4>J Su ^% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 9 / (? V' ^ >*/. ^^ /. 1.0 J "" I.I 2.8 Hi Uk 12.5 i.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" - ► ^ l .^ -> ^y O 7 M Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WSBSTER.r./. 14580 (/16) 872-4503 ^ s?.. CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. n D D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^e et/ou pellicul^e I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ D Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re Mure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int6rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, Icrsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6td film^es. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppldmentaires: L'lnstitut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6X6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. D D D D D D D Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur^es et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d^color^es, tachetdes ou piqu6es Pages detached/ Pages ddtachdes Showthrough/ Tranitparence Quality of print varies/ Qualit'^ in^gale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film^es i nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X ( v/ 1 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X ails du idifier une nage irrata to pelure, D 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: University of British Columbia Library The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — »- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: 1 2 3 L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grAce A la g6n6rosit6 de: University of British Columbia Library Las images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de fiimage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont filmds en commen^ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film^s en commengant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s A des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 4 6 6 212 Oregon. [Feb. gold, deep( ning and widening as the more transitory violet fades. Against this back- ground the mountain ranges extend, a cold and dark blue, almost lapis-lazuli, the sepa- rate redwoods on the crest of the Santa Cruz range distinct forty miles away against the gold — this, remember, nearly half an hour after sunset. By imperceptible degrees the yellow reddens to orange, narrowing as it deepens, then ])asses into a heavy red, lying just above the dark blue hills and giving them an even more marvelous contrasting back- ground than before. Sometimes the violet passes into the yellow and the yellow into red so suddenly that it is over while you turn you head to watch the reflected color in the east ; oftener the changes are gradual, but the ember-like red glow is the only one that is not quite transitory; it smoulders slowly for an hour, and paints smooth water into salmon- pink surfaces on which reflections are etched, exactly as did the more brilliant glow of a month earlier. Seeing how invariable is the succession of violet, yellow, red, I have tried very hard to construct a spectrum, but without success. Beyond an occasional lemon-green in the earliest yellow I have never been able to fit green into its place ; and the orange stage through which the yellow light passes into red is not a very true orange. Once, as the violet was yielding to yellow in the west, I saw the east painted with a very wide and un- mistakable green light ; but there was noth- ing in the opposite sky to account for it. Again, I have noticed curious streaks and bands of olive-green crossing the other colors as irregularly as streaks of cloud; though there was no appearance of cloudiness in their composition, it seems impossible that they should have been anything else than very thin mists, turned into olive by the color they crossed. There is almost always some green sky in various quarters of the heaven during the whole procession of color; but that is true in every clear sunset, and there seems no regularity in its appearance. Of blue or indigo, I have never been able to discover a trace, nor to imagine anything nearer it than perhaps a bluer quality in the lower margin of the violet. But in all such successions of color in nature there are so infinite grada- tions of shading that it would require an eye with both the painter's and the scien- tist's training to so follow them as to be cer- tain of any accuracy in reporting. %> ■'u- . :^4- > n^ OREGON. If the general character of the first two volumes of "American Commonwealths" is maintained throughout the series, our popu- lar literature will receive an addition of very readable books. In writing "Virginia," Mr. Cooke had before him a more ambitious plan than that which the author of the pres- ent volume has endeavored to carry out. "Virginia" purports to be "a history of the people," while, under the general title of "Oregon," Mr. Barrows undertakes to pre- sent what he terms "the struggle for posses- sion." The former work gives us an incom- 1 Oregon: The Struggle for Possession. By William Barrows. Boston; Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1884. For sale by Billings, Harbourne & Co., S. F. plete treatment of a very broad subject; the latter, a sufficiently full treatment of a com- paratively narrow subject. "Oregon" is in no sense a history of the state or of the peo- ple ; it is merely a historical monograph de- scriptive of that series of events which led to the establishment of the American claim to all territory in the northwest south of the forty-ninth parallel and the Straits of Fuca. There is no attempt made to trace the his- tory of immigration and settlement, to de- scribe the development of local and state governments, to indicate the spread of schools and churches, or to point out the progress of the commonwealth as shown by the growth of its commercial and industrial # L # 1884.J Oregon. 213 %> enterprises. These topics, which belong properly in a history of Oregon, find no place in the volume before us, because they lie heyond the limits its author has fixed for his writing. It is therefore evident that the bock is to be viewed simply as an account of events preparatory to the foundation of the State. Early in the present century, by the with- drawal of all Russian claims to territory south of latitude fifty-four degrees forty minutes, the parties in the struggle were finally re- duced to two, the United States and Great Britain. The latter power was represented by the Hudson Bay Company. The strug- gle of the agents of this great commercinl corporation and the people of the United States for the possession of disputed terri- tory furnishes the author an opportunity to contrast the policies carried out by the two powers. On the one hand, all efforts are put fortn to resist the advances of civiliza- tion and to preserve unbroken the primeval solitude of the wilderness; on the other hand civilization is urged into the wilderness, and the hunting-grounds are transformed into cultivated fields and centers of industry and trade. The policy pursued by the Hudson Bay Company is designated as " the great English mistake" — a double mistake, in fact. "It was a mistake in attempting to take and hold Oregon by trapping as against coloniz- ing; and it was a mistake to sacrifice so largely the English interests in America to a corporate monopoly. In dealing with the enterprises of the mis- sionaries and their influence in bringing civ- ilization into Oregon, Mr. Barrows enters upon a topic regarding which partisan views are in conflict. There are, on the one hand, those who advocate the claims of the early Methodist missionaries to prominent recog- nition, and, on the other, those who would pass over their labors as insignificant, and lay special stress on the work accomplished by the delegates of the American Board of Missions. Doubtless our author is right in giving superior prominence to the latter, but he might well have made his writing appear less one-sided by giving a somewhat more circumstantial account of the earliest Protes- tant missions within the present limits of Oregon. But the book was evidently de- signed to be picturesque, filled with striking scenes, and for this purpose the earliest mis- sions had less to offer than the expeditions on which Dr. Whitman was concerned. In keeping with this design, also, the journey of the four Flat-Head Indians to St. Louis is i-.itroduced with effect; and the farewell ad- dress of the two survivors, when they were about to return to their people, will bear repetition : "I came to you over a trail of many moons from the setting sun. You were the friend of my fathers, who have all gone the long way. I came with one eye partly open- ed, for more light for my people, who sit in darkness. I go back with both eyes closed. How can I go back blind, to my blind peo- ple? I made my way to you with strong arms, through many enemies and strange lands, that I might carry back much to them. I go back with both arms broken and empty. The two fathers who came with us — the braves of many winters and wars— we leave asleep here by your great water and wigwam. They were tired in many moons, and their moccasins wore out. My people sent me to get the white man's Book of Heaven. You took me where you allow your women to dance, as we do not ours, and the Book was not there. You took me where they worship the Great Spirit with candles, and the Book was not there. You showed me the images of good spirits, and pictures of the good land beyond, but the Book was not among them to tell us the way. I am going back the long, sad trail to my people of the dark land. You make my feet heavy with burdens and gifts, and my moccasins will grow old in carrying them, but the Book h not among them. When I tell my poor, bn.id people after one more snow, in the big council, that I did not bring the Book, no word will be spoken by our old men or by our young braves. One by one they will rise up and go out in silence. My people will die in darkness, and they will go on the long path to the other hunting grounds. No white 214 Etc. [Feb. man will go with them, and no white man's Book, to make the way plain. I have no more words." The story of Dr. Whitman's services oc- cupies here quite properly a prominent place. His wise foresight, his quick resolution, his heroic daring should not be forgotten. The winter journey eastward over the mountains was an undertaking that required no ordin- ary nerve and force. We cannot but admire the keen vision and unflinching heroism by which the solution of an important problem was perceived and accomplished. Yet, had there been less that was really admirable in the conduct of Dr. Whifnan, Mr. Barrows would have made his efforts in behalf of the settlement of Oregon by Americans appear ridiculous, by the frequent changes which he has rung on " Dr. Whitman's old wagon." After Dr. Whitman's famous ride, and re- turn to Oregon with a well mounted train of two hundred wagons, the crisis was passed. *' Dr. Whitman set foot in stirrup at his door for Washington October 3rd, 1842, and dis- mounted there again September 4th, 1843. Eleven months that heroic wife and the mis- sion band waited for the first word or rumor while he twice crossed the continent. They heard the clatter of his horse's feet die away, as he rode off up the Walla Walla, and knew afterwards only that the mountains received him and there winter awaited him. What months of waiting for them, and of working for him ! Again the clatter of horses' feet is heard on the Walla WaP-^, and the rider leaves stirrup for the threshold of his cabin door. There followed him down the Cas- cade Mountains and into that splendid val- ley, in little companies, and in long, weary file, jaded and battered, and mended after mountain style, two hundred emigrant wa- gons. They emptied their families here and there, the women and children; and scatter- ed all about were cattle and dogs; while lank backwoodsmen, with the inevitable ri- fle, lounged and strolled, and they continue to arrive even after the light snows of the country have come. It was the army of oc- cupation for Oregon." (p. 253.) The rest of the struggle for possession was short. The immigrants virtually settled the question, and it remained only for the two governments to agree on a boundary line. This agreement was reached in the Oregon treaty of 1846; but it took until 1872 to in- terpret the treaty, and practically establish the line laid down by it. This part of the story is briefly told. We are thus brought to that point where the history of Oregon as a civilized community begins. • ♦ ETC. It is a healthful sign that in these latter days talk about making laws has given place, to some extent, to talk about enforcing them. Professional Criminal Acts, Law and Order Leagues, and the remonstran- ces from cautious thinkers against pushing legislation faster than it can be enforced, all show the awaken- ing of a sense — or rather, the re-awakening, for it was active among the founders of our government — that the fact of citizenship in a republic constitutes an obligation to see its laws administered. Ameri- cans have been too much given to seeing only the rights and not the duties conferred by such citizen- ship : the proposition that in a republic every man is a sovereign has been infinitely repeated ; but who has ever heard the corollary of the same proposition urged — that every man in a republic, therefore, is a servant ? We, who glory in the privilege of making our own laws, must not shirk the burden of seeing them enforced. If the macliinery provided for rep- resenting us in this function is insufficient, we must supplement it. If n high-minded philosopher who had lived only under tyranny were to sit down and draw up, out of his inner consciousness, a plan of a republican government such as ours, it would seem probable that he would leave out of his scheme en- tirely any provision for the case of broken laws. How should it be conceivable to him that a party of peo- ple who were bound together in mutual help and protection, feeling no restraint but that of rules agreed upon among themselves, should break their own rules ? And, indeed, this ideal view of their re- lation to the states was not uncommon among our forefathers, colonial and revolutionary ; but when the little country they had themselves brought into exist- •