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Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent *tre fiimte A des taux de rMuction diftirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un soul clich*, ii est film* A partir de i'angle supirieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaira. Las diagrammes suivants iliustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 -^ V// The Manitoban. Uj ( ^Q ^- 101 all the others in its growth. It was established in 1886, and now has a popu- lation of between twelve and fifteen thou- sand. Its phenomenal development is directly due to the O.P.R., which termin- ates there. An enormous amount of capital has been iovosted in business blocks in anticipation of a large shipping trade between oriental countries, Austral- asia and South America, and the result is wonderful to contemplate. Fancy a modern city standing to-day on a spot where six years ago was an almost im- penetrable forest of giant pines. This marvel of city building is unequalled in America's history. Vancouver is no temporary place ; it has been built up solidly and permanently and its buildings are of a character that might be pointed to with pride in any city un this cont* - ent. It has fifty miles of graded aud planked roads and a similar mileage of sidewalks. The taxable valuation of the property is over $10,000,000. The city has waterworks, gasworks, and dectric railway, a shipbuilding yard, sugar and furniture factories, fruit canning factories, saw mills and other industries, which, to- gether with the extensive shipping busi- ness, give employment to a large propor- tion of the population. In the matter of residences, Vancouver is far ahead of any of its sister cities with respect to architectural designs, but the citizens have not yet begun to pay much attention to their grounds, consequently the homes are not so pretty as those in the other places bu^ will doubtless be so in due time. The population is largely composed of eastern Canadians who seem to have adapted themselves to the spirit of the age in matters of industry and pro gress. The city has rather a pleasant situation on a gently rising peninsula, having the waters of Goal Harbor on one side and the waters of English Bay on the other. The thickly wooded plateau on the west and the high mountains of the coast on the east make the prospect from the city is striking. The city is shel- tered by the islands in the Guli of Georgia and the high lands about it from cold wi-)ds, though it always enjoys a balmy sea breeze. The situation of the city is exrellent for drainage purposes and is considered a very healthy place. So much has been written about this young and thriving city that it is unneces- sary to speak further of it at present, ex- cepting to state that with its remarkable material growth all those insitutions,religi- ous,educational,fraternal and social, which are considered essential to present day of civilization, have been kept well abreast of the development in other directions, and let us hope that the fondest expecta- tions of her people a? to the future des- tiny of the city will be fully realized. In the JlypepboFean Regions. /^ A TRIP WITfim THE ARCTIC CIRCLE. (Bi/ h'redtrick Schwafka,) IT was in the Arctic regions, not far from Burk's Great Fish river, when conducting a homeward sledge jour- ney to Hudson's Bay, in the depth of an Arctic winter, that the intense cold set in just before Christmas, the thei'mometer sinking down to 65 and 68 degrees below zero, and never getting above 60 below. We were having a very hard time with our sleighing along the river, our camps at night almost in sight of those we had left in the morning, so close were they to- gether and so slowly did we labor along. Reindeer on which we were relying for our daily supply of food were not found near the river, but some being seen some ten or fifteen miles back from it, I deter- mined to leave the river and strike straight across country for Hudson's Bay. We had gone but three or four days, and as we ascended the higher levels the ther- mometer commenced lowering, and on the 3rd of January reached 71 degrees below zero, the coldest we experienced ia our sledge journey of nearly a year in length, and the coldest, I believe, ever encount- ered by white men traveling out of door^^; for that day we moved our camp fully twelve miles. The day was not at all un- pleasant, either, I must say, until along toward night, when a slight breez i sprang up. It was the merest kind of a zephyr, and would hardly have stirred the leaves on a tree at home, but slight as it was it cut to the bone every part of the body exposed to it. This, fortunately, was .VjJ- 102 The Manitoban. only the face frooi the eyebrows to chin. We turned our backs to it as much as pos- sible, and especially after we had reached camp and were at work making our snow- hnuses and di<»:»ing the thick ice for water. After all, it is not so much the intensity of the cold as expressed in degrees on the thermometer that determines the unpleas- antness of an Arctic winter as is the force and direction of the wind, for 1 have found it far pleasanter with the thermom- eter at even 7C degrees below zero, with little or no wind blowing, than to face a rather stiff breeze when the little indi- cator showed even ")0 degrees warmer temperature. Even a white man acclim- ated to Arctic weat! ; 1% and facing a strong wind at 20 or 30 degrees below zero, is almost sure to freese the nose and cheeks, and the thermometer does not have to go many degrees lower to induce the Esquimo themselves to keep within their snug snow-house under the same cir- cumstances, unless absolute need of food forces them outside. It is one of the con- soling things about Arctic weather that the intensely low temperatures are almost always accompanied by calms, or if thei-e is a breeze it is a very light one. With the exception of a very few quiet days during the warmest summer weather of the polar summer, these clear, quiet cold ones of the Arctic winter are about the only times when the wind is not blowing with great vigor from some point of the compass. Of course thfre were a few ex- ceptions to this general rule of quiet wea- ther with extreme cold, and when they had to be endured they were simply terri- ble. Early one morning the thermom- eter showed us it was 68 degrees below zero, but, as it was calm, we paid no at- tention to it, but harnessed our dogs and loaied our slerlges for the day's journey, which was to be an exceedingly short one in a place where the Eskimo thought they could get food for ourselves and dogs We were just reidy for the start when a sharp wind sprang up, and it felt like a score of razors cutting the face. Had the wind arisen a little sooner we would not have thought of starting, but as we were all ready and the distance short we con- cluded to go ahead lather than unload and go back into the old camp. We kept the dogs at a good round trot and ran alongside of the sledges the whole dis- tance, and I can assure my readers that when we readied the snow-house of some llimrepetro Eskimo it was as welcome a refuge as if it had been a first-class hotel I was frozen along my left arm fr':ni my shoulder to my wrist, and it was quite painful for a number of days, and almost all the others, Eskimo as well as white men, were frozen more or less severely. When we reached the end of our journey I again looked at the thermometer, aiid found had degrees h indicated zero — that is, it grees warmer out, although it seemed to us below 13 de- during the time we were it must be at least thirty degrees colder. I told the Eskimo who had been with us that it was much colder, as shown by the instrument, before we started than it was when the wind was at its highest, but from their incredulous glances at each other they wondered how we could be duped by such ideas directly against our common sense and personal observa- tion. They might b3lieve our statements that the world was round and turned over every day, without the polar bears sliding oft' the slippery icebergs when it was upside down, simply because the white man had told them so, but nothing would persuade them that when they felt perfectly comfortable and warm loading the sledge it was colder than when their arms and legs were frozen and their noses "nipped" by the frost. I tried to explain to them the efToct of the wind, but they said they had known the wind to blow them ort" their feet in summer and not freeze them a particle. They said they knew it seemed colder when the wind blew, but that was because it actually was colder, and here they stood firm in the belief we wero wrong. When the thermometer was at 71 deg. below, the cloudless sky in the vicinity of the sun hanging low in the southern ho-izon assumed a dull leaden hue, tinged with a brownish red, looking something like the skies of cheap chromo lithographs. At night the stars glitter like diamonds, and fairly seem on fire with their unusual brilliancy. Should you pour water on the surface of the ice it greets you with an astonishing crackling noise, and the ice was so clear you felt timid about I The Manitoban. 103 Mutting yitur foot on it, and turns instant- ly as white as marble. Many Eskimo children amuse themselves trying this simple experiment, and the white spots on the clear ice give it a moss-mottled look. The iced runners dragging over the fine, gritty snows give forth a cleav, musical ring that can he heard many n.iles in the still cold of the Arctic. Some- times when breathing this extremely cold air my tongue would feel as if it were freezing in my mouth, but I could readily cure this by breathing through my nose for a few minutes. You will naturally ask, "Why not breathe through the nostrils all the time ?" as you have so often heard advocated. The air, how- ever, is so bitter cold that it becomes absolutely necessary to breathe througii the mouth. Also the nose is more liable to freeze when breathing through it. These freezings of the nose and cheeks are very common affairs in very low temperatures, especially when the wind blows. The Eskimo cures these frost- bites by simply taking the warm hand from the reindeer mitten and rubbing the affected spot. They know nothing of rubbing frost-bites with snow, and that article could not be used in arctic temperature, where the snow, if it is loose, is like sand, or if in mass, like granite rock. Another thing the Eskimo always used was snow to (juench their thirst, which most arctic writers have condemned as hurtful. My Eskimos used it at all temperatures, and I have never seen any bad results from its use. — Chicago Inter-Ocean. February. Proseyboy — " Why didn't you take a wedding trip, Bloadgood !" Bloodgood — "Well, you see my wife and I came to the conclusion it wouldn't be much of a novelty for us. We met first on a steamer on the Atlantic ocean ; I proposed in Sweeden ; was accepted in Russia ; obtained her father's permission in England ; the marriage settlement was drawn up in this country, and we were married in Algiers." The world liea hushed in white, Field and hollow and hill ; The foreat grim hath a purple rim And the river's heart is still. Thea hey for that dim hour fleet, Born of the day and the dark. When the earth-flame red doth leap to meet, Its far-ofi phantom apark. And ho ! for who comes nigh, With his yellow hair ablow ! Is warmth and cheer for the traveller here, Or wilt thou bid him go ? Nay. for he rideth to win, With the young year bonny and bold ; Then open thy door, and let love in. Good neighbor, from out tho cold. — ViKoiviA Woodward Cloud, in The Ladiet' Home Journal, TkQ Cottage on tlie JVloop. Oh, give me back my native land, Her " banks and braes once more, Her rushing gales, And sleeping vales, And the "Cottage on the Moor. There's many a " boasted land " more fair, And many a sky is bluer. But the jolly lad That wears the plaid, And the " bonnie lass " are truer. My native hills I your rugged steeps Are dear in song and story ; The hardy brave. The reeky cave. And the tale of blood and glory ! Scotland ! I love your heather bells. Your sea-girth wave-washed shore. And more I love. Where'er I rove, " The cottage on the moor." 'Twas there "my blue-eyed Mary" dwelt. And there I learned to love her ; But Mary sleeps, And Allan weeps. While shadows round him hover. Oil, give me back my own dear land ! Her "banks and braes" once more, The trees that wave O'er Mary's gtave. And "the cottage on the moor." Thus sang a lonely, wandering Scot At eve beside my door ; Though years agoae, I love that song— "The cott8-ge on the moor." — Mrs. L A. K. ia Oodey^a Lady's Book. 163717