all capital ( ales, as do his viceroys in 
 thiir dill'ertnt goveniuieiits. 1 here are i\o written 
 laws, particular punillimenis being inflicted tor parti- 
 cular offences. Mimlerand roobery are punirtied with 
 death: but tlic mode of executing it isfolcly in.thc will 
 of the Mogul or his \ iceroy. Some offenders are be- 
 headed, foim hanged, Ibme impaled upon Uarp-point- 
 cd Hakes, and othirs trampled to death I > rlrphants. 
 Ihe poor'.riminal win. b doomed to (iiil'tr* /vellivc 
 toiture, has the bones of Im.s .egs and -.rms brok' n by 
 the elephant, who kicks him in thole pans with his 
 heavy foot, and then leases the viiilim to expire. 
 There have bi en inflanc s ofdeliniiuents being torn to 
 pieces by dogs in the empire of I lindollan. 
 
 A court of juflice is held at Hated times fordetermin- 
 iai; dif'pures relative to propcity, and other controver • 
 fies among the people, it is called the durhar, and i* 
 a iurge- building, open on one fide for the admillionol 
 IJK. Luors. 1 lither the injured perfon repairs, and ad- 
 dirlling himfelf to the court, (alls out with an audible 
 vout lor jiiftice a}!;ainfl the offender. As foon as he is 
 obferud by tin judge, he proceeds to the upper end 
 of till, court, and relates his grievances with all the hu- 
 mility he is mailer of, as the favour of tlie judge is his 
 only depeiidanee for icdrefs. This degree of Hattery, 
 however, will not operate without it is attended with 
 pecuiiiaJy toii!))!iiiu lusj and that part) which outvies 
 the other in this particular, is ftjre to obtain a coniiuelt 
 over IiIn adserfary; Ui that the grievance of the com- 
 plainant isotteii increatcvl by advancing one [wrtoi hu 
 jiroperty in ex[)ectation if obtaining the other. 
 
 Courts are likewile held in every town and village 
 for the adminill ration of jiiftice, ilie princip.d perion 
 acting a< judge, and determining all dilpu'.ts within his 
 
 No. 2i. 
 
 H I N D O S T A N. 
 
 aSj 
 
 and giv<v; ," /^iiCwv» -M/i <'/approb:ir!on. 
 giiJ docs luy i'y5>wt fw, at»*vs rcdrefs rl' 
 
 diftrid. The determination, however, is generally 
 formed in favour of hiiu who diiplays the greateft de- 
 gree of liberality. 
 
 Law-fuits arc here vcfy quickly aljufled, as the 
 whole power of deciding is folely ve-fted in the judge, 
 whoL principle is avarice, and whofe foul is a ftranger 
 to tender or equitable fentinients. 
 
 When the Cireat Mogul liimfelf holds a divan or 
 public court, he is feated on the nuifnud, which is a 
 kind of ftagc elevated to the height of about two feet, 
 covered with a fupcrb chith, embroidered and fringed 
 with gold. In the center of the mufnud is placed an 
 •iblong plate of gilded lilver, rurned up at the edges, 
 and relrmbling.'. tea-boanl, upon wliich the Crnqncnr 
 of the IVorld I for fo the Mogul itiles himfelf) fits crofs- 
 legged. His othcers furround him, his courtiers adu- 
 late him, and the unfbrtiinate petition him. As there is 
 fomething lingular in t le ceremonial of the latter, it 
 may be entertaining to particularize it. The petitioner 
 is obliged to leave his llippers on the outfide of the 
 door, and to advance baietboted in token of humility: 
 he then makes three falaris, or falutes, to cxprefs his 
 profountl veneration, bows his forehead to the ground, 
 anil prefents his petition, toge-ther with a jjurfe of 
 gold, as the one would be ufelefs without the- other; 
 lor the tirfl only contains a detail of grievances, but tlie 
 latter is filled with that perfualive eloquence which 
 alone can induce the monarch to rcdrrfs them. J he 
 ptfitioner, on prcfentiiig the piper and purfe, ufually 
 fays, " Read this, my petition: the day \.ill come 
 wlien ail pe numa fhal! be read." Jf the Mogul dots 
 IV ' cha/f t/» receive the petition, h< frowns, and turns 
 i»vay his hr^d, but rfrhe petitioner i<t,'i% favour in hi< 
 fij?h'^ _(*!« ts, if iivr briJje is ftitficiendy iitfye, and the 
 nnm^&' fe«ve fc«*» pf'vioufiy well ite'e, he fmiles, 
 
 rh^Mo- 
 
 rhe gfK-ancc 
 *»l-ven he rcAer\y*! <<l*c at/rfUMuS a^ its goMcn at'.' n- 
 A»r\< , but IS fretju'-'Vl-y (o ^4.^ruM *Kh thi* rhetfit]'- 
 rX !"+•> Wfcr, I'lna* n<- ^tf* dv 'Ay-f ■ of opprefJioB^ i^r 
 the ti'Mbic »n4 fxpc»^ <A fyiKiiv/ (?h« turfMCy 
 Soch I- I ill- di tirrnifiatiori <*/ ,.of'>'> if> Iik"!**! 
 
 The ci . il ill llituc^^sof ch# H wlv/s rcfpecfj«ji^ the 
 divifion and f.'curi(y<xf ^ropcrty^M :l»>;<ntema]^'iicj 
 of the country, were origi'mjly f iif-j6 ^ priiiciutcii 
 of tlu. foundeft political wifdom, aiiA Kfx< iff^\ calcu- 
 lated \o promote the happine' , of th< /''•'f- "tA the 
 dilleren niiM)vationsof defpotilmhave i.. a r. ■".'•''■ '-■har- 
 mony of the ancient con!titiitit)n, and rend- '.i.:, yfo. 
 pertyandpcr!>>f)al liberty more precarious, lefsti<"<«« 4, 
 and more z\y//'\ to chicanery and mil(:onftruCti«*x 
 
 Every vcar r*o grand acd fol \\n fellivals arc cele- 
 brat*-,, in honour of the Vi^g;ul. The firft, which 
 commenecu with the new year,< ontinucs about twenty 
 da) s. UtiOie the royal piLrccisbui'ta fplendid theatre, 
 whi( h thceniptrnraf-'M*, and feating himfelf on 1 
 tulhion, deenraied wK^^i («-»rli andgoW, receives the 
 prefents bn.u ht tohiin from his jxJopU. The othn 
 tcftival is held on his birth-day, '.«'hen heil"frci h' •'- 
 (elfin his moll g.uidy apparel, u, cuers a m<»^, 
 cent piivillion, aiteiuieet oy his courtiers, where uc 
 twoLrge leaks, the chains of which are of mady gold, 
 adorned w ith jewels. In one cf thef: fcales the empe- 
 ror places himfelf, in order to balance or prepiUiderate 
 the othei-, which is filled with rubies, emeralds, pearls, 
 gold, tilver, fine fluffs, cinnamon, clovc-i, herlis, &c. 
 and an exart account is t.iken of the liilfercnce of his 
 weight fiom the lal^ year: it' he v.eigh.v nioie the ])re- 
 fent year than the la!l, the people fliout and rejoice; 
 if iefs, ;hcv manitelUven exprellion of concern. 
 
 The f 'I. iers make iij* liie liii;ille;l p.irtof the Indian 
 camps, whacharepiicl'.eJ in one tbn.i, and are nearly 
 round. T.ury trooper i-' all i-nded by hi« wife, his- 
 ehihlien, and two fervant:'. Ihc gencials and t>f!'ccrs 
 tiain is pioportioiied to their ambtion and xanitv. 
 The lovereign hiiiiltlf, more inteiu upon parade and 
 in igniticenee than the emergencies of war, hxs an un- 
 bounded train of wives, courtitrs, elephants, &:c. 
 
 X X X In 
 
 t\l 
 
 
 W 
 
 ,. ■( ' 
 
a66 
 
 A NEW. ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GI-IOGRAPHY. 
 
 % 
 
 
 In general, the troops, of the mogul are furniflicd 
 by the raiahs. He has fcvcral regiments called houfe- 
 hold troops, which are his body guards. There are 
 alfo the guards of the golden mace, the filver mace, 
 and the iron mace . thefe carry maces, and are all 
 chofenmen. who have diftinguilhed themfelves by 
 their valour. But the moft refpeCbble and honoura- 
 ble body among the emperor's forces is a regiment 
 of 4000 men, called the einperor's flavcs; thefe are 
 the principal of the houfehold troops, or body guards; 
 and their daroga, or conmiander, is a jXTfon of very 
 great authority. 
 
 The arms of the cavalry are a fabre, a dagger, a 
 bow and quiver of arrows, a lance, a kind of carbine, 
 and a Ihicld. Thofe of the infantry are a fwortl and 
 dagger, a bow and arrows, a fliield, and either a fpike 
 or miillvct. Tiicy have alfo fmall guns, which they 
 fire from the backs of elephants. Added to all thefe 
 they have an heavy artiUt:ry ; though it mult be con- 
 fefled they are obliged to have European gunners to 
 manage it. 
 
 The wholecountry is in agitation to provide for the 
 oftentation and pomp of a camp, and orders are ifTued 
 for the bringing in provilions from every quarter to 
 fupply it. '1 here is always great confufion in its ope- 
 rations; and a famine, with contagious diftempeis, 
 frequently attend it. There are, belidcs, confidera- 
 ble lolTes fuftained in men, hearts, and implements of 
 war, in crofling difficult roads, and particularly in 
 paffing over rivers i for, in the rainy fcafon, the rivers 
 become fo rapid, that the landing-places are often a 
 mile below the places of embarkation. 
 
 Notwithflanding they aifeda ftrongpafTioii for mi- 
 litary glory, the natives ot Hindortan engage in «ar 
 as feldom as pollible. Thofe who have had the good 
 fortune to obtain fome marks of dillindion in battle, 
 are excufed from ferving for fome time, and there are 
 ftw who do not avail themfelves of this privilege, 
 
 SECTION Vll. 
 
 Commerce, ManufaSJion, Arcbiteflinr, Rcienuc, Coins, 
 H'eights, Mcii/ures, '^c. 
 
 THE merchants of Hindoftan carry onabriik and 
 flourilhing trade to Pertiaand the Red .Sea, fu|)- 
 plying both I'eriia and Turkey with all the rich mer- 
 chandize of India j in return for which they inip>rt 
 pearls, carpets, and other I'crlian comniodiiies, but 
 chicHy treafure to a vail amount. 
 
 As Involutions in Alia are fo frequent, trade can- 
 not be carried on in the fairie continued track as it is 
 in Europe. Euroiiean Ihips are ufed for the impor- 
 tation ot Indian treafure, by way of fecurity from the 
 aiTaults of pirates. 
 
 '1 hey ilo not uiiiverfally obferve one and the fame 
 methml in painting their cottons; either becaufe there 
 aie fome niceties peculiar to lertain provinces, or be- 
 caufe different foils produce different drugs for the 
 fame ufes. 
 
 The chief manufaclures of Hindoftan are callicos, 
 filks and mullins. We imjjort Irom thence indigo, 
 falt-petre, opiun;, pepper, tec. ixc. with diamonds 
 and other precious Hones, 
 
 The commodities ex [xjrted from Europe arc (r"'d 
 and (ilver lace, I'.ngliih iiroad-cloth, fwoid-bl.i s, 
 looking-glaires, hanl-ware, tin-ware, brand\ , I'cer, 
 &c. ike. All the go(Kls carried to India, however, 
 are tr.tling in proportion to the bullion and fonii; \ 
 coin taken thither. 
 
 The native., forge very good blade, ul (words a 
 poniards m foti.e places. Howevei, ihev vi".. 
 make eith( r clocks 01 watches. 
 
 1 he cement ufed in houfe-building l^ made 
 flieUs, and i-. harder than hrick-»iirk: theyco 'le 
 top< of flat-roolid biiildinji «ith it,thn)i'4»h wh > no 
 baii weadu r can |iin ;ratL, ^ndwnt! n ifm . j- 
 ntent they frcque 'y the !i<»^» <»< tit .■•nnt. 
 
 The natives do not carry on the foreign trade of Co. 
 romaiidel. In the weftern part, indec-d, tiiee nre 
 Mahometans who fend veflels to Achen, Meriiuv 
 Siam, aixl the eaftcrn coaft. Exclulive of ihi-is of 
 contidcrable burthen employed in thefe vov.igcs, thi 
 have fmaller embarkations for the coalHng trade of 
 Ceylon, and the pearl iiflicry. 
 
 The Indians of Malfuiipatan import white callicoi 
 from Bengal, which they dye or print, and difjiolc of 
 them again at the places from whence they had liicm 
 at a very confiderablc profit. Exceprin:^ thefe tnnf! 
 actions, the trade is entirely vetted in the handsofthe 
 Europeans, whole only partners are a tew ArnicniaiK 
 and Bramins. 
 
 Weaving is the principal employment throughoui 
 India; but tli<c greatelt manufactory is at Dacca, in 
 Bengal, where the linelt callicos, mutlins, and dimi- 
 ties are made. 
 
 The tilligree is admirable, the workmanfliip cod- 
 ing infinitely more than the metal itfelf. It is not 
 perforated as with us, but cut into llucils, and ]oina) 
 with fuch inimitable art, that the nicelt eye caii.-.ut 
 peiceivc the junctures. 
 
 The eml)roidery and needle-work arc infinitely fu. 
 perior to any thing of the kind done in Europe; hut 
 it is rem irkable, that the embroidereis and feinjillrcl'- 
 fes (if we may be permitted fo to (all them) a:e all 
 men, whole patience is as allonilhing as their llou- 
 nefs is lingular. 
 
 The gold and tilvcrfilks and gau/es arc nnnufac- 
 turedat Benares, but thei"- licfefs exceeds their eic- 
 gance. Tl*y are e^-.^uted wit out talle, and mikc .1 
 very dull ap''...iance when finiihed, wanting the d,:- 
 lightf''! giols, and vivid colours, which lb greatly en- 
 liven, and give fuch tpirit ;;".'l beauty to the iilk^aiiJ 
 gau7.e3 of Europe and other place:, 
 
 'I'he exceeding llowncfs of the manufaeturcr.'! render^ 
 moft of the commodities of Inilia very expeiirivc: 
 none \> lOrk but when abl'olute nccellity comptK 
 them to it: fo that when a merchant has occalion fur 
 any article, he is obliged to fend tor the maker, f.'r- 
 nith him w ith materials to |)rcK"e;'d, and advance him 
 the money that his labour u ill amount to, previous to 
 his etiteriiig upon the bulincls. 
 
 They copy with exactnefs, but have neither gen:;;. 
 to invent, or ingenuity to improve: heiive iluir 
 works are admirably neat, without being plealiii;! 
 e'egant; and dilplay the molt exquilite linenefs, u:iii- 
 out the lealt delicacy of tatte. 
 
 At Surat they arc very Ikilful in the fliip-btiildin ' 
 art, though it mult be acknowledged that their luv.ii, 
 as well as their other architee'ture, is rather aukw.iri 
 and clunily. Their vcllels are made of a wood < ,ilkd 
 teak, whi(h is as dur.ible and folidasoak, and tinii 
 malls come from the coaft of Malabar. I heir ropii 
 are prixluced from the lihres of the cocoa nut tive, 
 aiivl their fail-doths from their cotton n\nnulaLti!:c>. 
 'I hey ufe the gum of the tUiWrt \rce ibr pitch, and 
 their anchors are for rW tnolt (>mi Kiirop \n . ^n^, iii- 
 ileed, the molt va'nnblc of iheir . <>*ily,e is rhc pi'>- 
 
 liuce of Europe t hefm.ili - elfr;, .Utaicufedul 
 the coall oi \\ul.>l>Ai »» -.NmiK ot the .«'tovc woo V - 
 planks bvxtg fal^<'»^^'' iiy,eiher with i ord» fhi e 
 Hal rti ihe t.utoiY^, m\<[ have no' my risddu-. 
 
 The Mogul's revenue I ^ fiippoi.d to have'imo 
 to about fort> millions |ki annum, before N.iau s'^. 
 commuted hi» drpreduTioiK in ttie empire, who vt 
 piivdl it of Us >' oil val.i^Me tre.iliires.and, b) eiil-ce 
 ling the love- Rn's luihoritv, enabled feveul " 
 boh> to«»nnr>. |i»i»te ilvml<'ves from "i* p.>"er. t 
 irven* fMf Irom t > >>H»'..,is ol the fc:i p'"' *. ' 
 ' Ou .. '.^ 'lel '- h- * voluiion(>thc '11''"' ' 
 
 I >vr i.)in».f U ,>.oH .*» rhe rupee, i!)e god m 
 hni. the p.igoda ie fa' n, jitd the piec. T'cval' 
 of the nijK'e, a U'.vc: .oi.e m about ?s. ^t( the ).{<■ 
 iv.ihorii worth I tv I,:: 14 ru(X!e8; rhe pa<<Kla is vil 1 
 a V'- a'*d is fo called InJin itvbetii;: it»in(K-l •> *"''' 
 
 is; 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 figure of a pagoda; the 
 (d. and the pice, which 
 iibout a halfpenny. Fo 
 but, for triHing artclcs 
 cowries or fea-lhells, th 
 at about a hi Ifpenny. ' 
 Iccks or lacks, carons or 
 100 ooo rupees, a cqrot 
 10 '.arons. They mak 
 red ; one of w hich is v 
 virtue, and a third virti 
 exprelTl. n. 'Ihe interi 
 cent, a month; and the 
 
 The common weight 
 about thirteen ounces ; 
 molt every port, and I 
 port. Wc cannot, ther 
 curacy, fpecify them. 
 
 The col's, with whicl 
 about an Englilli mile a 
 incafures, one meafure is 
 lures are one mercall, o 
 c 'Us arc one garfe, or 6 
 
 SECT 
 
 Chief Provinces and Cities 
 l>y the PiUans. Lily of 
 ir/wren Men ami Bcaji 
 ihe Cre:il Mcfiil. Di 
 cf Hindojlun. 
 
 THE chief cities in tt 
 doltan, are thofe ol 
 of Uehli, or Delli, capit 
 fiiuattd in the heart of tl 
 longitude from London, 
 tilde. It Hands in the f 
 (iemioa, which divides 
 into three towns, lying 
 of Agra, in a fine p'ent: 
 more cool and f.ilubrioi 
 town that was built is 
 ^2 gates. At fome dilt 
 ddightftil plantation of 
 touii, which was taken 
 Moi:,ul conqueror. Th 
 b) feveral inagnifuent 
 as \ieb as other (latel 
 demnlilhed by .Shah Jeh 
 the latter rebuilt the ti 
 trans Itrring the feat ot 
 w here the heat of the f 
 thiri.' town, which was 1 
 lormed out of its ruin 
 dians, inHead of Jchaii 
 faid to have been hud 1 
 Ll.K'tors were cut, by 
 laid) to cement the ll. 
 vh,. . ' r to iuiornanti 
 I' ' ' 1!; roval paku e, 
 'tnuiK Vcnetiaf), alter s 
 
 I (v. Ml'/ ot i)ehli I 
 illlhe^ wit I rtv ll lideot ' 
 ihi iMdelMK.n. Ih' ' 
 
 the ii;tra" t (»f vef 
 liguies, on w (lofe l)a( f 
 I' natives o: two luntli' 
 1> detendi .g ceit on 1 
 I he p.ilai e is a very n 
 ha:u pmrcos, elegan; 
 teni' e thai i^n coiuli 
 
 Im ioscifv I a li)aei 
 ii' em ^ irava;iler.i. 
 
 » \U)gv;! prim it-. It I 
 li'i. undeil h\ ai hcMi 
 th iVr(l.v■^,lJllK^ ,aiul 
 aiiu hiivc ali.i warcliui 
 
A PHY. 
 
 rciirntradeofCo. 
 indeed, tlic'i; nri- 
 Achcn, Mirgiiv, 
 ulive of ihips of 
 iffc vovages, thi 
 coalling trade of 
 
 ort white callico? 
 lit, and difpofc oi 
 ccthcy had iliem, 
 ;pnn^thcrc tr.iiif. 
 n the hiindjofthc 
 a few Armenians 
 
 ■mcnt throughoiu 
 y is at Dacca, in 
 iiullins, and dinii- 
 
 rarkmanfliip cofl- 
 
 itfclf. It is not 
 
 fliicds, and |oirn-d 
 
 nicclt eye cannot 
 
 ■; arc iiilinittly fu. 
 
 ic in Kiirope; but 
 ers and feinpllref- 
 all them) a:c all 
 
 ing as their Hum. 
 
 i/.cs arc nianufac- 
 s exceeds their cjc, 
 : talk-, and in ikc .i 
 I, wanting the U,:- 
 .hirh fo greatly di- 
 uty to the lilksunJ 
 
 tr.ufafturers rcndcTi 
 ia very cxpcniivt': 
 • nccellity coinpiU 
 It lias occalion iui 
 "or the maker, fir- 
 J, and advance linn 
 uuiit to, previous to 
 
 have neither f;enr,H 
 rove: hence ilkir 
 It being plcafim;ly 
 lilite linenel's, uiih- 
 
 1 the (hip-buildini^ 
 :^ed that tlieir n.iv.il, 
 ■, is rather aukw.iri 
 Jo of a wood I wiled 
 id as oak, and tlnii 
 abar. I heir ropci 
 he cocoa nut tive, 
 nton iMiiniitu.-ti '(■>. 
 |r<-e (or Pitch, ami 
 Kuro^- \n jnd, in- 
 ' '><Kty,o is rhc pn>- 
 .»»*t arc ufcd ai' "iii; 
 hf .v'-wve \»oo<. "?. 
 ith I ord- I he ir 
 ny nnWv r. 
 .1 tohave'imc 
 . before Na^lh SK. 
 V empire, who >' 
 ires, and, b\ t'liud' 
 .•nahl.d fcveiil n 
 .)ni .lis po^iM. f 
 >l the fci pi"" \ 
 iion i->»thc rt\^>T- ' 
 |iv» Afc. .\>. 
 rupoo.llnfjod nil 
 licpicc. T'i'viih 
 wt ?s. _^d the f>y 
 hi- iia<<Kla is vd i ■' 
 
 H I N D O S T A N. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 ficurc of a pagoda; the fanam, a filver coin, is worth 
 (5. and the pice, which is a copper piece, is vaiueil at 
 about a halfpenr.y. Foreign coins are alfo current: 
 but, for tritiing artcles, they fomctiincs make ufeof 
 cowries or fea-lheiis, ihrecfcorc of which are valued 
 at about a hi Ifpenny. Capital funis are reckoned by 
 Iccks or lacks, caruiis or carols, and arabs. A lack is 
 i(X> ooo rupees, a cqron is lOo lacks, and an arab is 
 10 ' arons. They make a threefold divifion of inte- 
 rcfti one of which is vice, another neither vice or 
 virtue, and a third virtue. This is their manner of 
 expreiru n. '1 he interell that is vice, is four per 
 cent, a month; and the intcrcfl that is virtue, one. 
 
 The common weight at Surat is the fecr, which is 
 about thirteen ounces ; but thtir weights dillcr inal- 
 moft every port, and fometimes even in the fame 
 port. We cannot, therefore, with any degree of ac- 
 curacy, fpccify them. 
 
 The cofs, with which they meafure their land, is 
 about an Englifli mile and a half. In liquid and dry 
 nuafurcs, one meafure is a |)intand a half; eight mea- 
 iures arc one mercall, or twelve pints; and 400 mer- 
 c -lis arc one garfc, or 600 gallons. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 Chief Provinces and Cities of lliiidojjan. Dchli iiwadrd 
 i'Y the PiUans. City of yi;;ra. De/criplion of a Ju^bl 
 k-tiircn Men ami Beajh al an Entertaimnent giien by 
 the Great Mo^nl. Divers o/ber Provinces and Cities 
 cf Hindojlaii. 
 
 • 
 
 Till", rhicf cities in the midland provinces of Hin- 
 dollan, are thofc of Dejili and Agra. The city 
 ijf Dehli, or Delli, capital of the province of Uehli, 
 fiiuattd in the heart of the empire, is in 78 degrees call 
 longitude from London, and in 26 degrees north lati- 
 tude. It ftands in the form of a ciefccnt, on the river 
 (iimnia, which divides it; and it is dirtingudhed 
 into tiirec towns, lying within about 120 miles north 
 of Agra, in a fine p'entiful country, where the air is 
 more cool and filubrious than at Agra. The hrft 
 town that was built is faid to have had y caftles and 
 <;2 gates. At feme diltance is a Hone bridge, and a 
 ddiglul'iil plantation of trees, leading to the fccond 
 town, which was taken from the Indians by the iirll 
 Mogul conqueror. This was adorned and enriched 
 by fevcral magniliccnt fepiilchres 'if the Patan princes, 
 as '••el! as otiier (lately monuments, which were all 
 demoiilhed bv Shah Jehan, father of Aurengzebe: but 
 the latter rebuilt the town, and called it Jetian-Abad, 
 translerring the fear of the empire hither from Agra, 
 where the heat of the fuinmer was too violent, i'he 
 fliirt' town, which was erected clofe to the fecond, and 
 formed out of its ruins, was called Dehli by the In- 
 dians, indead of Jehan-i\bad,the bails of which was 
 (aid to have been hud in blood, as the throats of ma- 
 Llactors were cut, by Jehan's order, '• the better (he 
 laid) to lament the Hones." He fparcd no expcnce 
 wh.^ . >x to adorn and beautify the gardens belong- 
 ii" I • u ri)v;il pal.u e, wliif h were formed by an m- 
 '.iniu'; Vrpeiiai, altera'. Italian model. 
 
 IK>- I (ly ot IX'hli IS entercil by a long ftrcet, with 
 .uvhv< on I idh lideofit, under which are the (hops of 
 ilu n.«le(«f!(n. I hi (Ircet leadsdireClly tothcpalacc, 
 1' the entra" i of which arc a couple d^ elephantic 
 ligures.on w hofc bat ks rule two famous rajahs, reprc- 
 (' uati\e'. 01 twol)rnthers,who loft their lives in hravc- 
 1 deiendi ig cert iin towns laid (iege to by Ivckbar. 
 I hi p.ila< e is a very magndicent binlding, with bril- 
 liant poll cos, elegant apartment'*, and every appur- 
 leniHc thai \.j,n ei>nduLe to \ile and ornament. 
 
 In livM cirv 1 ■ a (pact ui- mol'iue, and a very magni- 
 ti> vnt V iravanltr.i. Thi' latter of thefe wasereOleel by 
 a \lugi;! prim 1 1'^. It i-. liruaicd ina large Iquare, and 
 li'M. unded h\ ai hc^luppori.ng <ij)cn gallccics, where 
 th iVr(l.»'^,LJll)el ,aiid')tlicr li 'reign meichaiUslodsJi'e, 
 «i>u have alio wai'ehouft.i for their cHccls. 
 
 267 
 
 The houfesof the great, which are on the banks 
 of the river, or in the fuburbs, are fpacious and airy, 
 having large courts, cellars, gardens, groves, ponds, 
 fountains, and enormous fans on each fide for the pur- 
 pofe of cooling the air. 
 
 The houfes of the poorer fort of people arc built 
 with clay, and thatched, but have convenient courts 
 and gardens. There arc bclidcs thefe a great num- 
 ber of fmall cottages, built cf clay and draw, or 
 mats joined together, and faftcncd to poles. 
 
 Mechanics arc not numerous in this city, not from 
 want of fkill in the people, but from the ill treatment 
 of the omrahs, who, if they can meet w ith them, 
 oblige them to work, and reward them according to 
 their own difcretion. 
 
 Many of the principal inhabitants are wealihyj 
 and their moll incllimable poflellions arc jewels, 
 which they take particular care fhall be faithfully 
 tranfmittcd to their pofterity. 
 
 The Patans, a people who live at the foot of Mount 
 Imaus, to which they lied fiom the power ol the Mo- 
 guls, rcnilcred themfelves formidable againft Nadir 
 bhah; and after the latter h^'d abandoned I lindoftan, 
 they themfelves invaded the country in its then weak 
 and defencelefs (hitc. 
 
 The Mogul no fooncr heard of the march of the Pa- 
 tans towards his empire, than he called his great of- 
 ficers of the army together, and holding in his hand, 
 agreeably with rhe eallern ciillom, a betel, he oilercd 
 it to that general who lluj',ild inllantly take on him the 
 command of his forces, to oppole the dcligns of the 
 enemy: but fucli was the piilillanimity or perfidy of 
 his olhccrs, that not one of them would accept the of- 
 fer made by their fovereign; upon which the young 
 prince, who was then only about r S or 19 years olagc, 
 being much concerned tor the dillrelRd litiiation of 
 his father, folii i'cd that he might beiuifered to accept 
 the betel. Tiie emperor, however, rcfufcd it him; 1 ■.,. 
 the oiriceis, or omrahs, joining in the intreaty of ' ■ 
 prince, as he had fo voluntarily made the oHcr, thcc, . 
 peior confented, and vtflcd hint with the command. 
 
 Piqued at rhe prefnmption and boldnefs of the 
 young prince, the military officers entered into a con- 
 fpiracy to betray and give him up to the enemy; but 
 the prince being happily apprized o' their delign, laid 
 them all underarrert, threw them into prifiin, and then 
 vigoroully attacking the invaders of his country, re- 
 puifed and drove them entirely aw :iy. 
 
 The confpiratorsgettingout from prifon in the mean- 
 time, caufed a report to be circul;itcd, that the prince 
 was (lain in the battle, and enteiing the palace gates 
 with violence, llrangled the emperor, and propagated a 
 Irefh rumour, that the fovereign, on account of his 
 fnn's death, had put an end to his ow n life. At this 
 fiital crifis it was, that the young victorious prince was 
 returning in all the pomp of war to Dehli, when hear- 
 ing of the horrible cataltrophe which had happened, 
 and apprehending his own l,fc to be in imminent dan- 
 ger, he had recoufe tofbaianem. He atVedcd to be- 
 lieve that his father had died :\ natural death, or had 
 killed himfelt; and, all'uiiiing a laqui.'s garb, declared 
 he (hould from that moment renounce the woi I, and 
 not trouble himCelt in the lead about government. 
 
 In confequence of this refolution the confpirators' 
 went lorth to meet him, and acknowledged him their 
 lawful fovereign. Hut rhe prince, however, aillued 
 them he (hould not (iiccn-d to his fatlurs crown, but 
 lliould retire to Ionic (equedereil place for meditation ; 
 to which end he bcggid their atrend.ince that evening 
 in the p.alace, in ortter 10 conliili on the election of an 
 emperor. The omrahs ..ftcmled, the guaids fcized 
 their pcrfon'i, and the young Mogul, Amel Shan, tii- 
 umphed over both his foreign and domellic enemies. 
 
 'I he tranquillity of Pehli, however, was loon after 
 more eH'cCtually didiirbed: for the Fa'ans, confidera- 
 bly reinforced, a ;,ijii attacked the city, conquered it, 
 plundeied it, and fei/ed on thi: royal trcal'ury. They 
 then inarched home with their Ipoil, whtcli corififted 
 
 m 
 
 Em 
 
 mu 
 
 J..C ''•■■- 
 
168 A NEW. ROYAL and AUTHEMtIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 of almoft all the riches left in the place after it was pil- 
 laged by Nadir Shah, and amounted to a very capital 
 fuin. 
 
 The Patan chief, when he halted at l^hor, drew a 
 line from north to fouth,clainiingavaft track of land 
 to the weft of that line, triliutary to the empire of Hiri- 
 dcftan ; and leaving his Ton Tinnir there ;is gencralKIi- 
 mo and governor of this 'jxtent of territory, he no far- 
 ther r.iolefted Hindoftan at that period. But as all the 
 riches of the land werr carried off, a general dejection 
 cnfued, the j;iounds lay fallow, and the naniificturers 
 rtoodftill; the people would not worK. for foreign 
 plundi-rcis, and want and famine were fpecdil; felt. 
 rhusdidanibitionoppierbihefmeregionotHindollan. 
 
 Many revolutions happened afterwards at IXhli, 
 and, in the year 1757, liniur was placed on the im- 
 perial throne. 
 
 Agra is the capital of the province of that name. It 
 was founded in the year 1 566, by Eckbar,« ho called it 
 Eckbarabat, and made it tlic metropolis of his empire. 
 It is lituattd in :6 degrees nortli latitude, and 79 de- 
 grees eaf^ longitude, from lx)ndon. It lies on the river 
 Gemma, about 700 miles north-eaft of Surat, a jour- 
 ney which the caravansgcncrally perform in nine weeks, 
 and about 500 leagues north of Pondicherry, on the 
 Coromandel coalf . It ftands in the middle of a famly 
 plain, which greatly adds totheheat ofthe climate. Ii 
 js about eight miles long, but not near fo hroa<l, and 
 no part is fortified but the palace. There are, how- 
 ex er, generally a great number of foldiers here. 
 
 The houfes arc fo lituated as to command an a- 
 greeable profpcdl of the river. The buildings of the 
 omrahs, and other great men, arc of (lone, and ele- 
 gantly conftruded. The great number of mofcpif, 
 caravanferas, fipiare '•'■'-, and refervoirs, intei- 
 mixcd '■ f'' ga dens, ,id flowers, render this 
 
 place exi; . nicly picafant. 1 he royal pah.ce is a mag- 
 nificent itrudture, fiLuated in the f. fa crefcent 
 on the banks ofthe river. 
 
 Around the palace are elegant gardens, with fine 
 canals; and there are alfoextiniive |).-)rk.s; fo that the 
 circumference of the whole is very conliderabie. 
 
 In 16 {8 here were no Icfs than feventy mofques ; 
 and pilgrimages are at this time made to a famous 
 mofoue, in whu li there is the fepulchre of a faint jd 
 feet long, and near 16 broad. 
 
 Criminals purfued, in order to be puniflied for of- 
 fences, fly dirct:ily to a mofque, and there fiiula cer- 
 tain flic'lter. Not even the emperor himfelf can hu rt 
 them alter thev have once flown to its facred walls; 
 for the attempt to punifli, in this cafe, would be a 
 direct \i()lati<)n ot that profound rcfpeCt and reve- 
 rence due to fuch as have the title of faints. 
 
 In this city are Soo purifying baths; and near it 
 ftandi that grand piece ofarchitecturc the maufoleum, 
 which 20,000 men were twenty-two years in building. 
 
 Thegreateft part ofthe inhabitants of Agra are Ma- 
 hometans ami Moguls; and the city Hourirties when 
 honoured with a vilit from the Cireat Mogul; but in 
 general it has lit tie toboall of with regard to commerce. 
 
 There is a very lingular entertainment given by the 
 Great Mogul to foreign amballadors; it conlills of 
 wild beads of various loi ts lightings ith each other, or 
 C uubated by men, who engage in fuch dangerous en- 
 terprr/.es to obtain the favour ofthe king. The man- 
 ner of one of thefe fights, which was exhibited at .'\- 
 gra, when the Moguls kejit their court there, is thus 
 iki'cribcd. lirfl, two butialos were let loofe at each 
 other, and afterwards a I ion and a tyger, the two latter 
 ol which fought dcfperately for foim- time. There be- 
 ing taken aw ly.thegovernoraroleand laid," The Great 
 Mogul's will and pleafure is, that it any valiant heroes 
 arc minded tocive proofs of their valour, n lighting 
 againft the wild heafts with lliieldand fword, let them 
 come fonh: if they conquer, the Great Mogul will 
 Ihew high favourto them." On this three pcrfons en- 
 tered the ill! and engaged to undertake the < onibat : 
 when the governor calling out, faid, " None mult 
 
 fight with any other weapon than fwo: .1 and thii.M 
 thofe who have a dagger about th.:m imilt iliron n 
 away, and fight fairly." A lion was then driven into 
 the ring,whereonc ofthe three food readytoenLovin- 
 ter him. The lion immediately ran to h- . % ith rhc 
 greatcft ferocity, but the man defended 1 'iieltai , j, 
 lidcrablc time, till his arms growing ve?,tv, the liu'i 
 laid oncofhisp.rAsonthe Ihiel.l.and theJilKron i'.. 
 arm. The man tinding hunfelf unable to ufehis fv.i.rj 
 and feeing the danger he wa.s in, with his kft lupj 
 til w out his Indian ftiletto, and gave the lion fo vio- 
 li lit a llab in the throat, ihat he iniMiediati.ly ki 1,1 1-. 
 hold; alter which he fevered his body almoU 111 tv.o 
 with his fword, and, piirfuing his victory, ctfectualK 
 killed him, The Mogul, however, fiinling, laid to 
 the conqueror, " You are a brave foldier; )ou have 
 foiight valiantly; but did not 1 command >ou to (iirht 
 tairly, with f«ord and (li, eld only. > but, like a th7tf 
 you have llolen the lion's life v\itl)a lliletto." Ait:r 
 this the king ordered the man's belly ro be iinmcdi- 
 atcly ripped ojKn, and that his bcxly llKnild he carried 
 on the backs of elephants thioughout the city; whah 
 fentencc was immeiJiatcly executed. 
 
 A tyger was then hroughi to the ring, ",i jcj, ^y^^ 
 encountered by a very ftrong mar j but the tyger wx 
 fi) active, that he fuddenly Icajx-d on his aria'T,„i,|| 
 and tore him to jjiecc,;. A very fmall i.erfon luJ: 
 engaged the tyger, and, at the '^rl\ encoi.nier, tut it' 
 both his fore leet, w hich obliged hirn r ; fall : he then 
 purfued his eflbris, and loon killed hiiii. t)n thii tlk 
 king r ailing to him, alked hi.; name; fo which iir 
 anlvM led.^eiby. The king rhen urdercw i.-pe yili, 
 fervants to carry him a cloth of golci, who, ii|,..n h. 
 dcli\ered it to him, laid, "Geiby, receive this <, •, 
 which the .Mogul of his bounty hathfent." 'II.- ;'. 
 quctor received theco.U with great humilitv, kiiidi: 
 level, times, and afterwaid.s holding it up, j nivd ti> 
 himfelf for the Mogul's profperity ; wliK.h done, K 
 cried aloud, " God giant the Mogul to f.'ii>w as grit 
 as Tamerlane, from whom he is ikrived; may heiivt- 
 feven hundred years, and his generation continiir tor 
 ever." After hehad thusexprelfed himfelt.h.ew" .im- 
 ducted by an eunuch to the king, who, on h.-i roiiii-, 
 away, faid, " He praifed,Geihy Khan, for )ourlKP)i>.' 
 •xploits. This name you ihall keep for ever. 1 am 
 • )ur lavouialjle lord, and you my valFal." 
 
 Theie is a very formidable n.ition on the north of 
 I lindoUan, called thcScliciks, who can bring iniothe 
 licld ()0,ooo cavalry. They [KjU'els the w hole pio\ incc 
 of Punjal, the greatell part of the Moiiltan, ami the 
 Sindi, and all the country towards Dehli, fioni Ijhor 
 to Seihcnd. Thefe people have found means lo tree 
 themfelves from the chains of defpfjtifm, thoi.gh en- 
 compalled by nations of ll.ives. During the calamities 
 ofthe Mogul empire, their number incrcafcd conliJc- 
 rably, by refiigees from dill'erent nations. It is aliirii ed 
 that ihey ha\ea temple with an altar, on which liaiuls 
 their code of laws, and next to it a Iceptivand a d.iL'j/'.r. 
 'To be ailmitted amonglt them, nothing more is re- 
 quired than lofwearan utter abhoriemeofmon.i;.h). 
 C'alhmiie, or L'allimire, which is about 76 miles la 
 length, and jo broad, is one of the niofi jjleallin: 
 countries in ail India: it is divided from Tart.uv hv 
 Mount Caucafus, and is fiiuated in the nonheiii pait 
 ot the empire. This place, though inconliderabica 
 to lis revenues, was unilormly held in the highell 
 ellimation by the emjierors of llindollan. Thit!-,! 
 they repaired in the })le.iitiKle of their gu.itnci-, 
 when the aliairs of Ihite would admit of their al' 
 icmi-, and there they divelted themlehes ol 1 in, 
 and all the oppretiive « i reinonies ot Hate. 
 
 1 he loval m.inner oi tr.ivellin- to Calhniire m:i; 
 grand, though teilious and iir . , ami iheweii, 1 ■ 
 
 an eminent di'gree, the fplenij . .iii iiKignihcctice u." 
 eallcrn potet\t,iici. 
 
 The teinpeiaiuie of the air here, elevated as it 1, 
 fo mu( h above the adioining count r.-, toj^ethcr »,;h 
 the (licanis w hich (. ontiu jail v pour from its niucnt tin~. 
 
 cniKv, 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 enables the Inuljandman 1 
 foil he appropriates to ag 
 the gardener is amply rep 
 of his fruit. 
 
 The rivLTs fupply the i 
 fprcies of filh; ,the hills 
 cattle; the plains are cov 
 kiiuls; and the wooils are 
 In this country, tlieufo 
 that the woman are fo linj:! 
 intended by natur.; would 1 
 them, 
 
 Adown their necks, m 
 Ot'fotielt hue, the golc 
 'Their heaving brealls. 
 Thefnnv hills glilf 'nil 
 txeept where cover'd 
 And love itfelffmil'd I 
 
 In ainioft every other | 
 tiirr i-. to be traced in a gri 
 io here. The C'alhmire: 
 all others HI the imH. Ti 
 and their complexions nit 
 with red. 
 
 Where beauty is, there 
 will always Iv attended I 
 we find the C'.uiiuureans 
 tiMordiniry fuccel's; poctr 
 ofthe call has jJiodii' eil 11 
 ginatioi) ihun Cdliiiure, 
 br.ited in llory or romanc 
 {)n the decline of the 1 
 Calhniirc felt foine ofthe 
 liowev er, in peace, and tf 
 keeping it fo. Indullry 
 lowflup, fill up the me 
 (.'.■.atelully return thanks u 
 enjoy. 'Their days arc 
 nights are crowned a ith 
 
 To the north of Calhii 
 fitu.ited in 32 degrees nt 
 dued by the i\uans. In 
 caravanferas, baths, pag 
 'There is, in particular, 
 rdidcnccs of the Mogu 
 the exploits of many of 
 'Ihe province of Sindy 
 a very fru'tful country 
 tie of all forts, and nui 
 'The prov incc abounds i n 
 nevc-have a dearth, 'he 
 grounds in April, M.iy 
 llinu- that enriches the 
 
 Thiscountrv produci 
 rax.lapis-la/.uli. lapis-i 
 be/.oar, opoponax,and 
 
 The natives mamilac 
 well as chintz, and very 
 alfo make fine cabinei.s 
 ivory. They export a 
 put into duppas, or |ar 
 weight. The quota oil 
 tin: Mogul, is 40OJ hoi I 
 
 ■Theellalililhed lelu 
 t iiiirni. 'There are, h 
 hoinctan. 
 
 They have here a part 
 ot Wooly, .ihen both 
 found of liruins, pipe 
 ilillribute fwectiiicats, . 
 odier. 
 
 The capital of the ] 
 ted in a huge iilain; ii 
 and about one and an li 
 lor the nabob, and a i 
 <ularly celebrated Ion, 
 p-il.imjiijns. 
 
 No. -25. 
 
 ul 
 
 
iniv. 
 
 Two; J and tliii.M; 
 ni Hiiilt throw u 
 thcndrivciiifUo 
 i K-adytoemoiin, 
 n to I: I ith tht 
 Jfdi ' ,iclt;u,,,_ 
 gvtiiry, the !m:, 
 id thcodKiori h,-. 
 Iftoufchisrv.oid, 
 ith his kft hani 
 ■ f the lion fo Mo- 
 cdl.itcly k't^olK 
 )<)>■ alnioU 111 t\iu 
 actory, ctf'fctually 
 , fniiling, (aidio 
 loldicr; )ou have 
 niand »ou to fi;;ht 
 IJiit, like a thTcf, 
 a Ihlttto." Ait:T 
 lly To be iiimudi- 
 y Ih'iuld be earned 
 )utlhccityj whiih 
 i. 
 
 : ring, 'I'lich m 
 
 ; hjt tlictygcr wi. 
 
 on liii ai ;a;;(,r.i|!, 
 
 fiiiall i.trfon v,:a: 
 
 CIV ot.Mler, entrl! 
 
 it'i I ; l.dl: he then 
 
 i hiiH, l)n this the 
 
 inie; to which lie 
 
 urdcTfM one oi I b 
 
 pKi, who, «h-.n he 
 
 , rctei\c this c. :, 
 
 th fcm/' Tl:;' 1. 
 
 I Imniility, k:!:edi[ 
 
 njj it i![>, f -rayed to 
 
 ■ ; wliieh done, l-e 
 
 ul to ^ii>w as great 
 
 eri'.td; may he live 
 
 ration vontimie fur 
 
 iliunfelt.l'.cw." Con- 
 
 who, oil his goins; 
 
 hail, for )oiirheroie 
 
 .'ep tor ever, i :ini 
 
 vaiFal." 
 
 ion on tlic north oi 
 o can 1)1 ill)? imo:hc 
 the whole pioMme 
 L- Moultaii, and the 
 ; Dclili, from Labor 
 oun<i incar.s to tree 
 rpotifm, tho;:gh en- 
 uring the talaniilin 
 r incrcafcd eonlide- 
 itions. It isaliirii ed 
 ar, on whicii Itands 
 ceptivandada^'j":!. 
 othiiig more i^ rc- 
 rreni eol nion.i' i... 
 aliout 76 iiiile.^ ::i 
 the mod plealiin: 
 .'d tVoni Tartari hv 
 n the nordierii p-v. 
 ;h iiiconlideiab.ea 
 leld in the hi;j;lielt 
 indolhm. Thirher 
 of their gieatiicl-, 
 admit ot thtir ah 
 iiendehes ol iiJiiu, 
 ot (late. 
 
 - to L.Uhmire w:i. 
 
 , and lhc«ed, i' 
 
 ,id iiia4;nificcneLor 
 
 •c. elevated as it 1. 
 
 It re, tOv(Ctlicr wilh 
 
 from its niyi.'iitiiii-. 
 
 triiflv. 
 
 H I N D O S 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 enablMthc hiiiTjindman to cultivate with fucrcfs the 
 foil he appropriates to agriculture, whilll the labour of 
 the^^ardener is amply repaid in the abundant produce 
 ot'hisfniir. 
 
 The rivers fupply the inhabitant-; with almoft every 
 fpiLies of filh; the hills yield fweet herbage for the 
 cattle; the plains are covered with grain ofdilferent 
 kinds J and the wood-; arc llorcd with variety of game. 
 In this country, tlieufore, it is not to be wondered 
 that the woman arc fo lingiilarly beautiful. The pichire 
 intended by natur.; would have been incomplete without 
 thcin, 
 
 Adown their necks, more white thpn virgin fnow, 
 Ol'fottert hue, the golden trelfcs tlow: 
 Their heaving brcails, of purer, foftcr white 
 ■jhc fnnv hills glirt'ningin the moon's pale light, 
 Lxecpt where co\er'd by thcfalh, were bare; 
 And lo\ e itfelf fmil'd foft and panted there. 
 
 In aJninrt every other part of Alia the Scythian fea- 
 tiiiT i", to be traced in a greater or icfs degree. It is not 
 l() here. I'he C'aflimireans feem a race dillincl from 
 all others 111 the iA\. Tiicir pcrfon.s are more elegant, 
 and their complexions more delijpe, and more tinged 
 with red. 
 
 Where beauty is, there ever will be lovc; and love 
 will always Iv attended by poetry and mulic. Thus 
 we find the C'.nliMiire.uis cultivate thoie arts with ex- 
 traordinnry fiiccefs; poetry in particular. No country 
 of the call has pmdu' ed more elegan? elTufions of ima- 
 gination ih;>n Calliiiure, nor has any been more cele- 
 brated in llory or romance. § 
 
 t)n the decline of the Mogul power in Hindoftan, 
 Cafhniire felt fome of the ravages of war. It is now, 
 however, in peace, and the inhabitants are dcfirous of 
 keeping it fo. Indullry, fprightlinels, and gotKlfel- 
 lowlhip, fill up the mcafiire ol their time. They 
 gratefully return thanks to heaven for ihc bleflings they 
 enjoy. Their days arc da\s of comfort, and their 
 nights urccroivned .i itli tranquillity and repole. 
 
 To the north of Calhinire is the province of Labor, 
 fitii.itcd in ^2 degrees ncmh latitude, which was fub- 
 Uucd by the I'-atans. In this province are niokjues, 
 raravanfcras, baths, pagodas paliires, and gardens. 
 There is, in particular, antique ediii.cs herc,once the 
 relidcnccs of the Moguls, and on «hxh are inl'cribed 
 the exploits of many of thole monarclis. 
 
 'I he province of .Sindy, lituated on the river Sind, is 
 a very fru'tful country. Her(f is a great plenty of cat- 
 tle oi all forts, and numbers of tame and wild fowl. 
 The prov inccabounds in wheat, rice, and pulfe. They 
 neve have a dcartli, 'he Indus overHow ing all the low 
 grouiuls in April, Miy, and June, and leaving a fat 
 llime that enriches the earth. 
 
 Thiscountrv produce; lalt-petre, fal-animoniac, bc- 
 rax,lapis-lazuii,lapis-tuiia.-,all'a-fittida,ligiHini-dulce, 
 bev.oar, opoponax,and raw filk. 
 
 I'he natives manulaclure both filk and cotton, as 
 well as chint/,, aiul very handlomc counterpanes. They 
 alfo make line cabinets, lacquered, and inlaid with 
 ivory. They exfwrt a great deal of butter, which is 
 put intoduppas, or |ars, containing from 5 to 200 lb. 
 weight. Tne quota of forces, fiirnillied from hen':e to 
 tile Vlogul, is 400J hill fe, and 8000 toot. 
 
 Iheellalililheil re!ii;:iui of the people is Mahomo- 
 t iiiifni. There arc, how ever, ten Gcntocs to one Ma- 
 hometan. 
 
 The\ have here a particular feftival, called the Fcaft 
 of Wool), .ilien both fe.xes meet, and dance to the 
 found (/f drums, pipes, and cymbals. The women 
 dillribute fwectmeats, and the men I'ljuirt oil at each 
 other. 
 
 The capital of the jrovince, called Tatta, is fitua- 
 led in a Luge plain; it is about three miles in length, 
 and about one and an half in breadth. Here is a pahr.'e 
 lor I'le nabob, and a citadel. The citizens are jiarii- 
 i ularly celebrated (or making extraordinary handfome 
 palanquins. 
 
 N'o. 25. 
 
 Near the city are fevcra! very large and magnificent 
 tombs, which contain the remains of fome of the an- 
 cient monarchsofSindy. The largell, which is in the 
 form of a cupola, is about 30 feet in height, and 21 in 
 diameter. It confifls of the molt beautiful variegated 
 porphyry, polifhed in the mod exquilite manner. 
 
 The province of Guzurat, or L'ainbaya, lies to the 
 fouth of Sindy, and is rendered a peninfula by Cam- 
 baya bay on the fouth-eall, and Sindy bay on the north 
 wed. From north to foath it extends about 300 miles 
 and from ead to ,ved about 400 miles. 
 
 Amadab is the chief city of C'anibaya.and lies about 
 I40 miles to the northward of Surat, in 23 degrees 
 north latitude, and 72 itegrecs ead longitude, from 
 Ix)ndon. It Hands in a moll delightful plain, watered 
 by the river Sabremetty, and is furrounded by a wall 
 of brick and done. Hanked with round towers, forty 
 feet high and twelve gates. The town, including 
 its fuburbs.is about four miles in length. It is fo in- 
 termixed with gardens and groves, that it has a moft 
 plcafing and rural afpect at a dillancc; and has up- 
 wards of 20 to.vns, and near 300 villages under its ju- 
 rifdiclion. One of the villages, called ^ler^uecb, is 
 didinguilhcd for the tombs and monuments of the an- 
 cient kings of Cambaya, or Guzurat. 
 
 The city of Cambaya is dtiiated in 23 deg. north 
 latitude, at the bottom of a giil[ih of the fime name. 
 It is about two leagues incircumtercni e, and has very 
 cxten(ivefuburbs,exclufive cflinc gardens : the llrcets 
 arc fpacious, and the houfe: well built with bricl. 
 The Englidi and Dutch ha\c ftctorici here; though 
 great part of the t:ade isreiiio.ed to Surat; on which 
 account thecity is but thinly inlabitcd. It is furround- 
 ed by a brick wall, and has li;veral fepuichres.beddes 
 a (lately cadle f)r the nabob. 
 
 Tlie IJanian inhabitants here fliew a particular in- 
 dulgence t') nionk;es, which fwarm and are very mif- 
 chievous. Originally there was anholpital t()r animals 
 in this place, and the ruinsot it are (liH vllible. In the 
 country is a prodigious numberof peacocks, which the 
 natives catch after the birds have retired to rell. The 
 Hefli of the young ones is white, and the lade of it 
 foincwhat like that of a turkey. 
 
 The tide in the bay ofCamb.iya runs with fuch amaz- 
 ing rapidity, that it is faid to exceed the pace of the 
 fwiftctl animal. 
 
 Surat is a great commercial city, fituated in the pro- 
 vince of Guzurat, on the river T.'.pta.a tluirt diftance 
 from the ocean. The ilrects of this city arj irregularly 
 laid out, though wide at bottom. The Ihops have ra-. 
 theramcanappearaiice, the chief traders keeping their 
 commodities in waiehoulc's. I lere tjre, however, a 
 great number of very good buildings. 
 
 Thebuildingof thiscity w sbegun about the middle 
 of the lad century, and in a few years became a very 
 conliderable place. It is faid to contain about .!oo,ooo 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Before the Englillt Ead India Company pofTefFed 
 Hombay, theprelident and council managed thciraf- 
 fairs ac Surat, where a fai^lory, w hich had been cda- 
 blilhcd there, was dill continued, after the prelidency 
 was rcmovx'd to Bombay. This fatltory had received 
 from the Mogul government mar.y valuable iinnuini- 
 tiesand Pcrlians, Moguls, Indians, Arabs, Arminians, 
 jews and Europeans, all reforted to Surat, where 
 money was eaiily obtamcd, and bills of cxi hange were 
 to be had for every iii.irket in India. Bags ut money, 
 ticketed and fealed, would circulate for > ears, without 
 being weighed or counted; fuch \i .is the honedy ot the 
 traders. Fortunes « ere proportionable totheeafe and 
 readincfs with which they were to be obtained by com- 
 merce ; and a fortune of :oo,oool. was common. 
 
 In hot weather the prim ip.il people retire into the 
 coun^ V; and the Englilh l.utory have a very pleaf;uu 
 garden, kept in the mod regiil ir order. 
 
 This place abounds with all kinds of provifions; 
 
 thefoilofthiscountry is extremely fertile, and produces 
 
 the lined wheat in India. Here are great numbers of 
 
 Y y y antelopes. 
 
 III 
 
 I. 
 
 *'■ « 
 ''.11 
 
 lJT/,f 
 
2^o 
 
 A NFAV, ROYAL and AUTHRNTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GF.OCRAPHV. 
 
 ^i -u it 
 
 i 
 
 antelopes, and fomc deer, with a great plenty of wild 
 fowl. 
 
 Tlic Moors, who iiavc the govcrnnient entirely in 
 their own hands, tolerate all religions. When they 
 take an European into their fervice, they never make 
 any enquit^ about his religion, or wiili him co be- 
 come a iiroiilyte. 
 
 In the year l6^4 Sural wa* plundered by Rajah Sa- 
 vogi, who carried otV no his than i,20o,oool. The 
 plunder would have been much nioreconliderable, had 
 not the Enplilh and Dutch avoided the denredation, 
 by havinj^ placed their riclieft commodities in thccaf- 
 tlc, which \va.. out of the Ra;.ih's reach: they had, bc- 
 fides, well fortified their factories: fo that the j)lun- 
 dercr ihoij^;ht it prudent to retire, without atteniptinjj, 
 to attack them. 
 
 1/1 confeii'.ienre f>i"th<: abov; lofs, the inhabitants 
 built walls round t!ie tity: not, however, that this 
 precaution "as attended with the advantiiges cxpecled; 
 for the Erii;!ilh, in i68n, (topped all the lliips that 
 were fitted out at Surat for the fcveral feas; and this 
 oppreffion continuing a confuietable time, Suiut was 
 deprived oi'almofr every branch of commerce that was 
 not its ow n immediate property. 
 
 However, notwithfVanding thefe and other misfiir- 
 tunes, Surat i* at this time a Hounlhing i ;r\ . Of the 
 protfucc of the maniilactuies ol Ciuzur.K, which are 
 defKif ';d in wareh<nilcs, a conlidcrablepart is carried 
 inro the inland cc'iT' - -> -• t':r reft to all parrs of 
 the glo'tie. T!ie i i)miiK>dii.ies molt coifiiiionly know n 
 are blue linens, white linens, blue and white checks, 
 printed ca!lic(<s, (ilk and cotton (tuffs, gair/cs, (liavvis, 
 and dutiies. Surat recei>'cs in exchange tor her cx- 
 port:< great quantities of fpiccs from the Dutch j iron, 
 lead, cloth, cochineal, and hard-waics, from the J'-ng- 
 lifh; lilk ffotvi Bengal and i'erlia ; malls and pepper 
 from Mal.ibar; Jlaves and perfumes /rom Aiabia; 
 teas, fugars, camphire, quickliUer, and toNs, from 
 China; and irums, dried 
 from Pcrlia. 
 
 their woik befpoke by the wholelale nevchunts; and 
 this being the only fca-port ot any ini it/rtance in the 
 Moguls doiniii(ons,th;it theKu;opca:ii do not pofTefs, 
 the inland trade emi)loy,v great number of caravans for 
 theddiiibution oftlie articlci im[«>rted; and aco:iti- 
 nual intercourle is prelcrvcd Irmn hence with Bom- 
 bay, both by fea r.nd land. 'I he governor of Surat, 
 who, in the admini'.lracion of public jufticc, attends 
 personally in the durljar, pre(ides with great (late, and 
 decides on all actions of a civil and criminal nature. 
 
 Bilnigar, the capital of the kingdom of the fame 
 name, and which is about 200 miles totheealt of Car- 
 ui'.r, (land-, on the liimmit of a high mountain, and is 
 [uriounded by no lefs than three walls. 
 
 SEC T 1 N IX. 
 
 Kiii^/i/l Fofft//i;i!.( (Vid Sfltlcmriils in the Er,(i huiirs. 
 Accouut ni ibe Criirliics exmifid on the F.n^^lijb in ibe 
 Black ll:J{ al (mUuIUi. 
 
 THE province of Bengal is well known by giving 
 its name to the greatelt gulph in Alia, which fe- 
 parates the twopeiiin(iila>ott'e Indies It i^ liounded 
 b) Afem and -Xiaci an on the call, hv llverai provinces 
 belonging to the (iieat MuluiI on the welt, by hideous 
 rocks on the north, and by the fea on the loiith. h is 
 upwarclscf 240 leagues fnnnealt to we(t,and is deem- 
 ed the iiioH fertile couiiir) in India for a variety ot 
 vahublc articles, J'lich as iugar, lilk, gum-lack, f ilt- 
 petre, rice, opium, j'ej per, fruits, ficc. Thegicatcll 
 |>a'.t ofihe Bengal (ilk is produced in the territory of 
 Coinmbii/ar, w here the lilk-w onus are reared and fed 
 inthel.imeman!uras in other places; but the natural 
 heat ol liie cliniate hatches aiui bring-; them toperfec- 
 tion ai :ill i.iius of the yew. Conliderable quantiiies 
 of lilk and cofoii llull's are manutiictured here, and 
 circulated thiouj^h part of Alia, 
 
 gui.i.i, uiiv-ii truits, pearl-, and copper. 
 The manufacturers iiere have trciieiallv 
 
 The Englilh I-^ft India Company's forces cflabliCi 
 cd in Bengal arc very coiilitlerabic; iind the whole kinir" 
 dom may be (aid, in a great mealure, to be cntii, , 
 under their rule and guidance; as tne fubali, aiui t-'. 
 others rajas and princes, can only at't under thcircon" 
 trcul. 
 
 .\ late writer giv<s the following account of a rr. 
 view of the company's troops in the prefenceofti-J 
 Great Mogul. 
 
 " On a great holiday among the Mahometans, by ;',•. 
 fire of the (Jreat Mogul, the l-aiglifh troops were ou 
 dered our to be rev iewcd by him : but it ap-carcd va, 
 extraordinary that he did not take the kail notice u'i 
 any thing, or even look on the troops while they were 
 going through their evolutions: if he did, it was wiih 
 an eyeafkaunt, much practifed by the Mufrulmeii. h 
 fcmsit isinconlillent with dignit) to appear to oblcrvi! 
 All the trappings of dignity were difplayed upon thi] 
 occalion. The Mogul himfelt was on an elcphanr 
 richly covered with embroidered velvet, the liowdcr 
 magnilicently lacquered and gilded; and his fonsMtn' 
 likewile on clephaiits. The plain was almolt roveal 
 with his attendants: the oflicers of his court, their la- 
 vants, their fervantidifervants, fe.ipoys, pcadeis. &c. 
 A:c. did not amount to lefs than 1 500 p.ople. All, 
 except the fcajwys, weie,according U)cu(to:ii,dri'(r(i 
 in white jemmers, and turban--. '1 he principal psnple 
 were on horfeback,and well mounted. The tram was 
 increafed by a great number of (tate elephants, i)-,;l- 
 palanquins, and led horfes, richly caparifoncd. The 
 gilding o( the howders and (wlanquins, the t;old (h;!:i 
 (,f the bedding and cudiions, the lilver and gold nrni. 
 ments, the talfels and fringe of various colouis, (ome 
 of them even mixed with liuall pcai's, the rich um- 
 brellas, trappings of the horfes, am! all together, j;!it- 
 tered in the fun, and madea mod brilliant appe.ir,ma-.' 
 
 I'atna, which is 1 tuated in thi- Upper Cannes u 
 thought to be thei lolt famous place in the iinivafc'toi 
 the cultivat.on of opium; but it is far inferior in iti 
 llrength tc that made in N) ria and Pcrlia, The In.lirn 
 in gc:><ra'. r.re excec-ding limd of it; though it-i ufe has 
 been prohibited by the molt feveie penal laws. In the 
 neighbouring illands, however, it is confiimcd in;,'rat 
 quantities. They not only chew it, but intermix it 
 with their tobacco when they fmoak, which liequcndy 
 intoxicates them even to a degree lA infanity, jnJ 
 prompts them to commit outrages <.! the molt prcjudi- 
 i al tendency. 
 
 Patiia i.> the capital ofthc territory of the fame n.imc, 
 and one of the largelt cities in Inilia. The Eiii^lilii 
 have a capital factory here, at which is bought up iiii- 
 menfe quantities of opium and falt-petrc. 
 
 Dacca is lituated in 24 ilr.rrees north latitude. Thi- 
 foil IS rich, the lituaiion fine, and to its ma:ket arc 
 brouglit the richeli commodities of India and Iiuio[H. 
 It receives confiderable advantages (iom its cotKm-, 
 from wiiich are pioduced Itripeil and worked mii!l!;i , 
 more valuable in their texture than thofemade in an. 
 other part of India, 
 
 The factory of Port William, at Calcutta, bcloa;' 
 to the Englifh Pliilt India Company, and is the moil 
 capital feitlement they polFefs on the continent of In- 
 dia, being the relidence of their governor-gcncri!, 
 who is illilted by a (iipremc council, of which he -s 
 prelident, and a baud of trade. It is Tituated 011 the 
 river Hughly, the molt wtllerly part of the Gangc:. 
 Here area great number of Itore-houfcs, maga/.iiu-, 
 and an hofpital, Heic is alfo a good garrifon of fol- 
 diers. All kinds of provilions are very chiap at this 
 place; though the air of Calcutta is unhealthy, the 
 water brackilli, the anchorage unfafe, and thencitth- 
 bouring country allbrds but lew manufaciure-i; iiot- 
 withllanding which, great numbers of the moll 
 wealthy merchants, invited by the profpect ot fecurity 
 and liberty, have fixed their refnlence here, 
 
 III 1757 the Subah of Bengal, from motives of eallcrti 
 hauglninif-. and defpotilin, in\elled Calcutta, which 
 was then ina defen^itlcls Hate. The governor, al.irnicil 
 
 it 
 
 ASIA,] 
 
 ax. the appearance nf.i vc 
 
 ihefnrf, :md, wifh man 
 
 pared on board a vellel 
 
 ho'Aevi r, who was lecui 
 
 few .n repid ollicers, ar 
 
 the place for 'om- time 
 
 fLi render; and the inha 
 
 fen, were all for ed iiit 
 
 Hiile, fioni vvhu h onlv 
 
 oi.t all -c; the red bein 
 
 Ihe humane mind wi 
 
 wretched litaationoffut 
 
 Ci.immed together in a c 
 
 n'ght, withlcarce the fa 
 
 h;ul been but a few m 
 
 mil'eia'.le captive ftll in' 
 
 brought on a molt ragin 
 
 tiieircloatiis except Mr. 
 
 tlci.icn; a .vl a propoliti 
 
 man ll'.ould li d wn on 
 
 acconlingU piaccied (e 
 
 many of thi unnappy w rt 
 
 and whoco-.id not recov 
 
 was given to rife, fell ;dl 
 
 foc.ited, or trod umcad 
 
 made to (oice the door, 
 
 nine o'clock every man's 
 
 excellive, th;it "water! 
 
 and an ol>l jemmidar, 
 
 lUDved w ith c ■:in.aHion a 
 
 dtnd fome (kins ot wari 
 
 The tumult, imdnef's 
 dity, the conliilion and 
 ings of the mili- ible c 
 wa.er, canno' pii. ihly hi 
 mi-re flrikin;; v;e«, tha 
 Mr. HoKvcU. 
 
 " I'he viater appeared 
 cannot paini to )ou thei 
 the fight of It threw us in 
 veving it into the piifon 
 the fars; and thii.-. mylil 
 am. .ylelFrs. Colesaml S> 
 trsas fid as polii! Ic. B 
 intenle third, or aie acq 
 tiireofthisa|)|,etite,wil 
 be no more tiian a 1110 
 (till lublidtd. 1 houg! 
 bars, there cnfucd fiu h 
 conteds to get at then 
 lips of any one, there w 
 left in them. IV^k fi 
 on (ire, only lerved to 
 
 " O, my dear frieiul! 
 tionof what Ifelt.uthe 
 remoter jiarts oftlie pri 
 pioliable hope of obtain 
 tiieinfelves cf expectal 
 calling on me by the ten 
 and atfcclion, and wlv 
 me! Ihiiik, if poflibk 
 feud at feeing and hear 
 ing it ill my power to 1 
 now bec.une general am 
 I'.illage from tne fiirche 
 down thofe who were 
 trampled them to deat 
 
 Mr. Ilolwell, troiii 
 at the bars ol the wind 
 tures with water, and w 
 
 tWi> COinp;uii(,!is, ;iih1 
 
 hinileit into the windtiw 
 Bailie, Jenks, Reveley 
 and llveral others who 
 Mr. llolwell nowca 
 and l)4;,L;ing, as the la( 
 Wduld remove the viol 
 hull to leave die winJov 
 
 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 H I N D O S T A N. 
 
 i7t 
 
 at thr appe.irancr of ,i very numerous army, abandoned 
 [h<-tnrr, ;ind, wirh many r the ch^et inhabitants, rc- 
 raicJ on board a vdlil in the river. Mr. Holwcil, 
 hoHCvrr, wlio was la und in , oiiiniind, alliikd by a 
 few .n rcpid ollircrs, anil u wcik }i;arrili)n, defended 
 the plaii.' for 'om- rime, '■•■it 'vas at length obliged to 
 fii render; and the inhai)iiants, with the whole Mrri- 
 fon, «cre all for fd into a dun;eon called the lilack 
 Hole, fioni whiv h oalv 2;, out oi i^u perfons, came 
 o..t ali-e; the rcl> briii futi'icated bv extreme heat. 
 I'hc hmnane mind « ill ealil;. jramt to itfelf the moll 
 wretched litjationoffui ii ) n 'iiiberof fcllow-crcaiures 
 dimmed together in a ( u''e of 1 S lect, inaclofe lultry 
 n%\M, withlcarce the faintetl rirtulatioii of air. They 
 had been but a few minutes conlined, when every 
 niil'cra'ile iaptiv<' Rll iii'o lo violent a perfjjiration, as 
 broiiphl on a moll rat;ing thirlh 'I'he) all Itripped otf 
 tiiiircloatlisexvept Mr. I lolwcll nnd three other gen- 
 tleiiicn; a .d a propolhion vas then made, that every 
 man fr.ould li d 'wn on his haiiii. I'liis expeilient was 
 accoritingl) piaciiled kveral times, and at each time 
 many of thi unnappy wretchc>,more weak than others, 
 and whoci.),,!il not recover their legs when the word 
 w i> given [(> rile, fell ;;ll along, a#i were inllantly (iif- 
 fiK.ited, or trod loiuadi. Repeated eti'orrs had been 
 made to torce the door, but to no [.urpole. Before 
 nine o'clock every iiuxn'speripiration and thirftwas lo 
 excetlive, th.it " v ater! water!" was the general cry ; 
 and an old jemmidar, ami>;ig the guards, being 
 TUDveduithc ':niaii"u)nat thcu- extreme lutfenngs, or- 
 dered fonie ikins ot warer to be biout;ht. 
 
 'Jhe tumult, niidnefs, tranlport! the fury and avi- 
 dity, the eonlulion and violence, the lunacy and rav- 
 ings of the niili- ible c iptivcs, on the appearance of 
 wa.er, cannor po.ihly be com eyed toour readers in a 
 mere (Irikiii;.; v;c«, than b> i[uoiing the words of 
 Mr. HoKvell. 
 
 " I'he v>atc' appeared! (fa),s Mr. Holwell). Words 
 r;innot pain; to )ou the univeiliil agitation and raving 
 the li|;ht of it threw us into. We had no means of con- 
 ve\ing it into the palbn, but by hats forced thro'igh 
 the ( ars; and thus niylcif, w ho Itood dofe to the bars, 
 anci .^lelFrs. L'olesand t>v ott, lupplied our fellow lutler- 
 ersas fill as polli'lc. Bui thole who have experienced 
 intenle third, or arc acquainted with ti.e caule anil na- 
 ture of this ap(,etite, will befulliciCMtlyfenlibleit could 
 be no more tiian a luomentarv allewation: the caufc 
 ftill lubiilUil. i hough We brougl't full hats within the 
 bars, there tnAied fiu h violent iiruggks and frequent 
 contells to get at tluiii, that before they reached the 
 lips of any one, there would be Icarccly a tca-cup-fuU 
 left in them. I'lefe fupplies, like fprinkling water 
 on lire, only ler\ed to t.ed and r.iife the Hamc. 
 
 " O, my liear fncinl! how lliall I give you a concep- 
 tiouof w hat I feltat the cries and ravings of thofe in Clic 
 remoter parts of the prilbii, who could not entertain a 
 probable hope of obtaining a drop, yet could not divert 
 ttiemfelves ct expectation, however unavailing! and 
 callin;; on me by the tender conliderations of fricndlhip 
 and atteciion, and who knew they were really dear to 
 me! riiink, if poUHile, what my heart mull have fuf- 
 feud at feeing anil hearing their dillrefs, without hav- 
 ing it ill iiiy power to relieve them! for theconfulion 
 now Ix-c line general and horrid. Many forced their 
 l>allage from tlie further p irt olthe prifon, and preiring 
 doHii thofe who were too weak to withltand them, 
 trampled them to death." 
 
 Ml. Ilohiell, from nine to near eleven, thus ftood 
 at the bars of the window, lupplying the poor crea- 
 tures wiili water, and was almolt prelled to death. Mis 
 t«o companions, and Mr. I'arker, who had forced 
 hinifelf into the w indow, were really fo; as were Mefl". 
 Bailie, Jenks, Reveley, Law, Buchanan, Simpfon, 
 and I'lveral others who lay de.ul at Lis feet. 
 
 Mr. I lolwell now calling out to his Icllow prifoners 
 and begi;ing, as the hill inllance of their regaid, they 
 Willi Id remove the violent [irclllire on him, and fuller 
 himtokavetlic window, they gave way, and he, with 
 
 great difficulty, got into the middle of the prifon, where 
 the throng was lefs, by the many that were dead, and by 
 others who flocked to the windows; for by this lime 
 they had water alfo at another window. 
 
 In the prifon there wat a platform, raild between 
 three and fourltet from the floor, and open underneath. 
 Upon this platlorM Mr. Holwell lay down amonf; 
 many dead bodies, hoping here fpcedily to breathe his 
 lad: but, alas! he had not lain many minutes before 
 he wasfeizcd with a moll violent pain in hisbreall, ami 
 palpitation of the heart, attended with a dilliculiy of 
 breathing, and an increafing excelTive third. Unable 
 to bear thefc united (lains. he made a vigorous elfort 
 to get to a window oppoiitc to him, and gaining the 
 third rank at it, with one hand feized thr bars, and by 
 that means gained a fecond. In a few moments the 
 air from the window relieved the pain in his brealf, as 
 well as the palpitation and dillkuhy of breathing; but 
 his third wa as great as ever. He got fome water; 
 but this incualing, inlk-ad of abating his thirft, he 
 contented hiiiifi If with fucking into his mouth the 
 perfpiration from his fliirt lleeves, and catching large 
 drops as they fell from his tace. 
 
 " VVhillt I w:i. at the window (fays Mr. Holwell) 
 1 was obfcrved by one of mv mifer.ible companions 0.1 
 the right of nie, in the ex[)edieiit of allaying my third 
 by futkii-g my lliirt fleeves, ppon which he tO'.', the 
 freedom to rob me from time ti' time of a conliiterablc 
 part of my (lore; though, al'er I detceu'd him, I be- 
 gan upon that lleeve he was inakin ; fee with, and our 
 mouths and noles ofeii met in the contelh This plun- 
 derer 1 fouiiil af erwards was a worthy young gentleman 
 in the fervice, Mr. l.ulhington, one of the few who 
 cica,)cd from death, and lincc paid me the compliment 
 of aiiiiring ine, he helie\ed he owed his life to the 
 many comfortable fucks ne had from my lleeves." 
 
 About halfidter eleven, the m.ajority of the liirvivincj 
 prifoners w ere in an outrageous delirium. I'.very pof- 
 lible abule of the fubah, and every infult againfl the 
 guaid, that cou'd be thought of or fpoken, in onlcr 
 to provoke them to lire into the prifon, were repeatedly 
 practifed to no kind of ellect. Indeed, even before 
 nine o'clock, many infults were offered to the guards, 
 to provoke rhem to /ire. 
 
 " I need not, my dear friend, (fays Mr. Holwell,) 
 a(k your commiferation, when I tell you, that in this 
 plight, from half an hour after eleven, till near two in 
 the morning, 1 fulhined the wei^'ht of a hc.ivy man, 
 with his knees on my back, and the prelliiie of his 
 whole body on my head ; a Dutch ferjcaut, who had 
 tiken his feat on my left llioulder, and a black Chrif- 
 tian foldicr bearing on my right; all which nothing 
 could have Ciiableei me to fupport, but the props and 
 prelFure equally fullaining me all around. The two 
 latter 1 frequently dillodged by ihiftirg my hold on the 
 bars, and drivuig my knuckles into their ribs; but my 
 friend above Huck fall, and, as he held by two bars, 
 was immoveable. 
 
 " The repeated trials and efforts I made to difloJge 
 this infutlerable encumbrance on me, at lad c]uite ex- 
 haulled mc; and towards two o'clock, finding I mud 
 quit the w indow, or link w here 1 was, I refol\ed on 
 the forner, having borne, truly for the fake of others, 
 inliiiitcly more for life, than the bell of it Is worth. 
 
 " In the rank,elole behind me was an ollicer of one 
 of the fliips, whole name was Carey, and who behaved 
 with much bnver\ during the liege, (his wife, a fine 
 woman, country born, would not quit him, but ac- 
 companied him into the j)rilbn, and was one who fur- 
 vivcd.) This poor wretch had been long raving tor 
 water and air. 1 iold him I was derermined to give 
 up life, and rcconunended his gaining my dation. On 
 my quitting, he made an attempt to get my place, but 
 was prevenred. 
 
 " Poor Carev expreffed his thankfulncfs, and faid he 
 would give up life too: but it was with the titmod la- 
 bour we forced our way from the w indow, (feieral in 
 the inner ranks appeared dead, Handing, unable to fall 
 
 by 
 
 ' t| 
 
 ;. ; 
 
 fli 
 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 ./o 
 
 /- 
 
 A 
 
 
 C/j 
 
 fA 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 US 
 
 Hi 
 WUu 
 
 1.4 
 
 6" 
 
 M 
 
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 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WESSTEI, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

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A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 f 
 
 by the thropf; anil prcfTiirc aroiimi.) He laid himfclf 
 tlovMi to ilic; anti his ilcath I lulicvc, was very futl- 
 ilcn; for he was a ihorl, full, fani^.iinc man. His 
 Arcnsth was grc.U; anil 1 imagine, that hail he not re- 
 tired w ith me, 1 Ihoiild never have been able to force 
 my way. 1 was at this time fenlihle of no pain, and 
 little uneafini-fs. I foinul a llii!)or ccmin^^ on apace, 
 and laid myfelfilown bv thatgr" iiit old man, the Rev. 
 Mr. Jervas lkll.\my, who laid lead, with his ("on, the 
 li< iitenant, hand in hand. Winn I had lain her;' fome 
 time, I Hill l^ad reriection enough to fiitfer fomc iineali- 
 ntfs in the thought that 1 lliuuld be tranij led upon 
 when dead, as Iniylclfhad been obliged to trample 
 iijMm Dthtrs. With fomc diflii. ulty 1 railed n\\ felf, and 
 f;ained the plaiform a fecond time, where 1 prcfenily 
 loft all Itnfation. 'I'he lall trace of (Infibility that I 
 have been abk to recollect after my laying down, was, 
 mv fafh being uncafy about my waill, which I untied, 
 and threw from me. CM" w hat palRd in this interval, 
 to the time of my refurrcClion trom this hole of hor- 
 ror, I can give yoc no account. 
 
 " When the day broke, and no intrcatics whatever 
 could prevail to get the prifon iloor opened; it occurred 
 to a gentleman, (I think Mr. Secretary Cook) to make 
 a fcarch for me, in hopes I might have inlUiencc enough 
 to gain a relcale Irom this fcene ot mifery. Accord- 
 ingly Mcflis Luihington and V\'alcot undertook the 
 fcarch, and by my Ihirt difco\ ered me on the piaifoi m, 
 from whence they took me, and, imagining 1 had 
 fome figns ot life, brouglu me towards the w mdow i 
 had lirlt policllion oi. Ihit as life was ciiuadv dear to 
 ever) man, and the (lench trom the dead bodies was 
 intolcrab'e, no one would give up his llation in or 
 near the window ; fo they were obliged to carry me 
 back again. .Soon attcrMardsCa|)taiii Mills, who was 
 in poflcflion ot a feat in the winilow, h.ad the huma- 
 nity to lelign it. 1 was again brought by the lame 
 gentlemen and placed in the windou. 
 
 " At this juncture thcSubah, who had received an 
 account of the havock w hich death had made amongll 
 us, fent one of his jemmidars to encpiirc whcti.er 
 the chiif lurvivcd. Iheylhewcd me to him, telling 
 him I had the appearance of life Hill remaining, and 
 that it was potritile I might recover, if the door was 
 ff>on opened. '1 his anfwer being returned to the Su- 
 bah, an order came immediately for our rcleafe, it be- 
 ing then near tix in the morning." 
 
 Mr HolwtU then proceeds to relate, that from the 
 number of dead bodies that were piled up agaiiill the 
 door, which opened inwards, there were no potiibilitv 
 of opening it till the dead were removed; and tl:at 
 this W( . . took up twenty minutes. 
 
 About a quar:er alter li.\ o'l Iik k, the remains of 
 I46 fouls, being only 2;j, came alive from tlie dun- 
 geon, among whom was Ms. t'arey. The dead bo- 
 dies were dragged out of the pnfon by the foldicrs, 
 and thiow n into a diti h. 
 
 The furvivors were all fct at liberty, except Mr. 
 Holwell, Mr. Court, Mr. Walct, Mr. Hurdet, and 
 Mrs. Carey; the lirll: \vas ordered into the ludody 
 cfanolhccrjaiul tl'c lai' \\:\h detained, on aciountof 
 her pcrfonal bea;ity,to he the further xictimofa frclh 
 tyranny, the lull if liime great ollicer. 
 
 Mr. Holuell wa>. ina lugh lever when became out 
 of the prilon, and w.i.-i m thi^ coiulii i^jn taken befoic 
 tl.eSubah; iv. he was unable to liand, they carried him 
 to the tyrant, who laid to hiiii, '■ 1 hear there is trea- 
 fuie to a very contidcrable-.iiuAint leeietcd in thetoit; 
 if)"!! do not dil'cover wh.iv it is, vi.ii mull expect lU) 
 riuicy." Mr. Holwell aliured luiu that he did not 
 know i.-fan? tieafurej and the .Siiiiah, finding no in- 
 teiligrncc Ciiiiid be got, ordcicd Mhir .Muddoi;, the 
 gtiieial of his houlhold troopj, to take Mr. lluluell 
 iiuo hi.', ciiflody. 
 
 It wa, tile vohintary oppulliion made by Mr. ] lol- 
 well, after the governor (Uiake) had ipiitted the tort, 
 I bar fo particularly ciiraged the Subah ; and this led 
 him to believe, that tr.ere niult certainly be fome con- 
 
 fidcitiblc trcafurc hidden; for Mr. Hohvcll, it was 
 imagined, would not have undertaken a work of fueli 
 danger, had he not been actuated to it by very intc- 
 rcltcd principles. 
 
 Mr. Hohvcll and his companions were conve nl in 
 a hackry to the camp, and there loaded with t'ltr rs; 
 they were lorlged in the tent of a Moorith folilicr 
 which was fo fmall, that they were imder a necellitv of 
 lying, ill as they were, half in, and half out of tiic 
 tent, during a moll difagreeable and rainv night. TIk- 
 following day, however, their ("ever fbrni; .leiy einiiniT 
 to a crilis boils broke out on their bodies, and the day 
 cnl"uing thev were removed to the coall, from whinre 
 thcv were foon fent by fea to Muxadabad, to Iv dif, 
 poled of as the Subah Ihould think proper, «!.o wa^ 
 expected to return to that capital t'mm Calciitt.i. 
 
 On their arrival at Muxadabad, after a vv.arre of 
 thirteen da) s, their boils had become running liirt*, 
 and the irons on their legs had conifuined iluir tidii 
 nearlv to the bone. Mr. Holwell now fent a Ictrcrto 
 Mr. Law, ( hief of the Ircnch tiutory, with an accomu 
 of their mil"erable (ituation, and Mr. Latv was lo hu- 
 mane as to lend them eveiy neci il'uy they waiiied. 
 
 They landed on tft* 7th of July, in the atternoon, 
 and after walking fomc conlideiable way as a piihlic 
 fpeCla( Ic, were placed upon a Hied, not tar from the 
 vicerov's palace, where they were relieved with grc.it 
 hiimaniry b\ the i'renchand Dutch chiefs, as ucilas 
 by the Ar.ibian nicrch.ants. 
 
 On the I 8th of July the Subah arrived, and 0:1 :1 ;■ 
 2^th tlie p'lor prifoiiers were led to his pakuetd know 
 their tiriiie ti.tc ; but it hap;iencd that no aiidiciue 
 couid be given them on that da) : and in the evciiin^' 
 theSubah's grandmo.hcr interceded for their relhira* 
 tion to freedom, at a fealt celebrated in honour of the 
 viceroy's return home. 
 
 The next m.)iiiing, very carlv, the unh.ippv fiitfcrm 
 waiting ■ he Sidvh's pafiing to his palace of iXiootirjec!, 
 and payirg him, as foon as he came near thiiii, the 
 ulual homage, he call his eyes on them with an ap- 
 pearance ot li)me c(>mpalhon, andoiilcied ilieir iioiis 
 to be knocked oti ; he at the far, e t me ordered mo 
 of his others to conduct them wherever tlicy ll imlil 
 be incliiud to go, and charged them to prevent any 
 infiilt being otfcred to their perlbiis. 
 
 As foon as Mr. Holuell and his friends obtained 
 their difcharge, they took beat, and arrived at Cnrec- 
 maihul, a Dutch fettleiucnt ; whence the) eniliaikeJ, 
 and failevllor England. 
 
 Meffrs. VVatfon and C'l.^e, foon after this clrcidful 
 catalhophc, made their aj'peaianie before Cakiiita, 
 and entirely reduced th« (ilaie. The .Sub.ih, iiaw 
 more enraged than ever, led his army to« ards Calcutta, 
 and encamped within about a mile of the town, when 
 Colonel Clivc attacked him fo vigorouHv', thit the 
 viceroy was f()rced to letreat, after having tultaincd a 
 tonlidcrable lofs, in killed, wouniled, and prifoncrs. 
 
 'I'lie tow :i of Calcutta is lituated on the b.mksofihc 
 river llugl), which is an arm of ihe tianges. It is 
 very large, but appears rather uncouth to the eye from 
 the Ihange irregularity of its buildings. Every pcrfna 
 who erects a houl'e, ])leafes his own fancy, with lefpcit 
 to the manner of the edilice, without pa)ing an) at- 
 tention to the uniformity of the town; (o tiiat largeiiiil 
 linall, elegant and mean, arc blended together. Near 
 the centre of the town is the old fort, in which i< the 
 place of confinement called the Ulack Hole, wieir, 
 as bcf()re mentioned, tlieunhatipv Englilli liitlerednu 
 moll u retched punilhmenr, by order of the Nabob ^e- 
 rajih Dowlah. 
 
 ;\boiit a mile from the town, by the fide ol ihi' 
 river, is the ne« fort, which is a very han Home .m I 
 llrong building. It is furroundcd with walls, an I e\- 
 leeding fp:\cious, Containing nuigaziiies for fhin-, 
 br racks for foldicrs, and elegant apartments for tlif 
 refpectivc ol1i( ers; betides which, there are hoiii'c< m 
 it tor the accommodation of the engineers and ot''-'' 
 otlicets who Klidc at Calcutta. 
 
 In 
 
 ,m 
 
eography. 
 
 for Mr. Holwcll, it was 
 ndertakcn a work ot fucli 
 Luatc'd to it by virv imc- 
 
 panions were convL-cii in 
 there loaded with fttt r>; 
 lit ot" a Moorilli foijic-^ 
 y were under a ncctliirv oi 
 
 in, and halt" out of liie 
 ilile and ramv ni;;ht. Tlu. 
 - feser forni: .u-ly et miiig 
 1 their bodits.and the day 
 :o the loall, from whence 
 1 Muxadahad, to b" dif. 
 \ think proper, wl.o wa^ 
 ipital from Calcutta, 
 dah.id, after a voyarre ol 
 d beconie riuinin;^' fdtc , 
 laii coiiiliiined lluir Hi In 
 olwell n<iu- lent a Ivircrtu 
 h tiu'tory, with aiintiocr.i 
 and Mr. I,:\vv uas fo hii- 
 
 neci ll"iry they waiiicd. 
 if July, in the attmioon, 
 tiderable way as a piiSlic 
 I a Hied, not tar from the 
 ■ were n-Iicved « ith great 
 i Dutch chiefs, as wtil as 
 
 ubah arrived, and on tl,;- 
 e letl to lii^ palace to know 
 [■);iened that no aii.licnic 
 da) : and in the evcainj; 
 erceded for tiieir rellora- 
 elebratcd in honour of the 
 
 irlv, the unhappy fiitfcrcr; 
 
 his palace ot Moou-cjcc!, 
 he came near thnii, the 
 
 yes on thein with an n|i- 
 n, and oulered their iidiN 
 : farre t me ordered iwn 
 icm wherever they 11 oiilil 
 ^ed them lo [ircvent any 
 perlbns. 
 
 and his friends obtained 
 ;ai, and arrived at C'orec- 
 ; whence the\ enil)aikeJ, 
 
 -", foon after this dreAiiliil 
 leaianec before C'.ikait,i, 
 hue. The Siili.ih, now 
 (lis army to« ards Calcutta, 
 a mile of the town, when 
 
 1 fo vigoroufl\', thit the 
 t, after having iultaincd ;i 
 wounded, and prifoncrs. 
 tuateil (VI the b.mksofihc 
 111 of the Ci.uis^es, It i^ 
 •r uncouth to the eye trum 
 > buildings. Every perfo-i 
 IS own fancy, wiih iel|»; 
 , without payinii; aii\ at- 
 lietowii; iotiiat larrtMii I 
 : blendeti toj^'cther. Ne-u 
 • old fort, in which i< th'- 
 1 the HIark Hole, « lei , 
 lappy Kiiglilli lutlcreiliii' 
 iy urder of the Nabob ^e- 
 
 'own, by the tide ol il'f 
 h IS a very ban Ifoine ^ml 
 undcd with walls, aiule- 
 IV.; magazines (or (Inn', 
 
 gant a|)artii\cnis (or tU' 
 vhich, there are hmifes iii 
 
 I be engineers and odei 
 ta. 
 
 In 
 
 ASH.] 
 
 H I N D S T A N. 
 
 273 
 
 In the environs of Calcucta arc feverai beautiful vil- 
 Inees, which contain many elegant buildings, the 
 country relidcnces of Knglifh gentlemen, who retire 
 here, particularly in the hot fealbn,tocnioythcbcnefit 
 oftheair, which is cooler, and much more wholcfome, 
 than in town. 
 
 Of the many difeafes caufcd by the heat of the cli- 
 in.itc, the molt: fatal is that called the pucker fever. 
 i.hich carries o(f the perfon feizcd with it in a very 
 lliortfpaceoftime. It isfaid that lefs women die here, 
 in proportion, than men, which is attributed to thcab- 
 (ieniioufncfs of the former, and the intemperance of 
 the latter. 
 
 Madras, or Port St George, or Madrafpatan, ((ig- 
 nifying, in the Indian language, the tow n of Madras,) 
 IS a lapital fettlemcnt of the Englifh in India, and is 
 fituaved in 80 degrees caft longitude, and 13 degrees 
 nortii latitude. It is near 4800 miles cart of London; 
 and the fun rifesand fets fix hours fooner at Madras 
 than with us. 
 
 fhis place isby no means convenient; fortheoccan 
 he.us with prodigious violence againll the (bore, and 
 it is lubject to inimdations from a (alt water river be- 
 hind it; nor is there a drop of frcfli water to be got 
 withinamileof it. It has afort and garrifon, and in 
 the middle of the fort is the governor's houfe, which is 
 a handfome /lone building. 
 
 In the town are feverai handfome flreets, with good 
 houles. The Europeans inhabit what they call the 
 White Town, which forms an (I'ulong fquarc of about 
 3milelong,furroiinded by walls. The Eiigliflichurch 
 here is a very pretty llrutituie, with an handlomc altar, 
 a carved gallery, and an organ. 
 
 The Black Town, occupied by Armenians, Indians, 
 Portugucfc, and others, is near two miles in circumfe- 
 rence,and encompalFed by a very thick brick wall, for- 
 tilied in the modern manner. The ftreets arc wide, 
 but thr houfes mean. It is a place of confiderablc 
 wealth, however, and very populous. In this town 
 there is an Armenian church, as well as fcvcial final I 
 pagodas, to which belong great number.; ot tinging 
 girls. 
 
 The trade of this colony is chieHy in the hands of 
 Armenians and Jews. The articles the Engliih deal 
 ir, are diamonds, chintz, callicoes, &c. 
 
 Madras was taken by the French in 1746, but rcf- 
 torcd the following peace. In 1758 they attacked it 
 again under Cicneral l^Uy, but were repulfed by the 
 forces under the (Jenerals Lawrence and Draper. 
 
 Some years iincc it w as computed that the towns and 
 villages belonging to I-ort St. George contained 80,000 
 people, 5000 of whom were Euro()eans. 
 
 1 rade is carried on from hence to all parts ■ atlward 
 of the Cape of CJood Ho|)ei but the largelt (hips ufc 
 the Mocha, Per(ia, and Surat markets, with Bengal 
 and China commodities, and touch on the voyage for 
 pepper, cocoa, drugs, &c. on the Malabar coaft. 
 'I he European goods, which fetch the bcrt market 
 prices here, arc w ines, beer, ale, cyder, cheefe, gold 
 and (ilvcr Lace, worrted and thread ftockings, lead, 
 Hint ware, looking-glades, &c. &c. 
 
 1 he nabob of Arcot has an elegant villa at a little 
 iliOaiice from Madras, fupportcd by pillars inftead of 
 The apertures of colonades admit the light in 
 
 walls. 
 
 licuot windows, and open porticos fervc thcpurpofe 
 ot doors. The ftilc ot architedurc is thus elegantly 
 airy ami open, and thcconfciiucnt coolncfs renders it a 
 luxurious retreat in a climate fo exceeding fultry, 
 
 Gingi, or Gingee, which iscnconipalled w ith moun- 
 tains, contitls ot two towns, called (ireat and Little 
 pingec, bothof whicharc lurrounded by a wall and (ivc 
 lottyropks; and on the top of each rock is a (hong 
 jortrefs. I'rom call to welt ihefe towns are fcparated 
 by a wall fotilicd w ith cannon, which one of the five 
 rucks dctcnds as a citadel. 
 
 I'ort St. David is a colony and fort belonging to the 
 tnglilh, fituated four or five leagues to the fouth of 
 rondieh( rry. In the year 1686 this place was bought 
 No. 1^. 
 
 for the confidcration of 90,000 pagodas, by the go^i 
 vernorof Fort St. George, for the l"jft India Com- 
 fKiny, and is efteemed a (ituation of great conl"equencc 
 to the Englifh. In 1758 it was taken by the French 
 forces under the command of General Lally, who blew 
 up the fortifications, but fortune afterwards turning 
 her back upon the vidors, they were forced to give 
 up to the linglidi motl of their poire(rions. Great 
 quantities of chintz, callicoes, and mufiins, arc ma- 
 nufadurcd here. 
 
 Tanjorc (the capital of the kingdom of Tanjore) is 
 iituated in 1 1 degrees north latitude. This kingdom U 
 bounded by the ocean on the eafl, by Trichiiiopoly on 
 the weff, b • the river Coleroon on the north, and on 
 the fouth by the territories of two great pcrfonages, 
 rtiled polygars, or lords. The Englifh have a fort, 
 with land belonging to it, near the mouth of the 
 Coleroon. 
 
 When General Lally made his appearance before 
 th's place in 1741, he privately erected batteries at 
 the very time he was pretending to commence a ne- 
 gociaiion with the prince, and even fired upon the 
 town; when the inhabitants, inflamed with a juft re- 
 venge; attacked the French with fuch fpirit and vi- 
 gour, as to drive them entirely aw.ay. 
 
 The fort potrefi'ed by the Englifli at the mouth of the 
 river Coleroon, and which is named Davccotah, was 
 granted to them by the king of lanjore. 
 
 Bombay is an ifland fevcii miles in length, and about 
 20 miles in circumfeience, fituated in 1 8 deg. 41 min. 
 north latitude, on the coart of Decan, and forms a 
 commodious bay. The harbour will hold 1000 fail of 
 (hipping. This is one ofthe Engliih Fait India Com- 
 pany'j principal fettlements in India, bcin;^ well 
 fortified, and having a good garrifon. 
 
 Bombay formerly belonged to the Portugucfc, who, 
 in 1660, gave it up to King Charles II. on his cfpou- 
 fing the Infanta of Portugal ; and the king afterwards 
 gave it to the I'^afl India Company. 
 
 They have wet w caiherat Bombay about four months 
 in the year, which is commonly preceded by a very 
 violent thunder (form. During this leafon molt of the 
 trading ved'elsarc laid up. The rains begin about the 
 latter end of May, and end in September, when the 
 black merchants hold a fefiival, gilding a cocoa-nut, 
 which they confecrate, and commit to the waves. 
 
 The town orcity of Bombay is furrounded by a wall 
 and ditch, a mile long, and has a good cattle. The 
 land is laid out principally in groves of cocoas, rice 
 fields, and onion grounds. This place is a great mart 
 for cotton for the Fnglith trade to China. 
 
 There is not a place in the world wh;rc there is t 
 greater medley of different nations than in the preliden- 
 cy of Bombay. This region being conveniently fituated 
 for commerce by fca with all maratiine nations, and 
 having alfo a communication by land with the I'erfian 
 empire, here are, beiidcs Fairopeans of all countries, 
 Turks, Perlians, Arabians, Armenians, and a mixed 
 race, the vileft of their fpecies, defccndcd from the 
 Portugucfc, and the outcalls trom the Gent'jo religion. 
 
 There is a race of mortals in this country, that they 
 call Catlrees, uhoareflaves toevcry other tribe. They 
 have black woolly hair, and came originally from Caf» 
 fria, in the fiiuth promontory of Africa. They arc 
 fenfible of their inferiority, in education at lead, if not 
 in nature, to the Moors, Hindoos, and Chri(lians,anil 
 feeiii contented with their fituation. They are ("o ha- 
 bituateil to (lavcry, that they fecm to have lofi all de- 
 fire of freedom, and to be happier in the fcrvice of i 
 good mader, who is their protector, than they would 
 be in a (hue of inilepciuleiice. 
 
 The natives of this country are more flim, and gcnd- 
 rally of a (hortcr (hiture, than Europeans, It is a cu- 
 rious fight to IIl-c their childreiuuiiniiig about naked, 
 and (peaking by the time they arc hall a year old. It 
 miirt be athiiiifiiing to a traveller, on his vifit to thefvi 
 j^arts, to be falutcd by thofe little ligures, who, after 
 giving him the faalam, (putting their hands to their 
 'I, L i. forcheadit. 
 
A NEW. ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 forchcatis, and bowing to the ground,) will aflc for 
 fonicthing; lor all the children of tnc lower cafts arc 
 groat beggars, ai.d they go Hark naked until they are 
 nearly at the age o! puberty. Their mental faculties, 
 as uell as their bodily po\^ers, arrive much fooner at 
 maturity than thofe of Europeans, nor do they fo foon 
 decay rs is commonly believed. 
 
 Children are all taught reading and arithmetic in 
 the open air. They learn to diftinguilh their letters, 
 and the figures they uk in the arithmetic, by form- 
 ing them with their own hands, cither in the land, 
 or on bo.irds. 
 
 In Bombay, where people of fo many different na- 
 tions are colieded together, there is a kind of lan- 
 guage which is I ompofcd ot the moll common words 
 of the tingua^e of each nation, and of natural ligns. 
 Converfation is carried on, in a great mcafure, by 
 gcfliculation, pointing, and various dillortions of 
 countenance. This atlbrds to a ftranger a ludicrous 
 fpcilfade; and as the Hindoos fj^eak m a very loud 
 tone of voice, it appears difagreeableto Orangcrs, be- 
 fore culTom (that reconciles us to every thing) ren- 
 ders it familiar. Yet their voices arc not harlh, but 
 naturally fweet and melodious. 
 
 The trade of a potter is an excelh nt one in this 
 country ; for the Gentoos never ufe the fame pot or 
 plate twice; that would be pollution: bui as to plates, 
 thtir pla c is generally fupplicd by tne broad and 
 tough leaves of hanian trees, and they ufe no fpoons. 
 The carnivore, :s appetites ot Europeans Ihock them ; 
 for, the warrior excepted, the Geiitoos eat no *lelh 
 meat. Certain other calls are allowed to eat lilh. Of 
 the Englifli, particularly, they fay, fliaking their 
 heads, ".Ah! Engliflimans eat every thing, fight 
 cvcrv thing." 
 
 Thechief Iflands near Bombay ate Butcher's Ifland, 
 Elrphanta, and Salfette. The firll is (b called, from 
 great numbers of rattle being kept on it lor the ufe of 
 Bombay J and the fecond has its namcfiom the enor- 
 mous figure of an elephant cut in llone,aiid which, at 
 a dillancc, appears as if alive, the (lone being exaiiily 
 of the colour of the quadruped. 
 
 Salfette lies to the northw ard of Bombay, being about 
 •:6 milts in length, and 9 or fo broad. Here is a 
 nnnated place called Canara, where are feveral caverns 
 in rocks, which confiderahly gratify the curiolity of 
 fuch Fi.ropcans as vidt them. The foil of this ifland 
 is extremely "ertile, and abounds w itli great plenty of 
 game, it wiis originally comprehended under the re- 
 gality of Bombay, and of confeciuence became the pro- 
 pert;, of the Englilh crow n when Bombay was given to 
 Charle-. II. but the Portugucfe defrauded ihem of it; 
 thwigh it is fo connected with Bombay, that the peo- 
 ple thereof cannot liiblill without it, having almolt all 
 their piovilions fiom it. The Portugucfe, however, 
 lolf it by an invalion of Marattas; and th<;y ceded it 
 to the Englifli;'. the conclulion of a peace with them 
 a few years bai k. 
 
 1 he Maratia nation are equally bred to arms and 
 agriculture. The ufe of the former they have learnt 
 of the Europeans , though they depcnii greatly on tar- 
 gets, which will turn the hail of a pillol, and even 
 that of a iiMilket, from fome dilhincc. If their muf- 
 kets are but very indifferent, their fwords are excel- 
 lent, and they ufe them with great execution. I'heir 
 targets are quite round, and rife in the center nearly 
 to a point. The horlts on which they ride arc fmall, 
 a(fli\c, and will go throuuh any fatigue. 
 
 We lliall now give an m i ount of the celebrated pi- 
 rate, Koiina Ji Angria, whole dominions were taken 
 fiom iiim hy the I'.nglilh. 
 
 This notorious and common dillurber, abouta cen- 
 tury a'M>, from the humblecoiulition of a private indi- 
 vidual among the Pvlaiattas, role to the elevated l\)hcrc 
 of admiral, and ferved in the wars againll the Mogul. 
 Being, in (onlcquenrc of his fcrvices, aji|)ointed go- 
 vernor of the little lllaiul of .Severndrocg, he took the 
 libciry to fei/e many vclUlitliathc had once the com- 
 
 mand of, and became a very formidable enemy in 
 time. He took feveral of the fea-ports beiongiiii'io 
 his countrymen, and extended his depredations gri- 
 dually near 60 leagues along the coalK 
 
 The fucceflbrs of this man, by a fcrics of good for, 
 tune on their fide, became at length fo {wwerful and 
 with their pow er fo daring, that they feizcd not'only 
 the veffcis of their countrymen, but likewifcall Euro. 
 pean and Motirifli fliips that they met with; fo that the 
 Ea(l India Company w ere under the necellity of takiiiir 
 meafures to crulh thcfecommon robbers. Noattcmots 
 againll them, however, flicceeded till the year 17-- 
 when commodo.e James, w ith a fmall fleet of fix (Jiins 
 under his command, levelled fix of Angria's forts with 
 the ground, and dellroycd feveral fhips thatwcrc riding 
 in his harbours. 
 
 It is here to be obfcrved, that the fucccffors of il^ 
 firfl pirate .'\ngria, were all of the fame family ami 
 name. 
 
 In February 1756, Rear Admiral Watfon and (\,. 
 lonel Clive anchored in the road of Geriah (the 
 ftrongeft place belonging to Angria) and fumninncl 
 the fort to furrender; but the anfwcr was, that thetiir: 
 would be defended to the la!l extremity. Next day 
 however, fome relations of Angria came to the ad- 
 miral, dcliring the indulgence of a few days tncnnii- 
 dcr upon this import.int matter. This was abfolntclv 
 refufed ; and in the ai'ternoon of the fame dav the tlei; 
 weighed, and flood in for (jeri.ih harbour. 1 he en- 
 gagement commenced about two o'clock, and al)niit 
 k\cn Mr. Clive left the fhips w ith tiie forces under 
 his command; landed at a convenient pl.uc,e-,ilhvaid 
 of the fort, and was foon joined by a conlidcrablc Ma- 
 ratta reinforcement. 
 
 The bomb vellels threw fliells continually into the 
 fort till the next day's dawn ; and on this day a feeond 
 fuminons was fent to the fort to furrender. The an- 
 fwcr was, that the fort would be defended. 
 
 A general attack now began, and about two in the 
 afternoon, a magazine in the fort blow ing up, 3 Hai^ 
 of fubmifllon was difplayed about four. 
 
 Upon this, the admir.il demanded immedi.itc ad. 
 mittance into the fort; but the mcfrenger whom the 
 admiral had fent returning with an anfwer h\ no 
 means fatisfai^lory, the attack was renewed, and they 
 then foon hung out a flag of furrender. 
 
 Mr. Clive, w ho had confiderahly annoyed the ene- 
 my by land, then came on board the adnural s Ihip, in 
 company with an ollicer from the fort, with articles of 
 capitulation, which were agreed to, anil Geriah be- 
 came poffeflcd by the Englilh with very little lofi, 
 there not being above twenty men killed. 
 
 Angria, who had prudently cfcaped from the tort 
 before it was attacked, was now totally ruined. A 
 prodigious quantity of flores and ammui.ition, rupees 
 to the amount of 100,000 pounds flerlinp, and elled! 
 to the value of about _jO,ooo more, were found in the 
 fort. 
 
 Angria left in the fort hi.s mother, his wife, and two 
 children; and a very affeOting fcenc pafTed bctHecn 
 thefe captives and the admiral, as the reader wil! itnd 
 in the following quotation from Captain Ives's voy;n,< 
 to India. > 
 
 " The admiral, with great humanity," fays Mr. 
 Ives, "' vifited thefc unfortunate captives. Upon hi< 
 entrance they all made a reverential bow, even to the 
 very ground, Ihedding many tears. The admiral bade 
 them be comforted, promiling them that ihev Ihculd 
 fuller no injury. Angria's mother, llronglyallKlcd, 
 cried out, that the people had no king, ftie no 1^^". 
 her daughter no hulband, the children no t.ither. ' 
 Mr. Watfon replied. " he would bt their father and 
 tlicir friend." 
 
 Upon this, theyoungell child, about fi.x years old, 
 innocently taking the admirals's hand, cried, "Then 
 you fhall be my father." The admiral, ovcrpoMcud 
 by the fenliitions of the moment, turned alide to con- 
 ceal the tears that wcr.: ready tu ftart from his eyes. '' 
 
 \L 
 
GEOGRAPIIV. 
 
 H i N D O S T A N. 
 
 Admiral VVatfon and („. 
 the road of Gcriah (the 
 to Angna) and fumnioncd 
 he anl'wcr was, that thel'urt 
 
 lail extremity. Next ihjr 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 was hi' intention to fettle thcfc poor captives at Bom- 
 bav ; but they dVed pcrmifTion to remain at Geriah. 
 ' r'richinopr.iy ftands in a plain that waji once en- 
 conipalVcd by plenteous plantations of trees and opu- 
 lent villas, but which now wears a much lefspleaiing 
 af|)c<i>. ^ he town is about four miles in circum- 
 ference, fortitied with a double wall, and defended b/ 
 towers: it has a ditch near thirty feet wide. In this 
 town tlicre is a rock about 300 feet high, on the fum- 
 mit of which is a pngoda. Trichonopoly is the key of 
 Tanjore and Madura, and gives them great influence. 
 It was a principal fcene of our military operations 
 
 laft war. , „ . 
 
 In the year 1753 the French made an attempt to 
 take it by furpri/e: vainly furmifing, that firing alone 
 would terrify the garrifon, they turned a couple of 
 our 12 pounders on the battery againlt the town, hav- 
 incrprcvioully fcaled the outer wall. They were, 
 ho'vvevcr, through the exertion of equal judgment and 
 bravery, entirely repuifcd, and upwards of 360 Eu- 
 ropeans were made prifoneis. 
 
 Madura, which was taken by the Englifli in 1757, 
 is the capital of the province of Madura, and is a 
 large fortified town. 
 
 At Tellicherry the Eaft India Company have a well 
 defended fa^ory. Thetrwn (buds at the back of the 
 fort, and has a (lone wall round it. Tl.e religion of 
 the place is that of the (Jcnroos ; there are, how ever, 
 fome few black Chriftians who live proiecied by the 
 faiflory. A fine deep purple opium is produced here- 
 about. 
 
 The EnL'lifh have alfo a factory with a fort and gar- 
 rifon at Anjengo, which is farther to the fouth. 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 Pojfrjftons of the French in India. 
 
 THE capital of the French fettlements in India is 
 Pondicherry, on ihc Coroniandel coaflj it is a 
 large handfome town, fitMit;i1 in So dcg. 30 min ea(l 
 longitude from Ixmdon, and i; dcg. 20 min. north 
 latitude. The llrcets are all regular, and the prmci- 
 pal one not lefsthan half a league long. The city is 
 riirrounile<l by a wall, and has 6 gates, 10 or 18 baf- 
 tions, and upwards of 400 canon mounted, exclufive 
 of mortars, bombs, &c. 
 
 Pondicherry ftands upon a low ground, and vcflcls 
 cannot anchor nearer than within about half a league; 
 even the canoes cannot come up to it by fome way ; fo 
 that the blacks convey perfons and mercantile articles 
 to the Hcct in flat -bottomed boats. 
 
 The chiif buildings in Pondii herry arc, the houfe 
 of the Governor, the jcfuit's houfe, and an elegant 
 ftrudure in the Company's gardens. The houfes in 
 common conlirt only of one llory, as is ufual in moft 
 of the towns of the provim e. The Gentoos generally 
 flccp in their courts, or on the tops of their houfes : 
 thefe people toil hard in their refpeclivc profellions, 
 fuch as weaving, painting, &c. for about a penny per 
 day, and their ufual footl is boiled lice; for the coun- 
 try, notwithrtanding its natural drynefs, produces 
 great quantities of that necelFary of life, owing prin- 
 pally to the unwearied induftry of the Gentoos, who 
 at proper diftances dig wells in the fields for refrefh- 
 iiig the ground. 
 
 The Mahometans are never animated by the laud- 
 .ible fpirit of indullry in the Gentoos, but arc as indo- 
 lent and lazy as the former are afliduous and careful. 
 
 The gnvcrnor, when honoured with a viiit from any 
 great pcrfonage, is attended by three hundred peons, 
 or foot-guards ; and when he goes out on any (uiblic 
 occalion, he is carried on a palanquin, the canopy of 
 which is cmbelliditd w ith the moll liiperb ornatnents. 
 
 Pondicherry, which in the year 1693 was taken by 
 the Dutch from the Irench, and rcdortd to them at 
 thcpeaceuf Ryfwick, was, in 1751, taken by the Eng- 
 lifli, bui. rcftoied in 1 763. h was again taken by the 
 
 27s 
 
 Englifti in Oclobcr 1770, but rertorcd to them by the 
 peace in 1783. 
 
 Karical is an ancient city and fcttlcmcnt bclongina; 
 to the FVcnch, and lies in 40 dcg. 34 min. north lati- 
 tude, about four leagues fouth ot' Tranquehar, and 
 25 fouth of Pondicherry. The town contains five fpa- 
 cious pagodas, nine lelFer ones, four n-.ofqucs, between 
 flx and leven hundred houfes, and about five or lix 
 thoufand people. 
 
 Tirou.naie Rayan Patuam, which is under the ju- 
 -fdiction of Karical, and lies to the fouth of it, is a 
 large town, containing tour large pag()d:<.s, near 30 
 leller ones, four mofqucs, an 1 about 500 brick houfes, 
 exclulive of 24 public inns for the accommodation of 
 travellers. 
 
 Chandcrnagore, belonging to the French, is fur- 
 rounded by a \tall, and well fortilied; it was, however, 
 reduced by Meflxs. Watfon and Pocock, in conjunc- 
 tion with Colonel Clive. Chandernagore has rather 
 the difodvantage of being rather expofed on the well- 
 crn fide; but its harbour is excellent, and the air is as 
 pure as it can be on the banks of the Ganges. Here is 
 a very conliderable manuladture of handkerchiefs and 
 ilriptd muflins : thi", however, has not made Chan- 
 dernagore the rival of Caicut:a, whofc iiniiienfe opu- 
 lence enables it tc engage in the moft cxtcnlivc com- 
 mercial undertakings. 
 
 SECTION XI. 
 
 Porlitgurf,', Dittcb, and Daitijb PoJfiJJions in India. 
 
 THE principal place belonging to the Portuguefc 
 in India is Goa, fituatcd upon an ifland about 
 12 miles In length and 6 in breadth, funounded by a 
 rivL-r of fait w iter filling into tiie ocean a few leagues 
 below thL town, and forming a mofl excellent harbour. 
 It lies in 15 deg. 20 min. north lat. an i 74 deg. 20 
 min. call long. ' om London. The houfes, which are 
 of itoiie, are f"pai.ious and handfome; and there are 27 
 churches and convents, bc(ides a cathedral, a noble 
 hofpirai, a houfe of inquilition, and other public 
 buildings. 
 
 Two velTcls fail annually from Macao to Goa, la- 
 den with china and other articles, that are rc'iectcd 
 at Canton, the owners of which are generally Chi- 
 nefe merchants. 
 
 The ifland produces a great variety of cxcrllcnt 
 fruits, though but little corn ; and here is a plenty 
 of hogs and f>.wls. 
 
 Great homage is paid by the flavcs of Goa to their 
 fupjriors who attend them with umbrellas to fhelter 
 them from the fun. The ladies wear rofancs of gold 
 and lilver, goldei; bracelets, diamond pc:idants, and 
 pearl necklaces. They wear no (lockings, but have 
 very elegant llipp.rs. 
 
 The chief tood here is roots and fruits, w ith rice 
 and bread. The poorer fort of people fubiill upon 
 boiled rice, with a little falc fifli, or fruit pickled. 
 Very little butcher's meat is catcii; for the Helh in 
 general is lean and unwholefome. 
 
 The religion of the pecole here is that of the Ro- 
 mifli church; and the- L'ourt of Inquilition (that in- 
 famous tribunal) proceed; with ' moll cruel rigour 
 againll fuch as are (liled herctii s, 
 
 Diu, or Dio, is a city (ituatcd on an ifland that bears 
 the fame name in the Gulph of Cimbaya; the illand 
 is three miles long, and two bro;id, and is divided from 
 the coutiiiciu by a narrow channel. The city is large, 
 and fiirrounded with a (lone wall well fortified: it has 
 a very fal'e harbour, and was formerly a place of good 
 tr.idc; the harbour is defended by two llrong caltles 
 on the land, and every aji|iro.ich on the fea fide is 
 prevented by prodiuious rocks and clifts. 
 
 The buildings in 1 his city are fuperior in grandeur to 
 thofe of molt other cities in India, being principally 
 built with free-flone and marble. The citv Hands on 
 an eafy afcent from the great caflle, ai»d has five or 
 
 fix 
 
 vw- 
 
 ■ "'¥ 
 
276 A NEW. ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ff J\l 
 
 i 
 
 fix fine churches, bdiilcs convents, elegantly adorned 
 witn puntings, tec. Tiic churches foriri a moft plea- 
 ling profpect tVoni the lea, having their beautiful 
 t'ronts towards it. 
 
 I n I (>70 Diu was attacked and plundered by the 
 Mufcac Arabs, who did it lo much danin;j;c that it 
 hath not to this day recovered its fornuT fplcndor.^ 
 
 Mcliapour, about three miles fouth of Fort St. 
 Geoigc, was once the moll conlidcrablc place on the 
 Coroniandel coatt. The Portugucferaifcd it from the 
 verge ofruintoa ilateofopukn* c and magnificence, 
 but were driven from thence l>y the Moors, when it 
 became fubjeCt to the king of GolconJa, but was re- 
 duced by the I'rench in 1666 ; the Dutch, however, 
 in conjunction with the king of Golconda, about four 
 years after, took it from the French; u[;on which the 
 fortifications were entirely dclhoyed, and never re- 
 paired afierw arils. The inhabitants are Gentoos, Por- 
 tuguefe, and Moors, and others of difi'erent nations, 
 
 lialicut, the capital of the kingdom of that name, 
 is lituated to the fouth of Tellicherry. It is fur- 
 rounded by a brick wall : there are about 6000 brick 
 houfes, moft of which have gardens. 
 
 Here all lutions are admitted, though none have 
 any fway. The fovcrcign is a Hraniin; and this is 
 aliiioU the only throne in India that is filled by a pcr- 
 fon ot the ftrft clafs. He is lliled Samorin, or Empe- 
 ror and is the mort potent of the Malabar princes. 
 
 No police is efta!;lil1icd here, and the trade, which 
 is loaded w ith impol\s, is almoll entirely in the hands 
 of a few of the vilelt Moors in India. This was the 
 Jirft place at which the Portuguefe landed in 149S, 
 alter their difcovery of India. 
 
 Contiguous to the Prince'sdominions is the coun- 
 tr) of the Raja of Sarimpatan; the natives of which 
 are a civilized, juft, and huii ane people; and it is 
 laid their couniry was never yet conquered. 
 
 Cochin, a city lituated in a kingdom of the fame 
 name, lies in ten degrees north latitude. There arc 
 tw o towns of the name of Cochin, the Old and the 
 New; the latter was built by the Portuguefe, and had 
 feveral very handfome hOiifes, as well as churches and 
 monalleries; many of which weie delt roved by the 
 Dutch, who took this place in the year 1662, aflifted 
 by the king of Cochin, who had been extremely ill 
 uicd by the Portuguefe. 
 
 The above monarch, at the time Cochin was taken 
 from him by the Portuguefe, had preferved his do- 
 minions, which have been repeatedly invaded by the 
 natives of Travancor, a country extending from Cape 
 C'ormoran to the frontiers of Cochin; and it is from 
 neccirity he dwells in the Old Tow n. His revenue is 
 1 44,000 livrcs, flipulated to be paid him by ancient 
 cupitiilations, out of the proiluce of hiscufioms. 
 
 The kii\g of Cochin lives in the Old Town, which 
 is litiia'cd on a river half a le.igue from the fea, and 
 has feveral pagodas. 
 
 In this place is a colony of induflrious Jews, who 
 are white men, and abfurdly boall that their anccftors 
 were fettled here at the. Tra of the Habylonilh capti- 
 vity , they have, how ever, been certainly here a very 
 confiderable time. They have a fynagoguc, in which 
 their records are preferved with great care. 
 
 Cananor is a coniid- ...ble town in the kingdom of 
 t!ie fame name, with a moll conuuodiousharlxjur, and 
 is fituated in 12 degrees north latitude. The Dutch 
 have a fort here of great extent. This place was ori- 
 ginally poirell'ed by ihe Portuguefe, from whom the 
 Dutch took it ill the year 1660. It is a very popu- 
 lous town, ind inhabited principallv by Mahometan 
 nil ichaius. The chief articles in trade here are pep- 
 per, ginger, callia, ambvrgris, mirobolans, tamarinds, 
 and precious ftones. 
 
 At ihc bottom of the bay there is a large town, inde- 
 pendent of the Dutch, under thejurifdictionofa prince 
 who can bring 10,000 men into the field. 
 
 Near Chandcrnagore is Cliinfura, more generally 
 known by the name of Dougli, where ihc Dutch have 
 
 a fort, but no other polTefTlon whatever, the territory 
 round it depending on the government of the countrv 
 To the north of Calcutta is Huglcy. The Djteii 
 have a fadory here, ereded in an open pi lee, at 1 
 fmall diftance from the river. It is defended' by a 
 ftrongfortrcfs, and furrounded by a very deep ditch. 
 
 Saumelpour is a fmall place, but celebrated lor Irs 
 precious Itones, which arc not, as in other phcc'i 
 dug from mines, but found in the fands of the river' 
 (ireat numbers of people are employed in fearchini; 
 for thefe valuable articles. 
 
 Handel is a fadlory for the falc of women to the Moors 
 and Dutch. It was formerly the chief feat of the For. 
 tuguefe commerce; and there are feme mifciahle 
 wretches retTiaining,who employ themfelves principal- 
 ly in the above ihocking tialHc, and are at the diihnce 
 of about 80 leagues from the mouth of the (ianges. 
 
 Chaligan is a place where the Portuguefe once ella- 
 bliihed a fort of abfolute or fovcrcign power, and 
 formed an alliance with the robbers of different nations 
 who took refuge here, and acknowledged no fubordi- 
 nation to any prince whatever, not even to their own. 
 The Mogul, however, finding them too tioublefoiiic to 
 be borne with, fent a forceagainll them, and totally 
 extirpated them. The town has no conlidcrablc ma- 
 nufacture. It lies in 23 dcg. N. lat. near the niouili 
 of the moft cafterly branch of the Ganges. 
 I Tanquebar, a fettlement onthecoaft of CoroTnar.dil 
 i is claimed by the Danes It is lituated in 1 1 dci^. 16 
 I min north lat. furrounded by a wall, and is about cwo 
 I mile's in cinumference. It was purchafedofthcl vr 
 of lanjore by the Danes in the year 1631, The Ircc s 
 are w ide, and have a brick pavenjcnt on the Jjdes. Thir 
 habitations of the Danes, and other Europeans, are nf 
 brick and ftone, but with only the ground floor. Thofc 
 of the Indians are very mean. 
 
 The Danilh milTicNiaries here have a congregation 
 which thrives,tliough vigoroiillyoppofed by the Fopith 
 miflionaries. They have a fchool here for youth, who 
 are inltruded in the Proteftant faith. They have alio 
 a printing-ofhce and a paper-mill. The town is fii|)- 
 pofed to contain about 5000 inhabitants, and hasanioft 
 agreeable profped from the fea It ftood a fix months 
 fiege in 1699, ^gai'^'l the king of Tanjore's forces, 
 atlifted by the Dutch, and would, in all human pro- 
 bability, have been taken, had not Governor Fitt 
 fent a reinforcement of Engl Lilt* from Fort St. (jcarj^e 
 to its relief. 
 
 The fondncfs for the manufadurcs of Coromanclcl, 
 when it firft began to prevail here, infpired the Fiiro- 
 peans trading to the Indian Seas with a refoloi'on of 
 forming fettlcments there. The firft colonies were cfta- 
 blilhed ne.ir the ihore. Some of them obtained a fet- 
 tlement by dint of force. Moft of them w ere formed 
 with the confentof th<i fovercigns,and all wereconfincd 
 to a very narrow track of land. The boundaries of each 
 were marked out by an hedge of thorny plants, which 
 was their only defence. In procefs of time, however, 
 fortifications were raifcd, the colonifts increafed, and 
 each colony flourifhed in projwrtion to the prudence 
 and opulence of the nation which founded it. 
 
 The greateft part of the trade of the coaft of Coro- 
 niandel is now in the hands of the Europeans: though 
 for fome time it was no objeiit of their attention, being 
 feparated by inaccelftblc mountains from Malabar, 
 where thefebold navigators endeavoured to fettle. Spices 
 and aromatics, which principally engaged their views, 
 were not to be found there. In Ihort, civil dilTcnions 
 had banilbed from it tranquillity, fecurity,andindulh-v. 
 
 At this period the empire of Hifnagar, to which tWs 
 cxtenlive country was fubjed, was verging to ruin. 
 The monarchs of that illuftrious ftate falling gradiiallv 
 into an habit of withdrawing themfelves from the light 
 of their people, and of leaving the care of government 
 to their minifters and generals, the governors of depcn- 
 ilent provinces threw oft' the fubordination, and had 
 .ifUinied the prerogative of kings, juft when the Euro- 
 peans made their appearance upon the coaft. 
 
 about 5000 houfes wei 
 
't- : i 
 
 im \ n 
 
 lEOGRAPl lY. 
 
 n whatever, the territory 
 ivcrnmcntofthecountrv 
 IS Hugley. The Djtdi 
 I in an open pi ue, ;,t ,i 
 r. It is defendal by a 
 :d by a very deep ditdi. 
 ice, but celebrated lor jrj 
 not, as in other places, 
 in the fands of the river' 
 : employed in fearching 
 
 lie of women to the Moors 
 y the chief feat of the Por. 
 lere are fonic mifmhlo 
 ploy themfelves principal. 
 
 He, andareatthedllhlKe 
 : mouth of the CJangi-s. 
 the Portuguefe once elKi- 
 )r fovcreign power, ami 
 obbers of dirtcrent nations 
 :knowledged no fubordi- 
 cr, not even to their o\i n. 
 g them too ti oublefonie lo 
 igainlf them, and totally 
 u has no conliderable ma- 
 ;. N. lat. near the mouth 
 of the Ganges, 
 nthecoaft of CoroTiardil, 
 t is iituated in 1 1 dctr. k, 
 ly a wall, and is about two 
 was purchafed ofthc 1 -vr 
 le year 1 63 1. The frtcis 
 .vemcnt on the (jdes. The 
 id other Europeans, arc nf 
 y the groand floor. Thofe 
 n. 
 
 icre have a congrej^ation 
 ullyoppofed by the Popilli 
 chool here for youth, who 
 mt faith. They have alio 
 -mill. The town is fuj)- 
 inhabitants,and has.inioft 
 fea It ftood a fix monthj 
 ;ing of Tanjore's forces, 
 r'ould, in all hunwn pro- 
 had not Governor Pitt 
 liliffiom Fort St. (jcorge 
 
 ufafturcs of Coromaiiucl, 
 il here, infpired the I'.iiro- 
 
 Seas with a refolui'un of 
 "he firft colonic* were cda ■ 
 ic of them obtained a fct- 
 /loi\ of them « ere formed 
 [:igns,and all wereconlincd 
 1. The boundaries ofcach 
 Tc of thorny plants, which 
 procefsof time, however, 
 c colonifts increafed, and 
 oportion to the prudence 
 which founded it. 
 :radc of the coafl of Coro- 
 :)f the Europeans: though 
 fl of their attention, being 
 ountains from Malabar, 
 idcavoured to fettle. Spites 
 pally engaged their views, 
 
 In Ihort, civil diflciu.'ons 
 lity,fccuriry,andiiidiiih-v. 
 f Hifnagar, to which th^i 
 x't, was verging to rum. 
 ious ftatc falling gradually 
 ; thenifelvcs from the light 
 g the care ofgovernnient 
 s, the governors of depen- 
 : fubordination, and had 
 ings.juft when the Hiiro- 
 
 ;c upon the coalt. 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 II I N D O S T A K. 
 
 2TJ 
 
 SECTION XII. 
 ^he Kingdom of Golconoa, 
 
 THIS kingdom extends 260 miles along the bay of 
 Bengal, in the form ofacrefcent, ami is about 
 ;oo miles in the broadell part from eaft to well. It has 
 liifnager on the fouth, the mountains of Gata on the 
 vcit, and thofe of Orixaand IJaligateon rhe north. It 
 is tamous for its diamond mines ; in feme of which the 
 diamonds lie fcattered within a few fathoms of the 
 lartii's liiit.icc; and others are difcovereii in a mineral 
 m the rocks, more than forty fathoms decj). The 
 vorkinen dig into the rock, and then by means of i\v<^ 
 lofti'ii the (lone, and fo proceed till they find the vein, 
 which often runs two or three furlongs under the rock. 
 All the earth is brought out, and, after gicat care be- 
 llowed on it, produces rtoncs of a conliderable iize, 
 Diit of different Ihapcs. 
 
 In order todifcovcr the fituation of thcfe ftones, the 
 workmen build a cillcrn of clay : on one lidc, towards 
 the bottom, is a fniall aperture, which, when doled 
 up, the earth containing the diamonds is thrown into 
 the cirtern : water is then poured in to fot'tcn the earth, 
 and afterwards li'rawnolfby means ofthc fmall drain. 
 When the ciOern is clear from mud, the gravelly fand 
 !■; criricallv fearched, during fiin-lliin'-, for the dia- 
 monds, the lullre of the Hones themfelves airidingthc 
 fi.uchers in their endeavours to lind them. 
 
 The (iii)erintendants are oMi;:;cd to look after the 
 ivorkmen w ith the utmoll vigilance, left thev flioulil be 
 tempted to embezzle any of the precious articles w.iich 
 ihcv are employed to difcover. One of them was once 
 dctCLled in putting a fmall flonc into the corner of his 
 (■ c ; and there have been many inftances of their fw al- 
 iu'.ving the diamonds. 
 
 All diamonds that exceed the weight of a pagoda are 
 tlic kiii;;'s property : but all of an inferior weight ap- 
 pt. i.un to the merchants. 
 
 The largrft diamond ever found was prefditcd to the 
 Mogul: it weighed 279 carats, each carat being four 
 grains. 
 
 Theie have been attempts to inake artificial dia- 
 monds, hut with no degree of fucccfs, the bell of them 
 falling very Ihort of the genuine ones. 
 
 '1 he real diamond is the hardeft ftibftance that hath 
 hitherto been difcovered : when polillied it is perfert- 
 ly ik.ir, admirably pellucid, and exceeds all other 
 precious lloncs in thefplcndorof its rays, and theluftre 
 reflected from its furfaces: but in the dark it docs not 
 thine, as it hath no light of itfelf. 
 
 The chief harbour of this kingdom is Mafidipatanj 
 aiul the country extends from the gulf of V'ifapour. 
 It once tbrined part of a very extenlive empire, fid)- 
 KiX to the emperor of Bilhager, and coni|)reheiided 
 nearly the whole of the peninfula, from the northern 
 extremity of Orixa to Cape Comorin. 
 
 The chief city isGolconda, Iituated about -i-jS miles 
 well of Mafulipatan, and about 200 north-weft of Ma- 
 dras, in a gootl foil, and falubrious air. It is furroiind- 
 (d \uth Hone walls and deep ditches, divided into tanks 
 or ponds of clear water. It has many grand molipies, 
 in which are tl tombs of the kings ofGolconda. It 
 fiill'cred greatly uy an inuiulation in the year 1 fi 1 4, w hen 
 about 5000 houfes were walhed away, and fome thou- 
 faiids of people and ctittlc perilhed. 
 
 Mafulipa'an is Iituated on the north fide of the river 
 Kagundi, which fcparates (Jolconda and Ihfnagar, in 
 M deg. 40niin. call longitude from London, and 16 
 <kg. 30 min. north latitude. It was, to\\ards the dole 
 <>t the laft century, one of the moll thriving towns in 
 India, and the moll advantageous of the Kngliflt llic- 
 torics. The Danes, Fortugiiefe, and Dutch, had alio 
 laOlories here, and tiie cuftoms amounted to 14,000 pa- 
 ; H'ulas per annum, it being the moll celebrated mart for 
 calicos, indigos, diamonds, and other precious Hones. 
 The numberof inhabitants were computed to be at that 
 No. 26. 
 
 time about 200,000. It i.s now, however, only a Dutch 
 fadory for chints. It is furroiuided by a wall and ditch, 
 and towards the land lidc is a deep morafs, over which 
 is a br'dge of wood. 
 
 The I'rench were in pofTefTionofthis city in the vcar 
 1759, under the Mart]ui.s de Conftans ; but it was taken 
 from them by the Englifti forces under the conmiand 
 of Colonel Fordc. Near the bar the waves of the fea 
 arc fo rapid as to make a noife like the catarafts of the 
 Nile, and Ibmetimes have almoll as great a fall. The 
 heat here, efpecially in May, is fo intenfe, that pc'o])le 
 date not llir out of their houfes in fome parts of the 
 day. 
 
 The Englifli have a faJlory at Pettipoiy, or I'enta- 
 pooli, between 20 and 30 miles to the fouth-weft ofthc 
 city of Mafulipatan. The printed and dyed fluffs ot 
 this place are highly efteemcd: and in an illand oppo- 
 lite to it grows a root which makes fo deep a colour, 
 that it is obliged to be mixed with other colours to 
 make it lively. 
 
 The Englilh have alio a fmall factory about 100 
 miles farther fourli, called Colctore : and ftill a little 
 farther fouth is a factory belonging to the Dutch, cal- 
 led Palicate. 
 
 SECTION XIII. 
 
 CONCISE HISTORY 01 MINDOSTAN. 
 
 THE opulence of this country attracled the notice 
 ofthc lirll coiuiueror ofthc world, and ttirnilhed 
 an ample field for the ancient Grecian mvthology. 
 The lirfl authentic accountof the invafion of this coun- 
 try is that of Alexaniler the Great, the celebrated Ma- 
 cedonian hero, who palled the river Indus w ithout the 
 > leaft oppolition, received the fiibmiljion of one of the 
 princes, vanquifled i'oiiis, whofe dominions lay be- 
 yond the river 1 Iyela.'])es, which he bravely defended, 
 but afterwards rcliored him to tb.em, for the courage 
 he had ftiewn in defence of himfclf and people. 
 
 The Arabs, at the beginning of the eighth century, 
 over-ran India, and fubjeClcd fome few illands to their 
 dominion ; but they did not think proper to make an/ 
 fettlements. 
 
 Some barbarians from ChoralTan, about three centu- 
 ries afterwards, invaded India on the north fide, and 
 extended their ravages to Guzurat, carrying off im- 
 menfe fpoils. 
 
 T'hefe were fucceeded by Zingis Khan, who, at the 
 head of his Tartars, invaded the weftern parts of In- 
 dia, about the year i 200, anil made the empcroi for- 
 fake his capital. Aftervsards the Patans reigned over 
 the line country of Hindoftan. 
 
 Towards the clofe of the 13th century, Tamerlane, 
 from Tartary, made his appearance before the north 
 lide of Hindoftan, and feciuingthe northern provinces 
 to himfclf, gave up the plunder of the fouthern to his 
 ollicers. He appeared refolved to conepier all India, 
 when, at the folicitation of. the Chrillians, fuddenlv 
 attacking Hajazet, emperor of the Turks, he fubducel 
 and depofed him, and foiuiel himfclf mailer, on uniting 
 his conepells, of the vail track of territory from the 
 coafi of Smyrna to the borders ofthc Ganges. 
 
 The hiftory of the fuccellbrs of the mighty Tamer- 
 lane, who reigned over this vaft track, with little inter- 
 ruption, more than 350 years, has been vaiioully re- 
 prefentcd ; but w riters in general agree that they were 
 powerfiil and defpotic ininces.anel that they committed 
 their provinces to ra]Xicious governors, by which means 
 their enrpire was free]uently brought toadillradedllate. 
 
 In the year 1667 the tamous Aurengzebe afcended 
 the throne of Hindollan, after ihiining his hands with 
 the blood of his father, his brother, and nephews. 
 Aurengzebe may beconlidered as the real Ibimder and 
 legiflator of the empire. He was a great and politic 
 prince, and the firll w ho extended his dominion over 
 the peninfula within the Ganges, and lived fo late as 
 the year 1707. 
 
 4 A After 
 
 H) 
 
 ! 'S 
 
 
"jyS 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 r k 
 
 i 
 
 5i I n 
 
 After liini the empire was ilifputcd by feveral of his 
 defcendaiits, ino(V of whom hcing Haves to their paf- 
 iions, dupeil l>y their governors of provinces, or taken 
 ofl'by the lh-ata;_;eiiis of their rivals, hM the iinpcrial 
 fwa) but a Ihort time of llrife am) confufion, till Shah 
 Jchan was put in traiujuil pollellion of the empire, but 
 died in the year 1719. 
 
 He was furctcded by a prince of the Mogul race, 
 who took tiic name of Mahommcti Shah, and main- 
 tained the empire a conliderablc timeagainil powerful 
 opponents, till, abandoning himfcif to the fame courfes 
 that had btcn fo fatal to his predeccflor.-, Nizam, his 
 principal general, and confidercd as the full fubjcCt in 
 the empire, invited Nadir Shah, othcrwifc Kouli Khan, 
 the ufurpcr of Pcrfia, to invade HindoHan. The fuc- 
 ccrtls ot Nadir Shah are well known, as well as the im- 
 menfetreafurcs he tarried from Hindoflan in I7;{9. 
 
 The invafionof Nadir Shah may be confidered, in- 
 deed, as putting a period to the greatnefs of the Mogul 
 empire in the houfe of Tamerlane. However, when 
 Nadir had fufliciently enriched hiir.felf, he rcinllated 
 the Mogul, Mahommed Shah, in the fovereignty, and 
 returned to his own country. 
 
 A p;eneral defection of the provinces foon after en- 
 fued, none being w illing to yield obedience to a prince 
 deprived of the power to enforce it. 
 
 This circumllance brought on another invafion from 
 Achmet Ahdallah, trcafurer to Nailir Shah, who being 
 aiVaflinated in 1747, Achnut put himlclf at the head 
 of a powerful army, marched againll Delhi, and being 
 oppofed by the Niogul's eldell f-'i, IVincc Ahmed 
 Shaii, a war was tarried on with various fuccefs, and 
 Mahomnn d Shah died before its termination. 
 
 His fon, Ahmed Shah, then afccnded the imperial 
 throne at Delhi, but the empire fell daily more in-o 
 decay. Achmet Abiiallah erected an independent km 
 do'11, of which the river Indus is the general honmlar 
 
 Ahmed Shah reigned only Cc\cn years, after \\k\X 
 much diforder and confufion prevailed in Hindolla,T 
 and the people fulferetl great calamities. ' 
 
 The power of the Circat Mogul (fo called from!, ]^y 
 dcfcended from Tamerlane, the Mongul, or Miw,} 
 'I'artar) is little more th.an ideal. 'Ihis very Mo"ul' 
 who is IHled em{)eror of Hindolhm, Contjucror dt iV 
 WorKI, The Ornament of the Throne, iicc. &c. i\c 
 jrom having been compelled, more than once, tn ma(,I 
 the mofl: humiliating folicitations of allilLijicc from the 
 Englilh, againll the independent nabob- that firrouiiil 
 him, is now little better than in a Hate of fuhori.iimt;o:i 
 to them, and is |iroiiortionally as poor as his proijc- 
 cclTors have been wealthv. 
 
 *,* IVe hope our readers will not think us r/mrs 
 ill concluding our account of Uindojlan -aiitbo':! cilnir.' 
 into the conduit of our late eafiern governors, ijc. ;iij^| 
 we lonftder cis deviating from the plan of our ivoik. i'.- 
 fides, itis afuhje'J of fo ccpious a nature, that a Um 
 volume would net contain it; therefore it is of cnrjam 
 prolix to be here adiiiitted. IFe beg leai , /isavt'fr, 
 to o'ferve, that ivhatever tranfuitions may take plru,; 
 from the foregoing hiftory to the conclufion of our -sun, 
 jhall be infer ted Oy -jjay offupple^fent in on: '' ' .r tun.r 
 numbers, tracing thebijlory down to the Laejt period, (to- 
 gether with the rife and progrejs of the E.ijt India Com- 
 pany,) us -^-cll as every other interejling cinuwjldih; tkl 
 can pojftbly contribute to information and entert,iUwic?.i. 
 
 C H A P. XX. 
 ASIATIC ISLANDS. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 The ISLANDS or FORMOSA, HAINAN, Sec. 
 
 WITH rcfpcd to government, fomc parts of thcfe 
 iilands are fubject to the emperor of China, 
 while others arc under their own laws. 
 
 The woril ['"orniofa, which lignities beautiful, is pe- 
 culiarly applicable to this illand, it being remarkably 
 fertile and tine. It is fituated nearly oppolite to the 
 province of I'o-kicn, in China, and is computed to be 
 216 miles in length, from north to fouth, and about 
 70 miles in the broaded part. Its longitude frc 11 Pe- 
 king is from 3 dcg. 20min. to 5 deg. 40min. eft; fo 
 that when the fun is almoft vertical over it, t^- ..limatc 
 is rather hot; but this is far from being .ifagrceablc, 
 as the violence of the heat is greatly mi'. gated by the 
 lituation of the illand, v. hich is fo elevated as to receive 
 the mod: agreeable advantages from the cooling b.-cczcs 
 of the fea. 
 
 Thus while the fun with rays intenfe afTail, 
 The zephyrs haften with a iriendly gale. 
 Glide through the fainting Formofan's retreat, 
 And quench the rage of equinoctial heat. 
 
 That part of the Ifland of I'ormofa pofTefred by the 
 Chincfc produces great quantities of dill'erent kinds of 
 grain, cfpccially rice; anil its fertility is accelerated by 
 the numerous rivers, whofe llrtams glide conveniently 
 through it. As great a variety of fruits arc to be found 
 upon it as in any other part of the Indies, particularly 
 oranges, cocoas, bananas, ananas, guavas, papayas, 
 tx-C. Alfofcvcral kinds of thofc produced in Europe, 
 as peaches, apricots, jigs, grapes, and chcliiuts. They 
 have likewifc a fort of melon, which is of an oblong 
 form, and much larger than thofc in Europe: ihcy 
 
 contain a white or rcil pulp, and are full of i fin.t 
 juice, very grateful to the taftc. Sugar and tobacio 
 alfogrow here to thcgreatcll perfection ; and the trees 
 that produce thefe are fo agreeably arranged, th.it iht.' 
 appear as if calculated to cmbcllith the molt bcautiiul 
 garden. 
 
 There are but few wild bcafts on this ifliind, inj 
 thofe feldom fcen, as they chicHy inhabit the ir.iai.j 
 parts of it, which are very mountai.ious, and HlJr.m 
 reforted to by the inhabitants. They have fomc hnrfa, 
 oxen, Iheep, goats, and hogs, 1 hey have hut io 
 bird?, the principal of which is the pheafant; but the 
 rivers produce great plenty of various kinds of hi!;. 
 
 As l'ic coalls about this illand are •cry hij^h anl 
 rocky, and have neither havens or lea-ports, it is i- 
 molt impoiriblc ^t eUciil an invalion. IVovang, or 
 Tyowang, is the only bay in the whole ilbnd wlnii: 
 Ihipsot' any bulk can approach, and this u fuuatcJi: 
 the mouth of a river fo narrow, and defended hy luri 
 high rocks and forts on each tide, that no enemy couij 
 poilihly enter it without being rcpulfed. 
 
 Thofe who inhabit fuch parts of the idand asbelurs 
 to the Chinefe have the fame manners ami rulliwis 
 and arc under the fame government, as thole ol China; 
 fo that a repetition of them would be here iinnecdiar); 
 we (liall, therefore, only defcribe the pcrfons, manners, 
 and culloms of the natives. 
 
 The natives of this illand, who are fubject to tl'c 
 Chinefe, are divided into .(.5 boroughs or towns, 3601 
 which are in the northern part, and 9 in the fouthtri'. 
 They are in general of a low llature, have l.ir;;£ 
 mouths, and arc very Iwarthy in com!)le\ion. 1*! 
 have a very high forehead, :uul arc altogether Rra:'» 
 difproportioncd i for the body is very Ihoit, the nca 
 finall, and the arms and legs remarkably long. , 
 
 ASWl 
 
 Their drefs confills 
 tied round the waift, n 
 thev adorn their bodies 
 animals &;c. in doing 
 lent pain, that only a 1 
 he performed at one 
 months before the w ht 
 liditncnts, however, ai 
 diltinruillicd themfelv 
 coiim^e. Thebetterl 
 raining thefe ornament: 
 tcrniixcd with lilk,an( 
 vcr. They have all, 
 their arms and cars, wli 
 fidion. On their hea 
 the top of which is ten 
 leatlitrs of cocks or pi 
 (heir ornaments, v^ilh 
 form together a very ' 
 
 As the climate of th 
 than the fouthcrn, thi 
 their drcfs conlilling r 
 flags, which they kill 
 ever, is very uncouth 
 velhnent worn by prit 
 wear a kind of tionnet ( 
 of bananas, and adorm 
 another, in the fiirm ol 
 id vviih locks i;f hair 1 
 of it, like thofc in the 
 of feathers. 
 
 In the northern pai 
 manner of the Chine 
 mean cottages, made 
 ttith llravv, and fo do 
 pratetl by a very fligl 
 ever, in lioth parts ai 
 chairs, tables, bcnchi 
 they ulc the leaves of 
 floor, and lay themfel 
 verin;;. They divfs th 
 or ftove, placed in ih 
 cccding filthy in their 
 neither dill.es, f|-oon 
 piovificn is drcflcd, 
 mat, and they pull it 
 do not take much ]ia 
 kfs it is done the bet; 
 admire it molt v, lie; 
 the ctlcds of the fire 
 
 Their food chicHy 
 cat inlltad of bread ; 
 game, which thev foi 
 fhonting them, or run 
 molt common metii 
 that they vrill even 01 
 
 Their weapons are 
 viith fuch dexterity, t 
 ar an am.azing diita:; 
 
 Littleceremony is 
 a man fixes onanv ol' 
 be goes feveral day 
 plays for Ibme time I 
 mitted to enter the h 
 tipns approves of hir 
 upon terms, which b( 
 the marriage feaft is 
 lurty arc invited. '1 
 riage ; after which, 1 
 with her hufband, hi 
 boiife, and provide 
 during the remaindi 
 
 As to religion, il: 
 vhom they oticr l;i 
 lice, &c. 
 
 '1 heir manner of 1 
 '^very lingular. W : 
 a kind of fcallbld in. 
 
GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 :hcn afrended the imperil 
 mpirc fell daily more iny, 
 rcVlcd an iiuU-pciidcnt km:. 
 ills ii the general boiimbn. 
 ily Cc\cn years, after whicli 
 :)ii prevailed in Hindoltan 
 at calamities. 
 V1(i[!;ul (fo called from'i. Jm 
 e, the Mongul, or Mojjui', 
 1 itieal. '1 his very Wiijul', 
 lindoftan, Conc]ucror ui\'x 
 the Throne, itc. &c. \c. 
 ;d, more than once, to ma|,c 
 tations of allillancc from the 
 ndent nabob-- that furround 
 111 in a Hate of fuhoriiina'.ion 
 .ally as poor as his |irc,!c- 
 
 ASI.n 
 
 ISLAND OF FORMOSA, &e. 
 
 279 
 
 :>s will not think us rtmji 
 f Uindcjlan -iVi!bo;:t ciltrk' 
 ■njl,-ni gowruon, ijc. 'jjhul, 
 III the plan of our work. B:- 
 tiiilis a nature, that a Lint 
 t; therefore it is ofaur/ctn 
 i. ll^e beg Icaz , bomvtr, 
 trnnjuiticns may take phui, 
 the conclufton of our ijsurk, 
 fuppk'vent in one ' ' j hnj 
 ' down to the lutejt ^erii"!, (to- 
 ■Oi^refs of the E.ift liidui Lon- 
 er intercfiing ciraiwfljiu; ttdt 
 format ion and enterluinuicni. 
 
 s. 
 
 pulp, and are full of a fint 
 ic tailc. Sugar ami tobacio 
 itell perfeeboii ; anJthctra-i 
 agreeably arranged, that the.- 
 cmbclliiii the moll bcai;t!.'i;l 
 
 d hearts on this ifland, and 
 y chicHy iiihabit the inland 
 ■ry mountai.ious, and Icldom 
 ants. They have fome horfo, 
 hogs. 1 hey have but ia 
 hich is the phcafant; but the 
 ty of various kinds of tilh. 
 lis ifland are 'erv high an.l 
 havens or fea-ports, it is al- 
 t an invaCion. Teovaiif;, or 
 .V in the whole ilbml uiuii: 
 )roach, and this is fmiatcJ:; 
 laiTow, and defended by luui 
 ich tide, that no enemy a'uU 
 leing repulfed. 
 Ii parts of the ifland as bclon!! 
 fame manners and cullnins 
 overnment-, as thofe ot C'hi;Ui 
 m would be here imneccll'an: 
 .iefcribe the pcrfons, manner, 
 
 Hand, who arc fiibjcci to tlit 
 1 .J.5 boroughs or towns, j(' ' 1 
 1 part, ami 9 in the Ibuihtri'. 
 f a low Ihiturc, have l.ir;;c 
 larthy in complexion, 'liif) 
 id, and arc altogether grd'-* 
 :body is very (hurt, the ne^k 
 legs remarkably long. , 
 
 Their drcfs confills only of a roiif^h piece of cloth 
 tied round the wairt, and reaching to the knees: but 
 tluv adorn their bodies with the llgures of trees, Howcrs, 
 aninKils, &'"• hi doing which they undergo fiich vio- 
 lent pain, that only a Imall part of the operation mufl 
 be perlormed at one timej lb that it will take fome 
 months before the \v hole is completed. Thefe embcl- 
 liflmienta, however, arc only permitted to fuchashavc 
 (iiliins'ui'hed thcmfelves either by teats of adivity or 
 coiirai'e. The better fort avoid the punilhmcnt of ob- 
 taining thefe ornaments, by iilingthc luirof animals in- 
 termixed with iilk,and eiid"i)idered with gold and lil- 
 vcr. Thcv have all, however, liberty to ornament 
 their arms and ears, w hich they do » ith thegrtatell pro- 
 fi:(ion. On their heads they wear a kind of coronet, 
 thetop of which is terminated by a plume made of the 
 featheis of cocks or j-.heafants. In Ihort, ihe whole ot 
 their ornaii.ents, with the aukwardncfs of their lltapc, 
 form together a very whinillcal appearance. 
 
 As the climate of the northern part is lefs temperate 
 than the fouthern, the inhabitan.s are better cloathed, 
 their drefs conlilling of the l1<ins of beafts, particiilar'y 
 tl.igs, which they kill inhuming. This garment, how- 
 ever, is very uncouth in its form, being tliaped like a 
 velhnent worn by pried s, and without flecves. They 
 wrara kindof bonnet on their heads, made of the leaves 
 of bananas, and adorned w ith coronets placed one above 
 another, in the fiirm of a pyramid : the whole is fallcn- 
 cdwith locks of hair of ditfcrent colours, and the top 
 of it, like thofe in the fouth, is terminated by a plume 
 of feathers. 
 
 In the iiorthcrn part the houfes are built after the 
 manner of the Chii'.efc; but thofe of the fouth arc 
 rican cottages, made of earth and bamboo, cover d 
 with llraw, and fo clofe together, that they are only i^- 
 parated by a very flight partition. Their culloms, how- 
 ever, in both parts are the fame. 'I'hty have neither 
 chairs, tables, benches, or beds. Indeadof the latter 
 they u(e the leaves of trees, which they fpread on the 
 lloor, and lay thcmfelves do\,n without any tort of co- 
 verin;;. They drefs their viiftuals in a kind of chimney, 
 or flove, placed in the center of the room, and are ex- 
 ceeding (ilthy in their manner of eating it. They have 
 neither dirt.es, fpoons, or knives ; fo that when the 
 piovificn is drcfJcd, it is laid on a piece of wood, or 
 mat, and they pull it to-pieces with their lingers. They 
 do not take much pains in drelTing their meat, for the 
 kfs it is done the better they like it; and fome of them 
 admire it niolf when it is lb raw as barely to have felt 
 the ctlcels of the fire. 
 
 Their food chicHy conlirts of boiled rice, which they 
 eat inlUad ot bread ; the Hefli of flieep and goats, and 
 pame, which they fomctimcs catch in the woods, by 
 thooting them, or running them down : the latter is the 
 moll conmion method : lor their agility is fo great, 
 that they w ill even out-run the fwiftefl horfe. 
 
 Their weapons are bows and arrows, which they ufc 
 with fiich dexterity, that they w ill kill a pheafant Hying 
 ar an amazing dillance. 
 
 1-ittlcceremony is olifcrvcd in their marriages. When 
 a man fixes on any object that he withes to be his wife, 
 he goes feveral days together with mutic, which he 
 plays lor tome time before the door; but he is not per- 
 mitted to enter the houfe. If the objecl of his alFec- 
 tipns approves of him, the comes out, and they agree 
 upon terms, which being made known to their parents, 
 the marriage feart is prepared, and the tiicnds of each 
 paity are invited. The feall confiimmates the mar- 
 riage ; after which, inlkad of the wife going home 
 with her hiifhand, he continues in his father-in-law's 
 hoiile, and provides as well for him as tbr himfelf 
 during the remainder of his lite. 
 
 As to religion, they worfliip idols as in China, to 
 vh.om they offer facrilices, which confifi: of' hogs, 
 rice, &;c. 
 
 Their manner of treating the dead before interment 
 .s very fingular. When a perlbn dies, thev lay him on 
 a kind of Icallold jnade of bamboo, which they place 
 
 over a flow fire tor nine days, after which they wrap 
 thecorpfe in a mar, and lay it on a higher fcatlbkl, co- 
 vered with a pavilion made of threds of filk, cloth, &:c. 
 Here it remains for two years, at the expiration of 
 which they dig a large hole in the ground, and bury 
 it. I'.ach of thcfc ceremonies are accompanied with 
 feafting, mutic, dancing, &c. 
 
 Such is the notion of humanity with which thcfc 
 people are ponelled, tha: if a perlbn is exceeding ill, 
 or afflidcd with any painful diforder, which is not 
 likely to be removed, they think it a kindnefs tc dif- 
 patch him. 
 
 The government of each town ,/ borough is confined 
 to itfelf. Three or four of the moft ancient, who arc 
 known to be men of integrity, are appointed as judgjs 
 over the refl, who determine all difl'ercnces ; and I'C 
 who refufes to fubmit to the decilion is baniflicd the 
 town ; nor can he either return, or be admitted into any 
 of the others; fo that he is obliged to finiflt his days 
 w ithout ever again participating of the natural enjoy- 
 ments of fociety. 
 
 The inhabitants of this ifland pay an annual tribute 
 to the Chinefe, which confifls of certain quantities of 
 grain, the tails and tkins of flags, and other produdions 
 of the country. 
 
 The capital city, which is in the pofTenion of the 
 Chinefe, is called Tai-ouan-foii. It is large and popu- 
 lous, and carries on fo cxtcniive a trade, that ic is little 
 inferior to fome of the mofl opulent in China. It is 
 plentifully fiipplied with all kinds of provifions, either 
 of its own product, or commodities brought from other 
 countries, as rice, cotton, fiigar, wine, tobacco, and 
 dried venifon ; the latter of which is greatly admired by 
 the Chinefe", rvnd confidercd as the moft delicious food. 
 They have likew ife all kinds of fruits, medicinal herbs, 
 roots, gums. Sic. with plenty of linen, filk, and cotton, 
 of various forts. 
 
 The houfes arc in general very fmall, and arc built 
 of clay, covered with thatch. The tlreets are long 
 and fjiacious, and the buildings on each fide have awn- 
 ings, that join in fiich a manner as to cover the ftreet ; 
 but thefe are only ufed during the hot months, to keep 
 ortthe exceflive heat of the tun. Som." of the tlreets 
 arc near three miles in length, and between thirty and 
 forty feet broad. Thcie flreets arc chicHy occupied by 
 dealers, whole flw])s arc furniflied with all kinds of* 
 goods, ranged and difpla} cd to the greatcfl advantage. 
 Thclc fhops appear very brilliant ; and many people 
 walk in the tlreets merely to gratify thcmfelves w ith the 
 fight of fo great a variety of the richcfl commodities. 
 
 The city is not dcfcncled cither by walls or fortifica- 
 tions; but it has a good garritbn of horfe and foot, con- 
 fifling of 10,000 men, who are principally Tartars. 
 Thefe arc commanded by a lieutenant-general, two 
 major-generals, and a number of inferior officers, who 
 are at liberty to relinquifli their fituation after having 
 ferved three years, or Iboner, if occalion Ihould re- 
 quire. 
 
 The harbour is tolerably good, and flicltcrcd from 
 the winds; hut the cntran( e to it is dangerous tor thips 
 of burthen, the bottom of it being rocky, and the water 
 not above ten feet deep at the highetl tides. 
 
 The Ifland of l-'ormofa was firtf inhabited by the Ja- 
 panefe, about the beginning of the iafl: century. Thefe 
 people were lb plcafeil w ith the appearance of the coun- 
 try, that they built feveral fmall towns, and foon fet- 
 tled a colony. They were hut a fiiort time on the ifland, 
 however, hetbre they were interrupted by the Dutch, a 
 fliip belonging to whom being accidentally forced in- 
 to the harbour, the people landed on the ifland, in or- 
 der to obtain refreflimcnts, and repair the damage the 
 vcfiTcl had fiiftained by the llorm. Pleated with the ap- 
 parent fertility of the country ,and the wholefomenefs of 
 the climate, they formeil a plan of circumventing the 
 Japancfe,and gciting the illand into theirown poileilion. 
 This they would have ilone by tbrcc, as their power 
 was fiipcrior to that of the Japanefe, but were fearful of 
 offending them, lelf it fliouid l)e injurious to their trade. 
 
 However, 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 >E 
 
 I 
 
 'III 
 
 11 
 ( 
 
 
!So 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGUAPIly, 
 
 yr '" 
 
 ]4 
 
 '0 
 
 
 "^ However, after fevcral folicitations for a fniall fpot of 
 "ground on the jfland to build a linglc habitation, which 
 proved inetfciftiial, they arccnipiillicd their purpofe by 
 Itraiagcni, out-\iittiny' ' ir rivals by jwlicy, and 
 thereby {gained a ruiri<_ on which to ereCt a little 
 
 town, confillinf:; of fevcral llrong buildings, ind a g(x>d 
 calUe, which they called Zealand, (ituated on fo ad- 
 vantageous a fpot, that it was inipolfible for any lliip to 
 enter it, of whatever force, without being re[)ulfed. 
 The Japanefe either offended at the great progrefs the 
 Dutch had made, or not finding the advantages they 
 expecleii, foon quitted the illand, ami left the Dutch in 
 fole pod'eflion of it, after w hich the latter ereded other 
 Ibrtiiications oppofite to their new fort, and raifed fuch 
 other delences, as made them complete maftersof the 
 illand. 
 
 The Dutch, however, w ith all their policy, continued 
 on the illami but a fe» years ; for one of the Chinefe ge- 
 nerals (a man of an enterprizing genius) beingdcteated 
 by the Tartars, who were then at war with the Chi- 
 nefe, iiNed his views on Eormofa, formed a refukition 
 of oulling the Dutch, and eltablilhing a new kingdom 
 on the ifland. Accordingly he failed from Chrna with 
 a very conliderable fleet, and arriving near the mouth 
 of the harbour he landed fomc of his men, and began to 
 artack the fort of Zealand. The Dutch, not being ap- 
 prehenlive olany thiiger, were ill provided for the at- 
 laek of lb powerful an enemy. However, the) held 
 cut a three montlis liein- ; at the end of w hich time they 
 agreed to abandon the ifland, on condition they were 
 permitted to take all their valuables w ith them, w hich 
 v\as agreed to by the Chinefe general, « ho was now left 
 fole poireilor. He, however, immeiliately acknow- 
 ledged fubiiiifllon to the emperor, anil feveral other 
 towns were foon built on different parts of the illand, 
 the inhabitants of which have ever fmcc been fubjcct 
 to the government ot China. 
 
 The idandof Hainan (great part of which a. o be- 
 longs to the Chinefe) is of conliderable extent, and 
 fomc of their towns are very populous. It is fituatcd 
 between 107 and iio ilcgrees eafl: longitude, and be- 
 tween 1 S and :odcg' cs north latitude. It is bounded 
 on the call by the C'.inefe .Sea; on the weft by the coall 
 cl Q)chin -China; on the north part bv the province of 
 (^ang-tong, to which it belongs; and on the fouth by 
 the channel of Paracel, which joins the eaflcrn coaft of 
 Cochin-China. It is about 200 miles in length from 
 calf towelf, near 150 in breadth, and about 400 in 
 circumference. 
 
 Kiun-tclieou, the chief city, is fo fituated, that fliips 
 Heat anchor clofe to its walls with the greatefl fecuritv. 
 The flreets arc very uniform, and fome of them at leall 
 a mile in length, but the houfes in general are low mean 
 biiiklings. 
 
 1 here are feveral other confidcrablc cities on the 
 ifland, all of which are iituatcd near the fea-fide, and 
 fubject to the jurifdidion of Kiun-tcheou, which is go- 
 verned by mandarins of two orders, thofc of learning, 
 and thole of arms. 
 
 On the fouthern part of the ifland is a fine port, the 
 bay of which is near twenty feet deep. There is alio 
 another very convenient port on the northern part, the 
 entrance to which is defended by two fmall forts, though 
 the depth of water does not exceed twelve feet. Here 
 the barks frequently come from Canton with various 
 commodities, in exchange for which they take fevcral 
 kind? of minerals, the natural produce of the country: 
 Jor in fome parts of the ifland there are gold and lilvcr 
 mincs.as alio mines that produce the lapis lazuli, which 
 the natives of Canton ufe in painting the blue porcelain. 
 Between the two forts that defend the entrance of the 
 northern fort is a large plain, on which arc feveral 
 handfome Chinefe fcpulchrcs. 
 
 Though the foil is tolerably fertile, the climate of this 
 ifland is in general very unhealthy, particularly the 
 northern part. The fouthern and eallern parts are ex- 
 ceeding mountainous; but the vallics beneath are rich, 
 and produce great plenty of rice. Here arc likcwifc 
 
 feveral forts of \erv valuable trees, particular!, Acm 
 or violet-tree, which is fo fragrant in its fcent,tli.i[ ""^ 
 purchafed at a very high (rite for the Mc Jio i,(-'j," 
 emperor. There is alio another tree little inicriori' 
 this : it produces a kind of liquid, which :s eallal I " 
 gon'sblood by the natives, and, if thrown into the fi'^-f" 
 dill'ufes a fcent ol'the mod agreeable nature. ' 
 
 Sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo, grow' very 
 plentifully on this illand ; and they have a gre.u v.\nc[ 
 ot the moll ilelicious fruits. ' ' ' 
 
 Holies, Ib.ecp, cows, and hogs, arc the chi. f ani. 
 mals on this illand. On the mountains, :uv| inii-j 
 woods, are prodigious numbers of apes. I-. alfoaho,;,^!. 
 with various kimls of game, particul.irlv liccr aiij 
 hares; alio of different kinds of birds, as niirtriiic 
 woodcocks, fnipes, turtle-doves, and molt forts^nf 
 water-loul, all of which are little inferior to tholb of 
 Europe. They have likcwifc mofl Ibits of fiih in i;rea: 
 abundance. Among thefe is a little blue litU uiini 
 on the rocks, w hich is fo beautiful as to he elUcnicd ni 
 greater value than the gold colourcil Iii1\; butthi'v w:l 
 live only a few days out i>f their natural eicuunt. 
 
 The natives arc lliort in Ilatiire, of a reddilh (/ n. 
 plexion, antl fome of them greatly defornnd. ih,-. 
 einef weapons are bows and ;irrows, in the iilenf wh; h ' 
 tl 1.1' are not fo expert as the inhabiiaiits of 1 ornio;' 
 Tl. V have alio a kind of hanger falleiud w ith a I'lr^llo 
 to their waill, which they generally ufe to clear the 
 wa in tbrells, or other woody places. 
 
 I'hofe natives w ho occupy the center part of the 
 illanil, which is very iiiouiuainous, live iiii|cni.;i iui: 
 being fubject only to their own laws and iiiOii.'s ofiri,. 
 ver iment. They are feldoin lien by the C'liinefe, i\. 
 I ept when tlicy make an attempt to furprizeair ot i; : 
 neighbouring vilkiges. 'I'his, however, ltldf)i!i hap. 
 pens; and when it ilocs, they are naturally furh cim- 
 ards, that half a dozen Chinefe will defc.it at lejih.i 
 hundred of them. 
 
 Near Eormofa and Hainan arc a niiniber ol riii::I| 
 iflands, called the Pifcatores, or Either lllaiuls, uliirh 
 are fituated in 23 deg. north latitude. On the welHil 
 of oneof the'b iflands is a large town, with a li)rt, Ji- 
 fended by a garrifon conlilling of 300 'I'artars. 
 
 Hetween I'ormola anel l.uionia are a let of ill.i!i'> 
 called the I'ive Ifks, the northermoll of which li.s 1 
 20 deg. 20 iTiin. north l.ititudc. The largell of tn. ,• 
 is uninhabitcel, on account of its being a barren eour.- 
 try ; but the others have feveral good towns in theiii, 
 and are very jtopulous. 
 
 The hills of thefe iflanels are rocky, but thi valh.s 
 are very fertile, being well watered with rur:w]:j^ 
 llreams. They produce plenty of pine-ajipks, plan- 
 tains, bananas, fugar-canes, cotton, |)()nipioiis, and 
 potatoes ; ami there are alfb great numbers of guars, 
 oxen, and hogs. 
 
 'I'he inhabitants of thefe iflands are of an olive com- 
 plexion, are fliort in ftature, with round taccs, fnv 
 foreheads, and thick eye-brows. They have blai.!. 
 hair, which they cut lb fliort that it bareiv touches thi'ir 
 cars. 'I'he men wear only a cloth abaur their niitidie, 
 and have no covering on their heatis. 1 lie women «e.i.' 
 a fhort petticoat made of coarfe callico, which reachf; 
 from the waifl to the calves of their legs. Both (cui 
 wear rings in their cars, made of a metal rcflinlilinii 
 gold, which they dig out of the mountains. 
 
 Their houfes arc fmall, and conlifl only of a fev. 
 polls bound together, and covercil with boughs of tree . 
 The fire-place is at one end, and here they lay hoard , 
 on which they flccp. The houfes arc built in rows oiv' 
 above another, on the tides of the rocks, ami thcv :il- 
 cend to them by the help of hulders. There is a kii:.l 
 of llreet to each row of houfcs,which runs parallel \\;:h 
 the tops of the buildings in the row beneath., 
 
 Thefe iflanders are naturally ingenious: the;, under- 
 fland the ufe of iron,w hich tlie)' work i nio various forn:-, 
 and build very neat boats, 0iat refenible thofe with !:■ 
 called yawls. They have likewiie fomc large vehel., 
 
 which they row with twelve er tburtcen Gal's. 
 
 Thc:r 
 
 hSlV] 
 
 Their Iangua,3;c is p 
 MC-ipons the) ufe are 1 
 thevgoon the moiinta 
 a kind of armour mail 
 fle-evcs, and reaches d^ 
 It is wide at the b'lrtoi 
 jnilisof inch fblid fub 
 
 liurcneial thevaiea 
 engage in quarrels ame 
 The men arc chiefly er 
 men in hiifbandry. 1 
 ing more than one wife 
 rcfpce'K The bo) s an 
 filliing, and the girls 
 plantations, which ar 
 plants as much grotinc 
 ctlHi-ies of the familv. 
 thcr ha\e they occalioi 
 fupcrior, towhom the 1 
 behave with the great 
 fliort, thefe people ^y 
 fecking that happincfs 
 to he found mdependei 
 ambition, and therefo 
 their own home to lool 
 content themfeKcs wit 
 dcnccbas placeii them, 
 biites to increafe their 
 
 If fblid hajipin 
 Within our brc 
 
 .'\nd they are 
 The world has 
 I'lom our ov. n 
 
 And that dea 
 
 SEC 
 Tiir MARIAN, o 
 
 THESE iflands deri 
 or Iflands of Th. 
 covered them in 1521, 
 pofition of the natives. 
 Marian Iflands from > 
 td at the time of thi 
 luhjfds. 
 
 The Eadronclflands 
 of Canton, in China, 7c 
 pines, and 7300 weft fr 
 The principal part of 
 uniiihabiteel, notwithff 
 Iituatcd, and the foil 
 only one that can prop 
 by th.c Spaniards is (Ju 
 ami where there is a vei 
 this ifland that th"Mai 
 in frefh piovifions and 
 pulco to the PhilippiiK 
 Tinian and Rota wc. 
 hrt the former is now i; 
 [ contains only a few Im' 
 ; ti\ating rice fbr the inl 
 (iiiam is about 40 n. 
 nreuinfcrence, and the 
 mated at 4000 ; out of' 
 in the city ot San Ign:; 
 \ernor ufually refides. 
 I fords a tine landfcapc w 
 ffoil being rather dry, 1 
 [have fcveial kinds of ex 
 1 apples, melons, and o 
 hilenty of cocoas, yams 
 hpple, which, when bak 
 [ulcd iiillead of bread. 
 
 The natives of this ill 
 
 [hut of an olive comi;lc.\ 
 
 long vifage, and a Hern 
 
 No. 26. 
 
L Gl-.OollAI'IlV. 
 
 lit- trees, part iciilarlvilicr,,!, 
 fragnint initsHnu.tiKu i>n 
 pnu-for the fole u!l- nf ihj 
 another tree little inicriorto 
 )t liquid, which :siall;d ,1-3. 
 ;, and. if thrown into the lire" 
 11 agreeable nature. ' 
 
 n, and indigo, grow" very 
 and thcyh.i\eagnatv.iiiciv 
 n. ' 
 
 md hogs, arc the chi, f ani. 
 
 the mountains, anj i;, ..hj 
 ibcrsofapcs. I-.,iiroal»,;n,l, 
 rame, particul.iilv deer anj 
 inds of birds, as lurtriiij;^. 
 ■-doves, ami molt (oru nf 
 arc little inferior to thole of 
 ife mod foils of fiili m^ta: 
 '. is a little blue li!!i lomul 
 ,u-autifiii as to bcella-nicijoi- 
 .l coloured liili; biittliey w-l 
 f their natural elem.r.t. 
 n nature, of a leidiitli (,.;„. 
 lu greatly defoinv.il. Tlvir, 
 d arrows, in the iifcnf tth;;h ■ 
 the inhabitants of I orniol'.;. 
 langer falleiud «ith ui^irJo 
 y generally ufc to clcir tk 
 oody places. 
 
 .upy the center part of the 
 untainous, live indene:) km, 
 
 own la.\vs and ni(),i',.s of go. 
 om feen by ihc (..'hiiiefe, i:\. 
 ttenipt to fiirj)rize;my()tti-.c 
 I'his, however, i'lidom hap- 
 they arc natuiallv ftirh i ow- 
 hinclc will defc.it at k/} :v} 
 
 inan arc a number of in!::]! 
 res, or Fiiher lllaiuK, uhirh 
 th latitude. On the '.\cllfkL 
 large town, with a f)it, dc- 
 lling of ]00 'I'artars. 
 Iau onia are a fet of illinJi 
 iiorthernioll ol' which lies ii 
 itude. The largell of ti\i':'.- 
 t of its being a barren LO.ir,- 
 everal good towns in them. 
 
 Is are rocky, but the vallics 
 \cli watered with rup.;ii;ii; 
 lenty of pine-apj'K's plaii- 
 .\s, cotton, ponijiinib, ,iiiJ 
 lb great numbers of guars, 
 
 illands arc of an olive cnm- 
 
 ure, with round taccs, lo*' 
 
 ■brows. They have blau 
 
 t that it barely touches ihoir 
 
 a clotli about their niiiidii, 
 
 eir liead.s. 1 he women wa; 
 
 oarfe callico, whi( h reachn 
 
 ■s of their legs. JJoth fixis 
 
 nade of a metal refeinlilinj; 
 
 )i the mountains. 
 
 , and conlirt only of a fcv 
 
 :overeil with boughs of tree'. 
 
 .1, and here they lay boards 
 
 houfes are built in rows on|t 
 
 s of the rocks, and thcv .if- 
 
 ladders. There is a kiii.i 
 
 ifes.which runs parallel «iili 
 
 1 the row beneath. , 
 
 ally ingenious: the;, under- 
 
 rtie)' work into various lorni.s 
 
 t^at relenible thofe with us 
 
 likewiie foinc large velicl., 
 
 c or fourteen oars. 
 
 Tlicir 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 LADRONE ISLANDS. 
 
 i3t 
 
 1^f\r languapfc is peculiar to t'^cmfelvcs. The only 
 weapons the)" ufe are lances headed w iih iron. When 
 thevgoon the mountains in purfuitof beads, they wear 
 a kind of armour made of a bullalo's ikin, which has 
 llcevcs, and reaches down to the lalves of the legs. 
 It is wide at the bottom, but dole about i' iboulders, 
 and is of fiich folic! Jubilance as hardly to be penetrated. 
 
 Ill general thev are a very civil i)eo()le,and will neither 
 jn„agc in quarrels among themfelves, or w ith Grangers. 
 ThcmenarcchieHy employed in filliing, and the wo- 
 men in huibandry. l-'ach man is prohibited from h^v- 
 ingniore tf an one w ifc, who treats him w ith the greateft 
 rcfpcd. Tbe bo\s are brought up by their fathers to 
 filliin'T, and the girls work with their mothers in the 
 plantations, which are in vallies, where every perfon 
 plants as much ground as is fufticient to fupply the ne- 
 cclTuies of the lamilv. They have no dated hws, nei- 
 ther ha\e they occalion for any ; every family has one 
 fupcrior, towhomthe red are fubfervient; anil chiUlren 
 behave with the greated refpect to their parents. In 
 iliort, ihefe people ?,wcar to enjoy real febcity, by 
 feckin? that ha()pinefs in their own minds, which is not 
 to be tound independent of ourfelvcs. They haxcno 
 ambition, and therefore are not ('edrous of leaving 
 their OH n home to look after imaginary baubles. 1 hey 
 content themfelves with the fituation in which I'rovi- 
 dcncchas placed them, and each i'ucceeding day contri- 
 butes to increafe their happinefs. 
 
 If folid happinefs we prize, 
 1 Within our bread this jewel lies; 
 
 i And thev are fools who roam : 
 
 The world has nothing to bedow ; 
 
 I'lom our ov n felvcs our joys mud flow. 
 And that dear hut our home. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 Tnr MARIAN, ok LADRONE ISLANDS, 
 
 THESE iflands derived die appellation of I .adrones, 
 or Idands of Thieves, (from Magellan, who dif- 
 covcred them in 1521,) on account of the thievifli dif- 
 polition of the natives. They obtained the name of 
 Marian Idands from Mary, queen of Spain, who rcign- 
 id at the time of their being fird inhabited by her 
 fuhieCts. 
 
 the Ladrone Idands lie about 600 leagues to the ead 
 of Canton, in China, 700 leagues ead from the Philip- 
 pines, and 7(00 wed from Cape Corientes in Ameriia. 
 The princi()al part of them have been for many years 
 uiiinhabiteil, notwithdanding they arc all pL'alantly 
 (ituatcd, and the foil in general is very fertile. The 
 only one that can properly be laid to be now inhabited 
 by the Spaniards is (iuam, where a governor refides, 
 and where there is a very drong parrifon kept. It is at 
 this illand that th- Manilla regider-diip generally takes 
 in frelh provifions and water in her palfage from Aca- 
 pulco to the Philippines. 
 
 Tinian and Rota were once very populous places; 
 , hi't the former is now quite uniidiabitcd; and the latter 
 I contains only a fev* Indians, who are employed in cul- 
 ti\ating rice for the inhabitants of Guam. 
 
 (iuam is about 40 miles in length, and 90 miles in 
 circumference, and the number of inhabitants are edi- 
 niatcd at 4000 ; out of which, it is fuppofed, 1000 live 
 : in the city ol San Ignatio de Agoiia, where the go- 
 I vernor ufually refides. It is pleafantly dtuated, andaf- 
 jfordsatine landfcapc \vhen viewed fiom the fea. The 
 [foil being rather dry, it produces little rice ; but they 
 Ihavcfcveral kinds of excellent fruit, particularly pine- 
 Mpples, melons, and oranges. They have likewifc 
 Iplenty of cocoas, yams, and a fruit about the iize of an 
 ppple, which, when baked, is exceeding good, and is 
 ful'cd indead of bread. 
 
 The natives of this idand are drong and well diaped, 
 ibutofan olive comjilcxion. They have thick lips, a 
 |long vifape, and a ikrn countenance. They wear long 
 No, 26. 
 
 black hair, anoint themfelves with the oil of the cocoa- i* 
 nut, and paint their teeth with red and black colours. 
 Their houfes are chieHy built of done and timber, and 
 the tops of them are covered with tiles. Their food 
 chiefiy condds of cocoa-nuts, bananas, fowls, ftdi. and 
 pork i the latter of which is peculiarly fwcct in its tadc, 
 the hogs being principally fed with cocoa-nuts, which 
 grow here in great abundance. 
 
 In many parts of thcfe idands the indigo plant grows 
 w ild, as do fevcral other articles, which would be very 
 valuable if properly cultivated : but as the other illand* 
 are uninhabited, and too remote, fo the Spaniards in- 
 dulge their natural indolence, by not taking any notice 
 of them. 
 
 The natives formerly ufcd flings and lances, as wea- 
 pons of defence ; but they have for fomc years been re- 
 drained from cxerciling the latter ; indead ol which, 
 they now ufe pieces of clay, maile of an oval form, and 
 bakcdfc har iS tobc little inferior in fubdanceto done. 
 They throw thcfe with great dexterity, and feldom mils 
 the objed. Some of thefc pieces or balls are fo large, 
 and thrown with fuch force, that they will kill a man 
 at a confidcrablc didancc. 
 
 As the natives of Guam arc not always upon terms 
 of frienddiip with the Spaniards, the latter always keep 
 here three companies of foot foldiers. They have like- 
 wife two fmall cadles, each mounting only live guns; 
 and on an eminence near the fea is a fmall battery, con- 
 fiding of five pieces of cannon. 
 
 The other illands here, though uninhab red, afford 
 a great plenty of providons ; but neither of them have 
 an\ commodious harbour. 
 
 Though the illand of Tinia •> is uninhabited, yet it is 
 one of the mod delightful fpots in the univerfe. It is 
 divided into hills and dales, both of which are beauti- 
 fully diverlilied with woods and lawns. The woods 
 conlid of tall trees, whofe fpreading branches yield the 
 mod delicious fruits ; and the lawns, which arc in ge- 
 neral very broad, are covered with line trefoil, inter- 
 mixed with a variety of the mod flagrant dowers. 
 Among the fruits is one of a peculiar nature, called 
 rhyma ; and, when roalkd, is ufcd by the natives of 
 Guam indead of bread. Here are alio many other ve- 
 getables of a very ufcful nature, as fcurvy-grafs, forrel, 
 mint, dandelion, creeping purdane. and water melons, 
 all of which are efticacious for many difordcrs. particu- 
 larly thofe of a fcorbutic nature. 
 
 This idand likewifc abounds with cattle; and in the 
 woods ar- -Meat plenty of diflcrent forts of poultry. 
 The cattle arc fo numerous, that it is no uncommon 
 thing to fee for.:e hundreds of them grazing together, 
 which, when the idand is viewed from the fea, greatly 
 enhances the beauty of the profpcd:. The delh of 
 thcfe animals is well tailed, and very eafy of digcdioii. 
 The poultry is alfo exceedingly good, and very readily 
 obtained. They arc in general large, and can hardly 
 flv an hundred yards at a time, d) that they arefrecjuent- 
 ly caught by being run down, which is the better ef- 
 fected from the openings of the woods, that in fome 
 parts are very conddcrahlc. 
 
 There are two large pieces of water near the center 
 of the idand, which arc well docked with plcntv of 
 w ild fow 1, as ducks, teal, curlieus, and a bird called the 
 whidling plover. The natives of Guam catch thcfe 
 with fnares, which are ingenioufly projeiflcd ; and this 
 is the only r.icthod whereby they can obtain them, as 
 they are rcdrained from the ufe of fire-arms. 
 
 Upon this idand arc great numbers of mulketos, and 
 other fpecies of infccls. which, if they happen to fix on 
 the fl<in. will produce an immediate inflammation, and, 
 if proper remedies are not foon applied, will be produc- 
 tive of the mod fatal confequcnces. There arc like- 
 wife fome fcorpions and centipedes, but thefc ^re fo 
 few that they are feldom fecn. 
 
 This ifland was once exceeding populous, and is 
 
 faid to have contained at lead (O.ocxa inhabitants. It 
 
 w as in this lituation about the beginning of the prefent 
 
 century, when a dreadful mortality raging among the 
 
 4 B inhabitants, 
 
 h ' ' 
 
 1 M' <i ( 
 
2»i A MAV. ROYAL and AUTHF.NTIC SYSTF.M or UNIVERSAL GF.OGRAPlIv, 
 
 sit ' i 
 
 P' ,^i 
 
 
 I 
 
 4. 
 
 -i 
 
 »'i 
 
 p u- 
 
 I 'I 
 
 inhabitants, prodigious numbers of them died : and 
 the imirtality ragingwith tqiiul violence in the Illamli 
 of Rota and (niam, the Spaniards obliged thole that 
 rctnaincd .<i Tinian to rcniosc to diiani, in order to 
 make good the delieieni)- by tlie ntiniher of fouls that 
 had prithcd in that illand; linec which time Tinian 
 has bei'n totally uninhabited. 
 
 The Illand of Rota has not any thing in it that ile- 
 niands j.anicular attention. Its chief produce is rice, 
 which is cultivated by a few Indians, who li\e there 
 iindilluibed, but are fubjcct to the .Spanilh governor 
 that refidcs at Cniani. 
 
 The other iflanils, though uninhabitcil, arc in gene- 
 ral exceeding fertile, ;he air good, and the climate 
 temperate. Thcv alio proiliice plenty of provilions; 
 but they arc fi Idom \ iliteil, on account of the great in- 
 convenience ariling from the want ot' water for anchor- 
 age. That which has the greatell convenience in this 
 panicuiar is Tinian; but even there ii is very unfafe, 
 pariiculirlv frcni Jiuie to Odober, «hich is the feafon 
 of the wclkrn monfoons. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Tnr. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 
 
 THESE iflands, whiih are numerous, were difco- 
 vcred by Magellan in i^H). They lie froni 5 
 to 19 degrees north latitude, and from the i 14th to the 
 1 ■^oth dcirrte of call longitude, being liruated in the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, (CQ miles to the fouth-ealb of China. In 
 genirai thev aiiound with every delicacv, ami the foil is 
 inconceivably fertih ; but the e.xcellivc heat, from their 
 vicinity to the line, the innumerable noxio;.s infecLs, 
 and venomous reptiles; the dreadful earthquakes, and 
 the frcijuent eruptions from many of their mountains, 
 uhich arc volcanos ; the great number of poifonous 
 herbs and tlowers, from which the molt pernicious va- 
 pours exhale; and the terrible Itorms of thuntler, light- 
 ning, and rain, which fpread Ihocking devaftations 
 around, combine to render them neither Cafe ordelira- 
 ble. In fine, this cluftcr of illands refembles a fair 
 pcrfon with a foul temper. 
 
 Beauties can thus enchanting fniile.s impart. 
 While fecrct malice lurks within the heart, 
 'Till loft in tears the haplefs lover ihowns, 
 Martyr'd by falfehoods, facrilic'd by frowns. 
 
 The principal of thcfe iflands are the following: 
 I. Luconia, or Manila. 'I'his illand is the largeft of 
 the Philippines, being near 400 miles in length, and 
 above i So in breadth, is lituated in 15 lieg. north lat. 
 and di emed more healthy than either ot the others. It 
 has many mountains which contain gold, fertile plains, 
 line paliurcs, and fprings of the moll excelUnt water in 
 the uni\crfe. It produces butlalos, Iheep, hogs, goats, 
 horfes, fruit, &c. 
 
 The city of Manila lies upon an excellent bay, 
 ■\vhich is circular, and rear 90 miles ir. circumference : 
 the port is of courfe remarkably good, and well fituatcd 
 for the Chinefe and Eaft India trade. It contains about 
 3000 inhabitants; and, during the war of 1762, was 
 taken by Admiral Cornilh and Sir William Draper. It 
 was, however, fti[!iilated to be ranfomed : but the ran- 
 fom money has never yet been entirely difchargcd. It 
 is a handfome city, containing frveral f|5acious Ifrects, 
 good houf's, elegant churches, decent convents, ami 
 tolerable colleges. The feat or the S]ianilh go\ern- 
 ment is here. The Indians pay a poll-tax ; and a con- 
 fiderablefum of money is annually allowed for the liip- 
 pnrt of female orphans, born of Spanifli antl Indian 
 parents. To this ifland the Spaniards bring divers com- 
 motlitics; fuch as filvcr from New S]->ain, Mexico, and 
 Peru; diamonds from Colconda ; lilks, teas, Japan 
 and China ware, and gold dull, from China and Japan. 
 The Spaniards fend two large fliips every year from 
 hciice to AcapiiK in Mexico, vsith nicichandi/A, and 
 return back with lilvcr. 
 
 2. St. John lies between 7 am! S deg. north 1 
 above 1 10 miles in length, and about 70 niilciovfr 
 the broadell part. The fod is I'ertile; bur, withii" 
 other illands, it partakes of the general m onup.ioni '^^ 
 bef •e recited, 'ihe inhabitants are good-naturc^i .11] 
 hum., ic, but exceedingly ignorant. Then ni:rr Vc 
 ceremony is nothing more than putting eartluipontli' 
 head of the woman, in token of htr fubonlinatc lla ' 
 and the nccellitv of implicit obedience to her hiilbjn'j' 
 They call themfelvesChrillians. They wi.ir(>:ilva|J„-^ 
 robe of cotton or callico, w hich hangs t.) their lU-f tl 
 men throw it over their (houlders, and \uapi;roim| 
 thiir waifh ; the women cover their heads with it hkc'j 
 hood, and clofc it at their breads ; but the men "o hare. 
 headed, and the children naked. In this ilhimltncrj 
 is only one town, which is erected upon poll, bjt ir,, 
 both inconliderable and mean, and the lumitiirc oi ti^ 
 hoiifes ilcfpicable. 
 
 {. Mindanao is 180 miles in length, ami ahout 1 j 
 in breadth : the hills are llony,biit produce man\ irn,. 
 the vallies are fertile, and well watc'^d; : .1 iluinhi! 
 bitants are jilentifully ftipplied with all the necillarns 
 and many of the lux'ities of life. 
 
 This ifland is governed by a fultan, fuboniinate to 
 whom arc I'cveral jCtty fovercigns, who rule n\ir va- 
 rious ilillriets. The monarch, when he goes I'.'iroid 
 is carried in a palanijuin, and has a 11 long friianltoat. 
 tend him, who are armed with lances, Iwoidi, ai,l 
 bayonets. 
 
 The chief trade of this ifland is to Manila ami linnuM; 
 and the Dutch come from the Moluccas to purchalV of 
 them rice, tobacco, bees-wax, &c. The coniirun 
 jieople are always boafling of their honcllv, hiitun:. 
 tifc; roguery: they (leal whatever they can lav thfr 
 hands on; and tl;e magillrates, inflead of punilhiiv,':rf 
 deli.iquents, will protect them, in order to partake of 
 the booty. 
 
 The inhabitants of the various dillricb, or fuh|t\u 
 of the feveral petty kings, fpeak diH'erent languaijoi, 
 but have a general refeniblance in perfons and tcaiiiri!. 
 They are ihort of (latiirc. have tawny complivions, 
 fmall eyes, little nofes, wide mouths, thin lips, black 
 teeth, and lank hair. They arc ingenious, ut indo- 
 lent; adive, yet la/.y ; and good huniouiTi, ihoii!;h 
 revengeful. They live on the ti.fli of hiiHalos, moil 
 kinds of fow b, all forts of lilh th- 1 their leas ami livca 
 all'ord, with rice and fago. Thev are, houevir, hut llo. , 
 venly in their cookery, and eat without cither kni\;!, 1 
 forks, or fjxions. 
 
 Some fettlements in this ifland formerly bcl()n;;oJ;j 
 the Spaniards, but they were driven from hence bvthe 
 natives, who have been ever lincc cxtiyiikly lealousof | 
 any foreigners making fettlements among them. 
 
 The inhabitants in general are Mahometans. Thoff 1 
 who relidc in the interior parts of the coiintry arciaiii'^ 
 I lilartoons, and polfefs feveral gold mines. ThcjiO-l 
 pic of the north-well: part of the ifland arc the nwll 
 favage, and, in making war, neither give ortaki^^qwr- 
 ter. They allow of polygamy. The dil'eafes they jk 
 fubjccf to are fluxes, agues, cholics, and the Icurv;. 
 Mindanao, the capital, is lituated on the foiithii>k 
 of the ifland, in 6 deg. lo min. north lat. ami Hj 
 deg. 1 5 min. call long. It is watered by a linill nvir, 
 that will not admit of fliips of any coniiderableburihea; 
 and thofe that do come up to the city, are ercathis 
 danger of having their bottoms dellroyed by «ormi, 
 which abound in that river, unlels they are well llicath- 
 cd. 'Hie city is fquare, being ahout a mile each wv;| 
 the houfes are built upon pofls near twentv tivtli 
 with lailders to afcend them, accordin;' tothcufiiil| 
 fafliion of building in the Philippine Iflaiuls: tlicycfl' 
 fid but of one floor, but are divided by partitinns :' ■ I 
 many apartments. The fultan's palace is ki[)p("'! ■: 
 I 50 wooden pillars, or rather pofis, anil is nukh ■■ ' ' 
 than ariv other houle in the city, having irom.wJl 
 in the hall, and a broad fixed flair-cafe to alaiuU. 
 Th" M:il-'\an, as well as the lau'iuage proper to ■■>■! 
 ifland, is fnoken in this citv. All the floors ol K 
 
ALGEOGRAPIIV. 
 
 ron 7 anil S licg. north ! 
 
 h, and alioiit 70 links (Her 1,1 
 
 (o;l IS fcrtilo; hut, xutli the 
 
 ot th;' general imon^cni.'neiH 
 
 lahitantsaicgoovi-intiircilanj 
 
 ly Ignorant. Thoir niarrLvc 
 
 ic thanputtinfTCMrtluiponihc 
 
 token olhtr iiiboniinatc lla;c 
 
 icit obcilicncc to hit hullnn.j' 
 
 -itlians. They wear only a loo'j 
 
 .which hangs tvitiicir (let: the 
 
 IhoLililtrs, ami w ra[) it roimj 
 
 cover their h.ail', with it hUj 
 
 r breails ; bet the men ^-o liarc. 
 
 n nakeil. In tins ill.iml inert 
 
 is erected upon polls but itn 
 
 mean, and the funimirc ol tin 
 
 niles in length, and about 1 p 
 llony.biic produce iTuni iw,; 
 
 id well watc-'-d; r. .1 thnnhi! 
 
 .ip()lied with all the ncccHana 
 
 es of life, 
 
 ud by a fultan, fubortlinatf to 
 fovercigns, who rule over va. 
 
 onarch, when he goes ;'.'irnid, 
 
 1, and has a Ihong guard toat. 
 
 lied with lances, Ivuirds, aU 
 
 sidand istoMaiiil.iandlinniw; 
 Mil the Moluccas to piirch.ii'.' of 
 lee.s-wax, tJcc. The conm'on 
 ing of their honclly, hiitnn:- 
 il M hatc\ cr they can lay thet 
 iflratjs, inrtead of punilliiii;,':l^^( 
 it them, in order to partake of 
 
 he various diOrids, or fiihuvb 
 igs, fpcak dirt'ercnt langiUi;oi, 
 iiblance in jicrfons and fcatirii. 
 itirc. have tawny coniplcvinnj, 
 w ide rnourhs, thin liii^, hlaclc 
 They arc ingenious, yet indo- 
 ; and good hiinimnxl, though 
 c on the ti>-fli of hiiflalos, molt 
 3 of filh th- 1 their ftas and livca I 
 ^o. Thev are, how ever, but Ik 
 , and cat without cither kni\c!, j 
 
 this ifland formerly hcloncjeiiw 
 y were driven from hence bytht 
 n ever iince extri-inely icalousof j 
 ; fettlcnicnts among them. 
 ;eneral are Mahometans. Thoft j 
 or parts of the cnantry areciHal 
 ^ fcveral gold mines. rhc|iiJ.| 
 part of the illand are the nwll I 
 r war, neither give ort.'.r-eqia 
 ilvgainy. 'l"hc difeafes they arc | 
 igucs, cholics, and the Icurv . 
 ical, is lituated on the liiuth liJe 
 eg. 20 min. north bit. ;ind 12] 
 ;. It is watered by a ImiH iivtr,| 
 iiips of anyconfulerahle biirihon; 
 lie up to the city, arc grcaih ul 
 r bottoms deltroved by woniii,| 
 river, uniels they are well 11m!i- 
 :, being about a mile eaeh«3v: 
 )on pnfls near twenty teet hyj 
 d them, according to the ufiiil| 
 the Philippine lllands; they CO-, 
 iurarc divided by partitinns ;- 
 he fultan's palace is flipper'' ■' 
 
 ■rather poris:in>l'^""''"'^'' ' 
 in the city, having iron . , ■« 
 oad fixed llair-cafe 10 :il'"- '■ 
 1 as the language proper u';' 
 this citv. All the HoorsoU' 
 l.O'jml 
 
 1' II I I. I I' IM N i: ISLANDS. 
 
 A^IA-J 
 
 houlcs are matted, upon wiiich the pr' "c lit crofs- 
 b.i.'ed. Th.e principal trades arc fliip-ouildtrs, gold- 
 fnmlis and bla'kl'miths. 
 
 . lioliol IS lituated to the north of Mindanao, being 
 jbcJt 1:0 iniks in circumference: it produces cattle, 
 f.lh, roots, rice, and gold. 
 
 c. l.a\t:. i.s about 270 miles in tircumfiicncc, and 
 is fituatcd about 20 leagues north of Minilanao: a 
 chain of mountains runs ihnnigh the niid.ile, and ccca- 
 liom liK-h a lingular variety in the climate, that while 
 the northern tide is bcnunibeil w ith the i hilling blafls .if 
 win;er, the fouthern parts are cluareil with the genial 
 warmth of fummcr. 1 he foil is in general fertile, and 
 the people tolerably civilized. 
 
 6. I'aragon, by fome i allcel Little Hornco, lies be- 
 tween 9 and \ I deg. north hit. anil 1 1 4 and 1 1 S dcg. 
 cad long, and is the remotcll of the Philippine Illaiuis 
 to the fouth-wed: it is 240 miles in length, and 60 in 
 brendth. DiiVcrcnt jiarts of it have dirt'erent mailers: 
 the interior dillric'ts belong to the native Indians, thj 
 north-call parts to the Spaniards, and the fouth-we(t to 
 the lovereign of Borneo. The Indian inhabitants are 
 Maboiiiet;:ns, and [loHefs the greatelt inilitary Ijiirit of 
 any people who arc natives of the Philippines. ' pro- 
 duces prodigious large figs, a fnialicr fort, vvhi ' is 
 fupc-rior in ijuality, and plenty of rice. 
 
 Three inconlidcrabic iflands, called Calarr.incs, lie 
 to the north a;id north-calt of I'aragon, which are not 
 remarkable for any thing but plenty of wild birds. 
 
 7. Mindora is about 60 miles long, and j6 broad, 
 anil extends from 12 to 1 3 dcg. north lat. and from 
 119 to 1:0 call long. It produces gold and peppc-, 
 ami is div idcd from Luconia by the Straits of Mindora. 
 
 8. Tandaya is one ot' the moll eaikrly of the Philip- 
 pines: it is feparated from Manila by a narrow llrait, 
 and is I. ■'5 miles in length, and ico in breadth. On 
 the northern coall there is a volcano, which throws 
 out fire and flames. 
 
 9. Philippinawasthe firft that was difcovcrcd of this 
 duller of illands, and confetjiiently gave name to the 
 rclt. It lies between 1 2 and 14 dcg. 30 min. north lat. 
 and is the mort fertile and pleafar.t of all the Philip- 
 pines, exhibiting a fcene of perpetual verdure ; for here 
 the fun is powerful without being difagrecable. 
 
 10. Sebu, fouth-wefl of Layta, is 60 miles long, and 
 38 broad. On the cad lidcof it is the town of Nombre 
 de Dios. The Sj;r,iiilli Ihmdard was full let up here 
 by Magellan, the primitive circumnavigator of the 
 world, who was afterwards murdered in this ifland bv 
 the natives. The town of Nombre de Dios is guarded 
 by a conlidcrahlc garrifon, defended by a (Irong tinrt, 
 and has a good haven. The illand produces cotton, 
 bces.wax, garlick, onions, and the abaca plant, of 
 uhich cordage and packthread are made. 
 
 1 1. Panay lies between 10 and 1 1 dcg. north lat. and 
 120 and 1 21 deg. call long, and is ;d)iHjt 300 miles in 
 circumference, and has the name of being the moll po- 
 pulous of all the Philippines. It is watered by many 
 rivers, and is exceeding fruitful, particularly in rice, of 
 which it produces about 100,000 buflicls annually above 
 what the natives confuiiie. Almoll adjoining to this is 
 the little Ifland of Iinavas, which is not remarkable for 
 any thing but producing a conlidcrable quantity of far- 
 fa|iarilla. 
 
 1 2. Negroes Ifland lies between 9 and 1 1 dcg. north 
 latitude, and is about 300 miles in circumference. T he 
 natives are the moll black of any of the inhabitants of 
 the Philippines, from which circumllancc the illand is 
 called Negroes Illand. Ikes-wax and cocoa nuts are 
 the only produce of the place. The bees arc remarka- 
 bly line and large, and the peo[)le uncommonly (kilfiil 
 in managing them; but, in other rcfpcds, the n.itivcs 
 arc rude, brutiih, and ignorant, which has given life to 
 this proverbial exjircllion: Negroes IJlaiid is inhabited 
 h hlaiks tiiiil bees ; but the ivingcj nntives are tvijer and 
 hetter governed tluin the ivcilk'.ig natives. Indeed, the 
 prudence, decorum, and various regulations of thefe 
 fagacious little infeds arc truly allonifliing. 
 
 28J 
 
 Of all the race of animals alone, 
 The bees have common cities of their own, 
 And common fons ; beneath one law they live. 
 And with one common Hock their traffic drive. 
 Kach has a certain home, a fcv'ral Hall : 
 All is the (late . , the ilate provides for all. 
 Mindful of coming cold, they Iharc the pain. 
 And hoard, for w inccr's ufc, the fummer's gain. 
 Some o'er the public magazines prefide. 
 And fome are (•.nt new forage to provide. 
 All with united forte combine to drive 
 The la/y drones from the laborious hive. 
 Their toil is common, common is their fleep: 
 They fliakc their wings when mom begins to peep, 
 Rulh through the citv gates without delay, 
 Ncr ends their work but with declining day. 
 
 1 3. Xolo is the mod fouth-w ellcrly of all the Philip- 
 
 fine.'-, and is governed by a lovereign prince of its own. 
 t produces great quantities o'' rice and elephants teeth, 
 and, indeed, is the only illand among the Philipjiines 
 in \>hich elephants are bred. The aii in this ifland is 
 tolerable, being rcfrcnied by frci]uent rains. Th j ''.•;■. 
 yield ■. pearls ; and great quantities of ambergris are 
 found upon the ihores. The foil is teicilc in fruits, 
 rice, and pepper ; and numerous herds of cattle graze 
 in the padiiies. 
 
 14. Malbaic, which lies almoft in the center of the 
 Philippines, is 93 miles in circumference, and abounds 
 in gold, civit, bccs-wax, and fait. 
 
 Thefe illands produce great quantifies of gold and 
 other metals, pearls, ambergris, Inaddones, ivory, 
 pepper, bccs-wax, and an excellent fruit called tantcr, 
 of w hich a mod delicious pickle is made ; mangos, du 
 rians, oranges, which arc both larger and better than 
 thofc of Europe; lemons, both four and fweet; palm- 
 irces, of which there are forty fpecies, the principal 
 being the fago ; tamarinds, plantains, bana".as, the 
 caflia-trce, and ebony ; mod of the common timber 
 trees, fugar-canes, tobacco, indigo ; odoriferous and 
 medicinal herbs, admirable flowers, and culinary ve- 
 getables, particularly potatoes, &c. 
 
 There is a fingular fpecies of canc-trces about the 
 mountains of thci'e illands, which being cut, yield wa- 
 ter in great plenty. Thefe canes aft'ord great relief and 
 refreflimcnt to the natives, wb.o would otherwife be 
 parched w ith thirlt, as no running llreams or fprings 
 arc found in any of the mountains where they grow. 
 
 They have one plant that has all the properties of,and 
 is ufcd as a fubditute fo.", opium ; of this the natives 
 arc very fond, and frequently intoxicate themfelves 
 w th it. 
 
 The camondog-trcc is of Aich a poifonous nature, 
 that death indaiuly feizes any living creature whotaftes 
 either 'ts fruit or leaves. It fullers no verdure to grow 
 beneath its Ihadc, and, if tranfplantcd, poifons all ve-i 
 gctablcs that arc near it, except a flirub, which is an 
 antidote to it. The natives make an incilion in chis 
 tree, from wliencc a liquor flows, into w hich they dip 
 the points of their arrows and darts, in order to poi foil 
 them ; after w hich, a wound received from any of thole 
 weapons proves mortal. Helides this tree, there are 
 many poifonous herbs and flowers. 
 
 The Philippines likcwife abound incattleofall kinds j 
 wild beads, whole flclh and ikins are valuable articles; 
 horfes, flicep, civit-cats, game-fowls, lilh, i^c. 
 
 Aligators here 'are very dangerous ; and the ignana, 
 a kind of land aligator, docs a great ileal of mifchicf. 
 Here are abundance of fnakes, fcorpions, centipedes, 
 &c. The peacocks, parrots, cocatoos,and turtle-doves, 
 ar; very beautiful : the Xolo bird eats like a turkey; 
 the caniboxa is a well taded tow!, peculiar to thcfo 
 iflands ; and they have another kind of fowl, whole llclh 
 and bones are quite black, but aro, ncvcrthelcfs, de- 
 licious food. The herreio, or carpenter, is a line large 
 green bird. It is called caiocntcr bccaufc its beak is fo 
 hard, that it digs a hole in the trunk, or fome large 
 branch of a tree, in order to build its nefl:. The tavan, 
 
 a lea- 
 
 ili'l 
 
:?4 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 a fea-fowl, Inys its eggs in the fand, to be hatched by 
 the heat of the fun. 
 
 Mcpkies and baboons here ai very fagacious. Dur- 
 ing the fcafon, when there is n*' iruit to be got, they 
 go down to the fea-fidc ro catch oyllers. That the filh 
 may not pinch their paws, they put a flonc between 
 the fliclls to prevent their lliutting clofe. 
 
 In general the natives of ihcfe iflands are compofed 
 of native blacks antl tawnicsj Chinefc, or the pollerity 
 of Chincfe, w ho have long fettled among them ; Mala- 
 yans, Portuguefe, Spaniards, other Europeans, and a 
 mongrel breed from the whole : the make, features, 
 complexions, and manners of the people, confequently 
 vary from each other. 
 
 Rice, tifli, and fruit, arc the common food of the na- 
 tives, who eat very little flelTi. They drink water, pidm 
 wine, and fpirits diftilled from cocoa and palm-trees. 
 The Spaniards, however, live Uixurioully, eating tlelh 
 at noon, and iiih at night, and indulging theiiifelvcs 
 ■With all manner of Aliatic delicacies. Spaniards, as 
 well as natives, fnioak tobacco ; but the lattc- chew 
 betel and areka. 
 
 Swinmiing, bathing, dancing, mufic, and dramatic 
 performances, are their amul'tments. Their weapons 
 arc bows, arrows, lances, daggers, and darts j and they 
 defend themfelves with helmets, Ibiclds, and brcall- 
 plate.. 
 
 Polygamy is permitted among fome of the Indian 
 nations, but in others it is not allowed, except in cafes 
 of barrennefs. They admit of di vorces.which frequent- 
 ly happen. The hulband buys the w ife from !.er father, 
 or nearelt iclation ; a bealt is facrificed, an entcrtain- 
 meni made of the Helh, and the bride and bridegroom 
 having eat together out of the fame trcncher,are deemed 
 lawfully married. 
 
 Children arc either named after herbs or flowers, or 
 from fome accidental circumflance that occurs at the 
 time of their birth: but as foon as they marry they 
 chufe new names, and their parents are obliged to make 
 ufe of their old ones. 
 
 The bodies of the dead are waflied and perfumed, 
 ■wrapped in lilk, and put in a dole coffin, near which 
 a chef! is placed, that contains the arms of a man, or 
 domedic utenfils of a woman. Mourners are hired to 
 afTid in making a difmal noife : but as foon as the body 
 is buried, an entertainment is made, and all is con- 
 verted to mirth and felHvity. In general they mourn 
 in black garments, and Ihave their heads and eye-brows. 
 The real natives are exceedingly fupcrllitious, profefs 
 I moll gi "s idolatry, and their religious tenets are a 
 jumble of idv ^ ridiculous and abfurd. 
 
 The only acv unts we have of the Caroline or New 
 Philippine Iflaniis, are thofe written by two priefts, 
 latherClan and lather (robicn, which were compofed 
 at Manila, and founded on a defcription of them given 
 by fome of the natives, who were driven by ftrefs of 
 weather upon the Illand of Tandaya. 
 
 Thefe accounts jilajc thofe illands between 6 and 1 2 
 cleg, norrli hit. and 127 and ij8 deg. call long. Thofe 
 gentlemen inform "is, that they are exceeding |iopu- 
 lous, and governed by a king, who refides in one of 
 them, named L.amarec; that the natives rcfemble the 
 Malayans, go almoll naked, paint their bodies, fpeak 
 a language fomewhat like the Arabic, arc without any 
 form of vvorfhip, make no fct meals, live temperately, 
 iscc. They have a lew fow Is, plenty of fifli, and fertile 
 lands ; but they are without quadrupeds of any kind. 
 The women adorn themfelves w ith necklaces, bracelets, 
 and rings, all made of tortoife-lliell. They are of fo 
 placid a difpofuion, that no quarrel ever happens among 
 lliem, and war is totally unknown. 
 
 We may conclude, from this brief account, that thefe 
 are the moll happy people that have ever yet fallen under 
 our obfervation. They have no foes to fight, quarrels 
 to decide, bcalls to hunt, or game to kill; but each 
 fucceeding day enjoy the bounties of Providence 
 without bodily labour, and infcnfiblc of any anxiety of 
 mind. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 The CELEBES, or Inland ok M,\C.\SS.\R 
 
 THIS illand, which lies under the equator i^j^ 
 vided from Borneo by the llreightsof iVlicaVar" 
 as It is by the ocean from the Molucca Klands 01, the 
 ealf, and (he Philippines on the north. Its extent 
 from north to fouih is upwards of joo miles, and i 
 the broadeft part it is near 240. It'is divided'into fix 
 petty kingdoms or provinces, the principal of which 
 are, the Celebes on the north-well, and Macallar th' 
 latte. of which takes in all the fouthern part of the 
 illand. But as all the other provinces are fuhial to 
 thefe two, the ifland is fometimes called by the name 
 of one, and fometimes by the other. 
 
 As the climate is both hot and moifl, it is therefore 
 unhealthy, except at the times of the northern nion. 
 foons. The wellern part lies low and Hat, but the 
 fouthern ])art is very high. In the rivers here is t'ound 
 gold dull, which is wallied down in the lands Irom the 
 neighbouring hills by the great torrents of water that 
 li)metimes fall ..iter cxcellive rains. 
 
 I lere is great plenty of various kinds of vegetables 
 all excellent in their qualities: the rice in particulans 
 laid to be much fupcrior to that cultivated inanvother 
 part of the Indies. The fruits and flowers are much 
 the fame as thofe in the Philippines. They have pen. 
 per, fugar, betel and areka, with the bed cotton an i 
 opium ; and their cattle are much larger and finer th.n 
 any to be met with in other eaftern countries. Their 
 oxen and bulfalos are ufed only for draught, and they 
 have very fmall horfes for riding ; but the natives ufe 
 no other faddle than a painted cloth, without (lirnips 
 or bridle, having only a cord fallened to a bit made of 
 wood. Thefe horfes have very hard hoofs, and are 
 never fliod. 
 
 There are prodigious numbers of monki<.s and ba- 
 boons in the woods and forells, which are fo larL'c, and 
 go together in (iich conliderable bodies, that tl.ey arc 
 very dangerous to travellers ; but they have nne enemy 
 by whom they are fometimes conquered, namely, I'er- 
 pents, which are here of a moll extraordinary lize, and 
 have fuch agility and flrength, that they \m11 purfue 
 them to the very tops of trees, and frequently delboy 
 thein. 
 
 There is but one large river in the illand, and that is 
 dangerous, by rcafon of its being greatly infilled with 
 crocodiles. It runs troin north to fouth into the b.u of 
 ■^lacallar, where it is about half a le:igue broad, and 
 \iaflies the walls of the city of thar name : its channel 
 is deep enough in fome places to admit thclargcll vef- 
 fels, but in others it is very fhallow. 
 
 The natives are rather fliort in flaturc, andof alij^ht 
 olive complexion ; they arc particularly fond of having 
 flat nofes, infomuch that they praiitife methods in their 
 infancy to obtain that dillinguiflicd form, with li nuich 
 labour and attention as the Chincfe women do to ae- 
 ']uire fmall feet. Neither men or women wear any 
 covering on thair heads; but their hair, which is 01 a 
 fine Ihining black, is ingenioufly tied up, and Ironii; 
 hang curls that lay gracefully on the neck and Ihouid- 
 ers. The ifien ornament their hair with jewels, 1 ■at the 
 women do not : the latter onlv wear a gold chain .oiind 
 their necks. Both fcxa, however, dye their nails red, 
 and their teeth either black or red, both ol whieli they 
 confuler as very material ornaments. 
 
 The lower fort of people wear a loofe garment made 
 of cotton, which reaches below the knees ; but mme v.'x 
 either (hoes or flockings. The women have a garnu.'t 
 made ofmullin, with flrait lleeves that button ar the 
 wrills ; befides which they wear a kind of drawers nude 
 of cotton, that arc fallened round the waill, ami reach 
 to the ancles. The garments of the better fort are 
 made of fcarlet cloth, or brocaded lilk.with luge bui- 
 tons of folid gold. They have likew ife a very l""-'- 
 
 f()M L 
 
 1 company w it 
 
VL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ION IV. 
 
 Lf.AND OK MACASSAR, 
 
 ilics under the equator, isj[ 
 ) by the Ihcif^hts of MacalTar" 
 n the MoUicc;i Ifl;inds on the 
 .'s on the north. Its extent 
 ipwards of ;joo miles, and ia 
 ;ir 240. It is divided into fix 
 inces, the principal of which 
 lorth-weft, and iMacalKir, the 
 I all the fouthern pan of the 
 ther provinces arefubjpftto 
 binetinies called by the name 
 y the other. 
 
 hot and nwirt, it is therefore 
 times of the northern nion- 
 rt lies low and Hat, but the 
 h. In the rivers here is found 
 L'd down in the fands from the 
 : great torrents of water that 
 (live rains. 
 
 if various kinds of vegetables 
 Jties: the rice in particular is 
 to that cultivated inanvothcr 
 e fruits and flowers arc much 
 Philippines. They have pcp- 
 cka, with the heft cotton an.l 
 >re much larger and finer than 
 her eaftern countries. Their 
 :d only for draught, and they 
 )r riding ; but the natives ufc 
 linted cloth, without (hrnips 
 cord faflened to a hit majj of 
 vc very hard hoofs, a;id aie 
 
 numbers of monh.iLS and ba- 
 brelh, which are folarjjc, and 
 iderable bodies, that tl.ey are 
 ers ; but they have one enemy 
 inies conquered, namely, fer- 
 a moll extraordinary lize, and 
 rength, that they will purfue 
 ' trees, and frequently delhoy 
 
 river in the ifland, and that is 
 ts being greatly infellcd with 
 north to fouth into the bay of 
 out half a league broad, and 
 ity of that name : its channel 
 laces to admit thclargcll: vd- 
 L'ry ihallow. 
 
 ihort in ftatiirc, and of alight 
 tre particularly fond of having 
 they pradlife mcthovis in their 
 tinguiflicd form, with as much 
 the Chinefe women do to ac- 
 icr men or women wear anv 
 but their hair, which is 01 a 
 jenioully tied up, and Ironi 1; 
 ;fully on the nc( k and IhouiJ- 
 their hair with jewels, but the 
 r only wear a gold chain round 
 , however, dye their nails red, 
 .ck or red, both of which tluy 
 ornaments. 
 
 lie wear a loofe garment ma!.: 
 below the knees i but none 1:'.' 
 The womi-n have a garuK 't 
 rait ileevcs that button ai the 
 y wear a kind of drawers ma-'i' 
 icdround the waid, ami reach 
 luents of the better fort arc 
 • brocaded filk.with large bui- 
 ley have likewile a very han- 
 fonc 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 ISLAND OF CELEBES. 
 
 «5 
 
 foinc fafii made of filk, and embroidered, which con- 
 tains their dagger and purfe. 
 
 The diet of the conmion people confifls principally 
 of rice, herbs, roots and lilli ; and their iifual drink is 
 water or tea: the better liirt eat flelli and poultry, the 
 former being generally beef or kid, which are both cx- 
 cccdin'T fine ; and they drink tea, cofVee, and choco- 
 late, the latter of which they get from the Spaniards in 
 the Philippine Illands : they alio ufe palm w ine, arrack, 
 and other fpirituous liquors. They have but two meals 
 a dav, one in the morning, and the other about fun- 
 fic the latter of which is thejirincipal : in the interme- 
 diate fpace they re frefli thend'elves by chi ing betel 
 and art ka, or fmoaking tobacco intermixed with opium. 
 Xhc' lit crofs-leggcd on the Hoor at their meals, and 
 have very low tables lor their provilions, w hich are let 
 on them i'l pla'.es or dilhes made of wood; but they 
 ufc neither knives cr fpoons. 
 
 Their houfes, which arc fmad, but very neat, arc 
 chieHy built of ebony, and other wood of variegated 
 colours. They have but little furniture, except the 
 nccenhry utenlils fordrclliiig their provilions ; but what 
 ihev have is always kept exceeding clca: , and to pre- 
 vent the houfe being made filth; , they have vciFcIs to 
 fpit in when they chew betel or fmoak tobacco. 
 
 Ill general the men are very rohiill-, and naturally fo 
 courageous, that^luy are elleemed the bell Ibldiers in 
 India; for which reafon they are frcquentlv hired into 
 the fervices of other princes. Their arms are labres 
 and daggers, the latter of which thev often intc\t with 
 poifoii; and they have trunks from which they blow 
 poifoned darts: thefe darts are pointed with the tooth 
 ot a filh dipped in the venomous juice of certain drugs 
 that grow in the country, and it is faid they will llrikc 
 a mark with them at near 100 yards dillance. 
 
 Thefe courageous illanders were the lalt enflavcd by 
 the Dutch, w ho, however, could not crted a conquell 
 till after a very long and expenlivc war, in which were 
 cmployeil almoflall the forces they had at that time in 
 India. The Dutch full joined the natives to oppofc 
 the Portuguefe, who made an attempt to fuhdiie this 
 ifland; but the latter being foon contjuered, the Dutch 
 immediately took fole poUellion of it, and have pre- 
 itrvcil an alifolutc dominion over it ever liiue. 
 
 Ibe Portuguefe, and after them the Dutch, cndea- 
 voureil to fubdue this illaiid, becaufe it is (ituated near 
 the Molucca and Banda Illands, w hich produce fuch 
 f;reat plenty of cloves and nutmegs, the polllilion of 
 which they could not have fecured without being 
 mailers of this illand. 
 
 The natives, if well ufeil, are loving and faithful in 
 their difpolition ; but, if ill treated, will not be fatislied 
 till they have had revenge on the party by whom they 
 were injured. 'J'hey are bally and patllvjuate, but have 
 Inch iult notions of honour, that when they difcover 
 the iiifelvcs to be wrong, they will condem rheir ow n 
 It.condikf, and be glad to comply with any fubniilhon 
 that may be thought neceHiiry, as a recompence for 
 the olfence committed. 
 
 '1 he women of this illand arc obliged to be very cir- 
 cumfpect in their carriage, and very careful not to be 
 feen in company with any other man than their hul- 
 band. When this happens to be the cafe, the hulband 
 is indcinnilied if he kills the man he finds with his wife. 
 On the contrary, the hulband is permitted to have as 
 many wives and concubines as he thinks proper; and 
 the more children he has, the greater he is condderet! 
 as being ufeful to fociety. 
 
 lioth fexes are lendejcd acT;ive by a cuflom pracTiifed 
 during their infancy. I'.veiy day their nurl'es rub them 
 «ith oil, or water jull warm; and thefe unctions en- 
 murage nature to exert herfelf with the molt extenfive 
 htedom. Male infants are taken from the brealt w hen 
 :Miarold, their parents having an opinion, that if they 
 lucked longer, it would greatly prejudice their under- 
 Kandings. When they are live or fix years old, chil- 
 ' drcn of any diflinction are entrulted to the (are of li)me 
 relation or friend, that their courage may not be weak- 
 No. 26. 
 
 ened by the carefTes of their motliers, and a habit of 
 reciprocal tendernefs. They do not return to their 
 parents till they arrive at the age of fifteen or fixteen, 
 when the law allows them to marry : but this is a li- 
 berty they feldom ufe, till they are thoroughly verfcd in 
 the exercife of arms. The boys are fent to fchoo! to 
 the priells, w ho teach them reading, writing, arithme- 
 tic, and the precepts of the Koran ; for though they re- 
 tain many Chinefe ceremonies, they areprofeffed Ma- 
 hometans. The girls are taught to read and write, to 
 fpin, cook, and make cloaths ; for a.; there arc not any 
 taylors here, the women not only make thcirown cloaths, 
 but alfo thole worn by the men ; and fome of them are 
 fo indudrious and expert, thai they will obtain very 
 handlbme fortunes by that profeflion. 
 
 Thefe people are lb little adtiiLled to infamous prac- 
 tices, or litigious difputes, that they have neither law- 
 yers, attornies, or bailiff's. If any diil'erenccs arifc, 
 the parties apply perlbnally to the judge, who deter- 
 mines the matter with expedition and equity. In fome 
 matters of a criminal nature they are permitted to do 
 juftice to themfelves. If a man deteds another in the 
 commilHon of adultery, murder, or robbcr\ , he has a 
 right to execute jullice himfelf, by dellroying the 
 culprit. 
 
 The hufljand, on marriage, receives no other portion 
 with his w ife than the prefeiits ll;e received before the 
 ceremony, w hich, as foon as the priell has performed, 
 the new married couple arc confined in an apartment 
 by themfelves for three fuccelli\e days, having only a 
 fervant to bring them fuch ncceflarics as they mav have 
 occalion for; during which time their friends and ac- 
 quaintances arc entertained, and great rejoicings made 
 at the houfe of the bride's father. At the expiration of 
 the three days the parties are let at liberty, and receive 
 the congratulations of their friends ; after which the 
 bridegroom conducts his wife home, and each apply 
 themfelves to bulinefs ; he to his accullomed profeflion, 
 and llie to the duties of houfew ifery. 
 
 Thefe illanders are all of the Mahometan religion. 
 Many ofthem arc great pretenders to magic, and carry 
 charms about them, on a fuppolition of their fecuring 
 them from every danger. 
 
 I'mieral ceremonies are performed here with great 
 decency; to fee u re which, lI.c meanell perfcn makes 
 provilion w hile in h( '.th, by alligning a certain liim to 
 defray the incidental expeiices. As foon as a perlbn is 
 dead, the body is w aflied, and being cloathed in a white 
 robe, is placed in a room hung with white, which is 
 fceiited with the Itroiigelt perfumes. Here it continues 
 for three days, and on the fourth it is carried on a pa- 
 lanquin to the grave, [ireceded liy the friends and rela- 
 tions, and followed by &,c priell-, who have attendants 
 that carry incenfe and perfumes, which r.re burnt ail 
 the way from the houfe to the grave. The body is in- 
 terred without a collin, there being only a plank at the 
 bottom of the grave for it to lie on, and another to cover 
 it; and when this lalt is placed, the earth is thrown in 
 and the grave filled up. It thepcrfon isof diflingiiidied 
 quality, a handlonu' tomb is immediately placed over 
 the grave, adornti with Howers; and the relations 
 burn incenfe and other perfumes tor forty fuccellive 
 ilays. 
 
 This ifland was formerly under monarchial govern- 
 ment; and in order to prevent the crown falling on an 
 infant, the eldefl l^I^thcr fucceeded after the death of 
 the king. All phim of trull in the civil government 
 were diljiofed of by the prime minilKis ; but the olfuers 
 of the re\eiiue, and of the h()ufeh<ild, were appointed 
 by the Ibvereign. The king's forces, when out of ac- 
 tual fervice, were not allowed an\' pay, but only their 
 cloaths, arms, and ammunition. It is faid, that in fome 
 former wars he has brought into the field 1 2,000 horfe, 
 and 80,000 liiot. 
 
 Aflemblics are held at particular times on allairs that 
 comern the general interelt, aiui the refult of their de- 
 terminations becomes a law to each Hate. When any 
 contcll arifes, it is decided by the governor of the 
 4 ^ Dutch 
 
 :-r 
 
:S6 A NFAV, IJOYAI, am:. AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVEliS.VL GEOGUAI'Ily, 
 
 
 Di;ti;li colony, «ho prcfuks at this diet. He holds a 
 watchful eye over thell- ilittcient fovertigns, and keeps 
 them in pcrteL'l equality w ith each other, to prevent any 
 one iVom atr;.aandi/ing himfelt" to the prejudice of 
 the company. The Dutch have difarnieil thcni all, 
 undei ^ rctence of hindering them from injuri:-;:; nch 
 other ; but, in reality, with a view only to keep them 
 in a (late of fubiecUon. 
 
 The only foreigners permitted to come to this illand 
 arc theChineIc, who bring hither tobacco, gold-wire, 
 china, and unwrought (ilks; in return liir which they 
 take opium, fpirituous liquors, gum, and linens. They 
 get but little golii fri)ni hence, but great quantities of 
 rice, wax, llaxes, anil tripam, a fpecies of nuilliroom, 
 which the rouniierand blacker, tiie more excellent it is 
 ellecmed. The cullonis bring in upwards of So.ooo 
 livres to the company: but they obtain a much larger 
 prolit from their trade, ami the tenth j>art of the terri- 
 tory, which they hold in full right of fovereignty. 
 
 i he chief city, MacafTar, is fituatcd (.n tiie banks of 
 a river of the Lime name, near the fouth-ueff corner 
 of the ifland. 1 lere tlu" Dutch have a very llrongforr, 
 mounted with a great number of cannon, and the gar- 
 rilbn confills of Soo men. 
 
 In general, the llrcets of the city are very long anil 
 fpacious, and arc planted on each fid? with trees ; 
 but tl'.erc are not anv of them paved. Tiic mofqucs 
 and lioufes of the q\:ality arc built with (lonc; lut thofe 
 of the conunon peojileare of wood, and elevated from 
 the ground with pillars. They are maile of wood of 
 various cclours, and the tops of them are covered widi 
 palm or cocoa leaves. Mere arc large markets for the 
 fale of provifions and other comnKxlities. "I'hc markets 
 are opened twice a day, viz. in the morning and even- 
 ing, before the riling and letting of the fun. The pro- 
 viiions are brought to market and fold by women only ; 
 for if a man was to be feen in that character, lie .vould 
 be treated with the molt diflinguillicil contempt. The 
 number of inhabitants in this city were formerlveftima- 
 ted at 160,000 men able to bear arms; but iince the 
 Dutch deprived them of their tnidc, great numbers 
 have forfaken it: and the other towns and villages, 
 which were proportionabb- populous, have been greatly 
 defcrtcd for the fame reafon. 
 
 Jampandam, the only jirincipal place on this illand, 
 cxclufive of the city of Slacaflhr, is lituated about 1 5 
 miles to the fouth of Macaliar river. This was the lirlf 
 place of any imjiortance taken by the 13utch, who have 
 a good fort here ; and there is as conunodicus an har- 
 bour as any to be met with in the Intlian Seas, 
 
 Of the feveral iflantls about the Celebes, that go b v the 
 fiime name, the ]irincipal is fituatcil about live leagues 
 from tlie fouth-ealV corner. This illand is about 80 
 miles long, and 30 broad. On the call liile of it is a 
 large town and harbour called Callacalfong, the (heets 
 of which arc fpacious, and cnclofed on each tide with 
 cocoa-trccs. The inhabitants are Mahometans, fpeak 
 the Malayan tongue, and are governed by an abfolute 
 prince. 
 
 To the north eafl of this ifland are the Straits of Pa- 
 tience, fo called iVom the great dillii ulty in pafling 
 them, which arifes from the violence of the currents, 
 and the contrariety of winds, 
 
 S E C T I O N V. 
 
 rilE SUND.l I'f.ANDS. 
 
 ISLAND 01 lK)RNl-:0. 
 
 BORNEO, the largelV of the Sun' Iflands, was 
 ilifco\ered by the l^)rtuguefe in 1521. It is of 
 great extent, being fituatcd between 7 deg. jo min. 
 north lat. and 4 deg. 10 min. fouth, under the equi- 
 nottial line, whii h divides it into two unequal parts, 
 7 deg. ;p min. lying northwardof it,and4ileg, lotnin. 
 fouthward ; fo that it is 700 miles in length, and ^So 
 in breadth. It is bounded on the call by the Celebes, 
 
 on the well by Sum itra, on the north isv the T- ' 
 pines, and on the f aitli by the Illand of Java. 
 
 Conlidering the lituation of the country, the a'r ■ 
 tolerable, particularly in tliofc parrs next the '■»■<■) 
 which are refrell'.cd every morning bv eoolimr lvf,,I,' 
 from tlie lea, othcrwile the heat would 1k" isiilimo,, ' 
 l!e. 1 hefe parts, however, arc very unwholefomc ij 
 they lay on a Hat for many hundred miles, and arc m 
 nually ovcrllowett. When tiie waters retire, a niii ijy 
 llimc is left on the furfaceofthc earth, which the fun 
 ihining upon with perpendicular ra- s, occalions tMtk 
 fogs, that afterwards trrn to rain, with cold chiJliniT 
 winds; fo that the air at this time is verv unMholel'Miic' 
 .Another ( ircumfl:\nce that contributes to this, is rhf 
 great number of frogs and other vermin left onihenv'f 
 which being dell roycd by the heat of the fun, proj'jc- 
 an intolerable flench. 
 
 In .April the dry feafoii begins, and continues till S-\ 
 tember, during w hich time the w ind is eaflcrh IxTwcin 
 the linith coails of Horneo and the Ifland of [a.,i| bin 
 from September to .April tliC winds arc welUrl'. jt. 
 tended bv violent llorms of rain, thunder, an.! lijrtir. 
 ning. 'I'lu'fc florms ?.re lb continual, efpceianv diithc 
 fouth coall, that it is thought very cxtraonlin.irv w 
 have two hours fair weather in the courfc of 24. 
 
 I'xclnfive of rice, which is very plentihil, tiie pro- 
 ducc of this country conlifls of frnnkinreiife, mulk 
 aloes, pej-'jier, cinnamon, aMvl odier Ipiccs; a!;o va- 
 rious kinds of fruits, with excellent mallic, .ind other 
 giinis, wax, callla, honey, cotton, and ihebcilcam. 
 phi re. 
 
 IJorneo produces great quantities of exci 'lent timber, 
 with the cotton Ihrub, canes, and rattans. In the rivers, 
 particularly that of Succadanea, are found excellent 
 liiamonds.and great quantities of gold dull arc garhered 
 from the lands. The loadllonc is alio found hero; .i:;J 
 the wild ape produces the richcll bczoar Ihines that art 
 any where to be met with. Here are alfn niincM-liroa 
 ami tin, which are laid to be excellent in their i|iiahtiei. 
 
 'Idle animals of this country are oxen, inilt'ilos 
 horfes, deer, and goats; bclides which there arc iVvi- 
 ral forts of wild bcalls, as clej)haiu?, hears, t,;:er, 
 monkies, and biiboons. 
 
 There are variotis kinds of parrots an,l parn.]'.ict.', 
 one of which is called, by the Banjarccns, /«w, ardis 
 admired lor its beauty. Thev have alio feveral oihfr 
 kinds of birils, but not anv liketho'V in Europe, cx- 
 ccjit the fparrow. During the time ol thcxvcftcnimo'i- 
 foons, the Iky is frequently darkened with bats, whidi 
 Hy in ]-irodigious numbers. They are called hv Ionic 
 fly'mg cats, and, in colour, fliape, and lincll, maiiirt- 
 lemblc a fox, though not fo large; but their wini,:!, 
 when extended, arc not lets than fix feet from l!ii I'p 
 of the one to that of the other. 
 
 '1 ne natives of this illand may be con(i;lereciasol iwn 
 dalles, dilfcring as well in their pcrfonsa.nl lirels, a* 
 in their culloms and religion. Thofe who inhalnttK 
 fca-coall are Mahometans, and called Iknjari. mis, from 
 the town of Har'iar, to which moll nations rcfurt toniir- 
 (hale the various commodities of the coiintn. l!v 
 lianjareens are rat'ier low in flature, and of a l-.varti'it 
 complexion, luit, on the whole, very proportionablj 
 iiiaile. The comni'^n people have no prhcr'rcrer:.^' 
 than a fmall pic,:e of linen tidlened round the \va;l!; h'! 
 the better fort wear a kind of waiflcoat niailc ol lilii, 
 or European cloth, over which, they throw a Icoieijir- 
 ment of lilk or beteUa.that reaches to thekmr<. fw 
 alio wear a pair of drawers, but have nciu'cr fl'iri, 
 flmes, or fto. kings. Their liair is tied iipuur'^j 
 and coxered with a piece of tnullin or (iHuo; ."'' 
 when I hev };o abroad they alxva)S carry a d.i,',,;'-''' *''^ 
 them. 
 
 The women arc fiviallcr than the men, and t!. 1 :''• 
 tiires much more delicate: they are alio niiich l.inir "i 
 complexion ; and, contrary to the mode of nu'll h^-''^^ 
 xvomcn, walk verv upright, and flep with a trruLvtiil 
 air. They arc verv conllani after nnrriage, hiit.ire|il" 
 
 to bellow lavouiswirh •."icat frecdcm when iingh-: M 
 
 " jii)«e.cr 
 
a, GF.OGUAPIIY. 
 
 on the north hv the Pi. ; ;, 
 )y the Illaiul ol Juv.i. ' 
 an of the country, the air is 
 thofc parts next the ciwil' 
 • nuunin;,; li'-' coohng brcczcj 
 lie hc;\t woiiki be iiiiuiiportj. 
 ■cr, arc very unwholefome, a,- 
 yhuniiicd miles, :ind;ircan. 
 ■n the waters retire, a nmjjy 
 e of the earth, which the I'un 
 uheular ra\s, occalions thid 
 -n t() rain, with coKi chiilin-, 
 hi< time is very un«liolcl")ni(! 
 lat contributes to tliis, is the 
 I other vermin left onthetmij, 
 / the heat of the fun, produce 
 
 bc{Tins,anil continiu-still >■■". 
 ne the w iiul is caftcrlv l>etHcc:i 
 
 an. I the Illanti of ja,,i; but 
 il the winds arc welh-rlv, j;. 
 < of rain, thumler, an, I liirhr. 
 To continual, efpcciallv n:i the 
 hoiit^ht very extraordm.uv m 
 :hcr in the coiirfe of :.).. 
 ich is very plentiful, the pro- 
 mlirts of frankinrciilV, iniilk, 
 il, anil other fpiccs; a'lo va- 
 th excellent m.ilHc, and other 
 :;,■, cotton, aiki the bt:l cam. 
 
 : quantities of excellent timber, 
 incs,anci rattans. In the river?, 
 ;caiianea, are foiiml excellent 
 ntities ol'gokl lUill are gathered 
 aitUone is alio linind here; ,i;'J 
 ic richell bc7.(Mr Hones that art 
 :li. Here are alio mines of iron 
 (1 be excellent in their i|iialiiiei. 
 i country are oxen, biifl'ilos, 
 bclkies which there arc live 
 s, as elephant?, hears, tvjer;, 
 
 nils of parrots an.i pirn.^iicts, 
 ,1V the nanjarccns, /«rc^, anil ii 
 
 They iiave alfo fevenil oikr 
 ; anv like thoP," in Europe, c\- 
 u; the tinieofthcweftcrnnwn- 
 itly (Jarkeneii with bats, vhich 
 .■rs'. Tlicy are called by li'inf 
 ur, fliape, and fnull, in.iuut- 
 lot lb !arj;e ; but their winj?, 
 ; lefs than fix feet from ilit tip 
 c other. 
 
 1(1 may be coiiCidered as n(m 
 
 1 in their pcrfonsa.Rl drcN, a 
 igion. 'I'hofe who iiihahiiiK 
 lis, anil called Baiijan-.-ns, from 
 
 licli mod nations rcliirt topiir- 
 noilities of the coimttv. l!v 
 )w in (btiire, and of a f«nii< 
 le whole, very propor'icnablj 
 leople have no otherTo'enn:; 
 en taaened round the wa:lh I'll! 
 kind of wailk-oat inadeoliilli, 
 r vhicl; they throw a leofei;ir- 
 that reaches 'to thckne'."<. IJw 
 awers, but have neiil^er fmri, 
 heir hair is tied up m a reil. 
 e<-e of rmillin or (alluo; aail 
 ley ahva\s carry a da,',;,-''' *"•"' 
 
 rr than the men, and t'-' i :''• 
 tei they are alfo much l.iiixr;'i 
 ary to the niodcof nu'll Iin-" 
 i^'ht, and flep with a gfa"M 
 llani after nnrriap;e, biitaiejil'' 
 Treat frcedf in when iint^lc : '" 
 
 h0\UMT 
 
 A^IA.] 
 
 ISLAND OF BORNEO. 
 
 "287 
 
 however iiidifcrcct they may have been in this point, 
 thev are not confidered the worfe for it by their huf- 
 haiuis; nor dare any one reproach them for the faults 
 thev have committed previou.s ro their mar'-iajije. 
 
 Thcchicf part ot their food is rice, but with it they 
 catvcnifon, lifli and fowl. The better fort arc fervcd 
 inNcU'els made of ^^old or filver, but the poorer fort 
 ufcsdilhes made of earth or brafs. 'I'hey all lit crofs- 
 IfjTccd at their meals upon mats or carpets. Both fcxcs 
 chew betel and rreka, anii are very fond of fmoakin<^ 
 tobacco, with whuii thev ot'ten mix ojiium made into 
 pills, after bein;>; boilcil in water till it comes to a con- 
 fiilciicv. 'i he whole company ufually fmoke out of 
 the fame pipe: the mailer begins, and after havini^ 
 fnioked two or three whiH's, he i^ives it to the pcrfon 
 ncarell him, from whom it paiTes round till it comes to 
 the niaftcr a,L;;ain. 
 
 '1 licir principal diverfions are ilancing and come- 
 dies, w hich are performed after the manner of the eafl'. 
 'flicir rural fportsare (hooting at a mark anil hunting. 
 Thev travel chieHy in the night, on account of the 
 ciwlnefs of the air at that time: tb.e common p.eople 
 ufually go in covered boats, but the bettc>i- fort travel 
 bv land on elei^bants and horfes. 
 
 The falaam, or lifting tlie hands to the head, and 
 bending the body, is their mode of falutation. When 
 thev ai'ijiear before their fupcrinrs, they raife their hands 
 ;\bove the forehead ; and if before a prince they pro- 
 ftrate themfelves on the ground, and retire backwards 
 on their knee.s. 
 
 Thole who inhabit the inland parts of this ifland arc 
 taller, and much more robuft, than the U.injareens. 
 They are called Byajos, and arc j agans in their reli- 
 ction. Their complexion is more fwarthy than the in- 
 liabitants of the coall ; and their time is cliiclly em- 
 ployed in hunting and attending their cattle. Thev go 
 almoll naked, having only a fmall piece of linen fa- 
 Ikned round the wailt : they paint their bodies of a 
 bluilh colour, and bcfmcar them with flinking oil. 
 Some of them are very fond of having large ears, to 
 obtain which they make holes in the fott parts of them 
 when young j to thelc holes are fallened vvcights about 
 the breadth of a crown pieccj which continuallv pref- 
 fingon the ears expand them to an imniodeiate length. 
 The better fort pull out their fore teeth, and jilacc arti- 
 ficial ones in their flead, made of gold ; but tln-ir 
 grcatcll ornament coniiUs of a number of tx'gers teeth, 
 which are ihung together, and worn :;boiit the neck. 
 
 The Ikmjareens, in burying their dead, alwavs place 
 tl'.c head to the north, and throw into the grave feveral 
 kinds of provilions, from a fuperlHtious notion that 
 they may be ufeful to them in the other world. They 
 fix the ])lace of interment out of the reach of ;hc Hood i j 
 and the mourners, as in japan and China, are ilrefled 
 in white, and carry lighted torches in their bands. 
 
 Pagans as well as M.ihometans allow a pluralitv of 
 wives and concubines. Tluv in genera! live to an ad- 
 vanced age, whi( h is attributed to their frequent life of 
 the water, for both men and women bathe in the rivers 
 once in the day; from which iiracticc they are very 
 expert in fwimming. The Malayan is the language 
 of tlinfe on the coalh 
 
 They aie (Irangers ro the ufe of phyfic ; and the let- 
 ting of blood, however defijcrate the cafe of the j^a- 
 ticnt, is to them acircumlhmce of the moll alarmiii!^ 
 nature. An indance of their great timidity on this 
 occalion is th"s gi\enbyCapt. Ik-ckman, who was un- 
 der the ncceflity of fubmitting to that operation. " One 
 day( fay.s he) being indifpofed, 1 ordered the furgeon 
 to bleed me. Cay Dei-'onattce, and fc\ eral otbels of 
 the natives, being in the room, and Urangers to the 
 operation, were in great ama/.emcnt to know what we 
 were about, till at length the vein being opened, thev 
 law the blood gulh out : at this they were fo frightened 
 that they immediatelv ran out of the room, crying out, 
 in their language, " the man's heart or mind is foolilli ;" 
 after which they told us, we let out our ver) fouls and 
 lives willingly, which they laid was ver\ ill done. 'I'o 
 
 this I anfwcrcd, that their diet being mean, and their 
 drink only water, they had no occalion tor bleeding ; 
 but that we, who drank fo much wine and punch, and 
 i'K:d upon fo much Hefli, which rendered the blood hot 
 ami rich, had an ablblute neceflity of doing it, other- 
 wife we fliould be lick, " Aye (fays Cay Dcponatte) I 
 think that fliewsyou to be (lill greater fools, in putting 
 yourfelves to fuch expcnlivc charges, on purpofe to re- 
 ceive pain for it." This was certainly a very trite ob- 
 fervation, and fully evinced, that if they wanted faith 
 in the utility of this expedient, they were not defective 
 in natural undcrllanding. 
 
 As thev fiippofe moll of their diflcmpcis to arife 
 from the malice of fomc evil demon, when a perfon is 
 lick, inflead of applving to medicine, they make an 
 entertainment of various kinds of provifions, which 
 thev hold under fomc confpicuous tree in a field: thefe 
 provilions, which confilt of rice, fowls, filli, &c. they 
 oiler for the relief of the pcrfons afflicted: and if he 
 recovers, they repeat the olfcring, by way of returning 
 thanks for the blefTing receivc<l ; but if the patient 
 dies, they cxprefs tlieir rcfi.ntment againll the fpirit 
 by whom he is fuppofed to have been allected. 
 
 Ti.ey know nothing of allronomy ; and when an 
 edipfe happens, they tliin,c the world is going to be 
 dcflroyed. They likcw ife know little of arithmetic, 
 and their only method of calculating is bv [larallel lines 
 and moveable buttons on a board. 
 
 Their lurrent money is dollars and half and quarter 
 dollars; and for fmall change thev have a fort of mo- 
 ney made of lead in the tbrm of rings, which are 
 llrung on a kind of dry leaf. 
 
 The towns and faiitories to which the I'uropeans 
 trade arc built on floats of timber on the river : each 
 town confids of one long flreet; and, to feciire them 
 from being carried away by the llream, polls are driven 
 into the ground near the lliore, to which they are 
 fallened w ith cables made of rattans. Fach houfe con- 
 iills only of one floor divided into ditl'ercnt apartments, 
 according to the number in family: the (ides of the 
 building are made with fplit bamboo, and the roof is 
 covered with leaves of trees : the walls are made high 
 for the benefit of the air, and iV'Om their tops hang co- 
 verings that reach within live feet of Jie logs, and arc 
 made in a Hoping form, to keep oil' tlie fcorching heat 
 of the fun. The Hoats arc made of large logs of wood ; 
 and the houfesare lb light in their con'lruciion, that a 
 great part of the float is ken above the Ibrfacc of the 
 water. 
 
 The houfes of the poorer fort are built on piles of 
 bamboo, in the mud on each lide, and are ranged in an 
 uniforiTi manner behind thole on the floats. At high 
 water they get to their houfes w ith boats ; and w hen the 
 water is low, they go from one to the other on logs of 
 timber. It fometimes haj^pens, at ebb tides, when the 
 current isexceilive llrong, that thcfe houfes will he re- 
 moved a coiiliderable dillance, and with great dillicuhy 
 brought back to their original llations. liiHances have 
 been know n of their being driven to fea,and totally loll. 
 The city of Borneo on the north, Palll\'r on the 
 call, Succadanca on the wefl, and Banjar Mafl'een on 
 the Ibuth, arc the principal place.i for trade on this 
 illand. The lall of thefe is the molt conlidciable on 
 account of the river Banjar, which is fo commodious 
 as ro admit Ihips of the grcatell burden I his river 
 runs from north tq fputh above half through the ifland, 
 and towards its mouth is near two miles broad. Its 
 banks are planted w ith thick groves of evergreens ; 
 and one branch of it is called the China River, from 
 the Chincfe junks conllantly paliing it. 
 
 The inland part of this country is divided into fe- 
 veral jiettv kingdoms, each of which is governed by a 
 r.ajah, or king. I'ormerh- all the rajahs were fubjcct to 
 the rajah of Borneo, w ho was elleemed the fupreino 
 king over the whole ifland ; but his authority has been 
 of iate years greatly diminithed; and there are other 
 king'; equal, if not more powerful, than bimlelf, jiar- 
 ticularlv the king of Cavtongc. 'J'hc town where tliis 
 
 priuco 
 
 [it: 
 
 tt 
 
 
 ..V,. 
 
 .' ^ 'li>^^A ' i, 
 
 flli 
 
^88 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 % 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 prince rcfulcs is ruiiatcd about 80 miles up the Banjar 
 river. His palace is a very elegant Innlding, erected 
 on pillars, anil is open on all liiles. Iktore the palace 
 is a large Iniikling, conlilhng only of one room, which 
 is let apart for hoUling councils, anil entertaining fo- 
 reigners. In the center of the roon) is the throne, co- 
 vered with a rich canopy of gold and lilver brocade. 
 About the palace are plained feveral cannon, which are 
 lb old, and mounted on fuch wretched carriages, that 
 thev are neither ornamental or ufelul. 
 
 The lupcrioritv of this prince is derived from the 
 curtoms he receives at the port of Banjar MalPeen, 
 which arc eltimatcd at 8000 pieces of eight per annum. 
 
 Next in rank to the above, is the king or fultan of 
 Negarce, whole palace is lituated at a place cal'ed Me- 
 tapoora, about ten miles from Caytonge. l?efore the 
 gates of his palace is an handlbme armoury, which 
 contains a great number of fire-arms, and feveral can- 
 non. He is :.lways on good terms with his neighbour 
 the prince of Caytonge, and to thefe two princes the 
 rcll are fubordinate. 
 
 The natives pay great homage to thefe princes, and 
 it is dillicult for a llranger to get accefs totiicm. The 
 onlv means to etlcot this is by complimenting them 
 with fome valuable prcfentj for avarice is their darluig 
 paflion ; and the ftranger will be treated with refpect 
 i.i proportion to the prefcnt he makes. 
 
 '1 he mountaineers live independent of any of thefe 
 kings : they are divided into ditVerent clans under their 
 reCpeclive chiefs, and are fubject to a government pe- 
 culiar to themfelves. They arc feldom iWn, as they 
 live in the woods anil foreHs, where they are fofei 'c, 
 that it would be dillicult to attack them ; and tlie\ 
 fo lavage, that an attempt would, in all probability, be 
 attended with the molt fatal confequcnccs. Their arms 
 are a dagger, and a trunk about feven feet long, thro' 
 Mhich they Ihoot poilbned darts made of brafs, and 
 barbed on each lide. Their drefs confilts only of a 
 piece of cloth wrapped round the waill,and a rag about 
 their heads. They often come down to Tatas to get 
 commodities from the Banjareens, in exchange tor 
 vhich they give gold, be/.oar, rice, wax, &c. 
 
 The Dutch pollefs the principal parts on the coafl of 
 this illand, and are mailers of the bell ports, and moll 
 valuable articles in traiiic ; but there are many creeks 
 about the illand, where others have free commerce 
 without molelhuion. As this country produces a great 
 variety of articles, whole value arc moll ellimable to 
 other nations tiinn to the Dutch, numbers of foreigners 
 refort here for thofe commodities that are bell adapted 
 to the trade of their o« n nation. The Chinefe and Ja- 
 panele come here for fpiccs j the Malayans for gold ; 
 and thofi from the Mogul country in fearch of diamonds. 
 As the Dutch reckon the pepjier, cloves, and cinna- 
 mon, as interior to thole ot the other fpice iflands, fo 
 they fuller them to be fold without interrii[)tion. The 
 natives are fupplied by the Dutch with the manufactures 
 of India ; in exchange for which they receive gold, 
 diamonds, and otiier valuable commodities. 
 
 Pepper, gold, precious (lones, and a gum called 
 tlragon's blood, which is faid to be liner here than in 
 any other jiart of the world, are the principal articles 
 purchafed by the I'.nglilh merchants. 
 
 The I'.uropean commodities taken heie conlill of 
 guns, pillols, gunpowder, llieet-leaii, iron and lUel 
 bars, nails of dilferent li/cs, hangers, knives, and 
 other cutleiy v.ares, boots made of red leather, fpeCta- 
 cles, looking-glall'es, clock-work, caliini.ancos, and 
 various forts of linens. 
 
 1 he cajiital city, 15ornco, is lituated on the north- 
 vX'll corner of the illand, and lies in 112 deg. 2 nun. 
 call long, and in 4 deg. 55 min. north lat. On the 
 eall iidc of it is an excellent harbour, adjoining to 
 which is a large liver, capable of acconunodating lliips 
 1)1 the greatell burthen. The tow n is very large, the 
 llreets fpacious, and the houfes well built : they are, 
 in general, three llories high, covered with Hat roofs. 
 The fultan's palace is an elegant and extcnlis e building. 
 
 This place is the chief feat of commerce in the iil 
 and the port belonging to it is continually rrnu'n 
 
 with Ihipslrom various nations, particularlv from Ch 
 Cambodia, .Siam, and Malacca: and there arc iri' 
 gious numbers of boats that come iVom the Phili, " 
 and other illands. The Dutch import here (rlafs '^' 
 nai>ar, cloths, woollens, and iron, in cxchange'for Iil'i "l" 
 thev take camphire, gold and precious (loncs Th 
 Portuguele and Knglilh have fome trade here thoi h 
 no lett'ed factory: but there are merchants of b„ii, i^ 
 turns who correfpond with the company's factop J," 
 the coall of Coromandel. ' ' " "' 
 
 Here it may not be improper to obfervc, that thnf. 
 who barter w ith the nati\ es of Borneo mud carduli'^ 
 examine the goods they purchafe, and lie that tJ. 
 weight or meafurc is jiili; for they are arrant cheats' 
 and Inch II rangers are they toany remorfe oftnnfcicmc' 
 that bethinks himfelfthe moll ingenious u ho commit' 
 the moll diUingiiilhed fraud. They makeconindlitinni 
 to imitate fome of the moll valuable articles, |Mrtiiiihr' 
 ly bczoar and bars of gold ; the latter of 'which h i;j 
 artlully executed, that, unlefs a penetration is nude 01 
 tirely through them, the deception ;annot bcilifcovcrej' 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 ISLAND or JAVA, 
 
 Js dejcribed ly cur Countryman C.\pt,mn Cook. 
 
 T 
 
 HIS ifland is lituated between 10: and 11 jdc. 
 eall long, and between 5 and S deg. ot foiiil, \il 
 being about 7-J0 miles in length, and 200 in bradth! 
 It is bounded on the eall by the Illand a..:! Straits oi' 
 Bally, on the well by the .Straits of Siinda, (trom 
 whence it is called one of the Sunda Illands,) 011 the 
 north by the Illand of Borneo, and on the fouihhythc 
 Indian Ocean. 
 
 'I'he Kland of Java produces goats, niiei), hot;;, 
 biill'alos, and horfes. The horfe, which is laid toh;ui; 
 been met w ith here when the country was lirll dilrfivcr- 
 ed, is a finall, but nimble animal, being feldom iNne 
 thirteen hands high. The horned cattle of this coumr/ 
 ire dilferent from thofe of Eurojie; the tlclh is ex- 
 tremely lean, but of a very line grain. Both thcUii- 
 nefe, and the natives of the illand, feed on the huliiilo; 
 but the Dutch will neither talle the llelh or the milk, 
 from a ridiculous idea that they arc produdive of levers. 
 The Iheep are tough and ill-tailed, and they have King 
 hanging ears. A few iheei) from the Caj-e of Gool 
 Hope being at Batavia, C.ijitain Cook bought Ibincot 
 them at the rate of is. per pound. 
 
 I'ormcrly this illand produced no kind of fpiccs but 
 pepper, and the quantity which the Dutch luiML; an- 
 nually from thence is very conlideiablcj hut the.iii.in- 
 tity ufed in the country is very linall, as the people 
 there give the preterence to Cayan pep|ier. The in- 
 habitants are very fond of nutmegs and i loves, but 
 they bear too high a price to be much in ufe, as thi: 
 trees which [)roduce them are all become Dutch pro- 
 perty. 
 
 The nati\( sof Java profeis the reli|;ion of Muhnnict, 
 and of courle do not indulge in wine, at leall puhlitl. ; 
 but, not to i)e exceeded in the vii e of ihiinkeiiiieU by 
 their Chrillian ncij/Jibours, thev are aiiiioll conllaiiily 
 i hewing opium, which is well known to intoxicate iiu 
 high degree. 
 
 The moll dillingiiillied city in this illand is Bat.ivia, 
 lituued in (1 deg. 10 min. Iiuth lat. and lo'i deg. iJ 
 min. eall long, from the meridian of (rteeiuvich. It n 
 builr on the bank of i large bay, fomething more than 
 tuenfy miles from the Streight of Simda, on the nor'Ji 
 lide of the illand of Java, in low boggy ground. V- 
 veial linall rivers, which rife forty miles iij) the cniiii- 
 try in the mountains of Blaeuwen Berg, dilclurge 
 tiiemfelves into the lea at this place, having lirll intir- 
 fected the town in dilferent ilirecUons. There :irc wide 
 canals of ncarlv (lagnated water in almoll every Urci'i. 
 
 and 
 
 ASIA] 
 
 and as the banks ol 
 
 of trees, the efii:c\ 
 
 and canals combine 
 
 of the rivers are na\ 
 
 the country; and, 1 
 
 chofen this fpot to 1 
 
 watci -carriage, in \ 
 
 CNcry place in the \v 
 
 The llreets hein 
 
 Hands on more groi 
 
 only an equal numb 
 
 In dry weather a 
 
 canals, and taints tl 
 
 t!,e rains have fo fw 
 
 the.r lanks, the gr 
 
 lower parts of the ti 
 
 that leaves behind i 
 
 titles. I'he running 
 
 as the iLignant canui 
 
 are frequently lodge 
 
 are left to putrily at 
 
 hap[)ens to carry the 
 
 a dead bulfalo, whili 
 
 there, which lay Hint 
 
 of the chief llreets fo 
 
 this place is fo very i 
 
 by (Jiipiiitn Cook as th 
 
 Any number of Ih 
 
 Batavia, the ground < 
 
 anchor will iicvei qu 
 
 iiities dangerous for 
 
 frilh ; but, upon th( 
 
 moft conunodiousin 
 
 The environs of 1 
 
 pcaiauce, and would 
 
 an en' 'able lituation. 
 
 country ti.r fever il m 
 
 vered with trees, that 
 
 been cleared ot the w 
 
 covered, is almoll wl 
 
 and the fields adj ici 
 
 ditchis which yield n 
 
 the bogs and iiiorafl'e: 
 
 more offinlive. 
 
 At near forty miles 
 hills, ad ihcair is p 
 diilance the invalids 
 every other profpeCt 
 the experiment luccci 
 the lick arc foonrello 
 return to the town thar 
 Pineapples grow h 
 ma) he ^)urchafed, at 
 I'inghtlitaithiiig. Oi 
 ones lor a halfpenny 
 
 There are plenty o 
 inferior to that of tin 
 which they have been 
 1 he tamarinds are < 
 as the method of pre! 
 renders them a mere 
 naufeating to the light 
 fhe Batavians, as v 
 of the .lland of Java, 
 Ho»ersabout their hoi 
 |"g aromatic woods ai 
 <'t purifying the air; tl 
 inils and ditches bcinj 
 i;reeablc. 
 
 i he hogs here, cf 
 I'recd, are exquilitelv 
 the lean is always fold 
 '1 he Portuguele ma 
 noS.anddecroftwoki 
 hood (if Batavia aboun 
 anil .uc purchafed at vi 
 ot thij country are as 
 
 and cats abouniJjr die 
 No. 27. 
 
GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ofcommcrce in the iilan,| 
 It IS continuallv crcnv.lod 
 is.particiihirlytVoniChiiu 
 icca: ami there arc pro|' 
 come fmiii the Phihpiv-,". 
 :i:h import here i-lafs, n„; 
 
 ron, incxihantreforHliiih 
 nd precious (loncs. Th,. 
 e fonie traile here, though 
 arc merchants of hothiu. 
 the C()ni|xiny-s factors 0:1 
 
 opcr to ohfcrvc, that thnft,. 
 sof Borneo niiirt carcfi:!!; 
 nirchale, and lie that the 
 for they arc arrant dints ; 
 •) any reniorfe of (.onfckinc', 
 loll ini^eniousuhocomrniti 
 1. They niakeconipdlirioni 
 ,'aUuilile articles, particular- 
 i the latter of which is fj 
 fs a penetration is made en. 
 :ption jannot bcdifcovcreJ. 
 
 ON VI. 
 
 o. JAV..\, 
 
 tryman Captain C()oiv. 
 
 I between 10: and 1 i.jilc;. 
 n 5 and S deg. of foiith iat. 
 en^th, and 200 in breadth. 
 by the llland a,,;l Straits ot 
 e Straits of Sunda, (from 
 the Simda lllands,) on the 
 leo, .ind on the foulh by the 
 
 nduccs goats, flieep, ho;:;,-, 
 
 horfc, which is faid to have 
 
 le country was firll difr n;T- 
 
 animal, beiivj; lekli)ni aboic 
 
 horncil cattle of this coiintr/ 
 
 f I'.uropc; the tie'di is cs- 
 
 fine j^rain. both the Ihi- 
 
 illand, i'cciX oiuhelnili'ila; 
 
 talk- the llelh or the milk, 
 
 hey arc proiiuclivc ot levers. 
 
 -tailed, and they have loiij; 
 
 ) from the Cape of Cliiol 
 
 tain Cook bought fomcof 
 
 pound. 
 
 luced no kindof fpiccshut 
 which the Dutch l)nii;:!an- 
 conliderablc; buttheqiuin- 
 very fmall, as the people 
 to Cayan pepiier. The iii- 
 f nutiiicgs and cloves, hn: 
 to be much in ufe, as tlu' 
 irc all become Dutch pro- 
 
 cfs ihc religion of Mahniiict, 
 gein wine, at leall pubfyh; 
 the viceof drunkeniicbhy 
 , they arc ainioll conlluiitly 
 veil known to intoxicate iiu 
 
 citv in this illand is Ifa'.ivij, 
 
 'bmh lat. and lo'i deg. ;J 
 
 endian of (ireenwich. 1: i* 
 
 Uav, fomethingniorctlwn 
 
 ipjit'of Su'ida, on the mirtli 
 
 m lowboggv ground. V- 
 
 •ifc forty miles up the cmm- 
 
 blaeuwen Berg, diichwgL' 
 
 this place, having lirlliimr- 
 
 it direcHons. There arc wide 
 
 \vater in almollevcry Urci't, 
 
 .iiiii 
 
 ASIA] 
 
 and as the banks of thcfe canals arc planted with rows 
 of trees, the effect is very agreeable; but thcic trees 
 and canals combine to render the air |>eltilential. Some 
 of the rivers are navigable more than thirty miles iip 
 the country; and, indeed, the Dutch ap(iear to have 
 chofen this fpotto build the uvwi on, for the fake of 
 water-carriage, in which convenience Hatavia exceeds 
 everyplace in the world, except the towns of J4oliaiid. 
 
 'liie llreet.s being wide, and the hoiifes large, it 
 ftaiids on more ground than any other place that has 
 only an equal number of houfes. 
 
 In dry weather a mofl horrid llench arifcs from the 
 canals, and taints the air to a great degree ; and w hen 
 the rams have fo fv^ elled the canals that they overHow 
 their banks, the ground-floors of the houfes, in the 
 lower parts of the town are lilkd with ftinkini' '.ate^ 
 that leaves behind it dirt anii llimc in amazing quan- 
 tities. I he running (treams are fometimcs as otlenlive 
 as the llagnant canal.- ; for the bodies of dead animals 
 are Ircquently lodged on the (hallow parts, w here they 
 are leit to putrify aiid corrupt the air, except a flood 
 hapjx^ns to carry tiiem away. This was the cafe w ith 
 a dead bulValo, while the crew of the Endeavour were 
 there, which lay Ihnking on the Ihoal of a river in one 
 of the chief llreets for feveral days : indeed, the air of 
 this (ilace is fo very un .» holcfomcthat it is leprefented 
 by (Mpiaiii Cook ■.\% the grave of European navigators. 
 
 .\ny number of lliips may anchor in the harbour of 
 Batavia, the ground of which is fo excellent, that the 
 anchor will nevei quit its hold. This harbour is fome- 
 iinies dangerous for boats, when the fea bree/.e blow.s 
 fielh; but, upon the whole, it .'s deemed the bell and 
 moft coiiuuodiousin all India. 
 
 The environs of Baiavia have a very pleafmg ap- 
 pearance, and would, in almoll any other country, be 
 an en> 'able lituaiioii. Gardens and houfes occupy the 
 country tor fever il miles; but the gardens are fo co- 
 vered with trees, that the advantage of the land having 
 been cleared ot the wood with which it was originally 
 covered, is almoll wholly loll ; while thefe gardens, 
 and tl'c fields adj icent to them, arc furrounded by 
 ditchis which yield not the moll fragrant (cent, and 
 the hogs and iiiorafl'es in the adjacent fields are Hill 
 more otl' nine. 
 
 At near torty miles from the town the land rifcs into 
 liills, ad ihc air is purified in a great degree ; to this 
 diltance the invalids are fent by the phylicians, when 
 every other profpett of their recovery has failed, and 
 the experiment lucceeds in almoll every inllance, for 
 the lick are foon reilored toheaith ; but they no fooner 
 return '.0 the town than theirfornicrdifbrdersvilit them. 
 
 Pine apples grow here in fuch abundance, that they 
 may be purchafed, at lirft hand, for the value of an 
 I'lnglilli taithiiig. Our people bought fome very large 
 ones tor a halfpenny a piece at the fruit lliops. 
 
 There are plenty of mangos, but their talle is far 
 inferior to that of the melting-peach of England, to 
 which they have been compared. 
 
 The tamarinds arc equally cheap and plentiful ; but 
 as the method ofprcfcrving them, which is in fait, 
 renders them a mere black lump, they arc equally 
 naufeating to the light and palate. 
 
 The Batavians, as v. ell as the natives of other parts 
 of the .I'lnd of Java, fhew an immenfc number of 
 Hovvers about their houfes, and are almoll always burli- 
 ng aromatic woods and gums, which is done by way 
 I'f purifying the air ; the Itench thatarifes from the ca- 
 nals and ditches being exceeding naufeous and difa- 
 ;;reeable. 
 
 ihe hogs here, cfpecially thofe of the Chinefc 
 liie(d, are cxquilitcly tine food, but io very fat, that 
 the lean is always fold feparatc. 
 
 Ihe Portuguefe make apraCticeoflhooting the wild 
 hog.and deer of two kinds, with which the neighbour- 
 hood of Batavia abounds. Thefe arc all good eating, 
 and ,ii c purchafed at very moderate prices. Thego.its 
 of this country are as bad tiiod as the llieep. Dogs 
 and cats abound 'Jf theillands, and wildhorfes aadothcf 
 No. 27. 
 
 I S L A N D O I' JAVA. 
 
 289 
 
 cattle are found on the mountains at a confiderablc 
 dillance fiom Batavia. 
 
 few monkie.-i are feen near iiie t.owns, biit tliere arc 
 many on the mountains and detcit plates, whcie arc 
 alio a tew rhinoceroles, anil great numbers oftygcrs. 
 
 Thequantit) ot lilli taken heie i.sallonilliingl) gaar, 
 and all the kinds ot them are tine fooii e.xi ■ p- a n w 
 which are very fcarce ; yet fuch i.s the laile pr.de of lb.; 
 inhabitants, that thefe lew forts are fold ar very iiigh 
 rates, while thofe that are goo<l are fold lor a I'l.eic 
 tiiHe, nor arc they eaten but by the Haves. A gcniie- 
 man with whom Captain Cook dinevi t<..dhim,he could 
 have bought a liner difli of fiih titra lliiibng tha:. what 
 he had given ten lor j but thai he tlioidd h.ive been the 
 ridicule of all the politer people, if he had gone to 10 
 good a market. 
 
 Mr. Banks, whde here, fliot a lizard five feet long, 
 which was exceeding well tailed ; and our .idventurcrs 
 were informetl, that ibmc of thefe animals had been 
 feen, which were full as thick as the thigh qf a man. 
 
 Captain Cook wa.s intor : ed that, at the tune he was 
 there, the whole place could not luriiilh fifty nomen 
 who were natives of Europe, yet the town abounded 
 w ith v bite women w ho were dcfccniled fuin Europe- 
 ans, who hail fettled there ai diH'eieiit times, all ihc 
 men having {»id the deiit of nature; for fo it is, tiat 
 the climate of Batavia dellroys tnc men much laller 
 than the women. 
 
 Mercantile bufincfs is conduc'led at Batavia w ith tiic 
 fligluelt trouble imaginable. When a merchant re- 
 ceives an order tor goods ot any kind, he communi- 
 cates the contents of It to the Chimle, whi ,iie tb.c 
 univerlal jiianutacturers. Ihe Chiiiefeagent Jeliven 
 the ellccts on board the (liip tor which they arc bc- 
 fpokc, and taking a receipt for them fiom tiie nuilier 
 of the vcH'cl, he delivers it to the nicrehaut, w ho (-.lys 
 the Chinefc tor the goods, and rel", rves a cDjilideruble 
 |)rotit, without the leafl trouble, ritk or anxiety. 
 
 The Indian inhabitants of Batavia, and the couiury 
 in its neighbourhood, are not native Javanefe, but are 
 either born on the leveral illands from whence tlic 
 Dutch brings their (laves, or theotlspring of fuch as 
 have been born on thofe illands : and thele having bce:i 
 made free, either in their own peifuns, or in the |Hr- 
 foi s ot their ancedors, enjoys all the privileges of tree 
 men. They receive the general appellation of Dran- 
 llam, which implies, " Believers of the true faith." 
 
 The hair of the people, which is black, w ithout a 
 fingle exception, grows in great abundance i yet the 
 women make ufe of o. Is and other ingredients, to in- 
 creafe the quantity of it : they tallen it to the crown 
 of the head with a bodk'.n, having full twilled it into a 
 circle, round w hich circle they place an elegant wreath 
 of tlowers, fo that the w hole head-drefs has a molt 
 oeaui iful appearance. 
 
 It is a univerfal cullom, both with the men and wo- 
 men, to bathe in a river once a day, and fometimes 
 ottcuer, which not only promotes liealth, but prevents 
 that con.radion of filth, which would bcotlierw.Te un- 
 avoidable in fo hot a climate. 
 
 Almoll every pcrfon has heard or read of the Mo- 
 hawks; and thefe are the people who are fo denomi- 
 luitcd, tiom a corruption of the word Amock, which 
 will be fully explained by the toUow ing llorv and ob- 
 fervations. To run a muck is to get drunk uith opi- 
 um, and then fcizing fome oll'enlivc weajx)!!, to I'ally 
 tbrth from the houle, kill theperl()n or peil();is lup- 
 jwfed to have injured the Amock, and any other pcr- 
 fon who attempts to impede his pali'igc, till himlllf 
 is taken pri(i)ncr, or killed on the tjioi. 
 
 While Captain Cook was at Batavia, a perfon whofc 
 circumllances in life were indepeiident,becoming jea- 
 lous of hi.s brother, intoxicated himkll with opium, 
 and then murdered his brother, and two othe: men, 
 w ho endeavoiiieil to leize him. This man, coniiui y to 
 the ufual cullom, did not leave his own houfc, but 
 made his relillance from within it; yet he had tcken 
 fuch a quamity of the opium, that he was totally deli- 
 4 i) riou^; 
 
 u 
 
 II i 
 
 ■ 1'. ; ' 
 
 m 
 
 M^: 
 
 ■'-H^ 
 
290 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENT'C SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 li ^ 
 
 rious, which appeared from his attempting to fire three 
 niufqucts, neither of which had been loaded, or even 
 
 pritned. 
 
 DurinpCapt.Cook'sftay.fevcralinftancesofthelikc 
 
 kind occurred; and he was informed by an officer, 
 w hofe duty it was to take fuch oftenders into cuftody, 
 that hardly a week palTed in the year in which he wxs 
 not obliged to exercife his authority : the Captain was 
 alfotold.thatjialoufy of the women is theufual rcafon 
 of thefe poor creatures running a muck, and that the 
 rtrrt objcift of their vengeance is always the perfon 
 w horn they fuppofe to have injured them. The offi- 
 cer, whofc buimcfs it is to apjjrehend thefc unhappy 
 wretches, is furniftied with a long pair of tongs, in or- 
 der to take hold of them at fuch a diftanrc from the 
 point of their weapons, as toenfurehispeifonal fafety. 
 When he takes oneof them alive he is amply rewarded; 
 but this is not often the cafe, as they are fo defpcratc 
 as not to beeafily apprehended : when they are killed 
 in the attempt to take them, the officer ha? only the 
 cuftoniarv pratification. Thofc who are taken alive 
 a e broken on the wheel, as near as poffible to the 
 place where the firft murder was perpetrated ; and as 
 they are leidom apprehended without being prcvioufly 
 wounded, the time of their execution is fooner or la- 
 ter, according to the opinion of the phyficians, whe- 
 ther the wnurds are, or arc not mortal. 
 
 There arc many inftances of the fuperftition of thefe 
 people that might bethought very extraordinary ; but 
 the follow ing will appear much more fo. They arc 
 poflefled with an idea, that when one of their wives is 
 brought to bed, a crocodile is born, as a brother to the 
 infant; and they imagine that the midwife conveys the 
 young crocodile to an adjacent river, into which fhe 
 puts It with the utmoft care and tendcrnefs. Thofc 
 who fuppofe themfelvi ? honoured by the birth of this 
 new relation, fail not to put food in the river for his 
 fubliftencc ; but this is the peculiar duty of the twin- 
 brother, w ho performs this fcrvice regularly, at fixed 
 Ceriods, during the whole courfe of his life; firmly 
 elievingat the fame time, that ficknefs or death would 
 be the confcquence of an omiffion on his part. 
 
 In the illands of Boutou and Celebes the natives keep 
 crocodiles in their families ; and it is conjedured, that 
 the llrange idea of the twin crocodile was firft con- 
 ceived in one of thofe idands : it extends, however, to 
 Java and Sumatra weftward, and among the iflands to 
 the eartw ard as far as Ccram and Timor. It is a mat- 
 ter of perfect artoniftiment, how even the moft igno- 
 rant and credulous of the human race fhould firmly be- 
 lieve an utter impoffibility tooccurdaily; yet it is cer- 
 tain, that not one ot the Indians whom Capt. Cook 
 quellioned on the fubjc»;t, entertained the leaft doubt 
 about the matter. The crocodiles fuppofed to be thus 
 born are diltinguilhed by the name of Sudaras ; and 
 our readers cannot fail of being entertained w ith the 
 following lb)ry refpeding them, which Mr. lianks 
 heirdfroinayoung womanwhowas bornatBencoolen, 
 and having lived among the Englilh at that place, had 
 learnt to fpcak as much of our language as was fuffi- 
 cient to make her ftory intelligible. 
 
 She faid that, when her father was on his death-bed, 
 he laid the llroiigcft in'iundions on her to feed a croco- 
 dile that was his Sudara ; that he told her the name by 
 which he might be called up, and the particular part of 
 the river where Ihe would (ind him. Soon after the 
 ckath of her father Ihe hallened to the river, and calling 
 Radja Pouti, (which lignifics white king) the Sudara 
 rmcodile made his appearance, and flic ted him vvith 
 her own hands. .She deferibed him as being more 
 beautiful than crocotliles are in pencral, for he had a 
 red nole, and fpots on his body ; his ears were adorned 
 with I in s, and his feet with <irnamentsofgold. This 
 I'orywi 1 > jipear the more cxtravagantlyridi<:ulous when 
 it is recoUecled that ciocodilcs have not anv cars. 
 
 A man ^ hofe mother was a native of the ifland of 
 Java, and whofe father was a Dutchman, was engaged 
 in the lei viCe of Mr. Banks during his rtiidencc at Ua- 
 
 tavia. This man told his mafter, that ftvcril Dutch. 
 men, and many Javanefe, as well as himfclf, hid fceii 
 fuch a crocodile as was dtfcribed by t!ie i^iil who told 
 the preceding ftory, and that, like her\, iis fivtwcre 
 adorned with gold. On Mr. Banks's reinarkinethc 
 abfurdity of thefe tales, and faying that croc(xlilc? had 
 not ears, he replied, that the Sudaras >) rt'trcd ronruie, 
 rably from other crocodiles; thattivy ha i tars, though 
 he acknowledged they were fmall, that their tongues 
 filled their mouths, and that on each foot iliey had 
 five toes. 
 
 While Captain Cook was at Batavhi, Spanilh dol. 
 lars mid at five ftiillings and five pence each, an.l the 
 price is feldom much lower. The Chini. Ic would itiVc 
 only the value of twenty ftiillings foran Rnv;lilli ".iiinea 
 that was almoft new, and for thofe that were old and 
 much worn, only feventcen fliilliiigs. 
 
 Capt. Cook obferves that a remarkable fubnrdina- 
 tion prevails among the people in Batavia. V.vm 
 houfekeeper has a certain fpecific tank, acmrdingto 
 the length of time he has ferved the companv. The 
 difterent ranks thus acquired are dirtinguiil-.cd bv the 
 ornaments of the coac'^cs and liie dreflVs of the loach- 
 men : fome ride in plain coaches, fomc arc nllowcJ 
 to paint them with difterent devices, and fonietoeiid 
 them. The coachmen a!fo arc oMigcl to apjuaV in 
 clothes quite plain, or oriiameiited in various manncri 
 and degrees. 
 
 The chief officer in this place has the title of "ovcr- 
 nor-general of the Indies, to whom the Dutch ;.over- 
 nors of ail other fettlements are fubordinatc ; andthey 
 arc obliged to repair to Batavia in order to lavrthcir 
 accounts pafled by him. Should they appear to have 
 been criminal, or even negligent, he dctimsihcni dur- 
 ing pleafurc; fometinics three years ; fo. thtyannnt 
 without his pcrmiftion, quit the place. Thcnifnibtrs 
 of the council, called by the natives Ede'e Hccrrn, 
 and by the Englifli, Idollers, are next in rank to the 
 governor- general. Thefe alFumc fo much ftiti-, that 
 whoever meets them in a carriage arc expected to lifc 
 up and bow, and after this compliment they drivt- tj 
 oncfideof the road and ftop, till the members otthe 
 council have pafled: their wives and chilJancvfci 
 alfo the fame homage, and it is commonly paid them 
 bv the inhabitants. Some Englilh captains havecon- 
 fidered this as a Oavifli mark of refpedt, der()g:itor)'to 
 their dignity a^- l-rvants of his Britannic majclly, and 
 for this reafon .ave refufed to pay it : ncvcrthdcf^, 
 when in an hired coach nothing but a menace of im- 
 mediate death could prevent the coachman from ho- 
 nouring the Dutch grandee, at the cxpencc of their 
 mortification. 
 
 With refpect to the diftribution of juftice, it is ad- 
 miniftcred in Batavia by the lawyers, who have [)ccu- 
 liar ranks of diftindion among themfelves. Theiide- 
 cifions in criminal cafes feem to be fevere with rcfpect 
 to the natives, but lenient in a partial degree to their 
 own people. A chriftian is always indulged with an 
 opportunity of efcaping before he is brought to trial, 
 whatever may be his orfencc, and when convicted, h; 
 is feldom puniftied with death. On the contrary, thr 
 poor Indians are hanged, broken upon the wheel, ami 
 even impaled alive. As to the Malays and L'hincfc 
 they havejudicial officers of their own, naiucd capt.iini 
 an(l lieutenants, who determine in civil caftifubjeito 
 an appeal to the Dutch tribunal. The taxes laid upon 
 thefe people by the company are very conliJcrablf, 
 among which, that exacled for liberty to wear their 
 hair is nottheleaft. The time of payment is monthly, 
 and to favc thechargeand trouble of collcdinir them, 
 notice is given of this by hoifting a flag upon the top 
 of a houfe in the middle of the tow n, and the Chinclc 
 fird it their intcreft to repair thither when a payment 
 is due v( it I. out delay. 
 
 Abo t 80 miles caft of Batavia is Cherebon, a place 
 of onfiderablc ext nt, and where the Dutch have a 
 fad ry. The country is very fertile and produces moll 
 kinds of provdions, jMiticularly rice. The inhibiianis 
 
 at: 
 
OCR API I Y, 
 
 Her, th It r^vcril Dutch, 
 well as himf'cir, hid ken 
 btciby thci^iiluhotold 
 , like hci'.s, iis fi'Ltwcrc 
 
 Hank.'s remarking the 
 ivin<r that trocodilcs had 
 Suil.iras J ti'crcil ronlute- 
 hattl-vcyhaltars, though 
 "mall, that their tongut; 
 
 on each toot they had 
 
 at Batavia, Spanifh dni- 
 livc pciKe each, nn,i the 
 l'hcChini.lcuouldg;vi' 
 ingsforan Fiv^liljiiuinc;! 
 thoCc that were old, and 
 lliillii>gs. 
 
 a rcinarkalilcfubnrdina- 
 eople in Batavia. livery 
 )ecitic tank, according to 
 
 vcd the company. The 
 i are tlirtingui'.hed bv tht- 
 id liie tlreffcs of the loach- 
 oachcs, lunic arc ;\llowcJ 
 
 devices, and fome to ph\ 
 
 arc- oM:gc \ to upjxaVin 
 mentcd in various manners 
 
 >lacc has the title of jjovcr- 
 
 whom the Dutch ;.ovcr- 
 are fuboidiiia:t ; amithcy 
 avia in order to I avo thcir 
 ihould they appear to ha\e 
 igent, he detains iheni dur- 
 ircc years ; fo. they cannot 
 C the place. The members 
 ic natives PV.e'c Hccron, 
 :rs, arc next in rank totlic 
 .alFunic fo much {\\{c, that 
 arriagc arc expected to lifc 
 
 compliment they drive tj 
 
 ip, till the mcmhtrs of the 
 
 wives and chilJien expect 
 
 1 it is commonly paid them 
 c Engl ilh captains liaveeoa- 
 ark of rcfpedt, deroiiaturvto 
 f his Britannic inajtlH, anl 
 fed to pay it : neverthdef-, 
 ithing out a mcnaceofiiii- 
 jnt the coachman from ho- 
 Icc, at the expencc of thor 
 
 ribution of jufticc, it is ad- 
 he lawyers, who have p<xu- 
 uong thcmfelvcs. Thin de- 
 ;em to be fevcrc with rcfpcot 
 : in a partial degree to their 
 is always indulgeil with an 
 leforc he is hroughr to tr:il, 
 ICC, and when convicted, h: 
 sath. On liic contrary, ihr 
 broken upon the w heel, ami 
 to the Malays ami Chincfc 
 )f their own, named captaini 
 rminc in civil cafes fubje:ho 
 bunal. The taxes laid upon 
 )any are very confidtrablf, 
 ted for liberty to wear their 
 tunc of payment is monthly, 
 i trouble of col IciliniT them, 
 hoiftinga flag upon the top 
 of the town, and the Chinclc 
 pair thither when a payment 
 
 Batavia is Cherchon, a place 
 id where the Dutch have \ 
 'ery fertile and produces niw 
 :ularly rice. The inhibiunu 
 at: 
 
 A S I A.] 
 
 .ire under the domin-on of four great lords, called ful- 
 'tans,oneof whom is particularly attached to the Dutch, 
 and for that reafon is diftinguiflicd from the reft by the 
 name of the company's fultan. 
 
 Bantam, which was once the metropolis of a great 
 kingdom, is the principal place of commerce at the 
 welfern part of this idand. It Hands in a plain at the 
 foot of a mountain, from whence ifiues a river that di- 
 vides itfelf irto t. ree llrcanis, one of which runs thro' 
 the town, and the others furround it. It is 1 2 miles in 
 circumference, and, before it was reduced by the 
 treat herv of the Dutch, (who fird joined the natives 
 againft their king, and then ftrippe'd the latter of all 
 leual pouer.) was very populous, well fortified, and 
 adorned with feveral elegant buildings and palaces. At 
 this time, however, it is a very ruinous place, inhabited 
 onlv by the poorell people. 
 
 Palamboan, the capital of a kingdom or principality 
 of the fame name, is liti ated in 1 14 deg. call longitude, 
 a ^ in 7 deg. ;(o nin. fouth latitude, on the Straits of 
 Bally, through which the Eaft India (hips fometimes 
 pafswhen they are homeward bound from Borneo. 
 
 Matarani, an empire that once extended over the 
 whole iftand, and even now takes up a confiderablc part 
 of it, is under the government of the Dutch, and was 
 the lart reduced f) ful'jedion by them on this ifland. 
 The country of Mataiam is in general very fertile, and 
 produces great quantities of rice, as aifj plenty of fruit, 
 i'heie are likcwife various forts of animals, particularly 
 horfcs, ilieep, goals, and remarkablr large oxen. The 
 rivers al-o. nd with fifli, and the woods produce great 
 plenty of game. But the moft valuable articles of this 
 country aie rice, pepper, cadjang, cotton, yarn, car- 
 damom, and mdigo; ti-.c latter of which is cfteemed 
 to be as good in quality as any found in the Indies, 
 
 Mataram, the capital of the kinj-dom, is the ufual 
 rcfide-cc (;f the king. 1 lis j.alace is a very handfomc 
 fpacio. s building, adjoining to which arc many good 
 houfes b.l iiigingto his nobles, who every day wait on 
 him J and his fubjccts in general pay him the greatcft 
 hcmice. 
 
 Though thcfe princes are vafTais, yet they arc per- 
 mitted to live in as gieat (late as if they were really 
 monarchs ; and ihc orders of the Dutch are always 
 executed in their names. They, therefore, alVumc a 
 dignity not inferior to the moft dcfpotic prince j and 
 wiieii they go abroad are attended with every diftin- 
 guifticd mark of royalty. 
 
 Japara is lituated at the bottom of an eminence called 
 the Invincible Mountain, on the top of which is a fort 
 built of wood. It is a very confiderablc place, and has 
 a good road, feciired by two fniall illands. The Eng- 
 lilh had once a factory here, but they were driven from 
 it by the Portuguefe. 
 
 'ITic natives of this country are very fond of diver- 
 fions, particularly the reprefentation of comedies ; and 
 they are fuch (laves to cock-fighting, that, by the large 
 fuins they bet, they arc often reduced to the moft abjett 
 diftrefs. 
 
 The inhabitants of Japara are chiefly Mahometans, 
 as is alio the chief, who generally refides at a place call- 
 ed Kattafura, where the Dutch have a fort and garrifon. 
 This prince reigns abfolute among his fuhjecls, wtw 
 are verv faithful, and pay him the greateli homage. 
 Like nioft caftern monarchs, he is conltantly attended 
 by women, and takes as many wives and concubines as 
 he thinl^s proper. When his courtiers obtain an audi- 
 ence, they approach him with thegrcateft humility. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 ISLAND OF SUMATRA, 
 
 THIS moft confiderablc of the Sunda Iflands is 
 lituated in the Indian Ocean, between 93 and 
 104. deg. eaft long, and 5 deg. 30 min. north hit. 
 It is bounded on the eaft by Borneo, on the north by 
 Malacca, on the fouth-ealt by Java, and on the well 
 
 ISLAND OF SUMATRA. 
 
 19 1 
 
 by the Indian Ocean, It is long and narrow, reaching 
 in a direct line from the north- ncft to the fouth-cait, 
 and is about 7 50 miles in length, and 175 in breadiii. 
 It is the iirft of the remaikablc iftands that form the 
 Great Archipelago of the eaft, the entrance of « hich 
 is, as it were, blocked up by this ifland and Java, w hich 
 form a barrier, feparating the Indian from the Lhinefc 
 Ocean; with this exception, that in thecenter, between 
 the two iftands, there is an opening, which a_ pcar> as 
 if purpofely dcfigned to admit a Irec pairage for the 
 advantage of commerce. Tiiis opening is called (he 
 Straits of Sunda, the fouth part of which is the north of 
 Java, and called Java Head ; and the north noint is 
 the fouth of Sumatra, called Flat Point, Thefe two 
 are about fix leagues afunder, between w hich fliips pafs 
 from Europe dircdlly to Batavia or China, without 
 touching in the Indies, They ftretch away eaft from 
 the Cape of Good Hope, and make no land till, hav- 
 ing traverfcd the whole Indian Sea, they arriv: at Java 
 Head. 
 
 The air of this ifland is in general very unwho'efomc, 
 arifing chiefly from the two extremes of heat and col I, 
 and the intermixture ofwetfrom very heavy r.ii is. The 
 day and night are equal ; and the iiiconvenicncics .hat 
 occur from the cxceflivc heat of the former are greatly 
 increafcd by the cold chilling winds of the htrer. 
 
 A chain of mountains run through the whole ifland 
 from the fouth-eaft to the north-w eft, and here the air 
 is more wholcfome than on the coaft. Ticre are a fo 
 confiderablc mountains on the weft coaft, in one of 
 which is a volcano, that frequently throws out flames 
 of fire. 
 
 The monfoons, or periodical winds, (hift here at the 
 equinoxes, as they do in other parts of the Indian Seas, 
 blowing fix months in one direftion, and fix months in 
 the oppofite direction. Near the coaft there are i/ther 
 periodical winds, which blow the greateft part of the 
 day from the fea, and in the night, and partof the morn- 
 ing, from the land ; but thefe fcarce extend feven miles 
 from the coaft. 
 
 Of the many fmall rivers on this ifland, none arc na- 
 vigable ; and thcir waters are very unwholefomc. The 
 river Indapura, which falls into the fea on the welt 
 coaft, has a water tinged with red, occafioiied, as it is 
 faid, by the great quantity of ochre that grows on its 
 banks, which are always covered at the time of the 
 floods. The w.aters of all the rivers that overflow the 
 low countries arc very foul, and not fit for ufetill they 
 have been boiled, and infufed with tcr, or fome other 
 wholcfome herbs. 
 
 Pepper, rice, fugar, camphire, gold duft, bczoar, 
 canes, and cotton, are the moft valuable j)roducc of 
 this ifland. The foil is in fome parts very fertile, and 
 well watered with rivulets; but in the low lands, next 
 the fea, arc abundance of bogs and marfhcs, which 
 produce only reeds and canes of bamboo, 
 
 Moft kinds of fruits abound here, arrive to the great- 
 eft ptrfedion, and arc equal to any found in the Indies ; 
 as .cocoa-nuts, limes, oranges, mangos, plantains, 
 guavas, jakas, durians, pinc-applcs, niangoltans, and 
 other tropical fruits. They have alfo melons, peas, 
 beans, potatoes, yams, radifties, pot-herbs, fallaiis, and 
 plenty of all kinds r-t garden Itulf. There is likew ife a 
 plant grows here called bang, which is fcmewhat like 
 hemp, and, when infufed in I iciuor, operates much like 
 opium. This is fometimes ufcu by the natives, particu- 
 larly when they are engaged in war, as it animates them 
 to perfevere in the moft dangerous undertakings. 
 
 The animals here are horfcs, buftalos, deer, goats, 
 hogs, oxen, and hog-deer, from the latter of which is 
 obtained a fpccies or kind of the bezoar ftone. This 
 ftone is of a dark brown colour, and has two fmall coats, 
 the innermoft of which is covered with fiiiall ftrings, 
 but the outer coat is ciiiite fmooth. When the ftone 
 is diffolved in any liquor, its tafte is exceeding bitter ; 
 but if a fmall quantity of it is taken by thofe who have 
 an opprellion of the flomach, a foul blood, or a wane of 
 appetite, it will remove the complaints; and is alfo 
 ' very 
 
 4 
 
 in 
 
 i 
 
 Ji" 
 
 ■,-&&\:r. 
 
 I'si'f 
 
39a A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GI.OGRAPI f V. 
 
 The capital city of this kinjfdom U Achcn |it,Mi j 
 in 9.{ Jcg. .«o m,,,. t-all lon^. aiul 5 Ucg. ^on'u,. n;,„|; 
 
 l!-^ -ii' 
 
 ^: 
 
 i ;.. f, 
 
 very efficacious in other difordcrs incident to human 
 nature. ' 
 
 There arc fcvcral forls of w ild animals in the w omis 
 and mountains, an tygcrs, elephants, rhincK'crofes, 
 inonkics, and wild boars. There are alio ft]uiireli», 
 guanoes, porcupines, alligators, fcrpcnis, korpions, 
 mufketos.and other venomous infeol^ : and this is laid 
 to be the only iiland in the Eall Indies » here there arc 
 
 bears. . . , ^ , 
 
 Here are fevcral forts of poultry, parrtcularly fowls 
 and ducks ; alfo pigeons, doves, ^wrrots, parroi]uets, 
 mackaws.and a great variety ol fiiiall birds. 
 
 The rivers abound with filh, aniongll whichare mul- 
 lets, craw-tifli, Ihrinips, eels, oylkrs, 6;c. and they 
 have plenty of turtles. But fomc of the rivers are 
 greatly pcftercd with crocodiles. 
 
 Great quantities of gold are got out of the rivers aiul 
 mountains on the north part of the illandj and the 
 trade of Achcn principally depends on this valuable 
 commodity. There arc alio mines ol tin, mm, brals, 
 copper, &:c. It has not any wheat or r>c, butgre.it 
 quantities of barley, honey, wax, fugar, gingtr, and 
 pepper, with which they load their vcHcU ever\ year; 
 and they fend their pepper and gold in exchange lor 
 rice and opium, which our merchants femi th.ni lioiu 
 liciigal and other parts. 
 
 The inhabitants on the coaftare Mahometans j the 
 moi ntaincers,or natives, are Pagans. They are in ge- 
 neral of amodcrateftatureand very fwarthyconijlexion. 
 They have black eyes, flat faces, and high check bones. 
 Their hair is long and black, and they take great pains 
 to dye their teeth of the f.imc colour. They hkcwifc 
 bcfmcar thcmfelves with oil, as in other hot countries, 
 to prevent being ftung by the inucts ; and let their 
 nails grow exceeding long, fcraping them till they are 
 tranfparcnt, and dying them w ith vcrn Uion. 
 
 The poorer fort have a fmall piece o cloth fiilkncd 
 round the waifl ; and about their heads they wear a 
 uif'-'- of linen, or a cap made of leaves, refembling the 
 crown of a hat ; but they have neither llioes nor (lock- 
 ings. The better fort w ear drawers or breeches, and a 
 piece of callico or filk wrapped about their loins, and 
 thrown over the left fliouldcr ; and when in towm the/ 
 wear landals on their feet. 
 
 They arc very proud and revengeful : and fo indo- 
 lent, that they will neither endeavour to improve thcm- 
 felves in arts, fcienccs, or hulbandry ; but fuller their 
 manufadurcs ..) be neglccled, and their lands to lie 
 without cultivation. 
 
 Their flying proas, or failing vcflels arc greatly ad- 
 mired for the neat and convenient manner in whi( h 
 they arc conllruded. They arc very export in build- 
 ing their houfes, but in all other mechanical arts they 
 arc very deficient. 
 
 Sumatra is divided into fevcral kingdoms and prin- 
 cipalities ; but the moft conliderablc is Achen, which 
 comprehends the whole northern part of the iiland. 
 
 Ifclides thekingof .\chcn, who is the greatcll mo- 
 narch in the iiland, there arc fevcral orancayas, or great 
 lords, in this kingdom, uho cxeicifcfovereign autho- 
 rity in their rcfpectivcteiritorics : butthcy all acknow- 
 ledge the king of ;\chcn their fupcrior, and accept the 
 great offices in his court. Informer times the kings 
 have cxercifed fuch defjjotic power astodifplace fume 
 of thcfe, and dcpofc others; and, on the contrary, in- 
 ilances have been known whercthrfe princ es have dc- 
 pofed the king, and placed another on the throne. 
 
 The king of Achcn and thefe princes have often 
 flruggled for fovcrcign power ; and if the former ha^ 
 been abfolutc infome reigns, he lushad a very limited 
 authority in others. The king his the power ofdifpo- 
 lingof the crown during his life, to fuch of his cliildrcn 
 as he thinks proper, whetherbornofa w ifcor .1 loncu- 
 biiie : but if the king docs not difpofc ot it 111 his life- 
 time, there arc fometitncs fevcral competitor^ fur it; 
 qiidhcwhois molt favouiedby the oiaiKuyj,, or vallal 
 princes, ufually carries his jioiiit i and 111 tlieic tafes 
 the crown is elcdive. 
 
 latitude. It Hands 01: nplain about live unh-s Iromij 
 fca, 1 000 miles fouth-eall of hon St. ( ;nir"e m |n 1 "^ 
 and about 450 miles north-will of the cit\ oi'MjIj^,''' 
 The h.iibour, which iscapable of containing ;iiuiiulr^' 
 lier of die largell lliips, is commanded by -i Imtiou* 
 forirelV, cncoiiipalled with a ditch, well foit I'cd i ' 
 ( ording to the Indian manner, and m(>iinted wiih tj," 
 i\on. There are leven gates belonging loihccitv i ■' 
 lidfs which there are other redoubts and fortiliaiiuiij 
 in the adjacent marlhes. 
 
 In Achen a.c about 8000 houfes, w hich arc'nuilt on 
 polls two teet above the ground, on account (if tht ercit 
 ramsihat fometiinesfooveiHow the citv, that thcinha 
 bitants go from one houfe to .im ther m boar.s. Ih'. 
 tloors and lides are made of Ipbt bambooi, and thcvaro 
 covcrect \>ith reed.H, cocoa, orp.dimtio leavts. The 
 arcchicfly dtMded by palliladoLS, except in twoorthic- 
 pan'..ular llieets let .ipari lur ii.i.:e, and one that ;, 
 particularly inhabited b. theChincle. the Jmu 'pti;,, 
 ine as near each other as rhey can, in a long iiivnnc« 
 the river. They codill of Lngiilli, Di;u h, 1),.^ . 
 and Tortugucfe, who, v,'.;h the (iu/,i;r.us-nd Climtic' 
 aie tiic chief trades ill ih^ City. * 
 
 The king'.s elepli.ints and ir.aga/incs are kept in the 
 outer Ci)uris of the p.la.i.; anJa: pivpei lulaii csarc 
 fevcral fmall foits, well jtuarded and iiorcd uitli anii. 
 Icry and lire-arms. But tlu k. g .-. gicuell llrcni;;!! 
 conlills in his elephants, whch aic v^.; :i merois.aiij 
 lb trained that they will Hand unmoved at ttv iir.wof 
 artillery. It is laid, that w hi n they p,.rj c' c kiaf''j 
 apartments tbey w ill falute him by bending ihcir ncclu 
 and raifmg their trunks. 
 
 The king has alio a great niiinber horfes, all of 
 which, as well as the elephants, have rich and tna"i-.;- 
 ficent trappings. 
 
 He IS not at any expcncc in time of war ; for, at Iiii 
 command, all his fubjects are obliged to march at their 
 own ex[H:ncc,and carry with them provilions for tliice 
 months. If they arc in the field longer than that tinio, 
 he lupplies them with rice ♦'or their fupport. On thtir 
 going out he fiirnidies them with arms, a regillcr of 
 which is kept, and they are oblij^ed to reilore thim 
 at their return. 
 
 This monarch muft be very rich, for he is at much 
 K'fs expence than any other prince in the Indies. In 
 war he is only at the expcncc ot arni>, powder, IcaJ, 
 and rice, which is very trifling ; and in peace it docs 
 not coll him any thing, even for the maintenance of 
 his family. He has more tleili, fow 1, and all kinds of 
 piovilions,paid him by his futijccts, thanareconrunicJ 
 in his palace ; and the furplus ii fold at the markt: lor 
 his benefit. He divides hereditary ellates among liu 
 fubjects, whom he obliges tof«rnilh him with a certain 
 (juantity of rice every year. This he puts into his ma- 
 gazines, and exports to places where there isafcarcity 
 of that article. 
 
 He is notatanyexpencceither forhisown cioaths,or 
 thofcof his concubines; for, on a certain day in the 
 year, all who have any otlice 01 place in the cit), are 
 obliged to make himaprcfeni of oncormoregarnicnis, 
 according to the income of their places. It the kiii}; 
 difapproves of what is prcfented, he returns it back ; 
 and the ollicer that gave it is furc to be turned out ol 
 his place, unlcfs he adjullsthe matter bv compliment- 
 ing him with a fiim ofnionc). 
 
 He is heir to all his fubjects who die without male 
 iffiie. If they have any daiighteis unmarried he lomis 
 them to the palncc. He is alio heir to all foreigners 
 that die w ithin his territi^ries ; for w hen fuch a pcrlbn 
 is know n to be ill, the kind's ollice^ take pollelfionof 
 his houfe, and, on his death remove liis (.lie^ti to the 
 cafllc. He has the ellates ol all thcfe put to death; 
 and almolt every day produces an in(la:Ke of fomcin- 
 npcent man's fuifering purel, tograi d\ his uiiboiimled 
 avarice. If it isa wealthy perfon in olhce that is pi.chcd 
 on» he is acculcd of nul-adnuniilration ; and, to 
 
 prevent 
 
:OGR.\PlfY. 
 
 .ingdon. u Achcn. nin„,j 
 ^.a.ul5ocg...o„„,.„,„th 
 mahouU,vcn.k.srn„n,i, 
 
 ()ict>U„ntainiiij-i„,.n,m.; 
 ^ounnanilal by a rpuirni, 
 a ditch, utU foitlicda^., 
 Ki-,aii(lim.iiiit.eit withtj,,' 
 ■•>l)cli)ii<;ijig tothciity i," 
 icdwilnsanJ loitiliau>,i:< 
 
 houfcs, which arclniiltw, 
 ind.oniicoutu.^t'thigra: 
 ;io« the citv, that the mha- 
 ti) .imthcr in turn., [i^ 
 
 rplubainbooi, aiuUhcvai'v 
 orj.aliiiiuo leaves. Tht. 
 
 diKs.cxaprintwoorthu 
 lor ira>!e, and one that , 
 s Chiiitlc. Ihcf-.iii -pea-:', 
 y can. in a lona Iticunov 
 i l.-n(;iilli, Duiv h. l),irt 
 ihc (;u/.ur.iis-nd Chinch' 
 it\, . ' 
 
 1 iiinga/iiK's arc kept in liie 
 aiiJ -ic pi-opei uiilan esa;c 
 rdcd and iiiifcJ uitliaitiU 
 t ki .g» grcatill lUcngili 
 chare vc.y ;i mcrois.iml 
 id unmoved at tiv lir.ngof 
 whin they yj^ ve kinj-s 
 lini by bending ihiu n^L, 
 
 cat number horfcs, all of 
 Jits, have rich and magi;;. 
 
 in time of war ; for, at his 
 •c obliged to niaicli at their 
 
 I them provi lions lor thice 
 field lon^rcr than that time, 
 ir their lupport. (Jn thnr 
 
 II with arms, a rcf^iiUrof 
 ; obli<^cd to relhiic thcni 
 
 •ry rich, for he is r,t much 
 prince in the liuiici. In 
 t ut arms, powder, IcaJ, 
 ng ; and in peace it doc; 
 II for the maintenance oi' 
 leih, fo«i,andall kinds ot 
 ubjccU, thanareconrunid 
 us ii fold at the market tor 
 editary ellates anior.g bu 
 iftrnilh him with a certain 
 This h(' puts into his ma- 
 cs where there isafcarciiy 
 
 ither forhis ow n cu)aths,or 
 ir, on a certain day in the 
 ; or place in the cit\, arc 
 L of one or more garments, 
 their places. Jt the kiiij; 
 nted, he returns it hack , 
 s furc to be turned out ot 
 le matter by coniplimciH- 
 ey. 
 
 'U w ho die without male 
 j^hteis unmarried he lends 
 
 alfii heir to all foreigners 
 i ; for w hen liich a piribn 
 s oliiccrt take polleliionof 
 
 remove his eife^ti to the 
 <i all thofe put to death j 
 -es an inlla:ice offomcin- 
 ) tograiify his iiiiboiindfd 
 "on in olHce that is [)i;ched 
 adiniiiillration ; and, to 
 prevent 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 prevent their alienating their ertatescr i^oods, he takes 
 them by furpri/.c, an.l has their wives, cliiKlrcn, Haves, 
 cattle, and all the.r moveables lod-ied in the callle, be- 
 fore they know iheir lentence. Such is tiie tyranny oi 
 this dcfpotic prince ! 
 
 The natives of Achen .ire proud, envious, and 
 treacherous; delpile their neighbours, and yet pretend 
 to have more humanity than the i \habitants of any 
 other nation. Some of them are good mechanics, efpe- 
 cially in I uilding gallies ; a:id t.,ey arc very dextrous 
 in doing all kinds of fmith's work. They alf) work 
 wtll in w(Kxl and copper ; and fome of them are flsd- 
 lai in making artillery. They hve very abllemioully, 
 their chief food being rice, to which fome of the better 
 iort add a fmall quantity of lilh, and their iifual iiriiik 
 is water. They are very fond of tobacco, though they 
 have but little of their own raiting, and, for want of 
 pipes, they fmokc in a biicno, which is the leaf of a 
 tree I oiled up with a little tobacco in it; this they light 
 at one end, and draw the fmokc through the other, till 
 It is nearly burnt to the lips. Thefc rolls are very cii- 
 rioully formed, and great quantities of them are fold 
 in the public markets. 
 
 As Mahometans, agreeable to the laws ofthcKor"-, 
 they are permitted to marry as ninny women as tl. / 
 plcafe ; but the firll is entitled to the prefereiitc, and 
 the children by her.^re vtteemed thu lawlul heirs. If 
 any difputc ante uetween tnc hiilLiar.d and his wives, 
 they may feparate, provided they mutually requcll it; 
 but the folicitation of one only will not be futhcient. 
 
 The rites of marriage among the Surnatrans coiifilf 
 fiinply in joining tht hands of the parties, and prnnoiin- 
 ciiigthcm man and wife, w^ithout much ceremony, ex- 
 cept the entertainment given upon the occalion. But 
 little appaient courtiliip precedes the niariiages; their 
 manners do not admit ot it, the voting people of each 
 )"ex being carefully kept afunder, and the girls being 
 feldoin truftcd f oin under the w ings of their mothers. 
 The opporf lities which the young people have of fee- 
 ing each other, are at the public fetiivals. On thcfe 
 occafions the pcrfons who are unmarried meet together, 
 and dance and ling in company. Ihe men, when de- 
 termined in their choice, generally employ an old wo- 
 man as their agent, by w horn they make known their 
 ftntiments, and fend prefents to the female of their 
 choice. The p;irenrs then interfere, and the prelimi- 
 naries being fettled, a feaft takes place. The greater 
 tht concourfe at thefe feftivals, the more is the credit 
 of the lioff, who is generally the lather of the girl. 
 
 Motheis do not carry their children on the armsasour 
 niirfesdo, but llraddling on the hip, and ufually fup- 
 portcd by a cloth, which ties in a knot on the oppolite 
 ihoulder. The children arc nurfed but little, not con- 
 fined by any fuathing or bandage.', and being fulfered 
 to roll about the lloor, foon learn to walk and fliift for 
 thcmrdves. When cradles arc ufed, they fwing fuf- 
 pcnded from the ceilings of' the room. 
 
 At their funerals the corpfe is carried to the place of 
 interment on a broad plank, w hich is kept for the pub- 
 lic lervice, and lalls many generations. It is conllantly 
 rubbed with lime, either to prevent its decay, or keep 
 it pure. No cortiii is ufed, the body being limply 
 wrapped in white cloth. In tbniiing the grave, after 
 digging to a convenient depth, they make a cavity in 
 the tide at bottom, of fiiflicient dimenfions to contain 
 the body, by w hicii means the earth lies light upon it ; 
 and this cavity, after thewing HijUK'rs in it, they Hop 
 up by two boards, faileiied angularly to each other ; fo 
 that tlie one is on the top of the corpfe, while the other 
 deteiids it on the open tide, the edge retfingon the bot- 
 tom ot the grave The outer hole is then filled up 
 With earth, and littl»white H.igs, or flreamers, are 
 ftuck in order around. They likewifc plant a Ihrub 
 hearing a why;e flower, and in fome places marjorum. 
 'f he women, who attend the funeral, make a hideous 
 nolle, not unlike the Irilli howl. 
 
 It appears from the accounts of W. Marfdcn, Efq. 
 fccietaiy to the iirclident and council of fort .Marlbro', 
 No. 27, 
 
 ISLAND OF SUMATRA. 
 
 -9,1 
 
 that the people of IJatta, in the l.Hand of Sumatra, eat 
 huinan flelh ; not as a gluttonous delicacy, like the 
 NcwZcalandcrs, but as a moele of fhewingtheirdetefta- 
 tion of crimes, and an horriil indication of revenge and 
 infult to their unfcrtunate enemies. The objects of 
 this barbarous repall are priloners taken in war, andof- 
 fenders convicted and condemed for caiiital crimes. 
 The unhappy object, whether prifoncr of war or male- 
 factor, IS tied to a Ibke : the people aflTenibled throw 
 their lances at him from a certain dillaiice, and when 
 mortally wounded, they run up to him as if in a tran- 
 fport of pallion, cut pieces from the body with their 
 knives, dip thein in a dith of fait and lemon juice, 
 tlightly broil iliein over a fire prepared tor the purpofe, 
 anil fwallow the morfels with a degree of lavage cnthu- 
 fialhi. Inftances have been known where, with barba- 
 rity IHll .aggiavated, they have torn the tlefh from the 
 carcafe with their mouths. It is, however, but jullice 
 to obferve, that though there have been inftanccs of 
 their eating the bodies of their enemies (lain in battle, 
 that horrid practice but rarely takes place. 
 
 Their method of deflroymg tygers is extraordinary, 
 and worthy of notice. Torches, m.ade of dried bam- 
 boos, arc carried w ith a view to frighten away the ty- 
 gers, which are alarmed at the appearance of fire ; and 
 for the fame reatbn it is common to make a blaze w ith 
 wood, in different parts round their villages. Thcfe 
 animals prove to the inhabitants, botli in their journies, 
 rnd even their domellic occupation, moll fatal enemies. 
 The number of people annually ilain by thcfe rapaciou.s 
 tyrants of the woods i.-; almoH incredible, inftanccs 
 have been known of whole villages being depopulated 
 by them ; yet, from a fuperllitious pr^;judice, it is with 
 difficulty the natives are prevailed on by a large reward, 
 which the India Company offers, to uf> methods of de- 
 Itroying them, till they have fiiflaincd fome particular 
 injury in their own family or k.ndred. Their traps, of 
 w tiich they can make variety, are very ingenioully con- 
 trived. Sometimes they are in the nature of tiring 
 cages, with falling doors, into which the beall is enticed 
 by a goat or dog cnclofed as a bait. Sometuiies they 
 manage that a large timber tliall fall in a groove aciofs 
 his back. Sometimes he is nooled about the loins with 
 Ifrong rattans. Sometimes he is led toafcend a plank 
 nearly balanced, which, turning when he is pall the 
 center, lets him fall ujion lliarpllakcs prepaicd below. 
 The lizc and tlrengthof the fpecies which infcft this 
 illand ?rc prodigious. They arc laid to bjxak » ith a 
 llroke of their fore paw the leg of a horfe or a buflalo ; 
 and the largctl prey they kill is, w ithout ditliculty, 
 dragged by them into the v.oi^ds. This they ufually 
 pcifbrm the fecond night, being fiipixifed on the firfl to 
 gratify theinfelve.s with fucking the blood only. Time 
 is, by this delay, afforded to jirepare for their deftruc- 
 tion; and to the niethods already enumerated, mav be 
 added that of placing a vetlcl of water, flrongly im- 
 pregnated with arfenic, near the carcafe, which is faf- 
 teiied to a tree, to previmt its being carried off. The 
 tyger having fat iated himfelf with the tlefh, is prompt- 
 ed to altiuige his thiril with the tempting liquor at 
 nand, and perithes in the indulgence, f heir chief fub- 
 tillcnce is, inoll jirobably, the unfortunate nionkies, 
 with which the woods abound. They aiv defciibed as 
 alluring them to their fate by a fafcinatmg power fimi- 
 lar to what has been fuppofed of the iiiake, the alli- 
 gator, and the crocot'le. 
 
 In this ifland every old man and woman is a phyfi- 
 cian, their rewards depending on their fucccfs. The 
 mode of pnadice is either by adminitltring the juices 
 of certain trees and herbs inwanlly, or liy applying 
 outwardly a poultice of leaves, chopped fnuill, upoii 
 the breall, or part alfecled, renew ing it as fboii as it 
 becomes dry- I'br internal pains they rirboil on a large 
 leaf, of a fiimulant quality, and heating it betbrc the 
 fire, clap it on the body of the patient as a blifler, which 
 produces very powerful ctfects. 'I'hey never ufc bleeding. 
 I'hc fmall-pox fomctimes viiits the ifland, and Miakes 
 terrible ravages. It is looked upon as a plague, and 
 4 K Urivej 
 
 s; 
 
 .i^ite 
 
I'M' 
 
 294 A NFAV, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPF lY. 
 
 drives from the country thoiifaiHls, whom the infesflion 
 fparcs. Their methcxlot flopping its progrel's ( for they 
 do no attempt a < tire) is by lonverting into an hofpi- 
 tal.or receptacle for the rcil, that village 'vhere lie the 
 greatell number offick, whither the> fend all who arc 
 artarkid by the diforder from the toiintry round. 
 ThemoU etlci'^ual methoils are purfucd to prevent any 
 pcrfon efcaping from the village, which is burnt to 
 the ground, as foon as the infection has fpent itfelf, 
 or devoured all the victims thus offered to it. Inocu- 
 lation feems to be an idea not thought of. The vc- 
 vereal difeafc, though conunon in the Malay country, 
 is, in this ifland, almoin unknown. A man returning 
 to his village with the infection i.- fluinncd hy the in- 
 habitants as an unclean and interdicled pcrfon. The 
 Malayans cure ii with a deccKtion of a China root, 
 called by them gadoong, which caufes a falivation. 
 
 Robberies and murders are more frequent here tlian 
 in anvother part of the Indies, notw ithllanding the law s 
 are of the mol> fevere nature. All offenders are brought 
 toafpecdy trial, and the punilhment is inHic'kd im- 
 mediately after their conviction. If the offence be of 
 a trifling nature, the puniflmient, for the Hrit time, is 
 the lofs only of a hand or foot, and the fame for the fe- 
 cond; butfor the third, or ifihey rob to aconlidiiable 
 amount, they are impaled alive. When the hand or 
 foot is to be cut oil", the limb is laid on tiie edge of a 
 broad hati hct.and the executioner llrikes it w itha large 
 mallet till the amputation is perfected; and then they 
 put the flump into a hollow bamboo (tutted with rags 
 ormofs,toprevint thecriminal fromdying bythe lofs 
 of blood. After he has thus fullered, whether by the 
 king's command, or the fentcncc of the judge, all the 
 ignominy of his crime is w iped off; and if any one up- 
 braids him with it, he may kill him with impunity. 
 
 Murder and adultery are puniflicd with death ; and, in 
 this cafe, the criminal has many executioners, he be- 
 ing placed amidll a number of people, who Ihib him 
 with their daggers: but female oftenders arc put to 
 death by ftrangling. The king is frequently a f[HCtaior 
 of thefe puniflmicnts, and fomctimes aits himfelfas 
 executioner : and though fuch a fpcc'lacle mult, to a 
 feclingmind.appearof the mod horrid nature, yet fo lit- 
 tle does he feem to be attec'ted by it, that inftanccs have 
 been known of his executing a criminal, and immedi- 
 ately going to entertain himlllf with cock-fighting, a 
 diverfionr'oieunivcrfallyefteemcd than anvother in the 
 country. A gentleman, lately arrived I'.om this part 
 of the world, has favoured us w ith the follow ing parti- 
 culars relative to that anuifemcnt. The cock-pit (ifthe 
 
 cxprtdion maybe ufed) is a fpot on the level ground, 
 
 on a Itagc erected and covered in. It is encloled with 
 
 a railing, which keeps off the fpee^ators, none but the 
 
 handlers and heelers being admitted within tide. A 
 
 man who has a high opinion of, and regard tor his cock 
 
 will not fight him under a certain number of dollars, 
 
 w hich he places in order on the floor. 1 lis poorer ad- 
 
 vcrfary is perhaps unable to depolit one half: the flan- 
 
 ders by make up the fum, and receive their dividends 
 
 in proportion, if fuccefsful. A father on his death- 
 bed has been known to defire his fon to take the (iiit 
 
 opportunity of matching a cock for a fum equal to his 
 
 wholeproperty.upona blind conviction of its being in- 
 vulnerable. Cocks of the fame colour are never match- 
 ed, but a gity againfl: a pile, a yellow agiinll a red, and 
 
 tlie like, (jreat pains are taken in re;iring and feed- 
 ing. Contrary toour laws, the owner is alluued to take 
 
 up and handle his cock eiuringthe buttle, to char his 
 
 eye of a feather, or his mouth of blood. The cocks 
 
 are never trimmed, but matched in full feather. The 
 
 artificial fpur ufcd in Sumatra relemhles the blade of 
 
 a fcynietar in Ihapc, and [TioNes a more dellnictive 
 
 weapon than the liurojjean fpur. It has no loekct, 
 
 but is tied to the leg, ani,l in thepolitionof it, the nicety 
 
 of the match is regulated. .'\i in horfe-racing w eight 
 
 is proportioned to inches, fo in cocking a binl of I'u- 
 
 perior weight and fi/e !.■. brought to an equality with 
 
 his advcrfary , by lixing the Ikel fpur lo man;. Hales of 
 
 the leg above the natural fpur, ami thus ohrh^l-rf him 
 to light with a degree of diladvantage. It rarclv'han 
 pens that lioth cocks furvivc the combat. 
 
 Having thus noticed the particulars rchtivr to ihr 
 kingdom and city of Achen, we fliall now jmim out 
 the other places that are diftinguifhcd in this iilaml ho 
 ginning with thofe on the weftern coaft. 'j'hc firit ,,1 
 thefe is ikm oolcn, a fettlement belonging to the Kni-. 
 liflt.but chiefly inhabited by people of other natioih" 
 This town is lituatcdinioj deg. call longitiu'c, and i 
 deg. 10 min. fouth latitude. Theailince:u cou'nrrvii 
 mountainous and woody; and in fome ptrts arc vol. 
 canos that frequently iiriic out fire. The air is very 
 unwholefome, and the mountains arc generally o. 
 vered with thick clouils, that burft in (tornisof th:::;. 
 der, rain, ivc. The foil is a fertile clay, and the chi^i 
 produce is grafs; hut near the fea it is all a muraf 
 The natives buihl their hnufes on bamboo pill ir, a; ;t 
 Achen, but the I-'.nglifli build theirs with timbir, ;;it 
 only from their being in want of ftone, but on .ic.ivir: 
 of earthquakes, which very frequently hap[)cn in thj 
 part of the ifland. 
 
 There is a ("mall river on the norrh-wcft fulc.f ,'.i- 
 town, by which the pepper is brought here from tic 
 inL'ind jiart of the country j but theie is a great incon- 
 vcnience in (hipping it, on account of a dangciois bit 
 at the mouth of the river. The mad is alfo dani;rr us 
 for (hips, as it has no other defence from thf v.olcnri: 
 ofth.e lea during the foiith-wel^ monloon-.tlMnafii II 
 place named Rat Ifland, which, w:th the land ofPi 1". 
 Sillabar, makes the haven. The town is alo'it f a 
 miles in circumference, and is known at fa hva vci. 
 high flender mountain, called the Sugar Loaf', «h:>a 
 rifes in the coiuitry twenty nine miles bcyonltk- tow a. 
 
 A few years after the I'inglifli firlt fettled on this 
 in:md, which was about the year 1685, the I- aft bdi 
 Company built a fort, and called it I'ort'^'ork. In 1^9) 
 a contagious diflempcr raged with fuch violence th: 
 the governor and council all died in a vcrv flioit fp.i: 
 of time, which was attributed to the tou n beinglituatil 
 on fo unwholefome a fpot as not to be borne by an lu:- 
 ropean co".riitution. In confequence of thiscalaii i'^, 
 the b'.nglifli, in 1719, began to build a new fort inj 
 more healthy part, anel better adajned for rcgi.lar inr- 
 tifications; but they had no fooncr raifed t hew alls oVt, 
 than the natives, who h.td a long time been at enmity 
 with them, attacked the pl.icc, and fet fire ro xh- pr n- 
 cipal part of their buildings; on which the govcincr, 
 with his fmall garrifon, precipitatelv en hukcd iiiiHi- 
 tavia, leaving bchinil them fevcral cherts of nio icy,3:vl 
 all the artillery, arms, anununition &c. 'flic vvvc, 
 however, finding thcmfelves great!) injareil by t'l 
 abfence of the hnglifh, and not having an* ni.i'"''i 
 difpoling of their pepper, in a Ihort time aitrr 1 ".i:iJ 
 them to return, and again take p:i(rc(Iion of their n.v 
 fettlement. This invitation being acce[)td, the ft: 
 they had begun was foon completed, under the name 
 of Marlborough Fort; and they have been in quu: 
 poflellion of ttie place from that time to the pn-fent. 
 
 Sillebar is an Hnglifli fettlement, fituatcil aboiri 1; 
 miles (rom Mencoolen, where they conftantiv keq> 1 
 iletachment from Mailborough Fort. 'I'he town i>!i'- 
 lerably large, and before it is a coveiiicnt harhutir;l'it 
 it has not any building, or other matter, that liuinni- 
 particular attention. 
 
 They have alfo other fettlements to the north-wofl "f 
 the above, particularly at Cattoun, (ituated ahnut .:: 
 miles from Benc)olen; Ippo, about p miles farther 
 to the north; Hantall, which is ujnvards of 100 niii-' 
 north of Bencoolen ; and Mocha, (ituated a little to the 
 fouth of Indrapour. 
 
 The Dutch ha>c likewifc fevcral good fcttlcmfmson 
 this ifland, the mofl contideralde of which is Pahi"- 
 vang, or I'ullambam, fitiiated about 120 miles ivaih- 
 caft of Hencoolen. The chief article of trade here li 
 |)epper, ol vvhie' he Dutch have prodigious qmn- 
 litici. 
 
 The Dutch fiiiitorics here are, ,. 
 
 Bancalis, 
 
:OGRAPHY. 
 
 isr. and thin ohii,;;-{rl,i^ 
 •' 'vantage. It rarclj^au. 
 c the combar. 
 particulars rcUtivo tothi> 
 I, wc fliall now [Kiim out 
 
 inmiilheiiinihisiiljnil.hc. 
 citcrn coaft. The (irit „f 
 
 u-nc beloMginf^tnthr Knj;. 
 n' people of other nations 
 3 dig. cad longitude, and J 
 :. 'Ihcailjureiit counrrvu 
 anil in fome j):irts ;ircvol. 
 out fire. The .iir:'i very 
 iint.tins arc Rcner.illy r.i. 
 at Inirft in llormsof th:;;i. 
 I fertile clay, and tlic chut 
 the fca it is all a moraC, 
 iifes on bamlTOopiilirsai jt 
 iiiki theirs with timbir.nct 
 mt ofllone, tmt onacio'int 
 frequently happen in th i 
 
 1 the norrh-wcft fufci I'.'.e 
 
 r is brouj^hr here from the 
 
 but thcie is a j^reat incon- 
 
 account of a dangnors h,r 
 
 The mad is alio dani;, r, ui 
 
 r defence froni th'- \ olcn c 
 
 wcrt monl'ooir.tlMniifii I! 
 
 hith.vith the land olTil;: 
 
 The town is aloiit t ij 
 
 id is known at fa hva vciv 
 
 Hid the Stifrar Loaf, whii.i 
 
 nine mile s bcyon ' tie tow :i. 
 
 •nglilh \\r\\ fettled on thii 
 
 le year 1685, th^- I-'.ift I'^.l 1 
 
 called it I"ortVork. l:i into 
 
 :;ed with fiirh violence th it 
 
 all died in a vcrv Ihoit fpa- 
 
 ted to the tow n htinL;l!tii.m I 
 
 as not to be br.riie by an Lu- 
 
 ronfcqucnce of thisc.ilaiiiiri, 
 
 ;an to build a new fort in j 
 
 tteradajited for rcgi.lir tnr- 
 
 fooner raifed the w alls otr, 
 .1 a long time been at enmity 
 )lacc, and (et fire to th- pr n- 
 igs; on which the };nvcii;cir, 
 ecipitatelv enbukcd linlvt- 
 
 1 fevcral chefts of nio icy,:,:;] 
 imunition, &c. 'fhe natives 
 ■Ives greatly injured by t'f 
 nd not havingauv nuthol.'f 
 
 in a ihort tune altrr invittJ 
 1 take pnlfedlon of tlicir ii.'v 
 ion being accept d, the I r. 
 
 completed, under the iuiik 
 id they ha\e been in qui- 
 Ml that time totheprdVnt. 
 fettlcment, fiiuateil ahon; 1; 
 ihcre they conftantlv keqi a 
 )rough fort. The town is !o- 
 it is a covcuicnt harbmiribut 
 ir other matter, tlut dun mJ. 
 
 ttlements to the north-well "f 
 : Cattoun, lituated ahnut iO 
 !ppo, about jO miles firtlicr 
 iich is ujiMaiils of 100 mil« 
 Mocha, fituated a little to ilic 
 
 ifc fcvcral good fettlcinemscn 
 idcralilc of which is Wi"'- 
 latcd about 1 20 miles nor:li- 
 chief article of trade ben li 
 Itch have prodigious qii:'- 
 
 frc are. 
 
 Ban«!i:' 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 |5ancalis,fituaicd nearly oppofite to .Malacca, on the 
 b.inks nf a f acious r v r of its own name. The chiif 
 at ides loid b; thee mipany here arc cloth and opium, 
 in rcairn for which tlicy receive gold dufl. 
 
 Si.i' k is ft ircA an the river Andraghina, but is an 
 inconuiiciab'c ,Jace, on account of the iinwholefiine- 
 nef of the a.r. 
 
 P.ul.ing IS fi uated about 60 miles fouth of the equa- 
 tor, and has a tine river, where large fliips m.iy come 
 up, and I'de in (afet) ; but it is the moll inlignificant 
 feitlemcnt the Oitch have on this illaiid. 
 
 Pri iman, lituaied nearly oppofite to I'adang, about 
 100 miles north-weft of 'ndiapoiir. It is very popu- 
 lous, and pleniifully lupp.icd with moH kinds of pio- 
 vifums. 1 he nati\es larry on a confiderablc trade in 
 gold with the inhabitams of Vlan nvabo. The Dutch 
 had a fietory here for fome years, but were at Lngth 
 driven from it hy the king of Achen. 
 
 Ticow IS fituated aliout feven leagues from Daffa- 
 man, in 20 d' g. fou.h lat. The inland part of the 
 country is \ery high, but iliat next the fea is low, co- 
 vered with woods, and watered with feveral fmall ri- 
 vers, which render i m.irdiy. There arc, however, 
 many pUalant meadows well Hocked with bulhilosand 
 oxen, wl'ich ae purc.ialed at a very cafy price. It 
 bkcwifc affords ple.uy of rice, poultry, and fevcial 
 forts of tniits, as duiians, ananis, oranges, citrons, 
 pomegranates, mclo.is, mangos, cucumbers, and p.i- 
 tatoes. But us molt valuable pi oduce is pepper, with 
 which it abounds, and is in quality citcciiied fuperior 
 to that of any i^ther place on the illand ; for which rea- 
 foii .of' parts are exceeding populous. '1 he city is 
 faulted r.bout two miles from the fea, oppolitc to a 
 fmall iflaiid. It i; but a mean place, for the city and 
 fub t'.js do not contain 800 houfes, which are chicHy 
 built with rced^ a id are neither flrong or convenient. 
 
 H.irros, one of ihe moll conliderable places on the 
 wcHcoalf belonging to the king of Achen, is fituated 
 on a fine river near about the center between Ticow 
 and Achen. The Dutch and iMiglitb, as alio the in- 
 habitants of the coalt, buy up the camphire here, in 
 order to carry it to Surat, and the Streights ofSunda. 
 
 Aiidrigi is a fmall province, but is remarkable for 
 producing great quantities of pepper; and gold is 
 cheaper here than in any other part of the iflaiid. 
 
 jambay alfo produces great quantities of pepper, 
 which is laid to be much fuperior in quality to that of 
 Andigri. 
 
 Fedir is a large territory fitua.^d about 30 miles 
 from Achen, and has the advantage of an excellent 
 river. The foil is very let tile, and the country pro- 
 duces ftich quantities of rice, that it is called the gra- 
 nary of Achc^. 
 
 I'alfaman is a large place fituated at the foot of a 
 very high mountain, but is remarkable only for pro- 
 ducing pepper. 
 
 There arc feveral iflands belonging to that of Su- 
 matra, among which is one called by the inhabitants 
 I'ulo Lanrbakay, and by the natives of Achen, Fulo 
 l.aila, or Ill.ind of Fef)per, fioiii its producing fuch a 
 prodigious abundance of that article. 
 
 I.ingen illand is lituated about 60 miles north-cafl 
 of Jamby, and about the fame dillancc to the Ibuth- 
 ealt of Johorc. ■ It is 50 miles in length and 10 in 
 breadth: the interior [lart of it is very mountainous, 
 but that next the fea lies low, and is very fertile. It 
 produces pcp[)er and canes, and in fonic parts of it 
 arc great numbers of porcupines. 
 
 B;tnca Illand is large, being at lead i :;o miles in 
 length, and about 20 in breadth. 'I'hc natives, like 
 molt ot th ; Malayans, are treacherous, and very in- 
 hofpitable to Inch Ifrangcrs as unfortunately hapiHii 
 to he lliipwrcckcci on the coalt. At the mouth ol the 
 Streights of Baiica is l.ucipara, a fmall illand, but lb 
 barren tiiat it has but few inhabitants, and only pro- 
 duces a fmall quantity of pepper. 
 
 I here arc feveral other fmall illands belonging to 
 Sumatra, fome of which arc uninhabited, and the lelV 
 lb tnliingas not to admit of dcfciiptioii. 
 
 ISLAND OF SUMATRA. 
 
 29s 
 
 SECTION VIIT. 
 Tun MOLUCCAS, or SPICE ISLANDS. 
 
 TI JIvSE idands arc called Moluccas from th? word 
 Moloc, lignifying ihad, and relcrring to their 
 fituation at the head or cntranci- of the Archipelago of 
 St. Lazarus. They arc denoninatcd S()ice Iflands, 
 from their abounding in fpiccs particularly nutmegs 
 and cloves, which grow in no other countries in the 
 known world. They lie between 5 dcg. noith, and 
 7 deg. fouth lat. and from 121 to ijodeg. eaH long. 
 
 Tnc [.niuipal of thefe illands arc the following, viz. 
 Handa, Fulloway, Fulorin, Nera, Gumanpi, and Gu- 
 liaicn, all of n hich produce nutnv.gs, and are diltin- 
 guilhcd under the name of the Handa Illands. Ternatc, 
 T'idore or Tidor, Motir, Ma' hi in, Bachian, Amboy- 
 na, Buoro, Ccram, (jilol" and liouton, moftly produce 
 cloves, is-c. 
 
 Thefc fpiccs ofthcfe iflands were known to the Euro- 
 peans long before the paff ige to the Mall Indies by the 
 way of the Cape of Good Hope had been found out, 
 being brought to the Mcsliteiranean by the way of the 
 Red Sea, or fomctitiies through Ferlia and 'I'urkey. 
 But the Fortuguefc difcovcring the before-mentioned 
 paflagc, and penctraiing to thefe iflands in 15 ii, the 
 emperor Charles V. claimed them as his ow n ; but the 
 Fortuguefc would not give them up : thev were, how- 
 ever, driven out by the Dutch, who are at prefent in 
 fiolfi llion of them, anddcltroy great quantities of the 
 fpiccs annually, in order to keep up the price, ■ami. npt 
 glut the markets. ' ' .. 
 
 The nutmeg refcmblcs a peach, and tha clovo a 
 laurcl-trec, only the leaves arc fmaber than either : the 
 fruit of the former is i^oth n itmcg and 1. ace, rhe nut- 
 meg being the kernel, and the mace a kind of leaf that 
 indoles the nui'-'cg-fliell, and the whole is contained 
 in a large coa : that of a walnut: but the cloves 
 ap[Kar in clufler ; ; the blnlfom changes gradually from 
 white togrccn, red and brown, which latter is ttie cha- 
 racterillic of its ripenefs ; but when it is dried in the 
 fun it receives a blackilh hue. The clove is gathered 
 from September to February, and the nutmeg in A- 
 pril, AiigiiH and December. The April crop is, how- 
 ever, deemed the belt ; and the nutmegs, w hen ga- 
 thered, arc boiled in lime to prevent their being worm- 
 eaten. 
 
 The Banda Iflands, or thofe which produce the nut- 
 megs, lie near each other. Banda, the principal of 
 them, is about :o miles long and 10 broad. Belidcs 
 tnc large forcfls of nutmeg and clove trees, which grow 
 fpontaiicoufly, and require not the Icalt trouble, the 
 foil is fertile in a variety of delicious fruits. The illand 
 is in the Ihape of a crefcenr, and the concavity of it 
 forms an excellant bay, near which Hands the principal 
 town. Several brooks w hich flow from a fmall moun- 
 tain water the -/hole country, and render it exceeding 
 pleafant. 
 
 The natives are flrong in their pcrfons, difagrceable 
 in their features, malicious in their tempers, and me- 
 lancholy m their difpolitions. The Dutch fay. 
 
 They arc ugly and ftrong. 
 And bear malice long. 
 
 The Ifland of Banda is divided into three diflriels : 
 the religions are Mahomctaiiifm and FaLjanifm. The 
 natives have fliips of fome force, containing a few 
 cannon in each, and ufe bucklers, back and breafl- 
 plates as dcfenlive, and carbines, darts, lances, fcy- 
 mcters, &c. as oHenlive weapons. The men are very 
 idle, and oblis^e the w omen not only to do all the do- 
 meltic drudgery, but to cultivate the land. They have 
 three harvcHs in the )car, but make fruit a principal 
 part of their diet. 
 
 ■fhe Dutch have a fort at the wcflcrn part of the 
 ifland, ereded upon the top of a mountain, and af- 
 ccnded to by 324 Hone Heps. At the foot of the 
 
 mountain 
 
 IH. 
 
 i''i 
 
 lUif 
 
 
 'i^iffr 
 
 1 i' 
 
 mm 
 
 I 
 
 ■ fl 
 
 A 
 
 \-n 
 
 mii 
 
 Is ' 1 IP. 
 
19^ 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL avd AUTIIFCNTIC S^STl.M or UNIVI-RSAl. GMOCRAPMy 
 
 fl^ 
 
 nwuntain flands a negro town, the principal factory of 
 the Dutch Icing at Ncra, which is well fortified, ai 
 are all the lajului^ pl.ucs in the illaml ; and the whole 
 ar- iiiidtr the direction ami fu|H.rintLndance of a go- 
 vernor and conned. 
 
 The im|M)rt^ into this and the other Banda idands 
 are golil ch.tiiis, gold coin-., enamelled and ilanialkcd 
 fword blades, lilvcr cups gilt, guns, China ware; 
 broad cl.th, velvets, danialks, flannels, rice, &:c. 1 he 
 exports are fpiccs and fruits. 
 
 Nor'iing can be laid of the other Little HanJa 
 iflands, but what is included in the above general dc- 
 fcription of Banda. 
 
 1 ernatc is not above 24 miles in circumference ; 
 l;ui though inferior in fi/.c to fome of the other Moluc- 
 cas, It IS deemed tlic principal both by the Dutch ami 
 natives, as the Dutch make it the head feat of their 
 govcrnnient, and the chief prince of thefe iflands the 
 place of his relidence. 
 
 This ifland produces cloves in great abundance, ad- 
 mirable almonds, delicious fruits, a few goats, ?nd 
 fome poultry, but not rice or any other grain ; for the 
 c.xcclnvc heat which i. requilite to ripen fpices, and 
 meliorate fruit, parches the earth fo as to render it in- 
 capable of bearing wheat, barley, or rice : for here 
 the fun is fcen in all his fplendor and power, and his 
 influence is fogieatly felt, that his rays pcnttiate thro' 
 the pores of the earth, and warni the foil 10 a con- 
 liderable depth beneath the furfacc ; 
 
 I'or like a gia;u ftrong, or bridegroom gay. 
 The fun fprings dancing thro' the gates of day ; 
 He fliakcs his dew y locks, and hurls his beams 
 O'er the proud hills, and warms the caftern flreams : 
 His fiery couriers bound above the main. 
 And whirl the car along the ethereal plain ; 
 The fiery courfcrs and the car difplay 
 A flreani of glory, and a flood of day. 
 
 The natives have a fubftitute for bread, w hich makes 
 the moft w holefomc and exiiuilite cakes in the uii;verfe, 
 that is, the pith of a tree called Sago, whofe faUibrious 
 qualities are well known in Europe. Thi^ excellent 
 tree is not only of utility w ith refpetft to its medicinal 
 virtues, and for yielding then> bread, but it affords 
 them likcuife drink, cloathing and ftieltcr; for by in- 
 cilion, aliquorisdrawn from it that exceeds mofl wines; 
 the leaves being a kind of cotton, the fmaller are con- 
 verted into garments, and the larger ufedto thatch their 
 houfcs. This bread contributes to the longevity of the 
 natives, moft of whom live to an hundred } ears of age. 
 
 All the Moluccas arc fubjccl to a king, who receives 
 tribute from every one ol the iflands. The natives 
 ftruggled ag'iiiifl the encroachments of foreigners many 
 years, but were totally lubducd by the Dutch in 1680 ; 
 and the latter have at piefcnt to many fcrts, and fuch 
 Itrong garrifoiis, that the former do not entertain tiie 
 leafl idea of ilrivmg them from their country. 
 
 The houfes in general are built of' cane ; fome few 
 of the better fort, indeed, ha\ e u ooden houfes. With 
 refpecl to their turniture, a mat fcrvesthem inflcad of 
 a bed, chair and table ; tiir they lie on it, eat and drink 
 on it, and fit on it. This, and a pot to drefs their 
 viduals, a hatchet to cut their woocf, and a ( .iliballi to 
 hold their waur, make the whole catalogue of their 
 houflioiti utenlils: their windows are not gl.i/.ed, nor 
 arc their iloois fecured by locks. They wear lilk or 
 lallico, and all perlons make their own garments, the 
 king and grandeis excepted. Their fuel is odoriferous 
 woods, and even their linithsufe nothing in their forges 
 but almond flicUs. The king reiidts at Malaya, a 
 little town Ibi tilled with a mud wall ; bur thefuburbs, 
 m which the Dutch factory have a line garden, is pretty 
 large and well inhabited by blacks. The palace is 
 but a trivial building, but the gardens belonging to it 
 are very pkafant, and contain an aviary filled with a 
 great \ ariety ol beautiful birds,wholeharmonioi;s liotes 
 are delightful to the ear. 
 
 The waters in this ifland are rcmaikably clear, and 
 the lifli >'ery delicious. 
 
 Ternate produces parrots, which are lundroinir and 
 ffKak morediflinoily thanthofeofthcWefl liulirv hut 
 the mofl remarkable of the feathered race in ilu, m ^j 
 is the biril of paratlife, which is juflly deemed the ii;„it 
 beautiful bird in the univerfe. The head is like tlui oj 
 a Iwallow but the bill confidcrably longer; the b<j;ir 
 is fiiiall, jut the plumage difpla^s fuch admirable co. 
 lours, as i re inconceivably plealing to beh«ild. 
 
 There is a volcano inthia ifland, which cilhouti 
 fulphurous lire tSrcc months in the year, and linnctima 
 doe., gieat mif lief. We have the following rci cm at- 
 count of its dicadful dcvaftaiions, in a Ictcriioni x 
 mcrcliant at Ualavia, dated O.l. itt, t',^h. 
 
 " On the 4th of June 1775. there were more than 
 100 ftioeks ot eanhquakei felt here, loinc ol nhicli 
 were fo violet that they feemed to threaten the .I,-. 
 ftiiiction of the whole ifl.ind. Aliout the 101 li of \u. 
 gull tlic> Wire felt again, and the burning niocnum, 
 after a drculful explofion, threw out hot done, , 111. 
 ders, and lava in abundance; and on the 5th d No. 
 vembcr the eanh was never llill lor three hours; tiic 
 mountain feemed all on fire, and the mofl Ireultul 
 florm of thunder and lightning fell in every part ol the 
 iflmd, which threw the inhabitants into fuch ac,>i;llcr- 
 nation, that they ran from one part to another fir ihcU 
 ter, but none was to be found : the 11:^ w as fo .IraJ. 
 fully boifteious, that deftruction was there intvualilc; 
 and on the land the cirth opened and trembled mulcr 
 thcin.as if thcw hole ifland was going to be anni'.il.ucil; 
 but by the providence of the Almighty a calm w.is re. 
 flored, and the inhabitants hail time to fee what di. 
 mage had been done, when ir appeared that the Dutch 
 fettlement had fuffered but little; but it will be i'l^me 
 years before the illanders recover their lofs. I he kin" 
 has made a report, that a large track of lami on the 
 nerth fide of the ifland, in the dilirict of Xulli la- 
 cory, has been fwallowcd up, by which 16 plar.ta i(.r:j 
 have been totally deflroyed, and 141 [KTlimi either 
 burnt, or drow ned in the lea, w here many of tlu-m tu ik 
 refuge in their boats. I'his report has been conriniieJ 
 by about JO of the unfortunate inhabitants, whom c ren- 
 dered dreadful obje.Jfs by wounds and burns in this 
 Ihocking event. On the 5th anvi 6th of November tiic 
 earthipi.ikes, and elfulions of fire, flor.c and fulphur- 
 ous fmoak from the mountains began as bail as ev^r, 
 but no lives were lofl. 'I'he horrors of this n ght a.',- 
 not to be defcribed, for the thunder, lightning, aiiil 
 moft fliocking earthquakes continued without inrcr- 
 ruption for 12 hours, with the moft terrible violence: 
 from this dreadful night there were no more eaith- 
 quakes till July i, 1 776, when they were again felt lor 
 two hours, but not violent." 
 
 'I'he ifland. of Tidor, Motir, Machian aid \U- 
 ( hian arc remarkable only for producing nutmegs ami 
 doves. 
 
 Amboyna, which isbcttcr than 70 miles to the north- 
 ward of IS.inda, is about 72 miles in circunilirtiitf, 
 and L.s in j deg. S min. iouth lat. and 127 deg. la 
 min. caft: long. It contains at prefent al:ove 50 pro- 
 tefVant churches, and many of the natives, wh.o havi- 
 been lent over to Holland for edui ation, olliri.itc as 
 clergMiien and millionaries, by which means prdltluis 
 are exceeding numerous. 1 he foil is very fertile, pro- 
 ducing in abundance nutmegs, cloves, oranj^es, le- 
 mons, citrons, potatoes, millet, tobacco, fuf,:ir, ham- 
 boos, &r. but the air is unwholefome : theri' is a gooil 
 bav, which penetrates very far into the lanJ, and by 
 that means forms a conimodious harbour. The people 
 extrai^t a fpirituous liquor, and a kind of oil Ironigrcca 
 cloves, which are both good in paralytic cafes. Ihe 
 men w ear only a piece of cloth about their wailts, ami 
 are mightv proud of having large whillsers. They p.ir- 
 chafe their wives, but, in cafe of barreiinefs, divorce 
 them. The women are both of a loofe and of a mali- 
 cious difpofition. On account of the earthquakes the 
 houtes are all built very low. The flrong and impoi- 
 laiit forticfs called Eort Victory, is the ftaple ot the 
 Dutch Eall India Company in thole parts. It is ile- 
 
 fcnJcd 
 
 Islands adjoininc 
 
 E:..^'if^M*t^.;^= ^^: «k^' 
 
Ill 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 ttikltd by four hiilwarks, a brouJ ditch, ami a garrifon 
 ot •oomcn. Til- I'.n^^lilh had fDrmcrlyfacloricN hcic 
 a>ttillasthel)iit h, Ivit, in 16: {, the Utter madairtil 
 the toinur, and uriirpvd the domini'in ot the Spice 
 Illamis, uhich had bcai c.dcd to the I'nglifli by the 
 n,itivis thinilcUes. In putting the I'.rijriilh and fume 
 I'lpantfe to dcith, thiy iiLd the nuill horml crudtics, 
 in oidtr to cxtnrt CDiil'illion!* concerning a pritinded 
 plot, which ihey ai culcd thcmof liavmi; tormed: and, 
 til the Ihame ni Kii'j; Jjnies I. and KingChailes 1. no 
 laii^Ucncn wa» ol^tauud lor the Mllainout barbarity. 
 01i\crCr.>inwell was not, however, f.i e.dy about the 
 niait^ri lor he triuhtcned the Dutcl) into the piynient 
 ol joo,oool. a* It mc kindol retribution. Uure are 
 fivVral populous villages in the illand, in the churches 
 
 andih.ipt 1st'' >*l>i'"'ir'^I^J?i""**^"''^"^'^ '"Kff""''"'-''' ^""^ 
 in the Dutcli and M.da\an tongues. It contains likc- 
 wile nuny nunintains, with Iprin^^s of excellent water. 
 
 biniio, in : ilej;. \o min. Couth 1 it. and i 25 dc},'. ;{0 
 niin. call lorn-;, is about 75 miles in length, and 30 in 
 hieadth. 1 he Dutch have a ftrong fort heie ; though 
 the illand is perfectly fecure, Irom the linguiarity ot its 
 loalt, which riles in a high rtdge, and i ncompaircs the 
 whole as vvitha w.dl. It contains (ome prodigious high 
 mountains, but is, neverthelefs, very fertile, producing 
 cloves, nutmegs, cocoa-trees, bananas, piany, grccn 
 elwny, be.ms, peas, potatoes, tobacco, Indian wheat, 
 lime trees, herbs. How er<, &c. Among the beads arc 
 the civet-c.it, and a fingulai kind of roe-buck, whole 
 flefli is vcrv delic.ite. The natives are black, and f^o 
 tntiieU naked till they are twelve yc-ars of age, at which 
 period the' tie a i)iece ofcloih round their waills, and 
 never wear any other ganiK-nt. They Aic Mahometans 
 and Pagans, but, upon the whole, have very little fenfe 
 of religion. When a relation dies, they appear very 
 fad till the rorpfe is in the ground, and thon they feeni 
 nierry toanexcefs ; but do not forget to make a kind 
 of fepulchre ot Hone and clay, to cover the grave of the 
 defunct. 1 he next day alter the women arc delivered 
 of children in this illand, they go about their ordinary 
 work, while the men indulge themlelves in bed, and 
 pretend to be valtly ill. InlU-ad of a cradle, they ^5Ut 
 their infants in a kind of net-work hammock, which 
 they hang upon a peg whenever diey arc too bufy to 
 dandle it in their arms. 
 
 C'cram is in 2 dcg. 30 min. fouth lat. and in i 27 dcg. 
 cad long, and produces cloves and nutmegs, but is 
 woody and mountainous. The Dutch factory, called 
 Anibay, is defender! b> a llrong fort and good garrifon. 
 The inhabitants, who are Pagans and Mahometans, 
 OH n the king of Ternate as their fovereign, though they 
 h.i\ea prince ol their own whodweils at L'ambello. 
 
 (Jilolo extends from 1 deg. fouth, to 2 deg. north 
 latitude; and from 125 to 12 S deg. call longitude; 
 and is lyo iiiilis long, an. I 1 10 L-road. The air is un- 
 healthy, and the foil |)roduccs rice and fago, but no 
 fpices. The inhabitants are llrong and tall, but bar- 
 barous and cruel, and have an independent fovereign 
 of their own. 
 
 Boiiton lies between + and 5 dcg. fouth lat. and in 
 121 deg. 30 min. cart longitude. It is 75 miles in 
 length, and jo in brcailth. It has a go<,<d harbour, and 
 contains a laigc town w ith tolerable houfes, built inthc 
 manner of ihofe of Mindano. This town is enclofcd 
 by a iUine w,ill, and furrounded by groves of cocoa- 
 trees. The natives are governed by a prince of their 
 own, fpeak the Mayla\an language, and profefsjhc 
 Mahometan religion. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 Islands adjoining to J.wa, with the Island of 
 r 1 M O R. 
 
 Sl'.VF.RAL itlands border on the coaft of Java, 
 where the Eunipean vclfels, in their voyages to 
 Borneo, meet with refrellimcnts a'' a much ealier rate 
 than at Batavia. The Dutch have forts in nioft of 
 
 No. 27. 
 
 1 S I. A N D O F T I M O R. &c. 257 
 
 thefe idands, and the inhabiLants arc fubjcifl to their 
 
 goveri.nicnt. 
 
 ()p|x>lite the cafti rmoft point of Jav.i is the Ifland of 
 Mandura, the mod vduabL [xoduce of which, lor to- 
 rcign inarkeiH, are ileer Ikin-. It* princij>al town is 
 Araba, lituatcd near a deep biy, ahoat eight leagues 
 from the wcrtermod land of Jiva. Ihc f til ot this 
 illand is very tertile, and prmluces levcral lorts of grain, 
 particularly rice ; alfo various kinds of the nioft deli- 
 cious fruits. I'he chief anuiials are butlalos horfes, 
 rtieep, a.ul oxen, the Iat;cr < I which are remarkably 
 large, and the Hetli little inferior to thofi- ,)f l>"uropc. 
 Thebuddin:,s()f the inhabitants, anil I he. rm.ixi ins and 
 culloms, arcmueh the lame as mother Indi.in n.itinns; 
 hut they arc divided in their religion, fome of them be- 
 in; Mahometans, and others F.igans. The men are in 
 general very robull and couragious, for which reafon 
 they are called upon by the Dutch, when occalion re- 
 iiuires, to recruit their forces at Batavia, or fuch other 
 of (heir (t tiemcnts, where there is any deficiency in 
 the fixed number of their troops. 
 
 Bally, an illand, by fome called I.elTer Java, is 
 lituateil to the ealf of Java, from which it is divided on 
 the well by the .Straits of Bally. It i. fm.i'l, but pro- 
 duces a great plenty ol all kinds of ;ravilions; and the 
 natives are very llrong and bold. The llraits are nar- 
 row and dangeious ; and it is with great dilliculty that 
 a paflagecan be made liom Mandura to tliis ifland, ow- 
 ing to tiie violence of the winiLs, that blow from the 
 fouth once in 24 hours. 
 
 'i'o the call of Bally i; the Ifland of I^mbock, which 
 is alio very liiiall, but produces every nccellary art.cic 
 for the enjoyment of the inh.ibitants. though not any 
 pair cular one for foreign nurkcts. 
 
 Near l.ambock are the .Straits of Allafs, fo called 
 from a town of that name on the ibore, oppolite to 
 which lies the Ifland ot Combava. This is a much 
 larger illand than cither of the former two, nntwith- 
 llanding which it does not produce any p,ir;icular ar- 
 ticle for cxp.irtation. 
 
 There arc two fmall illands to the eaft of Combava 
 called Sappi, bat they arc not of any account in com- 
 merce. .Adjoining to thefe is the Illand of I lores, 
 which is tolerably large, being 150 miles in length, 
 and upwards of 50 in breadth. At the wert end of this 
 illand is a town called l.arrentoucka, the inhabitants of 
 which are dillinguilhed for the infamous practice of 
 poifoning ftrangers. 
 
 \t a (mall dillance fromFlorcs is theliland of -Solor, 
 where the Dutch have a factory ; and to the call of this 
 lie the Iflands of Lcolano, Fanterra, and Mifomby, all 
 of which are only rcm.irkable tor producing a fmall 
 quantity of fandal wood, and fome calTia-lignca. 
 
 Timor lies about 50 miles from the three lart men- 
 tioned. It extends almolt north-eart and fotith-weft, 
 and is lituatcd betwixt 124 and 12S deg. of call long, 
 and the middle of it is in i> deg. of fouth latituile. It 
 is upwards of 200 miles inlength, and more than 50 
 in breadth, and is divideil into levcral principalities or 
 kingdoms. It has not any na- igab'e rivers or harbours, 
 but there are fevcral bays, w here Ihips may ride, at fonie 
 fcafons of the year, with thegreatell fafcty, as the Ihore 
 is good, and free either from r<K ks or Ihoals. The 
 Dutch and Portuguefe have both factories on this 
 illand, but the latter is the mofl conliderable. 
 
 This ifland is very fertile, and produces a variety of 
 valuable articles, particularly cocoa-nuts, w hich grow 
 here in great abundance. There are alio feveral forts 
 of ti -s that make excellent timber for Ihip building ; 
 and in fome parts of the illand are laiutal wood and cot- 
 ton-trees. 'I'hey have likewilc many kinds of fruit, as 
 pine-apples, mango.i, jakas, plaintains, pomegranates, 
 oranges, lemons, limes, and wild tamarinds. 
 
 'I'hc animals here arc o.xeii, horfes, goats, flieep, 
 bulfalos, wild boars, and dilferent kinds of monkies. 
 There are alfo great number ollizarJs, fcorpions, and 
 ferpenis of various forts, fome of which are exceeding 
 large, and much dreaded by the natives. 
 
 4 P They 
 
 II 
 
:98 A NEW. ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL CJEOGRAPHY. 
 
 They have alfo dilTcrent forts of pouJtry, among 
 which Aic ducks and gtcfc; and the fcas and nvcrs 
 produce great plenty of lilli. . 
 
 The natives are ot a low liatiirc, and very fwarthy in 
 complexion ; but they arc rtrait. and their limbs rather 
 delicately conltnicted. Their drcfs conlilb only ot a 
 fmall piece of cloth tied round the waill, and on their 
 heads they wear a rap or bonnet made ol palmetto 
 leaves. The better fort decorate their heads with a kind 
 of coronet made of thin plates of fiher or gold, Icol- 
 lopedor indf-ntcd on the edges, and the inlide ot it is 
 curioufly ornamented with leathers ot various colours. 
 Hunting and tithing arc their ufual employments, in 
 the former of which thcv are very expert. '1 heir wea- 
 pons are fwords. darts, and hnces, and with thele ihey 
 go into the woods in purfuit of buHalos, which they 
 rundown, and then kill them with their darts. 
 
 Land is of little value here ; for the natives in gene- 
 ral, are too indolent to be at the trouble of cultivating 
 it ;'but thofe who do are rewarded by the land becom- 
 ing their own properf. 
 
 They know little of arts or fcienccs, and are very 
 poor mechanics, their principal ingenuity confirting 
 only in building, the implements and materials tor 
 which they receive tiom the Chiiiefe, who alfo bring 
 them rice, tea, iron, porcelain, and raw and wrought 
 filk i in exchanL;c for which they take bees-wax and 
 fandal-wood. 
 
 The Malayan, and a corruption of the Pnrtuguefe, 
 arc the mod general languages ufed by the inhabitants 
 of this ifland ; but the natives have a language of their 
 owr It is faid, thofe who are independent ot the 
 Dutch and Portuguefe, have a peculiar enmity lo Eu- 
 ropean Ibangcrs, and that when any land on the coall. 
 if they have an opportunity, they will not helitate to 
 murder them. 
 
 The fort belonging to the Dutch here is called Con- 
 cordia, lituatid on a rock near the lea, between two and 
 three miles from the fouth-eall point of the illand. It 
 is a plain building, and poorly fortitied ; but the na- 
 tives are fo w ell alfectcd to them, that they are not un- 
 der any appiihention of danger. 
 
 The Eortuguefe have a t'ettlcmciit on this ifland 
 ■which is called Lajrhao, and litiiatcd by the' fea tide, 
 about three lenguis to the call of the Dutch fort. It is 
 a very fmall place, containing only a few mean hoiife<;, 
 and a church made of bo.uds, covered with palmetto 
 leaves. There is, indeed, a kind of platform here, on 
 which are fix iron guns ; but the w hole are lb much 
 decayed, as to be rendered almoll ufclefs. The people 
 in general, fpcak the Portuguefe language ; and the na- 
 tives have been fo intermixed with the Portuguefe by 
 marriages, that it is difficult lO know one from the 
 other. They are \ cr\ fond of being called Portuguefe, 
 and moft of them piotcfs the Roman Catholic religion : 
 but in other iiartsof the iflaiid they are cither Maho- 
 nietans or Pagans." Some trade is carried on at this 
 place by the Chinefe, who come here annually with 
 their junks, and take the commodities of this country 
 in exchange for thofe of their own. But the place 
 Tihere the greatell trade is carried on is Porta Nova, 
 lituated at the eafl enil of the itland, and where the 
 Portuguefe governor vifually refides. This town, with 
 that of Concordia, belonging to the Dutch, w^'refouie 
 years ago attacked by a pyrate, w ho plundered, and then 
 dtflroyed fevenil of the buildings. 
 
 Among thefe itlands is an important one called Savu, 
 fitnated in lodeg. 35 min. fouth hit. and ■2j7 deg. 30 
 min. well long. Caphiiii Cook, who touched at it in 
 ins v( yage in the Endeavour, in 1770, obferves, that 
 it lia 1 before been very little known, or very impeife»;t- 
 ly dcl'cribtd. The t()llowing account, therefore, as 
 taken from the journal of that celebrated navigator, to 
 w hich we are happy in referring on every pofliblc orca- 
 iinn, we prclimie « ill be acceptable to our readers. 
 At the time the Endeavour lay there it was near the end 
 ot the dry fcaton, when it had not r.iined for almoll 
 fcvcn months, nor was there a running Itrcam of frerti 
 
 water to be fccn, and the native s were fnpplicj only In- 
 fmall fprings, lituatrd at a diftance up the ccuiui'v 
 The rains in this country ceale in March or April, ar J 
 fall again in November , and thefe rains produce abim, 
 dance of indigo, millet, and maize, which grow be. 
 neath the noblell trees in the univerfe. 
 
 Beiides thele articf s, the illand produces tobacco 
 cotton, betel, tamarinds, limes, oranges, ii,ann)s' 
 Guinea corn, rice, callevances, and water melons. .{ 
 trifling cpiantity of cinnamon was feen, and Ibnie Kuro. 
 pcan herbs, fuch as garlic, fennel, celery, and imrjo. 
 ram. Betides which, there are fruits of vai ions kmJs 
 and particulaaly the blimbi, which has a fliarp taitc' 
 and is faid to be a tine pickle, but it is n(it eaten raw! 
 Several butfalos were feen on this ifland, which wtr: 
 almott as large as an ox ; and from a pair of enormous 
 horns of this animal which Mr. Banks faw, it was con- 
 jci^lured that tome of them were much larger ; ytt thev 
 did not weigh more than half as much as anox ot tlic 
 fame apparent fize, having lol> the greater part of their 
 Helh through the late dry weather : the meat, however, 
 was juicy, and of a delicate flavour. The horn, o." 
 thele animals bend backwards: they have nodewlao, 
 nor fcare e any hair on their Ikins, and their ears are rc^ 
 maikably large. 'I'he other time animals on the illand 
 are dogs, cats, pigeons, tow Is, hogs, goat", fheep, aifo, 
 and horfes. 
 
 Few of the horfes are above twelve handi hi(jh, yet 
 they are full of mettle, and pace naturally in anexptJi- 
 tious manner ; the nati ves ride them w iih a halter ( nly. 
 The Iheep are not unlike a goat, and are therefore ciild 
 cabritos. The fea-coalt f urnilhcs • l.c inhabitants wuh 
 turtle, but not in any great abundance. 
 
 'i'he natives of the ilkind of .'^avu arc ratlierbclo'v 
 the middle Aature: their hair is blac'; and Ihait ; a:;d 
 perlbns of all ranks, as well thof" cliat are expofal to 
 the weather, as thofe tlh.r ■"^•. not, have one geneul 
 complexion, which is dark brown. The iiienj'c well 
 formed and fprightly, and their featur.-s dill'erniueh 
 from each other. The women, on the contrair, ha\e 
 all one fet of features, and arc very tliort and broad 
 built. 
 
 The men have filver pincers han;',ing by llrin;5 
 round their necks, w ith which they pluck <iLt the hair 
 of their beards : and both men and women root out the 
 hair that grow s under the arms. 
 
 The drefs of the menconiills of two pieces of cotton 
 cloth, one of which is bound round the middle, and 
 the lower edge of it being drawn pretty tight between 
 the legs, the upper edge is left loofe, to as to form a 
 kind of pocket, in which they carry their knives and 
 oiher things : the other piece being palfi'd under the 
 former, on the back of the wearer, the ends ot it are 
 carried over the lliouiders, .1 id tucked into the pn'ket 
 before. The women draw ilie upjicr edge of the piece 
 round the waill tight, while the lower edge, dropping 
 to the knees, makes a kind of a petticoat : the other 
 piece of cloth is fafkned ai rofs the breall.aiid under the 
 arms. This cloth, whu is manulacUired by thena-'' 
 tives, is dyed blue while m the yarn; and.asltisDi 
 various fliades, its look, when it comes to be worn, i' 
 very beautiful. 
 
 'i'he ornaments of the nati\ cs of Savu arc very nume- 
 rous, and coiitifl of rings, beads worn round the neck 
 and on the w rilb, and chains of plaitetl gold w ire, liko- 
 wife hung round rSe neck. Thefe things arc worn by 
 both fexcs ; but the women have alfo girdles of hfad> 
 round their waifls, which help to ker^' up the petti- 
 coat. 
 
 The hollies on the Ifland of .Savu are of dillereir 
 lengths, from 10 feet to 400, .according to the rank ui 
 the inhabitant, and are fixed on pofls aliout four or li\e 
 feet from the ground. The houfes are gem rally divided 
 into three rooms of equal fize, the center room bcin;^ 
 fet apart for the ufe of the women ; and fotnetimcs 
 fmaller rooms arecnclofed from the fidesofihc build- 
 ing, the whole of which is thatched with the leaves ot 
 the nalni-trce. 
 
 The 
 
 *.«-iMtlr. 
 
OGRAPHV, 
 
 i\ts wercfiipplicJor.!)!,, 
 
 ^lilhincc u|j> the auiurv 
 
 III- '"March or April, aid 
 
 thclc rams produce abuii. 
 J maize, which jirow be- 
 \c univirre. 
 
 idand prndt-ccs tobacco, 
 Imics. oranpcs, inaiipjs' 
 cs, and water melons, .{ 
 
 i\vas("ecn,andron)cKiiro- 
 tenncl, celery, and ni;irio. 
 
 arc fruits of various kinds, 
 , which has a (liarp ta!lc[ 
 Ic. but it is not eaten ra«.' 
 on this iflanJ, which Wire 
 id from a pair of enormous 
 Ar. liani<s law, it was con- 
 vcrc much lander ; yet tiicv 
 >lf as much asanoxottlx 
 <)l^ the gicaicr part ot tlicir 
 athcr: the meat, however, 
 tc Havour. The hormor 
 ds: they have no dc\vlaD>, 
 Ikins, and their ears arc re- 
 time animals on the illand 
 '=*. hogs, goat-, fticep, afles, 
 
 )ve twelve hands hij^h, \ct 
 )acc naturally in ane.xpj.i- 
 dc them «iihahaltenii!y. 
 oat, and are therefoif ( ..ik-J 
 nillics ■'•.c inhabitaiitiwuh 
 abundance. 
 
 1 ofSavu arc rather bclov 
 
 air is blac'; and llrait ; a::d 
 
 1 thof" chat arc e.vp ifai to 
 
 •"■•- not, have one trontiil 
 
 brown. The iiiens'c udl 
 
 their featur.-s dilllr niwli 
 
 iicn, on the contran, ha\c 
 
 1 arc very iliort and bro;id 
 
 )in(:ers han^Jng byllrin;i 
 icb they pluck out tiie hair 
 len and women root out the 
 irms. 
 
 dills of two pieces of nitton 
 jnd round the middle, and 
 drawn pretty ti^ht between 
 i left loofe, lo as to form a 
 they carry their knives and 
 ;cc being palFed iimter ilic 
 e wearer, the ends ot it art- 
 aad tucked into the pofki-t 
 the upper edge of the |)iece 
 c the lower edge, dropping 
 i of a petticoat : the othu 
 ofs the brcafh and underthf 
 IS inanuf'aChired by the na- " 
 n the yarn; ar.d, as1? n ei 
 hen it comes to be worn, i^ 
 
 ivcs of Savu are very niinic- 
 lieads worn round the m(k 
 ■)s of plaited gold wire, likc- 
 'I'hefe things are worn hy 
 n have alio girdles of heads 
 
 help to ktv ' up the petri- 
 
 d of Savu are of dilurtn- 
 10, .according to the rank oi 
 d on polls about loin oi Iim- 
 houfcs aregeneralK divided 
 i'/.c, the center room iicin;.^ 
 ic wonicn ; and fometimes 
 from the lidcsof the Iniild- 
 thatchcd with the leaves ol 
 
 The 
 
 ASIA.J ISLAND 
 
 lie n.'itLvcs cat of all the tame animals which the 
 illiiid produce;, but tiiey prefer the ho •, to all tlie reft. 
 Next to the tlcili of hogs tMcyadmire h.itot the hnru ; 
 to which fucceeds the bulTd ), and th.a the poultry : 
 and they like the Be(h of cats and dogs much better 
 than that of goati or (hccp. Thev feUlom e»t filh. 
 
 The fan-palm is the moll cmarkable, md molf ufe- 
 ful tree that grows on the idand, it- ufes being equally 
 great and various. Soon after the buds put foi th, tiic 
 natives cut th ni.and tyiig under tliem little biikcts, 
 formed of the leaves of the tree, a liipior drops inio 
 them, which has the talte of a light wine, and is the 
 common liquor of all the inhabitants. The leaves of 
 the tree arc apjibed to the \ariOus ufes of making to- 
 bacco-pipes, umhre' las, cups, bafkets,and the thatch- 
 ing of houfes. The fruit is nearly of the lize of a full- 
 grown turnip; but the natives are not fond it. 
 
 The ifland coiifills of fivcdivfions, each of which 
 has a rajah, or chit f governor of its own. Thefc tli- 
 vifions arc called Timo, MalTari, Rcgecua, Laai, and 
 Seba. It was on thi> lall divifion rhatoi:r Kngliih ad- 
 venturers wcht on Ihorc, the raja of which was between 
 thirty and forty yeais of age, and remarkable for his 
 corpulency. He governs his people with the moll ab- 
 foliite authority, but takes on him v^ry little of the 
 parade or pomp of royalty. 
 
 'J'he natives are fo expert in the ufe of their lances, 
 that they will throw them with fuch force and cxadt- 
 ncfs, as to pic.':e a man through the heart at the dif- 
 tance oflixry oi .'eventy yards. 
 
 The inhabitants of Sivu arc divided into five ranks, 
 the rajas, the land-owners, manufacturers, labourers, 
 and flavcs. The land-ouneis are refpecledin propor- 
 tion to the extent ol their lands, andthc number oftheir 
 Haves, w liich laflarc bo ightand fold with the cflites to 
 which they belong ; but when a (lave is bought fepa- 
 rately, a fat hog is the price oi the purcliafe. Though 
 a man may fell his Have in this manner, or convey him 
 with hi-- lands, )et his power over him extends no fir- 
 ther ; for he mull; not even flrike him without the 
 raja's permiHioii, 
 
 The natives in general are lobuil and healthy, and 
 have thcappearaiKc of being long-lived. Thcfirall- 
 pox has found its «ay to this illaiid, and is as much 
 duaded as tliepelhler.cc. When thisdiforderattacks 
 any perfon, he is carried to fomc fpot at a great diftance 
 from any lioiifc, where his food is conveyed to him by 
 means ol a long Hick, for no one w ill ventuic very near 
 ilie invalid, who is thus left to take his chaiuc ot life 
 or deah. 
 
 The illand of Sayu h iving been vifitcd by the Portu- 
 i;iiLfe aliiu;lt at their lirll lailing itito this part of the 
 wor!d, they cIlablillK-d a fei' lenient upon it ; but in a 
 little time they were lu ceided by ihc Dutch, who,tho* 
 they did not formally pollel's ihcmlelves of the idand, 
 fcni a nuniber of trading vedels to ellablilh a treaty of 
 couimerce with the natives. The principal object of 
 this treaty is, thai the rajas diould fumdh the Dutch, 
 for thcconfumption ol their fpicc illands with rice, 
 maize, iv:c. annually, and they a"' to return the value 
 in arrack, cutlery wares, linen and lilk. In this 
 agreement the rajas Ihp. l.ited that a Dutch refuleiit 
 lliould he eondaii ly on the illand, to obl'ervc thattheix 
 partofihe contract «as lullilled. 
 
 Once every t.vomondisihe red lent is attended by 
 filtydavcson horle back, aiul in ihis date vilits each 
 of the rajas. He conda:uIy takes w ith him a quantity 
 ot arrack, Ity which i.e makis :dvantagu)us b.irgams 
 with the rajas. Me had (fays (. ipi.iin Qwk) been on 
 this idand ten >iar.s, during all which t:mc he had not 
 feeii a w iiite perlon, except th.olc who c ine aniiuall) in 
 the Duu h diips to c.iri V olVtherice. I le was married 
 to an Indian woman, a natne of the ida d ol I'lmoi, 
 and hi li\es in the fime manner as tie iniiabitams of 
 Sivu, wtiolc laniuiare he I'pcaks bc^terthan any otiur. 
 Like hem, too, h' lits on tne ground, and chew s betel, 
 and has fo per'ealy adopted tlicir manners, that he is 
 an ablolutc Indian j except in drcls and complexion. 
 
 OF CEYLON, 
 
 299 
 
 The morality of thefe people is of the purcft kind, 
 A robbery is icaiCv. ever eoii,mitted, and a murder is 
 never perpetrated. When any dil'putcs arifc between 
 the natives, ihcy indantly fubmit the point in debate 
 to thedccilionof the laja, and red perfectly farisficd 
 w ith his determination. No man is pcrmiiteJ.to marry 
 more than one wife ; yet a violation of the marriagc- 
 bcd, or even the crime of dmpic fornication, is almoft 
 wholly unknown among them. 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 ISLAND OF CEYLON. 
 
 ■"pI ilS ifland (which was well-known to the ancients, 
 and is dcfcribed by Ptolemy under the name of 
 Taprobane) lies between 5 deg. jo min. and lodeg. 
 16 min. north lat. and between 79 dcg. 40 mm. and 
 82 dcg. 45 min. cad, at theoidanccof mar 190 miles 
 from Cape Comorin, on the continent of India. It is 
 above joo miles in length, about 140 in breailth, artd 
 900 in circunifereiue. The Dutch call their fort at 
 Jalfinpatam, H:\m's-Hec!, from fancying that the 
 idand in form refcn^blcsa Wcdphalia hnm. 
 
 Ceylon is one oi the mod picafant and fertile iflands 
 in all the Indies, a!".l the air is much more temperate 
 than could be cxpeded from its vicinity to the Line. 
 The mountainous parts are woody, but the plains are 
 exceeding fertile; fprings, meandring dreams, and ri- 
 vers, water the w hole, but the latter in general are fo 
 rocky as not to be navigable. The principal river 
 riles in Adam"s Peak; it is called Mavillagouga, 
 wadics the city of Candy, and difembogucs itfelf into 
 the ocean at f rincomalc. The variation of the fca- 
 fons, and the win 's which occafion the monfoons, arc 
 much the fame on this coaft as on the coaft of India. 
 Thenor.hern coriierof this idand is the mod unfertile 
 on account of its deficiency with refpect to rivers, ri- 
 vulets, fprings, &c. and not enjoying any refrediing 
 du)wers: but the other parts areamazingly fertile, be- 
 ing (ilentitully fupplled with water, and enjoying pe- 
 riodical rains, which always proceed f;om the fouih- 
 w.;rd, but arc prevented from reaching the northern 
 dilhicl by a chain < f very high mountains. 
 
 Ceylon produces all the fruits that arc known in In- 
 dia, either on the continent or in the idands : hence it 
 is called the Gitrdcn of the Eajl, and Pnradiff ^/ the 
 liniin ; grapes in partii ular are found in perfedion 
 during nine months in the year. It alfo produces 
 plenty of ginger, pepper, ftigar, mulberries, palms, 
 cardamum, calacais, cotton, and areka trees ; figs, 
 originally planted by the Portuguefe, long pepper, 
 melons, various forts of mangoes, onions, gai lick, and 
 other European mots ; but above all, cinnanion. 
 
 The cinnamon trees peculiar to Ceylon are the bed; 
 of any known. In a very dry foil they are fit to be 
 dripped oftheir bark in two or three years : if the foil 
 is a moid white fand, five years are required ; but in 
 a wet earth they arc rii_:ht or nine years before they be- 
 come ripe. Thofc that hajipcn to grow in the diade 
 do not yield fo line a Havour as thofc that are entirely 
 expofed to the (un. 
 
 This fpicc is of immcnfe value to the Dutch, bci ng 
 univerliilly admired for the fragrancy of its Rent and 
 delicacy ofitstallc; and tl'.c oil vrhich they cxtraft 
 from it is an imiiortant article of commerce. 
 
 The ffuit of the cinnanion tree is about the fize of 
 a large (la/le nut, rcfembles an acorn, and when boiled 
 to a liquid fervcs the dumedic purpofc of burning in 
 hu- ps indeed of dil ; as alfo tltc medii inal purpofc of 
 curing- aches, pains, fores, is:c. for which it is in great 
 repute. 
 
 A gentleman, long rcfidcnr in Ceylon in an exalted 
 daiion, fiys, that thccinnamcn plant ajipears to thrive 
 better wlicn ielf-lown, than when propagated by cul- 
 ture. To this the crows gieatiy conduce , for being 
 fond of eating the red and quick tailed fruit of the 
 
 .'innamon 
 
3O0 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL, avd AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 |i i? 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 
 : ih 
 
 ii «ii: 
 
 f m ^ 
 
 cinnamon tree, they fw.illow along with the fruit the 
 kernels, anil I'cattcr them thus iniligclled every where 
 with their dung, by which the foil is at the fame time 
 manured, and the fecdlliortlyaftcrftrikingrootfprings 
 up out of the earth. Oil this account no one dares to 
 flioot, or othcrways kill a crow, under afcvere penalty. 
 
 The fame author relates the follow ing extraordinary 
 circumftance, to (hew the medicinal virtuesof the pine- 
 apple, which is likewife to be found in Ceylon. -An 
 European that lay ill in this ifland cried )ut day and 
 night for fomebody to bring him a pine-apple. It was 
 however, denie.i him by the phyfician. In a few days 
 he died, and being opened, a worm of a large fizc was 
 found in his rtom"iich, which it had already begun to 
 eat into. The people who attended the lick man, re- 
 numbering w hat he had longed for, by way of expe- 
 riment dropped fonie pine-apple juice on the worm, 
 which died in an iiill.int. 
 
 The betel (lb mu h chewcdin Afiajgrowson a fmall 
 fhrub, the leaves refemble thofc of ivy, and are natu- 
 rally of a green colour, but the natives whiten them 
 by artificial means wiihout impairing their virtues; 
 tlie flavour is exceedingly pleafant, and the fccnt aro- 
 matic. 
 
 In preparing the quid, or rather pill, for chewing, 
 they take a piece of chalky earth, or a kind of lime, 
 about as a big as a pea, which they mix with a fourth 
 part of the areka nut, wrap the whole in three betel 
 leaves, and chew it when they think proper. The 
 areka-tree is llrait, has no branches, but bears the 
 fruit among a few leaves at the top. Till a perfon is 
 accurtonicd to this chewing, it occafions a dizzinels 
 and ihipefaetion like tobacco ; but when grown tiimi- 
 liar is much more agreeable. 
 
 The mangoes here lefemblenedarines.andare, when 
 ripe, either red, white, or green : they are from the 
 li/e of an egg to that of a very large pear, are delici- 
 ous when preferved, and make an admirable pickle. 
 
 The jaekies produce nuts like chefnuts, which are 
 fubdituted for bread w hen riceis fcarce : they are, how- 
 ever, far from being w holefome. 
 
 Ceylon likewife produces the fnakc-tree, the root- 
 tree, whole branches hang to the ground, and takefrefli 
 root; and the talipot-tree, which is as high as the mall 
 of a ihip, but w ithout any branches or leaves, except at 
 the fummit. The top is therefore cut off and ufed as 
 an umbrella, or a foldier's tent ; as it is very ftrong and 
 light, and will fold like a fan. 
 
 Here are other fpecits of grain that are converted 
 either into bread or oil ; the moft lingular of which is 
 the tanna, celebrated not only for its goodnefs, but for 
 yielding a thoufand-fold. 
 
 The elephants of Ce)lon arc the largcft in the uni- 
 vcrfc, and if fpotted prefered to all others ; the tygers 
 and bears are very fierce ; and the buffaloes, oxen, hogs, 
 deer, Gee. areexccllent eating : neverthelefs, the natives 
 arc fond of the Iklh ot goats, fquirrels and monkies. 
 The nionkics in this illand are innumerable, and of 
 many different fpecies ; lome of which do not refemble 
 any that are to be found in other countries. One fort 
 have grey hairs, w ith black vifages, and a white beard 
 from ear to ear, which makesthem appear at adilfance 
 like old nxn ; another fort areof the lame fizc,, but of 
 an amazing whiienefs. 'I'hey relide in the woods, but 
 often make excurlions, and do a great deal o( mifchief, 
 digging the dead bodi( s out of the ground to feed upon 
 them. 
 
 The dogs are ferocious, but at the fame time greatly 
 admired for their (agacity, and are fo faithful to their 
 mailers, that they fully merit the encomiums given by 
 Homer to the dog of Ulyffes. 
 
 When wife Ulyflls, from his native coaft 
 I.on^^ kept by wars, and long by tempeds tofl ; 
 Arri^'d at lall, poor, old, difguis'd, alone, 
 'I'd all histrieiuis, ami e'en hisi]ueen unknown; 
 Chang'd a:, he was, w ith age, and toil, and cares, 
 Furrow'd his rev 'rend face, and white his hairs ; 
 
 In his ow n palace forc'd to alk his bread, 
 Scorn'd by thofe (laves his former bounty fcj 
 Forgot of all his own domeffic crew, 
 The faithful dog alone his rightful mader knew ■ 
 Unl'ed, unhous'd, negleded, on the clay. 
 Like an old fervant, now cafliier'd, he lay ; 
 Touch'd with refentment at ungrateful man 
 And longing to behold his ancient lord again ; 
 Him, w hen he faw, he rofe, and crawl'd to niict 
 'Twas all he cou'd, and faw n'd, and kifs'd his fcc'r • 
 Sciz'd with dumb joy, then falling by his liJe 
 Own'd his returned lord, look'd up, and dyd! 
 
 The natives feed fomctimcs upon young croeojijes 
 and alligators, and out of their heads take a hnne 
 which, when reduced to powder, is deemed a fpecific 
 for thcflone and gravel. 
 
 Here are fwarms of ants, which throw up proJigionj 
 large hills, four or five feet in height, and two or thrtc 
 in diameter : thefe they arch in an admirable manner 
 make fofrong that it is difficult to dcftroy them with 
 a pick-ax, and fill them with all kinds of giain ti.r 
 their winter fubfiffence. 
 
 One fpecies of bees here build the combs on the 
 boughs of trees. When the inhabitants woukltake 
 the honey they hold lighted torches umler the tries, 
 which affects the little animals in fuch a iiiar.nLr uat 
 they fall dow n dead ; the comb is then taken, aiiJ the 
 bees gathered up and boiled for food. 
 
 Serpents and leaches are very numerous, andconfc- 
 quently very dangerous, as the natives go barc-iiggcd ; 
 but as much as poffible to prevent them from Ijuniir^ 
 they rub their legs and feet with a coiiipolition ot" 
 allies, fait, and lemon juice. 
 
 No perfon but the king is permitted to kcepturkies, 
 geefe, ducks and pigco : his fubjecls arc, however, 
 allowed theufe of all other fowls, wild anil tame. Hire 
 are many wild peacocks ai.d green parrots ; but par- 
 tridges, w oodcocks, wood-dovc", fnipes, fjiarrows, ii^c. 
 are nci fo plenty. The moll fini',ular bird, however, 
 is one entirely black, called carlos: it has a large ugly 
 head, a long bill, and fliort legs : it never lights upon 
 the ground, but fits almort continually on a tree, where 
 it quacks like a duck. 
 
 The ifland abounds with fea and frcfli water fifli, fc- 
 veral kinds of which are appropriated folelyto the ull- 
 of the king ; ana it is death by the law for any peifra 
 to catch them hut for his ufe. 
 
 Though Ceylon abounds w ith mines of gold, fiber, 
 and other metals, none are permitted to be wurkul, 
 but ihofe of iron ; and fuch as produce precious lln'iei 
 arc all monopolized by thefoveuign. The cat's-eve, 
 w hich has a variety of fine colours, and needs no |'.o- 
 lifliing, is the favourite gem ; though their iuImi-, 
 fapphires, topazes, hyacinths, turquoifes, ^cc. arc lonit 
 of the fined in the univerfe. 'i he mountains likniilc 
 proiiuce crydal, green, white and red ; bnmlloiie, '■/.'■■ 
 petie, &:c. 
 
 The inhabitants of Ceylon are rompofeJ of Du.i \ 
 Portuguefe, Moors, Malabars, and a mongrel hienl 
 of all four ; but the natives, who refidc in tiic iiiliiil 
 parts arc called Cingulays or Cinglalles. Thefe .irv ul 
 two claffes, the Cingulays, properly lb called, who aic 
 rather a civilized people ; and the Vaddans, wliolni; 
 in the woods, and are quite wild. The firll are«ll 
 made, have regular features, are very active, inge;'i- 
 ous, hardy, frugal, temperate, and neat ; hut m (va- 
 lance their good qualities, they are talkative, yetgrau'; 
 crafty, yet courteous ; and treaclieioiis thoiigh com- 
 plaifant. The latter live without civil i',overnnioiu, 
 are excellent archers, and their principal bulinol^ h to 
 kill and dry venifon. V\hen they have exofmlil it 
 f[)<)iled their arrow s, and want new one.^ made, they y> 
 towaids the houfe ol a linitli in the nigiif, and han,; "p 
 a quantity of venifon, with a leaf ladiioned in'o :!•- 
 form and fize of the airow's point they wain, by »;r. it 
 pattern : if the fmiih makes the arrow s as they v.'H 'I 
 have them, and leaves them in licuoftheveniUm, «i;!i 
 
 )^jUitJ:.tiiit 
 
'.OGRAPHY. 
 
 ASIA.] ISLAND OF CEYLON, 
 
 a leaf fafliii'ncd into the form and Ir/c of the arrow's 
 point they want, hy way ofpaitciii: if tlicfinith makes 
 
 .30 1 
 
 \ want new ones niaitc.tluy ;.'i 
 nithin the niglif.and ha:i;iir 
 itii a leaf laftiionediiKo-.lc 
 w's point thry waiir, by »;r. il 
 lakes the arrows as they v,'«".l 
 »eminlicuoftheveniUiii,^>i!'^ 
 
 llie arrows as they woukl iiavethem, and leaves them 
 in lieuofthe vciiifon, they reward him with more deer's 
 flcfh; but if he neglects them, they are fare to do him 
 a mift hicf; w hich proves that they profefs integrity and 
 gratitude, as well as a fpirit of lefeiitnient and malice. 
 That they are provident is likewifc evident from their 
 fingular method of preferving tlelh againll a time of 
 fcarcity, which is by rubbing the iniide of a hollow tree 
 with a quantity of honey, filling it with tlc(h, and clo- 
 fing up the aperturewithclay, « hichprefcrvesit as ef- 
 fectually as if it was falted. They love to live under 
 trees by the (ides of rivers, where they fortify them- 
 felvesagainit the attacks of wild beads with boughs. 
 The Chingulays.ormorccivilized natives of Ceylon, 
 live in houfes that arc low, built with flicks, or canes 
 daubed over with clay, andcovtrcd with thatch. They 
 have no chimnies, yet would « iilingly whitewalh their 
 houfes often ; but this they dare not do, as the ule of 
 whitewafh isoneoftheking'speculiar privileges ; and 
 it is death by thelaw to infringe uponany of his prero- 
 gatives, however abfurd or repugnant topublic utility. 
 
 The natives lit croi's-leggeil on the Huor, w hich is 
 ufually matted. Cane bcdllcadsand fb'ols, and a few 
 china plates, brazen and earthen vellei.s for drciiing 
 food, or to ferveas lamps, are the whoieof their furni- 
 ture. Ihe men iindrefsthcinfelvcs, and lleep between 
 two mats. Thewomen and chdiiren lie upon the H(X)r 
 on a fingle mat, but keep their cloaths on. But what 
 is the nil \ extraordinary in fb warm a climate, they 
 keep a fiic burning all night. 
 
 The Chingulayseat but little Hefh through inclina- 
 tion : beef they are prohibited from touching, and even 
 fowls they rather abftain from. They ufe fpoons and 
 ladles, but neither knives or forks. The liulband fits 
 down to meals alone, the w ife being obliged to wait 
 upon him with all imaginable obfequioulhefs ; and 
 when he has done, file prefiimesto (it down with her 
 children. Like fbinc other Afiaties, they do not touch 
 the vefrd they drink out of with their lips, hut hold it 
 at a didance, and poiirthcliiiuor intothcirmoiiths. 
 Old people let their bearifs grow long, and wear a cap 
 like a mitre: hut with relpect to thepople in general, 
 they wear a waillcoateitherofblue or w hitecallico,and 
 aiiother piece of callico about themiddle, tied round 
 withafafli. In the latter they wear their ornamental 
 weapons, fuch as a hanger, with an enamelled hilt,and 
 fcabbard finely embofied. 'J'he people arc obliged to 
 go bare-footed, becaufe none bucihekingisallowedto 
 wearfliocsand ftockings. 'I'he women greafe their hair 
 withoilofcocoa-nuts,andcomb itdown behind. They 
 wearaHov.ercd waif]coat,and callicoaproii,and adorn 
 thenilelves with pendants in their ears, bracelets upon 
 their arms, necklaces about their necks, rings on their 
 toes ami lin<;ers, and a girdle of lilver w ires ; and, upon 
 1 vifit, a filk hood is added to the red of the drefs. 
 
 Tile Chingulays are divided into live dalles, viz. the 
 liondiews of- nobility, artills and mechanics, lundi- 
 craftfmenof a lower order, fl.ives, and beggars. 
 
 They are, in general, fo addicted to the ufe b-^th of 
 betel iml tobacco, that they even fmoke and chew in 
 the night time j and when they arc perleCtly intoxica- 
 teii, fall a finging till they dropa Ikep; acuflointhey 
 are tauijht from their infancy. 
 
 Previous tothemarri.nge ceiemony,thc man fends 
 afriend to purchafe the Woman's cloaths, which the 
 freely fells foratlipulated fum. In the evening he car- 
 ries them to her, lleejis with her all night, and in the 
 morning appoints the day of marriage, on which he 
 provides an entertainment of two coiirfes, for the 
 friends of both parties, i he fead is held at the bride's 
 lioufe, when the young couple cat out of the fame 
 oilh, tic their thumbs together, deep together 
 that night, and, oi^ the endiing morning, depart lor 
 the bi idugrooin's habitation. 
 
 The ilelign in puirliaiing the bride's cloaths is that 
 Hic and her friends may be f aiislicJ with jefpeOt. .0 the 
 • No. 28. 
 
 man's circiimdanccs, as die always rdks a? much for 
 them as die thinks it is rcquifite that a young couple 
 dioiild podils upon their lird entering upon the world, 
 and becoming liable to the expc"ves incurred by fup- 
 porting a young liimily. Thus, w hat at fird appears 
 to be a ridiculous cudom, is in reality, a very pruden- 
 tial maxim. 
 
 Let rcafon tcarh what fiifliion fain would hide. 
 That Hymen's bands by prudence fhould be ry'd. 
 Venus in vain the wedded pair would crown. 
 If angry fortune on their union frown : 
 Soon will the flattering dream of blifs be o'er. 
 And clo) 'li imagination cheat no more. 
 Then waking to the fenfe of lading pain, 
 With mutual teais the nuptial couch they dain; 
 And that fond love which diould allord relief. 
 Does but incre.ife theanguilli of their grief; 
 While both could .'afier their own Ibrrows bear. 
 Than the fad know ledge of each other's care. 
 
 They arc pcrniitted to part from each other w henever 
 they pleafe: but if there are any children, the man is 
 obliged to maintain the hoys, anil the woman the girls. 
 They are fo fo:ul of'availing theiiifllves of this law, that 
 Ibme have been known to change a dozen times before 
 they have entirely diited their inclin.itions. 
 
 All the male Chingulays are allowed to command 
 thofc who are w ithin hearing to aflifl; them ui>on any 
 emergency in the apiirehending ofdelinqiients: taut the 
 women are not permitted to mention the king's name, 
 under the fevcre penalty of hav ing their tongues cutout. 
 
 Criminals in Ceylon are frequently impaled alive, or 
 have dakes driven ttirough their bodies. Some are 
 hung upon trees, and many are worried by dogs, who 
 are fb acctidomed to the horrid butchery, that, on the 
 days appointed for the death of criminals, they, by cer- 
 tain tokens, run to the piaci; of execution. But the 
 mo.'t remarkable criminal punidmicnt is by the king 
 himfelf, w ho rides an elephant trained up on purpofe, 
 while the bead tramples the unhappy wretch to death, 
 and tears him limb from limb. 
 
 There are other modes of punifliing by fines and im- 
 prifonmcnt, at the difcretion of the judges. When the 
 line is decreed, the officers feize the culprit whcr /er 
 they meet him, llrip him naked, (his cloaths going as 
 part of payment,) and oblige him to carry a large ffone, 
 theweightbf ingdaily increafedby the.addition of others 
 that arc fmaller, till the money is either paid or re- 
 mitted. 
 
 A creditor will fometimesgoto the houfe of his deb- 
 tor, and very gravely alHrm, that it he does not d it- 
 charge the debt he owes himimmed.ately, he willdcl- 
 tioy himfelf. 'I'his fo greatly terrifies the other, that 
 he indantly.muffers all the money he can, even fells his. 
 w ife and children not to be dedcient, and pays the fliiu 
 demanded. This is owing to a law, which fpecilies, 
 if any mandedroys himfelf on account of a debt not 
 being difcharged,thedebtor Ihall immcdiateU pav the 
 money to the furviving relations, or forfeit his own life, 
 unlefs he is able to redeem it by the payment of a very • 
 large fum to the king. Such has been the revengeful 
 difpofition of fomc, that they have put an end to their 
 own exillencc, in order to overwhelm others, and thus 
 w ickedly gratified their malice at the expence of their 
 lives. 
 
 A woman nuid not be beaten without pcrmillion 
 from the king ; but they may be mailc to carry heavy 
 batkcts of land upon their heads as long as thepunifher 
 pleafes, which is muih more dreadtui to them than a 
 hearty drubbing. The circumdaiues of the children 
 depend upon thofe of the mother; tor if the mother 
 is a free woman, they arc tree i but if ihe is a dave, 
 they are always vafiiils. 
 
 The Chingulays worfliip both Cod and the duvil. 
 The drd they think ihey ou!',ht, in gratitude, to pay 
 adoration to, f()r the innumerable blellings he bellow^ 
 upon them ; and the latter they worthip,that he fhoulu 
 do them no mifchicf. 
 I 4 ('• Jiiferiors 
 
 i 
 
 ,' 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 it 
 
 i 
 
301 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOCJUAPIIV, 
 
 M 
 
 
 Inferiors falute their fupcriors by bowint; their bo- 
 dies and extending their arms, with the palms of their 
 hands upward; but the ijrcat only extend one hand, 
 and not the head. The lalutation of the women is by 
 clapping their hands together, and then carrying 
 them foclofed to their foreheads. 
 
 The begging clafs of Chingulays arc mountebanks in 
 their way : the men beat a drum, the women dance, 
 andboihflicwa variet) of whimfical tricks. They beg, 
 or rather amufc people, for their bread, in great com- 
 panies. They arc prohibired, by law,from touching the 
 waters in wells or f jjrings, and mull ufe none but what 
 is procured from rivers or ditches. If a nobleman or 
 gentleman commits high treafon, he is put to death, 
 and his wives and daughters are delivered to fomc of 
 thcfe beggars, which is looked upon in fo difgraceful a 
 light, that they frequently deltroy themfelvcs to avoid 
 any connexions with perfons cfteemed fo defpicable. 
 
 Their method of teaching children to write here is 
 very finguiar, as they inllrudt them by writing with 
 flicks in the fand, and foft clay of the roads and llrects. 
 
 The articles of commerce for exportation are car- 
 damum, jaggory, oil, black lead, turmeric, betel nuts, 
 muik, fait, rice, wax, pcpjicr, coral, amber, pearls, 
 &c. in return for which they import velvets, lilks, 
 china, red caps, fpiccs, opium, China roots, fiuidal 
 wood, lead, copper, tin, looking-glaffes, callicos , bot- 
 tles, camphire, &:c. 
 
 Agriculture is followed here by the principal part of 
 the natives. They tread the ground, or rather mud, 
 in which they few rirc, with burtalos ; but before they 
 put the rice into it, they foak it in water till blades 
 begin to fprout. They embank their wet nvirlliy lands, 
 in order to have foot-paths. When the rice is about 
 iix inches in height, they weed and tranfjilant it. Af- 
 ter reaping, the women gather and put it into a pit, 
 where it is ihrelbed, or rather trod by bufialos. 
 
 The Portuguefc landed in Ceylon in 1 505, and about 
 twelve years after they cftablifticd fadorics there, the 
 reigning king permitting them to build forts. Upon 
 his demife he declared the king of Portugal his heir ; 
 but in procefs of time, the Portuguefc behaving with 
 great cruelty and arrogance, the young king of Candy 
 invited in the Dutch, in 1639, who, after a tedious war, 
 at length, in the year 1655, fubdued the Portuguefe, 
 and became mafters of the coaft and trade. The king, 
 their ally, they drove into the mountains, and, with 
 their ufual gratitude, made him their tributary. 
 The Dutch have, in fubfequent years, committed many 
 cruelties, .md the natives frequently retaliate by making 
 incurlions among 'hem, or murdering all they meet 
 w ith at a diftance from the forts. 
 
 The ifland was formerly divided into nine monar- 
 chies, but at prefcnt it is under the dominion of one 
 Lin^', whofc court is kept in the center of the iiland, at 
 a place called Digligy-Neur. The p.ilacc is bur 
 meanly built, though the gates are large, (hitely, and 
 finely carved, and the window-frames made of ebony, 
 and inlaid w ith (ilver. His elephants, troops, and fpies 
 arc numerous, and his. concubines many. The guards 
 arecommanded by Uutchand Portuguefc rencgado offi- 
 cers. He aiFumes great dignity, and demands much 
 refpecfl, which his fubjcds readily pay him, as they 
 imagine that all their kingsare immediately, upon their 
 deniil'e, turned intogods. He cxpcds that Chriftians 
 fliould falute him kneeling and uncovered, but requires 
 nothing more of them. His title is Emperor of Cey- 
 lon, King of Candy, Prince of Onva and the I'our 
 Corles, Great Duke of the Seven Corles, Marquis of 
 Duranura, I^ird of the Sea-Ports and I'iflierics of 
 Pearls and Precious ftonis. Lord of the (Jolden 
 Sun, &c. &c. &c. His 'revenue conhfts in the gifts 
 andtjtVetingsofhisfubjcCts. His jwlaccsare built upon 
 almoil inaccefiible places forthegrcaterfccurity. No 
 bridges arc |nrmiiied to be eredted over rivers or 
 llrcams.orgood roads to be made, to render the coun- 
 try as impaHable as pollible. None are allowed toap- 
 proach his palace without a palljiort (lamped on clay. 
 
 The troops arc hereditary, and carry as w capons, fworu' 
 guns, pikes, bows, arrov.s, &c._ 'Ihty are fubile ]<■' 
 not courageous, and will not engage an enemy but 1 !■ 
 furprife, and when there is iome maniteft advantam. la 
 their own favour. It is fo difficult to penetrate into t' c 
 inland parts, and all the paffes are fo well guarcki! ;| ^i 
 even the Dutch themfelvcs are unacquainted with tlv- 
 grcatcil part of the ifland. The chief city, Caiidv u'i 
 nothing remarkable relpcdting it but its iitiiation' \\. 
 ing naturally fortified by the furrounding rock- 
 having formerly been burnt feveral tinns by the Wy-. 
 tuguele, and the court being removed toDigiigy-Nc;,, 
 it retains very little of its former confequcnce. 
 
 The mofl remarkable places on and about ihc cr.in 
 are the Ifland of Manaar, Chialo, Cohnnho, b.Uial,, 
 Jafl'napatama, Negumbo, Point de Calk-, Trimonii;; 
 IJatcbiarapalle, andthe (even little illandsof ()llra;|>|^' 
 Xho Deferta, Analativa, Caradiva, Pongardiv.i, Xa,^ 
 nandiva, and Nindundiva. 
 
 Adam's Peak, which (lands on the eaft ofColnmhf. 
 is not only the highell mountain in Ceylon, hut in ail 
 India. It receives its name from a traihtion ot the ill 
 tivcs, that Adam was created and buried here, h u 
 ileep and craggy, and of a conical ligure. At the Imh. 
 mit there is a tinooth ftone, on which appears thcim- 
 prcllion of a large humr.n foot, which the Ch;n':.vh\« 
 affirm to have been made by Adam. This occalioni 
 them to pay a great adoration to it j and, at the am. 
 menccment of every year vail multitudes tl.imbir .;.) 
 to it, notwithflanding the afcent is li) difi-.ult, thar 
 iron f pikes and chains have been fixed to the rock;, 1:1 
 order to facilitate their climbing. In another pirt ot 
 the mountain there is a lake, which the natives, wuh 
 equal gravity, aver to liavc been made bv the tcir- 
 which they liiy Eve continued flieddiu}', otiaceoumc! 
 the death of .\bel, for 100 years fucccflively. 
 
 SECTION XL 
 
 M A L D I V I A ISLANDS. 
 
 THE Maldives were the firfl iflands difcovcrcdbr 
 the European navigators on their arrival in the 
 Indies. They are (iiuated about 500 miles from CVv- 
 lon, and reach from i deg. fouth, to 7 deg. nor h lati- 
 tude. They extend about 600 miles in kngtli.anda'c 
 upwards of 100 in the broadelt part. They aic \vu\k- 
 rous, but many of them arc only large hillocki ot !:;!:', 
 and, from the barrennefs of the foil, arc eiitin'K unin- 
 habited. The whole country is divided into ihni' t 
 provinces, called Attolons, each of which coniau.s 
 many fmall iflands, and is of a circular form, nbmit ri 
 miles in circumference. Thcfe provinces ^11 l:c iii 1 
 line, and are fcparated by channels, fovirofwhn ii arj 
 navigable for large (hips, but are very dant'cniis, i>;i 
 account of the amazing rocks that break the fontot 
 the fea, and raifc prodigious furges. Thccurrent^rrj 
 cafl and wefl alternately for fix months, but i!ie H'"' 
 of the change is uncertain; and fometitnes thcv lb ': 
 from north to fouth. At the bottom of thcfe chanruii 
 is found a fubflance like white coral, which, whenbr'- 
 ed in cocoa-water, greatly rcfemblcs fugar. 
 
 As thefe iflands lie fo near the equinoctial rm hoiit 
 fides, the climate is exceeding fultry. The nights, ho'- 
 ever, are tolerably cool, and produce heavy i'e«s, rur 
 are refrefhing to the trees and vegetables. I heir v.;n- 
 tercommenccsin April, and continues till Otiobf r.iiij- 
 ring which they have heavy rains, and Itiong ueltcriv 
 winds 1 but they never have (roll. 'I'he fuinniei be 
 ginsinOclobcr, and continues fix months,(Uiriiiu«l'i^" 
 time the winds arc caflcrly, and there not being .i:;v 
 rain, the heat is (b cxceffive as fcarceto be lioriu. 
 
 In general the Maldives are very fertile, and, inp'''' 
 ticular, produce great quantities of nnller, ami aiuiih'''' 
 grain much like it, of both which they have two liir- 
 vefls every year. They have alfo feveril kimlJ I'f r"'"' 
 that fervc for food, particularly a (bit of bread-tmii 
 called ncllpiii, which grows wihJ, and in great abunJ- 
 
EOCIRAPIIY. 
 
 ie firft illands difcovcicd hy 
 ;ators on their arrival in the 
 d about 500 miles liom CVv- 
 ;. foiith, to 7 dcg. n()r;li lati- 
 t 600 n\!!cs in kngtli.amhi'c 
 )adcll part. Thry aic numc- 
 rc only large hillocki of \:irJ, 
 of the foil, are (-lUin-lvuiiin- 
 itry is divided into thut-rn 
 ms, each of «hich comaiw 
 ; of a circular form, abmit r-i 
 
 Thefe provinces all l:e i;ii 
 y channels, four of which ar; 
 , but are vcrv d.inecrnns, 0:1 
 rocks that break the foncft 
 ous furges. The riirrent- r!:i 
 for fix months, but the tinu- 
 in J and fometinu"; thev li' - 
 ; the bottom of thefe chairuij 
 vhitc coral, which, whenb^;'- 
 ly rcfcmbles fugar. 
 
 near the equinoctial on hoth 
 :ding fultry. Thenighis ho'- 
 and produce heavy lU-ws, lasr 
 ;s and vegetables, l heu ^^m- 
 ind continues till CX'tobfr,'!!!- 
 avy rains, antl Inong «<!tcriy 
 have irolf. 'l"he I'uninu'i K; 
 inucs fix months, (lurinL,wlii^" 
 ;rly, and there not being a")' 
 five as fcarcc to be born;-. 
 'fsarc very fenile, and, Inpt- 
 jantities of miller, ami aiioth'' 
 oth which thev have two lii'- 
 lave alfo feveril kindJ cf r"("* 
 icularly a loit of brcaJ-Hu''. 
 jwi wiKj, and in meat abm-.J- 
 
 .\SIA.] 
 
 Amcc. The woods produce excellent fniits.a'S cocoas, 
 citrons, pomegranates, and Indian figs. Their onl/ 
 animals for iile are Ihc.'p and hutfalos, except a few 
 cows or bulls that belong to the king, and are im- 
 ported from the continent ; but thefe are only ulW at 
 particular fefHvals. They have little donicftic pOul- 
 tr\, but arc well fupplied with prodigious quantities of 
 vMJdfow!, which arc caught in the wootls, and fold 
 at very low prices. They have alfo plenty of wild pi- 
 peons.ducks, rails, andbird-srefembling fparrow hawks. 
 The fea produces moll: kinds of fifli, great quantities 
 of which arc exported from hence to Sumatra. Among 
 the tilh is one called a cozvrie, the fliells of which arc 
 ufed in miny parts of the Indies, inllcadof coin; and 
 thefe are the faitie as thofe known in lingland by the 
 name of blackamoor's teeth. 
 
 There is a vcrv (dangerous fort of fnake that frequents 
 the borders of the fci. The inhabitants arc alfo grcat- 
 Iv pciUred with rats, dormice, pifmircs, and other forts 
 of vermin, which arc very deftrudlive to their provi- 
 fions, fruit, and other perifliable commodities; for 
 which reafon they build their granaries on piles in the 
 fea, at fome dill -ncc from the ihorc; and moft of the 
 king's granaries are built in the fame manner. 
 
 ihe natives ore very robuft, of an olive complexion, 
 and well featured. They are naturally ingenious, and 
 apply thcuifelvcs with great indulVry to various ma- 
 nutaChires, particularly the making of filk and cotton. 
 They are cautious and fliarp in trading, and coura- 
 geous and well (killed in arms. 
 
 The drefs of the common people is only a piece of 
 cotton faltened round their wailV, except on feftival 
 days,\\hen they wear cotton or (i!k ierkins,\vith waift- 
 coats, the fleevcs of which reach only to the elbows. 
 The better fort tic a piece of cloth between their legs 
 and round the waifV, next to which they have a piece 
 of blue or red cotton cloth, that reaches to the knees. 
 Within a girdle, on the left lide, they keep their money 
 and betel, and 0.1 the right lide a knife. They feta 
 great value on this inllrument, from its being their 
 only weapon ; for none but the king's ofliccrs and fol- 
 diersare permitted to wear any other. 
 
 The women are fairer than the men, and, in general, 
 of a very agreeable difpolition. They wear a coat of 
 cotton or filk, that reaches from the waift to theanclcs, 
 over w hich they have a long robe of taffaty, or fine cot- 
 ton, that extends from the fhoulders to the feet, and is 
 failened round the neck by two gilt buttons. Their 
 hair is black, which is cfteemed a great ornament; and 
 to obtain this, they keep their daughters heads fliaved 
 till they are eight or nine years of age, leaving only a 
 little hair on the forehead to diftinguifh them from the 
 boys. They wafli their heads and hair in water to make 
 it thick and long, and let it hang loofe that the air may 
 drv it, after which they perfume it with an odoriferous 
 oil. When this is done, they flroke an the hair back- 
 uaids from the forehead, and tie it behind in a knot, 
 to which they add a large lock of man's hair, and the 
 whole is curioufly ornamented with a variety of flowers. 
 
 The houfcsofthc common people are built of cocoa 
 wood, and covered with leaves, fcwcdone within ano- 
 ther. Ihit the better fort have their houfes built of 
 flonc, which is taken from under the flats and rocks in 
 the following manner. Among other trees in this ifland 
 is one called ninJou, which is exceeding fott, and when 
 dry, and fawed into pianks, is much lighter than cork. 
 1 he natives, who are excellent I'wimniers, dive under 
 Vatcr, and having fixed upon a flonc fit for their pur- 
 ])ofc, they faflen a ftrong rope to it : after this they take 
 a l>lank of the candou wood, w hich, having a hole bored 
 ill it, is put on the rope, and forced down quite to the 
 itone: they then run a number of other boards till the 
 lii^lit wood rifcs up to the top, dragging the ftone along 
 with it. 15y this contrivance the natives got up the 
 cannon and anchors of a Trench fhip, that was caft 
 away here in the beginning of the lafl century. 
 
 The iVlaldivians are in general a very polite people, 
 particularly thole on thellland of Male; but they are 
 
 M A L D I V I A ISLANDS. 
 
 PI 
 
 very libidinous, and fornication is not confidcrcd any 
 crime : neither mull any perfon offer infult to a wo- 
 man that has been guilty of mifconduct previous to 
 marriage. Every man is permitted to have three wives, 
 if he can maintain them, but not more. 
 
 They arc very abflemious in their diet, their princi- 
 pal food confiliing of foots made into meal, and naked. 
 They fit crofs-icgged at their meals, in the fa-nc man- 
 ner as in other calwrn countries. The floor on which 
 they fit is covered with a fine mat; and, inflead of ta- 
 ble-cloths, they ufc banana leaves. Their dillics are 
 chiefly of china, all vefTcls of gold and filver bcin:r pro. 
 hibitcd by law : they arc made round, with a cover, 
 over which is a piece of filk to keep out the ants. They 
 take up their viduals with their fingers, and in fo care- 
 ful a manner as not to let any fall; and if they havcoc- 
 cafion ro fpit, they rife from the table and walk out. 
 They do not drink till they have finilhcd their meal, 
 for they confider that as a mark of rudenefs ; and they 
 are very cautious of eating in the prefcnce of ftrangcrs. 
 
 Thefe people are naturally very cleanJy, and when 
 they rife in the morning immediately wafli thcmfelves, 
 rub their eyes with oil, and black their eye-brows. 
 
 Though they are Mahometans, yet they prelerve 
 many Pagan cufloiis : for when crolTed at fi.a, they 
 pray to the king of the winds: and in every iflaml 
 there is a place where thofc who have cfcapcd danger 
 make offerings to him of little vefTels made for the 
 purpofe, in which they put fragrant woods, flowers, 
 and other perfumes, and then turn the vcffel adrift to 
 the mercy of the waves. Such arc the fupcrllitious 
 notions they have of this airy king, that they dare not 
 fpit to the windward for fear of ofrendinghiin ; and all 
 their veffe's being devoted to him, thev arc kept 
 equally clean with their rnofques. They i'lipute 
 croffes, ficknefs, anc. death, to the devij; and in a cer- 
 tain place make him offerings of fl.nvcrs and banquets, 
 order to pacify him. 
 
 Their mofiiucsaie very neat buildings, and madcof 
 flonc well cemented : each of them is fititatcd in the 
 center of a fquare, and round them they bury their 
 dead. The mol'que has three doors, each afcended by 
 aflightof fteps. 'Ihe walls wiihinare wainfcotted, and 
 the ceiling isof wood beautifully variegated. The floor 
 i"> of polifhed ftonc, covered with mats and tapeftry ; 
 and the ceiling and wainfcotting arc firmly joined 
 without either nails or pegs. 
 
 tlach mofquc has its priefl, who, befidcs the public 
 duties of his oflicc, teaches the children to read and 
 write the Maldivian language, which isa radical tongue. 
 He alfo inflruets them in the Arabic language, and is 
 rewarded for thefe ferviccs by the parents. 
 
 Thofc who are very religious go to themof(;|ue five 
 times a day ; and, before they enter it, they walh their 
 feet, hands, cars, eyes, and mouth; nor will they 
 neglect doing this on any occafion whatever. Thofe 
 who do not chufc to go to the mofquc may fay their 
 prayers at home; but if they are known to omit do- 
 ing one or the other, they are treated with the greateft 
 contempt, as no perfon will cither cat or convcrfe 
 with them. 
 
 They keep their fabbath on the Friday, which is ce- 
 lebrated with great feflivity ; and tlie fame is obfervid 
 on the day of every new moon. They have likcwilc 
 fevcral other fclUvals in i" c courfe of the year. 
 
 When two jKrfons intend entering into the mar- 
 riage Itatc, the man gives information of his defign to 
 the pandiarc, or governor, whoatks him if he is wil- 
 ling to have tiic woman propofed: on his anfwcring in 
 the affirmative, the pandiarc queflions the parents as 
 totheirconfcni: if thcyapproveof it the woman is then 
 brought, and the parties are married in the prefcnce of 
 their friends and relations, A woman cannot part f-oni 
 her hufband without his confent, though a man may 
 divorce his wife. 
 
 On the death of any one the corpfe is wafhcd by a 
 perfon of the fame fex, of which there are feveral in 
 each illand apj ointcd for that purpofe. After this is 
 
 dons, 
 
 . V ■. r 
 
 '•I 
 
 'u;n 
 
 m 
 
 '. 'u 
 
 'I 
 
R 
 
 304 A NF"* ROYAL .\sn AUTHENTIC SV 
 
 done, it is wrapped up incotton, w itli the right hand 
 
 f»Iaii(.l on the t.ir, and the left on tl'.e thigh. It is ihxn 
 aid on the ri<;ht lidc in a collin of canticu wo(id, and 
 cairied to the place of interment by lix relations or 
 friends, and followed by the neighbours, who attend 
 without being invited. The grave is covered w ith a 
 large piece ot filk or cotton, whicii, after the inter- 
 ment, becomes the property of the priell. Thecorpfc 
 is laid in the grave with the face towards Mahomet's 
 tomb; and after it is depnlited, the gr.wc is filKd up 
 uith white fand fprinkled with water. In the procel- 
 fion both to and from the grave, the relations fcatter 
 Hicils for the benefit of the poor, and give pieces of 
 gold and liUer to the prielf, in proportion to the cir- 
 cumrtances of the dcceafed. Thepriell lint's coniinu- 
 aliv during the ceremony, and w iu n the u hole is over, 
 the relations invite the company to a feart. They in- 
 clofc their <;iaves with wooden rails, for the) confider 
 it as a lin foi any pcifon to w alk over them ; and they 
 pay fuch refpect to the bones of the dead, that no pcr- 
 foMs dare touch them, not even the prielts themfilves. 
 Thev make little difference in their habit on thcfe oc- 
 calions: the mourners only go bareheaded to the grave, 
 and continue fo lor a few days after the interment. 
 
 If a pcrfon dies at lea, tlie boily, after being walh- 
 cd, is put into a collin, with a written paper men- 
 tioning his religion, and rcipiefling thole who may 
 tiuxt with the corpfe to give it decent interment. 
 They then (ing over it, and, after having compleatetl 
 their ceremonies, they place it on a plank of candou 
 wood, and con.mit it to the waves. 
 
 Male, the moll confidcrablc of the Maldive illands, 
 is the rclidcnce of the king. It is iituated in the cen- 
 ter of the rell, and i-. about five miles in circumfer- 
 ence. The king 1 as here a magnificent j)alace, 111 
 vliich his beds arc hung like hammocks between t\\ o 
 pillars ornamented with gold ; and when he lies down, 
 he is rocked to Ikcp by his attendants. His ufual drels 
 conlilfsof a coat made of fine white cloth or cotton, 
 •with white and blue edgings, fallened with buttons 
 of folid gold : under this is a piece of red embroidered 
 tapeftry that reaches down to his heels, and is fallened 
 with a large filk girdle fringed, and a great gold chain 
 before, with a lock formed of the moil precious and 
 valuable (loncs. I le wears a fcarlet caj) on his head, 
 vhich is a colour fo cllecmed that no other pcrfon 
 dare prefumc to ufe it. This cap is laced with gold, 
 and on the top of it isa large gold button w ith a pre- 
 cious ftonc. 'i'he grandees and fokliers wear long hair, 
 but the king's head is fliavcd once a week: he goes 
 bare-legged, but wears fandals of gilt copper, which 
 imid not b.e worn by any other perlbns except thole 
 of the nnal family. 
 
 When he goe^ abroad his dignity is particularly di- 
 flinguillied by a w hite umbrella, w hich no other per- 
 fon,"c.\cept llrangers, are permitted to ufe. He has 
 three pages near his pcrfon, one of whom carries his 
 fur, another his fu ord and buckler, and a third a box 
 ol betel and areka, w hich he almoll conllantly chews. 
 
 When the tjuetngoes abroad, all the women in their 
 rcfpcCtivediltnclsmcct her with Howers, fruits, &c. 
 She is attended by a great number of lemale Haves, 
 fome of whom go before to give notice to the men to 
 keep out of the way; and four ladies carry a veil of 
 white lilk over her head that reaches to the ground. 
 She and her ladies frujucn' ly bathe in the lea tor their 
 health, for the convenicnci. of which they have a place 
 on the fliorc dole to the water, which is inclored,and 
 the top of it covered with white cotton. 
 
 The i^rincipal pait of the iiibility and gentry live in 
 the north parts of this illan.!, lor tlie convenience of 
 being near ihe couii ; and lb much is thu divilion 
 
 STEM OF UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 cllecmed, that w hen the king banilhcs a criniin?! lie ij 
 thought to be fulFicicntly puniihcd by being (cnt to 
 t!ie fouih. 
 
 The kmg'-s guards conlill of 60 \ w ho are coninunj, 
 ed by his granilces ; ano he has conliclerahle ni;iir,^ 
 zincs of armour, cannon, and fe\eral forts of aiuuu' 
 nition. His revenue conlills chicll of a luimbu (f 
 illands appropriated to the crown, with certain ia\c! 
 on the various pr(>duCt.ions ot others: in the nioiicv 
 paid to purchafe titles and ollices, and for liceiicLi -o 
 wear tine cloaths. 
 
 All the ambergris found in this country (which pre, 
 duces more than any other part of the liulies) is .ili'o 
 the |)ropeity of the king ; and fo narrow ly is it viatchtj 
 that whoever is deteiled in converting it to ins own 
 ufe, is iHinilhed with the lofs of his right h.iiul. 
 
 'J'he government here is abfolute moiuucln, f^f 
 every thing depends on the king's plealiMC. i'jch 
 aitalon,or province, has a iiaybe, or governor, wi,uii 
 both a prielt and a doctor of the law. 1 !e not (mly 
 prelides over the inferiorprieils, and is velKd wululji; 
 management of all religious all'airs, but he is likiwilc 
 cntruited with the adminillration of julUce, hu.h la 
 ci\il and criminal cafes. They are In lad, foma:i/ 
 judges, and make four circuits every year i.hii,^j-li(j.:t 
 then refpcijtive )urildiotions. 
 
 The punilhments for crimes arc various: ifam.n 
 is murdered the w ife canniit prolecute the ciiinii!,.! ; 
 but if the deceafed has kit any children, the y.wie 
 obliges himtoniaintain them till they are ofagc.wiui 
 they may eitherprofccutcor pardonthcmurdi.icr. I he 
 Healing any thing valuable ispunilliedwith the loisof 
 a hand, and fortrilling matters they are baiiillKd un'.iit 
 louthcrn illands. An adultrefs is punilhed by h.n i-.r 
 her h.aircut off, and thole guilty of perjury pay ,1 pc- 
 cuniary mulcl. Notw ithllandingthelaw mnke^hoini- 
 cide death, yet a criminal is never condenuKil to ilic 
 unlefs it is exprefsly ordered by the king ; in uh; h 
 cafe he fends his ow n foldieri to execute tiic ItntcKc, 
 
 The principal articles exported from thcle iilaiiiis 
 arci cocoa-nuts, cowrie-, and toitoi(e-lliell,thcl;!lof 
 which is exceeding beautiful, and not to be ma vu;l» 
 in any other place, except the Philijipine lllanJ>. fix 
 articles imported are, iron. Heel, Ipiccs, china, ri{, 
 &:c. all which are cngrolled by the king, wholUis 
 them to hisfubjci^is at his own pi ice. 
 
 Their money is lilvcr, and ol oiic fort only, ca!kd 
 lorrins, each ol'which is about the value of 8d. It is 
 about two inches in length, and folded, the kiM;;'j 
 name being fet upon the fokls in Arabic chaiacttrs. 
 They fometimes ufe the Ihells of cowries, inlleuluf 
 fmall change. I 200 of which make a loirinjbutin 
 their own markets th:'y frequently barter onethiiin tor 
 another. Their gold and lilvcr is all import, d horn 
 abroad, and is current here by weight, as in ir.a;iy 
 other parts of the Indies. 
 
 Thefe illands arc happily fituated for proJuiin;; 
 mutual commerce to the refpective inhabitants: lor 
 iho' the thirteen attolons, or provinces, are in the 
 lame climate, ami all of them very fertile, yet they 
 produce fuch ditlerent commodities, that the people 
 in one cannot live without what is found in another. 
 The inhabitants have likew ifc fo divideil thuiiklvca, 
 as greatly to enhance this commercial advantage ; tor 
 all the weavers live inoncilland, the goldfmiths ai 
 another ; and fo on of the dilfercnt manuiactuies. In 
 order, however, to nake the communication ealy, 
 thefe artificers have fmall bo:.ts built high on both 
 fides, in which they work, llecp and cat, while (ail- 
 ing fiomone illand to another to cxpofc their goidi 
 to fale, andfometimcsthey areout aconlideiable time 
 before they return to their fixed habitations. 
 
 L E S B O !: 
 
 I S L A N D "i 
 
 1 1 
 
:jeogr,\piiy. 
 
 ;bani(licsacrimin?Ihcij 
 liiShcd by being fcnt to 
 
 C 305 ] 
 
 C II A P. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 ISLANDS OF ASIA under the DoMtNiON of the TURKS. 
 
 this country (which pn:, 
 part of the liuliei) U a],,, 
 J lb narrowly is itv. atchi J 
 
 convcitiniT It to his own 
 
 ISLANDS 
 
 THE Afiatic Iflaiuls belonging to the Turks arc 
 fcattcrcd about the Archipelago, lb called from 
 the Greek words /Ircbos unA PeLr^os, the firll iignify- 
 intx chief, and the latter a fea, thi; being the chief feu 
 in thefe parts. 'I'iirotigh the oppri-ITion of the Otto- 
 iiiin government, they maintain but little of their for- 
 ii.LT opulence and importance. Wc iliall dciciibe 
 thcni in order as follows. 
 
 T EN EDO S. 
 
 Ko one ofthe iflands of the Archip .ago has been 
 
 iiiorcfamed in the hiUorian's p-ige, and nepoet's num- 
 bers, than Tene.los.tliough it is oaeotthe fmalleltin 
 .thii Archipelag*). It lies in4odep-. north latitude, and 
 26 degrees call loi-gitude, exactly oppolitc to I'roy, 
 from the fnore of which it is about two leagues dillant, 
 ar.d, indeed, foriiK-d tiicTioj m harbour. It was lie- 
 hind this ifiand that the Grecians concealed their fleet 
 in order to delude the Trojans, by nuking them fup- 
 |)uH; that they bad raifed tiic liege, and gone home. 
 
 After the i. U of Trey, the ini'.abitants f>f ihis ifland 
 vcre reduced to a flati- nf the utmolt indigence. At 
 length they w ere conqi: 'cd by the Perfians, and after- 
 wards alternately fubdi ci' by the L;\ce'.!emonians, Ro- 
 rians, and Turks. It is near twenty miles in circum- 
 ference, and forn-.ci-iy had r. ror»<ld''-a'.''.c city, and two 
 havens. It wr.'i likcwife cclebia:ed tora temple dedi- 
 catedtoApoItoSyninthiiis. The only antiijuities now 
 tobefeenon this i']and, are the ruins of the granaries 
 built by the Emperor luninian : they were ?So feet in 
 kngih, ami 90 in breadth. This illand produces the 
 bell and nioiitUlicious wine in all the Levant, which 
 is called Mufcadinc, and is lieid in tlie higheft rejiute 
 both by -b.uropeans ;iiiJ Aftatics. Tenedos is furioun- 
 dcd by nn,k<, and contains teveral towns, orr'Uhervil- 
 la;;es, the princijial of which has the fame nariic as the 
 illand, is inhabiteei by Cjietks, and adorned with 
 many f()untain<i of white marble, being made of Hones 
 brought from the ruins of Ttoy. A ftrong caftle, 
 lUiiked with fijuare toners, Hands on the north of 
 the town, clofe to the fea; bciides which, two round 
 towers, and a battery of :o g ins, defend the haven. 
 To the fouth of the port there is another caftle, w hich 
 commands thx town and harbour, and is confequently 
 'f the ulniolt importance to the place. The tombs 
 of Marpcfis, queen of the Amazons, and of the hero 
 Achilles, are fhewn here. 
 
 LESBOS OR MITYLENE. 
 
 Leshos, one of the principal iflands of the Archi- 
 pelago, is about 60 miles from Tenedos, and near 8 
 iroiii the continent of Afia. It lies uniicr the ;59th 
 degree of north latitude, and bei.-.ccn the 36ih and 
 i'/tiuiegreesof call U iigitude, being about 70 miles in 
 length, and 186 in circumference. The chief cities were, 
 
 Arilba, which was entirely tleftroyed by an earth- 
 quake. 
 
 I'yrrha, on the weftern coaft towards Greece, 
 which imt w itii the fante fate as the former, as did 
 Hiira and Agamis. 
 
 luvlHis was lif.iatcd on the foiithern promontory of 
 the illand and only famous for having been the birth- 
 ]Mace ofthe celebrated Theophraftus, who fucceeded 
 Anllotle in his Peripatetic academy. 
 
 Antillii, according to Strabo, was formerly an illand 
 of iflelf, and was called Antilia fron» b.iiig oppolite to 
 l.elbos, which was then known b) the n.'ime of lllii. 
 Ihis city was dell loyed by the Romans, on account of 
 its difallcdion to their government. 
 i>Jo. 28. 
 
 Mcthyinna. This city was theplacc of .Arion's na- 
 tivity, and was in great repute lor the excellent wine 
 which the inhabitants made. 
 
 Mitylene, the metropolis of Lclbos. The city was 
 not more fanjed for the fertility ofthe circumjacent 
 country, and the uncommon magnificence of its build- 
 ings, than for the number of conliderabie perf8n:iges 
 to whom it gave birth. Among thefe were Pittacus, 
 one ofthe feven Grecian fages ; Alceus, the lyric poet; 
 Sappho, the celebrated pprtefs ; Terpander, the .nufi- 
 cian ; Hellanicus, the hiftorian ; Callias, the critic, 
 ^:c. &c. &c. Indeed, Mitylene, was deemed fo 
 much the featoftheMufes, and the center of politenefs, 
 that Ariftotle rcfided in it two years, to partake of the 
 elegant converfation of its inhabitants. 
 
 The city, after having revolted from the Atlienians, 
 was jgreatl) injured by the Peloponcfian war. it was 
 fublequentiy deftroyed by the Romans ; and at its fiege; 
 the famous Julius C;cfir made his lirft campaign, and 
 greatly lignalizcd his courage. Iking afterwards re- 
 built, Ponipey reftored it to its ancient franchifes. 
 The emperor Trnjan adorned it with many elegant 
 llruc'tures, and from his own name called it Trajano- 
 polis, 'Jhis ifland is naturally exceeding fertile, 
 and was celebrated by the ancients for proJucing, iu 
 greatabundance,a!l th.enecclTariesanddi.licacicJof life. 
 The wine, in particular, is excellent, and as much cele« 
 brated by phyiicians tor its falubrity, as admired by the 
 voluptuous fcr its admirable Havour. 
 
 t-o immoral was the chara-Jterof the Lelbians, that 
 at leni;th it became proverbial : for the Greek f y ng. 
 To tiir lihf a Lffl/iai, implied to live the molt ;.bui- 
 doned and profligate lif: that it was poliible for the 
 mind to conceive. 
 
 l.elbos is at prefent but thinly peoj.lcd, and fcarce 
 any thingisto be feenbut the fragments ofits former 
 magnificence. However, ijo.fmall villrgcs arc ftill 
 recKoned, and feveral harbours, particularly Caftri, 
 built on the ruins of the ancient Mit)Ie:ie, wiich is 
 fuuated on the eall lide ofthe illand, has an excellent 
 port, and is dctendcd by a llrong calUc. 
 
 Cos-tiogg is a town built on the fpot where a city 
 anciently llcwd, called the Mount of Ida. The inha- 
 bitants are principally Greeks ; but the neighbouring 
 mountains are infelted by a great number of Turkilh 
 robbers, who are fome of the molt bloody and merci- 
 lefs villains exifting. 
 
 The trade of this illand conlilts princ-ipally of w inc. 
 grain, fruit, cheele, butter, pitch, &c. The duties 
 paid to the Ottoman I'urte amount to 1 S,ooo pialtres; 
 andthe inhabitantsarecomputedatabout 20,000. The 
 houfes at prefent are lou and mean built, and the peo- 
 ple mii'erably poor. They are, however, as much de- 
 baucheilas when they lived in greater allluence. Ma- 
 gazines are here kept, to furnilh the Turkifli gallies 
 w ith llorci which are employetl by the Porte te cruifc 
 ag.iinit the pirates that infeil fome of thefe illands. 
 The governor is a cadi ;but the troops on th*. illand 
 are commanded by an aga of thejaiidliiiies. 
 
 THE C A R K E N E R S. 
 
 ThcCareeners, orSpalmadori Iflands, arefmall.and 
 being lituatcd north of l.eibos, the pii^.tesput in hero 
 to careen, the fi;ii.ition being the belt imaginable lor 
 watching the Ihips that trade to and from Conltanti- 
 nople. 
 
 C H I O S. 
 
 Chios, or Scio, which lies injgdeg. north latituJ*?, 
 
 and 27 deg. call longitude, is called by the Tuik-i 
 
 4 H Sakifaduci, 
 
 ; I 
 
- Ll i' jj- 
 
 4 
 
 306 A NFAV, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC S\ 
 
 Sakifailuci. It is lltuatcd oppoUtcto the coaft of Ionia, 
 and has a coaft of 80 iniks in circuit, being divided 
 into upper ami lower (ground ; the lormer terminating 
 towards the north, at Cape Apanomeria; and the latter 
 toward- the loiith, at Cape Mallico. This illand is 
 mouniainoiis and nKky ; yet the plains pro«.lucc corn, 
 win,c, oil, honey, fruits, andgunis; though the ferti- 
 lity is much impeded by the great fcarcity of water. 
 'J'hc country is fertile and populous, and the inhabi- 
 tants opulent. I'hc men are well made, the women 
 handfome, and both fexes fo much inclined to mirth, 
 that they think all the time loft which is not employed 
 in fmging, dancing, fealUng, revelling or gallan- 
 try. 
 
 A coiifiderable commerce is carried on here; but the 
 harlwur is bp 1, and, 'ndccd, dangerous; yet the Ihips 
 going to ind coming from Conllaatinople rendezvous 
 at this place: and a Turkifli fvjuadron is kept here to 
 protect the merchant fliips, and annoy the pirates. 
 
 Scio, the cap'tal, is a handfome city. I'he houfcs 
 arc elegant, and have grand terraces, and w indows, 
 •gla7xd\vith red an.l green gl.ds. The Venetians took 
 it in 1694, and greatly cmbellidied it, but lolHt the 
 year following. It is two miles in circumference, and 
 environed by fevcral Kaitilul girdens. "Fhc inhabi- 
 tants arc chiefly of the (Jreck Church, or Roman Ca- 
 tholics, and ha^e federal churches and monalteries, 
 which remain unmolellcd by the Turks, who likewife 
 permit til m openly to profefs their religion. 
 
 The I itadel was eie^U\l by the Genoefc, in order to 
 defend the entrance of the harbour. It is guarded by 
 a lurki'li girrifon. The cfplanadc, or fpace between 
 the ci:ad>l and lirllhoidVs of the tow n, was formed by 
 the Ven<tiaii^, who, for that purpofc, deniolilhcd all 
 the houfes in the vicinity of the calUc. On this efpla- 
 nade, whicii prefentsa moll pleating appearance, there 
 is a finetouniain in the Turkilh Rile. We (liall annex 
 a beautiful view of the whole. Part of the citadel ap- 
 pears to the left of this pi:hirefi.iue fcenc. 
 
 About fw o leagues from the city, in the midft of the 
 mountains, is a convent, very conli'icrable lor its vail 
 revenues. 
 
 At Scio tlicy manuf.iclurc filk, and gold and filvcr 
 ftufl's. There is a branch of commerce peculiar to this 
 ifland; this is tlie produce of the Icniijk trees, which 
 furnifli the gum called majliib, of which the Turkilh 
 and Grecian Lidies confumc great quantities. They 
 tontiniiaily chew this drug, which gives an agreeable 
 aromatic flavour to their breath, but is very injurious 
 to th- beauty of the teeth. 
 
 It is to be obfervtd, that Scio was one of the fcven 
 cites thar contended lof the honour of having given 
 birth to Ilomor, and their coin formerly was Itampcd 
 vith h.s image. 
 
 The natives of this iHand are, by their neighbours 
 in genera}, deemed a very ftupid and ignorant fet of 
 people The lurks call them /VjA//o.', which lignilics 
 Jbiilloiv ivrrlcha, and have a proverb conccmiinj tliem, 
 vhich n;hy be thustranflatcd: 
 
 Before a wife Sciot fliall ever be feen. 
 
 Be furc you lliall meet w ith a hurfc that is grecrr. 
 
 The whole ifiand contains 30 villages, 300 churchc") 
 7,ooo Latins, I o.coo Turks, and 100,000 Greeks. I" 
 lime of peace it is governed by a cadi, with a ftipend 
 of 1,00 afpcrs per iiay: but in war time a bafliaw is 
 fent fromConftantinopkrotakeupon him the fiipremc 
 command. 'I'he Greek bifliop is inmienfely rii.h, hav- 
 ing, belidcs the above mentioned 300 churches, many 
 cli.ip'ls and m.mifk'ries unuer his jurifdicUon. The 
 chi fof tl-.e latter, called Neamoni, or New Solitude, 
 is about five miles from Scio, contains 150 monks, 
 and pays to the government 50,000 crowns annually, 
 vhich It can well afl'ord, its yearly revenue being 
 500.C00 crow ns, or an eighth of the produce ot the 
 vhole illaiul. 
 
 Next to the capital the following are the moftcon- 
 fideiable towns la the iiktid. 
 
 STEM OF UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Callimacha, the chief maflichtown. contains fi--> 
 churches, which have 30 fuburdinatc chapek, anj 
 nunnery belonging to them. ' ■* 
 
 Pergi, which contains a cartle. 30 churdus. anJ 
 2000 inhabitants, 
 
 Mcfta. This town is famous for the ncdlar wjnt 
 which its neighbouring vineyards produce. 
 
 Annolia is a maltich town, defended by a ftij-, 
 caftlc. '"^ 
 
 Volifla is famous for itsfilk manufactory. It contain} 
 300 houfcs, 1500 inhabitants, and is defemled hv a 
 cafllc, which was erec'tcd by the relebratcd BelifaHi;, 
 w ho experienced the moft artonilhing reverie of (ur.' 
 tunc, and, from the glorious conqueror, became ih" 
 public beggar. 
 
 St. Hek-na.ofthe Archipelago, is fituarcd on a rnck- 
 and contains two churches, a ciiapel, and about \3 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Cambia has a caflleupona rock, and is cclcbntd 
 for its pines, with which the Turks build many mll.^i 
 and for a hoc medicinal fpring. ' 
 
 Cardamita is lituatcd in a very rich territorv, which 
 in particular, produces 170 tons of excellent wine an' 
 nually. Many coins of Confhuitine the Great have hccn 
 dug up in the neighbourhood, A fpring of water illacs 
 from a rock at no great diftance,which ■• ir- fji; f„fm3 
 a beautiful calcade. The town wa.^ aiu tamcdfor 
 
 the temple of Neptune, near I'jrt Dol;;,,!!!, tliciujns 
 otWhich are, yet to be feen. 
 
 While this ifland was under the dominion of the Vo. 
 nctians and the Genoc.'e, the natives were permit:" i'o 
 be governed by their own law s ; but (ince the '\vA% 
 contjucred it, the poor people arc both lieipifcd rj 
 opprelled. 
 
 Thus conquefl gives the bloody power to kiil, 
 Or the black privilege of uling ill. 
 Who heaves a ligh if fi eedom be the caufe. 
 Is by the viiilor decm'd to break the \.\\\i. 
 On godlike liberty who call-; a glance. 
 Falls the fad vicliin of the recking 1 mce. 
 TIr oppiefs'd in lileiu forrow mull remain. 
 Nor dare of their hard delliny complain, 
 
 P S A R A. 
 
 PsAT(A,a vcryfmall idand to the weft ward of Chio'!, 
 is not remarkable for any thing but a breed of afft-<,\»ha 
 die immediately after being carrieil from the il!,i;ij; 
 but arc exrcedingfl^rong, hardy, and long liveJ, while 
 thcT remain in their native place. 
 
 Near this ifland are foinc linallcr iflamls callcil Ca. 
 recners, which like thofc already rnciuioncd, arc iic- 
 cjucnted by Pirates. 
 
 S A M O S. 
 
 SamosHcs in 37 degrees north latitude, and:-i'f- 
 p.ces cafl loBgitudc, at the dilbnce of 40 miles Irniii 
 Jhios, and oppofitc to the fouth coaft of Ionia. It '* 
 .ibout Somfles in circumference, and thefee of anarch- 
 bilkop: but this prelate is exceeding poor; for he i« 
 obliged to pay annually lb large a Itipend to the court of 
 Conlhntinoplc that he fi:arcc knues hiitifeU" .my 
 thing. It was formerly a comnwnweakh; and is natu- 
 rally fovery fertile, that when Greece was at the fiim- 
 mitofherglory, it was dccmeil, though lefsthannianv, 
 of as much importance as any of the iflandsof the Ar- 
 chipelago. The trade at prcfcnt contilts ot ffvcP 
 forts of wines, which arc admirable, a fuperior kina 
 of onions and garlic, fine tarthern ware, raw lilk.mli 
 honey, falfron, fruits, drugs, minerals, emery, ochu;, 
 bkack dye, fiic. Notwithltanding the natural r'w\''K\i 
 of this ifland, the natives are fo much opprelkd by thi 
 Turks, and plundered by the pirates, who infdl ''i'^ 
 coaft, that they arc in general miferably poor. 1 1''-' 
 inhabitants aie about 1 2,0C0, principally Greeks 1 '>•■ 
 capitation tax wliichthey nay amounts to about (u*:^ 
 
 trowr^, 
 
 P A T M C 
 
 -il -P ■! 
 
I 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 nail ith town, contains f^o 
 ubordin-itc chapel;, aiU j 
 n. 
 
 a caftle, 30 churdus, anj 
 
 mous for the ncdar wine 
 
 icyards produce. 
 
 iivn, defcnilcd by a ftionT 
 
 Ik manufadory.lt contains 
 nts and is dc-fcndcd liv , 
 by the relehratcd Iklllir.vi 
 allonilhing reverie ot tur' 
 us conqueror, became ih: 
 
 pctago, is fitpnred on a rock 
 i, a ciiapcl, and about :c3 
 
 n a rock, and is ccicbntrd 
 le Turks build many gallic 
 I ring. ' 
 
 a very rich territory, which, 
 ) tons ofcxcdlcnt wine an* 
 flantine the Great have liccn 
 )od. A fpring of water illucj 
 :ance,which ■ 'r- f>i;,f„rrT..s 
 )wn\\asam tamcdtor 
 
 :ar Port Dolp.an, thciuins 
 n. 
 
 dcrthc dominion of the 'V. 
 he natives were permit;;-! to 
 laws 1 but fmce the Turk? 
 oplc arc both deipifcd .ir4 
 
 e bloody power to kiil, 
 )f uling ill. 
 xdoni be the caufc, 
 to break the huu. 
 I call^ a glance, 
 le reeking lince. 
 ()rn)w mult remain, 
 lelliny complain. 
 
 A R A. 
 
 nd to the weftward of Ciiini, 
 ;hing but a breed of alTt^.rfhd 
 ing carried fiuni the '.IliinJ; 
 hardy, and long livai.whili: 
 vc place. 
 
 nc fmaller iflands rallcil Ca- 
 already mentioned, arc iic« 
 
 M O S. 
 
 rs north latitude, and nic- 
 he dirtance of 40 miles lr""> 
 ic fouth coaft of Ionia, li ■> 
 crcnce, and thefee of an anh- 
 is exceeding poor ; for he f 
 I large a fbipeiKi to the conruif 
 fcarcc lea\es hiinlVU" any 
 comnwnwcalth; and is nm- 
 when Greece was atthefiim- 
 jincd, though Icfsthnnnianv, 
 i any of the iflands of the Ar- 
 X prefent conlilh of fevaa 
 ; admiiahle, a fuperior kin>l 
 c tarthern ware, raw lilk,i'ili 
 rugs, minerals, emery, ochu;, 
 hltanding the natural riclincl) 
 are fo much opprelial by ;h; 
 ly the pirates, who Infdl ™ 
 eneral miferably poor, li"- 
 ,000, principally Greeks 1'''= 
 ■y pay amounts to about b.fo 
 crowi'b, 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 crowns , anJi the cuftoms are farmed at 10,000 more. 
 The governor, who is an aga of the Janillarics, colleds 
 about as much again for himfelf, ar.d makes himfclf 
 likewife heir to every (ireok who dies without male 
 ilTue; t.ikuig money, houfe, gcwids, and i'ldeed every 
 thing but the garden, which is left to the quiet poffef- 
 lion of the daughters. 
 
 The chief tov. n Ji^aino?, which, as well as the ifland 
 itfelf, the Turks called SuHim, is now reduced to a 
 poor mtan village : and to add to its wrctchednefs,thc 
 pirates frequently plunder it : but the noble fragments 
 of its ancient fplendor, which ilill remain, excite at 
 once admiration and melancholy in the beholder. 
 
 Vati, though formerly a fplendid city, is now only 
 a mean village, containing about 300 milerablehoules, 
 and a few wretched inhabitants. ' 
 
 Cora contains about 600 lioufes, but fmce it was 
 plundered by the Venetians many of them are gone to 
 ruin, and more are uninhabited. 
 
 Tiie r-.(l of the towns are as miferable; and, upon 
 the v\ hole, the ifland prefents little belides but fcencs 
 that are Ihocking to tlie imagination. 
 
 Tne Hermitage of Cac(>perata is highly reverenced 
 by the Greeks; it is a horrid cavern, with a rocky af- 
 cent to it of about 500 yards, narrow, fkep, and 
 craggy ; but tliey are very lond of fuch difmal and ro- 
 miintic ficuations. 
 
 Samos is celebrated in hi (lory for having given birth 
 to that admirable ])hilofopher Pythagoras, 
 
 The city of Samos was formerly very magnificent, 
 as wc may judge from its ruins, which are Hill fuperb 
 inoiiuments of it i ancient grandeur. It was fainous 
 ibr a noble temple built to the honour of Juno, fomc 
 Velliges of which Itill remain. 
 
 N I C A R I A, OR I C A R I A. 
 
 NicARiA lies in 37 deg. 30 min. north lat. and 26 
 ^cg. 30 min. caft long, is about 70 miles in circumte- 
 rence, and rocky, mountainous and barren. It has no 
 harbours for fliipping,and confequtntlyiiuift be witii- 
 oiit commerce. Hie Samians fay, that when the two 
 illands wei-e made, all the gootl materials were ex- 
 hauiled in making Samos, and that nothing but rub- 
 bilh remained for Nicaria. Some benefits, however, 
 arife to the natives from thel'e diladvantagcs, for the 
 Turks do not think it worth their while to opprcfs 
 them, nor the pirates to plunder them, 
 
 'I'he inhabitants, who are abour 3000 in number, 
 have wine, iheep, goats, and aromatic herbs ; thev row 
 their boats, and do other work quite naked, tor fear of 
 Wearing out the few ch)ths they arc able to procure. 
 
 A riilgc of mountains parts the ifland. There arc 
 but two towns and a few fcattercd houfcs, and the na- 
 tives are very lazy, of a favage dilpotition, and fpcak 
 a moll barbarous dialedtof the Greek. They have a 
 kind of bifliop, 24 prielts, and a few chapels. The 
 people are ftrong and well made, but id favoured and 
 rally, and have in general a bad charadlcr. 
 
 P A T M O S, OR P A T II M O S. 
 
 The ifland of Patmos lies in 17 deg. 20 min. north 
 iat. and 26 deg. 45 min. call long, is 10 miles fouth- 
 wetl of Nicaria, and only about 18 in circumference: 
 neverthelefs it has feveral convenient harbours, which 
 give it the advantage over many others of the Levant 
 iflands, De la Scala, its principal port, is deemed the 
 Very bell in the Archijielago. Sapfila and Cricouare 
 likewifeexcellent harbours, but they ureall terribly in- 
 fcfled by pirates, which has obliged the inhabitants of 
 Saplilato evacuate the tow 11 and retire up a neighbour- 
 ing hill to themoiiaflery of St. John, which isat once 
 a religious houfe and fortrefs, has an annual revenue of 
 6000 crowns,and maintains ico monks. Though the 
 life of bells is prohibited in all other parts of the Tur- 
 kifh dominions, yet the monks of this monaflery arc 
 permitted to have two large ones. 
 
 T U R ?. I S I r ASIATIC ISLANDS. 
 
 207 
 
 St John the Evangelill was baniilicd by the Romans 
 to this ifland, and here compofed his Apncalypfcor 
 Revelation ; thci)l,icc is conlcqnenrl', in great elkvm 
 boih by 'I'urksand Chriflians. St. John's hermitage 
 is lituated upon a rock between Port dc la Scala and 
 the monaflery ; the entrance is hewn out of the folic! 
 rock, and leads to the cluqiel, which i; almofl 44 feet 
 in length, 15 in breadth, and is covered with a Gothic 
 roof. 
 
 The management of this ifland is committed tothc 
 care of two ( Ircek officers, as no Turks relide upon it. 
 The ta' s produce about lOjOOO crowns annually. 
 The houfes are neater than thole of moll of the other 
 iflanils, and the chapels well built, arched, and about 
 250 in number. It is reinarkable, that though the 
 ifland does not contain above 300 men, yet the women 
 are near 60C0 in number ; the latter are good tempered 
 and handfome, but fpoil their faces by uiing a prodigi- 
 ous quantity of paint: however.thc fweetnefs of their 
 difpolitions makes amend-, for all faults, and furpalfc* 
 beauty. 
 
 C L A R O .S. 
 
 Claros lies very near Patmos, is mountainous, about 
 40 rtiihs in circumference, has two fea-ports, a town 
 and caflle, to which it gives name, yet v. as never fa- 
 mous for any thin^; but a magnificent temple dedicated 
 to Apollo. 
 
 L E R O S. 
 
 The ifland of Lcros, Lcrio, or Olcron, lies to the 
 fouth of Patmos and north of Llaros, is 18 miles in 
 circun.ference, and produces abundance of aloes ; 
 Greeks and Turks inhabit it but are not numerous. 
 It contains but one fmall tow n, a few fcattercd ham- 
 lets, and a fma'd number of monafteries. Upon a hill 
 are fome noble ruins, injiarticular about twenty fuperb 
 marble pillars that rcm:'in entire, and which are, per- 
 haps, r!ie remnants of ihe temple of Diana, on whofc 
 aeeount this illand was formerly faniejus. 
 
 The MANDRIA ISLANDS. 
 
 Tun Mandria Iflands arc a cluftcr of fmall iflands to 
 the cad ward of Leros, the center ifland is by far the 
 largefl, I ut none of them are inhabited, except by the 
 pirates that infell thofe parts, and who are fome of the 
 moll lavage wretches exilling, murdering the crews 
 of all the Ihips they are able tooverjiower. 
 15okl were the men, \\ ho on the ocean firft 
 Spread their new f.iils, when lliipwreck was the worft; 
 More dangers now from man alone we find. 
 Than from the rocks, the billows, or the wind. ' 
 
 S T A N C 1 11 0. OR COOS. 
 
 Stanchio, v.hichlies in 39 deg. 40 min. north Iat. 
 and 27 deg. 30 min. eaft'long. is oppofite to thecoaft 
 of Doris, 80 miles from Samos, 70 in circumference, 
 has a fruitful foil, anel towards the call gradually rifts 
 into mountains ; it is rich in paflure, wines, fruit, tur- 
 pentine, cyprcfs, medicinal and other plants, &:c. 
 
 Cos, the capital, is fpacious, populous, well built, 
 and flrongly fortifieei : it is lituated onthe r.-'lUrn coafl, 
 and was formerly famous for a fuperb temple of /tfci,:- 
 lapius, as the ifland itfelfwas lor the b'nh of the ce- 
 lebrated Hippocrates, whole houfe is tlilinunvn in the 
 town of Harangues ;.but: both thele celehrr.teJ phyli- 
 cians owed their fame more to their receimnundmg 
 temperance than to any of the medicines they rhfcc- 
 vered. 
 
 Cos was celebrated for fome light garments made 
 h.ere, and called Veil i menta Coa ; but was iV.U more 
 famous for the flatue of \'enus, made here by Apelles, 
 who was 1. native of this little ifland : and hence origi- 
 natte! the notion of Venus's riling out of the fea. 
 
 This fine piece of w orkmanfliip was firfl lodged in a 
 Ilatcly temple, but Aigullus carried it to Rome; and 
 
 to 
 
 'I / fi 
 
 ^ f ^Si 
 
 l.> 
 
•\6i 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM o» UNIVERSAL CEOGR AHY. 
 
 I 
 
 t>i 
 
 to make the fujicrflitious people fomc amends for its 
 lols, tlieir tribute was entiri ly rcimttcil. The harbour 
 is giHxi, ami well fccurcd from pirates. 
 
 S T A M P A L I A. 
 
 This ifland lies about 40 miles from the Coafl of 
 Anatolia, is 60 n)iks in circuniforcncc, has a town "f 
 it.s own name on the fouth coall, two harbours, and 
 vas aniitntlv ccltbrattci for its tcniplc of Apollo. It 
 has a church or two lubjcd to a bilhop, 
 
 CARPANTHUS. 
 
 Cari'antiius, or Scarparto, on the fouth coad of 
 Doris, lies in jj deg. 45 min. north lat. and 27 deg. 
 40 min. call long, is between Cerate aiKl Rhodes, and 
 anciently ^ja\e name to the Carpanthian fea. It iJ 
 near 80 miles it\ circumference, but it is niountainou's, 
 barren, and but thinly inhabited. It ha.s no town ex- 
 cept ^cat pinto, whole harbour is tolerable, but ter- 
 ribly intclkd by the pirates. 
 
 ISLANDS IN THE GULPH or SMYRNA. 
 
 These iflands, which arc five in number, are fmall 
 and uninh.ibitcd; one is called Longllland,or Ifoladc 
 Lglere, that is. Church Illaiid ; it is 10 miles long, 
 ratlier narrow, anil contains the ruins ofa magnificent 
 temple. Another of ihcm the Circ»;ks fay formerly 
 contained many elegant buildings, of which no vefligcs 
 aie at pielcnt lift, but an a[)artnicnt fup|!ortcd by four 
 pillars, tl-.c whole beinjicut out of the fotid rix;k ; from 
 
 IlgCl 
 
 forr 
 
 this illand a caufeway formerly joined to the main land 
 but it is now entirely ruined. Some have imagined 
 this to be the Clazomene of the anticnts, but w hether 
 the conjiOture is right wc cannot determine, 
 
 RHODES. 
 
 ■RiioPES extends f'-nm 35 deg. 50 min. to 36 deg, 
 3omin. north lat. anv.fioiii 28ilig. lomin. to 28 deg. 
 44 irin. call long, being 75 miles eaft from Candia, 
 S troni the Lycian roaft, and about 120 in circumfe- 
 rence. This ifland hath been long famed in hirtory 
 under various names, and its inhabitants very caily 
 Were deimcd a maritime people. When attacked by 
 tlu'Grecks, the RlKxiiaiis called in the Romans to their 
 aflinancc: who, according to their ufiial cudom, drove 
 awiiy the Rhodian's enemies, and repaid thcmfelves 
 for their tiouble, by leizing their country, i.nd tiic 
 property of the natives; alter which it underwent va- 
 rious re\olutions. It \\as taken by the Venetians in 
 1124. The Turks conquered it ini a 83, but w ere dri- 
 ven out of it by the knights of St. John of Jerufalem 
 in 1308 ; lowcver, .Sohman the Magnificent attacked 
 it witii an army of 200,coo men, and 300 fliips, and 
 look it, Jan. i, 1523, alter the Khodiaiis had loft up- 
 wards ot 9^,00001 their men, and the Turks a much 
 pieaicr niinhcr. After this misfortune moft of the 
 Rhodians quitted their country, P) that the illand be- 
 came very much depopulated; the Turk.-', however, 
 ilicwcd lb great a rilpect to the knights of Rhodes, 
 that the)- fiilfercd them to keep their houfes, ctlccts, 
 ccatsot arms, (latucs, inii riptioiis, &c. and granted 
 very conliderable privilcjjcs to fiu h as would come and 
 jettlc there, which drtwb.uk liime of the Rhodians, 
 and n ar.y of the Greek.s ; fo ti^at Rhodes, at prefeiu, 
 is as populous and llourilliing as Turkifli tyranny will 
 peimit any place to be m the Ottoman territories. 
 
 The U'ctropolis of Rhodes is called by the fame 
 name, and w as always cfteemed a place of conliderable 
 firength. At prtfent, though its former fplendor is 
 much ilecayid, it is a hanillcmc city, and a good fea- 
 j;ort ; the lituation at tiie lide of a hill is delightful ; 
 It is al out three iviiles in citcuit, foi tilled by a triple 
 Mall and callle, th>)uj^h they are but in bad repair; 
 tjiclliccts aie capacious and well paved, partifijjlarly 
 
 that of St. John, which i^ paved with beaut'TuI rrwrblf 
 the houfes arc eligintlv built in the Italian ulle, and 
 the markets well fujiplied with all kinds of provi'iions. 
 It has two harbours, a latLjeorrc tor Ihip-; »»t'ill nZ 
 tions, and a fmaller for the Turkifh gallics onlv a 
 fquadroii of w hie h are al» ay s kept here to cruife r.giinii 
 the Maltefe lliips. This port is ftui up eveiy nii'lit 
 with a chain, :lnd near it is a Hnejiiazza adorn.d uitK 
 (lately trees, at the extremity of 1^•hich are the arlmal 
 and dock. The church of St. John, a moll ni.bic 
 llruehirc, is converted into a mofquc. Many other 
 churches, the palace formerly belonging to thcrranj 
 mailer, the houfes of the knights, ijcc. arc Hill m.iKiiU 
 ficent fabric ks. 
 
 This city was formerly celebrated fi)r the IcarnliiT 
 and politenefs of its inhabitants, and the numerois ^tZ 
 demies for various arts and fcienccs, which are kipt 
 open at the public cxpencc; but at prefent, l:tcrat,;rc 
 meets here n ith the fame treatment that it docs m 
 inoU other parts cf the Turkifh dominions. 
 
 The foil of Rhodes is fo fertile and rich, that it pro. 
 duces every delicacy which man can with tocnioi-; and 
 the air is themoll jmrc and f'erene that hctouMilelir; 
 to breathe. Indeed, fi;th is the beauty of theco.mai, 
 and delightful.icfs of the climate, as togivcoccaiionto 
 the poets to fei;;n that Apollo rained goKUn (l-.owtrs 
 upon it, and blelFedit with his mollptolitic aiidlalu- 
 brious beams. 
 
 The glorious ruler of the morning. So, 
 Hut looks on (lowers, and (Iraight they !tow; 
 And when his beams their light unfold, 
 Ripens the dullcll earth, and warms it into gel,!. 
 
 Hence the inhabitants crcdcd tiic celcbntcd CVIolFi!! 
 one of the wonders of the world, to the hoiicanf 
 Apollo, or the fun. The prodigious (latuc wn naje 
 ot brafs, 70 cubit.;, or about 123 feet in heigl.t, yro- 
 portion.ibly big in esery part. It Hood allrideo.e'- the 
 haven, fo that ll.ips could fail in and out between i;i 
 legs. In one hand it held a light-houfe, and 111 ihc 
 other a fccptrc : and its head rcprcfmtcd agoklcn fun. 
 The diflancc between the two feet was too yards ; nd 
 two men could fcarcc, with extcrvled arms cinbraca 
 its thumb. After having Hood 66 years, it wa< over, 
 turned by an earthquake: and though the Rhodianj 
 collected fiom the various Grecian ftatcs, a proeli^'ioui 
 fum to defray thccxpences ofrcpaiiingit, yet th; mo- 
 ney wascmbe/7.Ied, and the image was fullered to laf 
 on the ground for the (pace of 894 years, when the Sa- 
 racens took the city, and fold it aj old brafs to a Je ■., 
 who loaded 900 camels with it; the whole weight heim; 
 720,ooolb. avoirdiipoife. This wondertul wori^ v« 
 made by Clares, a native of Rhodes, who wastuel>e 
 years incompleting it. Jul! on the fpot where the kit 
 Hood, a calllc on the one lide, and a tower on the nihir 
 were erected, and are flaniling at preient. 
 
 The modern Chi lilian inhabitants of this line ifi.rJ 
 are very poor, and are not fuifercd to live within il>' 
 walls of the city, which privilege is how ever, {^r.'mid 
 to the Jews. 1 he principal manufaelurcs aie I. u'. 
 tapcftry, and camblets ; but the city is a nw' f 'r ''' 
 the commodities and productions of the Ixvant; ) : 
 Rhodes is kept merely in oppolition tothe Chrilli.''i 
 as it does not remit any thing to tliw Grand Seii^iuii, 
 the Turkifh bafhaw being allowed the wholec! itsrc- 
 venucs, to maintain the gallics, thegarrifon, and li;-'- 
 fclf. 
 
 CYPRUS. 
 
 This celebrated illand lies between 34 and 36 dn.'. 
 north lat. and lietween 33 and 36 dej;. call long, in the 
 mod eaflerly part of the Levant, and is the Urgethit 
 all thcillands of .Alia Minor, being 200 miles in kn.'.h 
 46 ill breadth where w idelV, and about 3» Irom theeun- 
 tinent. The anticnts had many names for it, in jarri- 
 cidar they called it Macaria, on acconn' ot is liinn- 
 ling fertility; and Cyprus, the name it ftiU bears frm 
 
^,'^ 
 
 •OGRMIY. 
 
 •dwith bcaiitiriil marblf 
 
 in the It;tli:iniaHc, and 
 
 th all kimlsofproviiioas. 
 
 one for Hiips »t' ,1| m'. 
 
 e Turkilh (.'allies only a 
 
 kept here to cruifcr.ga'init 
 
 rt is fl ui lip eviiy iii.>|it 
 
 fine piazza ailorn.'d w'JtK 
 
 ■ofnhichart; the arlinal 
 
 St. John, a niDll nublc 
 
 a mofquc. Many other 
 
 ■ly iKlon^ing tothcgrwa 
 
 ■^his, &c. arc ftill magnU 
 
 cicbratc'j (or the lcarnini» 
 us, antl the numcrcis wa. 
 fcicnccs, »hich arc kipj 
 
 hut at prcllnt, 1 tcrat.rc 
 rtratmtnt that it docs m 
 kifh iloniinions. 
 rtilc and rich, that itprn. 
 nan can wifh tocnio\-; and 
 cue that he couli ilclir; 
 
 tiic beauty of thecoiimr)-, 
 nate, as toj^ivcotcalinnio 
 illo rallied golden il.owin 
 1 his niolV proliHc ai;d lalu- 
 
 liie morninp. So, 
 md llraight they jrrow; 
 heir li^ht untold, 
 h, and warms it iii';o gcJ„ 
 
 dcd the Celebrated Crloirii! 
 
 world, to the honour (f 
 irodigious flatuc wx. n:aJe 
 it I i;j feet in height, [ ro- 
 ir. hlloodallrideo.cMhi; 
 Tail in and out between iti 
 a light-houfe, and in the 
 ad rcprcfe nccd a goklcn fua 
 wo feet was 103 yards; '.nJ 
 ;h extcrided arn\s cnibraco 
 Hood 66 years it w,i-;(),fr. 
 
 and though the Khwliaiu 
 Grecian ftaics, a prodigiouj 
 ofrcpaiiingit, yctth^inii- 
 hc image was iull'creii to hj 
 : of 8y4 jears, when th.c Ha- 
 rold it ii:; old brafs to u ji v, 
 h it; the whole wei^fhtbeiiij; 
 
 '1 his wonderful work uw 
 ■)f Rhodes, who wastwtl.c 
 ifl on the fpot where thciut 
 de, and a tower on '.htoihi-r 
 ding at preieiit. 
 ihahitAnts of this fine in.rd 
 t fuifercd to live within ihf 
 ivilegc is however, f^rjiitfJ 
 lal luanufadures aie Uw, 
 ut the city i» a nwt f 'r "' 
 ludionsof the Uvant; )^ 
 jppoiition to the Chrilli' '-, 
 ling to tii^ (jiand Sen^u.i, 
 allowed the wholec ' ir.r:- 
 lies, the garnfon, and lu-i- 
 
 R U S, 
 
 ics between 34 and 36 dq:. 
 ind 36 dej;. ealHong. in the 
 _^va"nt, and is the Urp it ft 
 ir, being 200 miles in kii,'" 
 , ;md about 3» iroiii tliecoii- 
 nany names tor it, in ['n'-- 
 ia, on accoiin' ofi's tur:Mi- 
 thenamc it ftill bears frw 
 ti.e 
 
' rk,,w^r7wii.^ 
 
 t :! ) 
 
 r/i^:^l 
 
 /'%/,^/v.y.v li.WKKS'.s. Lr. /y../,,// >j/{\VA) GH.WWY /i//t.'-/ir,/ /y A\'t/n/. /ff/'/,r//y 
 
 f ///(.! tfl //I I ' / / f//f/ftff/4/t' . 
 
 H.n,/,ni.. .,■«'/■ 
 
 /.;>/y.',/,y//^ TKiMPLE V.7l^N()/V Sam OS,.///. /,>/>r/n-. '/.,/>/>/>/ 
 ■ ( /f/frr /•//// - A'///////.'// f'/ //fi ' '///7,:i. 
 
 Ill- .iliumfanccof cyp 
 firll inenti'ti wf liavc 
 it by Cyrus, wild ti»iii 
 (liims i^'Hl' Rover ric< 
 PioliTuics iif Kgvpt tl 
 jnil, liter I hem, ilik- i 
 Irllcd It. Ill I 191 \\.\ 
 ot Kngla'ul, ami i;iv( 
 while liicctirors rcijii 
 Venetians ti.-i/,eii it, 
 1570, wlicn it was co 
 umtinuc in pDillirion 
 Tlic lull produce! 
 r,'t',ar, cotton, honey, 
 plants, drugs, (lower" 
 It wa t'oriiicriy popuK 
 but poor and thinly ii 
 toiwocautes, viz. tli< 
 mcnt, and ihe fwanr 
 pall ii. e ini'ci>cd it, I 
 produce ot' the earth, 
 tiircs ate the bed in tl 
 ♦cfcnt. l!y one of th 
 canes iii the iftand wei 
 ever, haw a great traf 
 catLli in tlie inonth 
 pickle in vail ijuantii 
 they are much prized, 
 tiie voluptuous. 
 
 It was t'ornurly iliv 
 taininc; a large city, a 
 lages. The inhabitanti 
 peo|)i.', and, accordinj 
 their inclinations arc 
 Turkilh ffovcrnment < 
 behaviour, and oblige 
 outward appearance o 
 tants are chiefly Gieel 
 fliiliion, hut retain tiici 
 peojile olthis illand i^ 
 St. Paul and St. Biriu 
 naiivc o* Cyprus. It g 
 Xenophon, Zcno, A[i 
 plianius, and Icvcra! o 
 Cyprus has no coiili 
 tnountains, particular 
 extent are aftonidiing. 
 dillancc ot every leag 
 and a fountain laid to I 
 the mother of Conllar 
 Hardly any veftiges 
 lamis, formerly celeb 
 who was here reptek 
 lliiinder and lighinuig 
 The principal place 
 Famagulla, or Aili 
 fca jiort, plcafantly fiti 
 it is incloi'ed on two Ii 
 well foi titled, and on 
 Turks. are fenfihie oft! 
 contrary to their ufua 
 in excellent repair, 
 countable only to tlu ( 
 dii/ate to the'balhaw 
 other ClirilUans are or 
 
 -.. •'-" 'itjiipVi'iii'- "'t •■ "ii**! • 'ij'pi'iii 
 
 ^^J)&LL^ 
 
 ...t ■•LJil:,i.^,-.JkA 
 
ASIA.] 
 
 ISLAND OF CYPRUS. 
 
 i^i 
 
 ihr- .ilniml.-inccof cypn^-tn-cs wliiili it produced. The j 
 firll inentiiii wi- haw "f it in I'iOory iillu- cimqiicll of 
 it bv Cyrns, who toiiiul it divided into nine petty kin}>;- 
 (loms c.uh eoveriicd 1)V its own ('.ivircign. Tiic 
 Pi(ilfmie»<'f Kgvpt then luli)u;:^.Ufd it. Tlif Rom.ins, 
 jnd, ttfier ihcm, ilio cnipcror'. oi Con(lantin')ple, pol- 
 Idlcd It. In 1 191 it was conquered l)y Ruhard I. kin'^ 
 otKngland, and t!,iven hy him to (iuy of Luli^rian, 
 »lv ife fiicciirors u'ij^ncd over it till 14S0, when tlie 
 Vcncti.ins fi-i/,cd it, who remained m.ilUrs of it till 
 Ij70, when it was contpiereil l)y the Tu'ks, who Hill 
 continue in poU'clion ot it. 
 
 The foil produces all kinds of grain, wi-ies, oil, 
 fiU'.ar, coiton, honey, falfron, wooti, n\>.t3is, nunerals, 
 plants, drugs, flowers, &c. all excellent in their kinds. 
 It wa f.iriiieriy populous and opulent, l)ut at prel'ent is 
 but poor and thinly inhabited, whiih is chielly owing 
 t itwocautes, viz. the tyranny of the Turkilh govern- 
 ment, and che fwarms of locufts whieh for loine ages 
 ptll h. c infciK-d it, to the frequent deftrudtion ot the 
 produce of the eurth. Their wool and cotton manufac- 
 tures ate the bed in the call, ''ut the filk is very indif- 
 ferent. By one of the Turkilh bilhaw^all the fugar- 
 cane^ nv the ifland were dertroyed. The people, how' 
 ever, have a great tralHc inaileliciu.is bird, whicli they 
 catch in the month of Scptemiier and Oc'lober, and 
 pickle in v.ul quantities to export to Venice, where 
 they arc much prized, and purchafed at a high price by 
 the voluptuous. 
 
 It was formerly divided into 11 diftrids, each con- 
 taining .1 large city, and the whole including 800 vil- 
 lages. The inhabitants were formerly a inofl debauched 
 peopi.-, and, according to the mo:l authentic accounts, 
 their Inclinations arc an depraved as ever; but the 
 Turkilh government compels them to a more rerc-ved 
 behaviour, and obliges them, at Icall, to acl with an 
 outward appearance of decency. The prcfent inhabi- 
 tants are chiefly Greeks, who drefs after the Italian 
 failiion, but retain their own religion and cufloms. Tiie 
 people of this ifland ivere converted to Chrillianity by 
 St. I'aul and St. Bunabis, die latter of whom was a 
 native o* Cyprus. It gave birih to the poet Afclepiades, 
 Xenophon, Zeno, Apollonius, the famous bidiop Epi- 
 phanius, and fevera! other great men. 
 
 Cyprus has no confuLrable rivers, but fome famous 
 mountains, particularly Olympus, whole height and 
 txterit are auonifliing. On Mount Olympus, at the 
 dillance of every league, there is a Greek monallery ; 
 and a fountain faid to be crefted by the emprefs Helena, 
 the mother of Conllantine the Great. 
 
 Hardly any velliges remain of the ancient city of Sa- 
 lamis, formerly celebrated for its temple ol Jupiter, 
 who was here reptefcntcil by an image armed with 
 thunder and lii'.hining. 
 The principal places at prefent are the following: 
 Fanugulla, or Aifinoi:, an elegant city, and good 
 fea port, pleafantly litu.ated, and de-i-nded by two (orts : 
 it is incloied on two fides by n ditch, and double wall, 
 well foititled, and on the other two by the fea. The 
 Turks are fenfihle of the importance ot this place, and, 
 contrary to their ulual cultom, keep the fortifications 
 in excellent repair. The governor of this city is .ac- 
 countable only to the Ottoman Porte, not being lubor- 
 diiiate to the balhaw of the iflands. The Greeks and 
 other ChnlUans are only pcrmiticu to keep Ihops here 
 
 in the diy-iime, but arc not allowed to lay in thetity, 
 which is, h,iw<.'ver, a bilhop*. Ice, lubj-dl to the me- 
 tropolitan of Nicofia. 
 
 Though the lafl mentioned ii the moft important 
 place, yet Nienlia is (h'cmed the metrupolK of Cypruf. 
 This city, which i^ delightfully lituated in the center of 
 the ifland, was formerly the leat of the Cyprian mo- 
 nachs. It was then nine miles in circuit, bur is now 
 dwindUd to three. It is, however. Hill a beautiful 
 town of a circular form, fiirroiindtd wiih walls, de- 
 fended liy a deep ditch, and well f uiilied. It formerly 
 contained 40,000 houlcs, and leveral nobi ■ palaces; 
 but many of the firll, and all the latter, aretalUnfo 
 decay, or have been pulled down. The bell churt hen, 
 particularly St. So|ihia, the Turks have converted into 
 mofques. The Greeks, Lai ins, Arininians Nello- 
 rians, Maronites, h^:. have their churches and chapels 
 allowed them. This city is the relid^nce of the Turk- 
 ifh balhaw and the Circi-k archbitho^, the furtiagansof 
 the latter iK'ing the bilhops of Famagufla, Paphos, 
 Lariieza, ami Ceivnes. 
 
 Larncza 1 a good fea port, in whicli the Fr;"nch 
 and Venetians have a conful The houf'es aie, how- 
 ever, low and mean, anil the inhal'itanis (ompoted of 
 Turks, Greeks, and fome Lurop.an . The commo- 
 dities are cotton, cotton yarn, wool, &c. 
 
 Ceroiie>, the ancient Cerauiiia, is almoft in ruins, 
 though tbrmerly a flion:^; and populous place. 
 
 Limillb is now nothing but a mean village, though 
 it remains a bilhop's lee; and the (ituation of the an- 
 cient city of Aniatheui is not at prefent known. 
 
 Paphos, now called BafTa, is fituatcd on tlu' weflern 
 coafl of the ifland._ St. Paul in this city converted its 
 governor S.-rgius, and llruck the necromancer Barjefus 
 with blindneis; Aft-, xiii. 6. Though much decayed 
 from its former glory, it is flill a bilhop's fie, and a 
 g)od lea-port town. In ancient timrs it wa-- inuth ce- 
 lebrated for its magnificent temple dcdicat d to Venus, 
 from which the goddels of Love was called thePaphian 
 Venus. 
 
 The condition of the votaries of this captivating 
 goddefs are thus finely defcribcd by Dryden : 
 
 In Venus' temple on the fides were I'een 
 The broken (lumbers of enamour'd men : 
 Looks that e'en fpoke, and pity leem'd to call. 
 And iffuing fighs that fmok'd along the wall; 
 Complaints and hot delircs, the lover's hell. 
 And fcalding tears that wore a channel where ihcy 
 
 fell; 
 Expence, and after-thought, and idle care. 
 And iloubts of motly hue, and dark defpair; 
 Sulpicions, and fantallical furinite, 
 And jealoufy fuffus'd with jaundic'd eyes. 
 
 " VVe think it nec.'fl'ary to inform our read-Ts, that 
 " the Iflands of the Archipelago, or Great Sea, de- 
 *' Icribed in this Chapter, are only thole fituated in 
 " Afla; the remainder belong to thofe parts which are 
 " fituated in Europe, and will therefore be properly 
 " del'cribed in their refpeftive places, when we come 
 '* to a defcripiion ot that part of the globe. We make 
 " this ditlindion in order to prel'erve that order and 
 " uniformity which is confillent with our plan, and to 
 " render our work delerving the title of a Complete 
 " and Univerfal Syllcm of Geography." 
 
 ■ 
 
 'i 
 
 ^l 
 
 
 Jti: 
 
 No. 2^. 
 
 4I 
 
 CHAP., 
 
3»o 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL '^FOHRArHY. 
 
 CHAP. XXII. 
 
 Various ISLANDS off the Coast of ASIA, 
 GREAT PACIFIC OCEAN, &c. 
 
 IN THE 
 
 
 ft 2 ^ Mn 
 
 Including Several tiifcoverecl by our Countrymen, Captains Cook. Gierke, Gork, King, kc. foine of which 
 having been only llpcn, but nut vilitcd, can admit but ot linall Delcription, 
 
 KERGUELEN's LAND was di (covered by Mon- 
 lieur dc- Kcrguelcn, a Frcncli navigator, wliofc 
 name it beirs. It is fituatcd in 48 deg. 41 inin. foutli 
 lat. and 76 deg. 50 min. caft long, and was vilitoii by 
 Captain Cook in i77d. Having come to an anchor in 
 the hariionr, in ordL-r to procure water, and nearly 
 completed their quantity, the command-r allowed the 
 (hips crews (Refolution and D'i'covery) the 27th ot 
 Dccemb^T as a day of reft 10 ci-lebrate Chriftmas ; in 
 confequence of which many <>f them went on Ihoro, 
 and made excurlions into the country, which thev found 
 tielblare and barren in the extreme. In the evening 
 one of them prcfcntcd a quart bottle to Captain Cook, 
 which he had found on the north fide of the hari>>ur, 
 fallened with fomc wire to a pro|oc\ing i )ck. Thi'- 
 bottle contained a piece of parchment, villi the follow- 
 ing infcription: 
 
 LuJovico Xy. Galliarum 
 
 rege, et de Boynes 
 
 rei:ia ffcretis ad res 
 
 marttim,:s annis lyyz et 
 
 '773- 
 
 Captain Cook, as a memorial of the ffritifli vefT.K 
 having been in thi'. harbour, wrote on the other fide of 
 the parciuiitnt as follows : 
 
 Naves Refolution 
 
 et Difcovery 
 
 de 7?Cfr Magiiif Biilannijf 
 
 DeciiHoris i77<>. 
 
 He then put it again into the bottle, accompanied 
 with a filver two-pcnin piece of 1772, covered the 
 mouth of the bottle wiiii a leaden cap, and p!a> ed it 
 the next niiirning in a pile ot flones, erecfcii tor that 
 jHirpofe on an eminence, ne:;; the place where it «.is 
 lirlt found. Here Captain Cock dilji!a\ etl the B; itilh 
 flag, and named the place Chrifbnas Harbour, it liciiig 
 on that fclliva! the velllls arrived in it. 
 
 As ti) the illand, he was unwilling to rob Monfuur 
 de Kerguelen of the honour ol its bearing his name ; 
 though, from its iUriliiy, it migiit pro[)eily be calkti 
 "Thj Uland o'' Defolati'in." 
 
 Mr. And-rlon, who, dining the Ihort time the llii]i-- 
 lay in Chrilhnas Harbour, loft noojiportiinity of learcii- 
 ing the country in every diiv(J>ion, relates the following 
 particulars. 
 
 No place (f\ys he) hitherto difcovered in either he- 
 mifpherc atlbul-' lb fcantv a field for the naturalift as 
 this ftcrile fpot. Some verdure, indeed, appeared 
 when at a Imall diftince from the Ihore, which might 
 raife the expet'i.ition of meeting with a little herbage; 
 but all this lively appearance was occafioned by one 
 (inall plant, refcmbhng faxifrage, which grew uji the 
 hills in large Ipre; ding tufts, on a kind ot rotten turf, 
 tthich, if ihied, might (erve for fuel, and was the only 
 thing teen here that could polhbly be ijtplied to that 
 purpole. 
 
 Another plant, which grew to near the height of two 
 fiet, \\as pretty plentilully fcattereil iibiut the l>ogg^• 
 declivities; it had tiie a|)pearance of a ("mall cabbage 
 wivn it was (hot into (beds. It had the watery acrid talle 
 of the aiuif oibutii plants, though it materiall) dilleicd 
 Jiom the whole iiib,. When eaten raw, it was nit un- 
 like the New-'/,e.iland hurvy-grars, !)iit when boiled it 
 acquired a rank flavour. At this time none of its feeds 
 were riie enough to be brovtght home, and introduced 
 into our tnglilh kitchen-gardens. 
 
 Near the brooks and boggy places were found two 
 other (mall plants, which were eaten as fallKJ; the one 
 like garden crelies, and verv hot, and the other v.tt 
 milil. The latter \% a curiofity, having not oiih nulc 
 anil female, but alto androgynous planTs. 
 
 Some coarfe grafs grew pretty plentifullv in a ff, 
 (mall (pots near th. harbour, whicli was : iir do'm lor 
 our cattle. In (hoit, the whole catalogue of pimis (i , j 
 not exceeil eighteen, including a l-eantii'iil fpecc^ of 
 lichen, and feveral (brts of mois. Nor was there the 
 ajjpearance of a tree or (hrub in the whole reuiirn. 
 
 Among the animals the moir conliderahleHerclia!', 
 which were diftingui(hed f)v the nameof ("ea ht.irs. K.' 
 ing the Ibrt that are called the urfine ("eal. Tht v Jo'ti.> 
 on (bore to repofe and breed. At that timctlic-, wvn; 
 (bedding their hair, and !b remarkably taitie, that th re 
 wa^ no iliUiculty in killing ih -m. 
 
 No other quadrup.d was feen; but a ",rc,it p.'-.-.hcr 
 o( o.eanic biidb, as ducks, (higs, petreb. Kc. Iho 
 ducks were (bmewhat like a widg'-on, botli in li/i-anJ 
 ligiire. A conliderable number of liiem were killuianj 
 eaten. They were excellent tbod, and had not ih.- halt 
 h(hy tafte. 
 
 The Cape jietrel, tiie fmall blue one, and the h ;1! 
 black one, or Mother Carey's chicken, were n m 
 plenty here; but another (bit, which is the I,t; ,1 of 
 the iielrels, and called by the feamen Moiher Cjrcy's 
 go:ile, is found in abundance. This petrel is a< l.ir'st 
 as an albatrous, .and is carnivorous, feeding on iliedJj 
 carcades of (eals birds, he. 
 
 The greatetl numlier of birds here were penguins 
 which con(ili of three ion'. The he.aci of the h.xgAX \<. 
 black, the upper par: of the body of a leaden u;r y, the 
 unile; , :iil white, and the feet Idaek ; two broad tlrip.s 
 ot fine yellow defcend from the head to the lircilh thr 
 bill is Ota reddilh colour, and lunger than in ilieotiicr 
 Ibrts, 'I'lie (ccond fort is iiljout half the (ize of the 
 former- it is o'.. blackifh grey on tin upiicrpartofshe 
 bo'l), ar I ' IS a white (put on thw- u[)per part "f tlio 
 head: tin liill and fiet ate yellowith. In the third fort 
 the upper part of th. bodv and throat are black, the 
 re(t white, except the top o( th-- head, which is (inv 
 inented with a fine vello.v anh, \shieh it can erc.t as 
 tivo crells. 
 
 The Ihags here .arc ol tv\o (brts, viz. the leil'cr r r. 
 morant, or water-crow; and another with a hfick h 
 back and a white belb. The fea-(wallow, the tern, ihc 
 common feagull, and the Port Eginont hen, were alto 
 (ound here. 
 
 Large flocks of a lingular kind of white bird tic/ 
 abf)ul here, having the Ivatc of the bill coveted vvitli.i 
 horny cruli. It h.ad a black bill and white fe.t, n.s 
 (omev.'hat larger than a pigeon, and the (hdi i,illi.J 
 like that of a duck. 
 
 The (eiiie w.as once hauled, when was found .r fe* 
 bill about the li/.e of a IhiaK haddock. The only IhJi- 
 lidi (e-ii here were a few limpets and muicKs. 
 
 Many ol the hills, notwiihtlanding they wer I 1 
 moderate height, were at that lime covered witli-i r, 
 though .:n(wei ing to our June, it is realbii able tu ii'U- 
 gine that rain mull be v.ry fre(|uent here, as well \mm 
 the niaiks of large torrents having rtilluil down, •'s 
 trom the ap])earanee ot the country, whiih. even e!i 
 tlie lulls, wa-i a continueil bog or Iw. imp. 
 
 The rocks conlill principally oi a dark l>Kie ami vey 
 hard (l.)ne, intermixed with particles of gbniiner, -i 
 cjiiait/,. Some conhdei ibic rocks were alio lomi'J 
 here ui'a Uuwnifh Uiiilc ilone. 
 
 rATERNOSTEH 
 
:^F.or,RArHY, 
 
 lSIA, in 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 ISLANDS OFF THE COAST OF ASIA. &c. 
 
 3^ 
 
 THE 
 
 King, &c. fome of which 
 rciiptkin. 
 
 >ggy plices wore fdiind two 
 ere eaten as lallad; the one 
 erv hot, ami the ntlict v.rv 
 ijfity, having not oiilv mat 
 gATioii'i plants. 
 
 pretty plentifully in ;i fr# 
 jr, which ".\;is ■■ ii* do-', i !:'r 
 ,'holc cat;il')gucof pl'.n-' I'j 
 uliii;^a l-caatii!il fpc-CL", nf 
 fmoi's. Nor w.ts ihiTCtlic 
 ih in the whole ccmitrv. 
 
 moll confulenhle WLie fcnl% 
 ■>)• the name of Ita hcan. \\- 
 
 the iiifiiiercal. T1h",o'Ti!' 
 cd. At that tiinn!;c-, wjrc 
 
 remarkably t.u'.ie, that th.rc 
 ; them. 
 
 IS lecn; but a 'xvc.u nv.irh': 
 s, (h:igs, petrel-, Rr. liio 
 
 a wicig'" in, belli in li/c and 
 r.Thcr of liieni were kilkil anj 
 nt food, and had not ih^' l.all 
 
 mall blue one, and the ('- ill 
 farcy's chicken, were n in 
 fort, which is die la .; ii^f 
 ■ the feamen Mother Car.y's 
 ancc. This petrel is i^ largt 
 iiivorous, feeding on ilk- dcjj 
 :C. 
 
 f birds here were pcnjuiins 
 The head of the l.\rg.tli< 
 he body of a leaden l't y, the 
 
 feet blaek; two broad \\{\\\-^ 
 n the head to the lircilh ihr 
 
 and longer than in the- other 
 s about hal!' the fi7.c of tho 
 
 grey on l he upper part ol the 
 
 lot on the upper part nt the 
 
 yellowitli. In the third fort 
 
 h- and throat are. black, iIil' 
 of ihehea.l, which is ona- 
 arch, \\hich il cancrc.t as 
 
 Ao forts, viz. theleilcr. .:. 
 
 and another with a hlack li 
 
 The fea-fwalKiw, the tern, lU 
 
 I'ort Eginoiithcn, weictHa 
 
 lar kind of white bii'i Hf ' 
 lib ofthc bill covered Willi I 
 ack bill and white ie et, *.s 
 pic'coii, and the Iklh laikJ 
 
 UIC( 
 
 all 
 
 when was found a 
 
 haddock. The only Ihdi- 
 
 iiijiels and muicleS. 
 
 ..thilanding they wcr. I » 
 
 thai lime covered with 111 -'•>•. 
 
 line. It is leafonal'le lo mu- 
 
 y (reciuent here, as well In"" 
 
 I'nts havinu; rullud down, as 
 
 le country, wht>h, even > a 
 
 bo^or Iwainp. 
 
 pally oi acl.uk 
 
 ith panicles oi g\ 
 
 lilc rocks were alio lurnv 
 
 ,ie aiKl very 
 
 Paterhoster Islands, fo called from the great 
 numl'cr of rocks, which lailors h.ave likened to the 
 beads with which the Roman Catholics tell their pater- 
 nofters. They abound in corn and fruits, and are ra- 
 ther i)opuIous, but contain nothing remarkable. 
 
 Georgia, a clufler of barren iflands, about 54deg. 
 ■;o niin. fouth latitude, and 36 det;. 30 min. welt lonp;. 
 one of which is between 50 and 60 leagues in length, 
 Lui all contain nothing worth delcription. 
 
 Island of Handsome People lies in 10 dcg. fouth 
 lat. and 185 deg. cad longitutle. It is 18 miles in cir- 
 cumference, and wa-. difeovered by De Quiros in 1696. 
 Notwiihllanding the exc^-ffive heat of the climat?, the 
 natives are remarkably fair and handlome, from whence 
 the illand had its name. They are covered only from 
 the waill downwards with mat-, of palm, and wear a 
 naantle of the fame on their Ihoulders. Their houfes, 
 whiih ate thatched, (land in chillers ; and their canoes 
 are trees hollowed out. 
 
 Morn or Hoorn liLANn is fituated in 14 deg. 5(1 
 mill, louth lat. and 179 d.si,. call long, and was difco- 
 vei'cil in i(u6 bv Schoiiteii. 
 
 The male natives of this ifland are tall, well made, 
 and i\)l)ull. They are nimble runners, expert fwimmers, 
 and good divers. Their complexion is a yeliowilh 
 brown; and thev take great plealure in drelling their 
 hair, which is black. Some tie it, others frize it. 
 Some let il grow down the waill, and tie it in five or lix 
 tails; and others drels it right an end, Handing up like 
 hogs brilHes, t^n or eleven inches long; but they do 
 not fuller the beard to grow. The women are Ihort of 
 (laturc, clcijrmed both in features ami body, and ra- 
 ther indecent in their behaviour. Both texes go naked, 
 except a piece ot coverinij; between their legs ; and the 
 women rub their heads and cheeks with Ibmcthing red. 
 
 Their land proiluces Ipontaneoutly a great variety of 
 fruits, lucli as cocoas, bananas, yams, &c. for they are 
 ii;ii<irantot cultivation. ;* 1 low water the women catch 
 filh, which is eatej^ raw. I'hey have alfo lome hogs, 
 which tluy cook wretchedly. 
 
 Prince Eihvard's Islands, Uing in 51 dcg. fouth 
 latitude. Were difcovt reel by two French ic igators, on 
 their pairLigcliom the Cape of (iood Hope to tlie Phi- 
 lippine llland . They are I wo in number, and as they 
 had n.) names in ihe Frcncit Chart ot the Southern 
 Henitlphere, Captain Cock, v\hen he faw them in 1776, 
 called them Prince Edward's Klands. I'hai which lay 
 mod to the fouth appeared to be about fifteen leagues 
 ill circuit, and the moll northerly about nine leagues. 
 Tliere aie four others contiguous, called Marion and 
 Cro/.et'b lllands ''om the names of thedil'coverers. 
 
 Adventure Island, lo called from the fliip Ad- 
 venture, in which ca]iiain Furneaux lailed to the South 
 Se,v. It lies in latitude 4;; deg. 21 min. Iciuh, and 
 longitude 147 deg. 29 min. well. The natives are 
 ddenbed as mild and cheerful, with little of ihat wild 
 appearance which iavages in general ha\e, butat the 
 fame time totally devoid ofperional aftivity or genius. 
 
 Resolution, a fniall Kland, fo called bv Captain 
 Cook, tVoin his own Ihip the Rcfolution. It li^s in lat. 
 17 deg. 24 min. fouth, and long. 141 deg. 4j;tnin. well. 
 
 Palm Island is fitu.ated on the coall of New S.nitli 
 Wales, as are all*) the Klands Solitary, Furnraux, 
 Marias, Combf.rland, Nortuumkkrland, and 
 DiKKCTiON, fo called by Captain Cook, who liiil i c- 
 pioied this coall, and namcil ihein as above. Thev 
 Contain nothing worthy delcription. 
 
 Prince of Walp.» Islands lie at ihr ncrthern e?:- 
 trciiiity of New Holland. 'J'hey were obf.Mvtd at a 
 tlillancc to abound with trees and giafs, and were 
 
 known to l>e inhabited from the fmoak that was (a^A 
 afcendinginmany places. 
 
 Bay of Islands, a group of fmall Iflands fituated 
 on the coafl of New Zealand : among which are in- 
 cluded thofe called Gaunet, Banks's, SoLAnotR's, 
 Trai''s, &c. > 
 
 PoTOE is an ifland fituated about two leagues to the 
 wedward of the (irand or principal of the Ladrones. 
 It is rocky and of fmall extent. 
 
 Sf.NTRY-Box Island is fituated about a league and 
 an half from the fouth jioint ot Chriflmas Harbour in 
 Ker;;uclcn'b Land, and lb called from its refembling a 
 fentry-box. 
 
 SoLOR lies to the fouth of the Ifland of Celebes, in 
 lat. 9 deg. fouth, and long. 123 deg. ^^ min. call. It 
 contains nothing remarkable. 
 
 NicoBAR Islands lie at the entrance of the Gulph 
 of Bengal. The natives arc tall and well projjirtioned, 
 with long faces, black eye-, black lank hair, and 
 copper-coloured ikins. Thev are faid to be an harm- 
 lels, good fort of people, and go quite nakeil, except 
 a covering about the waill. They have neither temples 
 nor idols, nor docs there feem to be any great luperi- 
 ority among them. Tliey are excellent fwimmers, and 
 f )metimes will overtake fmall \ eHels under fail. They 
 live in little huts, having no town-, and the country is 
 almofl covered with wood. They have no corn, but 
 a fruit which (t'rves them inllead of bread, and they 
 cateli plenty of filli. The l.ugell of tlicfe iflands, 
 which gives name to the red, is about 40 miles in 
 length, and 15 in breadth. 
 
 Portland l8LANr« Tks to the fouthward of tffC 
 Society Ifles, and was fo called bv Captain Cook, who 
 dilcovercd it on his lirll voyage, from its refemblancc 
 to that ot the lame name in the Britifh Channel. Some 
 parts ot this ifland appeared to be cultivated, anil pu- 
 mice-ltones in great ouantities lying along the Ihore 
 within the bay indicated that the/c was a volcano in 
 the iiland. High ])alings upon the ridges of hills were 
 al!"> viliblc in two place , wliich were ludged to be ck- 
 fu^ncd tor religious purpofes. 
 
 Bare Island, lii called by Captain Cook, as it ap- 
 peared to be barren, and inhabited only by tilhermcn. 
 It lie in lat. jy deg. 45 min. fouth. 
 
 East Island lies in hit. 37 deg. 42 min. fouth. It 
 a[ipeared to Captain Cook, who dilcoveivd it ah, on 
 his lirll voyage, fmall and barren. 
 
 White Island is contiii,i.ous to the former. 
 
 Mayor and Court 'K Aldermen, ailuderof 
 Imall iflands lying in lat. ; deg 59 min. loiitli, about 
 twelve miles from the main. 1 iiey are molUy barren, 
 but very high. 
 
 Mfrccry Islands, a cinder of ditfeicnt fizes. 
 The Bay 's called alio Mercury Bay, and lie, in lai. 36 
 deg. 47 min. fouth, long. 184 deg. 4 min. well, and 
 I has a fmall entrance at its mouth. 
 
 Hen and CiiirKEN, (iiial! iflands fituated in Lat. 
 
 2i5 ''^'g> 4'' "lin. (buth. 
 
 • 
 
 Poor KnigmtSc a chiller of iilands lying in lat. 36 
 deg. 36 min. fouth. On tli le iilands were feen a lew 
 towns which appeared iortilied, and tlic land round 
 them fceiiicd ivcll inhabited. 
 
 CavaH E« Flands, fo called by Captain Cook liotn 
 the name of tome tilli the crew purchaleJ of the Iii- 
 
 Ui.ms. 
 
 1 
 
 It 
 
 M 
 
 f 
 
 ■%/■}■ f 
 
 lone. 
 
 rATERNOSTES 
 
 D'a'^ 
 
512 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 i-> - 
 
 m 
 
 > ii ' 
 
 « 
 
 «: 
 
 m 
 
 y* 
 
 tlians. Thefc people were very infolent, ufmg- many 
 frantic geftures, and tluowing ftonos at the crew. Some 
 ("mail fhot wore fired, and one ot' them being hit, they 
 all made a precipit.ate retreat. 
 
 Three Kinos. The chief of thefe iflands lies in 
 lat. Hdcg. iz min. fouth, and long. 187 deg. 48 niin. 
 weft. Birds were Ihot upon it which nearly reiembled 
 geefe, and were very good eating. 
 
 Hamote, a little ifland in lat. 41 deg. fouth, near 
 Queen Charlotte's Sound. 
 
 Entry Islk, an high ifland fituatc about nine or 
 ten leagues from C«po Keamaroo, which lies in 41 deg. 
 44 min. fouth lat. and 1 1 3 deg. 30 min. weft long. 
 
 Island of Lookers on, fituatcd contiguous to the 
 former, and (b called by Captain Cook, becaule the 
 natives could not be prevailed on to approach the (hip. 
 
 Maonetical Island, fo called by Captain Coeibc- 
 caufe the compals did not travel well when the (liip was 
 near it. It is faid tube high, nigged, rocky, and bar- 
 nn, yet not without inhabitants, for Imokc was feen in 
 fcveral pans about it. 
 
 The Sisters. Thefe are two iflands of very fmall 
 extent, plentifully lloeked with wood, fituate in the 
 lat. of 5 deg. fouth, and long. 106 deg. 12 min. caft, 
 nearly louth and north from each other, and eneom- 
 palfed by a reef of coral rocks, the whole circuit of 
 which is four or five miles. 
 
 Caracatoa is the fouthernmoft of a duller of 
 iflands lying in the entrance of the Straits of Sunda. 
 Its fouthern extremity is fituated in the lat. of 6 deg. 
 9 min. fouth, and long. 10; deg. 15 min. eaft. Its 
 whole circumference does not exceed nine miles. The 
 ifland conlifts of elevated land, gradually riling from 
 the fea, and is entirely covered with trees, ex ept a 
 few fpots cleared by the natives for the purpofe of 
 formuig rice fields. The population of the ifland is 
 inconfulerable. The coral reefs afT()rd turtles in abun- 
 dance, but other refrefliments are very fcarce. 
 
 Pitlo-Bally is an ifland about two miles round, and 
 lies in the lat. of 00 deg. 30 min. fouth. There is 
 good anchorage to the ealtward of it in iz and 13 fa- 
 thom water, muddy o,ound. It has abundance of 
 wood and frelh w.i* , 
 
 Schouten Islands, fo called from Schouten, a 
 Dutch navigator, who ilifcovcred them in 1616, lie in 
 lat. 00 deg. 46 min. fouth. 
 
 Selanc lies in lat. 00 deg. 50 mm. fouth. It is 
 not flat, or very high. It forms two harbours with the 
 nvam land, an out^rand an inner harbour. There is no 
 danger in running into either, but what is plaii.ly feen. 
 The inner harbour is about two miles bioaJ, and three 
 long, and the general depth ten fathom. 
 
 Pulo-Gag lies in 00 deg, 18 min. louth lat. and is 
 l»:i ifland of middling height. When plainly feen, it 
 appears like the land of Europe, not being woody, as 
 the iflands in thele par.s generally are. the valley is 
 laid to have a rich foil, and many fago trees upon it. 
 I IS not inhabited, though travelle's by water often put 
 'nto the bay to pafs the night, andfometimes ftay there 
 hlhing fcveral days. 
 
 Princks Island lies in the weftern mouth of the 
 Straits ol Sumla. It abounds with vegetables of various 
 kmds, deer, turtle, 8cc. Our India fliips nftd to touch 
 hereto take m water, but they have omitted this prac- 
 tice lome years fince; though Captain Coolt lays the 
 warer is exceeding good, it' lilled towards the head of 
 the brook. 
 
 '5 mir 
 
 I ToMOGUY is an ifland fituated in 00 d-.e. ■ m,™ 
 
 fouth lat. and, in fliape, refembles a horl'e-lhoc. (Z 
 
 ! the ifland rifcs a hill, which takes up about three-f iuirhs 
 
 i of its compafs, and on the fide of this hill are phma, 
 
 tions ot tropical fruits and roots. 
 
 Waclol is a fmall flat ifland. Here it may not be 
 improp.'r to obferve, that at moft of thtCe iflands l^s 
 ore or more of certain chiefs called .Syn.Tgce-, who f. 
 pair on board fuch veirel> as vitit them, in order to i cj 
 prefents. The drefs of one ot tliem is thus dclnihcd- 
 one half oi the ( oat and long drawers was doujcil rcil 
 white, and yellow ; the other half blue, whitf, and 
 green, douded aifo ; not unlike the wiiinifical ilrdfc 
 of mafijuerade-. His turban, made of coarfc whuc 
 calico, was pinked. 
 
 The Mahometans iii)on thefe ifland- livemolllv imon 
 fifh and fago bread. S mietiines ttuy mix a cocw-nut 
 ralped down with the lago flour, and putting th' into 
 a diin Chincle iron pan, they keep flirring the mixtuie 
 on the (ire, and eat it warm. Tiiey alio eat tlieordi- 
 nary white Iwallo, a root which is found every «inrc 
 in the (and at low water. They eat it r.aw, i ut up Iniall, 
 aid mixed with (alt and lime-jui.e. 
 
 They have in thii country the (ollowinp, pf.uliar 
 method ■ drawing Mocxl. They pur the roi^^h .iiicof 
 a certain leal, about as lar"e a- a man's iiand, ■ nilist 
 part where they want to exirad blood, then w'tli ih; 
 tongue they lick the upper tide of the lear, and ihc un- 
 der (kle i^ prefently all over blootly. 
 
 In thefe parts grows a particular kind of grtcn iiu;r, 
 which the natives eat. It is as long as tlic iioljuw p,irt 
 ol a tjuill, and almofl as fmall. They call it cirv. This 
 fruit is very good in a curry or flew, leaving a fmc aro- 
 malic flavour, 
 
 1 he two clufters of iflands Bo and Poro lie nnilv 
 in the lame parallel of latitude, i deg. 17 min. (wuh. 
 They are about five leagues afunder. Bo confi.ls oi Os 
 or fevcn iflands. 
 
 Thele iflands, which have a good many inh:il ii.inis, 
 can liipply plenty of cocta-nuts, la't, and drid tilli. 
 To the wedward of the c'ufter, hut contiguous to it, 
 are al out nine or ten (hi.dl low iflands. T) the a']- 
 ward, on two iflands, are two little hilis, wiiich, ,u a 
 diftance, look like two tea-cups bottom-up. Tliciir 
 iflands are (aid to be well inhabited, and here rcfiiks a 
 rajah. 
 
 It is affirmed by an authentic writer, with icfpecl to 
 the inhabitants of thefe parts, that not only winicn of- 
 ten kill or l)urn themldves with thcirdecealcd hudnr.il', 
 but men alto, in honour ol their d.ccaled niulur. 
 Thole who determine on this are nut limited lotiim; 
 they name, perhaps, a diltant d:iy, and in the nuun 
 while, their intention being made known, there i< iw 
 honour the natives can think of, but they pae to tlii de- 
 votee. He is carelted wherever lie goes On the f.iul 
 ilay, by the fide of a great fire, a loofe llage of boards 
 is (■redted; on this he dances, working himlelt up fu 
 fit. He then (kips to the end of a plank, whivh tilting, 
 he falls headlong into the flames. 
 
 The north coad of the Island of \Va vciow, whidi 
 lies about half a degree to the iu)rthward 01 the cqu;'tof, 
 is near 15 leagues in length. The lull on Ciihh; M.i.i- 
 pine, (a partuular quarter of VVayglow,) whirh, tn'in 
 its Ihape, is calletl the Cock's Comb, may Iv iirn 
 about 20 league oil'. Some white Ipots appear on n. 
 Op|)olite to the entrance oi the harbour aie twu litil-' 
 iflands, one fliaped like a fugar-loaf, the othci wiih i 
 hilloc on it. At the bottom of this hilloc is a iiieri' ui 
 frelh water, •A'here there is anchorage in twelve talli";i'> 
 land. The two iflands are joined liy a reef ol cirnl 
 rocks, dry at low water. There are laid to be 1 00,000 
 inhabitants upon tin ifland, who wage perpetii.iU'i'' 
 with one another. Ottak harb(jur lie-; in 00 (k;.',. " 
 mm. north latitude. Near this ifland two lilli «'("' 
 taken, the heads of which were reiii.irkable foi an 1 1'l'" 
 
 tlu! 
 
 Tl'lour, or Tann. 
 north latitud('. It is fi 
 north part of Sangir. 
 inhabitants live on the 
 tions up the country. 
 
 lehoolmillerlor teachi 
 
 .i^fiafe^... 
 
GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 fitiiated ill oo d-cr. i- n,;„ 
 dciiiblis a liorlc^llioe. ()„ 
 takes up about iliree.f;iiirl,s 
 : lule ot this hill arc pbta- 
 roots. 
 
 fl.UKJ. Hire it inav not ht 
 ■\t rnort ol'thefc iflands In,, 
 ■h calial Synagces who re- 
 s villi them, in order toiw 
 e ot tlicm is thus ikluihcd • 
 i|i drawers was lioudcd j^^j 
 Jther half blue, whit?, ami 
 unlike thf whimfical ilmfc 
 ban, made of coarfc white 
 
 there ifland-livemolljy upon 
 L'ti.T.es thiv mix a cocn-nut 
 
 Hour, and putting ih' wj, 
 icy keep llirring thj hilm i;c 
 111. ']"hev alio tat ihcordi- 
 whiih is found every .liitrc 
 
 hey eat it raw, i m up Iniill, 
 mc-jui.e. 
 
 ntry the following p.Mili.ir 
 
 TliL-yp;it llierou;;|i ,;,.icuf 
 
 "c a- a man's uaml, .,ntlut 
 
 xtrad blood, tlun with ih; 
 
 lide of the kai, and the iin- 
 .r bloody, 
 
 articular kind <if grcca iruir 
 is as long as the lioliow pirt 
 all. They call itciiv. This 
 y or (lew, kavingafiticaro- 
 
 mds Bo and Popo lie rfuK- 
 ude, I deg. 17 niiii. !,im1i, 
 s aluiider. lio coi'.ri.ij ui lis 
 
 vc a good many inh:il i::\nii, 
 )a-nuts, fa't, and drirt! hrti. 
 'ulKr, but contif^iii'us to it, 
 I low iflands. T) the i,;';- 
 two little hills, wiiiih, .11 a 
 •a-ciips, boltomiip. Thcic 
 nhabited, and hcic roful.s a 
 
 untie writer, with rcfpecl to 
 rts, that not only wnnicnof- 
 With tlKirdicfali;d lui(i):i:!i!', 
 ■ ot their d.ccaled ni:irui\ 
 this arc ii')t Iniiitcd idiim'.; 
 Uaiit (1:'.\ , and iu the man 
 ng made known, there i< no 
 ik ot, but they pa\' to thi (Ic- 
 revcr hegot^ On thet.iul 
 fire, a loole ftage of boardi 
 :cs, working himlell'tip t'li 
 id of a jilaiik, whii h iilun;:, 
 ianies. 
 
 SLANI) of \Va VCC'W, wL:.!! 
 he iiortliward 01 the eqi;'! r, 
 I. The hill on Ciibln M'':i 
 • of Waygiow,) which, truin 
 'ock's Comb, may In urn 
 lie while Ipots appeal o;i n- 
 il the liaibour aie twy hlil.' 
 lugar-loal, the other Hiiii i 
 111 of this liilloc IS a jiiiTi' (' 
 inchorage in twelve taih'i!' 
 ue joined by a rect ol > 'f '■' 
 I'here arc laid to be loo.oca 
 d, who wage perpetuil »'ir 
 harbour lie, in 00 di;',. 1 1 
 ir (his itlaiid two tdh wfic 
 were reiii.irkabk foi uii 1 '"" 
 thr 
 
 ASIA.] 
 
 ISLANDS OFF THE COASt OF ASIA, &c. 
 
 th It iirojcfted from between tlieir eyes. The horn was 
 ahoiit four inches lonj^,tciual in length to tlic head. J^ll 
 together t'^c 
 
 The 
 The 
 
 lieaci was likj that of an uni orn. 
 nucives called i: Ken Raw, that is the tilli Raw. 
 ftinwa^ black, and the body might be twenty inches 
 lone. ''■• ''•'' "^'* armed with two Ilioiig fcythcs on 
 each liJe, vitli their [ioiiits forwards. 
 
 The Island of Abdon lies incodeg. 36 min. north 
 latitude. It is about throe miles round, ami 200 feet 
 Iiitrh. KoNiBAR may be about the lame height and 
 {\/.;: it is north ot" Abdon. The rell of the lixtecn 
 idamls that form t is duller are flat and low, except 
 Aiow Halxir, which rifcs about 5:0 fcvt. On Konibar 
 arefaid to be plamationsof yams, potatoes, fugar canes, 
 and other tropical productions. 
 
 The inhabitants ofthefe itlands have lilli and turtle in 
 fuch abundance (and eljiecially cockles about the big- 
 nels of a man's head), that they neglert agriculture. 
 When ilicy want breaii, they cany live turtle, and (au- 
 fa^es made of their eggs, dried filli, to Waygiow, 
 which they truck for lago, either baked or raw; nay, 
 pcdiaps go to the wootls and provide themlclvcs, by 
 cutting down the trees. On thele excurlions they oltcn 
 carry ilieir wixe; and families. 
 
 Sakcir is an oblong ifland, extending from ; deg. 
 30 mill, to 4 deg. ;o min. north latitude. It is broadeil 
 tiHvards the norili, and tajiers tiiiall towards the fouth. 
 AliDut the middle of the wcfl coat*, of the iflanil i.i the 
 town, harlioiir, and bay of Taroona, oppotite which, 
 on the eafl coall, is alio a town and hai bour, called Ta- 
 bookaiig. It .ibounds in cocoa-nuts, as do many itlands 
 that lie near it. A fathom of Imall brafs wire, liicli as 
 is ufcd at the enil ot a finiing-line, will purchale 100 
 Ciieoa nut-, an ordinary knife 300, and four knives a 
 battel (60 lb.) ot cocoa-nut oil. 
 
 TuLouR, or Tanna Labu, lies in 4 deg. 4;; min. 
 north latitude. It is livuated about 70 miles eafl of the 
 north jiart of Sangir. It is of middling. height. Tlu 
 inhabitants live on ihc fea-coall, and have their planta- 
 tions up the country. 
 
 S.^ Lin ado Island lies to the fouthward of Tulour, 
 being divided only by a narrow tlrait, about a mile 
 wide. It is not aliovc eight or ten miles in circumle- 
 rence, is admirably cultivated, and contains levcral 
 villages. 
 
 Kabruano lies to thcfoiith-catlof Salidabo, and is 
 parted iioin it by a tlrait about four miles wide. This 
 illand is in high cultivation, and aUo contains fevcial 
 
 villages. 
 
 T.MiuLANPA contains about 2C00 inhaliiiants, who, 
 lieing Pagans, eat pork. On the ifland are many goats, 
 (omc bullocks, and cocoa-nuts in alnindance. The 
 Dutch keep here a corporal and two foldiers, alti) a 
 Iclioolniillcr lor teaching the chilJien the principles of 
 Clinllianity. Tin ee prongs, a kind ot large ehopping- 
 knives, will purcliafe a bullock, and one ;' thouland 
 cocoa nuts. 
 
 Bank A Island is near Tagulaiula, and remarkab'' 
 for a high hill. It has a harbour on its fouth end, is 
 pretty well inhabited, and abounds in cocoa-nuts, limes, 
 iiankas or jacks, lilh, turtle, and rattans. 
 
 Tei.lusvano IsLANrt, that is, H.irbour of Syang, 
 1 omtiguoiis to Uaiika llland. This harbour, which 
 li laid to be a good one, is on the fouth end of tin 
 llland, which h, a hill upon il. There are lome wild 
 wtile, but no oilier inhabitants. Thele iflands are 
 much tre*iueiuul by cruizers, not only from Mindanao, 
 but from Sooloo. 
 
 SooLoo Island i.s fituatcd in 6 deg. north latitude, 
 No. 29, 
 
 3'3 
 
 and 1 19 deg. Qafl longitude. It is ■50 miles Ion<T, tz 
 bro.id, and containsa great number of inhabitants. It is 
 governed by a king of its own. It is well cultivated, and 
 affords a fine prol'peft from the fea. IntLeil, theiiland 
 being rather Imall lor its number of inliabiiants, they 
 lludy agricul'.ure more than thrfc on tlie ad aecnt ones, , 
 where land is not d.-emed f'o vali:al)l ■. As they cannot ..i 
 depend on a crop ol rice, not being lure of rain in due 
 leafon, they cutivate many roots; the Spanifh, or 
 fvveet poiatoe; the clody, or St. HiUano yam; the 
 China yam, both red anti white; lending to iMind maa 
 lor what rice they confumc. They have gre.it variety 
 of fine tropical fruits. Their orang 5 arc full as good 
 as thole of China. They have alio a variety of thefiuit 
 called j.ack, or nake-, a kind of large cuflard apple, 
 nametl madang; mangos-, antl alruii they call bol nia, 
 like a large plumb or mango, white inlitle. Toey en- 
 joy, in great abiindamje, a very innocent and d licious 
 Iruir, called lancey. The trees in the woods are loatled 
 with this Iruil, which is large, and ripens well. The 
 Sooloos having great connexion with China, and many 
 Chincle being fettled among them, they have learned 
 the art ot engrafting and improving their fruits. Here 
 is no f pice tree but the cinnamon. 
 
 This ifland enjoys a perpetual fummer. Up the 
 country it is always cool, efpecially under the lluule of 
 the toak trees, which are very numerous. Thi tree has 
 a broad leaf, which, whcii bruifed between the fingers, 
 Ibiins the hand red. The indutlrioui Chinefe gather 
 thel'o IcaVvS, and the leaves of the fruit-tree called ma- 
 dang, to line the bafkets of cane or bamboo, in whi.h 
 they pack up the Sooloo root, which they exjMitin greac 
 qtiantities from this place. 
 
 The SjoIoos arc not only neat in their cloaths but 
 drels gaily. The men go generally in white wailtcoats, 
 buttoned down to the writ!, with white breeches, ibme- 
 times flrait, I'ometimes wide. 
 
 Thewcimen arc hantllome in general, and, bycom- 
 parifon, fair. Thole of rank wear waiflcoats of fine 
 mufliii, dole fitted to their bodies; their necks, to the 
 upper parts ot the two brealls, being bare. Fioni the 
 waill downwards, they wear a loofe robe, girt with an 
 embroidered zone or belt .about the middle, with a large 
 clafj) of gokl, and a precious (lone. This being lootc, 
 like a petiieoai, comes over the drawers, and reaches 
 to the middle ol the kg, the drawers, which are 01 line 
 niutlin, reachins to the ancle. 
 
 The fultanlhip ill Sooloo IS hereditary, but the govern- 
 ment mixed. About fifteen datoos, who may be called 
 the nobility, make the greater part of the Icgiflatiirc. 
 The title is hercelitary to the ddelt Ion, and they lit in 
 council with the fuli.ui. The fuhaii has two votes in 
 this allembly, and each daroohas one. 
 
 The comiiion peojle in Soolo'^, call -d tellimanhood, 
 do not enjoy much real freedom. It is 'aid tint their 
 haughty lords, when viliting ilieir ellates, will tome- 
 times, with impunity, demand a...' carry oft' young 
 women, whom they h.i| pen to taney, tofwcll the num- 
 ber of their tandies (concubines) at S olo ). Indeed, 
 the lower dais groan under various kinds of tyr.uiny. 
 
 The nobles here are extremdv elifibluic. Thofc who 
 
 have more than one wi!e, which is not very common, 
 
 keep each in a leparate houle : but their diflbhitenels 
 
 j conlills iji their numerous concubines and intrigue: ; 
 
 ' fiir here women have as much liLerty in going abroad 
 
 as in Kurope. ■ • 
 
 The Sooloos have a very good brcvd of horl' s, and 
 their women arc very expert in riding. Their manner 
 is to ride backwards and foiward. the length of a long 
 broad flieei upon I'andy ground, forcing their horl'es 
 on a i]uick trot, and chciking them wlien they attempt 
 toi',allop. The horles, accullomed M this, trot very 
 fall. Riding is an cxeicile women of fafhioii ufe all 
 over the ifluid. 
 
 Here .ire wild elephants the oil' pring (as is fuiipofed 
 
 wiih good fouiulalion) of tli i|e lent in former days 
 
 from the continent of India as pivfents to the kings of 
 
 Sooloo. Thole animals avoid meeting with horned 
 
 4 K cattle. 
 
 t 
 
JI4 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM oP UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY 
 
 
 '$it 
 
 m, ^^ 
 
 rattle, though they are not fhy ofhoill-s. Sooloo has 
 Spotted ileer, ami aluimlancc of goats and black cattle, 
 I 'lit the people Ickloni milk their cows. They have 
 very few fheep, but the wiKl ho'j;s are numerous, and 
 do muth mifchief by breaking down fences. After 
 harvell tiic inhal tants huit the elephants and wild 
 hog', endeavouring to deftroy them. 
 
 Of birds there are here abundance of diminutive co- 
 catoocs and fmall green jiarrots. 
 
 At Sooloo and the iflands adjacent the pearl filhcry 
 has been famous for many ages. Jn the lea between 
 Mindanao and Sooloo is a pearl filhery not inferior to 
 any in the Indies either in point of colour or fi/.e. 
 This, indeed, is the louree of their wealth. 
 
 The Sooloos have in their families many flavcs whom 
 they purchafe from the different crui/crs. Sometimes 
 tiiey purchale whole cargoes, which they carry to Bor- 
 neo, where, if the tcmales are handlbme, they are 
 bought up for the Baiavia market. The mafters (bme- 
 times ufe their Haves cruelly, alfuming the power of 
 lite and death over them. Many are put to death for 
 trifling offences, and their bodies left aiiove ground. 
 An attempt of elopement is here feldom pardoned. 
 
 Tiie Rate of Sooloo is imp<irrant : the inhabitants are 
 very powerful, not only molT; of the adjacent iflands 
 being under them, but great part of Borneo. Tiiey 
 have the character of being treacherous, and of endea- 
 vouring alwaj's to iupply by fraud what they cannot 
 tffctX by force. 
 
 Pavgatarran, lying a little to the fouthward of 
 the former, i'^ a long fla"t illand, has no frefli water, 
 nor is any good anchoring near, except in fome few 
 places. It abounds in cocoa nuts and a fruit called 
 Guava. 
 
 Ramancor lies in lat. 9 deg. 25 min. north, and 
 long. I 79 (leg. 45 min. call. It is about 2^ miles in 
 circumference, very fandy, and has only a few villages 
 in it and a temple. 
 
 P(>lo-Sapata is fituatcd in lat. to deg. 4 min. 
 north, and long. 109 deg. lomin. eaft. Itiselevated, 
 fmall, and uniertile. 
 
 Prata lies in l.at. lodeg. north. Near the foutlurn 
 extremity of the illand fome of the en w of the Refo- 
 lution imagined they faw from the maft-hcad fcveral 
 openings in the reef, which feenicd to promife fecurc 
 anchorage. The extent of the Prata (lioal is cunlide- 
 rablc, being about fix leagues from north to fouth. 
 
 Mvo lies in lat. i deg. it, min. north, 
 a flat ifland riot fo large as Myo, and lies 
 bv S. from it.dirtani five or fix mile, 
 inhabitcii when the SpaniartU had the 
 
 TvroRY is 
 
 about W. 
 
 It w.as formerly 
 
 Moluccas; but 
 
 the Dutch will not now permit anv one to live the- 
 it Ihould be convenient for the linuu"!in- nf 
 
 ■ell 
 cei. 
 
 Kabakita, Pai.i.a,Siao, and Grave, 
 
 cipal of a duller of iflands lvin<' hi- 
 
 Jn) 
 
 ig, oet'Accn the lat ; 
 ,; anil 4 deg. north. At Siao tiie Dm^i uitcrta' 
 fclioolmaller, a corporal, and a few loldiers. 
 
 The RABBirisafmall rocky ifland wiihafn 
 nut trees upon it, and many rocks like 
 
 round it. It lies to the eadwaru ofKarakilaalx. 
 
 "Ssr-loavf, 
 fc'.ir miles, and ilerived its name from its (haiie. 
 
 Sulphur Island, difcovered by Captain dre 
 in 24 deg. 50 min. north latitude, and 140 dec ' I 
 mm. eafl longitude. Its length is abo„t live nr|l 
 The fouth iv)int is an elevated bancn hill, rathc-'fi ' 
 at the fumniit, and when l\:a\ from the wcflfjiitL-udi" 
 exhibits evident tokens of a volcanic eriipti.ir ji' 
 land, earth, or rock (for it was difficult to (li(l",anj,|K 
 ot which of thcle fubllames its iurfacc was Dim|ioi;ji 
 difplaycd various colours; anil it was iinagind that' 
 confiderable part was fulphur, not only from its appear" 
 ance to the eye, but from the ftrongVulpluiromUi 
 perceived in apiiroaching the point'. A<. tlieRiioiu. 
 tion palled nearer the land than the DJcover^-, kvtpi 
 ot the officers of that 'hipthought they dilcerncdunnii 
 proceeding from the lopof the hill : thefe circiimihnco 
 induced Captain Clore to bellow on ihis dil'covcn the 
 appcHaticm of Sulphur Ifland. 
 
 BuRNE v's Island is fituatcd on the nortli c:i(l co4 
 of Alia, in 67 deg. 45 min. north latitude. Tlie inhal 
 country about this part abounds with lull', lome of 
 which are of confidcMble elevation. Capt m Cock nh- 
 I'erves, that the land in general was covered with fnuw, 
 except a few fpots on the coaft. 
 
 St. Lawrence's Island, according to the mcft 
 accurate obfervations, lies in 6; deg. 47 min. p.iirt!;l]t. 
 and uSSdeg. 15 min. call longitude. The noaiian 
 part of it may be difccrned at the ililbncc ot ten or 
 twelve leagues. It is about three leagues in citcuai. 
 fcrence. 
 
 Bhf.ring's IsiANB, fo Called from the navigate 
 who difcovered it, lies in 58 degrees nm\\ Liiiiudc. 
 Karakinskoi, Maioenoi, Ataka, and Shaimea, 
 are all iflands that lie conti;;uou5, liud to he litllc cul- 
 tivated, and very thinly, if at all, inlubi:cil. 
 
 Gore Island, I"o named by Captain Ccoi, whodr- 
 covered it in his lafl voyage, lies in about ('4de';. norih 
 lat. and 191 deg. caft longiiuJe. It is about 30 miirt 
 in extent, and appeared to out navigatoii to Icbarrti;, 
 and dellhute of inliabitants. 
 
 
 M m 
 
SAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 permit any one to live thce I u 
 forthelmugglingoti|„ce,, 
 
 Smo andGRAVK.arethep,,. 
 lands lying iH'fAcen tK^ i '. * 
 
 lanas lymg infAcen the Ja't' 
 
 AtSuotheDutd.uUerta.;, 
 li, and a »ow loWivTs. 
 
 11 rocky iflandwitha few corn, 
 many rocks like („.,,, „^ J 
 
 Its name tiom its (hajie. 
 
 lillovercd by G;/^;, C*» i, 
 Tth at.tude, and ,40 dee' 
 Its length IS about live ,„;]?< 
 elevated lianen hill, rather fi.; 
 iikx-ii from the weft (ijiith.wtii 
 . ot a volianic eruprior T| ' 
 or it was difficult to ,l,ll',n™,|i, 
 necs Its lurlace was <:<n^»ki\ 
 rs; and it was imagintj ihai'a 
 alphur, not only tVomiisapnfjr. 
 om the (trongrulphuroiisiiiHi 
 igthe point'. AwiieRdoiu. 
 iiid than the D.lbivcrv, icwnl 
 
 ipthoiighttheydifcern'.audn.i 
 > ot the lull: thelecirciinilliRco 
 to helhiw on this dilamrv the 
 Ifland. 
 
 fituatcd on the north c;ift cmH 
 lin. north latitude. 1 he inhni 
 : abounds with hill, lome of 
 le elevation. Caplm Coek ob- 
 general was covered with (how, 
 ic eoaft. 
 
 HAND, according to the moil 
 esin6_; dcg. 47 mi.n. north bt, 
 enft longitude. The noniutn 
 •ned at the dilbnee of ten or 
 aliout three leagues in circiim- 
 
 fo called froin the navigator 
 in 58 degrees nortii Liiiindc. 
 iNoi, Ataka, and Shaimea, 
 intiguous, laid to he little lui- 
 it' at all, inhabited. 
 
 ned by Captain Cook, \vhtul|i. 
 'age, liesi'i about 64 do;;, nonii 
 ingiiii'Je. It is about 30 milct 
 to our navigators 10 1'cbirrtii, 
 ints. 
 
 Y. 
 
 :k of land, 
 .(ia to that 
 the Medi- 
 •e Veid to 
 Mcditer- 
 is of Suez, 
 America. 
 
 ropics,tho 
 he climate 
 *3 are un- 
 W. The 
 coafls and 
 
 trn Ocean, 
 i the firft 
 afl: cotirfe, 
 and Seae- 
 
 he former 
 by the in- 
 )f Bona oa 
 15 for their 
 ! civatures 
 ik or Pike 
 s fituaied 
 
 'avourablc 
 eEnglilh, 
 1. Ill Ihort, 
 "ul as well 
 ■ the more 
 
 !o eminent 
 IS toapro- 
 »ur fellow- 
 breall that 
 iiives, and 
 1 creation J 
 ! barbarity. 
 JNERAL 
 
 
 ^^m. 
 
1<'\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I' V I 
 
 ...„..„ 
 
 RqiiiiioHial Line 
 
 / AMrn.<li<n 
 
 GvLF or Gr INKA 
 
 /J. 
 
 S'Tlu 
 
 / .('Milin 
 
 jvtno pdn 
 
 S'.HeUnal- 
 
 '\ 
 
 t'/ttit>it 
 
 Jtttrmn,\ \MnHfa ^ r 
 
 _ -r,..» - TiKKIXHjNVHIA 
 
 
 tfH Of/erf OdBH/tM -, .""l""^, 
 
 •; »«t" \ Muiaco J f\ .- ♦ 
 
 /(*/<» //(^r /itfManvtt-t 
 
 
 Bakft biiiu! 
 
 ^Aisro ft" 
 
 ^i^iBi^ 
 
 
 ^T 
 
 -^ 1^. MAT»HnA> 
 
 Mniio (Miiugi J 
 
 (>y uj^ ^ji r ^ 
 
 Rucii'i'.i.s ^ 
 
 ^w'"*"*!^;.'*-'* 
 
 
 ■icorn 
 
 JV^Eh^ and ^irCf^/iATU 
 
 M A r 
 
 of 
 
 A F R 1 C A, 
 
 Dram I //o//t /he 6/-^t 
 A U T 11 o R I T I E S . 
 
 Tho' Bowen . 
 
 /,t'fii/,>/i '"> 
 
 
 CltitbebllA 
 
 f ,1, t^y 
 
 > Miiinb.... 
 » Bl7TI'A _ |. 
 
 :3? *",»-', 
 
 M.vVirA^"''-..^^*'')' 
 
 '->, Ki..,"rf (^ ,S'''"' "\^ s'sl^A 
 
 Brigoudis V's 
 NaiiiatiiMN ^ JF , 
 
 « ffSMimi^Ho rjlJV TO TS t,% , 
 
 
 ththi 
 
 N 
 
 o c 
 
 M.li rt'irm 
 
 h'lt.r/ 
 
 li>(l II 
 
I' '■'1" !■: 
 
 ,■?" 
 
 vSEa 
 
 ■<^ # 
 
 C.o 
 
 +.T-' 
 
 
 '.^<, 
 
 ^^ 
 
 -y. /r«'*w 
 
 I'attoit 
 
 ■ mfHtff.irtmion x \^.'WY^^ ^ 
 
 W7 -Ci 
 
 Jrrulilero ^ Htf"*^ ' 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 'I'// 
 
 ^ 
 
 .»,*m,,i V>t-.4<» - ?- ^ > ' S,^^J\>J-, I TVopic ot Cancel:, 
 
 
 -"•{r* 
 
 \'iC 
 
 S T E. It 
 
 «j" > Muiaco / -t-s 
 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 rUtlnf 
 
 l*r 2 "'I/J 
 
 Bakft bMke 
 
 A ■" 't'"^ ' Uy;;^ 
 
 
 /S?!^/.* Micoko 
 
 J ■'*'' 
 
 ^ C o S O o^^ • '! (xAluiltimta f 
 
 
 r- 
 .r 
 
 I"'"' -vf-''*-* /mil AS > 
 
 'mAwm 
 
 K * , Bembei 
 
 i ^^ 
 
 
 ^flrtTho 
 
 I ]V D 
 
 .-» > 
 
 
 Jft.VKAM.tt /i^ '■ J(i:1.7,l: 
 
 ft,rA/itfr» Ht/vtt 
 
 ftfinffi lit 
 
 tort ^ftifrU 
 
 
 
 
 
 t^rtrft 
 
 *f'M^J\ 
 
 I A :sr 
 
 
 Matr^Ufi 
 
 /■ i ^ Sabia- 
 
 > l«>''^ *lAN<)MOTAPA .\|!fe'""™-j,'* '' 
 lialunka MvNir.v;*-,^'*!'^ -7i^t>£^ L 
 
 " /*.<!• /7An'C 'S. _» » 51 '%i *f.V J, BS/WiiuIiiiJ 
 
 ft '/•• iKtufn t,>^ 
 
 I, A/H 
 
 Cojionas 
 
 5 I 
 , 5^ ' I'^iMi/Zlfir 
 
 JllUlinn Hi j»* ^ , ripl' S'lAn.tl,f,t,r 
 
 laL«<j^-oaBAv 
 '"•/cJ/itaitptfSuiuk! 
 
 VV"* 
 
 '^H***. 
 
 
 
 
 u, 
 
 'f'" o^'Ciu 
 
 '*^'^i!«^« 
 
 ^•J*• 
 
 ' E R i N 
 
 10 
 
 /»-/« 
 
 M.uft'iTfn 
 
 ^ jf/ 
 
 / 
 
 AVr.r/ ^w /.■'H,^i//:./f ,j 
 
 /r.>/>i 
 
 /.,;,./u. 
 
 % 
 
i 
 
 =1 
 
 11 
 
 3»4 
 
 rank 
 fporw 
 but ri 
 
 very 
 do m 
 hiirve 
 hops 
 
 Of 
 catodi 
 
 Aij 
 has In 
 Mini 
 anv h 
 This, 
 
 Tb 
 they f 
 tluy p 
 ni'o, > 
 bough 
 times 
 htc aa 
 tri(lin{ 
 Anatt 
 
 Tlu 
 very f 
 being 
 luive t 
 vourin 
 cffeft 1 
 
 Pan 
 
 the tor 
 ror is i 
 phite?, 
 Guavx 
 
 Ra» 
 long. ) 
 circum 
 in it an 
 
 Pen 
 north, 8 
 fmall, a 
 
 Prat 
 cxtreini 
 hition i 
 opening 
 
 ;iniiiora; 
 rablc, b( 
 
 Mvo 
 a flat ifli 
 bv S. tr( 
 inlubitfr 
 
 As the Equinoflial 
 heat, in the inland p: 
 can have but little va 
 aa|iuintt',! with Inow 
 liiil, through cxtiemc 
 bank, of rivci-,s, part 
 
 The principal river 
 It Central, aiier a \vi 
 rank, ui)on many val 
 from its Cource in Al: 
 gal whit ii arc branch 
 
 The mort confiilor 
 flrc-tLlicstothe Atlan 
 habiuinis Errit", is a ri 
 tlic iiine coail. The 
 prodigious height. T 
 winch rani^c at large 
 ot Tcncriffe, which 
 on an ifland of the Is 
 
 Though the fituat 
 for commerce; thou 
 Dutch, and French, 
 Attica, florcd with tr 
 as Convenient, withir 
 civilized Europ>.-ans 
 
 "%' 
 
A NEW, ROYAL, A IJ T II IC N T I C 
 
 And COMPLETE SYSTEM of 
 
 UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 BOOK 
 
 III. 
 
 AFRICA, 
 
 Including the New Difcoveries on the Continent and Iflands ofF the Coaft. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 AFRICA is of vaft extent, cncompaffcd all round hy the ila, except at the Idhmus, or narrow neck of land, 
 at Sue/,, which leparates the Mediterranean from the Red Se.i, wliilft it joins the Continent of Alia to that 
 of Africa. Its utmoft length from N. to S. on both lidcs of the Tiiuator, that is, from Cape Bona, in the MeclL- 
 ti-aa can, nottUward, to the Capj of Good Hope, I'outhward, is 4300 miles. Its breadth, from Cape Verd to 
 Cape (juarda Fui, near the Straits of Babel Mandel, is 3500 miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea, by which it is dividcil from Euro[)e ; on the S. by tlie Pacific Ocean ; on the E. by the ifthmus of Suez, 
 the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean; and on the W. by the Great Atlantic, which feparates it from America. 
 
 As the EquinncfVial pafTes througii the middle of Africa, and the greater part of it lies between the Tropics, the 
 heat, in the inland parts efpe^.ially, is almoft infupportable to Europeans. Though, from fituition, thedimate 
 can have but little variation, moll parts of this region are inhabited. The natives of thel'e fullry climtsare un- 
 aetiuaintcd with fnow and ice, nor ever dream of the polFihility of fluids being confolid.ated by the cold. The 
 I'oil, through extreme heat, as w.ll as drouj^ht, from want of rain, is, in general, llerile; but on the coafls and 
 bank:, of rivers, i)articularly thofe of the Nile, are fertilized by inundations. 
 
 The principal rivers of Africa arc the Nile and the Niger. The Niger falls into the Atlantic, or VVcftcrn Ocean, 
 »t Cenro;al, afier a winding courle of 2H00 miles: but the Nile has, from time immemorial, obtained the firft 
 rank, u\mn many valuable accounts. This celebrated riser divides Egypt into two parts, and, after a vaft courfe, 
 from its foune in Abvflinia, dili barges iilllf into the Mediterranean. There arc alfo the livers Gambia and Sene- 
 gal which arc branches ot the Nile, and fcveral others of kfs note. 
 
 The mort confiderable mountii-ns in Africa arc the following. The Greater and Lefl'er Atlas. The former 
 flictchts to the Atlantic Ocean wefUvard, to which it j>,ives its name. The latter, called alio Lant, and by the in- 
 liabiiiints Errif, is a ridg.' cxteniliil|! along the Mediterranean, from the Straits of Gibraltar to the city of Bona on 
 the lame coafl. The mountains of the Siui and Moon, called by the Spaniards Monies Ciaros, are tamous for their 
 prwligious height. The Sierra Lcona, or Mountains of l.i ins, io called from the number ot thole fierce creatures 
 winch ran,2,e at large on them, divide Nigritia from Guinea, and extend a^ far as Ethiopia. The Peak or Pike 
 of Tencriffe, which is faiil to be (fill higher than any of the rell, in thj form of a fugar-loaf, is fituated 
 on an ifiand of the fame name near the coalt. 
 
 Though the (ituation of Africa, as a iieninUifa, as it were, in the center of the gl ibe, is extremely fiivourablc 
 fir commerce ; though the coun'. y abounds with gold, as appears from the concurrent tellimonies ot ilie t.nglilh, 
 Dutch, and French, who have feltlements on the coalts, the natives ihrivc little benefit from navigation. In ihort, 
 Africa, flored wiih treafure, and capable, under improvement, of producing fb many things, delightful as well 
 a^ convenient, within itfelt, feems to be too much negleclcd, not only by the natives, but alio by the more 
 civilized Europeans who are fettled in it. 
 
 Africa was once, indeed, famous for the lilxral arts, for opulence and commerce. It has given birth toemiiient 
 divines, heroes, and poets : but the natives are now degenerated to luch a degree, as to become odious to a pro- 
 verb. Its chief commerce is that of all others the moll Jt'lgraceful to human nature, namely, tlie iale of our fellow- 
 creatures; a practice attended with fuch circumfbnces of horror and barbarity, as cannot bat thrill the brcallthat 
 is not ftieled againft the nicer feelings. Upon the whole, the nature of the clime, the brutality of the natives, and 
 the f.nvity of the bealts, difplay the p iwerful eff-ds of excelTive heat both on the vegetable and animal creation; 
 while the fucccflive deprdati«ns of diftt;rcnt nations have reduced itto the lowcll ebb of ignorance and barbarity. 
 ^ A GENERAL 
 
 >. t ■. ^'' 
 
 I?' 
 
 t<i 
 
 
Si(S A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 A GENERAL TABLE or thk CONTINENT 
 
 OF A !•• R I C A, Stc. 
 
 
 II 
 
 W 
 
 m 
 
 
 NiKum^. 
 
 L.iii;th. 
 
 Breailth. 1 
 ' 4V;'' 
 
 Principal Cities. II)il.& Bear, fron Uomlon. 
 
 
 
 "Morocco 
 
 McilOeiO .... 
 
 loSo 
 
 S. 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 Ali;itrs 
 
 480 
 
 103 
 
 Algiers . . . - 
 
 920 
 
 s. 
 
 
 ■^i 
 
 Timis ... 
 
 220 
 
 170 
 
 Tunis .... 
 
 990 
 
 S. E, 
 
 
 & 
 
 rri[H>li 
 
 700 
 
 240 
 
 Tripoli .... 
 
 12()0 
 
 S. E. 
 
 
 
 LBarw - - - 
 
 400 
 
 3CO 
 
 Tolcmata .... 
 
 1400 
 
 S. E. 
 
 
 BilcilulgeriJ 
 
 2i;oo 
 
 330 
 
 Dara .... 
 
 '5^5 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 e f Z:uira - - - . 
 
 24C0 
 
 6()0 
 
 Tii;eira .... 
 
 1840 
 
 s 
 
 
 ~ ^ 1 Tombiit 
 
 Limits 
 uncertain 
 
 - . 
 
 Tombuto 
 
 - - 
 
 . 
 
 
 •c ^ Sierra Ltona - --^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S Miindin^i) - • 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "£ •! I'holcV 1 y 2200 
 
 840 
 
 MundingQ 
 
 2500 
 
 
 
 ^^ ami Countries - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ *■ lalotfs . J 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 rSiavc Co.ill - -^ 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 Great Popo 
 
 -J 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 f.okK\'a(l - - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Acra.Crevecoeur.Fort James 
 
 
 
 t4 
 
 
 Toc\\\ Coaft 
 
 - 
 
 • 
 
 Liho 
 
 
 
 
 (irain Coail 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 No Towns 
 
 
 
 •z 
 
 
 Wliidali - - - 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 Xavier .... 
 
 
 1 
 
 "t: 
 
 = ■< 
 
 Aulr.ili . - - > 
 
 iSoo 
 
 360 
 
 All'cm .... 
 
 S.1700 
 
 s. 
 
 c 
 
 
 Fctii . - . - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 C.ipc Coail Caftie 
 
 
 
 bO 
 
 
 Comniendo 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Little Ciimniendo 
 
 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 
 jaby 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 No Town - - - 
 
 
 
 
 
 Anta .... 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 Bourtray .... 
 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 ^Axim . . -J 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Ailiombonc 
 
 . 
 
 
 S 
 
 Benin 
 
 Limits 
 
 
 B.nin .... 
 
 2800 
 
 s. 
 
 -o 
 
 iinecrtain 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ fBent^iiLla - - -"j 
 
 4;,o 
 
 180 
 
 B.nguela - . . - 
 
 3900 
 
 s. 
 
 '■J 
 
 ^ Ani^ola 
 
 ;6o 
 
 2^0 
 
 Loando .... 
 
 37^" 
 
 s. 
 
 *— * 
 
 Q CoMj^i) Proper 
 
 540 
 
 4iO 
 
 Saint Salvador 
 
 34K0 
 
 s. 
 
 
 {. L)ango 
 1 rt r " 
 
 o ~ Monomotapa - | 
 
 410 
 
 300 
 
 Ljoango .... 
 
 .1.>03 
 
 s. 
 
 
 960 
 
 660 
 
 Monomotapa 
 
 4.'oo 
 
 s. 
 
 
 ^ t Monomugi - - r 
 
 900 
 
 660 
 
 Chicovu ... - 
 
 4:.6o 
 
 5. 
 
 
 C:lirr:iria - - - 
 
 7S0 
 
 660 
 
 Cape Town 
 
 5200 
 
 S. 
 
 
 , ^ rMclinda - - O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S "d S Molimbiquc - - I 
 
 1400 
 
 350 
 
 Melindaor Mofainbique - 
 
 4440 
 
 S. E. 
 
 
 ^5:LS,W:i - - -J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Al'cx - - 
 
 340 
 
 'jO 
 
 !)j:icah 
 
 3580 
 
 S. E. 
 
 
 rt Anian ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S. r 1 M.uadoxa 
 ^— J Brana 
 
 900 
 
 800 
 
 Gondar . - . . 
 
 2S00 
 
 S. E. 
 
 
 ■^ , A';)y(rinia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nu'-ia 
 
 940 
 
 600 
 
 Xubia . . . - 
 
 241S 
 
 S. E. 
 
 
 F^vpt 
 
 ''oa 
 
 2^0 
 
 'Jrand Cairn 
 
 1020 
 
 S. K. 
 
 ISLANDS. 
 
 Na" 
 
 Miideiras 
 C inarifs 
 Cape dc Verd 
 tioree 
 BilFao 
 Bifiiigocs 
 Saint McLiia 
 Afcenfrjn 
 Saint Matthew 
 Annabon 
 Saint Thorns' 
 Prince's Kle 
 Fernando Po 
 Bourbon 
 Mauritius 
 Madagafcar 
 Coniora Ifles 
 Zocr.ita 
 Bab'l-mandel 
 Oil :uis, Seas, <\c. 
 
 Wheie litualed. 
 
 c 
 
 ChKt Towi 
 
 Sania Cruz ..ml I'uni-nal 
 
 PaliiM, S;. Clirillophjr 
 
 St. Du.iiingo 
 
 :\);tS:. Michael - - 
 
 / Have no Tmvns, the Natives 
 
 1 livi::g in feattered Huts 
 
 St. Helena 
 
 1 
 
 St. Tlioinas and Anaboa 
 
 Hourlxm 
 Mauritius 
 St. Audin 
 Joanna 
 Calanfia 
 Babel- niandel 
 
 i 
 
 Trade widi ui belong to. 
 
 Portugudc 
 Spaniards 
 Porluguefc 
 French 
 
 All N.itions 
 
 Englilh 
 
 L'ninhabitcd 
 
 Portugucfe 
 
 Frendi 
 Frencii 
 Ail N.itions 
 All Nations 
 
 
 Atlantic 
 
 Pacific 
 
 Indian 
 
 Mediterranean 
 
 Red 
 
 (oce 
 
 Sea 
 
 Rivers. 
 
 Silver 
 Nile 
 Gambia 
 Senegal 
 
 MDiintaiiib. 
 
 .•Ul.is 
 
 Moon ? . T 
 
 , . „ >Mountainj 
 
 l..ion ) 
 
 reucriU 
 
 Religi> 
 
 Pagan 
 
 M.ihometan 
 
 Clirilliaa 
 
 Lan>;ua; 
 
 Ca|ies ami Si nuts. 
 
 Ne^ro IJi.iledl'-Cape dc Verd 
 
 CapeotGo^Kl Hi'|xr 
 Strait of Balicl- 
 niandel 
 
 (JopiiL 
 
 Arabic Portuguele 
 
 (ircik Dutch 
 
 Atriian or French 
 
 Morifco Lingua Franca 
 
 C AF 
 
 S E 
 Namt, Bounc. 
 
 THERE arc man) 
 li/ed parts of tl 
 nature of their lituat 
 piir|5o!es both of navii 
 iiivfheen neglcclcil tl 
 ot I lie natives. No ii 
 t!ic truth ot this rema 
 ronlidenition, which 
 Cpiain Cook ami 01 h 
 pii'iy to the I'd, and 
 [irodiK'li.ins ol'iiatiirc 
 b<ii!i on its jil.uiis and 
 but the exertion of hui 
 ol navigation and cult 
 tageous.ind conitortab 
 Aii;li irs are duided 
 name ot this Kniniry ; 
 (ioiu Ca.'IVes, the apj); 
 h.ihil.uits ; while oihe 
 atiix d on tlicm by llic 
 do not prolef-. the Mali 
 rcalon, that Callieria is 
 word lignil'ying an iiili 
 Cati'reiiais bounded 
 AbylTinia, on the eall i 
 tlicCa|)eof (juod Hoj 
 Guinea. It is comput 
 and 660 in breadth. 
 
 This region may be 1 
 thcrn, ineliniiiiL^ CaffVt 
 c iniprelieiuliiiii ihe cou 
 trtri.i Proper beinj^ liit!J 
 hetin wilii the couiitiyl 
 prtniiled lome partis ulJ 
 ILpe. 
 
 S E Cl 
 
 Dijiriptlon of the Capel 
 civcry. Foundation I 
 ntnt(. Scil. PrcdU 
 il'-firibed by our ccur\ 
 Ciipe Town, 
 
 THECapeof Gocl 
 ixtreniity of .'\fil 
 lit. and 81 deg. 23 nif 
 f'. I he Portuguele in 
 f ttlemcnt. The Du| 
 ir m.my years afterwr 
 ') and from the EalL 
 uka ot forming a fetll 
 in 1630 to the Dutch f 
 Kicbetk.a I'urgeon otj 
 'III the advantages tli| 
 ikitakiiig. The Iclie 
 liiediredor-;, the pnj 
 jiropcied perfon to c 
 were fitted out for thl 
 materials, implenieni 
 cafion. M. Van Ricl 
 liilcd accordingly, aif 
 tti'ectually conciliate! 
 ilie coniuiodities he 
 lobicco, brandy, &;ei 
 N.'. 20. 
 
 W' 
 
RAPHY. 
 
 ICA, &c. 
 
 Hear. trc. l .omlun. 
 
 
 S. 
 
 s. 
 
 S. K. 
 
 s. v.. 
 s. !■:. 
 
 1 
 
 s. 
 
 oo 
 
 200 
 
 S. 
 
 s. 
 
 lOO 
 
 S. 
 S. 
 
 ;oo 
 
 S. 
 
 s. 
 
 lOO 
 
 s. 
 
 ;6o 
 
 s. 
 
 |440 
 
 b. 11-. 
 
 580 
 
 S. E. 
 
 800 
 
 S. E. 
 
 418 
 
 020 
 
 S. E. 
 
 S. E. 
 
 
 ;ulc Willi 01 Ixloiiglo. 
 Fortiigud'e 
 
 Spaniards 
 
 Portiigucfc 
 
 French 
 
 All Nation? 
 
 Englilh 
 
 Uiiinl 
 
 labitcd 
 
 Portuguefe 
 
 French 
 Frcncii 
 Ail Nations 
 All Nations 
 
 I CyicsaniJ_Sinuts^ 
 
 tdt'-Capc etc Veiii 
 
 CapeofGcKKl ^''\^ 
 Strait of Biiid- 
 nunJcl 
 
 ,nca 
 
 [ 3'7 1 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 C A F F' R E R I A, or the Country of the Hottentots. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 Namt, Biundariei, Extent, Divi/ioH, 
 
 THERE ar'j many places in tiic nuit; and uncivi- 
 Ir^cil parts of tlic kvorld, winch I'ecm, from tlic 
 naturt: ot their lituation, admirably adapted tor the 
 piir|X)!es both of naviiration and commerce; Init wliicli 
 b ivf lit'C'ii neglciTlcd through the inlupcraiile indolence 
 ot I'le natives. No inllance aiVordi a gieaici prool of 
 ilie triiiii ot this remark than the country now under 
 fo:iru!er:'iion, wlmh (according to the accounts of 
 explain Cook ami other late navigators) from its conti- 
 puty to tlie lea, and that profniion of l"pontaneous 
 prixha'lions ot nature in the vcg,tai)le lyllem, apparent 
 botli on its plains and vallies, evidi'ntly wants nothing 
 b'.it the exertion of human iinhillry in the grand poii\tb 
 ot navigation and cultivati^in to reniler it both advan- 
 tageous and comtoitalile to it> inhabitant-. 
 
 Au;h )rs arc duiJcd with rcfpeft to tlic origin of the 
 name of iliis nuiniry; I'omc lupjiole it to be derived 
 troni Carties, the api)ellation given to f)me of its in- 
 h.ibitaiits ; while oiliers maintain that it is a llignia 
 atfix d oil t'licm by the Arabs in common with all who 
 do not pro!el"- the Mahometan religion ; alTigning as a 
 tcalbn, that Callieria is derived from Cutir, an Aiabic 
 word lignilyingan Infidel. 
 
 CaUVeiiais b(juniled on the north by Negroland and 
 AhylTinia, on the call by the Ocean, on the touth In 
 the Cape of (jood Hope, and on the well by a part of 
 Guinea. It is computed at about 70S miles in length 
 and 660 in breadth. 
 
 This region may be divided into two parts; the nor- 
 tlitrn, indu(.iing CaflVeria Proper; and the fouthern, 
 c tmiireheiuling the country of liie Mottentots. Cat- 
 frcria I'roper being little known by Eurv)p.ans, we Ihall 
 lieijin With the c>juntry of the H :ttcntots, after having 
 ptcmiled I'ome pariieulars relative to the Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 D;prift!on of the Cape of Good Hope. Situntion. Dif- 
 covcry. Foundation of the Diitih Srtllement. C'.i- 
 wiHe. Scil. Prcduihcns. Mountains. Curiofities 
 lufiriM ly our cour.trynhin Captain Cc.k. A. count of 
 Cape Town, 
 
 THE Capeof Ciood Hope, whith is the fHithcm 
 extremity of Africa, lies in 54 deg. 2(1 min. loutli 
 lit, and 81 deg. it, min. call long. It was difcovered 
 by ihe Portuguefe in 149;?, but they never made any 
 t.ttlcmcnt. The Dutch firft vititcd it in lOoo, and 
 tor manv years afterwards touched at it in tlieii voyages 
 to aad fiom the Eatl: Indies for lefrelhnients. The 
 ilka of torminga lettlerr'cnt there was tirfl t'uggelled 
 in 1650 to the Dutch Eatl India Company by Nl. Van 
 Riebetk.a lurgeon of one of their llup-, who pointed 
 I lit the ailvantages that might accrue from fuch an un- 
 ileitakiiig. The Icheme meeting the a])probation ot 
 tiie dircelor-:, the itrojiofcr was pitched u]ion as tlie 
 properefl perlbn to cany it into execution. Four fhips 
 Were fitted out for the Cape, having on board artifii ers, 
 maierials, implements, and floies neced'ary for the oe- 
 eiifion. M. Van Ricbeck, veiled with his crcelentials, 
 liiled accordingly, and on his arrival at the Cape fo 
 etieclually conciliated the natives by the diftribution of 
 tlie commodities he took, Inch as brafs, toys, beads, 
 tobicco, brandy, &c. that a treaty was concluded, by 
 No, 20. 
 
 which it was (lipulated, that in conlideration of certairj 
 artieles to the amount of 50,000 guilder^ beini', deli- 
 vered up to the natives, the Dutch Ihould have lull 
 liberty to fettle there. 
 
 A tort was then built, together with dwclling-houfes, 
 warehoules, an hot'pital lor the reception of the lick, 
 and proper fortifications, and the Dutch trade efta- 
 olifVied on a gooil and folid foundation, widi many 
 confiderable privileg^j of great advantage to their com- 
 merce in the Indies. In procel's of time the trade as 
 well as number of lettlers was to greatly ii'.creafed, that 
 it was juiigecl expedient to augment the garrifon and 
 enlarge the flore I'.oules; and in order to be provieled 
 againlt attem|)ts from any of the European ixnvers, 
 «ho began to envy the aitvantige the Dutch received 
 from their fettlement, a fort was built in a better fiiii- 
 atioii than the firll, which at ilitferent times was io 
 contideral ly augmented, that at Itngih it became a 
 tlrong aiul elegant buililing, provided with every kind 
 of aecommojation. The number of t'ettlers afterwards 
 increafing to a cor.fiderable degree, they were obliged 
 to extend thcmfelves in colonies along the coaft, and 
 were divided into toar princi|):il ones, viz. Ca|)e, Hel- 
 lenbogelh, Drakenllcin, and Waveren. So that the 
 province is of great extent, and the government of it* 
 very confiderable port. 
 
 The climate would be intolerable, if the heat was not 
 mitigated by the winds which blow from the fouthern 
 ocean. Violent ftorms frequently arife, which, though 
 they render the coall very dangerous, are abfolutely 
 necefiary to the health ot the inhabitants. 
 
 Ctptain Cook fays, the land over the Cape of Good 
 Hope is mountainous and barren : bevond theli: moun- 
 tains the country is covered with a light land, which 
 v.ill not admit of cultivatior. There are, indeed, a 
 tew cultivated fpois, but ilu bear no proportion to 
 the others, Provifions are brought to the Cape from 
 a tlillanee fome hundred miles up the country. 
 
 The fame celebrated navi_t;at..r hkewife affirms that 
 notuithllanding the natural llerilit) of' the climate, the 
 induflry of Euiopcans produces all the neceflaries and 
 moll ol the luxuries of lite. The beef and mutton arc 
 excellent, though the oxen and fheep are natives iif the 
 country. The cattle are lighter than ours, mod neatly 
 maile, and have much wider horns. The flieep aie 
 clothed with a tubllance between wool and hair, and 
 iiave tails of an enormous fi/.e, tome weighing upwards 
 of i.velve pountb. Good butter is made from the milk 
 of coA>, but the cheefe is very inferior to ours. Here 
 are ho,;s and a variety of poultry ; alto goats, but thefe 
 are never ea; 'ii. The hares ;ue exaftly hke thofe in 
 Europe. Tiierc are quails of two Ibrts, and bollards, 
 all well flavoureil but not iuicy. The ficlils produce 
 European wheat and barley; the gardens Euro[)eaii 
 vqgetabL's and fruits of all kinds; beliiles plantains, 
 guavas, Jamba, and other Indian fruits, but tiielt; aro 
 not in perfee'tion. The vineyards alio produee wines 
 of various forts, but not equal to thole of Eiir.)i)e, ex- 
 cept the Conllantia, whicli is made genuine onl\ .it one 
 vineyard, about ten miles dillant from Cape Town. 
 There is another vineyard near it, w'lere wine is made 
 and called by the fame nam ■, but it is greatly interior. 
 I'rovilions in general are foki very cheap to the Dutch, 
 who make all other Europeans that touch there pay 
 dear for them. 
 
 When we fpeak of .agriculture, ii is to be confined 
 to Europeans; for fuch is the indolence of the Hotten- 
 tots, that they detell cuitivation and eve'y kind of la- 
 bour. 
 
 Wiiilc Captain Cook lay here, a farmer came to the 
 4 L Cape, 
 
 'W 
 
 iHM-t 
 
A NEW, ROYAL akd AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOCRArHY. 
 
 fl \ 
 
 N . 
 
 qi. 
 
 [i ! 
 
 1 I 
 
 3'S 
 
 Cape, l^rin^iiiR his yniinf; thililren witli hiiu from a 
 tlirt.incf (oinc liiimlral tnilcMipilif ci)iitilry,;mil wliii li 
 took liiiii liiuvn days iwurncy. On iK-inj^ alkal why 
 he had not IcU Iii< cliililrcn with fonic n^ij^hbour, he 
 fiiiil there Hcro no inli.ibitantj within five il.iys journey 
 of his farm. There arc no tree that arc even two yar^l^ 
 in hi. i^'Jit, except in lome plantations in the vicinity o\ 
 Cape Town. 
 
 Tlic animals fouml at the Cape rtrc very numeroMs 
 as thf eleph.itu, rhinoceros, hon, tygcr, leoparl, buf- 
 talo, eik, liart, Capc-lheep, wild af^, zebra, wild giut, 
 wolf, tyt;er, tivct-cat, &c. 
 
 Tiicrc is great variety of birds and fowls, as wild 
 gecfc, gulls, p.nguins, oftrichcs, [icacocks, pheilantv, 
 fmpe<i, ravens, o.vb, i^cc. But ihe moll lingular is a 
 p.uticiihr kind of eagle called dung-bird>. They will 
 I'ttack.in liorff or cow in i;reat liij^hts, and making a 
 liole in the belly of the beall with their beaks and ta- 
 lons, I'coop out the inlide, leaving only the bones and 
 hide. The leas adjoining to th.- Cape abound with va- 
 rious kinds ()♦ filh. 
 
 As a very lingular curiofity, wccannntomit toinfert 
 the dellription of an extraordinary fpecies ot cuckow, 
 communicated in a letter from a memlK-rot th'.- Roval 
 Aead.'iny in Stockholm to a Fellow of the Rnyil So- 
 '■'ety in London. " The Dutch fettlers (fays he) at 
 the j)laie where ilicfv' bird-- are found, have given them 
 ihf name i f k (uig-wiler, or Honey-guide, from its 
 difi overin;; wild honev to travellers. It has nothing 
 rcmarkaole citf.er in colour or (izc, but the inftind 
 which prompts it t ' feek its f(wd is tnily admirable. 
 Not only the Dutch and Hottentots, but likewile a 
 fjiecie^ ot quulruped which the Dutch name a Ratcl 
 (probably a new Ipccies of badger) arc frequently con- 
 dueled to wild bee hives by this iiird, which, as it w -re, 
 pilots them to the very fpot. The honey being its fa- 
 vourite food, its own intcreft prompts it to be inftru- 
 inental in robbing the hives, .is ibme fcraps are com- 
 inonl) left for its t'lipport. The morning and evening 
 are its times of fetdlng, wh.n it is heard calling in a 
 fhrill tone Cherr Clierr, to which the honcy-hunlers 
 carefully attetid, a-- tlic fummons to the chafe, l-rom 
 time to time they anlwer with a folt whillle, which the 
 bird hearin;;, al^'^l^s continues its note. A^ loon as 
 they arc in light oi each other, the bird gradually flut- 
 ters tow.ards the [)1 ice where the hive is fituatcd, con- 
 tinually repeating its former call of Cherr Cherr. At 
 lall, the bird is ubllrved to hover torafhort time over 
 a certain Ipot, and then filenily retiring to an adjoining 
 bufh, or other reftiiig-place, the hunters are lure of 
 finding the bees nclt in that very fpot. While tlic 
 hunters are buly in taking the honey, the bird is feen 
 looking; on .attentively to what is going forward, and 
 v/aiting for its Ih.vre of thetpoil. The bee-hunters 
 never fail to leave a fmall portion lor their condu>.'lor, 
 but commonly lake care not to leave as much as would 
 fatisty its hunger. The bird's appetite being only 
 whetted by this i).arfimon\ , it is obliged to make ano- 
 ther difeovcry in liopcs of a better reward. It is fur- 
 ther to be obferved, that the nearer the bird approaches 
 the hidden hive, the more frequently it repeats its call, 
 and feems more impatient." 
 
 The reptiles of this country are various, and among 
 them they have the fix following of the terpent kind, 
 viz. the tree ferpent, the alh-c>ilourcd afp, the fhoot 
 ferpent, the blind flow-worm, the thirft feri)ent, and 
 the hair ferj^)ent. There are alio many infedfs of divers 
 kinds. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of the Cape are three principal 
 eminences, called the Table-hill, Lion hill, .and VVmd- 
 hill. There are no navigable rivers in tl; s country, 
 but the brooks and rivulets which dcfcend from the 
 mo'intains tend greatly to the fertili/.uion of llie land. 
 Cc.ptain Cook, when he :ouched at the Cvpe in his 
 LA^-T voyage, went, accompanied by a party, to fee a 
 rcmarkalile large Hone in the colony ot Drakcnii in, 
 called by the inhabitants The Tower of Babvlon, or 
 the Pearl Diamond. It {lands on the top of feme low 
 
 hills, is of an obhmg flupe, rouniled on the top, .iii,| 
 lying nearly f th and nurih. The ciri umf. rence i.t 
 this Hone is about half a mile, as the part\ were hal 1 1 
 hour walking round it, in liulini; ifowanccs for flop- 
 ping and a bid loail. Its heijjht Iccmed to ctjiial die 
 dome of St. I'aiil's catho<lra! in lx)ndon. Except ;oii.c 
 lew rtllures, it is one uninterrtipicd mafs of lloiie. 
 
 Cape Town, the principal Euio]H;an llitlenient licrr 
 lituitvd in Cape -Colony, in 54dei!;. i ^ min. loiitli l^i. 
 and n> deg. 5 rtfin. call long, is large, ioninii)di,n;s, 
 plealant, and populcu ; tlie tbeets are fpaiious, mij 
 regularly laid out; the hoiiles are tolerably lundlomc 
 but very low, and only thaiche<l; in general tliev lave 
 plea'imt ginlens behind, and neat court-yards before 
 them. Building, as well as tillage, is greatU tniou. 
 raged at the Ca| e, and land given for cither purpolc 
 to thofe who chufe to accept of it; but then the tjo. 
 v, rnnieiit claims r.n annual tenth of the vdiie of th- 
 former and pioduie oi the latter, antl a tiilic o| all 
 ]>urchik m )ne\ when cllaies arc fold. The town ex- 
 tenils from the lea-lb ire to the Company's gard.n, 
 fpreading along the Table B.ay. The fort is in a val- 
 ley at a fmall dillance, and its form is pentagonal: n 
 commands the landing place, and is garrifined by.":} 
 ibkliers: the government lb)re-houfes are within it: 
 the governor and 0, her officers have apartments her.-, .) 
 well as 6co llrvants: the fame number of llaves arc 
 lodged in a commodious building in the town, wlmh 
 is diviiled into two wards, the one for the men, aiij 
 the other tor the women ; and the dillblute of eiilitr 
 tex are fent to a lioufe of correc'lion. 
 
 The Dutch fhips derive great benefit on their out- 
 ward and homeward bound pall'ages to and tr<im .udu 
 from the hulpital founded here for d (eafed mariners. 
 
 The church is a large commodious ed'fice, cleg;'ntlv 
 [ilam, but the roof and Peeple ate thatched. Thatch- 
 ing, ind: ed, from the nature of the hurricanes, f'-cnr- 
 abiolutcly neceflary, but from the mcthoil in which n 
 was formerly done, it appears that it was freiiuontiy 
 attended with ilanger, as we arc inftirmed tluit thcr.- 
 weie f ■riiierly llulving pent-lioufes erc-.'^ed on both 
 I'ldes the llreets, to fhelter paflengers in rainy weatl.cr; 
 but thcfe brought the inhabitants under Inch dan.-er! 
 and inconveniences, that they were I'uickly all pulltj 
 down by order of the government. Sailors anil Hot- 
 tentots were continually crowding and Imoaking tlur 
 pipes under them, and lonietimes through carelellii !', 
 tet tliem on fire. The governm nt very de.xter ;ii!ly 
 laid hold of that ocialion to rid the rtricts of thol fal- 
 lows that were continually pcC.ering them, by pulillli- 
 nv.'; an order, which k ilill 1. pt iii>, and fiom time i ) 
 time repubhihed, that no Hottentot or conmion 'aih>r 
 Iball fmoak in the ilree'. ; with a declarati.m, that Ac 
 lailor or Hottentot who fh luld prefume to do f'o, 111;:! 
 be tied to the whi])pin2-pofl, and fevcrdy laihed. Tin- 
 cleared the ftrcets at once, and keeps them clear totl.u 
 day of all tailors and H'ttent'its who have no bulm.'.; 
 there : for it is with great difficulty that either an Hot- 
 tentot or a Dutch failoi, if they have tobacco, and ih.\ 
 are tcldom without it, can forbear ftnoaking while thty 
 are awake. 
 
 SECTION iir. 
 
 Country of the HettcnUts. 
 
 THE Country of the Hottentots extends towiri!s 
 the north of the tropic of Capricorn, and on ..:! 
 other parts is bounded by the Southern Ocean. It h 
 divided into twenty parts or provinces, which, bcin;; 
 independent of each other, are termed nations. ThelJ 
 llottentot (fates are as follows : 
 
 1. The country of Heykams. This country abounds 
 in tattle, though there is no foilder luit flags and reeiis, 
 nor any water but what is biackilh. 
 
 2. The Camtours diflrid i ontains the finefi: and moH 
 lol'ty trees of any in the country ot the Hotienii)t<. 
 Tlic land in general is flat, the foil rich, and the water 
 
 cxtcUent. 
 
 AmiCA.I 
 
 fxctllint. hiere is plent' 
 dance of c.ittle, great qua 
 01 wild bcalls. 
 
 5. I'hc Houteniquas I; 
 w knIs, and fair fertile me 
 in aliund mce of medicii 
 bciuutully enamelled wii 
 flowers. 
 
 4. The country' of the 
 fii.illbut plentiful terrilo 
 here than at any other pi; 
 Cipe. 
 
 5. The people called 
 rliii-h :ibounds in cattle, 
 Iciis. \ViH)d IS very fear 
 numerous and iif lefs; ti 
 anv fait; and the pits are 
 of any fcrvice to th - Eii 
 llirough rhis territory an 
 |) ntine river I'alaniites, 
 whole country, .ind is pa 
 as the people have not il 
 biidg-. 
 
 6. Dunquas land is tin 
 place in this part of Airi 
 fiae (Ireatns which dilemb 
 Palaniites. Ikie is a \)t< 
 herbs, anil flowers. 
 
 7. The S mqiias are bi 
 hit a very b.irren, rocky 
 which, and the manner ir 
 tiiue, they may be termei 
 tie is fo Icarce among thei 
 uiHin certain foleinn occa 
 the game thcv provide ili 
 fiich roots, plants, and 1 
 furnilhes. 
 
 8. The Heffeqiias, or 
 and molt polilhed of all 
 is, they have the grcatcft 
 criterion otriihe-, and a 
 living, the fo'e ina.k of r 
 ced in this country. Tl 
 and better built; their 
 flronger and more handi 
 tcr inhabited than any 
 hive abundance of ga 
 that is neceliary to convc 
 pical liiuation. Some ol 
 its fcrvants to the Duti 
 and, during the Ilipulai 
 ira.gnty. 
 
 (1. ihe Koopmans 
 «hich contains mai.y Ei 
 liipplieil with wood and 
 
 1 ">. The Chainouquas 
 'J'lie people conlill only 
 are, however, Very rii 
 llrangers. 
 
 11. The Kabonasinl 
 tropic of Capriior.i, ; 
 p'lagi, or men-cater-^, 
 
 12. The country of' 
 to the former, and lies 
 latitude, is likewile vei 
 fore, not prelerve the 
 to adopt nothing but w 
 
 1^ TheHentaquasd 
 in applying themlelves 
 breeding of cattle. The 
 il.ikha, the juice of whic 
 fiiMlanlial partfetves th 
 toxicating hquor, of wli 
 people catch lions by ti 
 uf taming them, loasti 
 "leftic. Some of the 11 
 fur the purpofes of war, 
 tliem, that tliev arc ob 
 
Oi, RAI'HY. 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 CAFFRERIA. 
 
 3'9 
 
 furJ. (Va(«l ni;iriiHis. 
 
 fxcelUnt. Here i« pK-nty of fra and river fi(h, abiin- 
 dincc ot cattle, great quantities of game, and a variety 
 
 01 wilil I leads. 
 
 ,'. Tlie Houtiriiiiuas iaiul contains many fine (liady 
 ,»-),m1>, and tair fertile meailowj; the fird arc luxuriant 
 in aliunilancc ol medicinal hcrhsj and the latter arc 
 btiuiitully enanielkd with a gr^at variety of fragrant 
 (lowi'n. 
 
 4. TItc (.otmtrA' of the Guiri(|ucs, or CJaiiros, is a 
 fiiiallbut plentiful icrrilDry. Wild lx'a(l< aliound nvue 
 hire than at any other pla.e within the vicinity of the 
 
 5. Tiie people called Damaqu as inhabit a diftrift 
 «rliii.h abounds in cattle, g,\n\e, hcm|), ami water mc- 
 Im. \V<H)d IS very llarce, and fill -pit-, are at once 
 niiinfrous and ullels; lor the Hottentots never cat 
 anv fall ; and tilt |iits are too tar fniinthccoall to be 
 ot any fcrvice t) th • Europeans. Th.t'e who travel 
 through rhis territory arc nm. Ii obflrudcd by the fer- 
 |)ntine river I'alaniites, uliitli meanders through the 
 whole coiinirv, and is pafled upon floats, or in candies, 
 as the |K'ople have not the liiiallelt idea ol buiklmg a 
 biidg-. 
 
 6. Dunquas land is the lead uneven and mod frtil 
 jihue in this part of Africa. It is watered by Icveral 
 fine ftreaius which dileinboBue theinlelves into the river 
 Valainites. Mtie is a profufion of cattle, game, filh, 
 l;crbi, and lli)\\crb. 
 
 7. The S,ini]uas are but few in number, and inha- 
 bit a very barren, rocky country; from the nature ot 
 which, and the manner in which they pii k up a fuiMil- 
 tiiK e, they may be termed the Swifs ot the Cape. Cat- 
 tle is fo Icarcc among them, that they never kill any but 
 u|)<>necrtain folemn ocialions; their food beinp; either 
 the jiame they provide themt'elves with in hunting, or 
 fiich roots, plants, and herbs, as their poor ciutury 
 turn I flies. 
 
 8. Tlie Hclfequas, or GafTequas, one of the riched 
 and mod polilhed ot all the Hottentot nations; that 
 is, they have the grcatell quantity oC cattle, the nidy 
 criterion o| riihe-, and are tiic mod luxurious in their 
 living, the lo'e ma.k of refinement wiiieh can be addu- 
 ced in this c luntry. Thti. kraals or villages are larger 
 and lietter built; their bakkeleys, or oxen for carriage, 
 llronger and more han.ifomc ; and tlieir country is bet- 
 ter inhabited than any other about the Cape. Th y 
 hue abundance of game, and, indeed, every thin^ 
 tl.at is necelfary to convenience and ])learure in that iro- 
 piial lliuation. Some of ihele people article themielves 
 ;is fervants to the Dutch for a certain term of years, 
 aiul, during the dipulated Ipace, ad with the utaiolt 
 integrity. 
 
 (). Ihc Koopmans poflefs a large fertile territory, 
 which contains mar.y Eurojiean fettlemcnts, and is well 
 lupph.il with \Miod and water. 
 
 1 "I. The Chainouquas territories are fmall and fert ile. 
 Tlie people confiil only ot" about 40c pertons. They 
 aie, however, very ricli in cattle, and generous to 
 llrangers, 
 
 1 1. The Kabonas inhabit a country fituated near the 
 tropic of Capricor.j, and are reported to be aiitliro[)o- 
 p!iagi, or men-eater'!. 
 
 12. The country of the Hancumqiias, which adjoins 
 to the former, anil lies in about the ztith degree ct l()uth 
 latitude, is likewil'every little known: we Ihall, there- 
 fore, not pieferve the coniecUiies oi others, as we mean 
 to adopt nothing but what is well authenticated. 
 
 1 ^ The Henlacjuas differ from the other Hottentots 
 in applying themlclves to agriiuliuie, as well as the 
 breeding of cattle. They cultivate a lingular roiit called 
 ilskha, the juice of which is diarpand ipiriiuous. The 
 fill llantial part let vest hem for locd, ami the lluidisan in- 
 toxicating liquor, of which they are very fonil. Thele 
 people catch lions by traps, and have the peculiar art 
 of taming them, Ii) as to render them iijciable and do- 
 nieftic. Some of the dronged and ficrctd they breed 
 for ihc purpofes of war, and io perfe.illy well dilcipliiie 
 (Item, that they arc obudienc to 'cuininand, and attack 
 
 furioufly whi-n ordered by their matlcrs fo that by the 
 afiidance of th. fe tremendous light tro..ps the Henfii- 
 quas arc exceeding f mmdable to their ncig'ibours. 
 
 14. The Atiapias arc pKjr, having but few cattle, 
 which is owing to the bari\ nn-i; ofthe country, ami tlic 
 want of water. This poverty of f lil is, however, the:r 
 grand fccurity againll inv.ifion, as none care to deal 
 that which is not winMiaving, or to run the ha/.ardoi 
 their lives with a certain profped of being lollrs. 
 
 15. The Cliiriu,rii.|uas inhabit a country bordering on 
 the Bay of St. Helen's, and are a drong, a.'tive, bold, 
 people. The territory is watered by an excellent dream 
 called the Elephant'^ River, on account of the great 
 number of elephants whi. h t'r-.quenr its banks. This 
 ilillrid abounds in mountains which are Hat on the top 
 and the lummits of fonjj ot them have all tiie verduiC 
 of the finefl meadows. The vallies are admirably ena- 
 melled with the molllxaiiiirul flower-.; but it u daiig,"- 
 rousto enioy their fragancy, on a' count of the prodi- 
 gious number of fn.ake5 with which they abound; that 
 c.dld Ccralhi. being particularly venomous. 
 
 The Chirigriipias are very numerous, and are cele- 
 brated for being the moll dexter )us ofany of the Hot- 
 teiuots in throwing the afi'>.j;aye or half pike, which 
 tl'.ev do with a moll critical exaihul's. This weajion is 
 made (.. a tap.r Hick about tourlcet long, armed at om: 
 end witli an iron plate, Iharp at theedi'c, and tapering 
 to a p >int : the lilade is always kept briglu and clean, 
 ami wlien uled in war is ilipt in poifon. 
 
 1 6. The peoplecalled Namr.iiuas are divided infotwo 
 nations; the Greater Namaqua^ inhabit the coail, and 
 the Lell'er Namacpias extend more to the eadward. 
 Thuugh the government of thefe two nations ditfers, the 
 iharid.'rs ot the people are much the lixnie : they-aie 
 moie p.ilillied and p'lllef) a greater dcgr c o' re]'ii*v- 
 
 n than any ot the other H otteniots. Their divngth, 
 .alour, fidelity, and diflretion, are much admired even 
 by Europeans. 
 
 17. The Odiquas inh:;bit a didrid to the north of 
 Saldano Bay. They are in perpetual alliance with the 
 Safliquas, in order to defend each other mutually from 
 ihcChirigriquas, w ith whom they are continually at war. 
 
 18. The SafTiquas iiihaliit a country which is moun- 
 tainous, but at the fame time covered with verdure, and 
 the vallies are finely enamelled with fiiwers. The na- 
 tives were num-roui, till driven away by the Dutch' 
 freebooters, fo that it is now but thinly inhabited. 
 
 19. The territory of the Cochaquas is a fine country," 
 particularly in pallurage, on which account a great ex- 
 tent of it is occuiii.d Oy t'ne Dutch farmers, who have 
 the care of furniihing the Dutch Ead India Ihips with 
 provifions. 
 
 20. The Gorenghaiconas, or Ghunjemans, dwell 
 promitcuoufly with the Dutch, as they f'old their coun- 
 try to thofe people, only rel'erving to each family a 
 fiiiiU portion ot land. 
 
 The above names of the feveral Hottentot nations 
 were not given to them by the Europeans, but ari' ren- 
 dered agreeable to the l()und of thole appellations by 
 which they didinguilb each other. Nor is the word 
 Hottentot a word of derifion, as fjme luppofe, but tin; 
 name by which thele people have called themiehes 
 time immemorial. 
 
 The ilotteiitots and the Calfrees have b.cn ot'ten 
 confounded together by writers, but they are a ditlerent 
 people having a confiderablc rlillin.ilarity even in per- 
 fbii and features, as the Cafi'rees arc tjr.illy black, and 
 the Hottentots of a dark olive colour. . 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Ptrfons, Drefs, Bifpofitiens, Habitat Ions, Furniture, 
 Diet, Diverjions, Mufic, Darning, Hunting, Swim- 
 ming, Marriages, Dijenjes, Phy/nal and Chirurgical 
 Operations, Funeral Ceremonies, tfc. 
 
 THE Hottentots are as tall, and in general more 
 flender, than muft Europeans. A I ite intelligent 
 voyagtT aifiiiUb, liiat lie was the fird who remarked, 
 
 thai 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 :! i 
 
 
j.o A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 iftv 
 
 .^i!, 
 
 -^4; 
 
 th;it tiny have Iniall hands and Vcet compared witli 
 «ittv r p;iits of their bodiis, aiul mentions it as a charac- 
 tcriilic mark ot'tiic nation. A fiat nofe being ellcem- 
 id beautiful, as foon a> the ciiild is born tliey break the 
 grillle of it? nole. 
 
 Their complexion is of a dark olive; their lips are 
 not fo thick as thofc of feveral of their neighbours; 
 their teeth are rsmarkalily winre, their eyes black, and 
 their h:.ir ftiort, biack vind curled. Upon the wliole, 
 their peribns may be I'aiil to be agreeable. 
 
 It haN been an opinion generally received, that the 
 Hottentot women have an exuberance, or rather ex- 
 crefcence of flelh, which veils fuch parts as deceney 
 leaches others to conceal. A notion has likewil'e pre- 
 v.iiled, that the ni.'.les, at the age of ten years, by a kind 
 fcallr.uion, are ili-jnived of one of thole organs necef- 
 fary for the propagation of the fpecies. But a phylician 
 of eminence, who travelled throughout this country, 
 avers, that the 1 lottentots in both thefe inllances, have 
 been mifreprefented ; as the former have no pans un- 
 common to the relt of their lex; and the men, at 
 prefent, are by no means nionorchides. 
 
 Tiie Hoitent-)ts paint, or rather befmear, their bo- 
 dies all over with greafe and t'ot, which thcv deem or- 
 namental. They hkewite periumo th.mlelves with a 
 powder compofed of herbs, by thc.i called hucku, and 
 coafidcrc'' as pollelling great vir' .v in curing diloiders. 
 
 Tl'.e garments uUiilly woi- oy thek' people isalheep- 
 fkin, with the woolly lide inwards. V.'lien ihi weather 
 is not cold, it hangs loofely over their Iho'.iKler;, reach- 
 ing down to the calves of their legs, leaving ;lie lower 
 part of the brcalt, lloma(.h, and fore part of tlie '.egsand ' 
 thighs bare: but in rainy and cold weather they wra|) 
 it round them, fo that the tore part of the body like- 
 wilc is in fome mealure covet .'d with it as tar a5 be- 
 low the knees. 
 
 As one flieep (kin alone is not Uifficient for this pur- 
 po'e, there is a pii.ce (ewed on at the top on each fide, 
 or rather falkned on wi;h a thv)ng, linew, or cat-gut. 
 Ill warmer weather they wear thi- cloak fniietimcs with 
 the hairy liile outwards, but frequently take it ofT, and 
 carry it on their arm^. The vloak, or karofs (as thcv 
 call it in broken OiUch), f':rves them at the fame time 
 for cloathing an 1 liedding, and in this they lie on the 
 bare ground, drawing tl;-mlelv, up in a heap lb clofe, 
 einc idly when the weather is cjIJ, lliat tli^^ir karols i^ 
 Uiifi.ient to cover them. The wuincn have a long 
 p.ai. on their karolles, wh:eh they turn ii|), torming 
 with it a ho(xl or little [)ou :li, wish tlieliairy lide in- 
 wards. In this tiicy carry tiieir little cliikhen, to which 
 their mothers breads are now and then thrown over 
 th.ir (h )u!de;t. The men iii general wear no peeuliar 
 coveting on their heads. Thoie who live nearelt to the 
 colonills, indeed, fancy ilr European hats. The wo- 
 men go tretiuenily b.ire-lieaJ'd; femetimcs they wear 
 a ca|). in the !o;ni of a Ihort truncated cone. 
 
 Botli le.x^s ottcn V, eir beads antl 'itlur ornaments in 
 Uieii- cars, and ro'.ind their neiks aiid wrilis. Impend- 
 ing trom 1 collar r.ruiid the neck ot the men is a p juch, 
 hich contains their j)ipe, tobacco, knife, dakha, &c. 
 Oil ihv.. '11.1^1,.'. are Hung a bow and quiver. They a!fo 
 carry a lance or :av^lin affixed to ;i lung (lick, by way 
 of defence ag:.:n'.t the wild bealls. 
 
 Iiuloknceandintoxi-.ati'.nare the prec.otninant vices 
 
 '"the Hottentots, and ihefe will ealily account tor any 
 
 enormities irto wiiich their votaries may be liunieil, 
 
 tlioujh they have the general character of being very 
 
 honell. 
 
 riieir haliitations arc as hor.iely as their drcf^jfcarce- 
 Iv inc 'itinfc, any other name than that of huts. The 
 great limplicily of thefe huts i;., perhaps, the reafon 
 torsvhiih in .-.n Hottentot kraal, or village, the huts 
 arc a.l built exie'ily alike. Mofl of them are of a lemi- 
 circuhir, ;ind foim- of an oiilong (hape, relemhling a 
 bee hive or a vault. T\\>' higheil ot them are fo low, 
 that even in the center of the aich it i-,icarcc!y polTibIc 
 for even a nisddle-li/xd man lu (land upright. The 
 fire-place is in the middle of each hut. The door, low 
 
 .IS it is, is the only place that lets in the day-lic-ht,am! 
 at the fame time, the only out-let that is left tor thg 
 fmokc. The materials for theie huts are by no means 
 difRcult to be procured; and the iiKinner of jintiipo 
 them together, being inartihiial, is very Itiitable to the 
 chararter of the Hott' ntot. When an Hottentot has a 
 mind to take his houl'e ilown, and remove his dwe'lip.T 
 he lays all the material ; on the backs of his eati le, ;imi 
 by that means convevs them to die Ijiot he has fixed 
 upon for removal. Their furniture conlids of twonr 
 three earthen pots for drelUng their vie'luals., which is 
 generally herbs, llefli, or Ihell-lilh. As tlicy arc the 
 moll indolent, fo they are the moll naily people in thf 
 univerfe; yet fuch as confine themfelves to the r, iiunil 
 diet of the country live to a great ac,e; but thoupli 
 their common drink is milk or water, nianv o! them 
 drink 1. randy and other llrong rujuor to luch an txuf. 
 as to (hortin ■heir lives. Both iexes are very f nd ( t 
 tobacco. 
 
 The Hottentots ufe a variety of diverfions. They 
 have frequent fe'live meetings, which ullially coiuliule 
 with munc, linging, and tiancing. Their nuilical in- 
 llruments are the greater anil lell'er gongoai and iju' 
 drum. The gongom is a bow of iron or olive-weoil 
 llringed with Ihcep linrws. At one end of the I ow ,1 
 (piill is placed upon the (I ring, and a coc:,.. ihe'.l lallcncj 
 to it by two holi-s. The mouth is a])plitd to the quill, 
 and the player blows and modulates his ireadtii as if 
 I)laying on a Jew's l-.arp. The drum is made of cirtlicn 
 ware, and covt.ed with (lieep fkin braced on with 
 linew 5. The vocal mulic is confined to a few fbiio-,;iT;d 
 a frequent .ejietition of the monolyllable " ho," by w.iy 
 of chorus. \Vhen they are to have a ilance, the men 
 Iquat down in ;• circle; then fcveral coui'l- prclent 
 themfelves; but only two couple enter the ring at the 
 fame time, performing face to face. Sometimes they 
 dance bat k to back, but n ver take hands. 
 
 The Hottentots are excellent huntfmen, and (lifpl.ty 
 great dexterity in dilcharging and throwing their wea- 
 pons. In hunting the lion or any other wild bead, tluv 
 attack him with their aliagayes, and goad him till !.c 
 drops down with lofi of bluoil. Eleiihants are lonie- 
 times taken by diguingahole in the pathsthrouglnvli; '1 
 they go to their watering- places, and covering it ovci 
 with Iwughs. When the animal tails into oie of tliele 
 holes, the dake run, into him, and entangLs him, till 
 the natives dirround the place and ilcHroy ' ni. 
 
 '1 lie Hottentots are very l-^iltul in (idlings ithcr with 
 net or hook, and are deemed lome of the mod ex;'iii 
 Iwimmcrs in tlie world. 
 
 Hottentiit mat riages are made by the jjarents or iicar- 
 ed relations. It the female does not approve of the 
 match, (he is obliged to remain with the bridci'jooin 
 all night: if he Ion es her to co.ilumination, llie i~ 
 compelletl to be his wife; but, on the contrary, li Iht 
 preferves heilelt unconlaminatetl, (he is ever after h,. 
 from him. The day ader the nuptials an ox is killul 
 to feall the compau) , who tear the (lelh from the bo:". . 
 and fmear themiclves with the fat, powiler each oil'.'. 
 with bul<hu, and paint themliclves with red chalk. 
 
 The marriage ceremony itldf is thus performed : the 
 men (quat in a circle, .as ♦'«•»; ii" ::idecd upon moll 
 other uccahons, and the bridegroom is placed in the 
 center: the women fcpiat, and form another circle 10 
 fiirround the bride: the pried then goes from inecirel-- 
 to the other, and ;diernately uiincs on both oride and 
 bridegroom, who make lurrows with their na'ls in the 
 grcale with which they are plaillcred, in order to rub w. 
 the precious libation. The pried then pronounces the 
 benedicUon in the;', vvords; " May you live happily 
 together; may you have a l()n before the year's tiid ; 
 may he be a good huiufman and a great warrior." 
 
 Thofc of the Hottentots who live in their natiir.l 
 manner are larely afllided with dileik-s, to which tliol ■ 
 who relide among the Europeans arc very liable. TIkii 
 praditionersare equally fkilletl in medicine and liirL'cr) . 
 They pcrlorm adonifhing cures by their Ix inie.d 
 knowledge. In bleeding they ate only pmvidcd with a 
 
 comin'.n 
 
 
:^GRAPHY. 
 
 in the day-light, an;l, 
 ift that is li-t'i tor liic 
 luus arc by ncp melius 
 le in:Miner nf pnttino 
 is very liutahic tnthe 
 n an I lottentot has a 
 1 reniv;vjhisdw,/!hr.;;, 
 ick.-; of his cat' If, ;ukI 
 ilic fpot In- has tixid 
 lire conlids o( \.v,\^ r.r 
 leir vit'liials. which is 
 ih. A? they art the 
 lOll naily people iiithf 
 ■mfelvcs to the rniimil 
 rcat age; but thousU 
 water, many ol them 
 uor.^ to luch an txul-, 
 iexcs are very fnd ■ t' 
 
 ' of diverfiiins. They 
 vhitli iiriially coiuluiii; 
 ig. Their nnilical m- 
 Icfler gongom and (he 
 of iron or olive-wtod, 
 
 one end of the 1 ow ,i 
 id a CO';;,., '.hell lallencd 
 1 is a]>plitd to tlie quill, 
 uiates his !-r.'adih as if 
 nun is made ot cirt'.K-n 
 -) (kin braved on wiiii 
 inedtoa few foiiu-.and 
 olyllable" ho," by way 
 
 ive a dance, the men 
 
 I'everal coiij^l- prcfcnt 
 lie enter the ring at tbc 
 
 face. Sometimes tliey 
 take hands. 
 
 ; huntfmen, anil ililplay 
 ind throwing their wea- 
 ly other '.vdd bead, thiv 
 s, and goad him till l.e 
 Elciihants are lome- 
 ulie|>athslhrovigh\vli. n 
 es, and loverina; it over 
 lal falls into oie ol tlicle 
 , and entangL's him, till 
 and dcllroy ' ni. 
 Itul in li(hing> it her with 
 lomc of the mod cxptn 
 
 lIc by the parents or near- 
 k<es not approve o! the 
 jn with the bridei;roo:u 
 o co.itumiiiation, Ihe i^ 
 
 on the cotitrary, il Hu 
 ted, llie is ever after tr^; 
 ; nuptials an ox is killul 
 
 the llelh from the bore- 
 e fat, powder each othc 
 elves with red chalk, 
 elf is thus performed : the 
 •V <l" :;idccd upon nioll 
 legroom is placed in tlio 
 id torm another circle tu 
 then goes front inc cirel: 
 urines on both oiide and 
 )ws with their na'ls in the 
 lillcrcd, in order to rub in 
 Dried then pronounces the 
 " May you live happily 
 "on bctore tlie yc.ir's end; 
 md a great warrior." 
 vho live in their natur.il 
 ith difeales, to which thole 
 cans are very liable. 'Ihur 
 d in medicine and hirt'cr} . 
 cures by their In .uiie.il 
 V arc only provided with a 
 comnv.'H 
 
 ts-. 
 
 ^^«i^. 
 
 
 <m 
 
 iW^ 
 
 '■\Xih 
 
•■'^■■w' 
 
 ..jir : 
 
 
 *%• 
 
 f ' - 
 
 ■I? 
 
 \y^\ 
 
W-: 
 
 f^f f>////f/f>/ ( ///ff'/f////fffr/f/ f>/' /f/f.i/r r/HiK ''fn/if/ff/ 
 
 9 
 
 ■r 
 
 
 f 
 
 .^^I. ■„ S:, 
 

 wm 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 common clafp knifes 
 away as much blood 
 is cloli.{t, and mbbo- 
 leaf o( fomc lu-rb is 
 
 With all this ft.il 
 fond of divination, 
 pcrl'on, they flea a fl 
 this plight, is able ti 
 is edeemcd favoiirab 
 vvi*'. die Pi;ciuciatin| 
 patient, wi.o is there 
 
 Savage as thcfc pe 
 more liberal than th( 
 prcfcribe gratis, and 
 good a fufficicnt reco 
 lage hath iifually two 
 and moft exi)erienccc 
 of the public heahh. 
 Cape arc, in gcner; 
 nieafles arc not fo tn 
 tries. The blootly i 
 and the principal difi 
 are lore eyes and fori 
 hrcafls in the women 
 efficacious remedies, 
 fuccefs when wante'' 
 
 When a Hottentot 
 ful noife around him ; 
 ings become truly h 
 double, and being ti 
 up in the karosorma 
 bury the body in the 
 wild beaft, as they u 
 can find one ready n 
 hours after tiiey cxpi 
 fancy they expire ; 
 arc buried alive by 
 the funeral, the men 
 rate circles before th( 
 is then brought out, 
 the lide of the hut, 
 purpofc. During i 
 clap their h;'.nds, an 
 then followed withe 
 rate from the otiiei , 
 arc truly ridiculous 
 mould of ant-hills, 
 tions of wild beafts, 
 fended with wood 
 fjif^- ^ turn to the hut, 
 
 circle, and renew tii 
 for them to ceale th( 
 men in the village 
 the company, who 
 j;'.iLir llinsfadlion. 
 d :ceal(:d, thefc ekK 
 wiih which they pa 
 at the deceale of rii. 
 Iiui the poor have i 
 liki'wile only mourr_ 
 nier give an andcrl 
 tiors arc conckule 
 ami the cawl, well 
 tiic neck of the he 
 wear it till ii rots ( 
 the (lead. 
 
 The Hottentot 
 when they bccomi 
 vourcd by wiUl 
 tiie advice of the 
 
 They have ncitl 
 place of worlhip. 
 dances, with fingi 
 thefe ate rather p.i 
 li(i,ious worlhip. 
 
 They are foatt. 
 their own country 
 power of the Duti 
 No. 
 
 / 
 
AFRICA.] 
 
 CAFFRERIA. 
 
 *M 
 
 common clafp knife ami a ftrap. Wlicn tlicy have taken 
 away as miicl! blootl as is thouglit ncccffary, the orifice 
 is cloli-d, ami niLibcd witli mutton fat, and then the 
 leaf o( fomc herb is bound over it. 
 
 Willi all this fkill they are very Uiperllitious, and 
 fond of divination, lii order to know the fateofalick 
 perfoii, they flea a (lieei) alive : if the poor animal, in 
 this plight, is able to get up and mn away, the omen 
 is edeemcJ favourable; but, on the contrary, if it dies 
 -.vi*', the Pvcruciating pain, it is deemed fatal to the 
 patient, wno is therefore totally negledled. 
 
 Savage as thefe p^'ople arc, their phyflcians are much 
 more liberal than thole of civilized countries, as they 
 prcfcribe gratis, and think the honour of having done 
 i;ood a fufficicnt recompence for their pains. Each vil- 
 lage liath ufiially two, who are chofen from the wifeft 
 and moft exi)erienccd of the people, to be the guardians 
 of the public heahh. The Europeans who refide at the 
 Cape are, in general, healthy. The fmall-pox and 
 meafles arc not fo malignant as in inoft other coun- 
 tries. The blootly flux ufually attacks new comers ; 
 and the principal diforders among the Cape Europeans 
 are lore eyes and fore throats in both li'xcs, and fore 
 hreafts in the women : but the country produces many 
 efficacious remedies, which are ufually applied with 
 fuccefs when wanter'. 
 
 When a Hottentot falls fick, his friends n-akc a dole- 
 ful noife around him ; but when he expires, their howl- 
 ings become truly hideous. A corple is always bent 
 double, and being tied neck and heels, it is wrapped 
 up in the karos or mantle of the defunci . They ufually 
 bury the body in the cleft of a rock, or the den of ibme 
 wild bcaft, as they are too lazy to dig a grave, if they 
 can finil one ready made. They inter their dead lix 
 hours after they expire, or at leall fix hours after they 
 tancy they expire ; for it is imagmed that many 
 •we buried alive by this precipitation. Previous to 
 the funeral, the men and women fquat down in fepa- 
 rate circles before the luitof the deccafcd. The body 
 is then brought out, not through the door, but through 
 the lide of the hut, the mats being loofened for that 
 purpofe. During the whole ceremony the company 
 clap their h;'.nds, and crj' bo, he, ho. The corpfe is 
 then tollowed without onier, only each fex keeps fepa- 
 rate from the othei , when the howlings and grimaces 
 nre truly ridiculous. The grave is filled up with the 
 mould of ant-hills, and vvelllecured from the depreda- 
 tions of wild beads, by being heavily covered, and de- 
 fended with wood anil Hones. The company then re- 
 turn to the hut, fquat down as before, each fex in a 
 circle, and renew their yellings. A fignal is then given 
 for them to ceal'e the hideous noife, when the two oldefi 
 men in the village ftep into each circle, and urine upon 
 the company, who rub in the precious lit)uor with fin- 
 gular liiasfaftion. Afterwards enteriig the hut of the 
 tlL'ccaied, thefe elders take up a handful of aflies each, 
 wiih which tliey powder the mourners. This ceremony, 
 at the deccaleof rich pcrfons, is repeated feveral times, 
 liut the jjoor have it only once performed. The latter 
 '.'■^i-wife only mourn by lliavingtheir heads, but the for- 
 m.T give an anderfmaken, or ticall, whea the lamenta- 
 tioi'^ are concUuled, at which time a Iheep is killed, 
 ami the cawl, well powilered with bakhu, is put about 
 tlic neck of the heir to the defunct, who is obliged to 
 wear it till ii rots otf, as a memorial of his refpcft for 
 tlie (lead. 
 
 The Hottentots fometimes expofe their old men, 
 when they become dccreiiid, in tlie iorefts, to be de- 
 voured by wild beads. This however is done without 
 the advice of the chief men of the kraal. 
 
 They have neither temples or idols, nor any peculiar 
 place of worlliip. They celebrate, indeed, nocUirnal 
 dances, with fuiging, at the new and lull moon ; but 
 iliefe ate rather pallimcs, than any thing relative to re- 
 ligious worlliip. 
 
 They are fo attached to the manners and cuftoms of 
 their own country, that it has never yet been in the 
 power of die Dutcli to bring them over to thole of Eu- 
 No. •;o. 
 
 ropeans. There i'. an inftance of an Hottentot who had 
 been taken from Caflieria while an infant, and inltrudled 
 in the learning, culloms, and religion of the Euro- 
 peans ; but, on returning to his native country, he 
 abandoned all the atlvantages of education, returned his 
 EuroiKan diefs to his mailer, put on the Iheep-fltin 
 mantle, and never more appeared among the Dutch. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 ..t-*.' 
 
 Civil, Military, and Commercial Slate of the Hot- 
 tentoti, 
 
 A MONGST the Hottentots every nation or tribe Is 
 ■**• governed by a national chief, called Konquer, 
 whofe ofiice is to command the army, conduct: negocia- 
 tions of peace, and prefide in the councils. Without 
 him they can make neither peace nor war. His inlblla- 
 tionis attended with great pomjj ami folemnity. Next 
 to the Konquer is the Kraal Captain. Every village has 
 one of thefe, who looks to the prefervation of peace, 
 the adminillration of jullice, and in war lioKls command 
 under the national chief, tie is bound by I'olemn en- 
 gagement to the people, not to alter or deviate from the 
 ancient laws or cuftcTis of his kraal. He hears and de- 
 cides all difputes of right and property, and tries and 
 puniflies for crimes within his jurifdiftion. 
 
 Jufiiice is difpenfed among the Hottentots with a 
 mofl; laudable impartiality. If the criminality of the 
 very captain of tl'e kraal is proved, he is feized as rude- 
 ly, perlecuted as everely, and puniflied as ignomini- 
 oufly as the poorel and meaneft. The charge againft 
 a culprit is pronounced by the jirofecutor, whofe wit- 
 nelles are heard by the court. The culprit makes his 
 detence, and has his witnelfes heard with the greaieft 
 indulgence. The capi.ain, after debafeson the evidence, 
 colleds the voices, themajority of whichacquits or con- 
 demns. If the latter, and the crime be death, fentence 
 is pronounced, and execution done immediately on the 
 fpot, without a moment's time to confer with friends^ 
 The captain having ])ronounced the fatal vord, th& 
 court riles, but the criminal flirs not a limb. After a 
 profound fdence for a minute or two, the captain, flies 
 .at him as in a rage, and, with one blow on the head 
 with the kirri flick, fells him to tiie groimd, when the 
 rell fall on and complete the execution, by beating him 
 to a mummy, and breaking feveral ot his limbs. He 
 is then interred in the manner already defcribed ; but 
 his family and relations fufler nothing in name, privi- 
 lege, or property. No mortal is reproached with the 
 memory of his crime or puniflinient; an example wor- 
 thy the imitation of the moll civilized n.ations. 
 
 The Hottentots have very little notion of military 
 difcipline. The caufes of war are chiefly duee ; tref- 
 pafling on each others dift^rids, Healing the cattle, or 
 running away with the wives of their neighbours. Dlf- 
 jiutes are decided between two nations by fighting one 
 battle, the fuccefs of which determines the whole affair. 
 They lliew great generolity of lentiment, never plunder 
 the dead, Init fuH'er their friends to buiy them, and 
 difpofe of their arms as they think fit. 
 
 The wealth of an Hottentot conlills in tlie nun^.ber 
 of his flocks, and commerce is carried on here entirely 
 by barter. The articles of the natives are cattle, (kina, 
 elephants teeth, ollrichcs eggs, &:c. in return lor which 
 they receive from Europeans, brandy, wine, tobacco, 
 dakha, coral, beads, bral's, cojiper, iron, &c. But a 
 Hottentot will not lell his arms, nor even a finglc 
 wca[)on, upon any conliderarion. They are veryjull 
 ami upright in their dealings. I'rom proofs of their 
 ilexterity in Ibme handicraft profeflions, it appears they 
 would be cxiicrt in molU were they not prevented by 
 their prevailing indolence liiom the pixilecution of 
 them. , . V, 
 
 J M ■-:-"vy'0- SECTION 
 
 
 II 
 
 ■m 
 
 
 ■*^l! rt 
 
",2a A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 :^ 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 D/feriplicn of a Race of Hottentots, called B'jfhies. 
 
 THAT fpecics of Hottentots catK'il Bolhies ate 
 Iworii enemies to the paftoral lite, their maxims 
 lieing to live on hunting ami plunder, ami never to keep 
 any animal alive tor the fpaee of oi-.e ni-j,lit. Their 
 dwellings are as hideous as their maxuiis and manner-. 
 Like the wild Ix-.ifts, bullies and chtts in rocks hy 
 t urns ferve them inftead of houfes. Many ot them are 
 entirely tiaked ; but fuch as can procure the fkin of any 
 animal, prcat or hnall, cover their bodies with it, from 
 the lliouldcrs downwardf, as far as it will reach, wear- 
 ing it till it falls off their backs in rags. As ignorant 
 ofaE^riculturc as apes and monkics, like them they are 
 ol rrged to wander about over hills, after certain wild 
 roots, berries, and plants, (which they eat raw,) la or- 
 der to luftain a life that this mili=rable tooil would foon 
 extinguifli and deftroy, were ihey uled to better tare. 
 
 Tlie capture of flaves from among this race ot men 
 is ertefted in the following manner. Several farmers, 
 that are in want of fervants, join to;j;ether, and take a 
 ioiirney to that part of the country where the Bolhies 
 live. They themfelves, wi'.h their attendants, who 
 are Bofhiesthat have been caught before, and trained 
 up to fidelity in their fervice, endeavour to fi)y out 
 the haunts of that wild race. This is bell done by the 
 fmoak of their fires. They arc found in focietics, from 
 10 to 50, and fomctimes 100, reckoning great and 
 fmall together. Notwithftanding this, the farmers will 
 venture, on a dark night, to fet upon them with fix or 
 eight people, which they contrive to do by previoufly 
 Rationing themfelves at a diftance round about the Ipot. 
 They then give the alarm by firing a gun or two. By 
 this means there is fuch a confternaticn (pread over the 
 whole bodv of thefe lavages, that it is only the mod j 
 bold and intelligent among them, that have courage to j 
 break through the circle and fteal ofT. The rell allow | 
 themfelves to be taken, and earned into bondage. 1 
 They are at firil treated by gentle n.eans ; that is, the ; 
 captors intermix the taircil promifes with their thieats, i 
 and endeavour, if polfible, to Ihoot fomc of the larger j 
 kinds of game for their prifoners, luch as buffaloes, fca- ' 
 cows, and the like. Such agreeable baits, together ' 
 with a little tobacco, foon induce them, continually 
 feafted as they are, to go with fome degree of chearful- 
 nefs to the place of abode of the colonifts. Then this 
 luxurious living in meat is exchanged for more mode- 
 rate portions, confifting moftly of butter-milk, tru- 
 merty, and hafty- pudding. This diet, however, fat- 
 tens the Bolhies in a few weeks. Their goud living, 
 indeed, is embittered by the taunts and grumblings (A 
 the maher and miftrels, to which are fomctimes added 
 curies and blows, for negledl, remili'nefs, or idlencfs : 
 fo that by nature and cullom dctelling all manner of 
 
 labour, arid now, from grciter corpulency, becoming 
 flill more flothfiil, and having, belides, been uled tui 
 wandering life, fubjec't to no cimtroul, they moll lenii. 
 bly feel the want of liberty. No wonder then that they 
 generally endeavour to regain it by making their cl'capt. 
 But what is really a liibjed for wonder, when any one 
 of them runs from his fervice, or, more properly, bon- 
 dage, he never takes with him any thing that docs not 
 belong to him. This is an inflance of motleration in 
 the lavages towards their tyrants which is univerfally 
 allertcd, and at the lame time prail'ed and admired by 
 the colonills themfelves, It is neccllary to obferve here 
 that fome of thefe Bolhies live in fmall focietics, j)eacta- 
 bly and quietly, in defert tracks, where the colonilh 
 cannot eafily come at them, and are fomctimes in the 
 poUefTion of a few cows. 
 
 With refpedt to religion^ thefe people, in general, 
 arc not lenfiblc of the exiflence of any being who is the 
 origin and ruler of all things; for fome of them, wliu 
 fpoke Dutch, being ciuellioned upon the fubiedt, by j 
 learned traveller, anlwcied him to this effect : " We 
 are poor rtupid cre.iturts, and have never heard, neither 
 are we able to underlland, any thing of the niattir." 
 Many of the colonifls declared, that the Bolhies of both 
 fexes uled, in (lormy weather, to abufe the thunder 
 with reproachful expreffions ; and at the fame time, in 
 a furious manner, with their flioes or any thing ellc 
 that was at hand, threaten and bid defiance to thclhlhcs 
 of lightning, and peals of thunder, that flalhcil and 
 rolled over their heads. Nay, they moft obllinatclj- 
 perlifted in declaring that rain was always an evil, and 
 that it would be a happy circumllance were it never 
 to rain. 
 
 They leem to have fome idea of fpirit:, ami of a fu- 
 ture ftate, as they accoft their friends, as foon as they 
 are dead, with reproaches for leaving them fo loon, at 
 the fame time admonifhingthem henceforth to demean 
 themfelves properly •, by which they mean that their dc- 
 ceafed friends fhould not come back again to haunt 
 them, nor allow themfelves to be made ufe of by wizards, 
 to bring any mifchief on thofe that lurvivc them. 
 
 There is a genus of inlec\s, called the mantis, or 
 gold beetle, and deemed by the colonifts the Hottentots 
 god. Tlicy think it would be a crime, as well as 
 very dangerous, to do any harm to thefe infccls : but 
 it is added, by a celebrated writer, that the fpecics is by 
 no means an objedt of religious worlhip. 
 
 The moon, according to tome writers, receives a 
 kincl of adoration from the Hottentots. liut the taot: 
 is, that they merely take th'; opportunity of her beams, 
 and at the fame time of the coolnefs of the night, ta 
 a. iufe themfelves with dancing, and confequently have 
 no more thoughts of vvorfliipping the moon than (he 
 European colonifls, who are ften at the fame time 
 ftroliing in great numbers about the llreets, and para- 
 ding on the Hone Heps with which their houfes arc uUi- 
 ally encircled. 
 
 C H A P. II. 
 
 ... -.It 
 
 CAFFRERIA PROPER. 
 
 
 Including Mataman, or the Countrj' of the Caffrtts, terra dt Natal, and Terra dot Fumos. 
 
 SECTION 1. 
 MATAMAN, or C L I M B E I) E. 
 
 ACiEOGRAPHER of repute fays, that Mataman 
 is properly the name of the kings, that of the 
 country being Climbede. It is bounded by the river 
 Bravaghul on the eafl and well, by Benguka on the 
 north, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the foulh. The 
 firft place wortiiy of obfervation in this kingdom is 
 
 Cape Negro, or Black Cape, whicl'. receives its appel- 
 lation from its fable appearance to mariners, when at a 
 confiderable diflance at fea. At the extremity of the 
 northern angle is a bay about fix miles broad ; and un 
 the fummit of the mountain is a pillar of alabafkr, with 
 the arms of Portugal upon.it. Beneath the 18th deg. 
 of fouth lat. lies Capo Ruy-Pi^ which extends about 
 10 leagues north-wtll. GuUb-Frio, and the Cape of 
 the fame name, lie in 18 deg. 35 min. and the Bay ot 
 St. Ambrofe in ii deg. Iguth latitude. 
 
 AFRICA.] ' •- 
 
 ,The coaftiicre is 
 ra'hly mild, confide 
 country. The inlai 
 of trees abound tow; 
 of their approach to 
 callerf mews, as thel 
 land. There is like 
 know when they are 
 of the weed called fai 
 The government o 
 whole country fubje 
 whom are a few petty 
 though their domin 
 of Icattered towns t 
 
 Country 
 
 THIS country is 
 vince of Ohil; 
 the Hottentots, on 
 the weft by Matams 
 
 The province of 
 mines. The provir 
 mines, and in the m 
 being a capacious Ic 
 ftone. The ftones ar 
 other without any ki 
 nine feet thick, and 
 none have yet beer 
 what language the c 
 tants arc unaciiuaint( 
 thi? extraordinary pi 
 the honour of havinj 
 ftone building to thi 
 however, is 200 Icag 
 near this place, is 
 Boro and Quitici lik 
 Chicova, which lies 
 many filver mines 
 
 The following nar 
 the lofsof theGrofv 
 fcquent fate of the 
 beildefcriptionofth 
 
 This Ihip failed 
 to India fiom Lo 
 board 142 failors 
 Augull following 
 part of the coail o 
 lavage people, fep 
 uninhabited count 
 
 When the jx-opi 
 irrecoverably loll, 
 luwter fall to a lai 
 crew got on Ihore, 
 attempt. 
 
 About noon the 
 in an hour after 
 t lure were near 10c 
 women pallengers 
 the rell ftanding 01 
 when fhe parted, t! 
 them all upon it, a 
 the failors helped 
 the btxly of the fw- 
 fore part of the Ihi 
 
 As foon as the 
 fright, they made 
 the ladies, &c. on 
 here they continui 
 time t lie wreck hap 
 wiun they all fet 
 Hjpe. Their artr 
 lalfes. There vver 
 on (liore, but they 
 powder. 
 
 f 
 
 
 ..& 
 
V 
 
 iUAPIIV. 
 
 irpukncy, hecomiiiff 
 lides, been ulid toi 
 Dill, tliey moil li-nll- 
 'onder then that tliey 
 
 making their cl'capi-. 
 
 ndcr, when any one 
 more properly, bon- 
 i thing that docs not 
 ice of moderation in 
 
 wiiich is univcrfally 
 liltid and admired by 
 rllary to obferve here, 
 iiall focieties, jieacca- 
 , where the colonilh 
 ,11 e ibmetimcs in the 
 
 people, in general, 
 
 ;my being who IS the 
 
 loiue of them, whu 
 
 >on the fubjedl, by i 
 
 to this effect : " We 
 
 e never heard, neither 
 
 hing of the matter." 
 
 lat the Bolhics of both 
 
 ibufe the thunder 
 
 d at the fame time, in 
 
 oes or any thing ellc 
 
 , liefiance to theflaihcs 
 
 der, that llalhul and 
 
 they mod obllinatclj- 
 
 as always an evil, and 
 
 nllance were it never 
 
 of fpirit:, and of a fu- 
 iends, as foon as tliey 
 iving them fo loon, at 
 
 hcncefonli to demean 
 ley mean that tlieir de- 
 ; back again to haunt 
 nailc life ot by wizards, 
 lat tlirvivc them. 
 
 tailed the mantis, or 
 olonifls the Hottentots 
 : a crime, as well as 
 \ to thefe infects -. but 
 r, that the fpecics is by 
 rvorlhip. 
 
 ne writers, rrceivcs a 
 tentots. Iiut the taot 
 lortunity of her beams, 
 )lnefb of the night, to 
 and confcquently have 
 ig the moon than the 
 en at the fame time 
 
 the llrcets, and para- 
 h their hoiifcsare ufu- 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 CAFFRfeK.lA PROBER. 
 
 m 
 
 
 '^^»J---- 
 
 
 irj' i IV t 
 
 
 ",v , . • 
 
 R. 
 
 ■'■■' 
 
 rra 
 
 dot Fumos. 
 
 ich. receives its appci- 
 
 mariners, when at a 
 
 the extremity of the 
 
 miles broad ; and on 
 
 pillar of alabadcr, with 
 
 Beneath the i8th det^. 
 
 which extends about 
 
 'lie, and the Cape of 
 
 5 min. and the Bay of 
 
 tudc. 
 
 The 
 
 ,Thc coali here is very fandy, but the climate is tole- 
 rably mild, conrulcring the tropical fituation of the 
 country'. The inland parts arc fruitful, and a variety 
 of trees abound towards the north. The Dutch judge 
 of their approach to this coaft by the flight of the birds 
 callerf mews, as thefe ne>rer fly above 20 leagues from 
 land. There is likewife another token by which failors 
 know when they are r, ar the fliore, that is, the floating 
 of the weed called fart^oii"', mwn the lurfacc of the waters. 
 The government of f.imbede is dcfpotic, and the 
 whole country liibjeft lO one fovereign, fubordinate to 
 whom are a few petty lords,whoflilethemfelves prince-, 
 though their dominions conlft only of a fmall number 
 of fcattered towns towards the fea coaft. 
 
 SECTION 11. • 
 
 ■■ - .r: 
 
 Country of the Caffrees. 
 
 THIS country is bounded on the north by the pro- 
 vince ofOhila, on the foiith by the country of 
 the Hottentots, on the eal': by Monomotapa, and on 
 the weft by Mataman or Climbede. 
 
 The province of Abuaia is faid to abound in gold 
 mines. The province of Toraca contains many iron 
 mines, and in the midll of them is a lurprifing fiibtic, 
 being a capacious Iquarc caftle, built of polilhed free- 
 ftone. The ftones are very large, and placed upon each 
 other without any kind of cement. The walls are near 
 nir.e feet thick, ami contain feveral infcriptions, which 
 none have yet been able to explain, or even guefs to 
 what language the charaiflers belong. As the inhabi- 
 tants arc unacquainted with the name of the founder of 
 thi^ extraordinary pile, they compliment the devil with 
 the honour of having lieen the architeft. The ntarclt 
 (lone building to this caftle is a Portuguefe fort, which, 
 however, is 200 leagues from it. The town of Fatuca, 
 near this place, is rich in gold and precious ftones. 
 Boroand Quitici likewile abound in g.ild mines; and 
 Chicova, which lies more to the north-eaft, contains 
 many filvcr mines. 
 
 The following narrative, extraftc:' from ai. account of 
 the lofs of the Grofvenor Eaft-Indiaman, and the tub- 
 fequcnt fate of the people, in 1 7S2, is inlerted as tfte 
 beftdelcriptionofthe««f«//ii'(»/^^«fl/(X'«ofthiscoiinfry. 
 
 This Ihip failed front Trincomale, on their pallage 
 to India from London, the 13th of June, having on 
 board 142 failors, paliengers, &c. and on the 4th of 
 Auguft following, about 4 A. M. was wrecked on that 
 part of the coait of Africa inhabited by the Caffrees, a 
 lavage people, feparated from the Hottentots by an 
 uninhabited country. » 
 
 When the people on board fo'iiid the (hip muft be 
 irrccoverai^ly loft, two lafcars fwam afhore, and made a 
 luwfer fall to a large "ock, by means of which all the 
 crew got on Ihurc, except 1 5, who were drowned in the 
 attempt. 
 
 About noon the fliip parted by the fore-chains, and 
 in an hour after by the main chains, at which time 
 there were near 100 perfons on board. They got the 
 women paliengers out of the llarboard quarter gallery, 
 tlie reft ftanding on the ftarboaid fide of the Ihip, and 
 when (he parted, the fide funk down into the fea with 
 them all upon it, and floated into fhallow water, when 
 the failors helped the lajies and children on (horc by 
 the body of the fwcll, while others got alhore on the 
 fore part of the Ihip. 
 
 As loon as they had a little recovered from their 
 fright, they made a tent with a new mi/.en top fail for 
 the ladies, 8tc. on the flattilh part of the rock ; aivj. 
 here they continued from the Sunday morning, the 
 lime the wreck happened, till the Wednefday following, 
 when they all fet out to travel to the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Their arms confifted only of five or fix cut- 
 lalfes. There were, indeed, plenty of fiii^-arms thrown 
 on (hore, but they were of little ufc for w.v.-,' pf gun- 
 powder. „ , 
 
 At the time they fet out the rhicf mate was exceed- 
 ing ill, and therefore obliged lo be tarried. The lecond 
 mate led the van, the ladies went in the middle, and 
 the captain brought up the rear. On the third day after 
 leaving the wreck they met with one of the nativesi 
 from Whom the captain took his lance. The Caffrec 
 endeavoured, by (igns, to get it back, but to no pur- 
 pofc, on which he precipitately ran away, and in a 
 Ihort time returned with a great number of others, all 
 armed with lances and targets^ The captain ulaced 
 the ladies, and thofe who were uriable to tlo any thing, 
 on a rifmg ground with the baggage, and, allifted hf 
 the crew, attacked the natives, who fled with the ut- ' 
 mod precipitation. They, however, foon after re- 
 turned, and brougnt fwect potatoes to exchange foe 
 the lances, ftaffs, and fticks they hail thrown iit our 
 people. They fat tliemfelves down in a circle, and tha 
 captain giving them lome toys, which he happened to 
 have about him, they arofe, and went aw.ay with great 
 feeming fatisfadion. 
 
 On the evening of the 12th of Auguft they vverd 
 fuirounded by another body of the natives, who want- 
 ed to take from them their buttons, &c. and to fearch 
 the ladies, but, by the vigilance of the Englilli peo- 
 ple, "iiey were prevented from their dcfign, and obliged 
 to fly. In the morning they came to a river (v.hich. 
 was the firft they had met with after leaving the (hip,) 
 and through this river the ladies waded breafl high, 
 being f"up])orted liy the failors, fbmc of whom tarried 
 over the children in their arms. 
 
 After croffing the river the Lafcars and a black maid 
 left them firfti Thefe were followed by fome others, 
 who fet out in ftraggling jiartiesj leaving the captain 
 and ladies behind, together with 16 officers, 9 feamen, 
 1 2 paliengers and ciiildren, 7 blick men and womc.i 
 fervants, and a French OiUcer and his f'crvant. 
 
 From this period the body became more and more 
 divided, fome going one way, and fome another : and 
 the only accounts that could be collected of what hap- 
 pened after, were from four of the crew who belonged 
 to as many different parties, and who were the only- 
 four that reached England. The relation given by 
 each of tliele wa% truly deplorable, being fbmetimes 
 alrioft perifhed with hunger and tbirft, and at other 
 t'lnes in the moft imminent danger from the favagenefi 
 of the natives, theconfequentes of whofe ferocity they 
 avoided either byoppofition and lelbiution, or pliabi- 
 lity and condefcenfion. 
 
 No account (to be depended on) could be given of 
 what became of the captain, ladies, and children. It 
 was fuppofed they fell into the hands of the natives. 
 But the ilTue of their fate time only can ditcover. 
 
 At the time of the melancholy cataftrophe of the Ihip, 
 there were 142 failors, paffengers, and Lafcars on 
 board. But the four who returned to England, and 
 gave the relation of what palled after the wreck, only 
 account for 102, viz. 15 drowned; 46 left with the 
 captain, and not (ince heard of-, 17 left 'n the defert, 
 and probably perifhed; 15 died in thedefart ; 2 left at 
 the Cajjc ; 3 went to Denmark •, and 4 arrived in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 The calamities of the crew and paflengers belonging 
 to this flii]), it is probable, might have arill'n fiom wai.i 
 of proper management with the Caffrees. We have 
 been informed by late navigators, who loiiched at the 
 Cape of Good Hope, that lome ot the lurviving part 
 of thefe futterers are flill living, and a:e (in the way of 
 tiie natives) treated in a manner as would reflect no dii* 
 grate on a po)ite European. 
 
 SECTION III, J'; 
 
 TERR A DK N AT AL. 
 
 THIS country, called Terra de Natal from its being 
 diflovcred by the Portuguefe on Chriftmas-day. 
 takes about 3 deg. lat. from north to fouth. It was 
 likewife, as well as the Cape, purchalcd by the Dutch, 
 
 ■ V 
 
 i;-';.)' 
 
 I m-^ 
 
::l.i 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL awb AUTHENTIC SYSTEM ok UNIVERSAL OEOTIRAPHY. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 for the convenience of commerce. The natives are 
 neither fo indolent or (b filthy as the Hottentots. The 
 river Dollagoa, which bounds the country on tiie north, 
 is navigable, ami has been frequented by Euroi)ean 
 Ihips, for the purpofes of trade. There is plenty of 
 water here. The wood protlwces good timlier, and the 
 fields kindly grafs. They have variety of beads and 
 birds. But though the lea and rivers abound with fiflj, 
 the nati' esfcklom take any but tortoifcs,and that chiefly 
 wlien they come afhorc to lay. 
 
 The natives of this country are but of a middle fta- 
 ture, yet have very good limbs; the colour of their 
 /kin is black, and their hair cril'ped ; they are oval- 
 vifaged; their nofes neither ilat or high, but very well 
 proportioned ; their teeth are white, and their afped 
 altogether graceful. Their chief employment is agri- 
 culture. Their cattle, which are numerous, they care- 
 fully attend. Tiie men and women have their refpec- 
 tivc occupations, and their ap larel is light but mean. 
 Their ordinary Uibfiltcnce is Guinea corn, beef, filh, 
 n^'ill , hen-eggs, &c. They are of a facetious and focial 
 '3i fpofi ion,, Tl- ;y purchafe their wives, a circuiiiftrincc 
 V, ui^n ■cnden a female progeny advantageous. They ' 
 live in fmall villages, unacr tl.e government of the 
 
 n;-!- 
 
 TERRA DOS FUMOS. 
 
 TpHlS fmall country is bounded on the fouta hr 
 the river DcUagoa, which feparates it from Terra 
 de Natal; on the north by Zanguana; on tlie wed bv 
 tlie country of Naontas; anti tlie eaflern ocean on the 
 caft. It extends from the mouth of the river 1 )ellagoi, 
 to the mouth of the river De Ladroon, or Teudc j the 
 firft appellation fignify ing the river of robbers, which is 
 in 26 deg, 40 min. ioutb lat. The only plates wortli» 
 of notice here are, Cape Pedras, wliich is in :iboiit the 
 29th dfg. of fouth lat. Potto tic Pe Pcfqueria, or tlw 
 Filhir,g-placc, which is a little beycnd the former; and 
 th-. bay of St. Lucia, which is between the latter an.i 
 '.he Ladroon river. The Porfugucfe, who either namtJ 
 pLices from the faint's day on which ihey dilcovcrai 
 hem, or from fome trivial circumftancc which they ob- 
 ervcd when the)' hrft faw them, gave this country the 
 name of Terra dos Fumos, or the land of Smoak, from 
 perceiving fome fmoak on their firft approachin;^ this 
 (hore. The Europeans as yet have not made any fet- 
 tle iient I- .re, and ttie Caffrets who inhabit the place 
 
 oldeft man ; and thofe w! 1 live i i oi.e village are all || live \a a ftmple ftate of nature, withort lOwns, village;, 
 related; and, as an amiable characteri'fic, 'ticyarejurc [\ o» fettled habitations, n'^d frequently indeed without 
 and civil to ftrangen, y eyen moveable hu|s., 
 
 '■.:-' -ri!iii"?vil .■■'!,.:;. .^J^■til fKi&-it:.y^it ft^3«l^::- ■}^^v:^^ 
 
 . .. f i M ll I' H l j > W llh U lllll III I > .WM^l.ilM.ai. •, ■ ..■ .11* 
 
 
 . L i t MM il I " f « i ii>rii m l 
 
 '! -IWt 
 
 
 T:tKi:i3TJU 
 
 i*!!''' ^7i! jwai id. 
 
 N O M 
 
 :'n:ii ■{.'■ 
 
 ii# t i III. III. II, 
 
 rTnrT 
 ;o.» ! 
 
 rt.li . ''i Hit-* 
 
 Sl^rr V^ 
 
 ..V-lviTl 
 
 MONOMOTAf A is an exfenfiTc empire," Ir... tid- 
 ed on theeart by the kingdom of Safala; on 
 the weft, by the mountai.isof Calfreria; on the north, 
 by the river Cuama, vvliich feparates it from Moncc- 
 m.igi; ami on the fouth, by the river del Spirltu Sanfto. 
 It is fituated between t!ie 14th and 25fh dcg. of fouth 
 lat. and between the 41ft aiid 56th of 1 aft long, being 
 «)6o miles in length from eaft to weft> and 660 m 
 brc.-'dth from north to Ibutli. 
 
 This country is divided into fix provinces, or petty 
 kingdoms, the governors of whicii arc vaflals to the 
 king or emperor of Monomoiapa. The names of thefe 
 jirovinccsarc, Monomotapa Proper, Quiteve, M.mica, 
 Inharabana, Inhamioi-, and Sabia. 
 
 Monomot.ipi Piojier i ; the moft confiderabic of die 
 whole, and partic.ila-iy dii^inguifh.'d for containing the 
 capital cit;, of the '.n.pire. It k fituated in 1 1 dcg. 27 
 min. Ibiiih lat. and ; i deg. to min. eaft long. It is a 
 large and populous i ity. and tin; ftrects are ver\ long 
 and Ipacious. The houles are built with timber and 
 oarf'i, and are of different fl-.'.es. The greatef- orna- 
 ment of the city is the imperial palace, whi:h is a large 
 fpacious labric, well Hanked with towers, liaving four 
 avenues, or ftatcly gates, conftantly k^pt liy a nurncrous 
 guard. * 
 
 The other towns in this province arc all very in'ia'- 
 nilic;:nt, except one called Tete, which is large nnd po- 
 pulous, arid remarkable for being the reliv^enL" of the 
 Portuguefe iefuit:. 
 
 Quiteve lies to the foutli of Mcnomotapa Proper, 
 i.-^d .s bou.uled on rhe enW by Saliia, on tlie weft by 
 iCaH'.eria, and on the (buth by M:inic:i. The capital 
 city i- called Lambavc, and is fituated about 1 20 mile" 
 from Monoinotapa Proper. It is a large ar.d popt'tous 
 city, a id the plaro wh -re the king or governor of the 
 provir.cc villially rclidcs. 
 
 The province of Manica is bounded on the eaft by 
 babia, on i''.' wjft by CatlVeria', on i: c n irth by Quin- 
 t'^ve- and on the f.mth by die r.ver deSjiiritu Sanrfto. 
 ',''!ic capital town is ealLd afte. tiie name of the pro- 
 vince, bill it isa fniu:. pl„ce, iiid very worly inhabited. 
 
 ! 'i;,v . ' )•'"■■'> .^■gn' » ''■ '"■' ■ ■■>iiritt»JHft"* 
 
 Inhambana lies fouthwnrd from the above province 
 under t!ie tropic of Capricorn, (o that the air here ii 
 exceeding fultry. The capital town is called Toni^ue, 
 which, though fmall, is very populous, owing to th; 
 number of Portugu-'fe that rcfide tiicrc. 
 
 The province of Inhamior is very extenfive, hut 
 corttiins nothing that merits particular notice. It, 
 diiet town of the Tame name is the conftxtnt rcfidence 
 of the ling or governor of the province. 
 
 Sabia is ulfo very large, anti well watered by fevi n,' 
 excellent rivers, one of which is called Sabia, and the 
 other .\rrc. On the coaft of tliis kingdom is the iflin! 
 of Rxica, a.id the caries of St. Sebadian and St. Ca 
 tharine. 
 
 The climate of Monomotapa >s mucli more whole 
 lonie than many other parts of A.nca, and the foil is li 
 fertile tha it pioduces n great plenty of the principal 
 necefraric:. of life. It aboun's with pafturc er'>umi 
 on whi'.n are bred prodigious 'Quantities of >.utle .fp' 
 ciaiy' '>xe 1 and rows. 
 
 The natives here arc '.-. general tall, well-(i:-iped. 
 ftrong, and healthy : they arc quire black, and have 
 woody hail, which they ornament with u gr^n variety 
 of trinkets. Trey are of a very fprightly anddoiilc 
 difpofilidn, noiwithftanding which they ar' (on <i Ix- 
 "ng engaged in war, .md prefer that employp'ent to anv 
 other. T.he poon r r.)rt :ire brought up to diving, aiui 
 their ciiiof o'.ii'.nei''. u :o get thi land or mud from th • 
 bottom of th • ; i.cr^, ponds, and 'akes, from w'.iich tin y 
 fcparal . the i^riKi tiiat is intermixed with it, and ill! it 
 to the Portuguefe in exchange for cotton and variou'- 
 other ai 'ides of merchandize. 
 
 Their common food is the fieih of oxen an') ele- 
 phants, with bread made of ric; or miiUt, which i 
 baked into thin cakes-, ind their drink is eillier loui 
 milk or water. The better ibrt uf: ftrong lK)u.rvi 
 made from honey, milleS rice, and. fevcral foits ot 
 frijits; but tiiey moftly cfteei'i palm- wine, wmrh is 
 reckoned a royal liquor, and greatly ul'eu at cour;. 
 
 Polyg.amy is allowf-d lure, as in mod other p.urs ol 
 
 Africa, every man beii:g periniued to take v. iiiany 
 
 ' • .' , wive 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 wives as he can ms 
 lipal, and the child 
 
 ellate. 
 
 They pay a relif 
 
 jiielirvinj; the lioi 
 
 t.iiiiily. Tliele t'u 
 
 whom they belong 
 
 Every feventh day 
 
 ing all orcirtvi in w 
 
 country. They f]i 
 
 (ions, then pray to 
 
 rity, and afterwan 
 
 which they look uf 
 
 he paid to the detu 
 
 The king, or cr 
 
 digious numiier of 
 
 daughters or fbme 
 
 only is called enij- 
 
 ladies of the hiifheli 
 
 di(ch:irge this bufii 
 
 liighert honour to V 
 
 a!(o by a great nuni 
 
 found filence, exc« 
 
 ihee/.eor cough, .at 
 
 " Pr:i} for the heali 
 
 as foot! as th • uor'.!i 
 
 rife, and teftily ihei: 
 
 He alio t.ikes grc 
 
 his fubjee'ls • he ex; 
 
 inftead of whiih he 
 
 when they a]ip!y to 
 
 This is an uni^eri 
 
 perior ot every ran 
 
 the higheft mark of 
 
 any time he orders 
 
 gold mines, or any 
 
 cale), he always fen( 
 
 fo that inftcati cf ati 
 
 his commands witi» ' 
 
 His minifters ani 
 
 as well as his Ibldierj 
 
 obliged, inftead of 
 
 of feven days in evt 
 
 grounds, or any oil 
 
 them in ; the lord 
 
 fame ferv'ce when 1 
 
 fome panicular pr 
 
 office. 
 
 The emperor 
 for he has no cavalr 
 thofe not fit for the 
 Wherever the emp 
 
 SOFALA .san, 
 ii'otapa, reuKU 
 mines of gold. It 
 fea, on the wcfl 
 north by the tmpi 
 '.ly the kingdom o) 
 co;itinued coaft, 
 on the north, to th 
 to, on the fouth. 
 extent, being con 
 Monomotapa, not 
 doin is computed 
 The i:.oft con. 
 Cu.iina and the I 
 fuppofed to lakf 1 1 
 former received i 
 is (generally called 
 No. 30. 
 
 „^> 
 
»f;RAPHY. 
 IV, i 
 
 U MOS. 
 
 :d on the fout!i br 
 
 i;irati.s it from Terra 
 
 :iana; on tlie wdl bv 
 
 t\Hern ocean on tin; 
 
 ot die river Dcllagoi, 
 
 loon, or Teuilc ; tlic 
 
 r of roliben, which 15 
 
 ic only places wonli* 
 
 wliich is ir. jboiit tlic 
 
 Pc Pcfqueria, or the 
 
 yond the former ; and 
 
 )i.twei'n the latter :iii,| 
 
 cfe, who cither nani(\) 
 
 hich ihey difcovcrai 
 
 lUaiicc which they ob- 
 
 gave this country the 
 
 land of Smoak, from 
 
 lird approachin;; tins 
 
 a%'e not made any fct- 
 
 who inhabit the place 
 
 'ithoi-; iOwns, village', 
 
 tjwtly inrfvsd without 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 S O F A L A. 
 
 .ii.'.l 
 
 ,. If- 
 
 i" •.■>ids ■ 
 
 A.- 
 
 
 cm the above province 
 (o that the air he.c ii 
 
 town is called Tongue, 
 
 wpuloiis, owing to tt': 
 
 le there. 
 
 is very extenfivc, but 
 
 j>amciilar notice. It' 
 
 , the conftant lefidencc 
 
 province, 
 well watered by fevira! 
 
 is called Sabia, and iht 
 
 lis kingdom is the iflm ! 
 
 t. Seballian and St. Ca 
 
 |>a t^ much more whole- 
 A.rica, and the foil is !•> 
 plenty of the principal 
 s with pafture gi'^umi 
 ;uantiticsof >.itt!e J.'p' 
 
 cncrat tall, will-hriped, 
 ; quite black, and h:ivr 
 lent with u g^en va.ietN 
 try fprightly ani\ docik 
 hich they ar' fon ■( Ix- 
 that employi-'^ent to any 
 rought up to diving, and 
 K ^nd or mud from tli - 
 id lakes, from wliichtluy 
 r.ixfd with it, and fell it 
 e for cotton and vu^iou^ 
 
 e fieih of oxen and cle- 
 ric: or miiUt, which i' 
 heir drink, is either (our 
 r llrt tif; ftrong liquurn 
 ice, anc'. fcveral forts ot 
 e.p\ palm- wine, w.iich is 
 greatly vifcii at couri. 
 as ill mod other parfs ot 
 :rini'tcd to take it many 
 wive 
 
 wives as he can maintain ; hut the firft wife is the prin- 
 ( i()al, and the children born from her inherit the father's 
 cllate. 
 
 They pay a religious worfliip to ttie flead, every one 
 ])refe:vir,j» the bones of the nK)ll tliilinguillied i.f liis 
 family. Thcle they hang up in a cnuit, anti know to 
 whom th^y belonged by fixing c.riain marks on ihcm. 
 Every fevenlh day the relations go and vifit them, be- 
 ing all drciled in white, which is llie mourning of the 
 country. They fjMead a table befoie them with provi- 
 (ions, then pray to the deccal'cd for the king's profpe- 
 riiy, and afterwards lit down and rcg;\lf then/ Ive.;, 
 which tliey look upon as the grcatcll iiunour that -an 
 be paid to the detund. 
 
 The king, or emperor of Monomotapa, has a pro- 
 digious number of wives, ilie principalof whom are the 
 daughters or (bme of his vall'al princes ; but the iird 
 only is called empref>, or ipiten. The princels and 
 ladies of tlv.- highefi rank alwiys attend upon him; they 
 dilcharge this bufin.fs in ihcir turns, and think it tlic 
 liighell honour to be f j employed. He is waited upon 
 alio by a great number of oHi(crs, who keep m ft pro- 
 found lilence, except when he drinks, or happens to 
 Ince/.c or coogh, at wliicli time- one ot them cries aloud, 
 " Vr:\] for the healdi and prol'perity of the emperor:" 
 as foon as ih • words are repeated, they all kneel, then 
 rife, and tellily Iheir joy by the loudeft acclamation. 
 
 He aifo takes grcut pains to preferve the relpeft of 
 his fubjcds • he exafts no taxes or tribute from them, 
 inftead of which he is fatisiied with a trilling prefcnt 
 when they apply to him for any particular favour. 
 
 This is an unlverfil cullom from an inleiior to a lu- 
 fjerior of every rank or denomination, atul etlecmed 
 the highefl mark of refpec^ that can be fliewn. If at 
 any time he orders his fubjedfs to labour either at the 
 gold mines, or any other fervi:e, (as is lc)metimes the 
 cafe), he always fends them cows and other provifions, 
 fo that inftead cf attending with reludance, they obey 
 his commands witii the {^leatell cliearfulncfs. 
 
 His miniftcrs and offictrs, both civd and military, 
 as well as his foldiery, who fubiift by bis ]vay, aic indeed 
 obliged, inftead of taxes, to |)ay him a kind of ferviee 
 of fevcn days in every r;ionth, cither in cultivatinc; bis 
 grounds, or any other work lie thinks proper to employ 
 them in ; the lords and nobles are alto b nmd to the 
 fame ferv'ce when required, unlefs exemined from ii by 
 fomc particular privilege granted to their family or 
 office. 
 
 The emperor maintains a numerous army of foot, 
 for he has no cavalry, there being but few iiotfes, and 
 thofe not fit for the purpotc, throughout his dominions 
 Wherever the emperor encamps iliey al.eays erect a 
 
 I large wooden Iioufe, in which a tire mtift be kept con- 
 
 ftantly burning. Neither he nor any if hi ; foldiers arc 
 
 I |xrinitted to wafti their hand^ or lace vvliile the warcon- 
 
 . linucs; when it is over, and ihey h'.ve gained a rom- 
 
 plf^ie vidory, the fjKjil is divided, the emperor relerV- 
 
 ing one [(ait to himlelf and dilhiluiting the reft in p- j- 
 
 ])oriional)L' lliares to his otfii -r. and men. This jqui- 
 
 j table diftribu'ion has an excellent elf'cft, a^ it animates 
 
 tlie men, and makes tl-..-n figlit with diiUngiiiftied in- 
 
 ; trepidity. 
 
 ', The laws of this country are very few, and fo little 
 I occalion is there for the contineinem of criminals, that 
 I there is not a lin^'le prifon throughout ;I,c whole em- 
 I pire. Thofe foi. id guilty of murder are puniftied with 
 j death; but in trifling matters they only infliiff corporal 
 punilhment, which is done by giving the jiarty a cer- 
 tain number of ftrokes with a knotted cord, according 
 to the nature of the crime. 
 
 Here are gold mines in the inland parts, which have 
 produced confid^rable advantages to the Fortuguefe.— 
 There are other mint? in different parts of the empire 
 that produce excellent metal, particular'y thofe neai 
 Batiia, a fmall ]'.lace borderiiig on the province of Ma- 
 nic.i, and ext.-nding itfelf from the M .untains of thj 
 Moon to the liver M.'.gnico, whole governor is a val- 
 la! to the emperor. 
 
 There are liveral confiderable places between the 
 mines and the fea-coaft, where fairs and markets are 
 held for the la!e of gcKl, paiticularly at thofe towns 
 which iie on the river Ztzebc, and Cuama, v.hcre the 
 Portu!Juefe have built fortieflls to keep the natives in 
 a'.ve, who come to thofe markets to exchange their goicl 
 for ['European and other commodities. In each of liielis 
 maiketb tliev have an olhcer of their own, who decides 
 all contcfls and differences that arife ai)out their traffic; 
 they have likewile in moft of thefe towns churches and 
 monifteries of the Dominican order. 
 
 The emperor of Monomotapa firft permitted the 
 Po'tugu.fc tobui!d their forts here, in gratitude for the 
 ferviv.c (hey h.id done in contributing to reduce fome 
 re' olred vaffaK to return to tiieir obedience, as well as 
 to enable them, on all fuch ex :;; ncies, to be near at 
 haiKi to ."(Tilt him. This was about the year 1640, lince 
 wliich '.lie (by have been on goxi terms with the 
 I'overeigiis ot the empire. 
 
 The commodities which they bring the natives are 
 chiefly cloths of various forls, gLI's beads of dilferenC 
 li/e^ and colour', and other trillirg trinkets; in ex- 
 change f)r which, belidc gold, they receive great quan- 
 tities of ivory, furs o; fundry wild and tame be:ifts, and 
 ( tlier valir.Mc artid.s, which make their comiiierce 
 here v.ry advantageoui. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 IV. 
 
 s o 
 
 SOFALA >s an ext';nrivc kingc om, and, like Mono- 
 motapa, remarkable for containing many excellent 
 tniiics of gold. It is bounded on theeaft liy the Indian 
 fea, on the wcC; by the province ol P.l.mica, on the 
 north by the tinpire of Monomotapa, and on the fouth 
 by the kingdot',1 of Sabia. It is, proprly fpeaking, a 
 continued coaft, ixtending iifclf trim ili iverCusma 
 on the north, to that of Magnico, or Del SpirituSanc- 
 to, on the fouth. The inland pans are very triflinj; in 
 extent, being confined t-. he weli by the empire ot 
 Monomotapa, notwithftaiiding which the whole kii'.g- 
 dom is computed to be at lca(\ i2r^o miies in compals. 
 The n.oft conrier.able rivers of this c^ iintry are r'lc 
 Cuama and the L ' "^piritu .^.iPiflo. both of whicli are 
 fuppofed to takf lb ir rite f.oin the 1 d;e Goyarna. The 
 former received i s name tVom the i'ort igucle, but it 
 is (generally called by the natives Zambei r. Thi^ river 
 No- 30. 
 
 A L A. 
 
 wadics down great quantifies of gold, which the negroes 
 gather when the waters are low, by diving to the bot- 
 tom of fuch parts of it a', from pradiee, tliey know 
 eoiitain the greateft abundance. They bring up the 
 mud in bin kets, which being properly levigated, eafily 
 lifcovers the metal. 
 
 which 
 The 
 foimcr is liiuated under the :^hk ;. of fouib latitude : 
 it is noted fir th- many rocks, finds and llielves that lie 
 bet we, n it and the illaiid of St. Laiiivnce, or Madagai- 
 car, and caufe frequent lliipwrecks along that chan- 
 nel. 
 
 ilcovers tne metal. 
 On the colli arc feveral capes, the principal of w 
 re called Coricnies, St. Catharine ami Sebaftian. 
 
 The climate of (his kingdom is very unwholelbme, 
 
 occ.aiio.ied by tiie vail number of marlhcs, which being 
 
 in fumincr dried up by the fcorching heat of the fun, 
 
 inf.d the air with peftilcniial Ikams- The foil, in 
 
 4 N general 
 
 .&,. 
 
J^6 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTMLNTIC SYSTF.M of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 general is very uneven, Iwrr- n, and dellrt. The inland 
 jiart , abound witli various (orts ot wild Ixalls, particu- 
 ijrly elephants j>vt;:it nunil'crs of whicli arc annually i 
 kill-d by the n.uivrs not only lor tlie lake of thfir H.lli, | 
 whidi i> the ihi.T |)'.rt ot tlielr t'«)d, hut alio Jor j 
 tli-'ir teeth, whivii thvV I'tll to great ailv.inta.'.c to i 
 tlic F.iiroix-aii?. 'Ihe niiiuher o. th.i'c anini.iNilcUroy- j 
 cd licre by the natives is laid, one year with anith.r, ' 
 t.) atmnint to near ^ooo. 
 
 all paid in gold tiuft, each atconiing to his rank. 
 Their original weapons were bows and arrows, the fty. 
 nietar, javelin, digger, and hatchet ; but (ince the ar- 
 rival ot tiie PortUj^uele, they have been tau^lif .he uk- 
 ot lire-arm , of wliith tiiey are very Ibnd, atul cxercile 
 then) with great dexterity. 
 
 The inliabitantsofQi^iiloa, Mombaza, ami Melinda, 
 come to this country in liiiall lioats called tanibucs, with 
 Ihitl's of l)!ue and white cottons, lilk. Ilufl^, yellow and 
 
 TIk' inha' it;>.nt- of this kin!;dom arc in general well- v red amiicrgris which they exchange with the |)cople 
 n\iped, and h.vvc Ihort curled hair: they cover them- r here for gold and ivory. Thefc again fell them to the 
 Itlve^ or.lv ii'um tiio waill to tlie kn..p, with a ;i,ar- i inhabitants ot iMonomotapi, who (;ive them gold in 
 I. lent made ot liik or cotton; but they adorn their |j renirn without weighing it, I'othat the pr.'lit of the c\- 
 arn^, wrills leg-, and and'-, with rinir.s of gold, am- ji c'uuigc is very conlideiable. This is the reafon il,ai 
 bcr, or coloured bead ; the better h.rt wear turbans ; v. hen the Mi inomotapans come to purchafe thcle ani- 
 
 on their heaiis, and have fvvorth by their fides, the 
 handles of which are made of ivory turioully inlaid 
 with precious lU)ne«. 
 
 Tiieir food conlills of the flefli of eleplianfs, large 
 and ihiall cattle, and filh, with v.hi.h tiie rivers 
 abi'unil ; inller.d of biead, they uic rice and millet. — 
 The think of ii-.e common people is'vater, but the bct- 
 t.r Ion have a ki'iJ of beer, which is made of ri' e anil 
 millet ; they have alio i'omc ilrony liquo'-. matle from 
 Ivjn.y, pilm, and other fruits. 
 
 Tlic king and his court, with a great number of the 
 principal [leople, aie delcentlants ol the Arabs, and not 
 -■nly tji.ak that language, but alii) flriclly profels tiie 
 Maiicnetan leligion ; the original natives are permitted 
 to retain t'.eir r.nti.nt rvillom'^, as alli> their religious 
 ma\ir.r, tl-.e httroi which are much the fame as thofe 
 cb;erv>:d i.'. the jirincipal pans of AiViia. 
 
 SjfiLi, th- m.'tropolis of this kin;>dom, is the only 
 place of u.iy note in it, and is pleal'antly lituateil on a 
 iniall iiland, ac the mouth of the river Cuami. The 
 PoiiugU'-fc have built a llrong f■,)rtrel"^ here, which is of 
 iniinite fervice to them, as it I'ccures their (liips in the 
 h.uhour when they Hop here In theirp.Jlagc to anil from 
 India. The articles the) purchaie of the natives are 
 gold, atnbergris, llives, and elephants teeth ; in cx- 
 ( !i;ng.- fur which they liipply them v>ith lil.vs, (luils, 
 loiion, glafs b ad-, and other trinket . B )th the for- 
 i.eis and illaiid are tributary to the king of l\)rtugal. ■ 
 
 The king keep^ a great num'jer of fuldiers, who arc 
 
 cles, as ("oon as the Sofalans perceive their vellel' at lea, 
 they fignily their joy, ;ind bid them welcome, by ligi,:. 
 ing fires on the Ihore. 
 
 Ti)C gold mines of this kingdom arc faid to yield 
 above two million' o'lnctigals per annum, each nipti- 
 gal amounting to lijurteen livres ; that the (hips tioin 
 Zidtm and Mecca carry off" about two millions a yui 
 in time ot peace; and that the governor of Molani- 
 bioue, whole otRce lalls but three years, has ab jVi 
 300,000 crowns revenue, without including the loldicb 
 pay, anil the tribute annually paid to the king of Por- 
 tugal. I-'rom hence many learned men arc of opinion 
 that this is tiie Ophir whither Solomon font lhi|« cvcrv 
 three years from Eliingebcr to fetch gold ; Klicngebcr 
 being thought to be Sue/, a fci-poit on the Red Sea. 
 This conicdure is lupportedby the remaiiis of I'cvtral 
 flatcly edilices, whiclt are found in the diii'ereni parts 
 where the gold mines are (ituatcd, and, fiom their ap- 
 pearance, are luppolld to have L)een orii^inally jialacei 
 or callles, built by that opulent prince the king of 
 Ifracl. It may .alio be conlirmed by the authority of 
 the S.ptuagint, who tranflate the word ()phri(i Kir.)i> 
 ix. 2S.) inioSo[)hira, whicli has lonie rcleail.lance to 
 its jirelent name of Sotala. As a tart her contirniatioii 
 of tliele conjectures, Lojkz, in his voyage to India, 
 lays, the inhabitants of thii country boalt that tliey 
 have iiooks which piove, that in tiie time of Solomon, 
 the llVaelitcs (ailed every thud year towards thefc paits 
 to fetch gold. 
 
 G II A P. 
 
 V. 
 
 i 
 
 iSS. 
 
 I 
 
 M O N O E M U G I. 
 
 TiIE empire of Munoemugi beinaan inland coun- 
 try, is very little treiiueiited b, the E apeans. 
 Ill bounded on the .all by part of Zangucbar, on the 
 Will by Muaniba ami Makoko, on the nwrth by Abyf- 
 finia, and on the fouth by the empire of Monoinotapa. 
 
 The account we have of tliis country i<~ chiefly 
 founded on the authority of the Negroes, who carry oil 
 a commerce with it, Euroiiean travellers not dar'ng to 
 venture ihemlelvcs into it, not only by reafon of the un- 
 he.dthinel'. of the climate, but alio fur fear of the inhu- 
 iuan Jagas, whoinfed the more interior parts ot it, and 
 nialiacre all thai happen to fall in their way. 
 
 The extent ot this country cannot he afccrtaincd, 
 luit that it is very great appears t'roni the dillancc of its 
 co.'itines. The emperor is a powerful and rich [irince, 
 a!rl has fubdued molt of the i]etty kingdoms about him 
 |o obedience. 
 
 The empire of Monoemugi i-di\ided into five king- , 
 doms or provinces, all of whi' are governed by petty j 
 princes fubjcvV to the emperor. The names of dicie ' 
 arc as t .How, viz. Muiaco, Gingiro, Cambate, Alaba, 
 and Monocmu:?,i Proper. 
 
 Mujato i- bounded on the cafi: bv AbyOinia, on the 
 well by Congo, on the north by Nubia, and on the 
 ToulIx by Mako.ko. ll u a largi; kingdom, but very j 
 
 poorly inhabited i neither docs it contain any thini; 
 that deferves particular notice. 
 
 Ciiiigiro, which is alio a iai;,c kingdom, lies between 
 Narca, the moll foul hern kingdom of Ab\(llnin, and 
 Makoko and Canil ate. Auriter who tra veil- d thro' 
 this kingdom, fays, the king prtlerves anextroardinaiy 
 dignity, and that he contends with the fun •, forwliieli 
 reafon he never goes abroad, or gives audience, hut 
 before the fun rifes. allcdging that two fun^ cannot ap- 
 pear at once. Mis palace is no better than a lottat^e, 
 which when he dies is always burnt, and his fuecellor 
 has a new one built (qr him, which is dedicated with 
 the blood of two or three men of a certain family killed 
 at the door, and on that account the laid family is tree 
 from all other duties, which arc lo heavy, that thy 
 render this cruel compofition acceptable i for when the 
 king buys any thiftg of foreign merchants, he pays 
 them in flaves, and thele are the Ions and daughteis ot 
 aiiv family, wlsich he takes at plcalbre without any con- 
 trad id ion. 
 
 Cambate joins to the aljove kingdom en the weft, 
 and is bounded on the call b) Alalia, on the north by 
 Ahylhnia, .uul on the louth by Makoko. It is a jioor 
 country, and badly inhabited. 
 
 Alaba 
 
lAPHY. 
 
 ruling to his nnk. 
 and arrows, the I'cy- 
 et i but fince the ai- 
 becn taiighf .he ul'c 
 y fonil, and excrcile 
 
 ibaza, and Mclinda, 
 i called tanibucs, with 
 Ik. iUiflV, \clluw ami 
 itje with the [leople 
 again fell ihcin to the 
 o ^;ivi: them gold in 
 the profit of ilu' cx- 
 ib is the rcafun ilai 
 o purchafc thtli am- 
 ivc their vl-H'cIs at lea, 
 :tn wckonic,by ligl,;. 
 
 oiu arc faid to yield 
 
 r annum, each men. 
 
 that the Ihips hum 
 
 t two millions a yiar 
 
 g')vernor of Molani- 
 
 u years, has ab ivc 
 
 iiuludinjj; the luklieij 
 
 .lid to the kin^ ot I'oi- 
 
 cd men arc ot opinion 
 
 lonion font Ihi]-."; every 
 
 etch I'o'.d ; Kliongebcr 
 
 -port on the Red Sea. 
 
 the remains of li;ver.'.l 
 
 I in the dilllrtnt parts 
 
 il, and, tiom their ap- 
 
 been orii.iiially palace^ 
 
 prince the king of 
 
 led by the authority of 
 
 ic word l)phri(i Km;:. 
 
 5 fome rcleiiil.lancL- to 
 
 5 a tariherconfirmatio:! 
 
 his voyage to India, 
 
 Li.imtry boalt that tliey 
 
 in the time of Solomon, 
 
 \ cur towards tliefc pans 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 Z A N G U E B A R. 
 
 3»7 
 
 5 it contain any thini; 
 
 r kingdom, lies belwcvii 
 ;tlom of AbyfTmia, and 
 ter who travelkd tlim' 
 tfervcs an extroardiiuiy 
 with the fun •, for vUiicli 
 >r gives audience, luit 
 hat two funj cannot a\>- 
 ) better than a < ottai^v, 
 lurnt, and his fuceellor 
 \hicii is dedicated with 
 >f a certain family killed 
 lit the liiid family is tree 
 re (o heavy, that ih y 
 ccepiablc} for when the 
 ;n meichants, he pays 
 c lims and daughtel^ or 
 cal'urc without any con- 
 
 : kingdom on the weft, 
 Alaba, on the north by 
 Makoko. It is a iioor 
 
 Abba 
 
 Alalia, is a large kingdom, and fituatcd on the coall 
 of Caml ate. It reaches to the coali of '/angucbar, 
 and is inhabitetl by a eiiicl jjeojilc called G:illas. The 
 prince is a Mahometan, i)Ut many of his luojcds aie 
 Klolaters, and of ilie word (m, for they ofler human 
 fai rifuo. 
 
 Monoemiigi I'ropcri*; hounded on the eaft bvCongo, 
 on the well by Tranque'nar, on tie north by Mononio- 
 t.ipa, and on tlie tiuili by Makoko. Tiiis is the largell 
 divilion of the wiio'e, but not otherwifo remarkable, 
 except from its being the refidencc of the emperor. 
 
 The chief prixliiftions of tlits country, cxclufive of 
 the relpcd ivc mines of gold, filver, and copper, are 
 palm-wine and oil. Hoacy is here lb plcnntul, th.it 
 the Negroes cannot conhimc one third of it, fo th.it 
 thev futferthc reft to be loll. 
 
 The natives drel's in lilks and cottons which they 
 buy of flrangers, and wear collars of traiifparent beads 
 brought from C.uiiboya. Thefe beads lerve alio inllead 
 of money, golil and hlver being lo common that it is 
 conlidered by them as of no value. Th y are moll of 
 them idolaters, and in their difpofitions ufraftory and 
 cruel. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Z A N G U E B A R. 
 
 THIS country received its name from the Arabs, 
 th.! word Zantiue, in their language, lignifying 
 black, all the inhabiiants being of that colour. It is 
 Ixiunded on tlie call by the Inilian 0:can, on the well 
 by Monoemugi, on tlv noith i)y Anian, and on the 
 fouth liy the river Cii.una.whiih fcparatts it from Mo- 
 nomotapa. I r is very ilil proportionate in its extent, 
 1 eing 1400 miles in length, and not more than 350 in 
 the hroadvll part. 
 
 The coall is very extenfivc, and in tlie courfe of it 
 has many rivers and -^lands. This pari of the country 
 is l"c(l known to the Lurop.ans, owing to the conouefls 
 made lure by the PortUt^uefc. The inland parts con- 
 filt of a large, l.arren, and unh.:ikhy track, the lanils 
 lyina; low, andinterlcdcd by rivers, lakes, thick woods, 
 forcll , and marfliy grounds. Moll ot the inhabitants 
 are Arabs, beip;?; the dcfcend.mts of thofe who were 
 banilhed here from their own country, on account of 
 their adiierencc to the fc> L of Ali, of which they arc Hill 
 zealous profeflbrs. 
 
 The principal livcr of tliis country is that called Kil- 
 nianci, or (^lihuanci, the latter of which name was 
 given it by the Por'.iiguefe, froiii a fort and town fo cal- 
 led, built by them at the mouth of it. 
 
 The continental part of Zanguebar is divided into 
 two kingiloms, M .lambiciue and iNLhnda. 
 
 Mofambiiju.- is divided into feveral provinces anil 
 lordlhips, each of which h.is a peculiar clialec> to itfelf. 
 The climate is lliltry and unwholefomc, but the toil i^ 
 lerlile, producing plenty of millet, rice, and feveral 
 lulls of pulfe ; as alfo alninilanee of orange and lemon 
 trees. It abounds likewife with wild bealb, particular- 
 ly bears anil clei)hants, the latter of which are lb nume- 
 rou-, that tiie inhabitants arc obliged to kindle fires 
 r.'und the Ileitis to prevent them from devouring the 
 corn , nor dire they go aiiroad at night without carry- 
 iiiJ lighted torches in their hanils to frighten them 
 aw ly. 
 
 The inhabitanti of Modimbique arc of low (latur?, 
 very black, and have Ihort curled hair. They are na- 
 turalK cruel and deceitful. 
 
 Their towns are very finall, and the buildings low 
 and del'gicable. Their common foinl is the flelh oi 
 elej)hants, with bread made of millet and rice; from 
 the latter of which they alio make a kind of beer. 
 
 The chief wealth of thcfe peo])le conlills in gold, 
 CiDny, ivory, and flaves, all of which they fell to 
 tlie l'oitiit:;ucl'e only ; for they wilTnoi lutl'er any other 
 hireigners to enter their country. 
 
 With rerpccl to their religion, fome of them are 
 Chriflians, and others Mahometans ; but the jirincipal 
 I'art are idolaters, and iile all thofe fuperftitions and 
 ridiculous culloms, [)raclifed in other idolatrous coun- 
 tries. 
 
 There are two fmall diftricis adjoining to the king- 
 dom ot Mofambicjuc, called Mongalo and Angos : the 
 
 former is fituatcd near the mouth of the river Cuama, 
 and is chiefly inhabiteil by Ar'.bs; the other is alio 
 iituated on a bank of the lame river, about ifio miles 
 from the former. Both thefe pl.i.cs are fruitful, pro- 
 ducing abundance of rice and millet ; as alio great 
 quantities of cattle. The inhabitants are chiefly Ma- 
 hometans, but intermixed with Negroes, who are ido- 
 laters, and remarkable for the lownefs of their flature. 
 I They have no covering to the upper part of their bo- 
 \ dies, but round their waills they wrap pieces of cotton 
 ; or (ilk. Some of the better fort wear a turban on their 
 heads. 
 
 The pco;)L- ot both thefe places carry on a com- 
 merce with the inhabitants of Monoiiiotapa in gold, 
 elephants teeth, gums, ^c. 
 
 Melinda is lituatetl jiarlly under the cquiiiodlial line, 
 and partly on b )th fides ot it ; for its fouthern bound- 
 aries lie under the 2d degree, and 30th minute, fouth 
 la'itude, and its northern extremity extends to the river 
 Qiiilmanci. 
 
 As this kingdom is well watered by rivers, the foil is 
 in general fertile, and produces great abundance of the 
 principal neceilaries of lite. Il aliounds alio with a va- 
 riety of fruit trees, particularly oran|>e, palm, and ci- 
 tron, tl-.e latter of which conilantly pcit'ume the air 
 with an odoriferous (cent. 
 
 The inhabitants of this kingtl )m greatly differ ia 
 their coi«plcxions, fome ot them being quite black, 
 tome of an olive colour, and others almotl white, parti- 
 cularly tlie women. The common pc iple wear only a 
 loofe piece of cloth about their waills, but the better 
 fort have a garment made of cotton or filk, which 
 readies trom the waifl to the knees, and on their heads 
 they wear a turban. The ladies of quality always appear 
 in lllk, and ornament their necks and arms, the former 
 with llring> of gold, and the latter with bracelets made 
 of the fame metal. 
 
 The city ot Melinda, the capital of the kingdom, is 
 Iituated on a very agreeable plain, and contains a great 
 number of houtcs, niotl of which arc well built with 
 tree-lloiie. It is the relidence o! the king, and in it are 
 a great number ol rich merchants, who tiaJeuitli the 
 Indians of Camboya in gold, ivory, cojiper, quick- 
 filver, and all forts of lluH'-. The Portu;!,uel'e are lb 
 numerou.! in this city, that they have built feveral 
 liandlonie churches and chapels in it ; anti before one 
 oi the churches they have ereifled a il.it^ly crofs of gilt 
 marble. 
 
 The king's palace is a very fpaciou'. edifice, built of 
 Hone, and neatly ornamented. 
 
 Whenever the king goes abroad he is cairied in a 
 fedan, on tlie llioulders of tour oi the greatcfl; men m his 
 kingdom, and incenl'e and other petfnmes are burned 
 before him as he pall'e; along thellieets. At every 
 town he enters, he i- always met by a number of beauti- 
 ful women, fome oi whom prefont him with iknvers, 
 
 and 
 
 
3i8 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY 
 
 king then (;ivc^ him a mimlx-r of blow < 
 
 snil others co before him llaticring various kinds of | 
 perfuinis. j 
 
 The laws of this country arc hut few, and tliofc | 
 tvhiillv vcfted in the jxiwer of the king. It any one \ 
 istminil "iiilty of niiiriicr, he is immciliately punifticil 
 with death: but thefts anil triflingotfencesareimninKxl 
 on!v bv fine. •' a"V of the king'> granilecs arc ileted- 
 eil In having imporeil fallitics on him, they arc either 
 fentcncid to pay a fine, or to receive a nuiubcr ofMowj 
 frijm the king'?, own hand, more or lels, accord/ng to 
 the greatnJs of the offence. In the latter cale, the 
 niethoil of infliding the punilhment is thus: they llnp 
 the criminal naked, and lav hiin on the ground, m the 
 apartment ofthc palace affigned lor that purpole. The 
 
 'n his Kid aiHi 
 
 lireeeh, widi :< kimi ot whip, made with two long ninci 
 of leather, tallemd to a (lick. As loon as the kin» 
 thinks he ha •ulfiticntly Icourged him, he delilK 
 when the crimina^ ril'ei, pots on his ^'oaths kitles the' 
 kind's feet, and thanks iiim in the moll rcfiwjthihnj 
 lulNiiidivc manner. 
 
 The weapons ulal hv the p oplcof this kingdom are 
 bows, arro'.vs, darts, ami IliieKh. 
 
 Some ot ihel'e jvoplc arc Mahometans, but il,e 
 principal part arc nlolaterj. Ihe Fortuguele have 
 made but lew profelytes in this kingdom, the pe„. 
 pic being obftinate in piefervinj; their owt^ itlhri. 
 ous principles. '' 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 VII. 
 
 B R 
 
 A. 
 
 13 
 
 
 [■' ! 
 
 1 ,V3 Jf 
 
 
 ^i :\ 
 
 :i 
 
 BR.WA, the only republican line on the whole 
 eoa'.lof Africa, is ple.ifantly fituated tjn the coafl: 
 of the fame name, being bounded on each fide by a 
 river, ruppolld to be two branch s ot the great river 
 CHiilmaiiL i. Its extent inland is very trifling ; and flic 
 chief thing that renders it remarkable is iis capital, 
 which is calUd Brava, and lltuatcd in the firll degree 
 of north latitude, between the two rivers n' )ve-mcn- 
 tioned, where it has a tolerable good harl ;ur. It is 
 a large citv, and, with the w hole republic, wa' founded 
 by leven Arabian brethren, who (led hither to avoid 
 the impending danger that threatened them from the 
 tvranny of their king, one of the petty nionarchs of 
 Aral-.ia Felix. 
 
 The city is furrounded by ftrong walls, and other- 
 wife well fortified. The houfes are very fpaeious, anil 
 built after the Morefio ftile. They are chicflv inhabi- 
 ted by rich merchants, wh 'fe principal tralTic confilts 
 in gold, filver, cotton, and other cloths, elephants teeth, 
 gums and other drugs, particularly amfxTgris wiih 
 ifthi' h this coall abounds. 
 
 The government if this republic is ari(locratical,thc 
 inhabitants having a right to chufc twelve chieks from 
 amongft the molt ancient families, whom they trulf 
 wiih the management of all attairs, and the adminiftra- 
 tion of julticc. 
 
 The iuiiabitmts arc chiefly Mahometans, butfubjed 
 to the kin;j; of Portugal, to whom they pay an annual 
 acknowledgement. 
 
 The manner in which this republic became tributary 
 to the PortiigiuL- is thi's related; Trillran de Cugna, 
 admiral of the Portu^uelc fleet, having let on ihore at 
 Melinda three amball'adors, lent by king Emanuel to 
 the emperor of Abyflina, and recommendeil them to 
 the care and proteftion of the king of it, continued his 
 courfe northwr.rd along the coalt, till he came to the 
 city of Brava, wh'.re he call anchor at the port. Here 
 he dil'patched, according to thePortuguete cnflom, one 
 of his officers, named Lionel Codingo, to wait on the 
 he3d=^ of the republic, and offer them peace, and the 
 fritiidlliip and alliance of the king hi: mafter. To this 
 the chieks anlwered, that tluy had noobjeiflion to enter 
 into fuch a treaty ; but tliis anfwer was only a piece of 
 diffmiulation, and calculated to detain thf fleet to its 
 dellruoihon, the feafon being then near at hand when 
 fuch buifterous winds uliially blow in thele parts, as 
 would dafli in pieces all > heir (hips, even in the very 
 harbour. 
 
 Cugna hiving difcovercd this artifice, refulved im- 
 mediately to alfault the city ; accordingly, before 
 tiay-break, he drew up his men on the lhi)re, and 
 formed them into two lines, the firft whereof confifted 
 
 of6oo,the command of which he gave lo Alphonfo Al- 
 buiiuerqiie, whilll he referved to himfilf t!ie cominanj 
 of the other, which conlilled of 6co I'olditrs. 
 
 Brava was at this time garriloned by 4000 men, half 
 of whom inunediately lallied out againft them. Tic 
 conflict was I'ev^reon both fides; but the Portugii.ic 
 charj^ed them with liich fury, that tliey found tliem- 
 Iclves obligeil to give ground, and made a very rcjuiUr 
 retreat into the city ; atter whiih they fluit all the gato 
 to prevent the enemy from following them. 
 
 The Portuguife immediately furrounded the placi-, 
 examining, with iheutniolf diligence, where they conlil 
 belt torie an cntran. c ; but were all that time icrriblv 
 annoyed from within, by burning torches and otlur 
 milFile wc.ipons. 
 
 In the mean time Albuquerque having difcovercd 
 a weak place in the wall, began his attaik there, hut 
 was quickly opjioleil by the belleged, who flocked thi- 
 ther with all Ipecd, and defended it withlurpiiling intre- 
 pidity. Theconrcll was kept up with great furvMi Iva'h 
 tides, when luckily for Albuquerque, the admii i . inr: 
 up, at vshol'e appi.ach the Moors were tlruck withlucli 
 a panic, ihat they (led with the greatclf precipitatio!' ; 
 whilfl the Portugucfe fbldiers, eager fir their prcv, 
 would have piirlued them into the city, but wcie ic- 
 flrained by their commanders. 
 
 The city, however, was foon after ciitered, and plun- 
 dered of a very large and valuable booty, which iIk. 
 Portugucfe immediately ca-'ried on board their rtiip>. 
 Cireat numbers of the befie; 1 were flain and wounded, 
 and many of them taken priioners; but moil ot ilicli- 
 were foon after releafed. Th.' PortugueliL" had aboui 
 50 of their men killed, and many dangcioufly woiuid- 
 eil, befides i8 others who periflicd in the lonp;-boar, 
 which, through their inlatiable avarice, they hadloaJed 
 fo immoderately, as to occafioii it to overfet. Saiii, 
 indeed, was the inhumanity of tlie Portugucfe foldi 1 . 
 and failors, and fuch their third after fpoii, that the. 
 cut off the arms of levcn women, * .ome the more re 1 • 
 dily at their ringsand bracelets; but Cugna having, le- 
 verely punifhed the perpetrators of this cruelty, thereby 
 deterred the rell from the like barbarity. 
 
 After the city was plundered, Cugna ordered it to 
 be let on (ire ; and it was foon reduced to alhes in light 
 of the inhabitants, who Hood at a fmall diflancc behold- 
 ing the dilmal Ipeftacle. Erom this 1 atallioj)he tl ey 
 were forced to become tributary to their conqueror^ ; 
 for the Portugiiefe would n)t permit them to rebuii i 
 theircity, or ciijjytheii ancient privileges, on any 01 her 
 condition, than that of paying th ■ kin i; of Portugal vi 
 annual acknowledgement, which they have cwntmucd 
 to do from that time to the prefcnt. 
 
 CIIAl'. 
 
 m 
 
lOGKAIMlV, 
 
 t 3^9 ] 
 
 Ihlow on his bat k ami 
 
 |!c wiiht*<>!onjTpmfj 
 I As loon m t!ic king 
 Jnctl him, he ,|i(,(h, 
 Ihis Joath', kiiKsth- 
 Iw moll n;liH.-;t(iihna 
 
 pilcof ihij kin[jtlomarc 
 
 Uihometans, but the 
 lllu- Poriiimidc li,i\e 
 li') kingdom, the pto- 
 jinj; their own rdigi. 
 
 legsvctoAlphonroAl- 
 
 himlilt tiie comiiuiu! 
 6co loldicrj. 
 
 onal by 4000 men, ha!i 
 
 lit againft them. Tlic 
 
 It-s ; but tho Poitiigiidc 
 
 thJl tl'ey t'oiiiKl them- 
 
 ind made a very rq;ular 
 
 1 they (hut all theg.iti.- 
 owing ih.m. 
 
 y furmunded the plac.', 
 gencc, wlicrctheycmiiil 
 re all th:it time terribly 
 ling torches and otiur 
 
 rque having difcovcred 
 in ills att.u k there, hut 
 lleged, who flocked tlii- 
 dit with Turpi ilingintrc- 
 3 with great f'liryon h^tli 
 crqiit, tlie admii i •ni- 
 Ljrb were ilrikk \viililui.li 
 e greatert preci|)itatio!' ; 
 •>, eager f T their prey, 
 the city, but weic re- 
 
 after ciitered, and plun- 
 uahle booty, which the 
 i! on board their ftiip'. 
 >vere flain and wounded, 
 lers; but moil ot tiieli- 
 Portuguel'c had aboul 
 iny dangeioufl)' wound- 
 iflied in the loni^-boar, 
 ivarice, tliey hadlonled 
 111 it t.) overfet. Sa.li, 
 tlie Portuguefe foldi' 1 , 
 ll alter fpoil, that tiie. 
 1, * • '.ome the more in ■ 
 1; but Cugna iiavingle- 
 i of this cruelty, thereby 
 barbarity. 
 
 , Cugna ord-.-red it to 
 educed to alhes in light 
 afiuall diflantc bchold- 
 in this (.ataftrophc tl;ey 
 y to their conqueror'; ; 
 icrmit them to rebuiii 
 privileges, on any oth.r 
 h ■ kin;!; ut Poruigil :i'i 
 h tliey Invc ctjntinued 
 Int. 
 
 CIIAI'. 
 
 CHAP. Vllf. 
 
 KINGDOM OF MAGADOXA, or MAGADOSKA. 
 
 TmSkincHomisfituatcd on thecoaftof Ajan, and 
 IS ol conlidciahle extent, reai lung from :; deg. 
 40 inin. ot north lat. to the equinox, wiiere the river or 
 giil|)ii ot jubo feparates the coall ot Aj.in from that ot 
 Zangiicbar. 1 1 is Ixjunded on the eall by the oecan, 
 on tiic wed by the kingdom of Al; ')a, on flic north by 
 tlie kingdom ot Add, and on ihc foutli by the territo- 
 ries of Biava. It rei eivc-. its name from its capiiai, 
 litiiatcd at the mouth of a river of the fame name, 
 wliith river is called by th ; Arabs, (he Nile of Maga- 
 tioxa, by vcal.)n of its annual overllowiiig like tiiat of 
 Jigypt. 
 
 . Bclidcs this river, the country is well wat'-rcd by a 
 number of canals that are cut from it; lb that the I'oil 
 i^ exceeding tertil.', and produces great quantities of 
 leveral kinds of grain, as alfo a variety of excellent 
 fruits. It likewite alVords good pafluragc, for which 
 reafoii the natives breed great quantities of cattle, par- 
 ticularly oxen and iheep. They have alfo numbers of 
 horles ; and in the inland parts are various kinds of 
 wild animals, particularly monkies, baboons, and apes. 
 The rivers alio produce iirveral lorts of liih, which the 
 inhabitants catch without any fear, as they are not, as 
 in moll other parts of Africa, infefled with crocodiles, 
 or any other dangerous animals. 
 
 The inhabitants greatly differ in their complexion, 
 fome of them being quite black, others of a tawny co- 
 lour, and lomc .almoll white. They are very rolnifl, 
 and of a courageous and warlike difpofition. Their 
 weapons are darts and lances, as alfo bow? and arrows, 
 the latter of which are infedted with a poifbnous quality. 
 
 The city of Magailoxa is tolerably large, and well 
 inhabited. It is reforted to by great numbers of mer- 
 cii.ints from the kingdoms of Adel, Camhoya, and 
 ether parts, who bring here fluffs of various forts, as 
 alfo drugs and fpiees ; in exchange for which they re- 
 ceive of the inhabitants gold, ivory, wax, and otlier 
 commodities. 
 
 The king and all his court arc Mahometans, as arc 
 alio the chief of the inhabitants of the city; but thofc 
 in the interior parts of the country arc idolaters, and 
 ftriftly adhere to their heathenilh fupLrllititi.is. 
 
 With refpeft to the hiflorieul part of this kingdom, 
 wc have only to obfervc, that an liollile attempt was 
 
 made on its capital bv the Portuguefe fleet mder the 
 command of admiral Triltran de Cugna, vslio, as be- 
 fore ineniioiied, reduced the city of Biava to afhcs ; 
 the circumflances aiteniling which were .as follow : 
 
 Cugna having redu( ed that place, proceeded as far 
 as the city of Magadoxa, which he caufed to be fiim- 
 moncd, .IS ufual. to accept of jieacc, of friendlliip, or, 
 in plainer terms, ofTujitdion and tribute to Portugal ; 
 but here he found the inhaliitants ready prepared to 
 give him a fuitable reception : great numbers of foot 
 were patrolling along the Ihore, the walls were covered 
 with armed men, and a confiderable body of troops 
 were drawn up before the town, which made Codingo, 
 the officer fent with the fummons, .afraid of going on 
 fhore; therefore he difpatched one of the Bravan cap- 
 tives to affure the Magadoxans that the Portugueli; 
 came not to denounce war, buttoofler |)eacc to them. 
 Tlicy, however, knowing what dreadtul execution had 
 been made at the city of Brava, fell furioufly upon the 
 melfenger, and tore him in pieces. They alfo threat- 
 ened to fcrve Codingo in the lame manner, if he oflercd 
 to land, which obliged him to return to his admiral, 
 and acquaint him with the ill fuccefs he had met with, 
 and the infolent menaces of the enemy. 
 
 Upon this information, the admiral was fo enraged, 
 that he determined to bombard and ftorm the place, 
 but was happily diverted from his delign by the perfua- 
 fion of his orficers and pilots. TS;e former reprefentcd 
 to him the natural llrength of the place, the number 
 ofthegarrifon, the great plenty of aminunition, and the 
 valour and refolution ot the inhabitants. The latter 
 jiointed out the extreme danger that mufc unavoidably 
 I arife to the l^iips, both from the fire of the town, and 
 I the violence of the lea, el'p„-eiallv a' winter was then 
 ' coining on, and the feafon for tailing neariv expired ; 
 to that if his troops (hould mifcarry in their attempt 
 againfl the place, their fleet ami army mull inevitably 
 perilh. Fiom thefe reafonable obfervations Cugna im- 
 mediately relinquilhed all thoughts of attempting the 
 delign he had lo precipitately formed, and immediately 
 gave orders for failing to th- ifland of Socotora, where 
 he loon alter arrived with all his (hij)b, leaving the 
 brave Magadoxans in the peaceable enjoyment of their 
 own polfcirions. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 KINGDOM OF ADEL, or ZEILA. 
 
 ADEL, or Zcila, .-.s it is called from its capital city, 
 is boundec't - • ' north bv the Straits of Babel- 
 Mandel, on the c ■ i b) ;>.e Eallern or Indian Ocean, 
 on the fbuth by Magadoxa, and on the welt by the 
 kingdom of Bali. The foil round the city c{ Zeila is 
 barren, and the inhabitants labour under a dearth ot 
 water. At Ibnie dillancc from tlie city the country is 
 fertile, and produces plenty both <.f grain and iriiit. 
 They have alii) cattle in abundance. The other parts 
 of the kingdom being (lat, they have rain but ll-ldom, 
 but that defeft is fupplied by the rivers that run 
 through it. 
 
 The natives along tin caaft, as tar as Barbora, arc 
 tawney, but farther to the foutli they are jet black. 
 No. :o. 
 
 Ti'.e}- wear cotton garments in general, from the waift 
 downwards, and have the reil o;" their bodies bare ; but 
 tholl- of lupcri )r tank have calHco gowns, which cover 
 their whole bodies, and are diflinguiflied by wearing 
 cajjs on their heads. 
 
 The Adelites are brave and warlike, but being un- 
 accjuaintcd with the art of making weapons, they are 
 furnifhed with them by the Turks and Arabs, who re- 
 ceive in exchange the fl.ives and fpoils they get from 
 the enemy. 
 
 The country around the city of Barbora is ferti'", and 
 produces various kinds of grain, fruit, and cattle. 
 
 The articles of tradic here are gold dull, elephants 
 teeth, frank incenfc, and Haves. 
 
 4 O CHAP 
 
;,o A NEW, ROYAL akd AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 CHAP. X 
 
 GUI N E A. 
 
 h,S 
 
 IM^ * 
 
 ift 
 
 i 
 
 r'- ;!■ 
 
 a. 
 I 
 
 ^IM 
 
 GEOGRAPHERS ilivide thi? vail fpare into two 
 p;irts, nan.e'v. Upper ( Siiinci, or Guinea Proper, 
 anil Lower (niima, ' :t>inp;uillied bv the name of Con- 
 go. We fha'ii treat of tlu-m in that orcl.-r. 
 
 Upper Guinea, or (Juinea Proper, is iioundi-il on 
 tin north hy Negroland, on the eall I y the unknown 
 pans of Africa, and on the fiuih and well by Congo 
 and tiic Atlantic Ocean, It is in length cominitai at 
 1800 miles, and in breadth at 360. The coad o.' Gui- 
 nea ismuih ficquentcd by Europeans, \vl . ulVially di- 
 vide it into the Slave, the Gold, tl.c Ivoiv, and the 
 Grain Coafl. 
 
 The Europeans gave thcfc nami.s to the refpiclive 
 pans from the chief com.Tiodities ih.y alTord. For in- 
 flame, the S'aveCoaft is thus named from it: furniih- 
 inga grcatei number of flaves than any other country ; 
 the Gold Cuall from th^ grc.'.' quantity of that metal 
 foiind ther'', the Ivory Coalt, irom the cargoes ot ele- 
 phants teetn brought fr> ni theme hy the Kiropeans; 
 and the G:;iin coafl from the Guinea pepper, which 
 grows there in abundance. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 The S L A V E C O A S T. 
 
 ^^HIS part of Guinea is bounded on the eafl bytlic 
 _£ kingdom of B.nui ; on the well by the Gold 
 Coafl ; on the north by B afara, wiih tliel)eferti;f Seth ; 
 and on the f )Uth by the Ailamic Oiean. It compre- 
 hends 'lie kingdoms of CjIo, Popo, W'lidah, and 
 A.rdrah. The i >vo firll, in -romparifon with tie two 
 lafl, are very inconfuieraile; u particular deli, rijition 
 therefore, of the culloms, manners, &c. of the iniuni- 
 tants, will be givci. under the refpeftive ht \:h of Whi- 
 dah, and Ardrah, which tbrm the principal pans of the 
 Slave \Joafl 
 
 The k.ngi'om of Coto Cby fomecallc.i th. Lan.l of 
 Lam[iij begins at the river Volta, and extends call ward 
 to Little Popo, atliflanee of about 50 miles. It is a flat, 
 fd.idy, and barren country ; and the only trcs to be 
 found in it arc the palm and wild cocoa. The town or 
 village ot Coto. otliLrwife calLtl Verbon, h a;i iut four- 
 teen miles fre n th>' river V'uKa, ant* was imi'icily the 
 rcfidcncc of tiv kinc. The Miluibitnr.is of O 'o are 
 poor and lliteuue, and their ihief tratfic conlills in 
 flaves, whom tl "y ft .■>'. from ine inland countries and 
 Icll to the Europeans. 
 
 The ';;rigtloni of Popo extjnds about ;;o miles and 
 is divided into two parts, by the names of (i'eat and 
 Lilile Po])o, Tlic laft is fo remark.ilii-, fandy, and lo 
 barren, thr.t the inhabit its arc fupplicd witli all tl.-ir 
 provifions from Wiudah. Tliey ihicflv live bv plun- 
 dei , and Healing flaves, in both which they exceed their 
 ntighborrs of Coto, being of a more courageous and 
 warlike difpofiiion. They arc alio great cheats and 
 freciuen'ly take in ;he Europeans by deluding th.ni on 
 tlioie in expedlation of flavcs, at a time when they have 
 notonetuilifpolcof; wjun thrynotonh fleece tin m, but 
 lometimes detain them for fevcr-l momhs bifore ihcy 
 pr .cure the number wanted, and then lake the iidvan- 
 tage by i'xinp' on them an exorbitant p' i^^^e. 
 
 The town of Little Popo is fituated on the flioie, 
 about ten miles from Coto. It is a jioor, milerablc 
 pl.ace, iind confiilsoniy of a number of ilrnggbng luus, 
 liiiiabitcd by peo,)le whole lives arc chiefly fpent in con- 
 ccrt'ig meafurcs for the deftruftion of their fellow- 
 creatures. 
 
 In the inland pan j of Great Popo are plenty of va- 
 rious kinc'j of fruit, as alfc cattle and poultry. The 
 
 town Hand! on an ifland formed by marllics, and is Ji 
 vided into three parts, cai h dillird lioai the otiic;. 1; 
 is the relidencc ot the king, wliJle palace is very lirge 
 confiiling of a nomber ot huts, cndoleil by lotiv tree>-. 
 The king has a great numb - of concubine,-, two ot 
 whom conllantly Itanil by him with fans to coi! and re- 
 frclh him. I le is very tond of t(jbacco, and Ipendi 
 th-; princip.al part of his time in linoking und conver- 
 ling with his concubines. His drels conlills oiilv of a 
 long gown of brocade, with an ofiercap on hi; head, 
 and I'andals on his tect. 
 
 The 'own oi (ireat Popo is the only pl.^.e in the 
 king loni that merits the I'all notice, the rell hcini'^ 
 only Imall hamlets of live orlix iiiligniiicant builditiu , 
 wh lie inhabitants, on the lealt apprehenfion of danger, 
 immetiiarcly retire to Great Pojio. 
 
 The bla. ksof this kingdom are addiiflcd, in general, 
 to plunder and rapine. They carry on Ibme trade in 
 flaves, bui their chief advantages arifi; from the tilh 
 caught i:. the rivers. 
 
 Kingdom of Whidah. 
 
 Extent. Eoundaries. Rivers. Soil. Div;/to»s, ^Vjr- 
 table and Animal. 
 
 THIS kingdom extends from Popo about loleaoucs 
 alon;3 tin" Ihore, and in the middle reaches lixor 
 leven iiilanil ; attcrwhich it divides itfelf like two arms, 
 'oeing in lome pla es 30 or 40 miles broad, and in others 
 much more. It is bounded on the eafl by the kinf;do:ii 
 ot Ardrah, on the well by the river Volta, on the north 
 liy the country of Dahomy, and on the fouth by the 
 Gulph of Guinea. It is a fine f.rtilc country, being 
 watered by two excellent rivers, called Jakin and Eu- 
 jihiatcs, both of which take their rife in the kingdom ol 
 Ardrah. At the mouth of ihe lalt river i' llie load 
 \>Irtc the (hips ridi-, but the la'uling is excecdin.. dan- 
 crou". on account of the prodigious fwell of the fen, 
 pirtic'ilatly in the momhs of April. .May, and Julv. 
 
 Thefe river- greatly contribute to the fertility of thf 
 counlry. The coail partis ornamented with a variety o. 
 ioftv and beautiful trees, whi' h :!re j)lanie(l in fucli order 
 as to form the moll agreeable retreat . From I'le coal; 
 ■' e country rile:- •.villi a line lafyalcent for thelpexe : 
 , miles, commanding, in moll parts of it, a line proi- 
 peA of ihc It'a. The tields are every where cultiv.ited ; 
 anil, inflcad of hed,;es or other fences, arc diviiL<l bv 
 beautiful groves of trees. Jn (hort the wl.olc counlry 
 appe:'r.i as one continued garilen, and its beauties iiia'/ 
 be much c.ilier (oin tivcd than deli ribed. 
 
 The kingdom of Whidah isilivided iiUo 'wenty-liN 
 jirovinces or governments. The king is at the licail ol 
 thefe, and has tlie government of the piovince of Xa- 
 vier, (o called from the capital ot I he km ',elom. E.'.ch 
 of thefe provinces has fe\cral (mall villaj;es or hamkii 
 that are lubordinate to it : lo that the w'aole kiiigd " 
 a[ipcars to be one large and populous town, divid.iliu 
 to ditfcrcnt jiart . by gardens, lawns, and gj-oves. 
 
 So fertile is the loil of this counlry, that as foon as 
 one harvcll is over, the ground is lowii with lome other 
 grain ; fo that they hive two, anil lometimes thrc 
 crops a year. They pkjugh thvir land i:i ridp,es, l'\ 
 which means the dews ialliiig into the hollows, and the 
 fun healing the (ides, whatever is planted foon cum 
 to perfection. The grain conlills of 1 ice, miller, an I 
 maize, or Turkey corn. 'I'he Negroes art; fo iiuh'l- 
 trious, ihit ihcy will not fiTer any Ipot of groui.d to 
 lie uncultivated : even the enclofure'ot tlieir houk-saiul 
 villager are planted with mciuns aiiel otlijr iruit: ; ?.n I 
 
 inll.ad 
 
)GRAPnY. 
 
 AFRICA, 
 
 GUINEA. 
 
 33" 
 
 |)y marllics, jiu! is>!i- 
 
 jit flolll thi- Otiui. 1; 
 
 Je palace is very Lirgt-, 
 IikIiiIi-cI by lotiv ireeis. 
 lonculiincs, two ot 
 li fans to cnal and re- 
 tohacco, ami IpencU 
 IlinDkim'; aiivl canviT- 
 Jals condllsonly of a 
 lofiercap on hi. head, 
 
 |he only p\\,v in the 
 (uice, the roll beinir 
 in)io;nificant Iniildinf", 
 Ipprelieiifion oi daiu.:, 
 li. 
 
 e addiifled, in general, 
 irry on Ibme trade in 
 jes aril'e tioni tin- tiih 
 
 HIDAH. 
 
 Soil, 
 itnal. 
 
 Div./tons, Vc 
 
 n I'opo about i o Ipagiics 
 he middle reaches lixor 
 idcs itfelf like two arms, 
 iles broad, and in •thcrs 
 le ealt by tiie kinirdo'u 
 vcr Voha, on the north 
 nd on the fouth by the 
 c fertile country, being 
 ;, called Jakin and Eu- 
 r rill- in the kini^domoi 
 he lai't river is ihc road 
 'uhnji is rxccfd;n.-; dan- 
 uligious f.vtll of theliM, 
 .pril. May, and Juh'. 
 x-c t'> the fertility of th'- 
 iicni.dwirlt a variety o! 
 are planicd in fuch order 
 .-treat-. Krom the coal! 
 y aftcnt for the fpace :f 
 : parts of it, alinepnif- 
 every wliere cultivated ; 
 r fences, are divided l)v 
 lT)rt the wliolc count ly 
 II, and its beauties nia" 
 dei'eiibtd. 
 
 divided iiito twenty-li\ 
 e king is at the head n\ 
 3t the piovincc of Xa- 
 3t the km 'doni. K.'.eh 
 nail villa!!,es or haiiikii 
 liat the w'.iolc kiiijido"! 
 uKiiis town, disiil.din- 
 wns, and groves. 
 )untry, that as foon as 
 s I'own witii lome otlicr 
 , and fumctimes thrc- 
 hiir land ii iid;Vs, h\ 
 to the hollows, and tik- 
 is planted l(i;>n com. 
 Itj ot lief, njillcr, an I 
 e Negroes are lo iiidiil- 
 r any (pot of iTrci.!.! i > 
 furcv.ot their hjuiesan.l 
 r.nl 
 
 indc.td of highways, they have only fmall paths that 
 \cx\ ihrou;^!^ the (ieldsfroiTi one viila<};e to another. 
 
 H.'re arc oranges, lemons bananas, anams, pine- 
 ^'ipl.s, -.vater- melons, citrons, and tamaritul-;. There 
 .ire alio prodi;.-',ioii5 niim'uTs of pilni-iree';, but they ar( 
 
 cliieflvcul-iv.ued by t' 
 
 ir th,- fake of the oil, 
 
 bein'.' lo liule fopd of the wine that few of them take 
 th.' iroubl. to draw it. 
 
 The roots produced are eabhag's, carrots, turnip'., 
 radilh.'i, parlley, and various kinds of fallads, all of 
 them little inferior in quality to thole of Europe. They 
 have ah.) [)''as, and plenty of other vegetables. 
 
 Abmit Wliidah they are fcldom troubled with wild 
 beaiV ; but m the more inlan.l parts there are elephants, 
 buffal," and tygers; and a greater plenty of all forts 
 ofap::; and monkiesthan in any other part of Guinea. 
 There .are alio many dcers and hares, the latter of 
 which arc much like thofe of Europe. 
 
 The tame beafts are oxen, cows goats, (licep, and 
 hogs all of which are large and well tafted. The hogs, 
 in particular, are exceeding large, and the flclli as 
 white and lw:et as thofe of England. This, indeed, is 
 \w\: to be wondered at ; ior the poorer fort of Negro s 
 pa\ more regard to their hoguhan to themfelvcs, and 
 feed them much better. 
 
 They have plenty of poultry, as cocks and hens 
 gccfc, ducks, anil turkies belidcs great jilenty of 
 wild fowl, as partritig 'S phealants, thrulhes, pintados, 
 wild duck, teal, woodcocks, ortolans, and ring-dnves. 
 There are alio many parrots, wlii h are chiefly grev, 
 with fome red feathers on the head, and the ti|)S of 
 their wings and tails. 
 
 H.rc are I'cvcral cihcr forts of birds, wlnfe peculia- 
 rities merit particular attention. The firll of thele is 
 the kurbalot, orfiflier; it is a (mall bird, about the 
 fizeof a fparrow, and its f'.umage is beautifully varie- 
 gated; the bill, which is as long as the body, is 
 very flrong and iharp, and is furniftied on the infide 
 with fmall teeth, not unlike thole of a law. They build 
 in high trees by the fides of the rivers, and their nefls 
 are compofed of earth mixed with feathers and mofs. 
 Thev make their neils at the extremity of themoflflen- 
 der iiianches, where they hang by a reed or ftraw abmit 
 afiKit long: they are of an oval form, and are entered 
 hy a projei'fion at the top that bends a little, fo that the 
 inlide is perf>.ftly fecure from the weather. Tliefe 
 birds not only fly in the air, but (kirn on the furface of 
 the water wi'h pro<ligious fwiftncfs. They arc exceeding 
 numerous, and bic.d fo faft, that lometimes a doEen 
 nefts are found on the fame tree. 
 
 The aigret is a bird of the heron kind, but is remark- 
 able for the colour of its legs and feet, which arc of a 
 deep red. The body is about the lize of a goofc, and 
 the Lathers are ofadirkilh colour, intermix-d with 
 while: the neck i^ 1 )ng, but the tail remarkably llvirt: 
 the bill, near the head, is ot a blue'lh C'^lour, but to- 
 wards the point it is black. They are little ufeil by ihe 
 Netjroes, their flifli being ill laded. 
 
 The buftard h. re is about the fize of the Guinea hen 
 and the fl fh of it exceeding gnoil. The bill is of a whi- 
 tiili colour, and much longer than ihofe of Europe. 
 The eyes are large, the iris h.azlc-coloiircd, and the 
 eye-lids of an alh colour. The (ides ol the head, all 
 niund the eyes, are of a bright brown-, but the top ot 
 the head, and the- whole neck, arc covered with black 
 feathers, hanging a little loofe, with narrow points. 
 Ihe back, rump, antl tail, are ofaljtight brown; and 
 the feathers on the latter have tranlverle bluk bars. 
 The quills, or I'leaterwing feathers nearelt the back, 
 are brownilh, wilh black fjwts; and ilie middle qmlls 
 uhitc with tranlVvrle bars of black. The Icf, are 
 Ion;, and the lo. > liioit in proportion, b ing void ot 
 feathers lome wav above the knees. The to. s are only 
 three, all (binding iorward, and they are covered with 
 leal s of a white colour, but the claws arc du(ky. 
 
 The bird called the Niimidian I')ani(el is very delicate 
 in its conllrui'Vion. The boily is long and taper, ns are 
 alfo the legs, Tlx feathers on the upper part of the 
 
 wings and hickareof a light colour-, but th'; tail, which 
 is long and ri.;T;ged, is black. The tides of the head 
 are white, and l.'om the top of it betiind hangs a long 
 tuft, wiiich reack s for feveral inches down the back 
 ottliencck. It i. .a bird much cftecmcd ainono- the 
 Black , the tlcth of it being firm and well tailed. 
 
 The rivers here prodji. e great plenty of various kinds 
 of filli, which are caugiit by the natives with lines, 
 they being ff rangers to the ufe of nets. Among the fi(h 
 caught hete is a remarkable one, called by the natives 
 the ape or monkey tilh. The flelh is tolerably good, 
 and greatly refembles lean beef in its taile. It is a live- 
 ly tilb, nnd (wims very fwi("t. When he appears firlt 
 on the turface of the w.ater before he takes the hook, 
 his motions are truly diverting: he comes gently near 
 it, looks at ir, talks it with the edge of his lips, and 
 then quit it. After feveral evolutions, he at length 
 Iwallowb it, and, when he is entangled, he throws him- 
 lelt into liuh poflures, as to at?brd a moll laughable 
 (cene to the fpeftators. 
 
 Here are great numbers of ("nakes or ferpents, but 
 they are chiefly of two forts. The firft of thefe are 
 black and poilonous; but the other is quite harnilefs, 
 and wcTlliippcd by the native-. The poifonous fore 
 are about ii tiet 1 '-ig, and three inch,-, in diameter. 
 They have a flat he:ul, with two' large crooked teeth, 
 antl always creep with their heads ereft and their mouths 
 open, and attack their prey with great cagernefs. 
 
 The fetilh fnake has a large round head, with bcau- 
 ti'ul eyis: the tongue is fliort, pointed like a dart, and 
 their motion is exceeding flow : their tail is fl, nder and 
 fliarp, and the (kin ■■.ery feautiful, the ground of it 
 being white, with waved flreaks or fpots of yellow and 
 brown, agreeably intermixed. They are fo gentle, that 
 they will not hurt any creature except the venomous 
 ferpents, to whom ihey have the greatc!*^ enmity, and 
 feem to take pleai'urc in deitroying t'lcm. Both Ne- 
 groes and Whites hand'c and play with thet»> without 
 the leafl danger. 
 
 Thefefn.ikes are held infoi'acieda light by the Blacks, 
 that llioiild either a Negro or a white man kill one of 
 them, whether on pui poie or by accident, his life would 
 pay for it. Of this the folle.wing tragical inflancc is reci- 
 ted bv a late writer: " When the Englifli hrll fettled 
 in Wliidah, a captain of that countr\ having landed 
 and houled his cargo, his men one night found a (hake 
 in the loilge, whieh not thinking any harm, they im- 
 inediatily killed and threw out before the floor. The 
 Blacks next morning feeing the dead ("nake, and the 
 Englilli as innocently owning they had killed it, the 
 natives mali'acred all that were in the lodge, let fire to 
 it, and deilroyed all the goods." The Englilli, de- 
 terred 1 IV this cruelty, dilcontinued from going to trade 
 there for fome time; but at length lome of them again 
 ventr.ring, on their arrival the negroes (hewed them 
 li^me of ih le fnakes, r.nd delired they would not hurt 
 tliem, by lealini they were facred. This requell the 
 Engliih rtaddy obeye.l, and no material accidents have 
 ha;jpened to them ever fince. 
 
 If a white man (hould ha]ipen by chance to kill one of 
 theie ferpents, the only means to (ecure him are to fly 
 immediately to the king, and fatisfy him that it was not 
 done defignediv; in which cai'e, and a handibme pre- 
 fcnt made to the priefls, he may probably cfcape the 
 rage of th.- populace; but even then his lituation is 
 very dangerous. 
 
 Belore we o^uit this fubjeifl vc fuail take notice of a 
 whimfical (lory rdative of one i,f thefe fnakes, as men- 
 tioned by an Englithman who feme time refided on the 
 (pot. " A fnake (fays he) o.iee placeti himfelf over 
 the ta! le where 1 al-.vays dined, and though he might be 
 eaiiiy loiuhed, yet noperlbn could be found who would 
 venture to take him awiy. However, 1 was after- 
 waids well p.iid (or his lodsviig ; for tome of the great 
 men ot Whidah dining with me one day, hap[)ening to 
 talk about the fnales,"l glanceil my eye to th. t which 
 was over iht ir head-, and told them, that not liuvin^^ 
 eaten any thing fbr fourteen days he mull ceiiainty ac 
 
 iatt 
 
 WM 
 
 F'f ' 
 
',4 A NIAV, ROYAL ano AUTHKNTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 v'l 
 
 
 i* 1 
 
 ■1^ I 
 
 ¥ ' 
 
 lall ilic uiih luingcr il lie did not fpccdily remove his 
 qu.irtors. My guclls anlwcivd, tlvu a!iliou£;h 1 was 
 n.ii aware ot it, the liiakL- had iiadou'-tcdiy |)ait ol my 
 vicUials out ot the dillits vvliich he Kiuw how tocoaic 
 at. I took the hint, and next day told the kinp;, in 
 pivleiUf ol the (amo pcrlons, that one of liis (etillies 
 had mailc bold, uninvited, to i.-,t at my table tor four- 
 teen davs ; atlding, that I tiunii;ht it was but leafonabie 
 that I ihouKl be \km\ for his hoartl, othcrwile 1 ihould 
 be obli;;(.d t'l diu harj,e from myhoulcthis bold iniiu- 
 dcr. The kin^;, who was always divtited w ith (in h 
 lort of difcouifc, detired le to let tiie fnakc remain 
 where it was, and promifed to provide both tor him and 
 nie, which he aecordmgly did, by lending me a fine fat 
 ox the lam,- evening." 
 
 The lanic writer lays, •' If a (ire breaks ovit in w'iich 
 Oiic of tl, ie fiiakes happen-- to be b'lrnt, all that hear 
 of it li.p ■.'u'lr ear-, and give money to reconcile tlii.ni 
 totheeviafunied tetilh, u[ whom ihev have been to care- 
 Icis ; lince rliev belivc he will tjuickly return and re- 
 venge himielf on thole who have been the o.eafion of 
 his deatii. 
 
 Pi>-Joiis, Bicfs, Manners, Ci'ftows, i^c. of U ■ Negroes 
 of Wlmlali. 
 
 'T'l II", Negroc. of Whidah ot i oth (exes are generally 
 ■*• tall, hilly and well pro])!'rtioned. Their diels 
 conlids of three or tour ells ot a llutTcalkd Paen, which 
 IS wrapped niiind the w.iill, anel then ilelcends to the 
 middle of llie le •,. The women wear a filk garment, 
 with two or tlirie rows ot (iin;7,es, the bottom of it 
 covering the (eet. Someiime;. they wrap theniielves 
 round with a piece ot the bctorementioned Paen, and 
 brmjj part of .t over the head and round the Ihoiildeis 
 like a mantle. The better lort ot the men aretliltin- 
 guilbcd by ihtir hats, which they purchale of the Eu- 
 ropeans ; the larf;cr they are, the better thev like them, 
 and are particularly p.roiid ot them alter they are old 
 and rtillv ; otheis h. vc bi^nnef: made ot deer or do^s- 
 Ikins. They wear llrincr^ i)f pea. Is or coral on their 
 ncck^, and iiave bracelets ot the lanv: materials ontiKir 
 arms and wrdV. 
 
 In ;',cn.-ral tii.y ere ver\ iHiitr.ue. Wl-.en two pcr- 
 fun^ o! cciual coiUiition meet in the miirnilijf, they 
 both fall down on their knees, ilap their hands, then 
 rile, and nuaually fdute, liy williin;; each other a good 
 day. They pay particular ivl()eei to their (lipenors, 
 {or when thev chance to meet tlnle ihey immediately 
 fall on their knees, and kiN the earth thrice, clajiping 
 their hands, and coi.graiulating them by wilhing them 
 a ^ood dav or nielit, wliich the luperior returns by 
 gently clapping his hands toj^ether, but without alter- 
 ing his pulUire ; all which tiir.c tlie inferior continues 
 on thetiiound nil the other depart . 'I'he tame kind 
 Ol ceremonies an ahouled by the younger to the elder 
 brother, the children to the father, and the wives to 
 tlicir hii(b.,ntls 
 
 The \Vhid.ah blacks are cle.'nly and affidiiousin bu- 
 linefs ; nor will they ever leave any work they under- 
 take till It is thoroughly compleated. Betides agricul- 
 ture, the men make calaballies, wooden utenfils, haril- 
 warc, and leveral oihr things, which they execute with 
 gre.ii neatnel!. The wiimen aie emijloycd in Ipinuing 
 and HI planting and luuiiii; their corn, yam^, pufatoc., 
 &c. The Whidah cloth is about two yards long, and 
 about a (luarter ot a yard i?road. It is of various co- 
 lours, but tlio(c moll in u!e, are either white or blue. 
 
 Thole th.it are wealthy, btlides hulbandry, in which 
 their Wives and flaves arc emplnytd under them, dri\e 
 on a verv eonlidi rable trade, not only inllavcs, but in 
 many other commodities. 
 
 Tlu\ are moll arttiil thieve., and greatly aiklieted 
 to gaming. Win n they have loll their money and 
 other property, they will play (or their wives and chil- 
 dren ; and when they have loll them Rake their own 
 liberty, and thus become flaves to their countrymen, 
 who Ibmctimes (ell them to the Europeans. 
 
 I'olygamy is univerfally prevalent hero. It i-, .,) 
 uncommon thing tor a poor man to have forty or fitiv 
 wives ; a chief or grandee three or four hundred ; and 
 a king as many ihoufaiub. Thele wives, howfV:-r 
 may be conridercd only a. to many (laves, and, indcol' 
 the principal part oi thofe belonging to the trei.t arc 
 probably captives that happen to pleale their niaiKi\ 
 ulio thereloie rather chiile to keep them, than lelltheiu 
 to the Eiiro[icatts. 
 
 Their marri;ii!;e ceremonies are very com ife. When 
 a man fancies a young woman, he applies to her fathc; 
 anel d, hrcs her for his wile, which is feldom retul.il. 
 He then pretents lier with a line pagne, or girnunt „s 
 alio necklaces and braeclets ; after which he provide. 
 a grand riitertainment, which coneludes the cerenion\. 
 It a tlavc IS inclined toiiurry a girl wlio is tin- flave o; 
 anotlier he a(ks her ot her mailer without applying [^ 
 her parents. The bo)s of this marriage belong toihc 
 mailer ot the wite. 
 
 The wonten here cannot be confidcred in any otirr 
 light than as (laves. They are in general obliged tn 
 till the ground for their hulbands ; and even the ;;■.. 
 vourites who are kept at home, are not exemjn froii 
 labour ; b. (ides which they are obliged conllantly tuai- 
 teml on their huibamls, and behave to them with tlie 
 greatell lubmiiuon. 
 
 The prodigious number of (laves to be had here ean 
 benocaulelbr wonder; for, from the inultiplicitv ( f 
 wives) that e.ich man has a great nuinberofchildrcniiu.it 
 rcaioiialily be ex])eeled. It is no uncommon thiiii' to 
 lee lathers who have two hundred children living at tl.p 
 Ume time ; and it often ha|)i)ens that a man h.as halt , 
 do/;n children born in a day, for they never cohabit 
 with their wives while pregnant, which, indeed, is the 
 only reafon that tan be given for their being permitted 
 to take fo many. A man's principal wealtli conlills la 
 the number of his children, whom he can difpale of at 
 plealLre, except his eldell (on. On the death of the fa- 
 therthe eldeft fon inherits not only all his goods and cat- 
 tle, but his wives, which he immediately holds and re- 
 tains a> his o\sn, except his mother, tor whom, in caie 
 Ihe (leluesit, he provides at'epatate ("ubfiflence, and a- 
 partmcnt. This cullom not only prevails among the 
 common fort ot people, but alio the king and giandee. 
 
 The Whidah blacks areeijUally fond ot dancing.ii.d 
 miilie. 
 
 Circumcilion is praetifed here, but the time if pci- 
 lorming the operation is uncertain, lomedoingit at tlie 
 moft inlant llate, anil others not till the childien ai : 
 five or (ix years okl. 
 
 Thev are (ubjcet to feveral dilcafes, particularly ma- 
 lignant fevers, anel the llefli worms. Thefe worms are 
 o( ditfcrent lizes : in general they run about a toot in 
 length, and are not thicker than a hair. Tiiev breo! 
 betwcn the lielhanil the (kin, where they exteiultheiii- 
 felves nil thev (oicca pad'age; and not only men ati I 
 women, but eaitle, are lubject to this diloidir. Vari- 
 ous eon;ectures have been formed relative to the caiiles 
 of thele worms, but the moll reafonable opinion is, 
 that of the unwholel'oiitentls of the water generally ta- 
 ken out of pools or ponds. They caule exeruciatui.;, 
 pain, d diltlol'e theml'elves ibmctimes by cold ihi- 
 verings and lometiines by burning heat. In fmie tli.v 
 are attended with a large Iwelling, in others with car 
 buncles and ulcers. The negroes ule no remedy for 
 them, but let them come out tfeely, and afterwards 
 treat the part either by walhing it with fait water or 
 anointing it with Iredi butter inicriiiixed with lall. A 
 lite writer, Ipeaking on this head, (a\s, " The pain ol 
 thele Wiiriiis is (b cxeclUve, thai a man would for < ver 
 renounce all the piolii ot tr.iding on tliis coal! laili r 
 than endure it." 
 
 Their tevers are moff prevalent in the month- o, 
 June, July ami Augull. The word anil moll diiiuult 
 dilbrder to cure is the dyl'entcry, which attacks Itv.i;- 
 gcis at all (eaioni ol the year. It commonly aiiles liuiu 
 eating the country I'uits to excels, or making thein- 
 felvcs loo free will- Ipiiiluous liouor-. 
 
 The 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 The people here a 
 ;,._.fs ; and tlietnentii 
 them, that it frcquer 
 capitalciimcto fpeak 
 
 iiian. 
 
 The etillies, or ol 
 thfe W'lidah Negroc 
 (bake, or (err-., w 
 the fea ; a..ei Agoye 
 Thcfnakesarekcf 
 forth It ptirpole in gi 
 crifice hogs, (heep, I 
 fnake houfe, or cath 
 from the kiiif.'s villa 
 and lofty tree. It is 
 th.e largelt of them 
 die king and gre.at tr 
 fnake are very confii 
 rious kinds ot provi 
 (ilk or lliilf, and al 
 commodities. The 
 priefl,orf;ritr>dfacrif 
 then; with the ivlol ii 
 own emolument. 
 
 An annual pilgrin 
 
 all the nobility and ; 
 
 the richcfl: ofierings 
 
 bcftowed. The gra 
 
 alfbgo?sonce a year 
 
 fents to the fnakc fo 
 
 trient. Ijiit the grea 
 
 idol, isfhcfolemn pi 
 
 ofa new king, the p 
 
 by the Chevalier de 
 
 traiillated into Kngl 
 
 " As foon i?.s not 
 
 the crowds are fo gr( 
 
 that it would be im| 
 
 taken to range them 
 
 a great number jt c 
 
 in their hands, go i 
 
 way. Thefe oblige 
 
 pie gate, to (it on i 
 
 follow 40 of the im 
 
 captain at their he 
 
 •with 20 trumpets ; 
 
 as many drums, b 
 
 thief player on tli 
 
 fame inllrument. 
 
 chamber mutlc, at 
 
 times together. 
 
 two, carrying tl 
 
 confift of bujis, h; 
 
 king's valet-dc-c! 
 
 hand, bare- headc 
 
 pagne trailing on 
 three and three, 
 four. Twenty cir 
 ihtto. Twelve o 
 with large bafkets 
 fnr the (erptnt ff 
 ciwarti richly dre'" 
 them, wdiich niak 
 cf the ceremonies 
 dretl'ed like the gi 
 tour. Twenty d 
 flutes. Twelve of 
 mother's prcfenti 
 (Hiecn-mothtr c"! 
 has the back of i 
 other two carry i' 
 drcdcdlike the f 
 mother, walkitif 
 hccntly drcded, I 
 head a reed hat, i 
 palace richly dreti 
 men trumpets, t 
 Twelve women 
 No. 3 1 
 
loRAPHV. 
 
 lent hfrc. It j, ,.,j 
 jto have forty or filty 
 r four luinelr.\l ; and 
 
 |ltlc Wivt-S, l!OttlV:;r, 
 
 Haves, and, indculi 
 
 |giMg to tiK- gr.v.t arc 
 
 > plcal'e tliwr ni:uK-rs, 
 
 tlicin,tli;in fell ilv,," 
 
 .-LTV concili'. When 
 'applies to her fathc; 
 
 |icli is fuldoni rcfulvi!. 
 wgne, or g iriiunt, j 
 L-r which lie providt; 
 uliulcs the CL-reniorn . 
 
 |ri wlio is tlir flavc o; 
 without applying tu 
 
 |arriage belong to'ih, 
 
 )nfK!trcd in any utlrr 
 I in general obl'igeil to 
 and evi-n the ;?.. 
 lie not cxcniiK fro-u 
 M^cdcoiidantly tuai- 
 lavc to them with i li- 
 es to b.- had here can 
 ni the iuulti])licitv ,,f 
 luilicrofcliildrenim.it 
 ) unconinion thing to 
 
 I children living at tlip 
 that a man has li.ilt 
 
 T thoy never cohabit 
 which, indeed, is the 
 their being permitted 
 ipal wcaltii confills in 
 
 II he can difpole of at 
 3n the death of the fa- 
 V all his goods and cat- 
 lediatcly holds and k- 
 ler, for whom, m ca:e 
 ate fubfiflencc, and a- 
 ily prevails among the 
 the king and giandec . 
 y fond ol danLiii^.;:,d 
 
 , but the time of pcr- 
 in, Ionic doing it at tlu; 
 t till the ehildien ai>; 
 
 cafes, particularly nia- 
 nis. T hele worms are 
 :y run about a foot in 
 
 a hair. Ti'.ev bre.d 
 lere they extend thcni- 
 id not only men a;i I 
 I this diforciir. Van- 
 .1 relative to the caiilei 
 ealoiiable opinion is 
 he water generally ta- 
 ley caulc excruciatiii'.', 
 jmetimes by cold Ihi- 
 ghcat. Infometh-v 
 j;, in others with car- 
 )es ule no renudv tor 
 reely, and altc'rward> 
 
 it with lali water or 
 rriuixcd with lali. A 
 i, la) s, " 'riie pain of 
 A man would for i vcr 
 g on this coal! la.li i 
 
 cut in the monihi i>i 
 jril anil moll diiiicult 
 uliich attack- liv.'.: - 
 :omiiioiily antes iioin 
 ■Is, or inaiviiig thcin- 
 uor>. 
 
 The 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 GUINEA. 
 
 Hi 
 
 The pt'o^ile here are 'greatly al ariiKd in cafe of ilck- 
 nels ; a«d t!ie mention of denth has fiich in ell'e.'l: on 
 ilicm, that it frequently facilirircs their illnefs. It is a 
 capitalciiine to fpeak of it before theking, or any great 
 ii'an. 
 
 The etilhes, or objccis of rc-li;j;ious v/orlliipamong 
 thfe W'lida'.i Negroes, are four in nu:iib'-T, viz. th': 
 fnake, or lerp- •.., which is the pincipal ; the trees ; 
 the lea ; lou Agoye, or 'he god of councils. 
 
 The fnakes are kept in fetilh otrcligimis hoiifes, built 
 for fh It piirpofe in groves ; and to thefe ilic peojilc fi- 
 crificehogs, Iheep, fowls, goats, &c. The principal 
 fnakc houfe, or cathedral, is luuare'.l about feven miles 
 from the kin?;'s village, and is b-ttilt tmder a beautiful 
 and lofty tree. It is called the Gram! Snake, being 
 th.e largelt of them all, and is chiefly worlhipped by 
 the king and great mt:i. The otFerings made to this 
 fn.ikeare very confiderabic, connilint;; not only of va- 
 rious kinds of provilio.'s, but alio rnvmey, pieces of 
 iilk or ifuli", and all fort' of F.urope.in r.ncl African 
 conmiodiiies. Thefe crterings are [)refented to the 
 pritft, or f^H.-id facriticer, who ■ econciles the difpofal of 
 then; with the ulol in fuc'; a manner as to enhance his 
 own emolument. 
 
 An annual pilgrimage is m.idc "■■■> f'^e j^rand fnake by 
 nil the nobility and great m -n of the kingdom, when 
 the richert (ifierinirs and i.ioll valuable prcfent.s are 
 bcftowed. The grand mafterof the king's houfehold 
 alfo goes once ayear in the king's name, and offers prc- 
 fents to the fnikc for the ptefcrvation of the govern- 
 ment. Ctic the great. '1: piece of devotion paid to this 
 idol, is rlie Solemn procelFion made a^t r the coronation 
 ofa new king, the particulais of whi. ii are thus related 
 by the Chevalier de Marcliais, which we have carefully 
 tranllated into b'.nglilh. 
 
 " As foon I'.s notice is given of thefe procelTions, 
 the crowds are I'o great from all parts of the kingdom, 
 that it would be impofliblc to pah, if care was not 
 taken to range them in order on each lide. For this end 
 a great number jf officers, with large rods orfwitches 
 in their hands, go foremoll, to keep order and make 
 way. Thefe oblige the people, gathered ncarthc tem- 
 ple gate, to fit on their heels, and keep filencc. Next 
 follow 40 of the mvifkcteeis, i-om and four, with their 
 captain at their head : th.'n tiie king's trumpet major, 
 ■with 20 trumpets ; and after him the drum-major, with 
 as many drums, beating as loud as they can : next the 
 chief player on the flutes, with 20 mulicians on the 
 fame inilrument. Thefe three bands are the king's 
 chamber mufic, and lometimes pliy I'eparately, lomc- 
 times together. Twelve of the king's wives, twoan<l 
 two, carrying tlie king's prcients totiie ferpent, which 
 confiftof bujis, branely, Imen, callico, andtilk. The 
 king's valet-dc-cl ainbrc alone, with a cane in his 
 hand, barcheadcil, and clothed like the grandees, his 
 pagne trailing on the grotmd. Twenty-one trumpets, 
 three and three. Forty foldicrs with mufkets, four and 
 four. Twenty drums, two and two. Twenty flutes, 
 ditto. Twelve of the king's w ivcs of the third clafs, 
 wi:h large balkets of reeds on their ficatls, widi victuals 
 f;)r the lerpcnt from the king. Three of the king's 
 civarti richly drcifed, and long pagnes trailing behind 
 them, which makes them look lefs. The grand mailer 
 cf the ceremonies, bare-headed, hiscanemhis hmd, 
 chtllcd like the graiulees. Foi ty mufketecrs, fo'.ir antl 
 tour. Twenty drums. Twenty tnmipcts. Twenty 
 flutes. Twelve of the king's wives, carrying the eiuecn 
 mother's prcfents to the ierpent. i luce valets of the 
 (I'liecn-mothtr tarrying her arm-chair ; the forernolt 
 has the back of the chair fadened to his (hoiilder, the 
 other two carry the feet. Three of the king's dwarfs, 
 drclFcd like the former. After them comes the cpieen- 
 mothcr, walking alone, her ta.ic in her hand, magni- 
 hcently eiredi.'d, hei pagius trailing behind, andonher 
 iicad a reed hat, neatly wiought. Three ladies o\' the 
 palace richly ill eUcd, bur bare-headeil. Twelve wo- 
 men trumpets, two and two. Twelve womer, lirutiis. 
 Twelve women flutes. The grand I'acrificer, bare- 
 No. 31. 
 
 headed, his cane in his hand, riclily dreifed like a gran- 
 dee. Ltllly, a body of 40 inoflteteersclolin;; the pro- 
 ceHion, with lome oliiccrs to keepofF the mob. 
 
 " As thefe feveral hodic- arrived at the pli:e of tho 
 fcrpcrit, without entering the court, they prollritei 
 themlVlvcs, v^ith their faces to the earth, ,it th-; g >.te, 
 clapping their hands, throwing dull: on their heads'^and 
 giving Ihouts of joy. Mean time »'"■ men ar.d women 
 mtificians, ranged on each f.de, made an horrible 
 noife, while the Tj! liers kept continually firing with 
 their mufkets. The king's w'vcs, who carried his 
 prefents, and thofe of the queen .nothcr, waited, rang- 
 ed in a line in the outer court, till that prineofs entered, 
 and delivered thefe prefents to the g.and facrificer. In 
 doing this llie was afliiled by the ki'np's valet-d.- rhim- 
 bre, the mailer of the ccref .les, mui me three kdics 
 of the palace, who were th>.- only pcrfons admitted into 
 tlic temple. It didnotajjp'ar that this princefs was ad- 
 mitted to fee the ferpent. for iltar is a favour not even 
 allowed to the kip^;, who is noi fufTered to enter the 
 iirlf hall, but makes irs.addreflijs to the ferpent l)y the 
 niotith of the grand facnfictr, who brings back luch. 
 anfwers as he think? proper. After this the proccflion 
 returned to Sabi with the lame order and ceremony as 
 before." 
 
 They invoke the fnake, or ferpent, on particular 
 occafiynsjwhen they think their privatefctilhcshavif-ncij: 
 fufficient power to protecl them. Thefe tirnes are when 
 they arc aHlifted with drought or rain, famine, or other 
 public calamities. The common people go daily in 
 large bodies to their fnake-houfe, with drums beating 
 and trumpets founding, where they perform their wo'- 
 nii[), which confills of certain fongsand dances to the 
 honour ot their idol, from wliom they implore either a 
 propitious journey, fiir weather, a good crop, or what- 
 ever elf's they ftand moft in need of; to obtain which 
 they prefent their offerings, and then return home. 
 
 Their fecond piibiii: fetillies arc the trees. Thefe 
 .are very lofty ; and though they are formed bv pure na- 
 ture, yet they appear as if thcgreateft art had been be- 
 llowed on them. Thefe trees are only prayed to, and 
 prefented with offerings in time offickreis, morcefpe- 
 cially fevers, for the rcitoratioii of health. The facri- 
 fices offered them conlift of loaves, of millet, maize, or 
 rice. Thefe the priell places at the foot of the tree to 
 which the patient is dcfirous of making his ofiering. If 
 the latter compliments the former with a pecuniary pre- 
 fent, he leaves them to be dcvouree' by the bcalls and 
 birds ; if not, when the patient is gone, he takes them 
 home, and converts them to his own ufe. 
 
 Their third principal fetifli, t!ie lea. they firmly be- 
 lieve (and not \vitl;otit iull. cavife) is abli; to tio as inucli 
 lor them as the fnake or the trees. When the weather 
 is (oltormy as to hinder trade, the grand facrificer is 
 confulted, and according to his ani'wer, a proceflion is 
 made to thcfea, where an ox or llicep is killed on the 
 lliore, letting the blood flow into the water, and at the 
 lame time tluowin;; a ring into the fca as far as the 
 thength of the arm will reach. The carcafeof the bealt 
 lai rificed is the propetty of the priell, who difpol'es of 
 it in fuch manner as bethinks proper : lometimes he di- 
 vides it among the people, but in general he converts ic 
 to hisowm ule. 
 
 Agoye, their fourth and lafl: public fetilli, isanimagc, 
 made of black earth or clay, and in form fomewhat re- 
 fembles a Negro Iquatting. It is placed on a kind of 
 pedcllal, ornamented with a flip of red cloth ijoruered 
 with cowrii.s : the head is crowned with liz,' ds and ler- 
 pcnts, intermixed with red leathers ; and (rom the top 
 ifliies the point of an aliitgayc that goes through a larger 
 lizard, beneath which is a lilver crefccnt. This idol 
 is placed on a table in the houfe ot the giand facrificer. 
 Before it ftand tliiee wootlcn bowls, or half calabalhes, 
 in oncof which are a number of fmall eartheti balls. 
 With this idol the jieople generally .idvife before they 
 commence any capital uiulertakiiig, for which reafoii 
 he is called the j.vjd of councils. 
 
 4 P Tin; 
 
534 A NT.W, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGl^AI'IlY. 
 
 iP 
 
 L.l^ 
 
 n; 
 
 :'i *■ 
 
 ii^ 
 
 
 II 
 
 The office of the prk'fthood is not, as in moft other 
 countries, veiled in the males exchifivcly ; the females 
 alfo enjoy it in a Iviperior degree, being wholly exempt 
 tiomtlie coniroul of tiieir hvifbands, who treat thciii 
 with the irnioft reverence. Girls are traineJ to the 
 priellhood, under the infpection ot an old priellels, from 
 wluxnthey imbibe many abfurd principles andmaxinis, 
 both as to religions tenets, ceremonies, and pra.lices. 
 
 1 he higli pried, or grand lacrificer, prefides over the 
 reil, who pay him the greateft homage ; antl even the 
 king himlclf conliders him with equal refpeifl;. The 
 priellhood of the grand ferpent is peculiar to one fami- 
 ly, of which the grand faciificer is die chief, all the 
 oilier* being fubjcd to and dependent on him. The 
 priefts, as well as the pi ieRelFes, are eafily known by the 
 fears and marks on their bodies, made at the time tiiey 
 arc initiated into liie religions order. In other refpccts 
 thev differ but little from the lai: /. Tiiey trade like 
 oth,.- people, and gather confideiable poll'efTions by the 
 falc of cattle and flaves : but their greatcll gains arife 
 from the credulity of the people, fiom whom they ex- 
 tort ofienngs and prefeiusfor the great ferpent, which 
 iheir deluded devoteesimagin'.- are religioufly bellowed. 
 
 Government of IVhhiah, with the Puu'tjhments inftlcled on 
 Criminals. 
 
 ' I ^HE civil and military government of Whidah is 
 -•■ veiled in the king and nis principal men : but in 
 criminal cafes the king aifembles a council, when he 
 opens the indiclmcnt, and requires every perfon to de- 
 clare his opmionwiiatpunithment the offenders delerve, 
 and according to the verdict the punilliment is imme- 
 diately inflided. Under the kin^are the leveral vice- 
 roys, whom he appoints at plealure, and who in his 
 abfencc have an unlimited power. He has alfo grand 
 captains, who arc viceroys over certain diflrids. Be- 
 ftdestliefe, there are a great numb" ■ of honorary cap- 
 tains, and another fort that are entrulled with the care 
 of the markets, flaves, prifons, ^c. 
 
 Murder an! ivluitery are the only capital crimeshere. 
 For the firlloflence the criminal is cut open alive, his 
 entrails taken out and burnt, and his body fixed on a 
 pole ereded in the market-place, svhere ic continues 
 for fome days, and is then can ied to a remote phicc, to 
 be devoured hy birds or bealls of prey. 
 
 Adultery li punilhed no lels feverely than murder, 
 efpecially when it is committed wit!i one of tiie king's 
 wives. It the guilty couple happen to be furpril'ed, the 
 king pronounces fentencc of death immediately; the 
 manner of executing which, according to a late writer, 
 ii thus performed : T"he king's oliicers caufc two graves 
 oi pits to be dug fix or feven feet long, four bi-oad, and 
 fiv; ileep, fo near each other, that the criminals may 
 ^e-; and Ipeak together. In the middle of one tiiey 
 planiallake, to which they fallen the woman, tying 
 !ier arms behind the poll : her legs are al'" I'ed at the 
 knees, and at the ancles. At tiie bottom ot the other the 
 king's wives lay bundles of Imall taggots, alter which 
 they retire ; ami two forks of wood being faftened 
 hy the officers at the ends, the man, (lark naked, is tied 
 to an iron bar, like abroad ("pit, with iron chains that 
 he cannot flir, and laid acrols the two forks. They 
 then (et tire to the wood, fo that the (lames mav jull 
 reach the body, whicli is iluib roailed by a flow lire. 
 This cmcl punifhment would be lingering, if they did 
 no! take care to lu'n the criminal lo wiiii lus face do* n- 
 w aids, that the fmoak fuftbcates him before he is quite 
 broiled. When they no longer perceive (igns of life, 
 they untie the body, fling it into liie pit, and fill it up 
 with earth. When ihe man is dead, the women iliiie 
 from the palace, to tlic number of titty or (ixty, richly 
 drefl'ed as on a lefuval day. They are guarded by tiie 
 king'smufkctcers,accom|)anicd by his drums and flutes. 
 Each carries on her heail a large pot of fcalding water, 
 v^liiththey pour one ailer another on the head of tiij 
 female criminal, ilead or not dead, and ilirow the pot 
 .liter it. Thisdone they lijol'en the body, take up the 
 
 uli 
 
 flake, and calling both into the pit, till it up «;.;. 
 eaiih and flones. 
 
 When the wife ofagiai.dec is taken inadultny.ii . 
 huiband is at liberty to ule his own dilcretion, ciii'icr lo 
 put her to death, or ("ell lurasa (liveioiht iM.roiic.iiis. 
 It lie determines on the turmer, (he is thanglcd or be- 
 headed liy theexecuiioner, and the king is I'ulHcicmlv 
 farisficd on Ixiagmatle accjuainied with the tact. The 
 iiijuivtl liuthaiu!, however, has nut uiy power over ;hj 
 mmtiiat dilhoiioured him, unlets he happens tocauli 
 him in the tad, when he has liberty to kill hi.n on the 
 tpot. It otherwile, he mull apply to the king fur jiU'- 
 tice, who ufually fentences the criminal to deaih. lln- 
 Chevalier Maiciiais, who was prclent at one of ihde 
 executions, gives the following account of it. " \ 
 grandee complained t* the king that a private perlon 
 had debauched his \\it'e. Mis majefly, upon hearing 
 the witncti'es, pafl'ed tentence, that the oliender ihoulii 
 be beaten to death whe' ever he could be found, anil Ins 
 body expofed for food t;) the liirds and bealls. The oHi- 
 cers belonging to the governor of Sabi imniediat -ly 
 went in learch of him, and found him almolt eiitiiiiv 
 his owudooi, wiiere they loon difpat died him wiili tiiLu- 
 clubs, and left the body as the king had ordered. 1 hi 
 neigiibot:rs went to acquaint thecapiain of the feraglio, 
 tha: ilie body wuu'd intvcl all that quarter before it > \n- 
 rupted, and intreated he would obtain the king's oiucra 
 to have it taken from ther.ce,or throw it into the lc\ui, 
 where it could not atl'cct any body. Tlie otiicer reprf- 
 lented their complaint to tlie ki'ig, who replied, ' i: i 
 did not puiiifli adultery with fcverity, no perlon in ray 
 kingdom could be fate. The oody Ihall lie there till it 
 be devoured or rotten. The people (hall tee it, and 
 learn, at theexpcnce of this vvrctch, how they inva.ie 
 their neighbour's bed. All I can grant is, that in tl.e 
 day-time they may throw a mat over the body, leaving 
 the facft uncovered, that the criminal may be kn ).v;i 
 as long as his features can be dillinguilhed.' Not c>.n- 
 tent with this, the king gave to the grandee, whom tl.c 
 deceafed had injured, all his efleds, witli his wives and 
 flaves, to fell or dilpofe of as he thought proper." 
 
 Crimes of a more trifling nature are left to the vice- 
 roys, who generally inUicl either tome kind of penance, 
 or a pecuniary mulct, \s'^icli is always [laid to the kini;. 
 
 Ceremonies ufed at the Corcnaiion of iht Kings of JFli 
 
 o 
 
 N the death of a king, the crown defcer.ds to the 
 ■v_^ eldell ton,- unlels dilapproved by the graiitlecs, 
 who lometimestakc ujion them to ve'l it in a younger 
 branch of the lumily. 
 
 I he time of the coronation is appointed by the gri':- 
 decs. It is tomeiimes protraded tor moi.ths, loiue- 
 times for years, but never more than I'cven. Diiriii:^ 
 thefe interval? the grande:"s may be laid to givcra; 
 but the king, in all other inllances, is treated \m.1i 
 that refped which is due to his rank. 
 
 At the timeappointeii for the coronation, the gran- 
 dees give intimation ot it to the king, who alien; hk ; 
 them ill the palace, and after the council have tlchho- 
 rated on the lueafures to be uted in execiiting llie cere- 
 mony, notice is given of it to the public, by a ili(c!i,u|:;e 
 of cannon, and the iie«s is foon circtilated all over i!.e 
 kingdom. 
 
 After lomc previous ceremonies, confiding of oiRr 
 ings made to the grand ferpent, and a procellion o( x 
 number of the king's wives, attended by a party ofiniil- 
 tpieteers and muhciant, to the plate of liicrihce, the 
 granilees repair to the palace, drell'ed in their riclied 
 apparel, and aiteiulcd by their flaves. The king not 
 being preteiit, they enter it without (hipping, and after 
 having prodrated iheiiilelves before the throne retiic. 
 This [iait of the ceremony mntiiiues for fllieen diy , 
 iluring whit h theking'swumenmake the palace reloutui 
 with their acclamations; and the public joy is tcdificd 
 by the filing of cannon, aiui an almoil incell'ant dilplay 
 of lockets from ail parti ot the town. 
 
 At 
 
 AFRICA. J 
 
 At the clofe ot tl 
 puted by the grandt 
 nobles of Ardrah ( 
 tinned time imme 
 crowning the king, 
 great date to Sabi, 
 tained for five day 
 guns are fiicd at th 
 that the king will I 
 the lame time one c 
 of tlie European fai 
 invites them to be 
 
 In the evening o 
 the king lets out frc 
 his favourite wive 
 manner, and rathe: 
 necklaces, pendant 
 and filver, and the 
 in the moft magnifi 
 wears a gilt helmet 
 titers. He is atien 
 from iliL feraglio to 
 angle of the court I 
 ed. The Court ot 
 
 The throne conf 
 elevated, with ave 
 on which the kingli 
 lity at his feet. On 
 liis 40 favourite w* 
 grandees ; and on a 
 of the Englilb fade 
 his hand anumbrel 
 vife, as theceremoi 
 of the richeft cloth 
 with gold, and the( 
 taliels. On the top 
 as the life, and the [ 
 long, and gilt, i 
 king, and kee[iS fan 
 ny. Oppolite to h 
 alternately reprelt i| 
 predecellor, extol 
 and sxhort the ki 
 him ; and conckie 
 king's hapjiinefs 
 profperous. 
 
 After thefe prep 
 conduded to the 
 having pafl'ed, 
 dee pronounces 
 " Here is yourki 
 fliall be heard by 1 
 ter which he mal 
 cannon and tiiiall- 
 (Irikes up, ar.d tl 
 grandee of vVrdra 
 his apartments ; 
 wives, his guards 
 feraglio, where th 
 him as he enters tl 
 a handlbme prel'ei 
 he muft return h 
 thiee days longer 
 
 Rejoicings con 
 is clofed with a gi 
 of the great ferpi 
 
 Vht King's lloiif 
 
 THE king of 
 luxury and 
 fairs being merel 
 histimcislpentin 
 his wives. Thcl 
 bears the tirll (on 
 the red by the iia 
 king's great wife 
 
 
[I'llY. 
 Iill 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 GUINEA. 
 
 3ii 
 
 It up wi.'u 
 
 In tii.Kmlttiy.ii (■ 
 
 li.iction,iiiiicru) 
 
 |<) the luiojiiaiis. 
 
 llranclcil or be- 
 
 ling is rulticicmly 
 
 liih ilic hid. The 
 
 jiy power over :hj 
 
 liapptr,s tocauli 
 
 [o kiii lii.n on ilic 
 
 t Ik- kino f^^r jui;. 
 
 laltoiicaih. lilt 
 
 |t at OIK- of thtl'e 
 
 )unt of it. " \ 
 
 la private perfon 
 
 Idy, upon lieaniig 
 
 |ie ollciiJcr Ihoutii 
 
 he touml, :uk1 liu 
 
 llbcalls. Tliforti- 
 
 \alii imniaiiatcly 
 
 111 almolt c:ucr;:'.j:; 
 
 |lieci him wiili their 
 
 el ortlc'.cd. l ht 
 
 .un of the I'eraglio, 
 
 irter before it i:.i-. 
 
 1 the king's (inlc-ii 
 
 it into the leucr, 
 
 The ortieer reprc- 
 
 who replied, ' if! 
 
 y, no perlon in ray 
 
 lliall lie there tilh'i 
 
 : Ihall fee it, auj 
 
 , how they iiiva.i'j 
 
 rant is, that in li.c 
 
 the body, ii.iviiv 
 
 lal may be ki: >..;i 
 
 ;iiilhed.' Not i.>.n- 
 
 !,raiKlee, whom the 
 
 witli his wives and 
 
 mglit prop.T." 
 
 are Ictt to the viec- 
 
 le kind of peinmci-, 
 
 yspaidtotlie king, 
 
 f A'.'/.'i^J of JVhiJ.nh. 
 
 er.>!<i to tlie 
 
 iwi) defe 
 
 .1 by the gran^ieci, 
 
 e(t it in a younger 
 
 )intcd by tlic gran- 
 or moi.th.s, lonic- 
 m fcven. During 
 e faid to govern ; 
 3, is treated widi 
 
 oiiation, the gran- 
 ij, who all'emhk; 
 juncil havedchbi.'- 
 xeciiting iheeere- 
 lic, by a dil'i!i.ii|:;;c' 
 ulated all over t!.c 
 
 confifting of offlr 
 1 a procellion of a 
 by a party of nnil- 
 c of iiieritice, th; 
 cd in their riehell 
 s. The kin^ not 
 hipping, ami after 
 the throne letirc. 
 b for filtevii day-, 
 ihepalaLerefound 
 blie joy is tel'.iheil 
 it iiiceliant difplay 
 
 At 
 
 At the clofe of this ceiemony, an ambaflador i^ de- 
 puted by the grandees of Whidah to requell one of the 
 nobles of Ardrah (in whofe family the right has con- 
 tinued time immemoiial) to pcrfoim the w'ikc of 
 crowningtlieking. This nobleman is condtided with 
 great (late to Sabi, and having been fplendidiy enter- 
 tained for five 'lays, on the evening of tlie fifth nine 
 guns are fiicd at the palace, to give the people notice 
 tiiatthe king will be crowned the following day. At 
 tlie fame time one of iiis ofHeer> acquaints the dircdors 
 of tiic European tac;,)ries with the time and place, and 
 invites them to be nielent at thec.remony. 
 
 In the evening of the fixthday, about live o'clock, 
 the king lets out from his ftraglio, attended by 40 of 
 his favourite wives, tlrellid in the moft (iimptuous 
 manner, and rather loaded than ornamented with gold 
 necklaces, pendants, and bracelets, foot-chains of gold 
 and filver, and the rieheft jewels. The king is dreflcd 
 in the mod: magnificent mUi-.ner, and on his head he 
 wears a gdt helmet, decorated w 'th red and white fea- 
 thers. He is atieniled alio by hif guards, and proceeds 
 from the feraglio to the tiironc, which is placed in an 
 angle of the court to the eafl of the palace, and is call- 
 ed. The Court of the Coronation. 
 
 The throne confills of a large gilt arm-chair a little 
 elevated, with a velvet culhiot; richly laced with gold, 
 on which the king fits, having another of the fame qua- 
 lity at his feet. On the left hand of the king are placed 
 liis 40 favourite women ; on the right his principal 
 grandees ; and on a line with them the ciiief Europeans 
 of the Englilli fadorics. One of the graiulccs holds in 
 his hand an umbrella, which is more lor ornament than 
 life, as the ceremony is performed at night. It is made 
 of the rieheft cloth of gojtl, the lining embroidered 
 with gold, and the edges adorned with goltl fringes and 
 talicls. On the top of it is tlie figine ot a cock as large 
 as the life, and the pole that fupjiorts it is about fix feet 
 long, and gilt. Another grandee kneels before the 
 king, and keeps fanning him during the wliolc ceremo- 
 ny. Oppofitc to his majeftyare two of his dwarfs, who 
 alternately reprelent to him tiie good qualities of his 
 predecellbr, extol his juftice, liberality, and clemency, 
 and exhort the king not only to imitate, but lurpafs 
 him ; and conclude their harangue with wilhes for the 
 king's happinels, and tiiat his reign may be long and 
 p^ofpcrol!'■^. 
 
 After ihefe preparations, the grandee of Ardrah is 
 condufted to the Court ot Coronation, and fome forms 
 having palled, and a general lilence cnfuing, the gran- 
 dee pronounces diftincily thefe words three times : 
 " HL-re is your king ; be ioyallo l:im, and your prayers 
 fliall be heard by the kingof Ardrah, my mailer ;' af- 
 ter wliich he mal ,s a low bow, and retnais. The 
 cannon and fmall-arms are immediately tired, the mulic 
 llrikes up, and the acclamations^ are renewed. The 
 grandee of yXrdrah is then condilfted in great Hate to 
 his apartments ; after which the kirg, attended by his 
 wives, his guarils, and the Europeans, return to the 
 feraglio, where the latter make hctr compliments to 
 him as he enters the gate. T)>c next day the king lends 
 a handlbnie prefenttothe Arilrah granuee; alter which 
 he mull return home, not being fufi',;it:d to remain 
 thiee days longer in the kingdom. 
 
 Rejoicings continue for iitteen days, and the whole 
 is clofed with a grand proceflion to the houfe or temple 
 of the great fcrpeiit. 
 
 fht King's Houfehold Eftablijhnent, Palace, Revenues, 
 Wr. 
 
 THE king of Whidah may be laid to lead a life of 
 luxury and indolence, his attention to public af- 
 fairs being merely occafional. The greatell part of 
 his time is Ipent in the rccelle of the feraglio, attended i)y 
 his wives. Thefe are excci-di.-g nuii'erous. Siie who 
 bears the tirll fon is the chief, and is diliingviilhed from 
 the rell by die name of queen, or, as they term it, the 
 king's great wife. She poneiRs very great privileges. 
 
 If a man meets one of the king's wives in I'leftreet, 
 and (liould .accidentally happen to touch her, (he is 
 never permitted to enter the feraglio again, for b nh 
 Ihe and the nun arc immediately fold as flavcs. It it 
 appears there was any premeditated dellgn in their 
 touching each otjier, the woman is fold, but thcn-an 
 IS put to death, and all his efiects confifcated to the 
 king. For this reafon, fuch as have occaiion to go to 
 tt'.e palace, on their en. ranee immediately call out, t/_^o, 
 wliich lignifics, " Make way, retire, or take care' ;" 
 when the women |)lace ihemfelves in a range on one 
 fide, and liie men walk as clofe as they can on rhe oth.er. 
 In like manner, when the king's wives go to walk in 
 the field", whoever meets them n.ul'l immetliatcly fall 
 on their knees, and continue in that petition till they 
 have palled. 
 
 Notwithllanding this dc*'erence from the people, his 
 majelly has very little relpcft for his wives hinifelf. 
 They attend him on all occafions like fervants ; and, 
 inltead of his Iheu ing *ny .^ffeftion, he generally treats 
 them with the mull haughty contempt. Conlidering 
 them only as flavcs, on the moft trifling occafiuns he 
 w ul tell a number of them to the Europeans ; and even 
 Gimetimes, when fliips arc waiting on the coaft for 
 Haves, he will fupply them with whatever number tiiey 
 w.ant to complete their complement. Thefe deficien- 
 cies are fuppliid by the afliduity >f his captains, or go- 
 vernors of the feraglio, who goaboit the ibeets, and 
 fcize '" '.h girls as they think will be pl.afing to the 
 king, nor dare any of his fubjcifts r.iakc the leall objec- 
 tion or reliflance. Thefe otlicers immediately prclenu 
 them to the king ; and as they are the moil handfome 
 they can t'eled, his majefly is fometin.es paiticulaily 
 attratfled by their beauties. AVhcn this happens to be 
 the cale, theobj'.ct that moil flrikes his fancy is ho- 
 noured with his cotnpany for two or tlirce nights, after 
 which the is difcarded, and obliged to pafstiic remain- 
 der of her life in a Hate of oblcurity j for w hich reafon 
 the women are fo little dcfirous of becoming wives to 
 the king, that they would rather prefer a life of celi- 
 bacy. 
 
 The king's palace is magnificently furnillied, and 
 abounds with all tiie elegancies and luxuries of Europe. 
 He obfervcs great ftate on all public occafions. No 
 fubjecl: is permitted to fee him, unlefs his bufinels be of 
 a peculiar nature, and he has obtained the royal permif- 
 fion ; in which cafe he is ufhcred in by the high prieft, 
 before whom he mud proftratc himf'elf, as well as to 
 the king. Even his grandees (except when a general 
 C(Hincil is called) find fome dillieulty in obtaining an 
 audience ; and when they do, mult appear before him 
 in the moft humiliating form. They advance creeping 
 to a certain dillance, till the king, by clapping his 
 hands foftly, gives them leave to fpeak, which they d.> 
 in a low tone, with their face almoft to the ground ; at- 
 terw l.ich they retire in the fame manner thev advanced. 
 The captain of the feraglio and the grand tacrificcr, or 
 high prieft, are the only perlens that arc permitted to 
 enter the feraglio without permiirion firft obtained from 
 the king ; biit if they want to fpeak to him, they mull 
 pay the lame homage as any other fubjedt. Tiie Euro- 
 peans, however, are exempted from thefe llavilh cere- 
 monials, being granted an audience whenever they 
 deflre it, and treated with every token of refpedl. 
 
 The king's revenues arife from his lands, and a duty 
 upon all commodities fold in the markets, imported or 
 exported. They are under the inlpedion of governors, 
 who execute their truft without any emolument what- 
 ever. He alfb receives a moiety of all the tolls and fines 
 in his vicc-royaliies. The revenues arifing from the 
 flave trade arc very conliderable, the king receiving 
 three tix-dollars for every flave fold in his dominions. 
 Every European vefl'el alio pays him a pccuniaiy duty, 
 exclufive of \)u fents, wliich they make to the king for 
 his pr Jtection, and the liberty of trading in his do- 
 minion?. 
 
 ^liUk 
 
;,3* A NEW, ROYAL and AUTIIFNTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERnAI. GKOCRAI'IIY. 
 
 pi 
 I'll 
 
 h 
 
 Trade of fH/idah in^entrd. 
 
 THE chief articles of ti;ulc arc fl.ivcs, clcplianrs 
 teeth, wax, aiul honey. Markets arc cllalihlhtd, 
 and rej!,ulations formctl, for carrying on commerce. 
 The women, in many inllanscs, arc the chief agcnti, 
 and decmetl the bell accomptmts. 
 
 Sl.ives arc paid for in gold du'l ; Ivjt the payments 
 for other commodities are made in llrings ot cowries, 
 each of \yiuch contains forty in number. Five ot theic 
 firings make what the natives call a fore-, and titty 
 fores make an dkovc, which generally weighs about 
 fixtv [Jounds. 
 
 The various prodii^lions of thcfc markets, and the 
 regular manner in which the relpcdive articles arc dif- 
 poletl, would alford a pleafi/ig light, were not (laves in- 
 cluded ; but to behold a number of men, women, and 
 children linked together, and arranged like bealb, is 
 really lliot king. 
 
 The kingdom of Whidah was greatly reduced in 
 point of ilie numlxrof its inhabitants, as well as the 
 Urudure of its buildings, through the conquell obtained 
 over it in the year 1726, by the king of Dahamoy, a 
 neighbouring prince. He or his luccciror- hai-i prc- 
 ferved the authority he then attained ever lincc. Ir is 
 at this time conlidered on'^ as a province, and its king 
 as a tributary prince ; though the inhabitants are under 
 the fame laws and government, and polFcfs the fame 
 indulgences in their religious maxims, as before it 
 was conquered. 
 
 The city of Sabi is very fmall in comparifon to what 
 it was before its being reduced to allies. At that time it 
 was at lead four miles in circumference. The houli;? 
 were neatly built, and the Ihcets long, fpacious, and 
 uniformly difpofcd. The houfcs belonging to the 
 ra<5lors were built in the European taftc, and contained 
 many neat and commodicjus apartments : onthctiift 
 floor of each was a fpacious hall, w ith an elegant bal- 
 cony in Iront ; and h'.neath, on the ground iloor, were 
 warehoufes for the accommodation oftheir goods. The 
 town was 'Co exceeding populous, that, notv,'ithllanding 
 the breadth of the (treets, il was fometimes attended 
 with difficulty to pais them. 
 
 Markets were daily held in different parts of the city, 
 where various forts of l^'iiropcan as well as Atricaii 
 commodities were cxpoled to public laic, as alto 
 abundance of all kinds of provitions. Near the Euro- 
 pean faCiorics was a fpacious place ornamented w'th 
 lofty and beautiful trees, under which the merchants 
 and governors of the citv every day afl'emblcd totranfiicf 
 bullnefs. But all tlitfe fine places were deftroyed, nor 
 is there a finglc remnant lett of the magnificence and 
 fplendijr that once graced this populous city. 
 
 Kingdom of Ardrah. 
 
 npHIS kingdom, which is populous, and contains 
 ■*• many good towns and villages, is bo\inded on the 
 eafl; by the kingdom of Benin, on the well by that of 
 Whidih, and on the louih by the Gulph of Guinea. 
 It is very narrow towards the fta, b\it wiilens conlider- 
 ably, and is divided into two parts, dillinguilhed by the 
 names of Great and Little Ardrah. 
 
 The country ill general is flat, and being will wa- 
 tered by feveral fmall rivers in different parts of it,t!ic 
 foil is fertile, and produces great quantities of Indim 
 wheat, millet, yams, potatoes ; as alio feveral kind- of 
 fruits, particularly oranges, lemons, cocoa-nuts, ba- 
 nanas, and pine-apples. 
 
 ill manners, cuiloms, drefs, religion, &c. the inlia- 
 f)itants of this kingdom differ but little from thofe of 
 Whidah. I'hey are cleanly in their perlbns, walhing 
 thcmlelves every morning and evening in pure water, 
 and anoiiitingthemlelves with civet, or fonic aronutic 
 perfume. 
 
 Rice, pulfe, herbs, and roots, with beef, mutton, 
 and disc's flelh, conltitutc their common food. Their 
 
 u- 
 
 oidinary diink is the beer called pito, which t!uv C"!^- 
 rally mi), with water ; but the better fort drink 
 wine. 
 
 Thnf: who live neai the ft i-f,dr arc cmnlovc 1 in 
 fidiiii^^ ooUingofl'alr, and trading ; but the inland in- 
 habitai'.ts dedicate their time foldy :o the culiivatiori of 
 their lands, and breeding cattle. 
 
 Like thcn.itives of the feclimej, they arc i;i "-eneral 
 illitciate; torwhichrcalon, in buying and fellin'j t'ooli 
 they make ufe of cords tieil in knots, each of wliuh has 
 a particular figiiification known only to thcmfelves. ai.d 
 thofc who are accuilometl to deal with them. Sonic 
 few of the better fort imderllind the I'ortugiiefeton"ne 
 which they not only fpeak fluently, but allij read a:ui 
 write with great accuracy. 
 
 Polvgamy being allowed here, every man t.akes'ns 
 many wives as he thinks proper. As no dt'fcrence is 
 paid to birth or fortui.e, the jioorell man h.as liberty to 
 p.'y his addrclles to 'a woman of the greatcfft]ualitv • 
 but if the rejects him on the tiiil vilit, he is not allovc | 
 to make a i'eiond. Little ccrei.iony is iil'cd in their 
 marriages, the chief thini-^ confiiling in me mutual con- 
 lent of the paities and their rcfpci^tivc parents : when 
 this is obtained, the bridegroom prcfents his bride with 
 a calico p.aan, and invites all her relations, and his ov,a 
 likcw ife, to an entertainment, wl-.en he declares to t';r 
 cotnpanv that he takes the woman for his wife, .ml 
 this public acknowledgment concludes the ccremonv. 
 
 Men of fupcrior rank marry girls at ten or twelve 
 years of age; but they do not confummate till tiuv 
 have kept them feveral years in the char,icter of fervanti. 
 Wlien the time is fixed for cohabiting, they prcfcnt 
 their brides with a piece of cloth, orfhort frock ; and 
 an elegant entertainment is provided for the relation^ d 
 both parties. 
 
 They generally bury their dead in a vault under th ■ 
 houfethev inhabited in their life-time. The kin" is \'.<c 
 chief peiion exempted from this cultom : he is buried 
 in fbme remote place from the palace ; and many '.n- 
 happv flaves fall viilims on the occalion. 
 
 Their religious maxims are alfo much the fame as 
 thofc in Whidah, only they do not worlhip the ferpcnt ; 
 on the contrary, they not only kill them, but are ex- 
 ceeding fond oftheir flefh. 'i'hey are greatly alarmed 
 at fickneli;, and tremble at the very name of dcitii. 
 
 A perfon taken tick lends for a pricll, who imme- 
 diately goes to him, and ficrificcs fomc animal for liie 
 recovery of his health. The prieil rubs the patient's 
 fetiili with the blood, but the flelh of ;hc animal is 
 thrown away. 
 
 The fetilhes belonging to the king and court arc ap- 
 pointed liy the high pried, anil are birds of a black c )- 
 lour, not unlike the ciows in luigland. Prodigious 
 nrmbers of thei'e arc kept in the gardens ofthe palace; 
 and it IS equally criminal to pay ililrefpecl to them here, 
 as it is to the grand ferpent at Whidah. The fetilhcs 
 of tlie common people conlill of a particular Hone, a 
 piece of wood, or fome inanimate fubftance, whicli 
 they always keep hid in their lioufe underneath aa 
 earthen jiot. F.very fix months they make a public of- 
 fering to the prieil in honour of their fctilh, at the fame 
 time afking the idol feveraf queflions relative to their 
 future welfare. 
 
 Such arc the laws of Ardrah, that whoever difobcvs 
 the king's commands is beheaded, and his wives ,iiid 
 children become the king's Haves. Infolvcnt debtors 
 are lelt to the ineicy of their creditors, who have liberty 
 to pay themfelves by felling thcui for flaves. Thc'l.imi' 
 punilliment is alio inflicted on him who has debauclKd 
 anotlierman'sw ife. I he puniflimenis for .idultcry coiii- 
 mitted by the women, and other crimes, arc the fame 
 as at Whiilah. 
 
 Afrem, fo called by the natiys but l^y the Euri- 
 peans Cire:U Ardrah, die capiMl of the kingdom, x-. 
 Iittiatcd about 16 leagues itdand tothc north -well from 
 I.iiile Ardrah, a fpacious road leading fVoin one to rlie 
 other, f he king's palace is a fpacious cdilicc, though 
 greatly inferior to the original building, which w is Sc- 
 
 Itroyed 
 
Jell tlu-yg^rt?. 
 It drink j\-.l;;i- 
 
 cniployci in 
 
 t!ic inland ii;- 
 
 ■ tuliivatioiiof 
 
 yc ill general 
 J lelluu"; i):oo(!j 
 Ihof wliKh has 
 jicniklves.aiid 
 tiicm. Sonic 
 ig'idctongiit.-, 
 |t alio read and 
 
 man take? ;is 
 o deferonci; is 
 mhaslilxTLy to 
 jrcatcltqiialiry ; 
 |c isnot allo'.vi.i 
 s iilcd in their 
 ne mutual con- 
 parents : when 
 s his bride wrfh 
 ns, and his own 
 f declares to the 
 his wife, and 
 the ceremony, 
 at ten or twelve 
 :'.nmate till tln-y 
 aclcrof fcrvahti 
 ip;, rhey prcfcnt 
 hon frock ; and 
 jr the relations i)t" 
 
 vault under thr- 
 riieking is i'm 
 n : he is buried 
 and many %n- 
 on. 
 
 iiuch the fame as 
 •Ihip the fcrpcnt ; 
 lem, bur arc cx- 
 : greatly alarmed 
 ameof deitli. 
 icll, \vh() imnic- 
 nc animal for th'.- 
 rubs the patient's 
 )t Jic animal is 
 
 md court arc ap- 
 ds of a black co- 
 nd. Prodigious 
 ■nsofthe palace; 
 lect to them here, 
 li. The fetilhcs 
 rticiilar ftone, a 
 iibftance, whieli 
 iindcineath an 
 lake a public of- 
 ctilh, atthefanie 
 . relative to their 
 
 vhocverdifobcvs 
 nd his wives and 
 nlolvent debtors 
 w'lo have liberty 
 Haves. Thel'-imi' 
 lo has debauched 
 or adultery com: 
 lies, arc the (aine 
 
 :->ut by the Fur i- 
 the kingdom, i-. 
 : north- Weil from. 
 T from one to the 
 IS edilice, though 
 g, which WIS ^\c- 
 Itroyed 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 Guinea. 
 
 W 
 
 flroycd in the year 1726. The court is kept with great 
 fplendor. 
 
 The king feldom goes abroad ; when he does, it Is 
 in fo private a manner, that few of his fubiccU fee him. 
 He keeps a great number of women, •»* li whom his 
 time is cliiclly employed. The principal of theft has 
 the title of nueen, with this prerogative, that in cafe 
 his inajelly denies her any thing flie has occafi(;:i for, 
 fhe may lell fomeofhisother wives to fupply her wanis. 
 
 The kingalwayseais alone ; am! when he drinks, an 
 officer makes a fignal, by llriking two ffiiall rods o( iron 
 together, in order that all who are v.iihinliglit may turn 
 away, and not look at his majeily ; for to fee him drink 
 is a capii.d oflcnce, and the punilhment for it is ileath. 
 An inilance of this was once nianifcfted in an infant, 
 who being adcep by the king was awakened with the 
 noife of the rods ; and his majcfty obferving that the 
 childcaftitscycsonhimwhile the cup was at his mouth, 
 he imniediately onlered it to be put to death. 
 
 Whoever prefeuts any thing to the king oflers it on 
 his knee; and the like refped is flu'wi; even to tlu pio- 
 vifions fei on the table. Thofe who happen to be in the 
 way of the officers wiien they carry thciii, proftraie 
 themfelvcs witli their faces to the earth, and dare not 
 rife till the dillies arc out of fight. 
 
 Europeans are treated by the king and grandees of 
 Ardrah with the fame refpect as at VVhiilah. 
 
 The chief commodity purchafed here by the Euro- 
 peans is Oaves ; and the articles they fell the natives 
 ConfiH of cowries (which are the current coin of the 
 kingdom), flat iron bars, gilt leather, white and red 
 damalk, red cloth, copper bowls or cups, brafs rin<^s, 
 beads or bugles of feveral colours, looking-glafl'es, 
 fire-locks, mi ikets, giin-powdcr, cvc. 
 
 Little Ardrah, as it is called by tiic Europeans, aiul 
 by the natives Otfra, is a large and populous town, 
 and, like the capital, indoled with walls. 
 
 The country of Dahamoy, whole powerfid king 
 conquered the kingdoms ot Ardr.ih and VVhidah, is 
 fituated to the north of the Slave Coaft, and extends a 
 confiderable way inland. This country is very whok- 
 fome, as it lies high, and is daily reirelhed by fine 
 cooling breezes ; and from it, thovigh at a confiderable 
 diltance, may be leen the kingdom of Great t'opo. 
 
 The king's palace is at a town called Aboniay, 
 fituated 200 miles up in the inland country. He is a 
 very poweiful prince, and always keeps a conriderable 
 flanding army ; but it confiils only of foot foldiers. 
 He has for his enemies a nation called Joes, who live 
 a great way to the aortli cowanls Nubia, antl all fight 
 on hodcback. '' 
 
 SECTION II. 
 The gold COAST. 
 
 Boundaries. Divijions. 
 
 Cliiiicite, Manner of gathering 
 Gold. 
 
 THE Gold Coaft is bounded on the call liy the 
 Sla'-; Coall, on the well by the Tooth or Ivory 
 Coaft, on die north by Negroland, and on the fouili by 
 the Ocean. It incluiles feveral diilrids. Tliefe dillrid; 
 contain lomc one, two, or more towns or villages, ly- 
 ing on the fea-fliorc, either under or bet.veen the Euro- 
 pean forts or callles. However, thefe villages are only 
 ior the convenience of trade and iilh.ing, forthe princi- 
 pal towns liewitliiii land, aiul are very populous. 
 
 1 hir coail being fituated witliin the 5th degree of 
 nouh latitude, the heat is exeeflive from Odober to 
 March ; butii: the other fix months the climate is tole- 
 rably temperate. The coaft is very unheahhy, owing 
 to the extreme heat of the day, and the coolnel" of the 
 nights ; to which may be added the damp lulphurous 
 nulls that arife every morning from the mouniains. 
 Tornados are alio freeiueiu here, particularly in the 
 months of April, May, and June. Thele are violent 
 llorins of wind rifingiutldenly Irom iheeaft and iouth- 
 No. 31. 
 
 caft, and fometimcs from the north, with a few points 
 to the weft. They arc generally attended with repeated 
 claps of violent thunder and dreadful lif^hiiiing, with 
 prodigious (bowers of rain falling like a flood, and an 
 uncommon ilarknefs. They fometimcs laft an hour, 
 and fometimcs two or more ; but as foon as they arc 
 over, the weather immediately liecomcs cleurand fine, 
 if they happen in the fummerleafon, which is fome- 
 timcs the cafe, ilie^ arc not fo violent as in the winter, 
 I but they are more iiicoumodious both to land and fca- 
 fariiig people, being ullially followed by cold rains, fo 
 heavy and conftant for f;v«ral days together, that they 
 leem to threaten a ileluge. 
 
 The inland countries throughout abound with mines. 
 Gold is alio gathered on the fea-lhore by the following 
 method. In the morning l\icceeding a rainy night 
 numbers of the natives go to the fea-lhore, each being 
 furnillieil with two calabaihcs, one of which they fill 
 with ea'-'li and fand. This they wai'li with many waters 
 by turning the calabalh round ; tiie water with the 
 lightcft_ of the mud walhing over the brim, while the 
 gold, if there be any, finks by its own weight to the 
 bottom. Thus they continue till tii o or three i'poonsful 
 are only left, and this they put into the other calabafii ; 
 then fill the oilier again, and continue walhing till 
 about noon, when the calab ilh that receives the fet- 
 tlings, being pretty well filled, is taken home and mi- 
 nutely fearched. They Ibnietimes find as much gold 
 as. is worth half-a-guinca, fomerimes the value of a 
 Ihilling, and fometimcs none at all. 
 
 Vegetable and /inimal Productions. 
 
 I HE Gold Coaft abounds with a variety of trees. 
 
 ■■• One of the moft remarkable, and which grows 
 in great abundance, is tiie papay tree. Tlie fruit at iirft 
 is produced at the top ot the trunk without any 
 branches ; but as the tree grows older it flioots out 
 branches towards the top, which lefemble young ftocks, 
 whereon likewife fruit grows. 
 
 The inland countries on the Coaft of Guinea are in 
 general fertile, and produce feveral forts of grain, par- 
 ticularly maize and millet, which grow in great abun- 
 dance. They have alio feveral kinds of vegetables and 
 roots. 
 
 Palm trees grow here in abundance, and arc of infi- 
 nite fervice to the natives, not only from the wine that 
 flows from the trunk, but the oils which they cxtradl 
 from their nuts. They have alio plenty of various kinds 
 of fruits, as plumbs, pears, oranges, citrons, cocoa- 
 nuts, and tigs ; to which may be added ananas, water- 
 nulons, and the kormantin apple. The laft fruit is 
 more peculiar to this country than any other : it is about 
 the li/.e of a walnut, and has a green hufk ; but the 
 outer rind is of a ycllowilh call, fomewhat inclinino- to 
 red. In the core are four large fl.;t kernels fepar.fted 
 by the pulp, which is red antl white, of afweetifli tart 
 tafte, but moft inclining to the latter. It is a very 
 agreeable and refrelhing fruit, and of infinite fervice to 
 thofe ailliifled with the bloody-flux ; for it isvei y ailrin- 
 gent, and, when boiled with wine and fugir, is not 
 only more ufeful, but more pleafant than tamarinds. 
 
 The tame animals of this country are bulls, oxen, 
 cows, fiicep, goats, and hogs ; but the pafture is i'o in- 
 different, that they are, in general, exceeding poor 
 and fmall. The cows yield but linle milk ; and one 
 of thcbeft, when fullgiown, is fo light, that it will npt 
 weigh above 2501b. The llicep are not above hiilf the 
 ll/.e of '.hole of Europe ; and, infteael of wool, their bo- 
 dies :.re covercil with long Ihiggy hair. The goars 
 arc very plentiful, but fmall in proportion to thofe cf 
 Europe. However, the ilelh is very fat and I'wea, 
 and greatly preferred to that of fticcp. 
 
 Their chief domeftic animals are do^ s and cats. The 
 Negroes frcciuently eat the former, and are very fond 
 of them, infomueli that they will not only give a fheep 
 for one of them, but alio lomediing to l)oot. They 
 prefer dog's flclh 10 any other, and conlidci it in the 
 4 (^ fame 
 
 
333 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL anp AUTHKNTU: SVSTUM oi UNIVKRSaI. GEOGKArii;'. 
 
 
 W^ 
 
 ii; 
 
 m 
 
 ame ligi is the Europeans do venilbn. The iU)>>,s 
 here are m.ich like our t'oxcs, and have long, iprigat 
 c:^'?. 1 heir t:iils are long, but tape'', and without 
 h lir : the /kin is alio naked ; and they rx 'M bark, but 
 only howl. They are vtiy dilagieeable to the light, 
 but much (uore fo to (he touch. The blacks (.all dr.-m 
 Ciilna lU Mu'tto, whicli, in the Foitugnclc, fign'fics a 
 tvilii goat ; and lo univerl'.'My are they admired in ii:'t 
 country, that in I'oine places they breed them for 
 f.ile, and carry them to the markets, where they fetch 
 a much better price than llir lluep. 
 
 Cats are alio greatly erteemed by the Negroes, but 
 they do not cat them, unlefs out of necciruy. Ir' they 
 trc good moalcrs they valvie thenj much, as they are 
 prodigioufly ptflered with various (orts ol vermin. 
 They are in general very haiidfoinc, and are called by 
 the natives ami/iiio. 
 
 Tlie wild bealls, both on thecoall ami in the inland 
 parts, are of various Ibrts. Among thele none arc 
 more diiluwuilhcd than the elephants ; fortiinujjh in 
 other parts tlr - anivijals :iro rendered docile an ■' iful, 
 yet here they .loneve tamcl. N" !..iianii ii. 
 they feiiloin hur» any one, nor is it aa cafy >.> . 
 provoke them. 
 
 A celebiated traveller, in his defcription oi Gui 
 relates the following ftory of one of thefe animui. 
 *' One morning an elephant came to El Mina, walking 
 cafily along the fhore under the hill of Si. Jago. Some 
 Negroes were fo b</ld as to go to him withaut any thing 
 in tlieir hands : he (uftered them to encompafshim, and 
 vent quietly along with thciri under mount St. Jat'.o, 
 where one of our otHcers ilioi him alcove the eye : but 
 this, and tl^e following lliot which fome Negroes now 
 poured on him, did not even make him mend his pace, 
 and he only feemed between whiles to threaten the Ne- 
 groes, by pricking up his e.irs, which were of a prodi- 
 gious fize. He, however, went on, and foon citereil 
 our garden. This tirew fcvcral people together. He 
 had L>ioke down four or iivT co;:ua-trees, and, in our 
 prcfcrice, he broke down five or fix more ; when the 
 ilrength he feemed to ufc in breaking down a tiec 
 might be fitly compared to the force e.xerted by a man 
 in knocking down a child of three or four years of age. 
 While hel\ood here above an hv;ndred [hot were fired 
 at him, which made him bleed as if an ox had been kill- 
 ed. Bvit this did not make him lUr ; !■'• only let up 
 hit ears, and made the men apprehenil that he would 
 follow them. At lengtli a Negro, going foftly behind 
 him, wantonly got hold of his tail, and was going to 
 cut ofi'a piece of it : bu: the elephant giving the Negro 
 a blow wit'a his trunk, and drawing him to him, trod 
 upon him two or three times, and, as 'f that was not 
 fufficient, gored two holes in his boi' with his teeth, 
 large enough for a ma.i's double fill: to enter. He then 
 let him lie, and even llood ilill whde two Negroes ven- 
 tured to fetch away the body, without offering to hurt 
 them. At length the elephant, after he had been about 
 an hour in the garden, wheeled about as if he intended 
 to fall on us, on which \vc all flew to the fore door, in 
 order to make our efcape; but he followed none of us, 
 but going to the back door threw it to a great dillance ; 
 then turning from it, walked tlirough thegarden hedge, 
 and, proceeding flowly to the river by mount St. Jago, 
 bathed himfeif. Having thus rcfreflied himfclf a little, 
 he can.; out of the river, and Itood under fome trees by 
 fome of our w.ater-rub5, where he alio cooled himfeif, 
 and then broke the tubs in pieces, as he did alfoa canoe 
 that lay by them. The firing here renewed, till the 
 elephant at lafl fell ; after which they cut off his trunk, 
 which was fo hard and tough, that it co(l the Negroes 
 thirty flrokcs before they could fcparate it, which murt: 
 liavc been very painful to the elephant, lince h made 
 him roar, whicli was the only noifc 1 heard hii?i make. 
 He was no (boner dead than the Negroes fell on him in 
 crowds, each cutting off as much as he could ; lb that 
 he furniflied great numbers with food. Thofe v>\\o 
 pretended to underftand elephant Ihooting, afterwards 
 fHjld us, that we ought to have Uiot ijrun bullets : indeed, 
 
 our* were not only of lead, b'lt oo iinall, ami t!;c;or),*c 
 niofl of them had lebcninded from his hide, a:nl vc:r 
 few pcnetratcil his (kuil." 
 
 Llepharui here air very nlli.ierous, a> aie likewifc 
 tigers, jackalU, apes, and uionkies. There are alio 
 wild boars, but not (b rapa lous as in inoil other coni- 
 tries, ar.d their (hfli k very good. 
 
 Belkles the wild bealls of a voracidtis nature, tlicr? 
 are others, as harts, antelopes, and hares. '1 he foriiiLr 
 of thefe are of various forts. 
 
 Here arc alfo feveral forts of wild cats, fbme of whiil, 
 
 are fpotted like tigers, and arc very fierce ai d iii,i. 
 
 chievous. Among thefe is the c. vet-cat, called uy tn- 
 
 Negroes ktinka/i, and by the I'o' tuguef'e.fo/o. <v iii^,ii:u. 
 
 They generally vex and tta'.e .hem before ilicy t.r c 
 
 our th ■ nuuk trom the iiag ; for the more i.u annicil 
 
 i i enraged previous to this operation, the better will I;;.- 
 
 the civet. The bag which contains the civet is lar^c;. 
 
 in xhe mal". The Imiior of which the ci. et conm!, 
 
 ip'.^'sro be excreted from certain glands iliat lie be. 
 
 ' i\i\ 'ie coats tliu compofethe bag '.. .i whie.i ii,^, 
 
 ■ uiken. 
 
 Here -".re fbme porcupines, which arc, in gcnciM! 
 
 •It two feet in height, and their teeth are rcnutk..' 
 
 .ij ;h "-p. They are very daring, inlbmuch cliai tlin- 
 
 wii; .. -k the largefi and mod dangerous tnak;>, 
 
 Vh i; ill -atcd ihey fhoot their (^iiills at the enemy, aal 
 
 with luch violence that they oftentimes prove i.itni. 
 
 The Negroes efteem their lit ih as a great deiicacv. 
 
 There are feveral other animals on this part oi' \h~ 
 coatl of Guinea, and, an-.ongtiie reil, that rcniiitkiblc 
 one called by " the iiaiives /•"//■•, b^it mors gcncrailv 
 know n ly the name of the lloth, and is laid to be tl u- 
 moll ugly cieatiirc in the uiiiveilc. This animal is i ) 
 flow in its niouon, tint it tannoi travel above v.-.l-.w ■ 
 yards in a d.iy. 'I'he head is Ihangely diipropo niMnc /, 
 am" the tore feet greatly relcmblc hands. 1 he haiicf 
 the vomig ones is of a pale moufe colour, but lii.-jt r-i' 
 the jKl is red, and looks more like wool than li.iu. 
 The female, when big w ith young, climbs the rmnk 
 of Ibme old tree, in which there is an holK)w fruai 
 fome accidental decay, at a dilluice from the groun.l. 
 Here Ihe dcpollts her young, which are geneiaily tv,-.) 
 in number. During the time flic fiickles 'k: your ; 
 flie continues in th'' tame hole, and though that porii d 
 is very Ihoit, leforc it is expired Ihe becomes almt'.i 
 emaciated. NV'hcn the young are able to crawl a.!i 
 her, fhe leaos tl^cn to the neareft branches of the i: .c, 
 where they devoiir the leaves nrit of one and tiienai.u- 
 ther. When thi ircc is quite Itripped, they ap; oblipc.l 
 to fcek a i.e v phnceof abode. 1 he jouniey, hoAcve:, 
 tothe i-exr tree takes up notmall time in perform:tij; ; 
 and though the creature 's fat and in gootl condiiionu 
 the time iie leaves his former habitation, yet, lietorel.c 
 lui reached his new one, he becomes as poor and kaa 
 us pulfible ; and if liie tree is high, or at any diliaiice, 
 and hemeetswith nothing on his journey, he iiievitaijly 
 dies with hungei. While it is thus travelling llowly :.m 
 the grouiul, any bead may kill and dev<jur it, fur ii li 
 eiuirelv delencelefs, and, when attacked, oiilj makes 
 a noile like the crying of a kitteii. Tiie characierilbi s 
 of this animal are its flow pace, ?nd its having the l:ii' 
 feet longer than thofe behind, witli three claws en eai.li 
 foot. 
 
 In the woods is another four-footed ananal called ! v 
 the Negroes ^«Hi'^c/i). They knock them on the he' i, 
 fell their Ikins to the Europeans, and eat their liel'i, 
 which they lay is exceeding wliue ami jialaiable. i; ). 
 avcrv inoifenlive creature, and will not hurt any tliii i'. 
 It lives on pilmires, catching them with iis toiiy'.i, 
 which is extremely long and glutinous. 
 
 The guano is an amphibious creature, uid gu-.ii:/ 
 refembles a crocodile, i>iit is very inofl'enlive. 
 
 The poiiltiy heie coiihils ol ci^ks and heii", Kccie, 
 ducks, tuikies, and pigioi.s. 'I'he v.ild fbit aie ihiU 
 lards, phcafants, and piiitridgci ; belides wliifh li'fy 
 have peacocks, fieldfaies, cranes, riiig-iKiVcs, U:. 
 There are alto j^reat nuu^beis of parrots, parioquci :, 
 
 e,ii"les, 
 
 AFR'CA.] 
 
 taffies, kites, green 
 to (his country. 
 
 The b'.ft birds 1 
 whicli are very \i\ n 
 Europe. There an 
 : me of svhich art t 
 
 The crown biid f 
 ilian thofe in thcothi 
 tlieH/e of a ftork, : 
 lufi that grows on t! 
 others 'ilue, and fbiu 
 are ch :'Iv covered 
 their ds are bcai 
 fea'iii if their -in 
 as rei.', ollcv, whit 
 lung, i .d the Negro 
 ihei . ads. 
 
 T'. SoldCc'ftj 
 Thi ^ nave many fa 
 yen jmous : alfo laij 
 big as f.iiall lo'^T.ers 
 (he end of their tails, 
 niies with pleature 
 
 Loci ifls are ve.y ii 
 [.reat dellrudion am 
 
 The millepedes, 
 and though their llii 
 the f'corj ions, yc i! 
 fome time. 
 
 Among the infeifk 
 the lir^e ants, whic 
 the .\()rld. Ihefe 
 fome are white, oth 
 are very rapacioas, 
 flicep, which, in a i 
 perfect Ikeleton, !ea 
 I aes. Fowls and 
 fute ; and even rats, 
 not able to efcape. 
 attac'icd by the anti 
 they gather in tuch 
 overpower hiin ; no 
 futiiciently formidal 
 nient place, when 
 in a (hprt rime, reti 
 wiiterftys, " If tl 
 guage (as many be 
 ' have fome method i 
 I experienced in th 
 two or three ftragg! 
 a cock-roach, and tl 
 found what it was, 
 other one (laid and 
 comrade returned 
 they found themfel 
 detached a ("ccom 
 
 The gnats arc am 
 near woods aiul m 
 Iharp, and raile 
 violent pain. T 
 ami frcqiieiitlv ob 
 habitations. 
 
 P 
 
 Perj'-.is, Di/pqfitiiOts 
 ployment, Miifi 
 Diticrjions, Difei 
 ties, CUiJjss, Gov 
 with an Enemy, 
 Coaft. 
 
 1"'HE natives of 
 amitldling ft 
 have fparkling eye 
 Their teeth are vei 
 1 heir lips are red, 
 habitants in the oth 
 flioiiklered, have 
 fingers. They aat 
 
II, aiici ihc-cfh-c 
 liiitc, ami vc:» 
 
 as aic likewlic 
 Theic aic .il|„ 
 noil oilier tOLii- 
 
 '.s nature, tliere 
 :3. '1 lit- toriiUT 
 
 s, romcolwliicli 
 licrce ai it hm- 
 ai, calk'! i)V riv,* 
 
 xtore ilicy t.i' s 
 uurc i,iL- aiiii!i;il 
 the bcucr will 1;^ 
 Ik- civiJUslar^ci,. 
 ic ti.ec coniii'n 
 land? iliat lie bt: 
 
 '., ..J VVhlLil l.!.^ 
 
 arc, ill gcnci^:, 
 ;eth are rcnurka- 
 
 ibniuch ;hai tl,; i- 
 angcroiis Iniki'. 
 attlictiKT.iy, aiil 
 tiics prove (.itr.i. 
 ircat delicacy. 
 
 this part o! th; 
 :, that rcnuukiibL- 
 m-or: gcntra;!;.- 
 dis laid to be li c 
 
 I'liis animal is i. 
 vcl above rvc:;! ■ 
 y diipropmi. tit :, 
 ,nds. I'he hail ci' 
 olo'.ir, but ii).-.t ft' 
 
 wool than li.iir. 
 
 climbs liie rrv.nk 
 s an hallow from 
 c from the groun.i. 
 1 arc generally tw.) 
 fuckles lit;- yoiir^ 
 though that pcrii d 
 Ihe becomes aliiioli 
 ble to cr.uv! aiiu 
 ranches ot ihctr'.r, 
 f one and tiicnano- 
 d, they an: obliged 
 journey, however, 
 nc in, perforni:tig ; 
 1 goDtl condition .n 
 [ion, yet, bttorehe 
 Its as poor and lean 
 or at any diltance, 
 irncy, lie inevitably 
 travelling Jlowly 0:1 
 i dcv(/jr It, tur II a 
 acked, only inakts 
 'I'lie charactcriUns 
 I its having the fore 
 three claws en each 
 
 red animal called by 
 
 k. them on the he:M, 
 
 uui eat their fleth, 
 
 nd |ialai:d)le. li m 
 
 1 not hurt any thii'i'. 
 
 r. with its tonj^i.t, 
 
 ous. 
 
 ■eature, uui gn-.M:/ 
 
 inoHeiifive. 
 
 ks iiiu! lull-, jjci^i'', 
 
 e vrikl (')i t aic iH il> 
 
 belides which tiiey 
 
 • , ringnKives, L:. 
 
 [.arryts, parioqoc ■, 
 
 ArU'CA.] 
 
 G IT I N P, A. 
 
 m 
 
 ta!»les, kites, green birds, and fcvcral otliTs peculiar 
 to this country. ^ 
 
 The b'.ft birds lice for ufe are the wihl dmks, 
 whit hare very pi luitiil, and little int'erio' to thole of 
 Kii:ope. There ait alfo va.ioui kinds of finnll birds, 
 ! me of which arc exceeding beautiful. 
 
 The crown biid found oiithiscoall is more beautiful 
 dianihofe in the other parts of Guinea. They are about 
 the (i/e of a llork, ana receive their name from a la' ge 
 (lift that (^rows on their heads, fonie of which arc itil, 
 others Mue, and fome of i (liining j^old. Their bodies 
 are t''. 'ly covered with black feathess; th'" fuks of 
 their ds are beautified w'h pi. rplc I i^'^s ; aid the 
 fea'hi if their- -ings and tails are c, dffTcrein colours, j( 
 as rei', oik. >v, white, and bla k. Their tails arc very jl 
 loiiir, i .d the Negroes ;^'uck their feathers to ornament 
 thei . ads. 
 
 T'. 'JoUl L.V. 'ft abounds with reptiles and infefts. 
 Th> > nave many fnakes, fome of which are large and 
 vcn jmous : alio large fcorpior^ lome of which arc as 
 big as I'.nall Ic'^lers, !■.,. ui;^ . bladder lull of poifoii at 
 the end of their tails, which rhey difchargc at their ene- 
 mies with plealurc 
 
 Locuflsare ve.y numeroushere, and fometimcs make 
 J. rent dcllriiL'lion among the corn .uui vegetables. 
 
 I'hc millepedes, or hog- lice, are very numerous; 
 and though their lliiig is not fo dangerous as that of 
 the fcori ions, ye; it occafions a very fliarp pain for 
 fome time. 
 
 Among the infefts here the mod remarkable are 
 the lirjic ants, which dilfer from ihofe in other parts of 
 the Aorld. 7hefe are of various forts and colours : 
 foiiic are white, others black, and fome red. They 
 are very rapacio.is, and will fometimcs attack a I'-'ng 
 fliccp, which, in a night's time, they will reduce to ■• 
 
 rerfect ikeleton, leaving not tlu, leafl thing except the 
 aes. Fowls and ciiickens hei)ULPtly ihare the fame 
 fjte ; and even rats, though I'ucli a^ive :inimals, are 
 not able to elcape. As foon as one of thefe animals is 
 attac'ied by the ants, his dellrudion is at hand ; for 
 they giither in Inch prodigiou^: numlicrs tliat thej- foon 
 overpower him ; nor will they quit him till they are 
 futilciently formidable to carry him oft' to fome conve- 
 nient plac J, when they immediately fall to work, and, 
 in a rtifirt rime, reduce it to a mere fkeleton. A late 
 writer fays, " If thefe little animals have not a lan- 
 guage (as many believe they have), yet they certainly 
 > have fome method of communicating their thoughts, as 
 I experienced in the following manner : when 1 law 
 two or three ftraggling ants on the l.vi..r, 1 would kill 
 a cock-roach, and throw it in their w<,y. A.s foon as they 
 found what it was, they lent away for h;lp, while the 
 other one ftaid and watched the dead body, till their 
 comrade returned at the head of a large polfe, who, if 
 they found themfelves too few to carry off the prize, 
 detacheil a fccond melfenger for a reinforcement." 
 
 The gnats arc another plague on this coaft:, efpecially 
 near woods and marlliy grounds. They lling very 
 lliarp, and raife prodigious fwellings, attended with 
 violent pain. They are moll troublelome in the night, 
 ami frequently oblige the iniiabitants to defert their 
 habitations, 
 
 Ptrfons, Bifpojttions, PuiUbi^s, Funiittire, Diet, Em- 
 ployment, Mitryioj^e Ceremoiiies, Mechanual Skill, 
 Divcrjhns, Difeaj'a, Funenil and Religious Solcmiii' 
 lies, Clajjis, Government, Weapons, Alode of en^^tiging 
 wit/.' tin Enemy, isfc. tfc of the Natives of the Gold 
 Coaft, 
 
 1''HE natives of the Gold Couft are, in general, of 
 a middling ftature, and well proportioned. They 
 have fparkling eyes, fmall ears, and lolty eye-brows. 
 Their teeth are very white, and tolerably well ranged. 
 1 heir lips are red, and not fo thick as thole of thein- 
 h.ibitants in the other parts of Guinea. They arc broad- 
 fliouldered, have large arms, thick hands, ar.d long 
 tingci'S. They aauiai lUer boUici every uii^ruing with 
 
 1 
 
 palm-oil, fo that their A.!n is iety fmcoth «nd flcek ; 
 [lut cxciufivc of this, ihey conftdcr that practice BS veiy 
 wholeto!.:c, and a prefcrvative from vermin, which 
 they are n;ituially apt to breed. 
 
 In (laturt the women are rather fliortcr than |h4 men, 
 but very Itraighr \nd well-proportioned : they l-.avc fin? 
 fparkling eves, fmall mouths, and bcavuifu! teeth i 
 tlieir noles are in general high, and .1 little crooked c 
 and they have all long curling hair, 'i'hey are good 
 houlcwives, very cleanU' in their perfons, and have *jt- 
 cel'eiu conditutions. They are naturally t'obcrand in- 
 dutlrious, but proud, artful, and covetous. 
 
 1 he men in general have excellent memories, and 
 are very quick of apprthenlion, but are naturally (loth- 
 ful and indolent, fo that they are only induftriousfroni 
 leceffity. Thole of confequencc walk with their eye* 
 fixed on the ground, ieldom looking about, or taking 
 notice of any one, except it be a perlon of higher rank ) 
 but to their inferiors they (hew futh contempt, that 
 thty will not even deign to fpcak to them. 
 
 They are generally very complaifant ro ftrangers, 
 pay great relpeift to the iMiropeans in i>artitular, and 
 arc highly pleafed with their .uxultomed civiltties. 
 
 There is adiftind ion in their drefs according to rank ; 
 but tluu of the women isfar luperior to that of the men. 
 The lower tlafs wear only a piece of cloth round the 
 wailV, and another between the thighs, frdened with a 
 
 girdle. The garments of the bef' 
 of linen, filk, or Huff' ; they ar 
 long, folded rounil the waill, 
 down to their ancles. They il 
 of forms, decorate it with d 
 ornaments in their ears, r ■ .1 
 their arms and legs, 
 
 1 heir habitations in tb" nl r 
 and more uniform, that 
 their villages are (o conl' 
 in the center of which i: 
 
 U '. 
 
 u I. 
 
 are compofed 
 
 "oor three ells 
 
 • nds hanging 
 
 tr in a variety 
 
 . ^ts, and wear 
 
 ii'.xks, and on 
 
 lip .,rt are much better, 
 jfe on I'le coaft. Some of 
 J IV -o form narrow lanes, 
 '. .en place, adapted not 
 only as a market for the .1 -■ of provilions and other 
 cominuditi'.s, but alfo as a place of liiverfion for the 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The dwellings of the better fort aie built of tlve fame 
 materials as tliofe of the common people, but are more 
 lofty and fpacious. 
 
 The houfes in general have fmall huts adjoining to 
 them, moft of which are divided into different apart- 
 ments, by partitions made of rullies, bound clofe toge- 
 ther : thefe apartments are adapted for their wives, each 
 woman having one to herlelt. 
 
 Each fam.ily has a granary or ftore-houfb without the 
 town, where thty keep their wheat, millet, and other' 
 grain. 
 
 A few ftools, fome earthen pots to hold water and 
 drefs victuals, and a few fmall wooden cups, are the 
 whole of their furniture. The poorer fort have only a 
 mat to lie on, which they fpread on the ground, and 
 fome of them cover themfelves with the Ikinsof beads. 
 The better fort ufe quilts made of rufhcs, on which 
 they lay a line mat with a bolder, and by it keep a large 
 kettle w iih w ater to walh them. They all keep a good 
 fire in their bed-room, to prefcrve them againft the 
 dmp of the rainy fealbn, and always Lay with their feet 
 towards it. 
 
 As to their diet, they prefer either flefh or fifti thac 
 dinks, to that which is fweetand wholefome. Their 
 common food is a pot full of millet boiled to the con- 
 fidence of bread ; or, indeaduf tliat, yams and pota- 
 toes, over which thty pour a little palm oil, and mi.t 
 with it fome herbs, and a fmall quantity of linking filh. 
 They take up their viduals with theit lingers, and eat 
 it very greedily. They lay it on a mat on the ground, 
 and fit crofs-legged, leaning on one (ide, or elfewith 
 both their leg; under fquaiting on their heels. The 
 hufband generally e.its alone in his own hut, and his 
 wives fepuraiely in theirs, exce|jH by chance, when h« 
 invites his chief wife, or pays a vitit to thai which is his 
 greateft favourite. 
 
 The 
 
 .r 
 
 i^ >-\ 
 
 #■ 
 
A NFAV, ROYAL and Al' I lENTIC SV^tEM of UNMVERSAL r.F.OGRAPnY. 
 
 
 340 
 
 Tin* ocoipiiions of' the men arc ttadinf,, filhing, or 
 making palm wine, great ly.i.mtitics o!" which arc every 
 day lolil at tht- markets ; a'h\ the profits tliey get from 
 their labour tlify give to tiicir wives, wli" ililpufe i>t 
 it with great fVii^alit;'. 
 
 The women are chiefly eii\ployc(l in proviiling tor 
 the family, tindtr tl>c ilired'lion of the pi incipal wife. 
 The firil tiiinu, tlicy atitiul to, in the article of diet, is 
 to mike lircan. 
 
 The tcrcmonies of ih;ir marriages are, in general, 
 the fame as thtife all along the whole (iuinea Coalh 
 Thole attendant on their dmii^luers when tiiey are too 
 young ro cftnl'ummue, areas follow. On the day ap- 
 pointed for the wedding, all the kindred on lioih lides 
 meet at the h<nile of the bride's father, where an elegant 
 <'ntertain(nent is provided. In tiie evening the bride is 
 taken to the bridegroom's hoiile, and put into her hut- 
 l>and'3 bed between two women, where Ihe remains ill 
 l»ipht. This ceremony is repeated three fiiccefl'ive 
 niglii', after which the bride is lent back to her father's 
 hotilc, and there kept till (lie is of age to conliimmat .. 
 Some of the men here have from twenty to thirty 
 wives ; for the greater the number the more they are 
 rcfpe>-led : but the common fort have feldom more 
 than ten. 
 
 Their cliildrcnare naturally of lb (tron^^ a conditi:- 
 tion, that little care is required in nurfing them. The 
 poorer lore of women fallen them to their l->acks wlicn 
 they go to their daily labour, and fuckic them at dif- 
 feren"; times, by raihng them tip to their llioulders, and 
 turniniT their breath over to tiiem. They take great 
 pains in .valhing ihemeverv niglitand morning, wlien 
 they nib them well with paliu-cil, which makes their 
 joints flexible, and gre.itly taciiitates tlicir growth. 
 They goquite naked till thev are ten or twel e years of 
 age, when they wear a kitul of clout failcned rouiul the 
 middle. When they arrive at that age, the father takes 
 the Iwvs under his care, and brings tlitm up to his own 
 btilinels. The girls are taught to weave bnikets, mats, 
 caps, purl'es, and other things ; as aMo to grind corn, 
 b::ke bread, aad carry it to market tor llile. 
 
 '1 be boy are chiefly brought up tofilhingor agricid- 
 ti.ic .; but tome of them arc put totr-ides, the principal 
 of winch are Imitiis, carpenters, and goldliniths. 
 
 Some of them arc good potters, having learnt that 
 art from the FotTiiguele. T'hoMgh their earthen- wate 
 is thin, ytt it is very fubtlantia!, and equally good for 
 iil« as any maile in Kiirope. 
 
 The nativi- are fond of dancing, and liave a great 
 variety of muiical inllruments, all which they make 
 tlumlllvr'. 
 
 Dancing is a diierfi m l'> univerfally admired by boih 
 lexes, that it is the cuftom tor them ro aii'cmble every 
 evening at the marker-placc tor that purpofc. On thele 
 occafions they drcis theniielves in their beft attire. The 
 women have a number o;' ('mall l)ells hanging at their 
 feet and legs :''id the men cayy Imall fans in their 
 hands, rnadeot the tails of elephants of hoifes. Thole 
 who compole the tlanceiJiivitle into couples oppcfitcto 
 each other, and the dance commences by their thiow- 
 ing themf'elvts into many wild ridiculous ))olbires, ad- 
 vancing and retreating, knping, flamping on the 
 groiinil, bowing their heads to each other as they [lafs, 
 and muttering fome tlrange noif'e. The men then Ibike 
 each odicr alternately witji ilitir fans, and the women 
 lav laige ciicies of Ihaw on the ground, intowhi.h 
 tiiey lirif jump, and dance roind ihem, then throw 
 them up mto the air, and catch them with their hands. 
 Thus they divert themfelves for about an Iiour, when 
 they break up rhc dance, and a'turn to their refpetfUve 
 liatiitations. In lomc towns they hive public ilances, 
 inltitutcd by order of their kings, which arc held ain- 
 nually foreii^ht fiicceOive days, when people of both 
 t'exes retort to it from ;.ll parts of thccountry. 'I.iis i' 
 called the ilancing Icalbn, and the greatcll mirth an<l 
 fellivity is prelerved dining the whole of its continuance. 
 Unwholefb-ne as is ihe climate iiere, the natives are 
 troubled witii fevv dit'cafes. That with which they are 
 
 moft afllitlrd is the canker, or fl^m-worm, already do- 
 Icribtit. The otlar diilempcis are t!ie bicsveiurc.! 
 the he.ul ach, and I -vers : tint thefe latl they think liidc 
 of, as they are in general very eallly curivl by co npu- 
 fiiions made of herbs and other timpl.s. 
 
 As they never keep any account of time, tluirartf 
 cannot be afcertained. VVhen they l>egin to deniiu 
 their colour fades, and icl'es a ^rcaz part of its Llrk- 
 iiefs : the hair tin ns grey and the Ikiii «riiikled. lln; 
 women, in [larti^ular, h.4>«. the luutl dilaj^rcti'il^ 
 alpc'U. 
 
 On tlicdcMth of nny ot.e, the relarion' and fiieniis 
 immedi.itely aliemble, and, furrminding the toip.'c, 
 exprcfsthc molt hiqieous lanuntations. Tliey then '.1 ij 
 tiie body in an old cotton clotli, anil pur ii into a col. 
 fin made of the bark of a tree, covermg the face over 
 Willi the I'cin of a goit. In iliis mannerilicy c\|) iliii 
 In the open air tor hnlf a day, the favourite wife lUiui^ 
 b/ it all the time, am! rubl/ing the face witli a v.ilj) ,,; 
 Ihaw. If the dcccafcd is a >-(nnan, the hulbiiul iiU, 
 tfi^' fame cerenionits. I"'uiing this time the near.i! 
 relations appointed on rhc occafion ling mouriituilj, 
 and beai their brafs bafons, till the boarcr>come tu iv- 
 move the !)')dy, and every thing is re.idy for tliepr . 
 celllon. In the interim, liowcver, an old womai" ij.je* 
 from houfc l<^ honl'e, am.! colkits lb:iiething for the tu- 
 neral charges, towards which every perlbn in the town 
 or village is obliged la contribute m proportion to 
 their circumilances. Witij the money thus colleclvj 
 thvy purchafc a cow or an ox, which tliey pretuif u 
 th: pricff for pci forming the functions of his oliiie. 
 This beai^ the prielf fati dices, and fprinkles thetciilli 
 oFthe dece.'.tci! with its blood, whicli with thcin ii cni- 
 lidered as a [iropitiatory oileiiug lor t!.e dead. I'lio 
 previous cereironics fini:hed, the coipfc is l.ud on a 
 l)oard, and tb.e company ting and dance round it foi » 
 Hiorttime ; after vdiich it is carried to the grave hy 
 nifti ; but only vomeu are liift'ered to attend a* 
 mourners. The chi-f or favov. rite wife wall;;; iiiinit- 
 diaiely after the corple ; ai\diftlicdccealedbc a woman, 
 thehufband only fulloi.'.sit, no other man being pc.- 
 mitted to attc'id. Wh.n iliey coiutito the place of ia- 
 termcnr, the body is in mediately hud in the grave, 
 which is generally made about four feet deep : it is in- 
 ch, l::d with tlakes, and over it they lailc.i ihcd or cover- 
 ing, l"o that neither rain nor bcalts call come near it. 
 Wl-.en the body is ilep.'>lited, the women creep bene itli 
 this (hcil, and renew tlicir l;uiicntations by way uf 1 
 cop.clulivc farewel. They then raife a f'quarc lieaji if 
 earth over the body, on which they lay the prinnp..! 
 tools and inllrumcius iii'ed 1,'y the deceale.l in hi' life- 
 time, as alio his diiihcs and weapons. The tiieniii of 
 the defuniit alfo bring t'.icir gifts, which they either l.i) 
 in the grave, ^r place over it, as tokens of tluir 
 afTecfion. 
 
 On the death t>f a king, all his fubje«.'\s cxpreis the 
 n^od exce!fi-te lamentation; and as his condition and 
 dignity requires great attendance, he is provided uiili 
 Icrvants, not only to accompany liim in his journey, I uc 
 a'fo to wait on him in the other world. To ellea I'.iis 
 each of his graiulcts, or chief men, prclentshim wit!i a 
 flavc ; others give him one of their wives, and fome 
 oneof their cliildreti ; fo that there is always 1 corili- 
 derabic !Uind)er, who arc all facriiiccd previous to tic 
 interment of the royal coi ^ife. The perl"ons thus li - 
 ligncdfor vidims are Cidriared by ftr.uagcm; tor,om:u- 
 day appointed for the funeral, I'ley are lent on a pri- 
 tcndcd en and to Itjme leinc.te place, where people 
 chofen for the purpole lie in wait, anil calily dit'pitJi 
 tlieni. Their bodies arc lirouglu to the palace aud 
 publicly expoled, as a tellimony ot'the great ret'pt^rt m 
 wliich the king was held Uy his llibjects. After tin* 
 they are befmeairil witii blood, and carried with ilie 
 royal corpfi,- in great foleiniiity to ihj grave, wliii Ii li 
 pievioufly made in a wood, or lomeoiher place eqiiai- 
 ly private. Their bodies only, however, are iiULiicd ; 
 for their heads arefevcred oil', and tixctl on polci round 
 the grave, which is conl'.dcied as a very lionourahle 
 
 ornanuut. 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 ornament. Bcfidet t\ 
 
 requell to be facrificct 
 
 in the fame grave, in 
 
 other world. They b 
 
 weapons, with furh <> 
 
 viliiable; and near il 
 
 tuning viftualsand d 
 
 as ihey find them cmp 
 
 The negroes on tlv 
 
 ters. Every one ha^ 
 
 pav the greatcll revet 
 
 of'diftcrent things, : 
 
 fome have the tooth 
 
 civet-cat ; others hav 
 
 the head of a fowl, < 
 
 bone of a f(h, the ci 
 
 cords rn.ade of theb.ir 
 
 jj fo great, that what 
 
 form inthcllridcll tv 
 
 of ab.linence and m( 
 
 1 here are fetitlies t 
 
 are generally fome la 
 
 which if any perfon I 
 
 disfigure, they wouli 
 
 Each village has alfo 
 
 common expcncc, tc 
 
 nerits; and firthisp 
 
 lie place, a kind of a! 
 
 with a roof of palrri 
 
 general, from the hi| 
 
 violably and unrc''" 
 
 obieibof their adon 
 
 The negroes trcm 
 
 whom they afcribe al 
 
 terrified at his n.tme 
 
 injuries they receive 
 
 annual cullom of ba 
 
 village throughout t 
 
 The two grand d 1 
 
 they call the boflum 
 
 latter is always oi 
 
 and devout nefs. 
 
 The natives of tl 
 degrees or clalles. 
 cond their nobility 
 gidrates, their pr 
 welfare of the city 
 mults as ntay arile 
 arc the common pe 
 ing, &c. And th 
 are either fold bv 1 
 come fo by povcit 
 The difterent ki 
 of monarchies ot 
 ral, hereditarv, b 
 Their chief juft 
 as republics, aie 1 
 luofl; wealthy, am 
 and vill.igcs. Th 
 criminal cafes, bi 
 timate, as the pari 
 Offences of a ci 
 A murderer, inde 
 feldom any one is 
 himfelf, or frieml 
 he fullers. In the 
 palled he is deliyi 
 him, and tics his 
 leads him to fome 
 makes him kneel 
 when he thrulls a 
 lie cuts off his he, 
 body into four p.u 
 the air. 
 
 Robber^' is ufu 
 
 goods, and payin 
 
 lion to the value I 
 
 llaiicts of the perl 
 
 No. 
 
AFRICA.] 
 
 GUINEA. 
 
 i4t 
 
 ornnment. Hefi'^ei tliefc, the king's fhvouritf wives 
 riT.tiell to befanifiieJ, tliiU they may lit laid with hini 
 in the (vne gMve, in orilcr to accompany him in the 
 other world. They bury alio u ith liim his clothes and 
 ni-apons, with furli other thinp,; as he ellcenied nioft 
 viliiablc ; and near ilie grave they place veflcls con- 
 nining viifliials and drink, which they change as often 
 as they riml tlicm empty. 
 
 The negroes on tlic (i'ld Coaflarc in general idola- 
 ters. F.vcry one ha« a tetil!i or charm, to which they 
 pav the grcatcll reverence. '! heic fetillusarc toinied 
 of diftcrent things, accordinp; to each pertbn's tancy : 
 fome have the tooth of a dog, tyger, elephant, or 
 civet-cat; others liave an eg^, the hone of fome liird, 
 tlie head of a fowl, ox or goat ; and >>thers again, the 
 bone of a fih, the end of a rani's horn, or a bunch oi 
 cords made of the I 'ark of trees : their regard for them 
 is i'o great, that whatever tlic- promife them tiiey per- 
 form in theihidcll manner, and that in cvciy inl'ance 
 of abilmence and monitii-ation. 
 
 1 here are fetilbes common to each kingdom : thefe 
 arc generally fome largj mountain or remarkable uee, 
 which if any perfon Ihould be fo indifcreet as to cut or 
 disfigure, they wouUl be put to the moil cruel death. 
 Each village has alfo its guardian fetiih, drell'cd at the 
 common expcncc, to which they pray for general be- 
 nefits ; and f >r this patron they crcft, in the mod pub- 
 jir place, a kindofaltirmade 'vith reeds, and covered 
 witii a roof of palm leaves. In a word, they are, in 
 general, from the higheft to the loweft dais, molt in- 
 violably and unrc'""rvedly attached to the particular 
 obicvfh of their adoration. 
 
 The negroes tremble at ti-.e idea of the devil, to 
 whom they afcribe all their mistc: tunes ; and are even 
 terrified at Iiis nantc. Such are their notions of the 
 injuries they receive troni tiiis ticnd, tint tliey have an 
 annual cvdlom of banilhing him from every town and 
 village throughout the refpeAive iliftricls. 
 
 The two grand days of worlhip in the week arc whar 
 they call the bofl'um day and the fetiih day : but the 
 latter is always obfcrved with the gteatc'l ceremony 
 and devoutnels. 
 
 The natives of the Gold Coafl are divided into five 
 degrees or dalles. The firft are their Kings. The fe- 
 cond their nobility. The third may be called civil ma- 
 giftrates, their province being only to take care of the 
 welfare of the city or village, and to appe.ilc llich tu- 
 mults as may arite among the inhabitants. The fourth 
 are the common people, employed in agi icidture, Hlh- 
 ing, &c. And the fitth and lall are, the (laves, who 
 are either fold bv their relations, taken in war, or be- 
 come fo by poverty. 
 
 The different kingdoms arc governed cither in form 
 of monarchies or republics. The kings arc, in gene- 
 ral, hereditarv, but fome few of them cledive. 
 
 Their chief juftitcs or Judges, as well in kingdoms 
 as republics, arc commonly chof'en from among the 
 mofl wealthy, and particularly the governors of towns 
 and vill.iges. Theli; take cognizance of all civil and 
 criminal cafes, but their decilion is not ablolutely ul- 
 timate, .as the parties can appeal to the king. 
 
 Ottcnces of a criminal nature are punilhcd by fine. 
 A murderer, indeed, is fentenced to death ; but it is 
 fcldom any one is executed, for if he has either efleL'ts 
 himfelf, or friends to pay the line, l.e cfcapes ; if not 
 he I'utlers. In the latter cafe, as loon as lentence is 
 pafled he is delivered to the executioner, who blinds 
 him, and tics his bunds behind him ; after which he 
 leads him to Ibmc field without ihi. town, where he 
 makes him kneel down, bending his head forward, 
 when he tiirulls a fpear through his body. This done 
 he cuts oir his head with a hatcher, and dividing the 
 t)ody into four parts leaves it expofed to the birds ot 
 the air. 
 
 Robbcrv' is ufually piuiilhed by a reftoration of the 
 poutis, and paying a fine, which is levied in piop>r- 
 ti jn to the value of the goods liolen, and the circuni- 
 llanets of the perfoii who commits the f.i^t. 
 
 No. 
 
 11- 
 
 On this nart of the roafl the crime of adulterv h 
 pumihed only by fine ; for which realbn many women, 
 by confent of titeir hufband;. bellow their favours 
 merely to take advantage of tlinfc wh'^h.avc been cap- 
 tiv.ucd by tluir charms. A late traveller, fpcakingof 
 this circuinrtancc, fays, " Tlu-fe men are tnily con- 
 tented cuckolds, who give their wives full Older- toen- 
 tice other men into their embraces ; which done, thofe 
 Ihe devils in-.mcdiatcly tell their hulbmds, who know 
 very welili )w to lleecct'ie amorous I p:!-!;. 
 
 It is impoflible to Ct^nccive what iubtilties they ufc 
 to draw men, but efpfcially llrangprs, into the net. 
 To the later they will pretend that thev have no huf. 
 bands, and ;ue yet imitiariied and free ; but the fact is 
 no fooncr over, than the hulband appears, and gives 
 thtm cogent re.ifons to repent fhcir credulity. 
 
 In cales cl adulter}- the inland negroes aie n\orc ri- 
 gid in exading the penalty than thofe of the coaft. 
 Nothing lefs, in general, than life v/ill latisfy the party 
 oflcndcd ; though the punilhment is fometitnes miti- 
 gated by virtue of ati enormous pecuniary confidcra- 
 tion. 
 
 In cafes of damage the negroes are refponfiblc not 
 only ior their children, but alio their rchitmns, who in 
 luch cafes help one an.-ther by a mutual contribution, 
 cadi givin;' lomeihing towards the fine, according tj 
 iiis cir' iimlrances, otherwiicrthe ollender would be con- 
 demiud either to flavery or death. In like maniiet 
 eyerv man is o!)liged to make good the injury done by 
 iiis llave ; for whatever crime he commits his ma.":cr 
 iriull pay the fine impoled. In general the fine is pio- 
 portiuned to the circumftanccs of the criminal. 
 
 Contentions frequently break out among the diffe- 
 renr princes of this coa!!:, on wliich occalions war is 
 form.ally declared, anil the kings, by their governors, 
 appoint a day for their fubjects to atfcmble in arms. 
 I his being done, a herald is fentto denounce it to the 
 enemy, at the fame time fixing the day, place, and 
 hour of battle. The grandees, or nobles, then repair 
 to com t, anc* after complimenting the king proceed to 
 the war, taking witli tliem their wives and families ; 
 and if the motives of the quarrel be cr^at, before ihcy 
 let our they deftroy their houles and towns, that the 
 enemy, if victorious, may gain the lefs advantage of 
 their conqiicll. 
 The kings have a great number of guards, who co.n- 
 
 home or in tlie 
 arms, and make 
 a moll forntidable appearance. 
 
 Th'.y arc very dcxterou:; in the ufe of their warlike 
 im;ilemehts, whethei ntulCjiicts, I'abres, larlces, or 
 Ihii'kb, or bows and arrows, and art either on the 
 ofFenlivc or defenlive in a very poweriul manner. 
 
 In battle they engage their enemy without paying 
 the lead attention to order : each commander has his 
 men dole together in a crowd, himfelf being hid in 
 the inidll of them, and in this manner thev engage 
 one heap of men agaiiiil another. In cafe a few ate 
 killed the reil immediately run a'vay, unleis i'uiround- 
 eti by the en:.my ; and fo natural is cowardice to them, 
 that when (I'le olficci tees another enthralled, inileadof 
 advancing to afTill him, he confults only his own fafety 
 by a fpecdy flight. They do not dand upright in bat- 
 tle, but iloop that the bullets rnay fly over their heads : 
 as ibon as they have dirdiarged theii guns they imnie- 
 tliatdyrun back to load them, and then return and re- 
 lume the fire. 
 
 The victorious party make as many priloners as they 
 can, which is the chief end •■i all their wars. Thole 
 who cannot railc their raiiroui are either kept or fold 
 as flaves : if a perlon of rank is taken he is well fe- 
 cured, and his ranfom is iixcd very high ; but if tlie 
 perfon who occalioned the war falh into their hands, 
 they will not admit of any ranlbm, for he is put to 
 death, as tlie moll di'edual means of preventing his 
 railing any fjture ruptures. 
 
 When a treaty of peace is agreed on, the contend- 
 ing princes engage to meet each other on a certain day, 
 4 R to 
 
 I l>.int!y .attend their perfons either at I 
 field. Thefe are well furnillicd with a 
 
S4» AMFAV, ROTAL and AUTIILNTIC SYSTF.M oi INIVLRSAI. fJEUfjRAPHT. 
 
 him, aiul wa< r«ai|y tofci7.c!iiint when, to Uie m;-i'i 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 
 to nrocl.iiin tlieir iletcrmiiiatinns. The place is gene- 
 r.illy a large open pl.iin, anil catli pirty appears as iJ 
 armtJ lor luttle, brint!;in^ with them their ictiflif-. 
 Thepritlh, who are always the principal pcoph. in 
 all tlift'c ccrcinonici, make the chicts Iwcar rt<.i- 
 procaliy to cealc iiolHliii(s, to forirct what has pallnl, 
 and, as a fcturity ior ihcir profiles, ut g,ivc nuitual 
 hollag-js. As 11)011 as tlulc o.uhs arc taken, the ilium s 
 anil mimpcti. bci;iu to found, the panics throw down 
 their arms, and embrace each other with the grcaicll 
 cordiality: after \iliich they pals the remainder ofilic 
 day in linking iiul d.incing, and commerce is tciicwed 
 as it no quarrel had happened. 
 
 Fi j'jincei Mill Kiii^^'lpMs i^f tht Gnld CoaJI, StltUmtnti of 
 the I'jin'peiins. 
 
 XlM is a kingdom very fertile, and particularly 
 e, whicn is the ftaplt commodity. 
 
 A. 
 abounds m rice 
 
 Near the eliief vill.ige, called Ackombone, is the 
 
 Dutch Fort of St. Antlu)ny. The drcfs, cuftoms, 
 
 manners, relif^ion, &c. of the natives, arc the fame 
 
 «.s '1 1 the Gold Coafl in (^eneial. 
 
 Fredericklburg, about feven leagues diftant from 
 Axiui, is a large and handfome fort, likewife belong- 
 ing to the DutcTi. A confidcrable traffic is carried on 
 here in gold, ivory, and (laves. This furt is well known 
 by the name of Conny's Gallic, which it obtained fiom 
 the following circumllanccs. ^Vhen thePruffians, who 
 were fidl polJcHed of it, left the Coalt of Guinea, they 
 committed the care of the fort to one John Conny, a 
 black, with (Irid orders not to deliver it up to any na- 
 tion but the Piulfians. Soon after their arrival in I'.u- 
 rope, the king of Prutfia fold all his intercft on the Co:ill 
 of Guinea to the Dutch India Company, there being 
 another fort belonging to him fuuatcd upon Cape Tin <.e 
 Points. 
 
 When the Dutch came to demand this fort, John 
 Conny refufcd to deliver it up to them, which [iroduced 
 a war that continued for fomc years, and coft the Dutch 
 much money, and a great deal of bloodlhed. On the 
 Other hand, Conny, flulhcd with his repeated viclories 
 over the Dutch, became a mortal enemy to them, and 
 coiifidcrcd them in the moft obno.xious light ; to fliew 
 which he had a fmall path, that led from the outer gate 
 to the inner apartment of his caille, paved with the 
 Ikulls of Dutchmen who were (lain in battle ; and, as a 
 farther mark of contempt, he had one (kull tipped with 
 (ilver, which he ufed as apunch-boul. However, in 
 1724 he was completely conquered, when he lied into 
 tile country, and the Dmch took pofleirion of'thc tort, 
 in whole h.uuls it hai ever (incc continued. 
 
 A few liMgues from Cape Three Points, or Cape 
 Puntas, lb called from its conlilling of three little heads 
 or hills lying contiguous to eacii other, is a fmall tort 
 called Dorothea, taken from the Prulfians by the 
 Dutch, who Hill retain it. 
 
 In the mountainous parts of Anta, a country extend- 
 ing near twenty mile-) from call to weft, there are jircat 
 numbers of elephantb and tigers, which often infelt the 
 I'.iiropean forts, ami not only terrify the inhabitants, 
 but detlroy their cattle. Bofman, who was chief factor 
 of a fettlement the French once had at Sakkundi, gives 
 a lingvilar relation of the audacity of one of thele ani- 
 mals, which, as a matter of curiofity, we (liall prefervc 
 in his own words : " Some of my Ihctp (fays he), as 
 Will as thofc of my neiglibour the Englifli fador, were 
 leverd nights devoured by a tiger, which at lad grew 
 Co bold, tiuu he came at three in the aiternoon to the 
 lodge, and killed a couple of Iheep. Perceiving him 
 in time, I went accom[ianied by my gunner, two Eng- 
 lilhmen, and a party of Negroes, all armed sviihmuf- 
 qucts, in purfuit of him, and loon overtook him, tho' 
 not before he h.ad got intoalJnallthicketof luiderwood, 
 which we Ik let, 'I'he gunner went into ilie thicket to 
 lee when Jic lurked, but in a few minutes came running 
 back frightened almoll out of his wits, having left his 
 li.it and (Uppers behmd. Tiie tiger had even bitten 
 
 Hi 
 
 ....... ..1... "..T >'.»Mj »»/ .vi«i\. iiiiiit wiicii, n, vjie nii-i I 
 
 good fortune, the beaft happening to be atl'iigliti.l !,y 
 fomc filling branches, he retreated, and gave the uiui- 
 ner time to ef'cape. 
 
 •* One of the Lnglilhmen, impatient at waiti'i^ f^ 
 lung, relolvcd to man h into the wood with his niuiL<.i 
 it poli'ible, todiflodge him. The tiger lull'eied hinr.j 
 approach i lol'e, and then fell upon him 'vith tittn-ii.- 
 fury, Ici/ed him with his feet by the fhouhhr-bbl. 
 and li.\ing his teeth in his fide, would, doubikiV, ju,! 
 mcdia'ely have torn him to pieces, if, by ciyiu' oet 
 he h.id not drawn us tohis .iiliil.mce, which obluirdth,; 
 tiger to quit his prey : yet the man was fo iiiiK-,ah|ir 
 handled, that he lay fenfelefs about half a div, partly 
 by the \cnoni of the bite, and partly by the fright. 
 
 •* The negroes wen lo terrified at this, that ckh 
 ()uitted his poll, and gave the tiger room to elcai)c- 
 which he loon attempted, but in his flight out of tlic 
 thicket, fomething happened truly tragi-cumical. Tim 
 undufaiftorof theKnglilh fort, near which the advi.n. 
 ture happened, h.ad promifed to come to our alliilaiicc • 
 and accordingly, the very moment the tiger tjuitted the 
 wood, he advanced with his mulket in his hand at- 
 tended by kvcral of his own people ; but feeing tht ti- 
 ger making .ip to him, he ran as fall back as hibk\;i 
 would cairy him. This putting him out of breath, ami 
 beinj' grievoufly aflVighted, about a niufket-lhot tVoai 
 the fort, he fell over a llone, where the tiger had alrcjiiy 
 overtaken him. The company lloud irenibiing at a 
 dillance, looking when he would be torn in pieces ■ 
 but the beall, to their furprife, inllead of attacking liim 
 turned ort' and Hed. '1 his I .ittributed to the cry which 
 he and his followers made ; for they durll not llioot, l.e 
 llooil lb near the factory. 
 
 •* The lame tiger, however, was not deterred from 
 coming again in a few ilays after, and killing f.jine 
 fheep, which put me ujion anotlier way of trying t» 
 catch him. 1 made a ibrt of cage of llrong piles, 
 twelve feet long and four broad, laying 1000 weigiitof 
 llone on it, to prevent his breaking out above. Itur- 
 nillied it with a double plank floor, and in one of the 
 corners 1 put a leder cage, which took up one quarter of 
 the whole, with a couple of fmall hogs in it. After this 
 I fet the door like that of a r.at-trap, lb that the tiner 
 could not come in to fcize the hogs without Ihutting 
 himfelf in, while the little cage fecured the hogs from 
 his fury. 
 
 *' The (Iratagcm fuccccded fo well, th.at three nights 
 after the tiger was caught at midnight. Inllead of roar- 
 ing, as was expected, '.e immediately fet his tcetli to 
 work, and had certaii. y ".'.t his way out of liiu:,!., 
 could he have had but one lalf hour'b time; for he had 
 loon rent the inner from the outer door, andtuten ii;c 
 pallilades half through : in Ihort, I came Icafonably to 
 prevent his breaking jail. Not to dally with fruiilcfs 
 tiring, I clapped the nuizzle of my mufleet, l.iden with 
 three balls, between the pales, which the beall furioul- 
 ly catched at, and lb fiunilhed me with a hue oppor- 
 tunity of difpatching him at one (hot. He was about 
 the li/.e of a coinmon calf, well provided with large 
 teeth anil claws. 
 
 " This fuccefb furniflied the company with a feadof 
 eight days; for by the cullom of the country of Anta, 
 he who catches a tiger is privileged for eight days t') 
 lei/.e all the palniwine brought to market, witiiout 
 paying any thing. This was accordingly done, and 
 the whole eight days were Ipent by the Negroes i:i 
 (liouting, dancing, leaping, and all manner of public 
 jollit)." 
 
 In divers parts of the Gold Coaft there are forts be- 
 longing to ilitfeunt L.iiroj)i.an powers, feme of which 
 are in a great degree abandoned, and many of them in 
 a ruinous (late. There aie likewife many villages, 
 concerning which there is nothing worthy of mention. 
 
 The kingdom of Fetuis rcprefented as a fertile \>\.wi:, 
 and the inhabitant-; as deriving confidcrable advantages 
 from agriculture, and It-vei al articles of trade. In the 
 town of Elmina in thij kingdom, is the Caftlc of St. 
 
 Gcorjje, 
 
k-hcn, to Uie m,i:,"| 
 
 tobc.iHiightull.y 
 
 andgdvctlioguii- 
 
 ticnt at waiti'ij^ lo 
 >'l Willi lusiuiiiku, 
 i^,'.i riiUcicl liiiiiM 
 
 him 'vuli txt>c:i.c 
 lie IhoiiKlir-lilaili. 
 ilil, doiibtld., im! 
 
 if, by tryiu-^ oi;t, 
 
 , which ol)llir,(l the 
 I w:is Co uuiciably 
 
 half adiv, panly 
 y by the fii^lu, 
 I at this, tlut cull 
 ,cr room to iltapc, 
 IIS fliglit out of tlic 
 nigi-comical. Tiie 
 ,r which tlic adwn. 
 ic loouradilbiKc; 
 ■)ejigi-riiiii[tti,itl,t 
 -•t in his haiul, at- 
 but feeing the ti- 
 ill back, as h'n Ic^ri 
 1 out of breath, and 
 a mii(k.ct-(h()i fioiii 
 he tiger had ala-aiiy 
 oil ircnibiinc at a 
 
 be torn in putfs ; 
 id of attacking him 
 :ed to the cry which 
 'durllnot Ihoot.hc 
 
 i not deterred from 
 and killing l.jine 
 • way of tryiiiii t* 
 ;c of Itrong pilos, 
 ■■ii>g looo wtigiitof 
 ; out aljove. 1 fur- 
 , and in one of the 
 )k up or.e quarter of 
 gs in it. After thii 
 
 I, fo that the tigtr 
 ;s without Ihutting 
 :urcd the hogs from 
 
 II, tliat three nights 
 ht. Iiillead of rcjar- 
 tcly fet his tcetl. tj 
 way out of Inn;,!,, 
 ir'i time ; for he h;ui 
 door, and eaten the 
 
 came feafonabiy to 
 i dally with fuiiiUfs 
 
 nnifket, Lulen with 
 :h the bead furiout- 
 
 witli a hnc oppor- 
 lot. He was about 
 rovided with large 
 
 ipaiiy with a feaduf 
 le country of Ant.i, 
 .1 for eight days i ) 
 
 markti, wiiiiout 
 irdmgly done, and 
 jy the Negroes i.i 
 .1! manner oi public 
 
 1 there are forts bc- 
 trs, foinc of which 
 :ul many of thcni in 
 ■ifc many vdlagt^, 
 tvonhy of mention, 
 ed as a fertile place, 
 iderablc advantages 
 i;s of trade. In the 
 is the Cadlc of St. 
 
 George, 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 O U I N E A. 
 
 d4j 
 
 George, a vcrv confidcrablcand rtrongfort in the pof- 
 fefllon of the Ouich. 
 
 The mod important fortrcA belonging to the F.ng- 
 lilhon (lie CO ill of Guinea is called Cape Coall CalUe. 
 It lUnds on a large rock that projefts into the fea. It 
 was taken by the Dutch trotii the Fortuguefc, who 
 built It, and afterwards fell into the hands of the Eng- 
 lirti. 1 lie African Company, having obtained a charter 
 for it, took upon them to enlarge and improve it. On 
 this coal> there are other forts of Icfs note belonging to 
 the KngliDi. 
 
 The town of Anamvlwc is remarkable for the fol- 
 lowing circimiHance : An Knglidi captain, in the year 
 1749, went up this part of the country, with fomc ot 
 his people, to tra.^i', where Iw was introtluccd to a 
 negro king, who had 40,000 men. This prince, being 
 captivated with the polite behaviour of the Englilh, en- 
 tertained them with the greatell civility, and at lall re- 
 I>ofe<l lo much confidence in the capt*in as to entrull 
 lim with hisfon, about i8 years of age, with another 
 fprightly youth, to be brought to F.ngland, ami edu- 
 cated in the European luanner. The captain received 
 them with great joy, but they were no fooner fate in 
 Lis pofledion than he bafely fold them for flaves. In 
 a lliort time after he died, and the (hip coming to Eng- 
 land, the olticcrs related the whole affair; on which 
 the govenimcTit fent to pay their ranfom, and they 
 were brought to England, and put under the care of 
 the earl of Hallifax, who gave oiders tor cloathing and 
 educating them in a very genteel manner. They were 
 afterwards introduced to his majelly, richly drelFed in 
 the European manner. They appeared feveral times 
 at the theatres, and one night in particular at Covent- 
 Garden, to fee the tragedy of Oroonoko. They were 
 received with great applaule, which they acknowledged 
 by a genteel bow, and then took their teats in a box. 
 The light c»f perfons of their own colour on the rtage, 
 apparently in the fame diltrels from which they hail 
 been fo lately delivered ; the tender intt view between 
 Imoinda antl Oroonoko, who was betrayed by the trea- 
 chery of a captain; his account of his tutfcrings, and 
 the repeated abufe of his placability and Confidence, 
 ftrongly affeftcd them with that generous grief which 
 pure nature always feels, and which arc had not yet 
 taught them to fupprefs : in fliort, the young prince 
 was fo tar overcome, th.'.i he was obliged to retire at 
 the end of the fourth aft. His companion remained, 
 but wept the w hole time; a circumllance which affefted 
 theaudience yet more than the whole play, and doubled 
 the tears that were (lied fur Oroonoko and Imoinda. 
 
 Thefe young Africans were baptized by the reverend 
 Mr. Tcrrett, then reader ot the I'emple, who took great 
 puiiis to inllruft them in the Chridian faith. They ap- 
 peared pertei^Uy iatibfied during their day in England; 
 i)ut the young prince being delirousof teeing his royal 
 tuher, he, witii his conipanion, politely took their 
 have, and arrived (afe at ^llamaboe in the month of 
 December 1750. 
 
 The (ingular circumdanccs i hat occafioned the Afri- 
 can prince to pay a vilit to Engi !ul, gave rife to teve- 
 ral publications during his day iicic. Among thefe 
 was an admii.iblc poem, intitled, " Tiie African 
 " Prince now in England, to Zara at his Father's 
 " Court ;" of which the following is an abdradt : 
 
 Princes, my fair, unfortunately great. 
 Born tothe pompous vaffalage of •date, 
 Whene'er tiie public calls, ;iredoom'd to fly 
 Domedic blifs, and break the private lye. 
 Fame pays with empty breath the toils they bear. 
 And love's loft ioys are chang'd to glorious care : 
 "Yet conlcious virtue, in the lilent hour, 
 Kewards the hero with a noble dower. 
 For this alone 1 dar'd the roaring lea. 
 Yet more — for this 1 dar'd to pait with thee. 
 
 Fix'd the dread voyage, and the day decreed. 
 When, duty's viiUm, love was doom'd tol)lccd ; 
 
 Too well my mem'ry can thofe fccnts renew, 
 
 We rricr to tlgh, to weep oin lall adieti. 
 
 •' If in funic didant l.uid my prince thould find 
 
 " Somtf nymph niorefair,"youciv'd,"asZar.i kind"— 
 
 Mydcrious doubt ! whiih could at once impart 
 
 Relief to mine, andanguilh to thy heart. 
 
 Still let me triumph in the ftar cxprefs'd, 
 
 T he voice of love ih.it whifper'd in thy bread } 
 
 Nor call me cruel, tor my truth Ihall prove 
 
 'Twas but the vain anxiety of love. 
 
 Mow vainly proud the arrogantly great 
 Pret'ume to boatl a monarch's gocllil •: date l 
 Subjecl alike, the peaiantand the king. 
 To life's dark ills, and care's corroding ding. 
 F'rom guilt and fraud, that ilrikes in filcnce lure, 
 No (liieUl can guard us, and no arms fecure. 
 By thefe, my fair, fubdu'd, thy prince was lod, 
 v\ naked captive on a barb'rous coad. 
 What dreadful change 1 abandoii'd and alone, 
 1 he Ihoutcd prince is now a flave unknown ; 
 To witch his eyes no bending courtiers wait. 
 No hailiiig crowds proclaim his regal llate ; 
 A (lave, condemn'd, with unrewarded toil, 
 To turn, trom morn to eve, a burning foil; 
 At night 1 mingled with a v.'retchcd crew. 
 Who by long ule with woe familiar grew ; 
 Ot manners brutilh, mercilet's and rude, 
 They mock'd my tufl 'rings, and my pangs rcnew'd; 
 In groans, not (leep, 1 pafs'd the weary night. 
 And role to labour with the morning light. 
 
 But from this dreadful I'cenc with joy 1 turn ; 
 To trud in Hcav'ii, of me let Zara learn. 
 The wretch, the fordid hypocrite, that fold 
 His charge, an undilpetting prince, for gold. 
 That judice mark'd, whole eyes can never deep, 
 And death, conimiHion'd, fmote him on the deep ; 
 The gen'rous crew their port in fafety gain. 
 And tell my mournful tale, nor tell in vain ; 
 1 he king, with horror of th' atrocious deed, 
 In hade commanded, and the flave was freed. 
 No more Britannia's cheek, the blufn of thamc 
 Burns for my wrongs, her king redores her fame : 
 Propitious gales, to Freedom's happy diore, 
 Waft mc triumphant, and the priett rel'ore ; 
 Whate'er is great and g.iy around me thine. 
 And all the tplendor ot a court is mine : 
 And knowledge here, by piety refin'd, 
 Sheds a blelj'd radiance o'er my briglit'ning mind ; 
 From earth 1 travel upwartl to the tky ; 
 1 learn to live, to reign, yet more, to die. 
 
 Oh 1 I have tales to tell, of love divine — 
 Such blifsful tidings ! they fliall foon be thine. 
 I long to tell thee, what, amaz'd, I Ice, 
 Wjiat habits, buildings, trades, and polity ! 
 How art and nature vie to entertain, 
 In public fliews, and mix delight with pain. 
 
 Oh ! Zara, here, a dory, like my own, 
 With mimic (kill, in borrow'd names was fliewn ; , 
 An Indian chief, like me, by fraud betray'd. 
 And partner in his woes an Indian maid. 
 1 can't recall the Icenes, 'tis pain too great. 
 And if recall'd, fliould (hudder to relate. 
 To write the wonders here, I drive 'n v.i'a. 
 I^ach word wou'd atk a thoutand to . Y]j.;.i!r.. 
 The time will come, Ofpeed the .i.iu,'iiiig hour ! 
 When Zara's charms Ihall lend 'c!c;iption pow'r. 
 Farewell ; thy prince dill lives. ' d .iill is free; 
 Farewell ; hope all things, ai, I a iiember mc. 
 
 TliC negro fovereign, penetrai'.il with gnxitud:' for 
 the paternal attention Ihewn to ..is ion by il .• ear) of 
 Halifax, t(;nt prefents of a confide .;Mc value vo tiiat 
 nobleman, among which were two i...ii,i-o boys ot the 
 fame age as the prince and his companion. Tiute 
 his lordlhip took particular care of, and provided t'»r 
 them in a very decent manner : the one being very 
 fond of, and properly initiated in the culinary arc, be. 
 came hi* lordthip s cook; the other attended him to Ire- 
 land 
 
 i.:f 
 
 
 II 
 
44 
 
 A NEW, ROYAI. ahd AUTH"MT[C SYSTEM of UNIVF.R«AT, GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 hi 
 It 
 
 I': \ 
 
 laii.l .It the timo be was lord lieutenant of that king- 
 do:ii, \vhc;i the othcc of leijeant-truinpet (a place tor 
 life) becoming vacant, his lordlhip prefcntcil it to iiis 
 bl;u k. Tlie formei' fell a martyr to exceflTu'cdrinhini;. 
 Tlie latter wa?i univerfally elleemeil fir his aifability 
 and politcnels, and well known in London bythe ap- 
 pclluuon of Tie Genllcm.vi Bind: Me married a white 
 woman of aconfiderablefimity, .>nd (bine fortune, who 
 broke lier heart for the loii of him, ami was buried in 
 the fime grave a few weeks after his interment. This 
 pcrfon's name was Frederick Cudjoc. He attended his 
 |>atron, Lord Halifax, in his dying moments. 
 
 :■ The kingdom of Agonna is remarkable for being al- 
 svays govcrnc'.I hy i woman, who, to preferve the f j- 
 ruignty in her own hands, lives unmarried : but i >at 
 Ihe may not want a proper companion. Die generally 
 purthafes one of the moll handfome (laves Ihc can meet 
 with, who is prohibited, on pain of death, from ever 
 intriguing with any other woman. Her eldeft daughter 
 is next heir to the crown, her fons being all ibid as 
 (lues, or oth("-..iic ciifpofedof, fo as not to interrupt 
 tlie fuccelTion in the female line. The daughter is 
 t.iught the fame political maxims praflilcd by her mo- 
 tlici-, and, when of a proper age, is allowed the (ame 
 indulgenciesin having a male companion. 
 
 Aquamboc isfitiiated :hieliy witliinland, and is of 
 conlidcrablc extent. The maritime part of it is calh-d 
 Acm, and was formerly a kingdo.n ot iifelt ; but it 
 was conquered by the inhabitants of Atiuambocj to 
 whom it has ever iince been rribatary. 
 
 Aquamboe is a gooi'. porting country, and abour.ih 
 with hares, rabbits, (q.iirreis, red and f dlow deer, will 
 goats, pintado hens and other fowl. The hares arc fo 
 plentiful, that the blacks kill them with Hicks as tluy 
 pals along on their ordinary oecalions. Among ihc 
 deer is one fpccies that is exceeding bcatititul, and, 
 perhaps, the moll delicate animal to be met with in tiie 
 univerfe, it is about eight or nine inches in height, 
 and the legs fo finall, as not to exceed the circumfe- 
 rence of a goofc's ([uill. The males have horns Turning 
 back on their heads, about tnree inches long, without 
 liranchcsorantlers ; theyare crooked, and of a (hining 
 lilack colour. They arc very tame and familiar, but 
 of (b tender a nttu'e, that they cannot bear the fea ; 
 for notwithdandmg the attempt has been made I'evcral 
 times, and every means made ule of thac could be 
 thouc'Jit of, no one was ever brought alive to Eurojie. 
 
 At Acraare two forts, one belonging to the Kngliih, 
 the other :o the Dutch, The foimer is called Fort 
 James; the latter Fort Crevecccur. 
 
 At a fmall dillaiicc from the Dutch fort is another 
 called Chriftianburg, which belongs to the Danes, and 
 is the (jnly one they have on this coal^. 
 
 The country of Acra is picalant, but not fertile, ow- 
 ing to its bein^^ almoft depopulated by the frequent 
 wars v/itli the Ajviamboes. The European forts are 
 chiefly fupplied with provifions brought from Cape 
 Coait, Anamaboc, andCormar.'.ia. The trade earned 
 un here coniilh chiviiy of e Id and flavcs, whiLh are 
 r.ore plentiful than in any oi jer part of the G -,id Coall. 
 1 he goods the natives take in return for the flaves con- 
 li'.lcf t. uvrics, wooilcncloth, Silefia linen, red and ytl- 
 lg\v bu[i,k5, knives, fire arms, powder, chintz, 8>.c. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 TiiE IVORY OR TOO? H COAST. 
 
 THIS coin, < ailed by tac natives Q^iaqua (tl.at 
 w ^'^d in their language llgnilying a looth), is 
 boundt ' "n the cil'. i)y the (iold Coail, on tlie_w(il by 
 the Grain Coall, on the north by NegroJand,':uid on 
 the louthbythe Atlantic Ocean. Behind Cape Palm is, 
 (ituated in 4 dcg. ; 7 iiiiii. norili lat. and j deg. 5^ mi)!, 
 eaft long, i: .1 b.iv '\ lie; c (hips ride fafcly ac anchor, 
 briii^ llivUcrei Iroiu the louiLcrly winds. 
 
 The town of St. And'\''w, (ituatcd on a river of yhii 
 name, is a place of couiulorable trade. Us f-.j] i-, fer- 
 tile, and pniduccs grain of different kinds, as well .is 
 variety of fruits. 
 
 The places rnoft worthy of defcription on the Ivory 
 Coall are the foilowin 
 
 Cape la Hon, or l.j.i, which produces cl;;.'nnts 
 teeth of the l.arreft (l/c, and in the gre.ateft ahcni'ance. 
 The townis extenlive, the (oil fertile, and tlie natives 
 are toler.ably civil. Between two villages, culled fack- 
 la-1 low and Corbi la 1 lov, is a ti.Kk o( the fea called 
 by fome the Bottonilcfs Pit, many eHbrts havif n hccn 
 made in vain by the natives to fathom it. At length 
 however, the bottom was f )uiul by the Europeans, and 
 the depth appeared to be no more than lixiecn faihnm. 
 Near Cape Apollonia, at the Kaflern extremity of the 
 coart, aretiiree villaL'.es, inhabited by lor,-' e Negro na- 
 tives, w ho carry on an 01 cafiunal tralHc with the Euic- 
 peans. 
 
 Soil ami PrPiluHlnns of lie Comitiy. Perfins. Ijivgridre, 
 Religion. Manii/.tdun's. Tiudc of ihc Nn lives. 
 
 npHE country of that part of Guinea called th?Ivo;v 
 ■*• Cnaft, is pleafnnt to the view, and fertile in f,il, 
 producing grain and vegetables in abundance. 1 jic 
 natives arc not lenfible if the value of fugar- cat.cs, and 
 therefore only apply them to the purpofe of feedinr, f !c» 
 pliants, which are here very r.umerous. Indite -nd 
 cotton are (aid to grow without cuhivation ; .Vnd to- 
 b.acco, uiuler proper cultivation, would pioveaproti- 
 tableand ulVtul article. 
 
 Oxen, goats, hogs, (hee[>, &c. ahmmd here. A 
 pood ox is leldom loKl (bi move than afew doKcnot 
 knives, and the inferior ones m nropcrtioii. 
 
 Tiny have :!lfo gi eat phiitv of poultry, and vnriety 
 of fiih. Among thelatteraie fcqviemly found three 
 remarkable creatures, namely, tliefea-ox, the zingana 
 or hammer fifh, and the fea-dcvil. 
 
 The (ea-ox, or horned ti(h, is very long and thick. 
 The (kin is hard, rough, and without leaks, and ot 
 variegated coloui s. The head relemblcs tiiat of a hog, 
 and it has a trunk like th.at of an elephant, which in 
 the fame manner receives its food, h has many pecu- 
 liarities in its form ; but the mod lingular is rh? extreme 
 part of the tail, which is compodd of a llrong, thick 
 fin, which (erves as a defence. It has alfo other firs, 
 which fiibfer\e the fame purpofe. 
 
 The y.ingana, or hammer (ilh, is a voracious creature, 
 and likewile armed with fins, which greatly faciliMtv 
 the fei/.nrc of its ptey. 
 
 The fei-dcvil (lb called f.om the uglinefs of i'l 
 form) furpafles all other creatures fiund in the U.-n. 
 It has four eyes, and is nixnit 25 feet in length, and 
 1 8 in breadth ; on each (ide of it is an angular lulilianve 
 as hard as a horn, and very (harp : the tail is long and 
 faper, and terminates with a dangerous point ; the hack 
 is covered with (m;!ll lumps about two inches hig!i,:ind 
 (harp at the eiuls : the heat! is liu<!;e, but there is mO 
 appearance of any neck, and the month is furnillicd 
 with a great nuiiil er ol (haip-pointtd teeth; t'.vi) of 
 tlie eyes are near tlic throat, and are lound and larjie, 
 but the other two arc plai ed ahove them, and mu' !i 
 (mailer : on each iide tic tliroai arc iiLceliorn-; of :;n 
 cqu.il length, the middlemnii of which is three f;' 
 long, antl an iiu ii and .1. h.iit indi.uuetei, b-.u ihcy ui : 
 flexible, and thefe'ore ciii do but little harm ; tlit (1. 1 
 of thi- crc.i'uie ish.t.r.l ar.d ill t.iik-d, Init the neg'' 1 
 catch tliem foi the (ake o\ the liver, from which di;y 
 extras'., huge .;ii:in',itie'! of oil. 
 
 The Cjuaq'i i blacks, nv nntivcs uf the Ivory Coic', 
 are tall, lii(l\ , luid v.ell leiturcl, anil very hcinc'l 111 
 thi ii dealing's, parti^ ui.ii 1} wiili the Europeans t ha: vi' t 
 thi;. coad. Wiirniliev gotwtiai!e with any (hip, thev- 
 take loiuc water in iheii hands, a-vl let a few diop:. «'( 
 it (.ill into their eyes ; this is a kind of oath, bywhuii 
 they intimate, that they ..oi'M rat'.ier lool'e their cu; 
 li^ht tlui) chcAt thuJe ilic^ t..vd« with. Xhcj' uic u* 
 
 l.Ji 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 lefs avf rfe to drtinkt 
 cotmrry produces a 
 yet thi'V will not drii 
 win li.^iinr called b 
 nui'.h weaker, and 
 mi'tcd with water. 
 
 riieir drel's is mi 
 the co-irts in general 
 but they arc, in y;c 
 crofikeJ. They an 
 take p.irticular pride 
 they plait and twill 
 it with j;.dm-oil mix< 
 |H)(ition they every 
 tiniiaily chew bi'tei, 
 tlieir months and 
 with a great niinit->er 
 their chief dignity, 
 the more rings he w 
 Their language i,- 
 fpeak h.artily and by 
 tliey ule the word 1/ 
 one hand on the otii 
 the ti)re- finger, pui 
 in a low voice, repe 
 the faliitarion. 
 
 In nlijiion they a 
 ore fevcrai petty prir 
 yet the whole are 
 whom thev not only 
 By the fundament, 
 is obliged to con'ii 
 which he was born 
 fatlirr was a fhhern 
 clfe but a filherman ; 
 fedions. 
 
 in ibme parts oft! 
 manufiiffure a pretty 
 and wiiite, abo'jt tii 
 four ells long. Tht 
 good, price in moff [ 
 The natives are 
 cautions in tjoiiij^ o 
 fhould be tre|)anne| 
 fij'iis and gcftures nl 
 ting a quantity off: 
 difpoCc of. 
 
 Befidcs the artii 
 Negroes here carry I 
 fell to their neighL 
 inland eounfries, ar 
 it hfing ill thotc pal 
 1 he inland partsl 
 beil elrphants teetnl 
 country is lo full o(l 
 hilly pans arc oblif 
 of the mountains, 
 narrow and low, a;| 
 tilires to drive the 
 for them, .iiul kilil 
 (opIeniiUil here is,| 
 every three years; 
 tiic forelts than th(| 
 
 T ti 
 
 S 1 
 
 G 
 
 TI I E Grain 
 grin upwatl 
 T'.'.liuas, producesi 
 chief articles oftial 
 Though the elf 
 healthy, owing tu 
 (oil is tolerably pi 
 plenty of vegetal ill 
 fruirs, particularlT 
 niii.is, and date;., f 
 No. .i:| 
 
 f ( 
 
'HY. 
 
 |n a river of ihjj 
 
 Us r.il h, r-t- 
 
 rfiuls, as wcl! as 
 
 Ion on die Ivory 
 
 |iUirc< tlcinnnts 
 
 itell rihi;nil.ince. 
 
 aui! the nitives 
 
 !;escall(il j.'.rk- 
 
 luftliL- R'a c.illfj 
 
 prtS iKlvif n hcfn 
 
 ir. M kngth, 
 
 I Europeans, and 
 
 lixteen failioin. 
 
 |extrtmity of the 
 
 ■ for,' c Negro tia- 
 
 lic wiilulieFurc 
 
 irfins. I..itigri,7^f. 
 iL'C Ntillvts. 
 
 a called th^Ivop; 
 jnd fertile in l\,'.\, 
 bundance. Tho 
 fi-,r',ar-Tar.e«., and 
 )rcof fctilini-; :k* 
 nis. Indigc and 
 livation ; .md to- 
 luld piovc aproli- 
 
 iljcmd here. A 
 in a few doK<.:ior 
 
 r>rtioii. 
 
 luv, and variety 
 titly found tliice 
 
 a-ox, thczingans 
 
 y long and thick, 
 out feaks, and of 
 ihlcs tiutof a hog, 
 Icplianr, wlii'.Ii in 
 It hits many pecu- 
 niar i« the extreme 
 of a ftrong, thick 
 lias alfo other (ins, 
 
 voracioti? creariirr, 
 h greatly faciliiatt 
 
 \^c uglincfr, of iti 
 blind in the fi:is. 
 ct in length, and 
 I anf.^idar lulilhince 
 the tail is long and 
 us point ; tlie hack 
 o inches higli,ar.d 
 ;e, but tlicre is ;v) 
 iiioiith is furnilhcd 
 led teeth ; t"Ao of 
 • round and large, 
 them, and UW' h 
 : iir.echorn'; of «n 
 ■hich is three tc' 
 iieier, l);ii tluy ai ; 
 ;le harm ; the ll i 
 I, but the negrn.j 
 , from wluch .iny 
 
 r the Ivory Coa'', 
 arul very !\onc(l in 
 Kuropeansiha: vi: t 
 v'nh any ftiip, ili''*' 
 let a tew diops i^f 
 of oath, by -.vliicli 
 cr loofe their eic 
 th. They aie i^t 
 
 l.li 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 GUINEA, 
 
 Jefs avcrfe to drunkcnncfs than fraud j and though their 
 country produces a pr^;iit;ioiis number of palm-trees, 
 yet dtey will not ilrink any p.ilm-wiiie, but only a cer- 
 tain liquor called bordon, or tniiibo-wine, wl)i<:li is 
 niir.h weaker, and rendered ilill more lo by bein;?; 
 mi"!cd with water. 
 
 riieir drels is much the lame as tlif inhabitants of 
 the coalls in general. Tiiey hie tluir teeth very iharp, 
 but they are, in general, irrei^ulirly placed, and very 
 crooked. They are fond of having long nails, anJ 
 take particular pride in the length of their hair, whieh 
 they plait and twiit in diilercnt forms, anti greafe it 
 it with p.iim-oil mixed with reil earrh. With tiiis com- 
 (W)(ition they every dav anoint their bodies, and con- 
 tinually chew bi-tel, the juice of which they rub about 
 their mouths and chins. 1 hey ornament their legs 
 with a great numlxT of iron rings, and in tliele confilt 
 their chief dignity, for the greater a man's quah.ty is, 
 the more rings he wears. 
 
 Their language i> altogether unintelligible, and they 
 fpeak hallily and bv (larts. When they ineet each other 
 they life the word i]iuur,i,j, at the fame time each laying 
 one hand on the other's (houldei, and taking; liuk; of 
 the f)re- finger, pull l^ till it (haps, when they again, 
 in a low voice, repiat the word tii.aqua, whieli clofes 
 the fahttarion. 
 
 In religion they are all idolaters : and though tliere 
 ore federal petty princes in ditTerent parts of tiie coall, 
 yet tliL- whole are fiibjedt to a king, called .Soccoo, 
 whom ihev not only relpcct but dread. 
 
 By the fundamental laws of this country every one 
 is obliged to con'-;iue all his life in the condition in 
 which he was born; (■> that, for inllance, one w'lofc 
 fatiicr was a filherman caa never become any thing 
 clfe but a filherman ; and fo of all other trades and pro- 
 feflions. 
 
 In fome parts of the coaft, particularly at I.aho, they 
 manu(;>,{lure a pretty foit of cotton Ihifts (tripe t blue 
 and wiiite, aboot three quarters broad, and three or 
 four ells long. 'I'hefe are much valueii, and I'ell for a 
 good price in mod parts of Ciuiiiea. 
 
 The natives are very fond of trade ; but they are 
 cautious in going on board I'uropean ihiiis, lell they 
 (hould be trepanned. In negwifttion ail is done by 
 figns and geftures of the hinds or fingers, and by let- 
 ting a (pianuty of goods againlt the teeth they offer to 
 difpofe of. 
 
 Befidcs the articles of ivory, gold, and (laves, the 
 Negroes here carry on a great trade in fait, which they 
 fell to their neighbours, wlio cart/ it further into the 
 inland countries, and diljvole of it to great advantage, 
 it being in thole parts exceeding fcarce. 
 
 I he inland parts of this coall produce the largcii and 
 belt ekpliaiits teeth to be found in the univerle. The 
 country is li) full of elephants, that the inhabitants of the 
 hilly parts arc obliged to dig tlieir houfes in the backs 
 of the mountains, and to make their doors and windows 
 narrow and low, and are fiwced to ufe all kinds of ar- 
 tilyes to hive tlieni from their plantations, oi' lay fnares 
 for tliem, and kill them. I'hc reafoii of ivory being 
 lo plentilul here is, bcciufc the elephants call their teeth 
 every three years; fo that they lind more loofe teeth in 
 the forelts than they get from tholt: they kill. 
 
 S !•: C T ! O N IV. 
 
 T 11 E G H A I N COAST. 
 
 I'M \ V. Grain Coall, which extends fiom Cajie Ta 
 grin ii[)waids of 400 milrs fouth-eaft of Cap? 
 Pai;nas, produces grea: quantity of pejii^r; b'.t the 
 thief articles of trade are Haves and ivory. 
 
 Though tiie climate of the Giain Coaft is very un- 
 h'.althy, owing to tlv periodic.il laiiis and wi;nl,'., tin/ 
 foil is tolerably goini, anil, befidcs |)epj)er, I'loduces 
 plenty of vegetable; anil roots, as alfb vaiioiis kinds of 
 fruirs, particularly oranges, lemons, cocoa nuts, lia- 
 fiinas, and dates. Their cattle tonfiftj of cows, iheep, 
 No. J2. 
 
 345 
 
 hogs, and goats ; and they have a few horfes, btit they 
 are very fmall, and of little ufe. The--/ are alfo fcveral 
 kinds of wild be.ills, as elephants, buf^alos, tigers, apes 
 of various forts, and a gte.it plenty of hares 'and deer. 
 Their poultry confifts of gtefe, turkies, and ducks, widi 
 plenty of cocks an 1 hens, the latter of which arc elleemed 
 as good in quality as thole of Europe. 
 
 The natives of this coaft, in perlon, are, in general, 
 tall and well featured, and arc fiid to be more liberal 
 and honelf in difpolition than thole of the adjacent 
 coaft.s. Tht-ir drefs, in point of diftindlion and form, 
 is much the fame ; and they are eqtully fond of trinkets, 
 anil all forts of ornaments. They are mnftly abftc- 
 mious in their diet, intemperance, in drinking efpe- 
 cially, being fevercly puni'lied by royal mandate. 
 
 Their lovereign is defpotic, and he is never fecn 
 abroad, uniels on particular occafions, and then he ap- 
 pears with the greatelf pomji and magni licence. 
 
 The natives are I'agans; but fome of them feem to 
 entertain notions of a future ftate. 
 
 Their chief emplovment is hufl)andry; but there 
 are fome tolerabli- artificers among them. They pur- 
 chafe fire-arms, gunpowder, and bullets, of the Euro- 
 |)eansi but darts, arrows, lances, and broad-fwords, 
 they make themlelves. The carpenters make the ca- 
 noes of various fizes with great neatnefs ; and they alfo 
 build their houfes or huts, which are made of wood and 
 clay, and thatched with reed;, or branches of the pal- 
 metto-tree. 
 
 Here are fome of a mixed breed, called Mulatroes, 
 who arc an abmdoned (ct o( people, and have tiraceed- 
 ed from the intermixture of Negroes and Euro[jeans. 
 
 As the Europeans have no li-ttlement on this part of 
 Guinea, the trade here is carried on by fignals from the 
 Ihips, on the appearance of which the natives imme- 
 diately go in ilicir lliips, carrying with them their pep- 
 per, ivory, ice. 
 
 Large ihips go up the river Sherbro for about feve.T 
 leagues from iti mouth ; but tardier up it grow: ihal- 
 low, and is only niviijable f ir canoes. The country 
 round it is very mountainous, and the river has many 
 turnings and windings, but the tlrcam is not rapid, ex- 
 cept at two or three cata*ih or water falls, one of 
 which is exceeding large, and inakes a prodigious noife, 
 the water filling from ihe rocks upwards of twenty feet 
 perpendicular. The Negroes thdt ("ail up this river, 
 before they reach the cataract, are obliged to go aflior;, 
 and land their goods, which, with their canoes, they 
 drag along the mountains till they have paffed the cata- 
 raift. The other two water- falls arc trilling; nntwith- 
 danding which, they frequently have their canoes ovcr- 
 fet, efpecially svhen they are heavy laden : but as the 
 camwtKKi with which they are icrally loaded, is very 
 heavy, it finks, rnd in the dry i.don they go and take 
 it up, there being, at that dme, hardly any water In the 
 river. Their times of going up the river are in the lat- 
 ter end of the rainy tealon>, which generally continue 
 five months out of the twelve, when they cut the cam- 
 wood, and fearcli for elephants teeth. 
 
 Near the mouth of the river is a (inall idand, called 
 by t!ie Engliih Sherbro, and by the Dutch Mafliicoy. 
 It is furrounded by rocks, and before it lies 11 large (iuid- 
 bank, lo lofty as to be difcovcrcd at a confidcrafjle dif- 
 tance from lea. 
 
 At Vork I (land die Engliih had once a faflory, and 
 a gomi fort, but they abaudoned it .'.bout the year 1727. 
 
 In diilercnt pr.ita of the co.ift are many pretty vil- 
 lages, among which is that wiiere the king refides. 
 called by the Dutch Konings-Doip.s lituated about iz 
 miles uji die river. 
 
 'Ihere is a large mountainous rock about eighc miles 
 below the iivcr Selloi, on which grows a remarkable 
 lofty tree. This place is calkil Seftre, or Scftos; an I 
 about four miles from it, farther to the e.aft, a poinc 
 juts out into the fea, near which., on the land, appears 
 & grc;it rock, white at the top, which at !ea looks like 
 a iiiip under fiil : it is furrounded by large fand-b.uiks, 
 and is called by tlic PortUj.'uclc Cabo BaixoJ. 
 
 4 S The 
 
346 A NEW. UOYAl,, avi- At'TIIEKTIC SYSTEM ct UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY*. 
 
 !• <i:i 
 
 li 
 
 ■■5 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 The inhabitants of this countfy arc, in grner;-.!, very 
 courteous to llrangirs; but thi-y are idolaters, anil 
 pradil'e fomc of the nioft fupeilVitious maxiivs. Both 
 fexes go aliiioll naked, having only a fnial' piece oi 
 cloth fiilknrd round the waill. 1 hey live chiefly on 
 hlh, pulfo, and fruits, and duir ulual drink is water. 
 Many of them are employed in tilhing, and the king 
 has a cerciin 4uty out of what tliey catch. They alio 
 breed gnrat numbers of cattle and poultry, which they 
 turn to great advantage, by llHing them to lliips that 
 frequent the coart. 
 
 Their methotl of fauitation is by taking the fore -finger 
 ami tiiumb into their hands, putting tiiem into a certain 
 polUire, and pulling them nil they liiap, when they 
 fay lUfJtn, which lignihes \or.r /eiruiU. 
 
 They h..vc but few ceremonies in their marriages. 
 The wili; w!i() is tirll delivered of a boy is dillinguilhed 
 as the favii'irite or chief; but >his dillindion is fome- 
 times aucnded with fatal conlequeiicesi for if tlic huf- 
 band dies tirit, ihc is obliged to follow him, and be 
 buiied aiive in the fame grave. 
 
 A i-'rench traveller, who was once an high-witncfsof 
 ihi.-, n.eiancholy cfremonv, has given the following par- 
 liculir dcicription of it. " Tiie captain (lays he) or 
 chief of tiic village, dying of a liard chinking-bout oi 
 biandy, die cries of his wives immediately Ipicad tiie 
 news througli the town. All the women ran there, and 
 howled like furies. The favourite wife dillinguilhed 
 herfclf by her grief, and not without caufe. However, 
 as ("everai women in the fame '.M'c have prudently thought 
 .'it to make their cfcape, tlie reft ot the women, under 
 pretence of comforting her, took caie to watch her lo 
 clotely, iliat there was no means of efcaping. 1 he re- 
 iition> of tiie deceafcd all came to pay their comphments, 
 and take their farewel. After the marubut had examin- 
 ed the boiiy, and declared he died ;: natural death, lie, 
 with his brethren, took th: corpfe, wallicd, dried, and 
 rubbed it witii fat from I cad to foot. After this they 
 ftretched it on a mat in the middle of the houle. I lis 
 wives was placed rounii it, and his favourite at the 
 heaii, as the poll of honour. Several other women made 
 a circle round them. All thefe endeavoured to out- 
 roar each other, tearing their hair, and Icratching 
 themfelves inetlHKlically, like people who knew jier- 
 fedly the part they aifled. Sometimes they left orV, 
 and kept filent ; at otiiers they repeatcu the praile and 
 great actions of the deceafed, and then began their la- 
 mentations afredi. This mock mulic laited near two 
 liiurs, when four lully Negroes enterctl the houle, took 
 tlie dead body and tied it on a hand bairow made of 
 branches of trees, then lifting it on their lliouldcrs, tiiey 
 • arried it tlirough the town, running as fiill as they 
 could, and reeling from time to time as if they had 
 been drunk, wiili a thoufaiKl ridiculous gellurcs, very 
 luirable to the cxclamr.tions of the wives of the de- 
 < ealcd, and the other women who attended the procef- 
 lion. In Ihort, the noife was fo great as nearly to equii. 
 thunder. The p;iradc being over, the bo<ly was taken 
 from the hand-barrow, ami depolited in its place; after 
 uhich tlie fongs, and rues, anil extr.ivagancies of the 
 women began ag.iin. During this the marabut made a 
 ,;r.ive, deep and lirge en<)Ui;ii to hold two bodies: he 
 .ilio itripped and Ikined a goat: the pluck lerved to 
 in.ike a r.'gout, of which he and the anilt.tnts eat: he 
 .oil) caul'ed the favouiite wifl: to eat fomc, who had no 
 :;irat inclination to talle it, knowing it was to be her 
 i.iih She ate foiiie, ho'Acver, and, during this rcpall, 
 I'u- body of the goat was iliviiled into Imall pieces, 
 ii'iled .ml latcn. The lamenutions began again; 
 ui.l IS hen the m.ir.iljut tiiouglit it v,x> time to end the 
 cert-turiiiy, he took the fivouritc wilt: by the arms, and 
 drlnrrtd her to two lully Negroes. Tiiclic feizing her 
 iioi'jily, tied licr hands nnd feet behiad her, and laying 
 h.i ua lur back, placed a piece of wixxi on her breall ; 
 (hen holdi/ig each other with their hands on their llioul- 
 di rs, tilt y liampeJ wich ilicir feci on the ) i'"Ce of woul 
 till they IkkI broken the woman's breall. Having thus, 
 •ii iiii, half dif^iatfciKd her, they tlircw licr into the 
 
 grave, with the reiliainder of the goat, calling her hiil'- 
 band's body over her, and filling up the grave v,^ith 
 earth and Hones. Immediately the cries ceafing, a 
 quick filence fuccecded tiK noile, atxi every one retired 
 home as quietly as if nothing had happened." 
 
 Cajjc Monte, fituated about 45 leagues from tlie 
 mouth of the river Sherbro, is called by the natives 
 VValh Kingo, and, when nrit dllcovered at lea, ajjpears 
 like a lofty illand. 
 
 The chief cattk here afe llicep, and they have fome 
 fowls that are exceeding large and good. Thev hav.- 
 like wife a great plenty of various Ibrts of filh, the 
 catching of which is the chief employment of many of 
 the inhabitants. There :ire alio great numbers of wild 
 bcalh, as elephants, tigers, bulfalos, harts, kite. 
 
 The inrn wear a white garment refcmbling a furplice; 
 but the women have only a narrow piece of cloth fat- 
 tened round the waill. Both, fexes take great pains with 
 their hair, or wool, whicii they twiil into ringlets, and 
 ornament the top of it with gold or precious Hones. 
 They all(> wear necklaces of fevcral rows ; and on their 
 arms and wrifts they h..ve bricclets, as alio above tlic 
 ancles, where fome h:ing bells of lilver, the nolle ot 
 which they arc fond ot wlieii they divert themfelves bj' 
 dancing. 
 
 Their houfes in general are mean buildings, but tlie y 
 are kept exceeding clean. Ti-.ofe belonging to the 
 king and |)riiicipal men are built long. Some of tlum 
 arc two Uories high, with a vaulted roof of reeds or 
 palm -leaves, to thick laid as to render rain, or the hen 
 of the fun, abfolutely impenetrable. At the entrance 
 is the hall of audience, which is alio their place of ejt- 
 ing: here is a kind of loplia, made of earth or clay, 
 about lix feet in breadth, and railed about twelve indies 
 from the ground: it is covered with fine mats made ot 
 grafs or palm-leaves, aiul dyed of various colours. In 
 this place the principal jieople l]>cnd the chief part of 
 the day with their wives, and amufe themfelves with 
 fmoking, talking ami drinking palm-wine. Adjoining 
 to the audience-room is the bed-chamber, where they 
 have an eflrade or foplia, confiiling of a number of mats 
 laid one on the other, and lurr luridcd with pagiies 
 lewed together, or printed linen like curtains. Their 
 kitchens are very neat, and fituated ;t lijme dillance 
 from the dwelling-houle. 
 
 The inhabitaiits in general of this plate arc more 
 cleanly in eating their viduals than their nt'ighbours. 
 They ule bowls ma/ie of hard wood, and bali)ns ot 
 pewter or copi>er tinned, which they keep exceeding 
 neat. When they roafl their meat, tiiey lallen it on a 
 wooden fpit; but as they have net the means of niak 
 ing it turn rruml, they firll roall one fale and then ihc 
 other. A man may marry as m.iny wives as he can 
 keep ; for whicii reafon fome of them have a great luini 
 ber i for the expcnce is very trifling, as they make 
 them work fo hard that each nearly cams hei own main 
 tenancc. I'hey feldoin qtorrel ; but, in geitfr.il, live 
 very hippy; and fo little jcalouo arc the men, that if 
 their wives bellow favours on others, it does not give 
 them tiie leall concern. I'licir religion conlills cliielly 
 in reverencing and obeying!; tiieir king: anil they have 
 luch little notions of ambition, that ea«h live happy In 
 their own way, neither confilting at the dc.vnfal of the 
 poor, or envying the [irolperity of tlic rich. 
 
 He that from dull of worldly tumult Hies, 
 .M,i; boldly i)])en his unila/.zkil eyes 
 'I'o rc.id wife nature's book, and, wiili delight^ 
 Survey the plants by d.iv, the iLiis by night. 
 We need not travel, licking ways of bills ; 
 lie that I'elires coiitciitmciu cannot mils: 
 No garden walls this precious llow'r embrace, 
 I ommon growb i:i cv'ry delcit place." 
 
 The lMiio[ieans that ir.ide here buy many of tlu-ir 
 mats, which are of a bright yellow, and very beauiitul; 
 alio great i]iiaiKi.es of ivory. 1 hey likewiii: purch.il'e 
 the Ikins ot lions, [anthers, tij^ei^, and other wild 
 
 bcatlb; 
 
 
 Al'KlCA.l 
 
 heafts; as alfi) a gn 
 brought here by the 
 iiil.ind parts of Africa, 
 (it for dying, pariicul 
 cut, and bring it to 
 feet in length. The 
 of it, prefer it to Bral 
 lulid and beautiful. 
 
 On the banks of a 
 Monte, are leveral vi 
 producing great quant 
 various kinds kinds of I 
 |)oniegranates, &c. 
 
 About ten leagues 
 ibuth-eall, is a prodig 
 though not quite lb hi 
 and very large, and 
 That part next the li 
 the hind is more geatl 
 
 'i'o the weft of C 
 containing about twt 
 arc low, and divided 
 built with tl:>.ks and i 
 in one ^i" rhciti are ( 
 p!e, comiltirg 01 nic 
 ierent families, all 
 '1 he people here are 
 the women remarKaol 
 ral'v very inilolent, ar 
 nets to be exec, ted 
 peaceably with their r 
 live of anv enemy e 
 whom arofe trom twi 
 there, the crews beloi 
 try, dcftroyid all the 
 and carried oft" foini 
 which time thev have 
 taineil an enmity to, 
 the Knghih. 
 
 Tl-.eir chief articles 
 of wliich they h.ave 
 goixl in quality; in 
 cowries and fmall b.ii 
 
 'l"hc king's town 
 river, and about a qi 
 It is turtounded wi 
 from the river is thr 
 lofty treev 
 
 Befides iheir houl 
 their provifions, as 
 other necclTaries. 
 with a cornice, and 
 the hulband ketp: 
 weekly, fucb piovi 
 (ail ily. Till-. diR~ 
 wives, who live 
 tii'ie in working al'i 
 and other iiecellari 
 belonging to each 
 e.uth, fcvcn '-r eigh 
 «r p.ilin-leaves, to 
 the ucithcr. 
 
 To the weft of 
 Paul, ilie. entiioci 
 is navigable, m ca! 
 hurthen. 
 
 lo the foutheai 
 rall'.d Stitre Cro 
 l.iri: e and beautiful ' 
 ble (i.r being lionell 
 a more fjijular aii 
 boiii',. 
 
 Aboiir ihree loih 
 laige cai'cd \\ .\\ \ 
 w.iur th.ii is ixcci 
 place is kn;)wri at l. 
 upon a hill bchird 
 dif aiicc, teem (•' .1 
 
calling lier luil'- 
 the grave with 
 
 :rics ceafing, a 
 
 :very one raircd 
 
 rnrd." 
 
 agues from tlic 
 by the natives 
 
 J at lea, appears 
 
 1 they have Tome 
 xi. I'hey havv- 
 
 orts of tilh, the 
 
 n^nt of many of 
 
 numbers of wild 
 
 arts, &:c. 
 
 nbling a furplice ; 
 
 ICC of cloth fal- 
 [;rcat pains with 
 
 mo ringlets, and 
 precious iloncs. 
 
 ws i and on their 
 alfo above the 
 
 ver, tiic noiic of 
 
 er: tiiemfelves by 
 
 uiklings, but tlify 
 belonging to the 
 ;. Some of tlietn 
 
 roof of reeds or 
 • rain, or the heat 
 
 At the entrance 
 heir place of cat- 
 
 of earth or cl.iy, 
 boiir twelve inches 
 itie mats made ot 
 ricus colours. In 
 
 thf chief part of 
 tlumfelves with 
 n-wine. Adjoining 
 inber, vi;here they 
 If a number of mats 
 ndcd With jiagnes 
 .e curuins. Their 
 
 :t Ibmc dillance 
 
 lis place are more 
 1 their neighbours. 
 >ckI, and L>ai()ns ot 
 ey keep exceeding 
 
 tlity lailen it (in a 
 ic means of mak- 
 
 fide and then the 
 y wives as he can 
 1 have a great num • 
 ng, as they make 
 arns her own main 
 X, in geitfral, live 
 e tlu- men, that if 
 i, it does not givi: 
 ion tonlills ( hielly 
 ing: and they have 
 : cucii live happy in 
 the dc'.vnfal of the 
 ic rich. 
 
 ult ilics, 
 
 'CS 
 
 witli delight, 
 s by night. 
 
 of bills i 
 ■)t mils: 
 I'r cmbracf, 
 ilacc." 
 
 buy many of tlu-ir 
 and very beauiitul; 
 ■>' likewill- purchifi- 
 M, and other 'Aild 
 bealibi 
 
 AIKICA.] 
 
 GUINEA. 
 
 i^f 
 
 hearts i as alfi) a great number of Ilavcs, which are 
 brouglit here by the Mundinf^o mcrchant.s, from the 
 inland parts of Africa. Thcforclls yield plenty of woods 
 (it for dying, particularly camwood, which the natives 
 cut, and bring it to the Ihorc in blocks of four or five 
 feet in length. 'I"he Europeans, who buy a great deal 
 of it, prefer it to Brafil-wocd, think ng it much more 
 lulid and beautiful. 
 
 On the banks of a river called Rio Novo, near Cape 
 Monte, arc Icveral villages, and the kiil is very fertile, 
 producing great quantities of r'cc and other grain, with 
 various kinds kinds of fruits, as oranges, Icmonb, citrons, 
 (joniegranates, &:c. 
 
 About ten leagues from Cap^ Monte, tovards the 
 /outh-call, is a prodigious hill called Cape Menfurado, 
 though not quite lb high as Cape Monte. It is round 
 and very large, and almoll lurroundcd with water. 
 That p.irt next t!>e lea is llee[) and high, but that to 
 the hind is more gentle and accelT ble. 
 
 To the weft of Cape Menfurado are three villages, 
 containing about twenty houfes each. J'hcfe luules 
 are low, and divided into three apartments: they arc 
 built with llir.ks ami ilay, and are covered with llnw, 
 in one f* them are generally lodged at lealf forty peo- 
 ple, comiltirg oi men, women, and children, of dif- 
 ferent fanulics, all confufedly intermixed together. 
 '1 he people here are very civi! and g-Kid nacurtd, and 
 the women remarkaoly hanillome. The men are mmi- 
 ral'y very nulolent, and le^ve tlic principal part of bufi 
 ncls to be exec ted by their wives. Ihty live very 
 peaceably wiili their neighbours, and are not apprehen- 
 iive of any enemy except thv; Lnglilh, their fears of 
 whom arofe from two large velk-is that once Itoppcd 
 there, the crews belonging to which rcvaged the coun 
 try, dcftroycvl all their canoes, plundered their houfes, 
 and carried off fomc of their people for flaves; lince 
 which time thev have ever been learful of, and have re- 
 taineil an enmity to, moft Europeans, but particularly 
 the Kngliih. 
 
 Their chief articles of trade arc paltn-winc and rice, 
 of which they luve great quantities, and e.Kccding 
 gootl in quality; in exchange for which they purchale 
 cowries anil linall bars of iron. 
 
 The king's town is fituatcd atwut eight miles up thr 
 river, and about a quarter of a mile from tlie iide of it. 
 It is furKHinded with woods, and the entrance to it 
 from the river is through a beau'iful walk, IhadeJ with 
 lofty treev 
 
 Befides iheir houfes, they have buildings fiir holding 
 their provifions, as rice, millet, palm-oil, brantly, and 
 other necclTarics. Thtfc buildings arc made round, 
 with a cornice, and are fccured hy paiilocks, of whii:h 
 the hiilbaiid keep-, the keys, and diRributes daily or 
 weekly, fuch pmvilions a? he thinks neceflary for his 
 faiiiily, This dots not give the lealt offence to liis 
 "«.ives, who live amicably together, and fpcnd their 
 ti:'ic \n working abroad, or taking care of the rhiliiren 
 and other iiccelfary bulinels at home. Tiic buildings 
 bel')M|!;ing to eacli '.iuTiily are encloled with a wall of 
 e.irth, fvvi-n f.r eight feet high, and covered with reeds 
 or palm-Uaves, to lecure them from the inclemency of 
 ilie ue.ither. 
 
 To the weft of Cape Meniiir.ido is a river called St. 
 Paul, the. etitraiice of which is about fix fret deep, and 
 is navigable, in calm weather, for velfch of .i tolerable 
 litirth(rn. 
 
 I'o the foutheaft of the river St. Paul in a place 
 rall'.-d Seftre Cro, or Scftrc Crue, where there is a 
 l.iite anil beautiful vill.ige, iiih ihited by people remarka- 
 ble l«„r being honelt in all their dealings, and prelerving 
 a more r'*;^ular and prudent coiiduft than their neigh- 
 bouts. 
 
 About ihrce i.iiles beyond Seftre Cro is a final! vil- 
 laige cai'cd \S'a} po, in wliicii thc.c s a piece of frelli 
 water th.u is vxceeding gouil and wholefome. This 
 pUce h knawri at fea by Icveral high trees that appear 
 upon a hill tahii'd the Ihore, the tops of which, at a 
 ilif iince, liicm c' a red colour. Befijrc this place is -i 
 
 3 
 
 large rock, which, though ai^ually oil the fhore, feemt' 
 as It were, feparatcd from it. 
 
 Between this village and Cape Seftos arc fevcfal 
 others, the moft conlidcrable of which is Great Seftre, 
 where there is a large bafon of frefh water fituated 
 among a number of rocks. It does not, however, con- 
 tain any thing elfe that is remarkable ; and the reft of 
 the villages are loo inconfiderablc to admit of any 
 notice. 
 
 Qiuntnnadjr.r 'Ihr Grain Ccajl. DrfcripiioH of the 
 L umus, or Sea IJorft, 
 
 TI lESE countries are divided into fcveral territories 
 or kingdoms; the principal of which are Quilli- 
 ga, Quoja, Hcndo, Folgia, anil the great empire of 
 Manow. 
 
 (.iuilliga lies near a river called by the Portuguefc 
 Galinhas, and is a l?rgc territory fubjcdk to the king of 
 Qjjoja 
 
 Qi}o}i is alfo a large kingdom, and inhabited by two 
 diftinci people, namely the Vcy-Berkoma and Qiuoja- 
 Btrkojr.., the former of which are the defendants of 
 the ancient inhabitants of Cape Monte, who were once 
 a populous and warlike people, but being conquered 
 by flic Quqjas, and reduced to fubjeftion, are now very 
 inligniRcant, and few in number, in this kingdom 
 are many handfome towns and villages, the chief of 
 which are fituated on the river Maguiba, which plenti- 
 fully waters the whole country. 
 
 The moft remarkable produftion of this country it 
 the water elephant, of which great numbers are found 
 in this river, and on its banks. When the natives carch 
 them they prelent them to tiic king, who claims them 
 as his particular pro[)erty, but ufually compliments the 
 perfons who bring them with a handf'jme prefent. 
 This creature is properly called the hipporamus, orii;a- 
 horfe. It is an animal that feeds upon grafs, but fre- 
 quently hides himfelf under water, where he continues 
 for Ibme time. When he raifes his head from the wa- 
 ter, he looks about to fee if any danger is near, and can 
 frnell a m.an at a confiderable diftance. If .iny thing 
 frightens him, he will immediately hide himfelf in the 
 water, where he will con..inue for a confiderable time 
 before he again raifes his head. As foon, however, as 
 he appears, the hunter, who has patiently waited for 
 the opportunity, levels his gun at his licid, and, if the 
 animal happens not to fee him, it fcUlom miilcs doing 
 the wilheii tor execution. If he is killed, the colour of 
 the v/ater will dilcover where he lies, when they gu 
 with a boar, hooks, and cords, and drag hini athore. 
 They then Ikin him, take out his bowels, and convey 
 him away on a carriage; for his weight is very confide- 
 rable, being, when full grown, from 2500 to 3000 lb. 
 I'his animal, in colour and ftjape greatly relirmblei 
 a rhinoceios, except die legs being lomcwhat fliorter. 
 The head is much like that of a common horfe, but the 
 mouth and noftrils arc much larger. His e.irs and eyes 
 arc linall, and his hoof is cloven like that of an ox ; 
 but his pallern being too weak to fupport the weight of 
 the body, nature has taken care to I'upply this dcfed; 
 by (jlacing too httle hoofs above it; on which he rcfts 
 in walking, and they leave on the ground the impreifion 
 of tour points. The body is very fmooth, but the tail 
 has hair on it, f.nd is ftuirt lii<e that of an elephant. The 
 udder of .he females han(]; between the hind legs like a_ 
 cow, but it iii very fm.iU m proportion to the bulk, of 
 the beaft. The hide is about an inch thick, and fo hard 
 that it can li^arcely be penetrated with a mulkct-ball, 
 which is the reafon that tho',"e wiio endeavour to catch 
 them generally aim at the liead. The moft remarkable 
 things alx)ut this animal arc its tulks, which arc four 
 in number; they proceed (lom the 'ower jaw, and rile 
 out of the tmtiith to a confiderable leii|^th. They are 
 .is thick as the hoin of an ox, and weigh about lolb. 
 each. They arc very white, and always re;.iin their 
 colour; for whiili ualbn they are much uled by ma- 
 thtnwtical inftiiinicnt makers for fcalcs, feCtors, &c. 
 
 Befidcs 
 
3^9 A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTIIKNTIC SYSTF.M of UNIVF.RSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Wi^ 
 
 
 wi 
 
 
 Befidts tlicle, he has in all forty-four teeth, viz. right 
 inciforb, finir in (.'.ich jaw ; four ling teeth, two on each 
 fide, ttiiich arc all cyhndrical i and thirty-two priiidcrs, 
 of which there :"re fixrern above, and the lime number 
 below. The firlli of this aniniiil is exceeding good, 
 and in fome parts is Ibid at 6d. per pound. The fat is 
 of equal value with the lean, being excttding whok- 
 fome, and generally uled inllead of btitter. 
 
 'I'l'.c fca lu:r!e deliiihts in rivers where th.e water is 
 good, and chooles thoie parts whole banks are well 
 turnillu-d with grals. They feed chiifiy on filh, in 
 piirfuit of wl'.iih they go fcveral of them in a body. 
 Their method u to j l.int themlilves at the nnniihs of 
 large rivers, by which i\\«f intercept all the filli that 
 come down it. The Negroes, who have huts near the 
 rivers, are obliged to guard their fields day and night, 
 otherv.ifc thtll- creatures would do confuierible il.image 
 to their rice and cern, not only by eating it, but tranio- 
 ling it down with their teet. 
 
 There is anotiier animal fometimes found in this ri 
 ver that greatlv rckmbles th.e above. * It is modi of 
 the fame lize, of a browi; colour, with white tlre..ks, a 
 long neck, iliort body, fmall legs, and has horns hke 
 a hullock. They arc only caught in the u.itcr ; for 
 thougli tliev are ffimerimcs fei n on tlie lliore, yet they 
 are lo nimble that it is impoflible for ar.y beafl to over- 
 take tliern. 
 
 The territory of Hondo is divided into four princi- 
 palities, the chiefs of which are appointcti by the king 
 of Q^ioja, to whom they pay annual tribute in prclents 
 of bril's kettles, red cloth and fait. 
 
 The kingdom of Kok^i.i, and empire of Mannw are 
 both very extennvc, biit the latter is the moll confider- 
 able : and the Fol^as are in the fame manner fubied 
 to the emperor of Manow , as the Qi^iojas arc to the 
 I'olgias. 
 
 Among the birds found here is one called klofi- 
 fow-kegbodi, which is reckoned an ominous bird by 
 the blacks. When they are on a journey, and iiappen 
 to fee one of thefe birds, or hear it ling, they imme 
 diatcly return home, and if any one dies Icon after, 
 they fay kegboffj killed him. This bird is about the 
 fize of a iparrow hawk, and black feathered; and its 
 uiual food is pifmires. 
 
 I'he inhabitants of thefe nations, particularly the 
 X^iogas, are in general good-tempered and very oblig- 
 ing to ftrangers ; they arc exceeding fotid of fpirituous 
 liquor"^, particularly iuandy ; but they are (o fx-nurious 
 that tliey will not piirchafe it, and therefore feldom 
 have it nnlels given to them. 
 
 I'lie fortiiiecl villages arc c^llrd San Si.ih, and have 
 a fort of balhons, through which they pafs in and out 
 of the villages by a gate io low and narrow as to ad- 
 mit only one pcrllm at a time. '1 h( li. vi!la<3;cs are en- 
 doled with pales faltened to liie tiirrounding irets, lo 
 that nothin!- can be ll-tn throui;h the cnclofure. Ar 
 each of the ^jates is a hut, where a rcntinel is con- 
 rtantly kept on guard ; and when any dang.-r is appre- 
 hended froiTi an enemy, the [)eople promilcuoiifly re- 
 tire to thete viil,n;e.s as a lecurity botli'to dieir pcrlijns 
 and property. 
 
 between their i .irvells, employ 
 
 h ' *in(s hut they mull not 
 
 .imili" , from the king, who 
 
 ery tluiiL^ they kill. 
 
 >re here lubjeCt to tnanv di!'- 
 
 .)lacks, 
 
 The (.)' 
 themtelvcs ,.i 
 fr>(low the latter .vu 
 receives a moiety oi; 
 
 Both mei ar '. wo-rien 
 
 eafcs i i)'." 1' 
 often car: 
 lime i aoiJ t.' 
 r.I'inow, or ; 
 
 n .i . . 'le '1 Tdy fin-;, whic' 
 It , V -gij' . ■ r ,'■ -'. a u-rv ""uit 
 11 ■ . 'idii ..1 to the ov^^ah 
 j^r». 1 . • \s arc a)tb liiij- H to 
 
 leveral lort.-. ( 
 chief of till- • 
 f^reiw: numlnr 
 
 ; Ji '. 'ot known in Europe. The 
 IS >. ' 1.. 'ub:., which kills a 
 of •' -(ih;!!.' . • ■ ttaio-s Id boars and 
 
 dogl. 
 
 3 
 
 rolygamy is here allowa), as in moft other npTro 
 countries ; and the firll wife has always the pre-emi 
 ncncp. '1 he hulliand maintains the boys, and tlie girh 
 are t;ken care of by the wives. 
 
 Their cereinony of marriage cnfiRs chiefly in pre, 
 fents made by tl>e parents of the parties to each other , 
 but tlie ceremony of naming their children is very pm- 
 ticuliir. 
 
 When a boy is to be named the father walks throiir^l, 
 the village armcil with bows and arrows : he keeps cim- 
 tinuallv linging, and as he palles along the inhabit.ti.', 
 join hi:n with inllruments of tnunc. As l()on ;is ti.!' 
 peop'e .are jM-operly allembled they form a ring, wlicii 
 liie jM-rfon appointeil r.) perform the ceremonv taki; ;r 
 the child from the motlier lays it on a Ihield, 'and pit, 
 a Ik)W into one hand and a quiver in the other. H- 
 thcn m.ikes a long harangue to the people, after wliii }, 
 he addrclfes himielf to the infjnr, wiliiing he niiiv he 
 like his fither, indiiflrious, holjitablc, and a gootj hi,|, 
 bandman. He then names the <hild, and rcftims ;f 
 to the motluT, alter whicli the company retire.' The 
 men go to hunt for game, and to gather pahli-wine, 
 which they bring to the hoiife of the perfiin bt-innsrir.v 
 to the chiki, when the mother drell'es the g.!n)e with 
 rice, and the evening is concluded with fcflivity and 
 diverfion. 
 
 When a girl i: named, it is brought by the mntl.cr 
 or nurle through the village, in tlic liime manner as the 
 lx)y 1-, by the lather, and when the people are alletribltd 
 ie is laid on a mat on the ground, with a liiiall Ihafc in 
 one liand. The peil()n who is to name it then inakfs 
 a long haraigue, exhorting u to be a good houli'-wife 
 and a good cook ; to be deaniy, challe, and a dntiii!! 
 wife : ttiat her hullwnd may love her above all his other 
 wives, and flie attend him at hunting. Such wiihn 
 being concl'.id<d, he namirs the child, and then delivers 
 it to the motl.er ; after svhich the wh f)!e coinpany ilif- 
 peife, except a lew feleit friends, fur whom an elegant 
 entertainment is provided. 
 
 'I'hc king of (juoja is an abfblute monarch, but Iris 
 government is miki, an,l his councils are foriued ot 
 the wiiiL-ll and moll experienced perions in the tiation : 
 however, he is jealous of his autho,-ity and preroi^a 
 tives, and keeps a great number ofconcubines, moll oi 
 wluim are brought from the neighbouring countries. 
 
 When the king .ippeais in public he fits (jr Hands on 
 a fliicld, to lienote that he is the defender of the coun- 
 try, and the protedlor of iiis people. 
 
 In criminol cafes, offenders lentcnced to death aic 
 executed in Ibme wood at a confiderable dilhincc frum 
 the vilLiye in which t!iey relided, Here the crimin.;! 
 kneeling, with his head bent, the executioner tlirulK 
 a kuice through his body, after which he cuts off hb 
 head with an axe or knifi-, ami qu.irters him, del. vet 
 mg the limbs to his relj'ective wives. 
 
 If a man is charged with rhelt, or perjury, and flic 
 evidence is not liitKcicntly clear, he takes the trial hv 
 belli, a compofition made by i'.-; belh-nio, or paiii! 
 with the b.'irk of .t tree ami heib«, which is laid on t'le 
 pcrlbn's hand; if it does not hurt hini, he is liipivii ,i 
 iniKKTent i if othcrwife, lie !•■ deemed cuiltv ; inwH.'i 
 cafe he is leiiKiiced f) death, and executed in the iii,i:i- 
 ner before-mentioned. 
 
 Many flranj^e maxims prevail ainong the NVrrrir* of 
 theic nations; and to their fupi rllitious no'ions nnv 
 be added, the great faith they have in ma;;ici.ini ^'-i 
 forccrcrs, as alio n fint of men whom they call Mi' 
 nofin ; thefe they believe can !uck (he lilooil fr 'm li r 
 body of either man or li' :tll -, at leall they imagine th.r 
 they can corrupt it in .i i h a manner *, to oecafioti 
 linger!>m and painful <iifi:,;'«. There arc alii) other 
 eiii-hanters called I'illi, whi.un they believe can prevent 
 the growth of thtir rice. 
 
 C H A P- 
 
 TI IIS large tra< 
 line and 1 8 c 
 the north by the kii 
 the inland parts of 
 tlom of Mataman ; 
 Ocean. As it cont 
 Angola, Qtngo I'ro 
 has its rcfpCv^Uvc p; 
 dillindJy. 
 
 S E 
 
 Situation, 
 
 B E f 
 
 Exlntt. 
 tion 
 
 THIS kingdom 
 on the loiith 
 Country of the Jagj 
 Its extent is about 
 if-'o from n irth to ft 
 fome, that the very 
 ious (juaiity of the a 
 here are flriking fpct 
 
 Tlie chief rivers 
 Nira, the Saint Frar 
 die of' It, and the g 
 eall to Well. 
 
 Benguela, the cap 
 ^5 mill, f'outh 'at. i 
 th.it extends about tl 
 city the Portuguefe 1 
 palliliidoes and a 1 
 houl'es and Ihadcd 
 ■<5ther trees. 
 
 The bay of Ben 
 town, is alx)ut two 
 deep enough for ftii 
 
 Ne u' the capital 
 which, called Mui 
 kaiiSted. 
 
 St a vill.ige 
 from the mootli oft 
 houlc iitr divers ar: 
 the chief nf rt«»fe 
 gunpowJer. 
 
 To till, northw, 
 aiiotlier bay, whii 
 ra;;e, the Dutch ca 
 1 )W and fertile, ai 
 (it black cattle aiiii 
 
 The ini.md p 
 typei.H, elephants. 
 
 The grea[;:ll 
 p'.TuIi.ir to the c. 
 It is of the fi/e 
 
 ca. 
 
 f^^: 
 
 )f foot. 
 
 !t 
 
 t'le other on the 
 i . young the Ir.iiu 
 f ;e ths horn tv;ii 
 rlepliaiic. Tlie n 
 
 fr 
 
 '.nt h 
 
 irn 
 
 wl.id, 
 
 a 
 
 •air.lt 
 
 !"•• 
 
 \'V.\. • 
 
 1 ' 
 
 V: 
 
 eitei 
 
 lial. 
 
 or 
 V 
 
 ler> nc 
 •■e Vn-x 
 
 \" 
 
 \, of 
 
 t ' , 
 
 i!l ike 1 
 
 l'. 
 
 the 
 
 ho 
 
 n U,'i: 
 
 II. 
 
 k.'d i 
 
 .\OI 
 
 ;! ov 1 
 
 good aiiil i 
 it, '.vheif-av 
 
 ard t!ie 
 
 i mm ■All 
 
 Uel 
 
 .• i\v\: 
 
APHY. 
 
 loft other nrgrn 
 ays the pre-enii 
 )ys, and die girls 
 
 5 chiefly in pn-. 
 its to each otiicr; 
 klfcn is very pm . 
 
 '.er walks tlifoiH!, 
 s : he keeps coi;- 
 n;< the inhahit.ui* 
 
 As loon :is ti.^ 
 
 inn a ring, wlici, 
 
 ceiTinony tski; i; 
 
 a Ihielit, and jn ^ 
 
 the other. I i- 
 cople, after whii !i 
 iliiinw he iiKiv be 
 
 anti a gorxl hi;l- 
 aiul returns if 
 pany retire.' The 
 (.gather paliii-wlne, 
 
 perlirn beiniiflri' 
 s the gatue with 
 with fcfliviiy jtij 
 
 lit by the nintl.fr 
 iime manner as the 
 ;npjc urc adcinbid 
 
 i:h a rniail fti;if[ in 
 lamc it then nwkes 
 
 a {i;ood houli- wife 
 arte, and a (intiiiil 
 
 above all his i>thrr 
 
 iiig. Such wiihfv 
 
 and then delivers 
 
 iole company dif. 
 >r whom an elegant 
 
 e monarch, but his 
 irils are formed of 
 rfons in the nation: 
 M),-ity and preroga- 
 :oncubines, nioli of 
 Hiring countries, 
 he jits or (lands on 
 fender of the coim- 
 
 encetl to (leatli ar; 
 arable dilhmcc from 
 
 I lere the crimiii,.! 
 
 cxccntioner tliruli. 
 lich he cuts oil' liii 
 arters him, deliver 
 
 or perj'.iry, and the 
 \e takes the trial hv 
 belit-mo, or prii iK. 
 wliich is laid on r'lc 
 hini, he i<i fuppoi d 
 eti i;iiiltv ; in vslii.'i 
 xecuted in the inii:i- 
 
 long the N'errrirs o- 
 litioiis no' ions niu 
 ve in ina:;ici.)m vd 
 I'hom they call Mi' 
 the tdodii ft'-'tn tl r 
 »ll ih(.y imigine th.i' 
 nner a> to occafioti 
 here arc alio other 
 ■ believe c.w prevent 
 
 [ 349 1 
 
 C II /V P. 
 
 XL 
 
 LOWER GUINEA, or CONGO. 
 
 C li A P. 
 
 THIS large track, fitiiite between the Ci]iiinoftial 
 line and 1 8 deg. louth latitude, is bounded on 
 the north by the kingdom of Benin; on the call by 
 the inland parts of Africa ; on the louth by the king- 
 dom of Mataman j and on the weft by the Atlantic 
 Ocean. As it contains four kingdoms, viz. Benguela, 
 Angola, Qingo I'roper, and Loango, and e ich ot thefe 
 his its rcfpci^Hve paiticulars, we f.i.dl trcai of t'lem 
 dillinctly. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 B K N G U E L A. 
 
 Situation, ExtnU. Rivrrs, Cl.mjif. BrirJ drjcn^i- 
 tion of Bcnguelii, the capital. 
 
 THIS kingdom is bounded on the north by Angola, 
 on the louth by Mataman, on the call by the 
 Country of the Jaggas, and on the weft by the Ocean. 
 Its extent is about 4 ,o iniies from eaft to weft, and 
 i^-'o from n )rth to fouth. rixr climate is lb unwholc 
 fome, that the very provifions »r*- affrfted by the nox- 
 ious (]uaiity of the air, ami the Kur^ycans who refide 
 here are linking fpcdiacks of mortality, 
 
 Tlie chief rivers i>( Bengiiela are, tiif. f/xvgp, the 
 Nira, the .Saint I'rancifco, whwili ahk (iif/'yAi Atf mid- 
 dle of it, and the gre.it river C(J««rt(, wliii/ ' ■•n 
 eaft 10 well. 
 
 Bengiieia, the capital (/ tli' kingdom, Tv^s w *'^<>g^ 
 ,T5 rnin. fjiith iat. and gi-vs ifs nsini' ii> .' prfy/,f/'^ 
 that extends about thirty mil's jiirynf^ die ((yji^ pft dvb 
 city the Portuguele have built a i')f tnr'/i>i^/^4 Wvd) 
 palliladoes and a ditch : the wIvjiI' i , furro«ini!le<1 v'»^ 
 houfes and Ihadtd with orange, Wiion, b*'.«r.^ 
 -fther trees. 
 
 The bay of Bengiiela, ivhich lies to the fouth •/ rhe 
 town, is aljouf two leagues I/road at the entrance, ai.d 
 deep enough for ft^ps of burden to anchor in. 
 
 Nc ir the capital are fevrral villafj*"!, the principal of 
 which, calltd Manikafomba, is exoenfive and well in- 
 IttiHted. 
 
 Xt a village called Manikicotigo, aVivit 20 .niles 
 frorn the mootli of the Bay, die I'ortuguefe ?,'ive altore- 
 houle for divers arrides, which they fell to fric native- 
 the thief "f rt.<»fe are linens, i-ottons, fHt arms ari' 
 gunpow.let. 
 
 To till.- norihw.ird of a river ca'led Caton i)f!!e is 
 aiiotlur bay, which, from its c o ivtniencc for a</ V* 
 rage, the Dutch call the GoihI Bay. i'Kc laid he^ • r. 
 I I'v and fertile, and the natives brcciJ .-^'-ai numbers 
 ot iilack cattle and hogs. 
 
 The inl.uid parts .ihound in uili l^eafts, as liens, 
 typiri,-,, elephants, rhiaocerofei and wiKi (iii-'les. 
 
 The greatell curiofity here i; a renu'-kable iininial 
 peculi.ir to the cour.try, talleil by the natives Abada. 
 Ii is of :he fi/e of .111 lialf gro',vn cilf, vejy Hiv and 
 Itt',: of foot. It h.is ivvi) horns, one oi\ the fjrelicad, 
 tiie 'isher on the n.ipc of the neck. When the animal 
 i. young the front horn is ftrait, hut a it adv.ances in 
 .•• ;e ths horn bends gr.uiually ',p li!;e the tulk of an 
 elephant. The naiives hunt it fir t'v- lake of the 
 fr;;nt lioni, v.l.ic h they elleem iis an exrcllent antidote 
 a ^ur.ft pillion. They look on the \irrue of it to be 
 I turer or lets according to the age of an animd when 
 >>;Iied. Tlie I'ortiigiieli-, in order (o know the gooJ- 
 I" t, of i , I') ike ul'c of the fttllowing ex'-f'! 
 r.i the ho;n U|n;.iht on llie ground, 
 ii.'.ked i'Aoid over i: iioint to p'lint. If t!ie horn be 
 good and hartl the point of tlu Iword will not penetrate 
 ii, <.\lie/ras, ul'.eii ilv horn is foft and young t'--.' I'vvon! 
 iriim-.'diatelv fink', into ir, -ihich fliews that it is not 
 
 ■ei'.ir I. riuy 
 md fiifpend a 
 
 arrived at its full perfeiftlon, and of courfe lefTens its 
 value. They alfo make a poultice of the piilvetized 
 bones of this creature mixed with water, which they 
 fay is a fovereign remedy againft all aches and pains of 
 the body, by drawing away the peccant humours not 
 only from the part affcfled, but the whole mafs of 
 blood. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 ANGOLA. 
 
 THE Portuguefe gave the name of Angola to this 
 country in compliment to a prh.>.e of that name, 
 who firft ufurped it from the king of Congo. It wa« 
 called originally by the natives Dongo. It is bound- 
 ed on the north by Congo Proper, on the fouth by 
 Benguela, on the eaft by Matamba, and on the veil 
 by the Ocean. 
 
 The country is in general mount.iinous, and wa- 
 tered by feveral livers, the chief of which are the 
 Danda and Coanza. Thefe rivers are ftored with moft 
 kinds of fifti, but it is dangerous to catch them on ac- 
 count of the crocodiles. The Po-tuguefe have a fort 
 at a place called Cambaniba, iipo > the river Canza. 
 The (><'>vinces of which this kingdom is compofcd we 
 fhall MfS)r in the f<)i>>wing order: 
 
 ChifliHfi! ii divided ii-^o three parts, each of which 
 is under d*»: 'i"e6lion o' .) ^«"-rnor deputed by the 
 kin}?. The </rjorry is nioi..''-'a«e^y!is and poorly culti- 
 vated; ii i'^ (AfffMr , however, !>«• producing a peculiar 
 ti^ 9B»le by the K»y."% from a briny kind of water 
 #fMi^ < wy dig (or, ^/ ying fixmed into a mafs they 
 miihf <jMi d *, #hV:i they ex«'hange with the Por- 
 if^ i>y fn^al, nil ,tnd other commodities. The 
 ■:a«fs derive confide iWe adv.mtages i.om export- 
 rfVjij '--iit !yt to rr/zft parti '/ Ethiopia, as it is not only 
 er- Vrt« V food, but aJt/ in phyfic, being a very 
 piuV.' diu'-i^jr. 
 
 TIk /KT-ttrr of Surnbi r=. 
 The nati***, {'.'.' ^^i tail and 
 indolent, am', '/ vjorff, pegl- 
 land, which, \tl^u^fr il)(^«,•^t^^ pr 
 and produces (ewfA' '• f'.% n( e^i ■ 
 
 The province of Jfiir'i is 
 ftricts under as mmy ,', 'i- 
 
 >nd the rivers abound wi 
 idolaters, but of a uaclabli- 
 
 Stf'ia is one of the noi. 1 -- 
 province in all the kin:';do!- 
 of it, viitnf a ridj'e it pi 
 fj.!«'~e of f;..-'y mik> m I. 
 I ■• liirface of iW r^ ' 
 and cultivated, enjoys a -n 
 is |ilentif"ully fupjditd wit 
 
 the moft part, fl.at. 
 
 ing, are, in general, 
 
 le cultivation of die 
 
 dls, proves fruitful. 
 
 It grain. 
 
 ided ini) many di- 
 
 riie land is fertile, 
 
 ihc inhabitants are 
 
 dullrious difpofition* 
 
 I --KV and ■-'•/Untainous 
 
 articulai. >t\ one fide 
 
 iiicular ro' , , '■overs a 
 
 1 with UK , ••-r'option. 
 
 iwever, is *e.i inh/.i)ited 
 
 and who *<-.*ne air, and 
 
 relh water, 
 are well watered, and produce exc 
 
 'rf- k)w lands 
 ,«»*• p.rt'ire for 
 catde, great numbers of Nvhic 1 are bi d Uv tijr «habi- 
 tants ; but they often luftmn . onfiderable lols Ir-'^^ die 
 number of wikl bealls tlut i-'.eft this part of the < 'in- 
 try. The torrents that How from the iiills brin^; with 
 them great quantities of ir. n ore, whicli the inhabi- 
 tants gatfier carefully by la-.ing draw and other fucli 
 materials arrofs t!ie ftn .,n '■> leeeive if.; .and after- 
 wards, by dim- of fire, .0 it into excellent i.on. 
 In tiii^ country are aUo I'un ^-reat quantities of a kind 
 of tranloarent ore, whu h Me natives call Tare, anu 
 when wiought ib, in i;;. .nance, much I'lipcrior to 
 iron. 
 
 Bcnibca extends irfe)! <ni one fide along the fe.a, and 
 on the other divides die 1 ingdom of Angola from other 
 na'.ioni- on the fiufh. 1 he country is populou 
 
 on the fiufh. 
 aliouiids with fni.dl cattle, 
 4 l' 
 
 and 
 v/ith the hides of which the 
 nn'.i\es 
 
:,So A NEW, ROYAL, anw AUTMF.XTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY 
 
 V, «■' 
 
 ;:*, r 
 
 m 
 
 It!.* 
 
 jt, i i 
 
 
 n.uivcs make thtir garments, and tlicy anoint tlicirhcaJi 
 •.mci bodic's with clic far. 'I'licli: jieopif mx nmcli more 
 lliv.iiTC than thtir ncighbaurs, arc alnv ll all idniatcrs, 
 and have a laniiuagc jx\-i:!iar to tlu-mu-jves. 'I'hcy are 
 very artful, and iil'c a lingular ilratagcm in war, wtiich 
 1.. to drivr j^rcar niinibrrs n\ c.ittk- towar.ls that fide on 
 which the enemv is expcded, whiift tht y il-crctc thcm- 
 felves Jt a liiiall dilhiii'-c, either by iayiig I'at on their 
 bcllits in the high grals, or among the heath or copies. 
 'l"he cattle leidom lail ol c\ci:ing the enemy to aiivance 
 in (irdiT to nuke a capture, when tlsry liuklenly rile, 
 nn i lurioully fall on thrm uitii tiieir armed clubs. This 
 rchcme is genrr.illy attended with liiccel's tiie enemy 
 loon fiincnd(iing, wjun their tonqiiciors fell them tor 
 Haves to the Europeans. 
 
 The province of Tembi is divided into twelve lord- 
 r.iips, whole ( liief's, though under the protetlion of the 
 I'orcug'.iele, live free and independ( nt, being only 
 obligeii to furnith them with a certain number ot militia 
 in call's of eiriergcncv. The whole coiinrry abounds 
 with V. lid cows and mules, wliich the inhabitants hunt 
 and kill f,>r food. It alfo protluccs- feveral excellent 
 roots, among which one in particular relimblcs parl- 
 nips, but is much finer in talle, and is laid not only to 
 .Utenu.ur } lilem, but to be almoll an admirable puriiier 
 of tlie bl.)oil. 
 
 Oatvo is beautifully variegated with hills and plains, 
 and fo well watered with rivers and Iprings, that it is 
 one (;f the moll dt lightful provinces in the kingdom. 
 Thcfe advantages, however, are of little ule to the na- 
 tives, as they arc rellraincd by the lords from cultiva- 
 tii'.g any more of the land than what is abfolun- ..ccef- 
 lary to pn dixe provifioiis for their '...nlics. The 
 chief governor of this province has twenty others under 
 him, whole principal buhnels is to difcipline and excr- 
 cife the militia; for which reafon tliis is one ot the molt 
 formidable provinces in the whole kingdom. 
 
 A diltcir.pcr peculiar to tlie r'imate o. |,artof the 
 country prevails !iere ; it generally liegins with a violent 
 head-ach ami v.itigo, and is fbllowtd by convulfions, 
 which too 1 red jce the p.itient to a mere (keleton. The 
 medicine f<r ijiis cjiilife is made Irum a plant fome- 
 tiiing like our hyfiop, which they pulverize, and drink 
 t'le infulion : they allii extrac"! .noil from it, with which 
 il.e'" anoint the parts convulled. 
 
 i hey arc likewifc f.ibiect to a kind of fwelling, that 
 bcgin> .it the inoiith, and fpreadi i;relf all over the 
 neck, wliich often fwclls to the bignels of the head, 
 caulcs exceirive pain, and is frecnk.nily attend^fd with 
 liillocation. It is peneraiiy c.ired by anointing the 
 |i.u!s with the oil e.xtracted from tlie above-mentioned 
 plant. 
 
 Thore is a very finguk^r infed ii this province, 
 fumttimes like our horle-rac-, whole lli.ig is fo dange- 
 rous, tiiat if a ijuantity of L'!')"d be not iinnieiliati iy 
 drawn from die parts afiecteil, tiie pcrfon is th.'ovvn into 
 a violent lever, attended with excefTive tortures, tint 
 commonly end in a total delirium, and, \Ji not f|)ce(lil" 
 rtlievcil, in convulfive death. The moll remir! ''>i 
 ciicumlUiice attendii.g tliis is, tli..: ul.en tin- i > >a is 
 cured, he leldi;m tail^ (jf a rel.ijti', owing t^"-- ■.vly \>^ tli'' 
 b.ire remembrance ol what tie kit dmuy the time \\ 
 w.is aliccled: aiul Iwine o* tticin iin.lei;;,a !i.. 'i i KcrtFive 
 torture, that they ikiU t ., iiuk lies hi puniir. .m ml 
 to their exiilence. 
 
 W hen lie poor id. ■i.i:( rs h.iptii ii to Ue llnnc hv ihtie 
 inied;, lit' v lilve ie>ou'l<- (.i . n I'l.'U, 
 It an ir.'i : it the i ..d, v, .;ii h 
 
 1 :iid put ir 
 
 i.iey 
 i.r". 
 iii'iy 
 V ■! 
 
 ,!, 
 
 a I 
 
 le m ' 
 
 i"i:r,:_, !■ '■■.s, e\ 
 ■ . ;l|- I'lleivcv , d 
 r. .!■ ' I''. leiii.l. 
 
 , ■ -ill r 
 
 .1 ii'rai 
 cle.lt 
 
 «h. 
 
 ekoiii 
 
 ,1V !• 
 
 f<)llIV 
 
 H-.VJ II 
 
 ■H luo 
 
 -i; • 
 
 knov> 
 
 . .It 
 
 velte 
 
 II. 
 
 1' .■■ifl, 
 
 I it 
 
 y ^'v . the parieiv. 
 
 ii.iii\ "I 
 
 .1 vi. ' r til ( r viiiii iiig, IJV 
 i;,e po. ii w liir iv.n out, tint 
 I'li.viit tuable; him to git lid 
 
 of whit is left beli'inl. M.inv, however, who are ciirrj 
 by this ftrange merhiKl, are lt)me line after fti/ed with 
 pains and convulfif)ns in their nerves, whieii frequeinlv 
 enil in a fettled lameiiels, ami fcmctimes in a dead 
 pally. Though this method is altogether fupcrfticious 
 yet, fiom i:s being lometimes etf'eChial, the I'-uroiieins' 
 unable to bear the excelfivc pain ariliiig tiotii the Itinf' 
 have rccourfe to it. ^' 
 
 The |)r()vince of Caberzo is very populoi s and fer- 
 tile, proiiucing not only abundance ul cattlt, but alii) 
 moll kinds ot provifu)ns. In one ji.irt ot this is a hiwh 
 hill calletl the Iron Mountain, from its yiildin? jreat 
 quantities of that metal, wl.idi the I'ortuguele h.ive. 
 taught tlie natives to purify, and work into various kinds 
 of inllrumcnts. 'n this province are nuny large and 
 lofty trees, particularly palm and cocoa trees. Thi re 
 is alfo .-;ne fort that grcitly refemblcs our apple tree< 
 the back of whit h being cut with a knife, yields ja 
 oiloriferous juice, of the colour and confiilency of ho- 
 ney. Ir is very ufcfil in medicine, but being of a hnt 
 n.iture, it mull be Hill qualilied by liime cooling drtiu. 
 
 The I'ortugutfe have taken j^ieat pains to projiariti,- 
 the Koiiian Catholic religion in this prov'nce, and m.t 
 without fuccefs, for tli'.rc are Iti. idolaters in it than iii 
 any otlier in the kingdom. 
 
 Lubolo i.i lituatcd on the foutliern banks of the ri\a 
 Coanza. Its climate is very wh.)lelome, and its loll 
 
 remark. ible fertile, prodi 
 
 >rcat plenty of all f^rts 
 
 of pruvifions. It is ciiietly noted for its excellent palm 
 trci-s_ vjiidi produce better wine, oil, and timber, th.ui 
 is to I met with in all the otlier parts of the kingdom. 
 The greater part of the people of this province are 
 Chrillians, and tributary to the Fortuguefc. 
 
 The province of Luanda is lituated 8 deg. 30 niin. 
 louth la:, ami ji deg. d min. ea(l longituile. It is one 
 ot the mok conhderable places belonging to the I'orru- 
 guefe letrlcments on this fide Afiica, and remarkable 
 f^ir having in it the capital of the whole kingdom of 
 Angola. It is a large city, pkalantly lituated on tiie 
 declivity of a hill near the lea coall, and llrongly de- 
 fendeil by a fj-acious fortreli, in v hlch is a church dedi- 
 cated to St. Amaro, and a convent of Sefltrtians, be- 
 fides leveral bulwarks that ferve to guard the entrain c 
 of the port, it is very pojuiloiis, and greatly refcrted 
 to, n.'H only on account of its being the rcfidence of ti.c 
 Portuguele governor, but alfo for its cc ,t.iining the 
 chief courts of judicature for the whole kingdom. The 
 churches and other public buildiii^ are fumptuoiis, as 
 are all thole of the merchants and oflicers, both fpiri- 
 tual and temporal. The (Ireets are flrait, wide, and re- 
 gular, and are always kept exceeding clean. The 
 lioules belonging to the I'ortuguele arc built of (tone, 
 antl molt of thetu very elegantly furnilhedj but thofe ol 
 the natives are \eryiiiean, being built only of earth, aikl 
 th.itched with llraw. 
 
 In the center of thf city is a large co:ivcnt lielongmg 
 to \.<t rluits> wl»i> are litre hekl in the higheft elteein. 
 It b ,> i?.itely c icf, and eridowed with a conliderabl.' 
 leviiiue (Ck\ one lide of it ih m liolpii illed the 
 
 ''^' en. .1. whicli ha-, t'.vent) iour v.;ir ■ . v^ -m-, 
 >i (>4llClit!. befldes ciii. . . lut .u aj , ..-Mis toi il..' it 
 lectors, phyiidaii, lurgfon, ,.)ih...caiv *'>i i.iiii ' ... 
 trndani'i. Oti ih'- otlur (id. ; the convent i> a .. : 
 belonging 10 the fraii i . it Si. Ji 'ii> the tti^'i.ii ,\- 
 .! liiiall diilance from (lnvHiiei !■> i m^^ iv ilic i '- ; 
 ill d, which i^ a larj.i , \\a\\\\ I>> »tiii-e, de Vcati m 
 t)ur ljd\ o( iliet'i •iteptii>i\, vm.\\ win, '. isanotiu. di 
 ditataii'i t'le M.iv s.i< • n t. i\c\, are a!i in.ii.v 
 . 'iMi'.iies A-,1 Iia|''l» 11. I. i.gii'..; to li..' tajiitiii/ii 
 
 other p.irocluil 
 luc uy, a. *nf\vii the ciid .• 
 
 >4( the . 
 
 .Is jn. 
 
 , an.. M,.: 
 
 , til ■.irioun 
 
 ( . ic.it ioir- 
 
 ah 
 uy, 
 
 r 
 
 1 the ( liv are kept pro.! 
 
 »:,., arc Clllp!-%ed in liiie.;' lai; . 
 
 tiurthciis, «n(! ti hini; w.iter fi 'rn 
 crilt ilUnd rai!! ,1 Loa:i l.i, liie ciu ii 
 
 I ■•T\.\, caiiyiii;; . ' 
 
 .> lings in an ...*j 
 ii..t h.nitt" «"• ...in- 
 veiucM. ■-• ■■; tXKig «.i£»Ti ! by n.) kii\d iA met 1 i.r 
 t.ouiUi> . .»1 it, hu^«vver, u ve.y (trtiir, v.ell julr: 
 
 ^'Jtcc, 
 
■VPHy 
 
 I, who are ciirctj 
 ■tier Itizcd widi 
 Ivliicii frcq;ii'iuly 
 limrs in a dead 
 lur rii|iciili;ioii5, 
 I thi- I''.iiri)])f:in5, 
 h trorn the iling, 
 
 loimloi s and fcr- 
 I cattle, but alio 
 I of this is a high 
 111 yulding ^rcat 
 ll'ortugticli; liavt- 
 liiito various kinds 
 I iiiany large and 
 La trees. I'hire 
 niir apple trt-fs, 
 a knife, yickls an 
 ponfiikncy of ho- 
 it bc'mg of a hot 
 nr.c cooling dniij;, 
 pain.i to i^opaiMte 
 Hov'iicc, and ni/t 
 icrb in it than iii 
 
 anks of the ri\..r 
 )me, and its loil 
 )lenty of all l>.rt> 
 its excellent palm 
 I and limber, tlian 
 
 ot t!ie kingdom. 
 this province are 
 r»iiefc. 
 
 .i 8 deg. 30 min. 
 gitude. It is onf 
 »ing to the I'orru- 
 1, and remarkable 
 whole kingdom ot 
 itly lituated on [lie 
 , and tlrongly de- 
 ;h 4S a church dedi- 
 of Sc-fttrtians, he- 
 guard the entrance 
 ind greatly retorted 
 the rtfidence of tlic 
 its to .taining the 
 )le kingdom. Tiic 
 
 are lumptiioiis, as 
 officers, both I'piri- 
 ftrait, wide, and rc- 
 ■ding clean. The 
 are built of ftune, 
 lilhedi but thole ot 
 It only of earth, aiki 
 
 convent beiongin!; 
 
 tiic higlu-il eiUrin. 
 
 with a conliderabl.- 
 
 holpii tiled tlir 
 
 ir Wat.'' ■ t'; 'lil'i 
 
 . ..-.Its toi 1',- >i 
 ai\ , »'v! i.rii' ' .1. 
 H)!l\CHt i> 4 >.■ .' 
 
 in the Ut|(HHi A' 
 
 Africa.] 
 
 LOWER G U I N E A, 
 
 35» 
 
 in, 
 
 :i !■. llic I '' 
 
 . Iiirr, de Vcati u- 
 
 whi '1 isanorhi . ,k 
 
 I '■e;, are .1.1 in. in 
 
 Id ti.: tai-iitaiiii 
 
 •* other paroihiil 
 
 mh'.'-i the ciui ; 
 
 . , 1 Wi n( llni , 
 .: .■.'-,.!, caiiyin;; ••< 
 j^inigs in an .«.] 
 r.it ha^ in'' t;. ...in- 
 kirid «>( I IV er il.f 
 ■ ^rtilr, v.lII .ult: 
 ^■•'lev.-, 
 
 vatet), and brautlfiilly variegated with villas, gardensj 
 and a variety of fruit-trees. 
 
 I'iu- iflaiid of l.oanda b firuated about half a mile 
 from thf citv; it is very di'proportionatc in its form, 
 beii)..; fiiceen miles lon;^, and only one bro.id. The 
 Por;ii;','jefe have many hoi:(es on it, as aili> a grrat 
 numtier of gardens, which tliey keep well lloiked with 
 niolt forts of fruit-trees and vegetables. They have al- 
 (o on this illanti feverai handi'ome churches; befidcs 
 which there is a ipacioiis convent belonging to the 
 jcfuits. 
 
 Ihe citv is well fii[>plied with mofl kinds of provi- 
 fions, pirticularly mutton and pork, the latter ot which 
 is greatly elleemcJ by the b'.uropeans. They have alti) 
 jlentv of til'.i, which are caught on the C(>all3 ot the 
 idand pf ! .oanda. The bread ul'ed by the Europeans is 
 made of 1 lillet and Indian wheat; but that ufed bv the 
 natives is :n;uie from the meal of the manioc root, '"he 
 latter alii) prefer doi{s delli to any other, for which rea- 
 Jon numbers of thole animals arc fattened up, flaiigh- 
 tered, and expofed at th.c public thambles. 
 
 .Small payments Iktc are made either in ziinbis (the 
 (lieils of a Imall lilh) or elle beads, the latter of which 
 are of various li^es, colonis, a.nvi faihions, and arc 
 worn by I'lmc of the natives as ornaments to theirarms, 
 necks, and wrilb. Larger payments are made with 
 pieces of cloth of their own manulafture, of a ftated 
 length and breadth: and where the fbm is conlidt rablc 
 it i'. ufually paid in fl.ivcs. 
 
 I'lcnga, or Bengo, is lituated on a river of the fame 
 name. It is a fertile country, and produces great 
 plenty ot maize and millet, as alto a prodigious num- 
 b,-r 'f banana and bacova trees. The province is di- 
 vi JeJ into many dillrids, t!'.e chiefi of wnich are na- 
 tives, rhniigh tributary to t;ic Portuguele. Here are 
 ciglu cliurches, three of which are calkrd parill'.es, .and 
 one of thein belongs to the jeiliits, who celebrate their 
 f'dliv,ds in it with tiie gre„:ell pomp an 1 magnificence. 
 
 The province of iJuiuia is fituatrd to the north ( f 
 Bengo. This province is will watered, very fertile, 
 and prr)diicc6 plenty of .urain, with various kinds of 
 fi'uits; biit it is greanv uifelfed with c-ocodiles and 
 large terj-ents, whii h harbour in the river Bengo. The 
 inliabi'ants arc rnotily Chriltians, for '.vhich realbn here 
 are feverai rh sr. lies regularly llrved by fccular priilts. 
 'I'he chief of thetc arc lituated at the mouth of tlie 
 Danda; and at ibine tiillance from it is another, as alto 
 feverai cliapels and oratf)rics, all of whic'i belong to the 
 ieiiiits, who take great pains in enileavouring to bring 
 over the unconverted to a feiile of Chrilf ianity. 
 
 Moli-che is lituated on the northern banks of the river 
 Coan?:... The li)il is very tertile, and, beliiles grain, 
 is renin kable for producing the manioc root, whiih is 
 lb plentiful, that large quantities of it are annu.illy lent 
 to the city of Loanda. 
 
 In tlii-. province are mines of feverai metals, particu- 
 larly the g ivernment of fambamba. What is very 
 remarkable, each mine tinges the c()mjdevi.)n ot the in- 
 habit! its who li\i- in that territory; lor though they 
 .ire ail natiirallv bi.; ;k, yet thole near the filvcr mines 
 dilfer in their compie.xion Irom thote that live near the 
 mines of gokl and lead, which cannot lie otherwife ac- 
 ( Diintcd for than ir.im the etfliivia that exhales from the 
 tiifierent metals. 
 
 I'iiiinha is I'iviled int.i two parts, dillinj^iiiliied by 
 the naine^ of f iigher am! Lower. 'I'he firmer is litua- 
 ted between the rivers lki'.;;o and Calucat.i ; and the 
 latti-r between the Ua.ida <mi the ii.;rth, and tlie Bengo 
 on the fouth. They are botii very fertile; and tiic n.v 
 tin:, who are chieily Chriltians, pay a tribute to the 
 i'oringuifc. 
 
 Tile I iigher lllamba has mines of exceller.t iron, and 
 is i'.lii rll covered with Iniall hills, in tlie center ot it is 
 ;i Id' .' iD'Hnifaiii, tri.m the fnmmi's and lides ot which 
 :'. A ,1 iirodii',i.)u. numbei of fprings andrivuletv nt clear 
 .' . uiioleliinn: v. Ui-r, which is not only excnding good 
 b'.ii 't inhnite Icrs ice in contributing to kr- 
 
 rink, 
 that 
 
 I lie country. I'liis province pays a 
 
 confiilerable tribute to the king of Portugal, and the 
 governor of it is obliged to maintain a numerous militia 
 tor his fervirc. 
 
 Oarii is lituated on the northern bank.? of the river 
 Coanza, ami atiioins to tht irovince of Motechr. Ic 
 is watered by a great number of fmall rivers that fall in- 
 to the Coanza, but which, in the time of the great 
 rains, became large, rapid and dangerous. In this 
 province are two foitreires belonging to the Portuguefe, 
 at e.ach of whicii th- y keep a llrong garrifon. 
 
 Einbacca, or Mcinbacca, is fituated on the north fide 
 of the river Lucala, and between that and the Higher 
 Illamba. It is wholly fubjett to the Purtugucfc; for 
 though tliC 1 ird who governs it airimcs a cliim to a 
 kind of independency, yet it is granted him only on con- 
 dition that he Ihall maintain, at his own cxpcnce, a nu- 
 merous iTiiliiia for their fervicc. Thefc troops, though 
 idolaters, are llout, w:irlike and well difciplined, and 
 never betray any fear of tieath when they engage an 
 enemy: for which reaf<n tiie Portuguefe value thcra 
 above all the red: in the kingdom. 
 
 The trade carried o in this kingdom, by the Portu- 
 guefe and other Europeans, confitb chiefly in purcha- 
 fing fiaves; and, indeed, it was this inhuman commerce 
 that firft invited the Portuguefe to tliis part oi Africa. 
 The commodities brought in exchange are broad cloths, 
 crimfon and other fiiks, velvets, cambrics, Hollands 
 of all forts, gold and fiber lace, broad and narrow 
 Ifriped tickings, black lerges, 'I'urkey carpets, threads 
 and filks of ail forts and colours, Canary and other 
 wines, bran.iy and other lpirituoi:s liquors, oil, fpices 
 of all forts, loaf fugar, knives, filhing-hooks, pins, 
 needles, fmall bells, variety of other trinkets and bau- 
 bles, e'als beads of all li/.es and colours, rings of the 
 fame, or other materials, fire-arms, fwords, cutlaircs, 
 and other weapons. 
 
 The people of e.ach of thefe provinces are divided 
 into tour tlilTcrent cl '" ■ 'I'ne fiill is that of Macotfls, 
 who arc a kiiul o! ■ -"n. The fciond confills oi 
 
 thofe fiilctl the Chii, he Dominion, who are the 
 
 original natives of the c, entry, of cither f'ex, whether 
 merchants artificers, or hufbandmcn. The third is 
 that of the Qnificos, or n..ves, who are the property 
 antl inheritance of the lords of that province, which de- 
 volves, like all other real elfates, to their heirs and fuc- 
 ccflbrs. And the lall is the M.ibicas, who are the llaves 
 either taken in war, piirchalcd, or condemned to for- 
 feit their Ireedom for foine crime or mifdtineanor. 
 
 The king of Angola acknowledges no Ibbjeifbion to 
 the king of Congo: he is entirely independent, and, 
 from the protedion he receives from the Portuguefe, 
 preferves an abiblute authority. When his troops en- 
 gage an enemy. They divide themfelves into three bo- 
 dies, iU certain dillances from each other. In the center 
 one is the general, who diiefts all their motions by the 
 (ound of feverai warlike inllruments. I'hcy then mo ;• 
 t'orwards, retire, or wheel about, as tliofe dircd, and 
 fall on tlie enemy with great fury, making at tf.e :;ie 
 time a moll hideous noiie. If they find then.. Ives 
 • likely to be ilifconcerted, they take fiigi'.t, (fir they 
 are grat cowards,) lior is it pofllble for their general to 
 rally them; lb that the fate of a battle depends 0.1 tlie 
 fuciefs of the firii: onfct. 
 
 'i'heir muhc.il inllruments ufed in war are of feverai 
 kinds ami li?.es. One of the loiidclt of them Ibmewhat 
 rcfembles a Drum. Another an inverted phyramid, 
 ^ith the point fixed on the groiiiiJ. The third Ibrt is 
 made of elephants teeth: ihey are 1 ,' various fizes, and, 
 in their firm, Ibmewhat rcfemblLS (Air Cierman fiuti-s. 
 
 The drcls of the military olr.cers is very grand, and 
 they appear much taller than tiiey rc.illy are, as well as 
 moie terrible, bv the length and variety of ollrich, pea- 
 Cock, and other feathers uith which they ornament their 
 caps. About their necks they wear Icveral links of iron 
 chain, to which are fallened great quantities of rings, 
 that make a long iiii;;le at every motion, h'or the fime 
 purpofe alio thev hang a great number of bells about their 
 miildle, tiie nolle ol which they fuppole animates the 
 
 luldier* 
 
 Sifcll 
 
 W 
 
J5J A NEW, ROYAL, and AUUIFATIC SYSTI-.M or UNIV'KRSAI. GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 <ji 
 
 'il 
 
 •rv 
 
 lolJicrs to fight with more ardour, and at the fame 
 time gives thi-in a grearrr air tif pomp and grandetir. 
 They wi'ar bulkins on their legs after the manner of the 
 I'ortiigtiele. Their weapons are the bow, fworil, tar- 
 get, and da:>per. Tholi.*, liowcver, v.lio carry the 
 bow art- not allijwed to wear the targi', but only the 
 fword and d;tgf.'<T. 
 
 The common loldiers, who go nakc.i from the waiil 
 upwards, tight with bow and dagger, and in their gir- 
 dles they wear large ere >kL-d knives, fiome ol them 
 ii(e hn)ad fwoiJ;, mulkets and ; .tlois, wh.ieh they 
 purchafe of the I'ortugucle. 
 
 Tiie l.'nyiuge of the jH()p]e of Angola and Congo is 
 radically the lamej but the dialcd>t of the liiffcrfnt 
 provinces difler li) clIlMiiially in pron mnciation, that i: is 
 difficult fiir thofe born in places remote from each 
 otiier to converic together. 
 
 Thercmainint; particulars we have to mention of this 
 kingdom are relative ro the mountains, of which there 
 is a reiM.irkabie riJtn- extending itfclf north-eafl tiom 
 Cape Ntgri). Sonie of thele, on account of their pro- 
 digious height and coidnefs, are called by the Fortii- 
 gucfe Monti Kreddi; and foire others, which are fiill 
 higher, they call Monti ?fevofi, on account of their 
 fnowy tops, the waters of which, falling in great plenty 
 during tie fumnicr feiliui, form a conliderable lake 
 below. But the mod confuierable one of ail is that 
 called C.iini)ambo, on which tiiere is a mine tl.at pro- 
 duces excellent fiiver. T!ie I'orfiiguelc have k.ng fince 
 m;ide fhemlelves mailers of this place, and, in order to 
 levjure it, have built a very flrong furtreb. 
 
 S F C T I O N IH. 
 
 C O N (i O PROP I K. 
 
 Siliuilicn. .' Bovnil/rriti, Rivtts. ChmaU. I\u- 
 
 litidlioiii 111 grnoal. 
 
 CONdO Prnper is fituatf' between the ;dand i ith 
 degree of fouth Latitude, and between the jad and 
 41ft degree of call longitude, extending in length, from 
 nordi to fouth, ,5 :o miles, ami n breadth, from ealt: 
 to wert, about .(.i o miles. It Sounded on the ea(t 
 by th.e kingdoms of Makoko ami \ atamba, on the well 
 by the Adantic Ocean, on the nor^' by the river Zaire, 
 and on the fouth by Angola, from which it is feparated 
 by t!ie river Dande. 
 
 It is watered by many rivers, the chief of which is 
 the Zaire, navigable for lhi[i5 of burthen about 70 
 jiiiles up tl'.r country. I'Voni tliis river run feveral 
 Imall one?, svhicli iv.iZ only wii'.er 'the country, but are 
 alfo vcrv convenient for the nuTchaius and other inha- 
 biraiKS, "-ho can go in c.iiioev Imni one village to ano- 
 t'-.tr. I;, the couife of this river an; feveral finall iflands, 
 tiif inli.uiitiints of which are under the government of 
 lord-, appointed by the king of Congo. The principal 
 .if th;-(e are tvo, fituated near the moutli of the river, 
 .;'r! calle i Bommo and (j^nntella, the firft of which is 
 rem.'.rkal)Ic lor having miny miius of iron. Tiiouglr 
 rniM': illand'. are all inhaiiifd, ycz there is not a houle 
 ro Le ieen, the ground being lb low and marlhy, that i: 
 i, .-iimon: conllantly un icr water; for which rcafon the 
 Nc 'toes live clurlly in their canoes, or uoder trees, 
 lo'ind wliicli thev buikl their huts, r.iifed feveral fe<t 
 
 I lie urounr). 
 
 Thefe idanders are a llrong and 
 
 ■'" tht 
 
 ■''■' 
 
 r-t'ii'i'i people, btit they are very un]K)lil1ied in tnrir 
 
 r hey have no inarria;;e, or betrothing, hut 
 
 ;..■;! youth form fu< h alliances as their iriclina- 
 
 ;iri-it, without any ccremonv 
 
 r .1 
 In., 
 si' ■ 
 ,l> 
 
 ar 
 
 Thev are under 
 inurn: nf parncular rhiels and oHiciis, who 
 
 rli'.li-f. I..' .1 miioriiy ol voices. 
 in. IP. :>il ot (^lintella is remarkable for havitig an 
 i.lol ■*,';: !i n-) "•!? darf appro.ich but the pertoir>,i|.p((int- 
 ed ro .' ■■P.il ^ii<' it-fire the way rn it from being dil 
 .ovtrcd. '1'" '•I'et^l tliis tlj'.-v are ilirnifelves obliged, 
 a.s often as dvy [■-> thither, to take huh a path as tliev 
 rFiink no other p»rlon can find out. Miny pcrlons, 
 
 particularly in c.i'cs of licknefs, make rich ofTcri,;,?: n 
 this id )l, all which arc totally delhuyed; lor as fjon ^5 
 they arc dedicated, the perfon attending, convrvs tjifir. 
 to the idol, which is placed on a large jilain, furround- 
 ed >vith. a wall made of !■ leph.uus tc'-th, where they .ue 
 hung <m poles, and ijiere left till time )us entirely de- 
 ftroyed them. 
 
 1 lie river Zaire icceivcs its war r from three I.ikes; 
 the firft of which is the Zambre: the fccond the 7..wc\ 
 and the third a great lake tiiin whenc- the Nile is lup- 
 [lofed t) have its fourcc. Tiic Z.inibre, howevtr, is 
 the rncll confidcrable, being, as it were, the ceiinr 
 from whence proceeds all the rivers in this part ol 
 Africa. The otlu-r rivers in this kingdom are inco.n- 
 fiderable. 
 
 'I'he kingilom of Congo is diviikrd into fix provinces 
 the fituations 0} which, together with their name> .in:t 
 titles, .ire as follow. Along; the coad, tiie countrv or 
 earkiom of Songo, and the great duchy of Banib.i. 1 o 
 the iiofiheafl, 'he duchy of Sun. li, and the inan,i.ii.i;c 
 of Pango. I'.allward, the duchy of IJala. In the mid- 
 dle, the mirquifatc of Pemba, 1 o thefe provnuir' 
 mull be 3,i.Jed the territories or lordlliips of Anialaca, 
 Dainbi .vmbuila, I;rmboQ>^iingengo, Detnbo.Anguiii, 
 the little (''ithy of Ovando, and the tcritory of .Sjvii 
 Cavanga. I hete liiftrifts, however, arc fo very tri- 
 fling, tliat they do not merit any pa.-ticular notice; an,! 
 witi' rilpe;"i ro the provi-ces themfelves, which form 
 the kingdom (I Congo, we flirdl leave the particulars ',1 
 them till we I, .IV • raken a general view of the country 
 
 The rlimste of C ;ngo is much lets fultry than mi^jlit 
 naturally be exf)t(flcd for its fituation, it being f<> n(,.; 
 the cquater. 'i'heir winter iT.mtfs a.-c Apr:|, M.-.\ 
 June, July, and AuguO . during which they luve al 
 moft contioual rains, \\ihre!\v the river., are fo Iweiirc 
 .as to overflow the principal part of the country. 1 he 
 winds in winter blow from noith tow.-lt, and from norih 
 to north-eaft. Ihele winds drive the clouds tovvarJi 
 the mountains, where being gathered and compreflcJ, 
 they at length condenfe into water. In the fummer tli. 
 winds blow from the ibuth to the t'outh-eall, and as they 
 clear the fbuthern fkics, fo they drive the rain into the 
 northern regions. Tkefe winds are of infinite Icrvice in 
 cooling the air, the he.it of wiiich would othcrwife be 
 intiipportable. 
 
 There are mines of feveral met;ils, pu/ticulariv iida 
 and cojijier, in this kingdom. In the mountaiiums 
 parts are large quarries, tli.it produce not only e>;ceiki.' 
 (lone, but alio porphyry, jalprr, -uid marble of variuu;, 
 colours. 
 
 The l()!l of this country is fertile, a, id produces feve- 
 ral forts of grain, particularly rice and maize. They 
 have alio gre.at plenty of a grain called Itiko, which m 
 its form retembles mu(lard-feed, but when grouinl, 
 produces flour little infi-ricy to that from wheat. '1 lie 
 manioc root is likewilc cultivated liere, and much ad- 
 mired by the Portuguele, who, inllead of making i" 
 into bread, bniife it very hiiall, and cidicr eat it raw, (.: 
 elli.* boil it in broth. 
 
 Various forts of vegetables arc cultivated with vc, , 
 little labour. Am.;ii^.< thefe are turnip's, cabbagi , 
 potatoes, raililhes, cauliflowers, carrots and lpini;.'e. 
 befidcs others not known in hurope, llicy have ai!i> 
 li.-veral tifelul herbs, as hyllbp, thyn;e, I'ueet m.irjo:ai:i, 
 fcxilm, fage, mint, inc. 
 
 Here is great variety of fruits, among which are 
 oranges, lemons, citrons, gnavas, aii.inas ba- 'nas, 
 pompions, melons, dates, and the kola fruit. The l.iil- 
 of thefi- is about the fize of a pinc-apple, and tlie (11:11, 
 which is cii; lofcd within a tliiu hiifk, tatles much lil.r 
 ciiefnr's li is not only v.i!i;r(l for being plcilani r. 
 eat, '■ jr its great effitacy in removing any dilbtiie; 
 that , li ularly efFerts the liver. 
 
 Th"ie arc level al forts of trees here that are dilbi- 
 gnilhrd for having medicinal qualitir., among thtie i- 
 "one called Angaria, tin rucr ji whicJ., boiled in wati), 
 is an infallible rcmed) f'jr vi-^^ciit pair;s ui the fiJcs. 
 
 Ti'- 
 
 ACIRI-.^l 
 
 The khikkk.i is .1 
 any part of which bci 
 with water is good 
 fainting, if applied ci 
 is eijually efficacious s 
 
 The jakalla tree ^ 
 and has the virtue o 
 gums; but it is very 
 once It 'c on its bu 
 ground. 
 
 There is likewifc 
 ling a lemon. This 
 ture, called mignamij 
 qualities in the mult 
 deadly poifbn anil pi 
 infei'ted by the iVuii, 
 by the leaves, the li 
 wooii is deemed both 
 either. 
 
 The wild animals 
 pards, bufFdloes, bea 
 iiielioir'', apes, monk 
 oxen, cows, Iheep, 
 they have great pit 
 buck'!, lures and ra 
 p.iriiciiiarly ci^cks, he 
 alfo abundance of wi 
 woodcocks, pidgeoiis 
 
 rhere are great ni 
 are very large, and e 
 but there is one I'pt 
 larger than fparrows, 
 variegated. The mc 
 are thofc called Bird 
 fize of a canary bird, 
 lour of their feather 
 green, with their feet 
 are all wliir?, grey, d 
 moft agreeable note, 
 fort of people, merel; 
 
 The reptiles here 
 Ihakcs and lerpents. 
 fpecies fo anvuiiig 
 a whole Iheep. It 
 
 however, on land 
 trees, where it lie 
 pafture. As foon 
 tree the fnake iini 
 tail round the hind 
 moving, when he 
 gorged his prey, hi 
 as foon as he icco 
 water, where h 
 feek tor further fubl 
 
 The leas and 
 filli i among others 
 titles of fardinias 
 plenty of llurgeon 
 other excellent *i 
 fhell-lilh, as oyller 
 which are generally 
 
 CO 
 
 !h. 
 
 Complexion. Form 
 c) Iravclling. 
 Diverjions. .U.id 
 of the natives cj 
 ti/m of a hnj^. 
 
 THE comjilex 
 rally bkick, 
 the Portuguele, m 
 arc tall and robull 
 (laturc. '1 hey U:v 
 nofes arc not lo fi 
 thofe of the ncgroi 
 In their difpof 
 among thcmlelves 
 No. 7 ' 
 
AC I R FA] 
 
 I. O W 1, !l GUI N E A. 
 
 among whicli :ire 
 
 ari.iiias, l).i' >nis, 
 
 ih fruit. The lilt- 
 
 Tht; khiftkka Is another tfce of a meiiitinal virtue, 
 jny piirt of whiili being rrduccil to jiowilcr, and mixed 
 wiih water is good agaiiift fevers j and, in tufeb of 
 faulting, if applied either to the fuielicad or ttmplos, 
 i.s t'liuaiiy efficacious as h irtlhorn. 
 
 The jakalla tree grows very tall, is of a red colour, 
 and has the virtue of curing i!ir ttjoth-ach and fnrc 
 giitr.s; but it is very |>ernicious to birds, for if thi-y 
 once k 'c on its boughs, they fooa fall dead to the 
 gnnind. 
 
 There is likewifc a tree which bt-ars a fr 'r refemb- 
 ling a lemon. This very fingular production of na- 
 ture, called mignainigna, pollcllcs tw^j oppofue occult 
 qualities in the moll eminent degree, being at once a 
 tlcidly poilbn and powerful antidote. If a perfon is 
 infei'led by the fruit, the leaves are a certain cure; if 
 by the leaves, the fruit hai the fame effect; and the 
 wood is deemed both as pernicious and efficacious as 
 either. 
 
 The wild animals are, ele])hants, lions tvgers, leo- 
 p.-irds, buffaloes, bears, wolves, large wild cats, ca- 
 niclions, apes, nionkics, ike. The t.iine a/iiuials arc, 
 oxen, cows, (heep, goats and hogsj befijes wiiich 
 they have great pKiity of ilags; tallow deer, roe- 
 buck?, hares and rabbits. Poultry is very i)lentiful, 
 p.irticularly cocks, hens, geefc and ducks. They have 
 alfo abi^ndanre of wild fowl, as partridges, phcafants, 
 ■woodcocks, piilgcons, doves, hens, ^ic. 
 
 There are great numbers of parrot.s, moll of which 
 are very large, and either of a grey or gieen colour; 
 but there is one fpecies exceeding Imall, not being 
 larger than fparrows, and their feathers are beautifully 
 variegated. The nioft admired among the fmail birds 
 are thole called Birds of Mufic j they are about the 
 fize of a canary bird, but they gready differ in the co- 
 lour of their feathers; fome are all red, and others 
 green, with their feet and bills only black; fome again 
 are all wliirr, grey, dun or black. Thefe laft have the 
 nioft agreeable note, and are kept in cages by the better 
 fort of people, merely for the lake of their fivng. 
 
 The reptiles here are fcorpions, millipedes, vipers, 
 fnakcs and ferpents. Among the fnakcs there is one 
 fpecies I'o am.uing large, that it is faid it will fwallow 
 a whole Iheep. It is called the Great Water Adder, 
 from its being chietly found in the rivers. It goes, 
 however, on land in Ic.irch of prey, and climbs the 
 trees, where it lies in w.iit for the cattle thaf come to 
 pafture. As foon as a Iheep or hog arrives near the 
 tree the fnake iminctiiately dtfcends, and wintiing its 
 tail round the hinder parts of the animal, fecures it from 
 moving, when lie kills and devours it. When he has 
 gorged his prey, he becomes for fome time llupid, but 
 as foon as he recovers, he immediately makes for the 
 water, where he condnucs till necelFity obliges him to 
 feek for further fubfiftciice. 
 
 The leas and rivers abound with great variety of 
 filli; among otiiers in the former are prodigious quan- 
 tities of fardinias and anchovies; and in the latter are 
 plenty of llurgeons, foles, barbel, trout, tench, and 
 other excellent filh. Thtj' have alfo fcveral kinds of 
 Ihcll-iilh, as oyllers, mufcles, cockles, and large crabs, 
 which are generally found at the mouths of the rivers. 
 
 Complexion, Form. Difpn/iUons. Drefi. Diven modes 
 of iravcliin/i. BuiUmgj. Dovufk iitaiJUs. Food. 
 Divnjions. Mitrriagci. Ahjluunce. Funerulceranonks 
 of the natives oj Con^u, Their religion, and the bap' 
 tljm of a kuifT, 
 
 T\\\l complexion of the origina' natives is gene- 
 rally black, but fince they have uiteniiixed with 
 the Portuguele, many arc of an olive colour. Some 
 are tall and robiiU, but they ai ■ mollly of a middlin;; 
 ftalurc. They have all bl.ick, eurling hair, but their 
 nofes are not lo Hu, neither are their lips lb thick as 
 tliofe of the negroes in general. 
 
 In their difpofitii.ns diey arc [iroud and haughty 
 among thcmlclves, but to llrangers they are very af- 
 No. 33 
 
 isi 
 
 fable and courteous. Thf y !-,.u-c a natural propenfity 
 to theft, and whatever thty get, either by (te-iling or 
 otherwill-, they fpeni in liquors of which they arc 
 very fond, and frequently drink to the greatell: exccfs* 
 They have nauiially a ready turn of wir, a.-d, when 
 Ibber,' will converle with great circiimfpeftion. They 
 arc, however very revengeful, and whenever "hey 
 think themfelvcs ofllndcd, nothing will fatisfy them 
 but delhoying the object of their refentment, which 
 they generally effVct by poilbn. 
 
 The drils ol tiic c>)ininon people confifts of a loofe 
 garment, which reaches from the middle of the ancles, 
 and louie have the bottom ornamented with a fringe. 
 It ijfallcned round the waill; with a kind of ftring made 
 of leaves. Some ule girilles made of bulrufhes or 
 IJahn leaves, whicli they plait togetlier. They h.ne 
 a cap on their heads made to fit dole, and generally 
 carry liniie weapon in their hands. The uj)per part of 
 the body is bare in both lexes, and their arms and \iufi 
 are ornamented with brafs, copper, or iron bracelets. 
 The garments of the better fort is made of cloth or 
 ferge, under which they have a white fliirt. The gar- 
 ments of the women are much fliorter than thole of 
 the men. 
 
 When the great men travel diey are carried in ham- 
 mocks made either of net-work or Itrong Huffs, the 
 manner of whicli is thus; the hammock is taftened to 
 a long pole about a foot from eacli end; and v.hen the 
 perlon has got into tlu- hammocis, two men, one be- 
 fore and the other ' :ind, take up the pole, and lay 
 it on their fliouldcrH, carrying the perfon in this man- 
 ner a conlideruhlc way without rclling. Wh' n they go 
 long journeys they have four men, who relieve each 
 other, in doing which they are fo expert that they never 
 Hop, but lliift as they walk, at the fame time keeping 
 their ufual pace. This is a very eafy method of tra- 
 velling, the perfon fitting or laying in the hammock as 
 he thinks proper; and they have lomctimes a piece of 
 callico thrown ovc" the pole tj flicker them from tlie 
 heat of the fun. 
 
 Another method of travelling ufed here is thus : ir- 
 ftead of a hammock they faften two ropes to the pole, 
 one of which is much Ihorter than the other; they are 
 each tied in two parts, and hang like fwings; in the 
 former the perfon fits, ami at the bottom of the latter is 
 u Iquare piece of board, on which lie refls his feet. 
 The perfon carried generally holds an umbrella in his 
 hand to Ihelter him from the heat of the fun, or the 
 inclemency of the weather. 1 he reafon of their tra- 
 velling in this manner is from their want of horfes, 
 there not being any of thole animals in the wjiolc 
 kingdom. 
 
 '1 hey form little towns or villages by creifling fcveral 
 houfes together in the midft of an inclofure. Tliefc 
 buildings are made of wood, and covered with the 
 branches of trees: each houfe is divided into fcveral 
 apartments, the innermoft of which is adapted for t!ie 
 women : they are all on the ground floor, and without 
 windows, the only light they have being admitted at 
 the door, which is fo fmall thi;t they are obliged to 
 fl:oop when they pafs it. The irclofures of the houlrt 
 a'-e forin-jd by trees, which grow fo clofe together that 
 they not only ferve as a fciice, but alfo to keep off the 
 vioient heat of the fun. 
 
 Their necefliiry utenfils are pots, kettles, calabr.flies 
 to hold their provifions, a mill to grind tlieir corn, a 
 hatchet to fell timber, and fome in!hunients of agri- 
 culture. Some of them have beds made of "oarfe 
 cloth (luffctl with fl:raw, or the leaves of trees, but the 
 generality lie u,ion loofe Ibaw fpread on the ground. 
 
 The food of the common [leoplc confills principally 
 of rice, lilh, potatoes, and other roots: but the better 
 fort live chiefly on llcfli and fowl. Their common 
 tirink is water, and lonntimes they regale themfclves 
 with palm wine, or brandy mixeil with water. 
 
 The natives who relide near towns li-e cliicfly by 
 
 trade; but in the country parts they are principally 
 
 employed in agriculture, and keeping cattle, About 
 
 4 U the 
 
 m 
 
 i^-vy 
 
A Ni:\V, UOYAI., ASD AUTIIl-,\TiC SY.SIF.M or UNIVERSAL GFaOGRAPMY. 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 the liver ZiircloiTii' of tlitin fuiifilbhy finiing, Ibme by 
 dravMnr; palm '.Miie, iinil otiirrs by weaving. 
 
 Hc-iiy vtry fonil of fVllivitv aiul iliverlum, in mofl 
 vilUjjcs the [letiple aiVrniblc every cvfiiinp a loiucojun 
 jilati-, wlitrr ihey torm -i ring, in thi.' n-iitvr of which is 
 j)l:icai a M'^y wooJirn phticr full of provilinns. The 
 cKltIt of the lonipany, who is calk-ti MakulMiitii, give'i 
 to c^ich his [)oni)n, which he lUvides with fiich KXitl- 
 iK< , thar m pcrfm h.is the Kuil rrafon to complain. 
 'lii.y i.i> n ,t make life either om ups or ulailcs, but on- 
 ly a brg? lUl'k, whivli, when any one wanes tn drink, 
 tr.e niakuliintu hokl!. ti) the prri^ n'') month j anil when 
 he tl'.inks he has drank enriigh, he lake? the tlalk away. 
 It is remarkable, that if any lU.ingers h.ipnrn to come 
 by at tiie time of thcfc Itltivirie'). they arc eiuially wel- 
 come to participate with the rclt of die j/'.jeih, and al- 
 ways take their jilacc in tlie rin,',, without being alked 
 either who thev are, or (rom wi'.er.ie they came. 
 
 '1 Deyaif) niake iealls on iever.il particular occallons, 
 fuch as p.iininjjr a law liiit, a niairiai^e, ihc birth of a 
 child, or any lingular idvanctnier.f in lite. At thefe 
 fealb they dance, and f.ng love-f^ncs which .ire attend- 
 ed with a vaiiety of muficai in'.lriniu-nts, confilling ot 
 flutes, i>ipe5, ivory ir.impets, and drums, the latter of 
 which are made of thin wood, and covered witiithc (kin 
 of a heart. 
 
 The m3rriai.res of tlic nativ'es of Cong'o, who have 
 '-.,. .X ;vr:ti.i by the l'ortu{;ue(c to the Komilli reli- 
 gion, arc cek-'iJ'-ate.i accorihng t ) the rites of that 
 church; b.it the generality of them prcfcrvc their an- 
 ticiit id(jl.itrous maxims, are mairieJ by tluir own 
 pricrts, ;nid h»ve a nuniiier of wives, each taken as 
 many as he thinks himfeit aliir to maintain. 
 
 A man whi is detected in havintr a criminal inrer- 
 courle with .inother's wife, is cbiiyed, as a compenfa- 
 tion for ilie injury, to pive the value of a Have to the 
 l;i;iband: but the woman receives no other puniflimciit 
 than alkm.-- pardon of the hulliand for ths oienr;. ;l-.e 
 has comm. ted. Tliofe who are deteded in .; .habiting 
 together witho Jt the ceren^imirs (f •.r,.i.n\r.[y arepunifli- 
 cd wirh a fine which is levied in jjroporcion to the 
 f.ircumllinccs if the offenders. 
 
 The I'agip priefts here lay certain injuniflions on 
 young peojie, fuch as objigi.ig them to abilain from 
 ea'jng either lome lorts of poultry, the fklh cf certain 
 bcalls, fruits of different kinds, roots eulier raw or 
 boiled after th's or that manner, with the like ridicuious 
 obligations, which they call ktjilla. Theltr rules are 
 as inviol.iblv kept as they are ftriclly enjoined. They 
 would liioncr fait till thcv perillied, than tafte the leall 
 bit of what has been fi^rbiddin; kn they think that if 
 they commit the Icdl trerpal> agaiiiil the kejilla, they 
 Ih.ill Certainly die in a very Ihort time. The prcpolTcl- 
 fiun of their minds on tfiis head is evident from tlie 
 folk wing llory mentioned by MeroUa in his voyage to 
 Congo. " .\ young bkack (fays he) upon his journfy, 
 who l.ad received the kejilla, coming to a friend's lioufe 
 at night, his hoft next morning had for breakfafl a wild 
 f'owl, which is mucli better than a tame one. The 
 pueft hereupon liemamied if it was a wild hen, and being 
 aniwered in the niga'ivc, he <tt down a;id eat very 
 heartily, l-'our years after, t!ici"c two me( ting together 
 agiin, the country black aiVied his friend, who was 
 nor yet married, ii he would not eat a wild hen.' The 
 young man anfwered that l:e Ivui rf reived the kejilia, 
 a..i! therefore could not, the oriier l.\ughed, and alked 
 what made liini rcfulc it no.v, when he had eat. n it at 
 lii tabk- fo many years before? At hearing this tlie 
 cithtr In-gan to tremble, and, by the elfccls of imagina- 
 li'in, died in Irf's rhan :,i hours." 
 
 When the corpfc of any great ptil'cn i-. to be interred, 
 t.hey fpread tlie way with leaves and branchc. .-i trees. 
 1 fe mull likewil'j be carrie.l in a Unit line to the grave; 
 fo that if liny l.oiife or wall h:ippens to interrupt the 
 ji.iliag.-, it mull be immediately pulled down. On theic 
 nccafion. fcvrral llvvcs weie formerly fiicriticed to ferve 
 their mafter in the <.:hcr world; but fince tlic I'ortu 
 ,o;utlc have worked a reformation ainon;.' tlie moll dil- 
 
 T 
 
 tingi.illied part of thefe deluded people, that pr.iaicelu,, 
 been entiiilv laid ufide, and only prefirvta by tln)i^ 
 whj ftill llriftly adhere to their origin il Faoan ni^vmir. 
 I'hele, however, nrc obliged to do it by Health; for 
 liuHild it be known, tliey woiikl not only be rebuke! 
 but feverely punilhed by thofc- of fupcrior power, wi.j 
 are rtrong advnc.ues for the Romilli jK-rfualion. 
 
 'I'he l'.)rtuguele have taken great pains to intrnili:,e 
 aiul cltabli!li their religion in tliis country. The retir 
 mation w.(s br. tight al-.oiit in ti.e reign of Don John ti.r 
 I'ourth, by means of a naval commander of rank, c.i!! 
 eil Diego Cam, who, dcfirous of ditcovering the c:i;>!' 
 of Africa, in the courfe of his voyage cinie to arc:, i: 
 in the mouth of the river Zaire. I'leafed with his re- 
 ception by the natives, he took five of them home with 
 him, and prcl'cnted them to his majerty at the ti ,irt ,,t' 
 1 -ifb.in. Having acquired fome knowledge of the I\;r- 
 tugucfe lang'.Mge during the voyage, they ingrati.r,- 1 
 tlRiiiirlves li) far with the ki."g, by the paticnt"an'A(-, 
 they ii,.ule to the tpieftions he put to them, that he o- 
 ilered Cam to take them back to their own country, a".. I 
 to ulc !iis utiTioll ende.nvours to make a convert u> ,e 
 African king to the Romilli church. The attempt lu. - 
 cecdcd : the king Ix-came a convert, ercckd a n;.i:'iii 
 ficent church, and was hiiiiulf baptized in the inofl 
 public manner; as were his queen and court fuon afti:-. 
 
 D,fai/jli:in oj tlu city o/ St S,i!: -dorc. Th- k:n;:\ 
 Splnulo) and Miif,nilhiri :. Rntimo, Aimamiil. 
 Ciiii Adminijl) ai .. n and ■i'<,-JJtc. 
 
 rilS city is fitiiated upon a very high hill, niof].. 
 of lolid rock, on the top of w Inch is a plain ah nit 
 10 miles in circumference, which commands a nvitl; 
 extenfive and delijh;ful proijicef, and is beautiliillv 
 fliadeil with a gre it variety of fruit trees, as palin, ta- 
 marind, plantain, cola, lemon, an. I orange trees. The 
 air is alio exceeding wholelbme. The hi'l haa f()nic 
 i'.on mines, which are of lingular life to the inhabitants, 
 who fabricate it into weapons and inftrumcnts of agti- 
 ciilture. Irom thete, and other conveniencies, it \-. 
 littie to be wondered at tli.tt the Congo moi.archs (hunl I 
 h.u e ma le rh;s fpot their uliial place of rrfidence. T' ■: 
 king's palace is a very ij-.tcious and beautiful ftri. - 
 turc. 
 
 I'ht* m. : ' c ;-!:iliderable buildings in the city, excl'i- 
 five of the palace, are \2 churches, of which one is tic 
 cathrdral: a college belonging to the jefuits, where foi:r 
 of them are conltantly employed in teaching the L itin 
 and Portugucfe, and in catechifing the jieople; a.-.,!, 
 lallly, the Portuguefc fort, which is a llrong and f]';;- 
 cio's edifice. 
 
 1 he churches and other public buildings, except the 
 jcfiiit's college, have rtoiie toundations; but the rof>fs 
 are very mean, being cohered only with llraw; an.l 
 they are indifferently provided with iitenfils for the ce- 
 lebration of divine oflices. 
 
 'ihc city is well fupt lied with frefli water by two ex- 
 cellent fountains. 'Fhe one is in a place called St. 
 James's-dreet, and the other within tlie walls of the 
 court. Befides thel'e there is, on the call fide, near 
 the foot of the hill, a Ipring of excellent water, callc>l 
 tiie \'ele, which falls into the river 1 .eluiida, and lervcs 
 to water the ailjacent country. 
 
 Before the great church is a fpacious fjuare, on one 
 fide of which a large market is every day kept lor the 
 f.ile c)f |)rovifions. The rell of the fljiiare isfurroimJcd 
 with ileg;uit houfes, chiefly inhabited by noblemen. 
 The tity is very p.)j)ul(;u', the number of inhabitants 
 being computed at vo,oco. 
 
 The authority of the king of Congo is abfilute, the 
 lives and property of his liibjeiits being entirely at his 
 difpofal. They approach him, on all occafions, in the 
 moft liibmifru'C manner; and whoever neglefts paying 
 proper relpe^t and obedience to him, is iiunilhcd with 
 perpetual Ikivery. I le has a council, confilling of i- 
 perliins, who are his favourites, and with whom he ad 
 viiis in all matters relative to the affairs of ftatc. All 
 
 orders 
 
KAPHY. 
 
 that praaicc im 
 
 ■el'irvta by thole 
 
 il l'.i;^.m m;iv||„>,. 
 
 It hy Health ; for 
 
 only l)e rtbukc;(, 
 
 crior power, wl.j 
 
 >errualion. 
 
 pairii t ) introilii.i; 
 
 TV. The fr{,.j, 
 
 f't'Uoii John till- 
 
 itT of rank, cm!I 
 
 '; (ivi-ring the c:;i;i!' 
 
 ',c- came to ar.ci; >. 
 
 alctl with l.'u ;c. 
 
 ■f iliem Iionie witli 
 
 lly at the t( .irt wf 
 
 .vl(ilt;eof the Por- 
 
 they ingratiai.- 1 
 
 'ic patient un'wc-i 
 
 thtm, that he o: 
 
 own co'.;n!ry, ::i.| 
 
 a convert <ii e 
 
 The attempt hi, . 
 
 , crcdctl a n:.i;^ii! 
 
 tizc'i in t!ic >.m([ 
 
 d court I'uon aiuT. 
 
 rdore. Thr /{/„,.'> 
 ■nua, A I mami U, 
 
 y high Iiill, ninlllv 
 lich ib a plain ah nit 
 comnmntls a nvill 
 ami is beaiitiliilly 
 trees, as palm, ta- 
 urange trees. The 
 riic hill ha,; foine 
 ; to the inhaljitanrs, 
 iftriimt-'nts of agri- 
 -•onvcnirncies, it h 
 gonioi.archsfhuiili 
 .jfrrfidcnce. Tie 
 id btrautitbl fln:.- 
 
 in the city, exchi- 
 of whici) one is tie 
 .'jcfuit:, wlierefoiT 
 teaci'.ing the Latin 
 I the people; and, 
 s a llrong and fpa- 
 
 lildings, except the 
 ions; but the rofiFs 
 ly with llrawj ;in,l 
 iitcnfils for tiie cc- 
 
 (li water by two ex- 
 a place c.dkd St. 
 
 in tlie walls of the 
 the call lide, nc.ir 
 
 ccllent water, callcvi 
 
 Lclunda, and ler\cs 
 
 ious fqnare, on ent- 
 ry day kept (or the 
 li[uare is llirroiindcd 
 ited by noblemen, 
 niber of iiihabitantj 
 
 igo is abliiliite, the 
 eing entirely at his 
 all occafions, in the 
 k'cr ncgleds paying 
 1, is punillied witli 
 il, conlirti/ig of i 2 
 1 with whom he ad 
 \irairs of (late. All 
 orders 
 
 AFRICA] 
 
 1. f) \V I U GUI N E A. 
 
 orders of a public n.ittire arc alfo made known by them, 
 t,> which the pi ip'c are obliged to pay the fame obe- 
 dience as V iiiiud by the king himlelf. I le is ;dway;. 
 attended by a number of the nobility, w!\o ilwf-ll in and 
 about the palace, befidcs his domellics, and other o/Ti- 
 ccrs of his hoiilihokl. He has all') a llrong guard, 
 wliirh he keeps nor only for th(; iliitni'y of liis (ourt, 
 b'.it lor the leciirity of his person. He gives pubiic au- 
 dience twice a week, btit no one is permitted to I'peak 
 to him txcept his favourite nobles. Ills drcfs is very 
 rich, being for the moll part cloth of gold or filver, 
 with a long velvet mantle. He generally wears a white 
 tap on his head, as do all his favourites; but if any of 
 the I lift r ( omc unlet the difplealurc of th>- king, he 
 orders the c.iji to be taken olF, whi; h is the highell 
 mark of indignity thry can receive; this white cap being 
 tonfidered here as a badge of nobiiry or kr.ighthoocl, 
 and of no leh. honour than tnc liar or garter in Kuropc. 
 When the king goes abrmd he is atten !eil by a nu- 
 merous retinue; tor not only his nobles accomjiany 
 Iiim, but likewili- all the principal men (>f the citv, 
 fome of whom go belore, and (others behind. I le i. al 
 lb attended by a numerous guard, armed with fabres, 
 lances, or bows and arrow.s. 
 
 When he goes to the cathedral, the Portuguefe, bith 
 temijoral and fpiritual, as well as the grandees, mull 
 wait on him, ami return with him to the palace: but 
 the Fortugtiefe are not obliged to attend him on any 
 other occafion. At thele times the king is lirelfed in 
 his ri.liell roL-s, which confill of a long mantle or 
 tloak of filk or velvet, ornamented in the moll fump- 
 tiiDus manner. On his head he wears a bordered ca|), 
 and round his neck are chains of gold, intermixe^l with 
 the iineft coral. He has a fort of half boots on his legs, 
 and his arms and wrills are decorated widi bracelets of 
 gold. 
 
 There are other times alfo when his majelly's pomp 
 and grandeur are principally difplayed. One of thrfe 
 is when he gives jiublic audience to liis nobles, or any 
 foreign envoys, which is generally after dark. The 
 courtiers pafs through a long gallery, between two ranks 
 of Negroes, bearing waxen llambeaux. I lis maiv-lly 
 is featcd in a cluir of llate, under .1 Uiperb canopy. 1 le 
 is eir-gantly habiteel in a rope of till'ue, ornamented with 
 brilliants of the full lullre. On his right haml Itands 
 an ofRtcr, waving an handkerchicfatalittlediltar.ee, 
 to caulc an agree.ible breeze. At hii. left hand ano- 
 ther, bearing in his right hand a fceptre, and in his left 
 a bow. He is furrounded by attendants, each holding 
 a flambeaux ia his hand. 
 
 On thefe days he caufes all the noblemen, then in 
 the bounds of the palace, to be numhei ed, anrl a pro- 
 vifion is made accordingly. The eiitert.iinnient is 
 prepared in the largell apartments in the palace, and the 
 provifions are brought in pots, linne of whicli co/itain 
 boiled beans, others llelh and filh, and fome arc Hlled 
 widi millet, leafoned only with flilt and [lalm-oil. When 
 everything is ready, the king fends to the greatell lords 
 each his mefs in a wooden platter, with a linall llalk 
 of palm- wine; but the others are called up by their 
 names, (ix or Icven together, and fuch provilions are 
 given to them as the king thinks propei todiredl, with 
 which they retire to an adjoining apartments. As loon 
 as they have done eating, they all come into tiie king's 
 prefence, and, falling upon their knees, clap their 
 hands, and bow their heads, in token of thanks and 
 fubmilRon ; alter which they depart home, except the 
 king's favourites, who fmoke tol)acco and drink wine 
 with him during the remainder of the day. 
 
 '1 he king has one lawful wife, who is called Mani- 
 Mombada, that is. Queen. She lives with great ijilen- 
 dor, having apartments in tiie palace particularly ap- 
 propriated to her life. .She has a great number of la- 
 dies, who attend on her altcrnatisely, both day and 
 night; and the king's concubines are obliged to \x\y 
 her the greatell honvige; for lliould they behave to her 
 in the leall dilVclpedtful, they would be punillwrd with 
 perpetual llavery. 
 
 3J5 
 
 The king's revfniic confiits rhiefiy in the tribute that 
 is p.aJ to hnn by fevcral v.ilUl p;inc..-s, ;.,kI which die 
 mani, or governors of the li:t c'lict provinces arc 
 obligcil fi gnhertbr him. There are other, t' .t make 
 him a kind -,f frec-wi'l oflVrini^s, fom- '■' catue, otncrs 
 of grain, winr, p.ilm-oii, and the like, hs acknow- 
 ledgements for the lands they h I under him. He is 
 alio [iroprietor of all the zin.l>i^, or cockle- fliel!-, (the 
 current coin of this and other neighbouring kingdoms,) 
 which brin'is hini 1.1 lAchtnge Haves, elephants tct.:, 
 finders, lluCis earth, .lillct, and other conuit'xliiics. 
 Fines and c intifcati'ms li!.;e.vifc bring him a co.ifi t.ra- 
 ble incoine. To which may lie addetl his power in levy- 
 ing taxes on his fiibjecls as often as he plc.ifes; but this 
 he feldom ihies, except in cafe^ of necellity; the po- 
 verty of his fubjctls being lb great, that if he .vere to 
 repeat fuch impofitions often, it might fubjcci them to 
 revolt and confequently produce fome difigreeable 
 conlequences. 
 
 The king's forces are not very numerous, nor are 
 they cither well cloathed or difciplined. The beft of 
 them aie tiie mulketeers, who having bf-en taught the 
 u'ie of Hre arms by the I'ortuguefe, retain the art of 
 handling them witli furjirihiig dexterity. All the king's 
 lubjecls may be laid to be foldiers ; for whenever there 
 is occafion, and he thinks proper to command, they 
 mull all attend. 
 
 Thele foldiers are taught to fall on the foe with a 
 dreadful kind of bravery, or rath; r fur,', which they 
 do accorilingly upon all occa'.ions, but as their arms are 
 of little ul'e in fuch viclent and ir:eg:ihr onlets, for 
 want of better tlilcijline, they are fometi'ues put to the 
 rout, and when that happens they are Icldom able to 
 rally; fu that the breaking of the very firil body is 
 moflly attended with the lofs of th'' battle. The flight 
 of an army generally animates the ■ .' er to an obdinate 
 purfuit, the conlequences attending which are dreadful, 
 and the carnage ahvays great. When the conouerors 
 think proper to rclinquilh the purfuit, tliey return and 
 plunder the enemy's camp, fei/.e all the men, women, 
 anil children they meet with, and fell them to the Euro- 
 peans litr (laves. They look upon this as the mod 
 confiderable jiart of the fpoil, and theretbre difpatch 
 them as loon as polLble to the lea-fide, or to Ibme in- 
 lanil market. Few of thofe wounded in, the battle fur- 
 vive, their arrows an^l darts being micded with lb dead- 
 ly a poif m, that if they ilraw blood, and the perfon is 
 not provided with fome cxtraoiclinary antidote, it \i 
 fure to caul'e a fpeedy and unavjidabic de.uh. 
 
 After a contjuell, terms of peace are propofed by 
 the viitor, which, though favourable on his own {)art, 
 are generally accepted by the vanquilhed; but they are 
 no longer attended to by the latter, than while he be- 
 comes lufi'ieiently formidable to renew the war. 
 
 With refpeift to the luccedion to the crown of Congo, 
 no order is obferved, neither legitimation or feniority 
 taking place farther than the ruling nobles think pro- 
 |)er, w ho efleem all alike honourable, and choofing him 
 among the king's fons for whom they have the greatell 
 relpecl, or think the moll proper to govern. Sc inc- 
 times they let alide all the children, and give the crown 
 to a brother, nephew, or fome other dillant relation. 
 
 In order that jullice may be adminillercd throughout 
 his dominions, the king appoints a judge in every ]\ir- 
 ticular jTOvince, to hear and ileteniiine all caufes, 
 whether of a civil or criminal nature. Thefe are called 
 Royal Judges; from whom, wevcr, an appeal may 
 be made to the king, who, lor that purpofe, prelides 
 twice a week at the lupretr.e court. 
 
 There are only two offences here that are deemed 
 capital, namely, trealon and murder; in both which 
 califs the punilliment is folely invelled in the king, who 
 generally condemns them to the lols of their heads and 
 ellates, the latter of which are conlifcatcd to his ufe. 
 
 In trilling matters the oM'enders are punilhetl vaiious 
 ways. If they are poor, they are either ballinadoed or 
 whipped; butifrieii, tiiey are punillied by having lines 
 levied on them at the dil'cretion of the judge, 
 
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356 A NKW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAIMIY, 
 
 Is 
 
 15. J 
 
 There are many inftances of c-iiclty and oppretHon 
 whicli the poorer Ibrt arc lubicvh co troin th-ir fupcriors 
 ill this kingilom. Among theft are tlie following. If 
 a poor man happens to concnift a debt v.ith a rich one, 
 he is not only liable to be ibiiipeil of all he lutli, (not 
 exceptint; his wife and family, who, in liieh cafes, are 
 often fold for llave.s,) but to be alfo ballinadord, irag- 
 cd to a jail, and there inhumanly tieated, in or'.er to 
 oblige fome of his. triends to procure him his liberty at 
 an exhorbitant rate. 
 
 Another proi:eeding, equally cruel and opprelTivc, 
 is, that if an inlolvcnt debtor fccrets himlHf from his 
 tyrannic creditor, or tlies into f)me other country, 
 eitlier to avoid a jail, or being liild (()r a (lave, it is 
 looked ujion as a flagrant crime; in which cafe the 
 creditor makes no helitation to leizc on lome wealthy 
 relation of his, and imiirifon him in his (lead, till he 
 has extorted, by the molt cruel ufagc, a fufficient lum 
 from his other friends to fatisly him lor the debt. 
 
 This arbitrary power extends even fo far as to debts 
 contracieti by gaming, a vice to 'which the people ol 
 Coni^o arc greatly addidcd. 
 
 I'he I'ortiiguefe principally refide at St. Salvador, 
 •Adhere they cany on a confiderable traffic with moil other 
 parts of the kingdom. The goods they lell to the na- 
 tives are various forts of grain, fruits, |)lants, and other 
 provifions; which they bring frowi Brazil. The articles 
 from Europe are Englith cloth, and other tlutVs, co[)~ 
 per and braU vcll'els, fevcral kinds of earthen ware, 
 rings, and other ornaments; tobacco, wine, brandy, 
 and other fpirituous liquors; light Ihill:. made of cot- 
 ton, linen, and woollen ; widi a great variety of tools 
 and utenfils. In rctur.-' for which they receive from tiie 
 natives elephants teeth, furs, and other commodities 
 of the country: but the chief article is flaves, prodi- 
 gious numbers of which they annually export to the 
 plantations in America. The belt: and moft ferviceable 
 of thcle are brought from Angol ., the country of the 
 Japgns, and other adjacent parts, where they are natu- 
 rally very robuft and llrong ; whereas thofe in the pro- 
 vinces of Congo being for the moll part brought up in 
 floth and indolence, either ilie in their palfage, through 
 iniferyand ficknels, or lijon after their arrival, through 
 the change of climate, or the fevtre treatment they re- 
 ceive from thofe to whom tl'.ey are fold. 
 
 Provinces of Congo. 
 
 TI IE province of Songo is bounded on the eaft by 
 Pango and Sundi, on the wefl by the I'.thiopii 
 Sea, on the north by the river Zaire, and on the louth 
 by the Lelunda. The foil is dry and fandy ; and were 
 it not f()r the great quantities of fait which are gathered 
 on the fea-coall, the governor or count's iiicomc would 
 be very trifling. The chief produce of the illand parts 
 are palm-trees, on the fruit of which the inhabitants 
 principally fubfill. 
 
 The duchy of Bemba is one of the largeft and richeft: 
 provinces in the whole kingdom: its foil is naturally 
 fertile, and would proiluce abundance of all theneceflk- 
 ries of life, were the natives indullrious in cultivating 
 and improving it. The fea-coalls prodqcc likcwife a 
 })rodigious quantity of fait, infomuch that they have 
 lujt only a fuUiciency for their own confumption, but 
 tlicy alio export it to foreign countries, which makes 
 tins article yield an extraoulinary revenue to the crown. 
 The inliabitants in general profelii the Roman Catholic 
 religion, and keep for their fervicc feveral jcfuits and 
 other priells. 
 
 The capital of this country is called Banga, or Panga, 
 and is fituated about thirty miles from the fea-coall. It 
 is a large town, but the houfcs, like tholi; of Songo, 
 are built ui a very llraggling and irregular manner. It 
 Hands in a hilly country, and is watered by two rivu- 
 lets. Mere are feveral churches, but they are all very 
 mean buildings, the walls of them being made with 
 day, and the tops covered with thatch. 
 
 The lord of Bcmba is the mod powerful of all tl.c 
 
 king's vafliils, and is paid the greatell refpeft at court: 
 being alfo captain-general of his majelly's tl.rees. 
 
 Tlie province or duchy of Siuiili is divided into feve- 
 ral particular governnients: moll of which being fjf 
 dilli'.nt from the capital, and in places furrounded witli 
 mountains almolt inacceinble, the people pay obedience 
 to the governor according to their own difcrcti(jn 
 They are always armed, and kecj) the whole province 
 in a conlhmt ilate of trouble and agitation; tor as t!.c 
 Portugucli; have not been able to propagate their reli- 
 gion among them, they are more refractory than any 
 other people in the whole kingdom. 
 
 The marquifate of Pango was formerly called Paii'-a 
 Logos, at which time it h.ui the title and preroi'ative 
 dignity of kingdom; but has loll botii ever lime tiit 
 kings of Congo fubdued and reduced it to the rank oi 
 a province. 
 
 The duchy of Bata, or Batta, is of confiderable ex- 
 tent, and was formerly a kingdom of itfelf, till it vj. 
 luntarily fiibmitted to tlie kings of Congo, for which 
 reafon it enjoys more privileges than any other province 
 in the kingdorn, the government being always con. 
 ferrcd on a perfon delccndcd from the ancient kin"s u| 
 thu country. 
 
 The marquifate of Pemba, which, though fmallerin 
 extent than any of the rell, has always had this lingular 
 ailvantage, t.iat its capital liach ever been the native 
 country, fear, and burial-placeof all the kings of Coni'o, 
 wlicthcr Idolaters or Clirillians. This jjrovince is well 
 watered, not only by the Ldanda, whiih runs quite 
 th.rough it from eafl to wefl, but alle) by tlie river Ain- 
 brif), and lome other.;, which equally contribute ta its 
 fertility, and t!ie riches and iiappinels of its inhabit.ints. 
 The Conflant rcfidence of the king and his court, which 
 is very numerous, emulates the peo[>le to indullry, 
 vvhilll the great confumption of provifions, and other 
 merchandizes, improves their commerce, encourages 
 their diligence, and increafes their wealth ; the fruits of 
 which tluy quietly enjoy, without being expofed to the 
 extortions of foreign viceroys, or the incurfions oi bar- 
 barous neighbours, by being fo happily lituated in tlic 
 lieart of the country. 
 
 SECTION IV 
 
 O 
 
 N G O. 
 
 Siltftitwn. F.xlenl. BmiiidarifS. Div:Jion. C mate. Soil. 
 Piotluilions. Natives. Ceremontts. Ri!:j:on. 
 
 THV. kingdom of Loango extends along the Afri- 
 can coafl from two to five degrees lijuth latitude, 
 and is upwartls of 400 miles, in letigth, and 300 m 
 breadth. It is bounded on the north by the king.ioni 
 of Benin, on the fouth by Congo Proper, on the ealt by 
 Makoko, and on the wefl by the Atlantic Ocean. I'liis 
 country, as well as Angola, was formeily a part of tf< 
 kingdom of Congo; but has long been difmembertd 
 from it. It is watered by feveral finall rivers, and di- 
 vided into f()ur principal pnivinees, called I.oan^ri^l, 
 Loango- mongo, Chylongo, and Piri. 
 
 Though Loange is fituated almoll in the middle of 
 the torrid zone, the climate is by no mciiis unwhole- 
 limie, while the foil is capable of improvement, thiiugh 
 gre:!tly neglei'led through the indolence of the natives. 
 I'liey have, however, ievenU forts of peas and beans, 
 with large and finall millet, of all which the grmiiiJ 
 yiekls annually three crops. They have fruits of va- 
 ri<His kirils, as oranges, lemons, bananas, pomjiions, 
 cocoa-nuts, &c. 
 
 Of wild animals they have tigers, leopards, elejihaiit , 
 civet cats, and ii variety of iiionkies. Tlie only tame 
 animals are goats a, id hogs; anil |x)ultry is lii iliniiliil 
 that fixpcnny-worth of beads will purchal'e twenty good 
 fowls. Wild fowl are as numerou;., and leveiai un- 
 common birds peculiar to the country. The moll re- 
 markable of thele is the pelican, a bitil larger than a 
 fwan, whicli in fliape relctnbles a heton. its liathers 
 4 are 
 
)GKA1'IJY. 
 
 uyll n-fiifdt at court; 
 ajirfly's Unxa. 
 i is dividid into feve. 
 ot wliicli being (ar 
 aces furroimcicd witi, 
 people pay obedience 
 leir own difcraion. 
 ' t!ic whole province 
 
 ;i!-;icationi tor as t!.c 
 propngate their rdi- 
 
 reluclury than ar;y 
 
 'rnicrly called Pan;;a 
 
 title ami pieroirative 
 
 botli cvei lime the 
 
 Jced it to the rank ut' 
 
 of confiderable ex 
 11 of' iilelf, till it V,. 
 )»■ Cnngo, for which 
 an any other province 
 t being always ccm- 
 the ancient kings yf 
 
 li, though fiiialifrin 
 ways had this lingula: 
 ;ver been the native 
 ill the kings of Congo, 
 riiis |)rovince is well 
 ia, whiih riins quite 
 illb by the river Ain- 
 lally contribute to its 
 lels of its inhabitants. 
 a; and his court, which 
 
 peo(>lo to indullry, 
 [jrovifions, and other 
 >iiinierce, encourages 
 
 wealth i the fruits oi 
 
 being expofeil to the 
 the incurfions of bar- 
 lappily fituated in tiic 
 
 ; IV 
 
 G O. 
 
 ivi/ion, C mate. Soil, 
 lomts. Ri!:^:on. 
 
 tends along the Afri- 
 .iegrecs lijuth latitude, 
 
 length, anvl 300 in 
 irth by the kinp,.'o;ii 
 [•"roper, on the ealt by 
 .tlantic Ocean. Ihis 
 :)rnicily a part of il,< 
 g been dilineinbend 
 linall rivers, and di- 
 ces, called l.oanj'iri, 
 'in. 
 
 moll in the middle of 
 y no means unwholc- 
 iiprovenu-nt, though 
 lence of the natives. 
 i of peas and beans, 
 11 which the ground 
 .7 iiave fruits of va- 
 
 bananas, poiiipions, 
 
 leopards, cle|ilianf . 
 ies. 'I'lie only tame 
 loiiliry is l() [Icniilul 
 nircliafe twenty good 
 :)iis, and feveial iin- 
 untry. The moll re- 
 , u biril larger than a 
 I iieion. Its fiathers 
 arc 
 
 AFRICA] 
 
 LOWER GUINEA. 
 
 ■o7 
 
 ,nre black and white, and it lias \ bare pi.ice on the 
 hreaii. 1 he natives catch great c]uantities of filli on 
 the coaft. 
 
 I'lie natives who are called Dramas are tall, well 
 fliaped, and of a liiining black ci/loiir. In difj)ofition 
 they are civil, jealous and much addided to ilrinking. 
 
 In drel.s, tood, and fcveral ceremoniej rel itive to 
 Hiarriage.'!, &c. they ri-fcmblc the natives of Congo 
 l'roi)er. S >ine of tlicm have ten or twelve wives, but 
 ti.e cmnion people in general have but two or three. 
 
 It is atfirt'.u-d by feveral writers, that the children of 
 i,.c natives are born ol ip icli tiie fame colour as thole 
 of the Europeans, but in two ilays become as black as 
 '.!'eir jiarcnrs. This often deceived the Portugucfe .it 
 ihcir lirfl fettling in thefe parts, for having commerce 
 with the nearo wciu.'.n, they vainly imagined, till con- 
 vinced t(j the contr.MV, that the children were theirs. 
 
 One circumlhiiice here relative to the birth ot chil- 
 dren is ver- remarkable. Though both parties are 
 negroes, y^■t. fometimes it happens that the offspring is 
 very dillerent in colirur to that of its parents. Thefe 
 at a dillance greatly refemble I'.uropeans: they have 
 grey eyes, and red or yellow iiair; but when you arc 
 dole to them their coloi" is like the corpfc of an Eu- 
 ropean, and tluir eyes appear, as it were, fixed in their 
 Ik. ids. 1 heir light is vcrv imptrfedt in the day, but 
 Ht nit.'ht they lee clear, efpccially it it be moon-light. 
 Tt is fuppol'ed that the birth of theli.* is occalioned by 
 tiie '-fleets of imagination in the woman in fe^iug a white 
 man, in the fame manner as hillory inform* u.s, tint a 
 white woman, by viewing the picture of a negro, was 
 delivered ol a black child. 
 
 I'hey arc called iJondos by the negroes, and Al- 
 binos, or Whites, by the Portuguele. They are al- 
 ways prefcnted to the king a lew days after they are 
 boin, brought np in the court, attend his perfon, and 
 are held in iiicri high elleem by him that no perfon 
 whatever dare offend them: if they go to the markets 
 tliey iiave the liberty of taking fuch articles as they 
 think proper without controul. 
 
 When any one dies, tlie rel.itions immciiiately make 
 it known by running about the town or village, and 
 ihiiikmg in the nioft hieleous manner j after which 
 til- y bring the corple into the ftreei, and walh and 
 clean it. Whi ,1 the grave is dug they carry ieveral of 
 their houlViold goods, and lay by the liJe of it, as alio 
 the moft valuable things uled by the decealed in his 
 life-tiine. Thev then hallily take up the corpfe, and 
 carry it with all expedition to the grave, in which it ii 
 imniedi.itely ilepolittd : lome of the gooils are thrown 
 into the grave, and after they have lliewcil their lamen- 
 tations by howling and the moll llrange gefiiculations, 
 it is tilled u[) with earili. The rem.uniiig goods are 
 fct over the graves on poles, being full cut to prevent 
 their being liokii. 'i'lie relations of the decealed be- 
 wail his lols liy attending the grave, morning and even- 
 ing, for fix tiiccellive weeks. 
 
 They will not fuller any foreigner to be buried in 
 their country. When it happens that an Eurojieans dies 
 here his body is carried in a boat two miles from the 
 Ihore, and thrown into the lea. Tliis cullom took its 
 life from a I'ortuguefii gentleman ^eiiu^ buried here 
 loinc years ago, loon after which the whole country 
 was afflidcd wi:!i a famine. The piieils thought pro- 
 per to attribute the laiile of \\ general rahunity to 
 the interment of the Ibreigncr, whofe body, in conle- 
 tjiienre of their opinions, was taken up and throvn 
 into the I'ea; and Irom this circumllaiicc they have 
 never fince (jermitteil a (Iranger to be interred in their 
 luimiry. 
 
 W irh rripeft to the religion of thefe people, they 
 Mi- all idolaters, and woiflii[) idols which tliey call mo- 
 kill^^s. 
 
 If a man has "ot a loolilli child he mull not eat of 
 the breall or luli'.er of a bulfaloj but il he altciuards 
 ):tts another more Icnfible he becomes tree lii'm that 
 rellraint. Thefe, and Inch like idle maxims, they 
 ubictvc widi the (^rcattll e.xuctncb, tiiiiily Leiievijig 
 
 that if the command enjoined by the mokifTo, or the 
 promifes made to him, are not fully performed, he 
 hath power to kill, or otherwifc punilh them. 
 
 All tircumllances that happen to them, whether 
 good or evil, they fuppofe to arife from the power of 
 the mokifib. If a man preferves a good conRitution 
 by living t italic and temperate, he afcribes his health 
 to the mokillb, and not to thofe virtues themfelves. 
 If a lick man recovers, they never impute it either tt> 
 the force of nature, or tlie application of the medicines, 
 but the niokiilb i^ets the credit of the cure which thev 
 perfuimetl; and if the patient happens to die of old 
 age, or by any acciticnt, they believe he was killed by 
 lorceiy, for having violated the injunctions livl on him 
 by the mokillb. 
 
 Bclidcs their private mokiifos, they have many pub- 
 lic one;, that are kept in temples or huts, to which they 
 daily repair to their devotions. One of thefe is at a 
 village alli-d Thiriko, and in figure rcfcmblcs a man. 
 The gan;_-ai or high ;Miell, who is lord of the village, 
 perfbrms the fcrv'ce every morning, the manner of 
 which is thus: As foon as the people are allembled he 
 fits down upon a mat, and with a leathern bag ilrikes 
 his knee feveral times, having fmall iron bells fallened 
 to his lingers. After this he Ilrikes the bag Ieveral 
 times on his breafl, and then ulcs many llrangc motions 
 and polUires of his body, hands, held and eyes; 
 fometimes he raiies his voice, and then deprefles it, 
 frequently repeating die word Mariomena, to which 
 the alTembly anfwer, Ka. When this has continued for 
 fomc time, the ganga appears as if dillr.afted, and Jiis 
 rage becomes lb violent tliat he is obliged to be held; 
 but by virtue of a f<-iir liquor drawn from cane, with 
 which they fprinkle him, he recovers, and then de- 
 clares what he has received from the mokilfo, and what 
 mull be done in call;, of ficknels and the like. After 
 this he recomirmds to the mokillb t!ie health of the 
 king, the wclt'are of the country, flourilhir.g of the 
 feed, fuccefs to the merchants, and full neti for filli- 
 ermen. At the M.ention of the king's name the whole 
 company clap their hands in token of affcdion, and 
 then the ceremony of concluded. 
 
 Defcription of Loango llie capital. Power and ftctr of 
 Ihr king. Cviuife account oj their laws. Funeral ce- 
 remonies of the king. Uii revenues, ArttcUicJ com- 
 merce. 
 
 LOANGO, the capital of the kingdom, is fituated 
 in four deg. and a half of linith latitude, and is 
 about four ii.iles from the lea coall. It is a large and 
 populous city, and the llreets are long and Ipacious. 
 
 Near the center of the city is a Ijj.xious fquare, fur- 
 rounded with lofty trees, where a daily market is held 
 for the fale of all kinds of provifions, .-■.s meat, fiJli, 
 poultry, wine, corn and oil; alio palm dodis of va- 
 rious forts, and great qiiiiitities of elephants teeth. 
 
 The royal palace confdls of a number of detached 
 buildings. The king's apartments are in front, and 
 behinil are thole bcloiigiiig to his women. The whole 
 is lurrounded with lofty palm-iices, and is at Icall a 
 mile and a half in circuml'erencc. 
 
 At a linall ilillance from t'le eall end of the city is a 
 jilace called the Proad W.iy, where fui h as have been 
 found guilty of any crime by the iii.boiiJa drink aie 
 dragged and executed. 
 
 When any perfon is fufpedled of a crime, and it can- 
 not be clearly po\ed againll iiini, he is fwoni by 
 drinking a certain quantity of thi;. liquor. It is made 
 Irom the root of a fin.ill tree or llirub, called imbonda, 
 which is about fix inches long, and much relembles a 
 carrot. The root is fcraped into water, w hich is boiled 
 ill gourds. The liqiior !• as bitter as gall, and lb Urong 
 that one root would lerve to try an hundred people. 
 When the perfon diinks tiie liquor, if it be too much 
 infilled it oecalions a luppreflion of urine, and Ilrikes 
 U(i into the head, inebiiaiing to liich a degree that ijc 
 (alU down as if dead, in which cafe he Is ptunounced 
 • X g'lilty, 
 
 Hill 
 
 i 
 
 : f 
 
 w 
 
353 ' A NEW, ROYAL, asp AUTHEKTiC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 m'ii 
 
 •i:' 
 
 m 
 
 guilty, and is accordingly dragged to tlie Broad \\'ay 
 and executed; but if he can liand uptij^'ir, and make 
 water, he is deemed innocent. The iletermination ot 
 this matter relh entirely in the imbonda-giver, or per- 
 ibn appointed to adminiller the potion: for however in- 
 nocent he mav be that is futpcfted, yet it the imbonda 
 giver has any dilliUe to hiui, or liis acculer is a perlbn 
 of importance, he ib liire to give him the liquor lb 
 llrongly infml-d that its operation proves fatal, tiiough 
 he does it lb artfully that it cannot be difcoverod. 'I his 
 ceremony is performed at Loango almoft: every week, 
 fb that in the courfe of a year mar.y people are drftroy- 
 id by it. 
 
 The king hath a great number of wives, all of v.liom, 
 except the principal one, are obliged to be very lubler- 
 vient to him. lie is a verv powerful prince, and able 
 to bring into the field a confiderable army, I 'r all his 
 lubieiSs are obliged to equip themlclvcs with arms, 
 and immediately attend at his command. His drcls is 
 elegant and lumptuous, and both he and his nobles 
 wear, on their left arm, the fkin of a wild cat lewed 
 together with one end Huffed. The king Ihuts the 
 door of his apartment, and continues by himfelf dur- 
 ing the whole tune he is at ilinnrr: for IlioulJ any ()er- 
 fon happen to lee him either cat or drink, he v.oukl 
 be immediately put to death. — So puniftual is this law 
 obferved, that even animals are fub'icift to the fame 
 fate, which happened to a fine dog prefcntcd the king 
 by a Fortugucfe. The creature not being very well 
 fed by thofe who had the care of him, finelling the 
 viftuals one dav when the king went to dinner, followed 
 the fcent, and his majefly not faflening the door pro- 
 perly, the dog, while he was at liinnrr, thruft it open 
 with his feet, and entered the room, when the king im- 
 mediately quitted tl;e apartment, and ordered him to be 
 killed. 
 
 Every day after dinner the king goes in flue, .ac- 
 companied by his nobles, and a great crowd of people, 
 to the banquetting houfe in order to refrelli himfelf by 
 drinking palm-wine. As Ibon as he arrives there he 
 It-ats liiinlclf on the throne, and on each fide of him is 
 a cu[ibearer. 1 le on the right hand reaches hiin the 
 cup when he is inclined to lirink. but at the time turns 
 his heail: notice of which is given to the company by 
 liim on the left, who llrikcs two iron rods, pointed at 
 the ends, one againft the otiier. Ac this fignr.l the 
 P'(iple turn their b.icks to the king, and bend their 
 l.iC-'s to tiie ground, in wh'.vh polture rhey rem,!in fo 
 long as the irons continue ringing; affL-r which they 
 rile, turn their faces to tiie king, anil willi him health 
 by ck'jiping tlieir hands. 
 
 After fun let he goes a ficnnd time to the apart- 
 ment adapted for ea'ing, where his provilums are pre- 
 pared for him as before; alter which he again vifits 
 the batiquctting-houfe, wlu-re he remains till nine or 
 ten o'clock, when he returns, and '..'tires to rell. 
 
 The king fekloin appe.irs abroad except mi the be- 
 fore-mentioned occnfions, or when an amlMllador ar- 
 rives, or fome llrange accident has hapieni. I; fuch as 
 when a leopard is taken in the country, or elie |ov;gcd 
 about the city ready fiir the chafe (liir lii- is very fond 
 of that ilivcffion,) (jr, laflly, when his land i.s to be 
 tilted, and his chief nobility bring him tribute. 
 
 Tiie king a[)pears in public at the tommencement 
 of the feeil-time, which is always on the ill or Janu- 
 ary. I Ic takes his feat at three o'tiock in the after- 
 noon, whtn tiie woman who till the ground appear be- 
 fore iiim witii their inllruments of hulbandry, and the 
 men w.ilk bickwards and forwards armed and cloallied 
 ifi tliiir tnilirary habits. The king geniraily llavs 
 .ilioiit an hour, when he returns to his palace amidll 
 t!'.e aulamations of the people, who Ij.cnd the rell of 
 the d.iy in mirth ami fi-ltivity. 
 
 Wlirn any nf' the inhabitants liavc liifcovered a leo- 
 pard in tlu' woods ailjoining to the I apital, iuimiti n 
 of it is given to the king, who repairs to his pu!)lio 
 [lace (,l ajipcaiance, and a trumpet is founded to give 
 notice tu the peojilc to attend him at the fjurt. If the 
 
 place wiiere the leopartl lies be too far for the kinp n 
 walk, lie is carried on inens ihoiiiders in a kindot 
 ch.iir made ot wicker, and curioully ornamented. As 
 Uxm as they arrive at the fpot where the leopard is ir- 
 creted, the I'eople liirroiind it, armed with bo.vs an,! 
 arrows, lances antl darts, leaving only a hnall place 
 open that the king inay have a convenient oppnrti:- 
 nity of feeing the fport. Before tiiis opening nets arc 
 fpread, that if the Icop.ird tliould happen to take i.i, 
 courle that way lie might be caught alive. Whcnevi-rv 
 thing is ready, the brail is routed by the people ina'r,. 
 ing an univerlal thouting, with the blowing of horn. 
 and beating of drums. As toon as he finds liimlrii 
 lurroundei.1 he endeavour^ to make his efoape, bu; h 
 impeded by the vrllies of d.irts and arrows tluc aii- 
 ilifciiarged at him by t!ie multitude, who follow linn 
 cl.i'i-, ;ind if he happens not to take the net, oki 
 power and ditpatch liim. When the leopard is kilk-J 
 the king retires to his palace, before whicii the hwxn 
 bring the carcal'c and tnumph over it by dancin-.;;, fjni;. 
 ing, and exhibiting various kinds of diverlions. Hi- 
 king then orders the bcall to be tia/eil, and the ikiii .> 
 brought to him; after which the body is buiicd vir\- 
 deep in tlie earth, except the gaiil, which is taken i^u; 
 and thrown into the river, it being coiilidcied .1, a 
 deadly poil!)ni and thua end the ceremoriies of liuui- 
 ing leopard. 
 
 By tlie laws of this kingdom theft is never puiiiiii.J 
 with death unlets it be committed on the king: in com- 
 mon califs, wlien a chief is deteded cither he or b:, 
 Irien Js mult rellore the goods llolen, or atone fijr lii'^ 
 want of th-in by an adequate compenlation, befiJs 
 which the thief is tied to a jiott in tiie middle of tlie 
 tlreer, where he continues an hour as an objccl ul a- 
 dicule and contempt to the Ijieclators. If he is unable 
 either to rctlore the goods or pay the value of tla-ni, 
 his relations mull work for the party robbed, till liiJi 
 time as he thinks himlclf liilHcicnily tatisfied for tlic 
 lots he has tultained. 
 
 Wlun the king dies the fuccetTion of the crown does 
 not devolve to his children, but to his eldefl brorhci , 
 bit fiir want of liicli kindred, it falls to his liiU-r'.s 
 children. 
 
 Thole who have prctenfions to the crown are five in 
 number, and rclide in towns or villages at tome dill.iiKr 
 from tiic court: they preferve their titles agreeable to 
 the names of the refpcdive villages in which diev live. 
 i'lie next heir to tlie crown is called Mani-Kay, wi.o 
 rell les at a large town of that name litiiated about ',we 
 mile from Loango. The kcond is called Mani-B'ikke, 
 and lives at a town called Bokke, lituated about four 
 teen iniles up the country. The tiiird, callrd Mani 
 S :llo<!;a, lives at Salioga, a l.irge town lituated ab iva 
 J5 miles north of Loango. Mani-K.at, the foiiith, 
 lives at the village of Kat, about 5-; miles fVof.i Loangii. 
 And Many-lny.imi, the fiftli and l.dl, rclides at lae 
 hinikt of Inyami, which is fituated on the luiidie 11 
 borders of the kingdom. 
 
 \Vh(n rhckingdies Mani-lvay lurceedsiiim, Maiii 
 BokKe removes to the relilence of iVlani-Kay, and t!.f 
 rell all lollow, a projirr [icrfon being appointed to Iuji 
 ply tlie place of the lafl. A:id thus ly a regukir mta 
 tion they fucceed to each oditra villages, a:iJ alter to 
 the Clown. 
 
 .'\ker the deceafe of the king the Maul ivay 1 r 
 next heir to the crown) enters immediately upoa li.c 
 government, but he does not go to t.iurt till the In- 
 ner.il ot t!ie hue king is over, the ceremonies at'eiul- 
 ing which are as follow: 'i'hey firll make two vaults 
 uiiiler groiinil adjoining to each other, in one ol w.'iuli 
 thev lay the royal corpfe, richly dretled, on a ll "I, 
 aotl bv it all manner of houlliold tloll, as pots, kettles, 
 pai)s, (loihs and garmr'n's. Ihry iln.-(i place round t 
 little images made of wood and nd earth reptelentm ; 
 the houlluikl fcrvants (jf the dccealed. Alter this 
 they leave the royal ( orpli:, a-ul go to the other v.uilt, 
 wlieie they place the Ixidits of feveral lUves, wh') 
 have b\.a\ facriticcti to lervc the king in the other 
 
 World, 
 
 ANSICO, AND 
 
•".OGRAPflV. 
 
 AFRICA] 
 
 I. O W K R GUINEA. 
 
 35!) 
 
 world, and to make atteftat' <n in wli.it in.iiinir he be- 
 haved durinf; the courfe of liis hlf. I'hetwo vaults are 
 tiicn doftd, and over each is erec^tcd a covering to pre- 
 Icrve it lioni the inclemency of the weather. 
 
 The king otLoango's rcvemies principally arifr from 
 elephant'- teeth, copper, and llavcb. The greatell part 
 of the copper i> broiif!;ht by Health far.u an inland 
 country, tlic inhabitants ot wi'icli are always at variance 
 with the i:in<4 of Lo.'.ngo. 
 
 The goods lold here by the natives confill of ivory, 
 tin, lead, copper, iron, red wood, and fcveral forts of 
 cloths, tiic manuiadture of the country; in exchange 
 for whicli thcv purchafe of the luir<)|)eans lalt, Si'.elia 
 ticking, c'.itlalfes, looking-glaflls, beads, and other 
 articles. • 
 
 Provinces of I.oango. 
 
 LOANGIRI is a large and populous province, and 
 is well watered by feveral brooks and rivers, 
 which render the foil exceeding fertile. The inhabitants 
 live chiedv on lilh, and einploy tlirmfelves in making 
 cloth and linen. They are in gcneial a vtry courageous 
 people, and more addiiled to war than their neighbours. 
 
 l.oango-Mongo is a large mountainous country, and 
 particularly abounds with palm-trees. The inhabitants 
 are merchants, and, like thofe of Loangiri, employ 
 themfrlvcs chiefly in makirig cloth and linen. !n tiiis 
 province is the city of Loango, the ufual refidencc of 
 tlie foverei^n of the kingdom. 
 
 The province of Chilongo is m:ire extenfive than 
 cither of tlie other three. Some parts of it are very 
 mountainous i but in others there ire large and exten- 
 five plains, w'-h are very fertile, and produce good 
 grain, as alfo abundance of palm-trees. It is a very 
 populous part of the country; and though tiic inhabi- 
 tants are not lo well poliiiied as their neighbours, yet 
 they carry on a coiifiderablc trade, particularly in ele- 
 phants teeth and cloth. The governor of this province 
 is ablblute, at whofe deceale the people have the liberty 
 ( i' choofiiig a fuccelibr, without tl,c approbation of the 
 king ot Loango. 
 
 I'iri is a very flat country, but it i.> well peopled, and 
 produces great plen y ot moll forts of provKioiis, pr- 
 ticubrlv cat,>aiid poultry. The woods are well flock 
 cd v.ith timber i bcfides which there are fruit-trees in 
 abundance. The inhabitants live chieily on tr.iik, and 
 Ixralts which tluy kill in the woods. Someof them are 
 great traders, and tliev are all dillii-.juilhcd for being 
 very quiet and affable in their difpofuions. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 ANSICO, AND TiiK Covs-rav of tut. JAGGAS. 
 
 THERE are bordering on Angola and Congo two 
 countries called Anfiko and Matamba, concern- 
 in-^ which Ibme particulars are worthy of notice. 
 
 Aufiko is bouniUd on the north by fomc of the de- 
 fatts of Nubia, on tiic fouth by Congo, on t!ie call: by 
 one of ihc fmall rivers that runs into the Zai.e, and on 
 the well by the b )rders of l.oango. Its 1 \tcnt is 285 
 miles in length, and 1 80 in breadth. 
 
 There are many mines of copper in Anfiko, of which 
 confidcraWe advantages arc made by the Eortuguefe. 
 It is in general a very barren country, and the inhabi- 
 ta!i;s aic 11. ere lavages. I'hcy have no lands or fettled 
 inheritance, but wander, like Arabs, from one pKice to 
 another, regardlefs of life, and intrepid in their under- 
 takings. They pay no attention to agriculture, or ule 
 anyendravours to preltrve tin ir e>,ilU-nce, but by phm- 
 ilering all who h.ippen to fall in their way, foine of 
 wiiom they kill, and others tiiey keep as (laves. Ihey 
 ar-' dre.ided for their extreme brutality, and aie fo irra 
 ticiiiil, that few I',uro[ieans can tratle wiiluhem. i heir 
 language is barbarous, and li) unintelligible that it c.in- 
 iiot be iiiidcrlluod cvlii by the iaiiabitants of Congo. 
 
 Hoili llxes go n.ikcdfrom the uaill upwards, but die 
 l:atcr lyrt dillin^uijii iliciiilches by wearing red and 
 
 black caps made of Portugucfe velvet j and, in order 
 to prcferv.e their health, tlicy all anoint their bodies with 
 a compofition made of white fandal-wood pounded, 
 and palm-oil. 
 
 They are abfolute cannibals, tlieir chief food being 
 human Helh; and there arc public markets where 
 whole bodies are hung up and cxpofed for fale. They 
 believe thcmfelvcs polRfied of a right to dil'pofe arbi- 
 trarily of their flavesj and thofe taken in war are fat- 
 tened, killed, Mid either ufed by their conquerors, or 
 fold to the butchers : for the people of this country feed 
 on each other with as much inditTcrence as thofe of 
 other countries do on the relpciflive animals appropria- 
 ted by Providence for the fuilenance of mankind. 
 
 The arins ufed by tht)le people are battle axes and 
 very ilrong bows, ilrengthened and adorned with the 
 Ikins of ftrpcnts. The llrings are made of fupple and 
 llemler Ihoots of trees; an.t the arrows are of a hard 
 but very tight wood, pointed at the ends with irjn. 
 They Ihoot with fuch furpriling agility, that they will 
 difcharge near a dozen arrows from the bow, before the 
 liril falls to the ground. They manage tliC battle-a.xe 
 with equal dexrcrity. One end of this inlbument is 
 vcrylharp, and the other ll it like a mallet, witii a han- 
 dle between about iiall the Icngtii of the iron, rounded 
 at the end, and covered wit!i the Ikin of a ferpent: 
 with the ilat end they Rrecu their bodies, and ward oft' 
 the darts of their cnemic J hey have daggers alfo in 
 Icabbytls made 01 tiic ikins of ferpents, which they 
 carry uy their (ides, fallened in leathern girdles. 
 
 Their religion, as may reafonably be I'uiipofed, is 
 grofs i:loIatry. 'I'hey wor^rip the Inn as their cliirf 
 deity, whom they repri ii.iit in die iigure of a man, and 
 the moon under that oi a woman. They have alio an 
 inlinite number ot inferior ilciries, each keeping one 
 peculiar idul, to v.'iiom lie otf'rrs facriticef, and con- 
 ilantly invokes before he proceeds on any dangerous 
 cnterprize. 
 
 The current coin are rimbis, or (mall llu 11=, gather- 
 ed on the coall of Angola; in exchange f)r which they 
 give Haves, as alfo (or (alt, (ilk, glafi,. knives, and 
 other merchandize. 
 
 There is a fnall kingdom to thefouthward of .'\nfiko 
 called Matamba, inhabited by the Jaggas, a lavage and 
 cannibal people, whole origin is not known. Itisfep- 
 poled they tirll lettlcd about the kingdom of Anfiko, 
 and from thence fjMead themlelves along tiiolc fpacious 
 walfes that lie between Aniilco and Loango. I'Vom 
 thence it is inugined tluy fpread by degrees along the 
 eailern frontieis of Loang 1, Congo, an.l Angola, and 
 tfoni thence ealfv.'ard to the kingdom of Matamba, of 
 the latter of which, widi the territory a ijoining, tliey 
 mule themltlves complete mailers, and have everfince 
 preltrrved, to the great injury ot 'heir more rational and 
 peaceable neighbour.:. 
 
 The territories of dui'e people extend from north-eaft 
 tofouth-wc(l, along Mitamb'. and Benguiia, about 90J 
 miles; but they are very narrov,; in proportion, bring 
 in ("ome pnrtj 150, and in others net above 100 miles 
 broad. 'I'hcy are encloled between the kingdon-.s (if 
 Matamba and Bengoela, from wiieni .■ ■ .,cy are (i'jiira- 
 ted by the great rivi-r Kunerio on on. lide, and 'ly the 
 empire of l\Toni Muji on the other. I'ht orlv town 
 throughout all thefc dominions is called K ul'iiii, (itiia- 
 tedat the nordi pait of them, n;ar the Irvitiers of Ma- 
 tamba, where the Great Jagga, or King, otLaiionaliy 
 relides. 
 
 Belides this, they have neither towns or hoiills, but 
 roam (rom place to place with uws, removing ;is incli- 
 nation directs, or neceihty obligi's them. 
 
 They never cultivate the groufid, but lirize every thing 
 tluir comes in their way, and live entirely by [.hindering 
 thuir neighbours. In tluir perlons they are tall, Itilly, 
 and (Irong, yet nimble and Iwift of foot, climbing up 
 the deep mountains and craggy rocks widi moll allo- 
 nillii.ig ag'Jity. I'lieir women are (lout, wdl (haprd, 
 fertile, warlike, and at'tive; and both lexes are lo in- 
 trcpid, '.Iwt nj enterprise is thouglit too hardcrdangc.. 
 
 lUUS 
 
 
 '^ 
 
W'^ 
 
 f* 
 
 36^ A XEW. ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTKM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 f'tis f,;r them tn venture upon. Whenever they meet 
 with an opportunity of phirKierin^, they rulli on their 
 advcrf.iriej at all hazards, and witli a t'earkis unconcern 
 for tlu-ir own lives. They confuler it .is the grcatelV 
 mark of hr.ivrry to attack tlie fiercell and ilrongell 
 creatures, and a ihll greater one to be more fierce and 
 inhuiuan. I'liis favas^enefs not only extends to the peo- 
 ple of the nations they invade, but to tholi* of their 
 own, ami even to thrir relation"; and children, whom 
 they make nn iLruple to butcher and eat when t!i } are 
 in w.int of other food. 
 
 They build their kilombos, or camps, of Inch mate- 
 rials, and on fuch a cnnrtrudion, that they are eafdy re- 
 moved on the fliortcit notice. When tliey go on any 
 capifal exnedition, tliey are always accomianied by the 
 Great Ja^^j^a, or chief, and liis court. I Ic is a man of 
 courage and refolution; but never undertakes any thiiijj; 
 without previous enchantments, and ronful.in!^ liis mo- 
 kid'o, or idol, by facriticcs, from whence he pretends 
 to foreknow the event of his entcrprize. On thefe oc- 
 cafions he riles liefore tiay-break, and f;-ts himfelf on a 
 tlool, attended by two of his conjurors, one on each 
 fide, and about fifty women (landing in a circle round 
 him, waving the tails of beafls, and Hnging. In the 
 center is kindled a gnat fire, over which is plat ed an 
 eartlien pot, containing lome white ])owdcr to (laint, 
 wherewith his conjurors beline.ar his forehead, temples, 
 brealK and belly, ufing at the fame time many en- 
 chanting terms, and continuing their ridiculous cercmo- 
 1 icb till tun-leti at wiiich time they bring hin> his ca- 
 leugila, cr hatchet, and put it into his hands, bidding 
 liim lie llroiig agair.iV his enemies, f<)r the mokiilo is 
 with him. A male child is then brought to him, which 
 lie inuntdi.itely kilL: after w!iich f(jiir men are bi ought 
 to him, two of whom he flays, and orders the other 
 two to be killed without the camp. I le alii) onlers 
 ten trows to be killed, live within and five without the 
 camp, with tlic l.ime numl)er of goats and dogs. The 
 blood of thefc animali is fprinkled on the tire, but the 
 tlelh is eaten with great fcllivity and triumph. The 
 iiime ceremonies are likewile tiled by the inferior offi- 
 cers of the army en the like account; but neither tliey 
 or their chief make ulc of idol-, on thefc or any other oc- 
 cafions. pietending that tlic niokilio frequently appears 
 and Ipcaks to them. 
 
 The foldiera are neither well difcipHned, armed, or 
 rloa'.lied. Tiieir offenlive weapons are bows and ar- 
 rows, fpears, darts, daggers, and clubs: hut they are 
 tauulu to ufe their deieniive weapons as well as their 
 millive ones, being particularly inllruC"ted to cover their 
 boilies, wliich are almoll naked, with their large oval 
 fliiekls, made of thick hides; and this method is fin- 
 gularly f'erviceable in a retreat, asir preferves tliem from 
 being wounded by the arrows and lances of their pvir- 
 fuing enc 'ly. Their chief excellency conlilfs in the 
 ftrength and aiftivity of their bodies, in artfully c(;- 
 vering tl • 'ifelves, and throwing their midivc weapons, 
 by which tney generally annoy the enemy, and make 
 them tpend tlvir (hot againfl their fliields. Alter this 
 they renew the onlet with fuch vigour, as feldom fails 
 of putting the eneniy to llight, which is always followed 
 by a general flaugiitcr, no lelpert bei,.j paiil eiih'-r to 
 pel Ions or li;x. 
 
 When they expcft any conliderable oppolition upon 
 an iiivalion, tluy intrench themfelves very iiuietly lur 
 lome time, ami only alarm the inhabitants with fre- 
 i|Mnit ll.irniillicb, till they think they hive fulFuientlv 
 harradai ihem. If iliele aflault them, tliey Ifand on 
 the defeiifive for two or three days, till the others havi' 
 l(<e:u iheir llrctigth and fury, when the commanding 
 «jH(er lends out .i large detachment in the night, to lie 
 in ambudi at fjiiic dillance from the enemy's camp. 
 On the (i/llowii)", niorniug ihcy begin the attack, when 
 the pioor natives being kiddenly furprizcd, are eafily 
 put to the rour, and leave their country to the rapacity 
 ot their ntenileis invaders. 
 
 '1 he (jifiiit Jagga, (jr king, prefervrs a iliftinguifhed 
 <iigiiity, u'j [lerion bcii'g pcrmiluJ to iii ucfoit liim, 
 
 except the kalambo, or head general, who is fupreme 
 judge in all cafes, whether civil or criminal. I'his 
 otHcer is allowed to lit on a chair with a back to it; but 
 the tendela, or next in r.ink, who likcwife fits as ,1 
 judge, is only allowed a t'mall llool about a foot hi<»li. 
 Thofe of a certain rank arc permitted to (it inthe kiii^''s 
 prefencc on a carpet but they mult Ipread it with the;r 
 own hands. Thole who ,>btain audience of tlie kin;' 
 mud fpeak to him with tlieir boities bent ahnoti double^ 
 and if of an inferior rank, mull |)rolkate themk-lvfi o;i 
 the ground. If the king happens to fnceze, cough, or 
 bre.ik vvind, the whole allembly mull wilh him health 
 and long life; and thole who are ncarcit to his perlljn 
 mull give notice to tholi: at a dillance to do the lair.e, 
 on which tiiey all exprefs their good wiilies, by cl.ippin.> 
 their hands and bending their bodies. 
 
 The common people of both lexes go almoll naked, 
 having only a piece of cloth lallened round the waiii, 
 and lo final!, that it barely covers half their tliiqlis. 
 Fcrfons of rank, indeed drels theiiik-jvcs in gmidy .i';- 
 parel ; but they do it r.ither from pride than a:iy alite 
 tati'in of modelly. 
 
 The bell idea that can be given o'' the lliperior cl.iis 
 of tlicli; people will he (i-om the .account of .in l-.iir^ 
 pean who li-rvcd under the kalambo, or he.id general. 
 " I Ic wore (fays he) long hair, fetoH" with niiny knot, 
 ofbamba lliells. His neck was ailraned with a ceslbr 
 of mafos, which are another kind of (hells ibund ukui:' 
 the Ethiopic coall, and fold among ihcm for about the 
 value of COS. Mis middle v,,is covered with a girtlltoi' 
 lardes, or beads mad.e of ol'.rich eggs, and under it x 
 palm cloth as fine as filk. His body was painted with 
 various figures, and anointed every d.iy with human in. 
 He wore acrufs his nole a piece of copper about t.vi, 
 inches long, and two others ot the fame fort in his cars." 
 This writer, however, does not mention his wcarir.n; 
 any thing either on his hands or feet, but adds, " 1 .'.at 
 he had about thirty wives, who followed him wlitn he 
 went abroad, one of whom carried his bow and arrows, 
 and finir others his cujis nntl ilrinking utenlils; ana 
 whenever he drank they all Icneeled down and fun;^'. 
 1 le kept his men umier the flricteft dilci|)line, ani! 11 
 any one of theni turned his back to the enemy, he wai 
 condemned to death, and his body eaten; and the in.ire 
 etredually to deter them from cowardice, he uled to 
 make an oration to them from a kind of fcalFold every 
 night in difpraife of it, and in commendation of i.i- 
 trepidity." 
 
 Mie lame writer has alio furnilhed us with a defcrip- 
 tion of the method which they bring up tlieir yoiu;.' 
 fokliery. " 'i'hefe (lays he) are not their own oli- 
 fpring but thofe o( luch captives as they make in thei: 
 excurlions; (or though they allow thcmlevcs to have 
 many women, and thcle are no Icfs fertile than thote oi 
 other African nations, yet they fuller few of ihem to re. r 
 up their children, but order them to he buried aiivc is 
 (iion as born, and, in lieu of them, make choice of fuiii 
 as are the mofl promiling from among thole of then 
 [)rili:ncrs, to be trained up to arms; and to the plun- 
 dering trade. Thefe they commonly choofe at ab')iit 
 the age of twelve or thirteen years; the i'emales t-r 
 procreation, and the males for war. The l.itier are iiu 
 (boner enmlled than they have a collar lung about tlK a 
 necks in token cf ll.ivery, which is to be worn by tlicn 
 till ihey bring home the head ot an enemy, when it is 
 |uibliely taken off, and they declared freemen ot the 
 c.innibal commonwealth. The remainder of the cnji- 
 tivc train of both fexcs are inhumanly lelervcvl to l)i' 
 killed .ind eaten; not in time of lirarcity of c.ittle ami 
 other provilions, but out of cruel waiitonnels, and lii 
 preference to all other fltfh. This privilege of bcin;;; 
 aiiiiiiiiterl tnen, and freed from tl-.cir bulge of Haver), 
 leldom lails of iril'pirinj' the youths lo cliofen with an 
 iinconunoii ambi nn to .ittr.iu it at all ha/aids and to 
 face tlu' greatcfl elar.gcrs with an intrepid boliluel's fur 
 the fake of it. It is by this medi' d they keefi np tin r 
 number complete, and the licice lavage nature of tli" 
 j,iji,i_;i5 from recoiling into humanity and compalTinn." 
 ; TiiC 
 
 Extrnt, BotDi 
 
AFRICA] 
 
 LOWER GUINEA. 
 
 361 
 
 The women of rank only wear 3 cloth about their 
 miiiiile, but take grr-.it pride in adorninf; their liair, 
 necks, arms, and legs with flitils am) beads of va- 
 rii.vis forts. I'Ik y lii.vt a flr.irjrc ciilli in of pulling out 
 fo ir (li ilicir tfi-th, two above, and two below; and 
 thofe who rcfulc t.)do diis art li) dclpiicd by the reft, 
 that ilicy are not permitted t) aiTiciatc with them. 
 
 The fexeb intermix .icciirdin;r to inclination, without 
 obiVrvuig any cf.nionies ot marriage. Thev have 
 foine peculiar maxims in the interment of their dead, 
 efl^'ciallv thofi- of the m.^le kind, and which evince far- 
 ther tokens of tluii livage cruelty. The dtceafed is 
 not only walhcd, anointed, and bedecked with all his 
 moll valuable finery, but accompanied by two of his 
 moll beloviil women, who aic conveyed with him to 
 his grave, with their arms broken. The body is carried 
 to th- grave in a chair, between two men, and placed 
 in it as il (liU alive, and the two women, one on each 
 fide of it. As foon as they are thus depofited, die 
 grave, which is conmionly very deep, is covered on the 
 top with earth; and the relations, who are there prefent, 
 (prinkle it with the blood of llain poats and palm- wine: 
 alter which they make a fi!ner.d lamentation over it for 
 fcveral fiicceeding days. Thofe of higher rank are in- 
 terred with more pomp, and the ceremonies and liba- 
 tions reiterated a longer or Ihorter number of days, 
 weeks, &c. according to their quality. 
 
 Succinll Account of the Deprt(ial;on\ committed by the 
 Jaggas on the adjacent Ccuntrieu 
 
 AS the ferocious difpofition of tiiefe people muft 
 naturally le.id tiiem to ads of cruelty and rapine, 
 they have maic the moll daring attacks upon the lives 
 and properties of the people of the dilVerent countries 
 aroiinJ. the- 1 The hrlt and moll refolute adven- 
 turer was one Zimbo. This leader, abetted and aided 
 by a v/oman named Tcm-ban-dumba, who ferved him 
 in the rwo-fold capacity of concubine and coiinfellor, in 
 the fifteenth century, made his firll incurfions into the 
 empire of Conj^o, where he coinmitted the moll horrid 
 criiehies and lawlcfs depredations. I le purfued his ra- 
 
 pacious defigirs at the hjid ot' a favage and numeroas 
 b.inilitti for a conliderablc time, but was at length (lop- 
 ped in his career by the noble exertion of the king of 
 Melinda, who, apprehended an invafion from him, 
 advanced with his army tome dillance from the capital, 
 antl not only re()clled, bui totally defeated his favagcs. 
 Thinking it laudable to extirpate fj diabolical a race, 
 he ordered his men to norfue and flay all before them, 
 whicli they moll willin'.»,iy }>errormed. 
 
 Notwithllanding this repulfc, Zimbo perfifled in his 
 nipacious drfigns, and adv:inced as far to the linithward 
 as the Cape of Good Hope, and having greatly aug- 
 menreil his army, made all ncccHary preparations for a 
 llroke of importance, when death put an end to all his 
 proie.ls, and foon after carried olF his concubine and 
 counfellor Tem-ban-dumba. 
 
 The furviving commanders diffjlved the union, and 
 followed their fortunes at tl.e head of tlieir rcfpeftivc 
 corps. One of tliefe ciiicfs, called Dongis, had a 
 daughter a fecond Tcm-ban-dumba, a monfter as in- 
 human as the firft, who, putting herfelf at the head of 
 a corps, purfued the fime iniquitous plan, and filled 
 the grcatell: part of F.thiopia with tc-rror, blood, and 
 (laughter, till iFe fell a vl>flim to her abominable 
 jialhons. 
 
 The firft murderers and plunderers were fijllowed by 
 a luccelTion of others, who conunlited the ravages of 
 their predeceffors, and marked their way with blood 
 and rapine. One, indeed, named Caluximbo, was an 
 exception to the reft ; but as he h.ad fome humanity in 
 his compofition, he was detelletl by his lavage country- 
 men. 
 
 At length the I'ortugtiefe found means to conciliate 
 the efteem of one of their leaders, named ('airange- 
 Canguin-Gurij, by which he became humanized, em- 
 braced the Catholic religion, and was baptized by the 
 name of Don Palcall, 
 
 This prince, however, foon renounced his new re- 
 ligion, and returned to hisfjrmer horrid practices. The 
 different tribes of thel'e people Hill infell thofe parts of 
 Africa that are contirruous to their coi'.ntry, marking 
 their way with blood and flaiigluer. 
 
 C H A P. 
 
 XII. 
 
 KINGDOM OF B E NM N 
 
 Extent, Bmindi: 
 
 Climate. PrcdnEliom 
 
 THIS kingdom is in extent, froin eaft to wift, about 
 600 miles. It is bounded on the eaft by the 
 kingdoms of Mujac and Makoko; on the well by 
 .Vrdrah, and part of the (iulph of (juinca; on the north 
 by p^t of Gago and Bialara; and on the fouth by 
 Congo. 
 
 In general the country is very low and woody, but 
 well watered by rivers, the moil dillinguiflicd of which 
 is that called by the I'.nr ilh and Frendi the Betiin, but 
 by thePortuguefe Rio F(..mofa, or the Ikautiful Ri\er. 
 Its banks arc exceeding pleafanv, being ornamentetl 
 with lofty trees, and many fmall but neat villages. 
 Tl-.ere are alfo fevtml g!)..d towns for trade. 
 
 The climate of this kingdom is rather unwholefome, 
 I'lrough the noxious vapours exhaled from the low 
 grounds by the heat of the fun. The foil is tolerably 
 fertile for the produce of millet and rice; but as the in- 
 h.iliitints arc not fond of thole grain:;, little of them 
 are cultivated. Their princi()al attention is diredlcd to 
 the [)rodiK e of yams, which they iilir inftead of bread. 
 Tluv have alfo great plenty of potatoes ami other roots. 
 ■J'lie chief fruits here are oranges, lemons, antl ba- 
 nanas. They have l()me cotton and pepper trees; the 
 i.it(cr of which produce a tolerable commodity, but 
 No 3S 
 
 not in fuch quantities as thofe of the I'.afl: Indies, ncitiirr 
 are the corns fo large. 
 
 The wild beafts are clejihants, tigers, leopards, bears, 
 and monkies. The tame ones are horlcs, cows, Ihcep, 
 dogs, and cats; the two latter of wliich the natives pre- 
 fer to any other kind of flelh whatever. Tiiey liave alfo 
 plenty of poultry; and die woods abound witii game, 
 as harts, hares, partridges, phcafants, turtledove;, H^c. 
 
 D:JlicJii:on, CliJJh, Dnf^, UabUalions, FrnJ, QftaiKf, 
 Funeial and other Rcli^wn Ccieinomei, Piiivjhvunti, 
 Finci (3c. 
 
 THE kingdom of Benin is dividr^l into a nmnbcr of 
 petty royalties, all of whom, except the king of 
 Ovcrri, arc (laves or vafliils to the king of (^reat R--nin. 
 The natives in r,eneral arc g) .tl n;uured and obliging, 
 particularly to iMironeans. If the latter complimens 
 them with prefents, their lihprality is lure to be doubly 
 returned. Gentle meafurcs i.i the only way to fucceed 
 in whatever is wanted; in tint rale it is their grcatell: 
 pleafure to oblige: on tik contrary, if treated with vio- 
 lence, no people in the world can be more refnvflory. 
 Among diemfelves they carry the appearance of civility 
 and com[)liilanre, but in reality tluy are very dole and 
 rclcrvtd, elperiilly in their dealings riJt caring- to triift 
 4 Y wsh 
 
36a A NF.W, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTF.M of UNIVERSAL Gi OC.-..A?nT. 
 
 i* 
 
 each otlier. Tlic tr;ulfrs are very attentive to burincfs, 
 ami ixinaikably tonacioiis to tlitir old cuiloins, witli 
 which, if a foreigner complies, he may ealily ileal with 
 them. 
 
 The ftatc of Benin is iliviileii into four clalVes, the 
 firft of %vhi-.h is tompoled only of three perfons, called 
 Cireat Lords, or (iu-at Men, who are always near the 
 king's pcrfon. W hocvcr wants to obtain any favour (i om 
 his mav.*h' mull apply to them, in order to arcjuaint the 
 king with tlieir drlires, and return his ani'wer. As there 
 is no intermediate perlon between thel'e, the king, ^]j^d 
 thole who lolicite favours, they act on tiiefe occalions in 
 fuch manner as bell luits their own interells ; lo that in 
 reality the whole government is entirely in tlieir hands. 
 
 The I'econd rank or dais is compol'ed of thotc called 
 Ores-dc-Koes, or Road Chiefs, who arc of four l()rts : 
 the uu-anell prefide over Haves ; tl.ole a degree higher 
 over tlic low rabble ; the third inlpcc^ the conduct of 
 thole concerned in hulliandry and agriculture; and the 
 fourth, or lupcrior order, luperinteml the military. 
 Tiicle are very numerous, and from them are cholen the 
 viceroys and governors of thofe countries liibitft to the 
 king. They are all under the command of the three 
 great men, and arc relponliMe to them on all occafions. 
 Thev obtain their polls by the recommendation of thele 
 three lords ; and the king, as an enlign of their honour, 
 prcfents each of them with a firing of coral, which they 
 are obliged continually to wear about their necks. 
 They arc made of a fort of pale earth or Hone, well 
 gla/cd, and greatly refcmble variegated marble The 
 pofTcfVors mull be very careful of them, for if any om 
 lliould lofe his badge of honour, whether by accident 
 or otherwife, the confequen( ■ would be not only degra- 
 dation, but tiie Infs of his liu. 
 
 The third clals are thofe appointed by the govern- 
 ment to treat with the Europeans on behalf of the tra- 
 ders of Benin. They are called I'iadors, or Brokers; 
 and their bufinefs is to lee that all matters of commerce 
 are fairly tranfaded between the relpedive parties. 
 
 The laft clafs confilts of the commonalty. The gc- 
 neralty of thcfe are very indolent, nor will they go to 
 work but when necefiity obliges them. The laborious 
 part of their bufin;l's is executed by their wives, fiicli 
 as tilling the ground, as I'pinning of cotton, weaving of 
 cloth, and other handicrafts. The principal artificers 
 among them are liiiiths, carpenters, and leather- 
 drell'ers. 
 
 The drel^ of the better fort confills of white callico 
 or cotton cloth f.iilened round the waill, and neatly 
 plaited in the middle; but the lower and upper parts 
 of tile boily are entirely naked. The drelsof the meaner 
 fort is of the liiuie form, and only differs in the quality 
 of tlie flult with wliK li it is m.ide. 
 
 'I'he wives of the grandees we.ir callico paans, wove 
 in this country, which are very fine, and beautifully 
 variejiated witii difVerent colours. Thele are fallencd 
 round the waift, and the upper part of the body is co- 
 vered with a piece of cloth about a yard king, whicir 
 ferves inflead of a veii. Tliey wear neckl.aces of coral 
 agreeably ilifjiolcd; and their arms, legs, wiifls and 
 fingers, are ornamented with coj)per or iron rings. 
 
 The men let their liair grow its natural form, ex- 
 ce[)t buckling it in two or three jilatei-, in order to 
 hang a coral to it, but the woniens hair is artificially 
 formed into large and fmall buckles, antl divideii on 
 the crown of the liead, fo tliat ttie latter is placed witli 
 great uniformity. Some of them oil their hair, by 
 which means i: lofes its black colour, and in time turns 
 to a fort of green yellow, which they are very fond 
 of; but it is far from being agreeable to the eyes of a 
 flranger. 
 
 \\ i,en a great man goes abroad he is attentled by a 
 number of feivants, all of whom are armed, li/ine with 
 fpears, others «iihl .ng ilarts, and li)me with bows and 
 arrows. He ufnaliy rides on liorleback, and fit.i on the 
 bc.iii I'-itvays, in the lame mumcr.is the women ^l.<m 
 1 nui-iid. Or.e t:i' jjis atteUilantb h'jkls an uuibrell-i 
 ov'Li liio hta.i to iLtkiT him liom rain, or die violent » 
 4 
 
 heat of the fun; and anotlier goes before lea.lina th- 
 horfc. They ule neither laddie nor ftirrups; and the 
 only fecurity of the rider confirts in his relling the leu 
 hand on the Ihoulder of one of the attendants. 
 
 In mofl of the towns in this kingdom the ImilJinos 
 a.-e very Ipacious and lofty, but tliey are indiffcrfntTv 
 conflrudcd, Ibme of them being fquare, and othi-r 
 oblong. The doors arc m.tdc high and noirow: tl" 
 windows are few in number and Imall. Tiicy are .ji 
 made with a flat roof, on the top of which i.i a covcrin" 
 ••lifedleverallcet, to keep ofT the heat of the I'yn. Lcrc 
 tliey frequently regale themlilves, v,'-,en diey p.iy a yj. 
 fit to each other. 
 
 '1 lie princi[)al diet of the better fort confills of l^etf 
 mutton, or chickens. I'or bread they ufc yams, winch' 
 after bei;ig bnilcd, are beat fine, and made into cakes 
 riieir common drink is wat;r, with which tliey fi;nit- 
 tiuies mix braniiy. The poorer fort live on dried hlh 
 yams, bananas, and pulle. Their drink is water or 
 a kind of beer fomewhat rcfembling due called pito on 
 die Slave Coafl. 
 
 I'olygamy is alio allowed here. Tlieir marri.ioc ce- 
 remonies confill only in the conl'ent of the parents, i 
 prcfent to the briife, and an entertainment for the niMh 
 on botli fides. The men arc exceeding jealous, lur 
 which nalbn the wives of the poorer people enjov i 
 plealure to which thofe of the better fcrt are entire 
 llrangers; for while the former have their liberty, (he 
 wives of tiie great arc clofe confined, to obviate all op 
 portunities of tranigrefTion. 
 
 \\ hen a woman is delivered of a boy, it isprefenit;] 
 to the king as his property; for which realoa all tfic 
 males of this country are called the king's Have-; |i;,t 
 the females are the property of the lather, who ha-, Ij 
 bcrty to dilpofe of" them at his own difcretion. 
 
 \Vhen a woman bears two children at a birth, im:iH- 
 iliate infi)rmation is given to the king, who orders pi b- 
 lic rejoicings to be made on tlic occafion. Sucii circiun- 
 fiance.! are confidercd as happy omens in all the territo- 
 ries of Benin, except at a place called Ar( bo, where 
 they are produdlive of the mofl horrid cruelties; fortl.t 
 people there generally facritice botii women and ciiil- 
 dren to a certain demon, w liicli they fay inhabits a wc i! 
 near the town. Sometimes, indeed, they will Ij-iif 
 the wife by the hufband's offering a femalrflavc in hrt 
 llead; but the children are condemned without rcderip- 
 tion. A l-rench traveller fays, that while he w:i- at 
 this town, he knew a merchants wife thus redeenuil, 
 but her children were deflroyed, whole- lad fate Ihcdftn 
 deplored with tears. The fijHowing year, lays he, th-- 
 like happened to the wife of a prirlt: flic was deliverai 
 of two chi'lreii, whom, with a Have in his wife's llcij, 
 the father >vas, by virtue of his oflice, himf'elt obli^nl 
 to facrilic' with his own h.uid.s. Of late years, thole 
 that arc u iable to defray the expcnce, avoid the ciui 
 fcquc' ..cs, by lending their wives, when they approacii 
 ne;' the time of their delivery, to a more humane par: 
 v'^ the country. 
 
 They praiftilc* circumcifion on both fexcs, v.hivii ; 
 performed when the children are about .i fortnight uii; 
 but fijr this culli.m they give no realon, only fayii ■ 
 tii.it it was haneled down to them by their ancriloi;. 
 They alio make incifi'ms in dillcrent parts of tl.eir bo 
 dies in a fort of regulir order, leaving the maik. m 
 birds, beafls, and other figures. The girls underijo 
 the grcateft punillimcnt in this [)articular, being imiiii 
 more marked t!ian the boys; for as they are conlidtrol 
 as the grcatdl ornaments they can iiavc, fo their parer.i. 
 are very liberal in bellowing them. 
 
 When a pert'on fills lii.k he immediately applies ti 
 the jirieil, wh > all ) ach in the capacity of' phyfici^m, 
 and furniilies him witli nieiiicines; but if thefe prcne iri- 
 cfTedlu-il, he lias recourle to facrificcs. If the patient 
 recovers, the priefl is rewarded for his alllflance, bi;t 
 no further regard is paid to him; fo that (he priells here 
 are generally poor, hiving little other ile|H-nilenic than 
 what arills from their abilities as phyficiaiis; for each 
 jnaii oflcrs Lis own lacriiicw to his idols, aiidthink tlr. y 
 
 liifricicnilv 
 
 / 
 
OG-.vAPTTT. 
 
 )es before Ica.linc tho 
 nor nirriipsj and tlw 
 s in his rclliiig the ku 
 le attcmlaiitb. 
 ingdom the biiilJincs 
 I they arc iiiditrl-rrntiy 
 iig U]uu:r, and nth,-p 
 liif;li ami noirnw: th; 
 J hiuli. liicy are ,1) 
 ) ot'whicli Liacovcriii" 
 htat of tlic Inn. Here 
 i, v.'-cn tlicy pay 3 vi- 
 
 *r fort confilh of Ixd, 
 1 tliey life yams, wlucli', 
 ami mailc into cakes. 
 with which thry i;>n,t. 
 ■ fur: live on dried hlh, 
 fir drink is water, or 
 ling chat called pito on 
 
 '. Their marriage ce- 
 ifent of the parents, i 
 ■rcainmcnt for the guciU 
 exctcdinc; jealous, icr 
 poorer pcdplc enjoy ,1 
 better fcrt are entire 
 have their liberty, the 
 ncd, to obviate all op 
 
 )fa boy, it isprefenteu 
 )r which reaton all ilif 
 i the king's Have;; h;,t 
 the lather, who ho., li 
 wn difcretion. 
 ildren at a birth, im;r,c 
 king, who orders pub- 
 rcafion. Sucli circun- 
 iniens in all tlic tenito- 
 ■e called An bo, whae 
 horrid cruelties; foriht 
 both women and l!,i1- 
 they fay inhabits a vie d 
 idecd, tliL-y will Ijrjrc 
 a female flavc in hrr 
 mncd without redepip- 
 that while he wa* a: 
 
 wife tinis redcciutil, 
 wholi; lad f itc Ihe oiicn 
 ving year, lays he, th-- 
 iell: Ihc was liclivcrcii 
 ;'.ve in his wife's lici,:, 
 ollice, himfcll oblit;.il 
 
 Of late years, thole 
 pence, avoid the ton 
 •s, when tiiey i[)proacii 
 a more humane par; 
 
 n both fexes, v.hii'h i. 
 
 .iboiic .1 fortnigiit cli; 
 10 rcalbn, only layu ' 
 ein by their anceilor:,. 
 rent parts of tl-.cir bo- 
 
 Icaving the mark. 01 
 , The girls undi-rgo 
 [).>rticular, being nuuii 
 
 IS thty are confulcrcil 
 n have, fo their jiarcr.;. 
 11. 
 inmcdi.itcly applies t) 
 
 capacity of pliylicinn, 
 J but if thefc prove iu- 
 riHccs. If the patient 
 
 f(jr his aH'iflancc, l)i;i 
 
 f ) that the priells here 
 
 ther dtpcndcnic ilua 
 * I'hyliciansj fiir e.ith 
 lis idols, and think th'.y 
 liidicienilv 
 
 AFRICA] 
 
 KINGDOM OF B E N I ^^ 
 
 363 
 
 fufliricntly acquit themfelves of their religious duties 
 without applying to the prielh 
 
 In cafes of dearh the corpfe is kept only one day be- 
 fore interment, except it happens at a dilbnce from the 
 general place of relidence; tiien, in order to preferve it 
 for conveyance, it is ilried over a gentle tire till all the 
 moilhire is extraded ; when it is put into a coffin, and 
 publicly expofedj after which it is carried on men's 
 Ihoulders to the place of interment. When the funeral 
 is over the nearclt relations go into mourning, and be- 
 wail their lofs by cries and lamentations. The fliew of 
 mourning confills only in fliaving their heads, fome 
 half way, and others all over; and the men fhave oft" 
 their beards. 
 
 At the funeral of a grandee many Haves are ficrificed j 
 but the grcatell nunilier fail viiflims on the death of the 
 king. The ceremonirs attending a royal funeral in tiiis 
 country arc verv lingular, and thus d'^fcribed by a wri- 
 ter, wlio was an evr-witnets of them. " As foon (fays 
 lie) as the king ol Benin expires, they dig a large pit in 
 the ground atthepilace, wiiich is fodecp that the work- 
 men are Ibmetimes in danger of being drowned by tlie 
 quantity ot water tliat f|)rings from tne earth. This jnt 
 they make wide at the bottom, and very narrow at the 
 top. They firlf let down the royal corpfe into it, and 
 then fucli of hisiiomeftios, of both fexes, as are felecled 
 for that honour, for which there is great iiiierelt made. 
 Theltr being let down into the pit, tiiey flnit u[) the 
 mouth with a large Hone, in the prelence f)f a crowd of 
 people who wait day and night. The next morning 
 they remove the Hone, and fome proper officers alk the 
 perfons endofed, if they have found the king? If they 
 anfwer, the pit is lliut up again, and the following day 
 oi>ened with the like ceremony, which continues till the 
 perlbns are dead, and no anfwer returned. After this 
 the chief minirters inform the fuccefibr, who imme- 
 diately repairs to the pit, and caufing the llone to be 
 removed, orders all forts of provifions to be laid on it 
 fiir the entertainment of the populace. After they have 
 regaled themfelves, they lun about the city in the night, 
 committi?^g the greatell outr.iges, and killing all the 
 men, women, and children. They chop of!" their 
 heads, and leave them in the flreets, but they bring 
 their biAlies and throw them into the pit, wit!i their 
 garments, houf'ehold gooiK, &;c. as prefents to the de- 
 ccafcd king." This Ifrangc cullom is llill prelerved in 
 the ftridelt manner; and thole who are allotted to fall 
 vidims on the oocafion arc lo far from lamenting their 
 fate, that tiiey think it is t!ie highell mark of honour that 
 c;;n be conferred on them. 
 
 The religion profelfed by thefe people is flrangly 
 abfurd and perplexed. Tlay worlhip various kinds of 
 idols, fome of which are made of elephants teeth, claws, 
 de.ad men's heads, Ikeletons, &i . I'.arh is his own 
 priell, and addrellcs himfelf to llich of his idols as he 
 likes belt. 
 
 They believe tint tlie apparitions of their anceftors 
 appear to them, but it is only when they are alleep. 
 They call the lli.adow o( a man patladoor 01 conductor, 
 which they believe really to cxill, and that it will fome 
 time or other give tellimony whedicr they have lived 
 well or ill. If the former, they are to be railed to great 
 dignity ; but if the latter, they are to pcrilh with hun- 
 ger and poverty. 
 
 They make tiaily offerings to their idols, which con- 
 fill only of a few yams mixed with oil. Sometimes they 
 olfer a fowl, but they only fpiinkle the blood ot it on 
 the idol, for the llelli they convert to their own ule. 
 The great men make annual lacritices, which arc very 
 expcnfive, and celebrated with great pomp. They kill 
 multitudes of cows, Iheep, and other kinds of cattle j 
 and they provide an elegant entertainment for their 
 friends, that lafts feveral tlays; betides which they give 
 handfome prefents to the [xjor. 
 
 The people of Benin divitle time into years, months, 
 weeks, and d.;ys, ea h ot which are dillinguilhed by a 
 particular name; but in their divilion they make liiur- 
 teen months to the year. They keep tlicir fabbath 
 
 every fifth dav, whi, h is folemnly obferved, partictilar- 
 ly by the better fort, who, on the occaflon, fa:ri'icc 
 cows, Iheej', and goats ; while the poorer fort kill dogs, 
 cats, chickens, or whatever they are able to purchalt;. 
 'I'hofe who are fo dirtrefled as not to be able to obtain 
 any of thefe, arc allilKd by the others, in order that the 
 feltival may be univerfally kept. 
 
 They have two annu.il fefUvals. 'I'he firfl: of thefe 
 is in commemoration of their anceftors, when they not 
 only facrilice a great number of beafts, but alfo human 
 beings J but the latter arc generally nialelhiflors fen- 
 tcnced to ileadi, and referved lor thefe folem.icies. If 
 it happens that there are not fo many criminals as arc 
 re(]uifite on thefe occafions, (the number of which is 
 :5,) the king orders his officers to parade the ftrecti 
 and feize inditTerently fuch perfons as they meet not 
 carrying lights. If the perfims lb fcized are wealthy, 
 they are permitted to purchafe their redemption; but if 
 poor, they are lacriticed on the day appointed. The 
 Haves of great men fb feized may be alio ranfomed, on 
 condition that the mafters find others to fupply their 
 place. 
 
 I'heir fecond annual felVival, and which is by far the 
 moll confiderable, is calletl the Coral I'call. It is cele- 
 brated i.i the month of May; and on the day it is held 
 the king api>ears in public. As the ceremonies attend- 
 ing this feliival are rather fingular, we fliall give the 
 following defcription of them, as related by a perlbn 
 who was prcfent, and law the whole. This perfon fiys, 
 that on the day a[)pointcd, the king came magnificently 
 drclVed into the Iccond court of the palace, where, under 
 a rich canopy, a feat was placed fjr him; as alio others 
 tor li s wives, ami a gre.it number of his princi|)d offi- 
 cers. Sonn after the king was leated the procelTion be- 
 gan, which l)eing ended, the king removed from his 
 throne, in order to facrifice to the gods in the open air, 
 and thereby began the t'eafl. This aflion was accom- 
 panied with the univerfal and loud acclamations of the 
 people. After palfrng a quarter of an hour in this 
 manner, he returned to the former place, where he fat 
 two hours, in order to give the remainder of the people 
 time to [icrform their devotions. This done, he re- 
 turned into the jialace. The reft of the day was fpenC 
 in fplendid treating and feafting, the king ciufing all 
 kinds of provifions to be liberally dillributed to the po- 
 pulace; and the grandees followed his example; fo 
 that notliing bur joy was to be feen throughout the city. 
 The realo'i why thi-; is called the Coral Feafl is, be- 
 caule at this time the king beftows the llrir.gs of coral 
 on thole whom he advances to any preferment, or poll 
 of honour, which he never does but on thii feliival, un- 
 lets a particular urgency of ilate retjuires it. 
 
 In this kingdom the will of the monarch is an abfo- 
 lute law ; but the chief diredlion of government is veiled 
 in th three great loitis. Their laws are, in general, 
 very mikl. When a perfon of property dies, the right 
 of inheritance devolves to the eldcll fon; but he is 
 obliged to prefent a (lave to the king, and another to 
 the three great lords, with a petition that he may luc- 
 ceed his father in the lame quality, which the king ac- 
 cordingly grants, and he is declared the lawful heir of 
 all the polfelfions left by his father. He is not com- 
 pelled to make any allowance to l;is younger t>rother, 
 that being wholly left to his own difcretion; but if his 
 mother be alive, he mull allow her a niaintenantc fuic- 
 able to her rank. He takes his father's other wives 
 home, efpecially thole that have not !i.id children, and, 
 if he thinks proper, he ufes thcni as his owr. Thole 
 he dila|)pr;)ves of are obliged to work for a maintenance 
 under his infpcftion, but he never cohabits with them. 
 If the deceafed leaves no chilihen, the brother inherits 
 the efledls; and in cale of deficiency of fuch heir, the 
 next a-kin; but if no lawful heir appears, the whole 
 becomes the prMjjeny ot the king. 
 
 C'riminals are piinilbed licre in [U'oportion to the na- 
 ture of the oHenee. Doing any injury to an luiro- 
 pean is confidered as a c;i[)ita] crime, and the piinilh- 
 mcnt tor fuch oltencc is thus executed; thsy take the 
 
 olVeiider, 
 
 ^■'ir 
 
 T 
 
i>J 
 
 1, r 
 
 ; ii 
 
 r> 
 
 Fi^lr^F 
 
 ,J 
 
 r » 
 
 364 A Nf.W, ROYAL, and AUTIit.i>ITIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOORaPIIV.. 
 
 offofKier, tie his hjnds behin^i his back, and blirKir«M 
 liim. Afar this tiie jui)g<- rail'cs hir.i up, lb thiu hi^ 
 head h.mgs towards the ground, which the cxr 'imcr 
 cuts r!V with a hatchet i and Teparating thi / into 
 four quarter*, leaves it to be devourcil bv tne wild 
 beads. 
 
 If a pcrfon is found guilty of theft he is obliged to 
 rertore ilic goods and pay a fine; but if he is unable to 
 do the latter hi- fufters lorporaily. If the robbery i.s 
 comniittevl on a grander thi- piinilhment is death. 
 
 In cafes of iiuirder the criminal is punilbed with 
 ileati), except the oftVnce be committed by tlie king's 
 iix), or a graniiee ; in whii h cafe the olVender is b;»- 
 iiillied to tlic moll dilbnt part of the kingilom, and 
 ncvtr permitted to return. 
 
 If a ptrli)n kilU another by accident he may purchafc 
 his life, l)y lirll burying the I'ccealcil, and afterwards 
 producing a Have to fiitVer in his llead. When this 
 llave is liicriHccd liie oflrndir nuilf bend iiis body, and 
 touch the Have's knees v,nh his forehead; afuT which 
 he mull pay a fine to the three great lords, when he 
 obtains liis freedom, and the rflations of the dcccalWl 
 think a fufficicnt atonement lias been m.ulc (iir the of- 
 fence. 
 
 'I'iiere are various punifliments for iijulttry in pro- 
 portion to the circumlhtnces of the parties. If a cocn- 
 mon perfoii liirprifes his wife in the dti he is cntitleil 
 to all the effeds of the pcrfon that has injured himj 
 and tlie woman, after being levercly drubbed by her 
 hufband, is totally difcardcd, being left to fliift for 
 Iieritlf the remainder of her lile. 
 
 The better fort; in thcfc cafes, revenge themfelves 
 much the lame way; but the relations ol the offending 
 party, in order to avail themlelvts of the fcandal th.it 
 might acciire to tlieir family, freciuently bring about a 
 reconciliation, by paying a large pecuniary compliment 
 to the injured Iu:ll)and, who, in this cafe, hufhesupthe 
 matter, and apparently leems to forget the once uni'ea- 
 fonablc liberality of his wife. 
 
 Other crimes are punillied by fine, which is propor- 
 tioned to ti:e nature ol the oflencc; and f the culprit 
 is not uble to pay the fine levied, he is lubjcct to cor- 
 poral punilhment. 
 
 The lines paid on thefc occafionsare thusdifpofed of; 
 the pcrfon injured is Hrfl latisfied, after which the go- 
 vernor has his lliare, and the remainder of the fine goes 
 to the three great lords. 
 
 I laving thus taken a gcner.il view of this kingdom, 
 witii the nature of its inhabitants, their manners, cu- 
 lloms, Liws, religion, 6«:c. wc i'-.all now point out thofc 
 places in it that arc mofl remarkable. 
 
 Dijciiption of the Cities and Tuxvrn r/" Benin, and the 
 Majjacre oj the nativei oj Mriberg. 
 
 TIIE chief city is Benin, the ufiia! refidence of 
 the king. It is large and plcafantly lituatrd on 
 the banks of tlie river, about f'lrty miles from its 
 mouth. It cont.iias a i^reat numlier of Ifreets, mod 
 of which are very Ipatiou., and the houfcs uniformly 
 built. The principal llrcct is exceeding broad, and 
 at lenfl tiiree mill's in len^tli: it is intcrllcled by many 
 crofs rtreets and lanes, ail of whicii arc llrait and of 
 confiderable extent; and the whole city is at leall nine 
 miles in circumference. I'iie houfcs of tin; grandees 
 are much higher than 'lioie of the commonalty, .ind 
 are alcended by fltps. At the entrance of cai li is a 
 vellibule, or porch, wl.ichis rvciy morning cleriiu-d by 
 the llaves, and Ipread with mats vX Itra'.v. Tiie in.'ier 
 chamber is fquare, with an o[)cning in the center t()r 
 the admifTion of light; and in thcle apattments rlicy 
 both Ikep and cat, though tiiey diefs tluir viduals in 
 otiier places leparatc, having many \^^\wc, undir tlie 
 lame roof. 
 
 'i'he king's palace is very exrenfive, fuperiiancl niag- 
 nificent. ji: confifls of Icveral l,uj/c Iquarcs furr.'Uiid- 
 cd witii galleries, each of whicli has a portico, or gate, 
 j;uanled by lijldiers. 
 
 I'hc inhibit«ntj of Benin are ail n.itivcs, nof,rci 'xf 
 being pennirted to refide in it. Some of them are very 
 wealthy, and fpend their whole time at court, leavip.. 
 trade and agriculture to be executed by their v. ivcs and 
 fervants. Thtle g<) to tiic adjacent villages, and ci- 
 ther trade in mercnandize, or lerve for u.iiiy vrr'i 
 anil thc7 are oblip,ed to bring the greatefl part of vvu.-.^ 
 they get to thcif mailers, othcrwile they would be foKJ 
 for llaves. 
 
 A m irket is every day kept in the principal p.Tt of 
 the city for the fale of provilions and nierchandizo. 
 I'hc former conlills of d i;;s, of w!>ich th.rv arc virv 
 fond, roalfed baboons and monkies, bats and larj^t mis 
 parrots, hens, li/ards dried in the \y\n, fruits and palur 
 wine. Their merciiandi/e contiils o( cotfn, ilrj.iiu.t.; 
 teeth, wooden platters, cops, and othe'- houihojii iln/j. 
 cottnn cloth, iron inllrumcnts for trilling and t:ilii;;> the 
 ground, lances, darts and ot!ier wcajinns. A place 1$ 
 .illottrd for each kind ol mcrcliand:/e, and tlir\ are all 
 dilpofed with grca' uniformity. 
 
 Tlie prefent rc.l iied ftatc <>f the inhabitants of Be- 
 nin arole from an irruption in confeouence of thciJiuh 
 of one of the nxiil < liiels, wlio fell a lacri!:, c to the 
 avarice of a former rci:',iiing monarch. His death *is 
 reveiigeii by a very [lowi : (ul pai :y, who foiled the kin" s 
 army in two uofcts.and .I'terwards Icttlcd v.ith the chief 
 that headed tlicin at the place ab'iut three days iuuiikt 
 from the capii.d. li) that t'le nuiiiiier of inhabir,-.i:ts w;» 
 of cr.urfe conlidcrably Iclicncd. 
 
 The other towns in this kingdom arechiefiy renur^- 
 abl • for trade, and are nioll of them lifiatcd on the 
 ri'/cr Benin. Tlie 'iril oi thefc is called Awun, or 
 Onwcrre, and belongs to a king, who is the only one 
 that is in.lej<*ndent of tiie king < i Beuiii. 1 lie tnvn 
 Hands about fix mile, from tiie mouth ^jf the ri\.er, a.id 
 here the Portuguele have a church and factory. 
 
 There -■ a trading village called Bocdodoe, whirh 
 contains about fifty houfes, built with reeds and insid, 
 and covered with leaves of trees. It is gover.Tcd lya 
 viceroy and fome grandees, whole authoritv cxtuii's 
 only to trinin;^; matters, ,w civil caufes, and railing 
 taxes for the king; but if any thing conlider.ib!e hap- 
 pens, they mull iTate the matter to the court, and wait 
 their determination. 
 
 Ogatto'i was once a cofidcrable place, but it liiflcr- 
 eil lb mucli in the wars, that it was ahnoll laid wiftc: 
 however, from its dcliglulol iitoation tlic biiildins^s of 
 late years have confiderably increalcd, and it leems as 
 if tiiivj would rclloie it to its original importance. 
 
 yVrebo, the ri-:iar ot commiTce, islituated ab;.-!: p 
 miles trom the mo'Jtii of the river Benin. The Dux.\ 
 an<J Englilh had b )th factories here; but the larter 
 having neglected their tra.lc, the lodge tell djivn, ani 
 has never (inctf been reb lilt; lb that the tormrr is tl.e 
 otiiy European fettlcment in this [u! t of the country. 
 
 iMeib.Tg is a fmall but very neat \\a<-i:, ani tlie 
 h'liiles are built with great unilbrmiiv. Tlir !,;ii;.;i 
 had once a fact or ; here, an 1 v.erL- greatly reiprdcd by 
 tlie na-ivesi but during their (lay a mela;ii:h)lv cir 
 cuin'lance happea^rd, occaiioned by the indilcretion of 
 the principal f.ici"r, that entirely overth.-ew th;ni, the 
 particulars of whicii are thus I'clciibid by a late auihor: 
 " X. Beeldlnyder, ilscir lall fador, having a violent 
 paTi')n f^)r one of the nCj:;ro ijovcrn-ir's wivrs, ravi'hej 
 her, whicii lb enraged tlie injured hulband, that he 
 caitie with a b nly of armed men, and rclobvd to kill 
 the adulterer, who narrowly elvipe. I on boardalhij', 
 liui in the ni(',l't was lb wound;-. i tiiat he died, i'hc 
 Dutch company's direilor-gemral on the coall, not 
 being rightly informed of tlic cult, fent a vrllel IrJin 
 I'd Mina, well iiianiKil, to Benin, with llri<^t orders to 
 revcnj>e tlic murder. Tiiefe Ibl litrs lb Itrctched their 
 Coinmi'ilion, that tncy icilKd, or tool; prilbncr., every 
 |)tif'n ill the town who could not <.li:ape. Tlie king 
 being informed of this, and tlic occafion of tiie iini- 
 lacre, omm.iiul'.d llie Neg;o-govein:)r to be brooglic 
 before him ; and tlioiigli he had d(;ne n ithing but what 
 lecmed right, in dcfeudirj the honour of his family, 
 ; vcr 
 
 ground, with (Irict ( 
 
 Name. Bo., 
 
i.itives, no f jrt i'.-.f 
 lie of thrill an- vay 
 ic at court, Ifavinj, 
 1 hy tlicir v.ivrs and 
 lu villa(.f>, aii.i jj. 
 ■<-• for d.uiy wa^fc, 
 rt-atcft parr of vvi!:.^ 
 : they would be fuij 
 
 >e principal p^rt of 
 and niiTchjndizr. 
 vliiili tlitv art vtry 
 , bats and lar^t r.ii«, 
 cm, fruits and palm 
 ol cotton, clrpli.inis 
 atln?'- h<i(ilhi)ld lliift'; 
 Tilling and tilliiij^ihf 
 •ajinns. A place is 
 ic, and iiit\ are all 
 
 : inhabitants ui Bi-- 
 •jiiencc of thcdtuh 
 ;ll a lacriti. c to ilie 
 rcli. His diraili *as 
 ui.o foiled the lln-fi 
 fettled with liic chirt 
 t three days iduhkt 
 er of i.'ihabit.'.iit.s w:^ 
 
 n arcchiefiyrenur^- 
 lem fifiatcd on the 
 (s called Awtiri, or 
 
 who is the oiiiy one 
 i IJcfiiii. 'liic fjwn 
 uth i)t the ri\cr, and 
 
 and fai^tory. 
 ed Bocdodoe, which 
 
 ith reeds and mud, 
 
 It is goverm'd 1 7 a 
 
 fe authority extuuis 
 
 caiifes, and raifing 
 
 n^ conlidcrjble hip- 
 
 I thii court, and v.ai: 
 
 : place, but it fiffcr- 
 MS almoll laid waflc: 
 ;ion the biiildiiu;-; of 
 aleil, and it Icrems as 
 lal importance. 
 , islituatcd ab.rn :o 
 Benin. The Du i.:i 
 licrc; but tiie laricr 
 lodtte fell d j'vn, an J 
 at the fornicr is tl.e 
 art of the coii:if ry. 
 neat place, an I tlic 
 rmity. Tlif Dv.ww 
 {greatly reipeckd by 
 y a nicl.i;u:h)lv cir- 
 ly the indileretioii of 
 overthrew tiu'ni, tl'.e 
 ind by a late auiliur: 
 or, having a vinieat 
 rn'a vvivrs, ravihed 
 :d liiilband, tliat li- 
 , and relolvrd to kill 
 cd on board a Ihip . 
 
 t!:.u he died. l'!if 
 1 on the coall, n 'C 
 ;, fent a vellvl h nn 
 
 with (Irii't orders to 
 lers fo Itrctched their 
 tool; prifoncrs every 
 jt eR-ape. 1 lie king 
 occafion of tin; nui- 
 crn.)r to be bnxight 
 one n-.ithing but what 
 lyijcur of his lainily, 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 KINGDOM OF BENIN. 
 
 36i 
 
 yci the king taufed him and his whole race to be put 
 to death in the moft cruel manner. The dead bodirs 
 of thefe milcrable wretches were cxpofed to be de- 
 voured by the bealls, and their houfes were razed to the 
 ground, with Arict orders th.u they ftiould never be • 
 built." The Dutch, however, from tiiele circumllances 
 niade no farther attempt, and there lias nor been any 
 European faftory in thi-. town ever fiiicc. It is re- 
 markable that all the male ll.ives ot thir country are 
 foreigners; for the n.itives cannot be I'old for flavcs, 
 but are all free ; though they bear the name of the 
 king's flavcs. A Dutch navigator aflerts, that it is not 
 allowed to export any male flavc. fold in this country, 
 but they mav do what thi-y will with the females. 
 
 Befidcs the river Benin, there are fevcral other confi- 
 derable ones iii this kingdom, particularly the river 
 Rio del Rey, which is very fpacious and extenfive.- On 
 its banks are a great number ot villages, inhabited by 
 people divided into two nations, one of which dwell 
 along the upper part of the rivr, and ilie other to- 
 wards the month ; but they are always at enmity with 
 each other. They are a llrong, robul^ people ; but 
 poor, d'' ■nelt, and treacherous; and are very filthy 
 both in th.-ir houfes and perfons. They go quite naked, 
 fmearing their bodies with oil, intermixed with a red. 
 They plait their hair in various forms, file their teeth, 
 and ornament their foreheads with flrange marks, maile 
 with hot irons or pincers. In (hort, they arc mere lii- 
 vages, and their only employment isfifhing, they being 
 total ilrangers either to mechanical arts or ;igriculture. 
 
 The Rio Kamarones is another large river, whofe 
 inhabitants are governed by a chief of their own, called 
 Moneba. The people here carry on a confiderable 
 trade with the Europeans, having plenty of eleph.mts 
 teeth and flaves, which they fell at very reafonable 
 rates. The goods which they take in exchange from 
 the Europeans confill chiefly of iron and copper bars, 
 bral's pots and kettles, bugles or beads, ox horns, and 
 flecl files. The natives here arc very lufty, tall, well- 
 fhaped, and have a remarkable fmooth fkin. 
 
 The River Rio Gabon is fituated about fifteen leagues 
 from Cape dc IwO|x) Gonfalvo, or the utmoll point of 
 the Gulph of Benin. It is a very large river, and the 
 mouth of it is at leafl fix miles acrofs. About nine 
 miles up the river are two iflands, one of which rakes 
 its name from the king, and the other from the prince 
 of tliis river, two ereat lords of Benin. But thefe illands 
 have now but few inhabitants. The river is navigable 
 for fmall Ihips feveral leagues up. There are many 
 
 villages on its banks ; and the trade carried on here 
 confills in elephants teeth, wax, and honi-y. 
 
 The inhabitants are very large, robuft, and well- 
 Ih.'pedj but in their difpofitions fierce and cruel. The 
 men are great thieves, and the women very abandoned. 
 The Negroes here are perfcft fbangers to agriculture, 
 and live chiefly by hunting and filliing. The river 
 aboimils with fifh, befides which there are j^reat num- 
 bers of crocodiles and I'ea-horli's ; and on the banks of 
 it are prodigious numbers of wild bealls, elpecially 
 elephants, buflalos, ami wild boars. 
 
 About 1 3 le.igues from the river G.ibon is Cape 
 LoHo Gonfalvo, which is the ex'reme limits of tiie 
 Gulph of Gv:inea. It ap()ears like a low flat illand, but 
 it is a long, narrow peninfula, flretching from the con- 
 tinent feveral leagues to lea. It has a good harbour 
 either for anchoring or c-ree/iing fliips, efpecially for 
 thole homeward bound, provifions being not only plen- 
 tiful, but alfo very cheap. On the fliorc are I'ever.d 
 huts, where the natives occafionally rclide, as the Eu- 
 ropean vefllls Itop for the above purpofes ; but the 
 town they belong to is called Olibato, and is fituated 
 about fix miles from the Cape. It is the refidence of a 
 chief, and the town contains about 300 houfes, which 
 are made with bull-rullies interwoven, and covered with 
 palm-leaves. The natives arc much more '■iviliz-d 
 than thole of Rio Gabon, but they differ little in their 
 drels, manners, and cuftoms. The country abouiuls 
 with wild beafts, as elephants, bi-fFalos, wild boars, 
 apes, monkies, and oth^T mil'chievous animals. 
 
 All vefllls, as foon as they arrive at tiie Cape, fire 
 off four gun'i, to alarm the country, and ^ive notice ot" 
 their arrival, when the people immediately repair from 
 Olib^-ro, and other inland places, to the Cape, and 
 cany with them fuch articles as tliey have to difpofe of, 
 the principal of which are water, wood for fuel, and 
 provifions. They always keep a ftock of wood by 
 them, that they may be ready 10 fiipply fucii vefljifls as 
 flop at the Cape : thty cut it in billets about twp teec 
 long, a boat load of which thev generally fell for a bar 
 of iron. They get their water out of a large pond near 
 the Cape : it keeps good at f -a, and is allowed by moft 
 failors to be exceeding wholefome. 
 
 Tiie other goods purchalcd here by the Europeans, 
 confift of elephants teeth, wax, honey, and cam-wood : 
 and the articles fold to the natives are knives, iron bars, 
 beads, old flieets, axes, brafs bafbns, fire-locks, powder, 
 ball, and fhot. 
 
 C H A r-. XIII. 
 
 NIGRITIA, ETHIOPIA, or NEGROLAND. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 Name. Boundaries. Extent. Commerce. 
 
 THE ancients called the natives of this country 
 Ethiopians, Nigrites, and Melancs, that is, 
 Negfes or Blacks, either from the river Niger, or the 
 natural complexion of the people. Negroland is bound- 
 ed on die north by the defert Zahara, on the louth by 
 Guinea and Benin, on the eaft by Abyfliniaand Nubia, 
 and on the wefl by the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between 
 10 and 20 degrees north latitude, is computed at 2200 
 miles in length, and 840 in breadth, and contains many 
 provinces, and fbme European forts, .vliich, differing 
 in feveral refpedts, we fliall, thcrelbre, treat of them 
 diftinftly, in order to point out particulars. 
 
 The river Gambia is divided by many iflands and 
 
 fand-banks, and its broadcil channel does not exceed 
 
 three leagues. At Baraconda, which is 500 miles from 
 
 its mouth, it is navigable for vclTels of 1 50 tons burthen. 
 
 No, j4. 
 
 The feafon for making the voy.ige to this part is from 
 December till June, when the river flows in a fmooth, 
 equal, and not very rapid flream ; but during the rell 
 of the year the paftage up it is difficult, on account of 
 the extraordinary twells occafioncd by tiie rains, which 
 fall in thefe countries with great violence. 
 
 The chief articles of commerce on the river Gambia, 
 are gold, elephants teeth, bees-wax, and flaves ; the 
 latter of whom arc either prifoners taken in war, or per- 
 fons ftolen or condemned for crimes. The gold is of an 
 excellent quality. The ivory, or elephants teeth, called 
 by the natives morphel, is cither found in the woods, 
 or got by hunting and killing the bealls ; and the larger 
 the teeth the more valuable the ivory. Some of them 
 are quite white, others yellow ; but the diircrence of 
 colour neither adds to or diminifhcs the value. Bees- 
 wax is fold in great quantities about the river, and is 
 made in cakes from 20 to 1 20 lb. weight. Gum-dragon 
 is alio brought from this country : it comes from a tree 
 called pau dc fangue, or blood wood, fiom whence (an 
 4 Z incifion 
 
 
i{ 
 
 jf4 A NEW. ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTFM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 iri 
 
 ii 
 
 i^l 
 
 m 
 
 iiKifion being made in the tree) it oozes out drop after 
 iio[>, ti'l lever jI lumps arc formed, which arc aftcr- 
 wartK dried *n the Tun. 
 
 There art mar» kingdoms and petty ftatcs between 
 the rivers Sierra Lcona Lind Smegal, conceriiin(:; which 
 verv little is known ; but as lutti't accounts ate to be 
 obtained of feverat provinces on the banks of the Gam- 
 bin, we flial! prefent them in the following order. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 rerfoiis, DiffflfitiiVi.', Cvjioms, Manners, {"'i. pf the 
 }\flple of Miindw^o. Dcjh-iptm of the Paft'i Tms, 
 Buildings, Fiirn:ture, Food, Drefs, Marna^ts, •iivcrs 
 Ceremonies, i^c. 
 
 MUNDINGO is the largeft and moft populous 
 p'ace on the banks of the river Ganihia. Tho 
 Portuj^v:-fi.' havinj; fcttk'a in it ever fincc their comiucil 
 of it in the fourteenth century, and their dclccndants 
 intcriTiixingwuh thciiatives, there is little dllKiencc be- 
 tween them either as to their colour or fhape ; but iis 
 thfv f^iil retain a corrujitlon of the I'ortuguifo lan- 
 guage, and as thev chriften and marry by th'-' help ot a 
 pricll fi-nt annually from St. Jago, one of the Cape do 
 Vcrd Hl.inds, thev confulcr themlVlves asdilVcrent from 
 the Mundingocs as if they were really natives of Por- 
 tugal ; and the callinir them Negroes is the grcatell 
 alTront that can be offered, it being a term they only 
 ufe for llaves. 
 
 This kingdom is of confidtr.iblc extent The na- 
 tives are quite black, and have very dif.i<^rctablc fea- 
 tures, their lips being exceeding thick, and tluir notes 
 remarkably broad and flat. In their dil'pofitions they 
 are rational and humane, and particularly civil to ftraii- 
 gers. They are, in general, very brifk and lively ; but 
 if affronted, impetuous and revengeful. 
 
 The better fort take a p 'de in Keeping a prodigious 
 number of (laves ; but they treat them in a very humane 
 manner. The females, in particular, are ornamented 
 with necklaces, bracelets, and ear-rings, made of co- 
 ral, amber, and filver, to a confiderable value. Seve- 
 ral of the nativeshaveinany flavcs uorn in their families; 
 and though in fome parts of Africa thcfe are fold, yet 
 in Mundingo it would be thought not only indifcrcer, 
 but criminal : nor is ever any family flavc Ibid, except 
 for fuch crimes as would have authorifed its being done 
 had he been frei-. Indicd, if there are many Haves in 
 the family, and one of them commits a crime, the iiiaf- 
 tcr cannot fc-U him without the joint confent of the reft; 
 for if he does they will defert him, and feek protection 
 in another kingdom. 
 
 They have a kind of drum here of a very large fizc, 
 called a tang-tong, which they only beat on the ap- 
 proach of an encmv, or on fome very extraordinary oc- 
 cafion, to call the inhabitants of the neighbouring 
 towns to their affiftance ; and when this is beat in the 
 night time, it may be heard at the diftancc of fix or 
 feven miles. 
 
 Europeans, when ill treated by the natives, apply to 
 the alcaid, or head man of the town, who is appointed 
 to do iullice on fuch occafions. He is called the white 
 man's king, and has otherwife great power. He alfo 
 decides all quarrels, and has ihe firll voice in all confe- 
 . fences relative to public tranfaftions. 
 
 The palm tree, which is remarkable, is very ftraight 
 and fmooth, anil fome of them grow to the height of 
 100 feet. From the trunk of the tree the natives cxtraft 
 •a liqucr called palm wine, which, in colour, greatly 
 refembks whey. To efTeft this ihcy make an incifion 
 at the top of the tree, to which ihey apply gourd bot- 
 tles, and into thefe the litjuor is conveyed by means of 
 a ])ipc made of leaves. The wine is very fweet iu its 
 lafte, and, if drank as Toon as ilrawn, very purgative; 
 but if kept two or three days, it fermenis, grows (hong, 
 and becomes not only palatable, but alio very wholc- 
 fonic. 
 
 The natives climb thcfe trees with furprifing ngijitv. 
 the manner of doing which is thus : they take a piece 
 of the bark of a tree fornieil in the (hape of a hoon 
 with which they enclofc "hemfclves and the tree the 
 hoop bcinj^ afterwards fee. ad ; they then fix the hooi 
 under their hams, and refling their backs againft it 
 anil their feet againft the tree, climb up with Uirnrj.' 
 fing expedition. Sometimes, indeed, they meet with 
 a fatal accident, which cither arifes from their milFine 
 their flep, or the bark on which they rell not bcip™ 
 properly lecured. 
 
 '1 he habitations of the common people arc vcrv lo'v 
 and mean. Their furniture conlills only of a few com- 
 mon neeellaries, I'uch as earthen veftils for their tooil 
 wooden bowls, plates, diihes, &c. but thev have tnu 
 thet chaiis, tables, or beds, a mat fupplying the p|,ic,. 
 of all three ; tor on that thev fit, cat, and lleep 
 1 Among the better foii, indeed, the mafterof the houlc 
 lis dillinguifhed by having a bed, which confiftj of j 
 kind of hurdle laid upon nieces of wood, and elevated 
 ?boiit two feet fiom the floor. 
 
 Rice, iuille, and Indian corn arc their principal food 
 which thev mix with boiling water, or broth made troni 
 the flelh of crocodiles : thev like the L.tcr the bclf 
 and are not only fond of the llcfh of the crocodiles, but 
 alio their ?ggs. Their common drink is water, but 
 they fometimcs ufe palni wine and mead; and, it thev 
 can meet with it, will not relufe rum and brandy. Thev 
 fit at their meals, and take up the vidtuals with the fin- 
 gets of their riglit hand only, confidcring it indecent to 
 touch either their food or lips with the left. 
 
 The ilrefsof the vv(jnnen confiftsof a piece of cotton 
 tied round the waift, from whence it reaches to the 
 knees. The upper pan of the body is naked. 
 
 They enter into the mar.iagc Itatc at an early period. 
 Some of them are even contracted as foon as born, and 
 the parents can never after break ofl' the engagement. 
 The men, however, can rcfufc accepting them when .it 
 a proper age; neither dare thegirlmarry anyotherwith- 
 out his confent. Before a man takes his wife, he is 
 obliged to make a prefent to her parents of 200 rai^ 
 (u fruit that grows in the inland part of the country, 
 and fomewhat rcfembles a horfc chcfnut) two iroii liars, 
 and two cows. 
 
 The women pay f.ich diftinguifhed refpedt to their 
 hufbands, that if bufincfs calls them a day or two from 
 home, when they return, their wives falute them on 
 their knees ; and they ihew their huinility by always 
 |)lacing themfelves in that pofturc when they give them 
 drink, either at their meals, or at any other time. 
 
 A new born child is dipped in cold water fever.ii 
 times in the da\, at each of which, after having ihiui 
 up the water with a cloth, they rub it over with p.'.l.n 
 oil, particularly the back bone, fmall of the back, ei- 
 bows, neck, knees, and hips. When born, thev m 
 of an olive complexion, and fometimes do not bcccine 
 black till they are two months old. They arc not born 
 with flat nofes ; but as that fliape is greatly admired, 
 their mothers or nurfes, whenever they wafh them, 
 pnfs down the upper part of their nofe with their lin- 
 gers, and, from its natural ti ndcrncfs at that time, the 
 comprcHiire has the wifhed-fe>r effeCt. 
 
 They give thein a name abou a month after they are 
 born ; and the only ceremony attending this is, fhaving 
 the head, and rubbing it well over with palm oil. 
 
 In cafe of death, the friends and acquaintance of the 
 decealcd cry over him for two days ; and fuch of his re- 
 lations as arc not on the fpot, when thev hear of \'., 
 though at a confiderable dillancc, will teftify the fame 
 kind of lamentation as if tliey were rcallv prefent with 
 the deceafeil. Previous to interment, the body i- 
 wrapped in white cotton cloth, and borne on a bier 
 preceded by Negroes, carrying divers inftruments, on 
 which they ftrike to produce doleful founds, and arc fol- 
 lowed by mourneis uttering hideous cries and lamenta- 
 tions. The grave is generally made near the fepulchres 
 of their ancellors in Ibme defolate fpot, where the corpfe 
 is dcpofitcd about three feet in the ground, at which 
 
 time 
 
AFR'CA.] 
 
 NEGROLAND. 
 
 367 
 
 ( wood, and elevated 
 
 time the whole inTcinbly bow, ami give one genera! 
 (hrick. They generally threw into the grave the prin- 
 cipal furniture and uttnfiis of which the dccealed was 
 txjirrflid. Ihcy l.iy llicks acrofs the grave ever> with 
 th^' liiirace of th-j tartli, ().\ which tlu-y pl.'.ce draw, or 
 the Icives of trees, fo tl'.ick a-, to prevent the mould 
 from Retting into the grave -, and on tlic top of thefe 
 they l.iy the earth, which tiiey trample lurd down witn 
 their feet. They rommonly ereCt a hut over the grave, 
 to lecure it from rain, and preferve the memory of the 
 deceafid. 
 
 The hiilbandn, to render their power as complete as 
 polTible, compel their wives to o'lcdienee by all the 
 force of fear ni,d tt rror. Tor tiiis purpole they have a 
 fii;ure about eight feet iiigh, made of the bark of trees, 
 and drefied in a long coat, witli a whifp of Ibaw on the 
 l-.ead, and made in the form of a caj). Ir is called a 
 Miinibo Jumbo, and when any eontrovcrly ariles be- ! 
 t\V( en a man and his wife, this llrange figure is fent for 
 to derermine tlie difpute, which generally terminates in 
 favour of the man. ' 
 
 The Mundingoes have a language peculiar to thcni- 
 felves, which is more generally Ipoken on both fides 
 tile river tiian any other. A perli)n who is well ac- 
 i|Uinnted with tiii , language may travel troni th-- mourh 
 ijf the rivc' quite to tiie country of the Joneoes, or 
 Merchants, (b called Irotn tlieii buying yearly a vaft 
 fwniber of flaves, and firinging them to the lower parts ; 
 of the river for tale. They have alfo a corrupt kind of ; 
 I'ortu;',uefe, which is generally ufed by the natives 
 when they trade with the Europeans. i 
 
 Tiieir priefls are highly reverenced, inlomuch that if 
 perlbns of tfie firft dil\indion happen to meet with one ' 
 of them, they immediately form a circle round him, j 
 and, fallir.g on ih.ir knees, folicit his benediction. I 
 
 Tiiere are a tort of people called Floops, on the bor- 1 
 ders of the kingdom of Mundingo, who are in a manner 
 wild, and inveterate enemies to their neighbours. 
 Their country is of confiderable extent, but they have 
 not any king, and are entirely independent of each 
 other J notwithlVanding which they are lb numerous 
 that the Mundingoes, with all their force, cannot con- 
 quer them. Their towns are kirrounded by a kind of 
 fortification made of llicks drove in the ground clofe to- 
 gether, and covered with clay. They have the cha- 
 racltr of being very grateful when tiiey receive any fa- 
 vour i but if any injury is offered tiiem, they will never 
 forgive, or lufFer it to pafs unrcvenged. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 "the Gum Dcfart, ivilb a Dffcription of the Natives 
 of the Kiiigdunis of the Jijlliiffs and Pholeys. 
 
 THIS part of N''groland, where the trade is carried 
 on with the Ivloors, is remarkable for producing 
 great quantities of gum, and it is dillingmfhetl by the 
 name of the D' fart, from the fmall number of its in- 
 habitants. 
 
 To the eafl: of this dcfart is a place called Engerbel, 
 where the king of the JolloifFs has his palace, which 
 eonfitU only of a large number of huts, built much like 
 thole of the other Negroes, but only more fpacious. 
 
 The whole country, from the northern bank of the 
 river Gambia to the lake Cajor, is called in general the 
 kingdoms of the JoUoifTs, thougii divided among ficve- 
 ral petty princes. Its extent, from north to Ibuth, is 
 about joo miles, and from the fea-coaft eallvvard it is 
 near 400 miles. 
 
 Tiie Joiloills, or people who inhabit this country, 
 are blacker than the Mimdingoes, and better featured, 
 their nofes not being fo broad, nor tiieir lips fb thick. 
 
 The men, though naturally courageous, are good- 
 natureti, modeff, and hofpitable, more particularly to 
 Itrangers. 
 
 The manners, cuftoms, ceremonies, religion, &c. 
 here, are muclt the lame as in the kingdom of Mun- 
 liingo. 
 
 Adjoining to the kingdom of the JolloifFs lies that of 
 the I'holeys, or Foulies. It extends along the river 
 Gambia, ixow eaf> to wcfl, near 6co miles. 
 
 The Pholevs arc not fo black ps the Jolloiffs, but 
 rather of a tawney complexion, an^i greatly refemble the 
 Arabs, whole language they gen Tally fpeak, thougii 
 they have one pccidiar to themftlves. They live \<\ 
 herds or clans, ancf forin their buildings oii fuch a con- 
 llrudion, that they are eafily removed from one plact; 
 to another. Their country is very fertile, and produces 
 plentiful crops of large and fmall iriillet, cotton, to- 
 bacco, peas, rice, and other pulfe. Their goats ami 
 rtieep arc exceeding tine, and their oxen lb large, that 
 the French Iniy up all their hides at a very great price. 
 They are very fond of European merchantlizes, and 
 treat the traders that bring them with great civility. 
 They ufe a great variety of nurfical inftruments, and 
 are great lovers of dancing. 
 
 Near th^ir houfes they plant tobacco and corn. The 
 women that live among the Europeans make cak'rs of 
 the flout, and convert it to fuch other ufes as are genc- 
 rallv praftifed in England. 
 
 Tl; I'lioleys are very temperate in their living, and 
 remark ' 'y induflrious and frugal. As they raifemuch 
 more co. and cotton than they confume, they fell it at 
 a reafbnable rate to ftrangers, to whom tliey arc very 
 civil and hofpituble. They alfo fupuly the wants of their 
 neighbours ; and have even been known to didreli 
 themfelves in afTilling the Mundingoes, who, in Ibnii; 
 bad fcafons, would have othcrwife been e.rpofed to the 
 ravages of dreadful famines. 
 
 Though reinarkablc for the mildnel's of their temper, 
 they are far from being deficient in courage. 'Yht\r 
 arms confilt of the lance, bows and arrows, Ihurt cut- 
 lafFes, and mu'kets, all which they ufe witli great 
 aler'ncfs. 
 
 They frequently remove their towns from one place 
 to another, but commonly choofi : a fpot near the Mun- 
 dingoes, who think themfelves happy in having fuch 
 ufeful neighbours ; and, indeed, there is hardly any 
 Mundingo town of note up the river, that has not a 
 Pnoley town or plantation near it. 
 
 They are very expert in the management of cattle, 
 and arc excellent huntfmen. They not only kill lions, 
 tigers, and othsr wild bealfs, but alfo go in companies 
 together to hunt elephants, whole teeth they fell, and 
 tiie llefh they dry in the fame manner as bacon is cured 
 in England. 
 
 Many of them fpeak the Arabic language, and they 
 are, in general, of the Mahometan religion. 
 
 The king of the Pholeys is very ^'owerful, and not 
 only receives homage from the king of the JolloifFs, buc 
 all tiie great men of that kingdom are his valFals. 
 
 There are feveral towns and villages in the kingdom 
 of Plioley, in which a trade is carried on for divers 
 commodities common to the country. 
 
 It may not be improper, before we quit this feftion, 
 to infert a remarkable (lory of one Job Ben Solomon, 
 of the race of tlic Pholeys, and fon to the high priell of 
 Uundo, in Forta, who was fold as a flave, cime to Eng- 
 land, and received diftinguifhed honours from the 
 royal family and nobility ; the circumftanccs attending 
 wiiicii we lliall tal;e liom Mr. Moore, who particularly 
 dcfcribes them, and whole relation muft be the mod 
 genuine, as he was in company v\'ith him after his re- 
 turn to his own country. 
 
 Some years ago, as this perfon was travelling on ths 
 fouth fide of the Gambia, witli a fervant, he was robbed 
 and feized by order of the king of a country h little 
 within the land, who fold botli him and his man for 
 fiaves to one captain Pyke, who failed with him to 
 Maryl-nd. The Pholeys, his humane countrymen, 
 would have redeemed liim, had lie not been carried out 
 of the river before they had notice of his being a flave. 
 Job, on his arrival at Maryland, was fold to a planter, 
 wlio, finding he had very dill inguilhed abilities, treated 
 him with great refpeft j and at the expiration of twelve 
 months. Job had the good fortune to have a letter of 
 
 his 
 
 'iif 
 
:i68 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHKNTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 1 
 
 
 UM ' 
 
 his own writing, in the Arabic tongue, conveyed to 
 l".nL,laiid. 'I'his letter coming to the hands <,■' Mr. 
 Oi^k'thorj e, he lent it to Oxford to be tranflated, Iiich 
 bcin^; done, it ga^e him luch fatisfaftioi., and inlpired 
 him with ib good an opinion of the author, that he im- 
 mediately fei.t orders to have him bought of his mailer. 
 'I'his happened a little before that geiidenian's letting 
 out for Georgia ; and before his return from thence, 
 Job arrived in England, where being brought to the 
 acquaintance of Sir 1 l.uis Sloane, he was found to be a 
 jjcifcct mailer of tiic Arabic tongue, by his tranflating 
 ieveral manufciipts and infcripiions on medals. Sir 
 Hans Sloane recon'mended him to the Duke of Mon- 
 tague, who, being plealed with his genius and capa- 
 city, the agreablenefs of his behaviour, and the fweet- 
 neis of his temper, introduced l:im to court, where he 
 was gracioully received by the royal family, and molt 
 of the nobility, who honoured him with many marks of 
 their favour. 
 
 Afier he had continued in England about fourteen 
 months, he determined to return to his native country, 
 from an earnell delire he had to fee the high priell his 
 fafher. On his leaving England he received many no- 
 ble prefents from her Majelly Qi^icen Caroline, his 
 Royal Highnels the Duke of Cumberland, the Duke of 
 Montague, the Eari of Pembroke, feveral ladies of 
 quality, and the Royal African Company ; the latter of 
 wliom ordered their agents to fliew him the grcateft 
 refpert. 
 
 Soon after his arrival at j'ames's !"ort. Job exprelTed 
 a define of going up to a town called Joar, to converfe 
 widi fome of his countrymen, aiid accordingly went 
 along with Mr. Moore. In the evening, as lie was fit- 
 ting under a great tree at the creek of Damofenfa, there 
 came fix or I'even of the very peojile who lud three 
 years before made a Have of him at about thirty miles 
 dilfance fiom that place. Such was his rage and indig- 
 nation, that he was for attacking them with his broail- 
 Iword ; nor could Mr. Moore, without tne greatelt 
 ilifiiculty, fupprefs his refentment. I'.nquiring con- 
 cerning the king their mafter. Job was informed that 
 he was accidentally Ihot by the very pdlol which was 
 amongtl the goods for which he fold him to Captain 
 Fyke. Tranl'ported with the information, he devoutly 
 returned tlianks to Mahomet for making his perfecutor 
 die by the very articles for which he had fold him to 
 (lavery. Turning to Mr. Moore, he made fome per- 
 tinent remarks < the jullice of the Divine Being in the 
 inllance before aem, anu very ingenioufly obferved, 
 fliat lie ought to forgive him, Secaiili; h.id he not been 
 lold, he never (houid luive fe>. England, known the 
 language, or have been acquainteil with his noble and 
 'ibiial patrons. In every part u( the country he highly 
 ..fplautied liie Englilli, and greatly )K)fiVHed tlie Plio- 
 !• ys with an high opinion of them. When Mr. Moore 
 cmbutked for England he gave hiin letters for his pa- 
 f')ns, and, eniLTacing him, moll alTedionatt ly de- 
 clared, that his dayi !>)'jiild b. Ipent in endeavouring to 
 do good t(j tiie Englilh, who had icleafed hini from lla- 
 vcty, ami conferred on hiir. an immenfe obligation. 
 
 S E C T I O N IV. 
 
 Settianeuts of (be Europeans, and ither Phccj, en (hi- 
 river Gambia. 
 
 Till'. Englilh have feveral fetdements on the banks 
 of the river Gambia. The principal is rhat at 
 James's Ifland. It has a f()rt, and Hoops and boacs for 
 rlu" convenience of conveying (irovifions, as well as 
 artuies ol commerce. 'I'he Englifli liave alfo fadlories 
 at Gillifree, \iiuain, Tancrowall, anil Joar, but they 
 are greatly inferior to that at James's Ifland. The 
 I hief articles ot' the cominerce of tiiefe facTtories are 
 fiaveii, ivory, hides, and wax. 
 
 There arc many provinces which may be confidered 
 ns petty royalties, being fubjeft to their refpertive kings 
 or chiefs. Theli; kings have their retinue, and other 
 
 tokens of honour. They m;ike war againft each other 
 ranfack towns, take prifoners, and fell them for fucii 
 commodities as bell fuit their inclinations. 
 
 Belidcs the Englilh, there are Erench and Ponu. 
 guefe fettlements on the ri^er Gambia ; and there ar- 
 many other towns on that river which, from their infio. 
 nificance, it is needlefs to mention. ° 
 
 I'he natives of thcfe parts much rcfemble thofe of 
 Guinea in their perfons, drefs, manners, and cuttoms 
 but they have fome peculiarities, and in particular tii' 
 women, who lie handkerchiefs round their Ju.uls 
 leaving the crown bare. Thofe who have not handier' 
 chiefs fupply their place by ufing a llipof blucorwhue 
 cotton cloth. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 DefaiplioH of the river Senegal, and the places Jliuaid 
 en Its t.tnks ; with tbe Perfons, Manners and Cujkm 
 of I be Natives. 
 
 GEOGRAPHERS divide the river Niger into 
 three branches, under the diftindt naines of the 
 Gambia, tiie Senegal, and the bierra Leona, wl)ich 
 are each of them confidered as rivers of great extent. 
 
 The hanks of the Senegal are very fertile, and bciu- 
 tifully variegated. Near the river are lofty trcesia- 
 habited by various forts of birds, fome of which arc 
 very fmall, others large, and many of them exctedmi' 
 ha.idlbme, and of the brightell colours. There arc 
 alfo great numbers of fquirrels and monkies ; and the 
 more dillant parts abound with lions and elephants, the 
 latter of which have not that ferocity in tiicm that is na- 
 tural to thofe in other countries, for they will not at- 
 tempt to attack any one they meet unlefs firll molclkd. 
 Some parts of the low grounds abound with a lurt uf 
 ihorny trees which run to a protiigious height, and bear 
 large bunches of yellow flowers that have an odorife- 
 rous kt.it. The barks of thefe trses are of different 
 colours, fome being black, others white, green, erred; 
 and whittever colour the bark is of, the timber is of the 
 fame, and from its fubfl:ancc apoears to be a fpecies of 
 the ebony. 
 
 The principal kingdoms and places fituated on the 
 banks of the Senegal are the following : Gubcr or 
 (iubur, Zanfara, Cano, Cafena, Zegzeg, Guangara, 
 Bito, Temia, Dauma, Gamo, and Melli. 
 
 Soine of thefe places are fertile, and yield plentv ot 
 grain ; others are barren, and fome are mountainous, 
 'i'he villagers are chiefly (hepherds and herdfmen ; \.\ 
 the towns are a f -v artificers, and fome in the countr/ 
 jdaces apply themfclves to agriculture. The coni- 
 plexion of the natives is jet black, and their difpurr:- 
 oils are naturally lavage, as are confecjuently i!. it 
 manners. There are, however, exceptions, as the 
 inhabitants of fome jilaces are reprefentcd as treatini; 
 llrangers with civility. It may be added, that tboujli 
 poverty is their general lot, valuable articles of com- 
 merce are found in fome parts which necefliarily re- 
 dound to the ei.ioluinent of the inhabitants. They 
 iiavf their petty kings, who afliimc all the parade of 
 mock-royalty. 
 
 At K.'ch.-io is a Portuguefe colony of confiderable 
 extent and traflic. To defend the town from the at- 
 tacks of the Papells, an idolatrous and barbarous 
 people, the Portuguefe have ercfted a fort, on which 
 they keep a conftaiit watch through fear of a fiidden 
 alarm. The inhabit.ants are in general mulattocs. 1 he 
 Portuguefe are jealous to an exceflive degree. 'I hey 
 have a church anil convent, a government civil and 
 military, and a garrifon coinpofed of tranl'iMrts. 
 
 The natives of Kach.io employ the principal part of 
 their time in the cultivation of a plant called manioc, 
 which is ufed infl^ead of bread not only here but in Ie- 
 veral other parts of Africa. It is not fit for ufe till 
 after it has undergone a tedious preparation. Its fiilt 
 fkin muft be fcraped : it muft be then waflied, rai'pcd 
 and prcfled, to extrad the aqiipous parts that are llow 
 
 poilon, 
 
 i£i^. 
 
OGRAPHY, 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 NEGROLAND. 
 
 3§9 
 
 nucli refemble thofc of 
 manners, ami cuiloms, 
 s, anil in particular tiic 
 •fs round tlitir heads, 
 L- who have not hamikir- 
 g a llipofblucorwhue 
 
 poifon, againft which there is no remedy known. They 
 then roail it, as that caulls every noxious particle it 
 might rtill contain totally to evaporate. When there 
 apncars no more rteam it is taken oft' the iron plate on 
 which It was roafttd, and fiiftVrcd to cool ; for it is no 
 lefs dangerous to eat it hot tiian raw. 
 
 The root of the manioc graci-il and reduced into 
 little grains by roaftinp, is called flour of' manioc. The 
 parte of mar.ioc is calk-d c.'.Hava, which is converted 
 into a cake by roalbini; without moving it. It wguld 
 be dangerous to eat as much cafTava as flour of manioc, 
 bccaufe the former is lets roafh-d. Both of them keeti 
 a long time, and are very no^iilhin;!;, but a little dith 
 cult of diri;etlion. Though tins food feems at firft in- 
 lipid, there are many white people who prefer it to the 
 bcft wheat. 
 
 The manioc planr is alfo cultivated and brought to 
 no lefs perfection by ilic inh-ibitants of tlie ifland of 
 BifluQ. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 SIERRA LEON A. 
 
 A'iJW- Scil. Climate. ProdncHons in general. Pcrfons, 
 Mcimien, and Cuftcms of the Natives. 
 
 SIERRA Leona, according to feme, is fb called from 
 the river of that name, which is fuppofed to have 
 been derived from the noife of the fea againll iis fliores, 
 relembiing the roaring of lions. Otiiers fay ii was firft 
 called lb by the Portugucl'e, from the greau number of 
 lions that infefl the neighl-ouring mountains. It alio 
 goes by tlie names of Tagrin and Micomba, the latter of 
 which it pref'erves tor about 80 miles above the mouth 
 of the river. On the fouth fide of it is a town called 
 Las Maj;oas, where none but the Fortuguefe are per- 
 mitted to refide tor trade; and the natives corns down 
 the river to baiter with the French and Englifli, when 
 there are any of ilicir fnips in the bay. 
 
 Here are leV' ral fmall ill.nds, the principal of which 
 arc Taffo and Bent'-. Taflb is a large fla^ illand, near 
 three li agues in circuiTit'erence, where the company's 
 flaves have a good plantation. The chitf part of tlie 
 ifland is coverid witli wood, among which are filk cot- 
 ton trees of a prodigious fize -, and fome parts of it 
 produce good indigo. 
 
 The climate of this country is in general very un- 
 wholefome, paiticul.iily in the iik untainous parts, 
 where, during four months in the year, it rains, thun- 
 ders, and is lb iiitolerablv hot, that the people are 
 obliged to keep dole in their huts ; and the air is cor- 
 rujjted in fuch a manner by the lightning, that all ani- 
 mal food is rtdutcil in a rew hours to a llate of putre- 
 fartion. The flat open cinintry, however, is not f"o bad ; 
 for thougii I ' fammer the heat is cxcefTive in the former 
 part of the lii;, , yet it is very temperate in tlie afternoon, 
 from the refrefliing breezes that generally blow from 
 the fouth-weft. 
 
 'I'he banks ot tlie Sierra Lcoim arc lined with man- 
 grove trees, the leaves of which exadly rel'emble thole 
 of an I'.uropeaii lain el. The whole country abounds in 
 millet and rice, which is the principal food of the na- 
 tives. It alfo |)roduces great plenty of o.-anges, le- 
 mons, banana^, hitlian figs, ananas, pompions, water 
 melons, yams, potatoes, wild pears, white plumbs, and 
 Icveral forts of pull'e. 
 
 Here are the palm, the cc-:o,i, and the cotton tree ; 
 and on tlie mountains are abunilmce of palm and laurel 
 trees. Indeed, the wliole abounds with trees of various 
 forts fo ilofe togethci, tha' it may be called one conti- 
 nued forell. 
 
 They have a great plenty of deer, hogs, goats, and 
 fowls, which the natives fell to the Europeans for a 
 fmall quantity of brandy, a litjuor they prefer to all 
 others. 
 
 In the mountains are great numbers of wild animals, 
 as elephants, lions, tigers, wild boars, and roc-bucks ; 
 No. ^4. 
 
 alfo apes of feveral forts, and fcrpents, the latter of 
 which are fo large that, it is faid, they will fwallow a 
 child whole. The apes, monkies, and baboons, are fb 
 numerous, that they make great dcftrudtion in tiie plan- 
 tations. 
 
 In the woods are great numbers of birds of difreren: 
 fizts .and plumage, as jiigeons, parrots, p.iroqucts, and 
 (luinea-hens, the latter of which are about the fize of a 
 pheafant, and very beautiful ; but it is difficult to 
 catch them on account of the thicknefs of the trees. 
 I'hey have alio feveral other forts of fowl, amnni which 
 are white pelicans as large as fwans, hems, curlews, 
 boobies, aiul a bird called ox-eyes. 
 
 The bay and entrance of the river abound with a 
 great variety of fifli, as raies, thornbacks, and a fifli 
 railed the okl-wite. Ihere are alfo gar-lifhes, cavelloes, 
 lliaiks, fword-fiflies.. dog-fiflies, and one called the 
 fhoe-makcr, having on each fide the mouth pendants 
 like barbel, and tlie noife they make is fomething like 
 that of a hog's grunting. Among the fifh, however, 
 caught here, the nioft common are old wives, pilchards, 
 the becune, the monk or angel fifh, and the mullet. 
 
 The tlfli ealKil the old-wift; is fliapeil much like a 
 tench, i.-, alouc nine inches in length, and has larg • 
 Icales. It is mottled with red, yellowifli .ind brown 
 lines placed alternately, and running from the head to 
 the tail, being five or fix in number. The Inout is ob- 
 long, and turns upwards ; and the lips are thick, flefhy, 
 and projeift flom the Jaws, but the mouth is fmall. The 
 teeth are ferated, but not very fharp ; and the fins arc 
 mottlid with red, blue, and yellow. The tail, whca 
 expanded, is roundifli ; and the fifli taken altogether is 
 exceeding beautiful. 
 
 The pilchard is mi:ch like a herring, but not fo Large, 
 anil the body is broader. It has not any teeth, either 
 in the jaws, the tongue, or the palate. The fiefli is 
 firmer, and by fbme preferred to that of a herring. They 
 are fifh of pafTage, and, like the herring, fwim in con- 
 fidcrable flioals. 
 
 The becune greatly refemblcs a pike, but only larger, 
 fome of them being frequently caught upwards of eight 
 feet in length. It is a greedy fifh, and dangerous to bi; 
 met with in the water, becaut'e it can bite much eafier 
 than the fliark ; and fo fearlefs, that it will not be driven 
 away by any noife that can be made. The flefli has 
 the fame tafte as a frefli-watcr ; 'ke, but there is oftca 
 great danger in eating it ; for unlets the teeth are wliito 
 and the liver fweet, it is poilbnous. 
 
 The monk, or angel-fifli, is between a fhaik .:iid a 
 fkate, and grows to a large fize, often weighing up- 
 wards of 160 pounds. I'lie colour on the back and 
 fides is of a dufky afh, and the belly is white. The 
 mouth is broad, and placeil at the end of the head, in 
 which ir differs from other flat griftiy fifli. The head .s 
 rounuifli at the extremity i and there .ire three rows of 
 teeth in each jaw, each row confifting of 18, 10 that 
 tiiere are 108 teeth in all. The tongue is broad, ami 
 lhar|) at the end ; and the noflrils are wide, being placed 
 on the upper lip, and filled with a fort of flime. The 
 eves are ot a middle fize, placed not far from the mouth, 
 and do not look direftly up but fidcways. Inflead of 
 gills it has holes like die thornback. Near the head 
 are two fins that look mucli like wings, for which ica- 
 fon it is called the angel fifli. On the extremities of 
 theft fins, near the corners, there are thort, fharp, and 
 crooked prickles j as there are alfo on the lowermofl; 
 fins, which are placed near the vent. Below the vent 
 are alfo two fins ; and the tail is forked. The flefli is fo 
 rank, and of fo difagreeable a title, that it is little ufed ; 
 and the ehief v.alue of the fifh confifts in its flvin, which 
 is I. fed in making cafes for inltruments. 
 
 The mullet greatly refemblcs a dace j the head is al- 
 mof: fquare, and flat at the top, the nofe fharp, and 
 the lips thick. It has large fcales, not only on the bo- 
 dy, but alio on the head, and the covers of the gilla. 
 The back is of a blueifli colour, and the belly v.hite. 
 The lateral lines are variegateil alternatelv with black 
 and white. Ihe eyes have no other (kin than their own 
 5 A coats, 
 
 
 -'m 
 
31^ 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL AND AUTHENTIC SYSTl.M or UNIVERSAl, GI.OGKAPHY 
 
 mak 
 
 :■ ' ia« ■ 
 
 
 ri 
 
 ^'-''1 
 
 coats, and the forwanl fm^.ii radicated with five long 
 Ipiius, It has not any tcetli, but the tongue ib roughifh, 
 and theie are two lough bones on each fide of the pa- 
 late. It has alio a bone befet with piickles at cacii cor- 
 ntr of the month, and. when at its full growth, is about 
 18 inches long. Thefe 1 h generally go in great Ihoals, 
 and are fo fagactous, tliat wiien fnrrounded with a net, 
 the whole flioal will frequently efcape by leaping over 
 It 1 for when one takes the lead, the rell will ininie- 
 diately follow. Oppian, in liis natural hiltory, takes 
 notice of this circumftance, and his obfervations on it 
 tire thus tranll.itcd : 
 
 The nuiUct, when encircling fcines eivjlofe, 
 The fatal threads and treach'rous bofom knows, 
 Tnllant he mllies all hisv:g'rous pow'fi. 
 And faithful aid of ev'ry nerve implores ; 
 O'er battlements of cork updarting flies. 
 And lind from air th' eicape that lea denies. 
 But fliould the firll attempt his iiopes deceive. 
 And fatal fpace th' imprii'on'd fdl receive, 
 Exhaulted ftrength no fecond leap fupplics ; 
 Sclf-doom'd to death the proltrate vidim lies 
 Uefign'd, with painful exjieifVation waits, 
 Tilf thinner elements complete his fates. 
 
 The mullet was in great cftimation among the Ro- 
 nians, and bore an exceeding high price. The moiiey 
 given for one in the days of Juvenal is a ftriking in- 
 tbince of the luxury and extravagance of that age. It is 
 mentioned by that author in his 4th fatire, and is thus 
 tranllated by Mr. Dryden : 
 
 " The lavifh fl.ive 
 
 " Six thoufand pieces for a mullet gave, 
 
 " A leftcrcc for each pound." 
 
 And Pliny, who alfo lived in the days of Jiivenal, 
 mentions one Afinius Ceier, a man of confular dignity, 
 ^iio was infinitely more lavifh than the epicure mention- 
 ed by Juvenal ; forhegave 8ooomummi,or 64I. 1 is.Cd. 
 for a filh of lo fmall a fize as a mullet. 
 
 Such, indeed, was the luxury of the times, that there 
 were llew-pans in the eating-rooms, fo that the lilh 
 could at once be brought from under the table and 
 placed u]H)n it. They even put the mullets in tranfpa- 
 rcnt vafes, that they might be entertained with the va- 
 rious changes of if* cd'iour while it lay expiring. 
 
 The great plenty of firti found in tiie bay and river of 
 Sierra Lcona are of infinite fcrvicc to the European 
 failors, not only for provifions, but alfo for traffick ; 
 for the natives are fo indolent, that they will not be at 
 tiie trouble to catch them, but content themfelves with 
 llich as are left by the ebb tides among the rocks. 
 
 On the fides of the b.iy are great plenty of oyfters, 
 feme of which are of luch a fize, that one of them would 
 krve a modeiate man for a meal ; but they are fo tough 
 as to be fearce eatable, unlefs firll boiled, and then fried 
 in fmall pieces. 
 
 The trees that grow on the fides of the bay make ex- 
 cellent haunts for crocodiles; as alfo for the manatea, 
 or fea-cow, whicii are here in great abundance. 
 
 The manatea, or fea-cow, is fuppofeil by fome to be 
 an am|>hibious creature, but tiiis opinion has been fuffi- 
 * iently controverted ; for it is always found in large 
 livers or bays, and feeds uptjn lea- weeds tliat grow near 
 the fliore. The Ikin is thick, rough, bare, and fcarce- 
 ly penetrable. The body is long, and the head very 
 Iniall in propc, on. Thefe animals have no teith, 
 but inrtcad thereof two llrong white Hones, that run the 
 wliole length c)f l:oth jaws. The nollrils refemblc thofe 
 of an horle. The eyes are fixed in the center of the head. 
 I'he brealls are placed between the arms, one under 
 each, are of a convex form, and about a foot, and a 
 hall in diameter. They are hard, rough, and wrinkled ; 
 and wlicn they give fuck, tlie teats are four inches long. 
 Tliefe animals keep together in large companies, and 
 are very careful of their young. They bring them forth 
 in autuii-ui, and have but one at a tiinc. The manatea 
 
 has no voice or cry, and the only noifc i', makes is m 
 fetciiing its breath. The fat, which lie^ between the 
 cuticle and die Ikin, when cxpolcd to the fun, has 
 line fmell and talle : it has alfo this peculiar propertv 
 that the heat of the fun will not fpoil it, or make it 
 become greafy. I'lij tafle is like tlie oil of Iweet al- 
 monds, and the or.iy cd'eil it has on tlie body is that 
 of keeping ii open. The fibres and lean parts are like 
 beef, but more red and harfli, and may be kept a great 
 while in the hotteft weather without tainting. The fat 
 of the young ones is like pork, and the lean «reatlv 
 refembles veal. In the he.ul are four llones of diti'erciit 
 fizes, which are fomewhat like bones, and are ufed ia 
 medicine. 'I'hey are laid to be good againlt ania-s 
 and to cleanfe the kidneys of gravel. HolFman affirms 
 they are exceeding ufeful in cafes of epilc()fy. 
 
 When the negroes catch thefe creatures they go in a 
 canoe, and paddle towards it with as little noifc 35 
 pollible, it being exceeding ipiick in hearing. As 
 Icon as they find themfelves near enough, the man who 
 is placed ready at the head of the canoe ftrikcs a har- 
 poon fixed at the end of a long pole into it, and then 
 lets go. 'L"he bealt immediately makes towards the 
 mangroves, and the water being (hallow they follow it 
 clofc, and repeat the ftrokes till they have weariai 
 it out, when they drag it aftiore, and complete their 
 conquefl:. 
 
 The inhabitants of Sierra Leona are not lb black as 
 thole of the neighbouring countries ; neither have thcv 
 fucli flit nofcs or thick lips. The men .ire in general 
 tall and well made, of a chearful difpofition, and not 
 given to quarrel : the women are fhort and robuft, ow- 
 ing to their being conilantly employed in labour i for 
 befldes the bufincls of houfewifery, they work hard in 
 tillage, make palm oil, and Ipin cotton. 
 
 Their drels refembles that of the country in general. 
 They are naturally temperate and fober ; and thouijli 
 exceeding fond of branily and other fpirituous li- 
 quors, yet they never drink to excefs, confidenng 
 drunkennefs as one of the grcatell crimes that can be 
 committed. 
 
 Their houfes or huts arc low, and thatched with 
 ftraw : fome are round, fome fquare, and otiieri 
 oblong ; and moll of them are ornamented in the front 
 with two wings of a fpiral form. They arc kept very 
 clean, being fwept at leaU once every day. 
 
 Their furniture confifts of two or three earthen pots 
 to boll their victuals in, a gourd or two to fetch palm 
 wine, and half a gourd lor a cup ; a few earthen 
 dilhes, a balket or two for the wife to gather cockles 
 in, and a knapfack for the huHjand, made of the bark 
 of trees, to carry his provifion when he goes abroad. 
 Their bedllead is matte of billets of wood laid acrofi 
 each other, on which they lay a mat, and fleep without 
 any covering. 
 
 Their weapons are fwords, ilaggers, darts, bows and 
 arrows. The points of their arrows are infeftcd with 
 the juice of a poifonous fruit, which is fo inconceiv- 
 ably fubtle anil quick, that wherever it flrikes it is 
 lure to prove fatal. Some of them have alfo guns, 
 which they are very fond of, and ufc with great dex- 
 terity. 
 
 Their food confifts chiefly of roots, herbs, fruits, 
 cockles and oyflers ; and their common drink is watct. 
 They plant about their houfes gourds, potatoes, pom- 
 pions, and tobacco, the latter of which they are vorv 
 fond of, particularly in fmoaking. 
 
 They greatly admire dancing, and generally fper, i 
 their evenings in that diverlion. Their mufic confilis '>! 
 two or three drums m.ade of a hollow piece of wood, 
 a"'' covered with the fkin of a kid. 
 
 I'.very town or village has one peculiar houfe, to 
 whicli the women fend their daughters at a certain a;'/', 
 who are there taught for a year to fing, tlance, and 
 perform other exercifes, by an old man appointed for 
 that purpole ; and when the year is exjjired he leads 
 them to the market-place, where they publickly exhibit 
 fuch performances as they have been taught at fchool. 
 
 ^ During 
 
 II 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 During this time, if 
 to marry, they mak 
 without regard eithei 
 nan has declared h 
 dered as adtually ii 
 can make fome pre 
 the old man who w.i 
 
 When they bury t 
 all their belt goods, 
 cover with linen clot 
 to the grave by a nu 
 who howl and cry in 
 their attendance. 
 
 The Mundingo ni 
 have frequently cnde 
 among thefe peoph 
 and rtill follow their 
 future Hate, but th 
 tine wiiatcver, nor c 
 many luperftitious r 
 their letilhes, or ch; 
 in a bag about thei 
 boJie.^. 
 
 'I'hc river of Sicrr 
 two kingdoms, that 
 and that of Burrc t 
 
 BILEDUL( 
 
 TH E region co 
 tioned is fituati 
 Seneg.il, and forms a 
 lands, exhibiting to t 
 and defolation. To 
 as polTible, we Ihall t 
 going divifion, begin 
 
 sr 
 
 Nisme. 
 
 BILI 
 
 Extent. Situ 
 
 Alanners, 
 
 THIS country, 
 derived its moi 
 Ri!ed-cl-gerid, fignil 
 it abounds with that 
 country in Africa, ii 
 jacent parts with it, 
 IS fcarce. 
 
 It is of an obloi 
 ;;o deg. north latitu 
 on the north, by N 
 land parts of Afric 
 Ocean on the weft. 
 length, and 350 in 
 '."d unwiiolcfome, at 
 with frizzled features 
 I'flcc^ion of the fui 
 ■ind the flioweis of 
 winds that blow here, 
 Ifni e as fomctimes tt 
 
 uf it. 
 
 Tiic inhabitants ar 
 iivf in tents ranginj 
 I'jod and plunder, 
 the anticnt Africans, 
 der in towns and vil 
 conveniences by the , 
 
 The Arabs think 
 being pcrfeiftly free a 
 
KAPHY. 
 
 noifc i' makes is in 
 :h lit^ bftween thr 
 to the fun, has a 
 s peculiar propeitv, 
 poil It, or make it 
 tl\e oil of fweet al- 
 311 tlie body is that 
 nd k'an parts are like 
 
 I may be kept a great 
 Lit tainting. The fat 
 inci the lean greatly 
 our Hones of dirtl-rer.t 
 nes, ami arc ufed m 
 good againll: agues, 
 el. HolFnian affirms 
 of cpilcpiy. 
 rc.-itures they go in a 
 ith as little noifc a? 
 ick in hearing. As 
 snough, the man who 
 
 canoe ftrikcs a har- 
 ole into it, and then 
 ' makes towards the 
 Ihallow they follow it 
 
 II they have wearied 
 , and complete their 
 
 la are not (o black as 
 ies i neither have thev 
 le men are in general 
 I difpofition, and not 
 
 Ihort and robuft, ow- 
 loyed ill laboi;r, for 
 •y, they work hard in 
 
 cotton. 
 
 ;he country in general. 
 
 id fobcr ; and thousjii 
 
 I other fpirituous li- 
 3 exccfs, confidenng 
 
 II crimes that can be 
 
 w, and thatched with 
 
 fquare, and otlien 
 
 rnamented in the front 
 
 They arc kept very 
 
 every day. 
 
 or three earthen pots 
 or two to fetch palm 
 cup J a few earthen 
 ife to gather cockle, 
 nd, made of the bark 
 hen he goes abroad, 
 of wood laid acrofa 
 mat, and fleep without 
 
 gers, darts, bows and 
 ows are infeftcd with 
 hich is fo inconcciv- 
 crever it ftrikes it I'i 
 them have alfo guns, 
 ufe with great dex- 
 
 rnots, herbs, fruits, 
 ominon drink is ware!. 
 )uriis, potatoes, poin- 
 f which they are very 
 
 and generally fpeiid 
 riuir mufic confilts of 
 How piece of wood, 
 .u\. 
 
 peculiar houfc, to 
 (jhters at a certain a^n-, 
 ir to fing, dance, and 
 1(1 man appointed for 
 ir is expired he leads 
 they publickly exhibit 
 been taught at fchool. 
 ^ Durinjj 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 NEGROLAND. 
 
 SP 
 
 During this time, if any of the young men arc diffiofcd 
 to marry, they make choice of thofc they like beft, 
 without regaril either to bi'th or fortune. When the 
 man has declared his intention, the parties are confi- 
 dcrcd as uftually married, provided the bridegroom 
 can make fome prefents to the bride's parents, and to 
 the old man who was her tutor. 
 
 When they bury their dead they put into their graves 
 all their bell goods, and ereft a roof over it, which they 
 cover with linen cloth. The corpfe is always attended 
 to the grave by a number of people hired as mourners, 
 who howl and cry in proportion as they arc paid for 
 tiuir attendance. 
 
 The Mundingo negroes, who arc ftrift Mahometans, 
 have frequently endeavoured to propagate their religion 
 among thefc people ; but they have ever rejefted it, 
 and rtill follow their own maxims. They believ;- in a 
 luture (late, but they do not worlhip any living crea- 
 ture whatever, nor even tiie fun or moon. They have 
 many fuperftitious notions, and pay great rcfpedt to 
 their fetilhes, or charms, which they conftnndy carry 
 in a bag about their necks, and other parts of their 
 bodie.-,. 
 
 The river of Sierra Leona feparates this country into 
 two kingdoms, tliac of Bulon, or Bulm, to the north, 
 and thut of Burrc to the fouth. The former of thefe 
 
 kingdoms lies very low and (\u, but the foil is fertile, 
 and produces great quantities of rice, millet and maize, 
 of which they make excellent bread. The natives are 
 very fond of the Engliih and Portuguefe, manv of 
 whom inhabit tiiat part of the country, and they take 
 great pains to affeft the'r manners and maxims. 
 
 The kingdom of Burre is a much more open country 
 than that of Bulm, and near it is that long ridge of 
 mountains called Sierra Leona, the admiration of all 
 (Irangers. There are lb many caves and dens about 
 thefc mountains, that when a fingle gun is fired from a 
 ftiip in the bay, the echo is fo often and diftinftly re- 
 peated, and the clap fo lo-id and iharp, tiiat. they feem 
 to be the report of feveral cannon. 
 
 The rcfidencc of the king of Burre is about eight 
 leagues from the mouth of the river. It is compofed 
 of alxjut three hundred houfes, which are round, and 
 built all one way. The king's houfe, or rather his 
 huts, are in the center of the village, and refemble 
 tiiofe of his fubjects. Some of them are a little larger, 
 wiiich e keeps for the Europeans, or firangers that 
 vifit h . 
 
 The river of Sierra Leona has been long frequented 
 by the Englifli and French, in order to carry on a 
 commerce with the people who live on its boundaries. 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 BILEDULGERID, ZAARA, or the Desart, and TOMBUTO. 
 
 THE region comprizing the places .ibove -men- 
 tioned is fituated to the northward of the river 
 Senegal, and forms a vail track covered with burning 
 fands, exhibiting to the view a ftriking fcene of horror 
 and defolation. To afford as diftiiidt an account of it 
 as pofTible, we iliall defcribe it according to the fore- 
 going divifion, beginning with Biledulgcnd. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 BILEDULGERID. 
 
 NifMC. Extent. Situation. Climate. Per/ens. Cuftoms. 
 Manners, 6?c of the Inhabitants. 
 
 THIS country, which was the ancient Numidia, 
 derived its modern name from the Arabic words, 
 Biled-el-gerid, fignifying the Land of Dates, becaufc 
 it abounds with that kind of fruit more than any other 
 country in Africa, infomuch tiiat it can fupjily the ad- 
 jacent parts witli it, in exchange for wheat, which here 
 IS fcarce. 
 
 It is of an oblong form, extending from 24 to 
 ;!0 dcg. north latitude. . It is bounded by Morocco 
 on tiie north, by Ncgroland on the fouth, by the in- 
 land parts of Africa on the eaft, and by the Atlantic 
 Ocean on the weft. It is computed at 2500 miles in 
 length, and 350 in breadth. The climate is fultry 
 mid unwholcfonie, and the people are lean and fwarihy 
 with frizzlttl features. Their eyes are innamed by the 
 rffleiflion of the fun beams fiomthc white hard foil, 
 and the llioweis of dufl and fand driven by the high 
 winds that blow here, at certain ilafoni, with fuch vio- 
 Ifnre as fometimes to bury men and cattle under heaps 
 of it. 
 
 The inhabitants are compofed chiefly of Arabs, who 
 live in tents ranging from place to place in qucft of 
 food and plunder. Tiiere are among them Ibme of 
 the anticnt Africans, who live with fonie degree of or- 
 der in towns and villages, and arc fupplied with moft 
 conveniences by the Arabs. 
 
 The Arabs think themfelves tlic nobler race, and 
 being pi rfeftly free and independent, frequently enter 
 
 for pay into the fervicc of the neighbouring princes 
 v.hen they are at war. 
 
 They are fond of hunting, and their principal objeft 
 is the oftrieh, of wliich they make great advantage, 
 for they eat the flelli, exchange their feathers for corn 
 and other commodities, ufe the talons as ^ pendant for 
 the ears, their fat as a medicine, and convert ■ .eir 
 fkins into pouches and knapfacks ; fo that every part is 
 employed in Ibme necefVary purpofe. 
 
 The neck and head of this huge animal of the fea- 
 thered kind are rtm.iikable, being fliapen much like 
 thofe of a camel. Its head rifes to the height of a 
 man on horl'eback, and often higher : its wings are 
 very ftrong, but too fliort to raifc it from the ground : 
 however, afTifted by thefe they run a great pace. The 
 legs and thighs of this bird are like thofe of a heron, 
 allowance being made for the different proportion. Each 
 foot has three claws armed with horn to facilitate its 
 march. The eggs are as large as the head of a young 
 child, and which the female hides in the fands, and 
 haves to be hatched by the heat of the fun. This 
 difpofition, which fecms to manifeft fo much difregard 
 to her young, is taken notice of in the Book of Job, 
 and certainly argues great want of that precaution ob- 
 fervable in other animals. The oftrieh Ihews uncom- 
 mon ftupidity in running to hide the head, and in par- 
 ticular the eyes, when purfued, behind a tree, leaving 
 the body expoled to the view of ihe hunters. The af- 
 fcrtion of this animal's eating and digeiling iron has 
 mucli the air of fable, for though they may (wallow 
 fmall pieces of that metal as otiicr birds do pebbles, it 
 is not to derive any nourifhment from them, but only to 
 bruile and grind the food in their llomachs, to mode- 
 rate the operation of an exceflivc heat, or, by its 
 weight, to ojjcn a paffage into the inteltines. 
 
 i'hc Arabs likewife eat the flefh of goats and ca- 
 mels, and their drink is tlie liquor or broth in which 
 tiie fiefti is boiled. They chiefly ufe dates infteaJ of 
 bread, but they have (ome corn and pulfe, which they 
 purchad- from the neighbouring countries. They have 
 (mail horfes that are principally ufed in hunting, lind 
 are very ferviceable in plundering expeditions j on 
 botli which occalions the better fort are attended by 
 
 their 
 
my 
 
 J72 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 i< 
 
 
 their rtavfs, and the reft by their wives, who look after 
 tlicir horlcs, ami lio otlier the moft menial llrvices. 
 
 They call thenilelves Mahometans, but lecm to know 
 little either of tiiat or any other religion. 
 
 Soinc of thefc Arabs wander from one end of the 
 country to the other with their cattle, owning no fupe- 
 rior i others liave their partUular lords or governors ; 
 and a third fort are fubjedl or tributary to tlie 'I'urks, 
 who hold I'ome parts of this territory, as thofe towards 
 the weft are to NIorocco and Ee/. On the whole, how- 
 ever, thev are a wild and inhofpitaidt pcopl'.-. 
 
 There are two cities witiiin tlie limits of Biledulj^crid, 
 that were once famed for their buildings, iortirtcations, 
 and the number of their inhabitants. Thefe are called 
 Toufera and Capfa. They are degenerated into mean, 
 oblVure places, inhabited by fome of the ancient Afri- 
 cans, and occafionally by tlic wandering Arabs. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 ZAARA, ZAHARA, or the DESART. 
 
 A^ame. Extent. Divifmis. Soil. Climale. ProduElkns. 
 Inbabitaiits. DiJ'cription of thejeveral Provinces. 
 
 ZAARA, h called from the Arabic word, whicli 
 li -nifies a Defart, is a vaft and inhofpit.ible coun- 
 try, extcndni;; from the Aflantic Ocean on the weft, to 
 the kingdom a'ui del'art of Barca on the eaft, that is, 
 from the 8th degree of wi'tl, to the ;6ih degree ol call 
 longitude ; and from Biledulgerid on liie north, to the 
 river Niger, wliich fep.irates it from Negroiand on the 
 fouth. It is about 2400 miles in length, and 660 in 
 breadth. The Arabs divide it into three parts, by tlic 
 names ofCahel, Zahara, and Afgar, that is, the tandy, 
 the rtoiuy, and the marftiy. Modern geographers, 
 hovvrvir, have divided it into feven provinces, namelv, 
 Zuiliaga, Zuenziga, Targa, Leinpta, Berdona, Bor- 
 nou, and Gagoa. 
 
 The foil in general being very dry ami fandy, and 
 the climate exceeding hot, it cannot be very fertile ; 
 yet it is laid to be lo healthy, that the inhabitants live 
 to a great age ; and that the people of other rountries 
 when alflifted with illnefs, retire to this for the beiu fit of 
 their healtiis, wliich is generally attended with the 
 widied-for fuccefs. 
 
 Tiiole parts of it that lie on the banks of the river 
 Sen'.-gal, being better watered and inhabited, on ac- 
 count of the great commerce arifing from tliat river,' 
 produce f'everal kinds ol grain, as wheat, barley, and 
 millet. They have alii) fume vegetables, and a great 
 varietv of delicious fruits. 
 
 ijcfuies camels and horles, there is great plenty of 
 ;i domertic animal called A'iim-naiin, whieli are about 
 the fi/x of an afs, and greatly refemble that animal 
 about the ears ; but in other refpert s tluy are like our 
 fhccp. 'I'he males are only diftinguillied from the fe- 
 males by having horns j but they are both of a lize, and 
 their wool equally goovi. They are not only exceeding 
 tame, but alio very ftrong, and will carry a inan on 
 their backs for I'everal miles ; befidcs wliich, their llefh 
 is very excellent food. 
 
 This country is greatly infefted with wild beafts, as 
 lions and tigers ; alfo with great numbers of fcorpions, 
 vi|)Lrs, and other venomous creatures ; anti, at parti- 
 cular teatbns, I'lcuft; are I'o iiunierou> as to deflroy the 
 pruicip.al part of their corn and other grain. 
 
 It is occupied chiefly by Arabs, who are very illite- 
 rate and I'av.ige. I'hey lead a wretched liefolatc lif'-, 
 wandering; about the countrvi and lieding on the milk 
 of tl'.eir tlocks, wiMi a little barley m^al and fomedat<s. 
 The men go .ilmoll naked, having only a piece of linen 
 fallenc i round the waift, and a kintl of bonnet on their 
 he;.ds made of black woollen cloth : but the woui'-n 
 hive a loole garnvnt that reaches from the waift to the 
 knees. The better fort have a kind of gown made of 
 blue callico, with large flceves, which are brought to 
 thcin from Negroiand, The men arc tail and thin, 
 
 but the women are in general robuft ; atid both fae. 
 arc of a iwarihy compl'"xion. 
 
 Their tents or huts are low and mean, confiftinoonlv 
 of a few flicks covered with tiime coarle cloth maile of 
 cainel's hair, and a rough kind of wool, or inol's that 
 grows on the palm trees. They lie on mats made of 
 rnlhes, but have not any covering. Thev have ncithn 
 laws or government, being only lubjeft to the will ,). 
 their chiefs, who are appointed as fuperintciuiaat? 
 but pay as little attention to any kinii of decorum as tlv' 
 j)eople they are luppofed to direil. 
 
 They live chiefly by thieving, and plunJering tudi 
 palTengers as they happen to meet with in their excu-. 
 lions. When they travel for thefe purpofes, or in inir- 
 luit of pafture or water, they ride on camels, which arc 
 not only uleful on account of their milk, and the arcat 
 burthens they carry, but alio for the iinmediate relief 
 they yield in cafe of cxcilfive drought ; for Inch arc the 
 amazing ilefarts of this country, that they frequently 
 travel a fortnight together without meeting with any 
 water ; fo that when that is cxhaufted which they tai<c 
 with rluiu on the backs of the camels, thev have ic. 
 courle to the beaft itl'elf, whom they kill, and drink 
 the water they find in its ftomach j it being the nature of 
 that animal to Iwallow fuch a quantity at one tiinc as 
 will lerve him for many days. In fome places, indeed, 
 there are wells of brackilh water, which are lined wi;i 
 camels b:>nes, and covered with their Ikins to keep oa: 
 the fami ; but there is great danger in going to thenu 
 lor, by the violence of the wind, the mountains of faml 
 are f)nnetiiiifs railed to fuch an height, that whole cara- 
 vans have I a buried beneath them. 
 
 In one part of thefc defarts there is a fort of people 
 who are entirely diflerent from the reft, as they are nior,' 
 liiciable, a.'id live in fettled habitations. Thefe can,- 
 on a kind of commerce with llrangers, to whom they 
 are very civil, and are, in general, tolerably lionill i;i 
 their dealings. Their p ligion, as well as that of the 
 wild Arabs, is chiefly Mahometanifm, 
 
 The refpeiftive provinces into which this country is 
 divided are the following. 
 
 Zanhr'.7a, extending itl'elf from the river Sue, whicii 
 parts it from Morocco on the north, to that of Stnewl 
 on the fouth. It is bounded on the eaft by the territo- 
 ries of Sereinj Sunda, and Zuenziga, and on the wc!i 
 by the Atlantic Ocean. The inhabitants of this pro- 
 vince are of various nations, and among them arc loir..' 
 tribes of Arabs, who chiefty live by plunder, and carry 
 olF gieat quantities of their neighbours cattle, wliich 
 they exchange in different parts ofthe country fordatr^. 
 There is one dillrift here, called I'agiizza, remarkable 
 for producing vaft quanrities of rock fait, which the in- 
 habitants carry not only to all parts of this defart j b;it 
 alfo to Negroiand, as it is found to be of infinite iiKin 
 fcorbutic diforders, to which the people are fubjiL' 
 from the natural heat and dryncfs of the climate. 
 
 Travelling here is very fatiguing and dangerous, cf- 
 pecially in tiimmer, there not being any water to bt 
 ieen for 100 miles together; lb that if a proper provi 
 fion is not made, they are fubjeft to perifh with thirll 
 In one part of this province air two tombs, on each x 
 which is an infcription, intimating that the unhip;y 
 perfons there interred were, the one a wealthy incrch.;;!:, 
 and the othei a j lor carrier, who had both died there 
 with excelFive thirft : that the ibrmcr had given the ( ai- 
 rier 10,000 ducats for a cniife of water, and died looii 
 aftM drinking it, while the iatter periflied far want of it. 
 
 The inhabitants of this province live chicllyon dates 
 and the milk of their rattle. Sometimes, indeed, thiy 
 kill will! goats and other game, but thefe arc lb fcarco 
 as feldom to Iv met with, and for that rcalbn are con- 
 (idered as a great rarity. 
 
 The whole country is It) flat and barren, that, in loni; 
 journies, travellers have the greatefl difficulty in liniliiii; 
 their way, there not being a building, tree, or any 
 other mark to diredl their courfe. They generally 
 travel in the night, owing to the violent heat of the hiii 
 in the day, and are cliiefly guided by the liars. Som-- 
 
 {illU'S 
 
 !fi 
 
 \ 
 
 ^.|:■ii»■.•.-^s 
 
 m^. 
 
AFRICA.] 
 
 THE DESART 
 
 - ■■■*»vn. u[ 
 
 g. They have ncithir 
 
 anti barren, that, in Ion;; 
 iMtf 11 ilitficulty in rm.lin;', 
 biiilJing, tire, or an'. 
 courfc. They geinr.tllv 
 ht; violent heat of the lin 
 icd by the (tars. Sdhk- 
 {inu's 
 
 lace, I 
 
 times, indeed, they are direfted by the flight of certain 
 birds that go backwards and forwards at particular pe- 
 riods, but the former is what they principally depend 
 oil i for by jullly obferving the regular motions of the 
 Ihrs, they will as readily purfue the right track, as a 
 mariner will by tiie alTiitance of tiie compafs. 
 
 As when the ftars, in theinthcrcal race. 
 
 At length have roll'd around the liquid fpace. 
 
 At certain periods they refume their place 
 
 From the fame point of heav'n their courfe advance, 
 
 And move in meafures of their former dance. 
 
 Though their fyftem of aflronomy is replete with ab- 
 furdity, in their own way they will defcribe the number, 
 fituation, and divifion of the liars, with amazing exadl- 
 nefs, as is fully evinced by tlie benefits they receive 
 from them in travelling through thefe defarts. 
 
 In thtfe expiditions they generally go with large ca- 
 ravans. Tlieir goods and neceffaries are carried on 
 camels, and they are otherwif^- fo v;ell provided, thai 
 they llKloip. meet witii any accident on the road. 
 
 Tlie province of Zuenziga is ratiier more barren than 
 the iormer, and both men and bealls frequently penfh 
 on their journics for want of water. 
 
 The Arabs of this province are juftlv hated by the 
 Negroes, whom, when opportunity offers, they will 
 make piilbneis, and fend to Fez as flaves ; in return 
 for which, when they get any of the Arabs into their 
 hands, they iiuirder tlum with tiie grcattll cruelty. 
 
 The province of Tarp,a is not fo dry or barren as ci- 
 thei of the former, nor is it either fo fultry or unwhole- 
 fome. It has mahy good fpringri of water, and the 
 land produces fcveral forts of hcibs, and many ufetul 
 vegetables. In fome parts are found great quantities 
 of manna, which tiie inhabitants gather in calaballies, 
 and export for fale. The Negroes d!l'n)lve it in the 
 water wherein they boil their mtar, which tiiey drink, 
 and attribute to this the health they enjoy. The Arabs 
 and Moors, who are very numerous in this i-rovince, 
 carry on a great trade by catching Negroes, and fend- 
 ing them as fl ives to Morocco. 
 
 Adjoining to this province, on the fouth, is the defart 
 called Zanfara, which is tolerable fertile, producing 
 corn, rice, Turkey wheat, and Ibme cotton. The in- 
 habitants are tall and well fliaped ; btit they are quite 
 black, and their faces large, flat, and very diiagreeable. 
 This defart was fubdued by one of the kings of Tom- 
 buto, who caufed the prince of it to be poifoned, and 
 put to deatii a great number of his fubjetts. 
 
 Lcm.pta is more l\irren than any otiier pari through 
 the whole defart of Zahara. It is exceeding dangerous 
 for travellers, not only on account of the excefTivc heat, 
 and fcarcity of water, but alfo from the natural fero- 
 city of the inhabitanis. 
 
 Agades produces tolerable grafs, and In fome parts 
 are found great quantities of manna. The inha- 
 bitants feed large herds of cattle, and live chiefly in 
 the open country, in poor wretclied huts, made of reeds, 
 and covered with mats. 
 
 The country of Berdoa in general is very dry and bar- 
 ren, not producing any comniodity that merits the leaft 
 notice. The inhabitants are very illiterate and favage, 
 and live chiefly by ;!uiulerin;); merchants and tr.'.vellers. 
 The province of ISornou is mtjre fertile than all the 
 other parts of this extcnfive defart, aiid tiie inhabitants 
 are much more fociable. \Ve lliall, therefore, be 
 a little particular in noticing their methods of living, 
 manners, cuffoms, ceremonies, &c. 
 
 Thefe people live in tents or cabins, which are placed 
 together in the form of a circle, and in the center i.<!an 
 area, in which they keep their cattle. As they frequent- 
 ly remove from one place to another, they are confe- 
 quently under difagrecable apprehenlions from robbers 
 and wild beafts ; >nd in order to guard againft any fur- 
 prize from either, they always keep centinels without 
 the tents, who, if any danger appears, give an imme- 
 diate alarm, which is circnl ,cecl tliroughout the en- 
 sampment, and every perfon able to bear arms defends 
 No. 34. 
 
 37. 
 
 h;s own premiles. They have but little diffiailty in 
 removing from one place to another, for each rent is 
 fo lightly conrtrudted, and their furniture fo fmall, that 
 the whole is conveyed to a confiderable diftance on the 
 back of a camel. 
 
 They fit crofs-legged at their meals, on a mat made 
 of Morocco leather or palm leaves, and the diflies that 
 contain their food are made of copper or ivory. Thev 
 eat but two meals a day, one a little after fun-rife, and 
 tlie other a little before fun-fet ; and the women are not 
 permitted to eat with them. They wafti after their 
 ineals, and then regale themfelves by drinking cofi;l-e, 
 and finoaking tobacco. 
 
 To their temperate method of living may be.ifcribed 
 the n.'tural ftrength of their conflitution ; for they are 
 fell' .1 ill, and geiier.iUy live to a very advanced age. 
 The only difeafcs they are fubjedt to are the dylentery 
 and pleurifvj but thefe are cafily cured by fimple's 
 which tiiey r.,lminilter both internally and externally, 
 
 They circumcife their male children at the age of 14, 
 .after which they may marry as foon as they can purchali- 
 a wife. Thofc who have many daughters confider them 
 as being a capital eftate ; for when any fuitor offers him- 
 le!i, he mult make fonlidcrable prefcnts to tiie parents, 
 as on that only depends his fiiccefs. They form a judge- 
 ment of the fuitor's afTeftions by his liberality ; and 
 however well tlie parties may like each other, the pa- 
 rents will nc: deliver up the girl till they are fatisfied 
 witli the prefenrs made by the intended hufljand. If he 
 dots not approve of his wife after Ihe is delivered to 
 him by her parents, he may return her back ; but in 
 that cafe he is obliged to forfeit tiie prefents made pre- 
 vious to their coming together. 
 
 The province of Gaoga, the lad we have to mention 
 in the defart of Zahara, is reckoned to be upwards of 
 500 miles in length from north to foufh, and 300 in 
 breadth from eaft to wert, extendingitfelf from tlie iptli 
 to the 28th degree of eafl: longitude, and from the 12th 
 to the 22d degree of north latitude. It is bounded on 
 the eaft: by Nubia, on the welt by Bornou, on the north 
 by part of the fame province, and on the fouth by the 
 kingdom of Gorham, from which it is feperated by tiie 
 river Senegal. 
 
 The country is in general exceeding mountainous, 
 and the inhabitants little betfr than mere lavages. 
 Tiiey go almoft naked. Their chief fubfillance ariies 
 from their cattle, but they fometimes get confiderable 
 pofTeflaons by plundering travellers. Tiiey live in 
 fmall wretched huts, made on fo ligiit a conltrudion, 
 that they frequently take fire, and the whole village be- 
 ing formed of them is totally confumed. Tliey have 
 no fenfe of religion, nor indeed of any thing elfe that 
 belongs to rational beings. 
 
 The chief -xnd only ciry in this province is Gaoga, 
 fituated on tlie norrh fide of the lake of the fame name ; 
 but it is fo wretched a place, and the inhabitants fo 
 rude and illiterate, tJiat it does not merit the leaft at- 
 tention. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 T O M B U T O. 
 
 ' I 'HIS country, fo called fron Tombuto the capital,, 
 -*■ is fituated in 2 deg. 25 min. eaft long, and 14 
 dcg. 32 min. north lat. It is very fertile, being well 
 watered by the river Senegal, which runs through it j 
 and when that river overflows, the water is Ce-uveyed. 
 by fluices to Tombuto. Befidcs this, there are many 
 fprings, the waters of which are exceeding good. The 
 chief jjroduce is corn ami cattle, great quantities of 
 which they export to the neighbouring kingdoms, par- 
 ticularly to F"cz and Morocco. 
 
 The inhabitants in general are of a mild and chearful 
 difpofition, and Ipend great pan of their tirse in finging 
 and dancing. Among them are many artificers and 
 manufadurers, particularly weavers of cotton cloth ; 
 and fome of them are faid (o be exceeding wealthy. 
 
 5 B The 
 
374 
 
 A NF.W AND AUTHLNTIC SYSTEM ov UVIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 iii 
 
 ITie houfes of the poorer fort are made of ft.ikcs and 
 hurdles plaiftercd over with clay, and in their (hape re- 
 ft-mble tliat of a bf 11 ; but tholl- of the better fort arc 
 built with rtone, and are handlome and lofty, Tliere 
 are alfo fcveral elegant ftrudiires, particularly a (lately 
 mofquc, furrounded with a (tone wall. The kin[;'s 
 palace is alfo a fpatious buildinjz, and the architefture 
 exceeding beautitiil. It is furnilhed in the mofl elegant 
 manner, tlu- principal articles being of Iblid gold ; 
 and the king keeps his court with the greatell fplendor. 
 He hits a r.uiMcrous retinue, and is flicwn every token 
 of homage. In war iie rides on a camel, but all his 
 foldiers ride on horles. His attendants confill o'" 3000 
 horfemen, and a prodigious number of foot, who, be- 
 fides other arms, have poifoned arrows. Ihey have 
 frequent Ikirmifhes with thofe who refufe to pay tribute. 
 When aconquetl is obtained, the captives are lold 10 the 
 merchants ot' 'I'ombuto. Their horfes are chiefly 
 brought from Barbary ; for thole bred in the country 
 are fo few, and at the fame time fo fiiiall, that they are 
 only ufed on very trifling occafions. With thtil- beads, 
 however, the king is always well provided j (or when a 
 merchant comes there with horles, he orders the belt of 
 them to be picked out, and does not hefitate to pay 
 whatever price tlic merchant demands. 
 
 No Jews are admitted into the city ; and if a merchj- 
 is known to traffic with them, the king imniediatilyo 
 ders the goods to be tonfil'cated. '" 
 
 InfU-ad of coin they ufe bars of gold, fix of w],-', 
 weigii an ounce. I'hey have alfo fliells brought i'vq' 
 I'erfM, 400of whichare cftimated at tiie value of ailuca? 
 
 The I'la-bary merchants bring here great quantities (■ 
 I'.uropean cloth, as do alio the ireithants of i ripoh 
 befides fthich, the latter alio bring glafs beads, coral 
 paper, copper bafons, and other like wares. '[!,(. ,p:' 
 cks exported from iiente arc dates, icnna, oll.-idi !u 
 tilers, (laves, and gold. 
 
 'I'o the louth of Tomburo isalarge town callrdCobra 
 pkafanfly fituated on the banks of the river Senenil' 
 The buildings are much the fame as thofe at the caiiii-,! 
 and the inhabitants are no lefs mild and fociablf, liw' 
 not ([ulte fo temperate in their living. I'hey are (uhkH* 
 to many difeafes that carry olf great numbers, which 
 are (uppofd to originate from their food, that is cum 
 poled o( flefh, filli, milk, butter, oil, and wine ■ b-- 
 (ides which they addidl themfdves to fpirituous liquors 
 and fometiines drink them to great excefs. In this tow' 
 is a Judge, ap[iointed by the kingof Tomburo, todtri,'- 
 ail controverfies ; but the [jcople have the liberty of ,i-,. 
 jK-aling from his decilion to the (bvereign. 
 
 C H A P. XV. 
 
 ABYSSINIA. 
 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 A'a?>ie. Extent, liouiidnries. Climnte. Momlaitis. Rivers. 
 Lukes, Soil, rrcdiittions, ^egetrJle and Anin'.al. 
 
 ABYSSINIA has been called by different names, 
 and particularly by that of HabefTinia, from the 
 Arabic word Habafli, which fignilies a mixture, the 
 country being peopled by various nations ; but the inha- 
 bitants call it ltio[)ia, or Ethiopia. The latter, how- 
 ever, is rather an epithet than a proper name, and was 
 given by the Greeks to all countries inhabited by blacks. 
 The diverfity of names hath heretofore made great con- 
 fuflon, till at length tliat of Abyffinia prevailed, and 
 by which it has been univerfally known for ages paft. 
 
 This country in extent is 900 miles in length, and 
 800 in breadth. It is bounded on the north by the 
 kingdom of Nubia, on the fouth by Alaba, on the call 
 by the coall t)f Abix on the Red Sea, and on the we(t 
 by the river Maley. 
 
 It may reafonably be fupjwfed, from the fuuation of 
 this counti-y, that the climate in general is exceeding 
 fiiltry ; but the extreme heat is only felt in the vallies 
 or low lands ; for the hills, or ridges of mountains, 
 mo(t of which are of a prodigious height, enjoy an 
 agreeable cooini Is ; infomuch that tiiere are I'omc parts 
 where the fuiranersare lels fultry tlian in I'otiugal, and 
 others where the inhabiiaiits are more afriid of cold 
 than heat. This dilfirence of climate is, however, 
 frequently produclive of violent (tonus of thunder and 
 lightning, which arc lometimes (b terrible as to be very 
 deltiuftive both to man and beaft. I'hefe (torms arc 
 alio generally attended with excefiive rains, which are 
 frequently lb violent that their ttreaivs carry away with 
 them trees, houfes, and even hills, whilft all the rivers 
 overflow, and lay the country under wat -r ; and after 
 the water retires, the lanes and roads are lb covered with 
 a thick flimy mud, that they become for fome time en- 
 tirely impalfable. But the greatell inconvenience that 
 attends thefe rains is, that they infedt the air with a dan- 
 gerous malignancy ; for falling on a ground that hath 
 lain dry and almoft parched up for a confulernble time, 
 they naturally raife fuch vafl quantities of unwholefomc 
 vapours, as I'cldom fail producing (bme violent diftein- 
 
 pers, from whicli even thofe who keep themfeh'es alto- 
 gether at home are feldom exemjited. 
 
 The feafbns lure are, properly fpeaking, three, v:j. 
 the fpring, which begins at the latter end of Septcmbir ■, 
 the lummer, which commences on the 25tli of DtcL-m- 
 ber ; and the winter, which begins on the jjth of Junv. 
 The fummer they divide into two parts, of three months 
 each J the firft of which they call Tzadai, and is the 
 moft fultry and difagreeable ; and the other they call 
 Hagai, which is much more moderate and pleal'ant 
 
 The winds here differ as much as the climate : ibiiie, 
 efpecially on the high lands and I fry mountains, are 
 very refrefliing and pleafant ; whi... others on the low 
 lands, where the air is lefs agitated, are hot, and very 
 unhealthy. They are fubjedt to one in particular which 
 is rather a hurricane, and is called in their language; 
 Sengo, or Serpent. This is fometimes fo violent that 
 it overturns houfes, tears up trees by the roots, and is 
 frequently very prejudicial to the fhipping. Notwith- 
 ftanding thefe inconvenience^ this wind has fonie gwl 
 tendency, as it clears the air of the lower grounds, whi !i 
 would otherwife (tagnate, and prove infedious both tu 
 man and beaft. 
 
 Tiie whole country is interfered with jirodigious 
 high mountains, between which arc fuch dreadful pre- 
 cipices as muft naturally ftrike terror in the behoKkr. 
 Some of them have very large plains on the top, covem! 
 with trees and other verdure, and aflbrd fprings of" ex- 
 cellent water; and fome of them arc fo well cultivate.! 
 as to produce molt of the principal necelTaries of life. 
 Thefe mountains are exceeding numerous, and, iiij't 
 neral, fo very lofty, that we may juHly fay with the pjet, 
 
 Bihold the mountains, lefs'ning as they rife, 
 Lol'e the low vale, and (leal into the fkies. 
 
 What is very remarkable, thefe ftupendous hill., 
 which the natives call Daiiibas, appear at fome diflance 
 in a delightful variety (■♦' lliapes. Some of them relciiv 
 ble pyramids, and others towers of various Ihapes. Some 
 are of an exaift fquare ; others as pcrfedlly rouml as 
 if they had been turned or wrought with a ciiilfd. 
 Some again fb deceive the eye, that when yon arrive at 
 what you (up|Kjfed to be the top, you difcoVer it to be 
 only the foot of another, equally high and di/licult. 
 
 Tha^ 
 
 ,«K 
 
ABYSSINIA. 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 That the reader may form a proper idea of one of 
 thclc flranf^c natural produdtioiis, and the great danger 
 and difHciilty there is in afcending thi in, we Ihall prc- 
 fent an account of that called Guza, finiated in the king- 
 dom of Tigra, which travellers, who come from the 
 Red Sea, arc obliged to crofs in going to Dambea. 
 This remarkable mountain is thus defcribed by two 
 late very ingenious travellers. " W'hcu you have 
 gained the top (lay they) it prelents you a handfomc, 
 fpacious plain, in the miilll of which (lands another 
 mountain ot ccjual height, which you muftaUb go over, 
 after you have lufficientlv rcfrefhed yourl'elf on the fer- 
 tile and delightful top of the Uuza. The afcent takes 
 up about halt a day's journey, and ;:oes winding all the 
 way up. The paths arc very narrow, and cut into the 
 fide of the folul rock ; and all the w.iv you go prefcnts 
 you with a moft deep and dreailful precipice, the bot- 
 tom of which cannot be reached by the naked eye, but 
 onl\' offers a guljih, which at once makes the head 
 quite giddy, and fills the heart with a continual drc.ul. 
 Should any of the caravans that keep going up and down 
 thefc rteep and narrow roads chance to meet another in 
 its way, both nun anti bealls arc in the greatell danger 
 of being thrown down the precipice, and broken into a 
 thoufand pieces before tliey reach the bottom, unlel's 
 thev take the utmolt care in pafTing by one another. 
 The mules arc by l.ir the beft for thofe that ride,becaufe 
 they are the furell tooted : but they have an ill faculty 
 with them, that they will always go clofe to the edge ol 
 the precipice, and cannot, without great ri(k be turned 
 to the other fide of the road, or be kept to it when they 
 are there. What adds Hill more to the horror of the 
 journey, whethtir it be up or down the lleep declivity, 
 is, that at the bottom ol the valley beU)w there com- 
 int)nly runs a fwift torrent of water, with a moll hideous 
 roar, which being echoed by the adjacent rocks, and 
 often heightened by loud winds, as well ns by the con- 
 tinual trampling of the men and bealls upon the rock, 
 increafes the horrid din to fuch a degree, that one can- 
 not poflibly hear one's felf, much Ids one another 
 fpeak, though ever lb loud, or ever fo near. But the 
 wifhed-for fummit once attained (which is reckoned 
 above ;^oo fathoms por|)>'ndicular above the ])lain top 
 of Guza, and the moll dillicult part of all the wa\ .being 
 only provided bv natui '.■ with a fort of lleps like w inding 
 flairs, two or three cubits high, and uncouth, on both 
 fides of the rock) the trivcller is made am|)lc amends 
 by the beautiful profpeft it prefentsto the view, which 
 is not that of rugged and interfrCtcd peaks above, and 
 deep gaping vallies beneath, as might be expected, 
 but ot a fmall delightful plain, about two miles in com- 
 pafs, and a mulket-fliot in breadth, and terminated at 
 one end by a new, flat, and upright rock, like the back 
 of a chair, of which this little plain is the feat : fo that 
 take the whole mountain together, that of Guza fccms 
 to be a kintl of pedellal to this ; and the latter, which 
 the natives call l.amalmon, repvefents, in fome mea- 
 fure, a chair without a'-ms, the back of which is the up- 
 right rock at the end of the plain, which is as perpendi- 
 cular as if it had been hewn out with a chiU'el. Along 
 what we may call the feat of this wontlerful and fuper- 
 eminent chair, is pleafantly fituated a town of the fame 
 name, whole inhabitants make a decent livelihood by 
 helping the caravans to load and unload the beads of 
 burthen, during a gre-.n part of the way of the craggy 
 afcent before-mentioned, in order to help them to leap 
 from one Hep to another ; fo that one would be fur- 
 prifcd to fee with what facility they make the bealls 
 climb and keep their feet, while they thcmfelvcs con- 
 vey their burthens from one ftair to another through 
 every difficult part of this extcnfive alcent." 
 
 There are other mountains in this country that rc- 
 feinble the above, particularly one iituatcd between the 
 kingdoms of Amhara and Oleea. Bui the moll confi- 
 derable amongll them all is that called by the natives 
 Thabat Marlam, or more properly Tadhaba Mar-jam, 
 whofe fummit greatly exceeds all the reft, and is at the 
 fame time very fpacious. This remarkable mountain, 
 
 375 
 
 whofe bottom is watered by two large tivers defcending 
 from it, has feven handfomc churches on its fummit, 
 one of which, dedicated to St. John, is very beautiful, 
 having been formerly the burial place of the AbvfTinian 
 emperors. Withinfide are at this time five monuments 
 ercded to the incmory of thefe monarchs : they are 
 covered with tapeftry, on which are reprefented the 
 arms of Portugal. 
 
 There is a reinarkable hollow and high .jck fituated 
 in the kingdom of Gojani, dircdlly oppoiite to which, at 
 a fmall dillance, is another much of the fame height 
 and bulk, fo exadly placeil by nature, that it echoes 
 back a word barely whifpered in the former with amaz- 
 ing force ; and the joint voices of three or four perfons 
 f|)eaking together produce a found not inferior to that 
 arifing trom the Ihouts of a numerous army. 
 
 Echo in other words her filcncc breaks, 
 Spcechlefs herfelf, but when another fpeaks. 
 She can't begin, but waits for the rebound, 
 'I o catch his voice, and to return the found. 
 Mencc 'tis (lie prattles in a fainter tone. 
 With mimic founds, and fpeeches not her own. 
 
 This country is well watered, having a great number 
 of excellent rivers. I iic moft confidcrable of thefe, 
 excluiivcof the Nile, which takes its rife here, are the 
 Tacazee, the Marlb or Moraba, the Maley, the 
 Howafh, the Zebte, and the Bahr-el-Abiad, or White 
 River. 
 
 There arc alfo great numbers of fmaller livers, the 
 chief of which fall at length into the Nile, and thi.- reft: 
 into the Indian Sea. From thefe rivers the people cut 
 canals to water their lands, which in lome parts arc made 
 fo rich and fertile, that they yield two or three crops in 
 one year. 
 
 Here are alfo feveral large lakes, the molt confidcra- 
 ble of which is that called by the Europeans, Dainbca, 
 and by the natives Bahr Tzana, or Sea of Tzana, from 
 the chief illand in it of that name. 
 
 T;ie natives fail on this lake in flat-bottomed boats, 
 which they call tancoas. They are not made of wood, 
 but a kind of ruflics that grow on its banks, each of 
 which is about the thicknelsof a man's arm, and about 
 two yards in length. Thefe ruflics they call Tambua, 
 the like of which grow alfo on the banks of the Nile, 
 and are ufcd for the fame purpofes. Thefe laft arc thofe 
 which the ancients called Papyrus, and were ferviceab' . 
 to them not only in making their paper, but alfo in 
 their boats, fails, and other tackle. 
 
 The only inconvenience belonging to this lake is, that 
 it breeds great numbers of fea-horles, which not only 
 indanger the navigation, but deftroy the fifli, and fome- 
 times make confideiablc ravages on the land. How- 
 ever, the people that live on its banks make it their 
 bufincfs to dellroy thefe animals, not only to fecure 
 their corn andothcrgrain from beingdeftroyed by them, 
 but alfo for the fake of their ftefli, of which they are 
 very fond. They alio cut their fltins into long llraps, 
 called allengas, which they ufe inftcad of whips to 
 fcourge their horfes. 
 
 The foil of this country is variou.., according as the 
 ground is higher or lovver, ftoney, fandy, or Hat. In 
 general, however, it is tolerably good, and thole parts 
 in particular that are well watered produce large crops 
 of wheat, barley millet, and other grain. But the 
 moft remarkable grain here, and what is in fome mca- 
 fure natural to tin- country, is a fmall one called teft", 
 which in tafte and llour greatly rcl'embles rye. It is very 
 thin and flender, and the grain much fmaller than thofe 
 of the muftard. The natives make it into bread, and 
 prefer it to that made with any other grain, for which 
 reafon they arc more careful in the cultivation of it. 
 
 ■] his country produces great variety of fruits, but: 
 thofe moft cultivated aie the black grape, jjcaches. 
 lK}megr:*nates, almonds, citrons, and oranges. They have 
 alio great plenty of roots and herbs, which, notwith- 
 ftanding the heat of the country, grow naturally. Sugar- 
 canes are likewifc very plentiful, and they have proJi- 
 
 giouj 
 
 ?ri;'{ 
 
 . r;' 
 
 -^*---- 
 
376 
 
 A NEW AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 h '^ 'f 
 
 pious qiLiniitifs of" honej, which is licre very exctlUnt, 
 and of many ililTerent forts. 
 
 Not only m.my of the medicinal plants of Europe 
 grow naturjlly here, but there are fomc peculiar to tne 
 country. Of the moft valuable are the amadmagila 
 and the afTafi-. The former of thefc hath the fpecific j 
 virtue of healing diflocated or broken litiibs, and of | 
 Hrawinf; out fplinters of broken bones left in the Ik-lh. i 
 The Litter is a moft fingular antidote not only againlf 
 all poifonb, but likewife ail venomous creatures, info- j 
 much that th-j very touching ihnn with it lUipifies and 
 deprives them of all their iK)wers i and wh.it is ftill I 
 more lurprifing, it is faid the very fhadow or fcent of i 
 it ih artids the moft poifonous ierpents, that their | 
 limbs aie immali.ittly benumbed, their venom is no j 
 longer poifonous, and they nuv be handled witliout 
 the leaft dangtr. This extraordinary pknt is of inti 
 iiite fervice in thefe parts, as there are prixligious , 
 numbers of ferpents, one fort of nhich is fo finguLiriy 
 prejudicial, that even its breath only, at feveral yards j 
 dirtance, gener.dly proves dellrudive j they are fhnrt, ' 
 but remarkably tliick, efpecially about the middle ; 
 their mouths are very wide, at which they fuck in a 
 great quantity of air at once, and then breathe it out 
 with fuch (irodigioiis force .igainft man or bealt wlio fall 
 in their way, that it generally proves fatal. 
 
 Tiie animals of this country are both various and nu- 
 merous, Thofe of the tame kind are horfes, mules, 
 camels, druniedaries, oxen, cows, fheep and goats. 
 The oxen in particular are of fo prodigious a fize, that 
 at a diftance they have been t.iki'n (bi elephants : and 
 their horns are I'o large, that the inhabitants make tiK n 
 into pitciiers, and otlier nixefTiry uci-niils. 
 
 1 lie horfes hi re are ot vaiious colours, but the black 
 are moil tih-eii-.cd : they arc in generally fleet and do- 
 cile, but feldoni ufed except in times of v/ar. The 
 hearts of carriage are tiuIcs, camels, and dromedaries, 
 all which they train > to an eafy yet quick pace. 
 They ufe the mules v.,ien they travel over the craggy 
 mountains, thot'e beafts being not only very gentle, 
 but allij fure footed : and tiic camels and dromedaries 
 when they travel through hot and fandy deferts. 
 
 The natives prefer riding on mules to horfes, not 
 only on account of that bealt being more gentle and 
 fure-tooted, but alio out of rct'pcft to their own pe- 
 digree ; for as they boall tiicni.elvis to be defcended 
 from the Jews, whole princes and great ones are re- 
 cordetl to have ciiicrty ridden upon mules, they cfteem 
 it an honour to do the fame here, and to have the 
 horfes led by the bridle, till fome martial engagement 
 obliges tiicm to mount. 
 
 The wild animals of this country are lions, tygers, 
 leopards, wolves, foxes, various kinds ot apes, and 
 other bcall of prey ; all which are very numerous, 
 tierce, and mifchievous, but they have not any thing 
 particular in them from thofe of other hot countries. 
 
 Lions here are numerous, and of leveral forts and 
 fizes, but the moft remarkable are thofe ftiled of the 
 kingly or royal breed. As thefe do conlldLrable mil- 
 thief among the larger cattle, the inhabitants are very 
 airiduous in endeavouring to ddlroy them, and will 
 even encounter them with no oilu'r weapons than their 
 lances and ilaggt rs. They are in general fo large, that 
 fbme of them killed have meafured 14 feet in length 
 from the neck to the tail. One of this prodigious fize 
 was fbme years ago dellroyed by a fhepherd in the op;n 
 field with a d.irt, the ciicumftances attending which 
 are thus related. This fierce creature was coming 
 down from the mountains all covereil with the blooil 
 of animals it had torn in pieces, when the fliepherd 
 feeing him at a great diftance making towards him, re- 
 treated to a large hole that had been made in tlie 
 ground, an'.i upon his approaching within reach of Iiis 
 weapon, he threw it at him with fuch force, that it 
 pierced him through the (houlder : the monfter, after 
 many dreadful roars and leaps, fell luckily into the pit, 
 where he was difpatched by the vidlorious countryman, 
 tliough not without receiving many wounds, as well as 
 being in the moft imminent danger of his life. 
 
 Among the wild animals here may be remarked the 
 elephants, as none of them were ever known to be 
 brought tc that docility common to thofe in other coun- 
 tries. They generally go in large droves, and fre- 
 qucntly make havock among the corn and other grain. 
 They alfu make great dtftru(flion among the forrfts 
 by rooting up large trees, and breaking down linjj 
 ones to feed on their 1-aves. 
 
 Here are numbers of rhinocerofTes, which are "rcat 
 enemies to the elephants : the zebra, or wiKl afs is 
 likewife a native of this emiiirc. It is faid that 2OC0 
 fequins was given for one of^ tlui'e animals by an In. 
 dian Moor, in order to make a prcfent to the Grat 
 Mogul. 
 
 Poultry abound he''", particularly gecfe, ducks 
 turkies and hens: they h.ive alii) abundance of wijj 
 fowl and game, with a Vi.riety of uncommon birds pe- 
 culiar to this country. Among thcle we ftiall lllect the 
 following. 
 
 The I'ipi, fo called from the found of its voice p;. 
 fembling thofe two fyllables. This bird hath a remark- 
 able inilindV in direfting huntlnien to their game, ani 
 will not leave them till they have arrived at the fput 
 where it lies. It is a fmall bird, but very beautiful, us 
 feathers biiiig variegated with various colours. 
 
 The Ahagun, or Stately Abbot, is remarkable for 
 its beauty, as alio a kind of horn that grows on it, 
 head iiillead of a crcft : this horn is fhort and round, 
 and is divided at the upper end in fbapeof a mitre. 
 
 The Seitan, Eavez, or Devil's Horfe, refemblfs a 
 man armed with feathers, and commonly walks with a 
 niaj -ftic gravity, or runs with lurprifing Iwittncfs ; but 
 when too dolely purfued it expands its wings and llii-i 
 away. It is about as high as a ftork, but its Ihapc u 
 much more genteel and beautiful. 
 
 The Cardinal is a very handfome bird, all its ft-.i. 
 thers bfiiig of a be.autiful crimlbn, except thofe on m 
 breaft, which appear of the colour, and have the Iniooth 
 glofs of the finefl: black velvet. 
 
 Here are prodigicnis numbers of infedts and othi-r 
 vermin. Kut the moft definitive are the loculb, 
 which fbmetimes fly in fuch fwarms that they dellroy 
 all before them, and leave whole kingdoms and pro- 
 vinces ilelblate. 
 
 In the mountainous parts of this country there are 
 feveral mines of fait j as alfo others that produce gold, 
 filver, lead 3 id iron. The natives, however, do not 
 work either the gold or filver mine, on account of the 
 fear they are in of tempting their neighbours to feize 
 on them, fliould they be once apprifed of their h iving 
 fuch valuable pofreftions: fb that though this country 
 might ])roduce plenty of thefe metals, yet they pru- 
 dently chufe to have fo tempting a treafiire conccaleJ 
 from ftrangers, and content themfelves chiefly with 
 what is brought to ihem from Caflreria, Nigritia, ami 
 other parts, rather than to hazard enflaving tlicir 
 country, by acknowledging they have any of their 
 own. What little they otherwife get is brought by the 
 torrents from the mountains, which is often found in 
 grains as large as peas, and of a very fine and pure 
 nature, 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Perfons, Drefs, Habitations, Diet, Manners, Cujlm:-, 
 Marriage, and Funeral Ceremonies, Commerce, Rc.i 
 gion, (s'e. of the Inhabitants of Abyffinia, 
 
 THE inhabitants of this country may be clafTed in 
 the following ortler : 
 
 1. Chriftians of the Abyflanian church, and thole 
 whom the Roman miflionaries brought over to their 
 toirmiinion. 
 
 2. Jews fettled here from time immemorial. 
 
 3. Mahometans difperfed throughout the empire, 
 and forming one third of the inhabitants. 
 
 4. Gentiles, inhabiting fevefal parts, and chiefly de- 
 fcendants of the Gallas. 
 
 In 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 In general t!»e Ab; 
 
 lively tr.-»ftable dilpol 
 but ihe principal par 
 plenion : they are v 
 proportioned : their 
 bl.id;, iheir ni'fcs rat 
 wliire and uiiilorm. 
 
 i'luy are li.ber, tc 
 tli.in t!'.e ihh.ibitants 1 
 \vitli e.ieh other j but 
 [hey firft proceed to 
 .illaved, either by th( 
 cooler reafon, they ii 
 tion, or lay die whol 
 ruler of tiie place, ai 
 ill the wrong faithtuli 
 ruler, wiihuut urudg 
 
 The common po; 
 hangs loofi- ft' mi ''-el 
 ti-.ey have a p.iir (u i 
 ancles. The bttur 
 of lllk or cojcon, an- 
 girdle. The hidi. s 
 and ornament their 
 are decorated with cl 
 pent!., and in their 1 
 Both I'exes t.ikv' parti 
 is the only ornament 
 the emperors bein;^ [ 
 other covering, 
 
 Exciulive of a few 
 there are few public 
 inhabitants moftly \\\ 
 ing lioin one place t 
 nience. The houfes 
 camps arc wretched 
 and clay, and coven 
 equally mean with t 
 large r iblc to fit rou 
 uterif Is. The more 
 vci' themfelves witi 
 
 fiocrer fort lie on m, 
 L-lv(S up in the fkin 
 
 They are not on 
 far from being nic^ 
 none can be WvU i 
 even among tlie b 
 piece of flelli, u!i 
 the moft p.irt qui; 
 cakes of bread, g 
 wheat, peafe, mill 
 according to their 
 them not only inib 
 inftead of a napk 
 tliey ever ufe at th 
 or chicken to mak 
 earthen porringers 
 bias, whicii are lik 
 of the greatell qu 
 tables, and the ol 
 tliein. The fauces 
 ilifagrecable than 
 turned into oil, wi 
 the fmell and talb 
 flranger could not 
 or a Portiiguefe. 
 
 The higncfl da 
 in reeking warm fr 
 pany to eat with t 
 at once, with pit 
 ferves infteatl of^ o 
 dient called malta, 
 out of the paunch 
 fome time on the 
 before they bring 
 fuch a large piece 
 them a moft delic 
 only be purchaled 
 
lY. 
 
 may be remarked the 
 ■re ever known to be 
 o thole in other coun- 
 rge droves, and fre. 
 corn anil other grain, 
 »n among tiie fortAsi 
 breaking down liiuli 
 
 nfles, which are "rcat 
 
 zebra, or wild nfs, is 
 
 It is laid that 2000 
 
 k- animals by an In- 
 
 prcfenc to the Grc« 
 
 •iilarly gcefe, ducks, 
 i'o abundance of wild 
 uncommon birds w- 
 hele we fliall fdecl the 
 
 found of its voice n: 
 
 lis bird hath a renurk- 
 
 n to their j^anic, aiij 
 
 ■e arrived at the Ipot 
 
 but very beautiful, itj 
 
 rious colours. 
 
 bot, is remarkable for 
 
 orn that grows on it, 
 
 )rn is fhort and rounJ, 
 
 in fhape of a mitre. 
 
 I's Morle, refembirs a 
 
 jmmonly walks with a 
 
 irprifing Iwiftncfs ; but 
 
 ands iu wings and llici 
 
 I flurk, but ics ihapc li 
 
 Jfome bird, all its fe,i- 
 on, except thofc on its 
 ur, and have the I'niooth 
 
 rs of infedls and other 
 dive are the locufls, 
 warms that they dcllroy 
 lie kingdoms and pru- 
 
 this country there are 
 hers that produce gold, 
 itives, however, do not 
 line, on account of the 
 eir neighbours to Icizc 
 pprifed of their h ivinj; 
 lat though this country 
 ' metals, yet they prii- 
 ig a treafure concealed 
 hemfelvcs chiefly with 
 ^afTreria, Nigritia, and 
 lazard enflaving thiir 
 ey have any of their 
 e get is brought by the 
 which is often found in 
 )f a very fine and pure 
 
 J II. 
 
 );>/, Manners, Cuflev.i, 
 >ionks. Commerce, Rd: 
 ■f AbyJJinia. 
 
 jntry may be clalfed in 
 
 an church, and thole 
 brought over to their 
 
 e immemorial. 
 
 roughout the cm'pire, 
 
 tabitants. 
 
 il parts, and chiefly dc- 
 
 In 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 A B Y S 
 
 S Y N I A. 
 
 zn 
 
 In general tlie Abyfliniann are well nip.de, and o( a 
 lively trai'tablc difpoliiion : Ionic of tiitiii are bi.K U, 
 but the principal part are oi" a brown, or olive cum 
 ple;tion : tiny are very tall, an.f tiieii- Matures w-11 
 proportioned : their eyes aru large, and of a fparklin;^ 
 hljLl., llieir noils rather hi.jii than flat, and their teeth 
 v,i;ir.''and unilorm. 
 
 "I'luv a;e tl;ber, tcm]xr.ite, and lef. .iddi;T-ed to vices 
 th.in li'.e ihhabitaiits of i'.urope. They leidoiu cju.irrel 
 \vith e.ieli other J but wlieii fiiijt circiiinflancej happen, 
 they firll proaed to blows, and as loin as t..c heat is 
 allayed, either by thdll- ir.ea.",:, or tiie intervention of 
 cooler reafon, they iiiiiiieiHately fubmit to an arbiira- 
 tion, or lay the whole caufe of t!ieir quarrel before the 
 ruler of tiie phce, and he wiio is declared to have bei n 
 ill the wKing faithtuliy llinds by the juilginent of the 
 ruler, Wuhout i(rud-e, lu'-irintir or app'-al. 
 
 The coiunion people drefs in a kinel of fearf, which 
 hangs loofc fnun tlie Ihoiiki'.s to t!ie waifl:, (iom vlieiice 
 they h.ive a p.iir ol" cuaon dra.vus tli ir reach t(j the 
 ancles. The Letter firt wear a long veil made i ither 
 of lilk or cotton, and tied jbt)uc the waill with a rich 
 girdle, The ladies drel's in the bell liiks and broc.idrs, 
 and ornament their heads various ways : their n:.-tks 
 are decorated with chains, j-wels, and other embciiilh- 
 p ent^, and in their cus thev wear the liclieii per.d.ui:.-,. 
 Both i'exes t.ike partieiii.ir pain.i wiih their hair, whicii 
 isth<- only orn.:ment lii.y iiave to their heads, none bjc 
 the emperors bein^ permitted to wear either cap or any 
 other covering. 
 
 I'.xrlulive of a few roval palaces and antient cliurches, 
 there are few publie flriidtures or private beiildings, the 
 inhabitants moltly living in tenisor camps, and remov- 
 ing from one place to another as belt luits their conve- 
 nience. The houfes, o" rather luiis, that form their 
 camps are wretched buildings, being made on'y of lath 
 and clay, and coven d with llraw. Their furniture is 
 equally mean with thiir houTes, confilling only of a 
 large r.ihle to fit rouml a' heir meals, and .1 f-w trilling 
 utesifls. The more weahiiy lie upon couches, and co- 
 vci' thcmfelves with their upper garments, but the 
 poorer fort lie on mats on the ground, and wrap them- 
 ielvis up in the flcin o'' foine beafl. 
 
 They are not only very temper.ae in their eating, but 
 far from being nice in the ehoiee of their tood, (or 
 none can be well eo.irl'er, or ni<jre difgullful than tlieirs 
 even among tlie better fort. Ir gi ner.dly eoiififts ot' a 
 piece of flelli, wliieh is fometiiuts parboilei!, but for 
 the moll [lart quite rav.; ; this is ferveil up on apas, or 
 cakes of bread, giound and made by the women, ot 
 wheat, peafe, miller, tell', anel other forts of grain, 
 according to their cirrunillances, lo that this ap.'.s fervcs 
 them not only inllead of a dilli or plate, but likewife 
 inftead of a napkin or table cloth, neither of which 
 tliey ever ule at their tables. When they boil mutton 
 or chicken to make broth, tin v ferve it up in black 
 earihen porringers, covered with what they call afeam- 
 bias, whiih are like caps made of tine llraw. Thole 
 of the greateli quality have no better than thefe at their 
 tables, and the older they are the more they value 
 tlietn. 'i"he fauces they ufe to their meat are no lefs 
 dilagreenble than the fiedi itfelf, being c'lielly butter 
 turned into oil, with which are mixed fume ingredients 
 the fmell and talle of which are (ij difgulllul, that a 
 ilrangcr coulil not eat with them, not even a Spaniard 
 or a Portuguefe. 
 
 The highell dainty is a piece of raw beef brought 
 in reeking warm from the beall ; and if they invite com- 
 pany to cat with them, the whole quarter is I'erved up 
 at once, with plenty of fait and pepper. The gall 
 fervcs inftead of oil or vinegar. Some add an ingre- 
 dient called malta, which Is m;'.d'; of what they tiraw 
 out of the paunch of the- ox or cow. This they flew 
 fomc time on the fire, with pepper, lalt and lliceil onion 
 before they bring it to table, which, when covered with 
 fuch a large piece of warm raw beet, is elleemed by 
 them a molt delicious rep.ift. This difli, however, can 
 only be purchaled by the rich, on account of the pep- 
 
 per, which in this country is not only exceeding fcarce 
 but alfo veiy dear, 
 
 'J'hcir manner of eating their vicluals is ai filthy as 
 their choice : it is elleemed among them a piece of higli 
 breeding to gobble large pieces, and to make as much 
 noife as th y can in eliewing ti;.-ir meat; it being .1 
 common f.iying among them, «' That none but beggarly 
 wretch' s chevy their r. eat only on one ii.le ; and none 
 but liiieves and robbers eat without making a noife." 
 
 I'l-.ey hive, howevir, one cleanly cuilom at their 
 ir.eals, which is always to wafli their hands before they 
 fit down, b •eanle- tin y take up their viduaL witii their 
 fingen, i and thole of liigh rank are Hill niore nice in 
 this piticular, having their meat cut into pieces, and 
 conveyed to their mouths by their moll lavouritc at- 
 tendantii. 
 
 Thy never drink till they have finifhed their meals, 
 
 w!icn they give a loofe to dilTipation, and fometimes, 
 
 efpecially at feafts, ilrink to the greatell excels. Their 
 
 general liquor is mead, the manner of making which 
 
 is thus : tiiey take five or (i'A. qu uts of water, and one 
 
 of honey ; thefe they uiix together in ajar, and throw 
 
 into it a handful of parciied barley meal, to make it 
 
 ferment : after this they put into it fome chips of a 
 
 ' wood c. d fardo, which in two or three days takes off 
 
 ! tiie elo)ing talle of the honey, and makes itvery whole- 
 
 I (^-.nvi and palat.-.ble. They have alio a kind of beer 
 
 I made of barley meal, with which, inllead of hops, they 
 
 i mix lt)me intoxicating drugs 
 
 Polygamy is allowcel by the laws, but the c.inons 
 of the eluHch forbid i:; fo that thofe who indulge 
 ; thenXelves in it are only punilii-d by excommuniea- 
 ! tion. All their marriages muic he celebrateil before a 
 pri' II, his bencdiftion being eflcemed eflentially ne- 
 1 celVary, The previous ceremonies are very trifling, the 
 L parries only engiging to crhabit and join tlieir ilocks 
 toirether, as long as tiiey like eacii other ; but, if any 
 dlrterences a'terwards ariie, they fhall be- at liberty to 
 part. This, added to the conle-nL of the parents, and 
 \ the interchange of a few prefents, concludes the con- 
 : trail, and the parties proceed ro the door of the church, 
 i where they arc met by the [jriefl, who performs the ce- 
 remony, and heftows on them his bleffing. 
 
 The paramour of an adiiltrefs, if convided, is oidy 
 I punilhed by fine ; and if he is unable to pay it, he be- 
 I comes a llave to the luifbantl till he can either obtain 
 1 the money, or has compenfattd for it by lervitude. 
 ! pew ceremonies are obfervcd in the interment of 
 I their dead. As loon as the ]ierlbn has expired, he is, 
 immediately waflied, fprinkled with holy water, then 
 wrapped up in a Iheet, and laid on a bier. This done, 
 the relations order a grave to be made, into v/hlch the 
 body is hallily thrown, when the pried reads the fervicc 
 and the grave is immctliately filled up. The relations 
 I bewail their lofs by the mofl hideous lamentations, lay- 
 ' ing themfelves fiat on the ground, and beating thcm- 
 felves with great violence againll it. The funerals of 
 the emperors and grandees are perf'-nned with great 
 pomp and magnificence; accompaniee' with all the in- 
 fignia of their dignity, and with the moft Iblemn and 
 doleful mufic, which is in a manner drowned by the 
 ■ loud cries and lamentations of the retinue. But they ufe 
 : neither torches or any other lights, either in rheproccf- 
 i fion, or in the church. 
 
 I There are bur few artifts among them, as well as fevy 
 I trades, which are generally conveyed from father to 
 Ion. 
 
 Ilefides filks, brocades, &.'c. the Turks bring the 
 Abyfiinians feveral forts of fpices, and amongll them 
 pepper. The lall article is the mod coveted by them ; 
 for which reafon the Turks take the advantage, by fix- 
 ing fo high a price on it, that it can only be purchaled 
 by them that are very rich. In exchange for thefe arti- 
 cles the Turks receive Ikins, furs, leather, honey, wax, 
 and ivory. 
 
 The Jews that Hill n-main here fpeak a kind of He- 
 jjrew, but corrupt. The Moors ule their own, which 
 is Arabic, but (liort of the purity of their ancient tongue. 
 
 
 5 C 
 
 Every 
 
A NI W, ROYAL, ano AUTHI'.NIIC SYSTTNl ok UNI VERSA!. GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 l** >^ f'l 
 
 }'■ !• 
 
 K - )j 
 
 378 
 
 I'.vcry province-, and aliroft liiftrift, has its own i!ia- 
 K-d. Hut which is nli-il at cmiit, atui anioii;^ tht- po- 
 lite, is the laine as f'pokin in tin- kingiiom 0!' Airhira, 
 and more or Id's corruptly in other provinct-s. '1 hit, 
 howcvtr, Ijiokrn in the kingdom of I'igra, coiiu's 
 ncarrllto tin.- old b'.thiopic. Tliis latl alinolt retains its 
 prillint- dignity, and is Hill in iile, not only in all thtir 
 nli,i,ious and ifarned hooks, in the cinptror's lettus 
 patent, and ail tlicir records, but in their liturgies and 
 religious worlhip. 
 
 Moft of their churches appear to have been form- riy 
 large and ele,^ant llruftiires, but thi-y are now Co de- 
 caved, that it is inipolTible to form a proper idea of ihcir 
 original nugniticeiice. The molt dillinguiflicd, and 
 which claim" the attention of all the curi-.nis, are the fol- 
 lowing ones, viz. St. hinanuel, St. Saviour, St. M.uy, 
 the Holy Crofs, St. Ocorge, Golgotha, Bethlehem, 
 the M.irryrs, Marcoreos, and Lilitiela. Howevir in- 
 credible It may appear, yet certain it is, th.it thefe ten 
 churches were all rut out of a folid rock, by dint of the 
 hammer and chiffcl. The laft of them bears the name 
 of their founder, who, being defirotis of having them 
 executed, fent for a number of workmen from F.gypr, 
 and fo expcditioully was the undertakii ;; carried on, 
 that it is laid the whole were compleated in twenty-four 
 years. A (hort time, confidering the number of them, 
 and the Uately manner in which they arc conftriifted, 
 being proportionable in all their parts, as gates, win- 
 dows, pillars, arches, chancels, &c. 
 
 Befides the churches, there are many monafteries in 
 AbylTinia, moft of which contain two chapels, one for 
 the men, and the other for the women ; but how they- 
 came to be introduced, and of what order the tirft 
 founders of them were, is not known. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Dignity and Power ef the Empercr. 
 
 ABYSSINIA has ever been fubjeft to dcf|K)tifm 
 under emperors whofe will knew no controul. 
 Their imperious monarch prides hiinlelf on a fuppolition 
 preferved bv his anceUors, of being defcentied, by 
 lineal fucceirion, from MerriUbeck, or D.ivid, the fon 
 of the great Solomon, king of Ifrael, by the queen of 
 Sheba. In confequence ot this he alTumes feveral v.iin 
 and pompous tides, fuchas thi Offspring of Juiiah, the 
 Son of David, of Solomon, of the IMlar of Sion, the 
 Seed of Jacob, of the line of Mary, of Nahu after the 
 flelh J of St. Peter and St. Paul alter the fpirit, &c. 
 He likewife bears in his arms the lion of the tribe of Ju- 
 dah holding a crofs, with this infcription in Ethiopic, 
 The lion of tkc tribe cfjudab is conqueror. 
 
 None of his fubjeds dare to approach him without the 
 dcepeft marks ot fubmifl'ion, and fuch as arc little infe- 
 rior to thofe fliewn to Indian monarchs. They alfo pay 
 adoration to him even in his abllnce, for they never 
 hear his name mentioned without bowing their bodies 
 very low, and touching the ground with their hands. 
 
 Like his fubjeifls, the emperor lives altogether in 
 tents, and removes from place to place. He is always 
 followed by a numerous retinue, and his camp takes up 
 a great track of ground, as his court is very numerous, 
 and attended by a confiderablc guard. 
 
 The emperor, wliether in tiiv.e of [jcacc or war, is 
 always attended by his az.iquei and chief minifters. Me 
 wears a kind of cap or hat, made after the Indian man- 
 uei', on the top of which is a crown formed of gold and 
 filvir, atid eiiibelliflied with pearls. In times of war 
 great order is obferved in marching: the army is order- 
 ed to keep dole, the van-guard and rear drawing up 
 clofe to the main boily ; the wings fpread themlclves 
 out ; and the emperor keeps in tlie center with his 
 guards, great officers, ladies, &c. Ac other times lit- 
 tle order is obferved, excepting that there is always a 
 number of warlike it)fl:rument% and a proper guard 
 marching before and after the cmpeior. 
 
 The fucccdlon to the crown of .\by(rinia is lirrei': 
 
 prwnogcnuur,, (^ 
 
 but it IS not ablolutely tied to thi 
 the emjirior, if he ple.ifes, may fet'afide his eldVilfon 
 or any other, and leave it to fuch one as Ir- tliin' ' 
 i:!olt defirving of it. "* 
 
 This privilege, or rather pn rogative, gave riH; („ , 
 cullom that long prevailed in tliis country, of ronfm,,, 
 the primes of the blood to tlie fortrefs or rock cjll' 1 
 .Ainlia tnuxeii, where they were totallv rrelufi/ m>. 
 the ItriCtcll guard, nor |Hrmitted to receive Itttcr ir 
 meflage without the previous examin.ition ot thr julur 
 who kept them under tlu- moll rigid difciplmi-. -x',^ 
 rellriin ambitious ideas, they compelled thcin to J' ■ 
 in till- garb of the lowert order of the people. 
 
 The following narrative wdl elucidaic this nuttir 
 One of thele rigid jailors, obferving that a nrtjin 
 youii;> prince had violated the injunilion conctrmn- 
 ilrt Is, by appearing in attire rather gay, tore it olF i,,^ 
 back, with the feverell menaces if he (houKl transgrdi 
 .again. On tiie acc.Hion of this prince to the iniiicriol 
 throne, he fuit for the guard, who, under the Jap;.ft 
 apprelunfiuns, prollrated himfelf, and entreated knic. 
 Contrary to expertation, the piince applauded him fur 
 performing his lUity to his f ither, ami, in tellimonv of 
 his approbation, and reliance on ids allegiance and ifx. 
 lity to him, ilifmilTed him with a fiimptuous prtint. 
 Such behaviour naturally ftimulated future jailors to ii.c 
 punrtual difcharge of their truft. 
 
 This culloin took its rife from the following circum- 
 llance. A certain emperor having bequeathed his do- 
 minions among nine forj, who were to reign each yiat 
 alternately, according to feniority, the youngift bcin" 
 of an ambitious temper, and avcri'e to the mortitication 
 of waiting for his turn for fwaying the imperial fccptn- 
 lb long, toimed a defign of abolilhing the annual reigns, 
 and engrolliiig the dignity to himfelf. By coir.ir.unica- 
 ting the projeft to a friend, he wholly defeated it -, for 
 the confident having difcloftd the fecrct to the reignini' 
 brother, he adopted that very plan, configning nut only 
 the piojcdtor, but his brothers in general, to the c.ire 
 of a guard and jailor. This gave rife to that unnatural 
 culloin which was afterwards abiogatcd from the follow- 
 ing c.iufe. 
 
 A counfellor of one of the emperors, who had coinc 
 out of confinement, being prellnt when his fon \^a> 
 Itaading by Iiis fide, took ocalion to obferve that the 
 prince was much advanced in ftature. The piiiict, 
 about nine yeari old, fixing his eyes upon his father, 
 faid, in a pathetic tone, •• What ! am I then groun up 
 for Amba-Geuxan ?" The father, Ibuck with tins keen 
 interrogative from a boy lb young, dctei mined to abo- 
 lill) that inhuman culioin, and not only fworc himfelf, 
 but obliged his officers of Ibte to do the fame, that no 
 fon of his, nor any other emperor, fhould thenceforth 
 be ever confined to tliac place, which oath has been 
 moll faithfully obferveel tiom that time to the prefent. 
 
 Tlie Abyffinian monarchs indulge themfelvcs in hav- 
 ing a pluiality of wives, the generality of whom arc the 
 daughters of the moll dilVinguifhed families in the em- 
 pire. The ceremonies previous to the nuptials, as alfo 
 the celebration of them, :u-e as follow. As Ibcn as the 
 emperor ha» intimated his defirc of having the daughiu 
 of fuch a one in marriage, rtie is immediately removed 
 from her parents to an apartment in the houfe of one oi 
 his molt diftinguifhed courtiers, where Ihe continues 
 fome time, the emperor vifiting her occafionally, tn 
 form a judgement of her mental as well as her ^KrfonaJ 
 accomplifhments. If he is facisfied in thcfe particulars, 
 a day is apjiointed for the celebration of the marri.igc, 
 when he takes her with him to church, from whence, 
 after alTifting in the divine fervice, he Icids her to the 
 imperial pavilion, where the marriage ceremony is per 
 formed by the abuna or chief prieft, in the prefence of 
 the whole court. The emperor, as at other limes, 
 dines by himfelf in his own apartment; "id flie in hers; 
 but the gutfls are fumptuoufly entcrtainto at tables pro- 
 vided for them in tents, and the rcmailider of tlie day is 
 fpent in feftivity and mirth. 
 
 The 
 
 The bri<le do. 
 
 foiiK- tirJie after 
 the eii'piror : n< 1 
 in the royal pav; 
 hand, from wliei. 
 times as he think 
 the day fhe is 1 
 appears in his t< 
 throne, on whiel, 
 by one Ihp. T 
 parel, ;is are alio 
 who allilt at the 
 his ('if;nilied chaj 
 ing oil a chair, 
 /itagi'/ma fiiingm 
 oiirjlavc to reign 
 queen. 'I'hit is 
 acclamations of i 
 hiT dignified tit! 
 retains during 
 prifles never reci 1 
 it hapjH-ns that ti 
 that cafe it falls 
 that honour, but 
 dignity. 
 
 A celebiated ■ 
 fiaie may foiuul 1: 
 amoiigll theni, tl 
 and biethren have 
 railes any of theiii 
 rov, wiiich is th< 
 always runs, VVi 
 governor, 6cc. v , 
 or kinfinan : and 
 they are all fueii ti 
 and their lands. 
 
 The lame writei 
 as they think the t 
 fo accounted by tl 
 one of whom havi 
 emperor, and, as 
 who calls tliem all 
 a Have to tliat cf 
 ney to ilie !'.>rald 
 promotion, to \ka\ 
 only bv his name 
 dared to do." 
 
 Th'. <n j ' ror ei 
 pages tl'.at .ittend 
 and convey linm 
 1<-If of u«) m.uch in 
 in-T himf If: even 
 and when he gives 
 is cone>.aled behiii 
 but cur.noc fee bin 
 The genualiflii 
 has und r him twc 
 tinoche (lovui, th 
 kind of high rtew. 
 all the viceroys, ^ 
 but alfo over the . 
 judges of theemp 
 that is, lord of th 
 under lUward to 
 nionly compofed c 
 The viceroys a 
 provinces are uni 
 H'lilirarv commane 
 All thcfe hold dici 
 caiifes, whether 
 brought and deciii 
 They have thi 
 crimes, ^lie firll 
 they do by diggi 
 upright, and then 
 after which they ( 
 and over the whol 
 by beating the cri 
 
 ■ * n M 
 
 It!'' ■ 
 
»c*^ 
 
 FOGRAPIIV. 
 
 'rAbyiriniaijhcrn'iurT 
 th.- primogeniture, (iJ 
 
 hich ouc a, he thin^; 
 
 rogativc, gave rifo t„ , 
 >i. country, otcontiiM, 
 furtrcls or rock call I 
 re toLillv raliii'L- t,n . ! 
 :til to receive Kttcr "i', 
 <ainin.itioi)ot tlirj;.|i,,f 
 It rigid clifciplint., -i-i 
 ompclli-il tliim to i!:i;, 
 of" the p"oi'it-. 
 I tlutidalc this nutter 
 bltrving tlut a certain 
 • injutidion concirnin- 
 thcr gay, tore it off ,,,5 
 s It he Ihould traiisgriu 
 IS prince to the inipcnj 
 who, iir.iler the dapift 
 It", and entreated linif,. 
 ince applauded hi.n lur 
 •r, and, in tellinwnv of 
 1 his allegiance and ;iii-. 
 1 a liimptuous prelrnt. 
 Utcd futurejailorstoi i 
 
 Ill the following circum- 
 'ing bequeathed hh do- 
 were to reiijn lach yeur 
 ■ity, the youngeft facing 
 /crie to the mortification 
 ing the imperial fccptrr 
 lithing the annual reigns, 
 infelf. By coir.ir.unica- 
 wholly defeated it -, for 
 he fecrct to the reignin:' 
 ilan, configning not only 
 in general, tu the care 
 ivc rife to that unnatural 
 ogateU from the lullow. 
 
 rperors, who had come 
 ' nt when his Ion wai 
 on to obferve that the 
 tlature. The piiiicf, 
 eyes upon his (atiitr, 
 ! am I then grou.i uji 
 er, llruck with this keen 
 ng, dcteimined to abu- 
 lot only fworc himlelf, 
 to do the fame, that no 
 ror, tliould thenceforth 
 which oath has been 
 It time to the prellnt. 
 iilge themfelves in hav- 
 lerality of whom arc thf 
 hed families in the em- 
 to the nuptials, as alio 
 follow. As Iben as the 
 of having the dauglitii 
 s immediately removed 
 it in the houfe of one oi 
 s, where (he continues 
 ng her occafionally, to 
 as well as her jxrrtonaJ 
 fied in thefe particulars, 
 ration of the marriage, 
 church, from wiicuce, 
 ce, he leads lier to the 
 iniage ceremony is per 
 "iell, in the pretence o! 
 or, as at other limes, 
 tmcnt; "id the in hers; 
 ntcrtaintu at tables pro- 
 remainder of the day is 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 ABYSSINIA. 
 
 319 
 
 Tile bride docs not receive the title of emprefs till 
 foiTU- time after marii.i|?r, ariording to the plealiire of 
 the eii'piror : neither is Ihe permifed to dwell with him 
 ill the royal pavilion, but has one affi,'!;iied her near at 
 h.wul, Iroiri wlienec fhc tomes to the emperor at fuch 
 times as he thinks pioper ro enioy her companv. On 
 the d.iy the is to h inllalled Iticjue, or emprefs, flu- 
 appears in his tent leated on a couch near the iir,p< rial 
 throne, on which the emperor fit'i likewife, but hi,n;hcr 
 by one Hep. Thcv ar- t'oth drtlVed in the riclull ap- 
 parel, as are alfo the nobles ami officers of the couri, 
 who aHill at the ceremony. On a fir"- >\ made, one of 
 hit I'ignilied chaplains goes out of the trnr, and, (land- 
 ing on a chair, proclain-s hir emprefs in thefe word , 
 /tita^ij'ma ditn^Hecera )hem, that ii, It'e have orftuined 
 eurjiiivc to ret^n ; or, Ti>- kin^ buth created his Jcrvnnt 
 quttn. 'I'liis IS immediately anfwered by the louiUlt 
 acclaiiiaiioiis of the pi()(.le : alter whic h flie receive> 
 her dignified title oi Itique, or emprefs, and this (he 
 retains during the remainder of her life. The em- 
 pretlls never receives the cereinony of coronation iinlefs 
 it liap|)tns that the emperor tlies without ill'iie, and in 
 that cale it tails on ili'-m, win 11 th<-y receive rfir only 
 that honour, but arc tokly invilled wiiji the iiujv-ri.il 
 dignity. 
 
 A cciebiated writer fiys, " As harlh as the word 
 ftave may (ound in our ears, it is in lucii common life 
 amongll them, that even the emperor's own kintircd 
 and biethren have it given to them ; fo that when he 
 raifes any of them to any ili^'iiiry, ("uch as that of vice- 
 roy, w.iich is the highelV uniier liim, their cominiirion 
 always runs. We have conditurvtl <nr (lave viceroy or 
 governor, &c. without givin;i; them the title of brother 
 or kiiihnan : and w<.ll niay he itile them flaves, feeing 
 they are all I'ueii to iiim, from the hiitlu (I to the loweft ; 
 and their lands, lives, &c. are wholly at his dilpofd." 
 
 The lame writer adds, •' But as little undervaluing 
 as they think the title of flave is amonji: them, it was not 
 fo accounted by the Portu'iuefe when they were here ; 
 one of whom having obtaiiKd (ome jir'-at poft from the 
 emperor, and, ah a fubjeft of the kino; of Portugal, 
 who calls them all his children, ditdaining to be (liled 
 a flave to that of l-.ihiopia, ofl'ered a large fum of mo- 
 ney to liie h, raid, or crier, wiio was f) proclaim his 
 promotion, to leave our that odii us title, and call him 
 only by his name ; but that was more than the officer 
 dared ti) do." 
 
 The < 11 1 • ror eats in the prefcnce of none bur the 
 pages that .ittcnd him, who cut his vlftuals into bits, 
 and coiivty ilnm to his mouth ; for he confi-lirs him- 
 1<-I( of uio m.ucli iniiTOitaiice to be at the trouble of fied- 
 inrr hiiiil" It : even :iie emprefs is denied that privilege; 
 and wh>-n he gives avKJience to foreign am^alTadors, he 
 is c(jnevaled behind a curtain, fo that they may hear, 
 but ciir.iot lee him. 
 
 Thi- geniialifliiro o'"ali his forces is called Rafli, and 
 has unci r him two officers, one of whom i^ (liled l?elia- 
 tinoche Goyia, that is, lord of the ft rvants, and is a 
 kind of high ftewar I. His power extends not only over 
 all the viceroys, governors, and nenerals of th- armv, 
 but all(; over the azagu-.s ami iimbar. s, whoare the civil 
 judges of the empire. The otlur oflicer is lliled Tahah, 
 that is, lord of the leffer fervants : he is only a kind of 
 under fteward to the king's houi'ehold, which is com 
 mo'ily compofed of men of lefTer rank. 
 
 Tlic viceroys and governors of the kingdoms and 
 provinces are under the Bcllarinociie, as are alfo t!ie 
 irilirarv commanders, and civil ira:;itbates or judges. 
 All thefe hold their leveral courts of judicature, in wliich 
 caufes, whether of a ci.il or criminal nature, arc 
 brought and deeided. 
 
 I'hey have three forts of punitliment for capital 
 crimes, ^he firll is burying the criminal alive, which 
 they do by digging a large hole, puttinrf him into it 
 upright, and then filling it with earth up to his mouth ; 
 after which they cover the head with thorns and briars, 
 and over the whole lay a heavy (tone. The fecond is 
 by bewing the criminal ty death with tiiick clubs -. And 
 
 the laft and moft common, by piercing him through the 
 bo<ly with tluir affagayes or lances. 
 
 It a man is aceufed of murder, and it cannot be fuf- 
 ficiently | roved agaiiift him, all the inhabitants of tlic 
 place are (evenly fined, or put to (bme rorporal punilh- 
 inent ; li) ihat a murderer hi re llldom elcaprs. 
 
 'Ihe remainder of the empire (/or great part of it 
 has bein dilinembired, tf|iecially towards the fouth, 
 i wl'.ere the Ciallas, who lie between it and tiie line, have 
 laid wade a nun ber of kingdoms and |)r()v,iices) is 
 guardeil bv a (landing army, computed to amount 10 
 about 45,000 nun. 
 
 'I'luy are but iitcle arqiiaiiited with fire-nrms, and as 
 indifferuitly turnilliid with powder and ball. Th-.ir 
 (pears are of two lorts, the one like our half or (hurt 
 pikes, the other like a hall)ert (jr |)artifan. The (laers 
 ot the (ormer aie very thin, and the iron naiiow, like 
 our pike : the iron of the other i» broal and thin. Ihe 
 tiill IS to be tiirown by dint of llrengtli, and the laft 
 to be uf.d in dole tight witli one hand, whilft the other 
 holds the buckler, which is ut'ually made of the hide of 
 I'ome beaft. 
 
 The (not foldiers have likewift; two of thefe (pears, 
 one of which they d.irt with Inch flreiigth and fury, that 
 tiny will otten pierce a coit of mail or buckler ; and 
 the other they lvt-e|) to continue the fight, as fbmc do 
 the fwoid an:( buckii r. 
 
 Sword-, are worn by fuperiors, but leldom ufed in 
 battle. They likewil'e wear a kind of dagger under 
 their {Mulle, with the hilt towards the right, and the 
 point tiiwards the left hand. Some alfo carry a large 
 club ot hard wood with a dagger in it : this wca[)on they 
 call haluia, and comiriOnly ul'e it when they come to 
 dole cn;TaLH-ment with the enemy, and fomctinus throw 
 it at them with all their Itn ngth. 
 
 'Ihe cavalry are (aid to be good horlemen, anti 
 mount and fit their horfes well ■ '^ut in other refpects 
 they are very indifferenily dil'e .d. 
 
 Their martial mufic confilU o, kettle-drums, which 
 are exceeding large, trumpets, hautboys, flutes, and 
 other inftruments. 
 
 The emperor's revenues chiefly arife from four 
 branches ; the firif of whicii is the tribute paid him by the 
 governors of tiich" provinces and kingdoms as contain 
 ;;old niines, particularly tholl- of Narea and Gojain, 
 from which he receives a certain weight yearly of that 
 n-.etal. The fecond arifes (rom the (ale of ail the gn.-ac 
 places in the empire. The third confids in a tt niu le- 
 vied every third year upon all tiie cattle in the empire. 
 By this lall, which it appears was unknown till about the 
 mitltlle of the lall century, every man thai has cows is 
 ohlir;ed to p.iy him one out of ten every tliird year ; and 
 thi- country breeding vail quantities of them, makes it, 
 p. 1 haps, by far the moft confidirable branch of the 
 three. It is called the burning or branding tax, becaufe 
 ;hc empeior's officers brand thole with a particular mark 
 which thty let atlde for his uft. The fourth and lall 
 aiifes from a duty laid on every loom of cotton cloth. 
 It it belongs to a Chriflian, he pays one piece of cloth ; 
 if to a Maliomttan, a piece of eight per annum. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Various Provinces of the Ahyffinian Empire, 
 
 TIGR.\ is the principal province of the Abyft.niaii 
 empire. Its thief city, Axum, was once not on- 
 ly the relidenee of the emiierors, but famous for (lately 
 buildings, as palaces, churclies, obelilks, 8:c. of 
 which there fliU remain fome ruii-/. Though abandon- 
 ed by the monarchs, and i educed to a mean village, it 
 is (aiil to be the fpot whither tiie emperors now repair 
 to be crowned. There are two or three othc- (liiall 
 towns in this province. They contain the remains of 
 churches and monafteries, and may be laid to exifl 
 merely in the name. 
 
 Some parts of the kingdom of Bagarneder are moun- 
 tainous and barren, whilft others are fertile and well 
 
 watered. 
 
j8o A NKW, ROVAL and AU IHl' N TIC SYSTKM o» UN1\ lUSAI , GtOCikAI'I lY. 
 
 ::v 
 
 IS ..;. 
 
 .LJd l: 
 
 m 
 
 wjUTcil. 'I'iic mountainj arc inlubitfd by a wilil wan- 
 lit-riii^ rate, wlmlc chief rmpUiyincnr is brctilini^ o( 
 t.itdo. B.ij{ainiil<T, the rapir.il, ilclirvis nu-iitii>n only 
 lor its |)lcal.iiit (itiiation, a;ul il.-ciiit buikliii;^s. '| iu- 
 town callal Al.nais ri'inaik.iblL' I'ur hdvinij in ic^neii^b- 
 buiiiliood a briJf',c oVfr tlic Nik'. 
 
 'I'lie province ol Aimra, or Amiiara, tliou^,h very 
 finall, is n-iKlctc'il conliili-rablc by bv-iiii; th- uliil.iKi- 
 ot thi- ciiipcror, ami a (lilliiu't liialcd ot the inli.ibitanr!>, 
 adoptcil by tin* court ar.'' liill clafi ot' the pfopU-. 
 
 Ol the provinces of OKra ami Cli;>a we havi- only to 
 fay, that the tomier coiitiiiu nothiri;; reiiiark.tb! •, ami 
 that the latter ilerives all its iinpinance irom havini^ 
 bteM oncf tlic iiiiP'.ii.i! ieli>Lnec. 
 
 In Danuita, or Daiitu, \^ ilic li' jheil anil coUlift 
 mountain in ;l'ivninia, to wliith they banilh prifontrs 
 of Hate, and other (ieitnquents. 
 
 Goyam, or Clojain, is a very mountanioiis coun'ry, 
 and principally inhabited by Jews, who arc faid to re- 
 tain their ancient rites and ciilloms. In the town of 
 Nebeiri are tlie tiiins of a majinificent church. 
 
 I)anil)ea, being one of the llattell provinces of Abvf- 
 finia, is lubjedl to oveillowin^js, not t)nly fioin the Like 
 of the lame name, but fcveral rivers that run through 
 it from the higher lamU. It is rcmarkalile for a moun- 
 tain called Dancai-r Dancaton, on tlic top of which is a 
 fpacious and feitile plain, whi-re the eiiijierors arc laid 
 to have formerly refilled. In Dambea there are tiie re- 
 mains ot fevcral monalleiies and monuments. 
 
 Narca, or V'.narea, is in general a fertile province, 
 prtKiucing cattle, and the ordinary necelTaries of life. 
 The inhabitants carry on fome trade with the Caftrces. 
 Gondar, in point of m.ignitude, is aconliderable town. 
 The inhabitants have no Ihops, but expole their goods 
 to lale in a large fquare, on mats prepared (or tlie 
 purp<jle, 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 Brie/ Hiftorical Acccii/it cf AbyJJinia. 
 
 ' \ '1 1 F. hillorical tranfaiflions of this empire are, in 
 -*■ general, vague in tiieir detail, and unimportant 
 in their nature. According to ancient records, from 
 whici' Jel'uit miflionaries, who refuied h.ro, ol)tained 
 fome fr.igments, the tiifl who ruled the emi :reof Ab\ 1- 
 finia was the queen of Sheba, who went from tlience 
 into Judea, in or about the year before Chriil, Q'j:. 
 She reigned 25 years after lier return, and was fucceed- 
 ed by her (on Menilehecli, who reigned in coniun(fbion 
 with his father i<) years, and 18 more with his fon 
 Kehoboam, after which he died. 
 
 He was fuccetded by his fon Sadgur, from whom 
 
 "oceeded, in lineal decent, 24 princes, of either of 
 
 ' ,om no particulars are rcc()rded, except that in tlie 
 
 eighth year of the laft, called Pheccn, our Saviour 
 
 was born. A, M. 40C4. 
 
 From this period, to the year 327, were 1 3 empe- 
 rors, of whom nothing is recorded. After this tircum- 
 ftance the empire was held jointly by three brotiiers, 
 called Atza, Atzfed, and Amay. Thefe, it is faid, 
 in order to prevent difconl, projected a very Ihange 
 
 cxp dient, which waj to divide the ilav into thrrr p.itt 
 arid to hold the nins o»' govt muirj.i alternately, et^ii 
 his thir.i pirt, or ei^;ht hours. 
 
 r ufi: III )iurcli'i wjrc luccecdcd by fevcral othm 
 of vMoii ti^rie is only an account of the three l4it' 
 which is, that, during the , reij^ns, great numbers of 
 nionkn and anchoiites cai^j hithr from I'.gypt, witK i 
 view of propogatingChrillij-iity and a iiionallic [jfi.. 
 
 Ill pnicefs of t'lne, about tlie V' ..r after Ciirill tji, 
 when Julbiiian was cmpeior of Rome, and C.ibd 0; 
 Aby lliiiii, new tribes ot monks (M.ne and fettled in tin- 
 pruviiue ol Ti.?ra. The throne of Abvlliiiia rontiiiiicil 
 in tin- {.\Wi<- line of fiicceflion till about the year (,60, 
 when it pan"id into the Za:;ean tamily ; and an ufiirpa- 
 tion, Ciiiiimenced by an im|iious woman named rrcil;ia 
 Cabex, continued for 340 years. 
 
 Tlie only prince worthy of mention in the Zagi-an 
 family wis Lalibela, who eti-rni^ed iiis name by inanv 
 glorious ai'lions, and particularly in cauling ten churches 
 t.) b; Ik'wii out of a rock. 
 
 Abo.it ilie year ijoo tlie Zar^ean family was driven 
 from the throne, and it reverted to tlie dcfcendann of 
 Solomon, in the |)erfon of Icon Air.l.ic, of wltofc fjc- 
 tcdbrs notliing is recorded till the time of Zaara jiaoib 
 who begui his rei:»n in 1437, and died in 1465, great- 
 ly elleemed, as a man ot learning, penetrati'jn, i\\.\ 
 proliity. 
 
 IJuring the reign of Alexander, which was from 
 1475 to 1491, Peter Covill.in arrived in the empire oi 
 Abyllinia, and was the firft I'ortuguefe that ever pent- 
 trated fo f.ir into the inland parts of the country. 
 
 The next emperor in whole reign any tiling remaika- 
 ble occurred was L.tana-lJenghel, or I.cbna-Deii^hd 
 but more f;ciierally known by the names of Oiub- 
 Segued. He began his reign in 1507, and clofcd inn 
 the ye.'.r 1540. The tirtt twenty years were happy and 
 profperous, but the lall 13 proved diftratted and unfor- 
 tunate, through the depredations made on his domi- 
 nions by the Moors, which occafioning him to have re- 
 coiiile to the Portiiguefe for atTillance, raileil je.iloulKi 
 in the minds of his lubjeds, and excited perpetual 
 commotions in the empire, till he yielded up his crown 
 and life in the 4id year of his age. 
 
 Succeeding princes, for a long ferics of years, were 
 harradeil by the Gullas and Mahometan Moors, or tlic 
 revolts of their own fiibjedfs j though tliey generally 
 deri\ed aid and afTillance from the Portuguel'e. Soii;c 
 were flain contending (or the empire, fome were mur- 
 dered by their own loldiers, and others were ilethroncil 
 through varioLJ revolutions, till the year 1718, when 
 the AbyfTinians railed a prince named Uavid to the 
 throne, whole lucceflbrs nave regularly airumed the 
 iniperial (jig.iity, and Cjuietly enjoyed their honors 
 iVom that time to the prelent. 
 
 The Portiiguele had made frequent anil fbreniious 
 efforts, throughout a long courfe of time, to eflabliih 
 their religion in Abyfi.uia. till at length the greater part 
 of the people, zealoufly attached to their ancient reli- 
 gion tacriticed Icveral Komilli priefts to their (ury, and 
 their patriarch very narrowly cfcaped out of the country 
 with his life. 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 m\ 
 
 The GALLAS, a barbarous Nation on the Confines of 
 
 ABYSSINIA. 
 
 I30RDLRING on AbyfTinia is a barbarous ant! war 
 -*-* like nation called the Gallas, concerning whole 
 origin writers in general do not agree ; though there 
 are many p;'rticiilars refpeding their dilpofuion, cuf 
 loms, and manners, in which tlijir accounts coiicin-. 
 
 The G.dks are divided into tribes or provinces ac- 
 cording to their rcfpedivc lituations, as eaitcrii, 
 fouthern, and wellern. They are a robulf, hardy, 
 and rcfolute people, and of a very ferocious difpofitioii. 
 The natural hardinefs and ferocity being Incrcafcd by 
 
 an 
 
AI'MY, 
 
 il.iv into three |u:ti, 
 iit alternately, ci^.j} 
 
 il bv fivcral other*, 
 t of the titr.c l4it[ 
 , r^i-at nuiii'jfn o:' 
 Inim l.nv|)t, with ^ 
 
 111 n iiiDiullic lit;.. 
 ..r after Chnll 5:,, 
 
 tome, ami Cibtl o; 
 
 lu' .iml Ccttlal m tii^- 
 AovHiiiiarontiiiiid 
 
 about till! year (,60, 
 
 ily i aiKl an iifurju- 
 
 Diiun naincii Trai.b 
 
 ntion in the Zagrari 
 I liii name by many 
 cauling ten ciuircha 
 
 aii fatniiy was driven 
 ) tlic (.!(. frendann of 
 r.l.ic, of wliofc fuc- 
 iiif of Zaara J laob, 
 dicil in 1465, grcat- 
 ig, penetration, aaJ 
 
 cr, wliicli was from 
 
 veJ in the enip;ri; ot 
 
 mieff that ever pem- 
 
 of tlie country. 
 
 n any thing remarka- 
 
 I, or [.cbna-Dinirhcl 
 
 lie names of Onaj»- 
 
 1507, anil ciofcd iun 
 
 years were happy anil 
 
 ■ liirtratteil and iinfur- 
 
 niade on his domi- 
 
 ioningliiin to have re- 
 
 ance, raifeil jc.iloiilici 
 
 and excited nerpetual 
 
 e yielded up his crown 
 
 fcries of years, were 
 )mot4n Moors, or the 
 tlioiigh tliey generally 
 le Portuguefe. Son;c 
 pire, fome were nnir- 
 others were dethroned 
 the year 1718, when 
 named Uavid to the 
 regtdarly alFunied the 
 enjoyed their honors 
 
 equent and ftrenuous 
 e of time, to ertabliili 
 length the greater put 
 i to their ancient nli- 
 iefts to their fury, anJ 
 ped out of the country 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 COUNTRY OF THE GALLAS. 
 
 381 
 
 an early initiation in tlio military art, they m'.y be 
 ilermed rather cruel than martial. They are taught the 
 life of the Ittoid, anil inade to believe that coiiquill 
 cntiil •» them to the pidrclTion of whatever tluy dclire, 
 and is the i rdy i ftVUual means of prcftrving it. In a 
 \*(!iil, tluy are trained up to the love of delpcraf." a'.- 
 ihievemints, and to luuk upon death with contempt. 
 
 As, by their in.ixi I's, tlit- cuttin;^ off ilieir iiair con- 
 llitutes thrm men, the young niahs are not permitted 
 to receive that honour till thiy have dillrved It, cither 
 by killing an en;Mny, or fome wild beaft, fuch as a lion, 
 tiger, leopard, &c. after whith they aie allowed to 
 cut their hair, leaving oi;ly a fingle lock vn the toji. 
 This infpircs them with an uncommon ambition to fi;,- 
 nalize thcmlVlves by their l>ravery, as ilij mull cfFeiflu.il 
 means of a/^uirin^; ertiem, and obtaining the mor>- 
 lionourabl'- leais at their councils, feftivals, &c. for the 
 grtaur number of heroic aftions tluy perform, the 
 more arc thiy rifpeft--d. For this re.ifon thi*y take care 
 to f.ive all the hratls of thole i nemies they hive killed, 
 as trophies of the grcateft value j and wlien any conti II 
 or doubt arilis about them, (which is fometimes the 
 cafe; as wlxn there is no beard upon tlv.ni, and ihcy may 
 be fiip|K)fi il to liave belonged to a female, they have a 
 law Which obliu"'S tiie perfon to produce a more dc' ifive 
 part alons^ v^rh ii, otherwife they are not admitted. 
 To prevent, thircime, ali difputcs, thiy are oblimd 
 to lay tiiofe trophies that are gained in b.ittle bef'irc 
 their proper officel•^, at the head of their tribes, as foon 
 as the ti!gigemcnt is over: there they ar* publicly 
 viewed and examined, and, if approved, arc cntsr^d 
 into the comiron re^'.ifteri after which the ov.nrr h;i3 
 liberty to cairy them to his own tenr, together with his 
 iliate of the fpod or plunder, whiidi is allotted to him 
 in piopoition to ihedegree inwhich he his liiftingi iflml 
 himlilf in the engagement. By this method ail ol- 
 lufion and deceit is prevented, or elfe difcovered and 
 punilhed ; it being confidered a; every man's duty tu 
 detcdt all fall'e pretencis to merit, as well as that of 
 thtir commanding officers, who inflid a punifhment 
 on the delinquent adequate to tlic falfities he may have 
 cndeavoureil to impofe. 
 
 Thofc who Ihew the leafl figns of cowardice are 
 puniflied in the moll exemplary manner. It is deatii to 
 give way after an engagement is begun ; lb tliat they 
 all fight with the moll undaunted courage and refolu- 
 tion, and arc fo furious in the attack, not giving or 
 taking any quarter, that it is hardly polliblc to ii:ake iie.ad 
 againll then' ; and this is the reafon why they have ob- 
 tained fo many fignal vi-flories over the Abyfllnians, 
 though the latter are much fuperior in number, and 
 better provided both with horfes and arms. 
 
 In diflant engagements they ule bows, arrows, and 
 darts, and are vi ry expert in the exercife of thoie wea- 
 pons. When they come to clofe quarters, they have a 
 t.lub, or rather bludgeon, remarkably heavy at one end. 
 They liave alfo fiiields made of the hides of bt^lFalos : 
 but thufe of higher rank inflcid of a ciub ufe a fword. 
 
 With refpedt to goveiiuneut, tliey have no kings, 
 but arc divided into a great variety of tribes, each of 
 which choofes a chief, or general commander, whom 
 they call Luva, and him they obey as a ibvcreign. 
 'I'hefe chiefs are chofcn every eiglit year->, and if any of 
 them die in the time, others are immediately eleiflcd to 
 fupply their plare. Tin ir authority reaches only tu 
 military affairs, that is, to convene the great council at 
 proper fcalons to determine on peace and war. When 
 the latter is the refultoftlieir muting, each Luva heads 
 
 his own army, and diftriburcs to tlic refpcdlivc ofTiccrs 
 under him th ir I'everal po(U and comiaunds. In like 
 manner, when the war or expedition is over, he airi^rn* 
 to each run hi. prop.r hoii'iuni and rewardi, ac- 
 cord:!)'^ to his merit -, btit if any difputc, or matter 
 of comj)laint, ariles, it is .idjudgid by tiie national 
 Council, who ;.loiic have a power to confirm, alt.r, or 
 abio(.'at ■, tlie lenterce or decree of the I.uva. 
 
 As an inll.uice of the |<jirip and parade of thife oiflen- 
 nial chiefs, a traveller o' charader and difccrnment re- 
 lates the following particulars. •' Being (lays he) 
 obliged to piy my r fpeiih to the Luva, or chief, in Or- 
 der to difv-ovtr a new way into Abyflinia, I found him 
 v,i:li all his wives ani\ flo_ks about him; trie place 
 where he iecii\'!.d mc being a hut thatched with llraw, 
 but Ibmewhat 1 irger thin thofe of his I'ubivfls. Me 
 appeared' with all the fceining conl'equcncc of an calKrii 
 monarch, and hi^ attendants paid him the mofl reve- 
 rential relpcfl. Mis mann; r of giving audiincc to 
 Grangers ia fomewhat fiagular : he appears fe.ited in the 
 middle of the apart.ttent, with all his courtiers ab..ui: 
 him, liftiii" againft th-; wail, tnCh with a goad or (lafF, 
 or club in Ills hind, longer or Ihorter, areordihg to his 
 rank ; the longer are the more' digniiied. As foon as 
 th' llrang,er entus the (ilae, all thele Courtiers lall ibul 
 of him, and baflinado liim till he has regained th.-door, 
 ar.d got hold of it with his hand ; upon which tli-y rc- 
 lurn to th. ir ffats, and h>' is con;j lim 'lit 'd as if nothing 
 like it had been done to him. I, myh If, (f.iys he) 
 did not fare one jot better, norwirhd.uiding the peaceable 
 and Iritndly olTiccs that had pallid bttwccn us: and 
 when I aflved the me.-ining of fo (Irange a ciremorty, I' 
 was anfwercil, t' at it was to make thofe tl.at came 
 -imong them llnlioie of tlie valour ..nd bravery of' their 
 nation above .ill others, and how rcafonable it is tor 
 them to behave fubmiiTiv ly to it. 
 
 Thefe people, who are as indolent as thcv are pmud, 
 wholly negleft agriculture, f<> that the food (/ thiir 
 cattle is derived from the fpoiitaneous produfiiuns of 
 their fpacious plains and vallies. They auend to their 
 cattle, indeed, for the fake of their fklb, which they 
 eat raw, and is their prinri|)al food. They have neither 
 bread, nor any thing elfe to fupply the want of that ne- 
 cefiary article. When they meet with any in their war- 
 like excurfioMs, they cat it with great nparityj and 
 though they admire it, yet they will nor trouble them- 
 fclves to ciilrivatc the grain to make it. 
 
 TheGallas have long liarr.dled the AbyfTinians, com- 
 mitted great dejii dations on them, and rendered thein- 
 felves matters of feveral of their t)ack fettlemf nts. 
 
 Though of" a ferocious difpofition, they pofTefs fome 
 good qualities, being honed and true to their promife, 
 and never known to violate an oath. They confider 
 this as the nioft folemn of all engagements, the cere- 
 mony of which is thus performed ; 'Fhey bring a fheep 
 to a proper place anjjointed, where th^ y anoint it with 
 butter ; after which the perfons, or, if it be taken in 
 j the name of the tribe or family, the heads of it lay their 
 i hands upon the head of the Iheep, and folemrly proteft 
 I that they will religioufly obferve every part of their en- 
 I gagcment. They otVcr as a reafon for the inilitution of 
 ; this cereniony, that as the fheep is in fome leiife the 
 motlier of all that fwear, and butter is an emblem of ths 
 love that fubfifts between the mother and the children, 
 tliat oath oiit^ht to be held inviohi'^.' that is taki n uj)on 
 the head of a mother. .Such are the principles, ma.xims, 
 and culloms of thefe barbarians. 
 
 CONFINES OF 
 
 tribes or provinces ac 
 ituations, as e.iltcni, 
 arc a robuil, hardy, 
 y ferocious difpofition. 
 ty being increafcd by 
 an 
 
 *t^-^^<S^ 
 
 No. 35. 
 
 5D 
 
 CHAP. 
 
J«i 
 
 " 
 
 Hm 
 
 kVi h 
 
 m 
 
 A NEW AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 CHAP. XVII. 
 
 Defcription of the Coaft of ABEX or HABESH, of the Towns 
 upon it, and the Dignity of the King. 
 
 THIS coaft once formeil a part of the empire of} 
 Abyflinia ; but at the beginning of the laft cen- 
 tury it fell into the hands of the Turks, who, at the 
 fame time, made thcnifelvcs matters of all the bays anil 
 ports belonging to it , fo that ever fince, the Abyrfinians 
 nave beea cut off from all communication with the 
 Red Sea. 
 
 The climate of this corft being very fultry, and the 
 foil in general fandy and barren, the produce muit of 
 courfe be fcanty. Here are many animals, tame and 
 wild i and they have fome deer and iheep ; but grain 
 of every kind is brought from other parts. The coun- 
 try here labours under a dearth ot water. 
 
 This coaft is divided into two parts, the northe' n 
 and the fouthern. The towns of tht; northern arc Sua- 
 kin and Arkiko. The former is the rcfidcnce of the ' 
 governor, and is pretty large and populous. The latter | 
 has a caftle, but it is fmall, and poorly inhabited. I he 
 fouthern reaches to the end of the coaft, and includes 
 the province of Dancali, of which Abex is the capital. 
 Of this parr little can be faid worthy of notice, but that 
 its chief produce is fait. Here is a fea-port called 
 Balyur, at which the Porfiguefe miffiimar es firft land- 
 ed ; and as their reception and treatment from the i 
 Chi; f, or king, were rather fingular, we ftiall prefent ; 
 the readiT with a relation of them. i 
 
 As foon as the king heard of their arrival, he fcnt to 
 invite the patriatvh (or principal miflionary) and his re- j 
 tinue to his court, which was about three or four days ! 
 journey from Balyur. and difpatched hi' o.vn fm t > ■ icet | 
 them in the way, and conduct them to the ■'ival palace, ! 
 or rather camp, which they found t ) confift onlv of half 
 a dozen t~nts, v/ith about a fcore huts fenced in with a 1 
 thorn hedge, and fhaded by fome wild kind of trees. ! 
 The hali of audience, where they were received by 
 the king, was a large tent or hut, ab nit a nuifket (hot , 
 from the reft. At the upper end was a kind of throne ■ 
 about two feet from the ground, made of (lone and clay, ^ 
 and covered with a carpet and two velvet cuftiions. At 
 the other end, oppofire to the throne, was the king's | 
 horfc, with the faddle, and other accoutrements fuf- j 
 pended on one file. Round the hall were about fifty | 
 young men fitting crofs-legged on the ground ; and 
 when the Portuguefe iniflionarics were admitted, they 
 were made to fit down in the fame poflurc 
 
 In a Iho't time the king entered the hall, preceded 
 by fome of his doaieftics, one of whom carried an 
 earthen pitcher full of hydromcl,or wine made of honcv; 
 another a drinking-cup made of porcelain ; a third car- 
 ried a cocoa-nut fhcll filled with tob.icco; and a fourth 
 s filver tobacco-pipe and fome fire. Next to them 
 came the king, drcffed in a light filk ftulf, with a tur- 
 ban ofi his head, from the edges of which hung a par- 
 cel of ring*, that danj;led before his fonhead. Inftcad 
 of a fceptre, he he'd in his hand a fhort kind of jave- 
 lin. He was followed by all the chief otficers of his 
 
 court and houfehold ; and among them were his lord 
 high fteward, the fupcrintcndant of his finances, and 
 the captain of his guard. The refpeCt paid him at his 
 coming in was by Itanding on their feet, and fcpiatting 
 tlown again twice ; after which they went towards the 
 throne to kifs his hand. The audience was (liort but 
 full of the mort boiiibiftic profeftion of love ;ind clleciii 
 on his fide, and of refped; and gratitude on theirs .• hut 
 this behaviour foon altered ; for when, on the next 
 morning, thev came to make their prefents to him, in- 
 ftead of the king's accepting them, the patriarch, ul;„ 
 was the perfon that brought them to him, met \\\<\\ j 
 fcvcre rt'iirimand, for daring to affront a monarch like 
 him with fuch trilling prel'ents, and was hid 1 1 take 
 thcni away out of his fight. I he patriarch readily 
 obeyed, without betraving either fear, or anv oih^r 
 emotion than that of dif.iain, after having given hiiii o 
 undcrftand, that they were of i^iorc value than heoa'^h;; 
 to have expedled from religious peifons, who had re- 
 nounced the world, and forlaken their native ciuntry, 
 f")r the fake of carrying their religion into the Abyilinian 
 empire; and told him at parting, that fince he did n.)t 
 think them worth his acceptance, the next he feiit for 
 from them ftiruld be much kfs valuable. 
 
 'Ibis fpiritcd behaviour of the patriarch greatly fur- 
 prifed the king, who fulferetl him to go away with the 
 prefents ; I'ut being unwilling xo lofe them, fentone ■ T 
 his oHiccrs to fetc.i them back, with orders to inful ujioa 
 fome addition being made t > them. He was glad, 
 however, to take them as they were, the patriarch, on 
 his fide, infifting upon retrenching them ; fo that v.hen 
 they were brought again, the greedy monarch received 
 the:ii with vifil)le marksof difliitisfadtion and refcntrent. 
 The di guft in which he held them on this account was 
 loon evinced ; for he not only detained them, up a 
 fome pretence or other, longer at his court than was 
 necelFary for getting things ready for their departure, 
 but |>rivatcly forbid his fubjtfts to fell them any kinds 
 <•( provifions at any price ; fo that the) muft iiavc Ijien 
 obliged either to latiatc his avarice by larger prel.ivs, 
 or have been in danger of ftarving, had it not been for 
 the fpiritcd patriarch, who expoftulated with him on 
 the impropriety of his conduct, and at the fame ti.ne 
 threatened him witli the emperor's refenrmcnt. Not- 
 withft.in linii; this, however, he not only poftjwnc.' their 
 departure from ilav to day, luit Uiffcrcd them to be in- 
 (ulted l)V his fubjcCts, in hopes of finding fo le nic- 
 tences for extorting from them farther prefents lot their 
 difmidion. To avoid this, the only cxpeiii nt they 
 could fin I, was to bribe one of his favourite rinifters 
 with a valuable gift, who foon after obtained their au- 
 ilience of leave, and fuel) fop|)lies of carriages, provi- 
 fions, &c. as were nccellary to pioccetl on their emhalfy 
 to the Abyffi'iian court. But before their departure 
 tiiev wcic obliged to compliment all the ollicers of the 
 Dancali court, from the molt elevated ',o the iowelt. 
 
 C H A P. XVIII. 
 NUBIA, OR SENNA R. 
 
 TH£ kingdom of Nubia is bounded on the north 
 by Egypt, on the fouth by Abyflinia, on the eaft 
 by the Red Sea, and on the weft by Goiga. It is 1540 
 miles in length, and 600 in breadth. "The river Nik- 
 runs through it ; on the banks ot which, and tliol'e of 
 
 fome other rivers, it is pretty fertile ; but in other 
 pl.iccs it is larren, fandy, and (K ft tute of water. 
 
 The inhabitants ol Nubia are, in general, low in fta- 
 ture, but ftout and courageous. 1 hey arc ([uite bhck, 
 and their faces mucli disfigured, not only by the lUt- 
 
 ncfs 
 
AFRICA.] 
 
 EGYPT, 
 
 383 
 
 nefs of their nofti!, but by the marks of the finall-pox, 
 that diftafc being fo prevalent here, that they frequently 
 have it twice or three times. 
 
 Their drtfb is much the fame as that of the Ethio- 
 pians. They are greatly addidted to drunkennefs ; are 
 avaricious, bafe, and difigning; and pride themfclves 
 not only in cheating ftranjicrs, but each other. The 
 principal part of them are Mahometans ; but they pay 
 as little regard to religion as to honour and honerty. 
 Thofe who live in towns or cities employ themfclves 
 chiefly in commerce ; but kich as rcfide in the villages 
 follow hufbandry and tilhing. 
 
 Tlie king of Nubia is dcj'potic. He has a fpacious 
 palace, which is fumptuoufly furnifhed. He is very 
 fLind of fliooting, and frequently takes excurfions with 
 his nobility in purfuit of that diverfion. He and his 
 chief nobles .»ttcnd four days in the week to bufinefs of 
 (late J at which times they alio adminiller juftice in all 
 cafes, whether of a civil or criminal nature. This they 
 Jo with great expedition, cfpecially in the latter cafe, 
 where, if the perfon be found guilty, fcnccnce is no 
 
 fooner palTed than executed. For trifliag matters they 
 are punilhed with the ballinado; but in cafes of murder 
 and treafon they arc put to death, the manner of doing 
 which is by laying tiic criminal on his baik. and beating 
 him on the breall with a ftick till he expires, which, 
 from tlic feverity of the ftrokes, is generally cffcftcd in 
 a very (liort time. 
 
 The language of the Nubians, thou;»h peculiar to 
 themfclves, bears fome kind of affinity to the Arabic. 
 
 The principal towns here are Nuliia or Scnnar, the 
 capital, and Dung.ila. The former i:> fpacious and po- 
 pulous, and abounds with provifions. The inhabitants 
 I carry on fome trade here with thofe of the neiuhb-jurin^ 
 I town, as well as of Cairo, and other parts of E^vpc. 
 ■ Uungala is a confiderabli t.'wn, but th'i houf.s arc 
 low and mean. The inhabitants carry on fome foreign 
 trade. 
 
 Here are other towns and villages, of which thofe 
 fituated near the Nile are tolerably pleafant, but the reft 
 are poor, wretched, and unhealthy fpots. 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 fertile ; but in other 
 
 1 11 ture of water. 
 
 ill general, low in ft,i- 
 
 l hey arc ([uite bl ick, 
 
 not only by the thr- 
 
 nefs 
 
 THF RF, is not a more ftriking inftance of the mu- 
 tability of all fiibliinary objefts, and the efl\-fts 
 produced by the revolutions of time, than what may 
 be difplaytd on a comparative view of the former and 
 prefent (late of the country wc are about to defcribe. 
 
 Egypt might once be deemed the metropolis of the 
 world, the feat of fcience, the nurfery of the arts, and 
 grand refervoir of curious produftions. If coniidered 
 in relation to what confliciites the real power or a Hate, 
 it is now become tetble, the arts ceaie to be cultivated, 
 and nothing remains but the fliadow of what it has been. 
 
 Notwithllanding, however, :he depredations of time, 
 wc cannot furvcy the extent and magniticence of its 
 ruins, wiihout rcflcding with pleafiire on the means 
 by which it had once attained to fiich a pinnacle of 
 praiideur. There are ftill remaining ir.cmorials which 
 ages cannot deitroy, which have refilled revulutions, 
 .".nd dcmonrtiatc that in Egypt the greateft kings en- 
 deavoured to acquire fame by undertakings the moft ar- 
 duous t()r the benefit of their country. In a word, (Vom 
 a general lurvey o( a fpot ;:s rcnowneil as any upon the 
 filobe, the iTiind cannot but derive moft rational enter- 
 t.iinnicnt. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Name, Situation, Extent, Divijions, Climat' Soil, 
 f articular Dejcription of the river I\lile, Mounluiiis, i^c. 
 
 '"l^'ME opinions of authors concerning the origin of 
 -^ the name of this country are various : the mn(t 
 probable is that it was called Egypt from a Greek word 
 lignifying a vulture, a bird of a blackilh hue, alluding 
 to the blackntfs of its foil, and the fable colour of its 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Egypt is boundidon the north by the Mediterranean 
 Sea, on the fouth by Abyffinia or upper Ethiopia, on 
 the eaft by the Red Sea, and en the will by the Uefart 
 of B-irca, and unknown parts of Africa, it is compu- 
 ted at 600 miles in length, and 250 in breadth, ami is 
 fituated betwe<'n 20 and 32 degrees of north latitude, 
 and 28 and 36 di grees ot eaft longitude. 
 
 Some geographers divide this country into two parts, 
 the Ujijirr and Lower Egypt ; others into three, viz. 
 The Upper, properly fo called, or Thebais ; the Mid- 
 dle, or Heptanomis ; and the Lower I'gypt, called 
 alfo Delta. We fttall, in thi" courfe of our dcfcription 
 adopt the latter mode, as moft explanatory. 
 
 The climate of Egypt muft be very warm from its 
 being contiguous to the tropic of Cancer, as well as 
 from its fandy foil. Though the air is g- nerally dry, 
 yet great dews fall after the fvvelling of the Nile, which 
 continue for fome months. In the Delta, or Lower 
 Egypt, it fometimcs rains a little in the winter; but in 
 tne Upper, towards the catarafls, feUlom or ever. The 
 firft fummer (for they reckon two) which is March, 
 April, and May, is the moft fickly fcafon, becaufe the 
 changeable weather, excefTive iieats, and hot winds, 
 caufe diftempers : but in the fecnnd, viz. June, July, 
 and Auguft, and in autumn and winter, they breathe a 
 cooler air, the weather is more fixed, and the country 
 of courfe more pleafant. The coldeft feafoii is in Feb- 
 ruary, wlun the opulent people wear furs. The north 
 called by the ancients the E.tefian wind, begins to blow 
 towardb tiK dole of May, greatly refreflies the air, and 
 thereby conduces to the health and happinefs of the in- 
 habitants. 
 
 The fertility of Egypt, and the excellence of its pro- 
 dufticns, arc particularly mentioned by the aiiciv^-nts, 
 and by Mofjs iiimfclf, Gen. xiii. 10. Its great firtility 
 IS derived from the oVLrfluwiiiir of the Nile. This ce- 
 Lbrated river, called bv the ancients Abanchi, fignify- 
 Ing in the Aovfllan language. The Father of Riven, has 
 it fources in Ethiopia. It enters Egypt almoft under 
 tiie tropic of Cancer, crcfles it from fouth to north, to 
 about tour leagues below Cairo, where, dividing itfelf 
 into two branches, it forms tiie Iflandof D.dta. It is 
 likewife only tc wards ihc extremity of this ifland, which 
 the Egyptians name, in Arabic, Batn-el 13 icara, fthc 
 !• llv of the cow) that the plains on each fide the Nile, 
 fliiit in by tne higher grounds, are capable of cultivation. 
 The river paiies violently down liven r.itaradls, Irom 
 a very confiderable height between rugged rocks and 
 [)recipes, with fo great a noife as to be heard feveral 
 miles off. The people of thole parts ufed formerly to 
 entertain ftrangers with a furprifing fjjedbicle, which is 
 but feldom • -^w prattifed. Two of them get into a 
 finall boat, one to guide it, and the other to bale it 
 clear of the water. Alter having borne the violence of 
 the agitated waves for fo'ue time, they dcxteroufly fteer 
 their boat through the narrow channel, thereby avoid- 
 ing the rocks, and letting thcmfelves be carried down 
 by the falling river, direft their little boat with their 
 hands, and rufliin^ headlong, to the great terror of the 
 I'pedators, who ihink them utterly lo'l and fwallo.ved 
 lip, they appear again on the water, far from the place 
 
 from 
 
 
3S4 
 
 A NEW AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 b:h 
 
 
 ti] 
 
 m 
 
 from wliicli they fell, as if they h;ul been fiiot out of an 
 engine. 
 
 The anniml inundation of the Nile in a country 
 wiierc it learccly ever rains, and which t!>o heat ol the 
 climate, and the very nature of the foil, feeni to have 
 devoted to perpetual drought ami fterility, is, without 
 doul>t, a molb furprifing plicrnoiiienon. 
 
 Though the river begins to Iwell in May, no public- 
 notice is taken of it till about the 20th of June. The 
 progrifsof the inundation is obferved at the Nilometer, 
 or Mekias, as called by the Arabs, filuated at tiie 
 fouthern point of the Ifle of Rhoda, oppofite Old Cairo. 
 This Nilometer is an odagonul eolumn of white mar- 
 ble, divided into 2: equal parts, and all, except the id 
 from tiie bottom, are fubtiivided into ix indies. Pub- 
 lic criers, dillributed in each quarter of the capital, 
 every day make known to the public the riling of the 
 waters, till they are com.e to the height proier lor open- 
 ing il:e gram! canal, by which they are conveyed to tlie 
 middle of the city, and the cilKrns. The height of the 
 inundation is ufu.illy 16 cu!)its, or 24 feet; tiie Egyp- 
 tian cubit being a foot and. a half. If it exceeds tiiat 
 height, it does much mifchiel', not only by overllowing 
 houles and drowning cattle, but alfo '-y engendering a 
 great number of infects, which d.ellroy the huits of tiie 
 earth. The cry Oof-Allah, iignilying G'ni biis kept bis 
 proviife, proclaims the opening of the can.nl. Children, 
 bearing ftreamers of different colours, accoinpany the 
 crier, and diffufe a general joy .at the f-ei tainty of plenty, 
 and the event is celebrated with univcrl'al fcllivity. 
 
 The ancient Egyptians had the barbarous cullom of 
 facificing a young girl to the river, when the waters 
 rofc to a lufficient luighf for opening the canal. 
 
 Here it is to be obferved, that the Grand Seignior is 
 not entitled to his annual tribute till tiie canal ii opened 
 at Grand Cairo ; and when it is opened, if the waters 
 are not 16 cubits high, the people refufe the j)ayment 
 of the tribute. 
 
 As the river cannot of itfelf overflow tlic lands every 
 where in the necelfary proportion, they have cut canals, 
 and formed a variety of engines, for the purpofe of 
 conveyance. There arc alfo a number of wells, from 
 which the water is drawn to water the gardens and fruit- 
 trees. Numbers of oxeri are daily employed in this 
 fingle labour, belidcs the men, who draw water in 
 v;icker bafkets, fo doled and w-U lined, that not a drop 
 runs through. 
 
 It is remarkable that while other rivers carry off the 
 heart of the lands tliey overflow, the Nile, by the mud 
 or flime it brings down with it, fattens the earth, and 
 renders it iruitful. Tlie water mull be purified before 
 it is drank. This is done by mixing bitter almonds, 
 pounded to dull, in a j ir full of water, and kept turning 
 with the arm for fuiiie minutes. It is then Ufc to fettle, 
 .nnd, in five or fix hours, the noxious particles fubfide 
 to the bottom of the veflll, and the water becomes 
 limpid and excellent. 
 
 When the NJ'e is returned within its banks, the canals 
 fupply the people and cattle with water, which maidens 
 are continually to be lien fetching thence, according 
 to the ancient cul'iom fo often taken notice t-f in Scrip- 
 ture. 
 
 Ic was, without doubt, to provide .igainft thofe years 
 whi n the Nile does not overflow a great part of tiie 
 country, that the ancient lovereigns of Egypt cut lb 
 many canals, the principal of which arc iVill kept in or- 
 der, but the greater parr n.gleftetl, and confequently 
 one half of the country is deprived of cultivation. Thole 
 that conv' y the water to Cairo, into the province of' 
 Favoom, and to Alexandria, are moll attended to by 
 giivernnu nt. An oflicer is appointed to watch this laft, 
 and iiiiidcr the Arabs, who receive the liipeifluoiis wa- 
 ters of this canal, fro-n turning iheiii off before Ak'xan- 
 clria is provided, or opening the canal b. (iire the time 
 fixed, which would hinder the increaf- of the Nile. That 
 which conveys the waters into Eayoum is watched in 
 like manner, antl cannot be o|)cned before that ofCiiiro, 
 which is called tiic canal uf Trajan. 
 
 'riiere arc gre.it numbers of p;ifn»ge-bo.its upon tht 
 Nile; and as loon as night draws on, the paffcngers 
 betake themfelves to their arms ; for the rivcr olten 
 fu arms with pirates, who attack boats under favour of 
 daikncis, alfailinate pallengeis that are off their "uard 
 and feize their elfeds. '^ ' 
 
 The mountains four leagues from the Nile, and facino 
 Cairo, are a ridge of rocks of 40 or 50 feet high, iii\ iile 
 the plains of Libya, and fecm as if only intended to 
 fcrv e as a bank to the general inundation. At the fum- 
 mit of the angle of Delta the rocks of Libya, and the 
 coalls of Arabia, open to the view, and appear to recede 
 from each other towards the call and sveil. This great 
 extent of country., from tlie kingdom of Barca, is cither 
 inundated by the river, or at leall liable fo to be. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Niiturnl rrodnnioiii of Egypt, J'egetable, Animal, ^c, 
 
 F^ROM the facility witl. which the coun'rv is wa- 
 tered, and the lichmls of the foil, the Egyptians 
 liave not the laborious t.ifk of ploughing, digging, or 
 breaking the clods ; but when the water has rcurcj 
 they have only to mingle a little fand with the earth tu 
 abate its ftrength, tempering the drynefs of the f.in,l 
 with dung; after wliicli they fow with little pains, anj 
 almoll without charge. They fow the fpring corn and 
 vegetables ordinarily in Odlobi r and November, as tiic 
 waters fill. Within two months the ground is covered 
 with ail forts of grain and pulfe, as wheat, rice, badev, 
 beans, itc. With barley they feed their cattle, anj 
 make an intoxicating kind of liquor by fermentation, 
 which is the common drink of the lower clafs of ptohlc. 
 Their harveft is in March or April. Tl: i.ave alio 
 lugar-canes, melons, dates, figs, cucumbei , and other 
 vegetables, which they eat in hot weather as cualias!; 
 food. As they have no common grafs, they I'uiyjy 
 the want of it by lowing .heir land witii clover. The 
 lotus is an aquatic plant peculiar to Egypt, which grows 
 in rivulets, and by the fides of lakes. There arc two 
 fpecies, the one bearing a white, and the other a bhieilli 
 flower. 
 
 Moll of their trees, cfpecially thofe in their gardens, 
 are '-xotics. Their molt common trees are the limnt, 
 which bears a pod ulVd iiillead of bark in tanning of' lea- 
 ther ; the tamarillt, Pharaoh's tig, the fycamore of the 
 ancients, the palm or date tree, and another fpecies oi 
 the palm called the dome-rree. The papyrus is a pro- 
 dudion of Egypt, though it is not fo plentiful as for- 
 merly, the inhabitants having greatly diminilhcd tlio 
 quantity by digging up the roots for fuel. This reed 
 grew chiefly on the borders of the Nile, and flrved ths 
 ancients for the purpofe of writing upon. Hence the 
 origin of the word ptiper. The bark was divided into 
 thni flakes ; thefe were laid flat on a fniooth t'url'ace, 
 moiftened with the glutinous waters of the Nile, coai- 
 preffed together, and then dried in the fun forule. One 
 fort of the flax of tiiis reed was fo very fine, and they 
 dreffed and fpun it fo curioufly, that the threads could 
 fcarce be feen. It grew in liich plenty, that they liad 
 not only enough to doath their priclh, who wore no- 
 thing ell'e, but perfons of rank in general. 
 
 Of animals there are wilil and tame oxen, camels, 
 affes, go.its, and flicep, of v.'hicii tli;re is gre.it plenty. 
 'I'lie buffalos, in the hot feafon, live in the Nile, lying 
 among the waters up to the neck, and feeding upon the 
 herbs that grow iijion the banks. There are vail num- 
 bers of antelopes, anil a large kind of ape, with a head 
 fomewhat like a dog's, whence it was calleil cyn ice- 
 |)halus. Camelions are comii'.on in this country. 
 r!i(re arc alii) tigers, hyx-nas, wolves, foxes, &c. 
 
 The crocodile, the moll celebrated of all the Egyp- 
 tian animals, is terrible either on land or in tiie water, 
 but more particularly fo in the latter element. They 
 are often feen bafking then-.felves on funny banks, 
 where they lay for many hours motionlcfs, and cxailly 
 refcinbk the trunk of a tree. On the approacii of any 
 
 living 
 
 young to their n..tura 
 
 i i ; 
 
AFRICA.] 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 385 
 
 Vgctahle, Jnimal, (fr. 
 
 living creature, they dart upon it, run to t'lc water, and 
 immediatel)' plunge to the bottom with their prey. 
 During the flnocls they fometimes enter the cottages of 
 the natives, and furioufly I'eizc upon in:in, woman, or 
 chiltl, cattle, domcrtic animals, &c. Indeed, inflances 
 have been known of ilii-ir taking a man out ot a canoe, 
 anil diving to the bottom, without its being in the power 
 of thole who were in tight to aflbrd him any affiftance. 
 
 All the parts ot the crocodile are remarkably ftrong; 
 thetv-eth are exceeding fliarp; and, above all, the tail 
 is fmgularlv dreadful ; with a blow from this, it cin 
 overturn a boat, or flun the ITrongell animal. Many 
 ridiculous ftories have been told concerning this creature. 
 Some have proceeded (rom travellers taking the nioll 
 abUu'd tales i")oii truft, which we fhall therefore rejedt, 
 ps being determined to adhere only to matters duly au- 
 thenticated. 
 
 Crocodiles are not fond of fait water, but love to con- 
 tinue in rivers. They lay their eggs in the fand, having 
 previoufl; dug a hole vsith their fore paws to depotit 
 them in. 1 laving delivered fome of their burden, they 
 cover up the place with great care, and then retire 
 The next day thev return again, uncover the place, lay 
 about the fame number of eggs, and then rairo till the 
 cnfuing'i IV, when they repeat the lame for the lall time, 
 and then fmaly dole the hole. 
 
 Ar loon as the eggs are vivified by the hc.it of the 
 fun, which happens at the cx[)iration of thirty ilays, 
 the young ones begin to break the fliell. The mother, 
 by inlliiiCt, goes at the fame time to affift them by 
 fcratching aw.iy the fand. The moment they are at li- 
 bertv, the llronj;eft mike towards the water, antl the 
 rert mmnit upon the back of the mother, who carries 
 then) lately to it. " But the moment they arrive ar the 
 water (fays a late authentic traveller) all natural con- 
 nexion cc<il'es : when the female has introduced her 
 young to their n.itural clemrnt, ilic and the nialc be- 
 come among the number of their moil formidable ene- 
 mies, and devour as many of them as they can : the 
 whole brood fcattets into ditri.rcnt parts at the bottom, 
 and by far the grcatcft number arc deftroyed." 
 
 This animal is not only an enemy to its own fpecies, 
 but is at univerfal enmity with all other living creatures. 
 Man is its pvofcffed foe, and kills it to prevent its de- 
 predations, as well as to eat it. Indeed its flcfh is but 
 mdillVrunt t'ood, though the eggs arc deemed great de- 
 licacies, and are fougftt after with avidity, not only by 
 man, but by many beads, and birds of prey. The 
 vulture is particularly fuccefsful in dcfl'oytng its eggs, 
 which they clfii^ by the following rtratagem ; they 
 hide themlelves among the ruflies and fliruljs about the 
 banks of thofe waters where the c'ocodilc inhabits; 
 then watching till Ihe has depofited her eggs,- they go 
 to the place as foon as flie retires, fcritcn away the 
 fnnd, and feall upon the fpoil. At other titties, when 
 thcv have not dilcovered a crocodile's neft, they arc 
 equally dcrtruftivc to the young fry as they run to the 
 water. 
 
 The Ichneumon, or rat of Pharaoh, is another terri- 
 ble cneiny to the crocodile fpecies, as it deftioys both 
 eggs and young frv with great avidity. On account of 
 this peculiar excellency, as the inhabitants of this coun- 
 try have a jull right to eftcem it, together with the rtft 
 of its pcrfedfions, for it is ctpially dcrtruftivc to came- 
 iions, ferpents, frogs, rats, mice, and moll o' noxious 
 animals and reptiles that it is able to inaller; the ancient 
 Egyptians deified it, and held it in the utmoft vetjcra- 
 tiun. This animal, with lefpcdt to fliape and colour, 
 refembles a badger. It has a ihoui- like a hog, with 
 which it routs u|> the earth and fand ; the nofc is pro- 
 tninent.and the cars fhort and round. It is of a yellowilh 
 colour at all times, except when angry ; but if pro- 
 voked, it briftles up its hairs like a porcupine, and then 
 appears of two colours, which are white and yellow, 
 th.it run in dillinil: (freaks. The legs are bl.ick, the 
 tail long, and the tongue and tcctl. like thofe of a cat. 
 It is .in amphibious creature, can bear to remain under 
 ^ater much longer than the otter, and is bold, active, 
 ,. No. 35. 
 
 and nimble : but that it creeps down the throat of the 
 crocodile, and gnaws its inteftines, is intirely fabulous, 
 and was one of the errors of oral information, when 
 conjcdturcs were relied on more than fa:ts, and com- 
 mon report believed without having recourfc to Cipc- 
 riijients. 
 
 The Chriftians ride upon afTcs, through the compul- 
 fion of the Turks. The hippopotamus, or river horfe, 
 an ainphibious animal, refembliny an ox in its hinder 
 parts, with the head like a horc, is found in Upper 
 Egvpt. The animals of this country fcem to partake 
 of the fecundity of the fill, as they are rem.irkably 
 prolific. 
 
 In bgvpt there are birds of various kinds, as the 
 offrich, the eagle, the hawk, the pelican, the flamingo, 
 the Ifork, the wild goofe, &c. Sec. The moft rcmarkr 
 able arc the following. 
 
 The ibis is fo peculiar to Egypt, that it jMnes and dies 
 away if carried out of that country, but is much efteem- 
 ed for the great ul'e it is of in deflroving certain noxious 
 infeds which the I'outh winds bring from the defarts of 
 Libya. 
 
 The pgyptian (fork (which fome have erroncoufly 
 luppofcd to be the ibis) has no voice, pr at leaft irakcs 
 no other nolle than what is occafioned by its flriking the 
 under and upper chaps together very forcibly. I hero 
 is one peculiar tpiality in the ffork which feems more 
 forcible than in anv other 1 ving creature, viz. an un- 
 common degree of filial afll'(fii'<n. 1 he Angular vene- 
 ration of this bird for its parent was obfcrved in the ear- 
 lieff ages ; hence it was called in Hebrew chcfidah, 
 a Hord which implies compaflion and piety ; and in 
 Qreek it was termed Iforge, which fignifies natur.tl af- 
 fcdion. From the latter it is probable that the Englifh 
 word (tork came to us, through the medium of our 
 Saxon ancellors. 
 
 This bird has a long bill, and long red legs, which 
 are peculiarly adapted to the nature of its getting its 
 prey ; for as it feeks for ferpents, frogs, &c. in wet 
 and marfhy places, its long legs ferve as ftilts ; and as 
 it flies away with its food to its nefl:, its long bill, 
 which is jagged, enables it to fecure it. It lays but 
 four eggs, and fits only thirty days. Its filial piety has 
 been the admiration of all ages, and drawn the attcntioti 
 of the moft judicious and learned. One of the fevea 
 wife rt)en, when Croefus afked him which was the moft 
 happy animal, replied, " The flork : becaufe (faid he) 
 it performs what is jufl and right by nature, without any 
 compulfive law." 
 
 The Egyptian pelican, with refpeifl to fize and fhape, 
 refembles a fwan. Its colour, however, is not fo pure 
 a white, nor is the beak fimilar, the latter being about 
 a foot in length, .and very thick, the colour blue and 
 yellow, and the point fharp. The upper chap is formed, 
 like the fame part in nioH o;hcr birds, but the lower is 
 unlike any thing appertaining to the reft of the feathered 
 race : it does not confirt of one folid piece, but is com- 
 pofeil of two long flat pieces, connctfted by a membrane 
 which extends to the throat, but is flabby and loofe, on 
 which account it is capable of containing a vaftfjuantity 
 of ;^rovifion. 
 
 '1 he oftrich is a very large bird, being ufually fevcn 
 feet in height from the top of the head to the ground •- 
 but the neck irfelf is fo long, that it comprizes three of 
 thofe feet. From the top of the head to the rump, 
 when the neck is ftrctchcd out in a right line, it is about 
 fix feet; and the tail is twelve inches in length. The 
 wings arc exceeding ftrong, but at the fame time they 
 are too fhort to enable the bird to fly, though they ferve 
 as fails, and aflift it to run with great expedition. The 
 l)lumagc is black, white, or grey : the large feathers at 
 the extremities of the wings and tail are white, the 
 others are black and white ini^ermixcd. The fides and 
 thighs have no feathers, nor are there any under the 
 wings. All the feathers of oftriches are fcft as down. 
 Dr. Brooke, in his Natural Hiftory, fays, " An oftrich 
 is thq moft greedy bird that is known, for it will devour 
 leather, grafs, bread, hair, metals, or any thing elfe 
 i E that 
 
386 A NEW, J^OYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 , ' 
 
 r 
 
 u ., 
 
 R--*-- -7 
 
 irt--- 
 
 mm 
 
 that IS given him. Howevrr, lie does not digeft iron 
 antl llonff, as Ibine have pretcndeil, but voids ihcm 
 whole. Thilc fuhll.mccs tntcr into the gizzard. A 
 remarkable inlV.incL- of this ocrnrrcd in an oftrich bc- 
 lonfiing to a Morocco ambulT.a!t)r here, a' :i intended 
 as a prcfcnr to the king's iiKnagerie. 1, among maiiv 
 others, went- to fee it, when it plucked oft" the bral';. 
 Iheil of a button from a genrleman's co.it, and fwallow- 
 ed it : a fevv days afterwards it lickened and diwi, wh.n. 
 upon opening it, the button was found in the gizzard, 
 which it hid g.mgrened." 
 
 The lakes of Delta, near rhe fea, afford great quan- 
 tities of Hill, bur not in great variety, thi re not b; ing 
 above fcven or eigiit forts, two of wiii<h the i''.gvpti.ins 
 fait and fend in large (hires to Syria, Cvprus, and Con- 
 ftantinoplc. The bed of the Nile being very full of 
 mud and Hi lie communicates a muddy tade t) the 
 fifh that feed in it. 1 hey have various HKtluids of 
 catching the fifh, but the iroft curious and fingular is 
 that with a bird. VVlien the fifhermen have fet up their 
 long nets, which tiiey dr.iw quite round, the/ let two 
 tame pelicans fwim in the lake, having faft.ned a threa.l 
 to their eye-lids, by means of which they can tie u,) 
 their eyes during the wliole filhrry. The fifhermen are 
 obliged to take this precaution, in order to prevent the 
 birds from eating too many fi!}i. The pelican, having 
 a rtrong fcent, purfues the fiih aroun 1 him, an 1 the 
 people on its fides prevent them from getting awuy by 
 driving them inio the nets. 
 
 The dolphins, which are very numerous, efpecially 
 in the M.ndefian mouth, purfue the filli, which makes 
 them take refuge in litrle ponds Till of weeds i as foon 
 as they are got into thefc pon is they cannot efcape, be- 
 caufc the filhcrmen Ihut up the entrance into the lake 
 with nets. The iifh.rni' n, who reap fo great an ad- 
 vantage from tliofe purfuits of the dolp(#ns, almoft 
 look upon it as a miracle, and they are ignorant enough 
 to take the dolphins to be lome good I'pirits fent on 
 purjiofc to do them this frvice. 
 
 There are various kinds of reptiles here. The 
 horned viper, fo called from having a kind of horns, is 
 of excellent life in medicine. There is a ferpent of 
 great bulk call:d Thaibanne, and feveral forts of afps, 
 wliofe jjoifoni have different effefts, though finally alt 
 are mortal. There are fwarms of gnats and mufquitos 
 in the air and in the houfis, which greitly annoy the 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Having thus treated of the natural produftions of 
 this country, we (hall proceed to confider it in adilfir.ft 
 point of view, beginning, as propuled, witli Upper- 
 Egypt, or Thtb.js. 
 
 , . , SECTION III. V ' '" 
 
 UPPER EGYPT, OR THEBAIS. 
 
 THEBAIS, fo called by the Greeks from Thebes, 
 its metropolis, is the mofl fouthern part of 
 Egypt, next to Etiiiopia, and nearly as lirge as all the 
 rt(l, including the country on biitii fides the Nile down 
 to Heptanoiiiis. There were formerly in this jiart of 
 Egjpt a number of Lirge and nagnificent cities befidcs 
 Thebes, I^ycopoli^, Abydus, Tentyris, Hermonthis, 
 I^topolis, Coptus, Antcopolis, &c. &c. In thefc 
 were temples of levrral ikities, and toiTibs of their an- 
 cient princes. 
 
 Some hue travellers iafirm us tiiere are nor only fe- 
 vcral olielifks anil eololHiles (lill remaining here, m!(re 
 beauiit'ul than in i^ower F"' pr, hut pyramids higiier 
 tiiap thofe nearCiiiro, witii other (lupendoiis work.s. In 
 confirmation of tldi, .1 jiei'lbn of raik, who lately vi'it- 
 ed ihefe ji^irts, affirm , tint the people of the cr>u:ury 
 aflured hiiii the funerd .■uanuineMii in Tliebais we.'e 
 innuiner.ible, and furpafled, in magnificence, ti.ofe of 
 Mc.npliis and Alexandria. They added, tlv ^here 
 were ilill to be lien temples with columns of '. gra- 
 nite as large as that of Pompey, and tiiat th.: pai itings 
 witiiin were not lefs remarkable. The fame perfon ob- 
 
 firves further, that it cannot be doubted but that th 
 Upper Egypt contains amazing trealiires buried under 
 itsiuins, as a captain lately difcovcrtd an urn filj.j 
 with gold meilals, of which ht fecretly melted duwn a 
 great number. 
 
 Savd, (iippofed to be the ancient Egyptian Thebes '» 
 the capital of Upper Egypt, and was tiirnierly one' of 
 the filled cities in the univerfe. It is fiitl by Ibnie pcr. 
 fons who have vifited it, to be the moll capital antiquj 
 curiofity now extant, containing vaft columns of nurbic 
 and porphyry which lie half buried in the ground, and 
 (latues and obelilks of a prodigious fize, adorned' with 
 hieroglyphics. 
 
 Tliere are many other magnificent remains ofThcbes 
 but the mod remarkable are the coloflal llatucs 01' 
 Memnon : they are made of a particular fort of ha.^d 
 granite, which moft rcfcmbles the eagle-ftone. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 MIDDLE EGYPT, DisTiNotrisHKo nv the Name 
 OK HEPTANOMIS. 
 
 ' I 'Hi'', appellation of Heptanomis alludes to the feven 
 -■- iia;iHb or priefedures into which this part nf 
 Egypt was originally divided. Like the other p.irts it 
 ■ once contained extenfive and opulent cities, of which 
 the chief worthy of notice is Memphis, celebrated fur 
 thofe afl-onKhing monuments of antiquity the pyramids 
 1 or burial [ilaccs of their kings. Thefe grand objects of 
 curiofity have long attrafted the attention of imnof 
 \ (peculation, and the accounts of travellers have been 
 I read with infinite delight. Thefe pyramids are con- 
 ' flrnfted on that ridge of rocks which is the boundary 
 i of Libya, and generally called the Pyramids of (iizi. 
 [ They are about 20 in number, but two of them have 
 been principal objefts of attention. We have rjviini 
 i the r;fpe(5Hve details concerning them, and prefrntout 
 i readers with the following account, as related byacha- 
 I rafter eminent for rank and literature, and the nM mo- 
 liern that can be obtained. He writes thus : " \Vc 
 left Giza about an hour after midnight, and fcarcdjr 
 ! had proceeded a quarter of a league before we pern ived 
 I the tops of the two grand pyramids. Wc were but three 
 ' leagues from them, and the moon Ihone on thcni with 
 ; full fplendour. They appeared like two pointed rocks, 
 I with their (iimmits in the clouds j and the afpcft of thefe 
 ' antique monuments, which have furvived nations, c:n- 
 i pires, and the ravages of time, infpired veneration. 
 *' We approached the pyramids, which, with afpcft 
 varying according to the windings of the plain we tra- 
 verfed, anel the fituation of the clouds, became more 
 and more diftinft. At half pafl three in the niornin" 
 we (bund ourfelvcs at the foot of the greateft. We left 
 our doe.fhs at the door where it entered, and defccntk-d 
 each with a torch. We proceeded till we came to a 
 [ilace where we were obliged to crawl, to pafs inro the 
 ieeond entry, which correfponded to the firft. Wc 
 then afcended on our knees, fupporting ourlelves with 
 our hands againil the fides, otherwife we were in d.in- 
 gcr of fliding precipitately down an inclining plane, the 
 notches or lle|is of which did not afford certain foot- 
 hold. We fired a piftol about the middle, the fearful 
 noifi; of which was long reverberated among the cavi- 
 ties of tliis immenfe edifice, and which awakened tho;;- 
 f.inds of bats, which were very large, that dartin;; up 
 and down, beat againfl: our hands and faces, and ex 
 tinguilhed I'cveral of our lights. When comj to the 
 top we entered, througii a very low door, a great ob 
 long chamber, entirely of granite. Seven enorinnji 
 ftones, eroding from one wall to the other, formed th- 
 ceiling. A (arcophagus, c\it from a l>lock of marble, 
 is placed at one end. It his been violated by man, (or 
 it is empty, and the lid has been torn olT. Bits ot 
 e.irthen vafes arc fcattered round. Beneath this chiin- 
 her is a lefTer one, where is tlie entrance of a coiuluit 
 full of rubbilh, ■ ' »?'» ' ijr 
 
 «' After 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 
 V 
 
 N 
 
 .5? 
 
 '1**.' 
 
GRAPHY. 
 
 e doubted but that the 
 
 : trealnrt-s buried under 
 
 ilcovtrtd an urn filicj 
 
 fccrctly mcltid duwn 3 
 
 .nt Egyptian Thebes, i, 
 
 nd was tormerly one of 
 
 It is Paid bvlomepcr- 
 
 the mott cajjital antique 
 
 vart columns of nwrbie 
 ricd in the ground, and 
 ;ious fize, adorned with 
 
 cent remains ofThebes 
 the coioflal (latucs 01 
 particular Ibrt of hard 
 the eaylc-ftone. 
 
 ^ IV. 
 
 UISHED nv THE NaM£ 
 
 OMIS. 
 
 snnis alludes to the fi-vcn 
 ito which this part of 
 
 Like the oriier p.irts it 
 jpulent cities, of which 
 lemphis, celebrated fot 
 ■ antiquity the pyramids, 
 
 Thef- grand olijcdsof 
 the attention of men of 
 of travellers have beea 
 lefe pvrainids arc con- 
 s which is the boundary 
 \ the Pyramids ofdiza. 
 , but two of thi-m have 
 tion. We have r.:vilcd 
 g them, and prcfent oui 
 unt, as related by a cha- 
 .■rature, and the moll mo- 
 He writes thus : " W't 
 midnight, and Ibarccly 
 iguc before we pernived 
 Tids. Wc Were but three 
 oon fhone on them with 
 I like two pointed rocks, 
 i; and the afpectof thefe 
 'c furvived nations, em- 
 , infpired veneration, 
 nids, which, with afpcft 
 ings of the plain wc tra- 
 le clouds, became more 
 ift three in the morning 
 of the greatefl. We itft 
 t entered, and def«n;kd 
 eded till we caine to a 
 o crawl, to pafs into the 
 nded to the firll. Vvc 
 iipporting ourft-lves wi;h 
 hcrwifc we were in d.iM- 
 ■n an inclining plane, the 
 not afford certain foot- 
 the middle, the fearfii! 
 berated among the cavi- 
 d which awakened tho;:- 
 y large, that dartin;; up 
 aiuls and faces, and ex 
 :s. When corn-' to tlu- 
 y low door, a great 0') 
 nite. Seven enorinoii 
 to the other, foriiit'd th • 
 from a block of marbl' , 
 een violated by man, (or 
 been torn otT. Bits of 
 id. Beneath this chim- 
 le entrance of u conduit 
 
 Wm 
 
 :L;il 
 
 " After 
 
 
 
 :^ : 
 
w 
 
 n 
 
 
 A- <•: ■. 
 
 
 AFRICA.! 
 
 " After cxainii 
 di) never enters, 
 more thick and d.i 
 taking care not t( 
 left, and readies 
 air witliin this (.\. 
 and foul as aliroft 
 were b;»theii in fw 
 been taken for Ip 
 " H.iving eat^i 
 ourfilves, we h;il 
 It is compolcd <) 
 recede in proporii 
 feet to two. TIk 
 cd to arrive at th 
 ginnint?: at the n( 
 inagcd, but did 
 an hour's fevere ' 
 " Day bc'Tin '■ 
 ed more iilov.in 
 and a nn It a^rct 
 gilded the toi) ot 
 looks (irand Cair 
 26n. V\ e rccciv 
 tance, the tops 
 leagues from us, 
 jjid light dil'oovei 
 hirds lei't the Ux 
 cur eves tollowei 
 the north were 1 
 Ibiith the river 
 the firall town of 
 the c.ilUe of Si 
 '1 he univerfe eoi 
 more magnificen 
 '• 1 laving tng 
 ramid, wc cautw 
 betore us ; a pic 
 or beneadi our (< 
 " Once n'.orc 
 of tiie pyramid, 
 On a near view 
 but at 100 jjaccs 
 in the inimenfitv 
 fmali." 
 
 Many travelli 
 
 Hirodotus, th.e 
 
 have nie?.iuii.u 
 
 of their c.iu ulat 
 
 niented duubt C( 
 
 pute fays that its 
 
 The nobk: tr: 
 
 thole pi-rfuns w 
 
 never Hiiilhed, I 
 
 are miftakcn. 
 
 mains of mortal 
 
 and by the teilii 
 
 mined it many i 
 
 The ft coml i' 
 
 pj-ft. The arcli 
 
 but it is irreatly 
 
 The third py 
 
 hfatity of tills m 
 
 ticulars worthy 
 
 l''ach pyramii 
 
 ni-ons raviti'.s fi 
 
 balmed bodivs.^ 
 
 in fti( h a declin 
 
 Icend into it v/ii 
 
 As our conin 
 
 fuch real C('ncfi 
 
 to it n'.or<- or ie 
 
 tn Thdii is now 
 
 tiling which ma 
 
 tate that pafiagi 
 
 way fif ea.ition 
 
 tile foilowini^ n; 
 
 conib:,. 
 
 ■^»« 
 
 &*,!'. ,A^a,-i« ■■.f'- -■ -*■ ■ 
 
EGYPT. 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 *' Afrcr examining thefe caverns, where tlie lij^ht of 
 dav never enters, ancl the fhailts of eternal niG;lit gro.v 
 more thick and dark, wc ilel'e; nded by tiie way wj came, 
 taking care not to tumble into a well wliicU is on the 
 left, and rfaclics to the bottom of the pyramiil. The 
 air within this eiiilice being never chaii^'cd, is fo hot 
 and foul as alinoll to fiifFocatt.-. When we came o>it we 
 were bathed in fweat, as pale as death, and mi'jlu have 
 been taken for f[)e6lre5 rifin;^ from ihe abyfs of ilarknefs. i 
 " Having easterly breathcil dieoptn air, and refreflK-d ' 
 oiirklves, \vc haltencd to Icale this mountain of man. i 
 It is conipofid of more th.in 200 layers of ftone, tli:;' ; 
 recede in proportion to their heiglu, whiih is from four \ 
 feet to two, Thtfe enormous (le[)s niufl all be mount- | 
 cA to arrive at the fummir, and tliis wc undertook, be- i 
 ginning at the north-eaft anjde, which is the lead da- i 
 rnaged, but did not accomplilh our call; till afuT half I 
 an hour's fevere labour. 1 
 
 " Day bt fi m 10 break, and the eaft gradually .i( um.- 
 fd more glowinr^ colours. We far enjoying a pure air, 
 and a ni<,(' a^n-eablc co;)Ir.ef!,. The fuii-litams foon 
 f'ihlcd the top of MoUkataai (a iro'intain vhich over- 
 looks (irand Cairo) and foon roll- above it in the l;ori 
 2on. V\'c received i!i-- fiift ravs, and beheki, at a dif- 
 tance, the tops ot the pyramids, of .Saccara, three 
 leagues from us, in the Plain of Miimini.s. The ra- 
 pid light difcovercd every moment new beautii>. The 
 herds left tne handets, the boars fpread their fuls, and 
 our eyes followed <\'x vaft wiridin(:> of the Nile. On 
 the north were lleiile hills, and barren faiids ; on the 
 fouth the river and w.iving fieUU. To the eaft llood 
 the fmall town of Giza ; and the towers of Toihit, with 
 tl.c c.dlle of Salah Eddin, ceriviinatcd th;; profpeft. 
 1 he univerfe contains not a profpedl more van gated, 
 more magnificent, or more awful. 
 
 '• Having engraved our names on tiie top of the py- 
 ramid, wc caiitioufly defctnded, for the deep abyfs lay 
 before u5 ; a piece of ftone breaking under our hands, ! 
 or beneath our feet, would have eaft us down headlbng. I 
 " Once more fafc at the bottom, we made the tour i 
 of tiie pyramid, contei. ^jlating it wi;h a kind of terror. 
 On a near view it feems compofed of detached rocks j 
 but at 100 (iaces diftant the l.irgenefs of the ftones is loft 
 in the immenfity of theftrucUire, and tliey appear very 
 fmall." 
 
 Many travellers and learned men, from the time of 
 Herodotus, tl'.e Greek hiftorian, to the prtfent date, 
 have meainrm the grand pyramid, and the diifcrence 
 of their c; ;ulations, far fru:ii removing, has but aiig- 
 niented duubt conccrnin;: it. A modern writer of re- 
 pute fays that its perpendicular hei'jht is near 500 feet. 
 The noble traveller before mentioned oblerves, that 
 thofe perliMis who have pretvndcd this pyramid was 
 never fiiulhed, bfcaufe it is o|)eii, and is not coated, 
 are miftaken. Th.at it was coated is proveti by th;- re- 
 mains of mortar flill found in levtral parrs of the lUps, 
 and by tiie t.-llimony of Maillet, wlio vifued and exa- 
 niineil it many times witii all polFibk- care. 
 
 The fi com! pyramid is about rrn yards fouth of the 
 Faft. 1 he arcltitefture of it is much like the former, 
 but it is greatly inferior in fize. 
 
 The third pyramid i.l f lid to exceed the otirrs in the 
 hf.inty of tliis workmanfliip ; bvt the reft contain no par- 
 ticul.irs woiihy of defcriprion. 
 
 I'.ach pyramid has its cat:.corribs (grottos or fubtcrra- 
 neous caviti'.s for the burial of the mummies, or em- 
 balmed bodies.) Tf.e opening at the fide is hollowcil 
 in Wiih a declinfiS direflion, :hat a perfoii cannot de- 
 icend into it v.'ifliotit bring let down by a rope. 
 
 As our commerce with tho erfftern woiid is now of 
 fuch real cc'ncfrn, as to make every thi'ig which relates 
 to it n-.orc or lefs interefting ; and as the land paftligc 
 to Fndii is now more frequented than formerly ; every 
 thing which maV, in the (lighteft degree, tend to facili- 
 tate that paftage, is an objeft of public attention. By 
 way (if ca-.nion thertfore to funirO travellers, wt infcrii 
 the following narrarive refpcftii^^ One of tlull- cata- 
 rouibu. 
 
 387 
 
 The cekbrated Aaron Him., when in Egypt, had 
 thecuiiofity 10 examine a catacomb. He was accom- 
 panied in his expedition by two other gentlemen, and 
 conduftvd by a guide, who was one of the natives of 
 the country. They at length arrived at the fpot, and 
 without taking notice of fome fellows who were faun- 
 tering about the place, defcended by ropes into the 
 vault. No fooner were they let down, tiian they were 
 prefcnted with a fpeftacle which ftruck them with ter- 
 ror : Two gentlemen apparently ftarved to death, lay 
 before tliem. One of thefe vidims had a tablet in his 
 hand, on which was written, in pathetic Imguage, the 
 ftory of their lanuntable fate. It feems they were bro- 
 thers of rank and fimily in Venice, and having in the 
 courfe of tiuir traveh entrufted themfelves with one of 
 the natives, for the purpofe of vifiting the infide of the 
 catacomb, the perfidious villain had left them there to 
 peridi. 
 
 The danger to which Mr. ITill and his friends were 
 exj'ofcd, inihinily alarmed them. They had fcarcely 
 read th.- Ihocking tale, when hooking up, they beheld 
 their iidiuman guide, afTifted by two others, whom they 
 had feen near the fpot, clofing the entrance into the 
 vault. 
 
 Tiiey were now reduced to the iitmoft diftrefs ; 
 however, they drew their Avords, and were determined 
 to make fome defperate efturt to rcfcue themfelves from 
 a fccne I'o truly dreadful. With this refolution they 
 were groping about at random in the dark, when they 
 were ftartled at the groans of fome one feemingly in the 
 agonies of eleath. They attended to the difmal found, 
 and at length, by means of a glimmering light from the 
 top of the- catacomb, theyfaw a manjuft ir.urdered, and 
 a little beyond they difcovercd his inhuman murderers 
 flying with the- utmoft precipitation. They purfueel 
 them immediately, and though they were not able to 
 come up with them, they however had the good fortune 
 to reach the opening through which thefe wretches 
 efcaped out of the cavern, before they had time to roll 
 the ftone on the toj) of it. Thus Mr. Hill and his 
 friends Were by a miracle faved. 
 
 Tliis memorable circumllance will, without doubt- 
 be alir.oft uppermoft in the mind of the oriental tra- 
 veller, and while he is imprefTed with horror at the 
 bafenels and cruelty of the tranlaftion, it will at the 
 fame tinn- quicken his own caution, and be the beft 
 guide to his condudl. 
 
 At a fmall diftuice fVom thefe pyramids, and about 
 a quarter of a mile from the river, is a monftrous figure 
 called a fphynx, the face of which reprefents that of a 
 beautiful woman, and the body tliat of a lion. This 
 extr.iordinary f gui'e is faid to have been the fepulchre 
 of king Amalis. 
 
 This fphynx is one entire ftone, fmooth and polifhed, 
 and was cut out of the folid rock. Travellers differ 
 with relbeft to the dimenfions of this figure, but the 
 moft jult appear to be thofe given by Dr. Pocock, who 
 fays, the lower part of the neck, or beginning of the 
 brcaft is 33 feet wide, and 20 thick to the back ; and 
 tlunce a large hole in the back 73 feet ; and from 
 thence to the tail 30 feet. Befides the above-mentioned 
 hole in the hack, there is another on the top of the 
 he.ad, by which it is conjeclured the priefts entered it to 
 deliver their oracles. The Hgvi'-tians hieroglyphically 
 reprefented a harlot by a fphynx, having the amiable 
 face of a woman, and the rapacious llrength of a 
 lion. 
 
 The following obfervations may .erve to explain the 
 origin and meaning of the Egyptian hieroglyphics. 
 Ideas were firft conveyed l)i' emblcins, or pie'lurcfque 
 reprefentations of tiling-. This being the firft metliod 
 of writing, it was gi m rally Underftood by every one ; 
 but when characters were introduced infteati of '-itfures, 
 thefe emblems becan.c at length unintelligible. In 
 procefs of time, ih- prieits of the Egyptians, to keep 
 the myfteries of their religion from the knowledge of 
 the common people, ufed hieroglyphics or facrcd cha- 
 t.iftcrs, as the term or phrafe imports, being a com- 
 pound 
 
388 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ,n 
 
 , 1. 
 
 pound of two Greek words, the one fignifying facrfd, 
 and thi- other to engrave or carve. 
 
 Many of the poor in Egypt are maintaineil by beinj" 
 employed to dig hencatli the barren lands in ll-arch of 
 thefc Icpulchrcs. VVIkmi their attempt proves liiecir:.- 
 ful, they make a fmali well of about three feet broad, 
 and i6 or i8 feet deep; into which one with a torch 
 in his hand is cafily let down by a rope. At tlie botioiii 
 is a four-fquare palVage, but fo low, that tJKy mull Hoop 
 to go in. At the end of this, they come to the four- 
 fquare vaulted repofitory, 14 feet every way, in which 
 are tables cut out of the fame rock, whereon the bodies 
 are plated in cherts or coffins ot wood or Hone, on 
 which are certain hieroglyphic charadlers. 
 
 The mummies, or botiies themfelvcs, are embalncd 
 with fpices and bituirwi ; but the chi I'o or coffins 
 wherein the mummies lie, and the winding Ihcets in 
 which they are wrapped, are richly gilt, rtreakcd with 
 various colours, and curioudy ornamented wtth hiero- 
 glyphics. 
 
 The methods taken by the anticnt Fgyptians to pre- 
 frrvc the bodies of the dead are thu. defcribed by a 
 I ■ traveller : " In the preparing them, (fays he) to 
 keep them from putrefaction, they drew out the brain^ 
 at tiie noftrils, and fupplied their place with preferva 
 five fpices : then cutting up the btlly with an Ethio- 
 pian (lone, and cxtrafting the bowels, they cleanfed the 
 infidc with wine ; and ftuffing the fame with a compo- 
 fition of Cafiia, myrrh, and other odours, clofed it 
 again. The poorer fort of people cffefted the like with 
 bitumen, and the juice of cedars, which, by their ex 
 treme bittcrncfs, and drying faculty, not only imme- 
 diately fubdued the caufe of interior corruptions, but 
 have prefcrvcd them uncorrupted above 3000 years," 
 
 Among the catacombs is one for particular birds and 
 animals, which is much more magnificent than the 
 others. Thefe creatures wire worlhipped by the an- 
 tient Egyptians, who fo highly reverenced them, that 
 when th:y happened to find them dead, they embalmed 
 them, wrapped them up with the faine care as they did 
 human bodies, and depofit^d them in earthen vafes, co- 
 vered over and ftopped clofe with mortar. 
 
 Near the city of Memphis was a famous building 
 called the Labyrinth, which, according to Herodotus, 
 was built by twelve Egyptian kings, when E^i^ypt was 
 divided into that number of kingdoms, and confifted of 
 twelve palaces, regularly difpofed, that had a commu- 
 nication with each other. Tliefc palaces contain d 
 three thouland rooms, half of which, interfperfed with 
 terraces, were ranged round the halls, and difcovered no 
 outlets ; the other half were under-ground, cut out of 
 the rocks, and defigncd for the fepulchrcs of the kings. 
 The whole building was covered with ftone, and adorned 
 with the fineft fepulchrcs. The halls had an equal 
 number of doors, fix opening to the north, and fix to 
 the fouth, all encompaffed by the fame wall ; and at 
 the angle where tlie labyrintli ended flood a pyramid, 
 which was the fepulchre of one of its founders. 
 
 This building is called the Labyrinth from its many 
 windings, and the difficulty thofe who entered it, found 
 in getting f"it again. The term is often uRd metapho- 
 rically to fignify p( rplcxity, or embarraflVnent. 
 
 The lake Micris, in this part of Egypt, has been 
 deemed .is extraordinary and worthy of notice, as the 
 labyrinth. Writers differ much in their defcription of 
 this lake. Some have allowed it an immenfe circum- 
 ference, while others have contraifted its bounds. 
 Whatever may have been its former fame, it feems 
 now to be involved in the general declenfion of the 
 country. 
 
 S V. C T I O N V. 
 
 LOWER EGYPT, called li.kewise DELTA. 
 
 LOVVER Egypt received the appellation of Delta 
 from its triangular foini, or refemblance of the 
 h capital letter in the Greek alphabet. It extended 
 
 formerly from Hcptanomis to the Mediterranean Sea 
 and containetl not only that part which is encompafleti 
 by the arms of the Nile, but alio Marcotis and Alex- 
 andria with its dependencies to the wed ; and Cafiotis 
 and Augullamnica, with lomc gther territories toward) 
 .Arabia, to the call. 
 
 The Delta is admirably fituated for agriculture 
 being continually watered by machines conllrucled on 
 the Nile, and the canals cut through it. This rich part 
 of Egypt abounds with rice, barley, and winter fruit. 
 Its fruitful plains, and ever running llreams equally ora- 
 tify the eye and the mind, Btfides Alexandria, (of 
 which we fiiall fpeak heieafter) there were fevcral cities 
 in this part, but little more is known at prefent of them 
 tiian their names. 
 
 On Mount Cafius was a town of the fame name. 
 Sirabo lays it had a magnificent temple, but it was 
 chiefly remarkable for containing the I'epulchre of Pom- 
 pey, who was buried on this fandy hill, which runs into 
 the fea, and feems to be the place now called by mari- 
 ners, Tcnere. It was near this place that Pompey was 
 treacheroiifiy murdered by command of Ptolemy. He 
 was buried by Cordus, a Roman loldier; and a fupcrb 
 monument was afterwards erected to his memory, which 
 was repaired and beautified by the emperor Adrian. 
 
 With refpeft to the ancient ftatp of Egvpt, we have 
 only to obferve, that, according to Diodorus Siculus, 
 it originally cc;ntaiiK<l a vaft number of cities, the chief 
 of wdlch was Thebes. Memphis fucceeded Thtb.s, 
 and at laft Alexandria to Memphis, as Cairo has fince 
 done to Alexandria. We fhail treat of the two laft in 
 the next ieiftion, when we confider the prefent ftate oi' 
 Egypt. 
 
 SECTION vr. 
 
 De/:ripiion of the chief Cities end Places of note inEgyp:, 
 
 GRAND Cairo, called by the Arabs MilTir, is fitua- 
 ted on the right fide of the Nile, about half a 
 league from the river, and divided into two towns, the 
 old and the new. It has fevcral fquares, fufficicntly 
 fpacious to invite, and dcferve decoration ; fuch as the 
 fquarc of Lufbequia, that of Romelia, and that of the 
 Great Mofque, named Sultan HafTan. There is a con- 
 fiderable dome over this grand edifice. Its cornice, 
 grotefquely fculptured, projefts confiderably ; and its 
 front is faced with the fineft marble. The gates are 
 now wallet! up, and guarded by janiffaries. The fquares, 
 which become ponds in the time of inundation, arc 
 gardens the reft of the year. They are flowed over in 
 September, and covered with flowers and verdure in 
 April. 
 
 The ftreets of Cairo are narrow, ill contrived, and 
 fo winding, that it is impoinblc to follow their direi^ior- 
 amidft the multitude of houles which (land crowding on 
 eacii other. In this city there are near 1000 mofquts. 
 The greater part of th'-m have minarets, which arc iiigh 
 fleeples of (light arc' tedlure, and furrounded by galle- 
 ries. From thefc minarets, at ftated hours, public 
 criers call the people to prayers. Many hundred voices 
 may be heard at one and the fame time, tlius fummon- 
 ing the inhabitants to their religious duties. The Turks 
 have recourfe to this method, from their averfion to the 
 noife of bells, which they reprefent as oflenfive to the 
 ear, unmeaning, and only fit for beaftis of burthen, 
 
 The caftle of Cairo is fituated on a rocky hill, and 
 furrounded by walls, on which are ftrong towers. Be- 
 fore the invention of^ gunpowder, tiiis was a coi)fiderabie 
 furtrefb, but being commanded by the neighbouring^ 
 mountains, it would now very (pon be demoliflicd by 
 tiic fire of a battery. 
 
 In this cafUe are included the palaces of the fultans of 
 Egypt, now almoft buried under their own ruins, 
 Djmes fubvcrted, gilding and pidures involved in 
 rubbifl), and columns of marble without capitals, are 
 remaining tokens of its ancient grandeur, 
 
■^.^' 
 
 GRAPHY. 
 
 • Mfditerrancan Sea, 
 vliicli is encoinpaficii 
 Marcotis and Akx- 
 »c weft i and Cafiotis 
 LT territories towardi 
 
 ted for agriculture, 
 hines conllruclcd on 
 rh it. This rich part 
 fv, and winter fruit. 
 ; tlreams equally ora- 
 fides Alexandria, (of 
 :rc were fevcral cities 
 ivn at prcfent of tliem 
 
 of the fame name, 
 temple, but it wis 
 liefcpulchre of Pom- 
 hill, which runs into 
 now called by mari- 
 ace that Pompey was 
 nd of Ptolemy. He 
 oldiiT J and a ftiptib 
 to his memory, which 
 emperor Adrian. 
 X of Egypt, we have 
 to Diodorus Siculus, 
 )er of cities, the chief 
 fucceeded Thtbvs, 
 IS, as Cairo has fince 
 at of the two laft m 
 r the prefcijt ftate ui' 
 
 »»•' 
 
 vr. 
 
 ^ laces of note in Egypt, 
 
 Arabs MilTir, is fitiia- 
 le Nile, about half a 
 i into two towns, the 
 1 fquares, fufficiently 
 coration ; furh as the 
 lelia, and that of the 
 an. There is a con- 
 edifice. Its cornice, 
 ;onfidcrably ; and its 
 rble. The gates are 
 lifTaries. The fquares, 
 e of inundation, arc 
 ley are flowed over in 
 )wcrs and verdure in 
 
 w, ill contrived, and 
 follow their dircflion. 
 ich Hand crowding on 
 i near looo mofqucs, 
 larets, which are high 
 furrounded by gi'le- 
 ftated hours, public 
 Many hundred voices 
 ; time, tiius funimon- 
 is duties. The Turks 
 1 their averfion to the 
 nt as offenfive to the 
 beads of burthen, 
 on a rocky hill, and 
 c ftrong towers. Bi"- 
 :iiis was a cor)fiderable 
 by the neighbouring^ 
 un by demoliflied by 
 
 ilaces of the fultans of 
 ler their own ruins, 
 pidures involved in 
 witliout capitals, are 
 randcur. 
 
 The 
 
 *iuA ?* 
 
.^ 
 
 f!S 
 
 1- ' 
 
 i 
 
 
 The Lilidp of ail E(;YP T IAN .S E P U 1 H R E , 
 
 «,■■-■*. 
 
 ?U( 
 
 :.;it*| 
 
' ''V.^ 
 
 r 
 
 r/Jn. 
 
 '/ 
 
 ,\ : "*f 
 
 So 
 
 ^^Sw 
 
 r '•• 
 
 KM 
 
 
 •» v 
 
 
 •If 
 
 5 
 
% . 
 
 
 L-~ 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 T^-: 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 The j)\l.icci ha^ 
 rior appt;ii;>"'"5' 
 tatiNc o( th»: l<r.in 
 power, liaviiif?, in 
 hciiiji; imin-ly liil>j 
 
 '1 liirc i» a ni.li 
 miaiitity ot nicilin 
 Chick l-r.^ala.i, th 
 j} vetted witi^ tliei 
 
 Amon^; t ic ci r 
 funk 1'^ tlic rock 2 
 fL-tfiv .-, ir h'»s t 
 aiiiafyiifL'tnt, is 
 Up.iii'tstl\isllair 
 ktt only fix inilic 
 to give I j;;h.i b.ii 
 is ntccllai y to dcf 
 is a tcfcr.t'ir, am 
 wl.cre i takes a r 
 
 The vsliol lit (r 
 
 iTican- of ts i> u\i 
 
 nyiailiiiN, ;\ id tii 
 giovc'-, ilh'iiis a I 
 ate pi.ll re 1 witl 
 tluirtavciitiixhi 
 ■w It'll yoi:n;'. ilu 
 '1 he intend hi a 
 beins; plicil all t 
 nolle ot that mf 
 lives afrcr. 
 
 As every Muf 
 
 of n ukin^ at ii 
 
 Mecca, in the 
 
 oiher than an :il 
 
 h< und to the (m< 
 
 tlttenie apint^ 
 
 vc deen i pn'p 
 
 carauin fet.s out 
 
 ihe moO l[.Undc 
 
 ealt. 'Iht niinil 
 
 feUloin aliiiiuius 
 
 nii^cli greaier, i: 
 
 ccnuiKTicis nol 
 
 ther devotions 
 
 laden \^i•.h the 
 
 vhuli tonic to 
 
 C(/l!veyed to Mi 
 
 of the piel'ent.s 
 
 they (1 ould he 
 
 vliii- \ie« a dra 
 
 j-irypt t> tfiort 
 
 iC'dfiie, rr prii 
 
 oi l;te and dea 
 
 iiinnv oi his fei 
 
 verv n apjnifUe 
 
 the lull' toial bi 
 
 30CO; but the 
 
 '1 hofe ( ani' 1 
 
 are ii ade choi 
 
 cidiy t. at wh. 
 
 nu-l, ( r < overi 
 
 \\,;Kh s iv.aiie 
 
 lale, all lithiy 
 
 red ^ 1 cm nd ; t 
 
 broi<!c'.ed lipi 
 
 ro-.ereil vi'h I 
 
 io that nothin 
 
 ( 1 upper, \vhi< 
 
 to be hied for 
 
 tl'.at ofhi-e he 
 
 to any ule. 
 
 Tluir er.ci' 
 mull ariive ai 
 It is fix<.d to 
 their RiUiiad.i 
 from ^Ucca, 
 vhich they II 
 the w.n by th 
 ■ >o 
 
 ir JJ,';^'!!. 
 
 ■it^^L 
 
AIRICA.] 
 
 I he pAl.icci have nothing rem iikatilc in their exte- 
 rior appiaianre. Indicil, thepicha, who is rfprefcn- 
 lativc o( thi: liranii Scif^nic r, m but a n itc phantom of 
 power, having, in no nlju-cl, a will of hit own, but 
 hiiiijjf iniiii-ly ^llbJ■•(:^ to rontronl. 
 
 'I hen- i» a m.nt in Cairo, w here they coin a great 
 ipiaiitit) ot nicilins aid fiqiims, thiic k with the aic of 
 Chi' k i-r.al.i.l, the ii.oll powerful bt) in the city, who 
 I, v.ltctt with tlie ri}»ht otci>ininj^. 
 
 Anion,-, t If ci rioliiic-; of this lalllc is Jacob » Well, 
 fiitik I'' tlic lovk 2So ket ilirp, a.d 4i lii't in ciixum- 
 fcicn -•. ir has t**o i Kiavjtio.is, A Ihiir cjIV, with 
 aiuafy afcent, is carncil rount. The p.irtition which 
 li-p.iri'us this llair-i ale from the will ii part jif t'le lock, 
 kit only lix indu-s tlutk, w ithwir.dou.se iit at intervals 
 ioj;ivtlp;h.i bit as they an miall, aiiil Tome low, it 
 isnccelVaiy to ilclViml by the lii;ht of cantl'e.s. 'I'lierc 
 i.i a icfer.i'ir, ami a l.vtl i],.\i:i:, at that ,)ait of the well 
 wl.eie i lakos a nvw il rc.lion. 
 
 The s\liol.»il (ir.iod ^.airoisficn at one \itw, and by 
 niciin- of ts n ult ti d ^^>ll.^ n oliiuc. iml minaivt'., iotty 
 pytaiiiitis, a 111 tiiii tul fuid. incrl,'erii:J with vcidant 
 gtoves.ilior>ij a m )ll hciutifu. laiuil ape. The ftreets 
 are pell reiWitI j'.i^jjkrs a id hr U'le-'elleis. One of 
 tlKirfavoiitcexhibtioi si; their iiaii< <n\; lamii^, which, 
 wl.tn yoi:n:', they pl.ire upon a I r. e heated Hoor. 
 I he intenli hi at inakis tl c pi or ( lea i r< s eaj.ti, and 
 bcin.; pi.eil ail lie time uitl. the li und oi cliums, the 
 no.lc ot iha*. mriiiinunt fets tt.eiii a i.ancing all their 
 lives afrer. 
 
 As every MiifTiiImm h under a religious injunnon 
 of 11 akin^; at lea'l « nee in i>i liti;, a pil^^riniage to 
 Mecca, in the crand laravan^j which m fa:t, is no 
 other than an alio i:ir'on of merchants and travellers 
 Ik iind to the fane couniry, and thus united lor their 
 tleieiue ajj.iinll the attacks of the waneteiing Arabs, 
 we (leen i proper lOf^ive an account ot tiie f.mie. The 
 « ar.iv.in fas om irom Cairo once a y ar, and !•. one of 
 il.e moll l|.hniied anil luin.crous civ.il ade- in all the 
 call. 'I hi numl.cr ot tl ole w liich uiii p'lV thecaiavan 
 I'eMom .imuunts to his than 40,000: l.ut it is ofrentinics 
 nuxh j^reater, in tinics ot peace aid pie; ty, when the 
 ccn.iiiercc is not oblliiK^Ud: for thele caravans join to 
 ther devotions a confuleialle trade, and return home 
 laden wi;h the rii hell goods fiom IVrlia aid India, 
 vhu h ciMiic 10 Giilda by the Rid Sea, and are thence 
 C(.i;\i)ed to Meic.i; and this, joined to the ri^ hiiel's 
 of the prel'ents carMCil there, makes it necillary that 
 they (1 oi.'ld he atten.'ed by a hifficiciit piui'd. With 
 t!;i^ view a draft is always madi-olall tlie bell troops in 
 J-,!!:;ypt to efiort them ; at the head of which is the Kniir 
 ll.idpe, rr prince ot the pilf^riins, who has the power 
 of lite and death over the wliolc caravan. The cere- 
 in"ny of hi.s felting on: on this txpidition from Caiiois 
 \ery nagnitRent: the camels are all ornamented ; and 
 the fuiii total hclonginj^ to the Fiiiir lladpe amounts to 
 30CO; but the refl is beyond compiitatii.;'. 
 
 '1 hofe (aimls are moll ir,aj;iiilicent,i) adosned, which 
 are n ade choice to carry the pielents t(> iViecca, ef|;e- 
 cidly I ai wh cli (arrits ih \i;reat pavd on called Mah- 
 nui, I r I ovi rin;^ < f M.ihiiiut and Abi„haiirs tomb, 
 w ;;Kh s iv.acie in the fli.ipe ol a pyrp.m.d, with a Icpiaie 
 bafe, all lich'y embriv.dered " itli i^old, on a green .mcl 
 red t^iound; the view of the hoiife of Mecca being em- 
 broii!ciecl upon ir, with a poiti.o aioumi it. He is 
 •O'.ered wi'h a rich carj-et tnat conusdoivn to his tier, 
 io that ncilhii g IS lecn ot him bi.t hishjad, neck, and 
 ( i upper, which are richly adi ried. This caifcl is laid 
 to he hieil for that piirpole-, and .iltcr he has peifornxd 
 that offii.e he is efteciiied facied, and never nure put 
 to any ule. 
 
 Their encampments ar.' fo fitthd that the caiavan 
 muft arrive at Mei ca in 38 days ; and the de(\Tiiureof 
 It is fixed to the :7th day of the iiio'mi whicn follows 
 their Rnma.ian. It is joined at IJedd ir, (ix clay.s iourncy 
 fr-ni Mecca, by the caravan fiom Daniafcus ; after 
 which they march jointly to Micca, and are |oineJ in 
 the wa', by the cara\aiisf;om other parts, who then pro- 
 -No. 36. 
 
 K O Y F T. 
 
 3fi 
 
 reed together to p.iy their devotion.? at Mount Aratiiir, 
 from whence they nurch on to Mecca, wheiethe hinir 
 Madge puts up the new grand pavdion. The (lay of 
 the Ciiravan is ci nhnel to 11 d.iys, in which time » 
 great and rich tialfu is cairicd on le;wcin the pilgrims 
 and tl c.r followers from all parts, and ihen the l-iniir 
 Hailge gives his lignal foi departuic. On their return 
 toCaiiO the gie.ttdl felli\uies are n ade, and each per- 
 fon is hontiured with the tiilc of hadge, orpili^rim, be- 
 fore his ow ii name. 
 
 Notwithll.inding the great numbers which compofc 
 the fe carava..;, there have been inl\anc es of , heir being 
 att.ickeel, p'unde.ed, and carried into captivity by the 
 .Arabian tieein otirs. 
 
 Tie pi rt of l!o lac, the place where all the mer- 
 chandize coming from Damietta and Alexandria it 
 linded, is ab' ut a in.le a.iil a half from Giand Cairo 
 It cont.iiiis gr.in-l b.,t..s an I e teidivc okals. I't.cfe 
 okals are fepiare build n s, intluding a large court with 
 a po. tico, over which is a winding (.'allery. The 
 giound Hoor is divided i;;to fpaciou> ma;',a/.incs, and 
 th ■ 10 )ii s above hav 11 iihcr furniture or ornuinciits. 
 Here Uranger.i live and deposit the r wares. Thefc 
 okil'may he faid to be the only tniu in bgypt; but all 
 Grangers nn.fl proviJe theirown fu.niture andfood, ic 
 I eing imp llible to j)roci:re a dinner ready drell'ed on 
 any lonlid r.:ion. Tho lands o' \clii,l>, of xarimis 
 form and li/e-;, 11 ay be f en rid ng at anchor in this 
 port fiom the fronts of thehoufes. 'I'he oj^ulent refort 
 to this j;! ;ce to c'ljoy t' e co ling breeze liom the Nile, 
 and the del g' t 111 profpeiitof the var.egatcd landlcapei 
 which its baiiKS prellnt. 
 
 Bclbre eicleave Grand Cairo, it may not be improper 
 to take notice, that, in the villages about it, the inha- 
 hitaniS have a n.ethoJ of hitching chitkc.is in ovens, 
 w.iichisalfo praiitifed in many other parts of Ligypc. 
 .'\s ih s is a nat er ol a very (inj.ular nature, we (lull 
 be a little particilar in defcribiiig the means by which 
 it IS elfected. 
 
 The feaCon for execuinr; this bufinefs is from January 
 
 to Apr;l, when the weather is to'erably lemperaie. The 
 
 ovens are under ground, in 0[ polite rows, with a gallery 
 
 or pafiage between tlu m ; and they are railVu one abcive 
 
 another, wirh holes at top, as are likew.fe the paf- 
 
 fages, which they open or ftop, as they would have the 
 
 heat increafedor diminifbed. The fuel tf.at heats them 
 
 is dung anil chopped Ihaw, which makes a fmothcring 
 
 (ire. 1 hey cont.niie to heat ihein gently eight or ten 
 
 days together, and then bring the eg;',s from the lower 
 
 Cells, where they are laid in h:aps, and fpread them in 
 
 the upper apartments, Co as only to cover the Hoor 
 
 (ingly. After this the bulinefs is 10 turn them every 
 
 day, and keep a moileiate lire in a channel that runs 
 
 along the mouth of the oven; and, in iced, tiie art 
 
 conlills chiefly in giving the ovens a proper degree of 
 
 heat, neither too mui h or toj little, for in c.thcrcafe 
 
 the labour would not fucceed. Their general rule is, 
 
 that the eggs be never made hotter than a man can bear 
 
 them at his eye-lid. '1 hiis they be;vn to hatch in abouc 
 
 three weeks j at whic h time it is very entertaining to ice 
 
 fonic of thechitkensjuU putting forthiheir l.e.ids, others 
 
 half out ot the (liells, ar.d other qui'e liee. '1 huider 
 
 occalions ahi ndancc of eji;g's to niifL:iiry; and at bell 
 
 many chickens want a claw, or have Irmc defect that is 
 
 uncomiion in the nati.ral way. Mi. (Jieavens tells us, 
 
 that the fire in the upper ovens, m hi n the eggs are in 
 
 the low cr, is thus proporii m d ; the fii ft day the greateft 
 
 fire, the fecond Icfi;, the thirel lefs ai,ain, tr.t fourth 
 
 iTore than the ih rl, the fiftiiiel's, the h^th more t an 
 
 the filih, the feventh lefs, tl e eighth n ore, the ninth 
 
 none, the tenth a little in the morning. 'I he eleventh 
 
 theyilofe all the ImIi."-, uitii liax.&c. niak'nu no more 
 
 f.re, for it they i\v iM the ecgs would breik. Thus 
 
 7 or Sooo are hatched iiiia fliort time. It is to be ob- 
 
 ferved, that the fanu.- experiment hasbein iiuide, vidi 
 
 fuccels, in Itab, and other (aits of EulOpc: though it 
 
 mull alio beohleivcJ, at the fame time, that the b rds 
 
 thus prodiiciil In art, cannot claim an equality, in 
 
 :, 1' ' point 
 
 m 
 
 il 
 
390 
 
 AMAV ROYAL, and AUTIIF.NTIC SYSTEM of UNWF.RSAL GEOCRAniV, 
 
 i * 
 
 i^'M'^ 
 
 
 ; ]H\ 
 
 point of pcrfcdiori, with thofc proiluccd in the natural j 
 
 way. 1 
 
 'lie Ifnn;! of RiioJa, vhich lies bcrwccn OKI Cairo | 
 nml Oi/.a, anil where the Nilomctor Ihiniis as before '• 
 mcntio' C.I, atVor.is a nlca;"iii^ view, fi-oiii the cxtcnfive 
 fields nf Whc.it, Ha\', and beans iiitcrmini^lcJ with 
 gro\ .J of dates, for the fpacc of a league. ; 
 
 i i.e follou ing coiicife dek-|'pti')n ot this Idind, and 
 narrative of a ciicunilhrnce that bcfel an authentic tra- 
 veller, to whom we are indebted for fcveral curious 
 jjalfages, we jrefume, will allord cnieriainnicnt : we 
 Ihall," therefore, prefent tleni i:i his own words. j 
 
 " 1 walked through tia- illjnd, which i^ one vail gar- 
 den, furro'.mded by ihe w. iters of the Nile. Walls, ; 
 breafl high, iirotect its banks fnnn the in;prtuoiis eui- 
 reiir. On one (i.!e Old Cairo, the water-works and 
 pleafi'rc-hoiifes of the beys are fecn, on the oiherthe 
 (jhafant town of ii.i.\. The governor, who refides i 
 here, exacts a tribute from ti-.ol'c who vilit the pyra- 
 mids out ofciiriolity. 
 
 <■ Loll in agreeable meditation, I entered a grove 
 of tam.irind, orange, and fscamore trees, and en|0)ed 
 the frdli air beneath their th;ck fduge. A lumit'.ous 
 i.w here and there penetrated the deep ihades, gilding 
 a fmall part of (he fcenc. Flant-; and Howers fcented 
 the a r. Multitudes of doves Hew from tree to tree, 
 undillurbed at my approach. Thus abandoned to the 
 deliiihts ofeo.itempl.ition, and indulging thofe delicious 
 lenl.i'.ions the imie and pl.ue infpired, I incautiouily 
 procct'de ' tow.inis the thickcU [lart of the wood, when 
 a terrifxing voice fiidderly exclaimed, " Where arc 
 you going? Sand, or\ou arc dead." It vv.is a fl.ive 
 vvho" guarded the entrance of the grove, that no rail. 
 tnricfity might dllurb theLmiles who repofed upon 
 the verdant banks. I .afterw..rds was given to iinder- 
 lland, that thcl^eys go there fomctimes with their wo- 
 men, and that . .• over inquifitivc ilranger, who Ihould 
 •wander there at :h a time, would rifk tlie imn-.ediatc 
 lofs of h's head. It appears fron) hence, how necelLiry 
 rirti mfpccTi' n n a country v\here the leaf! ii/difcre- 
 lion ma\ lead to death." 
 
 Alexandria, fo c.dled from the grc.-t conqueror of 
 the world, is, on divers account?, highly worthy of 
 notice. Egypt, previous to his convjuefl, though 
 happily fitua'cd to extend its commerce over Europe, 
 Aliiea, and the Intlic?, wanted a harbour, as it didal- 
 fo a fortrefs. The hero beftowcd on it thcfe important 
 advantages, by erecting the one, and forming the other 
 in a complete manner. He raifed .Mexan.lna to a de- 
 gree of fp'endor even in its infancy; for by joining it 
 to the Nile by a canal at once n:ivi:Table and ufcful to 
 cultivation, it bu anic the city of all nations, ami the 
 metropolis of commerce. The rocky bottom, which 
 extends along the coall of J'.gvpt, proves the Ide of 
 Pharos to have been forme.! by the rums of .Mexandria. 
 The near Ihore likewife conlirms the truth of this ob- 
 fervation; and the rolling of the waves contitnially dif- 
 covers a number of Hones which have inlcriptions on 
 them, and are, upon good grouiul, fuppofed to be part 
 of the remains of this ancient city. Its ruins atlbril a 
 tefl nuiny of its foimer fplendor, and are defended by 
 l!ic I unc wallsthai one defended its indullr)' and iiches, 
 and llil! prefent a mailer piece of an' ient architechirc. 
 The I'tolemii s all con ributed to the mngnilicence of 
 this city. Within its walls were tlic mufeum, that 
 afylum of tlie learned, groves, edifices worthy of r())al- 
 ty, and a tf.niple where the bo i\ of .Mexandei, in a 
 golden collin, h:id lieen depolitul. 
 
 '1 l-.c i.dwry ' f Alexaitdria fell, together with that of 
 Egypt in geiieial, in the fifecnth century, ulunthe 
 country wa-> fei/ed on l)y the Turks; tliough in its de- 
 cline It (1 II prefei ved an air of grandeur and iingnifi- 
 ccnce whieii cxciteii admiration. 
 
 Modern .Mexandria, or, as it is called by the Turks, 
 Scandaroon, is a plai e of fmall extent, but ol i'(,nlidei.i- 
 hle commerce, owing to its lituation. It li.is two pors, 
 the • ' .ind the new, the former being the refort of 
 T i> .a velRls only, tiic l.ittei of European inyeiieral. 
 
 Between thefe ports the prefent city is llti.ateil. The 
 harbour is dry; and the canal th.at runinto it Ik,,,, ihc 
 lake ^'!areotis has difappeared. The canal cf l\u '.ii 
 the only one that Hill rimj to Alexamlra, is hall li,; J 
 up with mud and fand. The II u am only Hows now 
 about the end ot' .Xugull, and ihvre is l'e:irce:y f.;ll".eie:i; 
 time to li'.l the refcrvoirs and cilleriis of the town. '\\ e 
 lands it once made fruitful are now become liefans ■ 
 and the groves and gardens about Alexandiia h.uedf- 
 appcared withtlx- (Ireanis th.it wateied them. 
 
 Notwithllanding thisgciicial decl'ne, the cillern, of 
 .Mexandria, vaulted with gr.at ait, which were I n.lt 
 under all parts ot the city, and its numtious .ujuulias 
 aie almolt entire, though they luue remained :^--q 
 years. 
 
 Tinvards the eaflcrn part of the palace are the two 
 
 obelilks conunonly called C'leop:itia's Ni e. lies. Orie w 
 
 I thro.vn down, broken, and covered with f.iiul : :lic 
 
 other llill lellson itspedellal, each cut fiom one i.n. L- 
 
 (lone, is about (ixty-three feet hiyh, and feven l.jim.i; 
 
 I at the bale. 
 
 I y\ Corithian column, large and magnificent, !l:i:\!. 
 
 , ing about a ipiaiter of a league from the Ib'.uh i ,i , 
 
 ; particul.irly attracts the attention of travellers. It i, 
 
 m.ijejlic beyond conception, and ferves as a fu'nal Tor 
 
 mariners at lea. 'I'ravelkis, and men of iitu.i un, 
 
 , have made many fruitlefs attempts lo dil'cover to \\!. >);■,! 
 
 ; it was dedicated, and they have dilVercd in tltrrp. 
 
 i nions. Some afcribe the dedication to Poiii[.ey, fin,.; 
 
 i to \'ef(>alian, and otheii; to h^evenis. It ia kiiviMii, 
 
 r however, by the natv.e of Pompe\ 's Pillar. 
 
 : Ncir Cleopatra's canal are foiiie cat icouibs, wiirh 
 
 j confiil of fcveral apartiiien's cui in the r.cks on i . !t 
 
 I tide of an oiien g.illery. 'I'he catacombs extend aL'j\c 
 
 I a mile to the well, and ihcre are a gruit nuiiiler if 
 
 j them by the fea tide. The moil rcmaikuble aie il;i:e 
 
 : towards the farther end of the canal, being hcaiiii'id 
 
 I' apartments cut out of a rock, wi;h nirhcs in n;.i. y ot' 
 
 I them large enough to contain the bodies, and ulilucJ 
 I; on each fide with Doric pilalleis. 
 
 II The iidiibitants of Alexandria arc con pnfid of 
 jl Turk?, Copts, (.'recks, and .'Vimenians. 'Iter.- iirj 
 ji likewife great numbers of Jews, moll of wh( in .mj lo- 
 
 reii ncrs, and natives of C llantinoj le, L:!') si, or 
 Leghorn. Europeans in gem. ral go under the den uc- 
 nation of I'ranks. The t'ollowing droll ar:c dote ic- 
 fpr.ting the iirpcfition of the 'I'uiks on the l'rjnk>, .s 
 related in a letter from a pi rl'on rilidenf fume )cai.> in 
 Alexandria, to a liieiul in l'".ngi..:*.d. 
 
 " There is a huge open fpot i ■ Alexandria where tl.c 
 Franks recreate tliemlclves. On the north (ide (,l t: is 
 place is a lliml ofall'es, ranged in row-, with each .ils a 
 dri'.cr. '1 hele are let our to ride, and .die diiver r .n. 
 behind his beall, .>ni\, with a flioi t Hick, makes hini j o 
 pret'y fafl. It is pleafuit enough to obferve the h.'Mc- 
 pcan failors when they come on ihorc, and hapjien ii 
 ilroll to this place. The drivers in an inilant hrm;; 
 their alfes in a iing round the failors, and iinportti:.e 
 them to ride. The failors not underlla; dn-g them, 
 fill lo curling and (wearing at being fo hcik'cd in. .\i 
 leiij'.th the drivers [lut the poor tars by knee on t'vir 
 
 I he.ilts, aiiii diive them about half a mile and back;ip, iin, 
 
 j and then inlilt on their faic." 
 
 Rofctta, called Uafchid by the .\rabs, isfi-inted oi 
 the will litlc of the Nile, on the ancient iJullii i.e 
 
 ' brani h. It is nearly a ' .iguc in length, and o.ne kairii 
 
 ! aswi.le. Theonly remarkable |)uhl;c edifices are lie 
 mofcine;, the loft) minaiets of w hich aie budt on a b 'd 
 llile, and pn duce a pidurelliue ell'eot. Mull of ihc 
 hoiili;s have a i)rofpeetof the Delta ami the N le, wMeli 
 
 ! all'ords great pleafure. The c(ii:ntry, to the n'ltlr, 
 
 j abounds with ci'ion, orange, date, and (ycamore tiee-, 
 promifcu'iully planted, and this variety lo iiittrfperltd 
 
 i lenders the groves enchanting. 
 
 '' Commerce is the Iburre i:fthcwealthof Rcfetta. TIk; 
 
 ! tranlp'Tta! ion of foreign men handiy.e to Can o, and of 
 
 ; the productirin of Egvpt to Alexandria, ijives einploy- 
 
 ! mcnt to a great iiuiabcr of niarinets, 
 
 Rofetta 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 Rofetta is a \ 
 carriages. Canu 
 alters ordillurbs 
 This city has 
 the country is 
 make verv line 
 but the fpinnei 
 coarfe, hard, aiu 
 in the dew, i- lor 
 clothes the comn 
 There are her 
 n^en, called pMl 
 ;in> lent hiUory, 
 tlic time of Cleo 
 that the captive 
 chagrined lo tin 
 by death, comm; 
 wound the af|-> lui' 
 vain, the poifon 
 nor could the art 
 thefe fer[>eiit eale 
 lowing narrative, 
 <« 'Vhc fcltival 
 ham, was h.ekl .it 
 people. A fir! 
 tniiii his hiHile, 
 leive.l this lanel 
 trades piavely ma 
 banners. 'I i.e II. 
 followed, and att 
 lie liious lo ton. I 
 tho'e who obtain 
 tumult was rene 
 chieks, prielts o 
 the form ofa mitr 
 ti-.e h\mns ol the 
 perceived a ccmj 
 naked arms, wih 
 hands, which tw 
 vouicd to efcape. 
 bv the neck, a 
 their hides, tore 
 a'ive, rthile the 
 niouths. Other 
 aw.iy the prey: t 
 a living ierpent.' 
 Dimiettn is liti 
 ncaiK oppoiite K 
 and its kpiarts, < 
 Bt.ulac. I he hoi 
 pranil molqucs, 
 'Ihe public bath 
 (Uice very falutai 
 fels, andaconlii' 
 lined rice of 1\l 
 p'ains; and its 
 (e between two 
 'I'licic aie like 
 The law prol'il 
 tvaild, and the 
 The haiboiir 
 road where the > 
 gale that riles, i 
 and take refuge 
 miitta enjoys a 
 abounds with tl 
 Mere are llianj 
 but tluy are ic 
 of being in the I 
 fults which they 
 who have a nat 
 K'peans they h.i 
 fiomd by the 1 
 f. c:u taction,; 
 prili'ii.r. No 
 p;an ei:cfs ; am 
 iliingers elare ii 
 timed to rrequ 
 
is i'ltiatfil. The 
 an into it Wom ihg 
 c canal cf i;,. .,,:,, 
 niira, is hall li,;^a 
 am only H')us r.ow 
 3 lynrci-iy Ijllicicnc 
 oHhctuwn. 'l',,e 
 w bcioiiK- (Icfaits ; 
 lcxandii.1 h.ucaj." 
 ic\i thcni. 
 •nc, the lilkm, of 
 
 which uofc i u;lt 
 iiiiciou.s .iiiuul.ias, 
 ^c iL-niiincd 2coo 
 
 palace arc the two 
 •sNic.lb.. One IS 
 •li «ith Ciml ; !lK- 
 -lit lioni one i'.ii. 1,- 
 , ami IcNcn l.ina.c 
 
 iia^nilkent, lh\\\. 
 0111 the fo'jih I at', 
 f travellers. It i\ 
 rves as a fu'iial fur 
 men of iitua.un, 
 > dilcovcr 10 uha:u 
 Hired in their cp:. 
 
 I to Poinpcy, fdiiii; 
 riis. It is kiiv)«:i. 
 
 Pillar. 
 ' catucon.bs, ui;ith 
 
 the n;tks on cili 
 ombs extend abj\c 
 
 II gaat nunihei- ( f 
 niaik;:b!e are il:( :c 
 ai, being bcaiui'i:! 
 
 niches in nii. y of 
 lodies, and .un. icJ 
 
 arc con p()n.d nf 
 :nians, 'j!ei-> aio 
 ft of \\h( 111 ,'.rj li)- 
 ino|;le, i.;!') >;), dr 
 
 under tlieucn: m:- 
 droll a:.e dole :;■- 
 s on the rr.ink>, ,s 
 dcnr Ibme }ea;i in 
 
 examiria where tli 
 e north lide at t! is 
 \v>, with each afsa 
 ind :hediiver r .n. 
 ick, makes hi'ii ; ) 
 obfervc the Ivum'- 
 'C, anvl happen t^i 
 n an inltant br;n.;' 
 rs, and iniportti;.e 
 derllac.iling them, 
 fohedi-eti in. At 
 i by tvvcj a:\ t!v ir 
 iileand back.ii;u.i, 
 
 alls, is fniit.Hl o'l 
 ancient Unlbiii-.c 
 th, and o.ie fciir ii 
 c edifices are llie 
 lie bii'lt on a b M 
 d. Mcift of ti'e 
 1 the \ le, which 
 y, to the nuth, 
 1(1 fyciiiiore tree-, 
 ly To bittrfperlul 
 
 hofRcfe^ta. The 
 ■ to Caiio, and of 
 a, i;ives employ- 
 
 Kofetta 
 
 AnilCA.] F, G 
 
 Kofetta is a place uninterrupted by the noife of 
 cat riagcs. Camels are the carriers here, and nothing 
 alters ordifturbs the}',iuve walkof the inhabitants. 
 
 This city has a manulaclory ol cloth. T"he hav of 
 the coiintrv is long, rtexilile, and lilky, and would 
 make vcrv line linen, ilid they know how to work it; 
 but the Ipinncrs aie very inexpert, their thread is 
 foarfe, bard, aiul uneiual. The cloth, when bleached 
 in the dew, i ;or table linen; the reft, vhcn dyed blue, 
 tlotheti the common people. 
 
 There are here, at this day, a flrangc fpccics of 
 men, called p/yll', or lerpent-earers. It appears from 
 ancient hiftory, tliat many of them v^erc in I'tiypt in 
 the time (if Cleopatra; for Octaviiis Ca'far, delirous 
 that the captive ([ueen ftiould grace his triumph, and 
 chagrined to think liiat haiij'hty woman would efeapc 
 bv death, commanded one of tliefe pfylli to fuck the 
 vound the af|> had made. His etlbrts, howevd-, were 
 vain, the po:ibn had pervaded the whole mafs ofblood, 
 nor could tlK art ot the pl'\ Hi prevent her death. That 
 thefefeipent eaters ftiU exill will appeir fiom the fol- 
 low ing nairative, in thewoids ol a Lite traveller. 
 
 " 'i'he feltival of Sidi Ibrahim, or our Loid Abra- 
 ham, was I'.e'dat Rofeita, and drew a vaft concoiirle of 
 people. A Turk permitted me to fee the procellion 
 Irom his houfe, where, feated at the window, I ob- 
 J'erved this novel light w ith attention. The dift'ercnt 
 trades :ravely marched in file-, each precteded by their 
 banners. 'I'l>c ftandard ol M ihoinet, lorne in triumph, 
 followed, and attracted ;i prodigious ( mwd. All were 
 il.liious to touch, kifs or put it to their eyes; and 
 iho'e who obtained this favour leturned fatislicL). The 
 timiult was renewed incellantly. Alter this came the 
 chicks, priefts of the .:oim:ry, wearing leather caps in 
 the form ofa mitre, and lin;ang, as they flowlv walked, 
 ti-,e h\mns of the kor.m. A few paces behind them I 
 perceived a ccMnpany ( f men, apparently fiantic, with 
 naked arms, wild eye«, an-.i enormous ferpems in their 
 bands which twined round their bodies, and endea- 
 voured to efeapc. 'iheie |ilyHi, feiv.ing them forcibly 
 bv the neck, avoided their bite, and regirdlefs of 
 their hillcs, tore them with th.eir leet'i, and eat them 
 a'ive ,vhile the blood llreamed from their defiled 
 mouths. Other pi) lb ftrug-ied with them to ibrce 
 awav the prey: the contention was who ftiould de\our 
 a liv>ig lerpcnr." 
 
 Daniietta is lituated on the eaflern tl'.orc of the Nile, 
 nearly oppolite Kofetta. Its inhabitarts are numerous, 
 and its li|iiaris, okals, or khans, asfpacious as thofeot 
 P( ulac. Ihe houfes aifplealantly fttuated, and various 
 orand mohiues, with Icby minarets, adorn the city. 
 The public baths aie elegant and convenient, and pro- 
 duce very faliitaty eftec'ts. The port is tilled with vef- 
 fels, andaconliderablc trade is carried on here. The 
 tineft rice of Kg.vpt is cultivated in the luig'^bouring 
 pains ; and its annual exportation is fuppofed to 
 le between two and three hundre.l thoufand pounds. ' 
 'i'here aie like" ife cloilis, fal ammoniac, and wheat. 
 The law prol'il it'' the exportation of the latter, but it is 
 e\ad.d, and the wheat is palled as ri^e. i 
 
 The h.iibour ol Damietta is not convenient, for the ! 
 road wliere the veliels lie being foially expofed to every 
 f'ale that riles, mariner^ are obliged to Hip their cables, 
 and take rifugeat Cyprus, or keep the open leas. Da- ^ 
 mutta enjoys a happy teiniieraturc ol climate, and ■ 
 abounds with the proiiuetions common to the country. ' 
 Here are ftiangers of \arioiis nations anti religions, 
 but tluvare icllrained in their privileges, and fearful I 
 ( f l.eini in the llreets after dark, onaccount of the in- j 
 li.lts whnh thev arefubject to liom the lurkifti Ibldierv, ^ 
 who have a iiatuial antipathy to all Ihangers. To Imi- | 
 icpeans they have apartuiilar aveilion,feemiiigly occa- | 
 lioiiid by the holy war; lorthis ciiy was the prim i|ial ! 
 leeni ! action, and w lure l.oiiis IX. of France was made 
 prilciu r. No perlbns miift appear here in an luiro- 
 pean drefs; and as a Chriftian is known by his mien, ! 
 fti infers dare not go out of the fticel lluy ate actuf- 
 t(;nied to trei-iuent. 
 
 Y P T. 
 
 .39 i 
 
 Sue/, is a conftdcrablcfcaport en the ifthmus which 
 bears its name, and advantageoully lituated fur carry- 
 ing on commerce with Cairo, from whence the inhabi- 
 tants get all the neceirarics of life. Water is very Icarce 
 here. Though it is brackilh (being; obliged to fetch 
 it from a place nine miles off) they puichafe it at 
 a very dear rate. The houfes, nvif pies, quays, ma- 
 gi/incs, and other public edilicies, aie compofed ofa 
 moft curious fort offtone, conlillin', ofa great number 
 of lliells, foelofely united by nature as to be infeparablc. 
 
 Many a'tenipts were made by the Koman emperors, 
 and kings oi Egypt, to cut a channel through the ifth- 
 mus of Suez, and join the two feas together, but every 
 attempt proved incftcittual. 
 
 SECTION VH. 
 
 To'^-n: and 'l lUages on the River Nile. 
 
 ' I "TIF. village of Deiir-F.tiin, where there is a moApie 
 -■- and a Coptic convent, ftands to the Ibuthwaitl of 
 Old Cairo. The houfes here are almoft all built of 
 clay, and covered with reeds. 
 
 The village of Dagjour is remarkable for containing 
 in its nei -hbourhood many handlomc p)r.1mids, as a!fo 
 leveral fpacinus moll)ue.s. 
 
 Ikneloef is fituatcdon the wcftcrn fliorcofthe Nile: 
 it is a kind of a capital, about loO miles ddlant from 
 Cairo. 
 
 To the north-eaft of this village is Mount Kobzim, 
 at the foot ol which ftands the coinent ol St. Aiuhony. 
 This convent has no door, lb that the monks draw 
 travellers up through thcwitidow by a pullev. 'This is 
 a ncceinuy precaution againft the Arabs. The rules of 
 thefe monks are veryaultere, and their abftineiice rigid, 
 for they drink wine only on Ibir.c grand annual fellivals. 
 'I'hev believe they poftefs abfolute power over ilemons, 
 ferpents, and wild bealls. They highly venerate the 
 grotto of St. Anthony, an obfcure retreat, dug in the 
 mountain, where this father of ir.ohaftic inftitutioii 
 li\ed as in a tomb, furrounded by darkncfs and defarts. 
 Not tar fiom the convent of St. Anthony is that of 
 St. Paul, which the Copti call the Tiger Convent, from 
 a luppolition tiiat thofc animals made t\v. tomb of that 
 faint. 
 
 On the fame fide oftlie Nile with the village of Benc- 
 foef is another called Monlalut. It is a fort of capital, 
 whole mofipies give it a beautiful appearance; and it is 
 the l'"eofa Coptic billiop. The adjacent cou''*"" is very 
 fertile, and abounds with a grist variety of fruu trees. 
 The village of Siouth contains feveral handlbrne 
 mofques, and is tlie rendezvous nf thole who go wit', 
 the caiavan that lets out from hence to Nubia. Thi< 
 village is lituated about two miles fror.1 the river, in a 
 very [ilealant part of the country; and by the tide of it 
 is a large lake, which is hlied from the Nile by a canal, 
 over which there is a bridge of three high (jothic a k lies. 
 Aboutifelhca is a large village .;ii the fame lide of the 
 Nile with Siout.h, and has IbinC n nlljues. It is a 
 bilbop's fee, and is fuppofed to be the flypleli; of the 
 ancients. 
 
 I'arther up the Nile, on the caftfule, is the village 
 of Akmin, which is very large, and adorned with fe\e- 
 ral mofiiues. Here are the renvains of two temples, 
 contilling of rtones ::o feet long, and lo broad, all of 
 whi(b are painted, and full ot iiierogl} phics. On one 
 ftone iheie isa Circek infcription of lour lines, ofwhiclx 
 the full and laft are almoll totally, and the others part- 
 ly delacid. The Copti have a convent here; and 
 th:re is alio an holpital belonging to the Coiigregatio 
 <\c IVopaganda. 
 
 Ciige, or Tlihirfi he, w hich is the rclldcnce of the 
 bey, is about a i]uarter ol a mile from the river, and 
 tolerably large, being at leaft two miles in circumfe- 
 rence; the houfes are in general fpa( iou.i, and chie fly 
 built of hard brick ,• ami there are feveral handlbrne 
 mollpies belonging to the T'uiks. 
 
 Th: 
 
 \ 
 
m 
 
 'I 'A 
 
 
 S F. C T I O N VIII. 
 
 Mod,' 
 
 Drifs, Difp'fn'mis, Goveritineiil of l\mHin 
 of I.iviiii^, icmalc SHl,ordi)i,iti:iii, Divnji,.i:' 
 Difijfa, Miirrugc and Fiiiitnil Ceremonies, i^c. if 
 ll'c L.^yplians. ' •' 
 
 J9J ANEW, ROYAL and AUTIIF.NTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOCRAPIIY. 
 
 The village of Gau is lituatcd on the eal\crn (uic of 
 the Nile, and was once very large, Init a conliderable 
 part of it has been walhed away by the ovcrllowing of 
 th.it river. 
 
 About fevcn miles from Gau, on the fame fulc of the 
 Nile, is the village of Eridy, the refiJ-.iitc of a chick 
 of the fame name. 
 
 Jn the mountains, near the village of I'"ridy, are lO 
 or 1 2 f'.pulchr .1 caverns. 'l"here are alfo many lieaps 
 of ruins, which, lecording to the report of the Copti, 
 are the 'emainsof the ancient town ot lr;^y. 
 
 Dant^era is a fniall village, but very pleafantly litua- 
 tcd, being eneompafled by coniiniied lous of trees, 
 V hich produce all the various Iruiis to be met witli in 
 Egvpt. 
 
 Nagadi is a 1 irgc town, and, among other edifices, 
 con;ains feveral Ipacious mofque-;; and the Copti have 
 a b ih.'p whoconlhmtly relides here. 
 
 Cain.ic is a name given to a vail extent of countrv to 
 the call of the Nile, where are feen, in various places, 
 fome very confiderable ruins of buililings that were 
 once fpacious and magnilicent. 
 
 I'.fn.iv is higlier up the j iver, and is a large place, 
 adorned w idi a very handfoiiie molq'ie. It is the reli- 
 dencc of an Arab chiek, ami is fitiuued where the an- 
 cient I.atopolii llood, fonie lemair.s of which arc Hill 
 to be ticn. 
 
 Edfu, or I'tfou, is the ancient Apollinopolis, and is 
 fituated on the wellcrn fuie ol the Nile. I lere is a line 
 ini)nun ent ofantiquuy, «cll prel'erved, w hicli ha-, been 
 longcon\i.r.ed into a citailel, and now occupied by the 
 Turks. 
 
 Elfouan is alio fituated on the welUrn fide of the Nile, 
 and is the ancient Seyi'., which was under the tropic 
 of Cancer. It is at 'his place where the firll cataract 
 of the Nile begins, above which is the Illand Giefiret 
 Ell Heilf, the Philii- of the ancients, which is a defart, 
 and quire covered with rocks of granite. The borders 
 of tl>is illand arc cut in the foim of a v^aU on tlie ro..k; 
 and within are abuiiilance of colonadis, buildings, and 
 other magnilicent antiquities. 
 
 At Debaiide are the rums of feveral graiui edilices; 
 as alfo .It Hindau, Shadaeh, and Telia, where l'.\g[)t 
 tnds, and Nubia begins. 1 rom hence up to Den i are 
 many fmall villages, in fume of which arc to be (i:cn 
 feveral ruins of antiquity. 
 
 Ueiri is iifijated on the eallern ihnre of the Nile, 
 near the |)lacc w lure the river Ingiiis tiutirevit its courfe 
 towards the wcfl. it is ialiabiied by a race ol people 
 called 15ailiarin>, who are a pnor milirabl rihc, and 
 livechiclly h\ plunder. The llope of the tnore of the 
 Nile here IS covered in many places with lupines and 
 ravlilles, the I'eed of which ferves tor the purpofe of 
 making oil. 
 
 The people of Derri have frequent occaiion to crofs 
 the Nile, in oidu- tD go to Mlouan, but as tliey have 
 not th.econvenienie of canoes, thev fujiply th.it liclicicn. 
 cy by various projects, the moll ililliiiguill \lof wliu.h, 
 as defi ribcd by a modern writer, areas follows: " 'I'wo 
 inen lit upon a tnil's of ilr.:u, while a co'.v goes before 
 Iwimming ; one ot them hohb- in one liaads the tail of 
 the cow, and with the other diuxis a i oid fallcntd to 
 the horns of the animal. The other man, uhois bc- 
 iund, lleers with a little oar, by means of which he 
 
 keeps a balani e at the famr tan:." Anot'nr w .\ is to 
 crof> the river with camels lo.idrd, in this manner: 
 "A m.in fwims bclore, h )iding the b; idle ot the lirll 
 camel in his nioiith ; t!ie f.-cf-nd ( amel isf:!!cr.ed to tlie 
 tail of the bill, atul the 'hinl to tin- i ill ot ihc lee ond ; 
 another manliti.'ig on a trills ol lliau, biin;.',s up the 
 nar, and take, c.ire that the fei ond and ihint camels 
 follow 111 a row." .'\ third w.iy is this : " They put 
 theinleKes altride upon a great piei e of wood, alter 
 having placed then i loiths over tluir head-s in 'onii ot 
 a tiirl).in. They allii fallen to it their alliigaye, or dirt : 
 ihey afterwards make \d'\: of tlicir arms as oar.s ; and by 
 this means they crols tiie iivcr without iiiuch inlliculty, 
 or any danger from iheciucodiks." 
 
 T^GYFT is inhabited by various nations; buttle 
 -»--' Cojits, i,r Copti, are the real I'.gyptians, bc;n,r 
 defccnded from the original inh.abitJius ol the countrv" 
 They are an ill favoMied, bad fliapcd, (lovenlv, ;nij 
 elleininate people. 'I'heir conuiion diets is a blui' llv.rt 
 which the men gird about them for convenie-iue nheri 
 they labour. '1 he fuperior cial's of women wear a piece 
 ()♦" gauze over their taces, and a large black veil to 
 cover their bodies. The veil of the others is put of 
 the iliift, with window holes cut in it to tee tliroirli. 
 Some of their bractleis aie made of gold finely joiiitV,! 
 others of tilver or brats wi.e, and a comnion foit xr^ 
 manufactured of plain iron. The childien in gciuiiil 
 go naked. 
 
 In the fummer time the men wear a kind of hi.ife 
 ,coat over a ihort waillcoat, from which tails a pair id 
 bteeclies, foniewhat like trowfc . They h.ivea tiuian 
 on their heads, ami red llipperion their leel. 
 
 The women wear a high cro'vned ca(), and loofi: 
 open jacket, under which is a kiiui of wailboat, u ;a 
 a eloublc row of buttons. Tt.ey havea pettico.it i Inch 
 tails down to the ancles, and wear fandals and ci, .^, 0:1 
 the Her. 
 
 The Egyptians are natur.illy indolent and cfl'c;i;ir.a:i', 
 and all their eiiKiyment^ceniei.s in hi.xurioi.^ iml.:l; en r. 
 1 hiis inactive, ihc Ibpha is the piincipal piece of fur, 11- 
 ture in :in apartment. 1 heir garilens have chariuinr 
 hai hours and convenient .eats, but not a liiigle ualk. 
 
 Each family forms a tlate, of which the father ii 
 king or governor. The members of it, atiacluil m 
 him by the ties of blood, ae know ledge and fubinu tu 
 his power, lietbrehis tribunil theirdil'putesare b:oi;;;h;, 
 anil his fentence terminating ihem, redores [leace ml 
 order. The children are educated in the women's 
 apartment, and ilo not come iiito the hall, efjie( lally 
 when llrangers are there. \ numerous pollerity otaii 
 relides under the fame roof. I'he children and gram.!- 
 children con:e and pay their common father a daily tr,- 
 bute of veneration and love. The pleafure ot be:::;; 
 loved and relpected, in prope)rtion as age incruili-, 
 makes hii-.i forget he grows old. lie is chearful, |0'..i. 
 ia , and happy, in the boloiiMit his family. When he 
 dies they mouin his lots, and tbew cer) token ol re- 
 tj cot for his mtniorN. 
 
 When vitiiors come the m:iHcr receives tlcm wili- 
 oiit many compliments, but in an endearing m in ler. 
 His equals arc feated belidc him, with their Icg^crolf.sl. 
 I lis inferiors kneel, and lit 14)011 tjieir he.ls. I'e.ipK- 
 of ilidinetion arei)lacedon araiievl lopha, w hence liiey 
 overlook the company. 
 
 When every pcrfon is placeil, the Haves bring pipes 
 
 and coll'ec, and let the perrumc bra/ar in the muKllc 
 of the Jiamber, the air of which is impregnated veitli 
 its odours and afterwards prefent Iwcctmcats and llier- 
 bet ; lor the I'gyptians hold wine in abhoinn:e. 
 When theviiit is .il;i. ml enJed, a llave, bcarm^a 111. a 
 jilaie, in whicli pieciou.'> elllnces arc burning, goi ; 
 round the compiir. ; i\\>:\] in turn peifiimes the t)eaid, 
 an. I aliervvards Iprnikles rofe-water on the he.ui .ind 
 hands. This is t!ie I ill ceremony, anil the guells ..tc 
 then permitte.l 10 riiir,. 
 
 About noon the table is prepared, and thevianls 
 brought in a large tr.i;. of t.nned copper: and il ihne 
 is not great variety, tl,eii i> great ()lenie. In the nil- 
 I I is a |)ileof rivC, cooked with poiilti), and higlilv 
 le.ilined with I'picc and iallVon. Kound ihi 1 are lalhcd 
 meats, pigeons, Ihilied lueumbers, ileluious n clous, 
 and tiuits The roall me.itsare cut fma" l.uded over 
 with the tat of ihe animal, fealbned with .tit, Ipitidl, 
 ,"nd done on the coal>. The guells arc fe.ued on a 
 
 carpet 
 
•rimeitt of RtmiHn, 
 ■iiinalivi, Dhnjiu,.\ 
 I Circmonics, (^c, if 
 
 avca pcttii ();it i liidi 
 
 )arc'i.l, an J tlic \i 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 carpet round tlic tahlc. A fl.ivc bring? water in one 
 hand, and a b.ilon in tiie otheri to waili. This is an 
 iiuk-fpenrahlc ccromnny.v.iv.-t; cMch pcrfon puts liishand 
 in tlic dilli, and ■.•Ik.ic the life ot fori\s is unkmnvn. 
 It is rc[)Latc(.l « lici' thcnicil is ended. 
 
 After dinner the l-",g\ |-,tians retire to the haaram, 
 where they iluniher ionic houis aniidrt their wives and 
 children. A coinmodions and agreeable place of rc- 
 pole is luxury to tliem. I'he poor, having neither (o- 
 pha or haaram, lie dow n on the mat on which they 
 iiavc dined. 
 
 In the evening it is cuftomary to go on the water, or 
 breathe the frelh air on the banks of the Nile, beneath 
 the orange and fycaiiiore llndes. About an hour after 
 fun-fet luppir is fervcil, conliding of rice, poultry, 
 vegetables, and fruits, whicii are very falutary during 
 the heats. They are mjdeiate in their eating. 
 
 Such is the manner in which the I'!gyptians ufually 
 live. Their days are palFed in repeating the fame 
 ihiniz, witli(>uta wilh or thought beyond. 
 
 The I'gyptian women are bowed dow n by the fetters 
 ofilaveiy, condemnetl to iervitudc, and have not the 
 lead influence in public aiiair-;. Their empire is con- 
 lined wichinthc walls ol the h.aaram, and the circle of 
 their lives extend^ not beyond thcirown family and do- 
 mellic duties. Tl'.eir in.iin ohjccl is to educate their 
 children. 'J heir mofl; fervent wilh is a numerous oti- 
 fprii'.g, as [lublic refpcft, and the love of their hulbands. 
 
 E G Y P T 
 
 incidents of life. Love is their ufual fiibjcct. Their 
 action and countenances arc very lignilicant, but they 
 tend to convey obfcene ideas. 
 
 As the minds of thefe women arc cultivated, their 
 convcrfation agreeable, their language pure, and their 
 poetry attractive, they are admitted into all haarams, 
 to inilru^^t the women in thofeaccomplilhments that arc 
 niolb pleaiing. In line, their manner of recitation and 
 dejjortment is fo captivating, that the Turks, dull as 
 they are, and averfe to the arts, pafs whole nights in 
 attending to their performances. 
 
 The bagnios of Cairo are elegantly conlhuc^ed, the 
 apartments arc furnilhcd with every accommodation, 
 and the attendants equally expert and obfequious. 
 Thele baths arc recommended as highly falutary, pre- 
 venting or exterminating rheuiiiatifms, catarrhs, and 
 thofe dilcafes of the Ikin which arc occalioncd by the 
 want of perfpi ration. 
 
 The women are pafilonately fond of the baths, whi- 
 ther they go at leaft once a week, taking witli them 
 flaves accultom:d to tjie office. The days of bathing 
 arc filHvedays among the Egyptian women : they deck 
 theml'elves magnificently, and, under the long veil and 
 mantle which hide them from the public eye, wear the 
 richelt fturt's. It is contrary to the laws of this country 
 for men to prefunicto go into a bagnio on the day that 
 the women bathe, and, to prevent miftakcs, a lignal is 
 hung up, and a man placed at the door-way. The 
 are aimexcii to fruitfulnels. Modiers in general fuckle J Georgian and CircalFian women, whom the Turks pur 
 
 their children, according to the law of nature, as well 
 as tliat cf .Vlahomet. 
 
 Eviry domcllic concrn, indeed, is the department 
 of the women. They lupcrintend their houlehold af- 
 ta\rs, and prepare their own food, and that ol their 
 hulbands. 
 
 The women according to the cuftoin of the caft, do 
 not allixiate with tlic men, not even at table, where 
 the union offexes produces ivurthand wit, and renders 
 the fair more fwcet. When any of the great are dif- 
 pofed ro dine with one of their wives, Ihe has due no- 
 tice ot it, prepares the apartment, perfumes it with 
 precious cU'ences, procures the molt delicate viands, 
 and receives lur lord witii the utinolt attention and 
 r.fpcct. 
 
 Among the common people the women ufually 
 f!:and or lit in one corner ot the room while the hulband 
 dmes, often hold the ba Ion for him to walh, and ferve 
 h;ni at table. Though 'hus employed, the Egvptian 
 vionun ta\e much kifure, which xhev fpend among 
 their (laves, embroidering lailics, making veils, tracing 
 ckligns to dei orate their Ibphas, and fpiniiing. Once 
 or twice a week they are permitted to go to the bath, 
 and receive female relations and hiends. To be a ail 
 the ikad is adiity thcv are permitted to perform. 
 
 The I''g)'piian women receive each others vilits very 
 r.tVeCtionately, and dilplav, upon tliofe occalioiis, both 
 elegance and hofpitality. 
 
 Whena vilitor is in the l-,aarani the hulband mult not 
 enter; it is the a(\ him of hofpitality which cannot be 
 violated. The Turkiih women go guarded by their 
 eunuchs upon the water, and enjoy the charming 
 piolpects upon the banks ol the Nile. 
 
 In this maniKT the I'.gyptian women, in general, pafs 
 their lives. 'I'heir duties are to educate their children, 
 fuperiniend the concerns of their houlehold, ;..id live 
 retind. with thi ir laniily. Their [ileafures are to vilit, 
 give entertainments, go upon the water, and to the 
 liaths To thele may be added their aitentio.i to the 
 Almai, a clafsol females we Ihall now deferibe. 
 
 Thele women obtain the title of Alm.ii, or learned, 
 from being more caicfu'ly educ.itedthantheotl-.ersoltheir 
 lex. To be admitted into tluir clafs, the reqiiilites 
 are a tine voice, eloquence, and a genius for poetry. 
 I hey have a luiui of longs aiul tales, are jnefert at all 
 fellivals, and the chief ornament of b.inqiiets. Ha\ing 
 fun;; in railed orcheiha dining the fealt, tliey liifcend 
 and form dances, ^which in no rcfpcct rcfemble ours, 
 but area kind of pantomimes, dilplayiiig the common 
 No. .j6. 
 
 chafe tor their wives, are elegantly attired ; and though 
 their luxury is hidden from the public, it furpalFes that 
 of European women in their own houfes. 
 
 The inhabitants of this country are fubjccl to various 
 difeafes from the natural eftects of the climate. Cairo 
 is commonly vilited bv the plague once in three or four 
 years, w hen it rages with ineretlibic violence. Sore eyes 
 is a general complaint, and blindncfs fo common, that 
 Egypt has been proverbially Itiled Tbi; liiiul of hlindnefs. 
 Scorbutic and lcprf)us dilbrders are likewife very pre- 
 valent here; and many pcifonsare carried oft" by a dif- 
 temper called Dem-al-Muyah, refembling the apo- 
 plexy in its fvmtoms. 
 
 With refpect to the marriages of the Egyptians, they 
 are not, asinliuropc, pernnnent contravTts. If a man 
 is delirous of parting from his wife he goes before the 
 judge, declares in his prefence he puts her from him, 
 and, when the four months probation, enjoined by the 
 law, are expired, he returns the wealth Itie brought, 
 and the portion Itiiiulatcd in the marriage contract. If 
 they have children, the hull)and retains the boys, and 
 the wife takes away the girls, after which they Ijccome 
 free, and may marry clfewhere. The wife having rc- 
 tourfe to the law , and proving the real caufe of complaint, 
 may break the chain ; but in this cafe IV.'^ loles her por- 
 tion, and the wealth Ihe brought to tl'eh-/ufeof her hul- 
 band, though flic recovers her liberty. 
 
 Matches are made for the young men by the female 
 relations. They meet molt of the maidens of the city 
 at the bath, whom they perfecUy dcfcribc, and tho 
 choice being made, the alliance is mentioned to the fa- 
 ther of the female, the portion fpecilicd, and, if he 
 con'Vnts, they make him prefents. The parties agreed, 
 th female relations and friends of the virgin prepare her 
 loi uic celebration of the nuptials, and the day is palled 
 in fcalliug, dancing, and tinging longs adapted to the 
 occalion. 
 
 'Ihe following day the fame perfo..^ go to the houfc 
 of the bride, tear 'ner, as it were, violently away from 
 the arms of her allliOted mother, and triumphantly 
 conduel her to the houfe of the briilegioom. 'Ihe pro- 
 cellion ufually begins in the evening; dancers go be- 
 fore her ■ numerous Haves ilifplay the elTeetsdcllined to 
 her ufci troops of dancing girls keep time with their 
 inltiumenis; m.itions richly eloathed, walk with a 
 grave pace ; and the joung bride appeals under a mag- 
 nificent canopv, borne by four Haves, fultained by her 
 mother and lillers, and entin ly covered by a veil, em- 
 broidered w ith gold, pearl", and diamonds. .\ long 
 r G tile 
 
J94 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTIIKNTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 'mA 
 
 I 
 
 lii 
 
 flic of flambeaux illuinin.itc tiic proci-lllo;ij and the Al- 
 mai, in chorus, occalionaily ling \cT(ci in praifc of the 
 briili' and biiilcgroom. 
 
 When they arrive at ihc houfcof the biiJe. liic wo- 
 men and men repair to thci • feparate apanments, thole 
 ofth'.' former bcini; (o contrived that they c.\n fee «hu 
 palles in the iiall were the men arc airemblod. The 
 Ahnai dcfcend and difplay their ai;ility and addrels in 
 dances and p.unomimical re[)rel'en:ations fi.iitabic to the 
 occafion. This mded, they chaunt, in chorus, the 
 cpithalimium (or marriage poem) cxtolluig th.' allure- 
 ments of the bride, and thcblif. of tliat morial who 
 lliall enjoy lb many charms. Durinjj; the cereinon llie 
 feveral times palles before the brid.groonj. todifplay 
 her wealth and elcga:ice. The guells having retired, 
 the hutband enters the nuptial chamber, the veil is ic- 
 niovcd, and. for the full time, he lieholds his w.fe. 
 
 Thefe are the h-'-^ and ceremonies of marriage ob- 
 fervcd among the Egyptians of rank. The iiiferior 
 claflts obfervethe fame, but the p.iraphernalia are not 
 fo pompous. Nearly the fame ceremonies are o'.iferved 
 among the Copts ; but they havea cuHoin ot benothing 
 young girls only fix or feven years old, v\hich is done 
 by putting a ring on the linger. I'err.iilTion is olc.-n ob- 
 tained for her friends to educate her till llie arr.ves at 
 years of difcTLtion. 
 
 We have already obferved that to bewr.il the dead U 
 a duty allowed the woman to |:eifi)rm. Diilr.uted mo- 
 thers are often feen ro.nd Cjrand Cairo re. itiig tuneral 
 hvmns over the toi ibs they had ftrcwed widn d<»riferous 
 pidius. 1 his cu''otn was net unknov.n to the Romans, 
 
 lad th- 
 
 ncral unis flreu\d wiih i.yprcls 
 
 Iklides the Copts, l>;ypt is inhabited by Turks, 
 .\ial->s. Moors (Jre.ks, Jews, aini I'ranks. llic 
 Aiabs are a fuarthy people, and live in tents. '1 h.- 
 Turks retain all tluir Ottoman pride and inf)lencL', 
 with their peculiar mode of dufs, ui dil\ingu:lh iluni 
 fn.m the relt of the inhabitants. The Jews v.iarhluc 
 nippers, the foreign Chriftiaiis yellow, and the natives 
 red. 
 
 Among the inlubitants of E,;}pt there are ta.)fur:s 
 ofa peculiar kind. Thr full arec .lUed the I'.llablili id 
 Ikdouir.s, and the litter the Wandering Heiiouins. 1 he 
 former live in villagi s, and are to be conlideied as pea- 
 fants o*" the countr\ : the latter occujiy tents, and llutt 
 their habit.'itions for the con\ enience of palbire. 1 hey 
 are reprefentcd in geneiil as a people free from catc and 
 ftrife, averfe to worldly pomp ar.il avarice, and happy 
 in thofe enjoyments that refult from pure nature. 
 
 lioni I'.gypt came originally that vagrant race called 
 Gypfies, which difpcrfed themfelvcs throuj-hont Europe 
 and Afia. Iking banilhcd Egypt, where the ojcult 
 fcience, or black art, as it was called, was fuppofed to 
 have arrived to great perfection, they found no ddli- 
 ciilty to maintain themfelve; by j^reteiiding to tell for- 
 tune-^ and future events, and thereby gaining gn the 
 minds of the credulous of ditVerent nations. In our 
 country this race is nearly extinct. 
 
 S E C r I O N IX. 
 
 E 
 
 
 •^'lii.'r of ihr Onvnryii- nf F.v\-p!. Ri-icuur. . 
 
 GYPT, in her dccliiiini: ft:ite, without arts, fliip- 
 g, o! mariners e.'pirt in navigation, cannot 
 rival the Eiiinpeans in pouu of ( onmurce. llieir 
 greatell elVori is an annual voy^igc to Mocha, wiicrc 
 their vellels arc kulen with colVee Yemen, the mullins 
 and cloths ot Hcnj-il, the perlumes of ;\ral)ia, an.l the 
 pearls of the illes of Ik-harnn. Their prolits upfin the 
 artisleof coliec are i;reat, amounting to hall a million 
 Ilcr'ing. Molt of it is fenc to Conliar.iinople, Cit-rre, 
 and the CO [1 of .T>ria, and the roll they confume tlum- 
 Iclves. 
 
 NotwithlTui 1.' •; her Date of de- Icnlion, l''gvpt con- 
 tainsMithin herl" II ihe true fourcc of wcaldi. Th • 
 corn with which llicfup;. lies Arat)ia, Syrii, aril a p.ut 
 of the .Xrchipclajjo ; the rice iVnt over the Me;titeria- 
 
 ncan ; the fal-ammoniic fent to divers parts of Euro;c 
 the excellent Hax ellcemed by the Italians ; and the liia' 
 
 cloth which ( lorh^s, in part, the neiglibnnrnv.;; nati iis • 
 thefe arc objects which mult render the b dance uft'a !(• 
 Iaviii;rable to the Eg\pt:ans, 
 
 The Abyili lians bring tiiem g:)ld duft, clcph.int;' 
 teeth, and other valuable articles, whi, h ihev e^cii.'.nL,': 
 lor their productions. The cloaths, lead, arii .;, ix,. 
 brought by Ivuropcan vellels, do nut equal uh;i: thi\ 
 receive, fo that the balance i; ]raid i:i 1 urkilh pi.ii'.r:.<. 
 The copper kitchen furnirurc as-.d furs which the Tiiiks 
 fend to Alexmdria.are below tlie amount ot corn, r i ■ 
 Icntds, collce, and pcri'ums, they take back, moil (.; 
 which are p ud f -r in ready moncv. 
 
 Except Mocha and Mecca, where the Egvprians ;i-. 
 nually leave a great part of their iVejuins, all who tr.d.- 
 witli them bnnt^ them lilverand gidd. 
 
 In n-any of the villages on the banks of the Nile •' • 
 inhabitants arc chicHy employed in making fjl.;i v.ir.u. 
 iiiac. This fait is procured from the foot winch ;ivi:V 
 from the burnt dung of animals that i^c 1 only on vc . 
 tables : but the dung of thefe animals is only lit to 1 1 
 burnt tor that purpofe during the lir!^ four mon;l> u. 
 the year, wlieti they feed on frelh fpringg;als, w' i 'n, 
 in Egypt, is a kind of trefoil or clover; tor vhen tlv,', 
 feed only on dry meat it will not do. The dun.; ofoxn, 
 buti'alos, ihecp, goats, horfes, and all'cs, ai the pr..; u ■ 
 time, is as lit as the dung ot'cim-.h tor this p irc.i.i.'. 
 The foot ariling from the burnt dung is put i:vo y'^.w- 
 vellels, and thefe vcd'els into in oven or ki'n, v.ii.tiu. 
 heated by degrees, and at la'tuith a very Ib'o.'i ', Imt 
 tor three fncceilivc nights a id da. s ; .i!:rr vvh:. a I'.v, 
 Imoak lirlt fliews itlVb, a:id, in a lliort tiioc, t.i • u'l 
 appear.s, adlicring to the glall'ts, and, bv degrees, co'.cri 
 the whole opciu.-ig. 'I'he glalks b -ing broken, th: fi t 
 is taken out m the fame llatcand form in wiiich it is !'. i: 
 to lairopc. 
 
 Pebbles arc here finely polifned lor fnilf-boxes, han- 
 dles for knives, i^c. They arc done by a wheel, like 
 jcwcllcrv work, and are not to be rivalled any wiurc. 
 /\tCai:o red leather is made, an 1 a better fort is p; ■- 
 pared at .Mcttatalria ; yet the latter i. far infcriir to Lt.ai 
 
 ; which is mide in Morocco. 
 
 ' 'Ihe rcvci'ces of Egypt, when cooipati'd to tlie ii.tt :- 
 
 ; ral riches of ihc country, and the defpotifm of its; 
 vernmcnt, arc very inco.ilidcrable It i> fiid that tf.c; 
 
 I amount to a million Iteriing, but that two thirds ol t v.- 
 whole isl'pent in the country. 
 
 I S E c r I O N X. 
 
 G%vi-nivicnl, Riiii'Jon, and LnngUiif/ <:/ the Ky'f: : . 
 
 THE government of Egypt may be f.iid lo be i ;■ 
 , flitutcd of two parts, moivarc'-.icd and rcpuhli' 
 
 ' The monarchical ]iarr is executed by a pacha, apt or' < 
 • by the Grand Seignior .is his viceroy. Ihe repuhl.c '! 
 by the Mamal.ikes, or Sant iacs. Ihe appellatio; -. 
 Mamalukc is bellowed on children, v. ho, c.rried oii :■ 
 merchants or banditti from Gcoivja, C'lrcallii, Nato'.,. 
 and the various provinces of the Otroman empin :•, 
 afterwards fold in Conllantinople a. d (aim. I h- 
 grandees of Egypt, who have a timila' origin, biiic 
 them up in their houfts, and dcftinc them ro fuccoil : > 
 tlier dignities. 'I'hefe f ireigncrs, at i)n lint, can alo" 
 enjoy llie title of He,', and iill th.e oIVkcs of Iti'; 
 They have the advantage of a liber.tl education, u. 
 taught the martial exnciles, and tiam^d up tor t!' 
 highcd departments in the army or the iVatc. 
 
 The fovercii'.nty of the pacha is n\ercly n 'riii ' . 
 the b(\s, cr fangi.Ks, at the head of provinces and r- 
 mics, in reality enjoy all the power. 'Iwen y I ur "1 
 thcle compole a divan. Tlie head cif them iscalled ii'>' 
 chirk b.llel, who is ciuilVn bv thedivan, and conrniu- 
 ed by the iiacha. I'.acli (if thcle fall^iacs is aibifaiv 
 m hisovMi territory and everts fovcreign power. I I'c 
 greater put of them lelidc at Cni^. If th.e pacln ap- 
 pointed by the Cirand Scignor ads in oppolUion to tr. 
 ' ' I n: • 
 
\PHY. 
 
 u\s parts of F.uro:c 
 
 l.i!i,ii-,s;;niil the 'Ace 
 L'i;';l!himnn'j; nnti .ns ; 
 r ilic b.ilanc'cut't'alc 
 
 .)M duft, clepliirn:' 
 whi.h ihey cxcli.-.ni:: 
 ills, liail, am .;, cx,. 
 net equal wlw: tlav 
 i ill I'lirkilli piiilr;.*. 
 furs which tiii; '1'iiil.s 
 iniount ot corn, r ( 
 icy take back, moil (,; 
 
 icrcthc EfzvptiaiKaT- 
 fcijiiins, all who tr.d.- 
 
 (jr.lkl. 
 
 banks of the N:'e-' ■■ 
 in maki;ii; l.il-:i :ii;;ii- 
 
 1 the foot Willl-h ;,!i:; 
 
 hat fve 1 only on vi . 
 imals is only fit tu 1 1 
 ^c (ill* four inunil-.^ d; 
 1) fpringi;;afs, wlaii, 
 clover; for vhcn ili.-, 
 
 o. The Atuvi of(!.\ n, 
 n.l alll-s, ai the pr..;-ii 
 iin K !i)r ilii^ 1^ ir ii.f'. 
 liun-j; is put ino ; 'ii- 
 ovoii or ki'n, \\\v.J.i i, 
 itil a very llro.-r; liti- 
 (ia.s; -.i'.-.cv vvh;. '.1 t'u- 
 a lliort C!i!io, t.r- ■ 11 
 .:ul, by ;kiT;ccs.ro'. ,r, 
 
 :> -ing broken, th; li r 
 form 1.1 wiiich it i:> !'. \: 
 
 d for ftviir.boxcs. ha;;- 
 
 donc by a wheel, lik: 
 
 be rivalled any wimc. 
 
 Ill a better fort is y>: ■- 
 
 cr is far inr..ri!r to i;..u 
 
 coniparfd to tlic ii;l :- 
 ic dcfpotifni of iti ■ '- 
 le It is fiid that t:.>; 
 .It that two thirds oi t v.- 
 
 N X.. 
 
 i;;(/;qf c/ ibe /•>'/'/.'. 
 
 may be f.iid I'l b,' i 
 Tc'iicd and rcpu!ili' 
 •d bya pacha, apti> !"' ' 
 :eroy. The republn ': 
 :s. The appciiatio:! ■ ■ 
 Ircn, who, carried oil :■: 
 .r;',i:i, Circallii, Natol..,, 
 le C^iroman empire :'. ■ 
 iple ai d t aim. fl. 
 
 a fiiiiila' orijj;iii, bii"- 
 ftine them to fucccid ; 
 •rs, at pr. f. iit.can aim' 
 ill tl'.e oiVi'-es of li I'' 
 , liber;d education, i 
 111(1 train! d up ii>r t!" 
 f nr tlie Ititc. 
 •hu is merely n->:ni!i ' ; 
 •ad of prftvinres and 't- 
 nwer. Tvcn y I ur "I 
 lead (if them is called lii' 
 thi-divan, and conl'inn- 
 ele fiiigiacs Is aibil'Ui) 
 
 foverei;];!! power. I li'" 
 
 Cniw. Iftliepaclnap- 
 
 ads in nppofuion to tii • 
 
 I II ; -• 
 
 [AFRICA. 
 
 EGYPT. 
 
 39S 
 
 fcnfeof the divan, or attempts to violate their privi'ej:;c.s, 
 they will not fuifer him to continue in his poll. 1 hey 
 have an extenlive grant of privikj^cs dated in the year 
 1517, in which the Sultan Se.'ini, having conquered 
 liuypt, and overthrown the CircafTian Mamalukes, 
 caided iheir hiad, 'llioniani Bey, to be hangetl at one 
 ol the ( aies of Cairo. l)ilj;u(leil at this, they only 
 waited the departure c f the 'lurks to rcfunic their arms, 
 and Selim f encivini^his error, in order to j^am tlte good 
 will ef the Mamalukes, granted ihcm very peculiar 
 privileges, as fpecified in a treaty ligned by him for 
 that piirpofc. ''o that by thele nuans the hgyptian 
 government partook of monarchy and ariftov racy. 
 
 With refpect to their milit iry ior.c, t\*o of the corps 
 ferve on foot, viz, the janiHaries and Arabs, and the 
 reil are horfcmen undir different titles. The janiiraries 
 arc fuppofed to form a body of about 20,coo, the Arabs 
 about Soco, and the horfe about 20,00J ; fo th.'.t the 
 wliile nuiiibcr amounts to about 40,000. 
 
 For ti:e maintenance of the civil government of Egypt 
 the divan is hild three times a week at the j-acha's pa- 
 I ice at Cairo. Piinifliments are in pro[)ortion to the 
 olVences committed. Murder is piiniflied v, idi death, i 
 but inferior crimes with the balHnado or whipjiing. 
 Bakers, for making their bread delicieiit in weight, aie ! 
 toiiKtimes put into t! eir ou n (ivciu when hot, aiul there | 
 futfered to per 111 ; and butcheis, liir felling iHnking I 
 m(;it, ha\e one of tl'.eir ears nailcvl to their ihop door, 
 with a p; .e of the Helli in a wire throiigjh the nofe. In '. 
 this (ini ition thev aie obliged to eo.itinuc fiiur hours. ; 
 The Jews under this go.ernnicnt are hated, dcfpifed, j 
 and opiTclFcd, fo that they arc dw iiuiled into a very in- 
 corli lerable number, except at Cairo, and reduced to , 
 li'.e lowell poverty, the inhabitants of the upjier parts j 
 ol ti.e kingdom are not on'y opprelfcd by their rapa- \ 
 « ions govemois, but expofei! to the ravages of the ; 
 Arabian chicks, who take all oppor unities of plunder- ■ 
 ing the v;llag;rs, by way of rcpiil.,! for the haidfliips 
 they fulVcr tiom petty tyrants. Irom thefe indanccs 
 of tyrannv, the government of Egypt may be faid to be 
 equally oipre(]i\e with that under tiie arbitrary fv\ay of 
 the ir.ofl ikfpotic prinre. 
 
 With refped to leligion, the ancient Egyptians were 
 the griifl'cll idolaters, and are faid to have been the (irll 
 ■who ercicd itiolatrous altars, ini;;ges, and temple <. 
 They had a great number of deities of dilfeivnt fpecios, 
 ranks, and orders. The celellial deities were Jupiter, 
 the all vi\if\in!f jiouer; Vulcan, or lire; Ccrcs, or 
 tlie earth ; Oceanus (by which they meant their Nile) 
 or moillurc ; and Neitli Minerva, or the air. Tiieir 
 tcrreHrial deities, Ibmc of which bore the fame nim.s 
 with the cclelHal, were the Sun; Cronis, or Saturn; 
 Rhea; Jupiter, or .Xniinon; Juno; Vetta ; IIcrir.es, 
 or Mercury, &e. &c. 
 
 ik'fidcs tlicfe, the Fgyptiatis worfliipitc.l a number of 
 anin als, as the o.v, the il( g, ihe w< If, iheliawk,the 
 1 rocodik', the ibis, &;c. but that wliicli was held mod 
 ku rill was the bull, by which they reprefented Oiiris. 
 It alio apjieais, from fome relics oi ancient poetry, 
 that they paid religious honours to trees and roots. 
 
 .'\s to the n.odein Hate of religion in Egypt, the 
 Tiirk.s, Moors, and .Aiabs, are Mahometans. The 
 1 "o latter are zealous devotees, and petforni the Icveral 
 fur-.dtions wiihi, at pre<.ilion. They ha'.c among them 
 a kt < f mikivants ( alleiiyi.'/.'.'t.t, who arc moll inloknt 
 li\p<crit< s, iiiirudiiui; theiiTelvcs, upon iireiencc <it lii- 
 1 er.(.r lidhnefs, iiitcj the bell I oiiles without the kail 
 ( eremoiiy,and it tvouldbe dui;.;eious to turn them out. 
 The fup.eriois in leligious matters are the Mufti, who 
 is the piiini i|>al, and the ^!octiirs of the law ; tliefe are 
 )iidgt.s ill all caufes cf a Ipintual nature. 
 
 It appe, rs from the nicfl ancient and authentic re- 
 I i>n's, that Clinllianity Mas fiill planied in I'g^pt by St. 
 M ik. 'Ihe Copis llill pnifci's tliemlelvts Cltriilians 
 ai 1 o.ilin;' toilie teiK tsof the Ciicck ( hurch, being under 
 il (■ I'.'i ikruiion of the pa'riarch ot Alcx.mdtia. 
 
 Tl.e Co[)t.c, \vli;ch*was the original language of 
 Ej^Npt, was (ucceedtd by the Creek, up 'ii ilie con- 
 
 queft of Alexander the Great, and continued in ufe till 
 the Arabs took podelTion of the countrv. Since that 
 period the Arabic has been the current l.tni.';uagc ; but 
 the Coptic and modern Greek flill continue to be 
 fpoken. 
 
 SECTION XI. 
 
 H I S r O R Y 
 
 OF 
 
 E c; Y P T. 
 
 TT i.s generally agreed by writers, that Fi'ypt has been 
 Avery loi,g a celebrated kingdom. 1 he lirft kinc 
 that can be mentioned with authority, was Mizraim, 
 the fon of I lam, w ho reigned in the year of the world 
 I 816. A number of kings liiled the Igypiian ihro"c 
 in due fucceffion ; but little or nothing is recoided con- 
 cerning them till the year ol the world 24:7, when 
 Namales Mianium, one of t'le Pharaohs of the farrcd 
 writings, reigned over the countr)-, and was parti u- 
 larly opprelFivc to the Ifraelites. This prince was k'C- 
 cecded by his fon .Xmerophis, who was the Plmaoh 
 under whofe reign the Ifraelites departed out of Egypt, 
 and \ho was himfelf drowned in the Red Sea. 
 
 Mieries, or M) lis, was tlx prince in whok- re'gn wa^ 
 dug the famous lake that goes by his r.amc. Selollris, 
 his fuccelFor, who began his regn in the year (f the 
 world 251 J, was one of the grcatcll heroes of antiqui- 
 ty, and ren')wned for tiie extent o[' his ton.nielh He 
 divided I'g;. pt into nomcs or piovinccs, ruled a formi- 
 d.ible military and naval armament, entered the Red 
 Sea, fubdued the coalls, conquered ilie iilmds, and 
 then turning back, proceeded w ith equal fucccfj 1 1 In.lia, 
 lie carried his victorious arms through lU Alia, and 
 extended his empire from the Ganges to the Danube. 
 After a vidorious reign of j j years, he left his kitiir- 
 d(m, on his ('emife, ti his Ion Fherlbn, vihodid i;ot 
 furceed to his larther's glorie-, though he eii.i to his t-r- 
 ritories. Flis otily fingul.'.r tr.infaction w.is t -e bai:d. 
 ing tuo mignifitent obelifk--', each 100 cubi s i.i he .h:, 
 and eight in bieadth. 
 
 There is no further authentic hiflory of Ejyp" till the 
 reign of Portcus, or Cates, in the )ear of t'v.- wor! 1 
 2820. At that time Paris, the Trojan, was dri-en by 
 a (lorm from the .'Egean to the l''gipt'a!i Seas, winch 
 coriipellcd him to put into the port of Taricheva, iituat- 
 ed at one of the mouths ol tie Nile. Tlumis, a tribu- 
 tary king, and governor of that parr, fi/.ei his per- 
 fon, fecured his lliips and fent I'ari. hiiufelf to Por- 
 tcus at Memphis, f he kin;„': underflanding tli.ic he h.id 
 flolcn Helen, reproached bun w.th his 1 erli iy ; and 
 then feiziiig all the riches which he had Irougl t with 
 him from Greece togetlier, in order to rellore h. til to 
 the injured Menehuis, he commanded Pans an i his at- 
 tendants to quit his territories in thice days, under pain 
 of being treated as enemies. 
 
 Of the eigl'.t kings which fo'lowcd Poiteus not'. ing 
 authentic is recorded, but the immenfe weal h of Ins 
 iir.mediate fuccelfor, Kheiiiphis, till the reign of .'n.'iIus, 
 fiom whence the Nile took ti.at name, as he ha. I ex, r ed 
 hisutmoli endeavours ■ ) render that river as univalally 
 ferviceabk' as polTible. 
 
 The next memorable event was in the reign of Sc.. 
 tlion, when Sennacherib, king of AlF, iia, invaded 
 Egyjit. and committed great depredations, till his whole 
 army was at length dcllioycd. 
 
 Setlion was fucceeded by Tharaca, on wliofe demife 
 the Fgyptians divided their while countr,' into twelve 
 d.ftriilts, and eledled a king to rei.n over each M\ iiijn. 
 This government of twelve kings, however, lafted on- 
 ly iifoen veirs; for one of the kings, n mied I'iamma- 
 tiehiis, who luled near tlie lea coalls, hav inggrown opu- 
 lent by commcice, aad coiitiaetc.l fevcial alliances 
 with foreign powers, at length became fo fonirdahle, 
 that lie conquered the other eleven kings, and reduced 
 the whole country beneaih hi,-: (way. Tins prince reign- 
 ed fokdy 54 years, 29 of w hich he fpent in the iicge of 
 ,\/o:iis, ill S\ ria, bekire he could reduce that great city. 
 This is the loni^cll liege commemorated in hiflorv. 
 
 1 Necus 
 
 11 
 
396 A Nr.W. ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAI, GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 
 Nccui futiH'Cilcil liis f.iihcr l'f;iiiin;atichiK in the 'T:ir 
 otthc worlil :? ;SS, nmibi6 ycais hcl'orc Chiilh This 
 monarch is inilcd, in fcriptiirc, Pharaoh Nicho. lie 
 l)ct;an a canal of cotiinuinKation between the Nile anil 
 tl-,e Red Se>, which Puiiis, the I'erliaii, alterwanh 
 finiflieJ. lie hiiilt a tka ot gallics in the North Sea, 
 and another in the Arahian (iiilph, at the m(ni:h ot the 
 Keel Sea; after whiili he pjot i'onie of the moll expert 
 feanu'n in the Phirnician fervice, anii fcnt them out by 
 the Rcil Sea, throuj'h the Straits of HalxliDan^lel, to 
 liifcover tlie coall of Africa, where in tlirce years time, 
 they failed round tiie continent of Africa, lallcd the 
 Straits of (libraltar, anil returned home by thj way rf 
 the Mediterranean Se.i. Herodotus fays, that this 
 king fought a battle againft the Syrians in the plains of 
 Magdolus, where he obtained the victory, and took 
 the great city cf Cadytis. Jofrphus fais, that Nccus 
 made war upon the NJedcs and Habyloaians, who had 
 dillblved the AlFyrian empire, and became fo formida- 
 ble thereu[ion, as railed a jealouly of all their neigh- 
 bours; and therefore, to put a llop to their gviuMng 
 greatncfs, Nccus marched with a great army touards 
 the I'.itphrates, to make war upon them, in the jilt 
 year of Joliah, king of Juilah. Hut the fciipturc e\- 
 prcl'sly lays, "Pharaoh Nccho, king of Egypt, went 
 up againll the kii-.g of Allyria to the river lMi|>hrates, 
 and king Jofiah uent againll him, and he flew him at 
 Megiddo." This valley of Megiddo in the fcripture 
 IS tlie fame as the plains of Magdolus in Herodotus; 
 and the whole is related t' ;:s by Dean I'rideaux. " On 
 Necus's taking his way through Jiulca, jofiah refolved 
 to impede his march, and polled himlllf in the valley 
 of Megiddo, to Itop his pallagc ; whereupon Necus 
 fent ambadadors to him, to let him know that he had 
 no delign upon him, that the war he w as engaged in w as 
 againll others, and therefore advifed him not to meddle 
 wiih him, lill it fliould turn to his own hurt. Hut Jo- 
 fiah not hearkening thereto, it came to a battle between 
 them, wherein Joliah wr.s not only overthrown, but alio 
 unfortunately r^^ccivcd a wound, of which, on his rc- 
 tu..i to Jcrufalcm, he died." Necus, animated by 
 this vic'lory, continued his march, and advanced to- 
 wards the I'.uphratcs, where he defeated the Hain Io- 
 nian?, and took Charchcmifli, a great city in thole 
 parts, where he left a good garrilon, and after three 
 months returned again towards I'gypt : but hearing, 
 in his way, that Jeuohaz, the fon ot Joliah had taken 
 upon him to be king of Ji;dah without his confent, he 
 fer.t for him to Ribkih, in Syria, and, on his arrival, 
 caufid him to be put in chains, and ftin him prifoner 
 into I'gypt, where he died. Necus then proceeding 
 on his way came to Jerufalem, where he made Jehoia- 
 kim, another of the fons of Joliah, kirg, inikad of his 
 brother, and put the land to an annual tribute of ico 
 talents of filvcr, and a talent of gold ; after wh.ich he 
 returned with great triumph into liisown kingdom. 
 
 Nccus died after a reign of lixteen yeais, and was 
 fucceedcd by his fon I'fammis, who reigned only fix 
 years, and left tlic kingdom to his fon Apries. 
 
 Apiics, in the lacred writings, is called Pharaoh Ho- 
 phra. He reigned with great profperity, took Sidoii, 
 and reduced all Phitniciaand I'alellmc; after which he 
 concluded an alliance with /eilek ah, king of Judah, 
 declared himfelf the protector of Ifnel, and prom; f-vi to 
 deliver it from the tyr miy of Ncbuchadne/./ar, who 
 ihon after del' royedjei.-.alem, and carried away /,ede- 
 kiah captive to Baby!,)n. Soon after the judgments 
 decreed by the prophets of God Againll .Apries began 
 to operate; for that prince having fent an army againfl 
 thcC'yrenians, it wa; defeated, and the greatefl part of 
 the men llain. Hut this ovuthrow was not the only 
 misfortune, for the Egyptians lonceivcd, by the im- 
 prudent coiuhut of Apiics in the whole all'iir, that he 
 had intended this army llioidd perilh. I'earing, there- 
 fore, that he Ihould devote more oj them to deltruction, 
 the\ revolted in great numbers, and put him to defi- 
 ance. In this diletnma Apr ;<s difpaichid Amalis, an 
 oiiker of his court, to appeafe the iiifurgents, and 
 
 bring them back to a lenl'e of their duty. Hut whii. 
 Amalis was fpcaking to them, thev pur on his lie:ul the 
 cnlignsof royaltv, and declnicl him their king. Anian 
 accepted the dignity, and joined the revoiic"r-, \\\vx\\ 
 fo enraged Apnes, that he f^iu I'aterbeniis, another ni 
 his ollkers, to apprehend Am.ilis. Patcrhenus not ln! 
 ing able to ellect the bufmefs, on his return had lv 
 cars and nofe cut oil" by the king's orders. The »n;;r 
 and indignity olVered to a perfon of his character .!:• i 
 worth fo enraged the re!l oi the i-gyptians, that thd,. 
 volt almoll bjcame general ; whereupon Apriti m:^ 
 forced to t'y, and made his efcapcinto the Upper i-g-p 
 where he maintained himfell for fome year<, wVii'i" 
 Amafis held all the reft. The king of H.ih, Ion tork 
 advantages of thele iiiteninc divilio.is, and fi!l\!ni| 
 Egvpt from Migdol toSeyne ; that is, from o:ie cui.i 
 the kingdom to the other. He made a ir.ifc.oi^ r^ 
 vagc and devalhition w'lercvcr he came, kil'ed a ;., ■ 
 number of the inhabitants, and made fuch i'rea,ll;.'l M. 
 vo( k in the country, that the d.im.ige cculd in: he r,-. 
 paireel in forty yeirs. Ne!nKhadne//.ar ha. ini; loii,: I 
 his army with fpoils, and conijuered the whole ki;- . 
 rlom, came to an accon-.modaton with .Anull-, vhi: , 
 he left as viccn^y, and returned to Habvlon. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar having left Egypt, Apriis foiij . 
 hi.i hiding places, and hiriiv,' an army of Carian:, ! ,. 
 nians, iSic. marched ;igiinll Amiii;, an I grvo h.;:« 
 battle near the city of Meirphis. I'eing vai .] ill,.,', 
 however, and taken prifoner, l:e w,i> carricvl to :!ij. : 
 ofSais, and there llranglcd in his own j)aiace : wiit;,-. 
 by the prophecies of Lzekiel and Jeremiah we.c In- 
 filled. 
 
 Amafis, who became fole monnrch of ig-pt l:i :'c 
 year of the woid ;j+.{5> s"*^' i^') hclore Chiiil, v.i ,i 
 native of Sinph, in the province of Sais ; he "a^awo.- 
 thy king, and an excellent leuillator. lig^p', ia ii ; 
 time, was hajipy in the feiund.ty of the .Nile, aiivl u 
 faid to have coiuainid fomethoufind p.ip.idoKS lit;:-, 
 towns, anil villages. To maintain go(d order in tht: 
 midll of fuch a multitude, Amalis madea law, vvhirch, 
 every Egyptian was obliged to inform the g<neii(i,- 
 of the province once a year by whatmcans he m.ii:it.i;ii. 
 ed himfelf; the omillion of giving fuch i..foriiiati'i:i 
 being pumllud with death. 
 
 .'\mong other public w.irks, he built an adiiiiiiM- 
 portico behjie the templeof Mnerva atSais, .indcii\;- 
 ed a cololl'cs before the temple of Vulcan ar Mo;,iph:<. 
 This coiolfus lay with its fai.e upwards, was 75 kei la 
 length, and had belide it two other fmaller lla ucs ci.t 
 out of the finv Hone. He likewiie built die fpiiei.i,; 
 tcntple of Ills at Memphis, whicli was a ll:u:iiire u\ 
 allonilliing magni licence. 
 
 In the reign of tliis king, Cambyfes, king oflVrlii, 
 conceived tlie delign of invading Egypt, bft wh.ii li-: 
 ai rived on the borders of tlnu kingdu.ii, h.e rice!.- I 
 inforn.ation of the death of Amaiis, who depaited I'v: 
 life after a liappy reign, which killed 44 years. I hi 
 body was embalmed, and then interred in a fepulcluj 
 which he had fome years betoreerectid tor hinilelt. 
 
 Pramnienitus, the fon of .\matis, fuccecded his la- 
 ther, in the year of the world .{479, and 525 \ears he- 
 fore Chr h 'I his prince had a Ihort and calattiiti):^ 
 reign ; forCambvfcs, Hill [)urluing his delign of co 1- 
 ipiering l'"gypt, the Perlians and Egyptians c.ime to an 
 engagement, when the latter vvi-re defeated, great nai.i- 
 bers llain, and Plimimenitus himfelf taken piif n>i. 
 Cambyfes treated the captive king in a moll igiinniim- 
 ous manner : he made his daugi.ter a llave, oriler;d 
 his Ion to be executed as a lommon malelactor, and ar 
 length put Pfammenitus himhif to derth. 
 
 Having received the fubmiiiion of all Egypt, Cam- 
 byfes proceeded to Sais, and, with an uiimmly degie 
 of relentmeiit, ordered the body of Aiuafu to be takvJi 
 out of the fepulchre and burnt. 
 
 The I'^gyptians were treated willi all the infclcmc ol 
 conipicll, and reduced to the very lowell degree ol hil'- 
 nullion. Their royal line was extiiul, their ielii',i('ii 
 trampled on, their ' im iells perfecuted, and thcmlelv. 
 
 dcfpiI'M 
 
 AERICA.j 
 
 defpifed and opprel 
 havingcontinutd in 
 till a prey to Cam 
 ar.d violent piiiues 
 The fiicccfiion of 
 from this ncriod tl 
 blended witn thato 
 death of Alexander 
 intermixed with thi 
 been fuhjcdt.luccell 
 r.'.cens, Mamalukes, 
 riod, viz, the yea 
 Clirift 524, is detiiK 
 lian hillory. Hul t 
 Alter thcconcjii U f 
 a province ot l'\: .i.i 
 by Alexander the C 
 nus, it fell under tl 
 (juernr, who foon 
 Alexandria, then th 
 dize of the Indies. 
 
 The conquefls ol 
 
 of lile,beingdividLd 
 
 of Egypt fell to the 
 
 inJe|H-ndent kiiigd 
 
 Chrillian ;Lra. li 
 
 tended their domin 
 
 retained the namec 
 
 contiiui'd between 
 
 the f.imous Ckcj^at 
 
 afi ended the throiit 
 
 The firll monari 
 
 reigned in Igypt 
 
 C»ri.at, was called P 
 
 or Saviour, was give 
 
 ration of his friondl 
 
 metropolis was beli 
 
 iigonus. fhispriiii 
 
 and granted piivile 
 
 vhich means that 
 
 ■weahhy. He was 
 
 fended his kingdon 
 
 Ptolemy Phikuic 
 
 Soter, is defervedlv 
 
 tions. He dcvotei 
 
 of the noble .Alex; 
 
 pains or cxpence u 
 
 rious books tVom 
 
 animmenfeexpen 
 
 from the Hebieu 
 
 ing been comple: 
 
 two ciders, is con: 
 
 may not be impro 
 
 and bell manullr 
 
 is the Alexandrin 
 
 library at St. |a 
 
 without the dillin 
 
 It was prefented • 
 
 ris, the patriarch 
 
 triaich of Alcxan 
 
 Ah.out this tim 
 
 obtain a name ;i 
 
 Ptolemy, delirin ■ 
 
 lint an embally I 
 
 mans received tlu 
 
 returned the con 
 
 Egypt, who were 
 
 'nev't, and prelent 
 
 1 1. .cut gifts. 
 
 Ptokmy Philai 
 him thccharader 
 prince, at once ei 
 and encourage lit 
 aiij.',nicntcd the fo 
 hisfubjeCts, 'fo 
 dominions, he er^ 
 Alexandria, vvhei 
 tioii. His inter. 
 No J7| 
 
nnpiiv. 
 
 l'>-ir iliity. Hi't wliiij. 
 ov puronhishciulilH- 
 im thiir kiiijr. i\an\U 
 I the iv-\()ltcr.-, which 
 l\itL'rl-ciiiis, aiiotl-.cr h 
 . r.itcrhfiiiis not In-. 
 Ill his return hni hi; 
 's orULTi. 'Ihe un ;i • 
 1 of his character a;-.,! 
 ''.Hyptians, thai ihciv'. 
 licrciipon Apiics w:^ 
 riniii t'lie LJpporlrr-i ;_ 
 r.ir (uuK vfars wni'i- 
 ki"j^ lit' I5,i!;, Ion ropk 
 i\i lions, an.l I'lirdKil 
 i.u U, from o:k' ciu!,i 
 nviJc a >r.ir>;'.')!^- f- 
 c tamo, kil'al a .;., • 
 m.u'c fiich t'ria>ti;!i hi. 
 iii.ige C(ui!d ro: lie :,-. 
 ulni'/v.ii ha', int; lowli;! 
 iiicntl the -.vl-dlo Li;- . 
 )ii with .-Nni-ili', vhi: , 
 io r>a'o)!o'i. 
 l/.gypt, Ap;-;.'; roif.x. 
 > arniy of L'aiiaii^ 1 1. 
 IlVliii, an I LMVO h:;;i 
 
 >. I'ciiig v.ii .] 111,.,', 
 was carricil to :h,. 
 
 iw own palace : «!ii;,-. 
 
 uul jL'iciniah wcc lui- 
 
 inarch of i-'gvpt l:i ;'•(■ 
 H) before Cliiiil', -.'.i a 
 
 of Saii ; he \\a>a W(\. 
 
 Ilator. ll^i pr, ia li ; 
 hty of the Nile, aiivl u 
 oufinii pop,iiloi;s ti:;:-, 
 iitaiii f^oi'il ordiT in iIy 
 lis niadealaw, w Ix rcl' y 
 
 inforiii the pni-no.- 
 hatnican-; he tr.ai:it.i;ii- 
 vinjf fiich i..forniati'ia 
 
 he built an adniir;\l!c 
 iier\a at Sais, an.l eicoi- 
 of Vulcan at Me:.ipli:<. 
 ipwards, was 75 kct la 
 tlur finaller Ihi iics i-i.r 
 cwile built ihe fi):ui. 1.; 
 icli wa.s a Itiuaurc ot 
 
 mbyfcs, king of lVrli:i, 
 
 ig ligypt, bi't wh.-n li'.' 
 
 kingiloii), he rceci-i 
 
 lalis, who ilepait-jd 1'' : 
 
 1 lallcil 44 years. Ihi 
 interred in a fcpiiicluc 
 erected tor hinile't. 
 iialis, fiiccecded hi; la- 
 471), anil 525 yeais hc- 
 a lliort and cahllluUl..^ 
 .ling his delign oi io> 
 1 h!;^yptians c.iine loan 
 redcfeared, tjreat nai-i- 
 Iml'elf taken prilnncr. 
 iij; in a moll ij^noniini- 
 f^r.ter a Have, orden-d 
 lion malefactor, and at 
 f to deith. 
 
 in of all Fgypt, C'lin- 
 tiih an unminl)' di'i;u' 
 ■ of Aiiialii to be takvn 
 
 ith all the infolcnre ot 
 
 rv lowclUlcprec offub- 
 
 cxtina, their rcliivon 
 
 ■cutcd, and thcnilel\i ; 
 
 dcfpil' I 
 
 AFRICA.] K G Y 
 
 defpifed and opprellld. And thus the kirgdom, after 
 ha\ ing continued in a rej;al fuccclTion above 1600 years 
 fell a prey to Caiiibyfes, one of the molt outrageous 
 ar.d \ iolciit pi ince- that ever leij^ned. 
 
 'I'he fuccedioii ofllie h'gyptian kinps here ends, and 
 from this period the hi'llory of this nition bceon cs 
 blended witn that if the I'er'.ians and Greeks, till the 
 death of Alexander the i^reat, and after that xra it h 
 intermixed with ihe hidory of oth.cr naiion.s. It has 
 been fubjcd, fuccellively, to the Greeks, Roinan-i, Sa- 
 r.'.ccns, Manialukcs, and lalt to the 'J'urks, Thl^ pe- 
 riod, viz, the year of the «crld .}4t<o, and belore 
 Chrift 524, is deemed the I'econd peiiod of the l\L;.\p- 
 lian liillory. Jiiu to jitrfuc the hillory proj^rellively. 
 Alter the conqiivd of h'l.'ypt byCanibyles, it continued 
 a p.rovince of IViiia, till die ilellruction of thai: empire 
 by Alexander the (rreat, who having vaiu|iiillud Da- 
 rius, it fell under the dominion of that mighty con- 
 queror, who foon after built the celebrated city of 
 Alexandria, then the emporium of the rich merchan- 
 di/.e of the Indies. 
 
 The conquefl.s of Alcxaiulcr, wlio liieii in the prime 
 of life.beingdividi-damonglt hi-. j;enerals, theprovince 
 of Fgypt fell to the h t ol I'tolemy, when it became an 
 independent kingdom, about joo years before the 
 C'hrillian lera. ili-> fuccelFors, who fometimei ex- 
 tended their dominion^ over great part of Syria, long 
 retained the name of Ftclcmy, and in that line F4'ypt 
 contimrd between two and three hundred years, till 
 the furious Cleojiatra, the wife of Ptolemy Diunilius 
 .ifi ended the throne. 
 
 Ihe firlV nionarch of the Macedonian race, who 
 reigned in Igypt after the death of Alexander the 
 Clrlat, w as called Ptolemy Soter. The name of Sotcr, 
 (srSiviour, \vasgi\en him by tlie Rhodians, in conlide- 
 ration of his fiiendly oilices towards them while their 
 metropolis was bclieged by Demetrius, the Ion of An- 
 tigonus. Thlsprincechole Alexandria as his refidence, 
 and j;ranted piivilcges to thole who fettled there, by 
 vhich means that city became very populous and 
 wealthy. lie was a valiant piince, and bravely de- 
 fended his kingdom from repeated at; ack-.. 
 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus, Ion and fuecelForof Pcolenn 
 Soter, is deler\edly celebrated for liberty and pious ac- 
 tions. Me devoted his attention to the improvement 
 of the noble Alexandrian librar\, and fp.ired neither 
 pains or expence to procure the moll valuable and cu- 
 rious books from various nations. He alio caufid, at 
 animmenreexpence.theOld Teltament to be iranllatcd 
 tniiii the Hebi ew into Greek, w hich arduous talk hav- 
 ing been conipletc^l in feventy-two days, by fevtnty 
 tv^o elders, is commonly called" The Septuagint." It 
 may not be improper to obfirve, that the moll ancient 
 and bell manullri[)t of the Septuagint ^'erlion extant, 
 is the Alexandrian copy which is now in the king's 
 library at St. James's, written all in capital letters, 
 without the dillindions of chapter, verfcs, or words. 
 It was prefcnted to King Charles I. by CvriUus laica- 
 ris, the patriarch cf Con'hintinople, who had been pa- 
 triarch of .\lcxandria, 
 
 .\hout this time the Romans began to flourilh and 
 obtain a name among Uireign nations j whereupon 
 Ptolemy, deliring to enter into an alliance with them, 
 lent an embally tor that purpofe to Rome. The Ro- 
 mans received them with thcgreatetl cordiality, anil 
 raurncd the compliment by fending ambafPadors to 
 |-'gypt,who were treated with the moll profound re- 
 'pect, and prefcnted, at their departure, with magni- 
 li :cnt gifts. 
 
 Ptolimy Philadelphus, after his death, left behind 
 him the charadler of a wife, magnanimous, and learned 
 prince, at once endeavouring to promote commerce, 
 and encourage literature, in his kingdom, by w hich he 
 augmented the fortunes, and imiiroved the minds ot' 
 hisfubjeCts. 'io perpetuate a talle lor literature iii hi.s 
 dominions, he erecteci public fchools and academies at 
 .'Mexandria, where they longflouriflied in great reputa- 
 tion. His intercuurrc w ith learned men, and his care 
 No jy. 
 
 to dignify the fciences, may be confidcred asthcfouiee 
 of thole nicafiires he purfiied to make commerce Hou- 
 nlh in his dominions. 
 
 Ptolemy III. furnanud hnergctes, or the Henrfac- 
 tor, fucceeded his father lnthe24»iih yiarlefore C'riil. 
 In the commencement of his reign he made preparati- 
 ons to wage war againll Antioclius Teos, kingof Ssria, 
 who had divorced his tiller Berenice, in th niean 
 time Antioclius was poil'oned by his orhcr wife; l.ao- 
 dice ; and his fon began his reign by putting IJercnicc 
 and l.cr fon to death. 
 
 To revenge 'he death of his fiflcr, Ptolemy raifed a 
 conliderable ainiam nt, liDon n-ade himfelf mifter of 
 Syria and Ciiicia,and having taken Laoviice he put her 
 to death ; then (-alhng the l^uphiatcs, he fubdued all the 
 country from thence to the 'I igris. Having provided 
 tor the protection of the places he fubjiigated, he re- 
 turned to I'gypt, carrying with him immenfc riches. 
 Anaccommodation at Iciigthtaking place between him 
 and his enemies, he applied himfelf to enlarging his 
 dominions foiithward, which having etleifted, he was 
 poifoncd by his wit'e, after he had reigned 21; years. 
 
 This profligate prince was ironically called l-'hilo- 
 
 pater, a wordlignifying, Lovtr of bis luiiber ; whereas 
 
 I his jmurdering him being univerfally known, he re- 
 
 I ccived that appellation by way of derilion. 
 
 j He was fuccefstui in a war he waged with Antio- 
 
 1 chus,the lineal king of Svria, who attempted the reco- 
 
 very of his dominions, which had been annexed to the 
 
 I Egyptian territories, and having at length concluded 
 
 a peace with that prince, he gave himfelf up wholly to 
 
 libertinifm, and died a martyr to intemperance in the 
 
 37th year of his age, and 17th of his reign. 
 
 Ptolemy Pliiiopater being I'uccetded by his fon Pto- 
 lemy I'.piphanes, or the illullrious, at the age of live 
 years, Philip, king ol Macedon, and Antioclius, king 
 of Syria, thinking to avail thcmfelves of his inlant. 
 (late, entered into a league to divide his dominions be- 
 tween thtm. The latter accordinglv marched into 
 Syria and Palelline, both of which fubmittcd to him 
 without oppolition. 
 
 In this ciitical lituation the Egyptians fent an am- 
 ball'y to Rome, praying protection, offering the Romans 
 tlie guardianlhip oftheir king, and regency ot the king- 
 dom, during his minority. ihe Romajis, delirousof 
 extending their fame, accepted the oiler, and immedi- 
 ately difpatchcd ambafladors to the two kings delir- 
 ing them to delill from invading the dominions of 
 the infant prince, otherwife they would makewar upon 
 them for his protection. At this time the Egyptians had 
 raifed an army, and fent a general, named Scopas, to 
 attempt the recovery ot the places which had (ubmitted 
 to .-Xntiochus, but were deleated w ith great lots. 
 
 Antiochus foon after fent an ambally to .Alexandria, 
 with propol'als of marriage between Cleopatra, his 
 vlaughter, and king Ptolemy, to be confummatcd as 
 foon as the parties Ihould beofa proper age, promiting 
 lelloration of the provinces he had conquered on the 
 day o! nuptials, ly way of dowry with the ycung 
 princefs. 
 
 The Egy[)tian.s accepting the propofals, the young 
 king, having attained to the age of fourteen) ear-, anci 
 being, according to the cultom of the couiitiy, de- 
 clared to be out of his minority, as well as enthroned 
 with the ufiial pomp, was married to Cleopatra. .'\n- 
 liochu.-^ was foon after killed in the province of El i- 
 mais, where he had phindereel a temple dedicated to 
 one ol tiieir deities. 
 
 The following year Cleopatra had a fon, who fuc- 
 ceeded his father on the throne by the name ol Ptolemy 
 Phi'.ometer. She had all'.) aiuu her ton, and a daughter 
 called after her own name. 'I'he king having,contrary 
 to the maxims of polic\ , -ullice, and humanity, :..keii 
 the life of Arillomencs, a moll loyal fubice'l,and faith- 
 ful counfelior, tlic remainder of his reign was one con - 
 tinned feene of dif'urder and coiifiilion, till he was at 
 length poifoncd b\ fomccfhis attendants, in the iytU 
 year ol his ag. , and :4ih of his accelhon to the throne. 
 . 11 Ptoleniv 
 
 ;ii. 
 
 Mit 
 
3<,8 A NF.W, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNiVERSAL GF.OGR'.rilV. 
 
 ' ii 
 
 in 
 
 FtokMiiy I'hil'vwTiT iK'ing tint fix ye:\rs oM when 
 he fiicceeded to 'he loverfiivitv, Clc()i)atr;i was declared 
 re^cnr, aiii goveriicil well lill her death, which hap- 
 pened only one year before the expiration ot'ihe kind's 
 niinmiry. 
 
 'I'lic rej^encv appointed after her death, dennn.lin'; 
 of Antiochus kpiphanes, i\m of Antiochiis the Grear, 
 the relhtiit'oi of [h*.- provinces, accordin!» to the pr>>. 
 mife of his fither, and that prince rcfiidn}^ conipli- 
 ance, a warenfued between Svria and I'j^ypt. 
 
 Preparations were a.cordnv^ly niavlc by Ptolcny, 
 vho hid, by this time, been decl;'.red out of his niino- 
 ritv, and crowned withthciifiial folcninity. Antiochus 
 obtained fij^'nal victories over the Fgvptians, ai\d at 
 length invclKd Alexandria ; on which Ptcleiny Encr- 
 pctes, who hid been placed iip<in the throne on the 
 depolition of his biothe:-, and Cleopatra his (iller wlu) 
 w ere then Ihut up in the town, fent amballadors to the 
 Romans to folicit their alhllance. 
 
 In confciiiience of this the Roman fenatc fcnt arnbaf- 
 fadors to I'.iiypt to ptit an end to the war. In the in- 
 :cntn a reconc'liation was cHectcd betW(cn the two 
 brothers at the inftancc of their filhr Cleopatra, and 
 an agreement entered into that they Ihould reign lointly. 
 
 Antiochus, enraged at this reconciliation, profe- 
 cuted holHlities, fubdiiedall the country asfaras Mem- 
 phis, and marched towards Alexandria, where he was 
 flopped in his progrefs, and all his deligns tniflnted, 
 being met at a place near l.euline, by the ambalFadors 
 fcnt from the Roman fenatc. Amoni; thefc was Popil- 
 lius, whom, asa ptrfon he had intimately known «hcn 
 at Rome, Antiochus put forth his hand to embrace j 
 but the ambafFidor declined the compliment, enforced 
 the purport of his mefl'agc, and peremptorily told him 
 that he mufl give an immediate anfwcr to the requifi- 
 tion of the fenate. AntitK-hus hciitatin^', Popillius 
 drew a circle round the king in thefand with his llafl', 
 and required him to give his anfwer before he llirred 
 out of that circle. Antiochus alarmed at this peremp- 
 tory mixie of proceeding, after lome little hcfitation, 
 told the ambalfador, he would obey the command of 
 the fenate, whcreuixin PopiUiusacccpted his embraces, 
 and aded according to his former tnendiliip « ith hiiii. 
 
 Antiochus, afterthis, went backto Syria, and Popil- 
 lius returned with his colleagues to Alexandria, w here 
 they ratified and fully fixed the terms of agreement 
 between the two brothers. 
 
 Philometer dying foon after this tranfacftion, Pto- 
 Icmv Vll,furnamed Phyfcon, or tun-bellied, fucceedtd 
 his brother in all his dominions. He was the moll 
 iniquitous and cruel, as well as the nioft vile and def- 
 picable of all the Ptolemies that reigned in Egypt. 
 Suchwerchiscruelty and opprciTion, that great numbers 
 fletl out of Egypt, and amongll them many learned 
 men, and prokllbrs of arts and IcieiKes, by which 
 means learning (that had been a long time lotl)was rc- 
 viveil in (irecce, Afia Minor, the iflcs, and in all other 
 places were they v. ent. Ph\fcon died at Alexandria 
 m the 67tl-i year of his age, having reigned ^9 years 
 from the death of his brother Philometer. 1 le left 
 behind him three fons; Apion, whom he had by a con- 
 cubine ;and l^thsrus and Alexander, whomhe hadby 
 his niece Cleopatra, to whom he bequeathed the crown 
 of Eg)pt, in conjunction with one of her fons, whom 
 iheiliould think fit to i hoofe. 
 
 Ptolemy VHI. Airnamed I.atbynis, had been ba- 
 nillicd to Cyprus by his lather, and his mntlier willied 
 to keep him Irom the cro\Mi : but a lai:tion being raifcd 
 in his favour, he was fent for, and placed on the throne, 
 in the year of the world ,jXS7. Nothing worthy of 
 record happened in this reign, w hich lalied ten years, 
 when his mother contrived to dethrone him, and place 
 his brother Alexander on the throne. Ptolemy I,a- 
 thyrus then retired to C\pnis, where he was I'lillered 
 to gc>vern iinmolellcd. 
 
 Ptolciny IX. or Alexander I, began his reign A. M. 
 •^897. From the Higitious diffwlition ot the (jueen 
 mother, her fon Alexander became apprehcnllvc that 
 
 : r 
 
 fome iniquitous delign was forming apsin;l him 55I jt 
 been agamlt his brother, on wh;ch account he t^ik ;|- • 
 intpiiuis picc u:tion of putt' n;: her ro i\- ith. '] hi, ,',,'' 
 ricide o^cafioneil a revolt, and Alevan.ler wis ,-ri i 
 from the thron,- by his o<.t\ fubjcM-s, and aferv 1 1, 
 ndn in an engagement witii the revcFcts. Hi., ;. 
 ther, Ptolemv Luhyni.s. bei ig Fnt for fio'u Cwjr 
 was rcindated on the throne, and coitiniicd to' '■.. | 
 over Egypt till hi.s d/a'di, v I ich happened 3C, vi.'i 
 after thedeatli of his father, eleven of uhichhe u.'-'i I .1 
 jointly wiih his mother in Eg\p', ci;^iuccn i;i (''.i|;> 
 and fevenalone in F'.gypt after his iriiher'sdai'i. h,. 
 was fucccedcd by CI -opatia, his daughter, :ui ! o C 
 legitimate child. Her proper mine was 15;tc 
 // is nrie'ilary to niferve, ihal <?• a!! the iiui'ei '/ ; 
 ly biiJ iL't ccnnion name of p!o!i-my, l', .•'! tbcl 
 it Inhi ib.'.t f CJi-cpahv, ,iiJ hiiJ likciift fr.'p,!- r , 
 to dijlhipiijh them fr'M ijch 'nhrr. 7l.'r Inp:- n 
 in vici<~<ill^l'-vi~ilf vi.vy ili/firnf.'iis in llr i'.,\,\-, ■, ;_ 
 tnrv. This Cleopatra «as put to d'.a'h liy A!e\jn \; 
 nephew to Laih\rus, to « l;om iFe had been el| o .fi-'. 
 and this monarch, w howas call.d P.okniy X. w A!, . 
 ander 11. began his reign abcut the yearol tl'.e «.i : 
 3925, and Si years before Cluilh Tiie p (n>'. „ 
 length expelled him the kingdom, and call.d iii i'tn- 
 lemy Auletcs, the illegitin^ate fon of l.ath;,rus. 
 
 I'tolemy XI. furnaiicd Aukves, or ihe Pipei, ■: ■• 
 his priding himl'elf on his l1<iU in plasing upon 1' 
 inllrument, began his r; ign in the year ol rl^e u.i I 
 ^9j9,and 65 years before Chrilk I le was a prin. •,-: 
 an intamous claiacler, and at the ccmnunccni ■. v 
 his reign Julius CxTar was conful at Home. \\ 1'; , 
 to enter into an alliance with t''c Romans, he 'Uiu 
 thither,and, alter having expendeil vad funis.tvi .1 i- 1 
 from his fubjec^s, w as forced to depart w ithfuit furc: ;,, 
 and retireto Ephefus; aftcrw hich the F'.gyptian. pLxd 
 his brother Selcucus on the throne, who proved a \c-y 
 fordid prince, which cccalionel the Flfvpt insr i;;i',c 
 him the nick-nan.e of Cabiola:les, or the Scuilioi. 
 
 Ptolemy Auletcs foon aker ap[ilied to the Kui) a!i 
 to alFirt him'in the recovery of his kingdom, an'.l Ci- 
 linius, a Roman general, accfiiipan.i-.d b} t' c fi;ii;;i 
 Mark Antony, proceedeil dirictly for Flgypt. 
 
 As the Egyptians could not Hithfland the Tvonan 
 prowrefs, Auletcs was foon relloreil to his kin,;Jrr.i, 
 but died four years after, and was fuccecdcd by !• s 
 tldell Ion Ptolemy, and his cKlell daughter Cltopa'.', 
 v\ho, according to his will, were to reign in coiijuiii- 
 tion. 
 
 Ptolemy XII. and his lifter Cleopatra, jointly k-- 
 cecded to the throne of F'gv[;t in the vear of the w o'.J 
 59!; {,and 51 years betbre Chrill. This v as the (Ic- 
 patra who afterwards became fo remarkabk- for r i- 
 fliarc (lie had inthe civil wais of Rome, and hcr.ui.' 'i- 
 with Mark Antony, the Roman triuiii\ ir. Cle.j a i.i, 
 in proccfs of liiiio, being deprived of her fliareil ti.. 
 fovt-reigntv, by the guardians o. the mir.or king, «cai 
 inio Syria and Palelline, where llie raikd a very C(i:i- 
 fiderable bixly to allert her rij'hr by force of aims. 
 Such was the iituation of the alialrs of Iigypt at ihis 
 peiiod, which was the very time that the unl"ortun;Uf 
 PomiH-'y, fled tliither to beg proteclion againll iLe vic- 
 torius Julius Cx'far. 
 
 Previous to his landing on the Egyptian coafl, V'^n'- 
 pey difpatdud mefkiigeis to require the aid of Ft i- 
 Icniy ; but as he was ftill a minor, and couKI, ilxic- 
 fore, return no anfwer, it was agreed upon by hii nii- 
 niflers to cut himoH', as the only means of fcciiriiv- 
 the favoi the vief orious t 'a'far. A II 1 atag(i)i w .'. dc 
 vifiil to get Pompeyon board afmall boat, v. here (one 
 exccutioneis, ready prepared, mt olf his head, and 
 threw his body on the land. 
 
 C-.vfar then hallened to F'gypt, and exerted the m- 
 th.oriiy of .-' conqueror. Ckoiiatra foon lound means 
 to attach him to l;cr pcifon, and tlicir amour wa-. pni. 
 dui-'live of a fon, who w as called Cxfarian. Iking^t- 
 lached to her perfon, he v.i^-, naturally attached to h r 
 caul', and having fumituuK J an aflcmbly, he i!> c:ccJ 
 1 aicord..":,; 
 
■■■OGR\r:iv. 
 
 inj^iroin;! him,,,! ^i 
 i!ch ;ii.-c(ni;it lu- t \ik'-| ^ 
 li^^7">v-ith. -ihi ,,,. 
 
 Alc\;in.icr M.is ctl ■< 
 'i''je:l.s, and afiorM 1 1^ 
 
 h^ ITV.illfis. II,, ;, 
 
 'C'-n for t;on Csp, , 
 a:ui (()i:i:n;al to' r.. [ 
 I icli hniiprnej y, ^.,;.' 
 •Via (ifHhuhlic u ;;■■-, f 
 *P*. ci'^luccn ill (''"i |, 
 his tr-);hei's(1ai';. li_' 
 his d.ui-httT, ;m !.)■'; 
 nunc «as U-rcij; 
 
 t/'C III, 
 
 'i'r< 'fil, 
 
 .1 likc"Vi!\- /'''.'/'.■'• 
 
 '^w;.. 
 
 '//v- /■.••,■;«■ 
 
 '■'•r 
 
 '/.v-.f //; //v /•:,'i,-.v ., 
 to i!.,afhlYA;.-ui', \i 
 llicha.l beai cljoj;-:' 
 l.d I'.ukiiivX.ofA!., 
 iir th'- yiiirot tl'f w.,,: 
 t-'hiilh 'I'iu- |, „,,'^ 
 -if'ni, a'h' ciil. d ill j';n. 
 
 b'l ot l.atlv. ru^. 
 Ic'cs, or the Pij-i-i, •: ■, 
 iil in plMwnjjriipo'i r 
 II the year ol'rlic ',,,) i 
 nil. Ko uas a piin, :.,i 
 t tl;c comnuiicini r ;i 
 m'ul at Rome. \\i:; , 
 h t!'f Koiiiani;, he 'u, . 
 iiJul va(} fiinis.iv; ,| ^. I 
 )ilc|)art without difi. ,, 
 iththc I'lgyptian. pl.ictj 
 ironc, wh(j provij a \cry 
 I" i the I^<'ypt■ln^r) ;;i\t 
 ajlcs, or ti-,c Scuilio:]. 
 appiif.l to the Roim-; 
 Df'his kiiigil,:m, and ('a- 
 oiiipani-.d by t'.i Ca.iii.'ii 
 (.dly for K;rypt. 
 ot wirhflaiui the Ron an 
 L'lloreil to his kir,,;J(i;i, 
 id was fuccccdcd h\ !■ s 
 dell daughter CKopa::,!, 
 vcrc to icigii in conjiim- 
 
 r Cleopatra, joinrly f, ■- 
 in the vcar of the ttolJ 
 ill. Thisva'^thL-Ci. - 
 " fi) rcinarkaMe lor \\ ■: 
 ol Rome, and h(r,;ii. ■ t 
 in iriuiiis ir. CicjaiM, 
 -irivcd of her lliarcol ii ,: 
 ij. the iiiir.or kin;^, »(iu 
 c llie railed a very e<i:i-- 
 rirht by force of ainu. 
 alfair-s of I'-^ypt at ii-,ii 
 me t!iat the uiiroitiinui.- 
 roteclion agaiiill ilic vie- 
 
 he Egyptian coafl, Ponv 
 require tlieaul of Tu- 
 linor, and could, th.cic- 
 agrteJ upon by hii mi- 
 only means of fccuiinj 
 far. Afhaiap;(in u.idc- 
 iifitiall boat, v. luTe (oi; r 
 , cut olf hi^ head, and 
 
 pt, and exerted the .iu- 
 iputra foon loand iiuanv 
 lid their amour \v:r; pro. 
 -■d Caefarian. Liing:'t- 
 •iturally attached to h.r 
 an atTembly, he dicreeJ 
 aLCOid.:icr 
 
 AFRICA.] K (^. Y r T, 
 
 arcordin'' to the will of the lirrkiii|T, that Ptoitniy 
 and Cl.u[).itia lliculd I'lintly lei^n in I'iTypt. Me 
 met with confideraMe op] oliiion in the execution <i 
 his di- ree, but at kiij;; li bore down ail lieloie him. 
 I'tolcni •atteiiiptinnto < fc:ij e tniiii the (onqucior in a 
 boat,"li.'eli funk, wasdiownedinthe Nile; after which 
 Irlarwent to Alesandiia, when the whole kiiimlom 
 fiibinittcd to his vicloricnii arms. He gave the crown 
 o! I'jJV;''' 'f Clciipatra, and continued Ins amour with 
 her till he wa-. obligeil toqiiit b'-uypt. Cleopatra hav- 
 in<( taken olVher )(»un;4( r biother, ruled l'(_'ypt to her 
 duuh as fi)!e fovcrc:j.',n, but in a kind of fubiliviency 
 to the Roman power. 
 
 t'ii lar, in the iiitenm, hai! been rdHinina'ed at Rome 
 by a conl"|)iraey, at the head of w hich were IJnitusand 
 CalfiUJ ; and immediately afterwariU the celebrated 
 triumvirate bettveen Antony, Lepidii*, and Oetavius 
 Ciclar, was formed, in order to revenge the death of 
 Julius C.rfar. Upon thisoccalion Clei)patra declared 
 for the triumvirs ; and .\ntony, after the defeat ol 
 Uriitus and Caliius at I'liilippi, comin,' into Afia to 
 tllal'lilh the authority ol the triumvirate, was met by 
 CleoiJa'ra at Tarfus, in Cibcia.a circumlhince intio- 
 duv-'lory to his ruin : for her beauty, wit, and art cap- 
 ri'.ated him in fiieh a dej^rec, as to extinguiih all his 
 nuliiarv tlame. Antony and Cleopatra contuiually 
 revelled together in every kind of luxurious diflipa- 
 tion i and in one ot their entertainments the latter is 
 faid to have diflolved a pearl, valued at fo.oool. in 
 vinegar, and fw allowed it. 
 
 Having palfed fomc months in the rnoft fcandaloirs 
 dehaucheiy, Antony rciurned to Rome, and married 
 Ociavia, the filler of Cacllir Augustus. He retained, 
 liowe\er, his fond.iels tor Cleopatra, met her occafi- 
 nnaliy, and made her valuable prefents. She attended 
 liim in h progrefs through Greece, where he repudi- 
 ated Oela\ia, and declared war againit Oclavius or 
 Augullus, who then declared war againlV Cleopatra, 
 though actually intended againll Antony. 
 
 1 hough the armairent of Octavius was fir inferior 
 to the combined force of Antony and Cleopatra, he 
 camcolfvidoriousatthedecilivebattleof \ctium,acir- 
 ciimftancethat proved eventually deft rucfive to the lo- 
 vers ; for Antony being betrayed by thel'^gyptian Heet j 
 ■vvhichafterwards revolted to theencm;, , he tell ujxin his 
 own fword ; and Cleopatra died by the poifonot an afp. 
 
 At her death ended the reign ot the Ptolemies in 
 Fgypt, which was reduced to a Roman province. 
 The conciuert of F.gypt occafioned fuch an intlux of 
 ■xvealth into Rome, that the value of money tell one 
 half, and the prices of provilion and merchandi/.e were 
 confequcntly doubled. 
 
 The government of 1' gypt was committed by Au- 
 gulVus, who was proclaimed emperor !■}, years before 
 the biith of Chrill, to Cornelius Clnis. He was fuc- 
 ceeded by /lilius Gallus, a Roman knight, in which 
 time the Ethiopian queen Candace invaded that coun- 
 irv, and carried the Roman garrifons into captivity. 
 She was, however, defeated by Caius Pctronius, after 
 
 3W 
 which, for fomc yc.i.i, the woild ciiioyed a rrofV pro. 
 f iiind tian.iuillity. Egypt, luiw -ver, during I'.e rci .i s 
 of feveral fiicceeding emperors, la'io ir.; 1 under crueit\ , 
 ia<ation, orncile! ; h.r it wa< either a perilcuttd and 
 opprefl'jd, or a ilifregndol provin \'. 
 
 I'.gyjit remained a Roman province till the rcirnof 
 Omer, the fecoiid calij'h of the fu; ctflori of VI il o:n t, 
 v.Ii) expelled the Rom.ins, after it had been in tlicir 
 hiiiils 700 years. About the tm.e of the ciuTides, 
 be wTLii the yeirs of the Ch>ilti.in ii-ri 1150 and 
 119.:!, I'.'-^vf;! was governed by N'oieddin, wl.oie fon, 
 the tamo. IS Sal idin, was (o dreadful to the Chriltian 
 adventuiers. He inHituted the miliary corps oi Ma- 
 nv.ili.k-s, who, ahotit thejear 1242, advanced one of 
 their own oiliccrs to the throne, and ever after chofe 
 their irince out of their own bndv. 
 
 During the reigns of thtfe ufurpcrs, which I iIKd 
 about 267 years, Egygt made a conlpiciious ligure 
 a'long the neii.aibouring nations, and bravely wi:h- 
 (lood the [)o«er of the Turks under Sclim, who, after 
 defeating the Mainalukes i;i (everal bloodv contclls, 
 reduced f'-gvpc to its prefent llatc ol fubjcetion. 
 
 An attempt uas ma<le a li v. \ ears lince, to deprive 
 the Ottoman Por'e of its autlionty over Eg)i;t,by Alt 
 Iky, u hole father was a prielt of the Greek ch'iroh, 
 but who having turned Mahometan, ar.d being a iiiin 
 of abilities and addrjfs, had rendered himleli \ery po- 
 pular in Egypt. A falfeacrufiition having been made 
 againfl him to the Graiul Seignior, his head was ordered 
 to be lent to Conllantinople ; but being appiiled cf the 
 dclign.he leizedand put to death the mellengcrs who 
 brought this order, and foon found means to put him- 
 felf at the head of an ar.ny. Iking alfo encouraged by 
 the dangerous tituation to which the Turki!h empire 
 was reduced in corifequence of the war with Kulila, 
 he boldly mounted the throne ot the ancient fultans of 
 Egypt. He was very attentive to the edablilhment ot 
 a regular form of government, and the promotion of 
 commerce, for which pur[X)fe he gave great encou- 
 ragement to the Chiillian traders. In the profecution 
 of his dcligns, for fomc time, he was very fortunate, 
 and fucceeded in almo'd all his enterprises againll the 
 neighbouring Aliatic governors and balliaws, w horn he 
 repeatedly defeated , but he was afterwards deprived of 
 the kingdom of Egypt by the bale conducl: of his bro- 
 ther-in-law Mahomed Bey Abudahap, his troops being 
 totally defeated on the 7th of March, 1773. He died 
 of his wounds, and was honourably interred at Grand 
 Cairo. Abudahap afterwards governed Egypt as 
 Chick-Bellet, and marched into Palelline to iubduc 
 Chiek-U.aher, where he was found dead in his bed, and 
 was fuppoled to have been llrangled. Chick Daher 
 acccptedthePorte'sfullamnelly, and trulbng to their 
 afllirances, embraced the Captain Pacha's invitation to 
 dine on board his Ihip, w hen the captain produced his 
 orders, and the brave Daher had his head cut oil in 
 the 85th year of his age. The Turks have lince kept 
 poffellion of Egypt. 
 
 C H A P. 
 
 XX. 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 R 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 R 
 
 Y. 
 
 ""I MIF mofl northern countries of Africa, comprc- 
 -■- hendcd under the denomination of Ikrbary, from 
 their fituation and commerce with Europe, are better 
 known than many others of the continent we have al- 
 ready dcfcribeil. This vaft track is bounded on the 
 north by the Mcditcnancan on the fouth by Za.-.raor 
 
 the Defart, on the Eaft bv Egypt, and on the wcfl by 
 the Atlantic Ocean ; being in length about ijco miles, 
 but in breadth very unequal. 
 
 The States of Barbary contain the kingdoms of Mo- 
 rocco and I'e/., Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca, iti 
 which order we thai! dcfciibc tlieiii. 
 
 SECTION 
 
 M 
 
400 
 
 A NKW, ROYAL and AU I'UF.NTIC SYSTEM or UNIVFUSM, C;I:0(;R \l»||Y. 
 
 
 m 
 
 It 
 
 ■ J 
 
 SI 
 
 W! i- ■ ■■ ■ ' 
 
 S E C T I O N I. 
 
 'I iir F-.MPIRI'. or MOROCCO ano VK/. 
 
 BoHiuUtria, li\tiiit, Clmuif, Soil, Rivers, Mountains, y, , 
 
 THIS cxtcnfivc empire, uliich now inrluiics the 
 kingiliMiis «)t" MoioLio and I'Vz, is IjDiindeil l>y 
 the Mniiterruncin on the north, by Motnit Atlas on 
 the I'outh, by Algiers on the call, and by the Atlantic 
 Ocean on the well; beini; ;o3 miles in leni;th, and 
 4X0 in breadth, in the broadelt part. It extends iVoni 
 a 8 to ■\(i degrees ot north latitude, and Iroin 4 to 9 
 dt;grccsot'«clV longitude. I lie empire is divided into 
 three provinces, Morocco, le/., and Sus. 
 
 The climate is extremelv hot, particularly towards 
 the fouth ; but is, in general, tolerably healthy, being 
 cooled bv the lea bree/es, and defended by high ninun- 
 tains from the lultry fouth winds, which give it a tem- 
 perature not to be expected from its lituation h near 
 the tropic. Indeed, Mount .\tlas, the head oi wliich 
 is covered with fnow the greatell part of the year, fur- 
 rounds it in the manner of a crefcent to the fouthward, 
 and in fome me.iUire jircvents the pallhge of the damp 
 vapours and pclhlential blalls from that i]uarter. iJut 
 if the rainy feafon, which begins in October, continues 
 too long, itcKCalions pelHicntial fevers; and the north 
 veil winds, which prevailin March.fomet.mesgreatly_ 
 alfeCtthc lungs and nerves, and injures the products of 
 the earth. In other refpects the iky is fercne, and the 
 air clear and wholefomc. 1 he country is well watered 
 by line fprings, that are found in molt moors, and line 
 winding rivers which, in general, have iheir fources 
 in Mount Atlas, and iJifembogue theiiifelves into the 
 Mediterranean Sea, or the A tlan . Ocean. 
 
 The foil of Morocco is fo good that it generally pro- 
 duces three crops annually ; and, it is faid, would, 
 ■with proper management, furnilh every year 100 
 times II. ore than the inhabitants are capable of con- 
 fuming : but cultivation is very little attended to, ex- 
 cept a few miles round the dillerent cities and towns. 
 The chief rivers are the Mulvia, the laga, the Sc- 
 bu, the Onunirabih, the Tenillt, and the Sus. 
 
 The Great and Leiler Atlas are not only the princi- 
 pal mountains in Barbary, but fome of the nu)ll cele- 
 brated in the univerfe. The (ireat Atlas ilividL-s Bar- 
 bar) tiom Biledulgerid; and the Little Atlas extends 
 along the Barbarv coalt to the Straits of Gibraltar. 
 The coldnefsand inacceflibility render the Great Atlas 
 in many parts uninhabitable : but fome places enjoy 
 a milder climate, contain many villages, numcrouK 
 herds of cattle and Hocks, are well cultivated, and in- 
 habited by .\rabs Berebers, and other African people, 
 who, in the feverer parts of the winter, are obliged 
 to retire into valt caverns, to preferve thenifelves and 
 their Hocks from being overvN helmed with the prodi- 
 gious quantities of fnow that fall, and from the incle- 
 mency of the weather. Thefe people are, in general, 
 tierce, cruel, and warlike, and are Iprcad in numerous 
 tribes over the various branches of rhis prodigious 
 mountain. They can bring many men into the 
 field, and have it in their power to be very trouble- 
 fome to the neighbouring governments, it being as 
 impoflible to be entirely upon the ilefenlive againll 
 them, as totally to fubduc them. 'I'his mountain gave 
 rife to many fabulous llories among the ancients. 
 
 This country has been always famous tor its horfes, 
 which, though inferior infi/.e, make upthat dcfecl by 
 their fine Ihajx;, tleetnefs, and particularly by their pe- 
 culiar docility. The inhabitants havebcenno lefs ce- 
 kbr^tid for their dexterity in breaking, training, and 
 riding tiuni, ever lincc the time ol the Romans ; and 
 c\cn to this day arc allowed to excel all nations, and 
 to be in Ionic iiieafuie inimitable in both. 
 
 A niofl beautiful defcription of that noble animal 
 the horfe, is tluis tranllated by Dryden, from Virgil's 
 original : 
 
 Upright he waiki, on pallerns lii'ni ind lln 
 His motions cafy, pi. .u ing in hi', g.ut ; 
 The fill} to lead the w.n, to temp- thi Ho ^\ 
 To j)afs the bridge unknown, nor le.ir tl,t ;r.m. 
 
 bling wood : 
 I>auntlels at empty noifcs, lofty ne. k'd. 
 Sharp headed, barrel belly d, broadly bi,k\l; 
 Brawny hu chvit, and ileep his colour guv, 
 I'or i)eauty dapjileil, or the brightelt bay / 1 
 
 Faint white anil dun w ill kanc the rearinir 'uv ' 
 The fiery courier, when he hears from lar 
 'J'he fprig illy trumpets, and ihe llioiits of war 
 I'rii ks up his ears, and, tremliling with ilelic ;[ 
 .Shifts pl.ice,and pa«s, ami hopes the proinii'iij],-!;. 
 On his right fiioulder his thick ma:ie le-.luri) '^ 
 RutHcs at fpeed, and dances in the wjiui ; 
 I lis horny hoofs are jetty black, and round j 
 His chine is double: Itaning isiih a bnunj 
 He turns the tuif, and lliakcs the l(>lid gnni:-J. 1 
 Fire from hih eyes, clouds from hi.> noiUiKiio,, ■ 
 1 le bears his rider headlong on the fo' . 
 
 When the great nun tiavil, their horlls aici.Ki". 
 tuoully caparifoned, and the horfe and man .irr.Hni ii 
 bold and manly attire. the women pieceilr t|. mi, 
 conveyed in a kind of covered iVdaii, atter.kUvl li, j 
 fervant, who drives or conducts the mule uiwii ni.i,i; 
 back it IS carried. 
 
 Ihe Barbary camel is lari.'er awA longer ih;m •■.• 
 A(la;ic camel; anil the dioniedary is very uiiti.i i.,i 
 account of its docility and lu iltnefs. 
 
 s f: c t 1 o n II. 
 
 f'liiioiis Inhabiliinls, Pit/oiis and Drcfs of ihc Mr.r- 
 principul Cities, iJc 
 
 TFIF. inhabitants of this empire are various, as Ik- 
 rebers, Arabs, Moois, Jews, rencgadots of nuinr 
 nations, Chriltian Haves of many nations, Turks, ivc. 
 The natives of Morocco, known by the name u\ 
 Moors, arc of a fwarthy complexion ; but liinulie 
 prodigious number ot Ncgroe^ imported tliiiher trum' 
 (Juinea, there are almolt las many blacks a* wlutis. 
 The M<x)iilh women are, in general, very haiKlluiii-, 
 and not being expoled to the fun, like the men, are re 
 markably fair. Ihey marry at eleven years ot a:c. 
 arc grandmothers long before they are thirt/, iiiij 
 cflccmed old at tluit age. The Mcjrs arc allowtd ap'ui- 
 rality of wives. 
 
 TheirdrcfsconfiHsofa linen Hiirt, and drawers, over 
 which they tie a lilk dotli or vtltmeiir, with a lull , 
 and upon that they wear a Icofe cixit, or rather jiov 11. 
 Their arms and legs arc always bare, but thcif ha\i' 
 nippers on their feet j and perfon-.- of rank fometiir.i n 
 M ear btilkins. They lli.ive their hcids, on w hah they 
 wear a turban made of lilk or line linen. 
 
 Ihe habit ot the women nearl) rcfciiibles tliatofthc 
 men, only inltcad ota turban, they wear a round iij) 
 made of line linen. Their di.iwer> are nuich Km;; r 
 and larger ; and when they appear in the Hreets, liuu 
 faces arc covered with a liiun cluth, in theiiiiniv-i .t 
 a maik. 
 
 The chief city, Morocco, tlie ca[iital oftl-.e em- 
 pire, is pleafantlylituated or. anextenlive plain l)etv\ec-i 
 two rivers, the Ne;)'itis and Agined, and watered i^v 
 a third, the Tenlilt. It is, w itlunit doubt, one of the 
 moll opulent, populous, and important cities in Alric.i. 
 The moll received opinion is, that it w.is fo.mde I b 
 Abu Techilien, and linilhed by his warlikrhn jolc; 1', 
 \* ho, after obtaining m.iny glorious vi^^tones in Sji.iiii, 
 brought from thence jo.ooo ca[nne.-, whom he con- 
 llanily eni()loyed in fiurounding it withftiong u.ill- 
 which were 1; miles in cirt un.feicnce. It then con- 
 tained 100,000 houfes, and Hill hath 2j iiuigniiinii 
 gates, and a great number of moftiues, ]),\l.;ces, iCi . 
 But at i^refcnt its prilline fplendor is much dec.iyeil. It 
 is 16 miles north of .Mount .\i\.is, and isofiom th, 
 
 Aikuit:i 
 
•xHimi'rcY. 
 
 lis (ii'in :\i\,\ i\n 
 ill hi^ ^.lit : 
 1) ii-iiip: the Ho i], 
 wn, nor tear il,t ;r,,„. 
 
 Itilty nc> k'd, 
 il, broadly bitkil; 
 > Ills tiiloiir f^icv 
 hrightfll Kiy j'' t 
 anc the riMriiig •).,.■. : 
 liLaij Irom tar ' 
 il [lu- lliout. Dfwiir, 
 ■lllhlillg VMthilolip'i, 
 
 hopes t he proiiiuMii.V 
 hu k mane reJi.rj/' 
 N III the wind ; 
 
 .1. k, ami rmi'i.l; 
 in; vwih a Iviu.iJ ' 
 
 li llu- folhi j,'ri)ii:.J. I 
 Inim his noiinKij^,,. -, 
 i; ou the fo'. 
 
 I, tlicirhorlls aicK.iM". 
 
 iiirrcaiid iii.wiarr.HLil m 
 If wonx n puvciji- '!\i,, 
 vd fdlaii, attcnJfJ i,, j 
 kla tile mule iij);;;i wi.ii; 
 
 ■t'l- dr.d li)iii,'cr th;in r'v 
 mdaiy is very ului.i g.i 
 itniefs. 
 
 )N II. 
 
 mJ Drcfs of the .\;;;r.', 
 Uc<, tiff. 
 
 Tipirc arc varioii.s, as Dl-- 
 evvs, rcncgacloL'sofnianr 
 laiiy nations, Turks, iXc. 
 known hy thj n.uiic ot 
 niplexion ; hut tioin the 
 e-> imported thither tnim' 
 > many blacks as whius. 
 K<.'iicral, very liaiuilun i-, 
 dill, like the:neii, arcre. 
 ■ at eleven years ot .i.e. 
 ic I hey are thirty, and 
 Mcjrs arc allowed aj'lj- 
 
 1 (liirr, and liiawcrs, over 
 • \enmenr, with a l.uh, 
 nfe coat, or rather i;i)v n. 
 ays baa, but thev haM 
 rfon-f ot rank loi'ittnr.iN 
 eir heads, on vshiiii ilicv 
 fine Imeii. 
 
 arlv releriiblis that ol':i;i: 
 , they wear a rDimd t.ij) 
 :awer.> arc much loiy.r 
 ipear in the llreeis, their 
 1 tluth, in them.iniierol 
 
 tiic capital t)ltl-,e cm- 
 
 I extenlive plain betv\ei.i 
 Vgined, aiiil uatciwl in- 
 itliout doubt, one ot'i'ii- 
 ijiortant ^:itie.^ in Aliu.'.. 
 
 that it was fD.iiiJc.l bv 
 y hi^ N\arliki I'll;! Jullj !■, 
 riou.s victories in Sp.uii, 
 ;'apti\e.-, whoni hreon- 
 nj^ it w ith fironj; \iall-, 
 litereiicc. It then eon- 
 
 II hath ;j iii;i|,'n!ii.iiu 
 iiioAlucs, J .il.;cc.->, ^:' . 
 
 lor is Muidi decayed. It 
 
 ^tla.s, and 130 iVoni th. 
 
 Ailaiit.. 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 n A I', n A R V. 
 
 Atlantic (Xcan, iivi'^ 'l''^?- 4 2 m -i. nortli latitude, 
 ami 7 dcf;. well lon^iicdc. 'I he wall^ are lb Hionis 
 both with relpiU to the llones llieliirelvi.s, an 1 the 
 ccnic'iit With whidi t!\ey arc lalUiud, that tluy are 
 iiiipcnetriblc to liic pal -a\eaiul olur inllriinKi.t .. 
 'llu'v arc Hankiii with llt'on; lower •, bulwarks, bal- 
 tions, ivc. and lurroundedwuh a ileep ihtch. 
 
 Ihe'inperial (la'a'. c is within a fpacimis fortrcCs, 
 ealkd Al-Capr.a, wl\ic:h is '.'; ii...cd en the outlidc ol 
 the <"itv. li IS det'ended by hif^h v.. '!., Ilronj; toners, 
 a deep ditch, ^:l . 
 
 '1 he ro' a I a;).irtni('ins,li.il! ■ i f acilienre, fi rajlio, ixi-. 
 are f.olile itructiir;'s, hi I'K einlellill.eil, and luiiiptu- 
 oull) turnlhed. I he y.-irdlns arc CNienlive, Ina the 
 rpleiuliiur Ihll rintainii'.:4 is hk oMliilerable wah rel'pect 
 to lormcr {.randcur. 'I lie houte-, in general, aie bin 
 in an indillcrcnt coiidit.oii, and many ut theni gone 
 
 10 decay. 
 
 'I'lie inhabitants are nunurous. The Jews, the num- 
 ber ol whom IS al-«> il 4C_-o, li^c in a particular ipiir- 
 ler oi the city. Thougli hiL,hly taxed the\ acquire 
 ueal h, but aitliillv praei.d to povcitv, and, for cb- 
 Vioiis realons, niakc a \er\ iiic.in appearance. 
 
 Tluie is a hiindlomc bridgeovci the Tcnlilt, whii h 
 runs through tl'.e i.ii}, and iuiiplies the inhabitants 
 villi water. 
 
 Ic/. wasojigin I'v ihe capital olihc kingdom of'the 
 fame name, aiu'. \^ ilill .1 ruh and pipulouscity. It 
 C(im[^: !/.-■.> tv.o ;>;its, the Did and ih : N^w Ic/., and, 
 at piclciit, t!u; l.iiiiioiie city. 
 
 l>ld I c/. is ni;,e miles m cirrumfeicnce, Ihinils be- 
 t\> -.cii two l.ill.s, is liirrounded b\ llrong walls, and 
 
 11 .ii!>id ui:h magi'.iiicent towers, li is w nhoiitfubuibs, 
 contai'is many excellent gardens, has narrow (Irects 
 Icveil giUe., ;ia i t.. o c.illhs ; llic one old, and gone to 
 decay; theoth.r new, and in good condition The 
 lat'er i.s tarriliined with blacks ; but neither have any 
 cannrn to det'tiid them. The houles are of Hone or 
 brick, three (hines hi:;h llat roofed, encompalici with 
 gal lei ics, adorned on tlie outlidc w i:h m;)faic work, and 
 cmbillilli'd wiilvn w itli carving, paintii'g, and hand- 
 fome fiirnirure: but 1; is to be onferved, that, in ge- 
 neral, tl;e ler.iglii s are upon the turrci.-> ot the houles, 
 from w hence tiie women have a line profpect ; but th.c) 
 are nc\er permi'.teil to llir abroad. 
 
 'I'he river I e/., in palling through the city, divides 
 itlcll into lix (anals,over th.c various pans of which 
 are 250lIone biiiiges and {70 mills are turned by the 
 feveral Itre.ims. In the ciiy j;j6 ovens arc daily em- 
 ployed. I he mofij les are compiiteil at 500, lifty of 
 whi' h arc of the lull rank ; and one, in particular, is 
 a iiiDll ama/.mg lUucuire: it is a mile and a halt in 
 circuit, iiK lulling the cloitUr and college belonging to 
 'I'he root IS I 50 ciihits high, and 50 in breadth. 
 
 401 
 
 It. 
 
 The Ilatcl, gates are p in number; and the pillars, 
 which fuppori the minaret or tower, are 1,0 cul)iis in 
 length, and ;5 111 breadth. The roof is fulhined by 
 1 500 pillars 1 1 w lute marble, and 1 7 arches ; and two 
 curious lamps, toniinually kept burnina, adorn every 
 arch. In th.c cloiller belonging to this mofque are 42 
 giilleries, and 4C0 cilkriis lor tl.e people to perform 
 their abhitioiLS. The colli ge is the moll eminent, and 
 contains the bell libiary in ihecmpuc. 1 lereare le\e- 
 ralotherhofpitals and colleges, wtiich are large, mag- 
 iiiliccnt, and ^^cli endowed : 600 wiUer-conduits, and 
 :oo fpacioiis iiins.'l lie priiicii)al magdlrate ofthc city 
 IS lliled pro\oll cf the merchants; betides whom there 
 is a govc'nor, a cadi, and their fubornidate olliccrs. 
 
 I-ez is iilii.dly deemed the grand iiiag.i/.ine, and 
 principal mait of IJ.irbary. Merchants and tiadefmcn 
 are inimcrous,and the waichoules are filled with gieai 
 variety of commodities. The articLs of exportatio'i 
 archiiies, bather, Ikiiis, furs, wool, dried fruits, olives, 
 hone}, wax, lilk, K.tLon, ll.ix, ollriih leathers, gold- 
 dull, ^cc. f^c. Thcte of importation are fpices, cochi- 
 neal, veimilion, ir'H, I rals lleel, arms, amiminition, 
 lirugs, watches,i]iiicklilvcr,<>pium,allum,aloes, linens, 
 uoolleiis, miillins, cdllicots, lutlians, w\c. 
 No. j7. 
 
 Nfcjuinc/ is iltuated in a capacious i.leafint p!a:^, 
 on the liver ^cliii. it is furrouakd with llrnng ualis, 
 inviioncd by gartlcns, an I eiLlielliiiicd '1/ nn ly 
 mofijuis, colleges, l^tlis, cv.' . lie p.alac; is la gc, 
 .iiul, thoui'Ji decayed, lliU fiipeib. Ihepirksi aad 
 laidcKS that furroiiiul i', wiili tlie .•.iinil)> r cf halls, 
 roopvs of Hate, ollicts, pavili;)ii,, :»;_•. arc lirpi iiin.f 
 to the beholder. It Hands upnn the ni >ii elevated 
 groii.id in fhecity, coiiliils of Icvcral li.\ians,co it.iim 
 two m</fi|ues, an extenlive ftragho, large ii ag.i/.mes, 
 and llorenoules, an armoury, ba. racks ti»r the "iiirds, 
 iiikl iiparimeius for various mechanics, who are conti- 
 nually retained by the ir.ii>eior todo Imliu Is immedi- 
 ately belonging to the palace. The Jews in t'uscltv 
 have their pei.uli.ir i|ii.iricr to tliemfelvcs, in which, ii 
 111 n.o'.l other touiiso'' liie empire, they are Ihut up ac 
 night. They are [iluKlered, alnifed, an I be it, even 
 by the meanetl- of the Moors, anddaic i;oc rcl'eiu the 
 ill treatment they receive. 1 hegr^at tncn hcufe". hip 
 <<r cuJgcl thiiii whenever the) come in their way ; and 
 they are not permitted tocomc out oftheiniuaiiciwith 
 Ihots aiul ibickings on, being obliged to walk bare- 
 footed in the Iheets ticquented b) the Mo.Jrs. 
 
 Atlioining to Mciiuii.c/, being only lepiriied by a 
 road IS Negioe tow 11, fo lalled Irom the bku 1; tiojps 
 in the emperor's fervice, being quartered in it. 
 
 bailee Hands on the river Ciueron, which divides ic 
 into twci parts, T'hc northei n part, enconipaUld w ith 
 a llrong wall, and delended by battlements, towers lVC. 
 Is Sal. a or S.iile, properly fo called; but the limiherii 
 [.art, i.amed Rabat, comprd.s in .ny farm-h'uifes, or- 
 chaiifs, gardens, and corn-held.., the latter being fulTui- 
 ci'tly cxiciilive to yield wheat enough forthe hiilenance 
 of 1 5,OGO perfolu: yU tl.e whole is furiounded by 
 walls, whic h were erected by the captives Alman/.or 
 bionght bom .Spain. On tl.e louth-iall pait ilieiv In:! 
 tower, which ferves for a lanJ.-inaik in the day lime, 
 and a light-huiife at night. Ikncath the toaeraretwo 
 docks, the one lor wimeiing, and the other for build- 
 ing of Oiips. The haibour is large, but i^t (hallow tliac 
 the piratical vclfels are obliged 10 put into th.c Illand of 
 IVdal, near iis mouth. Tl.e town is defended hy two 
 calllcs, which comiminicarc h lach oiher, bur tlic 
 tortilicatioiis are irregular and ... deligncd. All articles 
 of commerce here pay a tenth to the cmpcrnr , but the 
 chief fupport of the place is thj piratical tr.ide. 
 
 Mnga/.an, jO miles louih of Sallec, is a llrong, well- 
 built tow n, potleHed b) the Portugiiele, who has e a nu- 
 merous garnfon here. 1 he piratical lliips oiteii in- 
 tercept the provilion vcHlls.wiiich puts the garrilon to 
 great (Iraits, and obliges them to make excurlioco and 
 rob the Moors, in order to obtain a iiibliltence. 
 
 Alcall'ar and .Xr/.iia were formeily places of Impor- 
 lancc, but are now gone to decay. 
 
 'i'angicrs is lituaied on a good ba\-. Its ancient name 
 was Tigris, being the cai-.iial of Mauritania T'ingitana. 
 It was once a noble city, containing many fiiivptuous 
 edifices. Tb- PortugiiLle took it in 1471, anvl con- 
 liileiably inci afed it> Urengrh, though they dell rov ed 
 much ot Its beauty. ihe;. afterwaids ceded it to tin: 
 I'^nglifli, as part of the dowry of Catherine, princel's 
 ol i'ortiigal, upon ner marriage with Charles II. king- 
 (if (Ileal Hritain, when amole was madeataii iiiMiicnlc 
 cj.pence, which ran j ;o lath jiiis into the Ic.i; lai; the 
 railiamciu deeming it too cliargcable an incumbrance 
 upon the nation, it was abandoned in W..S4,and thefor- 
 tilications blown up. It Hili coiuinuis but a mean 
 little lill'.ing-tow n, iliough the Mooi^ h:ivc attempted 
 to le-pcoplc it. The lew inhabitants are great thieve.., 
 w hcncver ilicy can find an o; portunit) , and are ex- 
 cceiliiig cruel to thole they 1 n get into their power. 
 
 MeliUe is lituated at the b .:om ofa bay, called lui- 
 rrclblcos, 120 miles fouth-vull of Oraii. It receiveil 
 its name bom the gic.ir qu.mtity of honey whii h the 
 reighl ouiiiig, teiriioi) ) leltls. It was ancieiuly ihccii- 
 jiital of the piovince, and is llill a cunlideiable [ili. e, 
 containing icoohiuiKs. Il is delcndeii by a ciuid.l, 
 and IS now 111 the h.iiuU of the Spaniards, 
 
 I 
 
 Ceii;a 
 
 * .' 
 
A NIAV. ROVAI, Aso AU FI IRN TIC SYSTF.M of UNIVl'KSAL GI.o;,RAl»llY. 
 
 ;■■ 
 
 w 
 
 M' 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 ,A, 1 
 
 '-''■ 'U 
 
 fir 
 
 40: 
 
 Cctit.i i» ailv.intagcoufl) riiuatcii at thi- entrance of 
 tlu- VUilttcrrantan, o;»a kuvl tit pcniiil'ul.i, mIiilIi h 
 the ncarcll point nllaiui ui the Spanilli • o.ilh It h-.ii 
 a Uroii;.', j^airiliin, .1 niuj^nilicmt (.athiilr.il, anila noMc 
 palace. It 1>cIoii;;n to tri- Spani \ri1s, is a pl.icc c)f'j>ri'at 
 traili, anil l".as a ^iH)d liarlunir. Nc:'.r thin oity is a 
 mount lin uitl' iVvi-n hcai!>, whith the ancient:: ilil" 
 tingiiiiheil by tlic appellation olSepteni iT.itres.oi- tlic 
 i-even rimt'iers. 
 
 'reman ih Iniilton theJei!;\itf ofaivnky hill, ntfhc 
 month of the Staits, ami I'urroiinJtii by a wall ttHiml 
 ;!nil water. The ealMe ii Itionir, lljuaic, anil tlanlu- i 
 V ith towers. The j;arrilbn conlilK ofi 500 men, that 
 is 1 100 infantry, ami .^co ta\airy. 'I he Chnlban 
 liases aie here very niinur> u-, very ill ufeJ, ami nij^ht- 
 ly locked up ill a finall ili;m.il ilunj^.-nn, ealleil Mcrti- 
 morc. The hoiifea in general are white-wall eil both 
 within aiul without. 'Ihe pilaeeot the balliaw, in tlie 
 city, aiul hi-, \illa, at about two miles illllancc, are 
 niagmrhent IhuCtures: ami the mol'iiucs arc elegant. 
 The fanions, or monks, have about twe've cloillcr;, 
 which are pkices of refuge for all criminals, except 
 thole guilty of treafon. The Jews arc about so^o in 
 number, ami have fevcn fy nag o_.;iies. All the inha- 
 bitants viiit each otherover the tops of the houlVs. 
 wliuli arc Hat roofeil, as is the ciillom in Algiers an 1 
 otherpartsol I5aibary. The piolpect, either towarvls the 
 lea or laml fule, is \ery noble, the circumjacent coun- 
 try being exceeding tertile,.inLl finely interlp'.rled w ith 
 crthaf«lj,gardci's, lawns, villas gmvcs, \c. 
 
 'Mefra is lituatcd at the foot of Mount Atlas, on the 
 river Su/, at the place whc. > it difcharges, itfelf into 
 the fea. It is di\ided into three diftind parts, each 
 being furioundcd b) a wall, and about a mile dillant 
 Irom each other. 
 
 'Ihe adjacent country is fertilized by the overllow- 
 ingof the river, a'ld whales have been frecjuently call 
 upon the fliore. 
 
 Tcli'ut, like Mcfia, is divided into three parts. A 
 branch of:he river Suz waters it, ac.d (lalles throucji 
 a la'gc mollpic in the center ot it, by w hith means the 
 people have an opportunity of perfirming their ablu- 
 tions in a running llream. The tow n contains about 
 4OCO faindies. Ihe principal commodities arc fugar 
 and Morocco leather, and the neighbouring territory 
 is exireimly fertile. 
 
 Tamdant is a fniall, but handfomc, populous, and 
 nouriftiing place. 
 
 Tedli, famous for its fugar manufa^flory, contains 
 about jooohoufes. 
 
 Tagoll, the largcd city in the province of Suz, is 
 fituated in a fertile plain, and contains about Sooo fa- 
 milcs, 4130 of whic hare Jewa. I lercare tuomaikets 
 weekly, to which the Arabs ami Moors refort v\ith 
 their commodities, and the negroes to biiv apparrl. 
 
 'J'aphilet, or Taldct, was once a kingdom of itfelf, 
 but never v cry confiderable : the limits and extent are 
 uncertain, arul, in g.Mieral, the w hole country is a long, 
 dr)', barren track of land. The pco[)le here are n.ife- 
 rably poor, the common fort living principally ujion 
 dates ami camels Helh, the chief produce ofthccoiin- 
 iry being an excellent kind of indigo. Moll of the 
 ilates which are fent to lairopc come from hence, as 
 the emperor w ill not permit ilicm to be exported fiom 
 a.ay other jiart of his dominior.s. About ^ooo horle 
 are retained in this ddlrict, to keep the people, who 
 arc chiefly Bercbers, in fubjection. 
 
 The city of Taphiki, which ftands on a river of 
 the f.uiie name, is the relidence of the governor, and 
 has a llrong callle to defend it. 1 he inhabitants, 
 about loco in number, are indiillrioirs in tlie manu- 
 factures of leather, filk, and linen, and, in general, 
 [joirefs a competency in canicis, lioifi s, cattle, date 
 trees, t\:c. It i> a great rendezvous of bi th Africa .md 
 luiropean merchants, and the people ale very ILciable, 
 though extremely fuperllitious. 
 
 Subordinate to the governor of Talilet is the pro- 
 vince of Gelula, a dry, barren country, the limits of 
 
 2 
 
 which are pot p-rfe f'v knd 
 
 Tnt 1 
 
 ixa 1 1. 
 
 nv 
 icir ; 
 
 p'ne-ty known, i nt nviinv i ^n, ■, n, 
 fver, yielil pljiuy of in and civvkt, and tlu- ■•'iv^.' 
 tann are l.im<ius lor working iiitluil'e ni tiU, |, ■,'. 
 exchange of which thcv prmiirc horfe*, liiic;)>, « „,| 
 lens, fpices, i\c Thrv hive annudl, Imrr.'il l,r 
 but one in particular, wlm h is kept on a large p . ,' 
 lalli tw.) months and is relortcdto by merch'i'.u, ,1 ' 
 all forts of Harhary i and this lain;, perhaji^ |, . 
 regulated than an\ other in the ii:ii\erle : a, r'>. . 
 p!e, thofgh naturally brutilli, are under In. I, r,' 
 tions, that a quarrel was never known to h.i; 
 ring fair-time. 
 
 S i; C T I O N III. 
 
 Covirnriirnl, Ndiy, Arviy, Cairiin;;-, C i r, I j, 
 C.:ijhm>, R,li:^iuii, /.W'Ji^'.v.;;,', ev. 
 
 GOVF.RNMI'.VT In Morocco can hirll, K 
 to cxill, the emperors being juilgvs :? il 1 
 ixecutioners with their own lianils, in c.iles \'.\ < 
 d<'emed criminal. Nor ii their bubart. 
 priling than the fubiniilion witli whicii 
 hear it. 
 
 The following circumllanrci will dif; hy t!\' i ■ • 
 city, and ferocity of the nmves in gcn-.ral, .is u 
 the inexorable cruelty of an emperor in |i'uni:: • 
 
 In the year I74f>an iMigHiii vefli', c.illtd il 
 fpcctor privateer, having f|)runga leak, wa^ ui\'. 
 iiecellity of running alhore in tho IJav rf Ian . 
 crew not doubting a fivoiirable ric piicn t'vip ■ 
 Moors, as Mulcy Abdullah, then cmperorot My • 
 was under a treaty of pe.icc w ith the crow •! o' *, 
 Britain. In this, f.owevcr, they were L ^\ 
 pointed, as many oftl.ein were iniiumanly imr ^ : I 
 i'everal pcrilluil in the water, and m.iin' of thill' . > 
 cfc.ajicdwerrllrippeil andpluntlcr-:d. Outot iS( 1."''. 
 87 lurvived. Thefe, with great d;lVi:ult,, oii;"-.! 
 pcrmidion to go to the liritith roiiful, in oidiTinp .. 
 cure relief in their iinha;^py I'tnarion. Theronln t- 
 plied to the alcaiil for permilHon l( r his K);in:i , m :i ■ ) 
 go over to Gibraltcr, but receive 1 f'lr ani'uer, ti" t 
 could not be granted w itliout orders from the emin; n . 
 
 'Ihe captain of the velfel, and four of tie (;l!i ■ , 
 al.irmcd at this ddhppointmenr, eli'e teil their el';; 
 by means of getting on bnard a man of war th.it i .1 
 lately brought the conliil froi . Gibralter. This w.i; n > 
 fooncr known, than the Mcors, finding part d i' r 
 booty irrecoverably loll, fwarmed down in legion a 
 the l-'nglifii, and drove th.em immcdately tj|niii'i. 
 » When their condition was laid before the a'caJ, lo 
 only anfwcrcd with a inalicioiu fmile, " If the iir,'.-.- 
 licvingdogs arc hungry, let them eit the lion;-: " 
 
 .•\t length a native of rank, not wholy divelUv! el ', :- 
 manity, obtained pcrmifion of the alcaid (■>.■ i'. ;.i 
 to beg about the to,? n in ilie day-time, under r' c ■ .- 
 duct of a guard : but at night tliey were o!il i;>;t\l ie n - 
 turn totheir difmal dungeon. The fublillenee aril! ;; 
 from ihcfe means w as very fcanty ; till at leni^tli i!'a/ 
 were driven to the brink ofdifpair by being inf riiu J 
 tiiat they would l<)on be conduct, d to the enijxriM, 
 whofc prefence they dreaded to fuch adegrce that il.cy 
 determined to attempt their efcaiu-; bur in thi-- :!'.e. 
 were unhappily diCcovered, and prevented from car- 
 rying their defign into execution. 
 
 This atteni|t to cfcapc being d-.eincd an acldr. - 
 bellion, large iron chains were fattened loun.l lii t 
 necks, and twenty of them were linked together 'm 
 one chain. After having been confined a couii-ie' ■ - 
 time in a mort loathfomeand gloomy dungon, ami .;1- 
 moll c-eriiheil with luinger, they were cnmiuCted h\ il'e 
 alcaid, his ollicers, ami attendants, to the eniper r'^ 
 camp. As they waited tlte emperor's oid. rs w i;! .:i 
 half amilcof his tent, the-, ((ni Id ob(ervc,by theccei- 
 tcnancc of the alcaid and others, tliat there was lue..:- 
 thing very dreadful to beope.lcd. 
 
 A n.eHlnger then came from the emperor, conini m I- 
 ing their immediate appe.uancc bcloie lii^ te it 
 
 (111 
 
 ic';i 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 •chthc Moois V 
 gliflimanmhei. 
 iii.4 them. Wl-.en 
 inandcd thcalcai.la 
 him, t!'e'. ran to hi 
 IbatingtliemreKe.i, 
 him a prerent,beli( 
 .icceptcd the prelen 
 where the captain (i 
 this it W.11 ani'wera 
 then alked for the i 
 flire, vchcnifntlv ei 
 attendant.s, and up' 
 briouH terim. I'ou 
 Id ( oiiducf the ne.i 
 tancc from the i ai 
 ihealcaiil. a.id dl 1 
 place, and put in ii 
 then conligiied to 
 day, nor oermitrcd 
 of water, though th 
 and backs w-re an 
 The emperor oni 
 lidi Haves firaboii 
 alcaiil and his miU 
 inga'oe. It lixty p.ii 
 their being broiigh 
 the alcaid, anil lOiii 
 apart from the tell 
 After this, with! 
 hisfcvmetai, whicl 
 it out ct thellabbi 
 one of ihe deiinquc 
 broiii'ht before hiir 
 prollrate on t!ie gri 
 pirvlnn ; but the e 
 llretchcd out hiss 
 Ciod," 11 nil I oil 1 
 lliiiie, he deliveied 
 to, w hdin, .nil', othc 
 the example ne 
 fmilldillance 10 (e 
 At this time thei 
 wretches ot his . 
 this aibirrary ma: 
 terror into the mm 
 piror ordered te 
 collected in ham, 
 of Mequimz, an. 
 their bodies wen 
 ot cxeeuuiin, ai-.d 
 be devoured by 1 1 
 
 Ourunfortuna: 
 acuicfuU'enngs, ; 
 at the interi oliti- 
 payment ot an cn 
 peror, v<cre put i: 
 conveyed to tiib 
 they found mean 
 The emperor 1 
 the property ot t 
 iiniverlal heir to 
 that th.egre.itefl j 
 tersinthc royal c 
 being called, Tl 
 l-niperorof Atri. 
 Suz, I).'.hra, and 
 in.Mric, Grand .'• 
 phct Mahomc", . 
 1 lis revenue l^ 
 trade : for he is ;i 
 vell'els, yet has a 
 which they take; 
 liberty to purch:i 
 thinks proper,_at 
 duces iiiiineiile 
 labour, for he m:i 
 with nothiiii^but 
 
 i 
 
 :IV t 
 
I'n* tii-Hiir I Mi,', 
 •"|>;vr. anl tlwrin 
 in I'lHtW- rit tih, 1,. 
 ri- lioill'*, Illicit, M 
 
 atmuJl. ((•\,r.il t 
 
 ■^ l>.l-pt I'll .1 |.i|.;,. ,, 
 
 I'.ltobv nuTtl-iit, 
 lair Is, pi-rlviji _ |, 
 I' ii:ii\crlV : 1, t'' 
 nrc iimlc-r In. Ii i,' 
 'mIowii to h.i; jH:i 
 
 ) N III. 
 
 iiriin;;; C i :\ I ..,., 
 ■r.v./;;,', c. 
 
 'Vi-o r:iM h:\r:\\. I... 
 
 Miuls, in c.ilvs \-\ I 
 ;ir l):iil).ir f. iim-.- ; 
 itli V. hicii tlitir ;u'' 
 
 NviII(i:!;Iiy iK- - • ■ 
 'IS ;n gi-iui.il, .IS u 
 rnjicror in [I'ldii.' • 
 :ii M'lii ', I .illcil lii 
 iv_:;i k-ak, «as \!;nl 
 the Hjv rt' Ian ; 
 iblo ric -iiiirHi t'lMP • 
 (•n ornpciorot M,i. > 
 
 i'll the ClO'A ■! D' I, 
 
 t'u-y wtTo Cr.U, ■ . .. 
 c inliiiin.inlv bur ) , :(.| 
 aiiil m.iiiv (il'tli'ik V 1 
 
 cltTLcl, Olltot iSj ,. ■. 
 
 rent (l:lVr:iilt;.', dli: " J 
 I ronfiil, in ouKt tun ,. 
 tiinrion. 'rhiTdiilvi ir- 
 on I'cr his i();in;r'. ni '\ ■ > 
 five I for :in|\MT, t ' ■ : 
 :)nti'rs from tl-i- i-ni|>i;ii . 
 an.l four cf tie cl'' ■ • , 
 ■nr, i-lib ttil their d" ;; ■ 
 I a man of war th.it I vl 
 . Cjiliraltcr. I'hi-, w.i. n > 
 >rs, limlin;^ [art d lit r 
 mcddown in Icjaon ' -i 
 
 innncchatcly I > p'llr.i. 
 id before the a'l' .:J, 1 .- 
 111.; linilf, " If the v.W::. 
 hem eit the Ibmr; " 
 ot \\holy ilivflUv! (i: !.:■. 
 
 of the al'.aiil fo;- T. ;:i 
 .'ay-linie,iintkr f'.ci > ,- 
 they \vereohIi;i;(\l t.' ri - 
 
 The rubliilencc ariii :; 
 inty ; till at Icn^tli i'm' 
 fpiir by being in! rnu 1 
 iiliici'il to tlie iniji-M.'i, 
 :o Inch a Jej.;rce that :!.ey 
 tTcai^c; bur in thi>- thr.' 
 nd [Tcventjd frcn c.v.- 
 on. 
 
 y ch.eincci an a:^ < • "- 
 e falK'iK-d loan.l ih ^r 
 ^crc linketl ro;':erhci' I'l 
 I confined a coii!:,li' ■' ■-■ 
 looniy diingc'in, a:ul .;i- 
 ■y weiecnndiK'tcd In iHf 
 idants, to the enijar r's 
 iiij^eror's ord. rs « i:! m1 
 Id oblervc, liy th-.'Cf'i: i- 
 rs, thai there was icis.;- 
 ■:lcd. 
 
 theemjKTor.comnin !- 
 ICC beloie his te'it, mi 
 
 V. '.A-il 
 
 Al-RICA.J n A R 
 
 ■ch the Moots wrr I'rawn lip in on( lite, and tie 
 ;;lifl! in anoth.erj the wiiaids iiniiv.Lliaiel) liirrLH'n'i- 
 iiiL,' them. Wlxn lu.< Majelh, by a iiHlKn;cr, icni- 
 inandtd ihcaliai.lanJ t;;. auendant» toadvuLCt nearer 
 hnii, tl'ev ran t<) him wrh the irino'l halle, and, pro- 
 Ihatin ;tliem!llves,inr:)rnr.d i)i III tha:ihev had broil i|ht 
 him a [jrcfent, befidis the V.n, I. Ill captive*. H '\ intc 
 accepted the pitfent, Muley Abdullah alkul the akaid 
 u here the captain {\( tiie ChtiUian captives was .' 'I'o 
 th's it was anlvKered that he liad made his efcp •. I le 
 then alkcvl for the oilictr.i, aiul l\in;.r anl\ier.d r..-. be- 
 liire, vthcincnilv excliinnil ai^aiiiH thealc.ii I and his 
 .T:ti"lidjnts, and iipbr.'.ided tiicin in the tnoH oppro- 
 brioiiH terms, loin olii 'er.i t)f his (jiiard u reii lercj 
 to conduct the nea capuu-s to acaille at a btL'edil- 
 lancc from the lamp lUi tarthcr orders. .So.)n after 
 ihealcaid, and dl his ;;Hard, were driven to the fame 
 place, and put in ircjn.. The I'.n;',lilli captives were 
 then conlipjneil to the fcvcrell '■< [ during the whole 
 day, nor Dcrmittcd a moineiirVs iiuermillion, or a drop 
 of «at4 r, thoii'^h the Inn Ihone U> iiot tli.iC their heads 
 and backs w re an entire biiller. 
 
 The eni]nMor one mo: nin;.'; havini-; finvcyed the I'"}-:- 
 lifli flaxes for about three iioins, look a view (;f the 
 alcaitl and his milerd'le cmipanion;, and then turn- 
 ing abo it fivty paces fn)m iliecalllc, gave orders tor 
 their being brought bef to him, which being done, 
 the alcaid, and tour ot the prinLipal people, were fet 
 apart trom the icd. 
 
 Alter this, w ith the iitmoll compofiirc, he called for 
 his foin.tar, which be ng delivered lO him, he drew 
 it oiitct thellabluid with a peculi irair, and ordered 
 one of the dennqutnts to be taken out ot hi.s chain, and 
 broiiilit IkIoix Inm. i'his unhappy victim now fell 
 prolhate on tie ground, and with tears implored his 
 p.irdun ; biictiie emperor, deaf to all his entreaties, 
 llretehcd out his arm, and crying, " In the name of 
 Ciod," llruil oil his heavl atone blow. 'I'his being 
 done, he delivered hs fc\mecario the fuortl -bearer, 
 to, vvhoin, and othcislie gaveorders for their follo.ving 
 the cxniiiple he had fet them, and then retired to a 
 iin.ill (lillance to fee his coninu'ids punctually o'lcyed. 
 At this time theie were no lei's than 3^5 mil'crable 
 wret. besot his ov.n fubjects that loll their lives in 
 this aibirrarv nianiur. In order to llrikc the greater 
 terror into the minds ot his lurviving lubjecls, tiieem- 
 p'lor ordered the heads that had been cut oil to be 
 tollectod in hampers, nailed on the walls of the city 
 of Meqiiin; /., aiul e.^jioled to the public mcw, while 
 their bcKlics were dragged about a mil-,: from the place 
 ot cxecuiion, ai-.d tlure letc to moulder into dull, or 
 be devoured by birds or bcafts of prev. 
 
 Our iinfortunarecoiiiurymen, after a lerie-sof the moft 
 acuiefuU'erMigs, throu,',h a longaml miCerablec.iptiviiy, 
 at the interj olition ottheconlul, and by means ot the 
 pavment ofan extiav:ig;int iiim, ilemanJed by tie em- 
 peror, \>ere put on board an I'.nglilli man of war, and 
 convcved to Ciibralter, I'roiii whence, in a thoittime, 
 thev found means to return to their native country, 
 
 i'he emperor has ncji only unbounded power over 
 the property of the people during their lives, but is the 
 imiverlal heir to all hi^ lubjecls upon their demife ; fo 
 that thegieaicR part of the wealth ofthc empire cen- 
 ters in the royal coUer-. 1 lis titles are very p:impoiis, 
 bring called, The moll glorious, nnghty, and noble 
 l-.niperorof AlVic, King ol Ic/, and Morocco, Taphilet 
 Suz, D.'.hra, and all the .-Xlgarbe, and its 'I'eriiiories 
 in .M'ric, Grand Sharif {that is dcfccndant) of the I'ro- 
 phct Mahomer, &c. &c. &c. 
 
 1 lis revenue IS confiderablyincrcafed by the piratical 
 trade : for he is at no expence in fitting <)ut the corfair 
 velVels, vet has a tenth pait ol'theclVeds atid captives 
 w hich thev take ; and alter his tythc is deducted, is at 
 libertv to purcha'c the remainder ot the pnfoneis, if he 
 thinks proiier, at only 50 crowns per head. Tins pro- 
 duces iiumenfe prolit to him, cither by their ranfom or 
 labour, for he makes them all work, and fupplies iheni 
 with nothing but a fcanty allow anceofcoarle bread and 
 
 n A R Y. 
 
 40J 
 
 : oil. If they full fick Ic "ixc, tl im nn alTillancc, but 
 I leaves them 10 the father, of .1 .^| a-nlh < onvent, who 
 I fiipfjiy tiieiii With necefliirics. and iiud c ms; but even 
 i the I.enevo'cnec of ihtfe i< taxed, .s they pay hnn a 
 ! conilderable annual lb.pend,foratoIei.itio:i toacL w.tb 
 ji humanity to their kilow '.reatmes. /.notlicr brancli 
 r)f his revenue is a tenth pj't of the catiK', corn, f.uit, 
 ^ honey, wax, h;dts, licc, &:c. cMontd from the Arabs 
 ai'd herebers, by his governors ard billiaw s, w ho levy 
 this tax with the utmoll levcrity. Tne JeAS piy a 
 I capii.itionr.tx : an I ail the commoditii:* in wliieh the 
 j Chri'li.insdeal are heavily all'eUe, I. 
 r 'I ho navy ofMnroc ■• I'eldoto (onlilli of above 12 
 ii vellels, the laigelt of aIucIi carry no more than :o 
 guns, and about .00 mi:n, w ho arel.adly piuv ide>l for, 
 ; jKioriy aimed, and very inJiilercn'.Iy iiui'.ntd. It is 
 nappy lor the C'hrillians that the whole coall of Mo- 
 jl roccodoes not alford a tingle good haihour. liallee. 
 I which is the bell (.fan/, is but very indiil'cfcnt, and 
 
 at low water is nlmofldry, 
 [I Mo.ii s, reneg luoes, and negro;',;, w ho are badiv paid, 
 and worfe dilUj-liiud, conpol'e the amy. The ne- 
 groes, however, are deeme.l the bell foldiers, being 
 ; brought from Gun-.ea very young, and always ed.:ca:cJ 
 
 lor a military lite. 
 j I he Ci .nrneice of Morocco is carried on chiel!) by 
 j Jews and Chrillians in lingblh an.l 1 rench button.;, 
 ! as few of the Moors cither undcrlland it, or have any 
 trading velkls of theirown. Roguery is fo univeifal 
 in Monxco, thatanex[)ert cheat is looked upjn as a 
 I very ingenious, ufeful, and refpect.ibic perfon ; and 
 j frauds in trade are fo comiiKin, that cheating is Ihidieil 
 fyllematicaiiy as a moll nccelfary art. The land com- 
 merce is ( arried on by caravans, which go yearly to 
 Mecca, Medina, and Guinea, 
 
 ■' 'le coins ot this country arc the lluce, which is a 
 1 ,:ercoin lei's than a f.irthin j, 20 of which makes a 
 lii.m(iueen. Tlielall is a lilvcr coiiuifabout luo-pencc 
 value; and the ducat is a;j. .Id coin woith about ys. 
 
 The learning of the peopL' of this country is con- 
 fined to reading, writing, and arithmetic, as few of 
 them attempt an;, thing hvh^r, except the priells and 
 doctors ot law. 
 
 Theconimon peo[)Ieadniire, w ith out underllanding 
 the fcience of allrology ; lb that fuperllition, and a be- 
 Ikt in omens, predictions, tJcc. are general throughout: 
 the nation. Moll of the towns have [val^'ic fchooU 
 and academies, in which children are t.uight to read, 
 write, call accounts, and repeat a Ihnrr catechifm, 
 which contains the principles oftheir religion. The 
 Mahometan is the eltablilhed religion here, but they 
 have introduced a variety of innovations, and added fe- 
 veral ridiculous ccrenionies. Ever;, h'riday, wliigli 
 is thc'r fabhath, botlifexes vilitthe fepulclnes oftl-.cir 
 anctllors and rehuion;, in blue habits, blue being their 
 mourning colour. They greatly venerare the dead, 
 embcllilh their to:nbs as much as their ciicumilances 
 will permit, a;id liiirer no Lhrillian toapin-oach witl'.in 
 a certain dillance of them. They are very particular 
 in the obfervation of the following fupcrrtitious and 
 whimlical notitins. 
 
 To place victuals and drink upon the tombs oftheir 
 ancellors and relations, at ctriam times, that the dead 
 may not llar\e in their graves. 
 
 Vo bury gokl, 'ilver, jewels, ixc. with the corpfe 
 that he may not be in bad circuinllances in the other 
 world. 
 
 Toilig the grave very wide, that the defiiik't niav 
 not be incomr.ioded for want of room ; and never to 
 bury two perioiis in the fame jiive. 
 
 The Mahometans here \ene; .:e b;)th the pilgrims 
 and their horfcswho have been in Mecca: but they 
 prolefs theutmo:labl\orreiiccio Chrillians of all deno- 
 miiiat.ons. 'J hev I'eldoin mention them without a 
 ciirfe, and the mildell I'pithet they bellow on them is 
 that of dogs. 'l'he\ entoice the attendance on piibl.c 
 worfliip v>uh great 1 ;goiir. Women arc, hi lue^er, ex- 
 cluded from places ol public worlhipjand theprevail- 
 
A MA\ , ROYAL asp ALJ Tin NTIC SYSTF.M or UNIVKRSAL (Jl.OGRAl'HV, 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 404. 
 
 iiii: opinion of the Moors is, vhat nil pcrfons, oi any 
 nation or nligion, nini ot cither ilx, arc fcciirc iilTal- 
 vation prior to the age of littccn ; Inir after that pi'riod, 
 they iniai:i;'.e that none but Miiiriiimen can be fa\ i.il. 
 Lhots and niulmenare ileenKilfiints, ami their I'epiil- 
 ••liris.as Will as ihole ifiheMcca p:l;:;rinis,are fanc- 
 tii. rics for all crimes biit trealoii. tianies ol ihaiice 
 areltiiotly fo!bn.ii.lcn ; ami thofe who are (.letei.teil in 
 plavin;; for money are liable to be fevereiy puniibtil. 
 They are flnet obfervers of the ceremonials of tl.cir 
 religion, particularly of the great tall ot RamaJan. 
 
 Their l:inj;iiaf;e ia nicdcrn Arabic, which prevails 
 throui;ho:,t the whole enipi.e. 
 
 To their honour it is laiti, that I hey never ufe the 
 nanieofCiod irrcvenntl), or upon trivial occufions, 
 and alhor the very ida. ot fweariii;';, unlcfs when they 
 men ' >n aChrillian, when the cNccrations they iil'eare 
 chiiMv in di.rilion of, and tocxprcfs ilieiiconimipt tcr, 
 the Chtillians, on iiccoiint ot their piojenliiy to this 
 very v ice. 
 
 'i'hev t'eidom wra!'.;j;ie or qiianel with eaeh other, 
 very rarely come to blows, and nuiiilers (thole com- 
 initt^il h\ the einpirors excepted) arc never heard of. 
 Thc\- arc tcriipiiloiillv obedient to their parents, pay 
 ihe moll proU.und refpLCt to their fupeiiors, and are 
 loval to their foveici<;ns tve ! in a ii.oll abl'.;d degree 
 01 veneration. I'hey arc, in geneial, v- .y tcnpcrate 
 in eating and drinking; though fo e \i the great 
 men lead abamloned lives ; but 1' . people in general 
 life a gre\t deal of o;)ium. It is lingular tH:U in 'iic 
 nioft civilized nations in Europe, vail crowd-; of na- 
 tives tlock to lie public executions, with a kind of 
 iiiifcclingcunolity ; but in Moronu it is ijuite the rc- 
 veife, lor all ranks ot [uoplc caret'uUy kccjioiit of the 
 v^a. , and a criminal is otien executed w ithoat any pcr- 
 fons being prefent except the olViccr-; of |ullice, who 
 atccnd oihcially. 
 
 s !■: c r I N i\ . 
 
 HISTORY o( M O R C) C C (). 
 
 MCIROCCU and Ic/, the a:-, icnt Mauritania, 
 were little known till the time of their conquelt 
 by the Romans, BegiiJ the full [irincc ot whom we 
 have an authentic aciuunt, wa^ c iiporar) v\ith 
 Julius L';i'l"ar. Ontheilemile ol Kegiid, this country 
 Uecair.e a Roman province, and was atterwards con- 
 firrcil by Augiilbis Ciefar upon the younger Juba, 
 vv hole foil I'tolemy was put to death by the t) rant Ca- 
 ligula. I'hc country was then over-run by the Cioths, 
 who pollelVed it till they weredriven out by the Sara- 
 cens A. 1; ()O0. 'Ihe Saiaceiis were ejected bv the 
 Arabiai^s, who divided liarbar\ into man) pett\ king- 
 thjiiis till ihe vcar icdS, when they v\cre all united 
 into one fiivireignty undtr tiie familv of the Almav.a- 
 lide.s ; for joleph, the fei ond monarch of that race, 
 fo'.in.!i.d N'toiocci), and not only fubdiud I'e/, but the 
 Monrith dotiiiii'ons in Spam. The race of the Almaza- 
 riiles be< ame evtinct vtithout a memorable tranfact ion 
 in cirlv'- ot the ri.gns. 
 
 MI Ml, ihi- iiwli monarch of the Merins, was 
 ileteatcd by th.e king^, ol e'atlilc and Portugal ; am) in 
 1 j-jOthat racL becoiuing extinct, the ShariHsor L'he- 
 nrt'>, tlie fiipjHidd Cue 1 Ifors of M.ihomet, wi,e ad- 
 vanced t < the impi ri il di'/nity. Nothing remarkable 
 li:ip[)c; nil the reign of Sulen, the eighth monarch, 
 \\l\(i .i;.[)lii.d to the .(unt of l-'ng!,ind fur aid againll a 
 !;:'.tl!.;ot pi 1 ate, w I 1 "..tl pollelktl thcnifi Ivc. ottiie port 
 (it Sill' e. IT.e iciiping monarch, Charles I. coni- 
 I lud with h.i^ M\j.,iM, ai.d fciii Ionic Ihipsto l-.i.^ .\{- 
 lill.tine by v>liich ill' nils the p'l.ui.s wire taken or 
 li ilrosed ; and the I iiipiror, in 11 turn, fmi _(oo C.'hrif- 
 lion l!,uc. :•■ a pielt '• 'o king t lurh . This mo. 
 nan h died in i'',,0, ai. I was luncedni In his elikll 
 i'o.i, Miilc\ Abilein I K( h, who was icmaikahle tor his 
 cruel'yand (lMinkeniuf,,apd was, alter having reigned 
 lour years, nuiidetcd b\ a Lhi ilUan Have. 
 
 He was fuccccdcd by his brother Miiky I-huh, ,, 
 prince of a fvveet difpolition,and gencious fpirii, «'|,., 
 began his reign by releaiiiigall ll.ue priio;urs,;ii<!i in- 
 creating the payot his tioop.,, and died much regia ij 
 after having polii Hid the erown twelve years." 
 
 Hisbrother,Muliy 1 lauKdChevk, niececd'.-d li.n,; 
 but being iiuin'eied by the Arab-, tluy raited on;- li 
 their ow 11 chiefs, named C'lumel 1 lack, to tl.i , 1,1, n 
 who was, ow his demife, liuceetkd by Sharill Mii|-v_ 
 king of Tai-.hilet. 'J'he reigi; of this prince \..\s, i, 1' 
 tlioit; for, drinking immoderarely, he oik- il;,, 
 mounted a fpiriied liorfe 111 ailriitiken frolic, aiui r.. 
 iling furioutly into a grove of orange trees, he «. . 
 throw n againll the trunk of a tree, fractured liis i'm.;: 
 and expired of the wound. 
 
 He vs.'.s 'ucceeded by Miilcv Iihmael, who wis u, 
 markablefor an odd jumble of police, abimdin, :;-^\ 
 cruclt). In hisadminillraiioiiol iutliee, in whi. Iv : ,. 
 vince he always '',., -. ed hi mill f very readv, aiidee. , ; 
 accels, he was very rigid, yer would foiv.tt • les u.; ; ^ 
 to w lid e.\trav.igancics,of w huh the follow ing in a-, ,■ 
 may fervc as a fptjimen. A poor farmer h !.;:;: 
 complained ih.it fomcof the emperor's negroesvi mi ] 
 by the way, he was noted tor keeping at thon ;i!„', . 
 ance, had tlolcn from him a yoke of oxen, whieli -.i , 
 his foul rtepeidence, he orelercd the vvlioL -.f !i^ ly. 
 groes to p:ifs before him, and Ihot every one Liui; i.c 
 farmer aceufcd ; but atking liini atterwaids wii.v u- 
 compe nee he lould make him lor the lo!s of Co in 
 tlo' negroes, and the man being at a lots w lia: in .1.'. 
 fwcr.l.e made him i:r.>lerg« the iiuiic fateauli mlv!. , 
 
 He was for ever building and pulling; down ,i ,. , 
 alledging, that ne did it to kee[i Ins fui)|e^ii li , 
 that they might have no time to miiiinv er ^ '. 
 " I or (lays he) if I h, vc a lag of rats, uiilel> 1 \ i 1 
 the bag tlirring, they will eat their vvay thnu Ji 1:. 
 He had _<ooo wives, 5000 concubines, tjoo loiis,;inil 
 300 daughters ; all ol whom, a:, 'inic, kit I'.ie elle.'.^ 
 of hiscruelty and caprice. He would Irequeiulv I'kio;, 
 Uab, or behead both Haves and fubjeets lor his aiiiulc^ 
 ment ; and was fo avaricious, iliat he fpenthis \\\o\c 
 lite in jilundering his people, and amalliiig ue.c!; ■. 
 b.verv thing was made lublervient to his ir.i;er.n)!e 
 temper. If any body complained to him ot hi. ma; 
 been robbed or detrauiled, the iriminal was fiitl nr- 
 ilered to make rellitution of the property in ijiiil'.on, 
 not to the peilon aggrieved, but to iumfell, a^ lie .;U 
 felted tiuit he was the only fulieier, his dignilv ^i;i.; 
 infulted by the crime; and then a conliderabli la- 
 was levied upon the culprit, as a reconipenee m 1 1- 
 fentlcd jullice : lint all went into his own Cllll^r^. 
 Money wasthe moll dangerous thing that a 11 an ei)ii;ii 
 poll'els, asit was fuie to beextoited from 1, 1111, nji 
 only by uniuil, but by cruel means, 
 
 Miiley Mahomet railed a rebellion agiinll hr'.i, I .t 
 being taken jMifoner, his light hand and left f,o. v\u. 
 cut oil by the emperor's order, of which woiinJ-. Ik 
 died. At length Muiev Jlhmael, oiieof the iiicil in- 
 ternal monllers of cruehyaiuiav.uice tiiat ever evilieit, 
 died a natural death in 1727, having reigi ed 5< vi.u , 
 which is truely allomiluiig in a country were inliii- 
 re^tions, dethronements, .uxi allallinatioas weie !i 
 lommon. 
 
 .\Iule\ Hamct Deby, one of Mulev Iihinuls 
 Ions, fuceeeded him, h.iving been api;o.n.i(.i l)\ ih.it 
 emperor, not tiir any particular merii, but bii.uili i- 
 was tlie mi 11 dilliilute ot all Ins childriii; tor Miil-v 
 Iflimaelfani icd that his ton's drnnkenneis and mteii'- 
 pcrance vioiild be foils tu let iill lii-> own fi/biien .md 
 abllemioiifncfs. 
 
 Mull \ 1 lamet was depofed bv his favour. te etruii \\ 
 and his brother Abd'.lmeheh proclaimed empeioi ; 
 but the latter loon lendcring l.iml'eif odious by lii> 
 cruelties, .Muley I lamet was again lellind !o ilie 
 throne. Abdehuelei h was kept in dole coiiliia iu> n: 
 lor fomc 'ime, but at lenglli tlrangled, by ord> r ot ' 1- 
 broiher ;and Muley I lamcLdud liveday.-.alieithrouj'h 
 drunkcnnefs, and wa. fuceeeded by Muley Abdullah. 
 
 AI'RICA.] 
 
 Ironi that period 
 the liego of Ceuta, 
 ,77,^, and the liege 
 8r'h of December of 
 Moioi't'o- Hut the I 
 tal want of difeip'.in 
 the S|)anilli ollii ers, 
 ^airfin, not only fa. 
 were repulfcd wuh ; 
 were continued till 
 abandoned the enter 
 
 S E 
 
 A L 
 
 SttiuUioii, Exliitt, • 
 
 ''pHIS kingdom i 
 -■• Mediterranean, 
 the ealV by Tunis, a 
 extends in length 4 
 and liesbct-vccnjo. 
 1 de". vvelf and 1) Ji 
 i!i piovinccs. 
 
 i he climate of A 
 
 people are unaequ.111 
 
 ei)ld. This IS to b 
 
 v*ard the tea, the in! 
 
 and barren, and vcr; 
 
 variety of wild ere: 
 
 leopards, bu Haloes, 
 
 nionkies, oil riches, i 
 
 Of thebeall.i the i 
 
 notice is the lion. 
 
 ablv 1 irgc, fourteen 
 
 rough tongue befet 
 
 eyes ;the tlrueture o 
 
 is the lame as thole 
 
 ThcditVerence bi 
 
 the hitter hath no ' 
 
 mu7./,le is more . i 
 
 lets than tiiofe of ti 
 
 Thei h.'.raoterill 
 
 lii.ibs, li e niaielU 
 
 his pace, the tire o 
 
 dilpotition; he Hi. 
 
 llrong one with tlu 
 
 prelles his anger b'. 
 
 fide; with his tail -. 
 
 {XT often give wav 
 
 I'or v\ hen the : 
 1 lis Ciiiial ni;> 
 !)Ut when hi- 
 He Iheathsh. 
 .■\iid, pleas'd 
 Walks over, a 
 
 The t; ger has a 11 
 tlre.ik^,or vcliow I 
 lliiningeyes, Iharp 
 ot a cat, ami I 
 like a lif>n. Hie 
 lallexi. I'hc tvj':ei 
 wh.it lie kills hill! 
 .mimils, he kills 
 bio )d of each. 
 
 .\ panther, or i 
 except the li/e w 
 Ipoiied mllca.l of I 
 blight, the iiioiitl 
 the ears lound, an 
 the poieupmr 
 111,1 unlike that a: 
 „iid ,1 lialf lii-m ' 
 tcel are Hioit, the 
 and the head the 
 coveted all owr v 
 No .,7- 
 
khcr MiiKy I',l\\,,!y, , 
 |ric1j;cnci(uisfpi,it. iu,,', 
 lt.ii'^'i;riiaun,i.iiH:r,- 
 |ni.l(lici.hiuiihu;;rm.i 
 |n tuclw )tars." 
 
 'Iu-)k, (litcm<aih„i,. 
 hi)-, tluy raiial ori;.,,, 
 jfl Mack, to il.c ,„,ui 
 lixlcil by Shanll Mnl-. 
 Jol iliis i)riiKo ',,.u b ( 
 llcrarcl)-, ho one ila, 
 |ilnmkfii I'mlii-, ,^n^[ ,-,. 
 orange trix-.s, In- u.., 
 |i\:c, tractiirai liis i'm,;; 
 
 ■v Iihiiuu-l, who w>si.. 
 |l polu-v, ablnuiin, ;,.\i 
 
 t lUlhc;.', in «lllvi;-: ,. 
 
 iM-rv ready, amlii'. ,.; 
 Dlild lonicl ■ it.-< 11..;, 
 h tlic Icillovv ini> iiii.j ., J. 
 |\ poor taiiiH-r In.;!; 
 iipcror'.snci;nif..\. i ,,1,^ 
 k:.|)iiijra!, limn al:,., .! 
 
 !%!.• Ol OXCII, \\]\\r\\ ■„, , 
 
 il the uhol. .,i' !,h n-. 
 ihot every oik- i;„\'. ;i.i: 
 Mil altfiuaidi uh.\- ;,. 
 lor the UtU (i( r.) liv 
 iii.r at aloCs wh.i- in .u, 
 :l:iiiic latvaiih ru'v..;. 
 iKl piilhiif; ilo-.n; a ;. ,^ 
 IS llihjcus I' I ., , . 
 iiL- to inuiinv I r - . 
 air "t rats, uiilii^ i k i^, 
 their way tlircuiji i;.'- 
 iciibiiies, (jon Ibns.anil 
 :■ 'imr.--, U-lt i'm cU.[.\:i 
 "<ni!d Ircqik-iuly l'.u(j>, 
 J lubjccts lor hi^air.ijlc. 
 that he fpent his hIo!- 
 e, and anialling Uvj!:!-. 
 •rvictit to hii iiii;irji);c 
 aimd to him ol hi.in.r 
 iC criminal was lull ut- 
 ile pnipniv in >iinr.,i;i, 
 but toinmri-il, aN lie .il- 
 lleier> his di);ii:l v u:i.; 
 hen a eoiiliderabk ^in- 
 IS n recompc lue to 1 1. 
 into his own Ciiikr<. 
 . ihiiig that an ail to mI 
 Moiti-'d from l.iin, ivji. 
 mans. 
 
 IkIIioii afjiinl! Iii.;i, ' ,;[ 
 lu'iid and lett C.o, im, 
 r, ot' which wnunili he 
 lel, one ol the iimil iii- 
 \aricetiiat c\fr esillni, 
 avin^ reigtcd 5< y».ii , 
 a country were iiirm-- 
 afr.illiiiatio!is wuc li 
 
 of Muiey llhin,ul< 
 leen appoiniri; in ih.u 
 r men', biu bci.i.iii ■• 
 ib chiliiriii; '.Of Miil.y 
 ninkenntls and mtiii'- 
 ll hi^ own llibiaii .iiiii 
 
 V liisrivoiirac ciiiun \\ 
 proclainKd cm;u-r()i ; 
 l.inilcil o.lidii , bv lii> 
 a^;ain leltind in ilie 
 'I in dole i(),ili;u in.ir. 
 mgled, by (ii\kr ol . i. 
 1 liveday-.atiei lliriiuj'lt 
 1 bv Muley Abduil.ili. 
 
 AIIUCA.] B A R B 
 
 From that pirio! not'iing rrtnaikable c cuired till 
 the liege of L'eiua, which conniencLd t^jtobtr 2 j, 
 i77h,, and the liege of Mtlilx*, \v:..l!i began on the 
 Srii ot December of tht I'.mi.^- )Cir by tin. troops <;f 
 Morocco. But the empeior s aimy, thioiigh theirto- 
 tal wancof dirci]j!uie .ind experience, the conduct of 
 the Spanilli oilii crs, ur.d bravery ol the inLn in the 
 j;a:r. fill, not only la.led oT ficccls in theattem[)t, but 
 were repulfcd wiih great 1-,.';. W'arike preparations 
 were continued till March 1775, when the Moors 
 abandoned the cnierpri/.c. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 A L G I K R S. 
 
 Siliialioii, Ex I nil, <'-'//;«../(■, Aniiiiiil PrMliii'/ions, ij?c\ 
 
 ''PHIS kingdom is bounded on the north by the 
 -*- Mediterranean, 011 the Ibuth by Mount Ail is, on 
 the iii\ bv Tunis, and on the welt by Morocco. Jt 
 extends in length 4.><o miles, in breadth al)out ico, 
 and liesbct.\cen jo.ind jydeg. north In. aivlbetvieen 
 1 deg. welt and i) deg. call long, h is divided in:o 
 I ii piovmccs. 
 
 The climate of Al;;iers U ferciic aiul fine, and the 
 people are unaccpiaiiued with the extremes of lu at and 
 cold. 'I'his is to be underllood only of the parts to- 
 ward the lea, the inland pans being principally wild 
 and barren, and very little inhabited except by agre.it 
 variety of wild creatures, particularly lions, tygeis, 
 leopards, bulfaloes, wild lioars, Ihigs, porcupines, 
 nioiik:es, oilriches, iStC. 
 
 Of thelieali.i the moft extraordinary and worthy of 
 nonce is the lioii. I his animal has a head remark- 
 abh l:ir!:;c, fourteen teeth in each j iw , a llmng neck, 
 rough tongue liefet w ith prickle^, and bright Uiinmg 
 eyes ; the llructure of the pasvs, teeth, ey es, and tojigue 
 Is the fame as thofe of the cat. 
 
 The ditference betw ixt the lion and boiicfs is this : 
 the l.ittcr hath no long hair about the neck, but the 
 inu/,/,le is more .per, the held flatter, and tiie claws 
 lefs than tliofc of the lion. 
 
 'J'het bt'.iacUriltics of a lion are tlie P. length of his 
 lir.ihs, li ,' ma|clK' of his appearance, the dignitv of 
 his [5ai e, the tire ol his eyes, and the nobknels ol his 
 dilpolition; he flights a week enem\, buc atiacks a 
 lining one with the moll impetuou.s fjry. He ex- 
 prelles his anger by t. :"Cting his mane, and beating his 
 tides with his tail j but h's hunger and Iciocious tern- 1 
 per often give way to bis generotity. ! 
 
 I'or w hen the gon'rous lion has in fight 
 Ills equal nuuch, he roules for the fiidit ; ! 
 
 lint when his foe lies prolhaieoii the plain, 
 1 le theaths his p.iws, uncurls his aiigiy nianc, 
 .\iul, pleas'd with bloodlefs honours of the d;iy. 
 Walks over, and difJains ih' inglorious prey. 
 
 The tvger has a fhoit neck, and Ikin lull of blackilii 
 llre.iks,or \cllow I'pots enconip.ili'cd with black hair ; 
 lluningeyes, Ibarp teeth, crooked claws, feet likethofe 
 ot a cat, and long tail without any tult at the end, 
 like a lif)ii. The Helh is white, tender, aiul well 
 laikxi. The t\}',er will not teed upon ;uiy animal but 
 wliitlie kills hiiulilt ; and wh.eii he lucelswith feveral 
 aiiinul ., he kills all ifiiecan, and locks a little of the 
 bio id of each. 
 
 .\ panther, or leopaid, is like a t\gcr in all rilpeot^ 
 except (he li/e iiid ikin, being a In tdler animal, aii'.i 
 Ipoiteil inlUa.i of tlreaked : th. lii.dy is long, the eyes 
 blight, the mouth large, tl'.e teeth tlroiig and white, 
 the ears louiul, and the Ipots ot feveral colours. 
 
 the 1 ortupuie is about the li/.e ot :i badger, and ' 
 11.. I iinhke that annual in llia()e, being about two feet 
 .uid .1 halt li(-m llie end ( f the nofe to the tail ; the 
 led are llioit, the neck is about li\e inches m length, i 
 and the head the fime. On the ha k and title, he is ! 
 cri\eied all o\er withquills; oh ti'tfback pail of tlie i 
 . N" .}7- J 
 
 A R Y. 405 
 
 head, and on the neck, there is a broad tuft, confining 
 of many flexible quills : tome of the quills are a foot^ 
 and many of the wilkeii (i\ inches long. 
 
 Dr/niplioii of /he rrfpcUhc DiJhUts of Algiers. 
 
 ALGIF.RS is divided in;o three dirtind dilhidsor 
 governments, viz. the Kallern, or Levantine ; 
 the Wellern, and the Southern gove. nment. The 
 towns in the firli aie Bona, -(Jonllantina, Oigi-ri, Bu- 
 gia, Steffa, '1 ebef, Zamoura, Bifcara, Necanz, and 
 Couco. Of thefe places it may be faid in general, 
 that tiiough they exhibit fome traces of formcrlplendor, 
 they have now e\eryap;K'aiance of poverty and defola- 
 t;on. 'I'liere aie gariilons in fome of them, but the 
 people are lavage and bniral. They luollly lead a 
 roving li!'e, and kibiilt ch.'eHy by rapine. 
 
 The to.vns ol the Wellern government arc Oran, 
 Trenicceii, .VIollagar, Tenez and Shenhel. 
 
 Oram, the mod importantof them, wastakcn by the 
 Spaniards in 1505, and recovered by the Algerincs in 
 I 70S ; but the former re-look it in 173:, and are Hill 
 in i^ofleilion of it. 
 
 'i'he rell are in a flatcof c'jcay ; fome of tlicm have 
 garrifons, and the iihabitants in general come under 
 the foregcnng dcfcription ot thofe of the lall defcribed 
 dillnct. 
 
 TiieSi)iithcrn dlflricl, or third government, is inha- 
 bited by a let of w ild people, w ho roam from place to 
 place, and live in tents while they lelide 111 any par- 
 ticular Ipot. The territory itfelf is hill) , a part of 
 Mijunt Atlas ninnin.; through it; the only riciies of 
 t' e pLo;)le arc their numerous Hocks and herds. 
 '1 hey pay a tribute to govcrnn, eat, but the bey is obliged 
 to come at the head of an army to collect it aiinualh , 
 and many then evade the payiiunt by retiring to inac- 
 celliblc places till the troops are withdrawn. 
 
 Dijivi pi ion of the City t,f Algiers and ils Environs. 
 
 ALGIERS ftands in ,{6tl<-"g- 30 nrnn. north latitude, 
 and 34 deg. 1 5 nun. eatl longitude, and is litu- 
 .ited upon the Meiiterranean Sea, whicli wallies it: 
 U|.x)nthe north, and north call fides. It >> bii;lt up)n a 
 declivity, on u Inch account, and the w hiteiiels of the 
 terraces, the prol"pe>;l ot it from the fea is admirable. 
 It Is about three miles in circumfen nce, and the walls 
 are in general 30, and tow aids the fi a .|.o feet in height, 
 12 feet in thicknefs, and li.uiked w itii fquare towers. 
 The ditch is :o leet wide, and feven deep. Many ot 
 thegatesof Algiers have been walled up ; but lix re- 
 main o[>en, viz. 
 
 1 . 1 he .McafTava, which firms the wellern angle of 
 the highell parr of th». 'ifv, l^ jf an o;tagoiial figure, 
 and has embr;' lures on every lidc. 
 
 2. The Babiiddeed.or New Gale, towards thefouth. 
 
 3. Bab-Az(()ne towards ditto. 
 
 4. The iMllicr's Gate, w hich forms the caftcni angle 
 of the city. 
 
 5. The Mole, or Dowan Gate, towards the north. 
 (). I'he Babel-wed, or River Gate, fating the river 
 
 I'.l-ved towards the north. 
 
 On the wellern tide v)f the river El-vcd is a ridge of 
 hills, on wliich are ereeted two fortrtiFes. Thefe are 
 the llreiv.';th on the land tide, but the fbrii'icatuinsio- 
 wards the lea are much Itronger, an.l more con- 
 tider.ible. 
 
 The mole was the work ofCheredin the fon of Ba- 
 liaidfla, as well • , many ot the other toriilications ; for 
 ihat monan .1 employed all the t'hiiltian Haves in the 
 improver, entol the old, and lonlliuetion of new fcr- 
 tilications in and about .Mgiers ; and by perlbnally in- 
 fpective their ])roceedings, had th. fatisfiction to lie 
 .dl he wilhed tor coiii[)kated iiithe Ipaceuf threeyears. 
 
 ■| he city of Alglei.. is fuiipofeti to coniain loo.oco 
 
 M.ihomet.uis, I j.o:"! jews, :ooo C'hiillian Haves, and 
 
 tome reiK-gadoes. 1 here is one (tictt which is broad 
 
 and handk)iiie,aiid [wH'es quite through thcown fioiii 
 
 5 K tafl 
 
 i 
 
i: 
 
 ^f 't 
 
 40(5 A NF.W, ROYAL anh A. ruriNTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Africa, made ihc firft aiK.inrcs ; nciilu-r the hurc f, r. 
 tiii.c Hic juflly cxpcdcd, nr)r ihe gr.ivclin^' to;, iiti„i 
 ol'laT l()\cr, coiikl divcit tl-,e nfolution ll\i- iud taki i 
 to nnury him ; and mituithihuiding tic oMhv lo i! ,. 
 faw with rc;;aid tothccxccMtion ofhcrproi, :t, iiorhi:;.: 
 cmild mnkc her lofc tl-.c lo .is nt j^iving lu. > ti'. t, i'' 
 Tiic I'ortiipucre, flnuk widi the ihovights dt liis,<)„i 
 tortunc, oiVercd the tbiid miiil the inoiiiciit Ihcii u,,. 
 v;icd her padiiin, to <uii away with her to Lil!),, 
 which might have been done, and thcChrilhan mi hi 
 have eflaped by the alliliancc t'lniillied him bv /.y,. 
 lima, (or li;ch was the nan c of our beautihil jIum;,. 
 Atr.can. She wasfeniibl.' tlvat tl.crxpedu nt priiv- iVi 
 by her l()\cr was liie moll ration 1 one, and ,iiiiu.!l \\k 
 o;ii\ one that could brinjj;t-et lo he w irtud-tiir li.ir.-,;. 
 iv.N ; l)ut being a iealnus Mah(-nicr.ui, and li'.yo. t^ 
 to her religion, flie could not conlent to reriri' tu i 
 iou;itr} weie liie would have been foiced toqci; 1^,- 
 faith. I love yoii, Sebaftiano, (aid 11;e to her lii'.;r, 
 mt ch more than I do ni\'!elt', grid will kill nu- ;tl 
 am not mnde your wife, ami yet i can never pri\.; 
 up(.n:iiylell topuirliafe my happinefs atthepiiceni ;. 
 laitli. h is not impotHblc but we may be hapn n 
 ' is eoi.mry, w iihout ruiining tlie hazard of heiiii; .•.;:. 
 
 call to weft, in which the houfes and fliops arcclcgant 
 and rapacious, ar.d the markets arc here kept ; but all 
 the other llreets arc narrow, incmnnicdious anddirtv ; 
 io tnat palfengers are forced to iqueize themfelu-s con- 
 tinually apainll the houfes, to give wav to cannls, 
 horlcs, alfes, nniles, &c. and perfonsofall denon\ina- 
 tions arc obliged to make room, if they moit w.th a 
 Turkifli foldier, till he is palt, <>tlicr«ife li.ey are fure 
 of being inhilted aid ill treated. 
 
 The houfes, which arc about 15,000 in nimibrr.are 
 built cither of rtoneor brick, upon a (tiuarcplan, with 
 a paved court in the renter. Round the court i; a 
 double range of gal Iciii' (Mio above theorin r, and i'.oth 
 Tuppo.tcd by columns. All the hou' . lanH.it-rooted ; 
 the terraces in general fcivc either 'o walk i:pon, or 
 drvlin(n,but manvcmbellilh them wiMi neat gardens, 
 and a fummer-houfc in one ccrtier. i he people aie 
 obliged, by the laws of the place, to whii! -walli iheir 
 houfes inlide and out, at IcaO oik c a )car j but all 
 who can a fiord it do it much oftriier. 'I'he inhabi- 
 tants may pafsfiom ore end of the town to the other 
 over the roofs of the houle.., ar.d moll ( f them vliit 
 each other this way. Though the loules in <>'Heral 
 are mean, many of the princijvd pcojle have \c ry 
 fine edifices, the pillars and paven^ nts of which ,rc 
 of a very beautiful iTiarble, and the ceilings anil lold- 
 ing-doors finely carved, paiiueiJ and gilt. *.)f thefethe 
 palace of the dcy ftands in the center, :ind!is the 
 moft magnificent building in the city. It is very c.\- 
 rcnfivc, and furrounded by two fuperb galleries, one 
 above the other, fupporlcd by marble pil!:<r-;. U has 
 two grand hads, in one of which the dowan meets 
 every Sunday, Monday and Tucfday. 
 
 The barracks for the troops arc ncblc ftruchircs, 
 adorned wi:ii fountains, .uid contain many fpacious 
 and convenient apartments. Married mm are pre- 
 cUided from lodging here, but take up their habita- 
 tions cither in private houfes, or inoneof tiie four fen- 
 d.acas of the town ; the latter being large commodious 
 buildings, conlilhng of lever..' ranges of apartments, 
 warehoufes, ivc. ..hich are let indili rimin itely to all 
 vhc chule to take them, and fcrxc inffead ot caravan- 
 fcias, or inn;. Chrillian Ihangeis, if of any conlider.i- 
 tion, are uHially iiccommodated at the conful'.^ houfe 
 of the nation to which they belong ; bur the poor Le- 
 vant ine, or other traders, lodge as above iPJ may eat 
 and drink according to their circumftances o" in- 
 clinations, as there are many cook-lhops, taverns and 
 other public houfes kcp' either by the Chrillian (lave-;, 
 or the Jews, who w ill a.commodaie any perlbii, ordeal 
 in any commodity. 
 
 The n-ofqies arc numerous, fupcrbly bui'.t, and 
 chiefly fituated near the fea-fidc. The barns in gene- 
 ral are large, fumptuou;, paved Wih marble, and w ell 
 furnifliedwitf, theconvenienccsrequifiteinfuch places. 
 The Mahometans are obliged, by their religion, to 
 ufe them live times daily, hut their pleafiire oltcn 
 prompsthcm to go ilill more frequently. 
 
 A nun)ber of baths are appropriated to the ufe of 
 women onl\-, w ho do not refort to them for the benefit 
 of bathing alone, bi:i for the lake of intriguing : for 
 tho' tlic molf drcadlul ])unilhments attend detection, 
 yet the Algerinc women venture every thing to pur- 
 iiie their im linations 
 
 " The female lev (fays a celebrated traveller) are 
 Jlill more devoted to gallantry in th's country than in 
 Conllantinople : thci innate inf|)ire.i fondnifs, and the 
 fi orching air raifes in the heart liich a Hanic as nothing 
 can extinguidi ; an African woman will biave every 
 fort of danger to fatiate her ]iafllon " 
 
 As a proof ofihe violent lengih; to whi( h love w ill 
 carry the African women, we (hall prefentour readers 
 with Ihe follouin; circumdaiK <s, which are related 
 by a gentleman who relided here at the time ihev toiik 
 jplace. 
 
 The only daughter of one of the tichelf Moors 
 in this countrv '.nteriained a paliion fir a I'ort'iguele 
 Have. 1 he girl, puffuaiu toihccufloin eftablillied m 
 
 covere.t, in cafe we lliould fly -.change yoiirre'ii;' a. 
 nmo'C, by turning Mahometan, the chief Oi:itu [,• 
 th.it '<eeps us afunder, and leave the rell to me. Iho 
 Portdguefe was nnich Icfs attached tohis leligio) ;! ah 
 the female Mahometan, not to mention that il;t ur 
 of totally loling his millrels, the delircorrecovcniir 
 his liberty, and the hope of acquiring a gre.:t furl;: ; , 
 iiad the itri ngcll inniiciice on his lefolutioD.s. ij; 
 proniifed to eimip'y w iih .:tn thing ihc niiglt raj:: ro 
 of him, and uium a foKmn promifemade bv hin; ii 
 quit his religion whenever it ihoiild be neccll.iiv, ;„■ 
 charming Moor induiged him w ith whatever love v. s 
 
 ca[)t'ble of bi (low ing. 
 •• Thefe favc urs lervcd 
 
 01 
 
 il only to rtrcn'uhcn the p.L'oa 
 which Sebaltiano felt for her j the feir he was unj.i ,:\ 
 one day loling his dear/uliira increafed h;s fiiidn.: , 
 and his millrels wis in the bke frame of miiid. I iu 
 whole attention was to give ("nereis to the difi^'ii .' 
 had in view, but ihe louml new obllacks e\cr r .^ 
 mcnt ; when on a certain I'av, at a time ihe !er' ; . 
 pected it, her f itiier declared that he inteiuledto 111 •: . 
 her to one of t'-e principal men of the country, li.ij 
 words weicasa thunderbolt to the m.iiden;in 1 ;- 
 (iriV tianl'portsol her grief (lie relblved to fail at l.,i ,;- 
 tiler's feet, and open her whole foul to liimj !u\;ii. 
 Ills, llie did not vet dare 10 comply with liei mu :ia- 
 pulfis, for fear ofexpoling her lover to the ai't;. 
 AW exafperated mailer, whuh might probabi) ^. 
 him to the greatell lengths. 
 
 " in this dilemma, /.ulima refolved to m.iko »!■ 'i 
 an expedient, which was equally e.xir.iordmir) a:ii! v.- 
 fallible ; inorder to fiicceed in hirdelign.fhe baue l,c-r 
 lover meet her at a certain place, whiti.er llie went 11:1 
 pretence of going to the baih, and was attended mi ■■ 
 by one woman ; Seballiano being come to the plac 
 appointid, had like to have died with forrow, u|n:i 
 hearing his miltrefs wai« going to enter into th: ni.ii- 
 riage llatc : however, /ulima bade him tike Imui, 
 telling him, that ihe hoped fortune wouKl loon bci o:i;c 
 moreproj)itious to him ; ihe then ordered the wom.ii 
 who had accompanied her, and was her conlidaii:, 1 1 
 go and inform the cadi, that her millrefs was in fuih .^ 
 place in the arms of a Chrillian: the attendant ohe. 
 ing, the jud;rr came with his fubalterr. ollicers, aii' 
 fuipnfcd the two lovers in r.iemidll if their warnc:' 
 tranfp'irls, when they wne inflantlv conveyed 1 ■: >' 
 piiluaul'.eiecrimiinlsaictried ; Zulim.i's fitlur beii;, 
 told thi- aicidcnt w hii h hail happened to lis daui'li" i> 
 w.is ftizcd ,th defpair; upon which he fieu to tl ■ 
 prilon in order to lee her, but he was toKt lliii ' 
 11 uld not be admitted to Ipeak with her till finiit n • 
 as hei tii.il was over; that enquiry Avas then link'! r, 
 whether the Chiillian Have would turn Mahonui.ii,, 
 and that if he would compl>, on that condition the 
 
 <:■'. Hi 
 
 !, 1 I ■ 
 
'"''W^'^T^^. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 cs; neither the l;'ircf'r. 
 
 • ihe gMvclint; "-"!' 'itiu:i 
 ■ rcfoliition ll\i-li.ii.l ul,,., 
 biuling tl-e Olllhvlc^ ll 5 
 i<'iii>nicrpro],:t, norh::..! 
 e.s ofKiving 111. ei'. ti u 
 I the ihoviglus(pt liis..<),ij 
 ill the inonicm llicil Ko. 
 ■'■Ay with her ro l.ii!),;; 
 :, and ihtChrilhaniiiiJ,;' 
 :e t'di-nilhed him bv /u. 
 ? of our beautiful kwA]^ 
 at ti.cexpedunrprnp iVi 
 [Kill 1 one, aiu! ainu.ll tli,.. 
 f 10 he wirtied-fdrli.u-..,;. 
 lahi-nicran, and l!:;_!o.;i;| 
 01 confcnt to retiiv tu i 
 
 • been foiced toqci; Ik,- 
 no, faid li;e to her lo\;r, 
 f, f;ricf will kill nu- :i i 
 1 \ et 1 cati never pri\ .1 
 ;a[)pinersatthepiKeui:. 
 
 but we iiKiy he happ , , 
 
 igtlie hazard of bvuit: .■■;:. 
 ly : chanL;e your reiii;'. ;>; 
 iietan, the chief ocituL. 
 leave :hc rcll to me. Ih: 
 taohed to his leligiiri ;;.i:i 
 I fo mention that ih.c \ur 
 , the ciclircoi'rccovci.nt 
 K-quiring a giv.-.t fun;:,; , 
 
 on his lefohitiDDs. i),- 
 ^ thinij; ihc niigl't rvq:: re 
 
 promifc made b\- hin; 1 , 
 t (hould be neccil.iiv, :„• 
 m With whatever love v.:,.. 
 
 ''*4t. 
 
 ^'■ 
 
 ly to (Ircn'^thcn tl'c p-.L"i';<. 
 • ; thcfeirhc viasunJ.i ,;; 
 raincreafed hi.s findn.' , 
 'ke frame of miiui. I i;i 
 fucrefs to the difi:;n ' 
 new obl'acks c\er r ■ 
 ae, at a time ihe Km' . . 
 that he inteiuiedto iut. 
 lien of the coiinirv. li'.ij 
 it to the maiden ; m 1;. 
 c relolved to lail ar h,i . ,- 
 :)le foul to liiinj tu-\.'[>: 
 Lomply w ith her n!U ui- 
 her lover to the a:'(;.i m 
 A\ iiiiglu probahi) ^ .:) 
 
 Ki refolved to rnaki- u!' > ; 
 lally exiraordiiiir} aM>! <■)■ 
 in lurilelign.flie b.iuc l,rr 
 ilace, whither Ihe wemei 
 h, ai.d was attended o]'. ■■ 
 beinj:; come to the i>l.i >■ 
 
 died with forro«, upua 
 iig to enter into tli: in.ir- 
 ma bade him t ike luaii, 
 )rtunc would loon hecome 
 
 then ordered the uonr.ii 
 and was her conli>kui:, 11 
 her mirtrefs was in IikIia 
 lian: the attendant obi . ■ 
 Ills fubaltirr. ollicers, aikl 
 
 .icirudll I'f their wanitii 
 iiillanilv eonveyed t.i n .' 
 ed i /ulima's fatlurhn u, 
 happened to histiaui',!i;>i, 
 poll which he Heu to th ■ 
 
 but he was told thii • 
 ak with her till fmh tn ■ 
 LMiiiimy A»as then iniikir.i; 
 
 would turn Mahonu;,ii,, 
 
 ly, on that condition tin.- 
 
 tv.u 
 
 . -■■■.^.'.Aji^..it.^w^a^'-,*t.L:-^?--:.^^. ^ 
 

 *^ ♦ 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 /,»* ,\Mtffi. 
 
 /) / ' ' ' 
 
 two lovers fliould he 
 la«s: but that in cj 
 palcil, and his daug! 
 
 " iVliillapha, ton 
 rhcr, knew but too 
 iiiiliCtetl upon his da 
 tulid to turn Muffu 
 live which •:'ronipi 
 thic-1, •• IS to oH'cr 1 
 tia.i ivchan;^. his 
 make ulc of riictorii 
 crutl death : for th 
 Scbaftiano aiilweret 
 the religion piopofc 
 the tailicr thought 
 poitunity ot prefer' 
 upcni theleiimditio 
 
 I'here arc leveral 
 of the town, v^hich 
 particularly the m; 
 bout's fupcrb ilwcl 
 piikhres ai.d nioi 
 niagnili( ent tonibs, 
 conlpituous. The 
 jix deys, who \verc 
 <krcd in the dowan 
 fr-rved, that the ion 
 ^nutiied by ;i lloiic, 
 lievo; thole of ihe 
 a pike lixcd in the j 
 the Tea captains bi 
 top ; and iln^fe oi t 
 on rhe grave in iht 
 
 'I'he ciiy of A I; 
 Ma.cr, aid the mha 
 ii;;on that ai count 
 lriini.'^;;ain,C( ntnv 
 iairodutea^i nuich 
 to I'linply 100 foiin; 
 
 ■'the ecunifr abi 
 gaidciij, grove.., ai 
 dvns the) ufe lit:'e 
 diuionsot thtta. 
 to i ti;^ii thvouj^hoi 
 andvf;;Ltables nor 
 be brought to by i 
 pl.nui'i;;, 6cC. 'I'l 
 rounued by cnclofi 
 their conpaaiieis 
 «ny other kind ot 
 Algiers, the gr.at 
 
 m 
 
B A R B A R Y. 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 two lovers (liould be marrial together purfuanr to the i 
 laws : hut that in cafe of his icliii'.il, he liioiilj be im- j 
 nalul, and his liauj^hter drowned in the ka. 
 
 " iVlulhipha, for this was the name ot /ulima's fa- 
 ther, knew but too well what punilhniLiit would be | 
 iniiiCied upon his daughter, in cafe the rortuj^iiefe re- ; 
 tultd to turn Mulfuhiian ; and, iiuleed, the only mo- j 
 live which prompted Mulhipha to delire a li ;ht of : 
 ih'-n, ■■•IS to oH'er his wealth, and enita^e the L'l.nf- 
 tiaii lychanf,. his religion. I !e had no occalion to j 
 make ufcof riietoric to exhort them to prefer life to a 
 cruel death : tor the moment he made the overtures, 
 Sebaftiano anfwercd, that he would gladly embrace 
 the religion piopofcd by Ziilima, and marry her j and j 
 the father thought himfclf hajipy in having the op- 
 portunity of prefer\ing thelile ol his only dauj^hter 
 upon thtfeeonditions." 
 
 There arc leveral tolerable ediiircs without the walls 
 of the town, vi.hich add to the beauty ot the environs, 
 pariicularly the iiiLiiine ollicers public h.dl, a mara- 
 bout's fupcrb dwclli..g, and a variety ot'l in kilii fe- 
 pul( hres ai.d monuments. Among tlic latter lix 
 niagnilii cut toinbs, cf a ciicnlar (igiue, aic tlie iiolV 
 contpicuous. Thcfe were creeled to the memory of 
 fix deys, who were fuci elfively elc(;tcd, and then mur- 
 dered in the dowan w iii.^n a tew days, it is to be ob- 
 ff-rved, that the tombs of dcys and bafliaws arc dilHn- 
 ^Miilhcd by a (lone, on which a tiirban is carved in re- 
 lievo; thole of the agis, and otlu r military oflicers, by 
 B pike lixcd in the ground dofc to the coffin ; tliol'e of 
 the fca captains by a Half, with a gilded ball at tr.e 
 lop ; and ih(^fe o( the common j-.eople by ftones laid 
 on the grave in ihe fbriu of a collin. 
 
 'I he city of Algiers formerly had none but rain 
 wa.er, aid the ir.h.ibi[ar.t3 were otten gre;''lv dillreilcd 
 ii;.iin that ai ^ount ; till a Meor, wl-.o had been driven 
 Ironi ^;;ain,C( ntn.c.i, by n.eans of two aipiediids, to 
 iiitroduccas much water into the city as was rcquilitc 
 to I'upply lOO fountains with water. 
 
 ■ilieounift' aboi;t .Mgiers is very fertile, and the 
 ga;den.i, grove.-, and villas nuir.eious. In their gar- 
 dens they ufe lit;'eart,hut truft to nature in moll pro- 
 due- ions otthtea: ih, which occalions a wild exubcr nice 
 to leiga throughout the whole, anJ many cii the fruits 
 and vegetables nor tnarr veat [heperlection theymi;iht 
 be brought to by means of engiatting, pruning, tninf- 
 jil.inti ig, ixc. The gardens are not walled, but fur- 
 rounued bycnclofuresofliarbarylig-trees, which, from 
 their con.pictnels aid prickles, are n ore fecure than 
 giiy other kind ot Uncc. Among oihir rich fpots in 
 Algiers, the gM at plain of Meta;|ah is admired for its 
 alU..iitbing feiiiiity : it is jomiles in length, ai;d :o in 
 bieadih, inLliid.s n.any delijilithil villas, fiagiant 
 groves, a; 111 plealant gardens ; and produces Inch a 
 (■rohifion (if the iik It (Ulieious Iruiisofall k'nvls, rice, 
 I'lvis, and gram of c\cry fpecies, that the iiliabitar.r; 
 tii;')yiilua\st.v<),undiVciiuentl\ three crops inthevcar. 
 fhe only natuial cur.ofities in the vicinity of this 
 citv are the hot baths o( Meereega, the principal of 
 vl:i;h is I i leet fquare, and 4 deep. Tie w.iteis arc 
 (xcecdiiii^ hot, and, when they liave tilled the above 
 b'loii, diii-l.-u^ic themfehes into a (mailer, where the 
 Jews barne, a; they are not pcimitted to u(e the fame 
 b.irh as the Mahometans, i'hefe hot baths |)iocecd 
 fnm the great nuai.ti.y of fulpher, nitie, and oiher 
 ii'.li mmabh bodies in the bowels of the earth ; fiom 
 wleiue, likewife, originate the frciiuent eartlitinakes 
 that dilhiib the kingdtni\ in gcucial, and the city of 
 -Mgiers in paiticular. 
 
 //,.!', //Vrt/;/.'. ILtfiilitliiuis, Dirf/, Mnrriiige Cereino>:ies, 
 ii e .foiii, Dijpojilkn, Go-irn:ii:tiit, Lttngtuv^e, Cciii- 
 Pitrce, Kiinitj//, Rcciiuci, riimjumrnh, Ct'.jitm< niut 
 Moniivr of l.iiing, iuiural Riic, .'ly}iuimcn:,iii:. nf 
 lir Alti^ti iiifs. 
 
 A. l.Ci"l!-.RS may be faid to coirjirife a nii.xiurc of 
 
 ■*^*- moll nations; butthemoll nuinerous <;f its inha- 
 Luauisatc tlie Moors and Arabians. 'I'hc Moor; are 
 
 4or 
 
 divided into two orders, viz. thofc who live in towns 
 and tullow piracy, or various profcdions by landor fea, 
 and thole wno wander about without being pollelVed 
 of houl'es, land, or 1 iehes. The lirlt arc the citi/.cns of 
 the kingdom, the huter the bulk of the inhabitants. 
 
 The wandering fort arc di(li;iguiflied into various 
 tribes, each lorming an itinerant village, and every fa- 
 mily living in a portable hut. 'IMey liveby theproduee 
 of thclai.ds, wiiieii tlity firm of thofc of the lirlt order. 
 They pay their rent to their landlords in corn, herbs, 
 fruit, honey, wax, tc:. and a tribute to the dey, ac- 
 cording to the number of the family in each moving 
 village, or rather camp. I'hcir tents arc mean, their 
 uti iilils irifung, their circumllances poor, and their 
 manner of living hlrhy. I'hey have no ch^ninifs to 
 thele habiiati'.ms ; the (ires are made in ctrrhcn pots, 
 which are pl.iced near the door to let out the fmoke. 
 Thefanuly and all dumellic ani:i,alslie promifcuouily 
 in the hut together, dogs excepted, thele being placed 
 on the Oiitli^le, as ccntincls. '1 hey live hi Hy on rice, 
 bread, fruit, and plain water ; and t'acir principal cm- 
 ploy is hutbandry, or bieedirg bees or Ink-woims. 
 
 1 he dref, of the men is oniv a long pie>:e of coarfe 
 clodi wrapped roiinii their (ho; IJers, and falling dowa 
 t ) their aiicies, with a cip of ti,e fain*. The women 
 wcarapieceof woollen llulf that covers them fronuheir 
 Ihouldeis to their kn Cs '1 hey braid their hair, and 
 adorn it with gials beads and (ilhe< teeth. Their arms 
 and legs they ornament v\ ith bracelets ol ivory, horn, 
 and even wood; and blacken their cheeks, forehead , 
 aims, legs, i^c. 1 he cliildieii are iultered to go naked 
 till fcvenor tight ye.;rsold,\vhen they cover (hem with 
 a tew rags, raiher lb" ornament tiian decency. The 
 drefs ol tne chick, 01 chief, of every tr:be, is a lliirt 
 and coat, ail of one piece, banging from the Ihouldeis 
 lialf way down the 'eg, and he wears a cap of line 
 cloth. 
 
 Thefe Monrs arc of a fwarthy complct<io 1, and ro- 
 biift habit of body. The men arc active, the women 
 fruitful, and the children healthy. VVtien a youth is 
 difpoled to marry, hedrivcs a number cf cattle to the 
 hut where the intendcil bride refuies. The girl and her 
 parents, on viciii.ig tiie Itock, imn.cdi.iteiy corlent. 
 .All the )Oung woiiie 1 of the villageare then invited 10 
 the fea(l. 1 he bride is afterwards priced on a horfc 
 belonging to the briikgiooni, and led home amid'l the 
 (bouts of all prcfcnt. vVhen (he arrives at tiic dcxirof 
 the bridegroom's hu', a mixture of milk an.! h.oncy is 
 given her to drink, \*h le a nujui. 1 fingi-i f.i.ig. She 
 then alights, and, to ihew her willingnefs to perfirni 
 any duty he may allign her, drives his (lock to water 
 a;id back again, 'i'hele previous ceremonies being fet- 
 tled, ,\ll the company enter the hut, and the evenitig 
 concli dcswiththegrca ell fell ivitytl'.at thele jMior peo- 
 ple are capable of eiijo) ing. Su.ifcquent to the in ir- 
 ri.igc the w.f is obliged to wear a veil, and never llir 
 from the hut during a month, ;;n 1 ever after is exclud- 
 ed tioin all eoncenv in, an.i knowledge of public 
 alKiirs. 
 
 'Ihe Moors ,11c of a warlike difiioiition, excellent 
 horrcmen,and fometimes give the governmetir grea: 
 trouble. Tliey are armed with a /ag.iy, or (liorc 1 iik'c, 
 and»a Icymitar, or broad cutl.ils. llicy are gieat 
 thii.'vcs, lo that it is dangerous t.avclling w.tliout a 
 marabutor piiiit, in comp.in, , tow homtiv y Ihew f ich 
 refp'Ct-, thatthey will no: rob any perf 11 1'uisaitended. 
 The Arabians of A'giers are divid-.d into tribes, 
 wander up and dow iij an, I piof^ls t .e f iine religio 1, 
 cutbim.., aiid manners, us thofeof Ardiia. 
 
 The Algcrinesarc the molt ciiiel and dangerous pi- 
 rati s of all .Ifiica ; bale, peril hi;ai), and rapacious to 
 the \a\\ dcjtree. No oatlis or tics, liumin or divine, 
 willavad tu bmd riiem wlien their iiitcielt iiiterleres. 
 In lliort, whatever reljieet t;uy may preten I to [-ay 
 to their prophet Maluimet, :;o:d is the only tiue idol 
 vvhichtl.ey wcr,; ij). (toKI, ll ai 
 
 Inndiousbaiv.' ihit niakisdellnulicMi fniooili, 
 'I'l'.e ioc to viii'ie, libertv, and tnii'i ; 
 
 Whofe 
 
 \ 
 
408 
 
 A N!:W, ROYAI. and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM op UN'IVKRSAL GF.OORAPFIY. 
 
 IP 
 
 Im 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 Hi 
 
 i'4 
 
 ff ' 
 
 
 K 
 
 '^^B 
 
 li' 
 
 ■ft 
 
 mii' 
 
 
 W' 
 
 
 Hr 
 
 ,- .;!',!, 
 
 VVhofc arts the fates of monarchies ikriilc; 
 VV l\(, gikl'll deceit, the darlini; child of pride. 
 1 low lift, allur'd by thy pcriualivc c harms, 
 Havccartli's contcntiing powers appear il inarms! 
 \\ hat nations hi ih'd i-.aseown'd t'u) i owerful reign! 
 For thee what n'illicns pl(m(!h'd the llormy main, 
 Travell'd from pole to pole « ith ceafelcfs tcil, 
 And felt their blood alternate freeze and boil ! 
 
 Thofe who rcfide on the co.\ll are very favage to 
 fiich as unfortunately fill into their hands by iliip- 
 wreck ; to that it appears that the Algcrines in gcne- 
 ril are as much lirantjcrs to humanity, as thcv are to 
 an elegant taile orpoiite behaviour. 
 
 Thcv arcgoveriKvl hy a bc) or dey, uho is ai abfo- 
 luie as any caliirii monarch. 
 
 The next in d gnit\ and [lower is the aga of the ja- 
 nilTaricr Theothei olliccrs of importance are, a iccre- 
 t.iry (f rtate; 24chi.ih balha.vs, or colonels lubordinarc 
 to iheaga; Sco bolluk balhaws, or fciiior cajnains; 
 and 4C0 clilak bafliaws, or lieutenants. In all tiiefe 
 ( llices the right ol fcniority is Ihicly (-'bfcrved in Al- 
 giers. Ihcie are alio piirve\ors to the aimy, a 1 Oity 
 ;i:ard to the dey, ixc. ar.d the olliccrs of the Turkilh 
 f jiccs, who are diftincl from the rell. 
 
 'I he general lani;iia,'e oi Algiers is a conipound of 
 Arabic, Murelio, anii the remains ot the ancient Phir- 
 nician ; but all pu!l;c bulinefs is tianlacied, and le- 
 cotds kept, in the Turkilh tongue ; though moll of t!:e 
 Algcrines ol all dcnomiiuuions underllaiid the lingua 
 Iranca. 
 
 Though tho people in general are fond of the pira- 
 tic.il trade, yet ihe\ ailnut free Chrillians, Jews, Ara- 
 bians, Moors, i\:c. to trade in lilk, wool, cotton, lea- 
 ther, carpets, ixc. in the counti) . To import gold 
 and liUcr Ifutl's, damallss, cloths, fpites, tin, iron, 
 bi.ifs, le.;d, c]u:cklilvcr, linen, cordage, fail cloths, 
 bullets, rice, allum, tartar, lochineal, lugar, fonp, 
 raw and fpun cotron, aloes, copperas, brazil, logwood, 
 arfinic, \eimil;on, gun -lack, opium, fulphur, anifc 
 ard cuninun feeds, farlapanlla, frarkiucrnfe, galls, 
 homy, paper, combs, cards dried fruit?, &:c. And 
 to export olliich feadiers, wax, hiiles, wool, copper, 
 rug>, fi!k fall'cs, embroidered handkercf.iefs, dates, 
 and LI rillian flavcs, who, tin large ranfoms, arc al- 
 io-, cd to be lent home. Hut commerce is greatly in- 
 jured b) the oppicllionsof the government, ihe fufpi- 
 cions t/f the merchants, w ho are always afraid of being 
 deprived of their properties, and the pertidy of the 
 coii'inon triders. 
 
 The religion of Algiers is Mahometan; and the 
 principal oihcers who prclide over cci leliaftical mat- 
 ters are the mufti, or high pricll ; the cadi, or eccle- 
 liali ical judge ; and the grand marabut, orfupcriorof 
 the monlsilfi orJers. 
 
 1 he -Mgerine Turk . drefs with as much elegance as 
 the inhabit.ints of Turkey. The tree Chridians arc 
 pcr;,iitred to d:e(s in the lalhior-.s of their refpcclive 
 coi nLries ( but the (laves are obliged to wear a coiirfe 
 gny 111 t, ai d i fea;i\,n's cap. The lliarill's, or thofe 
 who pret . d to be itcfcendcd from Mahomet, are dif- 
 tinguilhc b'. a gn in iurl^an ; but the coii.mon Algc- 
 rines wear Ihirts, linen •!r.i\\<.rs,an open woolleiijaeket 
 V. ith a lioutt bchii.d, nnJ a bla k cloak, which reaches 
 to their knees, when they go abroad. 
 
 As r::c revenues of the dey are founded on rapine 
 and pluiiiier, and dejxnd chiefly on cafual robberies, 
 they mull iliictiiatc continually, and be at all tinns 
 uiicerriin. Jutliie is venally adminillered, favour 
 publit I . fold, and corrupiioii lo general, that it is not 
 i.K'kvd upon as a vice. 
 
 Capital crimes arc punillicd by flnngling with a 
 bow I'rin;:, or hangini; on an iron h'lck. LaI1< r of- 
 Ilmccs by line, (iigiadaiion, or ilie balhiiado. \\ omen 
 tlttcCicdinadulcr} arefalleiiedby ihcirnerks to a [lole, 
 n;'d held iiiuler w.iicr till they arc fufliicatiil. But tlie 
 moll dieadi'il pu ulhmcn'.s are inthoted on the Chrif- 
 tians and Jcwslor vaiious olfeiiccs i f'uch as Ipcaking 
 
 4 
 
 againll Mahomet, for which the otreiulcr nuifl citlicr 
 turn Mahcmetan, or be implied alive; chanuine m 
 the Chrit! ian faith again, after having turned Mah;>ii( - 
 tan, for which the piimlhmcnt is roalVincalive, or hem - 
 thivwn fiom the city walls, when theunh.ippy hiWa/r 
 is caught upon Iharp pointed hooks, and fangs fcMnl 
 days in the moff cxi|uilirc toraires before he cxpius. 
 Fon:eming a revolt, or killing a Turk, is puiiiflud I v 
 impaling or burning. Thofe who attempt to elc.pc 
 from llavery are put to death in the following lintruiar 
 and ciiul manner: the criminal is hung n.iked nn .1 
 high gallows by two hooks, the one fallened qnu: 
 through the palm of one hand, and the other thiou^'h 
 the hul of tlie oppolite foot, u here he is left till ile.uh 
 relieves him <■! his cruel lulicrings. A MDorinii. 
 viclcl of burglary h.ith his right hand cut oli, ami 'ji. 
 tened about his neck, and thm is led throui;h thimv 
 on an afs, with his lace towards the rail : and pcriu.i, 
 of dillinction, for crimes againll the Hate, aic pLiLul 
 between two boards, and fawed afunder. 
 
 Helidcs the gri'nd dowan, there are inferior on(s ii\ 
 fome of the liillrict^, in all v hi,.h the piocel's is vu 
 coiicife , the c harge is heard, the witnellis fworn, tl 
 defence att<-ndcd to, and fentence immediatds giMi;. 
 Chriltian (laves in Algiers are very numerous, i.\ii\ 
 eighth of whom is the property of the dey. Thnfe uh > 
 come of good families, and can procure a c(mlidn:;|i: 
 ranliim, and fuch as have trades, or can make ilu:.i- 
 felvesothcrvvife ulcful, are tieatcd tolerably well ; hut 
 (uch as arc of poor parentage, and have not learncl ' 1 
 perform any thing which can p.rocure favour, i . 
 terribly iifed. 
 
 O llavery ! thou fiend of hell's reccfs, 
 
 Piollilc (if woes, and pregnant withdiflrefs ; 
 
 I'.ternal horrors in thy prefcnce reign. 
 
 And meagre (amine leails thy doleful trr.in. 
 
 To each curll loail fubjection adds more wci;;hr, 
 
 And pain isdoulkd in the valTal's fate. 
 
 O'er nature's fprightly face thou fprc;ul(l a glcoin, 
 
 And to the grave doll every plcafure doom. 
 
 In the metropolis none but the principal people :i:c 
 allowed to ride onhorfeback; others either rulena 
 afles or walk on loot. Women throw a veil over iluui 
 wl'.en they go abroad, Co that they are unknown to ail 
 but the (laves who attend them. 
 
 The [irincipal employment ofthc women is drelila ', 
 lolling on their fofas, bathing, converting, vilit ngilc 
 tombs of relations, and lauiriering in their ganlem. 
 The n>en |;afs mod of their vacant time uitli lYx 
 wome' in their gardens, in convcrlation, drink. ni; 
 Coffee, Imoakinp, iv:c. 
 
 Polygamy is allow eel among the Algcrines. jMar- 
 riage coniracts are generally left to the inicr'trciicf el 
 friends. When the marriage is agreed upon the hr. de- 
 groom fends a prelent to the bride, and gratifies l.cr 
 relations VMth a fea(l or mulical erucrtainmcnt. '1 : e 
 marriage ceremony is concluded wiih another eiucr- 
 cainment. 
 
 '1 he Algcrines r.rc very incxj^crt in the medical .11!. 
 After death, the corpfc being .vafhcd and cl.'.d m-i 
 (liirt, drawers, lilk rohc and turban, is laid in a 1 i\l 
 (-f fquarc codin, and carried on mens (houUler liv 
 means of |ioles to the place of intennent, attcndtei by 
 relation:, and friends. 
 
 Mourning is cxpieired by the women going vr hi 
 for fome days, ami the men wearing their beards l;ii .1 
 n:untli. During three days after the funeral the ncv- 
 cil relations vilit the tomb, dillributc alms to the o 1. 
 and fuller no lire to be lighted in their iioufes. 1 lie 
 better fort have epitaphs on their tomb flones. 
 
 '1 he Ali'crineshavcan arn'.amciu military and na\.,l, 
 and are fupijhed with vsarhkc implcmcius and ftei.. 
 hy the I'.uiope'ans. 
 
 Ihe Aigcrine liiilors arc very filthy, and iHcieiul m 
 dcfpife the nicety found in moll ol the velfels bcloii-- 
 inif to the ChrilUans. 
 
 I IlSTOR'i 
 
 AIRICA.] 
 
 1 1 I S T 
 
 '-j ""HE Algcrines 
 
 ia;i, V. hen they v 
 (i| divers rulers froi 
 uut ;im.o:ig thcmfc 
 took advantage of 
 ful armament to A 
 hpain. 
 
 1 his fubjection c 
 which happen: il ii 
 on pretence ot'uiK 
 .''l-aiiilli yoke-, can 
 re;gn, anel bccam 
 bouring (hues, bu 
 at Iciif^th oppoled 
 his life inaiiaetioi 
 fucccdi/r, of t'.ic 1; 
 ricr againd his in 
 ihe kinj.'elom < f Al 
 on conditi')!! that 
 allilled with fome' 
 the propofal, in ci 
 liepc to the Spanif 
 put a L'arrifon m i 
 than it had ever b 
 cned by this liii ec 
 rltorie^onthccoa(l 
 faded >e ilh a lonn 
 an.: Iiuilt a fort o 
 the n.m;c of the f. 
 v( Ih'd thv- eiry, i\i\. 
 flip, Iie.i It v. nil w 
 •hai)it Jilts V, ho nc 
 was obliged I') la 
 hifis of llups anil 11 
 Since the mif a 
 Algicis continued 
 govermd b\ a v:e 
 loys abiiiing t' eir 
 general, and the I 
 t. lined permiilion 
 tiic troops, as a el 
 to fupcrinteml i 
 their payment, 
 The pou t'l ot ; 
 lime, thcv are 
 and arc, propei 
 Porte. 
 
 Ill ifiS: the 
 VI uh Engl.'iul i 
 line., were cat rie 
 aiteiuleel with b 
 Icn.-.th a pcaee w 
 I'hc Meaty bc 
 (/ftcn broke aiii 
 < ommcrccmin; 
 never refrain tr.> 
 at length, howe 
 ligneil at Mgii 
 feciiriti ot' llie 
 pendeneies. 
 
 Ihe Spjniai. 
 armameiu in 1 
 hil.s of about 1;^ 
 
 \1: 
 
 h'i.rr, I. 
 
 'yvws is I 
 
 ■^ to tl'.e rep 
 choly pioof ot 
 
)c;raphy. 
 
 i- otKaJcr muftcitlirr 
 lJ ahvc-; cha:i|Tii,^ ,„ 
 living turned Mali.),,.,.. 
 r<iallin,i:ali\c-,orli(.n. 
 nitlii.-iinh.ippy h.iWr.i- 
 ooks, and i anj^s fcNmil 
 iircs before he cxpiu,. 
 a Turk, is puii.fluii iv' 
 who attempt to dcpe 
 uhc following lint;iiiar 
 nal is huni; n.ikcddn .i 
 he one falleiied qn i, 
 and the other thum^.i, 
 here he is left till il^uti 
 rings. A Moornm- 
 t h.indcut oli, ;\nil'.i!- 
 is led throupj) thi . ,r, 
 h the tail : and piiiDH, 
 n(i the ilatc, arc pbcul 
 d afundcr. 
 
 icrc are infiiTior oms in 
 i Ji the proicfs i.s \a 
 he witneilVs fworn, il. 
 nee inniiediati l\ gixii;, 
 very nunieiou.s, eM:\ 
 y of ihedey. TlinrcuiM 
 I procure a conlidcnh., 
 liis, or can make tl,i;ii- 
 atcd tolerably well ; Imr 
 and have not leariit.l ' i 
 an p.rocurc favour, a.. 
 
 ll's rcccfs, 
 
 ant vxithdiflrcfs ; 
 
 nee rei^n, 
 
 hy doleful trr.in. 
 m ui.'i.lsniore \*ei;.;ht, 
 
 \a(ral's fate, 
 : thou fprciulfla glcoin, 
 y pleafure doom. 
 
 the principal people a:c 
 ; others either riik' 0,1 
 1 throw a veil o\er iluui 
 they are unknown to.!,! 
 1). 
 
 ot the women is dniiiii ', 
 , eonverlinji, viiir nj^ii.c 
 tering in their {^'autcns. 
 r vacant time with the 
 converlation, dniiN-n;; 
 
 ; the .Mgcrines. Mar. 
 eft to the inter''erc:iif cl 
 i agreed upon the br Ji- 
 bnde, aiid gratihes l.cr 
 al e.'itcrtainmcnt. '! . i' 
 Jed wiih another eiitcr- 
 
 tpcrt in the mcdicalan. 
 i^ .valhed and cl.id ii\ a 
 urban, is laid in a I mvI 
 on mens llioiikler hv 
 interment, aitendtti ny 
 
 ic womeri goiiijr v( T i 
 taring their beards t -i .1 
 terthc funeral the n.ir- 
 hibute almstotheji "I. 
 I in their houses, i l.i. 
 heir tomb flones. 
 iient mditary and na\.l, 
 -■ implemenis and Iti i\. 
 
 ■y filthy, and |ireten>l 10 
 )lt of the velFelsbeloivv 
 
 } nSTOR\ 
 
 Al RICA.] 
 
 HISTORY OF A I.(; I i: RS. 
 
 ''I'^ni^ Algerircs were fucccfTively fnhjcl. to tiie Ro- 
 Ji- nian«, Vandals, Greeks, anii Arali.^, till the year 
 ij;i, V. hen they were bro;ii;ht under the government 
 ol iiivers rulers from their on n trib.'s. Hut thefe f.dling 
 oiit Timoiig thinifeWcs, l-ereMvuid V. king ot Arragon, 
 t.)ok .'idv.mtage of their civil Jilieiuions, lent a power- 
 ful armament to Algiers, an. rendered it tributary irj 
 Spain. 
 
 I his fubjccUon continued till tiie d -nlh of {•'erdinaiul, 
 which happem-d m 1316, when the f.imoii.s li.irbarolla, 
 on pivtence of undertaking tin irdelivi-ranie trom the 
 .'^panifli yoke, caiifed himlelf 10 be i)riiclaimed fove- 
 re:gn, and bicaine lorniiiiable not only to the neigh- 
 bouring Hares, but aifo to the luropean.s, till he was 
 at length op, poled by ti-e einpcior Cliailes V. and ioll 
 his life in anai:i:;on with tlic .Spaniards and Arah.s. His 
 fucceilor, ot the lame nane, as the molt ellectual bar- 
 rier agiind his numerous enemies, propofed to rede 
 the kiii.'dom < t .\lgii.rs to tlie (irand Seignior. Selim I. 
 onconditi')!! thiit he IliouKi ruf; it as viceroy, and he 
 aliilVed with fonie I'urUitli forces. .Sei'in complied with 
 the piopofal, in i(>nle>|uence of whicii Barbaiolia laid 
 liege to the Spnni'h f..rt, took it by lloim, repaired it, 
 (Hit a garrilon 111 ii,,iml rendered .■\l'.;iers more fecure 
 tlia.i it had ever heen helore. The .Mgerinc:, cmbold- 
 <Mud by this fuc eel's, making depredations on the ter- 
 ritories on the coafl belonging to the Spaivard.<i,'_harlcsV. 
 filled n.\h a torinkl.diie ai I'lament, hi tied his forces, 
 aii.i li.iilt a fort on an eminence, w hich IHU goes by 
 the n;iii,e of the 1 nipcior'.s 1 ort. He then clolely in- 
 velted the ri:y,aad turned the couile of tfc (IreaiM that 
 iiip, 1,'L.i it V. iih water, wliiih greatly dillrelll'd the in- 
 ■h,Tiiit.iiit-, v.ho nc'. er;l-.ele.'"s held our, till ihc emperor 
 was obliged to la.fe the tiege, after fiilhiining a great 
 K)fs of lliips and men. 
 
 Since the null arriage of Charles V. the kingilom of 
 Algici.s continued a province of the Grand Seignior's, 
 go\er'v.d b\ a \:ci.roy of his nomination. Thele icc- 
 loysabiiling t'eir power, anJ opprelling the (le.^rdc in 
 general, ami the h.ldier. in pariicular, ilv l.nter ob- 
 taini'd perniillion from tiie I'oite to chule a dey out of 
 tiie troops, as achickuiion the balli-uv or viceroy, and 
 to f iperintend liie dinribiition of the ii.oiiey laifeil for 
 tl-,eir payment, .Ts well as feveral other pul. lie allairs. 
 '!'he pouerof thedeys greatly increaling in procefs (it 
 lime, they are now b 'come independent l"ii\ereigiis, 
 .ind are, proiierly fpeaiving, only allies of the Ottoman 
 I'orte. 
 
 In i6Si tlie AiL-eiincs entered into a treat}' of alliance 
 \v ith t-'.ngl.'.-itl ; a.,d tluit year and llie folluwing holli- 
 liticj wuecairieil on betweenthe Algerines an.t i'rerch, 
 attended with horr.d inalficres on l^oth lides, till at 
 Ic.'i.'th a pea' e w.is concluded between them. 
 
 Theirtaty berw.en the I'.ngiitl'i .:id Algerincs was 
 i/ftcn broke ami ol.eii reneweil, from the lime of its 
 (ommcrcement, \'i<r leveral year.s, as the latter could 
 never refrain fr.mi t^-eir piratical piactices. They were 
 r,r length, however, brought to ixafon, and a treaty was 
 ligneil at •\lgier^ 11 i 7C0, comprifmg art.des for the 
 fectirity i,\ the \eful. of Great iJritain and all its de- 
 |uMtleii' ics. 
 
 Ihe Spiiuaids atackeil Algiers with a formiilable 
 armaiiKiit in 177;, Ihit tailed m their ikilgii, w iih the 
 lofs of about Soj killed, and :coo .lounded. 
 
 S K C I 1 O N VI. 
 
 r u N 1 s. 
 
 ■^ilii,!:i'ii:, II- ::-■.:'. :i;i . , /.'.•. .'■ ■;/.', OV),v;;.(', A'./.', Py:,J.iuliu}n 
 A'.i^ir. ,/:.::./. , '.',■/'/, (I'.v //>/>.', Moiiiiiciii:, ■^'•'. 
 
 '1"'LI\IS is p.irl of r'-.e rouiitry formeil) belonging 
 -'- to the ripiibhr ( tC'arthage, and exhibiis .1 meian- 
 chol}' pioofoithe liei tiiig n.iture ol human ;,: n-.deur. 
 No. .jt;. ' 1 
 
 B A U I) A R V. ^0^ 
 
 liaung (cuctly a ruin tlut can n.ark out the place nf 
 the once cehbrati'd Carthage. It is bounded on tho 
 north by t!u- Mediterranean, on the foiith by M.ledul- 
 I'.erid, 01 the eatl by Tripoli, and on t!ie wed bv .A I- 
 :;ieis ; being 2:0 miles in length, and i-o in bre.idth; 
 and lies between. jj deg. {o mm. and jydeg. 12 min. 
 nirih Lit. and between 8 deg. and 1 1 deg. 20 min. call 
 longitude. 
 
 i lie air of Tunis is clear, pure, and healthy. The 
 foil in many pl.icesis barren, except thewelk'rn parts, 
 wh.ere it 1, well watcreil. Some of the vallies produce 
 corn, oil, grapes, and various truits in abundance. The 
 ' oil) r/ i.i lull of mulberry-trees. Thcanimals, &c. are 
 t.ie lame as in Algiers. 
 
 this kingdom is iiivided into ciglit difirids, viz. 
 Tunis Proper ; liyrfa, or Carthage and (joletta ; i-d. 
 Medea, Safi ; Kayr-wan, or Cairvan ; Hammer, Bi- 
 vi/iia; and Porto iarino. I'ui thefe arc included in two 
 gran.l circuits, which the dey makes annually, accom- 
 panied by hi' principal attendants. 
 
 i he liiland towns have, in general, been deflroyed 
 by the Arabians, who will no; fuller them to be rebuilt, 
 ,r ;■,,. ;,.,.^..,i..,i „.. .u.-Im .!„.,.. . 
 
 ,!a:e-:, ei'Jier n.ar the c(n'.\, <ir :n 
 : oo.intiy, are lb injo:;!ielerableas 
 
 that their riiiible.s ma\' not iie impeded, or their c! 
 ilarions prevented. The principal cities and towns are 
 therefor" 0:1 the fea-coall, but they are not aho\c 14 in 
 numbei, fmall of extent, and molt of inem but thinly 
 inhabited. 'l'heo:i-er 
 the inter.orpart ol t.i 
 not to merit mentio-.mg. 
 
 'J'l) deicrdic the co.nrry '< will b.^ n^n'l cntiv nient 
 to mention the de\ 's fummer aiiii winrer circuits. In 
 fummci tue dey taKcs the 11 irihern circuit, ■,\hich is by 
 fir the nu)lt agreeable, as he then pallcs through the 
 pL.ifint, fertile, and p'opulous places ; aii.i in the w in:er 
 he()Uifues his JHii.,ey ihr.;ugh tne other parts of his 
 dominions. 
 
 ITie ()iincij>al river; are the Zaine, which feparaces 
 the Tuiiili.in irom t'.ie .Mgerine dominions ; th: Me- 
 ierda,or Megerad.i, the i\!iliana, which forms the Bay 
 ot funis ; and the Gabh.s, or Triton of rhc ancients. 
 
 'I'hereare a few illand.-. belonging to this ftate, viz. a 
 fmall one in the river /.anc, tented by the Geno. fc; 
 Cape Negro lllmd, rented bythe fiencii .\fric.in com- 
 [lany ; the j.dta, and the illaiuls of (.ani, remarkable 
 only l.ir the liingerou;. liuials ne.ir them. 'The p:iiv.:i- 
 ;■■'! capes are CapcSerra, 15 luius from Cape Nc^ro ; 
 the Three iirothers, which are li-.ree lockv capes near 
 liieconrinent j i':\pc tiianca, or thcNVhitt- Cape, tamcel 
 for being the place where Scipio in it: ian.led in .\frica ; 
 Cape Zibeed, celebrated fir the great cp.iaiitiries of rai- 
 fons made upon it ; and Cape Ujr., cr ti.e Promontory 
 of I Icrcol.s. 
 
 'J'he pri.'icipal gulphs of this kingdom arc t'lofe of 
 P>'/.-'ita and 1 11 ds. 
 
 The mod remarkable mountains arc the Zowaan, 
 whiv.h is very high, and gives name to a town lituated 
 at its foot, the inhabitants of wliich are paiiiciilariy 
 Ikilled in d;. i'-.irifca-ler caps, and bleaching linen ; the 
 G'lK'llet, the N. Lira, and t!ie Hene-te. Iren. 
 
 IXy'.iip.'i)!! of T. ■::'■, li.\- .\u-:ripo!/.! of thr ki::^J,:'i, 
 
 yi 
 
 'L'NIS is lltua'cvl at about the diHance of ;.-> miles 
 troiii .Mgieis. 'This capital is unlu alth. , Horn the 
 marP.ies aiui lake^ ihit liirround it, ..nA llie deficiency 
 of irclli water. 'Hie former incoUM nicnce the inhabi- 
 tants renK\iy as iiiiich as polliMe, I'l biuning pirodi- 
 gious (luantities ofaromatii; wnoU and herbs ; and tie 
 latrer, by proc;in:v; l>veei wa;ei liont the fpriiu.fs of 
 Barilo, at about a mile iliil.iii.e, and catching ra.n 
 water in lanv.. reicr\o;r.-. 
 
 'The city of iv.iu- is about three miles in eircimife- 
 rence, exchilive of the hiburbs, which are not ve y 
 large J the main Ureits are • ap.'.cioiis, but llie laiies 
 very narrow. 'I he houles, wliie h are huilt ot llone, are 
 but or,e !lor\ high, and have tlai ronfs. "There are but 
 lew handlbme buildings, thegre.it mof.iue and bey's 
 - 1, lulace 
 
410 
 
 A NF.W. ROYAI, an;^ AL THKN lIC 
 
 H^]; 
 
 K 
 
 ^■' w W^ 
 
 
 f.\^ * l':mti 
 
 ^h -T] Wb 
 
 f^Mi 
 
 mlaic CN' cptcd. In the trrafnry chanilHT, bdiiK's 
 oihtrxahiabK'articks tin- bnok cont.iiniiii^ the 'riini- 
 lian coilc ot laws is kept. 'Ihc ^^ranil nu)k|uc is ip- 
 maik-liloti)ni.s li/c ami ina;:;n;liiii»t tower. I'hecity 
 has li\e J^'.tts ; ami withoit the walK arcthv 'I'lirkifli 
 fcpulihies, which h.uean a<i;ieeabie l-iok from the iii- 
 iernii\tiirc<>riii:irhle tombs and Hower plats. 
 
 The Ihiple i (imii)oditie'! here arc \w>i>ilen and linen, 
 1:1 which nnicles tKc manuficlurcrs cmcI all o'.hers in 
 Harharv. The colleges and ac;M)eniics arc niinuToiis 
 :vuil.\rge, the j.iniir.iiie bina. ks rjwcious, ihcciillom- 
 hoiile toleiably haiuHbine, af.d the exchange for the 
 merchants very convenient. Ihe dock is tolerable, 
 and tl'c ai lenal jnetry \< cll llorej w ith materials for the 
 bu'Kiin'T of <;allic>. 
 
 Tunis is defended by a ftrotig caftle, erected on an 
 eminence, by the fort of Coletta, and by a toitrcis built 
 on anilbnd in the neighbouring lake. The inhabitants 
 ot Tunis arc a mixture of 'I'urks, Moors, Arabians, 
 ]e\vs, and (hri'lians ot various natioi s ; but iheirgc, 
 nerai chaia tvr ilo.s tliem i;n:^ular honour, as they are 
 rcpuied to be more polite, more kind to their (lav es, 
 anil nv'd Icls hai;;il'rv inf/hiu, anil 'iierccnary, than 
 iiioll(. ;i. wt^cr inhabitants ot H.ubary. In tiiv, the 
 g.- ;.i'ity of them jireferthc fruits of honell 'nduftry to 
 iiiiliwful phind-r, and feck weak'-, from CDiniiicrcc ra- 
 ther than from [-Kaider. 
 
 The Wiinen are remarkable for their h aity and Jv? 
 di'icacyof ihcii couipkxions. The men a e k;n-biirnt, 
 ' r.ili a!ivi well (haped. Both fexes are clean m dieir 
 ptrlons, and neat in their drciIVs, ufe perlunies very 
 .nueh, and bathe trequently. Tiie women, when they 
 go abroad, are veikil ; but at hon>e they are permitted 
 to be feen by. and converfe with Itrangeis. 
 
 The inhal-'itants have plenty of jialms, ligs, dates, 
 citrons lemons, olives, i\:c. but feel agreatfcarcity of 
 corn, anil are not even fecurc of what little thr-y are 
 able to rait'e ; tin it is no uncommon thing, in har\crt 
 time, for the Aralis to con;e fudiienly upon the hul-. 
 bandmen, and plunder :!ie whole territory of all t'-e ripe 
 grain, 'the rich aie, h n\evcr, fup[)lieii bv coimiier- 
 cial means with wheat, with wh::h tj-.cy make line 
 cakes, and an excellent kind of vermicelli. 'I'he poor 
 are obliged to content themfelvcs w ith barley, and even 
 that they cannot ar all times procure ; but wiienthey 
 arc fo ha]->py as toobiain a little, they rcgile thcmfclves 
 by making it into a dumpling, whi'.h thcv e.it raw, 
 only ilipping it into a little oil and \ine(;ar, or plain wa- 
 ter, if thofc are not to be got. They have, however, 
 plenty of hon jy a, id fruits, but feldotn eat meat, ex- 
 cept upon tUliva!-, or (ome very lingiila;- occalion. 
 
 Ciiics, To:i-i/', /■/,'/.,•;;/.>•, ijfi\ of t.'jr KhigJom rf Ju.is. 
 
 ^J^^>F.1, is a flourifliiiig town, liruatcd in a low 
 ^ giound, at about a mile and ahalf I'rorn the tea 
 fbore, and nine miles from Tunis. It is I'amous for 
 potatoes. 
 
 Marfa, or IJ M''fa, which iirplicj a ha\cn, is 
 fituatcd iher-.- the port of antient Caithage Ibiod. It 
 contains a 11 a;:;n;lic'.-nt inofque, a Cdpacious college, 
 about 800 houfes, and feveral palares, built by the 
 niollconliderable Tunilians for pleafiire, as the terri- 
 tory is exceedingly agreeable and fetilc. This pleafanr 
 dilirict was once th< feat of the celeiiiv.'ed city of Car- 
 thage, the center of cominen e, niltrcl'i of the !m, 
 and rival of imperial Rome, when rhat cit;. was in its 
 moft Hourilhirig (fate. 
 
 Carthage Ifood on a gulph in a peiiiiifula cf between 
 4C and io lilies in circuit. In the • cuter of the city 
 uai the citaa-1, callrd IJyrfa, on the fununit of which 
 was a temple dedicated to /ITculapius. On the land 
 fide the cit; wa; iletcndcd by a veiy iiigh triple wall, 
 tkniNcd with tov ers, 480 feet dilbint from each other! 
 The towers, >\;.i)s, &:c. contained itab'rs, Ibire-houfe ., 
 and barrack.' tor >o,ocX) foot, 4^,00 hrrK. anil joo ele- 
 phants, with tlie r rilitr; foo«l, lodder, ivc. which, 
 clioiigh lodged uithin the walls, did not in tli<- kail in- 
 conunoa iK' trading part of ihj 'ih ibii.uus. 
 
 SYSTIIM OF UNIVF.RSAL Gi.OGRAPTlY. 
 
 1 Cait'-age had t.vo harbours, which coouiiui 
 
 i 
 
 w th ea- li other, and had o.ily one Cundiio;; e^tra ,! • ,f 
 70 feet in breadih. The one was for n.er.l'.nit thin, 
 and the other for Ihii's of war The 1 itter hiih.iln' 
 an.1 tlic ill.ind of Coihun in t'lcmidll of it. halm my 
 magnilitent warehoules, lull of lloies, aivpcrta.nmr u) 
 them. 
 
 A niodern author fays, " The nimihcr rf itihihitmn 
 of this city (Carthage) at the beginning oi (ho ti ui 
 Punic war was 700,000 ; a prodigious number, conii, 
 dering the many terrible blows re> eivcd tnni the Uo. 
 mans during the \\\\\ and fe^ond I'unic wars, us we!! ., 
 from theirow'i mercenaries betwivt thcfe war«, aul i^ 
 their deltruc^ive t^roils with Miliiniil'a. Incfoids 
 they could bring into the field, as well as th' ir imu, . 
 by lea, ".as very fomudable ; thofe under H.inu! c 
 againf. (ilon coniilling of joo.ooo men, and the rio ■ i' 
 more than 2000 Ibips of war, and poo traiJ'poii,. ' 
 
 At this time, the Koman hidorians inf mmi iis, ;!i ; 
 the city was : ( nidcs in circuit, and that the teieu'c, 
 Apollo wa.> lined with plates ot rold, aid t'e i: 
 ol that fabulous deity was of malty gold ; h;.t :l ^ 
 Irealurcs, as well as many other va'iiible artiil,'-, ' 
 cauK- the plunder of tl-.e Kouians n'uNi .Sc imo a'.. \ 
 the !ty. 
 
 It mav not belmpropei tooiiferve, tlut the *>•:,, 
 gininns were addicted to the molt giof-. id 'ii , , ; 
 their ricriliccs were repk t>' with the mu',} Ivn ; , 
 ties. Diodorus Si'■ll'u^. in(i<rm- us, that th.-i; j- . , 
 ilcitv was C hioiuis, tl'ic Satuin ot tiiC I'oman-*, [ • l^••.'■l■| 
 tliey fr.crilici it tfi <.hd,'rcn of the belt f.1.1, :;,.,,,, , 
 rernin itiwer,;'..iii d ih.m to offer n;) none ,>':t W, i . 
 were nobly bi.in. a,r le;ii.';th, however, tliey fiiblti:, ■ ,i 
 the children ■■>'■ Ikv^s. prifon-ri, ^: ■. to gr.ir.iv :'\ ; 
 f;ipjx)led bloinly idol, tid AgathfK'les m lie ua 1 1 vi 
 thtm, and reduced them tci the urmod cxtirini i 
 when fancying th u their misfortunes wereo.iiiM;; -n ,' ; 
 .mproper olh ring-, m.uie to Ciiionus, thcv bidxir' ; . 
 facrifii cJ ?od well defce.ided ciiddicn : btit tiuii.i v i,l 
 cruelty availed them n:>thing, tor ilu-ir ariir, u \> ) . 1 
 after totally defeatcvl. 'lh:s fo i"uii>ri'"ed thi::?, 1 
 they imagine, 1 the facrilVe was not luflicentK i i ,1 1 , 
 wlicn, intliienced by the iiutie ridiculous itlei, j m 
 the principal citizens vohintai ilv offered uji ih -r ; ■ , 
 as oSlations to the fa".guinarv idol, 'i'hcir 1 r.d I . 
 crifices were, however, ul'ilels, Un their mi ii'ruii! , 
 ftill continued to iiicreafe. 
 
 Tnis idol of the Carthaginians is frci]Mcti!!\- !< ;i i- 
 oneil in tiie facred writings under the name (it ';/ 
 and thefe very execrable lacrtlices arc Ihi ih toi' li 
 den, jwrticularly in the toll. .wing paliages : 1, \i': . 
 xviii. 21. Aiiil !i<',u IhiiU nol In any of i'jv i ,, , 
 //;r-<Ki;/j //v /jr /') Moloch, ttiilbn- Iball l''<iu pi '. 
 name if ihy doti : < urn tbr LORD. Levinci's ^v. . 
 .ii^ivn, ib'jHji'shl fiiy I ■ ibc' (hi!dyrn',f lfi\!,i, i'r. 
 /.'/• hi fif the chi!.: fit of Ifrnel, or r^f /'ir /ln".'vri ' . '.• - 
 j'iUni in Jfnifl, /Iv,/ ^iiiih tt:iy nf hi> 'v.i inilo \'" ! . 
 btfhnllfiir'y i-e ;^-it /o ,!>,//,'; ; i/.v pf>f:'f ■?'■//■'■ !.. 
 ji'iM'' l.'tii-.ciih jl-'in. 2 Ki.igs, x^'ii. 10. .Ih.I!' • - 
 fd T'/phrlb, lihiib is ill thrvallty 'J' iLh- fbil.'.vni . - 
 mm, that in man >'iij.>l make hii f)ii nr hi: J,i:.h' 
 p:fs ibr7i!i:Jj ibe jilt- to 'violech. I'falr.iivi. jS. .' .; 
 Jhe'l iniiiit . nl hhc.l, <- .v v , be I'-.'.d rf ibeir f i;s ,v\; ■ 
 d.iribier<,ivb',-'i lh,\' Uicri'' '\i 1,11 1 9 the /.!■'■ -f ( .r 
 au.i tuf Itvid ::v'.( p,.'!;).'r,l :; /,7 /j/y.,/. 
 I Trom the ihominaMc p;.i,i-icc of lac jfi.-in-' 1 '1; 'r, n 
 to Chroiins, or Sat. li . Ji" table of Saturn's .il'n :;■ 
 his c'.ildrc'iori dnat- . li it the culVom w.is lb .'. k 
 ' itig to humanity, t'va'. the Koi., m po, ts and fai :; ■ 
 j thought (iroperro Jropih' liteia! 111. -ailing ,'oinii ,\ •• 
 I goricai one ; and changing, theretiiie, the iiiyt!ioiii.:i li 
 
 Sati.rn into Time, the idea appea-ed ui-hout ,hv '■■' 
 I roraiuvxed to it ; and t'",ey :-e|)refenred dt; iel.\ :■. ; i 
 ling a-id iiillriK'tive f.iblc -, t )r -Sitiurn .» -^ i.uii ;o .. 1- 
 fiime all tiiitigs, devoiii '.,•■ owti chii.ii-.n, a 1! -.■ mi : 
 them up again. Tlii; al.hide-: ifi Tiioe, whic 1 i.i • 
 fumes all things that u nroduces, lill tiiev are re.ivnl, 
 an I, as it Mere, aj^mu relieved: thus -la's, moi't' , 
 
 j;i I 
 
 taius arc pc 
 
■.OGUAP'.IV. 
 
 "hirh coinniiri,, -...j 
 
 a^l,'>r n.cnl,r,c ti„p,, 
 . h^' 'ttnK„h„!„ 
 
 '"'■^••''. ;'i'lK''t.'.nai^;;, 
 
 niiinhiTriinlnhit,;,., 
 
 I'Kious numlKT, conii. 
 ivvcivul i,,|„ theU,,. 
 'iinicwars. us y^tW.u 
 
 ■ t tll(!i' \v:ir«, a,,| ,^ 
 iMiliiniila. Intt„:,.'s 
 
 ■^ "fll .IS i;-,. n p,m,, 
 tliofc uinlrr liiniil ,. 
 
 oiiK-ii, anil ;lurin- i 
 
 il jOOD trai-.l'iK);,,. ■ 
 loiiaiis inl.inii u,.,, ;|, . 
 
 •iHil thaf. t!u- toirp',-,, 
 i I'oLI, ai.il O-i- I 
 maliy j>ol.l j h.t i,: 
 
 v.i'uiblc arti. K-., 
 tis '»lu-ii Si- OiO .;,' , 
 
 )fcr\c, thit the (. ., ., 
 licit _Lcn)i"-. i;l •'■ri , , ; 
 1 t!u-"nu^1 h.-n- 1 • 
 
 US tint ih.'!; ;■ , , , 
 
 >t !'iC Koiiiniis, ■!. rt ".'.,. I 
 
 lllC 1>L-|| ('.(.), ,1, ._ , , 
 lV>T lip lloiH- ,>i:t fi. I . 
 
 "fvtr, they liibiii;, , ,i 
 n. t-:\ to ijr.inlv :\ ; 
 tiHH'k's iiu'lo uar 1 1- vi 
 
 H- utino!! c,\t:iii;i , , 
 rtiiius wcn.'o.\iiM: •. ;■ .- 
 
 I<lml^, llicv blih;,!-. , 
 
 iililicn : hiittiuii.i / ;,| 
 Inr thfir anil', u \- 1 , i 
 
 !"<> Iiiijjri^cj tlu:i>, : 
 not hi!lif,on!ly i i ,>,,, 
 rutlcuidus kloi, ; , i' 
 
 il»' olltrcil up i!i;-r . • , 
 kIoJ. 'I'htii- , r,.il I - 
 
 s, lor tiu-ir mi Iituih > 
 
 tns is rrci]Mcii!:!v i' ■ ■ 
 lier [he naiiK- n; ';/ 
 tki-s arc llri il\ lii ii 
 inf^paira^-fs; I,:\i': 
 
 /(•/ iinv of i'.tv , , 
 l-vr l/.htil I'y^.'.i p) '. 
 'A7). Lcvinips >v. 
 uri-n;f//'ni,/, il',- , 
 r "/' /''(•//;•,"/;., I' ■'.■ 
 of I'l.^ I'fJ roilo \' - 
 /.',■ pr>pi,- -'■/«'.,■■,, 
 
 x^ 'JI. lO. ./'/./ ■ 
 y f-f /.'.',• r'.'i/J); , I 
 
 I. ITalin ( si. jS. 
 I 'fll.Yir//;< .?.:.; ■ 
 hill-) !bc i.i '■ '-7,. 
 
 coffac ifi.-in-^i ;,: 'i 
 (,'f S.uiirirs .!i'\ 
 :• ciilloni \i.\.s I'v) .', 
 ..Ill po.ts aii.l t.i'! ; 
 ::l! in.Mllin;; .'()!• nil .i 
 Olilic. till- 111) i'liiiu •, 
 
 K'a'oii w i'hoiit ,11^ 1 
 rflV-nroil Lh;rL-|.\-:i ; 
 S.ii:;rn ,. '^ i'uii m . , 
 V :i tiliiiir-.ii, a 1.1 \- -i 
 
 tC) '^!I1^C. \1 111', 1 1 , 
 
 ■, lill liu'v arc re. w 
 .'J : tJT.is- la'-s, ino!'; 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 W A U 1} A R V, 
 
 r? 
 
 an'lycir4an't'ic cliiMr.-n of" Time, wliich iicconftantly 
 tlnvmirs anJ rc-pioiliu »-.s. Somciinu-H .Saturn is [Minted 
 bctuctn two hoyn a:i.l i«o j.;irls, iiii,)l\ inj:;, that as pa- 
 ri-iUsait IVrroiJiiiiivl hv their chililn.-n,riinf is encom- 
 palilil hy the lour lealons uf ihe year, in his kit hand 
 iia Icyihe, with «.iiih he mows iIdwii all thin{.^s. I le 
 i-'oMs an hoiir-glafs in his Ii.jhI, to exjjrcl's the \ leilli- 
 tii-ks of .'lie. 
 
 The ftrangc vicifntiides of human fite. 
 Still ilterirt;:', never in a lle.iit;. II .re; 
 (iooil alter ill, and after pain il.light, 
 Alti rnaie, like the iVi-iieN of day and night. 
 S"i e ev'ry man who I.vis is horn to ilie, 
 -And iiDiie ean h uitl liiu eic lelieit) , 
 With e.uial mind>, wliat h.ippeiis lei us bear. 
 Nor jo), n ir (jriel, loo much beyond our eare ; 
 like |)il;;riins, to ih' appDinted place we lend; 
 I lie world's an inn, aiul d'-ath the journey's envi. 
 I'A'n kin^j but play, and when their (xir: i.^ done, 
 Si.mc Dther, worlCjor better, m unit the throne 
 
 And in his ri'_;hthand he holdsaferpent, twiftcvlinto a 
 cin i.hir form, w iih fn- r lil in its mouth to denote etei- 
 nu), w liicii levolve.-) i:uo ulVlijantl u 
 
 A !;nlt;li, whofe !.iij;e ixtent no biiunds engage, 
 A Kill bei'inninfl, neser e;.ding aj^c. 
 
 I-.tcinity , I hat bo.indlt fs rave, 
 Willi h Tiiiic hioilelf can never run, 
 
 (.Swift as he liu-'s with an unwearied pace,) 
 Wiirh, when ten tl.oullmd thoulimd years are done, 
 Is ll.ll the faioc,and lliil to be biu;un. 
 
 The inhiinianciilh.iii ot lacrilicinp; ehihiren to idols 
 did t'or, ho\v.%er, ceaie with the dellruCtion of ("ar- 
 tlr.ij^c, but coniinucd ani-^n^; the Afncan.s till the time 
 of Tiberius Cx-llir, empiror of Kome, wlio was fo 
 lliorked at the horrid practfi, that he not only prolii- 
 bitrd it under fe\.-re penalties, but uellroyed the idols, 
 ami hin;.'ed the prielis. 
 
 T i- ixtenlive, opulent, a.-^d populoiis city of Car- 
 thj^;e *as linallv iklh'oycd b/ Si ipio /l-.milianus, in 
 the th;r.l year of the 158th Olympiad, in the year ;,f jl 
 the wiidJ ;{8s7, ;iiid 147 vcars before Chril! : and no \ 
 velfii;es of it remain at piefenf, except fome frai^ments 
 of the nolle rclervoirs which received into the city frc.h 
 vsater h>r the id'- of the iiil::v!>it,ints, s'uJ the ruins >)f 
 the evpiiil ve aqiicdiut , liy which the w,u:-r was con- 
 veyed. '\ he latter re.\ch abdut 30 miles in the country, 
 are iiea-. li yards over, liiiely ar; hed, Awd in molt 
 places faced with Ihmc, orcoatedw ith a ilr(inL;ccii:eiit. 
 
 There are divert other cities, towns, and villages, 
 in the k:n;;.k,m of T.aiis, all of which aici;reatly dc- 
 t.\\\.A: hut feme few are clhmatcd (or natural produc- 
 t'.i.is, f .immerce, baths, and other valuable conlidcta- I 
 iioiis Ai.ioni; thefe are .Arrade/., Sonfa, or Sufa, Kayr- I 
 w.iii or Carvan, llamamcl, H.'/.tr::;, I'orto I-"arino, 
 Hayj;di lobiibo or Urbs, iS:c. The molt reiiiaikable of 
 ihe.e are the follow in<;: ; 
 
 Soiila or Sufa, the c.ipit.il of th.c pro\ \v^-i: of tlie fame j 
 nahic, i-iine of thenii>U conlid'^.'abie cit'cs in the kin^^- ! 
 dom. It has a llourilliii-.g tiade for o;l, linen, wax, 1 
 honey, and pickled lilh. Ihe t.iwnis lituated on a j 
 l.iidi roi k, behind wh:th runs an ;xtenlive plain coun- 
 try, Itr'ile in barley, ligs, oUvis, fruit, ami palliu-iige. 
 'J lough it hith greatly fallen from itspiiibiie gran- 
 deur, it is Itiil wealthy ahd poiniloir, and the inhabi- 1 
 taius are jioliie anvl co'irt. ous ro lirangers. A Turkilli 
 bad'.aw relides here, l he flip, rioi pceple arc merchants, 
 wa.e-hoult n.en, and nmhanics; the h. .'r dafs are 
 huthaiv.lnun, henlfmcn, and porters. Ft is divided into ; 
 'he upper and lower city, has a good port, ami pays 
 1 2,000 dinrits to the govt'" ■.- ol the (jrovince. 
 
 Kayrw-an,or Lcrwin, is t'le capital of a province of 
 tl'c fiiiie name; and what is ling'.il.ir, it in.iy he deemed 
 One of till n "d opulous and llourilhing towns in 
 U'.e kiiigdoio, thoi 'h litu.itci' .n a barren aefart.defti- 
 t- te of tretli water, iiid v\ itl-.oiit the '••;-.(l article which , 
 can fuflain lile, except wh:',: is broL^ht 'n\ tana i'loiu j 
 4 
 
 4" 
 
 feverai mile* dillancc. ft is 24 niiles fr.im Sonfa, and 
 has, about h.dfa mile from the town, a refcrvo-r and a 
 jxiiid for the reception ot rain water: the 'nhabitants 
 are I'upplied from the lirll.and the caltic from the lad. 
 'I'hc waters of hoih, but more particularly the latter, 
 arc uiiwholelome, andoccafion many dilbrders, not only 
 in the bcalh-i, but in tiie human fpci:ies. 
 
 .\ lateauf or ^wa, from good authority," This city- 
 was leliuilt iy 11 kti.i, g'-tiera'illimo of Ottimn, or 
 I f.itmins forces, uliieli lall wa.: the fui : elliir of Matic- 
 iiiet III. caliph <if l>aniafcus, in the year 652, ami 
 had kin hmi from Ar.ibia into ti.ol'i' parrs, to make 
 whit coiii|uells he could in the:ii. 1 lukba, having 
 landed Ids k)rces in Come of the neigibnuring port.^ 
 made choice of lhi> barren and defolato fpot for the 
 place of their rciide-/.vous, and ol tie ruinated city for 
 his/etre.it, whii hhe accordin/ly caiifedtobe furrounded 
 with lofty and ihong brick walls, flanked with llately 
 towets; and, among other nol^le cdilices, bull- a rn-.-it 
 magniticent inolli'ie, fupportedby an iiicrcdib,e num- 
 ber ot llately columnsof line gran. tc, tMO of which, were 
 of It) exipiitite and liwly .-• red, befpuigled allox^r 
 with little whte (pot-) bke the porph) ry, that tl-t.r 
 price was reckoned inelHinable, and thewhc.'lellruCluie 
 the mod ma M liceiK mall Africa. It hid iikc.vi.'e a 
 very conliderabic rev..-nuc and endowments, and tiic 
 title and piivile;.;e of a l-.e.id metropolis, as l^ieing the 
 lirll Ma!iome:an molqiie bui't in this part of the world, 
 upo:; which account it is likewii'e become tlcburying- 
 place ot ihe Tiinilian nvjiiirchs ; and not otily tncy, 
 but all the grandeesand wealthy m;n of ihe kingdofii, 
 are am'iitious ol l.aving th.ir rema-.ns iKp )lited ii, it, 
 from a fii[)er'l riou^ notion that the pnyers ot the hcid 
 pontiir, a.id fuccelFor of Mahon-.e:, wdl piiKurc them 
 a pkn.iiy pardon of their iiiv., and fend them by the 
 nc.ircil way into par.iddi-. 'I lie very city itfelf is held 
 fo I.K red annrig rhcin, that thole gre.it (K-ifonigrs ulu- 
 tilly pul! oil" their dioes belore they enter it, aiul caiife 
 femie II ttely chajiels and oiatoric,^ to be crecud o\er 
 the g.cives of then ^\i:\i^ rcLuions ; and fometiiues fettle 
 a yearly fuiu upoii them, not o!;i\ to k ep ih-. m in repair, 
 b;it hkeu ill- to retain. i numbi ml idle prielis anil monks, 
 toiefo't thither at pro[)er times. It i> moll prob.d)ly 
 upon t'lj ace ount ot this feperllitious concourl'-, and 
 vail etonatives that t'ds city is iHIl !"o thriving, iieii- 
 withllanding the dear.iels and f'carcity of pr vilioi s." 
 
 Hamam.l is a finall but opulent ciiy, lituated upon a 
 promontory neir the fen, and fo well feciired on the 
 land lide, by rugged anil iiiacceiiible roks, that a very 
 fmall cxpence would render it tot.'lly im]);egiub!e. Itis 
 51 mile-) from I'unis I y land, and Oo hague-. by fVa. 
 
 Bi'/.erta is iituatcei upon a can.d, betvveen a lake «if 
 the fame name anil ilie fea, eight miles from Cape 
 bianco, and ten miles from Tuni.-. It is well t'ortifiee', 
 particularly on the lielc iiearelUhe lea, and coiuaiiistwo 
 lowers to def.nd the haven, a conliderahle magazine-, 
 and two large piifons for slaves. It has plenty of frefli 
 watir, and is uell iuppheel with fitli. L-.igl-.t inionii- 
 deral-lc villages beh^ng to the governor oi tl.is place, 
 whole inhabitants, as \.;ii as te.olc of Uixcrta itielf, a.'C 
 miferably poor, though the territory is pretty tVrtde. 
 Iheironly drels is a coarfe cloth wrapped round their 
 bodies, and another alxnit their heads m lun of .1 tur- 
 ban. They are, however, admirable luiileiren, but do 
 not Ihoe their heirfes, or ule eillier briJIes or la. Idles. 
 
 The l!i-/.ertines are deemed by all travelieis the mo!l 
 frpcrlHtious people in the kingiloni of Tunis, and liv 
 fomeinall Barluiy. "Thiy w.il not undertake the ni(^ll: 
 trivial alfaii w thoiit h.ingu-.;;-.i;;re.it numbcrofamulets 
 or charms about them; a:i'', it ti-.c) tr.ivel, they load 
 their hoi l"c . w ith the fame kind of fupp.-fed iecunties, 
 whii hare only pieces , -I ji.uchiiient e)rpip'i- infer. bed 
 with ihai'.ge char.uter,,, a;-,d feued in leather or liik. 
 
 Porto iaiiiiois n 11. li filKn from its aiicent Iplen- 
 dor, andis now o:d\ ren.ai k.ible lor its line cotton, an-.l 
 \ here the Tiinili.in :^.\vyi^ kept. 'The town Itindsbe- 
 twecn the (.'apr of Bi/eri.i xwkK the Cape of Carthage, 
 the ptoiinn'.. M of \poll.): i' is c.dkd by the narive; 
 
 Caral- 
 
 If 
 
 i-.' 
 
j! '1' ;. • 
 
 M 
 
 4n A NKW, ROV.M. wsi AUTIirNTIC SV 
 
 (i.ucUMail.ih, or the C'a\e o{ S.»!t, tViiP' tiu- filt-wdiks \ 
 in the viiiiJity. Lewis, kin;^ «^t I'liiuf, iDininonly ] 
 i:>Il'il St. I.ew's, ilifj here in his exotihti )ii to the 
 1 Inly I nnil. 
 
 H.j\i;ih,()r Ujja, isth 'diicrnvir; in the kinirdom for 
 corn, u hich tie nei^hliourini; territrrv prothii e> m In. Ii 
 jilentN, f'l.it tl.e Tunilians proverlii.illv (Av,;f' ib.v h,:,i 
 / 11/ I'lh iJ'.'s/'.r '/liiikrl l(/\-ii, I'-.m ■.^•r.ilJ Ir rs ihi.tp ii.< 
 I'.i'i.i (.'7 i.r ihr hr:ti-tn. This ;i)« n, uh.rli is al'.out 
 (O niilis timn the northirn tcalK awiS icS W. S. W. i 
 i'lom rinii<, is rnrrojn.le.l hy a wall, anil ik'.'i.nilei.l hy ;' 
 a iir.i''el. I 
 
 '1 uluilio, or U;b^i, i? I So miles i".);itli of Tunis. It | 
 li.i.; a.alilewith I'mic ca'inon, an>l a j^iiiilon anil i-: 
 inhabueil in An l.ilulian Mrms. Many velliges ot" iti \ 
 torn. .• r,.K-nilor ar^' lu ri li> mil ; anil Mahmi i>ev, from i 
 tlie n;:iis of a maj^nillient ihiatre, laulcii a \i:v lolrv > 
 brivliro, or ratiiir liain, t.> he eu\-U'tl, in ouli r turaile | 
 \va:ci Ir.-.ni the riser \I. irnla Itilli' iently hij^jh t) water 
 a beaut t'i:I planruvi ol' oranj;cs, lemons, citrons, . 
 pon e.;ra:iaris, nt-ciar ;',e<, peaches, api icots, dates, ti;;s 
 .\•^^ () her ti u;i-trtc>, whii h were fet in ilillinct (pots, ■ 
 that th.ey miii;Iu ltov* wiihom intrrniiMiire with ea;'h ' 
 other. ne:«ei.n the c llK- and the to An a i hr\ llalline i 
 llre;inu>t trelh watei r,in lhr<)ii;jh an al.iiialttr loml nr, 
 an.i turtle. i le\;'ia! ti il!^ in ;t^^.',)llrle ; but this vaiu.i!ile 
 \u)ik is noA alnii ll runicJ. \\ 
 
 AIoiu: i.'i^ c part of the coall of this kin ■doni itie . 
 l.uutbanks are v.-r, dangerous, as Ihips w hu happroach | 
 ti o near are draw n ni by the vortex, and oiten loll. \\ 
 
 Tlure arc hot fpiings in many parts ot the eountiy. j 
 Ihtre 1- a nicuntani ot lult, named Jih'nl Iluliletia, ■^ 
 \\hieli IS a> harvi a> a rock, ot a dark nd colmir, and ^ 
 i'Ut.r; b'.:: whe I it is v-atlied t'lom the proeipices by 
 the rain-, it loi'es its bittcriHrs, and becomes iol't and ; 
 vh;ie. Ueliile, tlii^, there are foir.e Im .11 nxksdfa 
 I'iieiih call, tie fair ot whith is nuicli admired, aiul 
 k!U at a h j',h p,vice. \ 
 
 Among tile aniiicial cm iotities in this kingdom is a 
 thrcetihi ir.or.iic paviniint, which is a noble piece ot 
 workrranllnp, e.\hibitini;a great number ot ob|,vts in 
 the animal an.' vegetable creation, beaiUitiiUy diverli- . 
 lied, I'nely v jrugaied w ilh the moll admirable col, nils, > 
 and wroiighf with a An metr\ that i- truly alionilbiiig. 
 Ihs place is c.'.lled Seedy- Doude, or the -Sanctuai) ol' 
 OavKl. .Xno'.her [liicc Is the .iniphit'xatre ol |ei\iine, 
 or lathcr tr:'gm:'iit, which conlilli it '14. archis, and 
 tourordeisot coliiimis ; but they ha\e turfered coniid.- 
 raily fiom ihc Arabs, and from one I. i the bevs, who 
 ord-Tcd fiiur of ii-.c arches to be blow n up. Thei e are 
 alio the remains of the tniimph.al aici es oi Sjiialta, 
 which gre.itly e\ ince their ancient magnilicen c: and a I 
 iiiauiiileuni n^ar llamimil, uhiih is ;in adniiiable ; 
 Iniilihng, in the form ofatjliiuler, \ajlicd !-,cni..iiii, ' 
 and ^)0 feet in vliaiiie'.e:'. \ 
 
 CiOiiri.Ki':::, Ki'~r:::i'-, I !,,■ , Kcli.'iit, ('.rnm: , t'c. ! 
 
 T^IIF. Ixy (if Tunis is fupren^-, Imt < hdfen In the 1 
 •^ divan, an I und.tr the p:o'< ii lun il li.e Oitonian 
 I'crte, wliich tvcejis a b.ilh.iu here, but hi, power is lo 
 c irtailul, tl-.nt he ma\ be deemed a mere < yj her. 
 
 'i he b.ev.s ol Tuni ;, ihriiuuh iiomcs of le.ir, I- r-p 
 1; ) a good coi reijondenee « ;lh tlv ir neig'hl;ours r i .\l- 1 
 ^icrs and Ti i; ol,, and, trom |)ii|i. \ , aim 10 1 ui; r. .ile a .' 
 Iiiciuilhij) with the fubject.s of b.ngiand and ii.ove; 
 I'nough ih(\ are.it perpe'u.il \.u-ianie wuli if.c Sjia. , 
 n aid.;, S.iid.irans, \eneti.in., Mihele, the iub|e.ls ol 
 ine !•( 1 leli.iltic al .'~t,ile, ^cc. 
 
 The anni:.il revenues of the k!!i;,'.|iin\ an'ount to 
 lor.cjo!. ail ' ihe toices to about sO-.i imn in peace, 
 an.i .}0,030 in v. .ir. 
 
 'Ji eir m.j 1: !:ie pou er is 11 lu h Icfslhin wh.i nii:,li[ 
 !-'• iii.agined, lonlideiing their aiiiihrii le lini.ii.n.i. 
 'Iheir (apjtal llnps are IchJcin aijoM- lour in :u,ii:l'i.r, 
 rie iaigi It c.'.i ' \ iiig only ^oguns. KeilJes whuii the\ 
 have about jo L'.ilhots of various I; , 1 ; '-.ePA. ;l,at aie 
 n):;:.;ied with l.oni ;o to i;g men e ch, ul.o ,n\: \Lnt:~ 
 
 
 STKM or UMVFRSAI. GF.OGRAIMIV. 
 g,uii)cs, 'I'lirksaiul tVrtiloglics, or the Ions of man.- 1 
 loldicrs. The command is, however, alwa-.s j>i\rn t,» 
 renegadoes; at leirt \e!> few inll.in es h.ive been kn r n 
 to the (ontrar). They generali^ 1 mile twice a v;i 
 and are tnrnitluil with iiili iiii.buUei, oil, ami 
 In the bey. 'Ihe g.dliots are liiird out 
 perfons, who piy a leitain lUpul.it d i|uo!.i o: r.; 
 ever they aciiuire to the Ivv Ihe mer aniih- v :i;;, 
 arc very numerous, ami tin. merchuiis p:i, :• m,;.; 
 with gieit avidity. 
 
 VV hen a (hip brings in a pri.'.c, the hull of th.c \i (f I, 
 and half tiie cargo, afier all expences are de.l i,t.,!, 
 belong tothe bey, a".d the remain.lcr isdiv.ded betuicil 
 the capt.un .ind the iliip's co;;i[uny. 
 
 Duiing the whole time that a t hiilliin mm of u.ir 
 is in the road, the conful, and the m-n hin's of t; c 
 nation to which it helom-s, keep co!.)iirs Ih.mgon -.'.v.- 
 top^ of their houlVs. If a ll.ivc rfca; (■<, anil git^ , n 
 bo.ird a man of war, th.' be, canint lecl lini hini ; f\ 
 wliich account irisulird, asf'w 1 as a llup of loree m. 
 pears in the road, n keep all the L'hrillian llivi , vi ; 
 dole conlined, and abridge them of the libut\ oii • . 
 wii'e allowed thtiu t,ll tluir depaiture. piev.o;:, ■• 
 which the bey lends to the commander .ipulli.t.. 
 oxen, fliecp, p'Hiltry, aivl otlier relVelhn.e is. 
 
 I'lie I'linilians e\pt)rt corn, oil, wax, wool, luil. ., 
 .Morocco leather, be.ms, lentils, eve. and import Si... 
 nilli wool, l.anguediK' clo.h, pepp.r, lu;;ar, vcrii ,; • 
 ion,eloves, wine, briniiv, h.irdware, iron, Heel, ;. - 
 p'.i", t;nlil and tiUer till'uc, damalks, lilk, and wn, .;i 
 Ituirs.iSic. I hey likew ife iraiie tor a xarieiv o!;;;:iiu . 
 to I'gypt, Arabi;>, the Leva it, an. I the neiglil) n ri -■ 
 piratical liates. 
 
 The baiglilh, I reiuh, Diitcli, (icnoefe, and (. ,- 
 mans, have their confuL in funis, whuaie lie.iin! ■. . 1 
 gre.t refpecr. 
 
 .Ml i>ublic writings arc in the .•\rabiin lang';.i;', 
 which is here much corrupted fioni its puriC) audi e- 
 gance ; but commerce is la.ried on in ihit ]aigo;i 1,; 
 tongtiLS known by the n.'iii. if l.ingui i'lMuci. 
 
 Jews :>"_■ very numerous in this k ngdom : i: i; ::!- 
 firmed that thereare upwaru. >M 1 j.oo,") in 'I'uni, o : 
 but as they are very mucli addicted to cln;.: all v .1 
 whom they ileal, kecji fa! fe wei;.;!vs ant meali.i, . 
 make Irauuulent liankiiipteici, .i;:J aduke.ate mo.l .. - 
 ticks in wliii h they trade, the la.vs .ire partu.ularl. ' •- 
 veiled agiinli them, and the, are, when d ■•;e;te.i ,1: ■ : 
 feverel) punilhed than any other foreigner-. 
 
 1 he lame religion, minners, and i ulloms pie, ' 
 lure as in \lgiers, except in the tollowing inlf,,'. : 
 It a renegado tliould turn Chi ill ian again, they \i > 
 him up in a doth dipped in pitch, and bum liii.: 
 life pilellones, mil;!, iimrtar, i>:c. all niund fiiu, ,. ' 
 Living walled in all hut his luad. ih.ev riiii thu, ■ . r 
 ivith honey, w hichatrr.icts wafps an I o:lier infe,!^, :/ ■ 
 torment the poor wre:cii with ihiir llin'siill !ii . - 
 pire>, whieh fomctiuie- does not hip.ieil ! ir 1^\.. ■ 
 da\s. If a (lave is i.aught in att.'mjiti.ig toel.v.p-, ■ 
 murders his patron, hu limb.; ;',rc all bro;;en, ;ri,l I'l ■ 
 he is fjllenc t to a l-.orle's lail.aiJ d:.i.;.i,ed tl.r v;,'-. 
 Iln.-ets, till he dies. 
 
 n 1 .s r R ^ 
 
 i; N 1 .s. 
 
 Ti II'. f.ril monarch of Tun: ., ■.•.;■,■,•:■.■ lianfu;; •■ 
 wonhv of K'co:,.!, was .\!".! ler, /., who, : 
 ling gre.it wealth and power, rJiiiruii t:;.- title 1 , 
 ol .Mri I, Itiengtlu'n.d and e;;:l>; I'i'.hed Tiun , . I 
 g;ive 11 t'.e nau.c of t!ie melio'oli.il •iii ', ■ ' 
 yeai 1294. Anarihy and loniui; ei preV;iik'l lii.;. , 
 ihe leigns of feveral of his liii ei'i' ,, of v, l,i' li ih. m- 
 iii'ies IJ.irbarijU'a bet()i"e meiillo'ied :i\ iilew hini!. 'I, I. 
 fitli.ig, oal a llrong arm 1 men;, .mi ni.ikin; In in , I ,' 
 ill ol lever.il tow n-i. I,>rt-., c^i . of ine k'n',.r!i , 
 'I'liir-'. Thi^ I'oleriiiied .M'.ir,\ lloi.'in. ih. i.' e im: . 
 monarch, liuiL lie ipiilti . 
 for luecour to the emp, 01 i.li.iihi \. 
 
 d illlfil'l'. -, .ukI .1.' 'I 1 
 
 'I'.:.;: 
 
 AIKIC.\.J 
 
 That prince 11 
 erful arnum-nt, 
 perlidious Ikirbj 
 i.pon his ihron'", 
 lilf, andad\;inia 
 Haibaioll'i, h( 
 Irs attacks iipoi 
 agiin to I'.ur.ipe 
 ahfence, his Ion 
 raifed a daug 10 
 piifed ot this ri 
 1000 b'iiri>))taii 1 
 him prifoner, an 
 had been fo fiit 
 Ai.iliian an.l .\In 
 lioni » hieh he h 
 lan'.s brother, ai 
 year 1 570, when 
 him of It. 
 
 The iinfortun 
 
 found means ti 
 
 remained in the 1 
 
 ['re[iareda powei 
 
 oiliei toimiilalile 
 
 on the Barbaiy t 
 
 tleet .irrued on if 
 
 1 Lilian, old .md I 
 
 alter died of .1 lev 
 
 The b.iiro[)ean 
 
 mod pi ices on tli 
 
 lliem ;ill to be ev 
 
 o( cation lor his ti 
 
 teiled hiinlelf of 
 
 total con(]iielf of 1 
 
 Seignior ;Selim II 
 
 f;nirteen, whom 1 
 
 I laving brought 
 
 he appointed for 
 
 div.in, feveral gov 
 
 vinces, .(.coj j.in': 
 
 the diirerent ciii^ 
 
 lution terminated 
 
 I 574,aller i'lO ve 
 
 inent by Abu-I ei 
 
 Tunis now bei 
 
 the diven; but t' 
 
 loulies were fo ;. 
 
 deys liifrnjuciui. 
 
 no lefs tiian 25 
 
 were either del lir 
 
 During the r 
 vol veil in an.l re I 
 a political and for 
 ence on the i'lii 
 Hand in no aw e 
 Tripolitans, relli 
 and concluded 
 powers, particul 
 dole of the lall i 
 ancchas occurri 
 
 TRIPOLI was 
 opulent, ol' 
 nut it IS now gn 
 north by the Me, 
 or the Delai t, on 
 Tunis and UileJ 
 about 700 miles, 
 dc!'. 27 min. call 
 1 he air is cle.i 
 The foil is the rii 
 cultivated, prodi 
 olives, dates, an 
 elimates. The ai 
 No. jv 
 
B A R B A 
 
 (n-iKHiV, ;inil (i 
 
 AYH\C\.] 
 
 That priivc iiii Icrtook hi? (iL-fcncr, fittcil out a pow- 
 irl'iil arm mil-lit, totally vaiu[iii1hc.i the li:uij;htv and 
 1), rli.liDiis HarhirofVi, and ro ollablillial Miili-y Hiflan 
 i;porihi< ihriin •, uinlfr rondiii'iiis hon'mral'lc to hiiii- 
 (ilf, aiui atl\anM;^eous to the C.hrilHan taiili.-. 
 
 li.iil).iii'H 1, however, in proid's ot time, rrncwcd 
 hs iittiu ks upon 'l"iinis i I) (h.it Muli-y Hallan wen: 
 a'r.iin to I'.ur.ipe tunjiply tor fiiiL-oiir^ ; anil, itmiiig iin 
 ahrcMCf, his lull Haniiila rcvolli-d a;;aiiilb liiin, and 
 railed a daiij^^i "US commotion at hi. inc. HaHin, ap- 
 piil'cd ot this revolution, returned home with about 
 :ooo Kuri'iKan t'on-cs; but his (nn lUFcated him, took 
 himprifoner, and ileprive>l hini ot his (ijrht. I lamida 
 had been I'd tin celslul in toiinin;,' alliances with the 
 Ai.ihianan.l Moiuilh cliiets, that he recovered Tunis, 
 ticmiwiii'h he had bi en diivcii by Ahdeimcleeh, 1 lal- 
 lan's brother, and rei;;iK-d withoui molelUiioii till tlic 
 year 1 570, when 1 lali, balbaw ol' Algiers, dirpoHelled 
 liim <it It. 
 
 The unrortunatc I la (Tin, during this interval, had 
 found means to make ano;hcr vo;, a<:i- to 1 urope, and 
 remained 111 the emperor's court till that monarch had 
 prepared a poHirlul armament to drive Barbaroiri.and 
 oihei toi mi. table piui es, tVorn tllc places thev poUefl'ed 
 on the Barbaiy co.ill. At leng:b the grand im|ieri.d 
 tUct arrived on rhe c0.1l> (f Africa, with the iinlorcuiuiie 
 HalUin, old ami bllnJ: but ilie wrtuhtd monarch foc:i 
 alter died oi .\ fever i'l the LI. rill. an camp. 
 
 I'he t'.tirope.ui adinir.il fooimule liimfclf mailer of 
 molt plices on the fea-coalt; but theemperor oidering 
 tliem all to be evacuated, rhe (ioletta excepted, having 
 oicalion for his rroojis 'n I'.uiope, Mali, the 'i'urk.pol- 
 klled liimfclf of I'uais: but the bifnaw Sinan made a 
 toial con<i'.iel> of the kir.^dom, inthe reign 01 iheCir.ind 
 Seig!\i()r Stliin II. and dellrovcd all the Chriiiians but 
 fviiirtjcn, wliom he feat in clains to (..onllaiuinoiile. 
 I laving biougiit die \vi;ole bene.ith the Oitoinan yoke, 
 be appointed for its government a balliaw or viceioy, a 
 div.in.feveial governors or bevs over ihedilferent i)ro- 
 viiKcs, .(.cg:) janillaries, and a niiniher of garrifcns in 
 rhe dilferent cities, towns, and fortrelles. This revo- 
 lution terminated the fplendor ol the klng^ ot Tunis in 
 1 574, after a*)0 years coiitinuance trom it'; firlt e(lal)lilh- 
 ineiit by Abu-Iere/,. 
 
 'Tunis now began to be governed by dcy^ chofen by 
 the diven; but the Ihte was in fuch confulion, the jea- 
 loufus were fo great, tf.e intrigues lo various, and new 
 deys (i) trv queiul) elected, that 1:1 the fjiace of 1 20 years 
 no lels tiian l] reigned, all of whom, live excepted, 
 were either liethroned or murtiered. 
 
 During the reigns of the feveral deys, Tunis was in- 
 volved 111 anarchy and cont'iifion, till 1 lairan-I>en-Hali, 
 a politicalaiid tormidablepnnce, freed it tfom adepend- 
 ence on the i'orie, rendered himlllf fo powerful as to 
 Ihind in no awe of his neighbours, the Algerines and 
 Tripobtans, rellraincd his fubjeCt.i trom .-■ ts ot p racy, 
 and concluded conmieicial ticades with the C'hrillian 
 powers, particularly ihe Dutch anil Knglilli, about the 
 clofe of the lall i eiiiur\, ftnce which nothin^;of import- 
 ance has occurred. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 TRIP C) L I. 
 
 TRIPOLI was once the richcft, mod populous, and 
 opulent, of all the llates on the coall of Marbary, 
 out it IS now t^rcatly reduced. It is bounded on the 
 north bv the Mediterianean.and onthelbuth by Zaara 
 or the belait, on the caft by Barca, and on the weft by 
 Tunis and BilcLlulgcrid. It extends along the coal! 
 about 700 miles, that i.s from 10 deg. 13 mill, to 25 
 des'. 27niin.ealt longitude. 
 
 'The air is clear, but kis healthy than that of 'Tunis. 
 The foil is the richell in Barbary : and the valdes, w here 
 cultivated, produce large cjuantitics of corn, grapes, 
 olives, dates, and the various t'ruits natural to warm 
 climates. The animals are the lameasthofc of Algiers 
 No. j8. 
 
 Y. 
 
 4M 
 
 The eajiiial oft'ic kingdom is Tripoli, which, tho' 
 fmall, u populous. It is lltuated on a fandy foil nv.ir 
 the margin of the (Va : ftrong walls, defended by for- 
 uiiiiable rimparts, an I Hinked by pyramilical t )wers, 
 furround it. Her' are but two gates; the north gate 
 towanis the fen, and !!ie fouth gate towards the country ; 
 and the whole city forms the lig^irc of a crefcent, tlic 
 concavepait of which cnclofes the haven. At the ex- 
 treme points of the harbour, which is vi / commo- 
 dious, are fome military woiks : thofe to the caft are in 
 bad condition ; but on the weftward there is a ftronif 
 cattle, well fortified. The houfes in general are verV 
 mean, and low bu:lt, and the ftreets narrow and cnxik- 
 eil. But tlicic arelome rcmainingmonuments of mag- 
 niliceiice which teem to ciiiiltrm the prevailmg opinion 
 of the inhabitants, that it was once remarkable for the 
 fplendor of many of its publick buildings. 
 
 'The deficiency offielli water, and great Iterility with 
 rcfpecl to grain, uiuler which this citv labours, are 
 both fuppofed to have been occalioiicd by the encroach- 
 ments ot the fea, which lias freijuently Iieen known to 
 overllow the neighbouring territory to a very confidera- 
 blc dillance j fo that through the injurious ellects of 
 thefc inundations, the inhalntanis )f i'ripoii could not 
 fublift upon the produce of their countiy, without the 
 aJditional provilions coiitinually brouglu in by their 
 piratic il vedils. 
 
 'ihe envircns abound with the country houfes of the 
 principal inhabitants, rhe gardens belonging to which 
 are ufually managej by the Chriftian tiavcs, who are, 
 however, at night all conlined in a lingle bagnio or gaol 
 in the city itf.lt'. 
 
 Tripoli is frciiuently vilited by the plague, on which 
 account the Fiancifcans, who arc J'etilea here, have, 
 betides their church and convent, an holpital, inwhich 
 they adminilUr relief to the 'Tnpolines, as well a^ thoL- 
 of their ow n per.'uation. 
 
 The city is far UTs contulcrable than .-Mgieis, and 
 not c:()mparable to Tunis. The government is the lame 
 with that of the reft of the cities of Africa. 'The Moors 
 are in as little credit here as at Algiers. The Na/.arene 
 renegadocs enjoy by far the greaicft lliare of autho- 
 rity ot any feet of people in ttie country, and fill the 
 chief eiujjloyments. Of all the corlairs of Barbarv, 
 none are lei's cruel, though none are fo mucli addidai 
 to thct'f, as the people of Tripoli. 
 
 Cape/., or Yabs, as the Moors call it, is lituated on 
 the ancient nver 'Triton, to w hich the moderns have 
 given the fame name as th.e town, lieing the frontier 
 town between 'Tri[)oli and Tunis, it is large, and well 
 fortilled j and in its neighbourhood arc found the ruins 
 of theancient city called by the Romans Tacapa. Ca- 
 pe/., however, is but poor, and thinly inhabited by 
 lifliermen, and a few Indbandmen, the latter of which 
 cultivate a fmall ipiantity of barley, a conliderabic 
 number of palm-trees, and a root which rcfemblcs a 
 potatoc. 'The natives arc as black as negroes, and fo 
 poor, that they lock upon a few pecks of barlcv, and 
 half a dozen ot palm-trees, as a contiderablc fortune. 
 It is proper to obferve, that the river Capez riles in a 
 land) deliirt, and difembogucs ittelf into the Meititer- 
 ranean ; hence the waters arc lb hot, that they cannot 
 be drank till they have been put into fome cool place 
 for about the fpace of two hours. 
 
 I'.l-TIammah was remarkable for its- Roman walls, 
 its hot fulpluirous fprings, the aqueducts b>' which they 
 were conve)ed, and of which li.arce any veftiges re- 
 main. The inhabitants arc a t'e» tilhermcn, who arc 
 pirates nhen occation ofters ; and fome hulbandnicn, 
 who are thieves at all opportunities. 
 
 Zaara, or, as it is commonly called, Zares, is .up- 
 polcd to be the-aiicient Filidau, being lltuated on the 
 lea co.ift, near 19 miles from the lllaiul of Zarbie : it 
 isfurrounded byanoKl uallalmolt in ruins. The inha- 
 bitants, who are but few in number, live by filliiiig, 
 and burning quick-lime and pot-alli, or, when oppor- 
 tunity ferves, by piracy, 
 
 5 M 
 
 The 
 
A N'l AV. KOVAl. Asn AUTMKXTIC SYSTEM of UNIVKRSAI. C.I'.or.RAI'lIY. 
 
 'nh 
 
 '1 '! 
 
 ■ ii'j 
 
 >1 ^ 
 
 dr^' 
 
 I 
 
 
 4U 
 
 'Ihcfc itnvii', whii h aic a!! liiaatfd on the wclh in i 
 coall ot tilt (iiilf 111 Siilni, ari' tlu' M\ m the toiintryj 
 thole on the i-jlKrn liili-, ami « iiliin tlic t'ull, arc in « 
 wii tihiil iciulitum iiaUi'il, anil|ircl'cnt .ulrcailt'iil pic- j 
 tiii\ ot llii Ut\.illatioi.s ol tiiiiL'. 
 
 Nature kiu>«* 
 No rteaiifall fl.ition, but or rhh, m Howj ; 
 I'vcr in motion Ibc "Icllroys hir oKl, 
 AmUalts new tij.jiircs in anoiluT moiilil ; 
 I'.v'n tmirs are in perpetual Hux.nnJ run 
 I.ikt rixcrs Iron) their I'ountains rolling on ; 
 lor lime "o moie t|un Ibeams i-, at a (hiy j 
 The ll\ inj; hour i'* ever on her way i 
 Anil as ilie liiuntain Hill I'uppiies her llorc, 
 The uavebehuul impel > the wavcbelorc: 
 Tluis in fucccllivc eouil'e thenunutcs run, 
 Anvl urj^e tlieir preiltetflor minutes on ; 
 Still niovinj^ ever notv, lor former things 
 Arc lit aliilc, like abJicated kuigs , 
 An.liv'ry nioiticntalier.swh.it isiloiic, 
 Anil iiinovates fomc act till then unknow. 
 Time i-. th' tlVecl of motion, born a twin. 
 And «i;li theuorid did cipiallv begin: 
 Time like a rtream that haitui!, from the (liorc, 
 11 eito.in ocean, where "ti^ known no more ; 
 All mull befwallow'd in this end'efs deep, 
 And motion rcll in cvcilalhiig llecp. 
 
 Thefc parts ol \frica have been fubjccl to a great 
 \ i:ety ot'rcvoUilioii.s from the variou.s inundations of 
 Gocln, VandaU, .'\r;ibs, Mahometans, &c. who have 
 over-run the country at dilferent times, to which • lay 
 be added the depredations of the Europeans, ami ty- 
 rannv of the government. The illand of Malta is a 
 perpetual thorn in the lide.s of the piratical dates, par- 
 ticularly to thofc (f Tripoli and Tunis, fiom the vi- 
 cinity of its fuuation ;atid the MalteiV knights merit the 
 thaiik.> of all commer< ill nations, lor having fo greatly 
 tirrumlcribed the power, and rellrained the piracies of 
 th^ Barbary i overs. 
 
 After the Moois were driven out of Andalulia in 
 .Spain, they built the town of Derne onthewellern 
 tide of the g^ilph of Sidra, which, indeed, is the only 
 place worth mentioning in t!ie dillrict of that name. 
 It is lituatod at th'e ililhince of about half a mile from 
 the (ex, and is better fiipplicd with fweet water than 
 moll of the towns in the Tri[)olinc territories; ncvcr- 
 thelclithe inhabitants are few in number, and wretch- 
 tiily p(X)r in circumflances. The moll remarkable 
 produce is great quantities of admirable honey, the 
 delicacy of which ii otcalioned by the bees feeding 
 upon a kind cf llirub pe.uliar to this country, that 
 hears a fragrant yellow riower, and blolliMiis all the 
 vcjr. 
 
 Tiif dif.rici (f Mifratata nas antiently very flou- 
 rifliing, but at pi\ient is much reduced. 
 
 '1 he bevs ot Triioli are not mere nominal vaflitls 
 to the Turkilh eovermiitiu, like thofc of Algiers and 
 Tunis, In;; are obhgid to pay a conliderablc tribute, 
 which puts tluni under the ncccint;. of tyrannizing 
 over the poor, and rcdticin;^ iliem to the iitmoll indi- 
 gence and mifir.,in order to obtain a fulli-itni fuinto 
 ilifcharge their ipiotn. 
 
 I he rcveiiuis aieraifed by an impoft on the corfair.'i, 
 which are ufually alxmi eight in numbei', by a tax on 
 lommercial imports and expoirs, and liy a fubfidy 
 vhich the Jews are obliged lo iurnifli. The bey like- 
 wife taxes the wild Arabs and inland Moors ; but thefc 
 frcquentlv- lelulc to {)iy the irilnite, when lie is obliged 
 ti. lead his 11} mg tamj) of janillaries among them to 
 reJiie ihi m to obedience: but neither the Porte, or 
 th- Turkilh b.ili'i, trouble thcmfclves about the govern- 
 rn nt, |)ro\idcil the bey pays with punctuality hi> llipu- 
 latrd tribute to the lirll, and gratilits the avaricious 
 crav. igs of the lalf. 
 
 The principal article ol commerce is in flaves, which 
 are either taken by the corfairs at fea, or flolen by the 
 ■wild Arabs ami Muors from the neighbouring Itates. 
 
 Ilotharc, however, ufu.iUy fcnt to Turk-y, anil foM 
 there At the bell market, unlef* they imagine that tht / 
 belonvjtoa dillingm --d faniily, when they are kept m 
 cxpcilation ot a conlideiabic ranfom. 
 
 IJelides the above, the only aiticir of trade wonK 
 mentiotiing i.* the falo of allies, v^hi. h are diffx.!.,! ,| 
 to the F.uropcaiu for the purpofesof miking '.0.111 .•i,,) 
 glafs. It Is to be obfirvid of this regency, thjt \i,ili 
 relpccl to commeicc and treaties, the people are niin h 
 greater oblervcisot their word, and perform their pru. 
 miles with more punctuality, than any of their piiati.il 
 neighbours. 
 
 CoHii/f Hijhn qf Tripoli, 
 
 TUII'OI.I, for a fucccirion of yc^rs, dev,i|.t,| 
 liom power to power, having being fiibilnal |,, 
 the V'and.iU, Saracens, and the fovcreign-. ot MiriKm 
 and Tunis, It at length fell into the hands of ^\^, 
 1 iirks, and the Grand Seignior deputed j ball'a to ^.). 
 vcrn it. ^ . 
 
 The two nioft remarkable tranfaif .ions relative to 
 this kingdom are the bombardment of the ca()ital li, 
 the Trench in the reign of Lewis .\IV. and the trea' ■ 
 ot peace and C(jmmcrce between the Tripolitaiu .u:J 
 Mnglilh in 1716. 
 
 'The lird of thefc occurrence! hippcncd inrnnf. 
 ipience of the Tripolirans hiving tikcn a lliip iip.l, 
 Trench Colours, and detained fe\eral Trench fnhji- 
 in a lliti:of llavery. 'This fKCalioned Lewis Xl\. t" 
 order his otlicers to make reprifds upon the vitliUoi 
 'Tripoli wherever they met them. Thefe orders wtre 
 llrictly obeyed by the Trench captains; in parncuLir, 
 Monlicur d'Anfrcville ait.ickc.l lix vclTels of Tnimli 
 near Cape Sapienca. Three of the corfairs Htd in ihi- 
 beginning of the engagement, an.i the other three, li- 
 ter having been much Ihutered in thi; light, toik i-: 
 fiige in the illand of Chios. I'he Trench coniuiK,. 
 Monlieur du <.^iefiie, who comm.iniled in tlie \x\:. . 
 having intelligence thereof, immediately proceedui :.i 
 block them up with feven Ihips of war: but, pie.ui 
 tothe commenf.'cmcnt of hollihties, he fent a nieii'i ■ 
 to the governor aga to the follow ing purport : " 1 lu: 
 he was in perfect amity with the Chians, and the W-' 
 of Conllaiuinopic, but came in feareh of fonie I 
 politan pirates, w ho, contrary to the moll folemn 1 
 
 [ ties had committed the moll outrageous depreiai,' 
 on the fub|e Is of Trance, and therefore hoped t- 
 the aga would not protect fuch infamous robber^. ' 
 
 ' 'I"he aga, however, refiifeil to give up the piraii., 
 whii h lo exafpcrated the Trench commodore, th.it lu- 
 began immediatelv to bomb.ird the pLicc, agimlt 
 vvhich lie threw iipwarils of 7000 bombs, made a dr. i:- 
 fiil havock botli of the houfes nd Trijiolitan lli;;' , 
 and killed a great numlxT of th>. ,)eo[)le ; but he con J 
 
 \ not enter the port on account of a llrong ftaccailo 'Ir 
 Tripolitans had contrived to lay in his way. '1 1 1' 
 
 ' court of Conltantinople thought proper to inteitere, 11 
 
 ; order to get matters adjullcd, when at length it w.i-. 
 
 , agreed between the grand vi/.irand the (Jallic amh.u- 
 
 ; fulor, that matters Ibould be compromifed, and leitii.l 
 aci ording to u tides agreed upon by both parties. 
 
 'I'lie treaty of Peai e and Commerc. c ilcubted. in 
 every iiill.iiu e, to fecurethe lives and p/(<pcrtie., ol tlu 
 fubjecls of his Hritannic M lielly, was concludeJ anJ 
 ratified b) the l-'.nrlilh admiral Baker on the one luid, 
 and the proper olbcers of Tripoli on the other, m the 
 month of July 1716. 
 
 S ]•: C T 1 O N VIII. 
 
 B A R C A. 
 
 TUTS inhofpitable country, which is a mere dehr, 
 extends 400 miles from north to fouth, and po 
 from call to well; compri/ing thole liillrKts w hich tiic 
 ancients termed Marmarica and Cyreniaca. 
 
 It is lliled, by the few Arabs who inbabit it, Cev- 
 
 lar:, 
 
 
 'A' 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 rart Bark.i, or 1 
 ,M\vi. The te 
 produce a fcant 
 all other part^ i 
 nn, and tne w 
 water. Small 
 ijeople are undo 
 fir cainclv Ihcc 
 (aW- pkice \n thi 
 uhicn the temp 
 vet ihis is turn 
 i'anils, which nu 
 or, being r.ii fed 
 clouds of dull, 
 this difagieeabh 
 pal's, or they w 
 about till they a 
 ancient Cyrcni 
 Maimaricathe i 
 the fea-coall an 
 tune part itfelf 
 thief city remai 
 ancien's being e 
 moll ii'iconlideri 
 verfal 1 Mlory f 
 of this couiury, 
 tommcice they 
 we cannot litid 
 we have not any 
 ci'nt th:in what 
 tan only fiirthe 
 mined, ferocioi 
 laifi rvind that 
 «iuiiitl^<tj fell t' 
 boms, in wder 
 cnce and to get 
 rumbrance. 
 
 In order to c.n 
 ftionof the pci 
 they exceed thi 
 count of Barb I 
 lofs of his Ma 
 ampled fulfer 
 Morocco. 
 
 On the I : 
 commanded 
 in company 
 poits, iniemii 
 comiiK'.iid ol 
 
 'They met 
 the month, 
 turned out ve; 
 vvasi XI ecilin 
 an hour atti r 
 which time C 
 ten, when he 1 
 and 10 make 
 
 At one o'cl 
 which they 
 a-head bearin 
 well louth-wv 
 author of thi 
 and a confide 
 he ran up, 
 having no thi 
 ing to every 
 leagues from 
 tcrdcck, he 
 firuation, by 
 ground, and 
 
 Jail after t 
 tanceof a'.nni 
 uneven. 1 1 
 watii, the le 
 went over I'l 
 with thi'in. 
 It is imp >;' 
 
CRAPIIY. 
 
 It to Turk-y, an ) r..l,| 
 
 1 thi-y iiiu;,niK-!h;it th(v 
 when tluy an: kept II, 
 
 liiioin. 
 aitulc o( tr.«(!r worh 
 
 Wtli< h ;irc illl'iHiIni ;| 
 |lcs«)l" m.ikinj; !o.i[) aiil 
 Ithis rogcn. y, th.u w,ili 
 Js, till' pro(ile jrr nm, h 
 •inA pirtorin their pro. 
 |i.iii any of their piritK^l 
 
 I'ripoH. 
 
 M) of years, (KvoKoi 
 jvin;; being rubdual U, 
 |o fovcrcigiii ot Mirixi,, 
 into the humls nf i|,; 
 lir dtputtd a bulla to .^.). 
 
 t ran fac. ions rtl.itnc m 
 
 iiiiiu-nt of tlic c.i[)iul I), 
 
 Kms XIV. anil the trca-- 
 
 J tin the Tripolitaiis unj 
 
 <cs hippcncd in confi . 
 uini; tikcn a llup uint^i 
 1 I'lMTuI l-'rcnch l'ub|i-,\ 
 cca!ii)nal Lcuis Xi\'. i,, 
 pril'.ils upon the wtlcUi.! 
 icni. 1 hcfc ordtis wik 
 1 captains j in par;iiiii.ii, 
 kid tix vclTcls ot 'I rijiiili 
 otthe corfairs Hid in ihc 
 ■in.l the other threr, i! 
 ed in the light, to.jk i; 
 I'lie IVench coniuiKii 
 niiiin.iiiiled m tiic l.i\ ; 
 iiniiuiliately procciildi :.< 
 ips of war: but, prc.K> 
 liiities, he fent a niciri •■ 
 illowiiig purport : " 1 hi: 
 tlK-Chians, and the Vv' 
 c in fearch ot" fonir I 
 ■y to the moll (oleniM t 
 I outrageous depri-iai.' 
 and therefore hoprvl t 
 luth intainous robin rs.' 
 to give up the piia'r>, 
 cncli t'oniniodore, th.it lu- 
 mbard the plate, a^':iintl' 
 CXX) bombs, made a dr. 1..- 
 ifes iid Tripoiitan lli:;> , 
 frhe ,)cople ; but hccouJ 
 nt of" a llrong ftaccailo 'li- 
 to lay in his w ay. 1 1 ■ 
 light proper to inter tere, ii 
 ;d, when at lenjith it wj-. 
 i/.ir and the (ialin; amb.u- 
 \: toin]'roniifid, and litti^a 
 upon by botii parties. 
 Coinnierc... c ilciilated, in 
 li\csand jj/^optrtie.i ol the 
 ijelly, was concluded aiul 
 ral IJaker on the one lu id, 
 ripoli on the other, i:i thi' 
 
 O N VIII. 
 
 . f A. 
 
 ry, which is a mere delii'. 
 n north to fouth, and po 
 igthofc liilhKts which tie 
 and Cyreniaca. 
 rabs who inbabit it, Cev- 
 lar:, 
 
 ^^RICA.J BARB 
 
 ran lk»rk.i, or the IVferc ot" WhirUvinii and lluni- 
 tune*. The territory about the towns and villages 
 produce a fcanty pittance ol corn, mili.t and mai/.e ; 
 .ill other parts ot'ihis wretcheil region air totally bar- 
 ten, and c.ic whole labours iiiulcr a gnat liarcity of 
 uater. Small as the nuautity of grain ii, the pour 
 people are under the necellity of bathrin,;^ fomeofit 
 tor caincb. Iheep, datei, tVe. IVihaps the mull plca- 
 fant place in the while cointr;. is rhar fmall ddlriot oi\ 
 which the temple i.f Jupiter Amnion aiuiently Hood ; 
 yet this is lurrounded with horrid plains of burning 
 i"ands, which move uiuler the traveller's feet like waves ; 
 or, being raifed by the winds, overwhelm liim with 
 clouds of diift. it any are ol)li;',ed to journey throiigli 
 thi> difagieeable region, they iiuill tr.; el wi hacom- 
 pafs, or they would be loll in the defert, and wander 
 about till they are pcrillieil witii hungir and thirll. Ihe 
 am lent Cyreniica is the del'art part, and tint called 
 Maiiinirica the inhabit ible dillriot : thole who live near 
 the Ica-coalt arc all ;',iven to piracy ; and the miri- 
 tiinepart itfelf is called the Coal! of Uerna, from the 
 thief city remaining, all the other towni kno>vn to t'.ie 
 ancien's being cither totally ruineil, or dwindled to the 
 moll inconliderable villages. Thearthors i/f the L'ni- 
 verfal I iillory I'ly thus concerning the principal places 
 <it this I'oun'ry , " What condition thev are in, what 
 tomnieice they drive, or how and !))■ w horn governed, 
 we cannot find any fitisfaOfory account of. " And as 
 \»e have not any iiifi>rmatioii relative to tluni, more re- 
 cent than what thole gentlemen ha\e adverted to, we 
 can only further a. Id, that the people are moll deter- 
 mined, ferocious, and cruel robbers both by lea and 
 lai!d tvTid that rliey arc fo poor as to be obliged frc- 
 tiuent!'<f'lt> fell tiie r w ives anil children to tlieir neigh- 
 bour-:, in order lo augment their means of fviblill- 
 ence and to get rid of all th.itsi|ie) may d.-eiu an in- 
 ( iimbiatice. 
 
 In order to e.vpofe the ferocious and rapacious difpo- 
 firionof the people of this part of the globe, in which 
 they exceed thole of all others, we lliall clofe our ac- 
 count of Uarbary with the fillowing narrative of the 
 lofs of his Majelly's fl-.ip the Litchfield, and the unex- 
 ampled futi'eniigs of the crew during their flavery in 
 Moroico. 
 
 On the nth of Ni^ember 175S, the Litchfield, 
 commanded by Capt. barton, dei).uied from Irelantl, 
 in company with feveral other men of war and tranf- 
 poits in;eiided lor the reduChon ol (joree, ui'.der the 
 command of L'ommodore Keppel. 
 
 'I'hey met wjili a profperous voyiec till the 2S;h of 
 the month, on t!ie evening of wliich day theweatlier 
 turned out verv I'qiial!}, with rain. At nine o'clock it 
 wasexceedin..; dark, with much lightiMig, and at hall 
 an hour attir nine they had an extreme hard fijuall.at 
 whichtimeCapt. Batto.uMmcujJondeck ; and Itaid till 
 ten, w hen he left orders ro keep light of the commodore, 
 ar.d CO make what fail the weather would permit. 
 
 At \tnc o'clock in the mmning of the 29th the light 
 which they took to he the conuuodo.'. 's was right 
 a-head bearinL' fouth, and the w m i blew very hard at 
 well louih-w ell. .-Vt fi\ o'clock in the morning tlie 
 author of this account was awakeii by a great lliock, 
 tndaconfuled noifeot the men ujson the deck; on which 
 he ran up, thinking fome fliip was ran foul of them, 
 having no thoughts of h'. -v. neir land, lince, accord- 
 intr to every perfon's r. ;■ r they were at leall <5 
 
 leagues from It ; but beivue he could reach the i]uar- 
 terjeck, he vras toofenlibly convinced of their difmal 
 fifuarion, by the Hup giving a great llrokc on the 
 ground, and the lea brcakingall over them. 
 
 Jull after this hecould perceive the l.ind, at the dif- 
 taiice of a'liinit t«o cables length, appearing rocky and 
 uneven. Ihe fliip lying with her broadlide to wind- 
 ward, the (ea broke entirely over them ; the malls foon 
 went over board, and fonie of the men were carried oil 
 with them. 
 It is imponib'.e to conceive tluir dillref- at thi-> time ; 
 
 A R V. 
 
 4'J 
 
 the malh, )ards, and fail.t lunging along-fide in a con- 
 tiifed heap, tlie Ibip beating violently utHiii the r^icks, 
 the waves 1 uriing up toan incredible' height, and then 
 dalhiiig down with huh force as if they would have 
 Iplit the Ihip to pitcci 1 which tliey every moment ex- 
 pected. 
 
 Hut now IVovidenie favoured thiin grr.atly ; for 
 fome ()f the large waves breaking without tlie llup, tlic 
 remainder of their force came againll the llarboarj 
 ijuarter j and the anchors that were cut away as foonai 
 thev llriick, now jililled in bringing the fliip's head to- 
 rt anis the fe.i. 
 
 '1 his gave a profpccl of prolonging life, perhaps, a 
 few hours, which *as all .it that time they could ex()ecl : 
 however, their fcatiered lenfes now recovering a little, 
 they ("aw it necelfary to get every thing they could over 
 to the larboard lide, to jircvent the lliip from hei ling 
 off, and expofing the deck again to lea : and the wave.* 
 for the moll part breaking forwards, they fei/ed the 
 opportunity, and got moll of the (larboard guns on the 
 upper deck over, with what elfe they could come at. 
 
 Some of the people, contrary to advice, were very 
 earned to get the boats out ; and at length, alter much 
 intreaty, one of the boats was launclied, and eight of 
 the bed men jumped into her ; and though at this time 
 the ("ea w.is rather abated, (he had hardly got to the 
 Ibip',, llern, when (he was inllanily whiri'd to the bot- 
 tom, and every man in her pe.ilbed ; and the re(l of 
 the boats were foon walhed to pieces upon deck. 
 
 1 hey now made a raft of the capflern bars, fiinic 
 Iwards, ^;c. which being done, they had only to wait 
 with rcfignation for the alllllance of Providence. 
 
 The Ihii) wai fo foon lilled wi.h water, that thev had 
 no time to get any provilions up. The quarter-deck 
 and poop were now the only places they c ^uld (land on 
 with an; f.-eii; ir\ , the waves being far Ipent b\ the time 
 they reaehed thofe parts, owing to their be:n^ broke 
 by the fore part of the Ihip. 
 
 At loir o'clock in the at'rcrnoon, the fea being then 
 much abated, as it was almolt low water, and as there 
 wai riafon to imagine that the (hip could not withllanJ 
 the violence of tlie next tlojd, one of the people fwani 
 'i^ic afliore. 
 
 There were numbers of Moors upon the rocks, who 
 beckoned much for them to come on (V.ore ; which th.y 
 at firll took for kiiidnefs, but they were foon undi.lt 
 ceivcd, as thele wretches had not the humanity to alTi- 
 any one who wasintircly naked, but lk\l lo thofe who 
 had anything about them, whom they llripped before 
 they were well out of the water, wrangling among 
 tliemfelvcs about the plunder, while the poor man wa.s 
 left to eraul up the rocks if he was able ; if not, th.ey 
 gave thcml'elves no concern about him. 
 
 .Vlr. Sutherland, w ith the feconj lieutenant, and about 
 65 others, got albore before dark, w here they were ex- 
 pofed to the wea'Jier upon the cold fand, and to keep 
 liicmlelves trom perillung, \rcie obliged to go douiito 
 the fliore to bring up |)ieces of the wreck to m ike a 
 fire, and if they happened to pick up a Ihiri or an 
 handkeivhiet, and did not deliver it to the Moors on 
 the lirll demand a daj^ger was inflantlv offered to their 
 breads. 
 
 'I lie Moors having allowed ih''m a piece of an old 
 fail, which they did not think worth carrying oil', they 
 made two tents, into which they cronJed, fitting one 
 bctw een ti\e other's legs, to preferee \ianiich, and nuke 
 room. 
 
 In this uncafy fituation, con:iniialIv bewailing their 
 ow !i fate, ar.d that ol their poor fliip-matcs on the 
 wreck, thc) p.ill'ed a moll turbulent, dark and rainy 
 night, without a drop ol Maier to retrelh them except 
 what they carchcd in their liiil-clotii covering. 
 
 On the joih of Niivember, at lix in the morning, 
 they went down on the rocks to alfid their dup-iuates in 
 coming afhore, and found the ihip had been greatly 
 diattered in the night. Jt being now low water, n..i.iy 
 attempted to fwim on Ihore, lomc of whom got fate, 
 1 while other., pcrilbcd. 
 
 4 Thore 
 
 'L' 
 
ii6 
 
 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC S\STKM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRArHY. 
 
 r*^ ?B 
 
 M 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 Thofc on board got the r.if; into the water, and about 
 1 5 men upon it ; but they were no liwncr put otriVom 
 the wrttkthan it was quite ovcrtuinal ; but molt of the 
 men iccoveicd it again, wixn it was in(huul\ overfct a 
 lecomi time, and all pciiflied except ihiec or lour. 
 
 About this time \ good (wimmer brought a rope 
 aihore, ar", Mr. Sutherland running halhly ever the 
 rocks into the water, catched hold i>i it |utt as the man 
 was quite fpent, and had thought of iiuitting it ; and 
 fome others coming to his alfilfance, they, by the help 
 of that, pulled a large rope alhorc-, and made it fall 
 round a rock. 
 
 They found this j-^ave fpiritsto the poor people on the 
 wreck ; for the rope being 'riuled tight boni the upper 
 I , • of the llern, made an eafy defcent for any one who 
 had art enough to walk or llide upon the rope, with 
 another above to hold b) , in which manner they pro- 
 ceeded almolf half way alhore. 
 
 The under rope was intended for a tra\ellcr to pull 
 people alhore, being falK'iied to the large rope with an 
 iron ring, to gc: backwards and foi wards, but there 
 being a knot in the large rope, w hen once they had 
 pulled ir over it would not return. How ever, it was of 
 great (ervicc, and was '.iie means of laving a nun)ber ot 
 lives. 
 
 They continued corning by the rope i ,11 about eleven 
 o'clrck, though mar of them were waihcd i.tf and pe- 
 rilhcd. The flood then coming on railed the fur', and 
 prevented an\ morei uming at ".hat time, 3nd the ropes 
 could be of no further ufe. 
 
 Thev now rctncd to the rocks, and being extremely 
 hungry, they begun to brjil fome of :hc cirow neil tur- 
 kies, &c. whu'h, with lome flour mixed, anil baked 
 among tl'ecouls, madctlieir tirllmealon this l-,a;-barous 
 coafl : and at about h.ilf a nule diltant they found a well 
 of frelh water m Kich was of the utmoCl ferviee to them. 
 They had f.arcely tini'hcd their meal when the 
 Moors, who were now gro« ii numerous, diovethem 
 a!! down to the rocks, Ixating them if they lingired, 
 (though fome wer • hardly able to rrawl,) to h;ing up 
 cmpt) iroi bound calks, pjeccsot'the <-ri.ck which had 
 iron about them, and odiei thmgs. 
 
 About three o'clock in the afternoon they had ano- 
 ther meal upon the drowned ,;oultry j and limling t.iis 
 was the belt food they were likely to have, fome of 
 them were ordered to lave all they could find ujoor. the 
 Ihore, t)theri to rai'", a larger tent, and the reil were 
 f 'nt down to the rocks to look out for people cooung 
 alhore. 
 
 The furf f, eatly Increafing with the flood, and break- 
 ing vjpon the foie part ol the fluj), flie was now d: videJ 
 into three pieces. The fore part was tcrned keel uj); 
 the middle part was foon allieii inioa thouland pieces. 
 The fore part of the poop likew ife fell a' this tin>e, and 
 about JO nien w ith ir, eight uf w horn goc 'ale on llioro, 
 but fobruifed that their recovery w-.s eiefp.ured of. 
 A nioU inelancl.DJy prolpe^t now ippeareii : nothing 
 ut the after part of the poop remained ahjo^e water, 
 w ith a \ery fiiiall p.irt (-ftl.e other decks, on which was 
 r'le cajitain, and al>out ijoinore, expecting eve v «a\e 
 to be their hill ; for the wreck leced as if it was in- 
 Oantiy going to throw then. aP to the bottom, and every 
 Uii): k threw lame oil', luTtllv any of whom came on 
 Ihore alive. 
 
 During thi.s difirefs the ^toors laughed very loud, 
 and fe'—....d touch diverted when ;. wave larger than 
 ( (>Tiitnon threatf neii the dellruelion of the [.:)or tottering 
 fouh upon the wrec!,. 
 
 Hrtwcen four and live o'clock the lea was much ile- 
 ercafed wirh. the ebb ; and tiie rop.e lieing Itill ficurc 
 they beg-Ill to venture upon it, when foiuefell o|i .Mid 
 perdhcd, but others go' ;,,!e i,n Hiorc. 
 
 About live o'clock ifiofe on fl'.orc made figns f(>rthc 
 captai'i to conic upon tl.e rope, .is that appeared to be 
 ■IS j;;o<k1 an opii)rtiinity ns any they had olifcrvtil ; but 
 lome whoiaiiielaielv oi!, laid, i-h.stthe capiain was re- 
 folvedto Ha) tili .dl the men had mailc the befl ol liicir 
 way to land, or at leall had c]i:itred the wrt( k ; which 
 lya\tr)' of Iiis they at once aelmued and lamented. 
 
 However, they ftill continued to beckon him, .-vikI 
 ;utV beloie it was dark, they had the pleafurc of fe in,' 
 him come on the rope, lie was dole follow e^l by a 
 good able feaman, who did all he could to keep up hi* 
 (pints, and allill him in warping. 
 
 As the captain could not fwim, and had been folnnj; 
 without any rehelhment, he was no longer able to leliil 
 the violence of the waves, but had lolf his hold of the- 
 great rope, and mult unavoidably have penlhed, lunl 
 not a wa\e throun him within ihe reach of the rniHs 
 held by thole on Ihore, which he hao barely the I'enfc 
 left to iay hold of. They pulled him up, and, alt t 
 leilmga little wiiile ipon the rocks became to himreil 
 and walked up to the tent, defiring the others to i'.liit 
 the refl ol the people in coming alliore. 
 
 The M(«)rs were for dripping the captain, though 
 heh.ui nothing on but a plain wailkoat, and a p.iirof 
 breechis ; but his people, plucking up ihcirfpirit, upon 
 this occalion, oppoled them ; on which they thought 
 proper co delill. 
 
 The iieople ftill continued to come on fliorc pretty 
 fill, thoujji many perilhed in the attempt : but the. 
 plainly law tl at their cafe wa^ delperate, as the wreek 
 mult inevitably fall to pieces with the next Wood. 
 
 l"he Moors at length growing tired with waiting f,t 
 fo litt'e plunder, would not let them remain any logger 
 upon the rocks, but drove them all up ; whereupon 
 Mr. .Sutherland, with the captain'» permiirion, v.c.n 
 ami made luiVMcation to the iialhaw, who v\as in h;s 
 tent with many ether Moors, I'.ividing the plunder. 
 
 Mr. Sutherland having by ligns mai!e himf.lf unelc ■ 
 flood, the bailiaw g.ive ihem leave to go down to the 
 fea-lide, fending fo.iie Moors with them. They earned 
 lire -brands do>\n, to let the poor creatures on thev re.L 
 lee that iney were dill re■ae^y to allill them. 
 
 Mr. Sutherland fays, that he has no doubt but niar.y 
 perilled while they were gone, for want of their help; 
 lor they had been but a few minutes on the rocks wli, u 
 one came very near them before the) law him ; ui.d 
 this was frcijiientlya ciicumlhince ofasinuch honor .is 
 any they met with; for jull as the yooc wieteh.i 
 apDcaied in light, they were walnetl fioni the r.'p", 
 and dalhcd to ilcath againll the roeks clofe lo ihcr 
 more fortunate companions. 
 
 .■\bout nine atnighr, finding that nomoremen uoull 
 venture upon the r.)pe, as the furf was again greai'y 
 increafed. they retired to their tents with heiirts fu'ini 
 forrow, 'avin;,', according to the la(l mail's acc>iii;ii. 
 bctweer j j and 40 tipon the wi\ck. 
 
 They now thought ot'crowding all into the tent, and 
 began by fixing the ci()tain in the middle. They v.wn 
 made every one he dow n on his lide, as they couK! n .t 
 .ilford him a breadth : but, after all, there were many 
 ■ h.at tCiik ilier l'..Jgings in empty calks that had beei 
 thrown on ihore. 
 
 On the lirft of iX\ ember, in the morning, the w reek 
 was all in p;eces upon the rock.<, and the lliore iiuiie 
 covered w iih liimlur, 
 
 'I'hc people Ujion the wreck periflied about one i:i 
 the moining, as we learnt hom one who was lolled up 
 and down ne.irly two hours upon a piece of the wreek, 
 and at lall throw n upon the rocks fenfclels, but reeo. 
 ve-ed, and got to the tent by day-light, though gnatly 
 bruiled. 
 
 The Moors were very bufy in picking up every thing 
 of value, but would not fufrerthe Euglilh to take liie 
 lead thing, except pork, flour, and liquor, all ofwiuei 
 they lecuied as much as they could in the tent. 
 
 Some were now einployeil in enlarging the tent, and 
 railieg another; fome in trying to make bread, and 
 fome in cleaning the drow ned Hock. 
 
 At one in the aliernoon they inudercd the men, and 
 placing them in ranks, fijunil the number to be 220 ; 
 io tha; there were rpdrowned, amonj whicli luiuibcr 
 was the lirll lieutenant, the captain of marine-, his 
 lieutenant, the purler, g.inncr, carpenter, and three 
 midlhipmen. 'I hey now returnedpublick thanks to W- 
 nughty Ciod for ihur deliverance. 
 
 On 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 On the fecond of 
 they found one Gei 
 the tent, which the; 
 
 ing brandy among 1 
 that way, thou-b 1 
 prevent it. 
 
 This day two mc 
 Barton, for their in 
 both to convince 
 that they were Hill 
 At two in the ati 
 from one Mr. Bi 
 miles dillant, to ei 
 then: aflillance. 
 and paper, the ca 
 and they finding t 
 them help, w.is a i 
 latisfaetun. 
 
 On the morning 
 bled the people, a 
 the afternoon they 
 w ith fome bie.id, 
 were eareniely ac 
 of the trin'p ir.s, 
 about three lea-u 
 great many ot the 
 e)n the fnirth of 
 in uiekin;:; up \m 
 IVloors would |) r; 
 peofile into melie; 
 tin-' received tl\e 
 re.'cAc I another h 
 to rhe Danilh Afr 
 ai.d at the l-nv ■ t 
 A'ldiews, an Inlh 
 t^alfv. 
 
 Cinthe ffth 1! 
 
 mufv-les at \o \ \\3 
 
 haulb-d. Mr. . 
 
 broi.g'u .vithl.im 
 
 and plai tiers, whi 
 
 great need ot. Ir 
 
 by his I'Miifes mc 
 
 Tin- n xt day ^ 
 
 keis to ev^ry i\\o 
 
 \]o<k\ in need ot 
 
 by Mr. Andrew;. 
 
 on mull ks and :i 
 
 thingh the\ piioi 
 
 On th.c feven' 
 
 ( i\ll, for fear ll e 
 
 cnieUy to ilu' Ki' 
 
 }»rr ai ii\e<i from 
 
 general to the p: 
 
 'i'luv aecordiu'd 
 
 r.ieep, w hich M 
 
 l:be\ hati nn poi; 
 
 ha;dl\ lit lor an) 
 
 On the nnv-h, 
 
 bodies upon tie 
 
 ployed in hi in;;: 
 
 lea lido, the en'i 
 
 ever might be ol 
 
 On the ll on 
 
 ready to niareh 
 
 orders for that 
 
 a!\d die necelfai 
 
 aliout \o camel.' 
 
 of the iW'> other 
 
 n-ouiued on c.ir 
 
 nilbed wit ha lu 
 
 evening, when i 
 
 whi.'h would ni 
 
 moll ol th( III 1 
 
 heavy and cold. 
 
 to be -j.-jS, inch 
 
 and a young chi 
 
 alhore wit! her 
 
 No. ■; 
 
OGRAPHY. 
 
 to beckon him, ami 
 the i)li-afiirc of ft ;„,'■ 
 s dole lollowai i,y J 
 
 -•touldtoktcpuphii 
 
 and had liecn To Innt; 
 
 IK) longer able to idiit 
 loll his hold ol thi; 
 
 V Imvc peiilhed, h.ul 
 
 ihe reach of the rn|H-i 
 
 liau barely the Unfc 
 
 liiiu up, and, alr-r 
 
 ^ heeanie to himicii 
 
 Hij; the others to aiim 
 
 a I!. ore. 
 the captain, though 
 
 aillcoat, and a p.iirof 
 
 lyiipihcirfpiritiupoa 
 which they thought 
 
 come on fliorc pretty 
 le attempt : but 'Jkv 
 •fpcrate, as the ttrcik 
 
 I the next Hood, 
 tired With waiting ut 
 •in remain any loigcr 
 
 II all uj; ; whereupon 
 iin'i permiirion, v, cit 
 lha«, who was iii h.s 
 iding the pUinJir. 
 smaiie himlllfuiul. - 
 ive to go dov» n to the 
 h them. They can ltd 
 Jieatiircson the v icL 
 allill them. 
 
 aj no doubt but im v. 
 or want ol thtir hr!p ; 
 teson the ioi:k,s wli, ii 
 • the)- r.;w him ; u.-.J 
 e ot'as much lioMvir d> 
 s the poor wietth.s 
 allied fioiii the r.p', 
 ; rocks clofe to ilu.r 
 
 at nomoreir.en woi-ll 
 jrt' was aj^ain grc.ulv 
 :tns with iicurt.ifulin; 
 ic lad man's accou;;:. 
 ck. 
 
 ; all into the tent, ami 
 e middle. They tixii 
 de, ai they coidd n .i 
 all, there were in;\;iv 
 y calks tliat had bie i 
 
 e morning, thewreLk 
 , and the Ihore ijuiii- 
 
 ^erillied about one in 
 iiic who wns tolled U|) 
 a piece ol'the wrei k, 
 V.S (enlelels, but rei o- 
 -light, ihoLigli {Miatly 
 
 eking up cvcrv thinjt 
 e Kiij^lilh to take liic 
 d liquor, all ol wluc.i 
 Id in the tent, 
 ilarging the tent, and 
 to make bruaJ, and 
 k. 
 
 udercd tiie men, ^'iiJ 
 c number to be ::o ; 
 inoiy whicli iminber 
 itain of marinc<, liii 
 Larpenter, and three 
 publick thanks to. \i- 
 
 On 
 
 AIRIC.\.J 
 
 On the fecond of Deccin'.icr, at fi'.cin the morninL^ 
 they found one Georj^^e Allen, a marine, dead i\'.>k by 
 the ii'iit, which tliey imai^incd was oceafioned bv drink- 
 ini; brandy amo;'ij; the rocks, as leveral had j'ot drunk | 
 ilat way, thou ,h they ufed \\h:it means they i.oiild to 
 prevent it. ; 
 
 1 his il.iy two men were wliipped, 1-y ordero! (ant. i 
 Ixirron, for their nlolenie, uhnh \\:v higlih- ne. i iiiii v, i 
 b"th to convince the Moors, and liieir own peeple, j 
 that they were Hill iiniler comnMiid. , 
 
 At two in the afternoon there arrived a I'lack llrvant 
 from one Mr. I'litler, at Salfy, a tosvn about thirty 
 nii''.'s dillant, to enquire into their liuntion, and give 
 then, allillaiue. 1 his man ha\ing broui.>,ht pens, ink, 
 and pajier, the taptain wrote a letter to Mr. 15utler ; 
 and they finding there was even one perlon who olKred 
 them belli, was a circumltanee which gave the hi,i;hell 
 faiisflu'tun. 
 
 On the morning of the third of December the}' airem- 
 bh.(! the people, an 1 read prayers of thankrgi\in'j;. In 
 the afternoon they received a letter from Mr. Hutler, 
 with fome bic.id, and a few other ne; eiT.ines, uIm'Ii 
 were e\tremcl\ acceprabie. They now heard tliat one 
 of the trin'p ir.s, and a boni'i-tenvier, were wrecks I 
 about three le.lJ,ue^ ro tl^e northward of them, and .i 
 great many ot the men laved. 
 
 On the fnirth nfilu- month the people weie employed 
 in picking up piecs of tf.e fails, and whit elte the 
 Moors would p nil t tlvni. They noiv ilivided tlie 
 jicofih liito m.li'e-, a i , .'Vrve.i them uilh ti.e necellaiies 
 the'- received the d.i. before. In tiie ;'fu:rnoc'n du) 
 r^ -Ci^e t another letieitrom Mr. Buikr, who was f.ictor 
 to rhe D.inilh African Co npany, aiui himleU a 13a;!e ; 
 arci at the l.n' • time thev hid a letter tVom one Mr. 
 Aidiew.s, ail Inlli gentleman, who w.is a merthaat at 
 Sally. 
 
 On the fifth ;be ] eople were cm|lneil to gnther 
 mulLlesatloi water, the drowned Hock being all ex- 
 haiil'-d. Mr. Andrews arrived this iivimin;;, and 
 bro!ig'\t .vith l.imal'rench fingeon, and fome iiKxIicines 
 and phul'crs, uhien many if the brii:led ii en Hood in 
 great ii.td of. In the afernvjon one of tiie fcinien died 
 by his I uifes mcrtilying. 
 
 The n M day w.is delnered one rf the countr)' blan- 
 keis to ev^ry tuo men, and a pair of llip[)er.s to fuehas 
 llooil in need ot them. Thife fupplies uere brought 
 bv Mr. \ndr(v.;. I he people were no« forced tolnc 
 f»n mi;h ks a!ul . read, the Moors having deceived them, 
 thocgh il-ie\ piMKiufed to liip(dy ihim with latik. 
 
 On tl-c fevinth the Mi o's l-.egan to le limcwlrit 
 (i\il, for learll e cmper <r lliould piinilli them tur their 
 cruelly to dr- 1mi; l;lli; aul in the afternoon a imlllii- 
 p,irani\(.d friMC- she iii peror of Sallee, witii ouler^ in 
 g.ner.il to the people to liqiply them with pioviiinns. 
 'I'luN' aicordiii'dy brought lomciioor biihorks imd lean 
 flicep, whicii Mr Ai'iireus pun hafcd ; but at thus time 
 thev had m pnii '.o mike biotli in, aiui the catile were 
 liaidh litloraii) thing clle. 
 
 On tiie iiiir.!'., in the morning, they law llver.d dead 
 bodies iipon tl e rocks. 'I his day the p.eojde «ere em- 
 ploved mhii;r;:ng u'p the o,-.k timbirs, l>:c. from the 
 lea iide, rhe emperor having lent criiers to fa\e vhe.t- 
 ever might lie M' ul'e to his < riii/.ers. 
 
 On the icoipiiig rf the tenth they got ever) thing 
 reaih to march to Miu'occo, the emperor basing lent 
 
 n A R V. A R \. 
 
 17 
 
 orders fur that piirpore, and camels to carry tl) 
 
 l'"'l 
 
 and the lu celiai us. 
 a!iout io < air.els, an 
 
 la 
 
 'I'hey continued their journey on ilic eleventh, aitend- 
 ed by a ni:niber of Moors r-n hcrfeluck : and the al- 
 c.iid, Mhohadthe condveting of them, now furnini d 
 fevc;al of the of.icei s u ich horfes. Thev did nor travel 
 Iha't fir Moroico, being intormed that tl ev muH 
 nv.it the cmperrr ci niing from .Sallee. At fix in the 
 evening ihcy nime tothiir reilin;; p'a:e for the ni.ht. 
 and were liirnillied with tents i'l.ilicieiu to cover a'l t.c 
 men. 
 
 On the tv^elfth they fct out at f.vc in the mornin'-, 
 an.lat two in the afternoon faw the ciupcior's cavalcdi: 
 at .1 di'iance, ,\t tluee a relation of ih,- emperor's, 
 n:Mned Midi AdriO, came to them, and told th 
 t.ii ■ 
 ml 
 
 it v,,is the emperor's poiitivc orders th.it he Ihould 
 
 antly u rite a letter to the governor of CJihraltir, to 
 lend to his Britannic maj.Uy, to know v\hedurhe 
 would I t.le a peace with him dr not. 
 
 Captain li.irtnn f.it down imiucdiatelv onthegr-.fs, 
 and viro^c alctt.r, which being given to M.ili Adr fs, 
 heitturncdto the eniperor. At fix in the evening 
 they came to the relting place lor the ni;;iit, and 
 v.cje vicll fiin.iihed vm:1i utr*, but h.ad very little 
 pioviiidii. 
 
 On I he thirteenth 'hey had provifion brnu"ht tliein, 
 and ui re deliied to rcn.ain in th.eir prei'ent lit'iation tilt 
 tl-,e 111. n V eic rifrcile.l. 
 I nil 
 
 i ..I- log V.iKf 
 grc.ill) icco. ere 
 loiirney a.s helo: 
 their retting [ 
 thi mil. Iv es M .1 
 
 lixtrcnth, and the men b.in;:; 
 
 ol ti;cir l.uigues, the) cicLi.med tlieir 
 
 .' ; and M f iir in the alt r: oo.i ranie to 
 
 pi.icc, pifh.ul tiu.r icn-.i, m'J r.fieded 
 
 pi\,v ii.ons. 
 
 Id.ie fomc (f the country Moor.s ufed the l'n;:l ll, ill 
 as thev u eieiaking water tr'im the br.'ok. 1 lie" .Mo ts 
 v.oiild alw lys Ipir, .in the veird "b fi.e th v vc^ n'd 1. 1 
 tliem td.e a ly av.ay. 1 !ei\ii;;o.i .• p.i ; . f;!.e i'r.rliih 
 v.en: t.) eiup.i,re in;,. :',c alh^r, .ii-.d v ■..■ i...nijd,;raly 
 lal'.;ted wiM. a ll.cv.er c-f ilnnes. T;ic\ i.tn run in upon 
 the Moors, be:;t f .me of thcni, pur tl eni to II gilt, and 
 brocghr awav on.-, who atrcmp-cd to del" nd hm.felf 
 
 with. I long Mule. 'Ih 
 the ;d -cd v, 1.,) had ihc 
 
 Or t!-.emcriiin;:o! .he 
 had Tl cram, a< ha '. h. en 
 
 ar.d at h iir in dv 
 
 thcr ;. ir 
 
 retting plice for the ir(.',h;, a 
 
 got tei.ts anil a pr; pir lii('|.l\ o 
 
 Ontheei'du'-cnih of l\cc'i.b 
 
 s I'elhii'/ V ai fjiere'y ] u:".iil;j.l b/ 
 lonJicctingof the I'n ''iili. 
 ^ cr.ii'.ni'i cj-cii I f till, pjoj'.Ic 
 al, andi they then coiitinu d 
 
 ;\l-ei-: lion canie to llie 
 ;:l'rei Utnii- diliiciiltv, 
 piov .l! • 1. 
 
 , a' ti r> e In the aftcr- 
 
 1 e Ci.) oi ?\'or<i((\ without hav- 
 -hcid. n :h,e w hole jo ri ey. Tlx'y 
 
 IT,,, i 
 
 liooi), ;lu\ Clin c to 
 
 ;:.,, hii. ;.":cdui 11 :^j. 
 
 weie hcie mlulted b) the r.iclile .is the) piilieJ, aril at 
 
 liveo'chik Were coiHli.Ciul to the urpcior, \. ho was 
 
 oil h()rltb;v,:k iKlbre ihi- la'.e of iiis palace, fuiroiindi-d 
 
 b) live or lix hiindied ol his guards. 
 
 lie told C.ipta.n lait r, by an iircrpircTr, t' at he 
 w,',:, iv.uherat p.e.ice iir v.ar with the I'ln/jilh, and th.iL 
 
 letain him 
 
 !iis people till an 
 
 .itl.idor 
 
 laii.e fio.ii I'.ii.daiul to l.-ide a iirm peace. 
 
 1 he- caji.a n 'ihciuhiiicd tliat thc) mig'.t not I e u'lii 
 as Have,; ti which tie eir.; eicr i.alhlv re, licvl, iht 
 they li.oiild let.iken cue of; and thev we.ctlvp.ei- 
 lectly thrullout oi his i lelciice, coineyid to i.io lu ned 
 hollies, and tin; ii[) air.idtl il.rt and iiuiuiiK i.u I.' vei- 
 inin ol leveral f.iil^. 
 
 Mr. Biiiler, w h.o was me'itio-.ed helorc, h i-;^at\ro- 
 roccoon bulinels, cime and alhllc hli.m c. it.i v.ei ,alj 
 
 iiUl 
 
 ilrink, anc 
 
 ■ro/urec 
 
 t lib 
 
 1. 11 Ii 
 
 e.u 
 
 n tl i.o 
 
 .\t nine o'clock thev lit out with home with him to his lodi'iti;' 
 
 iiisC.v ile 11 lit ll'iiu' 
 
 dar 
 
 novin wcrejoine 
 
 IV tiie revv.- 
 
 blankets liir the clliceis, with n 
 
 ll thev ma. 
 
 li.lft 
 
 of the iwo other wretched \elii;ls, when they were all to pals thc night pretty 
 
 Colli 
 
 lis tlicv weies;;eat- 
 
 irouiucd on c, mil Is, except the captain, who was fur- 
 
 lot Hop till \\-\ci\ in the 
 
 niUieil w 
 
 ith a lioile. Til 
 evcnin!', w hen the Me 
 
 latic 
 Out 
 
 le inornK 
 
 ■nl r 
 
 '••111 t. 
 
 eir cMnel 
 
 wdii h would not i onniin one third of the 
 
 us procured them onl\ twvitcii'.s, i taken o' 
 
 .rl\ to 
 
 d he 
 
 o that 
 
 Ml 
 
 ikiwife Lr.t 
 
 ,11 I. nil 
 
 aiii! fivMir 
 
 ilf ol thimhi) expolcd to theilevv, winch was verv iiiglu Ionic b,cl ; hii. ili.'v In. I v c; n ' i o '.mivc i \ m 
 
 lieavv and cold. They now found their wh 
 to be i'{f<. iiii hidinu ollicers, men, bi 
 
 oie lu, inner 
 
 diell. 
 
 d the 
 
 ill d.\ 
 
 e j'jH, ini hiding olhcers, men, bovs, three viomcn 
 
 cleariiii<; out tin 
 
 a \oiinii; i hH 
 
 w inch one o 
 
 fth 
 
 e women 
 
 had I 
 
 .U-oU] 
 
 ;ht 
 
 ilhore witl her teeth. 
 No. jS. 
 
 O 
 
 h.ul 
 
 II ilie tMC'Viei ll 
 
 in.! dclh. 
 if U'.eir ne 
 
 , ti'.e vei ,1 in. 
 
 •Il'i 
 
 .HI Ol 1. 
 
 oroiii lit to t.vni. 
 
 w!;ich thoy 
 alter licii-'j; 
 
41 S A NEW. ROYAI, and AUTHKNTIC SYSTEM of UNIVF.RSAL (m-.OCRAPIIY. 
 
 A 
 
 riimmagH, ami the captain's trunk robbed of 19 liii- 
 cats, fevcra! nn^;s, filvcr buckles, a watch, atul other 
 things, molUy bcUmgi"^ to the f'oriiiiall-iiu'n. Mr. 
 lUnlcr, ami his partner, VIr. Dckon, liiii everything 
 in their jioucr to alhil thcni ; and tiu- people nou had 
 pots to bo.l their victuals, nor \wix they in any want 
 ot bread. j 
 
 On thjinorningofthc rwenry-iirft the emperor fcnt | 
 money .0 the captain for the liip|>ortof the men, at a ' 
 blaniiutciia day each, or tuo-pcnce Herlinj.;; but that 
 being inCuiVu lent, Captain Baitongoi money iVoir. Mr. 
 Butler to make it up four-)ie;icc \\ fling, uhich he 
 n ana'.a-d himfclt for ihnii to the bell advanta;j;e, allow- 
 ing them one pound of beef or nuition, wich broth, 
 undone pound of bread every day. 
 
 At nine o'clock in the morning of this day, the em- 
 peror fer.t foi the captain and every olliccr 10 a!)pe.ir 
 befiTc h.im, and they inlbntly repaired to his palace, 
 where they remained two hours waiting in an outer \ard. 
 In the meantime he diveited himl'elf witii leeing a 
 clumiy Dutch boat rowed about a pond by four of tlie 
 petty odicirs. 
 
 About noon they were ftimnu n(d befno him, ai'. I 
 placed m a line, about thirtv yards from him. I (e wa^ 
 lilting in a chair by the lide ot a [^ond, with only !>• .< 
 (if his chief alcaids near him. 1 living viewed thci 
 Come time, iic ordered the captain to come forw.ird; 
 and after h.aving alked him foine iiuellions concerning 
 the b.nglidi na\\, ami the ilcllmation of the f.uiatlron, 
 (jf whicli the Litchfield made a part, heclkd loruaid 
 the fill of the people by two and three at a time, as 
 they lloed according to the rank. Then alking moll 
 of them fomc very inlignificant i|ucllion-, ar.d taking 
 fome of them to be Portiiguefe, becaufe the) hadbl.ick 
 hair, and others to be Sv edis, becaiile they had white 
 hair, he judged none o( tiem to be Lnglilhmcn except 
 I'-.e captain, the fecond lieutenant, the etilign of the 
 foldiers, and Mr. .Suihcil.md ; but on their airuring 
 him that they were all I-nglith, he crxd b(?;K), and 
 gave a nod for their departure ; *o whiLh tliey returned 
 a very '...w bow, and were gl.id to get to their old ruined 
 h.oufes again. 
 
 t)a the 2.d of December Ciptain Barton piovidt.l 
 (he people wih llulTfor frocks trowfers, and macs and 
 J lil.irs to He on, with every otlier neccllary that could 
 be got i and they were all em[)lo\ed \;\ making them- 
 fehes clo.iths in the bed manner they were able. 
 
 On the next day the captain received a toelFage from 
 the em[)eror, with orders, that if any of the i'n^,li!h 
 iliot.ld be guilty ofa crime, In; fliould puniihth.em the 
 fame as if tr.e) were on board his iliip ; but it they 
 flujuld (piarrel with the Moors, they muH abide by the 
 Mooriih law s, w huh wt re very fevere againft th.c Chrif- 
 tians. 
 
 On the twenty-fourth, bcin:^ Sunday, they were all 
 alfembled, and prayers were read in t:'.e fame manner 
 as if the. had. been on board, and ihc\ returned un- 
 feigned thanks to God for the many favours he h;id be- 
 (lou ed on them. They had but one bible among them 
 all, antl that was a ])refent from Mr. .Xiulreui; and 
 though they had no clcrguiia;!, Captain Ikuton never 
 omitted a fingle Sunday to alleiubie the iiuii, ai;d h.i'.e 
 fervicc performeii. 
 
 On Cl.nftmasd.iy pra\eri were read t(. the peo, lea> 
 iifral in the church of I'.nglaiid : .i;i I this d.iv il.i' cap- 
 tain received a prefcnt of fomc tea .ml loivv.s '.1 l>i).',.ir 
 from one of the emperor's queens, w hofe grand.a.h.cr 
 hail been an baiglilh renegaiio. 
 
 The ne.vt eiay thcyhcarel the difagree.ihle ntv' that 
 the emper.ir would oblige ail itw I .n;;,hlh to woih 111 tlie 
 r.iliie manner as the e)iher C'hnllian llaNcs, e-.cepting 
 the oiliccrs that were before him on tl:e iweiU) -hrlt ol 
 the month. 
 
 On thetuint\-feveiith, at fe\cnin thi laoinii.g, an .d- 
 caid canx'and oidercel the peojle all out to uoik, ex- 
 cept thofe wlu> weie fick ; .uui, b;,' inlti\ellion, e.glit 
 were allovved to (lay at home e\er) il.iv as cooks for the 
 rcll which they took by turn.-, thruughout the whole. 
 
 At four in the afiernoe.n the people returiicl, fome 
 of whom hi'd been emplojed 111 cau)ing Wouil, i'l,,,. 
 in turning up the gioimd with hoes, and others lupiik- 
 ing weeels in the eiii]-eror's garden. 'I'heir leuj \\jj 
 piovided by the time they came home. 
 
 Next day all the people went to work as foon as thev 
 could l<:e. 'I'hey were allowed to fit down an hour anil 
 a half in the middle of the day -, but had many a llrok- 
 from their drivers, when they weie doing theu bcli tn 
 defirve b< ttcr iilage. l he captain vrmleavoureJ ill t|,.,t 
 wa-^ in his power to get that ren edied, which, wutu;^,. 
 alliUince of their good Iriend Juan .\rboiia, lie was m 
 hopes of clt'ecting. 
 
 This Juan Arbona, who had been in the eoun'r/ 
 eii;ht years, was taken under l-aiglilh colours' ami ha 1 
 a pal» lignenl by General Blakeney at Minorca. Id, 
 two or three years pall the emperor had kept h nniiu 
 his own jierlon, and put much conliilcnce in him. li> 
 was much attached to the J'.njjUlli, and did c\cij 
 thing in his power to ailiil them. 
 
 On the twenty ninth the peojile were allowcil a hoc 
 bieakfall of porridge, f^eetened with honey, iKfuc 
 they went to their woik. ihis work was foneia.i 
 tt) h(-e the grouiul, and at other times to cany \> > oj or 
 Ihjnes for building, and fueh other things as iher,j\^j 
 are ;ommoiily employed in. 
 
 The I'.ext day Captain Barton received an ohlijnn,; 
 mcliagc from theemperor, with his permillion tor iiMii 
 to rale out, or take a walk in his gardens, with an;, di' 
 the olTicer.-. 
 
 The thiity-lirll of the month was Sumiay, biii t'.e 
 people were obliged to i^o to v\ork as before, the caji- 
 t.iin not being able to obtain perii.illion tor them u, iti.- 
 at home on Sunda\ s. At four o'clock they reiiirne,;, 
 and at live praseis were read to them as uliial. 
 
 On the (irll of J.ir.uary 1751) the pco[)le were mii- 
 tinued at their wank as iifuil, but had not fo much b.J 
 tif.ige, and were in a fair way of having lels, o«m^ 
 chiefly to the good ofiicrs of their tiicnd Juan Arhuni, 
 v.hote)okall iiiinginablc j ains to make their wiikai 
 light aspoflible. I lenow obtained leave for the L :r;;- 
 tians to e]uit their work at tv\elve o'clock on Sunda ., 
 whieh was no firall favour, and luch as was lu'.e, 
 <r.;nted in this country before. 
 
 The people kept their health as yet pretty well, hav- 
 ing a cool air to work in at this time of the )eai ; 1 .i 
 it IS fcorching hor ill the fummer, \vi-,eii there is felJ.)::i 
 any wind to relreih the labourer-.. 
 
 O'l the fecond cf J.muary a ne.v moon eoinmeiii-i, 
 wliereupon the emperor lent Captain Barton the luor.. ; 
 for the fuppoit of the jieop.le till tlu; next 11100:1. 
 
 By this tin;e tlv. uert got into a failed was ul li.- 
 iiig, fo that it will be unneccli'ary to take notice 01 th ■!; 
 things that oecurri'd etaily : we (hall, thcrefjre, o.! 
 remark any extraoidin.iiy occurrence-. 
 
 Nothing mateiial hajpene-el till the beginii:'!;; .1 
 I'ebriiary, when two fold crs dicii witiun a fev^ i.!.!'.i ii 
 each other; and the emperor enquiring iiuo die la;,. 
 of their deaths, Juan .\iboiia told him that U w.is(!n 1- 
 floni-d by catching lold for w iiit of cloat'v-. ; up 1 
 which he received immeiti ate oreiers lo give ever* i .' - 
 glilli llavcas much uhitelineiias wouhs maketwollii ; . 
 
 in tlie nu.ni ot luaicli a Span. aid having !■ .; ■ 
 words with a Moor, who had tirll ulnl hiiii lil, m ■• 
 c.irried before the emperor, who orileuil him to l\ 11: 
 iiHihatily kiioe ked on the head leloie ikn t.icc, and •.:, 
 dead b(;dy lo be e.\ poled lor two elivs aiieru.ir.i.s ; .i .■ 
 ring whiili time the Moois and Jeu.i Ihcweil th.c ho:- 
 taliiy of theirdilpolitioii.s, tiy dal'.uiij^ die beef) to^-.ieL. 
 w all floiies as tluy palKd. 
 
 About the midelle of April t!;e hn lilh r ceivrd Ki- 
 teis which gave them hoj.es of fpeed) relul; but the 
 men v, eie not now lo he.i'tiiy .is the) h.ad betn, Ion c 
 being alllicleil with a fever, and fome with the tl.iv. 
 
 Oa the 2()th of May the emperor i(ceiv(el a Iv-r 
 fiom laird I Ionic, oilenng 170,000 doH.us for t!..: 
 freedom of the J'.nglilh, with which his M.ijelly leeiiud 
 verv well plealed, and promi'ed to lend 111. medial, ly 
 
 for 
 
 nions tliat wo 
 
 ^il 
 
iplc were alli)\vcil a l.o: 
 ^ccl with hoiuy, Intmc 
 
 i \M)lk was lo 1 I l;l\j 
 
 tiiius to tariy \> . o,l nr 
 lliii things Ui the i.jKi 
 
 h was .Sunday, but t' c 
 ork as hd'oii-, ihc cij)- 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 for the an!l>a(ri(l')r, ami Id them fn ; hut tl-.cy foiinJ 
 that ihirc wr.s nn trultin;.; to any tiling he (hid. 
 
 On the (iftecnth ol Juiiv; a courier fct out with the 
 cnijXTor'i letter to the anihalliuior. He was a Jew, 
 nanieil ',. i)lemu!o, and had ortKrs to proceed to Gib- 
 ralter, ; nd ranrn v .i\\ the am! allador. 
 
 Aho'- "^ ''-n d , M afu r this, ihe emperor ordtrcil th;it 
 
 B A R B A R Y. 
 
 4r^ 
 
 the iMiglilli 11 
 
 work o.-i!v trom i! 
 
 ay-liglir till nine 
 
 o'cli ck, and t!;en ;_•<) lionx' till tliree in the aftern-ion, 
 when they flioukl retnrn arid work ti'l fiinlet. The 
 number that «cnt to work was likewile limited to loo, 
 which niigit f.)on enable them to make twoganns; l:.r 
 the people being kept front working in the exceflive 
 heat ot the fun, the niiiubcr (if fick ilecreafed daily. 
 
 On the fe( ond of Jul-, the emperor let out fi om Mo- 
 rocco with an army of tooo men, which was fe'on in- 
 creafed lo _;o,ooo, as gr 'at numbers joined him con- 
 tinually, lie Went to lii'idiie fome (xirt of his domi- 
 nions that ucniki not aeknoul.il^e h's foveieijMity. 
 
 In about ei':;ht days time he lent to ihe city of Mo- 
 HKCo thche-.d; of 70 men, whi(h were placed againll 
 one of the great ;^ates of t.;;- cit)-. There were alfo 
 about 2C0 prifoners, the ehieloi whom, to the number 
 0140, were put into one of the tower - cf ihe wall, and 
 about one tliird ol their nunbTr put on the t ip of it, 
 with larj':e wooden rammers, 'i hey wrre then fupplied 
 with ea:th, which they w ere o!)lii;ed to beat till the 
 roof gave way with the load, and then they all petifLtd 
 logeilic r. 
 
 .\bout the ictfi of Auiurt orders came for 50 nocn 
 more to go to work, b- ulmh the b'ng' 'li found th.ic 
 the emperor was unealy that their ami', ;;L;dor did not 
 tome. 
 
 On the eighteenth they heard from (libralter that the 
 amb.iilador ileterri deoniint'; but en the luentic.h they 
 had ilic agreeable news that he would fit lail from Clib- 
 ralier in a fev d.iys. This gcod news sept their hoiKS 
 alive till the krtcr end of Auguft, when a c<Hniei ar- 
 rived from Tetuan, who brought the news ot Adnvral 
 l)ofcav\ en's having icat the I'rcnc h Heet, and that the 
 aiiiballiu'.or's Ibip being in the engagement, was obliged 
 to Ibiy lomc tinieat CJihralter to relit. 
 
 IJurnig all ihis tii!:e tlic emperor's cruizeis had paff- 
 poris from Lord Home, and were all 01. t, and con- 
 Hanily fending in pii^.es, wluLh gave the captives but 
 little hope of bri:n'ing matters to an accommodation 
 that fuiiuiier ; as the keeping his crui'/.ers in port is the 
 readiell way of making them heaikcn to reafon. 
 
 Moll of the crui/.ers being returned fueccf^ful into 
 port In the mide.Ie ot September, the I'.nglifli had the 
 afl'uiaurc of the long expected amballador being at 
 Si.llee, with his n.ijelly's lliips (!u( rnfey and Tlieiis, 
 havin" thenioni y on board tor their ixdem[v,iMn, w hieh 
 the emperor was inlu n,ed of at his camp ; but being 
 elated with his fuecii's both by land and fia, a;,d bav- 
 in"- nothing to fear fiomihe I''n.;l:th nil the next fj.ring, 
 he'^onlvtiitled with the amballador, by making extra- 
 vagant demands, lodetain him U[;on the coalt, which 
 is very d mgcroiis in rr.e winter I'lwc, 
 
 His lall demaiHl was njO.coo dolltrs, jo pieces of ^ 
 cannon, and a lari'C qeantity of [K)wdei and thot. Tb.e j 
 ambali'.idor had come up to ico.ooo d.oll.ir^ to laiiMy 
 liinr for ever) prUinlion; but on hearing th:s lall de- 
 mand, he fent the empeior word thu it never would b.e 
 coiii[ilied W'tl-, auvl imii\ediately left the eoall, having 
 lirlt loli two aiv hois in Sallee road. 
 
 When the ii:i;eror teund there was nothing to be 
 done by keeping, the ll.in, he d'l'patched one of his al- 
 caids to (jibraliei u ith 1.1 ore moderate prop':lals ; and 
 defiled that a gentleman m.ght be fent tob.im, with au- 
 thoiit) liomt'he au.baflador 10 tnat on the fubject.ar.d 
 tarrv b?.ck b.is i!i.'.einiiiied i(.k>lution. 
 
 Ace('rdui;j,lv Ml. HatUr, theambaflador's fccretary, 
 was fent with an! 'A ers to ibcemptr.n's lall demands. 
 Mho uled every arguii.cnt to icnvini-c him tb.at it was 
 net in thcamb.tll.'.dor's power to giant him any fuppl.es 
 of warlike llores, a^ that wjsconirais to tre.i'cs fnmly 
 fuMillu".'; bitavn 1 ng'.nul and otiier naiion.s then at 
 
 peace with her; but the emperor would not be con- 
 vinced, and fiiffercd Mr. lialltr to return to Gibralter, 
 witlioet K'ving h.ini his iletermined refolution. 
 
 During this interval, there were eight or nine H-g.. 
 lifli padengers taken under Poitugucfc colours, and 
 brought ro Moroo, which the captives appicheiiJed 
 would be an addiiional fi.bjeCt of difpute. 
 
 About the miildle ot'Oetob.r th ■ emperor ai-ain C'^nz 
 Toleda'Ki, the Jew, with more m derate pripofals than 
 any of the toi mcr, and u ith authority to acco.r.moJati; 
 all dill'erences. 
 
 In tiie beginning of I-'ebruary, 1760, Toledano re- 
 turned uith Lord Momc's deiermincd refolution to 
 give 2C0,0J0 dollars tor the redeiviption ot every Bii- 
 tilli fubject in the emperor's dominions, an.d 20,000 
 dollar- to purcb.,.fe warlike flores, wh.ch he might dd 
 by fend; ;g a vellel of his own .0 b!ngland. 
 
 About this time Caotai'i iiarton was ufed very ill, 
 wliith happened in itie ft^howmg manner, lie had 
 been alLiwed t(? kcc]-) a mide for lime time palf, and 
 coi'iMiOnly ufid to nde fiom liis houfe, which x\as neai 
 the palace, to ihc houl'e where the men weic lodged. 
 The nii[ieror happened to fee him; but L'apt. Barton 
 thinking himfelflo far dillant that he fl:ouldn)t be take.i 
 notice o!, or, ly put his lia; under his aini, and rode 0:1, 
 as he wa-<at that inilant oblViired by a wall. 
 
 ■fhe emperor fenr two of b.is guards a:;er him, an 1 
 
 he iv:is lull goingroabght at tiic houle wlien they cams 
 with hiui, and puded him f om olVihc male, giving 
 
 , . ' ■ '1 they ah. avs 
 h ive readv tor tiiat purpole. 
 
 him (everd 'iiok.s w iih ;henTt:ai.s, wi'i. 
 
 1 hey li ized him, oie o.\ 
 each (ide, by the: codar, and in ihat n.anixr burred 
 him to oiir of the gates, and iliui h m up in a hole be- 
 hind tb.e door. 
 
 The mob would hardly allow his ofHceis to follow 
 him. However Mr. Suti.eiland got in with him ; but: 
 thev had not been there a quarter of an hour, bcti.re 
 thefanc two fellows that fcr.:cd him came and let him 
 free, and wanted money for rb.at favour, agreeable tj 
 the chnomol'thecoun'ry ; but Ca|)taiii Barton would 
 not give them a blanqueei:, and bid them go and tell 
 their mallei fo. 
 
 The men were now kept more flrictly than ever to 
 their woik, an>! the alcaid came oftner to feaich the 
 luaife; but the vigilance of Captrdn Ijartun, and thei.' 
 good friend Juan Arbo:ia, got the better of a number 
 of dilliculties and impotitions, which wodJ otheiwile 
 have rendered die lives ot the pe.)|de very unh.ipp*. 
 
 I'or a foit.i ght p.dl the e.i.peror had contideied mx 
 the lall piopol'als; and having difcourfed withTok- 
 d.mo fe\eial times on tlie f ilje.;t, he at length ref.)Ued 
 to find liiiii once nMue to Gdiraltcr, widt his d.-ter- 
 mined rrio:u';e:i to aeeept of two hundred thouland 
 dollai:-f r the icilemitio:! of al! the blngdlh ribjeets, 
 and t>( e.\;y-livi' tlunifano ilnilars lor every ciiier 1 re- 
 tention : and as he ni'W f tiiied to be more in earne'.l 
 th.m e. er be liad been bciore, they began to think their 
 deliveianee wa^at hand. 
 
 'i'oleii.mo iVt out for (iihtaitcr about the middle ot 
 rebruaiy, wi.ii oulers to v. r.te to the emptr.i', ii.une- 
 d.atelv i.ioa lord Home'.; agreeing to his p/op..lal.s : 
 and iij 11 reeeii t of tbits h tter the captives wcie to fee 
 out lo; Sallee, f) be ready liir embarking when the 
 and)allad(;r ariived there. 
 
 On the 2;,th of March the eini-.eior reciived afHi- 
 ranci:; iVrmClibrahir that hisd.n ands Ihould be di'!/ 
 com] litd wuh, on the emb.irk.,11. n ol the 1 .i,itive»ac 
 Sallee, for wl u ii place the an.h.ill.iilor would f.o. with 
 the fuli lau-'Wind, with the n oney and piefent.. 
 
 Hereupon his irajelly lent to Captain B.irton, who 
 had alio rceiivid haters, to ii'lerm hmi that he, and 
 all the people who weie call a.\ay, lliould liiou lev out 
 i\r Sallee, 'Ihe joy iluv tilt on ilus oeeilion may be 
 biitir imagined ih.m difi ribed. *- apiain Bancjii took 
 up money fiom ihe meich.mis, wuh which ihiyl'oon 
 puivided eveiy il.rg ihat could be wanted in a jouiney 
 of ten dav^, t'u thu.- hundred and t\^enty 11. en; b.4 
 to ilieir wtMk, 
 
 the\ veu llill kip' 
 
 On 
 
 f 
 
A NF.W, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SVSTHM of UNIVKUSM. GronRAniy. 
 
 
 420 
 
 On tl'.e 1 1 th of April the hk-ii left olT'goinc; to work : 
 anil on the tvcninif of the 12th the emiicror lent tor 
 capMin Barton, Mr. Su:hcrl.ini', ;iih1 the llroiiJ licu- 
 leiiaiu, and inKI thcni they were to<^oaway 011 the luxt 
 morning, and ihat he would m ike peac e w ah the Imi;'- 
 lilh nation, ifthe) were will^nj;; it not, he did not 
 care. He then ^ave a nod lor their dejvutiiie, 011 
 whieli thev made a low bow , and walked oil w iih niiu h 
 lighter hearts th;in ever they had felt belere. 
 
 rhe next morning th.ey were all iead,v before fini- 
 rillng, but waited till nine o'clock tor the mules and 
 camels: then they were all mounted, geiurailv two 
 upon a camel, and ininicdiarcly «ent uiiliout :iie city, 
 and when all were cume, the;, pro^ec^le.! on their juur- 
 ne attei-.ded by a balh.iw and one luindreJ lo'id.c, s on 
 hoU'eback. 
 
 'Iliev were now treated in a n.-ne agr-iable iranner 
 than whe. they came thitl-.cr neareightecn moniUs be- 
 ' fore. Mr. iJarton was now conluited how lall he ch(j:e 
 to travel, and when to 11 ip. In the esening tluv 
 pitched their tents, which were all properly nun.bercii, 
 and fornud an exact ov.il. In tiiis go(^d order they 
 I)iirl'ued their |ourn>y without w uitingtor any ihiiig. 
 
 (_)n the fourth Jayol their m.iic'.i tiie;, iud a ikiiiMlh 
 with fome of the Mooij. It wa.-. o.c.ifioned by lo.r.c ol 
 the men in the rear i!o,^ping to buy milk at a co^iiury 
 \illage, for which tiie Moors wanted to make ihtiu 
 pa\ an extravagant price.after the> had diank it, wh;ih 
 thev would not conijl; witii. Hereupon the Moors 
 bcfian to beat them, uhich the l-.nglilh re:;i;:i .d, and 
 others goin-j to their aililtance, they n.ainiained a iiiuiit 
 b-ittie, till tire r.Ioor^ grew too ntiiiu-ioiiv. In the 
 mean time fome of the I'ligtiih rode oil' to call their 
 guard, w i:o iiillaiuly rrpaued to their aililhince v, itli 
 tlicir drawn fcwiietar<, and dealt round them p:eLty 
 bnlkly : in the intcrnn the Li'gHih wue not idle, but 
 made t!-.c blood flicamdouii t'.x laces u; many Moo:.,. 
 Ti.e guarJ.s then feized the duel man of l'ic \ illa-.^.e, 
 nnd earned him to the batliaw, who condueteu tiie i' 1 r,- 
 lilli, whci having heard the whole ali'air, difmilUd li:m 
 without tirther pu.iill'.ment, in conlideration of f.is 
 fnviii;' been already wcli drubbe :. 
 
 On the ;:.dof A;>ril tluy got loSallec, :':\'. |.;tchc' 
 ihcir te'it.s in an old callle, from whence t'ey liad iiie 
 I ng-wiflied-lor happinefs to lee three Kn,;lilo lliipsl;,- 
 ini' at anchor, rca, to receive tliern ; Liit when t'c.e, 
 
 viewed the bar of the h.irlvnir. with a large rarln'^ 
 fu if upon It, they beg-an to think thi-ir cii'iha;]; ,tio;i 
 would ptobably (Tove tedious, whi< haeeoidin;>Ii h.in- 
 |)encd ; lor it vas the .^rli of Mav bef>rc tliv'b;ir h*-^ 
 fmooth enough tor the Ivat ; to lo out, and ilnn n-jv 
 hjlf the people coald ^o, as theiv were no; bun 
 enough for all. 
 
 tapt:>in I'arion Judged it proper to {'■:::,] olV |.|!i all 
 iheloldiers, inferior tilliceis, and lome failors, t > inikr 
 up one hundred and fixty-tuo in nmiiher, omt i!u- Ivu 
 '1 hey came tograpling, and waited till hilf the noiuy 
 was biought from the Ih.ip, and jMit into their !v>n- 
 wnuh returned over the bar, ami the meii got I'lle n 1 
 b.iird, where th.ofe who remained on fliore call i nn\ ,1 
 wiiilul eye, til! the ijth, daring wl-.ich interviil th;', 
 l-.ad much iiiieafinels, as t!-.c Moors were fufpicioi;,,,! 
 tl e amb. li'ador's not coming to iliore, and w.ui ed ti 
 det.un i.,nie of the officers for a (ecurity ; but at \v.t 
 il-,e aiiibaliador, and cajT-ain Barton's faguity, fur. 
 mounted tills dillicully, and tiicy all got over tiie h.ir, 
 where they waited till t'e money was put iii'o tlie 
 Moor's boat, jpon whieh thev proceeded on board the 
 Onernfey, with hearrs full of gratuude to C^ > I ;i ■,; 
 tii.ir country, f'r their deliverance f.oin fobaro.oo v .1 
 pe,)|le. 
 
 Tiiey were moll chcarf\;il • welcomed by the nnibaf- 
 fadt)r and all his ollicers, w hole kindiicfs tl ce e-,j-cri- 
 cnced a full month, w hile they w aited for the jiaircii;:. r., 
 to the number ol twenty-live meti and women, wiio'ii 
 the emperor wanted to keep till the ambairidor e, im: 
 to him. This co;:ld not be complied with; bi.r ar 
 length the cmfieror, alter lending a jierfon to fi"h; 
 that poiiu witii tiie I'.n.'Jilli amhaf; - :. ;•, coi'.renic.l ut 
 let them all go, evcept Juan Arbon.i and IVdro L;.;- 
 bert, whom heablolutely lefufed to part from ; wliieli 
 o.calioneil u general grief, on account of the torn. er, 
 as he had been a Heady fnend to them in their advir- 
 llty, and kinilly allilled them in ail their dillieubes. 
 
 I hey arrived at O liralter on the 27th of June, r\i 
 on th.c :(jth failed lv)r fiiifjand inliis mijellv's Ihn.lh o 
 iVJarliiorough, wheretliey airive! in good iiealth cniiie 
 ■••Ii ot .\i:guil, but remained in ijuar.int'ne till the ii/ili 
 el Sejitembcr i~(c, and on the uoih had leave to l; > 
 on ihore: captain Bartiin and all his peo|»Ic being ho- 
 nourably act|uitted by a coi:rt.-maii;al fjr the IjI. of 
 liie Litelilie.d. 
 
 ir 
 
 C If .\ p. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 AFRICAN I S L A \ D S. 
 
 s 1-: c T 1 o N I. 
 
 The C; a N A R \ 1 S L A N D S. 
 
 HI*", C-'anaric<, fornuily (.tiled th- I'ortiiiute 
 .i Klands, are fltuattd in tlie .\tl.intic Ocian l\-- 
 tween the 1 2th and iiyth degree, of well longitu.ic, 
 and i.etwecn the 27th and iigdi of north l.itit'.ide, about 
 I (O n\iles f(uith-we(l of Moroei o. 'I'hey are leven in 
 number, and their particular names are, Teiierille, 
 L'anaria, Palnia, 1 erro, Lion.eia, luerte. entuia and 
 i.aiirerota. 
 
 The Canary lllands have been lubje't to the crown 
 of .Spain lince rhe war in 1.(17, at which time tluv 
 were elifcovereil be John de lietancourt, a lieiuhman 
 in the fer\ice of Calhle, who liibdued I uerievcntiira 
 and I.anceroia, as others after him iluj the relt tioni 
 that time to the vear i.t^fi. In the dassof f'-rdin I'ld, 
 king of C'adile, and Alphonlu V. ol I'lrtood, eai h 
 
 of them (''aiming a right to the oiliers dominions n:i 1 
 alfunung each others titles, there enfiied a blocdv v^.r 
 between the .Spaniards and rortiigtiefe, till both lid . 
 being ("pent, a peace wasconcludid in u-^^at \\.,'- 
 'oa/.as, on the 4th ol Sejirember, by which they u .- 
 proeally renoiinced rheir |)retenlions; a:ul 11. w.i.s tliee- 
 in llipulated, that lie Cutary lllands lliould en;ii -'v 
 belong to the crow i\ of Caltile, anil the commen e .irJ 
 navigation of (iiiii-.e.i to that of Poitiigal, exeluli e ot 
 the Callilian^. 
 
 The Canaries enjoy a pure and temperate air, a:i I 
 ft 'h is the nature oi the foil that it treijucntiy \ie I; 
 two crops in a )ear. Tliey abou'id in the moll d i - 
 cioui tVuiis, cfpeeialle gi.ii>es, w liich ])roduce ihofe ri h 
 wines known to us by the name of Canary, and ol 
 which, it is faiil, tha: in time-, of [leace not lels than 
 1 o,i>jo) hoglheads are anmially ex()orted to i'.ngkuul. 
 
 We (hail defciibe the eanary lllan-!. dillinetl), bc- 
 (MMr.ing witii 
 
 'IJ-.Nl-Rll ii;. 
 
nth a l.'.ri^f r '^rlivr 
 
 tHi-ir Cfiitv;!;.iti();1 
 
 liarcordiniji h.\r.- 
 
 Ivt'irc tliv'hnr „;,,, 
 
 out, :inil tlnn o;;|v 
 
 • ix- wtrc no; biMt; 
 
 ■ ' '■■>i oivr.iii nil 
 
 :ii.- I.iilors, i.) II,,. U- 
 mliiT, owr i!if l).ir. 
 
 nil hliftlK- IV'MV,.y 
 
 I'lit into tlifir h<r^ 
 
 the iiK'ii got iileoi 
 
 on fliorc call nniv, ,i 
 
 •icK inrcrva! :li ■. 
 
 s were riifpici, .,;>,,! 
 
 me, and uan iil r-. 
 
 cinity ; but at lur 
 
 run's liii^uity, I'lir- 
 
 ;iil ;;t)t o\-jr tin- h.ir, 
 
 was put iiv.o the 
 
 u-ceHed oii h():ir>l the 
 
 it:riulc to (: 1 1 ;i ■,; 
 
 liOin ibb.ir;'.'.!!).- . .i 
 
 omeil l)y the nnih.;f. 
 ;in,lne(s ilcv exicri- 
 
 1 lor the 
 
 i>->ilen;:u 
 
 1 anJ U()inc!i, \\ !,w'm 
 he amball'ulor c :;ii' 
 mjilictl with ; !>,,: ;ir 
 \r :i perlon to i; •■!.^ 
 ;■, Ci);-.re;itLu ;;) 
 .)>)na an.t l\\!ro L; .- 
 to part troin ; which 
 tounl of tile foil!, IT, 
 them in tluir aJ\\r- 
 il then- liiHieuh'es. 
 iie 27th of Jun>-, ,r!,,l 
 his iiKijelh's llci.lli ;) 
 in i;;)Ovl iualth oniiie 
 uarant'netili the ii,ih 
 -Oth hail leave to " > 
 his |ii.'oj)Ic beiiifi; ho- 
 iiauiai fjr the Ijf. of 
 
 D S, 
 
 ihers dominion-;, 1:1 1 
 .•eiifueit a l)!o<;dv u.r 
 if^iiefe, till ho;h li>! -, 
 did in i4':9';it Af .1- 
 , by wlii< h tlu-y u .- 
 ons; a:nl 11 \va» ihc.c- 
 llands lliould en 11 -'v 
 lul ilif eoinmen f .i;.v! 
 !'oitiii;al, cxelulit ot 
 
 il teiii|)eraicair, an 1 
 It it frei|uciuly )ie:.U 
 li'id in tlie moll i\A- 
 ieh]iro.iiice ihcferi h 
 e of Canary, and ot 
 )f peace not lels ili.iii 
 (lornil 10 I''.n|;laiul. 
 llanJ. tlidiiKtIy, be- 
 
 ti-.m-rum:. 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 AFRICAN I S L A IC D S 
 
 T E N F. R I r F E. 
 
 'T'HF. Ifland of Tcnerili'e is about 50 inilcs in length, 
 •*• and 20 in breadth. 'I'he co'.in:ry is fertile, tho' 
 ninth encumbered with mountains, particularly that 
 called the I'e.ik, which, ^iccirdinf; to the accounts of 
 lome navij;:\ti!rs, may be feen in clear weather at the 
 dilhuice 01 I 20 miles. The Peak is an afccnt in the 
 form of a fiigar loaf, about 11; miles in circumference, 
 and, according to the account publillie.i i.t the Philo- 
 fojihical 'I'ranuutions, near three milcr, perpendicular. 
 
 Captain Cook made the IVak ol remrilVe en liis lirll 
 voyage, in the aciount ol winch the lollowing particu- 
 lars are mentioned. 
 
 " 'I'he height of this mountain has been defcribcd 
 by Dr. Heberden, w ho has been upon it, to be 1 5,'?9<j 
 feci, vhiih is but 14S y,-\:ds Icis 'W\n three miles, 
 reckoning the mile at 1760 yards. Its Mipearancc at 
 fiin-lei was ver\ llriking ; when the f',;:i .as below the 
 hori/.on, ami lie nd ol the illand apj-eared of a deep 
 black, the nioi;-,tain lldi rellected its rays, r.nd glowed 
 vitii a «arnit!i of colour which no painting can cxprefs. 
 'I'here is no eriipiinn 1 f \ili!de lire from ir ; but a heat 
 illues from the chirdvs near the irp, too Ifiong to be 
 borne by the hand v. iun it is held near them." 
 
 The air ami climarcaie faid to be remarkably health- 
 fid, and p.irticulirly ad.ipted to atforil rebel in phtidfual 
 i'.;mp!.u!its. Hy rcliding at ditfercnr heights in the 
 ili.uul hii-li a timpiiMture may be piocured as is bclV 
 fiiteil to ihe conni-utioii. I'trl'ons may cc.nrini:e w here 
 thi air is niild and falubrious, as they may afcend till 
 tiiccdld hecon'is int.^lrrable ; but no perf">n, it is fiid, 
 can livecomloitably within a miieof the perpendicular 
 Ikighr of the F'eak, after the month I'f Augud. 
 
 l.ap'aiii Ccok touched at tlrs famous illand m hia 
 lall voyage, and gave tlic follow iiig defcription of it : 
 
 The road of ban.a Cruz, fays that navigitor, is 
 fuuattd on the foutlieill fide ot the illand, betore th.e 
 town of the ianic name. It is laid to be the iinncij-cd 
 ri.id of Ten.fdfc for Ihelter, capacii), and the good- 
 nefs of its bv,tioni. 
 
 The «aicr to fupply the iliipping, an.l forilvMifeol 
 the inhabi;an!s of .Santa Car/, is deiiMd. from a r'Aulet 
 liat r'in> Irom the hilN, uhicli is conveyed inio the 
 lov, n ill vio.den t,i)i;di^. As tliefc troucho were rc- 
 p.u'i.i,; at the tune C.ipiain (jook \iiiLed ti.e illand, 
 I.-. Ill waiei v,:is extremely fcarce. 
 
 1 roni iIh- appearance of the couir.'y about Santa 
 Cruz.it 111 J, It bi.- n.,tui.illv concliuled that 'I'encrilfe is 
 a barren l[" t. Ciifi'ain Cook was lonsinccd, how- 
 ' ivcr, from tl;e ample fuciplies his pcojile received, tf.at 
 it not only pruduccvl fiilli'_ i:t to fupply its own inhabi- 
 tanis, but alio cnoindi to fpaie liir \ilitors. 'I'hough 
 wine isihediicf produce of the illand, bei f may be 
 hail .'.t .iliout tliicc-pcnce lleiling a p;)und. 'I'hc oxen, 
 howewr, are fmall, lean, and bonev. .Shc'ii, goat.-., 
 fog>, and [jouliry, may be had on term-; c.jually re.i- 
 fmable, Agicat variety of li;ii!s are to lie had in 
 plenty; as pe.u's, ligs, grapes, niulbc.ies, inuik- 
 imlons, iv:e. beiides others that were net then in Ic.i- 
 fon. I'he pumpkins, potatoes, and onons, \\liicli 
 (..row I-c;e, .ire e\cellent. 
 
 Indian com is priHliRcd on thi ; iflantl, and fold at 
 about I'v.wc Ihdliii; s .mk\ fix-jKive |h r bidl.el. The 
 fiiiilsa.'ul vigelai'k- are, in giner.il, vcivi'ir.!]'. Tho' 
 ilie iiihahi: lilts a;e I'.ut mdiri-ient';;. fupniiid «iili lilli 
 111 the ad.ioimng iV\^, ibcv a:c er:;', '; ed ri a comidera- 
 b'l !;il,-.iy (Ml tl:e coall ol h.nbar^, aiul liu: phkI.kc of 
 il fills ,1, .1 vci\ modciM'.e pr ce. 
 
 'iciKiiii,- liCiM.unlv a iiujie eligdi'e pl.irc ihan Ma- 
 ll ' ■ ... 
 
 i' i.i i'H 111 i-'s {'• t(>;;ch at \\iiic'.i aiv boi'iul on long 
 \"va;-;iv; b.il ih, w mc; iif tlie l:U!;r li 1. iliii;el\ liipe- 
 iioi to tii.it ot ttii foiiiicr. 'Ihe liliiiL.', .- ( ; their 
 I r.ci .. : . .dniollii, i .t, llderaMe as t: ir ip I'uies ; lor 
 llicbell TeluriUcw ine was foKi I'.ir 1 :l. apn-c, "hcie- 
 a . a pipe of ila bell M.uK'iia w.i; worth ti iiiiiii i.ibly 
 Iliuie tl;.,n il.n,l)le n, .t I'uill. 
 No ..; 
 
 Ikhind the town of Santa Cruz the conntrv ri.fe.'j 
 gradually to a moderate height : afterwards it continui-s 
 to rife louth-wclhvard towards the celebrated I'eak of 
 Teneiill'e. But our voyageis were much dilappointed 
 in rheir cxpeiit.uions with rcfpcOt to its apipearance, 
 and particularly as to its height. 
 
 The ifland, ealhvard of S.inra Cruz, appears pcrfeCK 
 ly barren. Ridges of high hills run towards the fea, 
 between which are deep vallics, termin.iting at moiin- 
 taii:s that run acrofs, and arc hi;.iher than the former. 
 
 Mr. Anderfon went on lliorc to one of tiicfe vallics 
 intending to reach the top of the remoter hills, but 
 time would not peimithim to get farther than thtir 
 feet. 'Ihe lower hills produce great i|uantities of the 
 Eiipborbln ('.niuirifii/is. 1 he people on the fpot imagine 
 its juice to be fo caufHc as to coriide the Ikin ; but Mr. 
 Anderfon convinced them to the contrary, by thrulling 
 his lingers into a ()lant full ol'ir. The inhabitants d.ry 
 the bullies of euphoibia, and carry them liomc f ir i'uel. 
 
 .Santa Cruz, though not large, is a well-built '■icy. 
 
 The churche. have not a inagnifi''ent aiijiearance 
 widioiit, but they are decent ,ind tolerably h.indloiae 
 within. 
 
 Almoll facing the Hone pier, which runs into the 
 fea from t!ie town, is a m nble column, 1 '.tely erected, 
 enriclud with human lig'.ires, whichieHeci honour to the 
 ftatuiry. 
 
 Mr. Andc'' n, and three orhcrs, hin--.! nn'ici to ride 
 toth.e city ot i.aguna, a!:oi:t the dillancc oMour milti 
 from .Santa Cm-/.. I'hey arrived there bitween five 
 and fix in the evenin ; but the light of it d'd not re- 
 ward them for their trouble, as the roads were verv 
 bnd, and their cattle but indilferent. Though the 
 place is cxtenlivc, ic bareily deferves to be dignilu-d 
 w ith the name of a city. 'Iheie are fome good hnufes, 
 but tl'c elilpofition of the llreetsis very ii regular. I,a- 
 giinais larger than Santa Cruz, but much inferior to it 
 in appearance. 
 
 The road from Santa Cruz to Laguna runs up a fleep, 
 barren hill ; but lower down they faw fome fig-trees 
 and c. ii-(ie!ds. The corn, however, is not produced 
 here without grcar labour, the ground being greatly 
 encunihered with Hones. Nothing e'.fe prefeiitcd itl'elf 
 eleferving notice, except a few aloe plants in Howeron 
 the fide of the loael. 
 
 The laborious work in this illand is chielly performed 
 by mules, ho; fes being fcarce, and referved tor the ufe 
 of the ollicers. t)xen arc alio much emplo}ed here. 
 Some hawks and parn^ts, were (ecu, whicii were natives 
 of the illand; a> alfo the fei-fw allow, fea-gulls, par- 
 tridges, fwallo'.vs, canary-birds, and black-birds. There 
 are alio lizards, lociill-, and three or four forts of dra- 
 gon flies. 
 
 Mr. Anderfon was infornicd, by a gentleman of ac- 
 knowledged ver.icitv, that a flirub is common here, 
 agreeing exact iy w ith the defcription given bv Liniiir. ; 
 ol the tea 111: uh, as growing in China and Japan. It is 
 confuicrcd as a weed, ."id large tiuantities of it are 
 rooted out of the vineyards every year. The Spaniards, 
 however, who inluilnt the iliniul, fometimes make ute 
 of it, and alcribe to !t all the eiualities of the tea ini- 
 pcrteil from China. 
 
 The faire ren'h nrm mentioneei to M''. Anderfon 
 another botanical ctiriofity, which is callm the /;///>rci;- 
 i:.i!,\t hum. it isa dillliKl and [lerfecl: lemon enclofed 
 within aiiiithcr. 
 
 Tlicre IS .vA'j a certain gr.i[)'j grow ing here, which is 
 dci-med an excellent remedy 111 phthilical complaints. 
 
 Sm.iak continually illlies fioni near the top of the 
 I'lil; ; but they have h:.d no ciitluiiiake or eruption 
 fmce 170.), when the port oi (>'airachica wasdellroytd, 
 being lilled rp with the burning lava that flow- 
 ed 11. to it ; and h.oul'e. me now built where lliips tor- 
 mcrly la) at anchor. 
 
 The Made of i\ ncrilfc is very e-onliderable, -jO.oco 
 pipes of \,ipi''l ' in, I, annually made there, which is con- 
 fumed in ill;- Illand, or made into I), ir.dy, and !uit to 
 ilic ^r'l aniih \\\ •\ li'his. Indcol, the wine i - the only 
 ; {J coiiiiderable 
 
A NEW, ROYAL Avn AUTHHNTIC SYSTEM op UNIVERSAL C;i:{)C;R.\!'IIY. 
 
 mik 
 
 
 confidcmblt: article of the forrign conimcrcc of Tcne- 
 
 litVc, imlcfs we reckon t'lc l\ti\c quamitici of lilicring 
 floiies bniiiglit from Grand Canary. 
 
 The race of inhaliitaius found here \\hen the Spani- 
 ards difcovcrcd ilic Canaries are no lonj;cr a diltincl 
 jicople. having intermarried with Spanith kttlers ; their 
 dcfieudjnis, l.owever, may be known troni thiir bein;^ 
 rcmaikably tall, lliong, .invl l.ir^c boned. The men are 
 tawny, and the women are pale. Tlie inhaliitaiits ot 
 Tencntfe, in {general, are detent, grave, and civil, re- 
 taining that lokmn catl w hich dillinguilhei thofe of 
 ihcii country from otiiers. 
 
 The ancient inhabitants of this iiland were calKd 
 Guanches. The origin of them is not cert liniy known j j 
 but their fepulehral caves are very remarkable. They i 
 had an uncommon veneration for thecoipfes of their an- ; 
 cellois, which were depofited in cavti lormed by it.iture 
 in the rocks. 1 hey weic prellrvcd in gi^at Ikiiis, 
 bound round bv belts of the lame, fo exactly and uni- 
 formiv tnololin;; the body as to excite admiration, each 
 round' being juil proportioiicd to the paii: and tliis 
 jr.ethod prclervcd the btidies. The eyes, wiiieh are 
 clofcd, the hair, cms, m fe, teeth, lips and beard, 
 aie found entire. They ar- placed on wooden couches, 
 vhich the natives had the ait ol rend -r-ng lohard. that 
 they areinipcnetr-.ble to iron, borne ot tlie caves eon- 
 nined two(*r thice hundred bodies. V.'elhall (oncludc 
 the account of tliefe fcj ulchivS in the words ol a learned 
 gentleman, uiio rcl'iiUd fcvcral ytars on the illand. 
 " Being one I'.ay hunting, a t.-rret, having a bi.ll about 
 his neck, ran alter a coney into a hole, w here liie lound 
 oftlie bell was lolh '1 he owner being aliaid he fhould 
 lofe his ferret, m fieking about the rocks and ihrubs, 
 found the n.oiith of a cave, and entering in, was fo af- 
 ' frighted, that he ciied out. I lis Iright arol'e Horn one 
 of theli: corpfi.-, very tall and laige, 1> ing w iih the head 
 on aL'rcat IK no, tl.e feit lupp'r.ed wuh a little wall of 
 {\i)nc, a;'d the body iifclf relting on a bcvl of wood. Ti.e 
 man being now a little recoveied fiom his bight went 
 nearer, and rut a great piece ot the Ikin that lay on 
 the breall (jI the bod), whith was mure llexible and 
 pliant than any kid-leather glove, set not any ways rot- 
 ten. Thefe bodies are very fght, as if n ade of lliaw; 
 and in fome that were broken might be obferved the 
 nerves and tendons, as alio the veins ard arteries, like 
 llrings, ve; y dilhncily. Hy ih; relation o! the mod an- 
 ncntamong them, there was .1 jiarticukir trife wliohad 
 this arc o:'.!y a:vong themlehes, which they kcj.t as a 
 thing facieii, and not to be comnuinu.attd to the 
 vulgar. The people of tliisi la^^ were likewile priells, 
 and did not niarry out of their ov\n tiibe. IJut when 
 the Spaniards conquered the place, moU of them were 
 dellroycd, and t'..e art perilhcd with them. 'Iheir an- 
 cient people fay that they have above twenty caves of 
 their kings ai'.d great peifon.'ges, with their wliolc la- 
 Tnilie';, yet unknown to any but tLemfelve., and which 
 they will iitver difco\ci." 
 
 C; R A N D C A \ A R I A. 
 
 *Hi'" (itand Canaria, whu h communis ites its name 
 to the whole gruup, i> about 14 leagues in length, 
 
 tv.i ii.n,. 
 
 Ill) , 
 
 and 54 in (ircuiiifeieiu 1 
 
 ■fl 
 
 e chief city is called Ca- 
 
 naria, orCivitas I'alm.iium, and has ;. graiul cathedial. 
 lor the adiiiiiiilhation of civil all'air-, there are fevcril 
 aldermen, who have great autl.ontv, and a (OUiicil- 
 houfe to thcmlilvo. I'lie i it)- itlell is beaunful, and 
 the inliabiiantsiiieis in a very gay m.iniier. l he ground 
 is cf lucha har»l land that the Itreets arealw.»s clean i 
 and the people in general are heahlu , as the .lir is ex- 
 ceeding leiiipeiaJe, conlidcring the lituation is nearly 
 tiopual. It is very |)npiil(ius, and its prccin;ts arc 
 near a league in coiupafs, moll of the houles beiivr 
 well buiit, two (lories high, and Hit looKil. 1 he 
 bilhop's court, with the inq'iiliior's tnbiinal, and the 
 fovcrtigirs council, aie held here, but the billiop. 
 
 governor, .^nd principal peopK-, reiidc at I'enenii;- I'v 
 choice, and only repair to Caiiaiia uii.i! bu i!<^|.' 
 There ar.: four coiucus, vi/. Doniinicais, | 
 cans, n.rn.irdines, and Kec olleds "t Oiiti.-. . 
 There :.c alio twelve liigar houles, called ing 
 in wliici. a great quantity of lii';ar is made. 
 
 The wine of this illand is lingnlarly dcliei-ms 
 the fruits are melon^, pears, a:'plii, oraiv'.-s, hm 1 
 ]iomegnnatcs, fig,, peaches, butatoes, or S|Mni '1 
 potatoes. 'I'he pLmtanogr.ius near the lide; o; l-r.) ,',, 
 This fruit in thapc refembles a cucumhe-, a;i,l t irn, 
 black when ripe, at which time it u one of ue niol't li ■. 
 licioiis conferves in the univerfe. The plant.ii 1 t 
 will bear fiuit but once, when it is cu; down, an i ,i:i,i" 
 ther tree fprings from the fime root. As th.s lil,,,,] 
 has a faliibrious air, a:id is wdl wacr.'d, a!mo!l ci. 
 thing thrives that i.s planted, fvKh as wild olives, I.tj. 
 nl, poplar, p;nc. pajiii, Indiaii-lig, aloe-:hnili', o. . 
 (irand Canaiia likew ife abounds in oxen, kiiie, cam.;' 
 goals, fluep, capons, hens ducks pigeons, parir.d.; , 
 6cc. itc. 
 
 I'his illand, as well as the other Canaries, ab-uni!^ ii 
 ihoie beautiful linging-birds caded the Ca:ia;v-1\) ;. 
 .\ modern natiiraliU fays, " 'I'his biid was orin !. 
 p.'culiir to tliofc dies to which it owes its nuiie ; ■ 
 finie tint weie known to the ancients by the a 1 1 ; ^ 1 
 of the IWliiiuitf. 'I he hij)ji)' temperature o! tlv.- : 
 the fpontancous pro.liution.i ot thegrounl in the w. ■'. 
 ticsof tiuits, the fpnglitly and chearful diiporuinn ; ; 
 tlic inhabitants, and die h.irmo;iy anting from he n:':..- 
 bcr of birds theie, procured them the ri>mant:r Jifr;:. ■_ 
 tion. On the I'line fp.'t rhcle chanmng fon-'l i;<;- 
 tlill to be found: but they arc now fo plenty aiiin:i; 
 us, that we are under no neetlity of cro'.fing the n.r.i 
 for them. In its native r.-g' ms the Canar\-bi!\i i: ii > 
 dufky grey colour, and fo dilferent from tliote u!ii i''\ 
 feeii in bairope, tliac d v.ibrs have arifen wh.-tlui- 11 ','. 
 of the fame fpeciis; and it has been oNferved h) ir.. 
 velkr.-, that their wild notes in their native luid, It 
 excel ihol'e in a cage or o-'ier clime. N'.xt to ; 
 nightingale, the Canaiy-biid i.< conlidered as t'-e 111. ;' 
 celebrated fongller : i; is alto reared with lels ■.iiiii i.l . 
 than any of theliiii billed birds, and continues ili : : . 
 throughout the year , conle\i'iently it is rather t'ne 11 i 
 conmion in o;:r houfes. " 
 
 AccordiO'; to the liill difeoveries, the origin.d .'I'l- 
 bitants ot Canaiia amounted to upnaids of i.;,<k:^ 
 men capable of beiring arms, ex< lulive of woiiu;, 
 children, aged perfons, iscc. wliiv.h muft hiv rend -i I 
 the illand '■xtivmel)' populace. I'he natives in 1;: ei.l 
 were tall of tiature, w c 11 made, active, cheartui, i,;iJii 
 daik complexions. They were warlike tind hui .m, 
 faithful to th.eir promifcs, fond ot ilillicuhies, an.i !. sr- 
 I lei's of dangers. Thev fri'qiientlv climbe.i up very iKcp 
 ])reripices and by means of long heavy jxtles, Ka,Kil 
 ; Irom ro k to rock. 
 
 1 Their drefs vas ii clofe (lioir roat, 'reaching onl', 'n 
 '■ the knees, and girded louiivl the middle with a Katii' 
 1 belt, the coat iifelf wii ma.le of rulh, whi- h. k 
 ! beat till it became loft like Hax, and then fpun and v. . 
 ' it into a garment. The rtmrward covering wis a gn; 
 Ikin cloak ; the hairy Tide of which ihey wore in vaiJ 1 
 the winter, ami outw.ud in the fummer. I.lieii > c 
 were made of the Ikins of 1 o.its liei.ls, f.) cvir: i\i ', 
 that part of the beard I'.ung down by each e.ir, an 1 w.'.* 
 llimetimes licvl under I'n- i liin. 
 
 The external dillin tion of the noble or fupeiior la-k 
 ofCanarians fn-m 'iio!'- of tlu- viili'ar or lu'.ver clil , 
 was by the cut of ih r haii i>r be irds. 
 
 'I'he Canarians oi 1 .'.iiu.lly iifed only llone-, rlih:, 
 and lliarp pi'inred poles ; but after having been in\a !> ,1 
 by the l'.urO|'eai;), thev kanu of their invader- the at; 
 of making lliicldsan.l fwoids In ill their wais. how- 
 ever, thev prJeived hnmiiiii'v and decencv; f ir the.- 
 never in. lelted worn, nor chil.lren, 01 did the lead da- 
 mage to the rer.;;)les or ficred | laces btlongin<: to rheir 
 ineiiiies. The. hid m timcj of peace, amplvtluMtie- 
 
 for public com 
 
 wiien a clia 
 
 llenge 
 
 being given v.\ 
 foiiii 
 
•.oc:rai>iiy. 
 
 '■^•ii>lc ;it 'I'diciKl;. |., 
 
 aiiaii.i un..., b|,:i:',,i. 
 
 l)oiiiinic:i:is, I r:u, ' 
 
 Hcds ct i)Muv.,.ioi, 
 
 »i.l>-S lallc-J i,,g,,;,„ ■ 
 ir 14 ma'li'. ' 
 
 i'.;iil.nly ilclii'l'Mis ; ::n\ 
 ,'•<■•, orang.s, lu,,,,,' 
 bittatoM, or Spmi'i 
 
 H.ii thelklco! It,,)!,,, 
 
 a L-ufuniliLV, ;i;i,l t ,„,',' 
 
 C iioncofLK- llioltil;. 
 
 '■'■ 'I'lic- p!a:ir,\'i ) t .■ 
 1-. cuulowM, an l.in.i- 
 
 • Kior. As tll,^ nl.i:i.| 
 wacr;-d, almoit ci. 
 
 ch as «iUi (ihvf-;, la.,. 
 
 ii-ii;;. al()f-!liriib, ,n . 
 
 in(jx;.-n, kitif, tin;;: , 
 
 ks pigeons, par;r.,l.; , 
 
 r Canaries, al);-!),-,.;^ ,) 
 ailai the l.',inaiv-l\i ;, 
 his liiid was ori'jj ; ;. 
 
 It Ov\cs its nmn- ; ■ 
 ncii'ius Iiy the all : ; •, 
 cinpcraiuro a( t\v: ; 
 hpjtroun.l in the \;ii . 
 
 ehcaiiul iHiporu.nn : >. 
 ly arilinir IVoMi he -.v.-.v^ 
 111 the n>maiU'c>iilt;:;;- 
 chanmiit; fon:'*!' n ;:- 
 lunv (i) plenty aiuo:;; 
 tv ot'crodiiiLT till' ncvl 
 :■ C';iinrv.hirii i; ci i. 
 •ent tVum tiiole i:!ut''i 
 r.x- arifen wh.::!i(i- it [■. 
 s been o'iferveii by tri- 
 ll their native iimi, h' 
 
 r clir 
 
 Next to 
 
 conlLlcre.'l as t'-e nb ; 
 eareil with L-i'^ .inii ;.i . 
 , and tofitiiiue-. .ts ; •;;. 
 itly it is ratl'ertlie n. .■ . 
 
 cries, the origin.il ;;>' i. 
 
 to upwards ot r^.oo^ 
 
 s, cxcliilive ot \Miiiu';, 
 
 iic,h niiift h,w ren.i.';oi 
 
 The iiat!vc< in :;■: ei.;l 
 
 active, eheartiil, :i;kI 1 1 
 c warhke ;;nd him .uv, 
 ot didiciihies, an. I i. it- 
 \ elliiibed up very iKr;) 
 Jlig heavy pules, Kaj»ii 
 
 roar, "rcachin;; ii;il\ -n 
 le niuidie with a li.iiii ■ 
 c of Milh, \vhi< h i 
 and then (jnin aiul u,'; 
 rd coveiin!; wis a iV'i' - 
 lich iliey wore inA;u\i ;ii 
 e hiiniiier. 'Lhiir ■ i. 
 Its hei.is, f.) eoiT; i\i ■', 
 .11 liy each ear, an 1 w ;- 
 
 ,(• nohh' or fiipei \ >v r.i"'. 
 e vii'car or hi'.uT i !.il , 
 ie mis. 
 
 led only notu--, rlih;, 
 
 tiT havini^ liei n in\.i I'.l 
 
 ,'1 their invader, the aii 
 
 In ill their wais, ho a 
 
 and dccencv ; t'lr fiir.- 
 
 ren, or did the leail lia- 
 
 iaces bcli)n;:!;in<r to rlieir 
 
 t peace, am[)lmlH-\t;' 
 
 liallen^je beiiijj given in 
 
 111 111 I 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 form, the cluilencjcr and chaHenp'd both repaired to 
 the grand conncilol the inind,\vh!c!i coniifledoftwlvc 
 principal nobles -. hc;e they peritioned for periniifion to 
 tii^ht, which being granteil, they went to :■ ■ faycag, 
 or luincipil ollicer, to coaHrm that permiffion. This 
 bcii"' done, and all thin(Ts pre(>arid, they went to the 
 amphitheatre, where' the exhibjiioii «as bef;un by the 
 tvo eonibatants nioiintinr; on two lir e (tones at Ibnic 
 d llance, an. I peltiii!;; cai h o her viih fnialler Ittmcs, 
 whu h were liipplied them tiir tli.it pnrDole ; ihe princi- 
 pal fl-.ill conliliing in avoiding being ilnuk by tl-.efe by 
 themeie dcx;i rity oi b dv. This lapul.i ion hein;.';|)er- 
 l()rmf(', they cnt'..i;.;cii with a cudgel in the right hand, 
 and a Hint (tone in tlic left, witli w Iv.ch thcv ;;ave ea' h 
 other a hearty driibb.ii;^ : then retiring for lomercfreth- 
 nient, thcv afterrtar.ls return d, anti t'oiighc again, till 
 the gran 1 coii.icil orde;od them to delilt. Thele com- 
 bats were generally Ibuglitoii public felUvals ; and the 
 cure, if either ot the combat ints was wounded, v. as of 
 a lingular naiure; for a ikilful perfon, who acV.d as 
 fLirgeoii,poiin>ieda riilli, till it bccaine ot the coiilillency 
 of tow, and then (lipping it in goat's tallow, heap- 
 plied it warm to tlie place atfeded. Thefc combats 
 were fuccecded by finging anl dancing ; their dances 
 being quick, fprightly, a, id a^il ; and their fong.s all 
 of a plaintive na'iire. 
 
 The houfe.s of the native Canarian.? were built of 
 ftone, biH not cemented together : they were, how- 
 eve;', falleiied with hich cxactneis, tliat their appcai- 
 nncew.is not unrnutii. The floors were funk i)e:ieath 
 the level of t!ie ground, and the walls were very low. 
 The no's were formed ot woidcn beams covered with 
 carrh. licdsmade of g"ats Ikin^, mats inadeot rulhes 
 to tit upon, and halkcts loruicd of palm leaves, were 
 tlie whole of their furniture. 
 
 The women, i.nthe propei feafon, gathered llowers, 
 l-.erbs, and Ihrubs, i'rom which they cxtr.ictcd a variety 
 ol'colniiis; ai'd when that fiafoii was o.er, they em- 
 plovcd thcmlclvcs in dying, llaining, and painting their 
 houfes, t'urniture, ami drelFes. 'Ihe;r thread w.i; made 
 of nerves or teiuions, their nceiiks oi bone, their liili- 
 hooks of horn, and their dcinetbc utenlils of cla;. dried 
 in the Cun. The making mats, b:ifkeis, thread, nee- 
 dles, fiih hooks, pt'ttiry, iicc. were deemed honoura- 
 ble eni|doymcnts ; but the tiade of a butcher was look- 
 ed upon as fo ignominious, on account ot the natural 
 abhorrence the people enicrtairu-tl to killing anyani- 
 T!u\, that none wouhi converle \iith a perloii oi that 
 proriFion, orftitfcr him ti) touch any thing belonging 
 to them. Indetd, thofi in any of ihel'e illands wlio eit 
 nuar, wen- looked upon as but little better t!ian caii- 
 n'bals; and tin: butchers who killed it tor them were 
 co;ifequcntly beld in the utmotf detelhition. The 
 ronuiion food ol the Canaiians was bailey meal, milk, 
 butter, ^c. They ground their barley w ith a hand-mill 
 and ploughed their ground with a wooden luaehinc, 
 which in I'onie incaluie rcfcinbled a hoc, witli a fpur at 
 the end ol it. When tiic land was over dry, they had 
 the metiioil of fliiicing it bv the means of channcis cut 
 in p.iralUl lines, with others interllcting them at right 
 angle:;. \VI;en rijie, the cnrii was always re.iped, 
 .hrelhed and w mowed, by the women. 
 
 '['he richer mrt el' the |;e'i|)lo relided thiiflv in the 
 inland [lartiof th.e illand, and the poorer clafs inh.ibited 
 the fca i-oalt, where they fublilled princi|)illy by fifliing. 
 They had a peculiar method of catchuig a miall, but 
 cxijuilite lilli, of the pilchard kind, which was this : 
 when they pcictivtil a \. ie nenr the Ihore, a nimber 
 fif[)ciions iuam olf, !, loundcd the fiih, and drove 
 them inVi n^ rs, which \icre jiurpolVlv 1 lid for their re- 
 ceptim. The pri7.cwas thend.\ided between .dl pre- 
 feilt with gre.'t equitv , but pie gnant woir.eii had al- 
 w.i.s theall. 'vatice of two perlons ; and thole who h.id 
 chil.hen, belide.i their own Ihaic, leceiu-d a lii;ire for 
 cav h child. 
 
 l-'nii Lrion, iiillead vf feveritr, diieJied the cduca- 
 ti '11 ol their children : and p.ircnts, w hen a daughter 
 Was to be niarned, kept her previoiilly thirty da)s, 
 
 AFRICAN I S L A N D .S. 
 
 4^J 
 
 diiriiig which time (lie was fed with the mod nourilliing 
 aliments, in order to fatten her; as they deemed it a 
 bad omen for people to marry when lean. 
 
 Among theorigiiLtl Canarians w.as an order of nunij, 
 who were dilUnguillied from the other women by a pe- 
 culiar fort of long white garments. 1 hey iiad many 
 fuperditious traditional notions among them ; and the 
 pl.ices where they relided were deemed places of refuge 
 tor criminals, and had prisileges very nearly rcfcmbling 
 F -ropean fanctuaries. In all crimes but thofc puniflia- 
 ble by de.nh the liws of retaliation were ufcd, and 
 juHice, in general, imp.irtially .-i.dminiflercil. 
 
 In timcsofpuMic danger, or whcnthey looked upon 
 thcmfelves to be aillicted by any j^eneral calamity, the 
 Canarian« went in proeeflions to the rocks and moun- 
 tains, precciicd by the religious women, and carrying 
 with them branches of palm, a:;d veiiels filled uiih 
 milk, which hitter they poured upon the rocks as reli- 
 gious oblativ :-.s, and then danced in n;ournfid meafures, 
 and fling melancholy (bngs, to dcJ)reca^e the wrath of 
 their fuppoled deities. When any of the Canariairs 
 died, if capital people, they were buried in fepulchral 
 caves J ifofti;e \ulg.ir clafs, in h'.)Ies in the grvjund, 
 which were alleruaids covered with (lones. 
 
 r -V L M A. 
 
 TIII.S ifland, v.hich is fitiiatcil about 50 miles to 
 the welt of Teneritle, is about -^o miles loni', 
 20 broail, and 70 in circumference. ();i the norih- 
 calt part is a lotty and fpacious mountain called the 
 C.uildron, tVom having a hollow in it. The defccnt 
 within the cauldron, wliich proceeds gradually from the 
 fummit, contains a fp.ice of about ;jo acres, and on 
 the declivity of the inlide are fevtral Iprings that Ibrm 
 a tlre.im which itfues out from the extremity of the 
 mciintain. Near the lea (liurc, and the fouth tide of 
 the iflanil is a medicinal well of hot water, and at a 
 village called Ugu ir i.i a cave at the extremity of which 
 is a curious grotto with the roof Ihick with, large 
 H;ikes of (late Hones, fron\ between v.hich conllantly 
 ifiiics a How ot clear and wholefome wiirer. 
 
 In the winter tlie air is fo exceeding fliarp up the 
 mountain, tt-.at the inhabitants .ire obliged to keep tires 
 burning niglit nnd d.iy ; whereas near th.c lea fide they 
 only have them for cooking and ot icr occallonal pur- 
 pofcs. In the months of July, Augiift and September 
 tl'.c heat near tl'.e lea Ihore is intolerable, while in the 
 mount;iiniHis puts the air is pleafmt and rcfrelhing. 
 
 'i'he natural p:odin;tions oftliis itland, with refpCLl 
 to vegetables, poultry and animals, are mucii the fame 
 as thofc of Cimaria ; except, indeed, among the ani- 
 mals it particiila; iy ahourds with rabbi's. 
 
 This itland alto produces great quantities of fugar 
 and wines, the former of which is-madc on the well 
 tide of the itland, and the latter on the ealV. Their 
 bell vines grow in a foil called the Hrenia, where i: is 
 faitl they make at lealf 1 :,oqo c;iiks of wine every year. 
 The wines dilfer in their quality from thofe made in 
 the other i Hands ; but they are very rich, and have an 
 c.vcelleiit tlavour. They have likewifc 1 re:ir ji'entv of 
 honey, and molt kiiuls of fruit, the latter of widcli 
 grow in Inch al)',i;idance, that they cxjiort great quan- 
 tities of them to t!ie other iflands. 
 
 Here are gum-dragon aiul pitch, the latter of which 
 the natives extract from the tree c;illed the pitch pine. 
 I'ine-applts are likewife \erv [ileniifiil ; and fome of 
 the trees 01: which tliey gr.u are to large as to be ufed 
 tor the malts of thips. 
 
 I'almi, 'tl'e priiK ipal to\ui in this illand, fo called 
 after its rame, i.s to!er:ilil\- i irge, and well inhabited. 
 The hoi'fcs are low, but ipacious f and in one part of 
 the to'v 1 is a verv I a'ldfonie < hurch. /\ confiJer.iblc 
 trade is carried on l;eiein wines, which are exported to 
 various paits, but |:.ii ticulaily to the Well Indies. 
 
 There is ano'liei very neat town in this id uid, called 
 St. .Viidiew's, where there are tour engines for making 
 fug.irj but the land hereabouts is very [wor, fo that 
 
 the 
 
n ■ : ■ 
 
 III 
 
 
 
 4 -'4 
 
 KiW. ROYAL. ANP AUTHF.N'TIC SYSTEM or UNlVF.RSAf, GFfH'JRArilY. 
 
 tiu Mih;ii)iianrs .ii lupplird with }:;'■•■''"• •'"^'^ other ni*- 
 cc)l;u\ ariiiles, 'inin the idaivl ot 'rermirtV. 
 
 riu'Ci.'i.r jK/it is i.illiii I'alnui J and is lUiiat 'd n.\ 
 tlu-fi)uth fide of the illuiil. The rond isabo..t .1 ^w:- 
 icr of a null" liom the (liorc ; and, ri'.oiic;h 11 is npcii 
 to the caflctly uiiii'.s. tlu- lliips ruli- « iih |];rt;'.t fali tv. 
 
 This illaiid has hcntofoic ban giiMtlv fiitinvt to 
 c.irthqiMkfs and Miliano.-. ; tli;' clVicts of which arc fti'.l 
 to be iicii in various pans. 
 
 F i: R K (). 
 
 ■"PUIS iilind is called b\ the Sp:iniai\!s 1 lii rro, and 
 -l bv tlic licnch l.'lllc dc fcr. It is the niotV 
 vclleri} of all the C.anaiits ; and lies between tiie 27ih 
 and jSlhdeg. nf north laiiiude, and in i 8 dej^. \vt(l 
 Ion:itiMe. It is ahuut p 11, iks Ions', 1 5 broad, anil 
 75 in ctiCiiiiiferenv f. 
 
 Fcrro was pariiciilar!)' finnnis o'l aerount of fV.c 
 I'rnuh n.ivii.',auvs pla.ini: their full iii.ridian in th'" 
 len'er o*. it, as the '' eh ili.i th, i's th',oii;j:h the l'< ;r 
 <f 'IVncrille; but a: ,• oi ;it noli jeoj^a, > . ■■ , ck^ 
 the fiiit nKiiih:ai tr.mi "he ' wiital of their .ivwicohh- 
 trs- ; aslhc Lni'lilh frci;-^ I, 'ndon, the French fir 1 
 
 I'aris i^'"- 
 
 T I'.e Ii;'. in funic prirts of th.:'( illand is \ery barren, 
 ov. ir,g to a f< ..i> i:v ol Hau r ; but in ct!'.e:s 1: i:, feriile, 
 and pio.iiii'cs .il! the riereilary articles for the fup[V)n 
 r.f the inl'.al>i:aiiis 'riie;e aic hut three fpriiijfs in the 
 wiviie iflanii : (.1 lii.a only r.nn «attr citt be had in the 
 rhicf par'.-s ol \:. 'flu- lhi(|>, go.ifs and hogs that aie 
 broigl.r up in iliofr ji.u'^s dUaiit fu.ni thcrisulets feed 
 alnioll all the \eai round on the roots oi fern and aU 
 pi'.odil, and tlicii t ieha\e little oecalion fir uater; as 
 thegicat inoii!u;eihat is natniMlly iiuholsj loois fiippl\ 
 tl'.e v..>ai ot tl'.ai. elenie.'it. 
 
 'I heic is only one ima'l town in the uhole illand, aiiil 
 the ii!o;J iiiiiin;,niilK-,l IniiUiirg in it is a pa;;lii chiin h. 
 'l'heiL-;ire ;. 'iiy rm.i!! XiliaLic- iiilperfed about it, but 
 r. >r aiu iiu ol iliCin ineii's jiani' ulai no;;(.e. 
 
 I ovrr which there 
 
 trow path-way ihat le 
 
 owii: and at a linalldilhiiKe before you filter i 
 
 tiiere is a large gate 
 
 ihiel 
 
 loi to tlie 
 
 'U tl.ill 
 
 1 IS t'iut I wry night aii 
 
 , . - - • . ... I. r I ; r 
 
 daik. Tlie to ■. 11 begins about t:ty yards bom tln^ 
 gitc, and rii.is m a It. ait line to i!. difiaiwe i>f ah,u: 
 li.ill a iiid.-. 
 
 1 U i. U r I'. V L N l- U R A, 
 
 IS about i\veiity-f)ur leagues dillant from (iM-ulCi. 
 nirii. It isaboiit6^ miles in length, andniavv;, 
 une-iiial hveadih, confuting of two pcninlulas, jni.Kd 
 by an ilihmus of 1 2 miles over. On the nuiiii li.;,- 
 
 , there is a haven (ailed Chabras, and aro:l er, uiucli i> 
 \ery commodiois, 'owaids the well. 
 
 I He: wee ■ th.s iil.ind ami i^ancerota there open; a luie 
 
 i found, luliiciently large to reieive a great liecL. 1,). 
 
 j waid» the ni.r'.h-eall the eoall is very foul, an I \\^ 
 
 I breakt rs e\c ■eiliiiL danjierous. 
 
 I liKi '^ 'e.cr.il finall tortus, vill.is an I hui . , 
 
 il 
 
 ■]1 
 
 Ir.: 
 
 s 
 
 ecar.icd tm h.ie r<vifi,1, ^n fmall tattle, 
 ,c' , and i rcl'.illa 'Aeed. 
 
 G O M F R A. 
 
 ML.\1 
 
 in 1% 
 
 1) 10 t!;e w:il of 'I'tncri: 
 
 . ..lui 1 S i'' :r. w 
 
 la ', ai'.d ' o m uii un.terence. h 
 
 n;:. Is alHj;,.t !0 r.ul 
 
 :it; 
 
 h. 
 
 u.-.ti re 
 
 ,1 b 
 
 iii-un nviiicts thai 
 
 tiom ihe iiu'i'nsamou.s pait:. 
 
 am 
 
 'ive leUilKv 
 
 10 the 
 
 i 
 
 a. 1 1 
 
 he in. a.M'ants 
 
 a:d( 
 
 A: 
 
 fidiicur 
 
 ipoit or evport any corn. 
 
 ifuiiiniion. 'Il 
 
 on 
 
 \: 1 
 
 or 1 
 
 :r ow !i 
 
 T- 
 
 ipi 
 
 riis I 
 
 have grCJl ; 
 
 cntv oi ail ihe n 
 
 nar'iH ulai 
 
 In, It and ho.i, y 
 a:ue, ar.il 11. <. 
 <.f ihe Can ,ri ! 
 
 ly 
 
 cattle, pciiltiy, roots 
 
 ni'.lc.> 
 :li:ids. 
 
 lave deer alio in 
 dl 
 
 ( 
 
 i'uit, an 
 
 ton. era 
 
 great aDund- 
 rre i;>red here tluin in any other 
 
 ffu 
 
 ie> liKcwite threat ouantities ot lura 
 
 ■It the latter 
 
 conin.oi 
 
 ditv is m 
 
 or to thai v...w'^ 111 the oth'T illands ; and is lo poo 
 v.iuk a. lot to 111- fu lor cxiioriarion. 
 
 fcr 
 and 
 
 fore cl-.i 11 
 
 ■fhiMfi.' 
 
 near llie le 
 
 nuii.'ui ol 
 
 It 
 
 IS tl.ii'e- 
 
 conliniicil anii.ng t 
 
 llCllll 
 
 el\; 
 
 ;as luit oui III 
 
 >un, whjih is lltii.itid 
 
 lall 
 
 al; 
 
 I r its name. 
 Hit t!.e'. an: 
 
 Tl-.i 
 fnu 11 
 
 ■>er\ nie.in 
 
 1 
 
 ere i.s a liik r.iliie 
 
 .1 convent ol tri.irs ; a.al on one liile ol 
 
 tneloun, iK\t ihe ll <jre is a I'niall Ion, on the 
 
 ith 
 
 fidi' ot uleeh 1- an oM round touc 
 fid ' .1 h.itt. rv of lix i'lnall ciiuion. 
 
 the 
 
 (^1 
 
 'ollli [lie to\'. n o 
 
 f( 
 
 lOineiii IS a ver\ ( oninioilioiis 
 
 are vidi leiund Iro'n all v. inds 
 
 i( lit aiii 
 
 < ( pt ilu 
 allbuK ( 
 
 is il gOOl 
 
 I o.iunieiitli jila^ eil lor tleanlinu ;md n 
 
 iiiid llu biii;oiu of the lij) alf) 
 oriige. To tlic north ot thi.s bay 
 e lliij s ( f anv bur. '■.in in.i^ be 
 
 luie oppolite to tills co\e is 
 
 hiL-h 
 
 perpenJieul.ir 
 
 lieul.ir'l:lt, 
 
 f..i(' I'u" 111 ditlercn' parts ot ('lis lilaud, on. ih, 
 
 e. 1.. . deiervii,_ of notice. 
 
 "'■;; nt. It; of Fucrteveiuiira firmcrlv had feiin 
 , ot tlie bleed both of harh.irv and Sp.\j.<, 
 fiaee much dcgener.ited in li/.e, r,, wci 
 fn;.ill number, 'i'hc peo,)le, iadv^l, 
 '-•) a;e more fer\e cable in the :.., . 
 e ke]it at a much i heioer iit.. 
 i;\ if wood, lluui's iind Inn.ie.i eK . u 
 
 a-. C ■ indle 
 preler ale ..-. i 
 part., iind i .111 h 
 '\\w gruit ti ar 
 
 lion a fcarciiy of InreU and wild lowl. Canny l.,i, , 
 .i>e the only one., found in any numbers, (i.-ceii 
 ducks are iikeuife wair.ing, Irom the I'^reai Icaic.t. i.( 
 waier. 
 
 In this, as well as t' c neighbouring illand of L.r-e > 
 roll, a:e the re;iiaiii:, ol niuiy volcan.)s. 
 
 \. A N c !•; R o r A 
 
 L!I .S in :S deg. .|0 min. nort!» lat. and ij.i..'. 
 5 nun. well 1)11.';. and is about p miles loiy; ai;,! 
 : 2 broad. 1; is about 1 8 leiigues fouth-ealt of (iiail 
 Canaii.i, a;iil the whole illand is parted m tie nii.k'. .• 
 bv a ridi e ot locks, on which teed goats, ib.eei) ,\ . I 
 
 III 
 
 l•.et^. I 
 i,e li.hU 
 
 re arc 
 le \aiiie 
 
 like wife Ibine cattle. 
 
 eai 
 
 nels aiv.t i- 
 
 aie dry and I'aiuiv, releml)lui'' 
 
 ir 
 
 d 
 
 I'.ngian.l , 'lat they yield toK 
 
 rai: 
 
 \. Ileal : the 
 
 lull harvilt bcinii about A 
 
 and the lecond in Se,.tem! er. 'I'iie principal C( 
 
 -Iklb 
 be 
 
 ichel, and tiie wi 
 clbite or c.ul.lou), belonging to the laimly uf 1 le 
 the l-.eal oftii.it liiiily living a!w,i>slord of I': 
 ventuia aiu 
 ilia 
 
 II 
 
 anecr:>;a. 
 
 The 
 
 icoiue, iio.\e\er, in Uur a 
 
 the liberty of appv-al to liie kin;,i 
 
 ,d. 
 
 in Ciian 1 Canana. iioats go foini hence \ieikly t 
 
 (irand Cui.i.ia, 
 
 T: 
 
 neri 
 
 111 
 
 d I'al 
 
 iiKi, l.i :en I n 
 
 1 (roats-tlclb, rthill is uled m l!ie p.iaii:; 
 
 with CUil (: 
 
 bacon, and is not had eatin<! 
 
 In 
 
 9'i I. us 
 
 illand wts attacked an, I taken b. t' 
 
 Fnglilh uad'T ihe connnanii ot L.eor.idas, lv] . 
 Cumberland, wl.o, after ranfacking 1', dejiiitv.l t 
 Illand. 
 
 l.aiieerota is very higii, and may be fe:-u at a g'i 
 dillaiue, its apjicarance being black and o.ir.'.n. 
 principal port, which lies on tlie .'i)utli-iall (iei 
 
 le of 
 
 illaiiil, is caile 
 
 IF. 
 
 Naas, and tf.e h.irhoiu i. 
 
 ably fecurcfor ("mall \ . llels ; indeed, it is < 
 
 iecme 
 
 b' Il belo.ii'iiiix to the Caiiarv 
 
 1 (lands 
 
 aixl Is nnicl 
 
 iJilCI 
 
 ted 
 
 ir its conveniei.cy m rciiairinj; a 
 
 Hup... ilii.-ioit IS without any town, 01 iiu 
 
 w^ I 1 
 k-idi 
 
 e.inlii!'.; 
 iou!( \ 
 
 d, 
 
 pt II 
 
 lb. 
 
 maii.a/.ines, ami oa' ia> 
 
 ks f.; 
 
 inecallle at the welt v\\i\ of tlie harbotii 
 ■jquence, iis a (liipot torce mij.dit caiili b 
 
 11 llo'.Ul. 
 
 IlillDo il 
 
 A 
 
 lel ilivides Laiicenjia fiomihe I: 
 
 I'cil (Jr.ie.ofa, whii h is uninh.ibiiedi and tl 
 
 the ha 
 
 ■ r of I'.: Hi 
 
 Nc 
 
 I il falt-v.oik in Laiicerota, wnieli niru. 
 
 to|. r.uile accour.l. 
 Kihieon, 01 ' I' 
 
 1. the'itiiv.i'nl tijwnof i!iii .'.! in 
 
 It 
 
 Dif.yiplion of tk 
 Miinners, Cu/ii 
 tbe hib'hiiants 
 
UMUY. 
 
 i.iy I hut Ic UK "o tlu" 
 
 )'>u c:itn- ill. t ),-, ji 
 
 ')iy nij.;ln .u'm i. ,: 
 
 I'ty yards (mm thu 
 
 iliHancc I't .ilvni: 
 
 T U R \. 
 
 tiii I'roin Cit.riJ (.1. 
 I'nj^th, .iiuiui .i\,-., 
 >> p.cniiilul.is, jdLici 
 Oil tiic iiuiui U.'.c 
 1.1 .11 u:! cr, wiijch ,i 
 ■II. 
 
 )tLi there opcivia 1'..,^ 
 c .1 great licet, lo- 
 
 \flv lOlll, .111 I I'.c 
 
 , vill.is an I li III .i, 
 ('lis jllaiid, oii. ill, 
 
 c. 
 
 ra fiirimTiv liad 1. iv.,- 
 it harliary aiv.t Sp.n.i , 
 
 r.UL\l i:! U/x, -,, V.,:, 
 
 ll.c pc-(.,)lc, i;i,L aI. 
 .■r\ ci cable in the :. ., 
 
 liceiiicr i It.. 
 lui's aiul Inn.ici .i, . u 
 
 low I. Cainiy I,, I. , 
 nuiul'crs. (k./.' ., ; i 
 n the ijicac leaidt. i\ 
 
 iririi;; illaiiJ oi L.ik ■- 
 can OS. 
 
 J T .V 
 
 ir:!i lat. ancl i j .;, •. 
 )Ut jj miles Ion ; :i;:,; 
 Ci loutii-eall o('(j'ui!.| 
 . paiijj in the iiii.li; .• 
 t'eoit j^oais, ihci-p ,i , 1 
 attic, cantel-i aii.l iv • 
 aiuK , rclcinl)hn.r •,. 
 
 \ icid toleiai-le ;_,.! > i 
 .11 bein.; ab.>ui \. i. , 
 I'he priiii.ipa! con.: i ■- 
 , anil ilie w h.ole ;. .. i 
 the l.iiuily of 1 l.i r.. .:, 
 '«avb Kir.l of I :u 1 1 - 
 iiple, lii).\e\er, in burn 
 il ti> tiie lvin;.','.-> jiui.,. ■ 
 fiiiin heme \> eikly I) 
 
 I'.ilina, i.i ie:i i h k:i. 
 
 iiUil m ilie iiuiiiKi ■■i 
 
 \cd aiul taken b. t 
 ot l.CDi'.klas, e.i'l (,; 
 km;; i', dejiiitcl i. : 
 
 may br Cci'u at a i\-^ i! 
 ack and n.Jr.'.'H. i' ,• 
 .; .'biitii-iall Side ol i- c 
 nd tlie li.irbdui i, t").'- 
 deeil, nil dccnud ;'ii' 
 mds, ard i-. mimcI; I. -- 
 cpauiiij; .uid ( IcanliiiL; 
 own, OI indetd Ivnifii, 
 and Iva'-raekv to;- |. ',- 
 .1 ot the harbour i^ i 
 :e iiiijdit eaiili ba'. 
 
 eroia tioiii the l.i 
 (ininh.ibitedi and llu 
 
 l-.l Kio. Neir ih' 
 Ota, w i)i> h iiu:i, : I 
 
 ill tuvcnoftlu 
 
 the land i fo 
 'l"he wart 
 and thedcf'ci i 
 •Nil . 'I he dill' 
 fcrent (eafop 
 the verdi'ic 
 n^ek ; bi t 
 
 AFRICA.] AFRICAN 
 
 It IS ab')ut fix miles frnm Porto de N'aos, and is what 
 va.s tbrmcrly railed Lancerota. At prefint it contain!, 
 about :co inddlercnt liou , s | 
 
 The inhabitant:! of this idand rhietlc ufe rain w.itcr, 
 vhirli IS auiiht in pit< and ciftems ad.iptcd fc- that 
 piir,)o'e, >. tliey have but few vveli.s or fprini^.s. The 
 brcid ot boric; has dwindled and d generated in this 
 ill.u.d, as well as in Fiieitevcntma. Affci ar..- preferred 
 here as I licy are there, and tor the fame rcafons. The 
 alle.s, indeed, ' ' both thefc illa i i.s, are ufed nor only 
 lot cart) inj^ bi ,iens and riding, but tor pIou-;f,.nj;np 
 they are deemed <i^ .»en: r.il un,, ' . 
 tood h';,c fit r.ilinns a wan; .)fbird.i; 
 /ot .cater adeticicney ^fdurks, i^eefe, 
 • jnt ajipear.ince "f the cattle, at the dif- ' 
 ■. the year, is verv rinj^id.ir ; tor uurinu; 
 the ij, npr they , ire plump, fat, and 
 .jtumn, when theprafs and herbage a; 
 iiii- "J by itie heat of the fun, thev f icnible Ikele- 
 tons, have fcarc ; fpirit' 'o wnr''. an 1 -ir rielh is unfit 
 to c It. I 
 
 Neither Lanccrota or I"ii"rtevrnti;ra have any veno- 
 moii.^ ( rca:iire, except th.' bhick Ipider. This, however, 
 is fulHcit' t loietrily the people, as it.i lling is extremely 
 pairfiil, I nd vcrv dangerous. ! 
 
 1 he ftas i'terfeeting and lurroiindinjr tliefe illands 
 afVord the inhal'i nits pl-nty of liili, partcil irly co.d, 
 much tiner th.ui uha: is can ;ht on ;he ba.nks of New- 
 foundland ; and a very lingnl.ir lilh, calk'l the picudo, 
 or lea pike, the biteot which i.s as venomous as that of 
 a viper; yer. nlien dr:fled, it is pleafant and whole- 
 fonte fofxl. 
 
 D:J.yiplir,n of th^ pfrj'^'is, Dn/', F: ', Drfpolhiom, 
 Manners, Ciiilovis, Ai.^nri/ii//tir,-i. II irnrtrr, is'r, of 
 ibe Inb'hitants ff the C'..v;...-j' Ijlandi tn ■^cneraL | 
 
 TI-IF. prcatefl part of the inhabitants of thefc ifl ind."!, j 
 aic Iniall of feature, well made, and have <',ood i 
 features. Their complexions are very fwarthy, their | 
 eves full ot liic, and their countenaiiccs exprellive. I 
 'Ihev are ton,! of calling 'hcmfelvcs .Spaniards, and I 
 fpeak the C'allilian language ; the better lort of pcr))de ! 
 v^ith aj-i. d grace, but the vulgar verv unmtdligibly. | 
 
 'ihe better fort ve.ir, i:i common, a lainblct cloak, ; 
 ofa dirk red or black colour-, a linen mght-cap, bor- j 
 dere I wi.h lace ; and abroad lloiched hat. When 
 thiy pa. vifits, a coat, Iwor.l, and \il.i:c peruke, are 
 ad'led, which latter makes a very Ihange .ippearanco | 
 with rheii d.irk coun'enances : and whac'is Itill m.ne 
 Tingidar, th<y keep their great neavy llojcl .'d hais 
 upon ihcir heads alway.s in the houfc ; b;;t n. a they 
 arc out of doois they carry it under their arii. 
 
 The common people wear their own ol.uk bulliy ' 
 
 liair, and tack foine of it behind the right eat. 'Iheir 
 
 pi:n, ij-.al L;arnienr is a white loofeco.it, made in the 1 
 
 manner ot a I'rem h loofe coat, with a friar's ca])e, and 
 
 "ird'.d about the midillc with a falb. I 
 
 ... -. ' 
 
 The w. men wear on their heaiis a peccof gau/o, j 
 
 which falls ilown the ii oulders, is pinned under the 1 
 
 chin, aril covers the neck a.id brcatl. A part of their , 
 
 drtfs is a broad brimmed llouched hat : b' : they ul'e | 
 
 this wii'.i more propriety I'un the men; Ibraln'oad. they 
 
 wear it upon their luadj, and fo their laces arc ihielded j 
 
 . from the fcorching beams of the fun. Over the Ihoul- I 
 
 ders a inanile is ihiown, itsgoodnel's being in propor- j 
 
 tion to till- condition of ;he weanr. Jackets ;mc \- irn : 
 
 iiillnd ot ll.iv.s ; but all are \ '-ry I'ond of a ^reat num- ! 
 
 her of peaii oais. T!u' princ.pal 'i;idic.; of Caiiaria and ' 
 
 'i'ener.d'e ilrels af:er t!ie t'llliions of France ;';ui l-'ng- 
 
 l.ind, ,i!"i p'v viiits in chaiiots; but none -.calk the 
 
 Itreets w uho'.t belli;:; veiled; thouidi fome are lo <-aie- 
 
 efs in il.e iile of their veih, ihat they tike care to let 
 
 thiir laee.;,ind necks be fee n. .Seme ladus have their 
 
 h.iir I urii'iilly plaited, and fallened lo the i ro.c n of tiie 
 
 head with a gold comb. Their mairdes are \er\ rich j 
 
 and ihev wear a prolulion ol icwels : but iheihimlinefs 
 
 ofdielJ, and aukwaidncis ol gait, obferNable in both ;' 
 
 No. J9. J, 
 
 T S L A N D .S. 
 
 !,.r ihc-ir 
 
 a-Mvarance ratl.cr riili 
 
 4-'S 
 lou3 ta 
 
 4 a- 
 
 -, dan- 
 
 w 
 
 .111 ilOltS, 
 
 It , 
 
 .;" . , &c. 
 
 ) 
 
 •lie.' .-.ivj 
 
 f 
 
 .own and 
 
 ; 3 
 
 ' le lellivals 
 
 eiiii 
 
 
 1 n. 
 
 ^lovment of a 
 
 
 iiLiiioll con- 
 
 .v .' 
 
 ri 'lit to fei/.c 
 
 fexes, renter 
 llransTors. 
 
 The lo\"er cl, if; of people ;ire al^liJcd uirhmmy 
 noxious diforder;, and are naturallv very lilihy. The 
 gentry, however, all'- i ;n- a', delica v. llo.h fexe-i j;,, 
 i^vq morn'ng to hear niais ; and ni >ll go before the/ 
 take any rtfretliment. Their bieaklall is ufudly cho- 
 colate. I'hey dine at noon, an, I Unit up the doors nil 
 three o'clock. People in good cin umiFintes have four 
 courfcj brought to table ; the liii't is loup, the fe ond 
 rnall meat, the thiril olio, anil the fouith the dclett. 
 V\'h.lr drinking, their toalFs are much likeours; but 
 they I cafe dnnking as tbun a.< tlu- clodi is nniioved. 
 Alter dinner all tiie company walli iheir hands in one 
 luge ntil, anvl then go to fleep fir ab uu an hour. 
 In ' ;.i,ei e\ e.rings they regale w iih i liocul-^te and Iwcei- 
 mca;< ; bill ill fuivimer line l,;ring water is lubllituted 
 inllead ol'i hieolale. 
 
 The peopi ;n gcner.il flecp on nvrttrcires, fprc.ul on 
 mats, and p.la.'ed iipon tlic Hoor. Ihcflieer.s, p.llo.vs, 
 t]uilt, fee. are fringe I or pinked j but no curtains arc 
 id'ed, as they deem th -ni the laibours for tieas and 
 bugs. The women lit upon cufliion;, ona raited part 
 ol the floor, ci'her when ihey receive, or wiien they 
 piy v'lirs. The 'hddie.-i .ire inf'.ructed in convents, and 
 ullia!! ■ make a r.ipid pnn-ne!"; ; for it nnll be contLllcd 
 iliat the people have a quick genius, par ic il it, tor 
 poeiry. The i ommon .innilements a- 
 cing, playinj; on rh-,- guitar, caids, 
 thro'Wng at b.ill through a ring at 
 'lliey takca.'i airing on hurfcback, 
 with alFes. 
 
 F.;:ich of the Canary Iflinds, as v 
 lamilv, lia-i its peculiar titular fain 
 oft. ic faint.s are kept with grea; 
 
 Tile people in gener.d Imld 
 butcher, tutor, mdlcr, and por 
 tempt ; and the otlicers ofju'lice 
 upon a perfon of any ot thcle em iloymcnt;. when a 
 criminal is put to death, and make him peilorm the 
 ollice of executioner. For their liiircd to thcfe four 
 cmpIo>ments they give the ftdlowing realbns ; that a 
 butcher is barbarou?, a taylur is efieminate, a miller ii 
 a thief, and a porter is a human beat! of burthen. 
 
 'Fhe gentry in geneial, though pro'.id, are polite; 
 the low er clafs of people, though poor, arc mannerly ; 
 and even beggars atk ciiaritv with a go-id grate, and, 
 if refilled, never behave witi. imper;inence. 
 
 Private pilfering is very ccinmon here, but high- 
 way or llreet iobl)e;ies ari- fi Idom or ever known. Ihe 
 only confcvjucnce of lohbery, however, is a found 
 drubbing, or a flioit impi-.i'onmcnt. Duclsaicne er 
 heard ot, but private nuudcis are common, whicfi 
 evinces that the people liave more malice than cour.ige. 
 
 The inhabitant;: of the Canary lllands arc, in general; 
 teniixr.ue ; or at leall i! ih.ey are otherwifc, it i^ in pii- 
 vate only ; for nothing can be a greater (lain there tiaii 
 to be teen drink ; and a man who can be pro\ed a 
 drunkanl is not adiiiitied to tiike li s oath in a!i\ court 
 of judicature. Hence thofe w ho are fond of liquor in- 
 toxicate ihemfelves in their chambers, and Jiien lie 
 d;)w n 'n '>ider to lleep tliemfcive.s fober. 
 
 Ifii ii, in falls in love with a young womui, and her 
 parents refufeio confent to the union, llie has liberty to 
 roniplain to the cuia'e of t;he parilh, who t.'.kes her 
 away, and places her in aconeeiir, nhere die mull re- 
 main till they confent to her ivainage-' 
 
 The natives of l''uerteventur,i and l.ancerofa dilTcr in 
 frieial parueiihiis from il'.oll .-I tiie other ifhcnds ; tor 
 they are tall, flrong, robu'l, an.l ot a \ery daikcem.. 
 plexion; and the otliei ( .iii.ii i.!n> Oeem them lude .iiid 
 unpolillitd with refpi.i lo ihemklics. They fpeak a 
 barbarous kind of the L'alhlian, and drefs like mean 
 Spanilli piafants. Iluir houles are built of llone and 
 lime, lotred with nannies lor the better fort ot peo- 
 ple, butonb; thatcikd for the meaner ; and the doors 
 are paved with llag itones. 'Flieir diet is as mean as 
 th.eir lubrations. Ihev liatc iniproveinencs, bccaule 
 5 P ■ they 
 
A MAV. ROVAI . ^sp AUTHKNTIC SYSTr.M op UNIVFR'^AL GF.OGRAPl 'Y. 
 
 tlioy lU'cni thcni iMn()v;ui(in> ; anil hnvc To litili- iiirio- 
 litv, tli.it r.ii:v "lit \.lir Spun if rhcy <att help it ; anil 
 vcrv tow till- oiIkt Ciliary llb'iiJa, un'.cfs obli'^cii fo U) 
 do \yy Iniiiiicrs. 
 
 1 he piMU'ipal nianuracUires n( :ill tluMc ill.tmis are 
 rilkliolcin.i ^iartiTN, vshii-h arc k:i t ; i|wiUi, utlctics, 
 bUiiikits, ruarlf i. lo hs, {v:i . In tlv \\.\i.c towns men 
 arc wiavcrs ani! t'ylo'.^ . Imt in ihr \;iU_;cs woiiu-n on- 
 Iv ; ami the (•xpiirt.ii:.)n of r.uv i;lk is proliihitcil, in or- 
 der to enc()urai;c tin- nianufactoii' s. 
 
 Tlu- CDinnuTi'c ot tnc Ci'urK-s may he cdnfidcrcM 
 iindfr Tnc lu-.uls, v;/. tlie ili nicl'ii trmie with each 
 rt''cr, and ticm itliriii n- iilar..! ; the 'raiU- to Kiiioiie, 
 the Spanilh Welt Indus, Amerua, and the coalt ot 
 IVrbarv. 
 
 The center <'t' tru'e is Teneriflc. The principal 
 commerce is canieJ on in t<.ieij;n honon.s. The va- 
 rious iiiipors are rtOiUcn g"<'ds, hardware, hats, red 
 hfrnn.'s, p.lchards, wheat, *:c. fiom Great Britain j 
 biir-.c', (Indies, pickled i-orK, pickled herrings, Si''. 
 from In land; nimpo.w'.cr, coida^^e, coaile tiax, &c. 
 from Hoi and and Hainbmg'i ; bar iron from Hilcay ; 
 dried cod, r;ce, b^' •, pork, hams, bces-wav, deal 
 boards, llives, wheat, *^our, ii'a'.zc, J\:c. from the 
 American coloniei ; aid filk;, velvets, o.U, .ordaj^c, 
 &c. from Haicil na, Seville, Majorca, Itdy, and 
 Cadiz. In return for :heio they export thei/ varioiis 
 coiiinKKliiies M\A manufachircs ro the feveral countries 
 from which the) re eive their imports. 
 
 S I C T I O N II. 
 
 Thp MATTERA or MADl.IRA ISLANDS. 
 
 I 
 
 T i^ the general opinion of writers that thefe illands 
 were known to 'he ancients, but lay concealcil for 
 manv ■generations. 'I'hcy dilt'er with refpcCi to th..ir 
 Ciifcoviry ; fi/iiie attributing it to t'ne I'ottuguefe in 
 
 l-'nizUlhr 
 
 II. 
 
 1519, others to an ingiiinmin in 1 ^^a- liowe\er 
 that may be, the roiiuguefe took poiitliion of ihcm, 
 and flill tiiriii tlit principal put <if the inliabitanis. 
 
 Thcic illandi are lituatcd in {2 deg. :- mm. north 
 lar, and from 1 S deg. pmin. toi^deg. jo min. we!V 
 long. Hide. 
 
 Tnclargcrt (,f th( fi- i;lands, from which the rel> d:- 
 naiiu 111 Madeira, or latl-.cr Matiera, 
 
 .nc: 
 
 I se tlu g 
 fa l-'oitUj;ucfe wor 
 its being over-run 
 Kngth, and :i(^w:,- 
 It is compofcd I ; 1 
 hci_'hr, c\lc:-.i!;i! .; 
 
 1, lunilving a wood or torcil, trom 
 with trici,) is aSoiit 75 n.iles in 
 <t \b, in fom ' ida.'cs, in brwdth. 
 
 '.■le < '.iiciinied hill, of a con(ic!erable 
 troni e.'.l! to we!f, ihedicl;\it> of 
 \Uii. Ii, uii th?lo;idi ii-.lc, is ci'iltivated, an.l interfpcrli."-d 
 V. ith ^ inciaiii-) ; and :r. the iridll of this ilope the mcr- 
 i luuitijiav.- li (cd their country fcais, which tt)rm a very 
 agreeable jirofpec;. 'I'he lirlf feitiers, to clear the 
 laiidv, fei lire ti. ;hc woods. 
 
 l-ifK fpr^ngs nboiind here inahiioll ever;, [lart ; and, 
 from the grajxs •.- hich the \i les piodu ■, is nude a 
 \all iiuannty of Miemoll ili luious w incs. 
 
 Our celebrate! countrjinan f'.iipl.iin ('lok, 10 whoin 
 vc recur with pUahire upon e\erv podible occaHon, in 
 ilic account ot his firfl voy;igc, writes concerning this 
 liland to the folhn ing import. 
 
 " I his illand fias a lua.itiful appearance from the 
 kw, thofe parts of hill.s whi. h iirefent themfelves being 
 coNcred " Jtb. vincj. 
 
 " 1 he inb.abitantsrf Miideira base no article of trade 
 but wine, which is ma;le (ly prilling the )uiccout in a 
 Ii]iiare wooden vellel. The perfons employed having 
 takcnolfthciv Ihdcs an<i jackets, get into it, and, with 
 their elbows :in,l leer, piei's out as much of the juice as 
 they can. In like manner the (talks, being ried toge- 
 ther, are prcllid iiiuier a fquarc piece of wood, by a 
 lc*er, with a lii.ne taltcncd to the end of it. 
 
 " Th' re are no wheil carriages of any fort, lun have 
 the peopleany thing that r.lemMcs them, excciii a hol- 
 low board or (le'gt, upon which thofe wiiu vetteUarc 
 drawn that are too t)ig to be carried by hand. 'J'hey 
 
 have alfo hoifcsand mnies, very proper fir tluir rnail< 
 Init their wmc is, nciwithlbndir.g, brought to lou'ji 
 trom the Mne>ar Is where it is made in vellels of g,.at. 
 Ikins, \t ,'ich are earned by men on rl.eir heaih. 
 
 " Nature has been very idirr.il in her gilts m M,. 
 deira. '1 he inhabitants are not w ithout inceinut b • 
 t 'cv want indidtry. I he fod is fo very rich, ant thai 
 IS liicli a variety in the climate, that therein liar.il, 
 any artule, eiihirof the nicellaiies or lu\iirie>. ot bt;- 
 which cannot be cultivated in the i.'land. Fine-appli' 
 ai'il mangoes grow almoin fpoiu in( inlly inihetoHii 
 and great variety of fruit upon ilie bills. Corn 1, nU ', 
 very large and plen.y. 
 
 " I he beef, mutton, and pork, are remarkiM 
 givxi. I'lincho, which is fentul in Portuguele, in 
 name to the town of I'onchial. It is featcd at the Ixu 
 torn of a bay, ind'^'crcmly buili : the Itr^ets are n.ir. 
 row, and very wretchcilly paved. In the i h ,1;'-, 
 there . re great niimti-isol orn.iments, w itli piJuiR>,iti 
 invi._..,-s ot taints, which, for the molt |>art, ire p 01 
 t\cc;uid. \ Ijctter taile pre-. ads 111 foine ot tile ■ 
 vents, particularly that of the l-raneiteans, whcie'iv. 
 phcits and neatnel's unite. The intirmary doi s hi :, 
 to tlie architect, and is the molt capital edifice n ti 
 whole plaie. 1 here are many very hi_;h hil's ■. hi, 
 Ruivo IS near 5100 feet \\\ heii-ht, perpendicularb f,! 1 
 us bate. The inhabitants are compared to be bcikui'i 
 70 .Mid 8o,coo . and the revenue ariling tri.m tli< < i. 
 turns ij luppoted U) amount to ;o or jo,oo.^l. iln'ii 
 per anntiui. I icy abound in water, wine, tiuu, ■ , 
 f,. lions, ^";•c•mvat■: ot ^ar.oui torts are alio to be h, 
 but perimnioii mull be oijiaiiied Irom the goveniv. ; 
 poulirk and Iri ;)i nuat." 
 
 Cuptain Ciik il:\s, theic is great reafon to fi ;^ 
 that this whole illaiul was, at fome lemote jlii , 
 throvin up by the exjilotion ot lubterranet us lue, 
 every lloiie (een u( on it a,'i)eared to have'heeniiM'. , 
 .ind even the land itlelf to I e nothinj" iiiore than aiu . 
 
 Thejieople hcie tratle among themlcKcs by bii • 
 The ordinary food ot the cooler ptojile, in the tun; 
 vintage, is litile elfc than Liea.t and rich i;rapes. \\ 1 , 
 It nor f).- thisabllemioulnefs, thedangerot teversint, 
 hot Icafoiis would be rarely avoided : theretjre, e.. 
 the rich m the hot months ;ire very Iparc in their it: 
 and ilnnk but moucratcly. 
 
 rile people in general adect great gravity in ti.i 
 depottiiunt, and uliially go clad in black ; but ■.;'. 
 canr.<u part trom the fpado and dagger, \vhuhi.\.i 
 tervants wear; fo that you may lee a tootnian waiti: ; 
 at table with a i'word bv his tide, at Icalt a jaul U.i , 
 and a great balkct hilt to it. 
 
 The houl'cs in general ar: plain, as the iiihabiti 
 put thcnd'elvis to no giea. cxpente either in treci;:; 
 or furniihing them. The wiiuiows arc latticed inlU ■ 
 ot being glazed, and ire fecurcd by wooden 1hi:tt.i > 
 ni{:;ht, 
 
 in maiii.igesarteciion is neve:- once thoii;;h.t of hci, 
 tlupiinujial eii-iuirics are into tamily, dekelit, aiul 1 1 
 cmnllaiKcs, '1 he womcii are prohibitid triuu n.aii- 
 iiig l-.nglillimen, unlels they con'ent to change then i. ■ 
 ligion, and turn Roman Catholic?. 
 
 .Murdei is very frequent here, on account of thegr.i' 
 numtier of places deemed laiu'tuaries, aiieltbeeale ahIi 
 which a murderer ca:i therebv tcreen himieittrom \,A- 
 tice. I5ut if thecriiiiinai pei Ion is taken before lKca;i 
 t^y to a fanctuar), the punilline. lit is only eiiher bam::;- 
 mei.. or continement, botn wiueh ma) be evaded b. a 
 pecuniary com poll lion. 
 
 The clergy here arc exceeding nunurous, and g^'i).: 
 rally rich ; but none whoaie detcendcd trom .Vimr^ir 
 }e'W's are adndttcit to take oreiers. 'i'li,- churclu 3 ,i:l- 
 niade repotitorics tor thedea>l. Th.e iorple iscunojil) 
 drelled an-,' adorned, )et, m the mterment, Hurt el 
 lime IS ul'ed, in order to conliiiue the body w ith all ii:;a- 
 giiKibleelilpati h, w hich ufuilly happetis m a tortni^in;; 
 to that there is then room fn a lother corpl'e. llie 
 bodies ot Proteitaiits arc not allowed to be tKiried, bi t 
 mull be thrown into the fea, uiilefs a larj^e fuiu of 
 
 i;ioi cv 
 
XIRAPHY. 
 
 pn)pc!f)r their roads. 
 
 luulf in villi-U of j;,.:u. 
 
 on rt-.cir Inail*. 
 
 tal in her ^ilts lo M,. 
 
 w ithoi:t inj-iiliiir' , 1,,,. 
 
 r> vi-ry nth, anil ih>u- 
 i!!rit tluTfi' li.ir.il, 
 ^1 Its or luMiii!-, ollit;-^ 
 
 •c i.'laml. l'iiic-ai)|ik', 
 ^t UK ,)i;llv in ihc tiiwii, 
 ilic 'nils. Corn i, uli ,' 
 
 pork, ar;- rcnvirkil'l 
 d in Portugufli, jmv 
 It is ItMicil at the bi.i 
 ill : the Hr Its an ni: 
 veil. In the t.li,,!,'-, 
 Kiits, \\ ich jiicuiit. ,111 
 c molt parr, ire p ,oi 
 !s m loinc ol the . 
 rincifcans, wheic '•" 
 Ik- inlirniary docs her, 
 
 ll f.ij'ital cdifKc n •.( 
 y very lii_;h hi"'; : i\ , 
 It, pcrpcni-licularli, t.i i 
 ^v.'inp'.iri-d ti) he hcii',i-t'> 
 nnc ariUn<; tn.iii thi i • :. 
 ) ;0 or J,j,00;j1. lUi';: 
 water, wine, I'm it, i , 
 lorti are alio tu he hi 
 cd Iroiii the t^ovcrno. : 
 
 great rcafon to ll p 
 It f.)i;ic remote jcn , 
 ol hil)terrane(. js lue, 
 ired to h.ive hecni) : r, , 
 lochiiig n.ore than al'ii . 
 iig theinlVKei; 1);. l).ii,.-, 
 1.T people, in the tiiiK 
 .1 and n(.h grapes. \\ ; 
 tiie dangerot fevers iiu, 
 avoided ; therefore, ev, 
 : Very (pare in their ili< , 
 
 eel great gravity in li.i 
 ehul in blai k ; but '.ii. 
 
 and dai;ger, whii h i.\. i 
 ly ic'j a lootniaii w.utir; 
 
 tide, ,it lealt a jai^l lo.i , 
 
 plain, Hi the i:iiuil)it.i ,,. 
 xpente eitlier iii ereeiiii; 
 Kliiws ar^: Littii ed iiilU - • 
 lied by wooden tln;tt.i - 
 
 ,■(•;■ once thoii;;!;i of h'. i: 
 l.inul) , del( elll, ami 1 1 
 
 • prohihitid triiin n..u i 
 on'ent to ehiiiiL^e then i. ■ 
 lolir?. 
 
 c, on account of thegr. ■ 
 tiiaries, ani.ltiice.il'-- .vuii 
 
 • kreen hinileit Iroin i,l- 
 on IS taken hetbie lie can ■ 
 r.nt is only either bai-.u;;- 
 iueh niav bo e'..;oed li. .i 
 
 ing nuiiurou^, atul gi'i),:- 
 ilel'cendtd from .Vlnoriir 
 ders. 'I'h- churelu,i .v..- 
 'lT,c corpfe isturtiJLJii)' 
 the iiueriiient, lli'te ol 
 lit :he body' w ith all ii;;a- 
 y happL-;is in a lortiii^;n;; 
 H a lother corplc. 1 In; 
 lUowcd to be buried, li t 
 I, uiilcls a lari:e I'uiii of 
 
 IllOl.iV 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 A I R I C A N I S I. A ?; n S. 
 
 money i.< [aid to tlie t leri'v, wh'n they arc permitted 
 to l>' interred in loahTtatcd ground. 
 
 The lilit.d lallid I'orro .Saiito, \n hii h i^ only eight 
 n-i| s in eircuiiiferernc, lie.-, at a Inull liillanee Ir'nii 
 Madeira properly loeaiL.i, and i, under riic lame jiirif- 
 tlietion. h is very ieilile, and abi.unds in excellent 
 honey and "ax. 
 
 '1 heic i-- another illind, but it is fcarce worth notice, 
 
 being not only of verv fmall e lent, but likeuife en- 
 
 ■ tin y larren ; for whicli the I'or iirucfe have ^iven it 
 
 the cxpiellive appelluionof the IX-lolate or Delert llle. 
 
 'lo I, ur general aeioiint ot the Madeiia lll.ind«, \ie 
 are indueeiltolul"i|o,n, a minute and cireuinllaMii,il nar- 
 rativeol ihe nianmr in wh eh they were liiUovered, as 
 we j refune, bom the intercll.ng iiu idei.ti vvhub at- 
 tt tided i:, that ii (anno: tail of conducing to the enter- 
 lainnient ot she re.ider. 
 
 In the reign of l-.dwaid III. king of I"ngland, a young 
 gentlcioar, named Kobert Machin, conceivid a vio- 
 h IK [i-at'on ior Ann D',\rtet, a beauiitu'l and accom- 
 plirtied lady of a noble lamilv. .M.iehin, with refpcct 
 to hiiih and fortune, was inferior to tlie lady; but his 
 pcrlonal i|iulilicalions overr inie cv'.t) fcruph; on tii.it 
 account, and llie lewardcd his aiilc'iir \Mtha leeiproral 
 atfeelior,. 1 ler f;iend,s hov\ever, did not beholil the 
 young i'ent!eiiian ihrough the metlium of palTion ; they 
 J.ini led then blood would he coin iminated bv an alli- 
 ance " 'll oncol a lower ra;ik, and thereloredetermiti- 
 cd I Lu rdiee the happincfs ol'the )oung lady to the he- 
 rediiarv jride of blood, and the mercenary motives ot 
 interelV. fraught with diefe idca.s, a vviirrant was pro- 
 cured f re m the King, uni'.cr the l.iiiition of which Ma- 
 rhiii «;i^ a[)prehciHied, aiul kept in ^ lofe (onfinement, 
 till the ohjecf of his atfeCtions was married lo a noble- 
 man, whole chief merit l.iy in his honorary title and 
 lar).',c poliellions. 
 
 In inei iitely after the nuptial ceremony was over, 
 thi- peer l( ok his beautiful bnde- with him to a llroiig 
 and fupeil) callle, whit h he had in the neighbourhood 
 ot HriUo! ; and tlien the untbrtunate lover was rcleafed 
 from his ( ruel iippnfonment. 
 
 Marliin, bein-; at liberiy, was acquainted that his 
 niilhcis had beni compelled to give her hand to ano- 
 the; . 'rh:s rendered him almoll tfantic, and he vowed 
 to revenge the violence done to the lady, and the in- 
 jiiiy which he himfelt li:id I'ullaineil. 
 
 U'lth this view ho imparteil hisdciign to fomc of hi:, 
 frieiu!'; and companions, who fwore toaect)iiip,in\ him 
 to l!r Ibil, a:'il allill him in whatever entcrpri/.e he un- 
 dertook. One ot his comiades contrived to get him- 
 (elf hirtd by the nobleman as a fcrvaiu, ana by that 
 means being introduced into the family, he foon found 
 an opportunity to let the lady know the reiniments anil 
 intent :ons of her lover, when the fully entered into all 
 his prii'icrs, anil proniil'ed to comply w i.h whatever he 
 lho;:l,t delire. 
 
 'rolacilitatcthedifi'in, thr lady a]ipcared morcchcar- 
 tul than uliial, viiiich lulled ;illeep every lufpicion that 
 her lord might otherw i,c have entertaineil ; and iiirreat- 
 ed pcrinillion to ride out d.nK' to take the air, for the 
 benelit of her health, whi:h requell her ciiiilort ealily 
 granted. This point being gained, ilie did not fail to 
 make the molt of It, bv ridin;', oct every morninL', ac- 
 com[uiiied bv one fervant only w hich was her lovers 
 companion ; he having been previoully jiiiched upon, 
 by her contrivance, alwavs to attend licr. 
 
 ,-\ll things being piepaied, Ilie one day rode out as 
 iifual, wlun her attec.d.nit condtule.l her to h'. friend, 
 who waitetl a! the lea-fule to receive lier. They all 
 thiee iimiu diately entered a boat, aiul toon reached a 
 Ihip that liy at tome diltanee ready tor their rece[)tion. 
 
 JVI.u iiiii h.iving theobiectol hiswdhes on board, im- 
 liiediateK, w ith the alliltance of his allbeiates, let fad, 
 intendiiiif ■<•> proceed to Iranee ; but all on board being 
 ignorant of niaritime altairs, and the wind blowing a 
 hard gale, they milled their port, and the ne\t morii- 
 jng, totheir alionillimeiit, found themleis .s driven in- 
 to tlie mam ocean. In thu mifciable eimdition thi)' 
 
 4J7 
 
 a!)indoned themfelves t<' (l.fpair, and commitreJ their 
 Use to the merev ol the waves. Witliouc a pil,!t, al. 
 molt de'litute of |):ovili;)ns, and quite devoid of hope, 
 ihev were tolled ab.int lor the fp;ice of thirteen days. 
 At lengih, when th'_> mnrnin ; of the lo .rteenrh dav be- 
 gan t.i d.ivvn, they fancied tliey could delcry foniethirig 
 verv near them tiiat had the appearance of land ; and 
 when tile fun role, to iheir great |oy, they coul 1 dil- 
 tin.'tly perceive it was Iueh. Tl eir picafiire, however, 
 was f(,mc whii interrupted liy the rellection that it was 
 a Itiange country, for tlicy plainly per. eivid it vv;is 
 (overed with a variety ot trees, with w hole appearance 
 and lati re tliey were totally una' quainted. 
 
 The Hoop being got out, fo;ne ot them landed, in 
 order to iii.ike their obfervationt on the country, when, 
 retiirning looi at'ier to the Ihip, they fi,oke in rapture* 
 ot thc*plu:i'; but at the fame time de^lired the', be- 
 lieved It to be uniiihabitid. 
 
 .Mach'.n, with his milhel's, and fomc of his fii-i,! , 
 then landed, leaving the rc!f to take care of the Itii;;. 
 The couiurv appeared beautituUy diverlilied with lulls 
 and dales, Ihai'.ed w ith various trees, and watered hv 
 many cli',11 meandring llreams. Several kinds o!' wild 
 bealts approached w .tliniit oiieringany violence to t'lein; 
 and die moll beautiful bir.is, of dillerent Ipecics, perch- 
 
 aim-;, and hands, unappreheiili .e 
 
 ed upon then hea 
 of ding.-r. 
 
 I'eneirating farther through the woody recelfes, they 
 entei'>dabne meadow, ailimrably encircled with a bor- 
 der of laurels, finely enainelletl with various flowers, 
 and happily watered with a winding chryllal rivulet. 
 Upon an eminence, in the midrt of this meadow, t'leyf 
 law a l.fty I'l'ireiding tree, tlv.- bea'^ity of whcii invited 
 them to lepofe under us Iha.ie, ind partake of the ihcl- 
 ter 11 would alford them t;om the piercing riy^ of tli2 
 {'un. Beneath this tree they at length dercrniincd to 
 nu'ke a temporary rclidence, and providing tlieii.l'elves 
 with botigiis from the n-jighbouring woods, they l)uilt 
 fever,d Imad huts, or rather aibours. in this place 
 they pafied their time very atir.cably, and made fre- 
 ijuent excui lions into the adjacent country, admiring 
 Its Itrange p'oductions, a:id various btauliL-.. Iheir 
 happincfs, ho'vever, was i f no very Ion ; continuance ; 
 for one night a terrible (form arofe from the noith-eafl, 
 whi'-li blew the Ihip horn her an hor, and di>;ve her to 
 lea. The crew were obliged to fubmit to the mercy of 
 the elemen'-s, wi.en they were driven to the co.ill of 
 Morocco, antl the tlup being llranded, ail the crew 
 were carried into ca|)tivity. 
 
 The next morning, '.ihen Machin and his compa- 
 nions milled the lliip, they com hided Ihe had founJered, 
 and gone to the bottom. This new calamity plunged 
 them into the deepeft melancholy, and proved, in par- 
 ticular, fo all'eetmg to the lady, that Ilie funk iin er it. 
 She had, indeed, before co.tiiiiialh fed her gref, ly 
 fad prctages of the eiuerprife ending in tome laral ea- 
 taflrophe to all concerned ;-biit the Ihock of tlu la e 
 diliiller Itruck her dumb, lo that Ihe expire) in i.;ej 
 days afterwards in the moll bitter agimes. i\' :ch:n 
 was fo al^'-'ded bv her deatli, that he furvived he. but 
 live dav^, notw i;liltanding all that hi; eor.i_ anions 
 could do to atii;r,l him confolation. IVc ji'.i^ to his 
 death he begged them lo piaee his bod. m the lame 
 g'^ave with hers, which they had made ;it li^e t.Mt of 
 an altnr, ereded under the beautiful leliy tree belor-- 
 mentioned. They afteiwards erected a l.irgc wooden 
 crofs rponit ; and near that an inl'cnption, dia'Mi ip 
 by Machin hiiiiiUf, com. lining a I'uccinet account ot 
 the whole adventure; and eon billing widi a reqneil, 
 that if anv chrillians tlu uld come there to fettle, they 
 would build a ciiureh iip.m the i()ot, and dedicate it to 
 Jefus Chrill. 
 
 .'\fiei the death o! M.iehin, his lemain'ngcoirijjniio s 
 determined to attempt returning to LnglaiKl in the 
 Hoop, whieh had heen lb well lecured near the llioie, .as 
 not to be in the le.ill damaged by the rturm whieh had 
 driven awav the Ihip ; but happening to take the lame 
 ctmrle the e'theis li.id been loiced upon, they unluckiJy 
 
 for 
 

 r, .1'- 
 
 H 
 
 ii4 
 
 4jS a NFAV. royal AMn AUTHENTIC SYSTl M or USIVT-RSM. GKOGRA.'HY. 
 
 for thcmfclvrt, arrivcil in like manner upon lomc part j 
 otthcc(».ilV i)t" MoHKiO, met with csactlv thr lame 
 f.ite, were lenni in a imular manner, and i .irrii-d to 
 theV.mic prilon. In the place nl' thiir conl'inemcnt. 
 betuie^ their own eompanons, thiv met with Icveral 
 other ChrilHan tlivcs, particularly one Jt>hn dc Md- 
 rales, a Spaniaid o( Seville, l his man was an cxi el- 
 lent iiilnr, and took a peculiar dclij^ht in he.irini; the 
 Endilh captive* recount their aduniures, b) which 
 iTie^ns he learned, and retained in hu mcmorv, the 
 I'l u.\ ' n and peculiar marks ol this new dilcovcied 
 
 ccmntrv, r x t r 
 
 In order to rnnne.'l the above narrative of the hrit dil- 
 ro' cry ot the Madeir.is with what i< termed the fci ond 
 difcovery. bur which, to (peak with greater precilioii, 
 isthccrmpleiK-nol the lii'*, it will be tieceHaiy to louk 
 back a little into the leadiiiR incident-, whitli bfoiij'.ht 
 about ihc latter. 
 
 lohn 1. kmi; ot" PortiiL^il, liavinff entered intoa \\<\- 
 withihc Moor , p.ilkd uvcr into \irica wiih a turmida- 
 Hc army, A. D. I411:, and laid Tut^c to and took 
 Cfuta. In [his expedition he wa:j .i comi'amed by Ins 
 fnns, one of whom, I'niice Hcnrv, took f',reac dilijj;ht 
 in the fbidy of the mathcmat,i.al fciencc, [>articul.irly 
 geography and n.ivjgition. 
 
 Upon ihisoccalion he had great opportunity of ton- 
 vcrlingwith the Moor> and African Jews ; and in - 
 forrring himfclf, by their means, of the lituation ol le- | 
 viral loieik.'n imintnes, of tluir coalfs ti;c leas ab(..it 
 them, &:c! he cor.ceivid an mlaiiable thirll tor making 
 new cO!iquells and from tins time determined to de- 
 vote hu attcniioii to the il.fcover) of unknown coun- 
 
 f.lfS. 
 
 In confcquenrr ot this rcfolution, after the reiluction 
 ofCeit^, he reared to the Aliarvis, where, wi.hina 
 le.igue of Laj^e ^t. \incent, he founded a n.-w town, 
 bu.lt a toit .0 dtfeml it, and determined from tlitncc 
 to fend out flufs upon difcoviries. IT.c [ crfuii he in- 
 tended to ein| lov upon thcfe oicnlions, as chid com- 
 mander, w;is a gentleman (,'f extraordinary abdities, 
 named juin fionlal\o Zarco, who became famous, 
 not only lor his m rrime difcoveries, but for beinjj; ihc 
 fi;l> pciio:! wl.o i.itiovli:ced tlie ufcof aitdlervcn lioaril 
 fhip*. la I41S he d ftove'.ed Puerto Santo, oi^cofthe 
 Madeira--; and, in 14:0, he pafl'cd the lliaits, and 
 J,'rve\ed a ror.riderabk- extent of tlie coalt of Ainca. 
 In the interim a S,iar.iili prince dying, Uft, byhi.iwill, 
 a large fum < f money for the purpofe ol redeeming.', Sj a- 
 niih C'lirdliins wiio were kept ai lines in Morocco. 
 Term'! bti.ig igreed u()on bef. ecu the emperor ot Mo- 
 rocco x.'x\ ti ('(ommrtioiuis lor ti.e icdcmption ot thole 
 captives, a !~panilh Ihip was lent to Morocco to iLtch 
 home the redeemed Lluillians, among whom wasilie 
 betorc mentioned joiin de Morales. This ihip, on its 
 return to Spain, happeiv.d to fall in with tl.e Ivjuadron 
 commande I by Juan (ronl.dvo Zarco, who wasih^-i 
 ptlfing the Hraits 10 make obfervations on the ccwtlt of 
 Afr.ra, as we hclorc roticed. 
 
 Spain and Poriuual being at tlat time at war, Juan 
 rniiifavo ZjT' o made a pri/.e of tb.c Spamlli tliii) ; hut 
 fin 'I'g it conuiinul only tcdeenied captives, he was 
 touihid with (cmpairion at the mifcrus thty h.ul al- 
 ready lutVcrid duririL', their llavcry, and gciicr-iully dif- 
 riilicd them, taking out onl\ Joiin de Mora'es, whom 
 lie found to he not only an able tailor, and an expert 
 pilot, but a verv intclligt tit perfon. 
 
 .Mor.'iies being acquainted with the realon of his de- 
 tention, and the difco-.crie.-, that the I'ortuguefe were 
 upon, inHcad of being grieved, was mightily re|oic- 
 cd, anil ollcred voluntiiily to enter into thefcrvicc 
 f,f Prince 1 hnry. He then told Juan (ionfalvo of the 
 illand wiueh the l.nglilli had newly dilcovercd, re- 
 counted the lloiy ol the two iintortunate lovers, and 
 related every thing which he had heaidfrom Machin':; 
 companions w hilc in flavery. 
 
 Juan Cie)n(aKo was fo mightily plc.ifed at this relation, 
 that he tackiei about, and returned to ilu- new town 
 which Prince Hcnr) had built, and whitli was called 
 
 3 
 
 Tcrca N'lbil. On his arrival he introduced .\f.iral, ; to 
 the prince, when the Sjvtni.ird again rvounted aU in- 
 had bcl.ire told f> |ii.m (Jonlalvii. The jirincc th.).i .', t 
 this woriliy ol Ih-'-oiiuh.; .1 na'mnal altair, -md tlui-. 
 fir.- commumc.iting the wh ile to the kin'_^ hi. fi ii, ,-^ 
 and the Poitui',iiefc iiunilhy, they lieiemiine I to pint, ic 
 this dilcoviry, and lor that puipofc litteii out a l; oi 
 lliip, well maniu'd aiul proviiled, and a lloop to ■ > 
 witli OAii, when oci'alion reiiuired, anil the toniiiu id 
 of the whole w;is given to Jii.in (lontalvo. 
 
 On dilcovermg PiuitD Sinto, a ihort time bi f ro 
 Juan (ionfalvo had li It tome Poitugi:eie on that iilu' t ; 
 and iiHi;;ini; l>v Mor.d.s's a loun' ot (lie lituar'.on of die 
 iilaiiel they were in ei'iell of, thit it co. 1.1 nut be Ur 
 from Puerto Sanio, he ileterinini-d to fail thither. 
 
 On hisarriv.ll at that ilku'd, the I'ortugucle, wIk.-h 
 he had lelt beni;iil, mtorm.el him, that ih<> had n.i. 
 ferscdto the noith-ealt a thu k impeiutiable el irknu ,, 
 which conllantlv hiu);; upon the tea, and cxien.lnl .m ;[ 
 upwaril to the lu.ivens ; ti at the\ never knew it i.i ;>■ 
 diminilhed, but oltci heard from thence a llr.in^i- l..i;i 1 
 ol nolle, w till h they (tiulil not acceiunt lor. 
 
 Mor.ile. f emiil to bj convinced tha t'lisw.isih- 
 illand thev were i". te;:ch of, anel Jum (ionl.ilvo \u .;- 
 clincd t'Kuliipt his ojiivon ; 'our all the lell .viic (erriiii I 
 ai ihf ai . oimts thc\ hul heaid. It was 'h n 1 'ti- ."n- 
 chideil tei remain at Puerto '■tniiitill tl.echa.ig' o; ; • 
 niD.ni, to lee what cli'e'.t that \voulel have up":! •■.: 
 ihavle, or whether llie nolle woedd eealV ; but i>i . 
 ini^n).i:ti riiionof any kind, the panic incnal'.d 1. ; 
 the geni i.iliiy of tiie adveiuurers. Morales, lii< . > , 
 ibiod (irm to his opinion of t!iat bcir.!.' the l.uid ; . ■ 
 w\re b.okin.. for, in. I very leiiliidv oMervid, ti..i: 
 cording to the a count* he h.il re. eived trom the I 
 lull, thegiound .ea.iCiu rediiver with l.'lty Ih idy if i , 
 I and that It was iiowo'idr, ;hTei.ire, th.!i: it IboiKI '.>■ 
 ! exceeding damp, and tjie htiui;el \apoiirs might e\!ii.- 
 ' Ir.iin it In the jower of the fun, wbu h fprenditv; t! r ,:, 
 filves to ihc llsv, occaliiMieil the li .ik clo.ai ihev !i • ; 
 and that w ith lelpect lolhi- noil'e, ii miglu le o.ca4;. :i- 
 eei by ten.iin currents dalhing agai.'ill tne rocks oii .•.. 
 , co.dl. 
 
 i Jutn (lonf.ilvo, however, dercrmincd to pro-rci' ; 
 
 ; and letting f.ul the next day, he .it n th m.ide l.ir.i! ; 
 
 I and tne le.irof thole who hid been all alon.; ten.;, 1 
 
 I now vanitl.id. The lird poin- tliey law they name.i 
 
 ,: Ijwrence's Point. Doubling this they toundii 
 
 |, land tolhe liiUthwaiii, where Morales anet o.iieis 
 
 lent in a tloop 10 reconnoitre the e-o,ilt, an. I c.ini.' .. i 
 
 bu wl,iihfecmcd toaiilwer he defcription jvxei "y 
 
 i the I'.ii'jlilli. Here they la.iel. i ; ,'n.'. tin fing the cr. I; 
 
 aiul inf. ription over the jiave of the two lovers, they 
 
 jl returned to Juan (Junlalvo, w ith an ac. o.int ol t:-,..r 
 
 fuceefs. Juan (jonfalvo immediatelv lan.k\l,andi •< 
 
 poiriHon of tlic pl.ice, in the name of Je)!in I. km ; . 1 
 
 Poitugil, and Pun e llenr\, his Ion. Ilavin; 1 ...r 
 
 an altar ne.ir tlie grave ot the lovers, they lean! 1 
 
 about tl;e illand, in order todifcover il ic contained . •;,■ 
 
 cattle, but not fuuhng any, the\ coatUd wcHwaid, ii:l 
 
 they came to a place w here four fine riveri ran into rie 
 
 lea, of the waicrs of which Juan (ronlab o liUeei io:: ■ 
 
 bottles, to carry as a pre tent to Prince I lenry. li ■ 
 
 ceetling firtlier, they came to a line v.illey, wnich m;" 
 
 inteil'ceied by a beautiful river, and after tl'.at to a olei- 
 
 lant Ipot covered with trees, fome of which bein;; I ':. 1 
 
 elow II, Juan (Jonl.ilvo ordered a crofsto be erected ol tl.c 
 
 timber, and calleil the place .Sanola Cruz. 
 
 Thcv now be;',an to look out for a place pioper 1 1 
 fix their lelidence in while they Ibii 1, anel ai ie;:g:ti 
 found a line track of land, not fo woody as the relt ol 
 the country, but covered over w irh teiincl, w liieh, 1 ' 
 the I'oriuguele language, is called I'unc'iui ; tVoni 
 whence the town of lunchil, afiernanii built on tlie 
 fpot, took Its name. 
 
 After having viewed other parts of the ilianel, and 
 daily had occalion for new admiiation of the beauties 
 continually dilcovercd, Juan (ionl'alvo returned to 
 Poruigal, and ai rived at Lubon the latter end of Augulf-, 
 
 in 
 
liA.'HY. 
 
 in r-vounit:.! al, ^^^ 
 
 rin-prin.o th,).i^;.t 
 
 il .>ll.«tr, iii.l tlur,-. 
 
 rill- kini,' hii trli>r, 
 
 I'UrmiMi;.! Ill |)iir|je 
 
 lie (ittcii out a (^'co-J 
 
 and a lloup to :,) 
 
 1, a'>il the toiiDin ul 
 
 ■nl.iUo. 
 
 a lliort time b<i' u 
 igufic on tliar itl.ip i . 
 ofcl'.c liruarion n> ,!,e 
 
 I! CO ,1,1 nut be U( 
 
 '" r.til thiilioi. 
 I'<>r:ii(fin:ri-, \\!i(,m 
 
 I, that ih(> h.iil .,.,. 
 
 iK'nttrablcdirktui,, 
 a, and cxien.ldl m ,J 
 
 ii' '^iT knew It 1,1 1). 
 
 ii ■nrca Itrin-tkiu] 
 
 mun; tor. 
 
 i til a t'ii< w.K ih- 
 I in (ronl.dvo wi .-.. 
 tlu: u'li .ii-ie fiTri!ii | 
 It uas ill III .|r .?n. 
 ill il.Pi-l-,a.i>,< o; : ■• 
 
 I'llld have Up' ]', ".: 
 
 ; < citr ; bur |ii , ,-. 
 >ani< iiicrcal'.d i, ; 
 Xforali",, lie. . . , 
 I bciiif,' tlu- l.ifiil ; ;■,■ 
 iijv ol'krvcd, ti .;: 
 •: lived Iroiii llu I 
 
 wiih I.ilty lliail;, ;i i , 
 'ore. th.T It (lioilil ;.' 
 
 apoiirs init^lit i;\!i: .- 
 vhi< h (prcadin^ tl r:,;, 
 d.wk do 'A iluv f 1 • : 
 
 it iriiiriu Ic o. caV;. :i- 
 ai.-ill tne rocks »n ,•,, 
 
 cnnincd to pro re'; 
 •ir n. th in.iJe l.!;,,i ; 
 ceil all alont; leii,;. I 
 icy law tlu'v nanu-,i 
 his they found n 
 orales and iijieis 
 : co.dt, and e.ini- .■ i 
 dcfi.ription ;.'.'^'-'' ' 
 .•n.i tin fiiig [h;; i r. :: 
 f the two Uncrj, th; i 
 1 an ac. o.iiu ot ::•,, r 
 ately lan,!cd. and I ■< 
 iicol' Jolin i. km [ . ( 
 i fin. I lavin ; I ,. - 
 lo\ers, they leare! 1 
 icr il it conrained . • ■• 
 eoalUd wcllwaid, ii 1 
 ine river? ran in;ii ti c 
 Cionlaiv o tilled, jii:- ■ 
 I'niu (■ I fenry. I ; 
 iiic valley, wnicb u. ■ 
 id after tl'.at to a nli i - 
 ot which bciiv; 1 ';. i 
 olr, to be erected ot ti.c 
 a Cniz. 
 
 tor a place jvoper ti 
 ■ Hai I, and a^ ie;-;;;>i 
 woihIv as the reir ni 
 I irh tenncl, wliiili, i' 
 lied I'uncho j (kiii 
 erv4ard3 built on tin- 
 ts of the iliand, and 
 ation of the beauties 
 Diilalvo returned to 
 : latter end of Augnl!', 
 in 
 
 AIKICA.) 
 
 A 1 R I C A N I S L A N [) S, 
 
 in the year 1470, without haviii}; h.lt a fmyle man in 
 the whole eiuerpr./.c. 
 
 A diy ot audience beiiii; ajipoiiitid for Juan Gon- 
 f.dvo to make a report «)f |-.i.> \o).i(,;e, the kinj; gave 
 the n.iiiie ot Madeira to the nnv difco\ered dland, 
 „n ai luiiit ot the very };reat ipiantity of excellent 
 wo(Hi loiind upon it. Aiiordirwis loon alter niaile 
 f.r Juan Cionfalvo to return toMuleira in tlic fpnii^ 
 enfiiiiu. wish the titleof captain i^overnorot Madeira, 
 to will' h title the heir of hi. lamdy ar prefeiu adds tiiat 
 of (Oil nt. 
 
 Juan (I'onlalv) lit fail on his fei ond voya;;c in the 
 inoiiih of May, A. 1). i4:t, taking with him ti.e 
 };reatert part ut his family 1 and arriving; at M.ideira, 
 he lali anchor in the Koad nil then (allcvl the iMigliih 
 l'( rt i but Juan (ionlaivo, in honnur of the lirlt dd- 
 iD.erer, then tailed it I'ueito dc Machino, from uliich 
 name It was corrupted to Machico ; which it bears to 
 thi< day. 
 
 Juan (Minfaho then oidered the l.irj^^e fpreading 
 beauiaul iive l-etore-mentii.ne.l, under w hole Irauches 
 Machin and his eoiiipanions had laU'ii i() tlieirrid- 
 dciicc to be cu; ilnwn, a' d a I'mall 1 liuuli 10 be built 
 V ith ti":c liiidier; whiih, in cor.foiiiiity to Machin's 
 ie|uell, he lie I cateil ti>Jtfes Chnl^ and interfe'^.d 
 the [lavement if the shou-uitii tl.c bones of the two 
 uaformnaie loxers. 
 
 He then laid the foundarion of the town of I'unt hal, 
 vhich loin grew famous ; and his wiie (■uiilfmria, \i'!o 
 was \Mth him, dedicated the altar of the iievv wooiien 
 ctiuic li 10 ^t. (.'atlieiine. 
 
 O.i the death of )ohn I. kinj.; of !'.Tri:j.val, h'-ickkn 
 fon and furcdror, Duarte, in coniic'.er.\rionof the j;reat 
 li.iii. ol' moiiiy expcndid in peoj I n;; this ill.md !■'■. 
 niiiKC I K'lir , his hidtici, ga\e him ilu: revenues o. 
 It tor ii'e. If; hkewilV jave tf.e f[ i: itiialitics (>f it to 
 tl:-.' order (jf Chilli, whici eiuiouiiicnt was alierwards 
 conliinicd by Alotd"') the 1 if eeli;!;. 
 
 s l: c: f ION iii. 
 
 CAPi'l Di: VLiRD ISI.ANIJS. 
 
 THi-'.SF. id '11.'; owe tluir appellation to Cane 
 ^ erd (>n ihe Aini.aii ( oail', opiioiile to wlikh 
 tliey ii, .It t .;■ d! i.i He if '{CO ndlc.^, ciiv.oen I4ai.d 
 I J lie.'. ii'Tt'i Lit. ;ind 1 1) ai'.d ;;(i lie.'.. ued lon;^. 
 Tluy V. eie dilVir (-red by the i'crtlit;-.;; fi; in !.:'io. 
 'Miev air in iicmber about faenrv, ot wliicli the tol- 
 loaii'j; are tin ptiivjipal, viz. 
 
 May, or M.iy^i 
 S.;i; :.'^ , or -i. lamci's 
 .Sal, . , . it 
 
 Bona \ ''a, 01 •' I'ood .Sif;!.: 
 bt. I'll . ^.'s, ( t!v ruiie i.idcd 
 I'ltcgo, or ide ol lire 
 
 .^t. lohn, or .San Juan. 
 
 St. "N:, li.das 
 
 .'■C. \iii e:it 
 
 .St. .■\nrlioiiy 
 
 .'•'t. l.u.ia 
 
 1 1. 
 
 I whi( h in it.i torni, colour, and tafte, greatly rcfemble* 
 
 j atullard, irom whence it received its name, vliiehwu 
 
 I probably firll- j^iven it by the f urojx-an!. If his in 
 
 I ihe middle a Ica fmdl black llo.ies, but no core, for 
 
 I the whole of it is entire pulp. The tree that beam 
 
 ttii-i fruit IS about the li/.e of a uuince-tree. and has 
 
 loni; ficnder branches that fpread a eonliderahle v.ay 
 
 I ftom the tiuiik. 'I'lie fniit ^rrowj at the extremity of 
 
 tlefe branches, upon a llalk about nine or ten inchci 
 
 loiiji;. It is to he obfemd, that only fotne of thefe 
 
 bnnchts bear fruir, for thou;j;h thcfe trees arc liri?c, 
 
 yet in ^:eneral e.ich tree tlocs not pioducc above 2o"or 
 
 ! (o s,>pl' s. 
 
 I 111 1 ipih is a fruit ab'vjt the fi/.c of a mulk-m^don 
 and relc-iiililes ir in i; ape and colour botli within and 
 without: only in tie middle, iiiltead of Hat kernels, 
 I which t^e n.elons hne, tlu feiitive a quantity of fmall 
 hiackilh fed^, about the li/,e of ]!cpper-corns, the 
 i tdle of which is much the fame as that fjiice. Tlie 
 fruit iilelf, when ripe, is fwect, folt and lulcious. 
 
 The C.'ipe de V<id Itlav.is alio abound withfevcral 
 
 forts cf 1 o dtry, piiriciil.irly curlews, Ci'uinia hen; an.t 
 
 Haminj;,)s, tiie latter ( f a hich are very numerous. 'I'hc 
 
 tl.imingo IS .1 l.ir};e bi:.l, liirh like a heirtn in ihape, 
 
 but hi 'j;-.ranii ot a reddifh (o'oiir, I'hey j^o inHo' ks, 
 
 bur ate (o lliy that it is v rv diHicult to carch them. 
 
 Ilicy build li eiriielts i:i lliall.i.'. pi;iuf, where t!iere is 
 
 nui' 11 mud, which they fcrape togithii, n.aking littie 
 
 hdlo< l>s like fmall il'aii.ls, tint appear about a foot a. d 
 
 a half above the furtacc ot t! e w:itcj-. I hey make the 
 
 loundatio'i'j of thepj hillock bioad, briai^in r them up 
 
 tap.r to the top, wht re tl.ey leave a imall hollow pit to 
 
 l.iy their cgt;s in. '1 hey n 'vei liv more than two c,'gj 
 
 an:Hcldom 1,1'i. Tl.e y<iin;; o:;es ca!!;:o. lly till t iiy 
 
 I are alinoll fid! ;;row n j t>c!t th'-y run with prod t^ioui 
 
 [ fwifiiiels. '1 heir f!e!h is Icii and oi a din;;, colour, 
 
 I but it nurher t.ill-es lilli)', oraiy w;ty unple-ifaiit. Their 
 
 toiv;ues arc broad atv.i loiiLr, having a lart^e lump of 
 
 I fat at tile root v, I i "h is deli ious in iti tiile, audio 
 
 ' fjieatly admire.! that a diili oi them will produceacon- 
 
 \ (iilerablc fiim of imney. 
 
 j They hive alio feveral other forti of fovls, as pi- 
 <.;eo'",s, rt:rlie-doves, tcc. 
 
 There are many wilil a".im.ds in theleid.n.h, pir- 
 tiruiarl/ \.or.':, tiger.-', anl 1 :im 1<, the latter cf v. hi-.;h 
 are remark.dily lar^j. Tturj are aifo great numoe s 
 of nvinkic?, li:;hooiis .\nu 'ivit cars, a. id m.iff of tie 
 in nid> alM'ind w ith v.ir.ous r-piiles. Tie tam ' a.i:- 
 m;d^ are I'.i-. iVs, :d'es, flc-i. p, iiuilcs, cows, giats and 
 hoL;-; ; and. h re the luirop-a 1 I'ips bo'ii'd for the halt 
 Indus tdral.,' '.!;);> rot'ke in tV.lli water ar.d prt-vi- 
 fm;-.;, w i'h v Mch t'-ey are i'upplied in ure:it a'-tm l.ip.ce. 
 '1 i-,e (e.i is p'entiaiily lio^.r-eil v\ it'.i t'.ili ot v.ir.o-.i 
 fort-; a-iil v'lue is ftj( !i picniv i>t f.iitie hce, tint le- 
 ver..! fi)re-;rn ll;:p- com:- >, tarK to catch the-.i. l.i th.e 
 wcr f.-.-f. 11 till- I'.rdes ^:o ..I'nore to 1 iv ther. e.;./-; tti '-i; 
 ■■ ■ w!ri.!i the;, ler.e r > he hatched by tiv: hn. c; t •; 
 'ih' iiih ihitants i-o <'Ui in the iii!;lit, and . arcli 
 
 T!e ''.invite ot' tl'.eie ifiandi i. ■ edin^ lior, and 
 in f .111. . r th.-m unwlioielbme. '\: lod dtlf rs -.v uli 
 tii(i climate . tor though ft. iril oft' • are very llmiy 
 and farien, ye: liie pii:i..ip.d p.ut arr- . dl-, ai-.d j-ro- 
 duce variou-. iDtti ot grain aii.l Iruits, paitieularly rice, 
 maize, or liuhan wlieat, b.manis, lemons, orange^, 
 citron-, poii;( I'.ianates, coeoi-nuts, figs and melons. 
 Thcv inve al.o • a'av.Uiee-, a fort ot juilfelike h'reiich 
 beans, ,i.id gre. t ijii.intitus i{ pinii;'l».n ■, uiiicli form 
 the loir.mon 1'. nA >!i the inhabit iiitt. 
 
 Thefe iiia ;i's |ii'.liice two other ki'id. of triiit of a 
 reir.ark di'e ;'..i;uie, mv. tlie ciiltaid apple and tire |:a- 
 1 .ill. 'I hi- lor.r.er ;'l tluleisa; large as a p'lmegra- 
 ii.ite, and lUiicli if the fmie colour. 'I'he ontli.le 
 hulk, lliell KV lir.d, is in fiibi'eanee and tliielsiKls be- 
 tween ll:e ihill ol ,1 i.iimegr.;n;Ue aiui tite pe.d of a 
 .'-evill- o aiigi , lo.. ,;■ liian tiie former, vet more brittle 
 than tlie la'irr. llicio.ir, or rind, is alio remaiktihle 
 tor beii'g Ci)', eied with fmall regular knobs or ri lings ; 
 am! t'.'.e :!ilhle of the lV::it i.s lull of a white toft pulp, 
 
 lan.i 
 Imi. 
 
 for th; V ate lo 
 hand-.' 'fl-.e ii 
 ■x fiijiplv tO the 
 
 'i 
 
 ■:i!!^g thc'-'i 0:1 tl;eii bi.d;:; with ,r .i; 
 th:l the-r ca:rv>' d(> k vi !i il;. 
 II cMr-h I .; ■;-. 
 -.'..il li 
 
 I,-.:.' 
 ill Ol 
 .\llU 
 
 • trities, w .11 Liir. 
 1 1 pl.'.ni.itioni ,is c. 
 
 ifotie. 
 
 I'he h'liropcans r-tiled in thefe illtn's 
 i'.Miian falh-ili;- rel r.ion. d'iie n:it!ve-, aie 
 :,rc. bei:ig fubjeJl to the Ponie;'!. le, have tl 
 and lui::in:i:e. Both men an. I w,.ir..-n 1 
 .md will lini'i-d , an.l they .ur- in ge'u ra. 
 (I'lier drpolilio.i. Their ei;' , ■p.iiii 
 t,.e till- d ol St. Ji'hn 
 ol'a pi'-ce ol'iinioll 1 1; 
 
 r- 
 
 ■|. 
 
 vvo'ien 1> inetmies t,.i 
 men a;'r!ils the III mi 
 Ibv hmg:, 1 s 
 piriK iil.iriv t 
 
 liul.l ; a:-d a-r ' er;. Il'] | 
 
 tliat tliev lupe 
 
 It 
 
 .- ! .t 
 
 'It 
 
 r. nirlinrj, 
 
 'tld rO'.llld Ll.> • 
 
 er l! Cir -'.c 
 Ni idier I'ex ' 
 
 1 I'ediv.ili. 
 hrecdu s, it ti> 
 
 I.e :ney ever I' 
 .iiiluaivl and aiiap L.t 
 
 on 1 e. i.i 
 . weir n 
 
 . '■ :u 'Mil 
 
 St, ,ad.. 
 
 .;. vtl and 
 
 .• rhofe of 
 
 lis ■; o: e 
 
 ,.i:it' tie 
 
 I., and . -: 
 
 rlh'.i- 1- 
 
 K ii.cn iiv- 
 
 ev ;i:i ;;C 
 
 ' ■ ;.A,I ,' i:» 
 
 IL 
 
 tag 
 
 t 
 
I 
 
 .-. A NKW, ROVAl, Axn AUTIIINTIC 
 
 H.nuii^ -HIS taken iiotU'c of the prncral inurcr-; rc- 
 l.ltivcto tl\i- ill;iruis, wi' lliii'.l now ikfciibc lilc rcrpcCtivp 
 ■111 ticulars btlorvfiny to o.u h, 'jcgir.ning u iili 
 
 M A Y. OR M A V U 
 
 IS fitii.itrd in i ; dcp. north latitudi", anil :: lle;.^ wcfl 
 h)ngitiii.K'. It is about fcvcn li'aj;ius in < irciimfc- 
 icnic, of .1 loiinililli foim. and h\t Kmi.i1 fiiuli lockv 
 points ili.-it Ihooi out fr.)ni it into tin- (lm. On \\:c ill.nul 
 arc tAO hills of a confide rahlc lH-i;;'it, om; ct uluch i, 
 H.11 at th^- top ; but the oihcr tciniiiiatcs witii a p.iiiu, 
 and is VI' v ilani^eious to allcpd. I'lu- rcll ol the ill ind 
 ;s for tl.c moil part Unci, and a tolerable hn Ju fumi 
 the lea. Ti'.c foil is in general very dry a:i.i huieii, 
 owing to the want •.■'" "att.r. 'Ihere is but inefnul! 
 ipring m the v. IioIl illand, wiiith is lituatid a'lvxit the 
 center of it, and hoiii whence proeeeils a ItKain of 
 \»atcr that runs thrv)u;;ii a valley b^iHeen the l;ill.. 
 
 'I'l ereai'e but few trees here, a:id iliofecliie|i\ witiiin 
 the illaiid. Near the fea .:re loin; Ihiiibs, wl^i !i |r.)- 
 du><ai'i>:t u\ Tilky cotron ; i!k)' aie abo :t l.iur teet 
 hi__;l\ ; and the cotion ^^mws in pods as l.iiL;e as an 
 appic, but of a loiig Ihapc, which, when ri[n, open at 
 Din- end, parting lei(urel) intt) tour ipiaru:;. This 
 < ouoa ij o' \Lr> little value, and is thcrcfoie nfed onlv 
 lot the Ihilhng of pdlows, or other purpol •, eijujil, 
 tnt'iiig. Near the iliore are ilfo fome bull: i <>f the 
 right cotton ihiub ; but ihegrea'.eh quaiuii) ot t'lein arc 
 planted in li.e iiiiJdIe ol die illand, and are cref. d\- 
 alt.nded to b^ the inhabitants, C( ttonclotli beiiigtlicir 
 chief manifjcuirc. 
 
 riiis illaiivl a'.;'>undi in fa' . t'lr which ilv: I-'nglili; 
 trade with th: inliabuanis. The fait is nia 1 ■ by the 
 '.icat of tl'.e fun troiii the fca water, which, at fpring 
 tides, is leiAiveii into a ort of a pan forincd bv a fuid 
 hank, wliii h runs along the ctjiiH for twoorthr.c miles. 
 The liilt colls onl) a I'nia'l gratuity for raking it toge- 
 Jicr, wliechng it out ofthc pond, and earn ins' iton nllcs 
 to the bo.us. I he Negri) govcnioi, liowe\rr uhois 
 deputed In the l*crlugiiefe governor, expert m filed 1 
 prtfi. f. Iniui every commander that lo.id) v. lili tnar 
 ecruuuil ';■ . 
 
 Si. j.\(.(), OR S,. JAM' S's i.si.\\r) 
 
 Is o:ie of llu bell iahaliitcd of all the Cape de Vcrd 
 llla.itN. 'lie capital town, called altei us i;ume, is 
 li:ua;.d i.i !;''eg. noiih latitude. It I! uid^ a-ainll the 
 1 ,'e, I 1 r.'.o nil unti.ins, betwcii whu ii there i. a i\i-f^y 
 valle; :co vard>wide, that ruf'- w ithin a uu uii r nf a 
 imie of t'.c I'.a. In that part of tlie \all -n 'um fh • lea 
 i . a Ihag'-li.g llrcet, with houles o;i eat li l':di:, .'nd a 
 nvulet ot w.iui m the bnttoin, whu h einpli'' il:.-!| into 
 a fine lin.ill . o\i or land) bay, \. here the fea i^generally 
 very fniooth, lo ihat lhip> r:de tlieie witii great I ifely. 
 Near the l.in(i.ng-|)lace Irom this b,iy is ,i Imill tort, 
 whe.-e aguard i , conltantl) kept ; and near i: i^ a buiery 
 iniainted V, ith a ':\<. fill ill i aiuion. The loun < i)n.a;ns 
 
 7CX1 f.raiies, all Iniilt of roii'di Tlo 
 
 and 
 
 It lulS 
 
 one r.iaU chi.n h and a convent. 
 
 lie inhal.it inc^ aie, in gener.d, eiy poor, |-,aviiig 
 b,;l irtle tjaie. 'lluii i hief luani.la. ture is lliipce. 
 <o;;oii I loth, whiih the I'o.fuguele lliips pureLatc of 
 li-.ei.i in t' cir way to lira/,1, in return tor which tb.ey 
 liij |!l. tliLiii \.ith levcal I'airopean conin.oditic.;. 
 
 i ifiuiii i.'i.k vilitiil this ill.uid on his lerond \o\age, 
 ill the account ot whieh he fa\s, " I'oit V\:\a [«hcre 
 ill.) aixhore Ij i^ a fniall ha;.', litu.itcii about the midille 
 (il til hiurh-lidecf the lll'iiul '■! St. \::n. '\Vt: ua'ei 
 I toi' -.m'.)! •, but li arci', and bul )'_ '[iniM)!)', .'M .k eomit 
 ♦jfa-ii.it I'.iit en the be.i. h. I lie rrfrclhiiieiiis to be 
 j (.1 fill ai( b; I'oi k ., lioj",, goitv, licep poilir',, and 
 liuits, I lie J (1 it; aie ol the .intelotie kind, loextia.ir- 
 ilipar.iy lean, ;ha' liaiiib, aiu thing can c-iual li- m j 
 and the bulli eks, liog>,, ami fii:ep, aic not mui li biiur. 
 J!.d!o( ks I. nil be pure lii'.fcd vitl- inonev ; ilu-piiie m 
 I J .Spaniih duli.'.rs a heail, weighing bel'Aeen :.,.>4:;d 
 
 SYSTF.Vf Or UNIVERSAL GKOGRAPIIY. 
 
 ' (00 pounds. Other artielts ma\ be got froni do ni 
 tivcs in exchange for old tkiaths, cVe. 'I he 1,1c ,i^ 
 bullocks is confined to a company ot niercliants -,, 
 whom this privilege li granted, and who keep an a '^ ■• 
 retidinn on the fpiit." ° ' " 
 
 n of I'raya is hi ■ fmall, and d'' 
 
 1 he town III I i.i}« 1^ ir iiiiaii, aim aoes not tiii. 
 tain any remarkable builv!.,i^ .xcepc a fort, liiiaiulun 
 the top of a hill, which coi',iniandi theharbum. 
 I he natives ol this town and St. Jago are, m <"cnc 
 j ral, black, or at leall ot a mixed colour, eveeiit fini 
 ' fesv of the belter fort that relide in t'le lute:, aim, 
 I wlom arc the governor, the billioji, and lomc ol ;:,■ 
 i padres or priclb. 
 
 'I he people in general arc naturally of a tiiu,;;'. 
 ■Ufpolition, fo ihat thangcis, when tluy deal \\\0\ tiui;, 
 Ihould be very careful, tor if they lee an op|,o.tiiii.: 
 : they w ill Ileal their gotids and run away. Tlio,' nl \-\ 
 \ Jago town, living under the governors e>e, au a,,;- 
 i orderly, though generally very piwr, having l.v.i 1.;' 
 trade. 
 
 S A I„ 
 
 SALT IS I. A \ D, 
 
 RI'X.'I'IVKD its name from the great ijuantit^ u\ >'.' 
 natiiiall) produced here fViMii lea-water. It :^ 
 windeniioll of all the Cape de \'erd illar.ds, a-.l : ; , 
 I7deg. north latitude, and 5 I'l g. 1 S niin. well! , 
 tudc, trom tiic Cape. It is molily low lan.i, h ,, 
 only fne hills, and I'retchcs, trom north to lou h, .'. 
 eight or nine leagues, but its hieadth does 11 i e..n 
 o.ie league and a half. 
 
 '1 his illand is barren, and ainioll uninhabit. !, ;','. 
 being only a few people that li>.c in wretchc-1 i. ,■ . 
 the fea-liiie vvliofc bulinefs is to gather tiie I'l!'. i 1 . 
 fliips that occafionaliy call b.ere lor tiitt a; 1 'e. ! 
 wa-. formerly well II ickcd with goats, cows, .v\ \ 
 but n(>w there are "nly a fe,v oi the h rnier, w! :.:: 
 the [-.rincipal food ol its niilerublc iiihab.tants. 
 
 Captain Roberts, who landed m this ir.ar.d, w'.v 
 the fe.Howing llory, which, f.e l'a)s, he e.a^ t mI \i •■ 
 of the blacks that then relid.d here. " Abo.;! ;h .1: 
 1-05, (fa\s he,) ivit long before 1 went all. '•..■, :' 
 illan.i was entirely delerted, tor want ol rain, b\ 1 
 inhabitants, evccj.t one old man tlvii lefolvcd to i! i 
 ir, which liediel the fame year. The droiiglit iiad ;i , 
 f.) extreme for fome time, that moll oi the co a 
 goats d.ieil lor wart of lullenance ; but ram talbn,, ' 
 ini r.afcdii pa e till about three years afterwai\l~, ■: 
 th' ;, were reduced bv an odd accident. A I ren. h 
 coining to lilh for turile, by llrel\ of weather, or I' 
 other means, left 30 blacks behind her. which Ihe li.. 
 bioiiglu from St. .'\ntonio tv) cairv on the Ir! , 
 I lule people, finding noth.ing elie, fed iiio'lly "' " 
 goat,, till they hr.d dellroyed ih-in all but iw", ■ 
 male, and the other female: tlv.fe ^^erc then < ; ' 
 ifland. and kept generally upon one riountain. \ I'r 
 time alter an I'.nglilh ihijt, l;ound for the Illm i ;l - 
 Mayo, perceiving the fiiioke (iffe-.eral lires IciC. di 
 boat on ihore, thinking they might b fome fliiji' > oi 
 pany wrecked on the illand, put in t'ure : wl:;:i t 
 undeilliKid the lituarion of the ()f,ip!e, thee co,: iiui 
 rated their cilV, took them all m, ami let tliein ..;i I.i, 
 own illand." 
 
 On the louth-wefl lide of the ill in. 1 is a fiii'l! pm 
 near whi<li there is a trithng illand, ei h a l.i 
 in a kind of I ly : and a Iiirle farther to tlic fcru.h 
 a fate roail Ici ltiip>. 
 
 On tire Ihore of tl.ir, illand arc fu.ina giea' qi. 
 of turtle, fome of which are CAceedinu lane, 
 is alfo abumlance ot lai^l e rab.^ ; and the b .1 3 
 w Ith \ .11 .ous kinds ot lilh. 
 
 BONA VISTN. OR (.(KV,) SI' it I i" 
 
 IS fituated in i'>deg. loimn, iioith in. and , 1! ' 
 ^.\ mm. well long, from tlit Cape, and toe 1: •-•■''■ ■' 
 account ol itn being the hifl e'l thcle itland. i' iii'i' 
 
 l'urtu"utfc dilccjvend. Its length is 1. '^ " ' •' '^' 
 '^ knou;: 
 
 1 ill- 
 ,:r 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 known, but if 
 cumlerence. 
 ledge (f wliite 
 by landy doivi 
 general very iv 
 it is a good re 
 in 1; to 16 fafh 
 
 This ifland 
 more cotton 1 1 
 yet it is a di:' 
 ; he men are i 
 'otton till a ih 
 women fp^n it 
 
 '! he n.ilivcs 
 l-ngldh, vshoi' 
 the men gcni 
 When opp:>r;u 
 and ihefe they 
 a.s near as poll 
 
 St. rim.i 
 
 IS rcmarkab! 
 lulphu rolls 
 lie fo violent 
 overed with j 
 
 The wind 
 the fliorc beiiij 
 that no groum 
 iulf next the c 
 
 This illand 
 ing a tingle ru 
 ing which it 
 quantities of 
 maize, but no 
 eCi eX'-epr \i 
 • er, thev h: 
 I inns. 'I hey 
 they make no 
 their ov n eoii! 
 
 The pnn i; 
 '.liere not l-.cin 
 
 The;, are al 
 iiue;mix with 
 
 l! ee ni.ik 
 hr ed j:,iiat r. 
 liuiris. 
 
 When th. 
 th: V took u : 
 horles, alle , 
 the pl.ice ■ 
 There .11., ill; 
 lint time, ; 
 referved to 
 h IS the iiian.i: 
 o! ihe moun'. 
 
 V. It: i/Ut hi-. Il 
 
 u 
 
 '•I^HI-. ifla:; 
 ■*■ mill. 1 iir 
 C ape ih' \ ■ il 
 the hills r;;i' 
 .1! i.i.nds in ; 
 luai.'e, teliioo 
 
 liV, 1:1 k"' til 
 
 ;::!. Ic ll.i- )• 
 
 ki' p 1,1.;,; ;i 
 
 . i.ti" I- I ■ 
 
 1.1. ed. W : . 
 1 ..:il, id lie 
 an. I, aiie- iln 
 \ : I e.i I p.ii . ■ 
 j i^ali , le: li 
 u.;a.U:Mlie. 
 
liOGRAPIIY. 
 
 na) lie (Tot iratn il-e lu- 
 'aths, cs:c. '1 Ik- f.i^. ,„ 
 lia;n- of nicrtliaius, :,, 
 , and -A ho keep an .i ',■■■• 
 
 nail, anil docs run cui. 
 xctpt a fort, fniMuaoii 
 ndi ihc harbuiii. 
 1 St. J.igo arc, ;n ^-cnc- 
 Md colour, cucpt ttnv 
 dc ill tlic l.iltcr, ;ur,i,:- 
 illiiij), and lomc ot ['.','■ 
 
 n:itur.illy (it a thii.,i:'-. 
 hen tlu-y deal u il'i ihri;. 
 they I'cc an opi'.o.tiiii.: 
 un away. Tho:' nl '-' 
 ovcnior'i t'vc, an iim-. 
 poor, havini.; Lui l.:-;. 
 
 1 S I. A \ 0, 
 
 the prrat qiiantin r,f IV 
 •inn foa-vvatcr. It :s ■ » 
 Vcrd IHands, a-.d ; v, ,, 
 'xtr. I K nun. u r-'A '. ,; 
 nolily low lan.i, ;;•■., . 
 jm north to lou li, .•[, 
 jicadih docs n. ! c:.n. 1 
 
 :no!\ iminh.ibit. !, i\\ ■ 
 c in u retchc-.l i..)' : ,, 
 I gathi.'v the fill .1 . 
 .•re lor tint a;-; 'e. 1 
 1 goats, cows, .'.n I > '^ , 
 
 oi the !i.r:iier, ul :,!; ., 
 :ilc iiiliaii.tant-;. 
 d i!\ this ii^.'.iul, i\:i- 
 fi\ s, he uas I'lld \i ' ■ 
 icre. " Aho.;t ili . i •.. 
 fore 1 went all. >;.', ;' 
 r v>a;ir ul rain, In 1 , • 
 n tlvii rel'oiscd to i! ; ^ 
 
 'ihc droiigiit iu'.d ii .1 
 at molt oi' the co* -i i 
 .e; hut rain faihn^ :.: , 
 years afterward >, - c > 
 .Tklent. A Ircr,. h ' i 
 rrf. of wcatlier, or In c 
 lind her, which !!u- U.J 
 
 earrv on the li^l. ■. . 
 elic, fed nioHly o:i v, , J 
 
 ihvin all but t\w,, . ,• 
 ihefc "crc then < ; ' ; 
 i one nountain. A I'l- t 
 ind for the lil.m i cl^ . 
 if feural lirt-, leu: :!; r 
 nju l)e foine (lU|i'. 1 u;'.- 
 Hit in I'r. re : w i-e:\ 1 
 
 iHople, thev co.miiu. 
 m, and let them i.;i i:.. ' 
 
 le ill ill,! is a fin il! \)oi' , 
 Hand, e i il a f.> ; ;> nl-, 
 i:her to tlie fciuli'. .:r ; 
 
 re fu.inJ grea': ^]\. ■ ' 
 ;:\ceedin'j; lar:/'- ' < ' ' 
 I.-: i and the fa .V .' n 1' 
 
 I), noilh in. and , <i ■ 
 
 ;e Cape, and (o i .; eii ^ ;i 
 
 u! thele lil.uul, f i: i'-' 
 
 eiigt'i. IS i.H < I ' i' '■>■ 
 klia'.v;'. 
 
 AFRIC.X.J A !■ R 1 C A X 
 
 known, but if is fnp;-iolul to be. about 6o mih , in i ir- 
 cunilerence. On rlie north coart of iliis ill.inil i. a 
 1 -djic (f wliite rock-i, ami the eallern eoall i ooiiii Ic 
 by landy lio.vns ; but, within land, the <oiinir> i-. in 
 general very iViO-.intainous. On the foiith-well li.ie of 
 it is a good ro.td and harbour, where lliips may anehnr 
 in <; to 1 6 fathom water, on a fandy bottom. 
 
 'I'his illand prr/diices great quantities ot indii^o, and 
 more cotton than all the Cape de Verd llland.s belidi s ; 
 yet it is a diffi, uit matter to get a fiipjily of it : lor 
 I he men are fo indolent that they will nor gather the 
 :H)t[on till a ilnj) is arrived to I'lirehafe it : n ir w ill the 
 women fpin it till abfolutc necellity obliges them. 
 
 Thon.itivcs of thi.s idanii are particularly fond ( f ihc 
 F.ngiilh, whom they greatly endeavour to imitate ; aiid 
 the men geneially drefs after the I'Airopean l.dhion. 
 When opp(ir;unity oilers they buy clothes of tlie i'.nrjiiii, 
 and thrfe they t';reaily prefer to their own, though la.ule 
 a.s near as pollible after the fame faflnon. 
 
 I I 
 
 St. rnil.lP, oiherwife called lUi'.fK), or 
 I'-Lf, of 11 Kb; 
 
 the 
 
 I S I. A N D S. 
 
 Sa'r-pe:re aboan h h?rJ nnrc than 
 
 in 
 
 4J' 
 x.r: other 
 
 )f tl 
 
 Cape de Veid illands. 
 
 ISremarkable fur a \o!t:aiio, whii h cot-.iinu all) cnii's 
 lulphinouii e.sh.ilation-, and fomefMiu> ihe eiupiioas 
 o'; I'o violent that the ad|aeeiit parts are, in a manner, 
 ovcred VMtli piimiec Hones. 
 
 'Ihe wind blow:; very ftrong round ihi-. illan 1, anil 
 the fliorc being on aflant, the water is vei \ tieep ; fo 
 that no ground is to be founil with the lines, e.\ee;it 
 iu(l ncNt the callle. 
 
 This illatid is vcrv defieient of water, there not be- 
 ing a lingle running brook throughout it ; notwiihllarid- 
 ing which it is tolerably fertile, and produees groat 
 quantities of ) omjiions, water melons, fellioons and 
 maize, hiit no bananas or plantains, and fcarceany fiiiit 
 eci txeepr wild figs : in fome of their gardens, how- 
 • er, thev h.ave guava tiee^, oranges, lemons and 
 biiKs. 'i hey have hkewife fome goo,! vineyards; but 
 they nuke no more wine tlian what will jult ferve tor 
 their ov M '.'onfumption. 
 
 The pnn, ip.i! inl-..di!tants of the iila:id arc ncgrnes, 
 :l-.ere not hciiiii; Aw'X i-nc white to an huixlred blacks. 
 
 The", are all Ri in, in Catholics, tl.ough fomeoftlicm 
 intCMuix w ilh that '\ ligion many I'agm l'ii|erlHtion.s. 
 
 T! cy m.ike ('iitMi i loilis tor tlicir own v.l\-, anvi 
 br ed griat i: mbeis ot niule^', which they fell to oilier 
 
 When the J'ortuguele fiifl went to pi'ple this ifland 
 ihrv took wi.ii them negro llaves, and a (toi k of lows, 
 
 horl'es, alle ., iiiitl hogs ; hut the king hiinieif fiirnilhed ] 
 the pl.ice ' h iioats, which ran wild in the mount.iins. 
 
 There .o; many ot the latter animds here at the pre- | 
 
 lent time, and the prolit.s niiling tVom their Ikir.s arc | 
 
 refcrvcd to t. decrown of I'oitiigal. The |ierfon who ■ 
 
 his the nianaj^ement of this revenue is called cap'ain ! 
 
 o! the mouirains, nor.da;e any perfon kill one of them i 
 
 w It: cut lie-, licence. i 
 
 St. JOHN, OR .SAN }U\S. I 
 
 '"I'Tll-. iflaud of St. fohn is lituateil in i 5 deg. 25 
 ■*■ mm. lufii l.it. anti "deg. ?, niin. well long, from I 
 (apede \eiil, fi.e l.ind of this ill.ind is vtry hi;.:ii, 
 the I'.ilis riling jH raiivdi a.ly one abuve the other. It I 
 .lll■^nd.^ in j.oir.pioir, u.'iir melon.-,, |)> tauns, fanmas, | 
 liuii.'e, lellioons, eow , I 1 afes, .illi ,, ho'/.-., CvC. Ihmi- 1 
 iiv, <M kiM'ig of g.oati .1 e 1 ri\il i.k s belorgnig pci uli- 
 .iil. li.lli- cjivernor oiil. , a;i I iii.ne aie pirnu'v'd !o 
 kc'p l.ii.;! tK', doijs i.\(epl ;iie gc.veninr; th, ie |ie- 
 1 v.ii.i^ I ■\in!; been tal-e.i m onkr 10 jnelene the 
 fwed. \\ l"cn ihe govern r 1-. di'] okd 10 make a 
 1 i.nl, lil 1! e liiiiu r anil he. tmi: dii;'s "eaMeinbhil. 
 and, alie- ilieih.ue, b; ing a;';ain met icgetl'.er, ihego- 
 \:ii',. I p.u ■ lome oi tie \enilon .!:• i.ng tlum .1; he 
 j iwiU , le' timg home (he rell m 1 1.. i . It) d^lliiS iile it 1 
 «ii;e IV,; the oM, inl!rui aiul iKCellitou,'. 1 
 
 The leas about St. John abo.m 1 with iilli, and the 
 princir.al employment amongli: the natives is filhiig; 
 lencc they mils no opportunities of wrecks, or, wiien 
 liiips touch here, to procure all the bits of iron th.ee 
 cm. Moll of the (illi here have remarkable I.nx'e 
 lii irp teeth ; and the b.vits uie.l are geneially crab., and 
 inleels. 
 
 Tf.j natives iifiMlly go and get a quaniiry of falc early 
 in tlie morning; liili the grc.iied part of the day ; c\,y, 
 Iplir, and (alt their lifli in thee\en;ng-; and, having 
 heajied them up, let them lie in the falc all night. On 
 the cnfiing morning they fpreail them nut to dry in the 
 fun, a;\l then they are lit to ute v. lienever wanted. 
 '1 he b '.leas, a fort of whale grampu-, i, very co'niTion 
 ne.ir this ifland ; and fome atBrm that the ambergris is 
 the Ipcim of this creature. .A great quantity of amber- 
 gris was formerly found about this illand, but it is IcA 
 plentitiil at prelent. Cajit. Roberts lays, that fom,; 
 years before he was tiiere, Juan Carneiia, a Portu;;uel'c, 
 who was baniihed from Lilbon for fome crime, ha\ing 
 procured a little Hoop or ihallop, iraded among thele 
 illands; meeting, at len 'th, with a piece of ambergris 
 of an uncommon bignef;, he not only procured his li- 
 berty, and leave to return before the ter.n of his e:<il ■ 
 was cxpircvl ; biitTiail (iiihcient left, after defraying all 
 charges, to pit hinif>.lf intc an eligible way of livm;';; 
 and a rock near to which he found thcanibergri;, is cal- 
 eil by his name to thi> day. 
 
 The natives arc qnite black, and the moft innocent 
 and harmlefs, as well as ignor.int and I'uperflitious, <jf 
 any of the inhabitants of the Cip: de \'eid Illands. 
 They are humble, charitable, humane, and hofpitable ; 
 pay a particular refpeet to their equals, reverc';ce their 
 elders, dutiful to their parents, and fubmilfive to their 
 Uipeiiors. 
 
 St. NIC H O L A S. 
 
 THF. inand of St Nicholas is the largcft of all the 
 Cape de \'erel Illands, Sc. J igo excepted. The 
 land is iugh, anel riles like a ftigar-loaf; but ihel'inunit 
 ofthe moil elevated part is tiat. The coail of tl:i.> iiland 
 is entirely clear froni rocks and ihoals. Tlie i!a\ of 
 Paraghili is very fate, Init tlie oth.-rio.iils are inieeuie 
 till the trade winds are feti led. 'I'heie is a valley in this 
 illaiiii which has a line fpring of wafer in it; and many 
 perCons employ themfeUes in I'ujipl) ing diilcient piarts 
 with that ulefiil lltiiii,with which tiny loail affts, and 
 iiry It a conllderable way at ache ;" i.ue. Water mav 
 hkewife be obtained by digging ,. ell in .i'moll anv 
 part of the ill.md. 
 
 The itiily |)lace wonhy of notice is the town of St. 
 NiihcU.'^, which is clule built and popailous; bu; .ill 
 the houfe.s, and even the church, are covered with 
 tliatch. The celebrated pirate A\er>, having oiu.e re- 
 ceived foinc otllncc from the inhabitants, luini rhis 
 town ; but it was afierwaids rebuilt, nuieh in li-e f.une 
 manner, and to the lane ixttnt. 
 
 Th.e inhabitants ol St. Nicholas are nearly black, 
 u i:h lii/zled hair. 'il.e\- fpeak the i'lnriigiiefe la:5- 
 guage tolerably well, but aic thei\illi .ind blood thirlU'. 
 'I'he women here are more inger.Mu--, m\.\ better houie- 
 wives than in any otiier of i lie C'ape de \'erd Ifla.ids. 
 Molt l.mulies have hoiles, ho;'S and poultiv ; r.nd manv 
 i;t ;!-,i piopie- of St. Nie] o!,is ii:it!er;i,;:i,l ;!ie an of 
 b. Ml building, in wl.ich tlie inh.ibiM:;- oi the o:her 
 i,!.iii,is :ue delicient. '111.. liKcu lie lo.ike good elotl-s, 
 ande> en . i'Mth-, being loi.. i.ib'eta) lors, ma nuf.iv I uiecK - 
 ton ,(■,!;, knit (ottiiu ili; l^lng , tan IciLl-.er, ai\d ni.ike 
 good li 01 ;. 
 
 Si. N:> holas I'-onn N iiiiuangrs, lep'on:, phntiiii', 
 baitaii-i ., 1 oin|iioiis, neill. i.nj w ateniieion-s,rugai-c;'nes, 
 vines, g.ali vli.l^'/i. , U lliiH'ii,, mai.'e, i\e. '1 iie [jecple 
 aie liriini; Ri>m.m C.ciliohcs, b.ut their dilpDiitioib aie 
 fo oblluiaie, th.u iheir pridls ha\e enough to do to rule 
 them. 
 
4J^ 
 
 A NF.W, ROYAL and AU 1 1 ILN' llC S^S!;:Ma, i;\lV) M-" M. C] 
 
 '■ii 
 
 HJS'it, 
 
 II 
 
 mf 
 
 Sr. V 1 N C E N" T. 
 
 ST. Vincent is five loai^ui'sin lciH;tli. On ilw non \- 
 wcll (ilk of it thcic'is ;i bay, .i kMyiu: aiul ;i h It 
 biimi at the ciuniiux-. fiiitoiiiiJcJ \\'.:h lu-li m^)ulUi■ll^; 
 and ^retching to the \u\M\c .1 ihc illuul. 1 Ihn l)..> is 
 il-.citcR'd from the wtlKrly an.i noitii-vsclKily wmdUi) 
 the hif;li inouatainsof il-.c iiu- ot M. V i:u;cm ; lu tl.at 
 it IS tl^c faf.lt huiboiir o, any in all ihile itliiuls : and 
 it iw); ilillieiik acetfs, Ltcauic of i..e luaoLs winds 
 t;.a; blow witn the utnioll impttiioliiy tiumih. nunm- 
 taii's along me coalt. i Meie are fewral oilier liu.ill 
 bavsonthe fouih-lide of the illaml, where Hups may 
 anchor, a.id thi:-.! i.-e rortui;uelc neneial.y ^-u lo load 
 I'.idcs, 'I'liere .s alio falli w.'.ler ma vade). \shicli u 
 k\-n to (p.Hit ou: of the groiUKi when tl..y dig a Imle. 
 The fout:i-call iuu- of thu Ula.id i^ a landv lUore ; l)ui 
 there is no: a drop of water on the hills, or m il.e deep 
 vallici. 
 
 St. a N T !i ') N V 
 
 C*'!'. Anthony is the n;oll northerly of all the Cape de 
 •^ Verd llLinds, and lies ii.i. u- ihe iMh d.j;ive oi 
 iioith latiuide, h\cn miles tiom M. \iiunn, u ili a 
 channel between them, whu h runs Iroia tlu 1. ,itn-aei; 
 to the north-call. There are two hi^h niouiitaiiis in 
 this ilhind, one of w ich is nearly as liii,h a- lae I'e.ik 
 of TcneritVe, and feems aUa\s eiu doped m docdb. 
 Ihe inhabitants are about sCC in numl)ei , .ivx\, on i\w 
 north-wed fide of the ilbnii, there is a litth. \i!laj;<. 
 coiililling of about lo houles or collages, and inhaliit.d 
 b; mar buy lamilie:: ot negnxs and v l;.te people, who 
 are ail wretchedly [.xjcr, and fjX'ak tne I'oKug.ielc lan- 
 guage. On the noi th fide there is i road tor iiiipping, 
 and a collection ot water in a plam lying beiween nigh 
 mountains, the water running tioii ail lidus in the rainy 
 ieafon , but the people rrc gre.ttl, dilbcllld lor water 
 in tne div Ieafon. I he |;nncipal iKO,de heie ,ne a go- 
 vernor, a capt-iin, api:ell, and a fchool-nialler. 
 
 Sr. ]. U C 1 A ' 
 
 Is .iiiiiut eight or nine leagues long. On the louth- 'i 
 tall en.! ot it are two fmall illes, scry near eaLh oiiwr. 
 
 On ti'.c eall-fouth-call lide is the haiboui. whireti-.e , 
 fliure is of whue land. H^re lies a Imall iiland, lound 
 
 which there is a very good bottom t.ir anchoring. , 
 
 There isailba very good ruad over .igaintl tlu liland of ., 
 
 St. \'incent, where thips in.iv anchor iii twenty tathoiu i; 
 
 water. \\ 
 
 n \{ A \- \. j: 
 
 BR VV \, or tne'-'avage or Defirt illiiul, i- about lour 
 li;agues to [he I'outli-WLll ot lucgo. 1 here are l^ui 
 or three fn'all r.lands to liiL' nortii >., it. ( ).i the w..:! ^ 
 lidc of it there is a very i ouiinodiuiis i<^ad tor lui h liilj'.-. 
 as \Nant to ).;et w:Ui:'. Ihe bili h.o'iMiur In . o i the ' 
 ff)uth-eall lule ot tlie iii.i id, uii'-ie lii.| s may aiu iioi j 
 next to ihc lliorc in 111 l> ii l.i Imnu water. 1 heie is ,in i 
 lii.riimage and a baiiiliijuli ali'Ac thi; h.iiiiour. ^ 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 .s 1-: f Til) N )V. i 
 
 Ti r. 1 S I. A N n o, M. il I I. I. N A. 
 
 I'^IUS liland I-. fuuiKd in i ^ de" 1. i::li l.ii. .iiul 
 fide;;. j.,iiim. w ll Ioii.'mi.uL-. It I'm ,i: .diiiii.d'U 
 .-.i.il'tcd lor tl:e le ii.il,o!i i>l i lire: mil mi lriii'|,i;- 
 lages ihroiiidi ihe loiillirill li-.u. Ihe tillin;', iii-i i l,r 
 pcirt is liul. rom.iiilu . S;. Heliiia <., li.i..i:ed iii 
 l!-,c ferenelt i liiu.ile, .ind is delii',htlu!l\ irnipii.iii. 
 Ihcluilace is .i good mould, ,iii.l v^ould pioilun .i I 
 kinds ot gr.iin, \^.i-lt iMi inlrlbd b> mi.v ,i;ut i.u., 
 \vhi<li dev>.iir ll .'s lo^in as Iwuii. I h; inln l.in>, 
 therefore, aie obliged !oiat)a:i;s i.'illc.iU oi lu, i I !,"ik- 
 
 pUit ot t. t ;eai, tl.iir i:.i:.d ■ilid i.oin bei.ig !):r).i .l,t 
 aiuui.dly in i.\- ih r !;i;po ti\i;ii i.;i laruf lh.v!'..i'\c 
 .illo a toler.i! le g' od tupi/lv of 1 1. ,;, wiiuli il.c fliit 
 ind.a Coiupair, 's Hups bimg liom iKiigal. L\e!v li- 
 liiily hastvN.i lioiiles, their town h.u'iitaiioii btui ', m m. 
 J.imcs's Valky, \i!:eic ti.e, ml'iaiilly lep.iir, oaLicir- 
 ii\alof a flip, U) reg.i;c the le.d.iiov!; p.eople .lah t!ic 
 produi'o ot lueir t.iniH. l'A<.ry lioiileisleto.it m ,, 
 lodgings-, wl'.ich are \i.r. duir. Tiieir ptolits num i.c 
 gua , particularly wh..ii it is conlidereJ ih \ rain i| 
 their ow.i lUick, enjoy it wii,>. tneir lodgci.s, and li,.'.,; 
 them likewilc pay noil c aiav.ig.uuly iKar Iv'r u. 
 
 This illind is fa:d to have beeii liiil dilcovtre.i and 
 Icttled by the roilut^iicle on the leltual of tiii: i-..i. 
 preis Hc.e.ii, iiu>tlier ot the eniueror (-■ mtantm.', t ir 
 wh.ch realoii tlic l'or;u;^iiele ga\e it iier iluik-, wi.iJ\ 
 :; Hill bears. Hut it being alierw arils dLlerictl l)y ilim 
 It l.iy waite till tiic Dutch, lindin,; it coiueiiient lo ia., 
 lieielii.u ball liidialliips, latied it again, lint uuy 
 alt.r\.ar,!s u-|i.'uiuilhed it tor :i iiure ioii\eMie.'.t ,11,^ 
 wliuii is tiie Cape of CJood Din.-. Tne ijiL;lil;i f. ,t 
 hiili.i (ompaiiy li'.eii IctiUd tlieir I'lvants u.eie, ,;,;l 
 hej.Mii to toriiiy it ; bii: being ut wi.ik, the IX.i. i, 
 .ibout tlie veai" lis;;, t'.ime hitnci', le-to.A u, .;.. I 
 k, pi It III iiieir polieiii' n. 'I'his news b^. ug re, ■ ,i 
 h, 1 nghiiul, a;i olhi cr \wis lent tor„ke ii ag.iii;, >■,.>;, 
 il. me aei\.i.e .md i.i;; ''i '. ol o.'.e lii.ii i ail r ri' ,;, 
 liscvl tficre, l.iitiedu |-.i''>i oi .ira'ad m n i.i t,.;- , . i.c 
 11) .1 fmail ii/.e, ui'.knowa to the D.j'.c'i then in , . , ,. 
 I in, .i: .1 el iiiaing ;h, i'l -., jvot up ar.o ;.ii.; iilaii,', ;ii,i 
 loia.iic 11 ill: la.u'.a',^; :.) iiie lll'.^ ha.igui;.' 'm.i l,ic 
 lull, wi.ica ita ds by tac iea in a v.iilev. i loai t. ui .: 
 Iinng into the loit thi y tonn ma.le iheia !iiii,.u .i. 
 I'liis lllar.d has loiuniued esu- hn.o m f c li.ao- ■: 
 the I'.nglilh hall India Compan-., aa.l li.'S lie-iv ai ::v 
 tlrengtr.ened bath with men aiul gui-.>, lo that i^ i. ,- 
 day II. i.s lecurc eiloiii;ii ta.'i.v tile iiis.iran ot an ea ,;:i. 
 The common la:u.iing-;)l.ice is .i I'mall b.iy, l.ke.i,,.a 
 ii.uon, fearec 500 pa.e.s wide bciwien tne tu o jm. , . 
 dole i)) thefe.i lide are gaud guns |)laiilea at ejiLi, .. 
 taiues i.mg along lioia one end ot llie b.iy to : ■ 
 other; aciiacs .1 lii..ili tart a hltle i.irtiier in I;m.ii .'a: 
 lea, near the imdll ol uk- b.iy; all wiueh m.k.-. ,.■ 
 bay lo ll'ing, ih.u it 1. ia ,.ioliible lo tuu e U. ., ■ 
 fiii.dl cove, wlhie ihe liydiai ollicer i.mde.i la; 1 >. 1 
 
 \s hen lie took 
 
 v: lll.aid iaiai 
 
 the Dutcli, Is I.. 
 
 lor a boa'. 10 l.i, I at, and > c; tiiat 1. luiu alio lira :, 
 fortilied. 
 
 ihcre is ,1 I'ai ,11 I'lighl''! lav, n wiihin ti.e ;ae.-.; : 
 (landing liia lii.l.' vallev, Intwee.i luoliigli mna,;., 
 
 llure mav lie .laoct nuiiiy or liar.) lia.ai 1 
 
 whot'ewalii are i^'.iilt uith lou.'.h iIoik.s. ia.,iii; 
 turniiure i-, \(r. I'uia. il.e ,;o\(iiu:r h.i; .id,,, 
 hoale bv the fart, wlurela- ca in v.il', !i . e- , -'v.. 
 le.\ '.ibiiei- to,l^elld h III, .Hid to 'aiaiJ ill.- ;a 1, 1. 
 iu'.mI ot the hoiile~ III ihe town da.ii un|.!-., e\ ■, : 
 uuellllllj-v .ilM\e; ,is '.he o" U.r-' <i llloa' llo.il , ;, > 
 ,dl pl.iilMtnai-. Iiidar m liie .ll;i;i i, ulire ;.'■. > 
 It.uiii' caploy t,.eir.!el\ea bta \' i. :l iiiips .in m , • 
 all llaek to ihj town, ^^lu•|e tiie> bvea'l th.e iii.i. : 
 ii,ij). iie il, r-. ; fartiie.iil 1 . 1 iu-ir t.i.i "i .ii.akil .' 
 iaeli neeell.a es .1, tl e;. w.ia', .md o le.l o.l ...>. | a 
 d.,:, Haas (.t I ii. I |)l.iai.il ,oa.. 
 
 Ihii: pl.i .1 lao.i:. allO;d ]'a-.ia' ,, \ aa.N aa i I 'a 
 pi iai,.ai aad li r. ai , ,. 1 l.i ir .lo '^ i p-aal , i a- 1 
 1,11, • , bull' • '. , I o, ki aad lu li , '.,, i^ ,, , , , ;, . 
 ! Mr,,! ,, (it \Ma. ll la.-, I,.i\.' }.:,l> .11 j 1 ' ' ■, .01.1 I. 1 :! 
 ,a tlu II o,( II pi|i I ^ lo I li- I rial , I , ■ ,' ■ ill ■ • 
 ib.ia , di iv. . , -, (I M'<, il; It I loth' ,;'■.,. •'■ 
 
 ll K,, ol iiiiiiliiK ■ .iii.i L, 111 ' ir, ,ind laie aia. .■ 
 
 ;;, ., a ( 111 ' ia< d 1 la I ON , :i.d l.iy tl.-eai. 
 
 I ;,i III- a pkar. ol la.u k 1 1 li' a , '■' li ' 'i 
 
 lull! , ell ■ ,,l'.t . . r'i ^ 111 1 1 e I iiloiS. 
 
 Ihe t .iiip.ii.;! ■ .lii'ais h' le are IVi a ■;, d !>'. .i ■ 
 .,, null , d -plliv a '-v ' 111 -1, .ia,l iani-lloiiU- ' , . , ' 
 h a.e II. in .la;', I a a i ■< ,'".'.ud ;l,,ia, bead. ,i 
 I ai!v e.ili til ii.ln 1, t.) w liK h .ili cnuni. a 'ei , la.i 
 ,< 11,1 
 
 Pa a 
 
 at j .Ui. ii,;_, r. 
 4 
 
 \u I . 
 
 n,u>\t 
 
 Africa.] 
 
 nativs-s lonKti 
 feverc inijKiti 
 be had tram 
 man oliferves, 
 a re die Is at i 
 drclfers undci 
 the fuiruion 
 India Ihips ho 
 fxpvnce woiil 
 idantl i (or th 
 cies of life, y 
 merchants. 
 
 Iii(Jh,ipel- 
 whicli was di 
 its Head. 1 
 three at the 
 guns, liupert 
 where die' i) 
 fix 11101'-, all 
 tions. i heri 
 the '.reeks an 
 goiis on the I 
 
 The chief 
 are from 8 tc 
 and turkit-s fo 
 fiilhiil clueilv 
 fila , a.id if ti 
 ir good iivifi; 
 provilloi's. 
 
 i lie illind 
 -/niii, and gri 
 w'iiieh tlie ll.iv 
 '1 lie iiilubita 
 month out ot 
 The ciiiet C','1 
 malt and eye 
 wines, anil S 
 tli'.ilir ill.inds. 
 
 The IlLuid 
 Cock's actoun 
 
 " Tiie illi 
 Atlantic Oce; 
 Air erica, ani 
 appc.uance 
 i.-i pralwbly 
 ly volcanoes 
 appear nice 
 it looks !il. 
 of iiiinicut 
 the .hfls i 
 (bin-, licliii.. 
 Ill'" e a'.> iii 
 
 " fl >le 
 foi ini , .'. a 
 
 it is I 
 
 niarke; i; 
 lnyulcs are a 
 
 -■ .\, -Jir 
 III'- I t 'iia 
 ' a any t.'.ii 
 luelili'K'd 1 
 C.'iV. ■• ol I 
 
 ula. lliiiien: 
 •- f!;e 
 
 |..L .■- 'II I ! 1- 
 
 V..,.. tr.ii 'p. 
 I'.'.u- la kI 
 l!.,re 'l.re. 
 I an i.L.li. 
 
 iiek.i', :■ 
 
 br'iii a ; 
 
 tin ■ 'l ,.! , 
 I'.K ,1 U'l II '. 
 
 <■;/,,,',' , 
 ( .lid via .' 
 I..., •■ W 
 Ciaiial I. .11 
 
 ,41 ill V, ill II' 
 
 aili 
 
'\r!!V. 
 
 <-iiiH l)-iij; |j;().! ''it 
 
 •y lj:ivl. 1 h. V l'..ne 
 
 li r, Mhii \\ ll.c I'l.iC 
 
 l>-il:;ai. l.\tiy i.i. 
 
 l'jli>Uii)]l lici.l:'. III M, 
 
 iiy ii-p.iir, Oil i:;e .if- 
 iinj, |.,foiilc v\ nil t'lt: 
 liDiili; is lut i),;l 111 >i 
 liicir piol'u.s niu!!. Ia: 
 il'klercJ ill y r;uii.' i.| 
 II- IdiIj^ci.i, and ii;.'.:-,; 
 uly luar Ut k. 
 I iiiil ilircov(.iL-,i ,uul 
 L- lilti\.il <A t.iu r..u 
 mr C,' iiiti'itin,-, I 11- 
 
 K iiir n.uir,', m.iJi 
 ,\rils dLli.Ti.i.\J hy ih.m 
 
 It comcmtiu Id u- 
 lI It a;.',;!iii. liui liny 
 ioii\cniL-.;t ,1 1 i;, 
 . 'inc- i-.ii-lil:i 1. .£ 
 r I" iv.uu^ ir.(.i\, „ ; I 
 i.t ui.ik, ilvj IX. I' 1, 
 i.cr, ll.-tC).;k u, .... I 
 in; us b., 11^4 re, ■ .1 
 () T.,kc 11 ;if;ai;;, ". , ■,:, 
 •.L lii.ii I atl 1. 1 1 . ,; , 
 
 r.td IlKIl M t.,:- . .',[ 
 l>.:'.Cll lill.':l II! , .i- 
 
 [1 in;e :lij iiLi;-..', ui.l 
 
 ll',.i h.l.l'.;:ll'.' '.)> . I L,!'. 
 
 '..lILy . 1 IvJm L.,iii .: 
 
 i.i.lc ll'Ciii !'ii;!,.\ .1. 
 
 111.'.: ;:i I' L r. .;n' . , , 
 
 aii.l lu'i ilea \i :/■ 
 
 gun >, lo lll.u ;:. I (, 
 
 iis.ii'oti of an !.■;■ .;;i. 
 
 I'lnall b.i) , like .i .. . : 
 
 HMcll tl;i.- lu u [M. 
 
 s |.)laiiU\l M cjiLi. . :■ 
 ul of iiic li.iy U) '. . 
 Ic l.irliK'i' 111 l;i>Mi .'a: 
 ;ill w nil ll 111 -.L.-. 
 liblc lo tunc It. . , • 
 lllifr i.uHlc.i In ; ; M I 
 n; Dutcll, i.s l'-.;i . .: 
 It 1 > lUiu alio Uii; ; 
 
 w ilh!:i t'x iMl..; ' 
 ■,i : \w) 111 ^li 111 I'iiu.. 
 ,!• iliir.i iri.;;; I.,;..,. - 
 \U llollcs. i ii . Ilil ■ 
 ;i)\i I i\r,i li.li a .i. . . 
 lilV);i!v ll .1-, " '\ .. I. 
 .) :^u.iul ill.- io I. I. . 
 Li.M «. in| !■. , I \ ■; I "■ , 
 |s .' liji.i' IiOlII, , - ■ 
 l;in i, \\\) w: lr.< ; . . .- 
 
 N' I. ;l !l;ij'S .in 1 w . 
 •) l,\c- a'l ih.- liM. ■ 
 V !.i.r "I ,11. 11 ki : .1 
 
 .i;,' ., ^ i:::-, a-; i I 
 
 10 :.. ,,. M;ll, ill' .\ 
 
 11 , ■■'" ;■. ■. ; ■' > ;> 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 A I" K 1 C A N I S L A N D S. 
 
 . I 
 I • 
 
 , .111.1 I. : :: ■ ■ 
 
 II ., I ,~. :■ ' 111 . ■ 
 
 ilii' , ;>!.• . .'. 
 
 .111.1 I'lK' 11. r. i- I 
 
 i.i'lil, 
 
 1. k .1 ll.i,, ^.ll' !' . - 
 s. 
 
 ilir lil'.i: •;, d !". .1 
 i'!.Mr!l(i|il. - ! . i ' I 
 
 ;!, Ill, lu'li.;. .1 
 ,1; I'.niini. ;i 'ii , ii-i ■ ^ 
 r., „. .. Ml 1 .1 1' '. . 1 ■ 
 ii.ii,\i I 
 
 niitivirs Ibmetiiiic; call the ref.ilt of their conlukations 
 lirvLTc im|)o(itiotis: and lirnyli relief may, perhaps, 
 be had tr ):n the coaipany in I-.nglatid, yet, a gcntie- 
 inan olifcrves, that rl.,e uii.iv()iiJ.iiile del.iys in reniniing 
 a rcdrels at that dilUiicc, ilocs fomctin es put the ad- 
 dicircrs under a hardilii).; ana thinks, that were not 
 tlie fituution o( this illand very ferviceabic to our I'.aft 
 India thip.s homeward boiiiki, thv conllant triAible and 
 txpencc would induce the tonipny to abandon the 
 illandi for though it is fiiinilhcd with the cor. 'rnitn- 
 cies of life, yet it has few commodities ol any profit to 
 merch<\nt.s. 
 
 In Chipd-Vallcv wa< James's Im'. t, of lo fiiiall gnus, 
 whii Ii was (ii.-inoliihed, and a nvich Lir(.^er ercfttd in 
 its Head, riicie was alio a platform of 29 guns, and 
 three at the lu.uing place. Banks's pl.uform hail fix 
 guns, Uu|iert's plattorm 17, and in Lemon Valley, 
 where !!!.■ Dutch formerly landed, was a platlorm (f 
 fix mon-, .ill which have received conliderable addi- 
 tidll.s. i here is no landing t') the wind«,ird, an'l all 
 the '.reeks aii.l bays are iecurtd. 'Ihcrtj .ii;- aifo alarm 
 guns on '.he hills. 
 
 'I'lie chief gra'n of tiie illand is l.iilney h'.'.ins, which 
 are from ti to i 2>. a buUicl. A fiiiall ox is fold for 61. 
 aiKl turkifs for a doll.ir i-piecc. 'I'hc coiv.mon people 
 fiiliiill chietiv (111 piitatoes, y.c.ns, plantains, pulfe, and 
 fii'i, and if cney can get llefli once ;l week, t icy reckon 
 ir i.;ooJ liviii^^. The coinjiany allow their fuldiers fait 
 proviliuns. 
 
 The iilind pr.aitices here an.l there a drug like Ben- 
 zoin, and great plenty of wikl tobacco on the lillK, 
 which tlie Hives ufe ro tlnoke for want of'tl.s riyhr lort. 
 '1 he iiilkibitants are lupplied Witii necelkuies twice a 
 month o.it of the company's (lore, it fix ir.i.inihs cr.iiit. 
 The chief C'.inmodines tor falc here .ire cherry brandy, 
 male and cyder, fp;ri-i.s, beer, Maderia and Canary 
 wines, and .Spaniili br.i.idy, which ni.iy be taken in at 
 th'.ilir id.'.nds. 
 
 The IiLukI of .St. ;Ick'-na i\ rhus defcribed in Ciiflnni 
 Cook's account of his '.iiil voyage. 
 
 " The illmd of St. 1 itleiia riles out of the iitiiiicnfe 
 Atlantic Ocean, is ab hi: iSco miles from tlie c<;aif of 
 y\ir.erica, and 1 :o.'5 trom that ot .M'liea. It lias the 
 appe.uancc ol a hu^te nioiintjin, the toundation ot whieli 
 i.s probably at the center of the globe. It I;, id f imier- 
 ly Volcanoes in "ri'eral parts ol it, as is evi.knr from the 
 appear ince ot mk- earth antl lb nes in v my pl.uesi and 
 it l:Kii%.s like a ■- Irll-r ol roiks, bouiii.lei! t)y {necipices 
 of ininiciil.' heiglii. As a veliirl faiU alon;_' tiie vi.ill, 
 the ilifls hang iiwi her head lo as to tliivaten her \.\ 
 Ikint i'<iinii:Hon, and ivuinn;; in nature ca". be conceived 
 111' 
 
 4M 
 
 a'.N iii 1I1.111 til' II .ijii ear.:;,'.e. 
 
 ;i 1 :i !■•■ tlaiv.ls the 
 ,1 \(iv iit'lill'.Ti'nt 
 
 " (.'jiile to til;' 
 foi mi ,.'■ a rli'ircli 
 
 town, which li.ui 
 .\ri hite;'hire, but 
 
 it is 11' >. i u!e Ivttei !'i.:n a l.r.ip ol rniii-j ir;r is the 
 niarke: tviuU- in a iiukIi brtur iDiiditioii. Mu'A ol tiie 
 houlo are alio con'tuictrd in a \'.c taiie. 
 
 '• .\,ll^i^ illuvl I' tl.v- propertv (it the iingiilh I'iall 
 
 I'licttd 111 1 ,urv 
 
 Ivit j-t 
 i:r il'.Mld 
 
 ll r . ii.) 
 lil. mi ,11 
 
 f,!!|- 
 
 111 '• I t 'iiii'.iny , ".e iiihabitinfs .ire n :rl 
 ' :i any tr.iee !i.r 1 .1 ir ov.n ini'Iumeir 
 luiLlinOkl I V lell r : ::: yu ii;,i'"!i'-.r.', .: 
 etc'.'.'' of Ilk- \(.iil.' \Ulu ll .lIl'.liiJl t!ni<- 
 ulii lliiuei'.b. 
 
 '• 1 he inly v,li'e inli.il.it.ir.ts on lli 
 i'.'i; ■- 'll liei.irif.' 1 < irr.i: liii:.i::i. I lain 111; tnv '.se^, 
 V, ...1 ir.ii if'i/i I i'."' ■ i . Ill .I'l i'.ii;.ls li.'iii I i.i'.-e M [ ■ i, e 0:1 
 l.'.ir lit. ids. i he 1.1. i.niJ.ti'V >! ci.r e- '.liitryr.ien (1 
 iKje :i.i>i--. is a <!i':U.ne to iltnic u'lo pinli.l. ll'.e t i'lil 
 1 hue .lie ,1 liii.ll iiiiiiilxr il lio; lo ,'.t .Si 
 It ih. ' .lie IK I M 1 nployi .: Hi di..ii_;iu, thne 
 i ii t'. ■ ' as .1 v\.i";vin I r I Tt on li ■■ i^' >: ik 
 i.viiv pl.ii; ', the kiiiO I. ii'l fii I'le; , imi lii.c 
 ,1 ilit^ht .-.iliiv be di.n'-n." 
 (.,,.:, V ill! iri'iiiied .ii .St. I Ml ill ill his li' 
 liill, obi. 1 \i s ( lis . ; :.,ii I. li, 
 
 ll. 
 
 inn i.L. 
 I lek 11 ' 
 b;'iii • 1; ; 
 tir ".' 'j 111 
 I'.K'l i.'rii '. 
 
 C'lld \r'\.l' 
 
 i,..i •• W'iaii.-ver viev\s Si. 1 K lena 111 i'- jiel-.i;; lla:c, 
 i.'.iiiiiiu ll It cMlCiive wliii It iiuill h.ive bvcn oiigiiMlly, 
 
 i4IK| V.lil lli'i I 
 
 alii''- il.ar^y the inh.ibitantu v itii vaiit ol 
 
 'J 
 
 indulliy; thoiigii, perhaps rhey might apply it to mo.c 
 advant.ige, were more land appropriated to planting 
 of t-orn, vegetables, roots, ^tc. inilead of being laid 
 out in pallure, which is the prefent mode. 
 
 " A new church has been built within thefe few 
 years, a commodious landi.ig place for boats has been 
 made, and feveral improvements whicii add both 
 (trtngth and beauty to t!ie iilace." 
 
 i ■ r Ion v. 
 
 ISl.AND5o^•ASCL^'SIO^^^^■DSr. MATTHEW 
 
 I'^lll'i Iflind of Afccnfion, 1;, ing in 7 deg. fouth 
 lat. aud 13 deg. 10 niin, well longitu.le, was 
 liilcovereel in tlie year 1 508, by Tuflan d'Acugna, on 
 his return from tlie Fiaft; Indies, who called it Afccn- 
 fion, bccat'fe he tirft perceived it on Afccnfion d.ty. 
 It is about ( 2 miles long, not a'oove 3 bro.id, and near 
 2-j in circumterence. 'rhe whole ifland is ouite moiin- 
 r.iinouH and aliiiolf barren; yet it is fometimes ufcd 
 hy our lu)mewar ! b'luntl Eall India Ihips as ;: place of 
 refrelhmeiit. (jreat cpiantities of ;-.fhcs and cinders are 
 tound upon the loil, wiiich induces lonie to iinar-ine 
 tliat a volcano mull have been here fornierlv. The 
 harl):!iir, however, is exceeding convenient; and fome 
 few places in the illand arc fit for tilbgi'. When the 
 lhi[)s touch here, their crevAs fometimes live upon turtle 
 tor a tortnight, and deem it not only j/ieafanr, but fa- 
 lutary f.iod. The g')ats that run wild here are verv 
 le.ln, and indlircrent eating; and the biids, of wliicii 
 there are v. trims kinds, arc lo extremely Ixid tai'ted, 
 that the fokiiers c.in (■•Id.i.ii ufe them as food. 
 
 On rliis ifland there ii a | 1 ice which feamen term t!:r 
 Pull Othce, and where thity le.ive letters. I'l. ■ ;:ie:!i')d 
 is to put them into bottles which they cl-ilely corl;, 
 when the people of the next ll ip tliat comes take juctlic 
 letfei^i and leave others in tlieir room. 
 
 Neither the I'ortiigutlc, or any other n.ttion, have 
 thoiighr prop'Cr to t.ike, pl.mt, or cultivai',- ti.is illand. 
 It is, iiowever, very con'.enieiit for Lvill India lhi[\s to 
 call at when they li.>.[)pen to overlhout or mil's the liland 
 of St. I lelena. 
 
 The following particulars refpee'tlng this i.'ljnd, are 
 rekited in tlie .iccount c>( iiiploin Co-k'^ lecou I v.iy.ige. 
 " The illand ol Afccnfion Ib.ews a furficc conipo ed of 
 barren hills hikI vailies, on moll (f v.hicii not a 
 ihriib or plant is to be feca (or fever.il mik" , but ffnea 
 and allies in pientyj an indubitable ligii t;.a: tite i!ie, 
 at fotne remote time, has been alttre.i liy a vt-lc.ino, 
 which has thrown up vail lu'.\])s of Itoiies, and even 
 hills. An hii'.h moutuaiii, at the lliiith eall end of the 
 illc, feems to be lett iii its ori,',inal iLite, and to have 
 efcapevl the t'eneial di llruilion. Its f.iil is a kind of 
 white marl, widen yet retains its ve^^etative ti'.i.ilities, 
 aiii.i produi.es a kind oi [nirllane, Ipurg, and one or tuo 
 giatiis. (i)n thele the goats fublill, and it is on this 
 p.trt of iiie iile where they are fotind, a., alio lantl cr.ibs, 
 which are far,! to be \-ery <-ood." 
 
 ^\ hile they lay in the roa'.l, a flocp, btlo:;. i.-t;-; t,) 
 Cernvida, c.iine to ;ir,cp,-.r along fide oi tliiin. S'le 
 ii.ul killed but a f.-w da\ s before with ics tuitie on 
 i)o.ird, wliich V,.;., as m.iiiy as Ilic coi;!,! i,ii^ein; Imr 
 havini.: turned lrv('r,ii more on the I'llurent landv 
 be.u hes, thev had :i[ ped open t' eir heki'.s, t.ikeii cur 
 the e;.":s, and let'c the 1 an .lies to |:utril'y, an ;iet :is 111 
 liiini in .IS initaious t'j 'h.l'e v.i.o ciiue alter thu 111. 
 
 I'liit'e .Is Ci.ijie. Cneik v-.i' lamimtd) ,ire to be iio-.d 
 at this i''i from J.inu.'ov !■) juiu.'. The im-tli si ol 
 latei.i-"/ I .1111 is to li.r. e |'cple iijion the l'e\<'!,,l i.oidv 
 bni-, I'l v,.ifi-!i their e.inii.i.' 1 n Ikon, to l.iy lluir Cfju-, 
 V. !,i. ', is ,ib',a", ' IP tit- 11 •.;lr, ,\:i.l t'len to ton. them 1 :i 
 
 .l!'i 
 
 u I' 
 t. 
 
 tl.eu 
 oil I 
 
 [,v.;i,'ii. 
 
 e,i iiy C .i| 
 
 r. 1. 
 
 buk', lili tiitu ii .1!-, opp, rtunity to i.ii e ;!.. lu 
 
 I next I'.i; I 
 10 till, I ,1 g 00 , ..■;, 
 weie I ! lie 1,1, a I '■ 
 rife aiul I'll II Miin .1 
 bell viheii 'hi link 
 s- 1< 
 
 e,i, ll lie.uli, \M;c:e '. 
 
 ',[ it lie v.ere alhore, aiil 1 
 
 oiu e. I his method may be 
 
 „ie IU.mi.li.'lis i but vvlien ihere 
 
 r.e 
 bjt 
 
434 A NF.W, ROYAL, an!> AUTHKNTTC SYSTF.M of UNIVKKSAI, GKOGUAP HY. 
 
 J'' i 
 
 
 
 but few, three or four men arc liirtirietit for the largell 
 luMih; anil if tlicy l<fep j^atrohng it, clofe to tlic walli 
 of the furf, during the night, by this metiincl tiiey will 
 fee all that come alliore, anil caufe Icfs nnife tii.in if 
 there were more of them. It was by this nicthoil thi-y 
 caught the mort they got; ami this is tiic methoii by 
 wl.ich the Americans take thcni. N'othiii;' is more 
 certain, thsii that all tiie turtle whicii are touml about 
 tills illarul, lome here for tiie fole imrpofe of layint; 
 their eggs; for they meet with none bur females; and 
 of all thofc that tluy citirhr, not one iud any (oud 
 worth mentioning in its Itomach; a liire fign that they 
 mull havr been a long time without any; that this may 
 be the reaf )n why the Helli of tluni is not fo good as 
 th"fc caught on the coalb o( New South Wale.s, uhere 
 t >ey feed. 
 
 Si. M a I' T 11 r. W, 
 
 SO called by the Fortugucie, becaule they difcovercd 
 it on that faint's day, lies to the north of St. Helena 
 and to the north-eaft of Akenfion, under the ;d dig. 
 of liuitli lat. It is a dci.'.rt, thouj.^h there is a line rivulet 
 of frelli «atcr th;it runs tlirough it. Ciarcias dc l.oaifa, 
 a gentleman of Bifcay, in Spun, who comniand.\l the 
 fleet which the emperor Charles \'. caufed to be fitted 
 out at the (irf>yne, to go and conquer the Mol'.icca 
 I (lands, having landed at tiie I (land of St. Mattiievv, 
 found it uncultivated, but full of large orange trees. 
 He found alto lome poultry there; and en the barks of 
 trees there were inlcriptions in 'he I'ortugueli' tongue, 
 which proved tlut lome of that naiion :ud been tiicre 
 before. 
 
 .S E C T I O \ Vl 
 
 The I S L a N D o k (i O R I', l,. 
 
 THIS ill.md is fnu.ued near Cape de \'erd, in \ \ 
 deg. >j min. n irih lat. an.i 17 deg. 20 niui. welf 
 longitude, being the only Kuropean feitkment between 
 the rivers Ijamoia and Senegal. It forms an excellent 
 read for niijiping, ar.d is iiirrnundeJ by rocks, every 
 where inacceliible, except at a liitie creek, iicifatiioms 
 broad, and 60 fithonis long, e ".doled Ix'twetn two 
 points of iin 1, one of which is pretty high, and c.dird 
 tlie I'oiut of ri;e Buring-ground; tlie other is lower, 
 atid befoie it lies a ianJ-bank, over which the lea brats 
 With great fury. Ail round tlii-. ill uv.l there is go^'d .in- 
 choring, and partii.ui.irly in tl;e betbre-inenrioiied 
 creek, between whicli .i;id the land, lliips ni:iy r;,!e in 
 perfect feturity Imni the moll datigerous furges. ll.i, 
 illand was yielded to the l)utch in 161-, by die king of 
 Cape X'erd, ami th.ey built a lh-.,ng fjit ujion tlr.- n- ii!i- 
 well part ot it. i)Mt '.'-.m (oti ii>;t l)eing fufUcient t > pre- 
 vent an enemy's i.i.K.ling in the ireek, t.hev ereCteJ 
 another to lecure the wan-iitj.ifcs. It was taken by the 
 1-nglilIi in ifif'J, ;ind ret d. en by ih.- Dutch liion after. 
 The latter, however, i;i i i,.)t k.ep it long, for the 
 French conipiered It ill '■ ; , jfur uhich they thought 
 pro(;er to fortily if • llro;r-lv, tiitd to niai, ,[,un it 
 
 .IS a |)lace of loir.^,'. I' 
 
 horn them in the ; 1 ,11 . 1 . 
 I'jit Senegal; ot bjtii u'ucli 
 urcumttantial ;i; uunit, mic t 
 blended togcihi 1 ,. ■ -' 'I 
 Kurin.; the wii'.le. 
 
 A h heme being t/i:.' . 1 
 
 ijuaker, lor att.ni.wig iTv 
 
 coalt of Africa, the 1 1:,. .1 > ■ 
 execution. 
 
 Mr. C.imming, as .1 pri' ■cnif:' ■ • ji.ul 1 le a 
 voy.ige to I'oneiideirii k, .,.11.. ^,.\r (,l the 
 
 co:ii', and eoi:ti.i.te.l ,1 p( 1 , .. > ,u,iin;,ti,. <■ vkiih 
 Ainu, the Mooiiih kii , oi i.egilielli, .\n(,n) f ■ founil 
 ixiremely viii illpuJul to.v.irds the lubjetts of (ir;,u 
 bntiin, pre.'crnng tlier.i, oti every occasion, to, iill 
 other l%uroj)ean iia'.;j:is, vluch had cxalprrate I the 
 
 ;■,, lowever, 
 
 taken 
 
 / ^ J, ether with 
 
 i^ we iliall 
 
 give a 
 
 ■re lo nitim.itelv 
 
 
 ■ut ob 
 
 a 
 
 enfible 
 
 1 : ,ntj 
 
 '11 rhc 
 
 lied '" lai ; \ 
 
 It into 
 
 Kn nch .icainll him; and lie declared he II. ould never 
 be eafy till they weie extirpated from tiie |>!ace. Ju;! 
 at that time he had, declared war againfl them, am\ nliil 
 often to wifli that the king of (ireat Britain wouM d iid 
 out an aitnament to retfuce Fort l.ouis and (ione 
 which the French had ercfled to defend tiieir faft-jiies 
 on that cor.ll, with feme fliips of force to iirnteft the 
 traders ; promiling, in (ucli a cafe, to join I. is Britm- 
 nic majeliy's forces, and indulge his fubitCls witli an 
 excluiive commerce. At his return to 1- iigl.md, Mr. 
 Cummiiig informed the government of the great ,u|- 
 vantages which would accrue to the nation from lucli 
 an attempt. It was, however, taken veiy little ivitire 
 of at that time; but, at length, all diiricuhies bein^ 
 overcome, a fmall lipudron v..is equipped for thi^ ex- 
 pedition, undtr the command of Capt. M.itlli, h.vinir 
 <in boaid a bndy of marines, commanded by M,i]i,r 
 Mafon, with a detachment of artillery, tm pieces oi 
 cannon, eight mortars, and a confuierable quair.rv ei 
 warlike llores and ammunition. Capt. Walker was aji- 
 pointcd engineer; and Mr. Cumming was concerr.eJ 
 as jirincip.il director arid promoter of the expedition. 
 In the beginning of M.irch 175!-;, this littlj; armainei-.c 
 failed, ioiiched in their palT.ige at the illand of I'ciit;- 
 rilte, and, while the fnips were taken in the wine arit 
 water, Mr. Cumming proceeded in the Swan lloop (., 
 I'ortenilerrick, charged with a letter of creden.-e to In, 
 old friend, the king of that country. But on \a> arii 
 v.il, he had the niortilu ation to rind thi^ piince o 
 gaged in a new war with a neiglibouring natic^n, and s 
 that tiine heading his army at a very coniiderable lii;- 
 tanrc frr^ir, his c,i|mal. One ot tlie cliief-, howcvi'-. 
 difpaiched a QielVenger to the kint^, with advi.e ; 
 .Mr. Cumming's arrival and delign, declaring at ; ■• 
 fame time, that he woul.l ule the uimoft expedition in 
 allimbling ji.:o warriors 10 i(>in tliC Fnglilh troops, add- 
 ing, that he was perl'uaded tiic king woi'ld fend .1 c.<:- 
 tachmcnt fitim his armv to reinforce them. 
 
 Capt. Marlli, wiili the letl of ilic aMi.aiTicnt, li.id i . 
 this time arrived at I'ortendeiiitk, ,".nd, uithoui u..:r 
 iiig for the In.lian torces, wliicli w.ue not yrt t' 1,;., 
 fhey tailed on the ;:d ot .April, and the next li.iv, .,[ 
 ffuir oMock in the afternoon, ilitcovc.^ed the l:eni'i 
 flag llying upon i'ort Louis. Capt. M itlli, alrci lin- 
 ing taken a l.irj-e Dutch liiip, richly ladtn witli rinm-, 
 wiiicli lay without the bar, came t(j an anchor in icne- 
 gal road, at the mouth ot the river, wlicie he pcrct ivid 
 liiceiiiiuy liati polled feveral armed (loops to ileleiid i: -- 
 p:it]'iL'e of the bar, which is extremely dar.geroiis. 1 ;,- 
 ca[)t.iin, however, immediately prepircit liir landing. 
 All the b.ats of the tleet were employed to carrv the 
 liorcs into the (mail craft, notwithtbinding the em inv . 
 vtdils kept firing on them. As foon as every tiim;' 
 wa-, reavly, and the cliinnel dil'covernl, the fliij - 
 Weighed anchor; and at that inftant the wiinl, wliiili 
 geiieiaily blov.s down th.e river, veering about, Capr, 
 Miliar, in tlie Lmdon bu(s, lei/.cd t)ie o|)pornimi), 
 and p.iUlng the b.ir with a I'lll l.iil, call anchor on tlic 
 inlide, where he l.iy all night cxpoled.to the vsliole i.r ' 
 o! rl;e enemy. Next '.uurning he was joined by i le 
 other fmall vellels, upon which a regular eng.igenie.r. 
 enfucd, and was warmly lujiported on borli (ijcs. At 
 lall the bulles, atid one of the Im.ill vellels, ruiKii.ii- 
 aground, immediately bulged, anil were hlled wHi 
 i\ar ■-. 'iliis misfortune obliged the troops ihcy con- 
 i.ii' I to take to their bo.ti', and witii giear diliivuitv 
 / rea;di(.! the Ihore, v, livte ihev 'orin.e,l in ,: li ih, 
 ;ind wer'- Iwi'U .iltir loiiR-.i liy th, 1 I'mp.iiiions 
 ;'ie other U'if !■ ; lo th.it liie v,I,iile iidiv atnui,,, 
 ■lyi iiiaiines, i v Tides the I'.et.iciiiiiciit uf ariillerv. 
 pei'tmg to be .itt.u Led b\ '.iie natives, vnIi'i In. 
 lluiie at luine dillinie, as li relflvcd to opp. !e li 
 r.i:;t, thrythre.' up an imreni iiment, iiii.! be;, 
 liilcm'jark the •rJic-, I're.ir | ...rt of v.l.i h i.n u;; k 
 nr. While I'.iy wtic tiiL.-. eiT.iilosed, ti.e u 
 came do'vii in great numbers, and lubmitte.i : 
 and en the (ollowin;r d.ty iliey were reii.i. 'n cd 
 hieiivn, who pallid tf.e b.ir :ii ll' f.|-, v, i;(i ■ ..I.;!,' 
 
 In. Ill 
 
 .■ 1 to 
 
 ri I 
 
 , II. I • 
 bv ■',■ 
 
 J ;.i 
 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 Their intention 
 I'orc Louis ; but 
 rival of two b'reni 
 jirnpolals from th 
 time being palled 
 all the vdiite peo| 
 lit Senegal, lliouli 
 iuigl'li vedel, wi 
 cf^eds; that all t! 
 iliould be delivei 
 flore-houfe.s, veil 
 cle belonging t.) 
 ])ut into the hand: 
 capitulation (houl 
 living at I'ort L 
 of their cfteds, a; 
 and that all ncgio 
 prove themfrlves 
 to remain in the 
 the country. 
 
 The ca[)tains ( 
 ately tent uji the 
 article ligned ant 
 a batrery on the ( 
 oars near an hour 
 notice was taken 
 account t.ir this ll 
 intrenchilieiit, wi 
 the illand v/ue in 
 F'ort Louis, relol 
 extremity, unlefs 
 The governor llg 
 the F.nglilh comn 
 that unkf. tlie !•> 
 td to remain witi 
 forniancc of that 
 they were concer 
 be cut in pieces r; 
 
 'I'his reqneil, 
 F.nglii^i forces bi. 
 comp.uued by a 
 ii'tillerv and (lor 
 them advance t'u. 
 and Mainr Mil' 
 he lo(ir..l 92 p' 
 qu.tntity "t tre.i' 
 anil liiirgh^is o 
 and lA'.Te all'-gi 
 neighbouiing ■ 
 vilited the Co 
 the \ •l.lli n.il' 
 Lei-' t«lii, lent 
 Mai on, with coi 
 rancfs ot Iri.'iul' 
 
 Having kit 
 placed .1 I'.'t'i'ie 
 padagi; ot il.e 
 aftem[)t on the 
 t.inie ot 30 le 
 however, tor v 
 the mi.ullry bi 
 on the coall of 
 French l;t|.t (■' 
 fiu.idron, the 
 modore Keppei 
 vi I ,il frigates, 1 
 h.iving on boai 
 Colonel Worg: 
 
 On till- I itli 
 Cork in Ii;l,ii: 
 arri\cd .it Cii 
 the c.')niiiie",lou 
 tacking, the ill.i 
 the tio'.ips lici 
 the dilleient ti 
 on the Well lidi 
 one o( the hot: 
 rngagemmt to 
 
MiAi' nv. 
 
 rcl he fl.oiiki ncvrr 
 m liic |)!,icf. Ju)( 
 iiinlltlicm, :iii(l ui[^\ 
 Britain wouLl Inul 
 l.''iiis ami (iorif, 
 it-ic'iid their tact'jrics 
 me to prote-ft the 
 to joiji l:ib liritii!- 
 lis liibjcds with an 
 irn to i'tighmcl, Mr. 
 nt of tlic great ail- 
 thc nation fiom Inch 
 :cn veiy litiji- ii.itiic 
 ill diiricuhics Ix'inc 
 uippt-il for thi.. ex- 
 apt. Marlli, hiving 
 mundni by MajuV 
 tillcry, ttn pieces oi 
 nlKlerable qiian;i'v oi 
 .'apt. Walker was ap- 
 imint^ was coticenxJ 
 r of tlie c-xpeciicion. 
 this littl^ arnumtr.r 
 the idand of lenc- 
 i'.c!i in the wine art 
 in the Swan \h«\> v, 
 tcr of credence to hi, 
 y. I'ljt on hi-. .ir:i 
 tiiid thii prince c; 
 loiiring iiaiiijd, .ind a 
 very coididerablciii; - 
 the cliicfs, houevf. 
 kiniT, with advi.e >,: 
 ign, declarini; at i! ■• 
 ; luiiioft expedition m 
 Enj.5li(b troops, ud,'- 
 m^ would feini .i de- 
 rce tliem. 
 
 the am.airicnr, h.id i - 
 k, ::nd, uKhuu; u,:;; 
 !i ^'. ;e no: yet r- \,: , 
 ■mk] the next u.iv, .it 
 lilcovei-ed tl;e 1 :e;:f, 
 ipt. Marll), afrer liaw 
 icbly laden wit!i ;-iiin:-, 
 to an author in Vene- 
 er, where he pcrreivid 
 \\ (loop)S to dclend t: -- 
 inely dangerous. ! ;,- 
 prepared li)r landing, 
 enipluyeti to carry the 
 hlKmding riie enemy' . 
 s loon as every ihii;;.' 
 dileovered, the (hi| ' 
 llant (he »ii-d, wiiith 
 veering about, Ca| t, 
 iiccd tlic opportii/my, 
 ;l, cad anclior on the 
 )oled_to the v\!i(ile ;,r ■ 
 he was joined by i.ie 
 a re;'i;|ar eiinaf^eiia-.T. 
 ed on liorh (ides. Ai 
 lin.dl veilels, rnn.ii.;.'- 
 and were lille.l '.vii:! 
 d the troop'- thrv eon- 
 mi wltii r^iear di;h- '.itv 
 lev 'ornted in .: b '■''■, 
 h. I ('inp.!;,).!!!', Ir'.ni 
 
 ■ li'ile now .inmi.,.;, I to 
 nent of anillerv. !• ': 
 natives, wlvi hiu •' li.e 
 Iv ed fo oppi !e lir' lie 
 iiinent, an.' be ri l i 
 of v.hi h lav ;,;.■; ii ; \<. . 
 iT.plo)ed, ti.c !..■.>' ■< 
 :ul liibiiutte.l ft !!.e:i , 
 
 ■ ere reiiliTied bv ■'■, / 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 'I'hcir intention was to mike an immediatL' attack on 
 I'orr 1 .onis ; but this defii;!! was prevented by the ar- 
 rival of tw) brench dep'ities at the intrenchinenr, with 
 propofds from tlie (.governor tor a capitulation. A (hort 
 time being jialled in deliberations, it was agrceil, that 
 all the v/hite peo|)k' belonging to the P'rench company 
 ;!t Senegal, llioultl be fitely condufteii to !• ranee in an 
 r.ngl'li veHel, without being ile|)rive(l of tl.eir private 
 cft'etts; that all the merchandize and uncoineil treallire 
 (liould be delivered up to the viftors ; that all (brts, 
 flore-houles, veilels, arms, provifions, ami every ar*i- 
 cle belon!!;ing to the conijian'' in that river, Ihonld .)e 
 put into the hands of the I'.nglilh immediately after the 
 ca[)itulation Ihould be defigned; that the free natives 
 living at I'ort Ixiuii Ihould remain in quiet porretfion 
 of their effids, and in the free exercil'e of their religion ; 
 and that all negroes mu'.latoes, and others, who could 
 prove themfelves free, Ihoukl be at their option eitlier 
 10 remiin in the [ !ate, or remove to any other part of 
 the country. 
 
 The ca()tains Camiibell and Walker were immedi- 
 ately lent up the river with a llag of truce, to fee the 
 article figned and executed. I laving rowed tovvartis 
 a batrcry on the point of the ifl.ind, they lay upon their 
 oars near an hour beating the cliamade, but not the leall 
 notice was t.iken ol then appro.ieh. Being at a lofs to 
 account tor this lliange conduct, they returned to their 
 intrciichmeiit, where they leanie ! that tl.f rK-groes on 
 the illand v/ue in arms, and blocked U|j tlte JT'-nch in 
 l''()rt Louis, ref living to def.n i tl»' piice to ^ot \si^ 
 extremity, unlel's thry were included in cV capktrf/fi'/f), 
 I'he governor lu'.iiided this circumftance .e, ,* iearr <// 
 tne Unglilh commander, teliing !iim, at th<' a'W *i<W, 
 that unlels the l-'reiuh diredtorgecerjl Ihot^ lie .frtlow 
 ed t ) remain with the natives, as 4 ijf^iy for rhi' pi'/ 
 formance of that article of the capi'.iianon io vvliie;i 
 they were concerned, they would fuffcr rj.'tnfclves iv 
 be cut in pieces rather than fubmit. 
 
 This requeil, however, being readily ^rjwi^ed, thr. 
 I-aiglilli forces b.gin their mari.li for Fort I/yjis, ac- 
 comp.inicd by a number of I'^rig boats, in w! xh the 
 iuiillciv and (lores hid been enrvfjarked. On feeing 
 ihem advance t'le 1- rench ioimechaorly Ifrufk their fi.ig, 
 and Mainr Ma(or. took [loffflion <■<.' the (aOle, where 
 he (oiiivl 9: p -C' of cannon, with a very < /^;fr]erable 
 iiuantttv"! trc.'.liirc and merchandi/e. 'I hf '-orjy/r-.uion 
 and burghrr. of the town of Senegal reaiily fubmirted, 
 and(A"re all'gi'.nie tj the king ol Oreat Britain. Hie 
 neighboi!iing jrnce'. attended by lunnerous retinii* , 
 vi(ited the cuinttiiijer, and concludeu treati'-* with 
 the I 'iilh nation, and i^tf king </( I'ortendcrrii k, or 
 IxL-'lKiii, (ent an .mibaHacior fr jn» his ramp to Major 
 Malon, with compliments of corgr.itulaaon, ;-ik1 al)j- 
 rancfs 1 f I'ri.-ndfliij). 
 
 Having lett an Ijii'li.li girrifon at Fort l.nis, .mii 
 placed a luHi'ient number ot arm..d boats to Iccuri- die 
 pallage of (i.e b.ir, the large ih.ip.s failed to make an 
 a'tt'mpt on the illand ot Lioree, which lies at the ilil'- 
 t.mce of 30 leagues tr va Scuial. This e.'':j?edition, 
 hiiwever, for w.uit ol luifkieiu i Mce, milcarried. But 
 the minillry bung fenlibie tl-.u. ;:.e I'l-glilh fetdementr, 
 on the coatl of .Atiici could nevir be tecure while the 
 b'rcnch kt|;f pollefl'iun cf th^iilu:d, thev fitted out a 
 and 01 v.liK.ii was <Mven 10 Com- 
 
 1 !lin;I ol I'aiir fill 
 
 AFRICAN ISLANDS. 
 
 415 
 
 Mven 10 '' 
 (■frlie li.-, 
 
 Inuadron, the couu' 
 niodore Keppel, coi, 
 vef.il frigates, tw' i |i 
 having on boarj 7.?. 
 (.'('loiul Worge. 
 
 On ihe I ith of Nm ( n,bei ''.is arnia-ceiU ii'ed from 
 
 • Ui'n ketJiev, and fi'uie l:a:i,, orts, 
 -^ .'eg/ilar troops, c-jiiit'iandi d by 
 
 a I, ,111!'' [\ 
 
 p,-..l„ 
 
 l,'<irk in li -land, and, .1! 
 
 arrived at (ioree the litter ( iid .,1 I 'c en'i. 1 
 the coi)imi".|i)rc inimid'.itely i,:.; 'e ,1 di;|Mliu 'i 
 racking, ihi' illmd. I'lic llu iH'itieii b-.w- mi 
 the ti.i'ip'j being in'CKd out, .and i,;'i 1 d „ii>:;. 
 
 V i;ll-: '.I'JI 
 
 - lii: 
 i : 
 
 ti'.ev 
 v.dei,' 
 ■ n M ■ 
 
 ide < t 
 
 the ddicieiit tranfpoi' , .Mr. Jxeppcl I'l ui' ae.i In, llii| s 
 on the Well fide o(' th' u!,uid. A ihtil I'ring fired (rum 
 one of the bomb- ket,:i,es, whiti; v.as the lignnl Ic.r the 
 rngai'ement to brfin, tlic rn, . IJiips pouretl in tluir 
 
 broadfides widiout intermifTion, and their tire was re- 
 turned with etju il vivacity from all the b,nteries of the 
 itland At length the cannonading from the fhips be- 
 came fo fevere and terrible, that the I'rench Ibldiers 
 flcti from their quarters, in fpite of all tlie eftbrts of the 
 governor, who endeavoured to keep tf^em to their du- 
 ty, wjuch obliged him to flrike his colours, and (urren- 
 der at difcretion; upon which the commodore fent a 
 tletachment of marines on (hore, who difarmed the 
 garrilon, and hoilted the Britifli (lag on the Illand of St. 
 Michael. Two trading vefl'cls, wTiich happened to be 
 at anchor in the road, likewife fell into the hands^of the 
 F.nglilh, with.llores, money, and merchandize, to the 
 '■aiue '^i 20,oool. This imi)ortant conquell colt the 
 vii>ors, only 100 men, killed and wounded. Commo- 
 d( re Kejipel, having left a garrilon at Goree, .and rein- 
 fcrccd that at Senegal, returned withh is fquadron to 
 I ngland. 
 
 Goree, however, at prefent belongs to the l<'rench. 
 It was ceded to them by the treaty of peace in 1763; 
 but was again iaken by the F.nglifh in the !ait war, 
 and relforeel to them by the peace of 1783. 
 
 Though of lb much importance to the African trade, 
 Goree is only a I'mall ifland, extending about three 
 quarters of a mile in length. It is of a triangular 
 wrm, without wood, and h .s nfi water but what the 
 inh'.birants catch in ciflerns, relcrvoirs, &c. 
 
 Gre.it (juantities of gum are brought to this place ind 
 Seneg.'.l by the Moors and Arabs, and from hence fent 
 to Kurope, an' other parts of the world. Tiicy bring 
 It on camels, biz-V^cks, horfe: , &c. It is meallired in 
 i cubical /eirel, cst^dby the M'X>rs ^k-j^'O', and every 
 'jujiOtal f>ays a cenfJM duty. Piofyr cyjfpmifTaries put 
 '^ wf/tiiicks, ari<<i fheft i#/w it to bi ..'-'W, <o the com- 
 yMtf<i ii''i!tkments' 
 
 Tir'r»a«'ives of i;h'i<; placf ,-.•,••! Scnegi»i j.>'o .n general 
 Ma'j'/'ii^iawi', and they pracoj^ .":'jr,icii.-.^;-i with great 
 f<^/i'M- fhr */^^M<,r\ ,j peri^.'".'-d at the age of 15, 
 (•y0 'hr y''^\ mi^y K.iv.- luffi'- .■ it flrength ■ undergo 
 it, AI-/, ky '.'ifrMy »> 1, inftrfr.y.-l in the ; .aciplesof 
 his fairv I )y rerciTiony is nev»-'- performed in hot 
 wrather; ^ .J*f ^jitwrter </ rhe Xfyy is always chofen, 
 \ht<jf//f\ a --/fi •'.-*' the oj^ration r, j'l- lets painful, 
 and th( *our/; ■ .rK<S «'ifh mor* eafc. I done in a 
 beautiful ffk-adow Uxii^ix^/inl by garden 
 Ujards elevated a ittiU- fr w. -he g^njund. 
 are led thither by rlitir y-tr'^^i, ItMxec' 
 according to their rank , •^' .»ii tf* pieif 
 OfKrrationi alter which the vy'-tij ft-tirr- !• 
 leall ifl'.i ,ig to finile. 
 
 S \: C T i O N 
 
 pon a few 
 he vidims 
 ■ach other 
 ■forms the 
 :?g, or at 
 
 FsL.\Ni} Of BL'SSI, OR Bivss 
 OF BlSSKliR, OR BL ' \( 
 
 HE ISL 
 
 \C. 
 
 TIM' i^iTw*. of B'.fTi, or ^'ifli, ■ . -out ^jleag' 
 in cii niihrcnce, 10. d . -ees, and • i 
 w,itercd wiih Icveral rivtilu-, e iihabiiM.",' 
 
 treacherous, v\icked, and great n .'c; ; lb tl 
 very d.ingeroui to trade with them; uotwiti g 
 
 ((line (hips venture in, in order 1 • p,- icurc o\' 1 a i 
 palm-nuts, which are the oniy anicli they will (ell. 
 In the illand are two juiod (ecure h,ub irs, the one to 
 the nordi, called Old I'ort, and ti:e t'ther to the (eiith, 
 called Ne»v Port. 
 
 The Illand of Billeur Bllliio. is 
 lame gul|)!'., and is le[iarattd tioiii fUi' 
 
 \c:. 
 
 A mile bro.id. It is near 4 
 lound imperceptibly riles to the mid,: 
 are (een tiie tops ol lever.il liil 
 aiid t'''-'iiuv 
 
 fituated in (he 
 a canal about 
 ciiit, an>l the 
 .e of the illand, 
 s gradually (ink- 
 many intcrme 
 
 ..iti.er and fonn riv ii- 
 cnunirv is fruitful, well 
 
 V. here 
 
 ing beneath each ether 
 diate vallies, in which tlie water, 
 lets that run into th'' IcM. T 
 (iihi\atcd, and abounds wim tne'-, particnlariy tine 
 large ori.nge trees, which the l'iru;.'iie|e and Negroes, 
 whole habitation.-; are interniixi '. i.ike caie to pb.it 
 iiboi'.t their hotiles. M.'.ngoes ,U' ,'.nd in great iilenty, 
 
 i!pei!.i!K- 
 
436 A MAY, UOYAI,, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM ok UNIVERSAL CFOGRAPHY. 
 
 m 
 
 pn 
 
 cfpecijiiv ab )!it the fca- lliort, The only town \\c\x is 
 thii: ot tlie I'oniigiierc, tin- hoiifcs of wh'kh liiirouiul 
 :i>e parochial cliuicln aiu' the convent of St. It.ukis; 
 i)tit it his been conlKlemlily increalcci in iir;.ibit.ints by 
 means ot' the I'aitory which the l'"rencli have fettled 
 near it. Bti'iJes tiiis, ti.erc is no cUilU-r ot houlcs, or 
 even hur^, in the whole iiliiid, which even merits the 
 name ot" a villasjei notwithll.in.iim; wiiicii ilie illand is 
 thviieJ into nine provinces, ei;;ht ol vvhicii areiM)vcn)- 
 td by oiHcers a; puinteJ by the lavereign, and eacli of 
 ihcle takes the title of kin;.', that they m.iy together 
 give thai of emperor to their common malUr. Ihe 
 ninth povinee this petty cmicior revenues to iiinilelt 
 as a kind of patrimony. 
 
 Ti-.e inhabitants of tliis illand are likewile called pa- 
 j eN, but have a lar!;',uai;e and culloms peculiar to 
 thcMilllves. Tiicy arc grofs idolaters. llitir ciiief 
 idol .5 a lialc tig'.ire tlu y call Sliinah, but i: i> n;) eai'y 
 matter to know what he iK-rforiiis. Befidcs this, each 
 i.idi\ ;ii;ial takes fir an i lol whatever the iinatiiiuiion 
 may fugi:eit. Coiif. cratcii trees are either ileeiued 
 deities, or t!ie dwellings o( dieties ; anil to thcfc they 
 laniiice bullocks, dugs, and cats, which they take 
 particular care to fitten, and walh clean, before they 
 kill i ar.d after having killcvi them, tluy fjiill part of 
 their blvv-jd round the loot of the tree, and f;iri:ikle the 
 brav.iiv.s of it with the rell. The vidini Ls then cut to 
 j'ie.cs, and, if a bullock, the enifieror, oificers, ar.d 
 I eoj'le, talvc each a pif, an.l carry it Irnne in oider to 
 tut it, ieavi-v- their id'-l only tlic hornb, which are hung 
 lip upon the tree, and t!iere remain till tiicy hapi.-cn t > 
 lirop d i.wi or rut to pieces. 
 
 .At iiie liearh of the emperor, the bell btl.ived ot his 
 wivi.:., ai, I nii.l uktiil of his ihves, are killed .hK\ b'l- 
 ri.-d n'-.\r tlie pine wlierc tiie ein| eror's corplc is to he 
 liitirrri, tiiat tinv irav l:,o with him, to l.tve and tli- 
 \erc li.u 1:1 the '/iher woild. 1 hi; botiy o: ti. -vor 
 
 is I j; uito a i.i^.d ..f coiFin made •>{ reeds, ami verv 
 ncady wove. I hen four of the ftrongell lop.U carry it 
 v.iui gicat foien nity to 'he liurial place, v>1k re being ar- 
 iiveil, a veiv uhimlical ceremony liiccceJ^; for the 
 iii.b!;-. iinviie thunifiee^, (■ f a Cvjniider.iblc time, by 
 io!ii.ig hi> n.ajelly's to.'lin, i)ody and ail, into tiie air, 
 .iiid catching It again, without Iftting it fail to the 
 !:ioiind. W'iirn thcv aie pretty well tiied ol this Iport, 
 I ;;c I'i t'lV great loivis extuidi himfell on the ground, 
 .i'. .iii, Kn-.ii, -.u.d ili" rr;l Dine more throw up the 
 I iiii 1, b Kiy aii.l ail, b.u il ) a )t, as bcl.ire, ,i;;einpt to 
 lauh it, v.'hen the royal corple falls on the prollrate 
 loiil, ,111.1 ahnoll beats tlie bieiih ort of hubody. Alur 
 having 'hui been overwi-.eluKd withtheros.il wciMi, 
 he ib inimiili.itelv ai Iviiowh-dgcd tniperor. ]• ,i['pe..r;i 
 by this ceremsinv thi; tiie kingd lai is ei;-(ive, tiioigh 
 one of t!ie roy.il family, either the ton, britlur, or ne- 
 pi;ew, ot the dcceafed, mull be cii'ihn ; uiv.t von in ly 
 b:- I'ure the pretenders to thr i row ,i il . ir.T l..:. t ) b.ilie 
 with . r Icius tiiole bearers ol t'u, io..d l.icr, wh) iniy 
 jMoix-rly enough be filled clenor>.. 
 'Ihe I'ortug'.iele have an imuii 
 iiland, mounring lo gun^. 
 
 Tiie ill.uvJ of IJoulmi Ill's at (he 
 (irande, or the Cireat River, whi. 
 idand, dr.kies iif li into two brai n-' . 
 :>.'j.iJi.i uuh woovk, bfV'!i>i v> .1 tlie 
 
 lljl Ml f.ll> 
 
 ,n i.i:h « 
 II 111. ' 1 
 1 1 111 Is 
 
 ■!i. 1 . 
 hv ; . 
 
 i.i.i.h 1 
 
 . 1 I! 1 
 
 iiltiv.ite<. 
 
 ) conn h'ti.e: 
 
 I" 'iri I; iti.r a:.;- 
 
 go i:;-! nl. 
 
 in : !. lia i; 
 
 e .tj .1 baic •. 
 
 iitil <{ thr 1 
 
 iio; ! ragjM 
 
 'he n 
 
 j-fie' 
 i\\ null' 
 
 l)0!;'i 
 
 I 1 'Ml. . u Vl 
 
 •t ih.- Ihllj . 
 i;.., . Jo!!.. 
 
 bro.Hl, and having run fome Ir agues frop- c.ill to r,x\' 
 it makes a great elbow, or winding, :;nd turns in tiii^ 
 iiouii-eail, till a little higher it is diviiied into two ar.r.', 
 by the illand of liillagoe. Hoth lldes of the Rio(h'ani;' 
 or the (iicat River, are well pcipled, and covered will 
 lofty trees of Icveral lorts, which the Poitugiiele rut t'> 
 build buks. 'I'licic is one [larticular tree v.hicli i',, v 
 call »./,/.,■, v; it is eafily worked, and never inte 'ul 
 with worms. It is full of an oily mixture, excdfi'dy 
 bitter, which prob.ibly keep.s the w;iiins from it. J r:u„ 
 have bien m.ide ot this wood in f'everal par; of l-mou- 
 .■\iiica, and .'Xnieii a, aiul it has always been found m 
 equal |',oodneis. Thtle tues never grow vrrv t.i.i 
 lew ()(■ tueiu being above ii Ictt liigh ; but tliin tln\' 
 arc very thick. 
 
 The negroes liere are tall, llrong, and hii'i;',!. 
 They live upon Ihell and other luo, pdm cii, -i.l 
 pah:i-in:ts, chufing r.uher to fell ti) tlie I'.uropc.u'. -i.^. 
 millet, rice, and other pr.;duce of' the e,;rtli whui, r;. v 
 ri.ap, than to keep thi ;n l.ir llieir own rfc. 
 
 i'orinola is the mol\ ealierly of .ill tlu: IhiV. 
 idands, but is delertcil. 1 .a (i.illina (or iien i!ii,,i 
 thus tailed from the great number . i hens the 1',. :• . 
 guel'e found here) and L'.ii'abac, aic very ji'iprilnis . ' ,1 
 tiiiiiiul, and have plenty ofgiu.i water. Cafiigt.t i. ; r 
 moil conlid.rable of thele- illjnds, being ah.)'.,; i;^ 
 leagi.'cs long, and two broati. Its foil is very t; „ ,:, 
 and produces nnllet, rice and all kinds of j^uijc, hc- 
 lides oraii"!' .'iiid palm tnes, ;;nd many (-tlurs. I I,;, 
 ilb'-.l, witii I ileof C.iraihe, C'.'.n.ibac, anJl.ad , .,,, 
 are the oniy ones where tlie i''.u'.'()ean.'. may ir.iuc w,,, 
 1 line Icciiritv. They trade, h.owever, lometimi s .k i • 
 oti.er ih.ind.-., but ihey mult be extremely cautious i j:.i 
 ) et, after .lii dieir precaution, they v.iH be roLbi..! ... I 
 tnui Jered if they venture to go alhore. 
 
 .S E C r 1 O N "\'ill. 
 
 TiiL I'.:.\Ni) OK ANXAHON, Hr. 'lliOM.', , 
 I'RINCK's, AS'i) lERNANDO I'O. 
 
 ANN'AB*.)N was liil'coveretl on a new ye.i: '>'.;,, 
 a::d on slut account named Ann.ih'>n liy '!:■• •'■ 
 tugoefr, as th.it expreluon (igiiiiies the ;; ,'./, or::,i 
 )',!!. It lies to toe call of St. M itthew, in 2 >:i 
 looth lat. and 5 deg. id min. c.'.li: ion. bi iiig i.t.., . , 
 miles from the coatl of l.oaiigo, and is i.jar j ■ i' 1., . 
 in ( ir.umference. 1 iere are f.v.) iiigh m'./.;i;.i;: 
 which being continually covered wiio ctouih, uiuli 
 frequent rains. Here <ux leveral fertile v..iiir',, \»!., 
 produce plejity of ba::;inas, potat(;e.-., orarg' 
 aj)| hs tamarinds, antl cucoa-nuts; bciides wi,:^:; 
 idan.i ..uounils with leoiui,^, cirrous, nut^, figs, li.;i., 
 lorn, iiiid millet, luie .ire .;llo o.-:i n, eo\\'-, i. . 
 ;:■ atv, towh, pulge-'iii , \u:li ph |-.!y ol ii;h. 'i ';,•;.'. 
 :..vOM'.- j : ... ■ (ri gre .1 . uui'les..: . otKjii. !'-':; 
 ve- I l^ .1 , .ituguel .^ > has \< ;y li v wliiu- ; 
 I lii;r .'Mi ''v .-1.1. r inhal'uant. 
 
 . e, 1 lei very l.ibmilh. ; to tin 
 
 . ' 1. .u d I (111 
 
 I , v'alt ol till ,.1.1: 
 . i... .1 ^ verv I .w, .\:,>| ...,i,. 
 i!i< li I , thi' ' !..• I I- mul ' 
 il I :> I'M L> ,111 .1 nil.; 
 
 li..'. .- I . iiili !vi . to ii. I.d.i ' 
 
 IS 1 ) . , p l-i :■' . . . :.,. I t ■ 1. 
 
 Iv I . I . '«. ,11 i:ii . I 111 
 
 il . I- r. ■ . I V. . 1 
 
 .1. 
 
 it.'i 
 
 .ill, V 
 onli, 
 oUaii 
 
 •r- :Ur < ,. ic River, ' > 
 
 Ii, 1 .JijUt in ! Ic.igUC) 
 
 AFRICA] 
 
 tlie ii'.liabitants 
 their ii.vi'i.s, wh 
 retire i ifn the n 
 The revenue ol 
 the negroes gatlr 
 they lend it mtii 
 cats in the iiioun 
 The in'i.ibitants 
 bariheade I, and 
 n.iked, wearing 
 them, wiiich ic; 
 below the knee. 
 ■St. Thome, ( 
 the cquino.;\ial 
 from the city of 
 hot, that Eun.p 
 to iif-ar an i co ) 
 ti'in tlie days a 
 rainv months ar 
 palUs vertically 1 
 have nodurnal 
 lijil. It pro.luc 
 it is extremely 
 b.irl'.-y, melons, 
 nips, cabb.iges. 
 
 ISL 
 
 Tun IS 
 
 00 c.alleil in 
 J^ littiated in 
 It is of an ov.ii 
 tumference. I 
 by a Portugui 
 gave It the nai 
 and lh)cked it 
 thought propel 
 Cal.leton, an 
 (liip named 
 vovage, writti 
 make the folln 
 " In 11 d( 
 fouth-well, an 
 being i'crv hi; 
 chared on tin 
 in ten fitho; 
 from forty t ' 
 boat being k 
 land tortoifes 
 wvrc very go 
 is very I'l^iV' 
 the ix)inr i:' 
 rivi-r, and ! 
 
 pi'n;d pi •' " 
 
 Ih-re lilt 
 (ji-l.n i'.'" 
 oth'.-I.'. ri"-; 
 <• I'hi, I 
 l.lrld•^o\^l, ' 
 :vnd thf li' i 
 \ery fai, .'.r 
 l-irdsof till'. 
 ., i-r all ih' 
 
•OCR A PI IV. 
 
 lies. I'ror call t,) v,xl\. 
 
 uli'ig, nnil rnins tcj t],(. 
 iliviiitj into two ar.r.-, 
 ifsofthcUioCiiani;.^, 
 
 I'I'aI, ami covered will 
 
 lllf I'oitUStlvlciut t'l 
 
 titular tree vvli'.rln'.a- 
 •>-li a'ul luvcr w.:i- uj 
 y mixture, (xccir.dy 
 W!)iin.s (runi ic. 'J r;ai, 
 
 ttvt:al()art:,(vrii,ro[f, 
 IS always bcni t.mnj ,,i 
 ix-ver grow voy {<„, 
 t liiglt; but thui tln^' 
 
 itr liiji, p.ilm (li, -,,1 
 r.) rlic I'.uropc.iiN -i.e 
 the (.•.;rr!i wliiu, [;:;■,■ 
 r own i::c. 
 
 ly v( all tlic r,i;i;. 
 
 ■iliina (or ilcii i::,,,,., 
 
 Hr ; i llfnS tliC l'.,i,:i:. 
 
 aie viry |i')|)-jLjii-, ^. j 
 .1 water. Calami. ti;.: 
 IjikIs, bcin^ ab..',; 1;^ 
 
 Its foil is very t;'«.J, 
 all kinds of pui:c, lic- 
 iid many ctlu rs. I h;, 
 .;n.ib.ic, and l.a(: ; ,,,, 
 "■'peans may trade w,.. 
 wever, lonieciiiii s a; t ,• 
 extremely eaiitiou.., i j:.i 
 they will be roLbul ^. 1 
 aihore. 
 
 N \III. 
 
 >N. Sr. ■illi)M.\ 
 
 <:\'ANi)o I'o. 
 
 ei! on a new ye.i;', :',;., 
 fd Ann.U^'in by '!:•• ;' 
 lies (lie j; hi, or ;:,i 
 M itthew, in -1 KA 
 c.'.li: Ion. bi ing u.., . , 
 JO, and ii i..-ar ; ■ ;• ,.. , 
 
 fA.) ii'._L;h m:/..;;.:;:, , 
 
 ■d wiin eloud', imjii, ; 
 
 :ral ierciie v.diu-s, u!,;, i 
 )otal(;e,s, orai-^t , ] .',. 
 
 Hits; bci'idei whiLli . • 
 
 Ills, nut:,, lij^r,, 1 1,;,. 1 
 
 .;ll') OX' II, luw'., i, . , 
 
 I r.ry (iT liiii. '1 ';>■:.' . : 
 
 es ■,; 1 M[t(,ii. Tie :; - 
 .1 \t : y li \ W'lii'v- j 
 ibuaiit. I.;.,!, 
 
 ;• tvl till :■ >' 
 
 . . . .e ; 
 
 1.' I \ ( ' \ 
 
 V.,.Ml 1 
 
 1 .!, .1 .. 
 
 AFRICA] 
 
 ISLANDS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN. 
 
 4J7 
 
 tlie iiiiiabltants eaiinot pre'cnt a tielccnr, they leave 
 their iioMli-s, which arc oniy of timber and find, anil 
 retire iiro tlie iuo'tntains. They arc very well armed. 
 Tlie revenue of thii illand i mfilh ciiietly in cotton ; 
 the nei^roe. g.itl'.er ic, and, after they iiave cleamd it, 
 they teii.l it into P'irtuif.ii. Here are alfo limine civic 
 eats in the mountains, which yet ;.lF)rd but lictlc profit. 
 The in'i.ibitants arc p )orly tloathed. The women go 
 bareheade I, and have alio the upper part of tiie body 
 niked, wearing only a piece of linen wrappeil round 
 them, wiiic'i reaches from the pit of the llumach julb 
 below the knee. 
 
 Si. Tliome, or St. Thomas's Illanii, isdiredfly umlcr 
 the ejuinn.rtial line, an.) about i\o miles north-wcit 
 from the city of ' .oango. Tlie air here is fo exceedingly 
 hof, tliat t'.uriipeiins foon die, rhouyh negroes will live 
 to nr.ir an I CO years of age. I'Voni its equacoriil fitua 
 tim tiie days and night.i are always equal. The only 
 rainv months are Marcii and .September, when tiic t\u\ 
 pall'es vertically over the iflaiid; but at otlier times they 
 have nofturnal dc;ws, which retrelii and icrtilize the 
 I oil. It produces Icfs I'ug.ir than it firmrrly did; but 
 it is extrenieiy fruitful in wheat, wine, millet, rye, 
 b.uiey, melons, iociimbers, Hgs, ginger, red parf- 
 nips, cabb.igci, turnijis, lettuces, raililhcs, f.ige, beet, 
 
 p.'.rfley, tec. Olive, pe:ic!i, and afinontl fee."., thrive 
 well in timberj but e.xceifive heat and moifture prevcnc 
 their beario'.; of fruit. Partridges, qu.iils, ouzels, pa- 
 rots, ^c. abound herei lodotirrh. lea with excellent 
 li.'li, and lirg_- v.iiales. A mountain in the center of 
 the ifland has its top covered with a cloud, v.Idch moil- 
 tens the trees, and greatly nourillic-, them. The higher 
 the fun afcends above the horizon, tne more m lilturc 
 docs the cloud aftbrd. ihe Portugi:rfe buil: a town 
 called I'avoafon, wit!i a h.irboiir towards the continent. 
 This town is exceeding plenfant; and the inhabitants 
 barter fugar for wine, cheell', leather, and cloaths. 
 
 Prince's Illand i> nearly under the equator, the lati- 
 tude being only : de^. _]0 min. It is wo'idy and moun- 
 t.iinous, abounding in hiiit, rice, Indian corn, funrnr, 
 herbs, roots. Sic. Ic alio cont.iir.s cattle, hogs, and 
 goats; but the vail quantities of alilrs arc both tronblc- 
 lome and ilingerous, as they wanConiy deftroy m.mv of 
 the fruits of the earth, and will attack, and tear t) 
 pieces, a m.iii, if they lind him fin ;le and unarmed. 
 
 About 30 miles to the welh ard of rhe coiirlncnt ■ s 
 the Ifland of I'ernando Po, in4deg. north latitude. Ir 
 is near •^o miles long, and 20 broad. The produce and 
 inhabitants do not clifR-r from thol'r of Pr!:)ce'.s flland, 
 and it likewife belongs to the Portuguefe governinenCi 
 
 C H A P 
 
 XXII. 
 
 ISLANDS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN 
 
 S K C T I O N i. 
 
 Tut: ISLAND or BOURBON. 
 
 00 called in honour of the family of Bourbon, is 
 I5 lituated in 21 (leg. louth hr. and 54 dig. ealc long. 
 It is of an oval form, and upwards of ko miles in cir- 
 tumfercnce. It was Hrft dilc-overei' in the year 154 J) 
 by a Portuguefe, n'' the houle of Mafcaiuih :s, who 
 pave It the name of Mafcarin, in honour of his family, 
 and Hocked it with hogs and goats; bur he atttrwards 
 thooL'hr proper to abandon it. In the year ifti^i Cape. 
 Calleton, an Paiplifli naval ofri er, touched here in a 
 fl-iip n.uned the Pearl; and fioin the lournal of his 
 vovage, written l)y Joim Tatton, ni.ider, we inall 
 make the following extr;H't. 
 
 " In 11 deg. fouth l.i 
 
 they faw an ill.ind well- 
 
 foutU-welL and li)uth-wi II bv ivelt, live leagues diltant, 
 being verv high land. \: fix o'clock at night they an- 
 chored on the eallern (ide of it, a mile from the fliore, 
 in ten fithoms, fine black land, wliich you meet with 
 from forty tathoms to four fitiioms c'ole to land. The 
 boat b< ing lent alliore found inlinite nuoibcrs of great 
 land tortoiffs, as big as a m.in cinl I v;( II carry, which 
 v.vre vervgo'.d meat. The north-call point of this ill.- 
 is very I'.igl. -uu! Ileep; and a little to the fouth e.itl of 
 the point I, lov,- kind, where tuns a line water, 
 rivi ,-, and 
 
 ,;0';d pin 
 
 Ih-re di- 
 
 •<<• n) cdl'- I it I'ngi.uid's Forel' ; but the 
 
 -.(■ i ir Pearl llkind, fr.im t!;e Ihip. 
 
 ,;, lli.ind was iiniiili.iliited, bit .I'joonded with 
 
 \, 'n.th Inndl and la-'ge doves, great p.'.rrots, 
 
 li; c, and a huge bird, the bignirls of a tuikey, 
 
 .;rd I > llvirt winged ili.iti; . ouki not llv. I'hc 
 
 ;;e a 
 
 thoiifih aboat caiuiot go in, yet it i^ a very 
 
 to water in. .'\r I'.'mc diflance from the 
 
 iOe api ■..'.rs like ,1 f'Mcft, whence the author 
 
 (j.>ha i 
 
 Otiv.M:. 0" 
 
 *■ Tl.;. 
 bod-liiw \, 
 and till- 
 \ery fa' , 
 
 h'liis of till', l^ind were all white, and in .1 ni:inr.ir tame, 
 ■ , inr all the otl-,ei 'iiwls, becaule thev hive not been 
 „a,-e.! V, '1; Ik It. 
 
 T!'.,- fail.jrs knocked, them down with 
 1 en men nfigjit take liwvls enough 
 •o {'.■■w i.:i'vf^r .1 d.'.y. Soine of the conipanv, w.ilk- 
 ii-v iir in- 1 the dliiul, li.iir.d a river, :ind a pond well 
 ivaT^.i wiiii ni.illards and wild gecle, belitles .'.n iivli- 
 
 nite number of gre.it eels, ar r^ood as my in the world- 
 If flruck I', ith a i ik.-, or r thing, ihey would 
 
 run not above two or thn - .fi", and then lie IVill 
 
 again, fo that tl-.ey might be .akcii. The author 
 
 obferviiig tiicy were I'.rger than i.ny he had ever feen, 
 weighed (.■■.e, and :<Kiiid its quantity 25 jionnds. They 
 were alio the fi-.eeteR lilli, in his opinion, that can bt; 
 e.iten; whenri he conckid;;d, it was as good a [dace as 
 the world could afFrd for rcfrefliinf];; neither was tl.ere 
 any danger about rhe illand but the lliore itUlt." 
 
 Tliis iflan ', h' wever, never retainc.l tk.e names of 
 England's Korell, or Pearl Illuid, mentioned here to 
 have beeii given it, but condoned to be called by the 
 name of M..lc.iiin till the year lij', when M. ce Fla- 
 court took pol!elFion ot it in tlv.' 111, ne of I'le king of 
 France, and gave it the n.'.uu- of Bourbon, wiiiih it 
 liili retains, in complinen: to the royal family upon ohe 
 French t!;ione. He left tin re a few of his people and 
 ll.nes, v'lio, not liking their fituation, were afterwards 
 brought away by an F.nglilli fliip. The F'tench, how- 
 ever, again formed afettlemcoi there in 1674, and now 
 have three conliderable towns on tlie ifland, viz. St. 
 Paul, St. Denis, and 5't. Sufanna; but the governor 
 uiiially I'l fides at St. Denis. 
 
 According to the l^red accnunts of thi. ill-, id, it 
 aboundvin all kinds ol refrefhmenr, and the .,i' i., par- 
 ticularly excellent. The French !•'. ill India liiips t uch 
 liere to take in water and provifion.r, Wn- :h • ro.;d.i ai'. 
 tjood fiir Ihippirg; but there is no i'..uboi:r i.i tl.e whc-le 
 likuid. I lerc i plenty of wool .i;, 1 ^ ..•■:■, .::il t'le 
 fue of tlie country is biaMcii'iilli liiveinfitd with I;;!!, 
 aiv.l dales, pallii'.' -s an.l vori!., .ind watered by e::C'.i- 
 leiit l]v.i:'g, ,'.:. I liyi.lcts. In me ot tiu ir.,,um,ii,;> 
 there IS a Imall ^■l;i. iCO, wl :,,') di.i'....rg<.s (.le, aiidjiili; 
 t!ie neigliLv)iMlv>'>d. v^ini .1 Liromio lus mattci ; .iiid the 
 ilanvs .ire ixr.iivcd '.1 I'l-' i;i 'ht ;: ne at the d;, I, nice of 
 
 :^ U 
 
 ! 'lies. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S,, 
 
 iv; of 
 
 rlir t 
 
 ■,-. 
 
 ', lure 
 
 arc 
 
 lit 
 
 f:;- boil 
 
 II 
 
 fT 
 
 VCMI . 
 
 ■i'he 
 
 lie of 
 
 IJoi.:' 
 
 
 likew 
 
 -• 1 
 
 o. 
 
 I-'.- tne 
 
 1 
 
 ill 
 
 !i'> tliat; 
 
 Iv.irs 
 
 collei 
 
 , tl. 
 
 t 
 
 nnii;! 
 
 . 1 1 
 
 C.:. 
 
 ., cotto- 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 -, and 
 
 < boil 
 
 ■ trie. 
 
 TIk- 
 
 01 
 
 ! k cb 
 
 :ny 1 
 
 ,1 i\ 
 
 isleKri 
 
 
 
 1 : loan 
 
 t!ie \v How i 
 
 and : 
 
 iC 
 
 wild CL 
 
 lite, 
 
 V. 
 
 l:i. h i^ V 
 
 
 1 
 
 !. iititul. 
 
 IS cx'. 
 
 ceding 
 
 good 
 
 s 
 
 
 Mi'.ny 
 
 ol I 
 
 le 
 
 'cr.-. an.' 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 ::.- wo- 
 
 I 
 
 1*1 
 
 ^: 
 
438 A NF.W, ROYAL, ano AUTMIiNTlC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GLOGUAPHV, 
 
 w 
 
 ^\m 
 
 Jiice oJtritVrous tennis i ami Iktc plenty' of or ingcs, 
 U-m.MT^, tilii'i-(i, p.iiiiis, wliiti- prpper, &c. The 
 ilLiml l.K<!v.ilL- .ibtriuiU «i'li black catrlf, hugs, goits, 
 ami l)>.irs, tin- llclli ot" wliicli i.^ .i.lmirablc on accDimt 
 of tlrir fctiiiot! en tMUiirt-si many kiiv.ls ot \n\vU, 
 pig'Mii., turtle liovrs, piirMr>, iS:f. The riirroindi.-..^ 
 leas, anil interl. di.i;; rivt-is, rivult-ts, cSfc. lupply cIk 
 inh.ihu mis with abuniaiiLV of hlhj anil on the (l)orc 
 are hii.ul grea: l,lla,■H!lU^ of .tnibergris, i orah, an I 
 liciiKiiiil Ihflls. I iric .lie no crKOddiles, i i ikes, mul'- 
 kctoes, or any ot ilmie \eriniii, or other vctiomnii-. 
 iitiiiiirfi, wiiich are lo iioubli-I'nnic in nvill other parts 
 of the torriil zone. 
 
 A irenih writer, in fpeakiiit; of this ill.uul, fivs, 
 " Tht hell .'.niiTi.il loi.n.l here, wheiher f r talle or 
 whoicfimenef!-, is the laml tortoife; and the iivirt agree- 
 able fri:it is the a.iana. I'his tortoilc is of the lame 
 riy re vviiii thcile 'n Liirop", but of a very ililferen: fi/x. 
 They la it lives a proiliumus linie, tint leveral ai;'s 
 are rcqi.ired to bring to its full growth, ami tliat it 
 will live leveral months witlioiit (ocj. I'hey have kept 
 foir.e y>>u:'.ji; ones in the illuiil, whieii, at the end of 
 twenty years, increaled in bulk only a lew inthe-. 
 
 " Ihe ba: ot this illanil is very fingular, an 1 might 
 be called the Using l<ix, liiue i: very nnnh reli mblcs 
 this aiiiiiul in lux, hair, lir.sJ, (.irs, and i vcn teeili. 
 Tlicfemde has two tears, .11. ,i, under each wing, a b.tg 
 to carry hf youiiji in. 1 he Ifngth of the wing is 
 about fo'ir Ke: from one e.\trt iiiity to the other. 1 he 
 tleih is li) uood to ear, that tl.ey go a hunting f,ir thrin 
 with the fiine ea^crnch t!iat we go a fliootiny; p.u- 
 tiM-'.. 
 
 " \>\;t til : ah this ili.ii.'.l is f i a^reeabif, it does not 
 c;v o the beauty of the ciulls of Java and Si- 
 
 ia.i.i. h ar^' com red with orange, cocoa, and 
 
 other fruit trees, 'I' . nutiiber rivults that watir 
 them: hill:, ador.icu 1 i!eIiL;htfiil groves, forefis t'.ir 
 cver-j;ieen, viliijes aiu! t iv,.is fliiiiing with ail tlic rural 
 graces, concur rj reader ih jfe cjalts the moft charm- 
 ing in the wi,iM." 
 
 N'ines have bern I'ucce'sfully planicd iiere of late 
 )(jr.s .11;! n>v confid'.i u)ic quantui^ s of dillerent 
 wines are .mnualiy produced. But the ; rcatcft ii.coii- 
 vciiiencies liere arilc from the tenibic (r rricanes and 
 Ihjniis, which arc n Jt orlv exceeding vio • nt, but very 
 fie'.)ue:it: henre fliijiwrecks arc common, and the ii'.olV 
 h.jirid devalLitions became faniih..r to the eye; lo that 
 the following animated deliripti'Mi has been often realiz- 
 ed on the cualls of this iiland. 
 
 The I'ri ^rows white, and rolling was afar, 
 I .ike lural !s, f:,lt denounce the wjt'ry war. 
 This leen, tlie captain f)on begiin to cry 
 Sinl--.e, Itrike t'le to^.i.iii-, ler t'.- miin-iLeet fly, 
 •Ind furl yjur lails; the winds re|'.el the luund, 
 And in th'' f; '.al.cr's moudi the Ipeech is diown'di 
 Yt:, of their own accord, as ilan^er taught, 
 (Each in his w'ay,) officioutly tlicy wrought, 
 Some fto'v cht oars, or Hop the leaky lides; 
 An-ither, b"l.ier yet, the yard bellrides, 
 And f i Is the lail.i a f)u:th with labour laves 
 Th' intruding leas, and waves eject on waves. 
 In thi;. contufi in, whil- thtii works they ply, 
 The winds aug nent the winter of the Iky. 
 The cries of men arc i; x'd with rattling llirouds; 
 .St.i dalh on leas, ami i /U Is cr.coiinter clouds: 
 At ').,"'• fr "11 e.id to well, tr im pole to pole. 
 'I"lir t r!.'. liiM.tnings llilli, tin- roaiing tliunders roll; 
 I lie Ii.i.in^ b 'I'.ws m.'ke a 1 i.id rep;irt, 
 Ai.d i)c a: he:- I'des as batt'rinri-rams a tiirt. 
 Tii'is I'M- iiiijil.'d by v-inds, with ad.led power, 
 All.iiil: i' 1- li I's ;ind o'er the hatches tow'r; 
 1 1.' [i.i.k:, til' ir piti-hy coverings waili'd away> 
 NoA \: I', .iiid now a vawning breach diljilay, 
 Till u-.iil:i.' A.i'ers, witli a holtile tide, 
 Kiilh i!i^ u, li ihe ruins of her gajiing fide; 
 Mean time, in llieets of rain, the Iky delcends, 
 .And oc .u;, lw(.ii'd with w, iters, upwaidi tends. 
 
 N') liar ai'pear? to lend a friendly lights 
 
 Darkiuls and tcmj)ert make a double night. 
 
 Bit tlalhing hies diLlofc the deep bv turns. 
 
 And, while the lightnings blize, the water burr.i, 
 
 An univerlal ciy rrlo'inds aloiicl ; 
 
 The tailors nm in ne.ips, an arrlcli crow<lj 
 
 Art fills, and courage fills i no luccoiir near; 
 
 As many waves, as many deaths appear. 
 
 One weeps, and yrt dclpairs of late relief; 
 
 One cannot wiep, his fears congeal his grief. 
 
 But Itiipid, «i:h dry eyes txpctts his fate. 
 
 One with fni.l ihtieks laments his loll elhite, ' 
 
 And rails rluni happy whoai their fun'rals wait. j 
 
 This wret.h widi prayers and vows the Lord ini; lores 
 
 And e'en the Ikies he cannot fee adores. 
 
 riiat other on his fi lends his thoughts bellow-,. 
 
 I lis careful father, and hii taithlul tpmite. 
 
 The cov'tous worldling, in his anxious mind, 
 
 Thinks only on the wealth he leaves behind. 
 
 Tol's'd with the leas, piels'il with the potKirou'. hljw, 
 
 Down finks the thip within th' abyls below ; 
 
 1) iW'i witi'. tlie vellel link into the main 
 
 I he many, never inon ;o rile again. 
 
 A. French officer, who very ref.n'ly vifited both ilii:, 
 iiland and the Ille of l-ianre, or Ma':rMus, tells iiu- 
 following It'iry crncrrning one of he pir.ite.s who ti) J 
 to infK-f this iiland. " The viceroy (lays hr] of (i ,,i 
 c.inie one day to anJi.ii ' 1 <. ., Onis, a:| 
 
 was to dine with the gi.riM, .11. i K : . : :. .1, i iy 1, ,, 
 tooton liioreh'-fore i. pira.'e fi>i,-., of 5 /.'uns, aru/i ,r| 
 afin:.^-fide Ins veilel, and to'ik h r. 1 lie ( apt.iin liiii- 
 ed fortiiwith, and dcmandeil to ne at the g(;v»rn.,r . 
 He leated himlrlf at tabcc berv, ,. :•, him and the I'lirt'i- 
 guel'c viceroy, to the latter of v. :')m he dfcl.irt d tliat he 
 •'..IS his pnl iner. W ine .md l',"<.i . heer having p:: tin- 
 l'.iii:en in yiiod humour, iVl. JJij,, rgc, liiC govrwir, 
 alked him at how much he rated the vicir.iy's unlwiii.' 
 " I miift h.ivc (fiid the [ ir.ite) a ihoin.ind. pialhes." 
 " 'i'luu's too little (laid M. Desiorges) for a brave id- 
 lovv like ycu, to have f jr a great Lord like him ; al!: 
 enough, or alk nothing." " Weil, well tJuii, 1 aik 
 nothing, (replied the generous crKn-,; let him be tree. " 
 The viceroy inllantly ;e-i mbarked .ind lot f.il, h.ii jiv 
 at having elcaped on firh good terms. The pira;e al 
 terwartis fettled on tne iiland, .i:k! wis h.mged, ,1 n'l- 
 full Table time alter an aninelty had been puulii. ed 'ii 
 favour of hi> companions, and iti which he had inlcil 
 t) get himlell include.!. This injullice was the worix 
 of a C'liinctllor, or judge, v. ho was delirous of appiu- 
 priating the Ijioils of the pirate tu his own ulc." 
 
 Ihe fuiiie writer has alli> given us the f.ll.iwing ue- 
 kription of the original iiilubitaiits ';f thia lilami, wiiii 
 </blerv.!iioiis on the [ n lent ll.uc of them. 
 
 " 1 he nianiiers ot (lie tiill inhah.tan.s of Doiirbnn 
 were vi ry fimple : and the greater number of tf.e houles 
 Were not maite to Ihut ; a lock was a c.irii.fiiy. Soiri' 
 people even put their money in a tortol e Jhell over thi.r 
 door. They drcfled in blue cloth, wtr.t harcloottil, 
 and lived upon rice and coitle. They imported bin 
 hitle from I'.urope ; content to live without luxury, lo 
 they lived v. itho:it want. They |oined to thi;. mi-dLra- 
 tion the virues that ever attend it; good taitli in o ni 
 iiierce, and gencioliiy in their (iroceedings. .As Imii 
 as a llrai.ger ajiiieared, the inliabi:ants came to him, 
 aiul, as a flranger, offered him their houfes. 
 
 " Ihe wars in the In.iiesha\e made a change in tf.eii 
 manners, The vohintte-s ot Bouibon dillinguilhed 
 ilu nilelvrs by their bravery; but the manufactures vi 
 .Alia, and the -r ht.iry dillinctions of Kraiue, iliirvbv 
 got looting '. • illar.d. 1 he children, richer tii.in 
 
 I heir parents, ;i,.iirc to be treated with more conlidi i.i 
 tiijn. They have now no eri|oviiirnr ot an uiiiiotiiiil 
 good fortune, but l> -k plealures and honours m lurojc, 
 ill exchange tiir doi!. I ffic happinels unci the inner (<i a 
 ( 'iiintry hie. The attention of the lactjcr; hcug iliietly 
 fiAed upon their Ion.', thry lend them tn Iraiict. tiom 
 whence they tckioin, ret.irn , hence it is th.it, in this 
 
 ilUnd, 
 
 AFRICA] 
 
 iiland, there arf m 
 are likely to die wi 
 The whites who 
 5000, an.l the bii 
 IS witli Fnice, to 
 C(>nini:Kluies ot th< 
 The chief town 
 is the refidcnce of 
 Innll pkice, and d 
 ble, except a rci 
 briilgc. 
 
 Ill- ISLAND 01 
 
 ■nil. 
 
 THIS iiland 
 lat. and j< 
 covered bv the D 
 Iiland, in honour 
 Mauriti'is IS Le 
 gaf, ar, and is ab 
 foriti is ov.il, ai 
 torrents ol water 
 form various i.ip 
 near where they 
 hiir gr.iw clearer 
 tains, ,iihI are 1 
 dileiiib:>gue therr 
 
 Thus the pure 
 Of milling tor 
 Works itfell c 
 Till bv degree 
 Re[!'.-,'ls each I 
 And a new he 
 
 This iiland cnt 
 is to the Ibuth ej 
 Iv was, t!ie reii 
 which are Hill 
 cale before th'- 
 of ir, as the ga 
 other pir' nam 
 well, an J 1 hi 
 belonging' t,, 1: 
 it is ":ruate.! i; 
 town, dc:iomiii 
 the port, and t 
 valley i:lelf is ei 
 fiininico iTf roc 
 ed with a dung 
 black like a CO 
 The town itl 
 r.able regul.iriiy 
 ftory high : th 
 are all lurraun 
 ever, are not 1 
 any fortificuio 
 place is deten.l 
 battery on tlv 
 The Ille 01 
 fomc of whi. 
 do not contai.i 
 have their lo 
 traveller, wivi 
 thina he;c I'.r 
 
 the herbage 
 where ot .1 
 iron, whi.h ,1 
 the form ot g 
 efpecially ne.u 
 relirmbies |)i|ii 
 cut it with a 
 it becomes l< 
 have not yet I 
 is no real 1.1 li 
 rocky, ci^i 
 
 ::.*.,ii:il^ 
 
AFRICA] 
 
 ISI„ANDS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN. 
 
 illand, tliere are morf tlian 500 m.irriawablc girls who 
 arc likt'ly tn die withoii; hufhimis." 
 
 The wiiites who inhabit iWn ifiinJ are cftimatc.l at 
 5000, ami the biac's.^ 6000. I heir jirincipal tralBc 
 is wit!i Kn KC, to .viiirh place they export the varioui 
 comniiKJuiis ot the country. 
 
 I'hc (liicrtown in this illand is called St. Denis, and 
 is the rePLltiice of the governor and council. It is a 
 lin ill pLice, and lines not c<: itain any thing rcmarka- 
 blr, except a redoubt, built of ftonc, and a dr *- 
 bridge. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 THrISl.AN'D0FMAirRITI(JS,0THERWrSECALLED 
 
 THL ISLE 01 ERANCE. 
 
 THIS i(!.ind i: [Ituatf 1 in 1^ deg. 30 min. foutli 
 lat. and j6 dey. 8 niin. cad long. It was dif- 
 rovcred by the Dutch in 1508, who called it iMaurice 
 in.vnd, in honour of frince Maurice, thtir (laikholdcr. 
 Mauriri'is is between 3 and 4-^ niiies c.ill wf Mada- 
 gaf ar, and is abiut 1 -io miles ip cii cumfercnce. 'I'he 
 (oriii is ov.d, and, troni the ni.iny high mountains 
 torrents ol water rrilh down witli great impetuafiry, and 
 form various lapi I livers and rivulets, which a:e tijul 
 near wliere they f.iil, p.irricularly in the rainy Icaftn, 
 but gt.v.' ticarer as thev turn farther from the uioun- 
 tains, ajul are as traufparrnt ai cryftal before thry 
 dilcnib:.giie themfelvs into the fea. 
 
 Thus the pure limj.id llrtani, when foul with ftains 
 Of rurtiing torrciKs, and dclccnJing rains, 
 Works itft If clear, and as it runs refines, 
 'I'iil bv degrees the floating mirror Ihine;,, 
 Re!!- 'Is each fl iwer that on its border grows, 
 And a new hei"en in its fair bofoni Ihows. 
 
 This illand contains two ports, the principal of whic!) 
 is to the foutli cj!1, where the Dutch fettlcmmt fcrmer- 
 ly was, t!ic remains of the buildings belonging to 
 which are f\ill feen. Tnis port may bf enier^d'wiih 
 cale b-f;)re th- wind; b it ic is vciy difHeult to get out 
 of it, as ihc gales .>; -ne. ally blow to the fouth-caft.' 'i'hc 
 oth(- por named Port Louis, is lituated ti the north- 
 v.cil, aiiJ t Im.iilji tha:i tiie former; bat the town 
 belonpn;^- t . it is deemed the c.ii)ital of the illand, tlio' 
 it is "iruated in the mofl: difigree.iblc part of it. This 
 town, dc.iominared the Camp, is built at the bottom of 
 the port, and towards the opening of the valley. The 
 valley i:lclf is encircled by a chain of mountains, whr-'fe 
 film iiit^ are rocky, without trees or bulhes, but cover- 
 ed ui:h a duni^v her), which makes the country appear 
 black like a colliery. 
 
 The town itleii, caliei the Camp, is built with tole- 
 rable regul.iriiy ; tlie houl'cs are of wood, and only one! 
 llory high : they Hand fcparate from each other, and 
 arc all lurrouniied by pallifadoes. The llrects, how- 
 ever, are not paved or ])lanted with trees ; iior are there 
 any fortifications except towards the fea, where the 
 place is itet'emlcd by the fort called Fort Blanc, and a 
 battery on the liitle ll] uid of Tormellieies. 
 
 Tile llle of I'r.ince is watered by above lixty rivulets, 
 Ibme of which ilelervc the name of rivers, but otiiers 
 do not coiuain any water in the dry lealon. The who!'' 
 have their fourccs principally in the mountain. A 
 traveller, who was lately' on this illand, lays, " Every 
 thing heie differs kiin what is liren m Europe; even 
 the herbage of the cou -.ii y. The loil is almoll every 
 where of a irtkliili colour, and mixed with veins of 
 iron, whiili are hcqucaily found near the furface, in 
 the form of grain, the iize of a pea. In the drier parts, 
 efpccialiy near the town, the ground is very hard; it 
 relembics pipe clay; an I to make trer.ches of it, they 
 cut it with axes as they do lead. As foon as it rains 
 it becomes loft and Kicky, notwithflanding which they 
 have not yet been able to make it into bricks." There 
 is no real land in the l-iil, but the ground is every where 
 rocky, except where arti*':ual means have been ufcd to 
 
 439 
 
 make it otherwife. The rocky fubftanccs, in general, 
 are of an iron grey colour, contain a great deal of itoii 
 ore, and vitrify in the fire. 
 
 Prodiiawns, Vc^rtablc and Animal, (3c. 
 
 ON the inand of Mauritius is a turf wlvch grows in 
 ueds near the fea fliorc : it i> very thick and claf- 
 tic : its leaf is very fniall, and fj (liarp pointed as to 
 piick peoples d(Mt!is. The cattle will not touch this 
 herb, but love to brawze upon a kind of dog's "rafs, 
 which grows in mnny parts, and buts out littlc°hard 
 branches from the joints. The bell herb, however, is 
 one that grows on the windward fide of the ifland : it 
 has largilh blades, or rather leaves, and is green and 
 tender all the year. 
 
 Here is hkewilc a fliriib that yields a kind of fniit, 
 whole hufk might br turned to fingular advantage ; a 
 i-rickly afparag i ; a ,1, allow with fmall ii ves ; ailiiflc 
 with y. How f[ w rs which yield feeds whicii art poi.''n- 
 ous; a kind of fweet-fcented lilly; a bad fcented gilli- 
 flower; and fweet-bafil, whicli is of a heiling quality. 
 
 The plints called raquettes, which be..r yellow flow- 
 ers, are tiled on account of dieir Iharppricules, in mak- 
 ing heJgcs. The velantier is a plant whole odour is 
 quire agreeable at a di'hince, lefs I'; as you aj^proach it 
 and p!"rfed-|y nuufeous when you come (juite near it : 
 and here is a kind of brair'le that bears a nut, the 
 kernel of which i^ bitter, but efticacious in many difor- 
 ders of the b.; y. 
 
 Balm lhrub>, and a baliard kin 1 of potatoe, are 
 common, as is pannier grals, which latter ferves for 
 phyfic and cloathing; for it i« ufed medicinally, and 
 hkcwife to make thread. There are likewife many 
 other Ihrubs, which have not particular names aiTii^ncd 
 them. 
 
 The F.ui-o[icans Item to have been particularly atten- 
 tive to the improvement of the vegetable fyflcni in this 
 illa.iJ, and that in all its variety. By nif-ans of culture, 
 it piotltices, in great abundance, the different articles 
 wliieh fcrve either to gratify the palate or the light. The 
 iniiabitants have every thing defirable borh in the kit- 
 chen, fruit, and flower gardens ; a coiilidcration that 
 mult equally cjirJuce to health and plcaluie. 
 
 The only (juaJrupeds n.itural to this iPand arc mon- 
 kies and rats. The Litter arc very tlcflructive to the 
 corn and fruit, among which they make terrible havock. 
 
 The birds here called corbigei.ux are reckoned the 
 bell game on the illand, but they are very dilKcult to 
 catch. There are parrots, paroquets, two forts of tro- 
 pic birds, pigeons, and black birds, which are a kind 
 of/ame, and much .admired bv the natives. 
 
 1 here is a kind of amjihibious crab that make bur- 
 rows under ground, like moles; they run very faft and 
 when attacked will liiap ditir claws bv way of defence. 
 
 The moft extraordinary creature here is that called 
 Barnard rHcmirc : it is akind of loblicr, whole hinder 
 part is not provided with a Ihell ; but it inflini Uvely 
 loilges itfelf in empty Ihells which it finds on the Ihore. 
 
 'Lhey run togetlier in great numbers, each with its 
 houfc alter it, >vhich it abandons for a larger one as it 
 advances in growth. 
 
 'I'here are great numbers of infeifls in this illand, the 
 mofb dellrudive among which are tlie grafs-hoppers. 
 Ants are alio numerous, and very noublelomc in the 
 houles, as it is a difficult matter to lecure the provilions 
 from being deliroycd by them. 
 
 1 leie are likewife wafps, Ijiidcrs, various kinds of 
 flies, centiiJCLles, and lizards. i\Ioths, or Imall butter- 
 flies, fo infect the houles after dark, that they are oblig- 
 ed to put their candles into glals cylinders. Thefe flies 
 draw into tlie houle a very beautiful li/ard; it is about 
 five indies long, and l;.is bright and fparkling eyes; it 
 climbs along the \.alls, and lives upon dies and other 
 inleds: they are not in the leall mifchievous ; bu , on 
 the contrary, li) tame, that if fugar is thrown on the 
 ground, they will immediately come and take it. 
 
 The 
 
 i: 
 
Jlio A M:\V, royal, and authentic system of universal GKOGRAniV. 
 
 *'. 
 
 The t;rt:.»tcfl: enemy to tho infccli U the iji'ulcr, |j 
 Live bciili's as big as a n;ir, with larg'- i 
 
 fomi- v' wliich 1' 
 |)avv>, uniTttl uitli hair 
 
 Their vv;-bs ar\' fo (Irong, 
 th.it c\m \mx\\ i*irds rie fomptinirs rauuht in thnn. 
 'I'h.y .uc ot'p4rti-:;il.ir lilt in uLlhoying the walj s ami 
 ctnaprili^. 
 
 I'iKie 14 K!i inltJl here callcJ furmicaloo, ^vhil;l is 
 prtifulirlv ili'llriK^.ive tf> the atusj anii another nani- 
 »;i. c.U)cri!.is, nf whiili thcrr an- time l()rts: the mod 
 • onunon arc about the I'uc od c.ic!<cha!ci-, ot a tcil- 
 (iiil) brown i an:ui:cr t'vrt o( ihiin is flat, of a grey 
 •uli'ir. The hmilcs are r^reatly pclU-reii with them, 
 tipccially ill wet weather; .unl >.h:"y are very ileftruftivc 
 tu i':|7-.it..ire ami bofk... 
 
 'fill- tenv./er.ne of tiie clini.itc is fo favourable to 
 thr |.rrj-.i');.iti(Hi of inf.'cU, th.it in a iLoit time the 
 friiits wouiti be i ;ucn up by tlv,-m, an. I the ilbiul it!'> If 
 berciiT ■ uninhabitable, but mud of the tniits oC the 
 iDciiihunal coiiniru:. are cloathcd «i'h a tiiich rinil, and 
 afterwards with a i\in, a very hanl Ihell, aiul an aro- 
 inatie bark, like liu' cranye or citron' iiifomtch that 
 thf files CM ir.iioduce tiuir e;j^s inti-> .cry tew of them 
 onlv. Many of tliefe noxious animals are at (icrpe- 
 t ui v,',,r with cuvrii o:hcr. The foniiivale >s lay laares 
 lur the a;-.:; the ijreeii fiy pierces t'le caiurelas; the 
 hilar J h'.iats the (Hitierfiyj the fpiders fpread nets for 
 ever'.' injl-ft that f.icsi J.nd tlie Ivariiw-.uie, which rages 
 ini.l 'a.'.-s ac oiiie a £ii'at part both oi the 
 |.irvy iiiul ot ihe il.vourers. 
 
 As ;!ie Eiimi; 
 tirles in the vcgetib!.- fyilrin into tli'.s idand, I"j have 
 t!icy, by impair.'.:;...., p- ;r..;a:rd numbers of aniauls. 
 Among liiclc ..le hjiit-s cxtn, ll-.eep, andliogs. Tiic 
 horfes ..re ("mail an^l .try dear. The oxen are indific- 
 rciu; but the fi)":\f .unl hcg,s escee'.ling ^ood. 
 
 'i ill y ;,.ive v. .1 ions l.inu:. of poultry ; but the moft 
 ciiu'Vi'Ti ."re ducks a/ul f^jwls, tlie former of whii'i 
 were biou^^hi froni ?.'la.-.iil.i, and the latter from F. .1- 
 rope. d'ii.-y 
 
 •ins li.ive tr.uifplinted a variety of ar- 
 
 !ma!l fpeeious fowl (ij<;i 
 
 i.u ..- alto a 
 Chin.-,, \\:i:>:e ilflli is I'scejJing deh.:au. 
 
 Tl.v \\':ld f')svl are 'V.iitatoes, Chinetc pheafants pi- 
 :!, .^, an 1 three forts of pait'idge»: tlicle birds al- 
 ways roofl: en i!ie to, ., of trees, to fecure theml'eUes 
 tro,ii bfint.' dcftroyed by tlie rats. 
 
 Aiaing the imal! birds is a very beautiful one called 
 tl,e litni.'jufe, whieli has r*. number of whice I'pots on 
 rlie v.irig'i. There is alio another brought from Beng.d, 
 lali.d t!;.' catdinnl, whofe head, net k and belly, at a 
 p:;-:'.iuhr p.irt of tl'.e year, is of a livrly red, and the 
 i.ll o! t!ie plumage id'a party- eoloiired giey. 
 
 I lie mofl: p,ropar;:idng bird in tl.ii iuand is that 
 cii- ' the miriin, wi.ieli, in fi.'e, colour, and aptitude 
 t.) t.'ik; gie.itly refembles tlie Isngiiih Hailing. It vv',11 
 ptr.h up'jn, and jietk at btaRs, wit!ioi:t fear-, but its 
 t'?uA' prey i;; the grafs-hnpper, width it p'lrfues with 
 an uawearied perleverance. 'l"l'.ey tiAays ily It) pairs, 
 and eoniiantly afl'emblc at fun \\-z in vciy coniukia!)!e 
 H'lcks. Their ficfh is very ir.'.idTerc!.: e.iting, notwith- 
 ihtmiiiip; whith rhe flrx'tinp tlii-m is pro!,il;ited. 
 
 Tiiere are two forrs uf birds hr')uj^hr from the Cape, 
 one of which is tailed rlie gudtner':, fii. nd. It is of a 
 I-Town coljiir about t!ie hzi- -.f ,1 hrjjc Ip.Tcrow, and 
 lives upon worm'., fnuK, a';d idiall fcrp'cnts, which ir 
 n(jt orjly cats when prelled by liunger, l<ut nukes an 
 ample tlor.- of by flicl.iag them on the p'lickkh d the 
 'ied;;t--. Tl-.e othei Cape bird i, much like the l,n|i;lini 
 
 .',,'• 
 
 Mr';, srii! is the only inhabitant of this iilaiul tli.it 
 .1 li. .'r.l to lin['. 'I'hey were firll iTosin'it here m cu 
 ii'ifi.ti ;, bu; fome of them el'capcii to the v.o'ids, 
 wlK-ie ■i.'..y bred I'j f:il, that tiiey are now c:;ccciii,i^ 
 '.'.nncro^j,:. 
 
 'n t!-.e ponil.i .".ad l.-J-ces arc two foris of f )lt■i;.^'1 fi:h, 
 e-ne 1;! v.I.kIi i.> i'le Cliiiiefe goldriHi: thefe liuive 
 e(juai;y will as in tiuir own climate j but as tin v ia- 
 iiia;e 11; bulk, tiiey iul'e tiieir beauty. The o',;;;'r \\ 
 c.ilK'd Gourami, luid was imp(>rted from l$atavi;i. It i- 
 a Iri-ih-w'ater tiili, ab/UC the liiic f:f a lalmoii; but ti,.- 
 laitc of it is far iuperior, and it is reckoned tlie bul 
 ti.^li 111 India. 
 
 We lluU now mention an animal of a very II. .-uiar 
 ti.rt'.tic, which M. lirftbnc Ihihcj^rc.it Macii;j,ari.ii |)ar 
 yet as ic is common not only to the ilUnd of .\1. iapi;. 
 c ',r, Imt to the illands of Uuurb n and Maurirm: , linj 
 pa'tkiilarly^ prcd.imiiutcs iu the latter, we tliink prener 
 lirre to dLt'cribe it. But it is nece.uiv to puaii.e, mat 
 the bits leen in Great Untaiii arc iuoirenfivc, incap.lil- 
 from their fi'ze of injiirinj!; manlvia.i, ..tid n.ji fuliict.iily 
 numerous to iiitommoUe tiiem: but here iliri.' i, x 
 larger race of bats that arc truely Ibrr.iidablL': a fu : '« 
 oae is a danf];erous enemvi but when t!..'y i.;::e 1, 
 Slicks they become really drea Ifiil. l)es M.i.I.j,, 
 lays, that if the ir.habiiams of the Aficai ro..! \. ■; . 
 to cat animals .,.' riie bat kind, as they i!o ia i.',. ! ..,; 
 Indies, they would never want a fupj)ly of prnvili n^. 
 liiey arc to numerous, that when they lly ihi.'v ohi. '.;; 
 tlie letting liin: tarly in the mornirif:; thiv .;;e \.-_-_;\ 
 llickiiig iijHjn ti.e tops (st trees, iind clingiua; togrtl tr 
 in great heaps. The L'.tiropeans often amuktinin, !,c, 
 in Ihooting them, r.r. 1 the negroes are expert in kiiiiiii» 
 them: they, however, look on the b.it v. uh horror, aini 
 would not cat it if they W( re llarving. 
 
 Thi^ aaimal i.. about a toot k'ng, irom the tip nu;,,' 
 nofe to the inlertiun of tlie tail; ami its cxtei.t, imci 
 the tip of one '.via,^ to th.u ut the oclitr, is abuut f.ur 
 feet. It has large canine tectli ; that is to f i) , 'our 
 cutti.ng teeth aby. e, and (bur beki.v. Ti-.c 1,.,,^- 1; 
 bl.ick aad fiiarp, the cars large and n.ikel, and tiu ti- 
 lons crooked, (hong, and coinpredi-il iid-jwavs; h ' i> 
 is without a tail. Thefe atiimals ilifrer in cukmr, lumc 
 being of a brii'lr iw], others i;f a bro.vn, an-l (ilIii.;. 
 of a dark duil<y e )l')ur. It refembles tlie common b,.: 
 i.i its internal conformation, in the fovm of its \ njs, 
 ami 'he manner of i:s flyii-g. When thele crcat irts 
 rep .;■-, they lliek ihemfvlves upon the tops of the tili 
 el' trees, an'd hang with their heails downwards ; ! i: Jt 
 o.lier tia-es they frequenily fettle upon animal;, ,in.l 
 even upon man. Tl'.ey devour indilcrimin.ittiy fruits, 
 flelh and infects ; anJ are, in particular, fo exceeding 
 f '11 1 of the juice of tlie paimtree, that tliey v.ill i;i- 
 t 'xicace themlelves v.'ith it till tliey ih'ip to the gi ..iiJ. 
 Ar uiglu. they inay be heard in the lareibs, and at a ii- 
 llance of more than two miles, witii a moft horrid .; n, 
 bu: they til'lially n.t:rc at ihe approach of d.iy. ?Sot!:i."g 
 is fafc from the de; :ei' ti'iis ot thole no>;ious creatures; 
 they deflroy fowls riii 1 d.omcflic animals, if thfv ate 
 not properly fecurcd, and f'equcntiy tiiften uiicn the 
 inhabitants liicmfel'ves, att.icking them in the lace, and 
 ialhding very terrible woun.ls. It is very pn.babk, 
 as M. Huffon (;bferves, that the ancients took their 
 i'.iea uf har|;ics from thefe fierce and voracious crea- 
 tures, as th'y b )th feem to conc.ir ia many parts u. 
 tiu- defeription, being equally cruel, deformed, greedy, 
 a, 1.1 uacleanly. 
 
 I'erfjiis ha/e beta aitaclten by thefe creatures, an.i 
 have lomctimcs pallird t.om a Ibuad fleep into eternity ■ 
 tiir the bat ia lb dexterous a bleciler, as to infinua'.e :;•. 
 Ihar[)- pointed tongue into a vein unperceivcil, anl ti 
 fuck the blood till it is fciated, at the lame time fiii- 
 ning with it., wings, and agitating the air, whicii, ;.i 
 tiielV hot legions, lulls the lufii.er into a llill li'U.i.iei 
 deep. It ij therefore dangerous t(j rcpolc in the opeii 
 air, or to leave open any entrance to thefe noxious 
 aainuh. 
 
 Whales nre fequen'.ly feea to the wir.dwarJ if :!.is 
 illarid; but they are not lo !a;,;e as tli(d(: in the n^ji- 
 tiicrn fca-^. 
 
 jme r 
 
 I. 
 
 f th' 
 
 ( 'ners iltlicate 
 
 riHi near 1 
 and luitri'. 
 
 lluv.l are poili'nous, anJ 
 
 i'lure i:. abuiiJance of 
 11-.' il I'llh of v.irious kinds >)( Caalities. 
 
 The m')d generally elleemed liih liir eating here is 
 a kiavl of tuib.K, c.illed the v. .iter pullet, the fat of 
 «■• Inch is green, aaJ cxccidiag (klicious. The liog- 
 ii'h ha'i a lica'J wliich grra'.ly itfeu'.bles a pi!;e, and 
 I'.'in its back are I'even par., as l.irge as its b'jdy, 
 I'l'-' i)ricks oi which are vi.ry vi.noi'iou.,; a mciabr.ine, 
 V. i:'i liro'.va drij'ns, aiiJ rcleiiiblli!g tlie wing 
 
 AMUCA.] 
 
 The pir<>.;uft- 
 b'ance to die bird 
 a yellow h -ad, an 
 faiu's of liiis fpec 
 like the binl. calii 
 The eels are t 
 ral eight feet loiij! 
 exceciling voraci 
 Ihn they attack. 
 
 Here arr- aaai 
 the two former ai 
 blat k i aad the 1 
 li.ith the eyes in t 
 when not in ule, 
 the lh.-ll. 
 
 Amona the Ih 
 naiure; Im the 1 
 animal i.« on the 
 ing as a niai"'le 
 mi.klle t)f winch 
 arc he. I. 
 
 Till tulier, ai 
 colli: 'I'lH hete. 
 wi:i ,: riie lea pr 
 Witil rcrpecl 
 tins, or t:.'- iile 
 paie> a '..: -l ot 
 or ;lirub. I hey 
 of taJ roc! ■• lee:: 
 tiiuhci).i'-s tiut 
 foiae e.'ii^dv lef 
 vihear 'ht-aves, i 
 aad t:-'.a'.- t a p 
 are, ia j, '-mral, 
 ftnJ til 'n to 1' 
 and amiiergris 
 of ic is found at 
 
 Difi''/!li 
 
 Cu 
 
 b.\- 
 
 l.atU'S LiiC4n. 
 
 TIic 
 
 TI IE peoph 
 iHand, w( 
 bur svhen its in 
 ther fr'iin Fian 
 fame viesv , a- 
 to fireign lettl 
 eniijTitors wa 
 liuiiKiiMiy aad 
 predi.minaiu ai 
 ro}'!'.in laiiaint. 
 Tlie pcoph 
 tliC I'etae of 
 tlie p' lailation 
 dilcimtenced v 
 that it niull, i 
 hiibiicdi for c 
 cniular; year; 
 ration lor 10 
 fixed to the '.\ 
 clarat! in for y 
 Thefe peo 
 Their hollies 
 ealily rem<,..'e 
 The wii-.dow, 
 houles have 
 plain. 
 
 In proport' 
 married. Tl 
 fond of danci 
 dom or ever 
 or when a ba 
 The mode 
 chikiren, is 
 badnels of thi 
 not admit or 
 are pale, bu 
 They have ] 
 capable of i 
 N 
 
|l'OGRAriIV. 
 '•'■'"' "'' " very fi,,,,ui4r 
 
 tilt-- iiUnd of M 1.1,.,,' 
 lb 11 4Nil Mawri-i!:., a„'j 
 
 )-'"cr, Wf thill!, |,r,;,,f|. 
 :a.u.vro,.uaiiK', ,;ut 
 [re molRnfiv,, ina|),|,!. 
 
 mi, .-.nJ li.K luiiLa.,;L 
 h: Im: Iutc ilif,.. ,, ^ 
 
 ly IbrniidiiWi- : ;, ij,,, ,^ 
 Jnic whr:i t!.,-y i .; .^.'", 
 h^f.il. J)i-s i\:.r> !;,,'., 
 
 thi- Af:i(.-.n CO..! v .; .' 
 
 as tlioy i!.) i;, ('^^, I, ^ , 
 
 a li'rply «'t' I r..vi!i,''n, 
 .e;i they lly ilia' ohr.;;, 
 llMmitl;.' thrv .:ri- |.-;, 
 
 •S ;:/nl (hngiiig to^.frl cr 
 s oUcn.imuit thrill, l.f', 
 )c. arc rxprrt in kuii,,- 
 thclutv.ulihjiror, 4,,a 
 |rving. 
 
 'iig, liom the tip ,,|(;„. 
 '[■ iii'l its cxtc-i.t, i|,,|,, 
 i;k- oclicr, i^ .;bwjt i,,iir 
 '■i; t'l.it ii to U), t.jiir 
 i)il:.).v. 'riic ,,.,„. i, 
 .inJ n.ikci, ami t,k m- 
 )rijili-il ('ul-jw.iys; h' ' It 
 1< (liirer in coiaur, lomi; 
 f a bro.vn, a;rl oJurs 
 :n!)Ics tlie common b,„- 
 the /;)rm of its \ .) .,, 
 V\'ht.-n th-lf crcuTcs 
 [ton ih- tops of the I.;,. 
 fads downwards; i i: jc 
 :tK' upon animals, aiij 
 r indilL-riniinatciy tniits 
 particular, Co excelling 
 •frci-, that they v.ill i„- 
 ity ilrop to the gi ..i;J. 
 the tircil'-., anj at .t ,;- 
 wirii a mod iiorrid ,..n, 
 iroarhofduy. Xot.hiry 
 tholl- novious crt■.;tlJrc:^° 
 ic animals, if tlifv arc 
 leiitly fallen iipiui th;- 
 g thciii in the lace, anil 
 It ii very pri.hablc, 
 le ancients took their 
 ce and voracious crea- 
 mr.'.r i;i iiia."." parts o, 
 iici, dtiornuJ, gictdy, 
 
 jy tiicfe creatures, anl 
 .i:id flccp into etcr.ii;v , 
 ■dcr, as to infmu^re :;i 
 II impcrteivid, an J ti 
 ■It the lame time Ln- 
 !!ig the a:r, which, :,i 
 cr into a Hill l.'.ii j ier 
 ■ to lepolc in the < |h;i 
 ii;tc to tlicle noxious 
 
 the windward i.l ;!,:; 
 • .is iholc in (he nui- 
 
 111'! are poili-no'is, an I 
 lure i,-, diiiiiJaiice ol 
 iiies. 
 
 I'.ili li)r eating hi-:e ii 
 ■'cr pulkt, the (at of 
 delicious. The Iwy- 
 lendiles a pi he, aiTj 
 1j I'-rgc as its body, 
 )i'ioti',; a nieiiilir.inc, 
 i reieniblii)'/ tiic wiiii' 
 
 The 
 
 AMilCA.] 
 
 ISLANDS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN, 
 
 41 • 
 
 Tlie p irocjiift-filli is To failed Irom its cxaft relem- 
 biance to ilic bird of that niiivi for it is green, iiarh 
 a yellow h-ad, and a kinilol wlii'c crooked beak. The 
 fiiiu-i of this fpecies ld^ewife go together in luinibtrs, 
 like the biid. called par ii'iets. 
 
 Tiif eels are of a (oiij^rr kiiui: they are in gene 
 ral eiglit lect loiij^i to the hiil as il.uk .is a man's leg, 
 excrciling voracious, and capable ol killin;; any per- 
 fon they attack. 
 
 Ilcrcars- nujibcrs of lobllers, cray-lifli and crab^: 
 the two former are of a line blue colour, iii.irblcd with 
 blat'^; and the litter is princijiaily giey. One l',)ccies 
 liatli th'- eyes in t.vo lo:i^ t;ibe> like tellekjpes, which, 
 \v!ien not in ule, are di polited ui grooves alon;^ !idc of 
 the lliell. 
 
 Anioiiij the Iheli-tilli here is one of a ver)' fing'ilir 
 n.ltorei Im the ufiil order fe(nis to be revcrlid, the 
 animal i.« o:i the ootlide of tlie flieil, the whole , ipear- 
 inj5 as a fliip-defi mul'>, loft and membranous, in the 
 middle bf which is a finglc bjne, or Ihtll, ."inooih and 
 arched. 
 
 The tulier, an enormous lifli ol tlie lobfler kind, is 
 conini'in heie. The Ihell is lupiioled to be t!ie ku^^efl 
 wi:i '■. riic lea produces. 
 
 Witii rclped to other marine prodniflions, Mauri- 
 tius, .-ir t'..:- Ille of !•" ranee, i. ruro'intled by madrc- 
 pare-- a !>; -i of vi ••rr.ition of I'.one l.i.nied like a plant 
 or lliru^. i l.cy arc !"■ ex^eedlnj^i)' numerous that many 
 ot tiu me! s ;'ee;ii f i ncii of tlieiu oi;ly. Amoiij^ the 
 iiiidir;).! rs t.ut adoin and diveilily the lea ;hores, arc 
 foiiie e.'iivdv lefcm liiij.; cauiidowers, uthcrs cabb,i;,;es, 
 wlicar !^caves, trees, iic. Manv are of the cord k'lid, 
 aid e: !.:'." c a p.-xiigious variety ol colours; but thclc 
 arc, in {^-neral, lb buttle, that ic U not w-jiili whii': to 
 ftnd th -ii to Europe. Star wmt is fometimes kvn, 
 and ambergris was formtil) plentiful, but very little 
 of ic is found at prelcnc. 
 
 J)i/pi]filiiiu, Ciijlomi, Mannas 
 
 cf the Inhjbilanti 
 
 Tl IE people of I'Vance, who flrft fettled on t!iis 
 iilind, were limple, indullrious, and hofpitablc: 
 bu: «heii its importance was known, ochers came la- 
 ther frnin Fiance from the fame m-)tives, and with the 
 fame \icw , as induce I'.uropeans in general to repair 
 to fireig'i fettlemerus. I'he leading princi( le of the 
 cniij-rators wa^ avarite, to which they ficrificeil both 
 huui.'.'i.y and jullice; and the lame [irinciple is Hill 
 predunitnani am 'ii.^i iIliIc who may be deemed the Eu- 
 i(;]'fjn iniiaintaiic. o! the llland. 
 
 The people, in {general, are greeily of gain; and 
 tlic I'euie of accinnulatiii^ riciies continually incrcales 
 tlie p.' ,.ularlon of the ill.ind: but was you to l.car the 
 eJilconter.ted voice of the people, you woulil conceive 
 that it umil:, in a very lliorc time, become again unin- 
 halilred; for every ni..n declares he will go away the 
 enluin^ year; and lome of them have made this decla- 
 ration lor lo or 33 years luceeinvely; yet they feem 
 fixed to the fpoc, and remain llill to make the lame Je- 
 claraci 111 for years to come. 
 
 Tlicfe people have no t.'.lle for arts or literature. 
 Their lioules arc mere caiiins of wood, wliich may be 
 calily reiiiov'ed liom one place to another ujion rollers. 
 The windows lave neither glafs or curtains; and the 
 houl'es have but little furniiure, and that litde very 
 plain. 
 
 In proportion to the nuir.ber of [-icnple, few here arc 
 married. The people. In ;eneral, arc immoclerat'-ly 
 fond of dar.clng; and th.e -.% luiea in the plaiitatl<s;s lll- 
 dom or ever come to town but at Ealler, to conlelL, 
 or when a lull is announced. 
 
 The mode of travelling, paniculaily for women and 
 chiKten, is in p:danqimis, carried by llaves; tor the 
 badnelsof the roiuls, and uneverincfs of the Ibetts, will 
 not admit i" il.c ule of wheel carri.igca. The women 
 are pale, but well made, and in general haiulfoine. 
 They have great viv.aclty, and feem to pollcis minds 
 capable of improvement. Their molt ulual drclii is 
 No, 4'. 
 
 tniiflin, trimmed wish rofe-ciioiircd tafuty. They arc 
 cxtMv.ig:intly lond of their children; yet bring ignoranC 
 themlelves, they wholly nrglei^t dieir edrcation. 
 
 I he black inliabitarns of the illind ire either In- 
 dians or Negroes. The Indians are Malabars, or M.-1- 
 layari.'!, who come from I'oiidicherry, ii orderto anicle 
 thriiilcivcs as fervants for a cerrain n iibtr of years, 
 i'lulc otcupy a fpot called the Camp of the lUacks. In 
 general they work at trade , :md arc Ibbcr and thrifty. 
 Ihey arc clad in long miilli.i gowns, wear a tur'i.in on 
 their heads, have gold ring's in ihcir eirs, and filver 
 biaccli'tb on their waills. Some few lerve the prirrijin! 
 and licheft people as running footmen. Thefe bring 
 e^liiijipeil with a i.indf'lie cinc, and a poigiiard at ilic 
 girdle, eiiVct grea" flare, aral deliver the moll trivial 
 mellligeb with an air of iinportanre. 
 
 The Ncgroe:;, or flives, are brought from Mac^a- 
 galcar. Inefe are neither f) black, or fb badly fea- 
 tured, as the natives of Guinea, but refemble the Im;- 
 ropcans in feature, and in complexion incline to a cop- 
 per colour. They are in gf-neral active, ingeniou;, 
 grar -ful for favours, faith.ful wiien well ule.i, and have 
 a ([uicker I'enfe of an inlol: due to any one they love, 
 than of any perl inal ir.j'irv to themlelves. ,'\;lerhav- 
 ii'.g been purchaled at Madagafcar, thev are landed, 
 with only a rag round rleii' h'.ins, at the llle of P'rance, 
 where bring lold, it Ire ,;ently happens that huflianvls, 
 wivts, brothers, fillers, friends, lovers, &c. arc cruel- 
 ly torn alimdrr, and bidding each other a long farewell, 
 are driven in the grcateff anguilh to the refpettive plan- 
 tations for uhuli the)' are bouglit. Some upon tlicle 
 oci:aliois, have been known to turn frantic, and do 
 millhief, which is impired to the horrors they conceive 
 at the ajipr'-iiciilions of tlie dreadful fate to which they 
 imagine they are doomed; tor it is a [ revailing notioa 
 with fonie tribes of the Mad-igifcar Negroes, that the 
 white people intend eating their flefli, making red wine 
 of their blood, and gunpowder of their bones: nor arc 
 thel'c Ifrange ideas ti be wondered at, conll iering the 
 ii'.numeraMc b.ubarites of the wliites, which have given 
 the bhicks occalion to luggefl: tliem. 
 
 In the plantations, every day, as f jon as the dawn 
 begins to [ eep, a figiial of three fmacks of a horfewiiip 
 cjils thefe unhappy wretches to work, when they toil 
 through the day almolt nakcil, broil in the meridian 
 fun's excenive heat, and experience the extremities of 
 huiiger and thrirll; for their food is only maize, manioc 
 root, or cafliva root, and thole but fcantily alljwej 
 them; and tir/igh water may be h.ad fisr notr.lng, yet 
 tlivir tyrannical t.,f!L-mal!ers will hardly allow them 
 time to refrelh theii.lelvcs therewith. The m jft trivial 
 offence is puni:ii'-\l by a mofl dreadful llagellation; 
 after which an iron collar, with three Iharn ipikes, is 
 put around the unhajipy olfender's neck, and he is agiin 
 fent in that condition to purlue his labour. Yet, after 
 this inliuman treatment, the poor wretch, on his return 
 home in the evening, though, perhaps, ready to faint 
 with the fatigues of the day, and tlie anguilh of mind 
 and body, is not p-nmitted to retire to rell till he lias 
 repeateil a prayer for the profperlty for his woriliy maf- 
 ter, and lias retuinetl him the moll refpetlful thanks tor 
 his v/ondcrful gooiinefs; a rcHncment upon cruelty 
 which certainly mull double the anguilli of the Ifripes 
 originally given, and could be ex.icfcd by none but 
 minds infernally bent. This dreaill' I treatment extends 
 to i:\':\\ lex intlilcriininately, t.he lales having nu 
 more mercy flu-wn them than the men. 
 
 Some years fic.cc the l-'rench government, for the 
 relief of thefe miferable wretclies, inilituted a code of 
 laws, called the Codf Xnn, or hhck Liizcs; and thele 
 llatutcs enad that they lli^dl receive no more than 30 
 lathes for any oil" ace whatever; tliat they lliall have 
 meat once a wee!-;, a new lliirt annually, and not to be 
 obliged to la!) )ur on Sundays, Thefc regulations, 
 however, have not had the proper efiert, for the plan-, 
 ters have hitherto ililregarded the laws of the mother 
 country, and lollowed only the didatates of their own in- 
 luunanity. 
 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
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 1^1 
 
 4+1 A Ni7W, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SVSTK.M of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Wlu'ti a llrangpr H-ems Ilruck wit!) liorror at theft- 
 right.';, thtf iiiluliu.ints codly till him, " You don't 
 kii'iw thi' bl.Kks, Sir. 'riity are linh glii:ror.s that 
 thcv wili lu-ai viclii.ik whi'iicvci they iiavo an upportu 
 rityj anJ an* lo i.lli.- that ihry have not thi'ir iii:\flirs 
 bulincrs nr hi.'.rt. AnJ the w.imen arc lo inattentive to 
 their (amiliis, th;>t ili'.v vsouM fooi . r prr.ciire an abor- 
 tion th.'.,i brina; cliiiv'.ren into the noilii." Thcle are 
 tl'.;ir iiMious aipninenis in eseiilc" for their excels ol 
 liarhiritVi when it nivll nrpe-ir <ihvi(i:i'; to every think- 
 ing mlnii, that if thev ftcal li.oil, it is lieeaule tl'.ey ;ire 
 ahiioll t'aiiiilhetl i it they (!o n^t tlieir mailers bnftnels 
 it ii beiaufe ir.ey arc tri'atnl too ciuelly to thinlc kintlly 
 ot'tl.tni: ar.d il ti^e women are not fond of bringinj; 
 children ir.to t'.e world, it is becaiife they would not 
 have their ( IV. pring treated with the inhiiinaniiy they 
 tlKOililves ccniMU.MJiy experience. 
 
 Love is I..U1 to he the only palfion which keeps the 
 Net'rocs fi' 111 aMoli:ti' delpairj this cheers their tlroop- 
 iny I'pirits, and invi^;oratcs them to go through their 
 tiaily lahoiir, tor the objefl of their p.afTion they de- 
 fpilr dangers, and laiiph at ditlictilties. When a N'egro 
 is in love, he »ill in tl-.e evening forget the fasitrues of 
 [he day, and with alacrity go many miles, and run 
 many hazards, to convtrt'e but a lew niinutts with his 
 bel :ved miihefs. 
 
 When ovcrtthehiied bv tlil'iair, a Negro will fonie- 
 times attempt to j;et bjck to Mad.igafcar in any little 
 boat he can ftcai, and run tlie lui^ird of l',eing drowned 
 rather thsn continue in lUvery. If tliis expedient fails, 
 he files to the woods, where he Icercts himlelf in the 
 iiioft obllure reeefies, fio:n whence he imiietiipes 
 makes excurfions, to gratiiy his rcvcngo, and obtains 
 plimiler. 
 
 Troops are frequently lent *to ferret the a!)feonded 
 fiaves from their lurking places ; and (ometimes the 
 principal people f rm parties of pleallire, as theyphrali: 
 it, to hunt thi m ; when a Negro is put up like a beafl, 
 and hunted down, or lliot like any wild animal; then 
 h:s head is cut i li, and carried away in triumph, the 
 unexampled trophy ol tlie moll atrocious cruelty. 
 
 L'pin the whole, ilie inhabitants of this ilkind are, 
 in general, repreleiued in a very odious ligliti but not- 
 withllanding the depravity of the people, the place is 
 tlctnied a moll important ;uul iiiiproveable fput. 
 
 S I: C T ION HI. 
 
 The island of ^L■\IX\GASCAR, 
 
 THIS is the largefl u( all the Afiican iflands, and 
 is fitu.-.tcd between :o and 26 deg. fouth lat. and 
 4_^ and ^i deg. eaft long, ',0 ) miles to the eallward of 
 tlu- Continent of Africa, fein^j i:pwards of 800 miles 
 ill length, and jf/) in briadih. '1 lie Ira is very rough 
 between this illand and the continent of the Caje of 
 Good I lope, forming a channel or | allage, through 
 which luiro|)(an Ihips in thiir voyage to and from 
 India, generally fail, iinlefs prcventcti by Uorins. 
 
 lew Ilkinds in tl-.e world are more plealanr, fertile, 
 and defirable, than iM.id..galcar. It abounds in fiigar, 
 honey, vines, fruit trees, vegetables, gums, corn, 
 cattle, and fowls; likcwile precious Hones, gold, fil- 
 ver, copper, Heel, tin, ixe. cVc. It prclirnts to the 
 view an agreeable vaiiety of hills, vallies, woods, and 
 open plains, watered by nunu'rous rivers which are 
 well (bired with lilh. The air is render-d cool and 
 liealthy by the conllant breezes from the lea. 
 
 'iherc is a fountain of hot Water in the iflani!, 
 tlleemed a loveieign remedy in nervtu^ difirdcrs, and 
 taken inw.irdlv, cuiesaniimas, and expels wind. 
 
 Tiie animal j.i(;duclions ol this ilkind, as well asthofe 
 of the vegi tabic kind, arc very numerous, as well as 
 various. 
 
 Tins in.ind is divided into many provinces or dillriifls, 
 inhabited by people of dilTerent com|)lexions and reli- 
 gions, loine white, lijinc tawny, and li)me bias k ; fome 
 iMahomctai).-, and fonic Pa^iaiis. Theli: Icvci.il pro 
 
 vinccs arc perpetually at w.ir with eacli other, nnt from 
 a dcfire of fubduing c.irh others territories, but in or- 
 der to pluniler each otl.er oftiitir goods and catde, .iiid 
 to make Haves ol taeir captives. 
 
 Prjns, Ctificms, 
 
 Mada^djiar. 
 
 rj the PcrpU ,y 
 
 '"pHOSh". ofa deep t.iwny complexion, -Iio inhibit 
 -•- t!ie eoalls, are dele-ended from the .\iabs, as is" 
 evident from tluir language and religi .us rites: but by 
 what accident, or at what period ol time, tliey came to 
 this iikind, lo remote from their own country, is not 
 known. They are reprcfented, by Krench writers in 
 particular, as flattering, deceitful, and perfidious i:i 
 i\m: extreme; but others fpeak of tiicm with more libj- 
 rality and candour. They are tall, nimble, and have a 
 proud gait. 
 
 W'ikl [leoplr are f)unil in fome parts of this in.ind, 
 who let their hair and beards grow, go I'lmofl naked, 
 inhabit thick and unfrequented woods, avoid meetinir 
 their fellow natives, live upon wild ca.tle, fruits, roots^ 
 honey, loculb, Ike. 
 
 The people of Madagifcar have but a very flender 
 knowledge of commerce, and knowing but little of arts 
 or Iciences, apply themlelves p.inicularlyo agriculture, 
 t!ie breeding of cattle, or hundng of game. Their 
 country, was it not f ) greatly negleded, might be ren- 
 dered extremely ojiulent. From the number of filk- 
 worms, with proper m;inagement, filk might be madL- 
 a Ibple commodity ; but the views of the people ex- 
 tend only to the abfolute necelTaries of life, fuch as com- 
 mon provilions, mean habitations, and a little wearing 
 ajiparel. All may be laid to be arehitec'ls, according 
 to the ciiHom of the country, bec.iufe every individual 
 is capable of erei?.ing a hut for himlelf. The different 
 mechanics are fmiths, carpenters, turners, &-c. There 
 are alfo rope-makers, and numbers of tilhcrmen. The 
 chiel tools of the carpenters are a plane, a wedge, and 
 A rule. The filhernien life draw-nets, weil-balkets, 
 hooks, and harpoons; and exchange their filh with the 
 inland inh.ibit.ints for rice, yams, roots, cotton, and 
 other necelkiries. ,'".ome, however, they dry, to fervc 
 as occalion requires. 
 
 '1 he women alone are employed in fjiinning, and 
 make various forts of IVulfs from llax, as alfo thread* 
 frum the b.irks of trees. 
 
 Agriculture is jTailUfed \;ith lefs trouble in Mada- 
 gafe.ir than in Kuro|X', bccaufe the mar.neris more lim- 
 ple. No plough is cmjiloyid in the tillage of land ; 
 an axe for felling the limbs of trees, a bill for lopping 
 oir the branches, and an implement railed faugali, lor 
 grubb'iig the roots and weeds, are their fole inllru- 
 ments. I'he arms and branches of trees, when dry, 
 by being burnt to allies, greatly enrich the ground ; 
 and this foil is afterwards projxrr for the productions of 
 yams, rice, &c. 
 
 Thele people are much addifled to finging and dan- 
 cing; the women, in particular, are very fond of ling- 
 ing, and compofe verlirs extempore, which, though 
 not Hriftly poetical, Ihews an aptitude of genius, and 
 ready turn of wit. Their longs are either |)anegyrics 
 on the remarkable aflions of their ancellors and heroes, 
 of an amorous turn, or of a latirieal nature. They 
 have three kinds of muliral inlhuments, conllruifkcd in 
 a manner pcculi.ir to themlelves. 
 
 The riches of the inhabitants eonfin in cattle, which 
 die men look after, and in the fields ol rice and roots, 
 which the women low. Gold and filvcr lerve only for 
 ornament-. They make paans and carpets of cotton 
 of diver, colours: and as they have no looms, but cMily 
 llicks laid on the ground, which they railt- by turns to 
 make the v.ikjI, they cannot work very fall. 
 
 1 lerd are cities, towns, and vill.igcs, nobles and 
 flavcs. The cities Cf)ntain houles, or rather huts, ;ind 
 are furroundeil with ditches fix ftet deep, and as many 
 broad, with |ialliladoes within on iheb.inksot theditch. 
 'i'he donac (for fo they call the lord's houfe) is built 
 
 with 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 with boards, r.ill 
 c overeti wi;h leav 
 tliat one cannot 
 towns are enconi 
 g^roiindi an 1 tli 
 ditches, h'oor 
 ders, and carry 
 vilits another, tl: 
 his wives which 
 Their hool"eh( 
 which are eithei 
 neatly made and 
 are covered wi 
 ([uilt, or any foi 
 log of wood, 
 vohits, totii'n, 
 bilkers; aiui oi 
 pitchers. Thei 
 pots, callel vii 
 lines, woo.k n d 
 balhes to hold 
 pound rice, tr< 
 vellels for hone 
 feet long ami f 
 an^i Irii.dl ii;iti 
 upoii ni.i'.s on 
 are uli d. 
 
 The Ni,-'.oe 
 whi^ h they cov 
 of the wonieil i 
 or long robe w 
 cles, ami a iii< 
 like an ap.rnn. 
 on their hen! o 
 habei, as the 1 
 and the wome 
 down upon the 
 colours aiui na 
 rolygainy i: 
 people in gent 
 be owing to 
 rnen having t( 
 under too mu 
 'Ihe Negn 
 th.ui agreei 
 have a cen 
 head wife ; 
 form as the 
 The cti 
 The rel.iti 
 and then ai 
 the deluiic 
 in a mat, i 
 grave, l 
 liellillietl w 
 men ol r.ie. 
 to the tini 
 days, tlur'.! 
 its feet i ai 
 quently Im 
 lamentatio 
 iiig, the w 
 courfe to V 
 the IkkIv 
 ly expollul 
 inaml w'ln 
 him ill tl. 
 clutiliil chi 
 fullitic-ncy 
 not be inij 
 of howlin 
 peculiar t. 
 other n.i'i 
 rope loiiu 
 this pn fen 
 On the 
 burying p' 
 made ol 
 
■-OGRAPIIY. 
 
 t-ncli other, not floni 
 
 I tcrruorks, but in <.r- 
 
 gfJod^ and cattle, ar.d 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 ISLANDS IN TIIF. INDIAN OCEAN, 
 
 KaV 
 
 cj th( Pa-pU- 
 
 "I 
 
 iplf xion, • ':o inhabit 
 
 Jtroni the Aubs, as is 
 
 hligi lus rites: but b/ 
 
 I of time, they came tu 
 
 own country, is nut 
 
 l)y I'rench writers in 
 
 |ul, and perfidious in 
 
 "them with more iibi'- 
 
 |ii, nimble, and have a 
 
 Jiie parts of this ifland, 
 ■row, go Hmofl naked, 
 I woods, avoid meeting 
 lid ca.tle, fruits, roots, 
 
 lave but a very flender 
 lowing but little ofans 
 licularly 'o agriculture, 
 ling of game. Their 
 glcfted, might be ren- 
 1 the number of (ilk- 
 r, liik might be mad,- 
 'ws of the people cx- 
 L's of life, luch as com • 
 and a little wearini' 
 architerts, according 
 lecaiile every individujl 
 limlclf. The different 
 i, turners, &:c. Tlicrc 
 .•rs of lilhermen. The 
 a plane, a wedge, and 
 |liaw-nets, well-balkets, 
 ange their Hlli with the 
 ms, roots, cotton, and 
 vcr, they dry, to llrvc 
 
 loycd in fpinning, and 
 n llax, as alfo threads 
 
 lefs trouble in Mada- 
 thc manner is more fim- 
 in the tilLige of land ; 
 trees, a bill for lopping 
 Tient railed faugali, for 
 
 nre their foic inflru- 
 s of trees, when dry, 
 y enrich the ground; 
 for the produdtions of 
 
 ed to finging and dan- 
 are very fond of ling- 
 ipore, which, though 
 )titude of genius, and 
 are either panegyrics 
 ■ ancellors and heroes, 
 tirical nature. They 
 nents, conllruc^ed in 
 
 onfift in cattle, which 
 :ils <)( rire and roots, 
 d lllver li rve only flir 
 ind carpets of cotton 
 r no luouis, but only 
 hiv railf by turns to 
 very fill. 
 
 villages, nobles and 
 , or rather huts, and 
 t tieep, and as many 
 he (jwiks of the ditch, 
 ord's houfc) is built 
 with 
 
 with boards ra'ifcd about fix fn-t abovi- ground, and 
 covered widi leaves. The oth'.r hjljit.itiotis are fj low 
 tliat one cannot enter thoin wi'hout Uoojiing. Thi- 
 towns are enconipaHed only wi:h llakc. drove into the 
 ground i an I the vill,ii.;,es h ar iK-itJ-.er (iilies oi 
 ditches, l-'oor Negroes take up a hut on their Ihoiii 
 dcrs, and carry it where they [-.Icife. When a In I 
 vilits another, tlie perfnn vififcd lends the other one ot 
 (lis wives which the vilitor like'; bell. 
 
 Their houfeliold fiirnitur'' conlills only of rufli mats, 
 \vhicli are either of a yellow or red colour, and are 
 neatly midc and Ih-vng. The floors on wliich they lie 
 are covered with thele mats, without bed, b.dlh-r, 
 ([uilt, or any fort of covering, and the pillnw is only a 
 log ot W')od. Their ricvulis, fimbers, girdles or fira- 
 vohits, coit'o, efrcAs, and all ornaments arc kept in 
 bilkers; and '^ils for the body and li;iir in earthen 
 pitchers. Tiieir kitchen furniture conlills of earthen 
 pots, called viilargues lirivies, fafes, moningeev, and 
 lines, w.jodcn diihcs and I'poons, dryed g')urvis oi- c,i!i- 
 balhes to hold water, knives, gridirons, mortars t) 
 pound rice, troughs, and winnowing fans, witii large 
 veflc'ls for lioiiev win;-. i'iie leavrs of dates, twelve 
 feet long and l')'ir broad, aie i;l'id inftead of napkins 
 and I'mall portions I'erve ;\s jilri-s. 'I'hele are I'pn.i I 
 upon uM's o;i (he groun;', fur neiilier tables or ch-iirs 
 are ul'cd. 
 
 The Ni^.roes go n:I;cd, exrcj tir g their mill lie?, 
 whiih tJK-y cover witii .i lir.cn c.lii-a l.iuiber: and lir.i.e 
 of the women ufe faravohits, or tlrav.ers, with an ae/.rn, 
 or long robe witlioui lli-ever, hanging down to the an- 
 cles, and a [)iece of linen before, fewed at both ends 
 like an ap-ron. Some oi them go without any covering 
 on their head or feet, except the inhab tants of Ming 
 habei, as the men in that province wear a fquare i.a|', 
 and the women a hood, pointtd .n tup, and hanging 
 down iij'On the ihoulJcrs. The ilrelles are of diflerent 
 colours ,md names. • 
 
 I'olygamy is iiraiflifed throtigliout the ifland, anvl the 
 people in general are exceeding incoiuinent, which may 
 lie owir.g to the extremes that acluate either lex ; the 
 men having too much treedoai, and the women being 
 under too much relhaint. 
 
 The Negroes here have no other marriage ceremony 
 than agreeing to cohabit together; but their ma'Urs 
 have a ceremony in being joined, or married, to the 
 head wife; but their other wives they take with as little 
 form as the Negroes do theirs. 
 
 The ceremonials pra^'tiled at funerals are as follow. 
 The relations walh and cleanfe the fiody of the tlet;ind, 
 and then atlorii it with the molt collly ornaments which 
 the ilelunrt wore when living. It is then wrapjjcd U[) 
 in il mat, in order to be carried in that manner to the 
 grave. I lie lirad of a woman's corple is iil'ually '.-m- 
 l)ellillied with a kind ofcaji. The heads and beards of 
 men of rank, when defunct, are clean Ihavetl. I'revi'ius 
 to the time of burial, the corple lies in Hate for fome 
 days, during which time a light is continually burnt at 
 its feet ; and all the relations, friends, and Haves, fre- 
 quently lurround the corple, and make the moll ililiiial 
 lamentations. I laving tired tliemlelves with bewail- 
 ing, the women fall a dancing, ami the men have re 
 courfe to warlikr exert ifes. At length they all liirround 
 the boi.lv again, call the dead by his name, very grave- 
 ly expolUilatc with him for dying, and patheiicailv de- 
 irand whether he li.id not every thing that ( ouKl fatisfy 
 him in this life, fucli ;is he.iutilul and faithful wives, 
 dutiful children, loving friends, iiidullrious Haves, a 
 fuflii iency of gokl, filver, iron, cattle, ftic. It may 
 not be im[iro|-er to oblerve, that this biirlefque method 
 of howling o\-er, and interrogating the de..il, is not 
 peculiar to the inhabitants of Madagalcar, as many 
 other nations have the lame ciillom i and even in I'.ti- 
 rope Ibme |erlbiis retain thefc abfurd ceremonials at 
 tills prefent time. 
 
 On the day of' inn rment the corpfe is carrieil to the 
 burying- place, which is named Amounoque, in acollin 
 nude oi hollow trunks of trees, curioully doled toge- 
 
 44i 
 
 iintl' r a 
 appard; 
 
 ther, and theie it is depofite.l fix feet t'o'p, 
 
 llrong hut, in which are l-ft | kites, dilhcs 
 
 ■ice, tobacco tic. that the dead may want no necclTary 
 
 iccomiuodation. 
 
 It a perlon of diilincTinn dies at a diftance from home," 
 ,i. body is buined upon tlic fpot; but his head, having 
 .)>en previoully cut ofi; is carried home, and interred 
 1.1 a proper fepuld re, widi the uuial fnniral ri-cs. B'j: 
 jirrfons llain in war, who h.ive been hallily buried in or 
 .•lear the held of b.ittle, are, in times of peace, as.iin 
 lug up, and re-buried in the ufual form, providtd the 
 i,..Ke trom tiie tiir.e of interment is not fu conlidciable 
 as to ;idiiiit of an almoll tot.d jnitrefaftion. 
 
 Tlie inhabitants of Madagali ar hold the memory of 
 their ancellors in the utmolt elleem and veneration; 
 tiu-ir greateil and moll lidemn o.Tths lieing to fwear by 
 the louls ot their jiredecellbrs, or the virtues of their 
 parents. 
 
 When any perfm is fick, tlie nLMreft relations apply 
 to the ombialU-, or prielt, who goes by night to the 
 amoiinociiic, or fepuK lire of the failier, or, il'tlie f.ither 
 is ftill living, to that of the grandfather of the afiliclcd 
 perlon; then making a hole in the monument, hejilaces 
 a kind ot cap upon the aperture, and begins his incan- 
 tationa with feveral grimaces, invoking the fpirit of the 
 litcealed to take pity on the periiin ilii^ rdercd, and le- 
 llore his helplels [irogcny to liel,.^ and vigour. 
 
 'I lie 1 onnnon diet of liic ulaiuiers is cow's milk, 
 rice, and roots. 'I'hey liiiiittiiiK s roalt large pieces of 
 bttf, with the hide on. They dunk water ana honey- 
 uine.- But they have neither buad nor grape-wine. 
 Ihe honey wine is a compolition of three parts of water 
 to one of honey, which ti.ey boil together, and Ikim, 
 after it is reduced to three to'irths. Tr.ev afterwards 
 put it to work in large pots ot black ' arth made in this 
 ill.ind. This 'Aine lia.s a very [ileafain tartilh tatle, but 
 is too lufii )us. Tl^c wine m.ide of lugar-caner is llill 
 more unwhoh lome. 
 
 The fm.illnefs of the number of inhabitants of this 
 ifland in proportion to this extent may be imputed to 
 the horrid cruelties exerciled on their children, iti 
 flrangling rliem in the birth, or facrificiiig them to de- 
 mons, at the inllance ot the ombiafl'cs or priefts, who 
 hold an uncontrouled power over tlieir minds. 
 
 Like the amient Romans tktfc peojile have what 
 they call their lucky and unlucky times, by which their 
 adions are in general governed. 
 
 The lame l.mguage is Ipoke throughout the ifland, 
 through dillerendy pronounced in ilillerent provinces. 
 
 The inhabitants of Mad.igafcar are tolerably expert 
 at calling up funis. Like the Arabians and t'.uropeans, 
 tluv reckon from one to ten, and after ten add the 
 number one, as far as twenty. 
 
 \\ ith rclpect to their weights and mealures, they ufe 
 none higher than a drachm : for as they weigh no arti- 
 cles whatever, gold and filver excepteu, tirachm weights 
 are deemed lutHcient, all other commodities being lold 
 by w.iy of barter or exchange. 
 
 Madagalcar paper is made with fewer inflrunienti and 
 engines than the Luropean. The bark of the tree Avo 
 is boileil two days in gooil lye, made of the allies of the 
 lame tree, till it bectmics lot't and fupple, then walhed 
 in clear water, beat to i proper conlilltncy, and after- 
 wards poiireil on mats made of exquifitely line reeds, 
 t^'illed and regularly joined to;;ether, in order to be 
 iliaiiied, and become paper. iMter this it is placed on 
 a leaf of ballifier, oiled with nienachil, to dry in the 
 fun. Lacli dryed leaf is aficrwaids dip|)etl in a decodion 
 of rice, to prevent it fiom remaining Ipoiigy ; then being 
 dried once more, it becomes fmooth, even, and fit for 
 life. Their ink is extraded, by way of dccodion, 
 ti(!m the wocti called arandranto, which is likewifc 
 made ufe of by the principal people for building. The 
 cxtrad being mixed with veriligris, becomes exceeding 
 black. The pens are made of bamboo, and are cut to 
 the fame fize, falliioiied after a liniiliar manner, and 
 rendered almolt as traiifpareiit as European quills. 
 
 J 
 
441- A NFAV, ROYAL, anij AUTHF.NTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 I :. 
 
 The trade of this illan.i is r.uhor of ;i ilonicdic thin 
 foiTimi n.inirr, as thi ii.iiivcs ii.ivc very C(in'-ini;d ideas, 
 and im|nTreeCiv>'.ioiis ot f irtigii nallic. Among liicn 
 I'rlvfs tlifV baiter coi'.iinodity (i'r coinnioditv, as n^) 
 I'lch tt-ing a:, tunenev is tllalihllied thrcughoiir the 
 whole illand. i- ven it (hey obriin any [^old or lilver 
 coins troni the l.uropean^, wlio lonietiines touch liere, 
 tl'.ry immediately melt thein down, in order to ronveit 
 rliem inro car-iiny^s br.ieelit.s c^jc. The donielHc 
 trade is ot' this nau:re : (he people of the cotton [)ro- 
 vinccs take care to cultivate that article, and then take 
 it ro the provinces, which abound in cattle, rice, SiC. 
 Having i-.ixked or bartered coinnioiiities, the wants of 
 each arc fupplieil ; for thole who have plenty of pro- 
 vifions are by thefe nu-ans fupplieti witli eloathing, and 
 thole ulnc.in eafiiv procure apjiarel in their own coun- 
 try are furiiillK-d with provilions, in wi.ich their own 
 provinces miyht be dcticient. Thus the exchange o( 
 the I'rodiice of one province for that of another is the 
 whole of their domeftic, or inland trade. 
 
 The forei[rn trade, or rather tratl'ic, wiiich ii)ine oi 
 the inhabitants carry on with the European lliips that 
 liiiiieiiines toikh here, confilU of exchanging trclli pro- 
 vifions, fapphires, rubies emerakls, cornelians and other 
 precious llones found in the country, ^;c. (or yellow 
 wires, hard warts and finall wares of all liirts, looking- 
 plad'es, beads, fire arms, coral of any fize or colour, 
 piercid throu;^ii tiir bringing, CSrc. 
 
 Hence their riches cunliii: in the wares and comcno- 
 dities which the/ thus ])rt)cure; in the bills, hatchets, 
 knives, lances, iron and licel Ipades, lambers, ficc. 
 which they make; in the Haves they take in war, or 
 ileal in times of peace; in tlie cattle which they breed; 
 and in tiie finds which they cultivate. 
 
 Mort of the princes or fovereigns of the uiffercnt 
 territories in this illand are related to each other, and 
 fo are their great loids and inferior fubjecls, by con- 
 tinual interniarri.iprs: yet they are perpetually quar- 
 relling with and waging war againll eacii other; ])ri- 
 vate taniily di([nifos often occafion op-en ruptures, and 
 the relencment of an individual will induce lomc thou- 
 (atids to commit hollilities. I'hcl'e domeftic wars are 
 piirfued with inore rar.cour and iiatrevi than a war with 
 a foreign enemy would be; for when relations or friends 
 differ, they entertain a greater implacability againll 
 cacli other than llrangers, when they happen to be at 
 enmity. Tiiis femiment is linely iliullrated in the fol- 
 lowing lines by W'illiani Whitehead, I'lq. poet laiirear, 
 in his ode lor the new year, performed before iiis ma- 
 jelly on the ift of January 177>!. 
 
 When rival nations, great in srms, 
 
 Ctuwt in power, ii glory great, 
 Fill tiie wi;rl.l Aith \v.ir's al.tnrs, 
 
 And bn..'.:ie a teaipor.uy hat 
 T.'-.e lioflile ftcjrins but rage awliiic. 
 
 And tlie try'd coi.teft ends; 
 But a,, I hov/ hard to reconcile 
 
 'I'lic foe; \:\u) once were friends. 
 
 Each Kaftv word, each look unkind, 
 I'acli diftant liint that feems to mean 
 
 A fomethicg lurking in the mind 
 Which almoft longs to lurk unftcn. 
 
 tich Ihadow of a lliade ofilnds 
 
 Til' ctnbittcr'd foes who once were friends. 
 
 That pow'r alone, who fram'd the foul. 
 
 And bade the Iprings of paliion play. 
 Can all their jarring llrings coiuroul, 
 
 Ami firm on dilcord concord's I way. 
 ' I'l.s he alone whole breath of love. 
 Did o'er the world of waters move, 
 
 Whole touch the mountains bends, 
 Whole word front darknefs call'd fortli light, 
 'Tis he al(jnc can reunite 
 
 The foes who once were friends. 
 
 In war tluir eni'nc,ements are I'eldnm rrgiilar: rliey 
 cliieily depend on lurprize and ambufcade, and ficri- 
 rice courage to ftr.itagem. When the profpeft of .nd- 
 vantage olfers, tluy ufually airemblc privately, aft 
 with tlie titmolf caution and privacy, gain the tneniy'j 
 frontiers by forced tnarches in the niuht, and ati,.J: 
 them fuddenly and unexpcrtedly : if fuectl\ atrenJ. 
 their arms, they commit the moll cruel ravages: i[ 
 they meet with an unexpeifled re|nillc they retreat with 
 the utmoll precipitation. But good or bad fuccels are 
 ei]ually fu.d to the countiy; if they are fortunate they 
 dellroy all before them as they advance; if unfortu- 
 nate, they lay the country wartc as they retreat. 
 
 Sometimes the prince of a territory gives notice to 
 the lortls, who are his lubjects, to allcmble th( ir f rces 
 fcparately, and to march by different routs to a cert.;in 
 place of rendei:vous, in onlcr to come I'uddcnly upon,, 
 and attack the towns of their enemies, which they fur- 
 round, and ailvance to with the nioft dreadful fliouts; 
 and if fucrefslul, they malTacre all they meet with in 
 them, fparing neither age nor lex. After this faiigui- 
 nary heat is over, if they meet with any other of the 
 ativerfc jiarty, or overtake any fugitives, they make 
 Haves of them; but ufually put to death thofe who at'.- 
 allied to the chiefs, fearing, if they Ihould lurvive, they 
 will at fome future time become formidable. 
 
 If they arc threatened to be attacked by other:;, tiicy 
 change their place of refidence, drive their women 
 ir.d cattle in the moft private reccffcs, or places that 
 are difficult of accefs, and confcqucntly may be cafily 
 defended. Thus their paflions prompt them to plun- 
 iler each other, and their perpetual clangers inlenfibly 
 give theiTi policy; but tluring thefe ravages all parties 
 think thcdifclves right: the prince thinks it his duty to 
 prevent any neighbours from be corning too powerful 
 for his own people, and fancies it incumbent on him- 
 felf to crulh I'uch alpirers: the peopL- deem it their 
 ilutv to obey their prince, who has their good at heart; 
 all lee through the medium of their pafTions, aiid fancy 
 the means jutl if the motive or propofed end is fi). It 
 is felf-lovc and real'on at ftrife, and the improper uk 
 of cither occalions all their milcarriages. 
 
 Tv/o principles in human nature reign; 
 Self love, to urge; and reafon to rellrain; 
 Nor this a good, nor that a bail we call, 
 Each works its end, to move or govern all; 
 And to their proper operation llill, 
 Alcribe all good; to their i.npropcr, ill. 
 
 Self-love, the Ipring of motion, afts the fou!> 
 Reafon 's comi)aring balance rules the whole. 
 Man, but for that, no aiflion could attend. 
 And, but for this, were active to no cndi 
 i-'ix'd like a plant on his peculiar Ipot, 
 To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot; 
 Or, meteor-like, flame lawlefs through the voiti, 
 Dcftroying others, by himlclf deflroy'd. 
 
 Modes of Iclf-love, the pafTions we may call : 
 'Tis real good, or feeming, moves them all ; 
 Hut fincc not ev'ry gooil we can divide, 
 And reafon bills us fiir our own provide ; 
 I'aflions though felfilh, if their means be fair, 
 Lill under lealon, and ilefervc her care ; 
 Tliofe dii'.t i.'uparted, court a nobler aim. 
 Exalt their kind, aniJ take fome virtue's name. 
 
 Somedmes parties of only 40 or 50 are fent to plun- 
 der and dellroy the left'er villages and' hamlets, ;uid thefe 
 light detachments arc called lanvouve. If ojiportu- 
 nity lerves, the towns arc rciluctd to allies; but it they 
 arc under any apprchenfion that the (lames will cxafpe- 
 late the neighbouring inhabitants, who mif;ht immedi- 
 ately purtiie them, or cut off their retieat, they fatisly 
 tlieinfelves with only iilundcring the towns without 
 burning them. 
 
 Their weapons are different in liifferent parts of the 
 ifland. Some make ufc of a dait, with an iron point 
 
 long 
 
fOGRAPMY. 
 
 iflilnm rrgiiiar: rliey 
 
 inbiifc.idc, and I'lcii- 
 
 In tlie profpeift of ad- 
 
 L-mble privatilv, aft 
 
 iCy, pain tin- enemy'", 
 
 he ii'mhr, and an,..!: 
 
 Iv: if fuiccf. atrtiiJ- 
 
 |i')ll ciiic-1 ravages: \[ 
 
 u\['c they rttreiU with 
 
 )od or bail fucccfs are 
 
 icy are fortuiiate they 
 
 advance; if uiifortu- 
 
 [as tliey retreat. 
 
 rritory gives notice to 
 
 :o allt-nible their f(;rces 
 
 rent routs to a cert.iiu 
 
 come fiiddeniy upon,. 
 
 [eniies, wliich they Inr- 
 
 nioft dreadful lliouts; 
 
 all tliey meet with in 
 
 lex. After this fangiii- 
 
 \\ith any other of the 
 
 fugitives, they make 
 
 :o death thofe who arc 
 
 ley lliould furvive, they 
 
 formidable. 
 
 :tatked by other?, tiicv 
 
 e, drive tlu-ir woniei-, 
 
 rrcelTcs, or places that 
 
 Lqiieiitly may be cafily 
 
 prompt them to pliin- 
 
 etiul dangers inlenHbly 
 
 hefc ravages all parties 
 
 ice thinks it his duty to 
 
 be coming too powerful 
 
 s it incumbent on him- 
 
 : people deem it their 
 
 has their good at heart ; 
 
 their pafTions, and fancy 
 
 propofcd end is lb. Ic 
 
 , and the improper ufc 
 
 :arriaj^es. 
 
 ure reign; 
 
 )n to rellrain; 
 
 bad we call, 
 
 e or govern all: 
 
 n dill, 
 
 iproper, ill. 
 
 oiion, ads the foul; 
 
 rules the whole. 
 
 1 could attend, 
 
 \jc to no cndi 
 
 uliar fpot, 
 
 :e, and rot; 
 
 ffs through the void, 
 
 IfdcftroyVI. 
 
 illioni we may call ; 
 
 moves tliem all ; 
 
 can divide, 
 
 wn provide ; 
 
 ;ir means be fair, 
 
 ve her care j 
 
 1 nobler aim, 
 
 )mc virtue's name. 
 
 J or (;o are fent to plun- 
 s aiul hamlets, ainl theli: 
 laiivouve. If opportu- 
 :ed to allies; but if they 
 : the flames will exafpe- 
 ts, who mif^iu immtdi- 
 their retreat, they fatisfy 
 ing the towns without 
 
 in diflcrent parts of the 
 
 dart, witli an Iron point 
 
 long 
 
 II 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 Islands in tiir Indian ocean. 
 
 long and diick, and carry bcfkKs 15 li.Ter darts. 
 Others ufe an ample lliitld, and a large dart called 
 caubahi, but the generality ufe lances as well as darts, 
 and the giea: men carry fire arms ; fur to carry a 1 ince 
 only is thr lucirre of being a pcrfoii of common or vul- 
 gar rank , but t) bear a gun upon the (houlder Ihews 
 ilignity, a:id indicates that the bearer ranks in the tirft 
 clals. 
 
 ihe Mad.igafcarians have little notion of difcipline. 
 When an enemy falls he is immediately pierced thro' 
 with darts, by as many as can get near him, and his 
 thro.at is afterwards cut from ear to ear. 
 
 During the time if war the women keep continually 
 dancing (aitt match'; by day and night, m ve r (lerp or 
 eat in tiuir town houfes, aiul however addifted to in- 
 contintiuy, ujion no account whatever lufllr the com- 
 pany of another man whilll their hulbands are expofed 
 to da.iger, pertuadcd that they (the hulbands) would 
 be killed or wounded, by inlidelity in their abfcnce, 
 and believe them to be animartd by their continual 
 dancing, and their Ibength and courage encrealird ; 
 whrrel'Tr tin v ket (> uji tiuir dantir.g <luring the war, 
 by the moll fupcrllitioui obkivancc of the culloms and 
 ceremonies. 
 
 VVhcn peace is makie between contending princes, 
 they bind thtmfelvrs to amicable behaviour by folemii, 
 and, we may ;uid, horrid inijirerati .tis. 
 
 The perpetual enmity in which the Midagafcarians 
 fteni to live with each other ariles cither from jealouly 
 or theft ; but while tlic firnier occalions many private 
 aiiiiiiolities, the latter ulually ttrniinaies in war, Primes 
 and nobli'S iheml'elvrs make ni^ manner of conlcicnceof 
 Ilcaiing tlicir neighbour's cattle privately, and their 
 neighbours return them the compliment whenever an 
 opjiortunity otfc is. Jii this manner it fometimes only 
 promjits to retaliation ; bur, at other times, itoccafions 
 opri. liollilitie«. 
 
 l.'uring iljme part of Mr. Drury's captivity in this 
 ifland he was a Have to a chief of great conliijuence, 
 who w.is however, very fui.d of (teaiing his neigh- 
 bour's cattle privately. A the diltrefs of Mr. Driiry, 
 when he lirlt went with his niafter 011 one of tlicfc expe- 
 ditions, is rather '.'.himlijal, we fliall tjuote it for the 
 entertainment of 'he le.idcr. " My mailer (lays he) 
 atcendrd by feveral of his llavcs, took me wiili him one 
 evening into the wix.ils. I obicrvcd gicat preparations 
 made lor lvi'''iig and drel;ing a bullock, or fome fuch 
 thing ; but there being none to kill, and it being then 
 dark, 1 pr-rceived '!i<it they walked with great circum- 
 lpt.tti«)n, talked told,, and telli.icd all the fymptoms of 
 lome "rcret dcfign : upon this the tears Hood in my 
 ryts, iiTi lining that they intended to cut me up, and 
 make a meal of me; but my (right was foon over when 
 1 faw tsvo llaves ha-.vling along a bullock by a rope fa(l- 
 ened to his horns, and my mailer tlriking his liiice into 
 his throat in order to difpatch him. I'liey immediately 
 cut up his carcale, and tlrellVd tiie ei.tiails after their 
 own mai'.aer. The booty was equally divided, and 1 
 obferved that each man rook care to hide his portion in 
 lome private place, trom whence he might convey it 
 away by night. As fbon as our bufinefs was over we 
 parted, lome one wav and fome another, for fear of 
 being taken notice of. I now plainly (lerceived that 
 we were nil this time plundering our neighbours." 
 
 Alter rh;' men return from war, or from a grand 
 hunting match of wild cattle, when they enter their 
 town or village the wives or llaves of the cliiefs come 
 creeping from their refpedlive huts, and lick their feet 
 in a molt relpeiilful manner; and wlien this ceremony 
 is (HrrfonueA, the wive and flaves of the other gre.it 
 men, and even the wives of flaves themlelves, all art 
 in a fiinilar manner to tellify their homage and fubmil- 
 fion to their reljie^'live hulbands; but when they return 
 from their tliievin;';-matclii,'s, or Healing their neigh- 
 bour's tame cattle, not the leafl notice is t.iken o{' their 
 having been ablent. 
 
 As the luiiuing of wild cattle is one of the principal 
 diverlions of thele people, we lliall give fome account 
 of the nature of it in the words of Mr. Drury, as liis 
 No. 41 
 
 44 S 
 
 relation is both more authentic and more curious than 
 any other. " Ic was now night (fays he) and they were 
 going a beef- hunting: when they lit out on purpofe to 
 kill the beads, they always make choice of the darkeft 
 nights. They permitted me, on my requeft, to ac- 
 company them, but firll ordered me to walh myfelf, as 
 they diemfelves did, that we might not fniell either of 
 fmoak or fweat. 1 would have taken two lances, ac- 
 cording to cuftom, but they obliged me to leave one 
 behind me, lelt two together might rattle in my hand. 
 Thefe cattle feed only in the iiTght, and if all thefe 
 precautions were not taken they could never be fur- 
 prized, for they are always on their guard, fnorting 
 with their nofes, and lillening after their jiurfuers. We 
 can hear them roar and bellow a great way off; from 
 which we know where they are, and we are fiirccd al- 
 ways to go round, till they are direflly to the wind- 
 ward of us, for otherwife they would foon fcent us. 
 As foon as we had got the wind and cattle right a-head, 
 and Were within hearing, we walked with all the cir- 
 ciimfpeclion imaginable, cropping the top of the grafs 
 with our hands as clofe as poifiblc, to inimick as well 
 as we could the noife a cow makes when Ihe bites it. 
 T!ie moment they heard us, they were all hufli, not 
 one of them bellowed or grazed, but feeined to liften 
 with the utmofV attention; whicli, when we perceived, 
 we all flootl dill likcw:ic without a whifper, whilft 
 three or four, who underilood the nature of it bed, 
 continued cropping tlit; grafs. When the cattle hatl 
 lidened till, as we imagined, they took us for fome^of 
 ilicir own I'pecies, they returned to their grazing, and 
 we walked with caution nearer, Ulll mimicking them as 
 we moved f'oftly along. Deean Murnanz.cC (one of 
 tlic chief) ordircd me to kecji behind, led they Ihould 
 difcern my white fkin, and be dartled; he alf) gave me 
 Ills lamber to cover myfelf, which was a large piece of 
 b'a k filk, lb that if f had been near them they could 
 I'.a.'e fcen 1 iung but by face, the grafs being .ibuve 
 knee deep. 
 
 " At length we got amongd them, fo that one of 
 our men, as he told me, with f>in--- grafs in his hand 
 and under the cover of a bufli, took hold of the dug 
 ot a cow, and, finding ihe gave no milk, concluded 
 die was not lean; for which rcafon he rtruck his lance 
 indanily into her belly, and drew i*- out again, making 
 no oihi r moti(jn. The cow, thv.s wounded, will give 
 a li ring, peihaps, and make a nolle, .s if another h.iJ 
 run her horns againd her; bi:t this is lb coniuion 
 amon;; them, that the herd is not any ways didurbcd 
 by it, li) that (n:r people lliuck three or four after 
 this manner, and left them with an intention to come 
 tlic next mornii.g and trace them by their blood; for 
 it is very dangerous to keep too near them in the night. 
 As fi>on as '.hey find themlelves forely wounded, they 
 run from their comjianions, and will attack the fird 
 man they fee. They .ire gener.illy found aiflually dead, 
 or fallen ilown in Ibme wood, or llielter of bullies, as 
 if they indullri oufly endeavoured to conceal thciidllvc;,. 
 
 " A day or two alter this beef-hunting we had an 
 accidental tiiverlion of another kind: our (.logs Ii.id got 
 the fcent of fome n\.\ hogs that had got into a thicket 
 and were very buly running ound it, but could find no 
 entrance for a confuleraMe time. At length, however, 
 they found tl'.e path which the fwine had m;ide, and at- 
 tempted to enter the wooil by it: the paliage was de- 
 fcniltd by a large boar, who fbiight the dugs with great 
 tiiry, and wounded one of tlu-iii in a very defperate 
 manner: nov.! what with the liogs on one hand, and 
 thelwineon the other, there was fuch a yelping, grunt- 
 ing, and howling, that the woods rang witli their noife, 
 and one would have imagined all the hogs in the ifland 
 had met there by confent. We laid down our burdens 
 and lome of us went up to them armed with guns and 
 lances; Deean Mniianzac fliot tlv boar that wountled 
 his dog, whereui on another, inaninlbnt, defended the 
 entrance, and (ought lb relblutely, that neither the dogs 
 01 ourfelves could come near the cattle that were within, 
 till we had made a jiaflage behind them with our hatch- 
 ets .ind l.iiices; and then lircd up«n Ibme of the mod 
 J U relblute 
 
 1. 
 
 fc 
 
iir 
 
 ' '<< ;ili 
 
 446 A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC 
 
 refo'"tc who tnrnal uiM)ti us. Thr rvtt, prrciivi;;;' 
 themlel—s atui-keiJ !->fhii)u, f^niplu tluir way throi:^!! 
 the doj;.-. ind ran a'-.-.y witli tlic iloj^s after the in j 
 \viv.-fi \. irds c.':ii,')t drlciibf t!ic noife there was, rljje- 
 cially alter a number ofthrm were wo'.intitJ. 
 
 \Vith rrfptxt to religion, the ['-copli- ot thk ifi.ind 
 have no li'.iiijui.-, temples, or any Ibtcd places ot 
 woffliip. and f r.rcrtai.nn:^ a very iniptrrfect notion of reli- 
 gion in general. They olFcr iiicri tes, and thole ol die 
 moil ho; I id ii.iturc, on particular m^.Mfion':. Some of 
 them oblcrve the Jev.iPi labhath, anil arc laid to iuvc 
 fome knowledi.!!' of events recorded in lacred hillory, 
 from whence it has been conjechired t!i..[ tliey are dc- 
 fcc.ided fro'.ii the Jews; but the grearer part arc ido- 
 laters. 
 
 The inhabitants of Madapafcar prart'lc tircutncifion, 
 the ccre:r,ony of whieli is pciformcil every third ycir; 
 at which time they build a hall raifed upon wooden pil- 
 lars, anil encomp.iired w'th a pallifade of ftjke?. 'i'he 
 great lord of the province kiils a bull, and having Ijilt 
 the blued o; it, mixed with honey- wine, round the 
 buildinp;, l.e opens the palliliule, and jilants at that open- 
 ing a Lanana tree with leaves and fruit, on wliich lie 
 han;:;s a girdle, tainted with the blood of the bull; alter 
 which that place is looked upon aslacred: no ptrfon 
 approaches it but with the uttnoll rclpedt, and none 
 enter it. The fath.ers of the children who are to be 
 circumciied f'ill during the firft eight d.:ys of the moon 
 of March; and the lall day they walk abroad two and 
 two, carrying the children on their fhouldcrs, wrapped 
 U,5 in pains. The young men \\!io are not married 
 follow them, and hokting their labres in their hand.s, 
 they make threat'-ning motions \siih them, as though 
 they were going to atta' k an enemy. After they have 
 walked tliree times round the donac, or lord's iiouie, 
 thry flop before tlie do<ir, and dividing themfclve into 
 two troops, they exercife ihemfelvcs a long while in 
 feigred attacks, till being tired at laft, they are obliged 
 to lit d'jwn on m its prcj ared for them. The n(xt day 
 a prielt, or 11 arabiit, performs lome ludicrous rites. 
 The day appoiuR-d being come, the lord, fitting at the 
 entry uf me liall, receives, on a table covered with 
 paans f>f , irprcs, the C'fivrings of the mothers. Then 
 he enters into the lull, ^^.^ lits down in tlie middle of 
 ir, and the f.ithers hoLling their children on a very 
 fmo.ith u ,ne, the hn\ [ erfornis the operatioji; wluch 
 C.r.ne, the fatlier iinmeJiately cuts the throat rjf a 
 chicken, makes the blood of it drop in the ground, 
 and gives the dnld back to the m.other, who dipi)ing 
 cotton into the blor^d of the ox that has been killed, 
 and into that of the chicken alio, tics it about the 
 wo^nd. 
 
 Th?' fcllowin^- is their method of thanklgiving after a 
 I'jc el .:ul war. The inh.ibitants have in all their houles 
 a fm.'.ll pnrtable iitenfil, wliich is devoted to rcligi')us 
 iifes, and is a kind of h<;ufclii>ld altar, which they call 
 the owley. It is made of a peculiar wood, in liiiall 
 pieces, neatly joined, and making almofl the form of a 
 fialf moon, with the horns downwards, iiet^ccn whii !i 
 are placed two nlliL-.U"'-- -eeth. This is adorned with 
 various kinds o'' heads, and Inch a falli faiieneil to itbe- 
 liind, its a man tics ab()i:t his waill when he goes to 
 war. 1 hey bring two fn:ks, and f.\ them in the 
 ground, on which is laid a b am, flcndcr at eaih end, 
 and about fix feet long, with two or three pe..,s in it, 
 and vpon this they hang the owley. Ilehind i: is a long 
 I - !e, to which a bullock is fallened widi a cord. I hey 
 iuve a pan full of live cals, ujion whiih they thr-nv an 
 aromitic gtim, and plant it under the owley. 1 hen 
 llicy take a fmail quantity of hair from the tail, ( hin, 
 and eye brows of the om, and put them on the owley. 
 Tiien the oir.bias ules f jmc particular geflurea with a 
 knife in his hand, and makes a fi)rmal incantJtion, in 
 which the people join. In the next place they throw 
 the ox on the grcuiid, with his legs tied togeth-r, ar.d 
 the pried cuts his throat. Thus the ceremony ends, 
 and this is deemed an oblation for having obtained a 
 viflory over dn enemy. 
 
 .SYSTEM OF UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Tl'.e y-;ii-.ical and civil government of Mada'^afca*' 
 fcems, upon the whole, founded upon principles of 
 rtclitudc, and thereby tending to lalutary purpolcs. 
 Ihcrr are obligatory Lws on the ()rinces, as well as on 
 individual lubjee'fs. Provifional laws, refi)fding retri- 
 bution, relhtution, criminal converfation, alFaults, 
 thetts, &CC. are calculated to fecurc the property, ho- 
 nour, and perfons «[' ihe people, and would do credit 
 to the moli livilr^ed (late. Their laws arc as follow. 
 
 'I'o lie with one of the lovereign's wives is death by 
 the law of the prince, or the prerogative law. 
 
 If a man borrows an ox or a cow of his neighbour, 
 and does not return it in a year's time, (ix cnlves are 
 looktd upon as an equivalent for the ox; and if he 
 U'-'ulicls payment at that time, thole calves are fup- 
 poled to be three lleers, aiui three heifers, and their 
 increale, which, by a fair computation, arifcs by their 
 growth and produe'lion, is the man's right of whom the 
 beall is borrowed. And if it goes on for ten years, or 
 any longer term, it is computed what three bulls and 
 three cows might produce in that time, and all that 
 produce is due to the creditor. 
 
 If a man has crin.inal converfation with the wife of 
 another man who is his (i:perior, he forfeits thirty head 
 of caiile, bcfidcs beads and fliovcls in abundance; but 
 if the men arc of equal degree, then the tine is only 
 zo head of cattle. 
 
 If any one malicioufly afTaults another, and breaks 
 a leg or an arm, he is fined fifteen head of cattle, f i 
 forfeit to the party injured. 
 
 If any one breaks the Iiead of another, and the ag- 
 grieveil party has not returned the blow, he receives 
 three beeves by way of damage. 
 
 If any one I'.eals another's hive of honev, and is 
 catihed, the fine is th.ree iron fhovels; for it is to be 
 obferved, that iron fliovcls, hoes, iscc. are a kind of 
 liii.ill money with tl-.efc people; for here is no trade but 
 by barter, or the exchange of one commoility fiir ano- 
 ther, therefore they are very exadt in proportioning the 
 value of difl'crcnt articles. 
 
 In one man's cattle break into another's plantation, 
 the owner, for every bcaft found there, mult give an 
 iron Ihovel. 
 
 'f two men quarrel, and one happens to curfe the 
 otiier'i father or n. ither, whether they be living or dead, 
 and his antagf>tull has lb much conmiand ot himfcif a^ 
 to rcfiain from curfing the other's father or mother, 
 he recovers two beeves as a compenliition. 
 
 It any one is found guilty of Healing Guinea corn, 
 callavancas, potatoes, or the like, out of any of the 
 pl.uuations, he forfeits a cow and a calf to the owner, 
 or more, if the damage done is fuppofcd to require a 
 greater forfeit. 
 
 MisroRY OF Maoaoascar 
 
 TlIERl'. arc no accounts of this country to be de- 
 pends' ' n till the year 1642, when a French 
 oliicer obtaineii ■ ermifTion froni Cardinal Kichlieu, for 
 nine years, exclufive of all others, to lend (hips and 
 forces to MMdagafcar, and the neighbouring illands in 
 order to cllalililli a colony, plantation, and commerce. 
 Thisgentleman'eicded a loeiety for hispurjiofe, under 
 the name of a French Eafl India Company, and the 
 grant was drawn out, widi the addition of ten years 
 more privileye, or, in other words, extended to the 
 uar 1C61, in the interim, that is immediately fubfc- 
 (jucnt to the making out of the grant in i( 42, the firll 
 iiiip was fenr under the command of Captain Coquet, 
 who was goiiu/ to load ebo|iy at Madagalcar, on the 
 account of himlclf and tome private merchants; but 
 h.id orders to take with him two governors, wholif 
 n.mies were Pronis and I'onquenbourg, and twelve 
 other Frenchmen; thele being comm.tnded to land and 
 remain there, till the arrival of a Ihip from I'rance, 
 which was to lail in November. 
 
 Coquet (.',ot to Madagalcar in Seprrmber, having, in 
 his way, anchoicd at the Ilk of Bourbon, which he 
 
 look 
 
[OGRAPIIY. 
 
 [mcnt of MaJag.ifi.af 
 
 upon principks of 
 
 l.ilutary purpolirs. 
 
 jrinccs, as well as on 
 Jaws, refix'ding rctri- 
 lonverfation, affaults, 
 lire the property, ho- 
 land would do credit 
 Ir laws are as follow. 
 V"'s wives is death by 
 hgative law. 
 
 jw of his neighbour, 
 time, fix calves are 
 |)r the OX; and if he 
 Jthofe calves are liip- 
 Iree hcilers, and their 
 Titation, arilcs by their 
 
 n's right of whom the 
 ps on for ten years, or 
 
 what three bulls and 
 jat time, and all that 
 
 tion with the wife of 
 he forfeits thirty head 
 els in abundance; but 
 tlicn the tine is only 
 
 another, and breaks 
 en head of cattle, ? i 
 
 another, and the ag- 
 the blow, he receives 
 
 ive of honey, and is 
 lovels; for it is to be 
 ;s, &c. are a kind of 
 ibr here is no trade but 
 e commodity for ano- 
 ft in proportioning the 
 
 o another's plantation, 
 id there, mull give an 
 
 h«ippens to curfe the 
 tiiey be living or dead, 
 :ommand of himfeif as 
 fr's father or motiicr, 
 ipenlacion. 
 
 Healing Guinea corn, 
 .e, out of any of the 
 d a calf to the owner, 
 
 luppofcd to require a 
 
 AOASCAR 
 
 this country to be de- 
 1642, wl.cii a French 
 
 Cardinal Kichlicu, tor 
 :is, to lend fhips and 
 itighboiiriiig illunds in 
 [aiion, and commerce. 
 
 t<)r hispurjjote, under 
 ia Company, and the 
 
 addition ot ten years 
 Olds, extended to the 
 
 is immediately fubfe- 
 ,rant in i( 42, ihe tirib 
 111 of Captain Coi|U('t, 
 t Madagakar, on the 
 •ivatc merchants; but 
 wo governors, whol« 
 lentxjuig, and twelve 
 jmnLiiideil to land and 
 
 a lliip f'loiii I'rance, 
 
 eprrmbir, having, in 
 
 f Bourbon, wliicli he 
 
 look 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 ISLANDS IN TIIF. INDIAN OCEAN. 
 
 took polVclTlon of in the name of the king of France ; 
 toucliii);^ afterwards at the Iflc of St. Mary he did the 
 fame; and arriving at the Bay of Antongil, in Mada- 
 gallar, he adcd in a liinilir manner. Fronis .and Fou- 
 queiiiviurg were at length landed in the port of St. 
 l,uc .1, in the province of Manghabui. 
 
 l lit: cxpeftcd lliip from France arrived on the firft 
 of April, in the enl'uing year. It was named the St. 
 Ijwrcnce, and was under the command of Capt. Giles 
 RcfLiiont. This officer brought Icventy men with him 
 to reinforce Pninis. The inhabitants, jealous that the 
 FnnJi would obtain to Hrm a footing in their country, 
 meditated on oppof'tion ; but their intentions were 
 prevented, or at leall delayed, by tiie jirudent condud 
 and timely prtfcnts of Fronis. Upon this fuccefs, 
 Finni. tent 12 men to penetrate into the province of 
 Matatan, fix ofv.hom were cutoff by the natives, and 
 the reft conipellcd to retreat ; and foon after C.iptain 
 Refimont's li>n, and fix liiilors, were nnrdrred in the 
 province of Vohitlbang. This oppofition was owing to 
 the feciet intiigucs of tiie leading men in AnofTi, wlio, 
 from their maritime fitu.ition, did not dare to ollend 
 tin- I'renc thcinlcKi .•,, but liirred up the people of 
 other pi ovince>, to oppulc and munler iliem upon all 
 occafMns. 
 
 In i')+4 I'ronis thought proper to remove from St. 
 Lucia t(i the Bay of Tholong.ire, where he began to 
 foinfy hirelelf; and having reduced almnll the whole 
 pron ice of AnnWi by force of arms, he built Fort 
 Dauphin, the finiition being excellent, the haiboiir 
 commodious and Hnely flickered, and the entrance 
 very convenient for Ihippin^ ot any burthen. B.liind 
 the fort he creifled leveral otiier buildings, with large 
 cncloiures, which pro<.luced various forts of fruits, 
 kitclu'n herbs, &c. 
 
 In the year ii'50 the fort took tire by fome unfore- 
 feen accident, and was totally dellroyed. Soon afrer, 
 however, it was rebuilt, and llrongly garrifoned; the 
 French being always at variance, and frequently at war 
 with the natives. 
 
 1 , •!'(• year 1(151 ''le celebrated F'rench governor 
 Flacourt, .it the head of bo Frenc!iinen, and a rreat 
 number of armed Neprof , ravaged tlie country to a 
 conr;Jer.jb.c ilii'.-ic,.: from tli'.' tort, carrying ofl" great 
 quantities of cattle, and dertroying all the houfes and 
 huts in his way. This (vcaiijned the natives to con- 
 ceiv? an extraordinary averlion to the F'lench; and 
 wh.u a .0( i to their iliilike was, that wiienever any pri- 
 liiiiers fell into the hands of the Fn-iuh, they looked 
 upon them all in an equal light, and fold t'lem indil- 
 criininatelv to the then Dutch givernor of the I (land 
 of IVl.i'iritius, not making any diltinition between 
 di-eans or lords, freemen or (laves; or (licwing any 
 greater rcfpeft to their l.idics, when captives, than to 
 wonirn of a lower rank. The Frencli finding, at length, 
 tint the iJea of conquering Madagafcar was chimerical, 
 and that the danger and cxpenccs of maintaining a co- 
 lony, ar. 1 keeping up a lortrels here, were not recotn- 
 peiiccU by the prohcs accruing from tlie lettlemcnt, 
 thou;;ht p.roper at once to abandon the ifland, and all 
 projecls relative to it. 
 
 The traditional accounts given by tiie natives of the 
 ati nipts maile by the French :o fettle on and lubdue 
 Madagallar, being exticir.ely curious, we llial' extiaifl 
 theni fii 111 Drury's narrative of his captivity upon this 
 illand. 
 
 " This part of tin- country, to which the F'lench 
 h.ave given the name of I'ort Dauphin, is calK\l, in 
 the Mad.igalcar language-, .'Vn'.enofa. There came hi- 
 ther, upwards of a centuiy ago, two F'rench Ihijis, but 
 on wliat account I cannot learn. 1 lowever, they came 
 to an anchor dole under land, in a very good iiarbonr. 
 The captains obferving that there were plenty of cattle, 
 and all provilions, and ft very good foil, determined 
 that one of them Ihould Hay here, and ei 'Milli a fettle- 
 nient. 1 lereupon they call lots who Ihould continue 
 on the itland, and the perlon on whom the lot fell was 
 Captain Mel'merrico. 
 
 447 
 
 " This Captain Mcfmerrico landed with 200 white 
 rncn, well armed, and pioi'idcd with llorc of ammuni- 
 tion, ami other neceflaries for t!ic building of a fort, 
 which they immediately began. No lijontr had the 
 natives oblc-rvcd their intention, but they u!<.-d their ut- 
 moft art and induHry tu prevent them. This created a 
 v.ar, in which the French were the viilors, who took, 
 at feveral limes, a great number of prilonprs. In this 
 war the king of Antcnofa and his brother \\ere killed; 
 ami amongll; many other children tlut were made cap- 
 tives, the king's fon w.is one. When the French had 
 lupprelTcd the natives, :>nd completed their fort, the 
 tliip let fail for F" ranee, and carried this young prince, 
 and leveral others of dillinftion, to that kingdom. 
 
 " Iq .about a year after this expedition, the natives 
 began to be better reconciled to the F'lench: not.vith- 
 flanding they were fecretly difgufled at the indignity of- 
 fered to their young prince, and could by no means re- 
 lifli the governmen: and direiflion of foreigners. How- 
 ever, the French, by their artful and cunning deport- 
 ment and infinuations, g.ained f) mucii friendniijj amo..glt 
 them, that they married, and lived up and down in fe- 
 veral towns, at fom;; dilbnce from each other, anil not 
 above five or fix in a phice. They oct.dionally allifted 
 the natives in their wars agaiiill a king that refided to 
 the northward, whom they defeated, took a great num- 
 ber of flaves, and many cattle. In this manner they 
 lived fjr fome years in great tranquility, neglecting 
 their fort, and extending thcmfelves all over the whole 
 country of Antenofii ; but at lifl, as their families grew 
 numerous, the natives grew jealous -, and recolleding 
 how inhumanly they had treated their prince, and per- 
 ceiving them thus fcattcred and ditperled, they thought 
 this r. favourable opportunity to free thenifelves from a 
 foreign yoke. Hereupon they formed a confpirary to 
 cut ,)f ail the white men in one day, and the Wednef- 
 day fdlowing it w.is put in execution, not leaving a 
 white man alive in Antenofa. 
 
 " Si)on after a Frencli fliip came there as ufual. The 
 mauroniinters, or Haves, who retained a reijiect for the 
 French, got a canoe, and went ofF to them, and inform- 
 ed them that tlieir countrymen were all maflacred. Tlie 
 ciptain was ftartled, and deeply concerned at this me- 
 lancholy news, but could not revenge their caufe, beint^ 
 glad to tlcer another courfe, without making the Icait 
 attempt to go on Ihore. 
 
 " Flaving nobody now to interrupt them, they put 
 their government into its original fbrm, and made 
 choice of one f^ir their king, who was the ncarcfl: rela- 
 ted to the former, tl'.ere being no other f )n but l-.im 
 wliom the French took captive. Lbidcr this new ki.ig's 
 direction they lived p'eaceably and quietly t()r leveral 
 years, no F'rench lltip ever prel'uming to come near 
 them ; but now an 1 then an F.ngllib Ihip paid them a 
 vifit j and they traded in a very tair and lioneft manner 
 with the officers on board. 
 
 " Some years atterwards a French (l-.ip, homcwird 
 bound from India, hap[)ened to be in great didreis tor 
 want of water and provifinns, and could not cinnj-afb the 
 Cape. Port Daujdiin lay very commodious f()r the 
 captain, but he knew that the natives were their im- 
 placable enemies, nor was he ignorant of the real occa- 
 fion, and therefore refolved to make uie of the following 
 ftratagem. Under a pretence of being lent amhalTador 
 from the French king, he went on Ihore in great pomp, 
 and with proper attendants. The fliip lay at anchor as 
 near the Ihore as pollible, in order to be within reach 
 of their guns, in cafe any .icis of hollility lliould be 
 Ihcwn them. The natives who cime down to them, 
 afked if they were Flnglilh or French ? They replied the 
 l.uter ; but they were come bv cxprefs orders from the 
 French king with loine valuable prefents, and were in- 
 clined to make a treaty of peace. The king tliey hat! 
 kill chofen, whom I mentioned before, died about a 
 month before thiir arrival, and no new one w'as then 
 elefted in lis Head ; but the old queen (mother of the 
 young priiii ' whom the French had I'o claideHine'y 
 conveyed aw.iy tome years before being then alive, 
 
 save 
 
 
 ti 
 
4+8 A NEW. ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 :ti 
 
 
 ii '.. 
 
 ..I 
 
 gave iliredions that tlic anibaflailor OioiiM be conJuft- 
 ed to her houle. 1 lis m^n carried a great many tliiiigi, 
 of no great value, anion;^il thnii, but I'uch, however, 
 as they knew wuuld be highly agncable in this coun- 
 try 1 hele were formally jirefciiieci in the name of 
 the French king, and the ijiieen tellified iier fatisfac- 
 tion in the reception of them, and by entertaining the 
 captain m the moll eleganc manner (lie could devife. 
 This i!.iy palled in com^.liments, mutual prcfents, and 
 fiich other ceremonies as were confiftrnt with their ideas 
 of jniblic "grandeur. The next ilay Ihe fent .'or the 
 captain, and informed him, that llie expcded his men, 
 as well as hiiiifrlf, Ihould take the oaths according to 
 the ciiflvm of her country. 
 
 " The captain having readily agreed to her propofi- 
 tion, jlie ceremony was performed after the following 
 manner. The ImIv owley, of which we have already 
 given fjmt account, was brought out, and hung upon 
 a piece (>f wood laid croi.s-ways on two forks, all which 
 Were cut down on tliis I'olemn occafion, m was alio a long 
 pole, to wliich a bullock was faitened. This was pro- 
 vided by tlie cjiieen, and when killed, they took part of 
 the tail, anil fotr.e of tiie hair of the nofe and eye-brows, 
 an.i put tluin on fome live coals tliat were under thj 
 owley: they ib.en took I'liiic of the blood, which they 
 . fprinkkd upon it, and upm tiic beam whereon it hung: 
 the liver alio was roai'.d, and a piece placeil on it : 
 two other pieces were put on two lances, whicji ttcre 
 ftuck in the ground betwixt the cjueen and the ambalfa- 
 dor. The quern I'wore firll to tiiis <^r die ''''c effed : 
 
 " I fwrar /-v llu ,f^tt(tt Gad ahov, t'\ the four gnds of 
 the four tjuari'r^ '' ilit Kaild, by the ffirili of my Joic- 
 fdlbtTi, and 'i;- j thu liny OTidey, thai niilhcr I, nor 
 liny of ftr: "Jffpnnf:, nor any of my j'cop'.f, who affiji at 
 thisfolniinUy, cr thtir ijfue, /hall, or rv// ziUtin^pJy, kill 
 liny Frencbman, iiidtfi Ik provfs tbt firjl ogg^'lf^'"- '""' 
 (7 -uie, or am of us, inccin an\ other thm the plain and 
 honfjl truth h ilni prcli/'liiiion, may thti, liver, uhuli I 
 no-x eat, be converted irtii^ poif on, and d'Jlroy rae i /j the 
 
 " Having repeated tliis form of words, flie took the 
 p.iecc of liver olf the lance, anel eat it; ar.il when llic 
 h id done, the Ib.aai anibalfador did the lame, 
 
 " The captain, or ciuondam ambaiTador, flayed on 
 fliore about three or L'.:r days aficr this lulcmn con- 
 tnfi, and li-nt on bo.ird what provifions his people 
 wanted. .\ firm Irier.dll.ip being now dlablifhed be- 
 tween them, tiify Ibovc who fivM'ld outvie the otl-.er 
 in the arts of courtefey and C')m[)lail'ance. The captain 
 invired the queen to go on board his vcfiel, and Ihe 
 very readily went, accoinp.inied by fcveral of the ihicf 
 of lirr people, who wctc treated by the cajitain wit.'i 
 great magnificence, and to her entire fatisfadion. She 
 returned on (liore in the liiip's boat, and Hood looking 
 about her fci- fome time after flic was landed, ''iic 
 Frcnclimen, not rcgaidii-.g the prefencc of the olack 
 queen, llripped, and Iwam about to walh ;' id cool 
 tliemfclvfs. I'he queen, obferving the whitenell. of 
 tiieir Ikins, indulged her curiofity in looking on tlum. 
 At length perc^riving one man whofe (kin was much 
 darker tnan the reft of his companions, as he came to- 
 wards the fliore, and w,is going to put on his doaths, 
 /lie efpied a particular mole under his left brcall. She 
 went to him immediately, and looking more willfully 
 on ir, would not permit him to p;it on his lliirt, but 
 ciiimed him as I.er Ion, who had been canicil away 
 when a child many years before, and had not [>.>tience 
 to contain hcrlclf, but ran t'> him (crying for j )y that 
 Ihc had found her l<)n) threw her arms about his neck, 
 atid almoil: Hilled him with kiflcs. 1 his lurprized all 
 tJie people, as well blacks as wiiites, till li.iving leco- 
 vercd herlllf a little, Ihe turned to them, and told 
 them, this was her fon, and Ihcwed them the private 
 mark. They who had known the prince drew near, 
 viewed the mole, and acqtiiefced with her, that it mull 
 be he, and no other. The Frenchmen could not tell 
 what to make of this odd difcovery, nor what might 
 be the fatal ronlequencev tiiat nn^ht poflibiy attend it. 
 
 " I he ciptain, therefore, taking the man afide, ad- 
 vileii him to give as artful aiifwers as he could to wiut 
 quellions they Ihould afk him, fiir tlieir lafety's fake. 
 Now there were fcveral blacks who (poke French, and 
 by their meanj the Frencimicn as foon undcrflood the 
 queen as they did. She defircd they would aflt him if 
 he knew the country he w.is in? He anfwcred, lit 
 c;)u]d remember nothing of ir, for he was carried from 
 his native place when a chikl. She afl<ed him if he 
 knew her ? i le laid he could not pretend to fay abfo- 
 luiely that he did, but he thought Ihe bore a great re- 
 lemblajicc to fomebody he was much ufed to when 
 young. 
 
 " This confirmed them more and more in their opi- 
 nion. As to his being white fliinned, they thought that 
 iiiight calily be from his wearing cloaths during the 
 time he was abfent from home. His hair was as bbck 
 as theirs } fo that it was concluded it mull be their 
 [)rince. The old queen was tranfported with joy at 
 finding he fon j and the natives were for chufing him 
 their king direclly, lie being the next heir. They alked 
 him what was his name ? He told them he never re- 
 membered th It he was called by any other name than 
 that of Samuel: but they gave him what they th -uglit 
 was his original name, compoun.ied with Tuley, v^hich 
 dcnoteil his return, or ariival; fo they called him Decan 
 Tuley-Noro, 'deean being an univerfal nile of hono'T, 
 and fignifying lord,) and he was alio fiirthcr faUt.d 
 immediately with the title of Fanazkcr, ilut is, king of 
 Antenofa. 
 
 " The captain, and other Frenchmen, were furprifed 
 to find the man play his part fo dextroully, not per- 
 ceiving, at tirit, that he was in earnell, and was as 
 fond of b^inj; their king, .as tiiey were of clecling him, 
 though it w.Ls in fo heathenilh a place. He had here 
 I 2,oo lighting men immediately under his command, 
 aiivl a line, plentiful country to live in at his pleafure. 
 
 " The fliip's crew failed away, and left him behind 
 them i but as often as the French had occafion for what 
 this ifland afforded, they matle it a conflant practice to 
 [Mit into Fort Dauphin, and traffic with him. 
 
 " About three years before we were call away, a 
 l-rench Ihip haj)pening to be there, fome of the men got 
 drunk on Ihore, and, in a quarrel with fome of the 
 natives, told them that king Samuel was not the'r law- 
 fi.l prince, but that he was flill refidcnt in France. 
 1 h'5 might have proved of very fatal confequence to 
 h'lii, but he took Inch care to prevent it as no one could 
 i'liUy blame him for: he fent for the man v.lio made 
 tliis public deci iration, and ordered him to be Ihot to 
 ileath. He like-. ifc commanded his companions to 
 depart forthwith, and alfurcd them, that if ever they, 
 or any of their countrymen, prefumed to come within 
 his territories again, they ihould feel the weigh: of his 
 rei'entnient." 
 
 Befide.^ Foit Dauphin, the Euroi/cans often fre- 
 quented the bay of r nt^ngil, which is lituatrd in the 
 i*)th dtg. of foiith lat. and extends above 40 miles to 
 the northward, being near 30 miles bro.id .at its entrance. 
 It contains a Imall iiland, which is fertile in provifions, 
 his plenty of frelh water, and a good harbour for fliip- 
 I'ing. The Dutch liael formciiy a fadory here, which 
 they abandoned, as thole left to take care of it were al- 
 moil lure to fall vidims to tiie bloody elifpnlitions of 
 the natives, or the inclemency of the climate. 
 
 St. Augulline's Bay is lituaied jull under the tropic 
 of Capricorn, in lb eleg. ',0 min. foiuh lat. being on 
 the wtflcrn coall of Madagalcar, and was formerly 
 much relorted to by F,ure)pcans. 
 
 Mr. Salmon fays, " It was once cxpcfted that the 
 pirates would have made a fettlcment in this iflane!, and 
 ufurp the cioniinion of it, having fix or ("even fail of 
 fliips, with which they ufed to infcit the Indian le.is, 
 and carry their prizes into a place eif (ecurity on the 
 north-eail part of Madagalcar, where they polielTed 
 thcmfelvesol a harbour of dilHcult acccfs, and defeiieled 
 from dorms by the little ifland of St. Mary, which lies 
 bctore it, in 1 7 deg. ibuth lat. 
 
 " The 
 
 AFRICA.l 
 
 " The court 
 
 a fquadreiii of f< 
 
 mmlore Warren 
 
 he finding it im| 
 
 proclamation, ii 
 
 a pariton to a 
 
 their leader; bt 
 
 commoelore aft 
 
 in the Fall liv 
 
 endeavours to r 
 
 hut to no purpr 
 
 (hips on the Ihe 
 
 rcfl to Englan 
 
 good cfted, th; 
 
 gafcatj and fit 
 
 they agreed to 
 
 themfclves. 1 
 
 the Dutch at 
 
 George, were 
 
 land, A. D. 1 
 
 coukl never le: 
 
 mains conccalt 
 
 Later accoi 
 
 ted hLs immen 
 
 cog. lived ma 
 
 length died in 
 
 in bevonlhire, 
 
 a J-ath of cak 
 
 rSLANDS N 
 
 TUF ifla 
 of Ma 
 of Abraham, 
 from the Iho 
 mouth of the 
 in length, froi 
 to well. It i: 
 may pafs whc 
 fcareely cove 
 the coall i. 
 (hipping ..t 
 and great tj 
 ifland. Tl 
 rivers, rivu 
 tility to the 
 every fide w 
 vegetables, 
 and the tol 
 The air is t 
 the year b 
 liours; au'l 
 miffion. '1 
 f >und alioti 
 with variou 
 cd tacamah 
 IflindofS 
 before: no 
 dagalcar m 
 merly ulet! 
 natives, ai 
 there are te 
 tants, who 
 yams, pea 
 of Hlh call 
 or hooks, 
 quire. '1' 
 Ibme parti 
 terms with 
 known to 
 
lOGKAIMlY. 
 
 h the man afidr, ad- 
 ^ as he could to what 
 "r thrir Ijfl-ty's fake. 
 ) (j)okc French, and 
 foon undcrrtood the 
 Ihey would afk him if 
 I? He anfwered, ht 
 Ir he was carried from 
 IShc an<ed him if he 
 It Dretend to fay abfo- 
 I me bore a great re- 
 Imucli ufed to when 
 
 nd more in their opi- 
 
 led, they thought that 
 
 cloatlis during the 
 
 H'li, hair was as black 
 
 |dfd it mull be their 
 
 ifportcd with joy at 
 
 were for chufing him 
 
 xt heir. They allied 
 
 |d them he never rc- 
 
 any other name than 
 
 liin what they th ,jght 
 
 e.l with Tuley, which 
 
 liey calleil him Decan 
 
 viii",ii fideof hono'T, 
 
 alio further l.ajt.d 
 
 zkcr, tiut is, king of 
 
 chmcn, were furprifcd 
 
 I dcxtroully, not per- 
 earncll, and was as 
 
 wercofelrcliiig him, 
 
 place. He had here 
 under his command, 
 
 e in at his pleafure. 
 and left him behind 
 
 had occafion for what 
 a conftant practice to 
 c with him. 
 ve were call away, a 
 e, fomeoftiie men got 
 rel with fome of the 
 lutl W.1S not the:,- law- 
 II refidcnt in France. 
 
 fatal confequcnce to 
 /cnt it as no one could 
 
 the man >.lio made 
 ed him to be Ihot to 
 1 his companions to 
 ■m, that if ever they. 
 Limed to come within 
 feel thr weigh, of his 
 
 Airopeaiis often fre- 
 hich is fiiuatrd in the 
 ds ab.jvc 40 inilc'j to 
 i broad at its entrance. 
 5 fertile in provifions, 
 >od harbour for Ihip- 
 i faflory here, which 
 ve care of it were al- 
 ilooily difpolitions of 
 he cjimarc. 
 |u(l under the tropic 
 foiitii lat. being on 
 , and was formerly 
 
 :c cxpeded tlut the 
 ■nt in this illanil, and 
 fix or fcven liul of 
 ifcll the Indian leas, 
 : of fecurity on the 
 vhcrc thry polfflfed 
 icccfs, and defended 
 it. Mary, which lies 
 
 " The 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 ISLANDS IN THE INDIAN OCF.AN. 
 
 " The court of England, about the year 1700, fcnt 
 a fquadroii tif tour men of war, conmianded by Com- 
 mtKlore Wan en, to drive the pirates from thence; but 
 he tiniiing it in)(ioll,ble to come at tlicni, publillicd a 
 proclamation, in purlbanec to his inllrutlions, offering 
 a pardon to ail tlut would came in, except Avery, 
 their leader; but not a man come over to iiin'. The 
 commodore afterwards proceeded to Fort St. George, 
 in the F.all Indies. This gentleman ufed his utmoll 
 endeavours to meet with ilie pirates in the leas of India, 
 but to no purpolc; and having left one or two of his 
 Ihips on the Ihoals near Malacca, he returned with the 
 reft to England. However, his expedition had this 
 good cft'edt, that the [)irate5 durll not llir from Mada- 
 gafcar; and finding they were lo narrowly watched, 
 they agreed to divide what they had got, and difperfe 
 thcmfclves. Two of them were afterwards taken by 
 the Dutch at Malacca, and being fcnt to Fort St. 
 George, were broi;glit over to Englaml in tiie How- 
 land, A. I). 1701. What became of Avery himfelf I 
 could never learn; but it .s prob:!bly he is dead, or re- 
 mains concealed in rlie llland (.f Madagafcar." 
 
 Later accounts, however, affert, that Avery diflipa- 
 ted hLs immenfe weakh, returned po(jr to England in 
 cog. lived many years privately and poorly, and at 
 length died in great imligence and mifery, at Biddeford, 
 in Devonlhirc, concluding thus a life of wickednefs in 
 a d:ath of calamity. 
 
 rSLANDS NEAR THE Coast of MADAGASCAR. 
 
 THL ifland lA' St. Mary, or, a', the inhabitants 
 of Madagalcar call it, Ibrahim, or the IP.e 
 of Abraham, lies in lydcg. fi^ith lat. about rwo leagues 
 from the Ihore of Matlagafcar, and oppo(i:e to the 
 mouth of the river Muiaiigharc. It is about 50 miles 
 in leniith, from north to fouth, and almotl 10 from call 
 to wt It It is furrounded by roclvs, over which canoes 
 may pafs when the fea is iiigh ; but at low tide they are 
 fcari-ely covered with a foot of water, which renders 
 the coail ii -general daiigercus, and only accelTible for 
 fhipping ..t particular places. Various beautiful fliells, 
 and great t|',;. ndiie:. of wiiite coral, abounds about this 
 ifland. The whole is iiitcrleclcd and watered by many 
 rivers, rivulets, and run.iing Iprings, which give fer- 
 tility to tlie f lit, ami beautv to the Icene, enriched on 
 evtry fide wiiii plantations of rice, yams, millet, fruit, 
 vegetables, &e. Sugar-canes grow ipontaneoully, 
 and the tobacco-plant come to very great perfeition. 
 The air is extremely moid; for there is hardly a day in 
 the year but it rains fome time within the twenty-four 
 hours; and it often rains a week together without inter- 
 mifTioii. The cattle arc fat and good. Ambergris is 
 found ;iliout the eallern lliore; and the ifland abounds 
 with various gums, particularly that excellent one cali- 
 
 449 
 
 cd taramahata. Since the Irench were 
 
 ed on the 
 
 Ifland of St. Mary, it became much more populous than 
 before : nor dare the neighbouring inliabitants of Ma- 
 dagalcar now let a foot on the iHaial, through they for- 
 merly ulei! to carry fire and iword amongll the poor 
 natives, and were a great fcourge to them. At prefent 
 there are ten 01 twelve village:,, and near looo inhabi- 
 tants, who employ thcmfelvcs chiefly in cultivating rice, 
 yams, peas, beans, &c. They are likewili; very fond 
 of filh called iiourils, which they catch either by nets 
 or hooks, and cat or fell them, as their necelTities re- 
 quire. Their religion is Paganifm, intermixed with 
 Ibmc particlci of judaifni; and they keep on good 
 terms with Ciuiflians, though none of them have been 
 known to become prolelytes. 
 
 To the fouth of tlie inind of St. Mary iu a fmall illmd, 
 feparated by a narrow channel, not above three fatliom 
 over, fo fertile, rich, and abundant, that the inhabi- 
 tants of the Ifland of St. Mary iead their cattle hitlicr 
 to fatten, and lay out large plantations of rice, corn, 
 roots, and fruits, norwithilanding which they have not 
 thought proper to plant a colmy on it. 
 
 The llland of Diego Roderiguez is Gtuatcd in 19 dcg. 
 15 min. foutli lat. about 22 leagues to the caftward of 
 Madagafcar, and is uninhabited. 
 
 In the 16th deg. of fouth lat. are fituated the iflands 
 called by the Portugucfe Ilhas, Primieras, an.l otlier 
 iflands called Angoras, whi'h are four in number; but 
 thefe iflands contain nothing worthy of attention. 
 
 There are feveral fmall iflands called Utiques, op- 
 pofite to Cape St. Sebaftian, on the coafl of Safo!a, and 
 under the lat. of 24 deg. 6 min. from the continent, 
 and which Hand off St. Sebaftian, on tlie north-weft 
 end of Madagafcar. eaft of the Comoro Iflands. They 
 produce rice, millet and great abundance of cattle. 
 There is alio ambergris found on the fea-coafl, which 
 the people colled and export to different parti of the 
 continent: but the molt valu.'.bk produce of thele 
 iflands is a pearl fifliery. 
 
 The inhabitants are Negroes, and refembic thofe of 
 Madagafcar, both in perfons and drcfs. Their religion 
 is Paganifm, with fome faint gleams of Judaifni; and 
 they ire exceeding fuperftitious, being extremely fond 
 of attending toprediflions, though their lives are ufually 
 rendered unhajjpy thereby ; and, indeed, how can it be 
 otlicrwife ? for if we believe that f ime certain good is 
 dcllined to attend us, we groan under the preli^nt bur- 
 den, and are anxioully miferable for its arrival ; while, 
 on the contrary, if we fancy that fome evil will affured- 
 ly befall us, we feel it poignantly in expeiftation, und 
 are truely unhappy, in the excruciation idea of what 
 inay chance to happen. Then how impious mull they 
 be who attempt to pry into futurity, and to fcarch for 
 that which Heaven hath fo wifely concealed ! And how 
 kind is Providence to hide from us fo cautioufly, that 
 which, if known, would only render us the flavcs of 
 either hope or fear. 
 
 Heaven from all creatures hides tlie book of fate, 
 (All but the pi^e prefcrib'd their prefent ftate ;) 
 I'Vom brutes what men, from men whatlpiritskp'".., 
 Or who could fuffer being here below ? 
 The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to day ; 
 Had he thy rrafon would he fldp and play? 
 Pleated to the lafl, he crops the tlow'ry food, 
 And licks the hand juft railed to llied his blood. 
 Oh, blindnefs to the future, kindly given, 
 That each may fill the circle mark'd by heav'n, 
 Who fees witli equal eye, as God of all, 
 A hero perifh, or a fparrow fall ; 
 Atoms or fyflems into ruin hurl'd ; 
 And now a bubble burfl, and now a world. 
 Hope humbly then, with trembling pinions foar. 
 Wait the great teacher Death, and God adore. 
 What future blifs he gives not thee to know. 
 But gives that hope to be thy blcfTing now. 
 Hope fprings eternal in the human breafl : 
 Man never is, but always to be blelh 
 The foul uneafy, and confin'd from home, 
 Refts and expatiates in a life to come. 
 
 There are feveral other iflands near thefe coafls, but 
 they are all fmall, many of them uninhabiteil, and 
 none of them contain any thing in particular that is 
 worthy of defcription. 
 
 hi 
 
 rn^i 
 
 No. 4t. 
 
 SX 
 
 C H A P. 
 
4SO A NEW, ROYAL, ano AJTIIENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 C H A p. XXIII. 
 ISLANDS NEAR THE CoAST OF ZANGUEBAR. 
 
 
 THERE arc a ntimber of Iflands on this coaft, but 
 the generality of them arc very finall ami unin- 
 habired. We rtiall, therefore, only take notice of the 
 nioft confiderable, which arc the following, 
 
 M O S A M B I Q^U E 
 
 IS fituated in a gulph, in the 1 5th deg. of foiith lat. 
 and about two miles from the coall. Before the 
 ifland, and next to the fhore, are two fmaller ones, 
 which feem as if they had been formerly joined with tiie 
 main land. One of thcfe is railed St. George's, and 
 the other St. Jimes's; but they are both fiiull, and 
 without any inh.ibirants. 
 
 Mofambiqiie is very finall, being not al-ovc a mile 
 an i a half long, and three quarters of a mile broad. 
 The land is fmooth and even, and the greatefl part of 
 it ..ovcred with white land. The air is very fiiltry and 
 unwholefome. The inhabitants have no other frelh 
 water than what arifcs from a fmall Ipring fituated about 
 the center of the idand. Though the foil here is very 
 dry and fandy, the gardens, from the .''iTllbnce of water 
 brought from the above Ipring, produce oranges, le- 
 mons, ananas, and rig trees. 
 
 I lere are great numbers of black and fmall cattle, 
 particularly ftiecp, whole rumps are of an enormous 
 fize. They have likewife fomc hogs; as alio a kind of 
 fowl, whofe feathers and flclh are black, and when 
 boiled, the water is of the colour of ink, but the flclh 
 cf the bird is very delicate and wholelome. 
 
 The n.itives are fliort of rtafirc, very black, antl 
 have curled h.iir like the wool of a llieep. They arc 
 naturally cruel, deceitful, and enemies to ftrangers ; 
 but as they are very ti J, the I'ortuguefe, who arc 
 mafters of the ifland, keep them under tolerable fub- 
 jeftion. The men wear only a fmall piece of cloth 
 wound round the waiil; the women have a kind of 
 petticoat of coarfe cotton cloth, which reaches from 
 the middle to tho ancles. They wear round their necks 
 firings of coral, and beads of various colours. In their 
 ears they have brals rings ; and on their arms bracelets, 
 made of brafs or tin. Some of them arc Chrirtians, 
 others Mahometans, and the reft idolaters. 
 
 The Portuguele built a town on this ifland, which is 
 called by the lame name. This town is of infinite ail- 
 vantage to them, as their fliips not only (lop and rcfrclh 
 here in their way to the Kafl Indies, but it alio fccures 
 their trade with the neighbouring nations, particularly 
 thofe of Sofala and Monomotapa, from whence they 
 take great quantities of gold. The houfes in this town 
 are tolerably well built ; and they have a convent anil 
 an hofpital for the fick, both of which arc large and 
 handfomc buildings. Here is likewife a fort, which is 
 much larger, and better fupplicd, than .any the I'ortu- 
 gucfc have on the whole coall of Zangucbar, 
 
 M O M B A Z A, 
 
 LYTT,G in 4 deg. 5 min. fouth lat. has a large town 
 fituated on a rock, and tiefended by a ftrong caille. 
 The houfes are built after the Italian manner; and the 
 caftle is the ufual refidcnce of a Mahometan prince. 
 The Portuguefe were once m.allers of this illand, but 
 they were routed from it by the Arabs about the middle 
 of the lall century. This ifland is watered by a river 
 of the fame nauic, which fpringi from the mountains 
 of Monoemugi, runs from call to weft, and then dif- 
 cliarges itlclf into tlic fea. 
 
 The port of Moinbaza is vcryfafc and commodious, 
 and is greatly rclurted to by the men haiits of the toaft 
 of Zangucbar, and other places, for the convenience 
 of crade. 
 
 The QIJERIMBA ISLANDS 
 
 ARE feated along the coaft, from Cape del Grada, in 
 10 deg. to the iith deg. of fouth lat. and extend 
 two degrees, or 1 ;o miles, from north to Ibuth. The 
 moft remarkable, and largeft of them, which gives 
 name to the reft, is Qncrinib.i, where the I'ortuguelc 
 have a fiiull fort, 'i'his ill.uid, whii h is the mf)ft po- 
 pulous of them all, contains a few houfes, not conti- 
 guous together, but fcattered uj) and down, like lo 
 many farin-houfes. In the midulc of the ifland i» a 
 church, where mafs is faid by a Doniinic.ui pricll, lent 
 hither by the archbilLop of Goa. 
 
 »hc other iflands diat go under the denomination of 
 Qi^:'-rimba, arelbo, orOibo, Matomo, Macoloo, ai:d 
 Malindaj but they arc all too infigmHcant to merit any 
 partififlar notice, excejit the firll, which is uniier the 
 diredion of a Portuguele governor, who has a large 
 houfe, with an extenfive garden Ivhind ir, and the 
 whole is enclofed with a lofty and ftrong w.ill. This 
 ifland, and that of Querimba, have good harbours for 
 fliipping, which is not the cafe with any of the reft, 
 the channels between them being, at low water, not 
 more th.in three feet deep, 
 
 The ')i^ierimba Iflands are all well w.atered with 
 fprings, and therefore fertile, proiludng plenty of dates, 
 oranges, citrons, grapes, pot-h' 'js, 6cc, They alio 
 abountl in good paltures, wh-io arc fed great herds of 
 lar^c and fmall cattle. Moft of them have likewife 
 great plenty of game ; and the fea about them produces 
 a variety of excellent fifli. Ihc inhabitants receive 
 wheat, rice, and dryed fweatmeats, from Ormus. 
 
 Thefc iflands were formerly inhabited by .'\rabs, as 
 appears from the ruins of fcveral houfes, which were 
 built with ftone, bricks, and mortar. The Portuguefe 
 when they firftcamc here, not only deftroyed the houfes, 
 under pretence of their being inhabited by Mahome- 
 tans, but they even carried their cruelty fo far as to 
 murder all the people, without fparing either age or 
 lex. It was owing to this cruelty that thefc iflands con- 
 tinued many years uninhabited ; till, at length, fomc 
 Portuguefe, from Bumbaza, Mofambique, and other 
 parts, came and fettled on them. At firft each family 
 took poftemon of an ifland, where they built a houfe, 
 provided themfelves with fire-arms, and bought (laves, 
 not only to till the ground, but alfo to defend their 
 perfons. I'hey arc now iiiliabitcd by Portuguefe and 
 Blacks i and they are under the protciflion of the go- 
 vernor of Mofambique, who fends them annually a 
 juilge to decide all ditierenccs that may happen amongll 
 them. 
 
 To.the fouth of (^lerimba is a clufter of fmall iflands, 
 not inhabited. They are called by the Portuguefe, 
 The Ifl.inds of the Whipped or Laflied, becaufe the 
 firft time they went to examine them, havi.i;^ a pilot 
 whom they had taken from Mol'ainbique, they found 
 th.ar the perfidious wretch endeavoured to entangle 
 them among tliofe iflands, in order to lliipwreck 
 their fleet, in conftquenre of which thev puniflied hi* 
 treati.ery by fevcrely whipping him with cords, and 
 fiom thence the iflands received their name. 
 
 M O N I F L A 
 
 LIES in 9 deg. ;;o min. fouth lat. It is very fertile in 
 rice and millet, and has a great variety of fruit- 
 trees, as alfo prodigious numbers of fugar-cancs. It 
 contain* only a few villages, though it is a: the Icalt 100 
 miles in circumference. 
 
 ZANJABAR, 
 
 ZAN, 
 
 IS fituated in 
 eight league 
 very fertile ifliii 
 of rice, miller, i 
 in which grow 
 perfume the air 
 with fprings of 
 have been very 1 
 CO, during two 
 took from thclc 
 forts of mcrch; 
 gan to appear ii 
 mifcd to pay yi 
 
 THE Comt 
 moro, til 
 luimber ; and 1 
 names of M0I 
 They lie o\i\w\ 
 Midagafcar. 
 by Europeans, 
 lives being a\ 
 reafon originat 
 by the Portug 
 they not only 
 iiiitted the inr 
 captives, and 
 enjoyment, b\ 
 then felling fh 
 be wondered 
 peojile Ihoul 1 
 proved them: 
 
 Mohilla is 
 diflike the inli 
 there not bcii 
 of fliips. 
 
 Thcfe iflan 
 cattle, flicep 
 alfo [iroduce 
 citrons, coco; 
 rice, and gin 
 
 Anga.eia 
 various parts 
 to the eaftw, 
 modities of 
 and other cot 
 is made of tl 
 ed, and f|Tf 
 wine, a i'.iio 
 cd to fermi 
 never let tli 
 pcrmiflion fr 
 ihem, whicli 
 them write 
 fume of tlu 
 learn by nu 
 whither they 
 Jioufes arc 
 oyfter-fliclls 
 teicd in a v 
 dows coveri 
 a defence ai 
 fun. 'I'his 
 the conlli'-ui 
 
 Mohiila 
 children pa 
 
>GRAPH?. 
 
 lAR. 
 
 ANDS 
 
 h Cape del G rath, In 
 J loutli Lit. and extend 
 liorth to Ibuth. The 
 tlicni, wliicli gives 
 jflicrc the I'ortiij^uelc 
 lliich is the mod |)o- 
 jw houlcs, not coiiti- 
 J) and down, like lb 
 lie of the ifland is a 
 l)oniinicaii |)hcll, lent 
 
 the denomination of 
 Itoino, Macoloo, aisd 
 Igniticant to merit any 
 
 which is uniler the 
 Inn, who has a large 
 
 Ivhind ir, and the 
 id llrong wall. This 
 ive good harbours for 
 v.ith any of the reft, 
 g, at low water, not 
 
 II v.ell wattred with 
 Judng plenty of dates, 
 bs, &CC. They alfo 
 are fed great herds of 
 f them have likcwifc 
 I about them produceg 
 le inhabitants receive 
 :s, from Ormus. 
 ihabited by Arabs, as 
 il houfes, which were 
 tar. The Portuguele 
 y deftroyed tlie hoiil'es, 
 ihabited by Mahome- 
 r cruelty fo far as to 
 Iparing either age or 
 1 that tliefe idands con- 
 till, at length, I'omc 
 jfambique, and other 
 At firft each family 
 rrc they built a houfc, 
 s, and bought flaves, 
 alfo to defend their 
 ■d by Portuguel'e and 
 jrotedion of the go- 
 tids them annually a 
 ; may hapjien amongll 
 
 cluderoffmalliflands, 
 
 by the I'ortugucle, 
 
 Laflied, becaufe the 
 
 ihein, havi.ig a pilot 
 
 laiiibique, they found 
 
 ■avoured to entangle 
 
 order to Ihipwreck 
 
 ch tlu'V punillied his 
 
 him wirh cords, and 
 
 icir name. 
 
 . A 
 
 It. Itis very fertile In 
 .;reat variety of fruit- 
 i of fugar-canes. It 
 ;h i: is at the leall loo 
 
 ZANJABAR, 
 
 AFRICA.! 
 
 AFRICAN ISLANDS. 
 
 45« 
 
 ZANJABAR. OR ZANZIBAR, 
 
 IS fituated in 7 deg. 55 min. fonth lit. and is about 
 eight hMgiics dillant from the >ontinent. It is a 
 very fertile in.md, and, in particu'i.. , produces plenty 
 of rice, millet, ami fugar-canes. It has minv ffinlls, 
 in which grow very t.dl lemon-trees, whofr blofl()ins 
 p<'rfiime the air for a confidcrable dill ince. It abounds 
 with fprings of excellent water j and muft heretofore 
 have been very rich, fincc a I'ortuguefe, named Rav.if- 
 co, durin^j; two months that he continurd on the fi'ot, 
 took fronj thele ill.inders m velTrK, l.uten with fcveral 
 forts of mrrchandi/.e. When tiie I'ortuguefe firft be- 
 gan to appear in thefe pans, the king of this iflind pro- 
 mifcd to pay yearly to his Portuguele majclly a certain 
 
 (juantity of gold, befides ^3 iTiefp, which a I'ortuguefe 
 ciptain was annually lent to receive. The chief part of 
 the people that n )W inhabit this ifland are Mihometans. 
 
 There are two other I'mail Ulands on the coaft of 
 Zangtiebar. The firrt of thefe is called I.amo, and 
 litiLurd between the ift and id deg. of fmt'i lit. Here 
 is a fm.iU town, which was the nfidenre of the king; 
 and ni'.ir it is a good harbour for Ihippiiv;. The king 
 of this idand was murdered by the Fortiiguefe in the 
 ye.ir !/;«(> 
 
 'i'hc other id.in !, wliich !.•■ called Pate, is fituated to 
 the north of I.anio, in the d dcg. of f)iith lat. It ha$ 
 a fmall town about the center of it, but it does not con- 
 tain any building th.it merits particular notice. The 
 inhihitants are all blacks, and the chief part of them 
 profcls the Mahometan religion. 
 
 C II A P. 
 
 XXIW 
 
 The COMORO I S L A N D S. 
 
 TI IF. Comoro Idands take their names from Co- 
 moro, the largclt of them. They are live in 
 number ; and the other four are dillinguiihed by the 
 names of Moliil'.a, Angazeja, Johanna, and iVIayotta. 
 They lie oppofite the Ihorc of Zangucbar, and north oi 
 Madagafcar. Comoro, ilu- lirgell, n not freipicnced 
 by F.uropeans, it h-aing no file harbour, and the na- 
 tives being avcrfe to conuiicrce with lliangL-rs The 
 reafon originated from the cruelties exerciled on them 
 by the I'ortuguefe when they (irll vifitcd thele leas; for 
 they not only robbed them of tlieir [iroprrty, and com- 
 mitted the iii'iil dreadful outrages, but alio made them 
 captives, and i're.|uently divellcd iliem of every earthly 
 enjoyment, by forcing them on board their Ihips, and 
 then felling them for llaves. It i^, dicrefore, little to 
 be wondered .:•, that the dcUcndants of thele i;nhappy 
 people llioul I look witli detelbtion on thole wlio hid 
 proved themlelves llrangers to every humane lenfation. 
 
 Mohilli is very feldom viCitcd, not only trom the 
 diflike the inliabitants have to llrangers, but alio from 
 there not being any place convenient for the reception 
 of Ihips. 
 
 Thefe illands, however, are fertile, and abound with 
 cattle, flieep, hogs, and fowls of various forts. They 
 alfo [iroduce fweet and four oranges, great and Imall 
 citrons, cocoa-nuts, bananas, honey, betel, fugar-canes, 
 rice, and ginger. 
 
 Angav.eia is inhabited by Moors, who trade with 
 various parts of the continent, and moll of the iflands 
 to the eadward, in cattle, fruits, and the other com- 
 modities of this illand, exchanging them for callicoes, 
 and other cotton cloths. The bread ufed in this ifland 
 is made of the kernel of the cocoa-nut, boiled or broil- 
 ed, and Ijread over with honey. Their drink is palm 
 wine, a juice extracted from the fugar-cane, and lulFer- 
 cd to ferment, or tiie milk of the coccja-nut. They 
 never let their women be feen by llrangers, without 
 permirtion from one of the chiefs, or an oricr to fee 
 them, which the llranger brings with him. Many of 
 them write and read Arabic with great f.icility: and 
 fome of them iinderlland the Portuguel'e, which they 
 learn by means of their in'tercourfc with M()fanibi(]ue, 
 whither they trade in velTcls of 40 tons burthen. The 
 iioufes are built of Hone and lime, made of calcined 
 oyller-fliells, with which the walls and roofs are plail- 
 tered in a very elegant manner, and the roofs and win- 
 dows covered with palm-leaves, which ferve eciually as 
 a defence againit rain, and the fcorching heat of the 
 (iin. This illand is under the government of ten lords, 
 the coiillitution b'-ing a |iure anilocracy. 
 
 Mohilla is iir.der the diiec'lion of a fu'tin, whole 
 children particijatc in his authjrity, wktitr male or 
 
 female, and govern in qu.iliry of viceroys in dltfcrent 
 parts ol the illan>l. All, however, bear the title of 
 fultans, til jiigh they arc, in fome refpedts, fubordinatc 
 to the authority of the ftther : each have their guards, 
 crown, fcepter, and all the enfigns and pageantry of 
 majcty, together with a brilliant court, and numerous 
 houl'ehold. riie fult.in iiever goes abriiad without being 
 attended by twenty ol the principal pcilons in tiie illand, 
 upon wiiich occalion liis dieis is a long robe of llriped 
 callico, hanging from liis flioulders to his lueli, with a 
 turban on hu head. The peofjle in general wear loofe 
 callico gowns, and are continually chewing areka, or 
 betel, in the manner of the Eaft Indians, to whom, in 
 tlieir culloms, they have affinity. 
 
 Johanna is the moll frequented, and bed known to 
 European,, of all the Comoro Illands; for here they 
 touch for icfielliments in their pallagc to Bombay, anil 
 the M.il.di-r coalls of India. 
 
 This ifl.ind lies ia 1 ; deg. :o min. foutii lat. It is 30 
 miles long, 15 broad, and about 90 in circumference. 
 Though fome parts of it are exceeding mountainous, 
 ye' i; is, in general, a very beautiful and fertile fpot. 
 The foil is naturally .very good, and, from its being 
 well wttered by rivers, produ.:c3 abundance of the chitt 
 ncceiVaru s of life. 
 
 In order to diljlay the beauties of this ifland, as Well 
 as to take the advantage of introducing a proper de- 
 fcription of its natural produftions, we fliall relate the 
 account of an excurlion taken by two gentlemen the 
 fccond day after they landed on this illand ; which ac- 
 count is as follows : " As we fet out pretty early in t!ie 
 morning fay they, we made a Ihift to penetrate about 
 five miles into the country before the lun bcj/an to be 
 any ways troublel'ome j and this was no f.iull (Iretch, 
 confidering the mountainous track we had t>) go. We 
 had fowling-pieces with us and the viev of excellent 
 Iport in fiiooting, could we have reached the places where 
 we might perceive the game lay; but we couLl not cun- 
 qoer the afccnt of the hills, thougli we endeavoured to 
 Icramble up them on our hands and knees. We were 
 obliged therefore to relt fatistied witli what fmall birds 
 prefented themlelves in the vallifs and hills that were 
 palTable. We made our breakfall on pine-apples and 
 tiie milk of cocoa-nuts. About noon, coming to a 
 beautiful piece of water, we featcd ourlelves in the 
 fliade by the banks 01" it, to make a fecond meal, as 
 well as to enjoy the tinkling of l^veral little li'rmgs 
 and natural t.'Ic.ides that fell from the rocks, a:id, ac- 
 cording to their dillaiice, iVemcd to found a gradation 
 of notes, lb as to form a kind of agreciblc loothing 
 water mufic, 
 
 '• The 
 
 „..jl 
 
m 
 
 
 i*ll>M 
 
 4J1 A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 
 Tlie flclh of tliis filli is very firm, and well 
 
 " The orange and lime-trees, wlvch rtootf in great 
 niimlnrrs about ihu fjMit of crouikl, bending under the 
 WrrJit of thcii fruit, ditTuIld a moll fragrant otlour. 
 Thcff were alio pinc-appUs *!iiih j;rrw wild, of eltven 
 and thirteen inilies in circuuilercnre, of a miicli riclirr 
 flavour than thole we afterwards met wjih in India. Our 
 guides too made us dillin^uilh a numlHr of goyava, 
 and cfpecially plumb-trees, the llze of w'lole fiuit is 
 about that of a daniafceiR*, and leaves a pUafin^ l-dilli 
 on the palate for louie minutes alter it is taten. All 
 tliete growing promiitu^wlly, and without the Irart ar- 
 rangement of order, comhiiifd witli the falk ol water, 
 and the ftupendous heij^ht ot il>c lurroundin;; liills, to- 
 vered with trees ami verdsrc, and, in their various 
 breaks and projediDUs, exhibiting the l)oldilt llrokes, 
 of nature, altogether compolcd what ini^ht, without 
 exaj^geration, he called a terreftrial paradil'e, compared 
 to which tiie tinell ^;aidens in Europe, witli their (ia- 
 tues, artificial calcade>, comi)artments, and all the rr- 
 tineinciits of human iiufntion, would appear i)wor in- 
 deed ! 1 Icre it was iiiipoll.ble tor art to ado any thing, 
 but w!)at would rather Ipcil than adorn the I. tncry, 
 
 " It was not then without regret that we (]iiitted li> 
 charming a I'pot, alter having fejfted our eyes with the 
 Leautie.s of it i to which it may be mentioned, as no 
 inconfiderable addition, that there wa., no fear of wild 
 bcalh or venomous creatuns to interrupt our pleafure. 
 
 The chiif cattle of this ifland are oxen, (lieep, and 
 hogs. The oxen are in (lenrral of a middling fivx, 
 and, like thole in tl-.e Fall Indiis, are remarkable for 
 having a large Helhy excrefceni.e between their neik 
 and back. Their flclh is ve.y fweet, and the excrc- 
 Icrnce when kept for Ibnie time in ji'kl'-, tafles like 
 marrow, and is generally preferred either to tongue or 
 udder. 
 
 In the wotxls are great numbers of monkics of dif- 
 ferent kinds and fi/es, snd a be.ifl; called mongooz. 
 This anim.-! is about tlie I'm of a fmall cat, and has a 
 head fhapcd liked a fox, with black eyes and oraiig;- 
 coiourcd circles round the pii;)il. The hair about the 
 eyes is black, and hangs downward in a point towards 
 the nofe, which is alio black j but there is a Ipace be- 
 tween the ryes and nofe entirely white, which is conti- 
 nued to il.e fides ot the tace as iar as the ears. '! he 
 upi'er parts of the hi ad, neck, back, tail and limbs, 
 are of a dark brown aih colour, and the hair is t'lme- 
 what woolly. The under fide of the Imdy is white, and 
 the paws are like human hand.^, with Hat nails, except a 
 lliarp pointed diw on the Iccond toe <:t the hinder teet. 
 The tail is lonj.', and the hair thick an 1 loft. Its actions 
 
 are like thofe ot .'. mcnk 
 
 It lecOs on fruits, htibs. 
 
 and almolt every thing ell'e, not excepting even luc 
 filh. There are I'everal l< rts ol thele animals, which 
 ditler only in colour: and they ate all very harmkis aiitl 
 inolFenfive. 
 
 The maucaiilo is an animal about the fize of a cat, 
 with a head nearly relembling tint of a fox. It h.as a 
 lively piercing eye, its coat is woolly and generally of a 
 nioufe colour, and its tail, which U about three feet 
 long, is variegated with circles of black wi-hin an inch 
 of each other quite to the end. W hen taken young it 
 loon grows tame. 'I'he country abounds with fquiriels 
 large and fhy, but neither of good Ih.ipe or colour. 
 
 They have fowls and ducks here; alfo great Variety 
 of game, but the inhabitants are In inexijeriencc'l in 
 the ul'e iDoth of nets and guns, that very few of them 
 arc caught. 
 
 The lea here abounds with fcveral torts of excellent 
 f.fi, which tlie natives are very expert in catching, jjar- 
 ticularly ihornbacks, mullets, and a Hat filh greatly re- 
 lembling turbut. But the mofl remarkalile Ipccies is 
 die parrot-filh, io c.dled from its mouth, which is made 
 like the bill of a parrot. It is about a foot lonj;, and 
 the colour is grecnifh, variegated near tiie liead with 
 yellovv. The tins arc blue, as are all" the eyes, whieli 
 are very fprightly, and have a yellow iris: t!ie te.iles 
 are very large, and there are two rows of ilrong teeth 
 i;i the mouth, with which it breaks o{)en mulclcs and 
 
 ovfters. 
 tailed. 
 
 The male natives of this illand arc in general tall 
 flrong, ar ' well proporii n. d i but the women are not 
 ft well mav - .is the men. They have all long black 
 hair, piercing eyes, lips liimewhat inclining to be thick, 
 and arc in general ot a colour between an olive and a 
 black. 
 
 The poorer fort live in huts made of reeds tied to- 
 gether, and plailleied over with a mixture of clay and 
 cow-dung i .-ind the roofs are thatched with a kind of 
 matting made of cocoa leaves. The better lurt have 
 their houfes made of Hone and mud. 
 
 Their principal food confills of vegetables and milk, 
 which they have here in great plenty and perfection! 
 Iiille.ad of oil and vinegar to their fallads, they ufe a 
 kind of liquid, fomewhat like our treacle, which tJicy 
 extrad from the cocoa n it. 
 
 Perlons of rank are dillingtiilTied by the nails of their 
 fingers and toes, which they luller to gror to 4.. i/n- 
 modtratc length : they paint them with the alkenna, a 
 yelljwirti red produced frcrn a pir-i ; ilar ftirub that 
 grows in the marlliy p.>rts of the iOand. '1 hey ufually 
 carry large knives (tuck in a falh they wear round their 
 wailfs, liime of which have filver, or agate handles, but 
 the generality are made of wood carved. 
 
 Ttie common people have no other doathing than a 
 piece of co.irte cloth wound round the waifl-, with a 
 (kull-c.ap made of a kind of fluff. Thofc "f fiiperior 
 rank have a kind of widc-llecved fhirt, which hang", 
 down over a pair of large drawers, and a waiflcoat inadc 
 thick or light, according to the fealbn of the year; 
 and the very diflinjuilhed of all wear turbans on thtir 
 heads. 
 
 The women wear a fnort jacket and petticoat, with 
 a kind of I-kjIc gown, and, when they go abroad, have 
 a veil over their faces. They take great pains in or- 
 namenting their arms, legs, and ears in the latter of 
 which tticy have fueh a c^uantity of trinkets mwe of 
 metal, th.it the lobes of them are f) dilated by the 
 Weight as almolt to touch the lliouiders. Their arms 
 and wrills are decorated with a number of bracelets, 
 made of glafs, iron, copper, pcwr^r, or filver, accord- 
 ing to their rcfjiective ranks or circumftances. 
 
 C"hildren, from their birth, both ma es and females, 
 go (lark naked till they are feven or '■ight years of agej 
 a cullom they have in common with the orientals, who 
 are not fo much governed in it by the heat of th'- cli- 
 mate, or neceflity, as by phyfual iraf ms. They ima- 
 gine that infants are conftitutionaliy moie apt to t)c 
 hurt by heat then cold ; and that the free accets of the 
 air to all parts of their bodies, is even nutritious, and 
 more favourable to their principles of growth, than if 
 liiey were fwtltcred up with fwathing clothes, which, 
 they think, rob them of a hardincfs conducive to their 
 health. By thefe means the children are preferved 
 from complaints, to which others are fiihjecl, from 
 their cloatlis being lb binding as to occafu n them to 
 cry, and frequently to fuch a degree, as to terminate, 
 through their (training, into ruptures. This conduct, 
 with refpedt to their children, appears to be very con- 
 fillent, and to have the wiilud-t'or ef}"e<5t; for inftcad 
 of meeting with a deformed perfon, it is very rare to 
 fee one who is not .idmirably proportioned. The Jo- 
 hannians judicioully endeavour to acquire health, which 
 above all enjoynients in this lii'c is certainly the moft 
 delirable acquilition. 
 
 The natives are in general a plain, fimple, well- 
 meaning, inutlcnfive people, and llriCtly honeft in th. ir 
 dealings. In their manners they retain a great deal of 
 the (iinplicity of uncultivated nature. The mildnefi 
 of the climate renders iliem indolent. They olte:i 
 make ufe. of their liberty, granted tnem by their laus, 
 of divorcing their wives, upon flight pretences, for 
 tlie take of novelty ; though they have generally twa 
 or three of them, and are confined to no number of 
 concubines they cin maintain. They are very forward 
 to beg any thing they like; but far from being dif. 
 
 pofcd 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 pofed t'> thefr 
 \eiy cor liall» 
 t'ple of ini'i 
 has tl<>iil)iiels 
 the elle.iual a 
 in their wars 
 atiiired b) 1 
 deiign of invi 
 lluy retain a 
 nttions, and < 
 iifuipati'in of 
 no llra.i;;cri, ; 
 re lion, lely o 
 of Willi h natii 
 barrier, and dt 
 Iheir laiigu 
 '/.anj;iiet)ar 10: 
 tin lit. 
 
 Their rcl gi 
 furdit) , and 
 the idea of ghr 
 In the Ilia' 
 tow n of Jo'ia 
 nml the luiinl 
 'I he town ot _ 
 of wh:i h aie n 
 try. Ihc't ai 
 t ept the king' 
 'I he ( ei 1 le he 
 their full apa 
 Ule of ihcii tai 
 li;e f.t'ic ol 
 illaii.1, he hav 
 imlnnited | o» 
 telll,)i)r.il-. 
 
 Mr. (Jiofc, 
 to whom we a 
 laiivc to tills 
 a< co'int of thi 
 firtt icqu red, 
 we fhall g ve 
 
 " TliCgt:i] 
 
 an Arab, 01 
 a qua^el w 1 
 who 1 he 
 the t( rtunei 
 infl.in'ly 10 
 ieZe on die 
 1 a II. a, w l.ei 
 1 fifliitahle re 
 my, iiniilar 
 <f weal he:, 
 for whoiTi I 
 
 " In the 
 hinilcf wii 
 rants, an.i 
 f intficls of 
 evii\ th"U 
 to oh;ai;i t 
 he WIS gn .< 
 hii counii^ 
 vanta^':- thi 
 
 ," Hcpr 
 
 fi -u lllOll, 
 
 whom hem 
 
 1,1 tbfiu 
 I'ui'e ■>; ai 
 dexterity. 
 wh.cii iic 
 peo;.;e, pr. 
 inh;h:raiU. 
 Mohlia. 
 tonict me- 
 li.iii luci; 
 a^:ll•:t I. 
 I I.Med 11 
 [)Oiw r. 
 
 ii\ 
 
 .It 
 
|.OGUAPHY. 
 
 lis very firm, and well 
 
 111 are in general tall, 
 but the wr.nicn are not 
 lev have all lonj^ black 
 It ii]cliiiii)ti to be thick, 
 
 between ait olive and a 
 
 ladtf of rceJs tied to- 
 [a mixture of clay ami 
 i.itrhed witl» a kind of 
 The better lurt have 
 lud. 
 
 \}f vegetables and milk, 
 
 plenty and pert'ecUon. 
 
 Iicir lallads, they ufe a 
 
 jur treacle, which t/icy 
 
 |icd by the nails of their 
 Her to grow to i., i^i- 
 m witli the alkenna, a 
 . tr'i. liar llirub that 
 le ifland. '1 hey ufually 
 1 I hey wear round their 
 •r, ur agate handles, but 
 taiveii. 
 
 ) otiier (loathing than a 
 Kind the wairt", with a 
 ft- Thole of fuperior 
 /ed (hirt, which hang", 
 rrs, and a waiftcoat made 
 le fealon o," the year; 
 11 wear turbans on thtir 
 
 ckct and petticoat, with 
 en tiiey go abroad, have 
 ' take threat pains in or- 
 nd ears in the latter of 
 :ity of trinkets mce (jf 
 1 are To dilatcil by the 
 
 fli'juiders. Their arms 
 > a number of bracelets, 
 jcvvtfr, or filver, accord- 
 circumftances. 
 both maes and female?, 
 :-n or 'i^-ht years of age -, 
 1 With the orientals, who 
 t by the heat of th'- tli- 
 iial iraf'ins. They ima- 
 [ionally moie apt to be 
 ut the free accels of the 
 i, is even nutritious, and 
 iplcs of growth, than if 
 fwathing clothes, whith, 
 dinefs conducive to their 
 
 thiklrcn are preferved 
 thers arc llibjict, from 
 as to occafi(<n them to 
 degree, as to tL-rmitiatr, 
 uptures. This conduct, 
 appears to be very con- 
 d-for eflcifl ; for inflcad 
 itrfon, it is very rare to 
 propiitioned. The Jo- 
 to acquire health, which 
 I'e is certainly the mod 
 
 a plain, fimplc, well- 
 nd llridly honed in th, ir 
 :y retain a great deal of 
 
 nature. The mildnd'i 
 1 indolent. They ottc:! 
 nted tuem by their lav\s, 
 m flight pretences, for 
 they have generally two 
 nfined to no number o{ 
 
 Tliey arc very forward 
 
 but far from being dif. 
 
 poled 
 
 AFUICA.] 
 
 pi .fed t) theft. 
 
 AFRICAN I S T. A N D S, 
 
 Thev treat the I£n(;li(h, i.i parncular, 
 \eiy corhall» and fraierually j n . purely from a prm- 
 tipie of mtiiiil and cinivenieiv e, which, however, 
 hai> doubiltlH iitiK- intUienie, but from platitude, for 
 the elle. lual alTiilance tlw iirmerly receiveJfrom tlicm 
 in tluir wars with the M ihillians. Heinn inor o^er 
 ;drured In i fuqu.nt mirrourlV, that ihcy 1-avc nj 
 tieiign of uua.iin ihcii country or liiuTtv, ot vhich 
 tluv raam a Itiong jca'.ouly a;^ain'^ oth^r I'jjropian 
 nttions, and of the l'oriu.;ucre elp^cially i to whole 
 iifurpation of the Ica-coalt on the (ontmcnt thty are 
 no Hra.i};i'rs, againft which thrychiefl., and wuh great 
 reafoii, icly on ihe inircelfibility of their mountains, 
 of wliuh nature ha> lormcd (o them an impenetrabie 
 barrier, and tlele'ici- o| the interior country. 
 
 Iheir ian;;ui e is a coriupt Arabic, mixed with the 
 /anj;uet)ar iiiij^u", ot the oppofre part ol t!ie con- 
 tin ut. 
 
 Tl'.eir ri I gKjn is a com|K)undof fuperllition .uid a!i- 
 furditj, and inihing Ibikea them with liich horror as 
 the idea of ghoils and Ipejtrcs. 
 
 !n the illa^Kl are a number of villages, belid"< the 
 fovvnot Jo'iaima, the ufidem c ol' the duel, or king; 
 and the number of mhaiiitanis is cdimatcil at jo.ooo. 
 '1 he lownof Jnhann.i contains ::bout ioo '.oules, nii'lt 
 of \\h.< h aie inhabited b the jirincipal mci. thecoun- 
 tiv. I'hi-'i aie builc ol ll{)ne, b.ji .ire ail vci, low, tx- 
 (e()t ihc king's palace, wiiich is both lofiy and Ipacious. 
 'I he ( <■( I'lc here iulier drangirs to come familiarly into 
 their fiill ajjaitn.eiit, but referve all the others lor tiic 
 ufe ot ihen tarn, lies. 
 
 'Ij-.c title ol kinji i' jufllv given to the chief of this 
 illan.l, hehivinf;a'l the eiieniials ofroyali), viith an 
 nnlimited | o^erovcr ,lus fubjects,boih in Ipiritu.iUand 
 telll.ior.il-. 
 
 Mr. (iiole, who was a conllderaliL' lime here, and 
 
 4J? 
 
 ouf" another. As loon, however, ai he h.i.i carried hii 
 point, he ir. .dc them repent (4 their crcduli:y and con- 
 fidence • for not only llicr.-iheiiing himlclf l)y cal'in ' 
 in foine ot hjj countrymen, with their fnnilics, bu? 
 chulingfor hi« guards the mod boKI and determined of 
 the natives he was foon in a co:idi:ion to elhibluh an 
 arbitrary government. Such as endeavoured to oppofe 
 him in his pretenlions and iniuivations, he forced honi 
 rheir laiiulies, and fjld them to the Arabs (or flavc;;, 
 ttho, on this alteration, imicalcd their rcloit there h)i' 
 trade, which tiicy llill continue. In ihort, (.<• fuccecdjd 
 loentirely as too\ereome'all opp'il'uion.and tu beqieaill 
 the peaceable lovereignty to hi. Ion, who Mas about 4J 
 years of age- when his fither died, and who h.:d no fur- 
 ti'er trouble or contention wiiu his lubjccts, until alfo 
 dying a few years ago, he kit tuo foiis, of whom the 
 elded IS at prefent king of tiie illand." 
 
 The king relides, f)r the mod part, abogt nine 
 nul'.s, according to their computation, up tlie country, 
 (eldom coming down to v\hit tliey call th.cir Lower 
 Town, on the fea-lide, but when the Euiopean fliips 
 are l>ing there, at w Inch times he is accompanied by a. 
 vciy numerous retinue. Me fe!dom niiU'es going on 
 board theveli'els, where the captains regale 'lim in the 
 bed manner ihey are able, alter the F.uroptaii falhion, 
 and complin cm him, boih on his aiiival and departure, 
 witli a difcharge of live guns. 
 
 I'.very captain is obli,',ed to have a licc-nce from the 
 king before he can traile with the natives; but this li- 
 cence is calily aci]iiiied, noriiing more being wanting 
 than to coiiiplimein him with a few tiifling articles of 
 Kuropeaii nianufacture. 
 
 As foon as a fliip anchors in ilic ma.!, it is imme- 
 diately furrounded with a number of .arocs, hurryirg 
 on Ixaid with rel'rell.meiu.s ot all forts Oi the produce 
 of the ill.uid ; and it is dr.er;ing enocgh to rbfervc tl 
 
 to whom we ari- greatly obliged for main particula ■ re- I! conlulion and Itrife ami.ng the rowers, who Ihall get 
 
 full to the lliip to dilijofe (.1 iheir commodities. They 
 arc foil, Climes ourfetwhen the fea is high, but without 
 any danger to their pcrfons, being excel. jnt fwimmers, 
 and loleoiily their hide caigoes ot green trade. Tliefc 
 canoe- arc moll ol than balanced on each lidc with ouc- 
 leagcrs, compoftd of two poles each, with one acrofs, 
 to prevent tlieir oveifeiting. They ule paddles inllead 
 of caiR, and make no ddtinclion of head or dern. 
 
 laiivc to tins illand, has tiirnilhed us wi.ha very curious 
 ai eo'int of the m;-an,s by w liicli the fovereignty of it was 
 lird icqu red, which, lor ihe entertainment of the reader, 
 we (hall gAe in his own words. 
 
 " The grandfather (lays he) of the prefent king was 
 an .Ar.ib, or Moor lli t.adei to Mol imbiqtie, where, on 
 a quarrel with 1 Poruiguefe lidalgo, or gentUnian, with 
 w|-,o 1 he was dealing for Haves on that coall, he had 
 the l( rtune to killhisad\erlary, and wasthercon obliged 
 indanly to Hv, and put to lea in the full boat he could 
 ie ze on ihe Ihore, when the firll land he made was Jo- 
 laii.a, where he took retuge. Merc, meeting with an 
 l,of|)Uahle reception, lie remained fome years inolilcu- 
 iiiy, uniilan .\rab tiank being driven in there by lliefs 
 ( t weal he:, he made himlclf known to his countrymen, 
 f)r whom h.e procured all the relief the place alioriled. 
 
 " In the nidii time he haj, fo pcrtectly acquainted 
 himlCif with the 1 mguagf and manuctii ol the inh.ibi- 
 tants, an 1 v.as focaj)tivattd with the fertility and [lea- 
 fmtr.el's of the coiiniry, that he not tmly relinquilhed 
 cverv thought of rrturning to his own, hui laid a Ichcmc 
 to obtain fir himfeif the lovereignty of this, in which 
 he w IS gn atly countenanced and alfilUd by the .•\rabs, 
 his counnvmen, wl-,o came iiuo his views, from '.he ad- 
 v.mtagc they expected to icceive from his fucccfs. 
 
 " Hcproceeded not on a plaiv of violence, but of in- 
 fi'Uition, in making hmsrell necclur)' to t!ie natives, 
 whi.m he indruJted in the ufe of arms, before unknown 
 t.i ti-em, efpec.allv m the alFagaye, or lance, which 
 I'ui'c .>; any<:oniide;,'.tion amoiv.; them now handle with 
 dexterity. This, then, with other methods of war 
 wh.rK iie taught them, ci.tirely neu- to thefe limplc 
 peo;>Ie, provingof liiig"lir fer\ ice to them, again II the 
 inhdvtant.s of the ueighbouving illandji, efpci lally ot 
 Mohl'ui, with whom they had condant bickerings, 
 loinct nie.s uu.idi"g, and fonulimcs invaded, acquired 
 lull) fucli a confidiiation and authority, that he loon 
 .IV a I'd l.imlelt thereof, and procured himlclf to be 
 lie, led their chief or king, and iinelled wiiha defj otic 
 poiwr. ^ et this was not ootaincil but by degrees, and 
 m i-Tv'.t iTt; ihcmfelves, too, being divided among 
 
 ■ '"' No. ..:. 
 
 Their laiyer boats, called pang.iays, are laifed fome 
 feet from the fulcs, wii breeds and branches of trees, 
 well bound together with a fmall cord, and afterwards 
 made water-proof with a kind of bitumen, or rciinous 
 fubdance. The mafs (as few base mo.e than one) c.r- 
 lies a fail or two, which is m.ade either of co.oa leaves, 
 or deer grafs matted together; and in thefe boats they 
 will vcntur,' out to lea for crips of three or four weeks, 
 and fometimcs longer. 
 
 It was common, fome ycais ago, for vhe natives, 
 who cttuie oil" with retrellimcnts to the diips, fuch as 
 frelh cocoa nuts, plantains, goats, fowls, is:c. to deal 
 entirely by way of barter, for handkerchiefs, rags, 
 glafs bottles, bits of iron, ?nd, in Uiort, all Icrts of 
 I trilling articles, w ithout paying any refpeol to money. 
 I They arc now, however, well acquainted with the 
 ! value of gold and lilvei, and are not altogether fo fond 
 j of baubles as they ufed to be ; for it the Europeans 
 want to puichafe cattL, fowls, or cowries, they defirc 
 j to be paid either in fpecie, lire-arms, or gunpowder. 
 They have likewile fallen upon a method of foliciting 
 thofe who come there, particularly all palFengcrs, to 
 contribute a dollar or two towards improving their na- 
 I vigation, which they carry on with the .Xfrican conti- 
 I nent ; and, by way of ]Kifuali\e example, produce fe- 
 I veral lids of pcrfons v.l o have fubl'cribed to that pur- 
 ' pole J (0 that they lometirnes collcift jo or 40 dollars a 
 I lliii), from thofe who touch here ; and when the cap- 
 tains leave the pi ice, they generally make it a point for 
 ' them to lign, and leave with them, a certificate of good 
 
 uf.ige. 
 i 'i bus the mod favagc inhabitants of the world daily 
 ' improve in cunning and artifice ; though wc mud not. 
 5 Y from 
 
 1 
 
 J I 
 
A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL CI '.OGR API lY. 
 
 y. i: 
 
 \i 'i 
 
 fioni ihencc infer that they grow Tcv/cr, a cciinnion and 
 tiiiliippHed ciMthct for | uij)le growing more knavifli 
 fhaii loniicrly, which induces Ionic, \ ' n arc tond ot 
 lallc prudence, to concimle ili.-t they aiv conlcqucnily 
 Ids f.iolilh : Init win re intcuirity does not ^lo liand in 
 lui.id with imprDveinent, we rrfiiic away hapiMnels, and 
 iacrificc cvcivlocial virtue to chicanery and aitiTKe, 
 In the purcliiiip'icityot nuure, t;ic productions o' the 
 urth arc as fee as the air \vc breathe, and every one 
 partakes as he phales vf the bounties ot Providence. 
 At length ih,- pcopk- improve till they get an id. a of 
 private property, and that imincdiaiely puts thcni upon 
 the(xpedient ot" vaUiing one loniniodity l)y another, 
 an I making ufc ofb.irtcrto luppl; each others nccelli- 
 tics. Again, luccdlivc improvements evince that bar- 
 ter is attended with many inconveniences, as it is aU 
 mort impolFibic, uhcre the truck is various, properly 
 to tlliiii te one commodity by the cafual value ol .mo- 
 ther ; h. iKc the necefiity of coinage appe.irs, in which 
 commodities of all kinds and values ni.iy Ik- calily paid 
 for, an equivalent readily gi-cn, :>nd com.i eici.il in- 
 tercourle carried on w iih the grea ell f.icility. Kut it a 
 people who thus rcline, in ti c courfe ot their in ]>rovc- 
 nie.it lofe their probity, and hecoine Iraudiiieiu, ex- 
 change their naiural hene\olencc for the .ivar.ce ot 
 trade, anil laciilice their integrity to commercial arti- 
 fices, their rcliiiement is a mibSoituiic, and liu.r im- 
 pr(>veii.cnt.> contribute to their unhajip nds ; for the 
 poor Ihephcid, bl:H(.\l ttith purity ot coiiliienee, is 
 iieniibic ot m<.;? eHe.itial blifs tl.an the ric . and great, 
 whofc minds aic nionitors againtt thcin lor theii devia- 
 tion from the Ime ot reCtiUide. 
 
 The in.md of Mavotti, according to tlie account of 
 a Ercnch commodore, is rather low, but abouiiils with 
 provilioi s and fruit ; lool, mo It, covered w ;th \erduie, 
 and inl'abited all alo ig the lea-iliore. " Tiie ti.lc 
 (fays hcj carried us \vc(f wa-^d alt ng tlie coall to a point 
 where wc came in tiglt ol a Ihip, upon w hich 1 U nt out 
 our long Ixiat with to niulketccis, who l'r;iuglit " _• 
 woul tluit it wa-i a vell-d of 40 tons, lioi'iid from 
 Mec(a, and that thecaptain, taking us for Dutch thip^, 
 had run all the goods on Ihore. I he ca|Huin of tins 
 vetTel llicwcd me iwoleiters, one t'lcm an 1 nglnli com- 
 mander na' ed Martin, and aiiotiier trom (.'apt. Ban- 
 ner, to intorm their couniryircn, that they had tak 11 
 in fevcr.d refrelbmcnts at ih:it place, cipecially fruit; 
 th.it they had tound no water ; and that linen ciorh and 
 pnjv.r were propter commodities f)r that place; adding, 
 that cought o be taken not to diloblige the inhabi- 
 
 tants, who, though they appeared friendly, were flhie 
 to do them a great deal of mifchicf. The road bein" 
 fmrounded with rocks, the Arabian mailer advifed me 
 not to attempt landing without fetching a pilot I'roni 
 the ihore; and accordingly 1 feni my lioat along with 
 him, and in ti.e atternoon he returned with twoofthc 
 inhabitants, who, beiorc fun-fet, brought our Ihip falc 
 to anchor. 1 then lent the Arabian m.iller back to hi.s 
 own Ihip w ith full alfurances of the innocence of our 
 deligns, and the triendl;' difpolition of the Ercnch, to- 
 gether with a letter to the fame purpofc, .uldrclled, in 
 ^panl!ll, to the king of the illand. 
 
 " Aft.'i wards the king lent fome of his chief favou- 
 rites to allure us of his Iriendlhip, a'ld reatiinels to liip- 
 ply us with whatever the country alfordcd. U{)on this 
 1 lent him a prcfent ol a lilvcr hiltcd h.inger, a couple 
 of very handlome knives, a ream of paper, and a look- 
 ing-glafs, which he received with plealiire, and, in re- 
 turn, lent mc a young kid and fonie fruit. I at the fame 
 ti ■ e viclired the Arabian captain, who was then on 
 Ihore, to buy me lou.e provilions, promiling to fend 
 fucli comn.odit.es as weic projjcr to be given in ex- 
 change. U()on this the captain fent me word, that the 
 inhaoit.ints of the illand were of fuch a particular hu- 
 mour thit they woukl not conclude a b.irijain of the 
 value ot hall a rial in a day's tinv; and would not buy 
 a yar.l of cloth, without calling all their relations and 
 neigiihoiirs to tix the price they Ihoul 1 give tor it. I 
 was alio inli)rmcd that a I'ortuguelt; carrack, having 
 been call away upon that illaid about three years he- 
 fore, the inhabitants were fo overltocked with na s, tliat 
 the) ft no value upon them. 
 
 " 'i lit next day, having obferved a couple of fliips 
 belonging to that coun.ry, I had the captains brought on 
 board, whe;i they inf )i med me that they cairc from the 
 Illnnd of Mayotta; that they were hiden with rice and 
 drie.l (illi, and were bound tor Monba/a. The next 
 day they fupplicd me with as much nee, peas, and luiiig 
 beef, as uould lerve us lor tour months; of which I was 
 very glad, as I coulJ buy nothing of the inhaliitanr.s 
 without an infinite iofs of time. Bclidcs, 1 b'-gan to 
 fufpeCt their honcfty ; for the day bctbre, when we ,.erc 
 founding, m oidcr to come to anchor, fome of rhein 
 made a tignal for us to come over a pla.e where wc ob- 
 ferved a long ridge of rocks, whence I prelumrd, that 
 the advantage they made by (he Ihipwreck of the I'or- 
 tuguefe carrack, had tempted them to wilh us the fame 
 fite. Einding, likewife, that the water was brackilli, 
 we failed away, and left the place." 
 
 C II A V 
 
 XXV. 
 
 The ISLAND of ZUCOTORA, or SOCOTORA. 
 
 'I^'IIIS illand, which wns difcovcrcd by the I'ortu- 
 -■- guefe in iffio, is lituated in 10 deg. li min. 
 north lar. and 5 < dcg. 16 min. calf long, about jo 
 Ica;j;ues to the calhvard of Cape (niardatui, on the moll 
 calKrIy point of the continent of Africa. It is about 80 
 iiiilcs in lengtRJ ami 54 in breadth, and i^., two izood 
 harbours. 
 
 The climate of this ifland is fultry, owing to the 
 fiiort continuance ( t lains, which llldom lall more than 
 two or three weeks in the fealon. This defec't, how- 
 ever, IS happily remedied by heavy dews, occalioned by 
 the lofty mo.intaiiis, whole tojjs are geneially tovereil 
 with Ino v, fo high as to condenfe the douds, and af- 
 terwards cillohe them in a kii.d ol heavy mill or fog, 
 ■which thoroughly waieis the tanh. In tome ])arts are 
 rivers which rile fr-in fprings, and are never atfecled 
 (•\en bv the ilnell I. don-.; but other parts are totally 
 dcilituic ot w.iter, except in the rainy fealon. 
 
 This illand IS populous; and the inhabitants arc iin- 
 ilcr the go\ernmeni of a prince, or lu tai, who was 
 
 once fubiei^T to the Xcrifl'sof Arabia, but now is tribu- 
 tary \o the I'orte. 
 
 The countiy abounds in cfnic and fmit, with which, 
 and fome other comiiuidities, the natives trade to Ooa, 
 where they arc better received than the .\rab>, who arc 
 not permitted to enter that town without pafljiorts. 
 
 Tne other productions of the illand are aloes, f ank- 
 incenl'e, dragor.'s blood, rice, dates, ambergris, and 
 coral. 
 
 Of coral there are various kinds, fome of which rc- 
 fcmble fmall trees w ithout leaves ; othrt-s are in the form 
 of a net, fomciimes with large mcflies, and fometimcs 
 with fmall. The inlidc of the branches fccms to be of 
 the nature of h.orn; for it has the fame fccnt when pur 
 into t'le lire; but the bark i< of a llon)(y|j»turc, and 
 contains a great deal ol fait. Coral, pi^'. y focalled, 
 is of a llony nature, an.l [ laced in the aitimal king- 
 dom, becaulc it produces lea infee'ls. Some ol thefi- 
 are red, others white, and others of various colours. 
 However, the red, of the colour of \ernullion, is bell, 
 ^ and 
 
 
 AERICA.] 
 
 and is by fome f 
 
 is pablh ot tiie 
 
 value, and iher 
 
 lours fome wiil 
 
 {(111 ltd in the f. 
 
 bark, and is ll< 
 
 water ; thout;h 
 
 foon grow hai 
 
 mixture of tart 
 
 and tiiougii It 
 
 lilli. Some ta 
 
 dillcieiu nati.n 
 
 lied coral is 
 
 in Alia, and p; 
 
 ing feveral loi 
 
 kn fc hindks. 
 
 Kr\e^ as a pla; 
 
 nib l! ' ir gum 
 
 nicr. ealil). 
 
 (.'n the yoi;i 
 C'i ineiv es, p 
 miik) liuid wl 
 Many buned 
 thing but lit 
 ai d lay as ot 
 coial always >• 
 ct r^k-. in I 111 
 peet thai tliey 
 tlule found or 
 IJut lince thee 
 other marine 
 the. liase a n 
 have cot hei.n 
 jeiuler> them 
 Hut fome i 
 plants is not ( 
 ways bang w 
 fill oil to the 
 ihemrdves or 
 move ,by liij 
 and that tlu 
 a nature, th 11 
 Hence, iii.it. 
 rile to ihc tc 
 likewife, oil 
 there fix tin 
 from which 
 from die 1. 
 tion ot their 
 their baik t^ 
 the im.ntn 
 which krvi 
 the vellels h 
 the bark an 
 thick'-r by i 
 »)f thefane 
 have rea!on| 
 vcred with 
 The red 
 ufes. It i ., 
 rcllra'.n tlu| 
 acrinioii} <i| 
 of tlaxvs, 
 
 The mhl 
 piirting th[ 
 well as l-.ul 
 iiecelliiricsl 
 iiefkles r 
 luimbers J 
 by the naf 
 are ilivuli 
 coad vdiil 
 Hail-b<d| 
 ligiouHy 
 heinous (I 
 lall aie tl 
 country. 
 arc in gJ 
 
 '^*' 
 
 4 
 
Iapiiv. 
 
 friendly, were nbic 
 
 L-'t. The road bcini]; 
 
 In maftcr advifcd ml- 
 
 |L'tching a pilot iVom 
 
 my boat along witli 
 Jirncd with two of the 
 
 brought our lliip fafc 
 lui nialtcr back to his 
 J the innotcnce of our 
 Ion of the French, to- 
 furpofc, atldrellai, in 
 
 Ic »i' his chief favou- 
 
 1, a'ld rcadincfsto fiip- 
 
 jaflordcd. Uf)on this 
 
 lilted hanger, a couple 
 
 1 of paper, and a look- 
 
 Ih plcafure, and, in rc- 
 
 Inie fiuit. I at the fame 
 
 liii, who was then on 
 
 ji-S promiling to lend 
 
 Ir to be given in tx- 
 
 Ifent me word, that the 
 
 Jiuch a pirncular hu- 
 
 Jliide a bari^ain of the 
 
 V,'; and would not buy 
 
 all their relations and 
 
 Iboull give for it. I 
 
 giiefe cartack, having 
 
 about three years be- 
 
 llocked with ria.s, that 
 
 rvcd a couple of fliips 
 
 lie captains brought t)ii 
 
 hat iluy caii:c from the 
 
 re laden with nee and 
 
 ■ Monbaza. The next 
 
 ucli rice, peas, and hunt; 
 
 months; of which I was 
 
 ing of the inhaoitanrs 
 
 b. Helitics, 1 b.'gan to 
 
 lay before, w hen we ..er, 
 
 anchor, fomc of rheni 
 
 /er a pla.e where weob- 
 
 dience I prefumrd, that 
 
 e lliipwreck of the I'or- 
 
 ;hem to with us the fwnc 
 
 the water was brackilli, 
 
 ace." 
 
 'ORA. 
 
 rabia, but now is tribii- 
 
 e and fniit, with wiiich, 
 he natives trade to Ciua, 
 han the Arabs, who arc 
 n without iKiflports. 
 illand are aloes, f ank- 
 dates, amberjjris, and 
 
 ids, foiTie of which rc- 
 s ; others are in the form 
 mellies, and fomctimes 
 branches fecnis ro be of 
 he fame fcent when pur 
 of a tVony mtiirc, and 
 oral, pi,', y fi) called, 
 d in the uiiimal king- 
 infeils. Some of thife 
 icrs of various colours. 
 ir of vcriniUion, is belV, 
 ai-.d 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 andis by lome f.iid tobcofthcmalekind; and that which 
 ispalilh ol the female. The while coral is the next in 
 vahie, ami then the bl.ick ; but ihofe of tiic other co- 
 lours fome will not ■Alo<\ to be corals, though they are 
 found in the fame places. It is always covered with 
 bark, and is Ihiny, folul, and very hanl, even in the 
 water; though the blanches aie a little Hexible, but 
 foon grow haid in the air. 1 he bark of coral is a 
 mixture of tartar, and a Huid of a glutinous nature; 
 and though it is a luilc rough, it takes a very fine po- 
 liib. ."^onie take the black coral to be a fea plant of a 
 diii'ereiu nati.re. 
 
 Med coral i-. nut foniuch efleemed in luirope a.s it is 
 in Alia, and | aiiicularl) in Arabi.i. i sufed tor mak- 
 ing fevcral lu:l^ ot loys, IulIi as Ipooirs, headsot canos, 
 kn.fe h.uidli.s, and Kads; and, when let in filver, 
 luM?' as a play-diiii;', tor childieii, aad is defigned to 
 rub i: 'ir gums tlieicMth, that they may cut tl.eir teeth 
 nic r^ ealil). 
 
 I'll the young branches of coral there are found fmall 
 t'l inen; es, peiced in the Ibim of ILii.i, and lull of a 
 nii:k) Hind when they are jult t.iken one of the wa;er. 
 Many 1- uned men I'ave thought lea plants to be no- 
 thing but fitiiii at on-, coniitli ; oi jjiates of I'alt, 
 ai.d hmrs ol i.iirar, pland c)iie uj)on another; and as 
 toial aiwa\v ^'iiiw.-. w ith its Lead down .vartU, in caverns 
 <'t rK k-> ill iiic Ka, the liuaiioii has c.iuled iheni to fuf- 
 rcvt that t!ie) were noming elle but peirdieations, like 
 tlu'le lound on the roo.'s ot certain ca .e-. in ihe ro. ks. 
 But lince the dilei'\ei\ if the lloweis ol coral, and fome 
 otlur marine piohi. i ii , it ..> not at all doubted but 
 the, liave a reg d.ir oiganrz-iuon ; and i! their feeds 
 have not lie<.n peicei\n.i, it is becaul« their fnullnefs 
 iciuler~ tlieiu imperce uiule. 
 
 liut fome |ia\e th(.ui;lu ihat the generation of thefe 
 plants IS not o A ini; 10 iluir Itcds, becaule as tiiey al- 
 ways h:ing with ihcir heads downwards, they would 
 fill oli to the lio.to.n^ <if die caverns, aad not ])lace 
 thcmfelves on li.e 10,1; but this dilhculty may. be re- 
 II ove , by luppoling they are lighter than the fea-vvaicr, 
 and that the in Ik which f irroun.ts them is ot I'o thick 
 a n.iture, tint .l may he!p to ailiu them in fwimming. 
 Hence, iiivleed, it m.ty haj)pen, that many ol them may 
 rife to the top of the u.itci,and there peiilli ; bi.t then, 
 likewile, (ul.u> ma) afi.t;Rl to llie tops of caverns, and 
 tlure fix theniklve., anj then they will giow like coral, 
 from which tl.ey proceed. Hence we may conclude, 
 from the Kgularit. of 1 lie productions, ihc oi; aniza- 
 tion ol thiir parts, the gnat numbeisol fieall pores in 
 their baik to leceivc the bitumen and other fea juices, 
 the em.ncnies regularly hollowed in the term ol liars, 
 which fer\rstor the calls of Howeis in the fame (liape, 
 the vellels lull i fa milky Huii! which are fiiind between 
 the Lark anJ the bouy of the plant, to make it grow 
 thic k-r by little and litdc, an.l the peipetual iiniloniiity 
 of the fane circumllances; fiomall tliek()arui uKimwc 
 have realon to lelave, that the bottom of the fea is co- 
 vered with plants with characters dillerent from ours. 
 
 The red coral is the only one cholen lor medicinal 
 ufes. It i.. a guod abforbent, and therefore jHoper to 
 rcllram the oi; anilni of the blood, aiul to blunt the 
 acrimon) of the bile and other humouts in various forts 
 of rtii.MS, ns Will as for the gripes in children. 
 
 'the ilih.ihitants duive great advanta;'es from ex- 
 periing thcfe arti.Ks to manv parts of the Indic-i, as 
 uell aN iiiio| e.obt.uningfor them, in exchange, all the 
 iiecellaries and luiairii.s ol life. 
 
 liefules the natives of this illand, there are here great 
 luiitibcrs ot .'\rabs; the fitter of whom call the former 
 by ti;e name ol Beiliiiiis, or lliapcd brutes. Thefe laft 
 areiiiNuiid into luo lorts, namely, the natives of the 
 coaR "li" mteiniiiry witli 1 he Arabs, and are called 
 Hall-I!<d ins ; and thole of tie iiuerKu- p.iris, whoie- 
 li"ioully ai.''''<'r'- to tlnir owm iiUonis, and leikonitan 
 heinous 1 1*1 .1 mm; le blood w ith foreigners. '1 hele 
 iall aie tlie'two I'dlums, or original inhiibitants of the 
 country. TIk y ae niuch finer thai, the Imiians, and 
 arc in general till!, and proportionably made; but in 
 
 AFRICAN ISLANDS. 
 
 455 
 
 their difpofitions they arc deceitful, indolent, and great 
 cowards, luliering thcmfelves to be cnllaved, in a man- 
 ner, by an h-,indlul of Arabs, and attending to nothing 
 belides hulbandry and palture, both which are chicHy 
 carried on by the women. Their lord conlills ot milk, 
 butter, rice, dates, and the fiefli of their cattle: and 
 their common drink is water. 
 I ihc other inhabitants of this illand are of a low fta- 
 ture, dilagieeablc complexion, lean habit, and have 
 hideous features ; but they are very hardy, ftrong, and 
 active. They feed on fifti, Helli, milk, butter aiicl 
 Vegetables. Their common dilh is a conipolition of 
 all thefe boiled together, with which they eat bread, 
 rice, or dates. 
 
 'Ihc drels of the people of this ifland differs according 
 to the feveral parts of it. The native Beduins go al- 
 moll naked, having nothing more than a fmall piece oi 
 cloth falleiicd round the wailf, and a cap made of 
 goats Ikin. The women go bare-headed, and have a 
 (lioit gown or cloak, with a fliift made of goats hair. 
 Hut the mod general drefs of thefe illanders conlilh of 
 a long cloak, w hich reaches from tlie wailt to the an- 
 cles : it hangs dow n in a train behind, and is not un- 
 becoming, though extremely incommodious, on ac- 
 count of the heat of the climate. When th-y are at 
 work they gather it up, and fadcn it lound the waift 
 with a girdle. 
 
 The native illanders are grofsly ignorant wit'i rcfpect 
 to things in general. Their oidy ingenuity is difplayed 
 in the cambiiline manufaClure, which is a beautiful 
 fluff, maile with the hair of goats and other aniinals. 
 
 Thefe [leople have feveral very lirange and uncom- 
 mon culloiiis. They praCtife polygamy, and divorce 
 their wives at pleafure, either for a certain time, or lor 
 e\er. They n.ay even be the father ot chil !rcn, with- 
 out hei.'ig obli.ed to maintain either them or the mo- 
 ther, pio. ided the latter, during her pregnancy, con- 
 fents that ihe father Ihall give away the ciiild, when it 
 fees the light. On tliefe occafions the father kindles a 
 lire belore the door of his huf or cave, and tlien makes 
 proclamation that he will give away the infant of which 
 his wife was on the point ol being tleUveied. After this 
 he iixes Ujion fome particular perfon for its adopted 
 father, to wf.om the infant is carried immediately after 
 its birth. Mere it meets w.th all that tenderiiefs, kind- 
 || nefs, and thole carelfes which aredenied it by theunna- 
 Ciiral father, is given to a niirfe, and oidired to be fed 
 with goats I) 'k. Thele children are calied. The fms 
 or ddii^blcrs v/Jmoak: audit frequently haptens that a 
 "•ood-naturcii nian Ihall have the honour ot rearing a 
 do7.cn children, upon whom he bcflottsall the alfecti.nii 
 of a real parent. This is certainly one of the mofl 
 extraordinary cuftoir.s to be met with in hillory, as it 
 does not feem to be founded either on the principle of 
 reli'don, policy, or iiu Inatioii, but upon mere ca; rice 
 only ; for it is common with a laihei, wh.' expoles his 
 own, to adopt ihc ( hildien of ovhcr.s, and leipiite by 
 his kindnefs to the latter, tltc good olliees due to tin: 
 former. 
 
 'i'hefe people have alfo another cufl(-m, whieli is no 
 lefs flrangeand lingul.ir than the above. They gene- 
 rally burv their lick before they have breathed their lalV, 
 making lodillinction between a dying uid a de.id per- 
 fon. Tliey etleem it a duty to put the patient out of 
 pain as foon as pollible, and make this liieir rcqueft to 
 their frieii.fs when they are on thi- ti>.k-bed, which, in 
 all acute diforders, may be called ;he dca'h-bid. When 
 the f.itiierofa lamily find.s hinilclf thus circumllanced, 
 and apprehends that his dillolution is near, he alfembles 
 his children around him, uhetjier natural or adopted, 
 his paients, wives, fervanis, and all his acqiiainianres, 
 whom he Urongly exhorts to a compliance with the fol- 
 lowing articles of his latl will : Never to admit any al- 
 teration in the ilodrine or culloms of their anceflois; 
 never to intermarry with foreigners; never to peimit 
 an alfumt done 10 them, or their predetelfors, or a 
 bead dole trom either ol them, togounpunilhed ; and, 
 lallly, never to fuller a friend to lie in pain, when they 
 
 can 
 
^S<5 
 
 A NEW ROYAL and AUTHF.NTIC SYSTKM oi- UNiVl'KSAL (ii:OGRAI'nV, 
 
 #;'! 
 
 can relieve him by death. Such arc the extraoulimry '. 
 rcqui'ftsof a dyin-* man-, after whiih he makes thi- i'v^- i 
 nai ti> liavc the laft ot' tbcm pcilbrnied upi<ii himlclf, 
 tnd expires. ! 
 
 This lalf di' • i' frcqueivly performed by means of a ' 
 vhite liquor < i ,i ftrong [xiiionous qualry, whicn oo7.cs | 
 from a tree peculiar to this illami. IKncc ic is that j 
 murders are m'^rc common here than in anv country in 1 
 the world ; for, bcfidcs the inhimian ciiHom l.\(l men- 1 
 tioned, the other rcquclls ot dying incn pm.liicc niitn- 
 bcrlefs qiiarrels, and entail family feuds and bInodll\cd 
 upon their pofterity tor generations, by taking riveng" 
 of the injuries done to tlicir anccftors. 
 
 Hovi diltcrm! aie thi'fc culloni- from thofe adopted 
 by the Turks, who even tbund hofj>i.aN tor tuper.inn a- 
 ted and dccaved hones, and pratcfully rc| ay, when (Id 
 age h;is .. I'abkd them, the fervices they have received 
 from thole ufetul animals while in their prime and vi- 
 gour, conlidering, benevolently and philolophicaMy, 
 that the whole ur.iverj'e ii oneJyjUm offociely. 
 
 Look round mir world, behold the chain of love 
 Comhiningall below, and all above; 
 See plaftic naiurc working to its end, 
 The tingle atoms to each other tend, 
 Attiact, att;ii.*tcd to, the next in place, 
 Formd and imp( ll'd its neighbour to embrace. 
 See niatrti next, with various life endu'd, 
 Prcl.'i to one center llill, theten'ral good. 
 Sccdving vegetables life fullain. 
 See life difToh ing vegetate agai.i : 
 All lorms that pel ilh, other torins fupply, 
 {By turns wc caith the vital breath and die,) 
 Like bulibles on the lea of matter born, 
 Thev rife, they break, and to that (ca return. 
 Nothing is foieii^n, parts relate the whole ; 
 One all extending, all-prefcrv.ng foul, 
 Connects each being, greattit with the KaO ; 
 Made bcall in ad of man, and nun ot bcaii ; 
 All fcrv'd, all ferving ; nothing Hands alone : 
 The chain holds on, and where it ends unknoan. 
 
 In thisiflindjiiftice is adminifteied by the chief ma- 
 giftrates, who are next in rank to the Sultan : they are 
 callid hodamos, and fit at certain liii-ns to judge and 
 determine in all caufes, political and eccielialiical, civil 
 or criminal. They holu thiir otTice only for a year, 
 during whi>;hthey prefervethe moH d ftinginthcd power 
 and dittnity. 'I'here is no appeal from this tribunal, 
 nor can the fucceflbrs rcvcrfe any decne paflld before 
 their coming iiiti oll.ce. 
 
 In criminal cale-, the piiniflinicnt for n order is death, 
 whith IS done cither by cutting off the ol^fcn.icrs head, 
 or impa ling h;m ali^e. in cales of theft, if the robber 
 cfeapts «itli his booty, anil takes lan(?lu.ir) inatLmple, 
 he is protected ; but if he is caught by the ])erfon rob- 
 bed, before he reaches the tcmjilc, he is then delivered 
 up to jut) ice, and the punitlnnent for the crime is the 
 lofs of his right-hand. Other triHing matters are 
 punifticd by liiKn.onc hnlf of which goes to the Sultan, 
 and the t)ther ban is equally divided among the 
 niagiftratcs. 
 
 With rcfpec*! to the religion of the iiiliabitantsof this 
 ifland, the Arabs amongll them are Mahoiiietans, lint 
 all the rclf arc Pagans, and pradilc the moft fup'-rHi- 
 tious maxims, '1 hev adhere llru'tly to tircumcilion, 
 and are fo nice in preferving this lie, that they cut off 
 t^ fingers of thofe whofe parents have ne|;lecled to 
 perform the operation upon them, or have ihemlUvcs 
 rcfufed it. 
 
 They keep lent, or at Icall fafis equivalent to it, which 
 thry hi ;;in to obfervc at the new moon in i.l.irch, ali- 
 flaming, for the f|:a:c of 6o days, from nulk, butter, 
 flelh, and fifli, and living wholly upon dates, me, 
 honey, and vegetables ; proi iiring the money from 
 Arabia, in exchange for aloes an I frankinccnfe. They 
 have altars and crolfes ; but as they arc entirely igno- 
 rant of every tenet of the Chrillian church, nothing 
 
 certain can be ileduced I om ceremonies and ufarc^ 
 handed down liy tiadition, i.f whi«h they can give no 
 manner of account, or lor which they cannot pnxhue 
 a (inidc reafon. That they arc grofs idolaters is iulli- 
 cieiUly evident fioni their «oithi|iping themooii, whxCn 
 they cfUcni as the creative ] ni.ciple of all thinjs; a 
 niitioncxtremely inronlilKiit withathcilm, much mor^ 
 with Chrillianity, and the do, trines of redemption. 
 
 At times ot griat drought they allcinble in a ibl'iun 
 manner, and otleruprheir [letitions to the mo.'n. Tl-.n' 
 make a puL)lic lacrilice to her towards the beginning (it 
 lent, and oiVer up iniinbeisof goats in honour of her. 
 They enter into their temples whenever the moon riles 
 or fcTs and piactife fevcial other religious ceremonies, 
 which prove them to be the zealous votaries of this i:i- 
 cor.fhintdeiiy, and totally ignorant of the principles of 
 tiie Lhrilliaii rebgion. 
 
 A late celebrated traveller fays, " A; the riling and 
 fcttins ofthe moon, (or moie pioliably at the new and 
 full moon,) they make folcmn procelTions round tiieir 
 temples, or ir.oquamos, as alfo round their Inirying- 
 p'ace.i, Ihiking auainll each other two pieces of odori- 
 ferous wood, about a yard long, which each man hoLls 
 in his hinds, lluscercmon. thev perlonn three times 
 in the day, and as often al night; ..fter wh.ch, putunir 
 a large cauldron, ful, ended by three ch.iins, over a 
 gre.it lire, they dip into ic fpliiuers of wood, witli 
 which they light uiei- altars, and the po.ih of tlic 
 temple. They then put up their jirayers to the moon, 
 thai ll'.e will enlighten them with her counrcnancc.lhcd 
 u[ioa them her benign inH.'ence, and ne\er permit fo- 
 rcigi-.crs to intermix with them. 'I'iiey mike alio an 
 annual procelFion round the temples, i)receded hy a 
 crofs; and the whole ceren.ony ends upon tlic prielt's 
 clapping his hands together, as a fignal tliat the moo-i 
 is tired with their worinip. Cthers fay that the fignal 
 coiilitU in cutting ofl" the fingers of tlie perlon v.ho 
 holds the crofs; in recoiupence for which he has given 
 him a Hick, with certain marks, proiiil.itingall peiio,is, 
 of whatever degree or condition, to molelf or hurt hun 
 ever.iftcr: on the contrary, they are to aid and allilt: 
 him with all their power, in whatever manner he may 
 require their help; and to rtfpe i a \\ l.onour him as a 
 martyr to religion, ui^der the penalty of corjioral pu- 
 nilbment, ana the lots of an arm." 
 
 Tlicle particulars, relative to the religion of the i i- 
 habitanrs of this illand, are confirmed by Sir Thonus 
 Roe, w ho, during his Hay here, took great pains to yrc- 
 ferve, in his journal, a minute account of the manners 
 and culloms of t'le natives. Tr.i,> untcr fays, that he 
 found the inhabitants of this itliud to coniill of four 
 dilferent forts of men, viz. of .Viabs, whom the king 
 of C'axcm had lent to ke^'p theitland in lubjection to 
 him ; of llavts to the prince, wi,o are employed in pre- 
 paring i'.oes, anil other oiKrcs of drudgcrv; ot lic- 
 diiins, tlie primitive inhal)iiants of the illanJ,wiio wee 
 banilhed to the mountains till they fubmittcd ro the 
 yoke, and agreed to breed up tl'.cir children in th^- 
 M.il.ometan religion; and, lafUy, of lavages, with 
 long hair, who live naked in the woods, and refufe all 
 fociety. 
 
 To add to the particulars already mentioned, of this 
 ifland and its inhabitants, it m ly not be im()roper to 
 [iielirve the Ibort account given of it by Mandctloe, 
 who was an accurate obferve-, and very particular 
 in defcribing the man!\ers and cuHoms of the peo» 
 |-;le. " They live (fays this writer) chicHy upon 
 filh, roots, and fiuit. They have no wild fowl, and 
 great fcarcity (<f tame; yet they arc not delHtute of 
 cows, camels, alfes, and flieep, with goats, whofc 
 hair upon the thighs is curled in the manner in w hich 
 fatyrs are painted. Their arms arc (words with large 
 hills, w ithout a guard ; iioinaids with long bkuies, 
 which they coiillantly wear thick in their girdle; and 
 fire-arms, which they manage with fome dexterity, but 
 cannot keep them in order, or free Irom rull, fo that in 
 a lew weeks they are rendered ulelefs. They are re- 
 nuirkably expert in the ufc of bucklers, which they 
 
 wield 
 
 I 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 wield in high i 
 body, and arc 
 pierced, or cu 
 an illand, and 
 rint of nivg.it 
 I ot'omcd liih 
 veathcr ;;r(aC 
 trom the moii 
 ther, or wlieii : 
 iiielied ny the 
 piiig w ilh wai 
 
 t'.ey 
 
 rlhip I 
 thiii religion i 
 liut one wovdd 
 vail.d, from t 
 to thole iumir 
 
 The Stn 
 
 Tin-: Streli 
 calle.i b 
 
 i: e navig.iti • 
 tea, whii h ii 
 j;ins <;n that 
 A;rica by Ca 
 Cape I'artalh 
 by the Aral- 
 fill's (->" iiiyid 
 an i to iiiitrlj 
 t.t ll'ipir.n^ I 
 T;u-".\i.ib 
 maritime all 
 is.cy r.amcel 
 feeiii afraid 
 
 Til 
 
 IS fitiiatctl 
 It 11. iW 
 lour miles 
 Irom the .\ 
 Xela. i:c 
 f'de of 
 turtificil, ce 
 The A I 
 with grca 
 commane 
 fervcs a < 
 was form, i 
 ru ditle^ 
 fince the 
 trade by ti 
 The ifia 
 than five 
 bciiig nov 
 hav.ng on 
 fepplies a 
 fii d the n 
 pollels wl 
 nuill lelic 
 
 () hap{ 
 Cicoii, 
 That 
 Tor wl 
 Whu 1 
 t)erlo 
 •l'lai,t ( 
 bay in 
 
|\1'HV, 
 
 .•monies and ufiprs 
 til they laii nivcUo 
 ll-.ey canr.ot prcclurc 
 lofs idolaters is lulli- 
 InH the moon, which 
 I pic of all things; a 
 ]ithci(in, imirh moro 
 i ofnxlcniption. 
 Jillanblf in ;i lol' inn 
 to the nio.>n. 1 Ixr 
 Iirils the hcjrjnnin^ot 
 Its in honoi;r of her. 
 l-ncvcr the moon riles 
 Jrelif;ious ceremonies, 
 lis votaries of this in- 
 It of the principles of 
 
 A: the rifine; and 
 
 Ibably at the neu aiul 
 
 joLelTions round tlicir 
 
 round their Inirying- 
 
 tvvo pieces of odori- 
 
 Ivhich each man holds 
 
 |v jicrfoim three times 
 
 . ftcr wh.ch, putiing 
 
 three chains, over a 
 
 nuers of «o:>d, with 
 
 tiil the po.ch of tjic 
 
 • ]MMyers to the moon, 
 
 h^r cnuiKC'iince.lhcd 
 
 anil nev. 4' permit fo- 
 
 'Miey inikc alio an 
 
 iiples, j)rprtdcd by a 
 
 nds upon the pried's 
 
 li;:i;nal that the moo'i 
 
 ers fay that riie lianal 
 
 s of tlie pcrfon v, ho 
 
 or uhich he lias iriven 
 
 iroliil.itinnall peiio/is, 
 
 to molelt or hurt hiin 
 
 are to aid and allilt 
 
 itever manner he may 
 
 . I a d honour him as a 
 
 enalty of corjioral pii- 
 
 I." 
 
 the reli(;ion of the i'l- 
 lirmed by Sir Thomas 
 oi)k great p.ims to y.rc- 
 iccount of the ni.inners 
 lis writer fays, that he 
 ind to coniitl of four 
 \iabs, wliom the kinj.'; 
 Hand in fiibjeetion to 
 
 are cmployvd in pre- 
 of drudj,crv ; of iic- 
 
 of the illanJ.who we;c 
 hey fubmitied to the 
 ti'.eir children in the 
 Uy, of fav,ii.;es, with 
 : woods, and refufe all 
 
 idy mentioned, of this 
 y not be improper to 
 ) of it by M.mdelloe, 
 ", and very particular 
 
 1 ciilloms of tile |X'0» 
 writer) <hierty upon 
 ive no wild tbwl, and 
 y arc not dellitutc of 
 :p, with go.us, whole 
 1 the manner in which 
 arc fwords with large 
 nils with long blaJ.es, 
 k in their girdle; and 
 ith fomc dexterity, but 
 rec Irom rull, fo that in 
 ulelefs. They are re- 
 
 bucklcrs, which they 
 wield 
 
 AFRICA.] 
 
 wiclJ in fu^Ji a n-.annri a", to protc;^ every part of the 
 body, and arc wounded only when their IliouUiers are 
 pierced, or cut ilown by b!o.v.s. Though they live in 
 an illand, and tiadc with the coi-.t^ncnt, thoyare igno- 
 rant of nav:g.itioi, and have no odier vrllels than Hat- 
 lot'omed fiiMng-bo.its, v.ith v.liich, however, they 
 veaiher ;;rtat llorms. Tite torrents that tunihie dov.n 
 troni the inouiuaii's, like rivers, eitlier in r.iinv wea- 
 ther, or wiicn t H- liimv on the tops ol the mountains is 
 niehed ny the lun, luliicieiuly fupplies ail foreign liiip- 
 pnig with water. Thoiii;h ihey are Mahomeuuis, yet 
 tl'.cy worlhip the fun and moon ; Chriilians or iniidels 
 their religion isallran;;e mixture of truth and infidelity. 
 But one would in;;'gii!e, that iilol.itry and pa'^anifm pre- 
 >aihd, from the foiemn proceilions and lacnlitCj made 
 tu thole luiDinarie^. 
 
 A F R I C .\ N ISLANDS. 
 
 4J; 
 
 "_ rhc So.otnrins ufj their women, wh.i pre clie.l/ 
 Arabians, with great tendernjlj ; but arc fo jcaloi.g, 
 tliat they never permit them to be llvn by a liran,;c'r. 
 As they arc crafty and dji-itliil themleK,s, fo tlry are 
 fufpicious of the fame iniinLeriiy in others: they a J.uU 
 teratc their commadities, and expect that thofe tl.cv 
 deal with havedone the fime. The illandsarfcrtls (i'me 
 indill'ercnt oianyes, tcbacco, citrons and C)C->a-nuts, 
 but they feldoni come t:) maturity, on account of tho 
 llony, dry and fandy foil. Their chief c mimodiry is 
 aloes; and tiiey have alfo drigoii"s.bloo.l, and keep 
 great numbers of civet cats; fo that tiie ciu:t may 
 be purchafed at Socoiara fc- three or four cjo. ns 
 per ounce, which lliews how plentitul it is; bai, un- 
 happily, tliere is no method of being fe^ured from fraud 
 for they find means to adulterate the Civet." , 
 
 CHAP. XXIV. 
 
 The Strcights of Babclraandcl, the Iflands of Bcibchnandcl, Dahlak, 
 Mafua, Maratc, Swakcn, and Barbora. 
 
 TIIF, Strei^hts at the entmnce of the Red Sea were 
 callci Bai-ehiiandel, ligmlying ll.v y;ii!i- of ;i\rp- 
 "•'/• "'■ P>'' of iiijUni-iii, from ih'; d inger that attendeil 
 t: e navig.iti -n of them. I'he Ataliian Gidph, or Red 
 Sea, whii ii includes the Streights of Bahelmai.del, be- 
 gins i;n that part of the ocean boundcvl on the lide ot 
 A:rica by Cape (Juaniafuy, and on ihe fide of Alia by 
 Cape I'artalh. The ii-.teim.diatc Ili.iuht was called 
 by the Arabians and Iiidians, Alh.ido, lignifying //v 
 ^^(iV.c or moulbs,T^^ it is not more than lix leagues wide, 
 ai; 1 lo inierfperled with little illaiidsas Icarce to .admit 
 ct llipirn^ to [iafs through us channel. 
 
 'l';ie'Ar.ib;ans, however, are either more llilful in 
 maritime allairs, or lels timid than they were when 
 tr.ey named tlxfe llrei^hts, as at prefen: they do not 
 fteiii afraid to navi^;,ate them. 
 
 Tm; IsiANo 01 BARDKLMANDEL 
 
 IS fituarcd towards the entrance into the Red Sea. 
 It llindi m the very middle ot tie rtreights, about 
 four miles from the Arabian, and the fame didance 
 Irom the Ab\ll,nian coaiV, directly oppofue the Cade 
 '/ela. Ilcnte it forms two channels, one on each 
 I'de of it, and fiom us lituation, miyhc it properly 
 tiirtiliid, command both. 
 
 The Abvliinians and Ard)iar.:^ formerly contended 
 villi great fury for the roneHion cf this illand, as it 
 ciaiimaniis I'e entrance into the South Scm, and p-re- 
 fervcsa communication w ith the ocean. Ihisllreight 
 was formerly the only palF.ige through which the com- 
 nudities of liuiia found their way to I'.urope ; but 
 fince the difcovery of the Cape of CJood 1 lope the 
 tr.ide by the Red Sea is of lit;ie importance. 
 
 The iliand is a barren landy fpot of earth, not more 
 than five nnles in circumference. The Mahometans 
 heaig now mailers ot both coalls, it is elmoll delerted 
 having onlv a few p"or inh d)it;uits. for whom it jull 
 fepplies a iublifknce. "\ el tlufe people, though poor 
 fii d the mod perfect happimfs ih ihur lituation; they 
 pollels what they deem a comi>eteni ej and find the ut- 
 nuill lelicity in what lome ntight fallly call iicmiry. 
 
 O happinefs ! our helntVs end nnd aim I 
 (JkhI, plcafure, eale, content, whate'ir thy name : 
 That Ibmethinj'. which (liU pi on pts '.h' eternal ligh, 
 For which we biar to live, nor fear to die, 
 Which Ihll (o ntar us. yet beyond us Ins, 
 O'erlook d, leen double, by the fool— and wife, 
 Plant ol celellial feed, if d.ioppd below, 
 Say in what mortal loil thou deiynMl to grow ? 
 No, 42. 
 
 Fair op'ning to (^inic court's propitious flirinc. 
 Or deep wuh di'monds, in the Huiiing loine .'' 
 Twin'd with the wreaths ParnnH'.an laurels \ield. 
 Or reap'd in iron harvcrts of the field ? 
 Where grows? where grows it not? If vain our toil. 
 We ought to blame tlie culiure, not the fjil ; 
 Fix'd to no fpot, is happinefs fincere. 
 'Tis no where to be fou.-.d, or Cv'ry where ; 
 Some pliice the blifs in a;;lion, Ion c in eafe, 
 Thofe call it plcafure, and contentment thefej 
 Some, funk to beafts find j'leifiire end in pain, 
 .Some, fwcll'd to gods, confefs e'en vi t jc vain ; 
 Or indolent, to each extreme they i;dl, 
 'I'o truiHn ev'ry thing, or doubt of all. 
 
 Who thus define it, fay they more or lefs 
 Than this, th.at happinel's is hiippiners? 
 
 Take nature's ptith, and nud opinion's leave ; 
 All llatis can reajli it, and all heads cor.ccive ; . 
 Ob\ious her goods, in the extreme they dwell ; 
 There needs but (hinking right, and meaning well. 
 
 Know, all the good that individuals find. 
 Or God and nature pieaiit to mere mankind, 
 Reafon's whole plcafure, all the joys of fenfe, 
 L.ie in three woids, health, peace and competence. 
 Ikit health conllils with temperance alone ; 
 And peace, O virtue ! peace is all thy own. 
 'I Kt. i^nil-i of fcruiiic. uoud "»• l^^d may gain ; ♦ ., 
 13ut ihefe lefs talle them, as they worfc obiain. 
 
 D A H L A K 
 
 IS fituated near the coaO of Abix, being abotit ;o 
 leagues callward from the continent ; and about the 
 lame dillancc fouth of Mafua. 
 
 It is the largethind moil confideiaMe ifl.mdon this 
 coall, being near (>o miles in t ircumferenee. The air 
 is temperate and falubrious, the land well watered and 
 verdant, and the peo[ile nuir.cnnis and robufV. 
 
 Great luimbeis of camels, oxen, goats, Cv:c. feed in 
 the palhires; the fea and ri eis yield plenty of filh ; 
 and the inhabitants are prolufely fuppdied Irom the con- 
 tinent with honcv, corn, ixc. 
 
 'I'he wealth oi the place arifes chiefly from pcar'- 
 liilu.ig, at which many of the natives are very ilrxte- 
 ious;"and the pe.uls found here are fonic of the linelV 
 in the univerfe. 
 
 Iklides pearl tliis ifland produces nitiny emeralds. 
 Thefe have the green colour in all its ddVercnt Ihades, 
 from very dark to extreme pale ; anl are fometimes 
 entirely colourlefs : thvnighthc luithUi jewellers call it 
 
 white lapphirc. , _ 
 
 £ '^ Thofe 
 
 I 
 
 
 ;^ 
 
l^^-i' 
 
 4j6 A NUW. ROYAI,, ano AUTHENTIC 
 
 Thofc inhabitants of D.ihlalc vhodo not concern 
 thcmlllvcsin lil'r.irg arc, in ijcncial, nitoruuis pirates, 
 and plinulcrall tlic lliips that lonu- m thiir \\.\\. 1 hey 
 Ivhave \Mili ar,xr.i) to all, but putii:ii!ail\ to the 
 Turks, when any ot tlicni arc Id uiiloi tiinaic as to t.ill 
 into their hands ; ,.nd when they get home they lake a 
 peculiar plcafure in boalling ot their jnr.uical exploits 
 to their wives, ciuiilren ami relations. 
 
 The king oi Dahlak is (oveieign of this, aiul many 
 other lilanils ; an.l las lubjcvb coalill ehietly ol Aln Hi- 
 nian Lhnllians, or (..hr;lhans ol the Ahyllinian ciuirch. 
 
 The pio^.le it Dahiak, who appear to he ot the 
 I'.thiopiciacc, arc black ami ill-fa\ouRti ; hut llroi'fj; 
 robult, boKl, liaring, an.l loyal to their lovercign, 
 Thev arc exceeding lag icious and cralty, lond ot re- 
 peating and hearing ciuertaining talcs, very plealant 
 companions, and a'.imirahly Ik. lied in llcry-telling. 
 The,r cluathin,:; is .• large p.CLe c;t lilk or cotton (ac- 
 cortiing to their rcTpective lanks) titd lound the mid- 
 dle, anU I'.a iging down to the leet : but fioni ti-.c mid- 
 dle upuar.is" huh lexo go naked. 'Iheir language is 
 Arabic, intermixed with luhiO|.ian worils. 
 
 Thcguat s I. air 1 ere is vci) line and long, lb that it 
 is n.anuiaclured uro tolcxahlecaniblets. I he foil, in 
 genera!, of :h.s illand, is red; and though it docs nor 
 nroduccmuch timber, yet it yields abundance ot hcibs. 
 Here is a fm.ill infect rcfcmbling a bee, w hich Iccds on 
 a kii dorsum thatdiftil'i from a tiee uhich hath lome 
 fim l.tudc to a chetry-trcc; and fn^m this infect it is 
 faid, that gum lac, uled in varniUung, making fealing- 
 wax, &:c. is extradcd. 
 
 The capital city, which goes by the fame name as the 
 ifland itlclf, is fituatcdon a point ot kind to the wcll- 
 vardof it; but it is of no great cnnlidcratio'i, as the 
 king reiides, the griatell part ot the \L-ar, at the little 
 ifland of Mafua, of w hich w c Ihail iiov\- proceed to give 
 feme account. 
 
 M A S U A. 
 
 THIS illand is only ii.ilfa tnilc in length, ami fomc- 
 what lefs in breadth. It is very 11 it, .iml lies very 
 rear the main k'lid, tliat i>, rn the noitii-wcit fide. It 
 has a good harbour, feciire in all ueatiurs, the depth 
 of the water being, about eight or nine lathonis, and the 
 ground oozy. 1 he entrance of this port is on the 
 north-call fide, touards the middh ot the channel, for 
 from the call-north-eall point ot the iHaiid there runs a 
 flioal towards another point ; fo that ihips mull take 
 care lo keep the middle of the channel, which is very 
 flrait, and tonliuu-ntly dangerous, and runs north-call 
 and foiith-wefr. 
 
 The pLoplel-.c;cr:fcmblcthort:of Dahlak in cufloms, 
 manners, cvc. '1 he men are alio of two clafles, thofe 
 
 ■who tollow irafiir, nr the pearl tillicrv. and rhofe SSlU) 
 live by piracy. 
 
 Mafua, w ith all the opiiofito coall, was formeily fub- 
 jct!t to thccmpeiorof Ab\([inia; but within the l;tll 
 century it was feizcd by the king of l)ahl.,k, w ho re- 
 iides chieliy here tor the convenience ofcairyiiigon a 
 trade with the continent; from whence he received 
 abundance of gold and ivory. 
 
 The air is exceeding hjt and unhealthy during the 
 months of May and June fir wai t of wind, fo that the 
 king and jjiincip. .inhabitants retire to Dahlak durino- 
 thole months. 
 
 M A R A '!• ]•: 
 
 IS a low barren illand, of a roundifli fl ajic, about three 
 leagues from the continent, and 6b from Mafua; 
 but in ci^mpafs it docs not exceed live miks. 
 
 On the louth-well lidc, facing the coall, there is a 
 very good haven, fccurc from all winds, efpccially the 
 caUern, made by two very long points, which evtend 
 north by well, and louth by call, incloling a fpacious 
 haiboui, narrow at the mouth, where there lies a long, 
 Very liat ifland, with fomc land banks and (hoals, (o 
 that no fca can gel in. This port lias two entrances, 
 
 SYSTI'.M OP UN1VFR.SAL GI'.orcRAHY. 
 
 I both very near the points. The chaiiMcl, on ihe call 
 
 I fide, lies i!.iith by well. 'I he depth is ti'.ree fathom 
 in the Ihallowell pl.ice, and encreaUs advancing in the 
 l<ort, where, near the lloie, it is four or live tathoms, 
 
 ] and the bottom is nuher muddy. 
 
 'I lie people who inhabit this iflanil diller in noth!nj» 
 
 I with relpect toculh>ms, manners, ice. Irom thole wh» 
 
 I relide in Mafua, l>ahlak, iMc. 
 
 SVVAKEN. SUA(:>yb;N, orSAUCMEM. 
 
 ''JpIIlS illand is fituatcd in 19 <leg. 45 min. north lar. 
 
 and 37 deg. 30 min. call long, and the port is 
 
 ^ deemed one of the bell in ;he Red .Va. lheentr;incc 
 
 |; is by a narrow llreight which leads to n lake, in the 
 
 midll of which is an illand, and a town that covers 
 
 I every part of the illand. 
 1 'Ihis town w.isonce very import.int. and cxtrcmclv 
 
 J oiiulent; but lince it has fallen loio the hir.da (fthu 
 
 .1 Turks, like mod other places, which lliofe haiigluv, 
 
 II tyrannical, and idle people, have become polUli'id of 
 j ii has dwindled, loll its com.neive hkI con((_\iueiue, 
 
 !| giown poor and lefs populous, and at preiliK i, of 
 j very trifliiig conlideanon. 
 
 ;; The h.onJes now remaining in .Swakcn, ar.d tlie other 
 ; little illands adjacent, are all luiilt wiih flonc jiiid .jioi- 
 :] lar, and formed much in the European manner: tlie 
 jl decayed city of i: waken is the feat of a Turkiili go- 
 il vrriKU", who acts fubordinate to the bafla of Grand 
 \\ Cairo, and the modern inhabit.uus are, in geivra!, 
 ' Turks or Arabs. 
 
 The belt buildings in Swaken are the bath.s ; .-.;ul the 
 
 jl moll plealing amuiement which both the 'l'.,,ksand 
 
 Arabs take is that of bathiir. Ue have :!lii:v,ly 0I1- 
 
 fcrvcd, that l)athing wi, adeemed by the Mahomeiaa* 
 
 a religious intlitution. 
 
 B A R BORA 
 
 T ir.S in 10 deg. 45 min. north lat. and 47 drg. 2 
 min. call long, an I has its appellation from a town 
 of the fame name on ihe neighiouring continent. 
 
 'I'he inhabitants are negroes, and the common people 
 wearcotion garments, which go round their wai'ls, and 
 hang down to their feet, the n ll of the bi'ily he'iig 
 bare ; but thofe of a fuperior quality have the atldiiinn 
 of a long cotton gown, which covers th.m all over, 
 their fates excepted. 
 
 Thele people are grc;\t breeders of cattle, for w hich 
 the foil of the idaiul allbids excellent palUiic: and 
 verv indiillrious traders, as they carry on aconlideiiblc 
 tratiic, by exchanging cattle, gold, Irankimenfe, ivo- 
 ry, peppir, iVc. iiir amber, iiei kUi-cs, gi;Us beds, rai- 
 lins. 'l>r.'<, i!(.c. 
 
 The inhabit.'^nrs of this ifiatui, who tcnii the herds 
 and tlocks arc fome of the happiill and moH inolltitivc 
 peoj)le of ihc univerfe : imiecd, their felicity hath been 
 lb much the admiration and envy of others, tha: nianr 
 capital men, froni the ailiaccnt kingdom-, and Icvcial 
 rich Arabian merchants, have thoug.ht pr>!perto ret. re 
 hither liom tin; adulation of courts, tl'.e datigi r> ol 
 war, the hazards of ( i tnmcrcial voyages, and the 
 piiiifal hullle of trade, in order to tall.', in lural le- 
 t.iemcnt, thofe delicious plealuns, which they could 
 not obtain in the purluit ol fame and r.ches. 
 
 Hut bled: is he, wl-.o, exeiris'd in cares, 
 'I'd private leifure public viituc biaii; 
 Who tiamjuil ends the race he nobly uin, 
 A n I decks repule with trophies labour won ;. 
 J lim honour follows to the fccrt lliade, 
 y\n..i crow ns propitious his ileclining head : 
 III his rctreais their harps the mufcs thing, 
 Inrl'.ini in la\s iinhouglit fponianeous ling. 
 I riendlhip aiul truth on all his .Moments w.iir, 
 Pleas'd with rctiicmeiit better than with jlate ; 
 And round the bower where humbl. great h.c lies 
 lair olives bloom, or veidaiu Uurtl* idc. 
 
 AFRICA] 
 
 The coinmoi 
 are brought to 
 Egyptian, &c. 
 Iiiucli decayed 
 jiowciful comi 
 the inerchains 
 bell mart, and 
 ing tlieir coinr 
 
 Where gold 
 Moll men ti 
 l-ortake old 
 And in the ; 
 
 The inhabit 
 have traded 11 
 thropy, and a; 
 to each other, 
 iiicllic and otl 
 liu h viriue.-, \' 
 clleem ihciiiU 1 
 relined educa 
 characters, ho 
 religious fentii 
 lity oflitu.iti.. 
 
 Thcfe ideas 
 ton ciiieliy an 
 ciled towards 1 
 til ipicntly exti 
 rttleciions indi 
 vations on the 
 the fame time 
 . cities in their; 
 ihey .ip[)ly wit 
 Ireipicnily ma 
 inhab.tants ot 
 tleration. 
 
 " 1 prefiimc 
 that has any i 
 the principles 
 Were to l)e 1 ' 
 another man, 
 juHice ; and !| 
 cafe, now ti 
 f r, t at it he 
 fame » n:HCv)l 
 ters, the in|u; 
 acily the lanui 
 Tlureliae th| 
 another ir.an 
 thai to aiuiiliJ 
 himleir. Is,[ 
 llil'.enurity oil 
 ti) abiile liieii| 
 taiile he Kim'I 
 equal ; ai'.d ill 
 (IS mm h the J 
 ferences of u| 
 ority of t\uu 
 cate happi'xl 
 no right to if 
 w ife man wil 
 worthy of tl 
 were to inlef 
 or nakc g.il 
 pain. The 
 cite his eoni 
 and attentiiJ 
 
 " It hathi 
 Ikins, and ol 
 ther II. cut nf 
 (noiw ithllaj 
 can ha\e nj 
 and lyiannil 
 any right ui 
 iSor do 1 b 
 lure, has ai| 
 fcet. • 01, 
 
 \ 
 
• < 
 
 'GRAIIY. 
 
 channel, on the c.irt; 
 f-ipih is three i'atl'.om 
 lalts atlvancir;^ in the 
 
 tour or live lathonis, 
 
 land (iiflVr in norhin;^ 
 t.\c. Ironi thole uli» 
 
 jr SAUCHKM. 
 
 lej:^. 45 niin. north I.ir. 
 loni,i;. and the [ori; is 
 Kl >ca. '] heeiitiaiue 
 leads to a lake, in the 
 li A town tluit covers 
 
 xirt.uit, and eNtrcincIv 
 
 iii'.o the liii'.da it the 
 
 whieii tliofe haii;;iuv, 
 
 I- become jioncli"i.d of 
 
 Id. c iiivl conleqnenec, 
 
 and at prelluL i-, ot 
 
 J^waktn, ar.d tiie other 
 lit uiih flonc and .iioi- 
 I'.iiropcaii manmr: the 
 
 A'at: of a 'rur'-;ii!i ^;;>- 
 to the liafla of Gr.uil 
 _)i:.;nt.i arc, in ;;.'ivjr.i:, 
 
 1 are the liail'i*: ; and the 
 
 h both the 'I'l.As .niJ 
 
 \\ e iuve :du;v.iy oli- 
 
 leil by the M.iiloilicLan* 
 
 U R A 
 
 lorth lat. and 47 dcg. z 
 a()pclIation tionia toaa 
 li ouring continent. 
 ;, and the common people 
 ;o round their wa:'ls, and 
 : r>!l of the body l)cing 
 quality have tlic addition 
 h covers than all over, 
 
 ders of cattle, for uhich 
 < excellent palliirc: and 
 lev carry on a ronlider.ililc 
 gold, lrankin'.i.nfe, ivo- 
 ct kUccs, j;lals beds, r.ii- 
 
 la'ul, who tend the herds 
 pidl and nio'l inolicilivc 
 J, tl-.eir felicity hath bem 
 :nvy ototluis, tlia ti.aiif 
 It kingdom , and K\cial 
 :• thoujdu pr.ijierto ret. re 
 if courts the d;Uio, r, of 
 ercial voyages, aivl tic 
 Jer to talK-, in lural u - 
 alurcs, which they could 
 iiiic and r.clies. 
 
 is'd in cares, 
 i I tile beais ; 
 : he nobly run, 
 ihies labour won:, 
 
 fccrt liiade, 
 declining head: 
 lie iiiiihs (bin.';, 
 poivanroiis ling. 
 
 his nioincnts wiir, 
 ter than with jlatc ; 
 ■1: hiinibh- great h.c lies 
 Hit UurcU nlc. 
 
 AFRICA] 
 
 The commodities they receive by commercial means I 
 nrc brought to them by 'iurkilh, Mrjorilii, Arabian, I 
 KgyiJlian, ivc. merchants. Their tratfic, however, is | 
 mm li decayed fince the F.uropi.ans have formed luch ' 
 poueiful commercial connections in tiie I'.ali Indies, a. ; 
 the iiKTchani.s abo.e all.uled to naturally repair to tiie 1 
 bed mart, and leek the niolt prolitable mode of vend- 
 ing their coinnomties. i 
 
 Where gold allures the hearr and charms the e\ e, 
 Moll men toivards its bright eliulgeiice Hy ; 
 forl'.ike old li ieiuU, new riches to aciiuue, 
 Aiid in the arms oi avarice expire. 
 
 The inhabitants cfihis i'land. areadiiiiied by all wlio 
 have trailed \n tiiofe Ics for their uii:veif.:l philan- 
 thropy, and are pcciliar lor their lingular ' .iieuiieivx' 
 to each other, an.', t'r.eir veiy humane tieatinent tod;)- 
 iiie'dic and 01 hi r .umu.iIs. Itwerj to !).• uiihul that 
 luch viriuca wtre more general, arid ih.iL thoi'e \.ho 
 clleem ihenililves politer peoj f, and boall ol a more 
 rtlincil citueaiion \\ou:d n.'f^y ide lluinng partjot' all 
 rhaiadcrs, howevir vhlfcre u trom tiiem in polajral or 
 religious fentimeiiL.-,i-,r iciuote wi.li rel) ecL 10 luu l.jca- 
 lity oflitii.ai '11. 
 
 Thcfe ideas naturally turn niir thouLdvs on the wan- 
 ton ciiklty and iiihumaiiii<. often uaneceliai ily cxir- 
 cil'cd towards the bruie creation by h^uropea,.:,, an. I t )o 
 ficqucntly extended even In o'.ir o'v n l|Kci'-^ ; and i..ii ii 
 ictiections induce us to trankiiL^e fonie exciileiit oj.er ■ 
 vations on the fubJcLt m.\de by a rewrend disuif, as at 
 the lame time that ihefe oiikrsatioiis dilplay tnolc lvu- 
 . cities in ti'.eir proper col'ius, with rei'peci lo ourlelves, 
 ihey .'Piily with great p,o|)r;ety to feme dnllinctions too 
 Ireqiiciuly luaiie \Mth ic;(HCt to the generality of the 
 inhab.tants ot thai pait ct the globe now under conli- 
 deralioli. 
 
 " 1 prcfumc (fays he) there is no man of feeling, 
 that has any idea of jiilhce, but would conlels, iijini 
 the principles cf reafon :;.id common fcnie, that n he 
 Mere to be put to uiinectUary and uiuiicnted pa:n by 
 another man, his tormennu' would do him .\:\ a tol 111- 
 juHicc; and fn m a fenle of ti c iniuUu e m his own 
 tale, now ti'.al he is tiie Ailfeier, lie mull intiiially iii- 
 i r, t at it he were to j i;i: aiuxi'er man (.'f fn linj'; to t!ie 
 fame l nnecJliiry and unmeiitcd [lain which l.i' ..ow ait- 
 fcrs, tiic iiijulUce in himlelt to tiie other liioukl !i«.- c\- 
 acily iiie fame as the injuUice in his tormentor to liiui. 
 Tlurei'me liie man of leeling and Jullice \', .11 not ['.iH 
 another 11. an to unmepted [iiin, becaule he will not do 
 thai to aiiodier whieh he i, iiiiv. dling lliould be done to 
 liimleir. IsorwiU he lake any aJ\iinta:.'e ot his ouii 
 lup.eriority of Itren^ch. vr of ih..' acculcnts o! toituc.e, 
 tp abiile mem to the ojiprellioii of lies, int-nor: be - 
 taulehe knows that in the article of leeling ail men are 
 equal ; and that the ililf'-rences of lirength or Itaiion are 
 as much the gilts and appoilUnlca::^ of Ciod, as die dit- 
 ferences of umlerllanding, colour or If'tLue. Siiperi- 
 oritv of raiikor llation may give abiluy to conuuuni- 
 catt happi'^efs, (and fcenis lo mteiidai, but it can give 
 no right to inllict uniKcellary, orunuieiited paui. A 
 wife man would impeach his own wildom, a;,d be un- 
 worthy of ihLbhlim,.; of a good undcrU.i.idiii;;-, if he 
 were to infer hum tliencc that he had a right to defpile, 
 or n akc game of a fool, or put hmi to any degree ol 
 pain. The weaknels of the loo! ougiit rather lo c.k- 
 tite his compallion, and denuiiuis the wife manscaie 
 and attention to one tha: eannot take care 01 hiiiileit. 
 
 " It hath plealcd (iod to co\ .r loii.c men wirh white 
 Ikins, and others with black Ik n^ : but as theie is i;a- 
 ther lueiit nt>r dement in coiiij le.vioii, t'.ie '.^hiie man 
 (iiotwithllandingthebaibarity ufcurtoniand preiudicej 
 canl.a\e no rig'nt, by virtue ol' his col:,ur, t.ienlkue 
 and tvranni/e over a bla< k man ; nor ha, a lair uiaii 
 any right to defpile a brute, or inllilt a brown n. in. 
 Moi- ilo 1 believe that a tall man, by \ iiiue oi his lla- 
 ture, has any legal right to iiamplc a dw.u, uii.lci- his 
 ket. .'or, whfLher a num is wiic or louldh, white or 
 
 A F II I C A N ISLANDS. 
 
 45f 
 
 black, fair or brown, tall or Ihort, fuch he is by God's 
 r.ppointment j and, t\crac;edly confidcred, is neidicr a 
 fubjiCl lor pride, nor an olije f of contempt. 
 
 " Now ifamoiiglt men the dilfereiices oftheir pow- 
 ers of the mind, and of their complexion, ilature and 
 a<cideiits ot tortunc, do not give to any one man ;t 
 right to abide or infiili any other nvin on accoiinr of 
 thefe tlill'erenccs; tor the lame reafon a man can have 
 no natural right to abufe and torment a b.al>, merJ/ 
 becaule a bcalt has not the nicnt li powers of a man. 
 lor fuch as the man is, he is but as God made him; 
 and the viry fun. is true of the bead. 
 
 " A brute is an animal no Ids fenfible of pain than 
 
 a man. He has timdar nerves and or-ians of fenfi- 
 
 tioii ; and his cries and groins, in cafe tif vio!.. nt im- 
 
 ! [irellions on his body, tf.outth he canr.oc utter tii.-. com- 
 
 I plaints Ir, fpec'-h or hmvaii voice, are as llrong ii.dica- 
 
 j tioiis to us of his feiifibility of pain, XJ the cries and 
 
 groins of a human being, whole lan!;uage we do ne,t 
 
 I uiiderll 'nd. Now as p.dn is what we are all averfe to, 
 
 I our own fenlibility of pain lliould te.icli us tocommi- 
 
 I feiMte it in others, to alleviate it if poliible, but never 
 
 j wantonly or tinnieritedly to inHict it. 
 
 I " As the diii'ertnces -imong men in thefe parti.:ii!ars 
 
 j are no bars to their feelings, fo neither doe; the dille- 
 
 i rencc of the ihnpc of :i brute front that oia man cx- 
 
 ; eni]it the brute fiom feeling ; at icail, we have no ground 
 
 to Itipjtofe ic. I>ut ihape or ligurc is as much the ap- 
 
 1 [.ioir,tmeiit of (.'od as complexion tt flnture. And if 
 
 [ tlie ihi'U.rerice (.1 complexion or ilature does not coM- 
 
 '. \cy to one in in a rigiit to defpife and abufe an. /thjr 
 
 man, the dili'eience of Ihape 'netwecn a man and a br.'re 
 
 i cannot give 10 a man a rig'. v. to abufe swi torm.^nt .1 
 
 ' brute, lor He that iiiade man and man to dilfer ii 
 
 i completdon or ll.iture, iiaile man and brute to .iiiier in. 
 
 j llnpe and li;^^ure. And in this caii. there is neither 
 
 ; merit or demerit : everv ere itiire, w hcther man or brute, 
 
 I bearing that Ihape w hich the Supreir.e Wifdoin judged 
 
 moll ctpedient to aiifwer the cnit for w hich the creature 
 
 was otilaineil. 
 
 " With regard to il'.e ino.lificatirn of the mafs of 
 I mutter of w Inch an animal is lormcd, it is accidental as 
 I to the creattire itfelf ; 1 mean, it was not in the p.v>ver 
 I or will of th.; creature to clioofe, w he.her it Ihould iuf- 
 tain the llvape of a brut-' or a man: and yet, whct'ie: 
 it be of one lliaj-.e, or of the odi.r, the mitter ot whicii 
 the crratiire is compol'etl would be etjuallv fuf.-epciblc 
 I of feeling. it is (blcly owing to the will of G d that 
 we are created men. lor He that '• formed man of .he 
 dull of the ground, and bieatlied into his nolhils the 
 breath of lite," that he m ght become a living fjiil," 
 and ciidtied him with the leiife ol feeling, could, il he 
 had i"o pLafeil, ciy the fame plallic power, liavc calt 
 t!ie vei\' fuiie diiit into the ir.ould of a beall ; which, 
 being anuuatcU by tlic lile-^riviniT biT.ith of its Maker,* 
 wo, lid ha\e become a " living foul," in tliat form ; 
 and, ill that form, would have been as fufceptible of 
 pain as in ilie form »'t' a man. 
 
 " It', then, in brutal Ihape, we had been cnilucd 
 w ith the fame degree o'' reafoii and reH,'Clion w hich we 
 now eiijoy i and e)iher beings, in huniai. Ihape, llioulel 
 take upon them to torment, abufe, and baibaroiiflr 
 ill-treat us, becaule we were net maiie in their Ihape, 
 th.e inju'iice aiitl eiiu ';y of their behaviour to us would 
 be felf-Lvident : ar.d we Ih.ould naturally infer, that, 
 wliether we walk imon two le..ts or four; whether our 
 heads are prone i r i iw,! j w helper we are naked or co- 
 vered wuh hair; w littlter we Ivave horns or no hoiiis, 
 long e.u-5 or loundeais; or, v, Itether we bray like an 
 ■^['i, I'peale like a man, whuM.' l.ke a bird, or are mute 
 as a fill, nature n \,r intenled thefe diflinctioiv. .-.s 
 foun.!at;o;is fir ii.,1'.! of tyranny and opprellion. 
 
 " lU:t, per;-.a:>, !l will be laid, it is al'fuid to make 
 liieh an infer, nee Iroin a me.r fuppofuion tliat a man 
 might ha\e been a biute, and a brute nvglu ha\'e been 
 a man: for the fiipoolition itfelf is chimerical, and his 
 no founda'ion in nature 1 and all arguiiieii;s Ihould be 
 thaw 11 from lacU, and iiotfiom liincy of what mi^ht be 
 
 ur 
 
I- ilk 
 
 460 ANFAV ROYAI.ANn AUTIirNTIC S.STF.M op UNIVI RSAL CKCGRArilY. 
 
 or \d->at niij^ht not be. To this I rcyly in few words 
 and in gencn'.l : that ;;11 calls and argumcnis, dcdm cd 
 from tiic important and i (..n.-\olcT,t prt(i-[it <f "doin^ 
 til otliiTs as w I- would be tlonc unto," m-ct Ifarily rcqi:iic 
 fuch kind of fuj-pf^lipr.s ; tiuu is, they (u}>pofc tin- cole 
 to be oihctuiio th.in it re liiy is. For inltancc, a rich 
 n.an ii not a p-jor n.-.in ; yd, the duty plainly ;;riiin}r 
 fioni ihc precept is this — 1 he man "ho is now rich 
 ouL'ht to behave to the man «ho is now poor in ftii;li a 
 manner as the rich man ^if he \»ere p<K)r) would be wd- 
 ling that ihe pc'or nian (it he were rich) llu'uld behave 
 toviards hiin. Here is a calc which, in fact, does not 
 cxdt bctWie:i tiiiie t«o men ; for the rich m.in is not a 
 poof n an, m r is the pour man a rich man ; yet the 
 fuppoliticn is r.ectlf.iry to inloicc and illullrate the 
 precept, and the reali.>nablcnels of it is allowed. And 
 It tile luppofition is reufojiable in one cafe, it is real'on- 
 able, at leall not contrary to re.ifon, in all calci to 
 w hich this general precept can extend, and in w hich tiie 
 duty enjoined by it can, and oiij^ht to he perlormed. 
 'J liercfoie, thouj^h it be true, that " a nun is not a 
 horle, " yet, as a horle is a fubieet within the cxent of 
 the precc;)t, that is, he is ca['able ol' receiving benefit 
 by it, the duty enjoined in it extends to the mm, and 
 amounts to tliis : l>) you that arc a man fo treat your 
 hortc, asyoM would be willing to be treated by your 
 mailer, in cafe that you were a horfe. I fee no abfur- 
 dity, cr falfe rcafoning in this precept: nor any ill 
 confeijuence that .vo-ild arife from it, however it may be 
 gain-fai.l by the b.ub»rity of culloni. 
 
 " In the cafe ot humin cruelty (that is, the cn;;lty 
 of men unto nun) the opprelfed man has a tongue that 
 can plead his o>', n eaufe, and a linger to point out the 
 aggrellor : all men that hear of it lliuddcr with horror, 
 and, by applying the. cafe "o thomfelvcs, pronounce it 
 cruelty with the common .oice of humanity, and una- 
 nimoclly join in dfnianding the punilbmcni; of the of- 
 fender. JJut in the cafe oi brutal cruelty, the dumb 
 beall can :;citlier utter his compliints to his own kind 
 or defcrile the author of his wrong: or, if he could, 
 have thc\ it in their power to redrefs and avenge him. 
 
 " In the cafe of human cruelty there are courts and 
 laws of jullicc in every civilized focicty, to which the 
 injured man may make his appeal : the aiVair is can- 
 valled, and pumlhment iiiHicted in proportion to the 
 otfence. But, alas ! w ith ll-.ame to man, and lorrow 
 for brutes, 1 alk the queltion, \\ hat laws arc now in 
 iorce ? or what court of judicature docs now cxilV, in 
 which the fulfering brute may bring his action againlt 
 the wanton ciuelty of barbarous nun ? No friend no 
 advocate, not one is to be found among the " bulb 
 nor calves, (Ffal. Ixviii. 30.) to prefer an indiclment in 
 behalf of the brute: the wretched unbefriended crea- 
 ture is left to moan in unregarded forrow, and fink un- 
 ' der the weight of his burilen. 
 
 " But fuppofe the law promulgcd, and the court 
 erected. 'Ihe judge is fe.ited, tlie jury fworn, the in- 
 dictment read, the caufe debated, and a verdiCl found 
 for the plaiiuilf. Vet what colt or damage ? What re- 
 conipence for lof^ fuftaincd ? In actions of humanity, 
 with or without law iatisfaction may jc made. In va- 
 
 rious ways you can make amends to a man for the in- 
 juries you have done him ; and by your alTiduity and 
 future teiidernels may, perhaps, ohiiiin his pirdnii, and 
 palliate ;he offence. Hut w hat is all this to the iniwu'd 
 brute? it, by pallion or maiice, or ([,, rtive eiueltv 
 you have broken his lind)s, or dcj^nvcd hwn i f his ijc* 
 light, how can you make him aim mis ? 1 h"u canit I'o 
 nothing to amufe him. 'I'hou hiill ot'drucleil his invani 
 ofgettin;; fublidence; and thou wilt haidly take up, n 
 riiyfelf the pains and trouble of procuring it tor him 
 (which \et by the ruloi of jullicc thou ai t bound to do. 
 I iiou h lit m iired his litile teiui'orary happiui'ls, wliic h 
 was his li! to hiui. 'I'hoii hall maimed, or blinded hint 
 forever : and hall done him a cruel and an urepaiabic 
 injury," 
 
 Th.c AZORES. 
 
 •T^IIFSF. inands, called alfo the Wellcrn Iflands. 
 ■»- have been, by dilferent geographers, lieemed 
 parts of America, Africa and Furope, being lituatcd 
 almoll in a central line between them ; but a- thcv lie 
 near fome of the places lately defcribid we lliallhero 
 infert them as the molt proper place. 
 
 The Azores are liiuated betw een 25 and 32 deg. well 
 long, and between 57 and 40 dcg. north lat. "They 
 « ere difcovered by the Portugucfe, to whom they be- 
 long, and were by them called Azores, from the grc.it 
 number of hawks and falcons found there. The/ an; 
 nine in number, viz. ot. Michael, Terccira, I'icc, 
 Santa Maria, St. George, Oraciofa, Fayal, Florcs and 
 Corvo. They enjoy a falubrious air and fertile foil, 
 but are fubjeCt to frequent inundations of the fca, and 
 tremendous cartliquakcs, 
 
 St. MICII.XFL, which is the mofl cxrcnfivc of thcfc 
 iflands, is about 100 miles in circumference, and 
 the foil is very lit for tillage. It was twice inv-ided 
 by the F.nglifh in the reign of Queen P.lizabetli. The 
 chief town is Punta del Gado, but it docs noc contain 
 any thing remarkable. 
 
 TFRCF,1R.\ i the mort important of thefe idand; 
 on account of its harbour, which is fpacious ami dc- 
 feneled by two forts that fecure .•\ngra the capital. 
 This city is the refulencc of the governor of the A- 
 zorcs and the bilhop. It contains eight convents and 
 five churches, belides the cathedral. 
 
 PICO, which is nearly =' '-"ge as St. Michael, Car- 
 rie « nn a j;ieat traitc in wines, and abounds with cedar 
 and a tough red wood much valued, called teixos. 
 
 The reft of thefe iflands do not contain any thing re- 
 markable, nor do they vary from thofc defcribed in any 
 of their productions. Hut it muft be obterved th.ic 
 all of them have at leall one harbour capable of re- 
 ceiving various kinds of vdfels. 
 
 I 
 
 
 I'/f 
 
 =»■■ 
 
 H:) 
 
 •'it 
 
 
jRArilY. 
 
 l'.s to a man for tl'.L- i;i- 
 l by your r.ilidiuty aivl 
 , obtain his p.irilnn, antl 
 is all this to the iniiiixd 
 :c, or ([-..rtivc ciutlty, 
 .Icprivcd h'.m ( f his cjc- 
 :i\inils ? 1 h"U canll I'o 
 ;iU (li'llriickil i-is miani 
 m wilt hauily taia' iij-nn 
 it" jirDcuriii;^ it tor hiui 
 :c thou ait bouiui to d.). 
 iporary happiiu'ls, wlii( h 
 nuiinieil, or bliniicd h:ni 
 ciuci and an nrcpaiablc 
 
 ) R E S. 
 
 Xo the Wedcrn Ifland'j, 
 nt jTciv.rai'hcrs, dteimd 
 1 luiropi', bcinj^ fkiiatfd 
 :cii thfiii : hut a- they lie 
 .dcicrib^d \vc llull here 
 cr place. 
 
 twccn 25 and j2 desT. wctl 
 ) de^^ north lat. They 
 Ligiicfc, to whom they be- 
 d Azores, from the great 
 4 found there. 'I'hey ar^: 
 Michael, 'rerceira, Pice, 
 raciola, I'ayal, Flores and 
 rious air and fertile io;l, 
 nundations of the lea, and 
 
 the mod: cxtcnfivc of thcfe 
 es in circumference, and 
 re. It was twice invaded 
 of Queen Kli7.abcth. The 
 io, but it does no: contain 
 
 important of thtfe iHand; 
 
 which is fpacious and dc- 
 
 fecure Ani^ra the capital. 
 
 [)f the governor ot the A- 
 
 :ontains eight convents and 
 
 athcdral. 
 
 js laigc as St. Michael, car- 
 ies, and abounds with eedar 
 h valued, called tci\03. 
 
 do not contain any thing rc- 
 y from thofe defcribcd m any 
 lit it muft be oblcr\ed that 
 one harbour capable ot re- 
 ellels.