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 THE PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WIIHLI). 
 
 .T<^)HN HFltKINHINK. 
 
 Hoa4— 1 
 
 PROVINCIAL LIBRARY 
 VICTOrJIA. B.C. 
 
r r T. 
 
 3 
 
 b(^ (^ 
 
 jjHr^ 
 
CO NTH NTS. 
 
 Iiitroiliictiiin m 
 
 Siiiiiiimry of tli« world'H iiriitliictiui ' " ' " )j 
 
 Ki|uivaliiiiU of viilmig nHeil 15 
 
 Tlie iiidiiHtry in vuriiiiiH cuiiutrieti j- 
 
 Nurtli America ir^ 
 
 United States ji-, 
 
 Kankof States iis |irailiioora of iron ore 17 
 
 Lako Su)>erior rejjion |b 
 
 Alal>ttiiia-Tvnn<'N8eu re);ioii ■>■> 
 
 PenuH.vIvania, Nen- York, and Now Jersey distriet 23 
 
 VirKinia 2fi 
 
 Ohio anil Kentucky 2(J 
 
 Missouri .« 
 
 Other States .,7 
 
 Ini|inrtsof iron ore .«i 
 
 Kritinh North Auierira 29 
 
 NovaSootia o| 
 
 Ne>. Brunswick ; 33 
 
 Quebec oii 
 
 Ontario 3^ 
 
 British Columbia 31, 
 
 <'»'»» ^ !!!!!!!]!!'' ^ 40 
 
 Mexico ,- 
 
 4i» 
 
 Honiluras and Guatemala ,^^ 
 
 Haiti ,1. 
 
 fiontli America ■„ 
 
 Colombia .,. 
 
 '■•"» !'!!"!!; ^;;!!!!"!;;!;;;;;;; no 
 
 <'liil« 5a 
 
 Venezuela -.> 
 
 Brazil r>j 
 
 I'araguay gr 
 
 Uruguay 55 
 
 ArKcntina eg 
 
 llolivia J... 
 
 '■■"'•"1"' .'.'^."""'!.V''.V!!.'.'".'.V"" 50 
 
 (irciit llritain j.jg 
 
 Historical sketch of Itritish mining 71 
 
 Kranco -r 
 
 Spiiin ....!.......... HO 
 
 Bilbao ores ui 
 
 Mines of Koutliern S|i!iin ^ 
 
 I'lirtuKal gg 
 
 Sardinia \ yg 
 
 8R!S6« 
 
OONTKNT8. 
 
 The iiKliiHtry in viiriiiiiH i-i>iintripH— Coiitiiiiinil. pagi.. 
 Kiir<i|iit— ('oiitiiiiieil. 
 
 tSWIIlllMI IH) 
 
 Norway 114 
 
 1IoIk><>ui 1 Ifi 
 
 Deniiinrk VM 
 
 (ivriimn Kiiipire I'M 
 
 AiiHtrin-lliiiiKary 125 
 
 Switzorlnud 137 
 
 Italy 13a 
 
 UiiHHiuii Knipiru 135 
 
 KiilK<>ri» 142 
 
 8ervia 142 
 
 Turkey 142 
 
 (Jreeco 142 
 
 Asia 114 
 
 I'urHia 145 
 
 AOcliaiiiHtaii Mli 
 
 Inilir. iiikI lliirinali 1411 
 
 CliinvHu Kmpirt! 156 
 
 Korea I5H 
 
 Japan 157 
 
 Africa 159 
 
 Kgypt 15ft 
 
 Morncvo 160 
 
 Al^rria ItM) 
 
 Tunis 162 
 
 Liberia . . 163 
 
 (Vntral AlVic.v 16;j 
 
 MutlaKUScar KB 
 
 Natal 161 
 
 MnHliuiialniiil 161 
 
 Sontb Africa 161 
 
 (Iceanica 166 
 
 llonuMi 166 
 
 NewOuli'dcMiia 168 
 
 New Soiilli Wttli'B 168 
 
 Kim til AiiHtraliu 171 
 
 TaHinania 171 
 
 New /ealaml 172 
 
 8auilwicli iHlamlH 172 
 
 Tbn prncliiction of iron iirt'H in tlic L'nited >Stiite8 in 18!)4 173 
 
 Character of iron ore protliiieil 174 
 
 Otlier niateriula nscd a» ore 175 
 
 Iron ores UHi'd in blast furnaces 176 
 
 I'rotliiction of iron ore, by States 177 
 
 ClaHsiliciitimi of orcH 177 
 
 Relative rank of viirious Htatcs 170 
 
 Michigan 181 
 
 Minnesota 182 
 
 Alabama 182 
 
 Virginia anil West Virginia 183 
 
 I'ennsylviinia 183 
 
 Wisconsin 184 
 
 Tennessee 184 
 
 New Jersey 186 
 
CONTENTS — IM-USTRATIONfl. 6 
 
 The pnH'.ii'tinn of iron urea in tlio llnitvil Stati>a in IWM— <.'ontiiiiieiI. 
 rniilui'tiiin ol' iron iir« liy SliiteH— ContinniMl. 
 
 Keliitivr rank of viirioiiH Htutes— Coiitiniii'il. Pagg 
 
 Colorailu IWi 
 
 New York IHT. 
 
 Ot'orgia and North Caroliua 1(*1 
 
 ( »tli«r StutoH ■. 187 
 
 Valnatioii of iron ori'» 187 
 
 KKHMHnlur anil iniu-Beaaoinor orun 18U 
 
 Important prodnoinK niiucH 191 
 
 Ktorkii of iron oreH liW 
 
 Iiuportanco of tlio I-aki' SniH-rior iliHtrii't 194 
 
 DiHtrilintiini of I.ako Superior iiren 196 
 
 Importation of foreign ircm or«M 197 
 
 ArkMowliMl);infntH ISKi 
 
 Kililiuxruphy '■^^ 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 IM.AfK I. 
 II. 
 III. 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 I.\. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 XIV. 
 
 XV. 
 
 DinKTuni sliowiuf; diBtribntion of tlii; world's jirodnction of iron ore 
 
 In the y.ar IWfJ 8 
 
 l)ia);ram uhowinK dlHtrihntion of the world's production of pig iron 
 
 in thi' yi'ar 18!l-i 10 
 
 liiagrain sliowing proiluc.tiiui of iron ore by variiHia I'ountrii^M from 
 
 1874 to lH!t:i 12 
 
 Diagram Hbowing (iroihu^tiou of pig iron by various vountriet from 
 
 1871 to 18!i:t 14 
 
 Map of North .Vnierica, Hhowing oocurrcnces of iron ores Hi 
 
 Map of Smith America, Hhowing orriirrcnresof iron ores W) 
 
 Map o!' Knrope, showing omirrenccs of iron ores .'iti 
 
 Map of Ania, sliowiug oeimrreuees of iron ores 144 
 
 .Maji of Africa, Hhowing oconrri'iii'e« of iron ores 160 
 
 .Map of Oueanira, sliowing occnrrcuceH of iron oreH Itiii 
 
 Uiagram Hhowing the total product nuil iniportH of iron oreH 171 
 
 Diagram Hhowing couteiupuruuciius production of iron ore in proiui- 
 
 neut States - 178 
 
 Diagram of pig-irou production in the rnitcd .States, 1880 to 1894. .. 190 
 Diagram showing thn relative production of iron ore in the Lake 
 
 Superior region to the total output of the I uited iStates 191 
 
 Diagram Hliowing shipini-ntH of Lake Superior iron ores and Htocks 
 
 at lower Lake ports, I88,j to 18!t4 196 
 
THE I'lKIIII (TlOX OF IROX OIIES ';; VARIOI S PAKTS OF THE WORLD.' 
 
 HV .InilN lilKKIMIINK. 
 
 IXTIM)I>r<-'TION. 
 
 The iiiini)>er of politicnl diviHJoiiH of tlie world in wbich iron ore is 
 proiliiced or iii!tiiur»ctiir<Hl on »iiy (miiniderable Hcale in limited, and in 
 Hcnaoof tlioHe which li»ve develo|>ed ornswl their iron ores the h)cationH 
 of nianufarture are w;attere4l and the ca])acity of each phint i» Hinall, 
 no ellort ht'injx made Ity the Government' fifllcers to colle<;t HtatiHtics. 
 In Home it iH ini|H>ssiblc to hx-site the dei>OHitH detlnitely, but it is hoped 
 tliatthismoMo};ra|>li will rertult in Ht-ciiring nincli tulditional information 
 for future ]iul>lication)i. 
 
 The Woihr« Columbian Kxposition offered an o|>portunity, by per- 
 sonal inspection of exhibitM and conferenecH with representatives of 
 various foreign countries, for collecting data concerning the iron-ore 
 resources of the worhl, their quality, apparent quantity, distribution, 
 the extent to which they are or have been utilized, etc. SujiplenuMitary 
 correspondence with rei)re«entative8 of the United States (iovernnient 
 in foreign countries and with men noted as metallurgists in different 
 parts of the world has resulted in obtaining considerable additional 
 .information, and the general result is here presenteil. The diverse 
 sources from which the information was obtained and the im])ortance 
 which various countries bear to the Unitexl States as producers of iron 
 ore, or of pig iron, will explain the difference in treatment. 
 
 It is expected that this monograph will excite interest iu the relative 
 position of the countries of thi> world as producers of iron ore and 
 nuinukacturcrs of aetal therefrom, and show whence ore supplies are 
 now or can bo drawn by countries exhibiting an apparent detlciency 
 either in the quantity or quality of their native resources. 
 
 ■Till) KtatiHtirH for thi« report, which hail Iweii plaiiiicil to rovi-r tlin year 1893, were prewDteil to 
 tliii Survey in inaniiitiript larly in tli« fall of Iml, hut Ihi'ir publiriition was <liiluy<'il, ii» iliK to new 
 iB^ittlntlon whirli nm-eiwitatiil a clian^e of form of *lii> report " Mini'ral lii'Hiiurri'a of tlif United 
 SlatcH." ThiH explanation In ilne to Mr. Itirklnliine. TIih eoniptete report for the United HtateH for 
 the year I8m i» given at the fli>iie of the arliele — Day. 
 
 PROVINCI Al Ltr r? Aa:Y 
 VICTOniA, L^ C. 
 
8 
 
 MINF.KAI. URSOimrEH. 
 
 HITMMAnV itV TIIK WOULD'H IMMHHTTIOX. 
 
 The I'liiik of I'ouiiti'ius ti.s pukIiivith of iron ciin )i*^ aVproxiniiitHy 
 <l<'li>riiiiiicil t'roiii tli<! tiillowiiifr HtsitiHtii-8, wliicli .show tbtt iiiiioiiiit of tliJH 
 Miutiil obtiiincil liy Hincltiiijj iron ores into piK iron. In partly civil- 
 i/,i'<l lands, or wliuro tlio crniler prorcsscs are maintained, nitieli of tin' 
 metal prodin'od in in tlic condition ot' wronKliI- iron, obtained by direct 
 motliods, tliu ores bcini; treated in open charcoal tIreH. Tliu wnHtulul' 
 nesH of tlieHe methods is Hn<'li tlnit a lar|;ci- i|niintity of ore is demanded 
 per tim of prtNluct il'' n where \>ifs iron is obtained by HMieltinK; eonse- 
 <|Uently, a loeiilit) , loducinf; but a small ipiantity of wrou(;ht iron by 
 these crnde |)ro('essi's may consiinh' in its miinnfacture more iron ore 
 tliiiii nnother section whow output of pij; iron is cousidornbly t;reat4^r 
 than the amount of bar iron made by the former locality. The con- 
 I'lition of iron nnmnfucture and allied indnstrics in various countries, 
 or in s'ertnin Htntes and districts, and the extent to vhicli the mines of 
 '•"on ore lire wrou^^ht, cause what would be in one section of the country 
 an enterprise of minor importance to assume i;reaU>r prominence in 
 another section, in the one instance a snmll oat|int of ore converted 
 into iron and steel bein;; industrially of more imiiortauce to this coun- 
 try than the production of {rrcator (pumtities of raw material which are 
 cx|)orted to othiT lands. 
 
 In the preparation of the jiig iron and iron-ore statistics, amounts for 
 the year 18!)3, or where these could not bo obtained, the latest reliable 
 data are given to indicate us correctly as possible the contemporane- 
 ous relative importance of each t^ountry. However, as the ontiiuts nniy 
 be intluenced by domestic causes which do not similarly affect other 
 countries, the maximum tpiantity of pig iron and iron ore produced in 
 any one year sin<'e the Centennial Kxitosition of 1S7(! is also given, the 
 interval l>etwcen tiie Centennial and the World's Columbian expositions 
 being selected as marking eras of industrial interest, especially in the 
 I'nited States. The figures representing (pumtities arc the number of 
 metric tons in all countries except the United States, (}reat Itritain, 
 Uussiii,' and Canada, where the long ton of li,L'40 pounds is used. This 
 table will give, and the illustrations will show graphically, the position 
 of ea(;h country, and any special inquiry concerning one or more of the 
 political divisions named (!an be followed by consulting the data under 
 each of the descriptions whii^h follow. The table does not include all 
 the countries from which information was obtained, but principally 
 those the reports concerning which show, by statistics or estimates, 
 the (pmntities of iron produced or iron ores mined. 
 
 I KiiMHi.i tt i'i-)tt>r-lH, Mhirli iiri> in immmIh, liiivn lit-i'ii •-iinvcrU-tl into Umii toiiH. 
 
u. n. arcxnoiCAL nuRvfv 
 
 i«TIINTH ASHUAL HtffmT 
 
 OTHER COUNTMICS 2, 600,000 TONS. 
 
 SWEDEN I.ZOO.OOOTONS. 
 
 CHINESE EMPIRE I.SOO.OOOTONS 
 
 RUSSIAN EMPIRE I.SOO.OOO TONS . 
 
 AUSTRO- HUNGARY Z,00O,00(>T0NS. 
 
 FRANCE 3.650,000 TnriS. 
 
 SPAI N S , 3SO,O0O TONS 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN 11,350,000 TONS. 
 
 GERMANY AND LUXEMBURG II.40O.0OO TONS. 
 
 UNITED STATES 16.300,000 TONS. 
 
 fAMT III rt. I 
 
 '37,000.000 
 
 'SO.OOO.OOO 
 
 -40.000,000 
 
 aaooo.ooo 
 
 20,000,000 
 
 10,000,000 
 
 DIAGRAM SHOWINQ DISTRIBUTION OF THE WORLDS PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE IN THE YEAR 1892. 
 
\ 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORKH. 
 
 I'roiluilioM of pig iron and iron ore in rnrioiit eimntrieH. 
 [Metric tons except where otherwiHe Hpcclficil.] 
 
 E I I.Rt4>llt 
 
 3 I reported 
 ^ prouiiction 
 
 Pig irnn. 
 
 E 
 
 North AnitTit-n; 
 
 Uiiile<l Stjilt's 
 
 Ilrit Uh No. t\\ 
 
 America h i 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Ciibik 
 
 Mitxiinlini 
 
 rciMii'ti.(l 
 
 iinKliictiijii 
 
 2 I^atcHt g 
 
 J relM.ilcil J 
 \M priHliictiiin. '^ 
 
 \m3 n;.\2t.:>Vl ISOO l 00,202.70:1; IKg^l Ian.3g7.li3 ISK |al6,2IKI.06a 
 
 I8».1 
 
 Europe : 
 
 (irejit Ilritnin 
 
 ticnnflliy 
 
 Friiiice 
 
 Aiii4lriti-IIiinjE»r,v.. 
 Kiirtiiian Kiii|iin<d. . 
 
 fieljf ium 
 
 Swwieii 
 
 Kpnin . 
 
 Tiirli 
 
 Italy f . 
 
 ■rki'y/ 
 
 Switi'.crlaiitl//- 
 
 Norway h 
 
 tfre«!ce i 
 
 IHO:i 
 
 IWKI 
 
 liiu:i 
 1803 
 IKU'J 
 18u:i 
 lKU:i 
 1802 
 
 lH!t2 
 1H80 
 
 Sartiiuiu j 
 
 Aula: 
 
 (■hinat- IWtt 
 
 Jauaul 1800 
 
 luuiam 
 
 55. Ilt7 180a 
 nlO.;i0li; i»o;i 
 Nunc! I 
 
 aO.O'n.OiM 1882 ' 
 
 4. 08(1. IHi:.! I80;l ; 
 
 2.o:)2. .vn 
 
 9H2. 7u7 
 
 1.150.701 
 
 745, 2tU 
 
 45:1.421 
 
 2011. 450 18U:l I 
 12. 7211 1884 ! 
 
 4. SOU 
 
 ,'>. 270 1888 
 
 ■J87 1870 
 
 Nrmc 
 
 188:1 ! 
 lKo:i ! 
 i8o:i ■■ 
 
 1880 
 1801 
 
 ,W, 047 1893 124,7IJ2 189:i 
 
 <I|0. :iu<l 1803 a 2(1, , Ml 1803 
 
 None. I8!i:i a3(i:i,:i40 I80:i 
 
 n 8, .58(1, ii8» I8!i:i a\ 
 
 4.080. 00 I 1803 II 
 
 2, (HID, 4:10 IM03 ' 
 
 082.707 18U:i 
 
 1, l,'iO,704 1802 
 
 8:12,220 i»io:i 
 
 400. Ul 3 180:l 
 
 200,450 1803 
 
 18,405 180:i 
 
 n.im 1802 
 
 1,40(1 1880 I 
 
 None. 18e:i I 
 No„e.)lSIJ(. 
 
 500. (HjO 1802 
 
 22, %Vi 1K90 2J. 1*^6 UW) 
 
 1882 t 
 
 None. 
 
 I 
 
 cLitng tiiiiH <2,240 piMinilH) ; l.UiHi long loitH fqiuil I.OIfl mrlrir tniiH. 
 
 A The CiiiiiuUuu autlioriticrt tv{Kirt thiit it Ih iinpoHHililc t<> olitiiiii corn't't 8tntiHl>rH iiC tlii> iron nni 
 pnidiicliun excciit In tlie <'»'uhuh .vt-ara, those ri'portwl lor otlii-r jvar-s bciii^ mvuriulily lirlow tbo 
 iictnal uut]iut. 
 
 cNodutu are nlitaiimbliMiionc Immh^ collei-ttKl) of thn iin^uftionuf inm on> 4ir of iron in tlu* lEi^piil)- 
 lic of Sfcxiro. luiil till' Iltfuri'H j;iv«'n art' the n-Miih of a i-Iomc I'-sliniali' iniiiio tiy the writer, w Iio in I89II 
 viriltt'tl the iron ore ttcpoHiln unil Iron iiiiliiHlrit-H in Mi-xiro. 
 
 d Appart-ntly ttiv ItuNftian Ehi|iiri} in tlie year 1S'J2 i-itticr ilrew ii|ion Ntm^kA of iron orr on Imnd or 
 pIhc iinportud eonsidfrublr orr in tliat yi-iir, an tlii^ ii-nu on- protlnrtion (l,f>77.oiri tonHi wonlil iii>i. u lien 
 I'hargeil into bluHt fiimfu:UH. nialto tho 1.014.252 toiirt of pi^ iioit ullh wliiiti tlio Knipiri' im i-n><lit('il in 
 tliat year. 
 
 f Am information in regard lo lUily'H iron iudurttry botuciMi the .M-arn IKTd anil lAi^ll i-otihl ni>( bn 
 aeciired, and as the former year Mhoweil a priHioct Ion of 2o.0nit tons, wliilc in tin- taller lint IH.^o.'i tiiurt 
 \ren< nianitfaetitred, it i.i proliahle that tlie ttnixininin output lor tUt> years nndi-r considtration 
 weurred in ono of tlio interniodJatt yenro. 
 
 /StatiHtiitt and iuforiuation in n-ganl to Turkey h inin industry are very nieaK'T. and those gi\ en 
 am ( rttiuiatert made in the year 1KT9. 
 
 (/Of tho time under ecmidderat ion, vi?.. IrtTt , 1803, statist irn for Switxeriand for thr years IHK'i to 
 1892 only have Itoen secnnid, and these were furiiiHlied li\ I'rofeswir Tetinajor. It is pnibable, uh will 
 IwHeen from llu* description, that the nianiifaeture of iron was earrieil on more actively in lln' wirlier 
 years than it is at pn-sunt. 
 
 h Norway's Inui industry has appartnlly dii'd out, only one fnrnaee b^-ini; active in tlu^ year IHKl, 
 and no later figures lu'ing ohtainalil". Tlie ttiM;ration of thix furnaeo eoiisumiil praeiUall, the entire 
 iron ore output for the eouutry at* far as known. 
 
 itireeco's niaxlunm prodnetion Ih an OHtimate. made up fi*nni data eidleeled, HtatistieH for the 
 entiro country iH'ing available in hut few years. 
 
 jData for hut one year, viz, lHIK)-t)|, were obtiiined from Sardinia. 
 
 AChina niakoH no n^turn of iron ore mined or pi^ iion nnidr, and the figures ^jvrn are eMtimates 
 made hy Profensor Chnrt^h, who is well atciuainti'd with tin iron induntry of that Empire. They are 
 as nearly eurreet as It waH (Kmsible to make them. 
 
 JTlie llgun>fl of the irt>n ore priHluetionof dapiui itrebaseil on infonnntinn furnished liy the Japanese 
 olllcials with the data at hand at the World's Columbian Kx|Hisition a-* t** the anniiiul of iron ore 
 re<iulrud to nuiko a ton of pig in>n, the Htatlstits of mdy tlie metal prodneed bi>ing i'oll:ih>d. 
 
 m In the native provineen ol India, iron is prtHlueeil direet from thf i>re <u -' -le furuaees, and in 
 Bunie distrtets nn ntAtlstics other than tlu' valuation <d' the produti ean be obtained. 
 
10 
 
 MINERAL UKSOURCES. 
 
 rroiiiirtioH of p'nj iron and iron or. in varioun countrica — ('oiitiiiue<l. 
 [Mi'lrlc tniiH except wlioro ntliKrwtHi* HporiAutl.] 
 
 CnuiitrieB. 
 
 
 I'lK in.B. 
 
 
 Iron orp. 
 
 ! 
 
 £ 
 
 3 
 
 1892 
 
 I.illOMt 
 
 riiiturted 
 ItriKliictloll. 
 
 £ 1 Mnxiiuillli 
 g 1 n-l)urt«(l 
 ^ imMluctliin. 
 
 i 
 
 1802 
 
 LiilfHt C 
 IinMliirtiiiu. ^ 
 
 12,000 
 
 Mftximuni 1 
 
 rtMHirltil 1 
 
 primucttiin. 
 
 Soiitli Americn: 
 
 HrHtila ... 
 
 »,0M 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 United StJiUrt of Co- 
 
 
 
 :M) 000 
 
 1 
 
 Africa: 
 
 
 None. 
 
 
 None. 
 
 1892 
 
 189:t 
 1892 
 
 4r>3.00u! 1881 
 
 i,om' ... . 
 
 057,000 I 
 
 Ocean it'll: 
 
 1892 
 1892 
 
 Nonii. 
 350 
 
 
 1 
 
 Mew Zt aland (i 
 
 
 
 700i 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ""'^ 
 
 a III Hriizil thorn nnt twii blimt fiirniu'ea nnil a niiitilwr itl' Cutnlaii fiirfseM, tliu nutpiit itf wliicli liu 
 Im>i-ii clDNitly 4'i«titiiilt4'il by Mr. (). A. Ih'rby, ruminiRHAo |rui>Km|thirA v K<)u)o>;iea ol' llrflzil, who irt the 
 aiithui-ity on thirt Hiiliji>ct. 
 
 li No I'uliabli* tijftin^H an to Iho Uiilh^l SiDli'it of Colomliia wi-ru obtainiMl, and tbn OHtiniato of in.a 
 ore pnMlnrtHl will of i-ourrti* di",'tMi(l Iiirjjely ii|M>n tlio io'tivity <ir inai-tivity of tho bl.itit fiinuwM'H. 
 
 e AuHtnilia ut |in>seut ]iriMlui'«rt no yin iron, all llii> inm oro niineil lit'lnK iimnl in a'lver Hini-lli^rtf aaa 
 Mux. 
 
 li New /enlamrii oiit|iiit of ill;: iron iiml iron om wn^ inori'ly an oxpprinirnt, tlio nnionnt nicntiuned 
 lioiug proili:i'i-il ill II lew wtu'lm in .lone iiiiil iliily. 1892, aH will Ihi foiinil by referring to the ilutaileil 
 (letu-ri|ition. 
 
 From tluuibovc table it appwirs fliat tlio world's prodiictioiiof pi^iroii 
 ill 18<.i;< Wits nearly L'r>,ll(Hi,(l(H) liiii<; toiiS; and that oLVMtOjOtM) tons of iron 
 ore were iiroduced. Tliese, tigiires are the total ainonnt reported, but 
 additions should be made for various countries not reiioitin^r, inakiiiK' 
 the totals about 25,5011,011(1 nietrie tir long tons of pig iron or its equiv- 
 alent, and ri;{,7riO,(KMI tons of iron ore. 
 
 A similar estimate for the year 1.S92, for which there are more com- 
 plete returns, places tiie total product for the worhl iu that year: Iron 
 ore, 57,0(m,(MM) hiiig tons; pig iron, L'7,0(m,(H)0 long tons. 
 
 Taking the average for the past live years, the world's annual pro- 
 duction of iron ore approximates 5r>,5(M),tH)0 long tons, from which, in 
 the shape of ]iig iron and wrought iron obtained directly from the ore, 
 an annual output of probably 2(i,300,(M)0 long tons of metal has been 
 obtained. 
 
 From the quantitiea which appear in the table two columns. Pis. I and 
 11, have been prepared, representing by relative areas the proportions 
 whi(;li the iron-ore output and the pig-iron output, respectively, of dif- 
 ferent countries bore to the total for the world in 1892. TliObe two col- 
 umns are constructed upon the same scale, the base of the column 
 representing the pig-iroii production being one-half of that represent- 
 ing the iron-ore out)mt, but an equal area on either column represents 
 the same number of tons. The tigurcs for the year 1892 were taken >t, 
 preference to those for the year 189.'(, for the reasons that more complete 
 data were obtainable for the former year and that in the latter year 
 abnormal conditions restricted the output of some of the more promi- 
 nent producers. 
 
U. a. aEOLOGICAL 8URVEV 
 
 SWTEEhTM AhNUAl REPORT PART III PL. II 
 
 OTHrR COUNTRIES ezs.ooo tons. 
 
 SWEDEN «50.000 T .^NS 
 
 CHINESE EMPtRC 500,000 TONS. 
 
 BELGIUM 7S0,00O TONS. 
 
 AUaTRO-HUrttARY SOO.OOOTDNS . 
 
 RUSSIAN EMPIRE 1 ,00O, COO TONS . 
 
 rflANCE S.OOO.OOOTONS. 
 
 6ERMANY AND LUXEMBURG 4.850.000 TONS 
 
 OREAT BRITAIN 6,700,000 TONS. 
 
 UNITED STATES 9,lSO,00O TONS. 
 
 27,000,000 
 
 zs.ooo.ooo 
 
 20,000,000 
 
 15,000,000 
 
 >IO,000.000 
 
 • 5,000.000 
 
 DIAGRAM SHOWING DUSTHIBUTION OF THE WORLD'S PRODUCTION OF PIQ IRON IN THE YEAR 1892. 
 
I 
 
PKODUCTION OF IKON OHKS. 
 
 11 
 
 These two coliiinns show that in the year 1.S02 the followiiif; iippvoxi 
 mate piojMHtions of the worUl's outpHt of iron ore and proilnetion of 
 pig iron were contributed by tlie ditlerent eountrieH: 
 
 Proportiouate output of iron ore anii iiitj iron hij rarioua eouutrio in is;i2. 
 
 CouiitricH. 
 
 UnitodBtatM 
 
 I Ifornian Kniiiin;.. 
 I (ireat IlriUin 
 
 Spnin 
 
 Fmnco 
 
 Auril ria-IInngary . 
 
 KUHHlan Kmiifrit. . 
 
 Cliiiit>iH< Kni|)ln>.. 
 
 SwtMlen 
 
 Other couutritiH. . . 
 
 Total. 
 
 Iron oro. 
 
 Per cent. I 
 2U- 
 W- 
 20— 
 
 
 e 
 i 
 i_ 
 
 3— 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 CoiilitrieH. 
 
 United StatoH 
 
 Oreat Itritilfn 
 
 (iorinany 
 
 Krancn 
 
 ItiiHHian Kiiipirt^ . 
 AuHtrla-l[iii)|rtir_v. 
 
 'lolKiuiii .'. . 
 
 ClillK^ae Kiiipire... 
 
 Sw&Ii^n 
 
 < )tlu;I' cuuutrlos . . . 
 
 Pig iruii. 
 Pn cent. 
 
 ;t4— 
 
 M— 
 1K_ 
 7 
 
 4— 
 :i- 
 :i - 
 
 Total 
 
 III the column PI. I special space has not been assigned to any 
 country whicli did not produce over 1,(MK),(M)0 tons of iron ore in 18!ti', 
 wliile in column PI. II separate space is assigned to no country produc 
 iiig less than one-half million tons of pig iron, except China and S'veden, 
 which closely approximate this ligure. Comparing the two colunius, the 
 importance of the United States, Great Britain, . '. Germany as iron- 
 on\ producers and pig-iron manufacturers is evident. Tiiis also shows 
 that Spain, though a liberal producer of ores, is a small consumer, while 
 Belgium, on the other hand, is a large consumer and a, small jiroducer. 
 
 Pis. Ill and IV show the relative i)roduction of iron ore and of i)ig 
 iron in the more prominent <!ouiitries for two decades, 1874-1893. The 
 absence of reliable data inevented representing on I'l. Ill the llgmes 
 for Austria- Hungary, wliicii would take a place between the lines 
 showing the outjmts of France and Biissia. PI. I V is constructed on a 
 vertical scale double that of PI. Ill, so as to show more prominently the 
 rtuctuiitions in pig iron production, and also to emi>hasize in a more 
 p;:)iiouiiced way the similarity in contour which the lines of inm ore 
 output and pig-iron production exhibit in countries deiiending largely 
 HlM)ii domestic ores. 
 
 The (Tiiited States was the largest manufa<!turer of pig iron in 18!»;{, 
 and it also Las the record for niaximum annual jnoduet, viz, i»,2(»2,7(i;i 
 long tons, in l.SiK). Its iron ores are richer, however, than those charged 
 into the blast furnaces of the nearest competitor, England, and there- 
 fore, while the United States was the greatest produ(!er of iron or(% 
 Great Britain, with leaner native ores (to which large amounts of rich 
 foreign ores are added), charges more ore into its furnaces. In 189,! the 
 United States was the heaviest producer of iron ore, iiaviiig n,587,(!L'9 
 long tons to its credit, followed closely by (Jermany with 1 l,ir»7,4!tl 
 metri(! tons and by Great Britain with 1 1,20;?, 17ti long tons; these throe 
 countries, which produced nearly etpial nuautities, thus furnishing tw<i 
 
12 
 
 MINEKAL KESOUUCES. 
 
 tliii'ds of till! total iiiiioiiiit of iron o\v, iniiicil, siiiil tliri'<--i|ii!ii-tei's of the 
 world's pi}; iron. 
 
 or tlic rciiiiiiiiiii;; countries eontrilintiiifr ovoi' l,(HHI,IHIO tons ol' icon 
 oi'f, Spain ranks next, witli a total of r),l!l7,r)iO ini^tric tons; followed 
 by France, with .'!,(>4T,4L'3 tons; Ans.tria-FIunfjary, 2,(».SL',.'»S.'i tons; l!ns- 
 sia, l,r>77,(»15 tons; China, Ij^OOjiMK) tons; and Sweden. l.t8;j,7(W ton.s. 
 All of these countries priu;ti<;ally <M)nsnnie the iion ore mined witliiu 
 their bordi'rs, with the excei)tion of Spain and Sweden. The former 
 produces but a comparatively small amount of pi;; iron, most of the 
 (nes beinfj exiwrted, principally to (ircat Britain, France, and the 
 Unitctl States. Sweden's iron-oi'e output will probably increase, as 
 within laic years this country has ex)iin'tcd a considerable amount, and 
 the exjtort trader is j;rowinK'. As to the remaining; pronHnentcountrie.s, 
 AI};eria, Italy, Cuba, and (Ireetrc, the largest |)ro|>ortion is exported, no 
 pig iron beinj; njported as ])rodiu'ed in any of them, with Mk; exception 
 of Italy, where there is a relatively small out]>ut. 
 
 The {greatest outi)ut of iron ore for anyone year is repoiied forClreat 
 Itritain, in 1882, vi/,, I8.(».'!l,)ir»7 lonj;- tons, and for six years within 
 the two decades past that counfiy exceciled the maximum which the 
 United States reached in 1802, viz, l(!,2!)li.(MM; hmg tons. The largest 
 jiroduction of iron ore in (iermany in IS!(2 was close to the amount 
 obtained from tiie min(>s of tlu^ I'nitcd States in 18!l.'>, when business 
 was greatly depressed, while the best year of prodiu't from the mines 
 of S])ain,vi/, 18!H), was but one-half the tonnage obtained in 18!)3 from 
 American mines. 
 
 An exauiinatiou of the table suggests that the variinis countries can 
 be divided into three classes as i)roduccrs of iron ore. 
 
 1. Those which mine sutlicient iron ore to supjdy their own demands 
 but export none, or but small anumnts. 
 
 2. Those which, while consuming domestic iron ores, are obliged to 
 draw largely from other sources in order to obtain sutlicient raw mate- 
 rial of the re(iuired charaitter for the iron manufactured. 
 
 .'{. Those which, having excellent iron-ore resources, easily ex|)loited, 
 utilize none, or but a small i>roportion, by making pig >»• bar iron in 
 domestic blast furnaces or forges, large amounts of the ores being 
 exported to less favored countries. 
 
 (Considered in this light, the Knitcnl States, Russia, Austria-Hungary, 
 China, Japan, Brazil, and Mexico may be incliuled in the II rst class. 
 It is true that .some foreign iron <H'e is imported into the United States, 
 but it is used only in such of her .')2I blast furnaces as are on or close 
 to the .\tlanti(; seaboard, and even here a considerable amount of sueb 
 imported ore was displaced by domestic ores when the |)rice of the lat- 
 ter (due in part to h)w freights on long hauls by lake and rail) was 
 reduced. Thus, during 189.'!, 1 l,.')87,(i2!» long tons of iron ore were pro- 
 duced in the United States, and but .">2(i,i».">I long tons were imported 
 (some of which was not really commercial iron ore, Itnt intended for 
 
u. 9. aeoLOGicAL suRvrv 
 
 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPOflT PART IM PL, 
 
 7S7677 7B79aoei82 83e4 8Se6 87eea990 3l 92 93 
 
 — 16,000,000 
 
 ISk 000.000 
 
 14,000,000 
 
 IS.000,000 
 
 12,000,000 
 
 11,000,000 
 
 9.000,000 
 
 B.OOO.OOO 
 
 S.OOO.OOO 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 I.OOO.OOO 
 
 7S 78 77 78 79 60 81 8t 63 »♦ »S at 87 88 B9 30 91 92 33 
 
 DIAGRAM SHOWING PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES FROM 1H7I TO 1893. 
 
I'KonUl'TION OK IKON OUKS. 
 
 13 
 
 |iiii'|Miso.s (itlior tliiin iron iiiiinufsicturt'), thu iloiiicstir priMluctjoii of pi^ 
 iron bciiif; 7,ll.H,ri01i loiiji tons. 
 
 I.iilc tlj^iiri'K concerning; Uussia sire iinol)tiiin!il)l)', lint tlim country 
 evidently jirodnces till the iron ore which is required lor its Idiist I'ur- 
 Uiwes, little or no ore beinji either exported or iiii|M>rtrd. In 18!!^, 214 
 ruriJiiceH Hupplied l,0M,2.~i2 metric tons of pi); iron, while the proiluc- 
 tion of I!us8iiin ironorcMnines is stated to hiivt^ been 1,577,015 metric 
 tons, so that it probalily drew on some st(H-ks of domestic ore <m hand.' 
 
 Austria-Hungary also practically supplies its furnaces with domestic 
 ores, the small amount of imports and exports nearly balancing each 
 other, the latter being somewhat larger. Owing to the failure of a 
 corres|>(>ndent the report is incomplete and no late figures were obtained, 
 but the I'iiiipire produces somewhat over 2,<HM»,(K)0 metric tons of iron 
 ore, and slightly under l,(H)0,(Ht(> metric tons of pig iron. 
 
 China, with the exception of the two blast furnaces near Hanyang 
 now being erected by the (Jovernment, has no mmlcrn furnaces, all of 
 its output of .j<Ml,(NIO metric tons of iron beinp produced from domestic 
 ores in small direct-process furnaces or forges. Neither Japan, Bra/.il, 
 nor Mexico produces much iron, the bidk being imported, but such as is 
 manufactured is produced from domestic ores near at hand. 
 
 In the second class fall (ireat Hritain, France, and Belgium. ' 
 
 (ireat Britain in the earlier times depended almost entirely n]>oii 
 native iron ores, and it was not until the introduction of the lie.ssemer 
 process, rcjiuirhig iron ores of special g'-ade, that the imports were an 
 important feature in the iron-ore .supjdy. Of late years this im|Mirtation 
 has reached large proportions, aii<l in 1893 4,0(m,804 hjug tons, over 
 one-fourth of the supply of the 710 Kiigli,sh blast furnaces (of which 
 327 were active), were imported, jtrincipally from iSpain, the <lomestic 
 mines supplying 11,203,476 long tons. The production of pig iron in 
 that year was 0,97(),990 long tons. 
 
 Franco formerly produced nearly all of the iron ore which was used 
 ill its blast furnaces, but after the loss of thc^ provinces of Alsace and 
 Lorraine, in 1871, both of which contained large deposits of oolitic iron 
 ores, the importation of ores, principally from (lermany, Spain, and 
 Algeria, increased, until now nearly one-third of the iron-ore supply 
 comes from foreign sources, the figures for 1893 being 1, ((30,442 metric 
 tons, while 3,047,423 metric tons were obtained from domestic mines. 
 The pig-iron production in that year was 2,032,507 tons. 
 
 Belgium, like France, at one time supplied all the iron ores which it 
 smelted. These ores were, as a rule, low in iron, and improved blast 
 furnace practice disiilaccd them by richer foreign iron ores, until in 1893 
 but 284,405 tons were produced from Belgium's native mines, while 
 about ],5(MI,00(» tons were imported to supply the needs of its various 
 blast furnaces, which in 1893 made 745,204 tons of pig iron. 
 
 ' In 1803 thu pig-irun priitliictluli in tlic UutiHiau Kiiipiru woa 1,160,704 metric tulm 
 
 '■7 
 
14 
 
 MINKUAL l{l',8()l!R(.'KS. 
 
 > 
 
 III till- tlilrti i-liiss lilt' |>riiici|isil cniiiitries arc tlii' (riTiiiiin Kinpins 
 Wpiiiii, Hwi'tleii, Al^'i'iiii, Culm, Italy, ami iirci'ci'. 
 
 (■iti'iiiaiiy ii(M-ii|)i)'.s a |iliMut in two <;lii..sscs (l' ami .'(), aM it prmliici's 
 till! Iiiillt of tli(« iron on- wliit'li tlie blast riiriia('t;s ol'tiiat coiiiitry hiiivII, 
 iiiid also ('X|iorts a largo aiiioiiiit C2,'^H\,ir>r> metric tons in ISBU). This 
 guvs iirincipally to I'rancu anil Itclfriiim, but is oll'sct to :i largu extent 
 by tlie imports of rich foreign iron ores from Spain, tSwedcii, etc., for 
 use in steel until tifact lire. The latter ainoniited in 1H!)12 to l,li5'),<S4<'( 
 metric tons. The total output uf the (Jerniuii blast furnaces in 18!).'t 
 was l,!t.S(i,(M)a metric tons. 
 
 Spain has some excellent ileposits of iron ore which arc cheaply 
 wrought, but owing to the lack of suitable fuel near to the ore mines 
 the (|uaiitity which is smelted within its borders is small, the pig iron 
 pnHluced in l'S!),'( being but lili(),4.~)U metric tons, while the iron ore 
 outjnit was reported as .'i,t!»7,r)40 metric tons. Of this amount, over 
 one-half is sent to (Ireat Britain, the balance, outside of the home 
 consumption, going to (Jcrmany, Kratice, the Cnited States, etc. 
 
 Until tiie opening of the magnetite dejiosits in the niutli of Sweden 
 in the year 1887, the exports of iron ore from that country were small, 
 but 8iiu:e that date they have stcailily iucreased, until, in 18!».{, 447,!»;51 
 metric tons were sent to other countries. The balance of the ore jiro- 
 duced is smelted in blast furnaces, l.~>.'i of which were in L:a.st in 1802. 
 Tliey produ(;ed in I.Si)3 4."»3,4iil metric tons of pig iron, the total iron-ore 
 oiitimt in that year being l,483,70U metric tons. Charcoal ia the only 
 blastfurnace fuel in Sweden. 
 
 Algeria ships all the iron ore luined (4rk{,()U0 metric tons in 1802) to 
 foreign countries, principally the United States, France, etc. 
 
 Cuba does not manufacture pig iron, and all of its iron-ore product, 
 which in lH!).'i amounted to .'t<i.'i,;U)> long tons, is sent to the United 
 States, citizens of the latter country owning and operating the deposits. 
 
 Although the Italian Ijovernmcnt fosters a domestic iron industry, 
 lack of suitable fuel has been a drawback to devel()i>incnt, and in 18!)U 
 but 1U,72!> metric tons of pig iron were iiiatle, while the iron-ore pro- 
 duction was 214,487 metric tons,' must of this being exported to France, 
 the United States, Kugland, etc. 
 
 (ireeco docs not, so far as known, smelt any iron ores, all of the 
 output being sent to various foreign countries — the United States, 
 France, etc. 
 
 None of the remaining countries arc as yet im|M)rtant fivctors in the 
 production of iron ore or pig iron. Canada exjiorts to the Uniteil 
 States such of its ores as it does not smelt. Switzerland uses iu the 
 blast furnace almost its entire productiou of iron ores, supplementing 
 her native iron ores from foreign sources. Turkey, while making some 
 iron, exports most ()f the iron ore produced. Norway's iron-ore and 
 pig-iron industry has lu-actically died out, but one furnace being active. 
 
 ' lai.Mi uii'lnc tiiiin iu IHU;). 
 
U. 4. GIOlOGtCAl «URVF* 
 
 4>'TrFKTH ANNUAL nrPnnr part lll PI lu 
 
 
 
 T T r r T T T f 
 
 • • 
 
 «> 
 
 <ik 
 
 .7 .|.- 
 
 tt 
 
 9D 
 
 9r 
 
 sK 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tWATS^TAlN 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MBMAWY AMD tUXfMBUHG 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 uwcroNS 
 
 
 
 FRANCi: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — "•— •HUSSIAIItMPrRf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 - — 
 
 AUSTRIAN EMPINC 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i\_ 
 
 
 1 
 
 - 9.000,000 
 
 
 
 SWEDEN 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 \l 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 
 
 A/ 
 
 
 '' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 h 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 , 
 
 
 T 
 
 - B.OOO.OOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 / 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 ' 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 7,000.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 '•. 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ■■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /' 
 
 
 \, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e,ooo,ooo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,000.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^— " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 ,^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 ,^'' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 __,. 
 
 --^' 
 
 ■'^^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 -U 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i, 000.000 
 
 
 > 
 
 /,, 
 
 • 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 ^f' 
 
 
 '"•> 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 —- 
 
 .4 ■ 
 
 — 
 
 ''* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -— - 
 
 
 
 
 >..^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •■V. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .-■:• 
 
 .,, 
 
 
 — 
 
 .000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trnt; p 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ' 
 
 -■•' 
 
 
 — — H 
 
 
 
 ^.•' ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ^— " 
 
 
 "^" 
 
 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 *•"*". 
 
 fir^- 
 
 i*^: 
 
 ~^- 
 
 ■-"' 
 
 "I 2 
 
 "'* ■ 
 
 '-- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — . 
 
 ■— 
 
 
 "■*-•. 
 
 ■-:- ! 
 
 l-A^*' • 
 
 — zk 
 
 _z 
 
 l_h: 
 
 L_zl£ 
 
 1 7E 
 
 e 
 
 ...s> 
 
 
 — S! 
 
 "J 
 
 _jk 
 
 — as 
 
 -3L 
 
 
 S9 
 
 so 
 
 3L 
 
 _JE 
 
 n 
 
 
 DIAGRAM SHOWING PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES FROM 1R74 TO 1«93. 
 
PKODI'CrioN ol' IKON OHKS. 
 
 15 
 
 Siirdiiiiii lllill(^s ii siuitll iiiiiiiiiiit of iron ort;, hut ilot-s iioi Hiiifit iiiiy, 
 Itiilgsii'iii iiiiikttH Ik limited <|iiaiility ol' iron, as ilo .lii|)iin, Iniliii, iind tliu 
 llnlti'd Hta)*'.8 of ('olornbi^i, wliili* tlio iron .>rc |irod(ii'cd in Anntraliit 
 and OliiU) are umihI uh (lux in tlio HinidtcrK. 
 
 Another class nii^lit bu addud, to inclndu tin; conntrirs known to 
 havo ii'on-ortt doposlts of wiiitdi little or no use is made, sneli lis 
 Moro('(;o, Tunis, i'ursia, (Jtiiitral and SSoutliurn Africa, Venezuela, (iaa- 
 teniala, Haiti, Serviu, etc. 
 
 KIJl'IVAI.KNIH lir VAI.IKS I SFO. 
 
 In tliese rojiorts the f<dlowiii){ e(|uiva1ents of Ibn-iKU weijfhts, nieas 
 ures, and valutas have beiui used. These an; not in every ease exiu-t, 
 and some vary with ratt's of ex(dian);e, Init they are Hiillleiently correet 
 for the piu'iiose of com|)ariii); i|iiiintities and viilues of iron ore, etc: 
 
 ir«ii/A(s. — (liiu ini'tric ton ri|iiiilH L','.'(M.<iL' iioiiiicIh. or O.ilKI'J \imis toim, Oiin |iooil 
 oc|ii>il» !Ui.li:< |ioiiiiiIh iivoii'(lii|i<iiH. Oiiit kilo);rniiiiii<i i'c|iiiili4 2.1.'()lli jiiiiiiiiIh nvoirilii- 
 ]iiiiH. (tiui Muxiciiii c|iiiiital ciiudIh 101. Ill puiiiiilx iivoirilii|ioiH. 
 
 Meamirm. — Oim iiii-ItT fi|imln ;).2S0',t fert, or l.OiKIG^I .vurilit. Oiio riihic meter, or 
 Htrrr. vi|III)Im 3.'>.:<I7 ciiliii; foot, or l.;«IS ciiliic. yiiriU. 
 
 Money. — Onu .Mi'Kiriiii cuiitavo «(|iiiiIk oiiuliuir cniit. (Iiio (ioriiuiii iiiiirk ('i|iialH :.'l 
 niiti. One Treni'li rr.inr oipmlH lil.ri icntH. <)ni< linliiin rnjioe oijuuIh 35 to !.')> uvntu. 
 Ouu Itiiliuii lira ur ouu HinuiUli (luiiutu uiiuala lU.U cuiitn. 
 
 TIIM INIJUHTUY IN VAIIHUIH COUNTKIKH. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 IINIIKD .STATES. 
 
 Iron ores have be<in mined or are known to exist in every State or 
 Territory of tlu^ rnited JStates, with possibly three exceptions. In 
 some HtatJS which in years ]>ast inuintained an iron -prodncinK industry 
 upon lo('al ores, as Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, 
 Delaware, South (."arolina, (!alifornia, Utah, and \Vii.sliinj;ton, the iron 
 ore deposits are not now wroufj^lit, or if any small (piantities of ore 
 are obtained they are smelted in other States or used as allux in silver 
 smelting. In otiier States — Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, .Arkansas, 
 Wyoming, New Mexico, and Montana — either known iron-ore resounnis 
 await utilization or but small (piantilies of ore are produced. In still 
 others, as New .lersey. New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Vir 
 ginia,and Ohio, many local ores have been disi>laced by richer or more 
 desirable ones obtained from other States or from foreign countries; 
 although in seVeral, particularly New Vork, New Jersey, and Peiin.syl- 
 vania, large tiuantities of excellent ores are still mined. Other States, 
 as Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, mine large amounts of iron 
 ore, only a small portifwi of which is used witliin their boundaries. 
 
 The importance of the iron-ore deposits of the I'liitcd States is 
 emphasized by the fact that the domestic production iu 1892 reached 
 
16 
 
 MINKKAI, UK.SOUUCES. 
 
 l(t,liiMi,(i(i(i Idiij;- tons,' twenty-two States iiii;l two Tcnitorifs contrib- 
 iitiii;; to tliu total. If to tliis ruuoril ot i>i'o<lii('tioii from devcloiwd 
 (h'|)()sits a smiiiiiiii'y of tlio known bodies of iron orewliieli are not now 
 wronglit is ii(bb-(1, the e,xeellent resonrces of tlie country in this min- 
 eral will be aitparent. 
 
 The litenitnre of Anieriean intii ores is (luite extensive, including a 
 8|)ucial volume prepared by Prof. Haphael I'uiupelly for the Tenth 
 (.!ensus(V()l. X\'); statistical nioni)j;raphs in Mineral Kesources for 
 1,S8;!-.S4, 188(i, 1887, 1889-00, 18!»1. 18!tL>,and 18!»;J; the volunuum Mining 
 Industiiesoi' the Kleventh Census; jiapers upon special deposits in the 
 Transactions of tiie American Institute of Mining ICngineers, of the 
 American IMiilosophical Society, and of othei' technical associations, and 
 geological and comnu'rcial data in relation to the occurrence of this nun- 
 eral wiiich appear in the geohigical reports of various States. .Vs the 
 l»iimary purpose of this jjapcr is to give citi/ens of the United States 
 information concerning the iron ores and the iron industry of other 
 countries, the data referring to the Cnited States are introduced to make 
 the record more complete, special attention being given to the coun- 
 tries wliich compete with this country or which supply it with ores or 
 nuiuufactured iron. It will not therefore be advisable to re|)eat the 
 detailed information which is found in the volumes referred to, but 
 rather briefly to summarize liie iron-ore deposits of the country, and to 
 supplement the data ])resente<l in the nmnograph upon the "Iron ores 
 east of the INIississippi Uivcr," which is embodied in the report Mineral 
 Uesources of the United State.s, I88fi. 
 
 Volunif XV of the Tenth Census gives detailed descriptions, illus- 
 trated by many plans, geological sections, and chenncal analyses, cover- 
 ing most of the deposits which were wrought about the year 188.5, and 
 an account of the new discoveries or e.Kploitations since that time 
 would, if treated with the same detail, require space nearly ecjual to 
 that volume. This will be illustrated by the following extract from the 
 volume of Mining Industries of the Kleventh Census (p. 14), showing 
 th(! raidc of the various States as producers of iron ores in the census 
 years IS.jO, IS(i(», 187(1, 1880, and 1889, to which similar data for the year 
 189.'t have been added from the volume of Mineral Kesources of the 
 United Stakes, 1893. 
 
 I MiiK ral Ui'Huiiiri'H. r. S.. 189'.', p. '.'« 
 
CO 
 
 (x: 
 
 ID 
 
 CO 
 
PRODITOTION or IRON ORF.8. 
 
 17 
 
 I I 
 
 .-. ct n 
 
 — 1) 
 
 ►5 -g,! 
 
 b si 
 
 as 
 
 ir> fn ^ ^ :j O y^ '^ ^ '/:, .-^ 
 
 = It 
 
 - 4" ;, 
 
 > H >^ 
 
 t- CO o» 
 
 
 J -= M £• 
 
 c S ^ P ^ 
 
 "i. 
 
 <§ 
 
 O 'A ^1 
 
 HO «a 
 
 M a 
 
 8(»24- 
 
 i I 
 
 
 an « I- i!; 
 
 m CD t- 
 
 =s >■. u a : 
 
 • H 3i^ u i3 2 (S 
 
 to I- OO 
 ffl VI ri 
 
 ? i § i «i » i s 
 
 11^ to I- 00 tJ* ^ ^H ei rt 
 
 1 i 
 
 ill 
 
 
 t- X ?; o . 
 
 o .5 £ 
 
 3 S t* o 
 
 - t- B "Z ,^ I a 
 
 o ■- CI rt f 
 
 3 « 
 
 ki a 
 
 4 3 a 'tr 2 ■& 9 ■• -2 S j3 '^^ 
 
 a a -a 
 
 6 (s a a 
 
 ^ t 
 
 bft 
 
 ■SI 
 
 5 i 
 o. J 
 
 
IS 
 
 MINKUAI, KKSOIHr-KS. 
 
 Ill discussing; iloiiieslir iron ores tlic deposits will lie leffin'd to by 
 districis, mid tlii^ inoic pioiiiiiii'iit of Micsc will rccfivi^ attt-ntioii in tlic 
 Older ill which (licy iiic picsi'iit contillMitors to the supply of the coun- 
 try, reference to iiidividiiiil mines Iit-iii};' used s|iiirin)j:ly to iiidiciite 
 Hpeciiil features or to eiiipliasize late developiiient. 
 
 i.Aiti-: sri'Kuioii iiKiiiiiN. 
 
 The, iron-ore mines of the Lake Siipi 
 
 ;ioii, located in (lie north 
 
 ein jiortioiis of the States of Michit;aii, W isconsin, and Minnesota, 
 contriliiite a lart;c proportion of the. ore smelted in the I'nited States. 
 The percentages of the total ore oiitimt of the country wliiclicaiiH^ from 
 this region were: .".1 in l.SHit, ."i(i in IH'.Ht, 53 in ],S!ll,.V» in 18!t2.and r>l in 
 I.S!»;i. Wliile tile Lake Siiiierior region is to hv credited witli more tlian 
 onelialf of tiie total iron-ore tonnage of the country, the qiialily of 
 mineral taken from its mines is also aliove the avera;;'e of domestic ores 
 mined, thus adding tu tlie commercial importance of this i'ei;ioii. It is 
 estimated that the iron ores extracted in this region during the period 
 ISS!) to 1S!),'{ made from 5."»to(J.'t per cent of the i)ig iron iiroduccd in the 
 country in that period, proviiled all tlieore mined from this district was 
 smelted in the year it was jirodiiced, no account of stocks of ore on 
 hand being taken into consideration. 
 
 The mines on the iijiper peninsula of Michigan have produced the 
 largest amount of iron ore, but in late years Minnesota has been advaiie 
 iiig rapidly and may comjiete with Michigan for preeminence. Wiscon- 
 sin, alt himgli contributing heavily, is far behind Michigan and Minnesota 
 in output. The bulk of the ores coming from the Lake Superior region 
 are of the red hematite variety, but a jiart of tlie ore fro'ii a number of 
 
 lines is hvdrated, and ranked as brown lumiatiti 
 
 II 
 
 ever, but few 
 
 <tf the active mines can be considered as producing the latter class of 
 ort^ only. Several iiiiportant mines sniijily magnetite in (luantity, wliitdi 
 is tbiiiid in juxtaposition with red hematite. 
 
 The distance between the mines of the ]jiike Superior region and the 
 majority of blast furnaces using their product demands that only the 
 richer ores be shipped; con.sc(pieiitly, deposits furnishing high-grade 
 ores which could supply in addition liberal amounts of leaner red and 
 brown heiiiat.tes, and apparently ex tensive veins of magnetite of inferior 
 grade, are nnwroiight, or, if they have been worked, are not now 
 ex)iloitcd except for the better ores. 
 
 The mines in the Lake Superior region are located from l.liOO to l,8t»(( 
 feet above Lake Superior (or from 1,.S(H) to 2,400 feet above sea level) 
 and ari^ from l.°i to IIH) miles from the lake. 
 
 Some of the prominent mines which have been exploited in late 
 yeiirs are wrcmght "ojieii cut," anil the lirst development of the iron 
 ores of the region was by o|ieii work. Most of the mines, however, are 
 wrought underground, tlm various levels extending in some iii8tain*s 
 from 1,(MM» and even 1.500 feet below the surface. 
 
 In no other part of the eoiiiitry, and probably nowhere in the world, 
 is iron-ore iiiining carried ou iu u more thorough manner than iu the 
 
PKOni'CTION OK IRON OKE8. 
 
 19 
 
 liitkt' SiipiM'iin' (listriitt. The, lioistiii;; ami imiiipiiii^: inacliiiicry ami tlio 
 coiiiiiiessoi' iilaiits ai't! yeiicraliy of the imist ainiiovcd <l('si;;ii. Power 
 (IrillH ami lii^li explosives aru iitili/.ud to break tlie iiiiiieial ecoiioiii' 
 ieally. Electricity is iiitroiliiccil for lijflitiiifr and for traction iiiidci- 
 (rroiind, and air compressed l)y \vatcr-|io\ver nuichlncry is conveyed 
 miles to work hoists, pmn|)s, drills, etc. 
 
 In mining; methods this district is well advanced ; mine timbering and 
 shaft siidiin;; have received (careful attention, and the steam shovel is 
 employed to di}; ore, in I he open cuts or to load it on cars from stock 
 piles. The oif, after bcinj; mined, is placed on stock piles or conveyed 
 by railroad cars from 15 to 1(10 miles to various ports on hakes Superior 
 and Michi^fan, ami there <Iuniped into {uxtkets in imposing' shippin;; 
 docks, from which vessels are <iuiekly and cheaply loadctl. Tlii'se ves 
 sels carry the ore to various points on Lakes .Michigan and Krie. where 
 exjH'nsivi^ niachiiu'ry lifts the <n'e fnnn the vessels and conveys it onto 
 stock jtilcs or to cars wlii<'h transpoi't it to points of consumption even 
 more distant. A coinjiaiativcly small poition, yet by no meansan in.ti;;' 
 liiticant amount, of this ore is smelted near' where it is mined, or reaches 
 the blast furnaces usiu;; it by direct rail transportation. 
 
 The shipping appliant^es have been a nw)st important feature in [ler- 
 niittin;; the on^ from the Lake Superior re;;ion to rcai'h distant points 
 of consnm|>tion. Millions of dollars have been c\|iendc(l on ship])in^' 
 docks, and millions mor(! on leceiving docks and rtiilroad terminals. 
 Other millions .still have been devoted to building; and ei|uippln<; 
 ma^niticent steam ves.sels of lary;e capacity. Anionj;; these the novel 
 slructures known as " whaleba(;ks" were built to facilitate cheap trans- 
 portation on the (ireat Lakes .system. 
 
 The iin])ortance of the I/akc Superior region is best illiistiated in the 
 statenuMit that since ore shipments were cnnimenced in IS-lit |o the clos(> 
 of ].S!t3 a total of over.Sl,.5((0,(l(MI tons of iron (U'c have been taken from 
 the mines, the greatest annind output being in 18!»L', when !t,o(»4,;WS 
 long tons were mined. Of this great total there have been won from 
 the mines of the .State of IMichigan, since l.SI!», (;!),,")(M»,0(K» tons; from 
 Minnesota, since l.S,S4, 7,<K)(t,0'M», and froiu Wisconsin, siiu'i^ I.SSO, about 
 .'),()(HI,(l()(> long tons. The total and maximum annind outi)utsof some 
 of the |irondn<'nt niiiies will indicate the capabilities of this region, the 
 si/.e of individual deposits, and the extent to which they have been 
 exploited. 
 
 The following table shows first a column giving the mimes by which 
 (he various mines or (^omliinations of mines are now known, several 
 o])enings which wei'f originally sejiarate nnnes having, in a nnndu'r 
 of cases, operated i lintly. The second column gives tiie gencial loca- 
 tiim of each of the prominent mines, by i>lacing it in one of the live 
 ranges which are generally lecognized as comprising the Lake Bnpe- 
 rim- region. The third colunni shows the year in which the mines were 
 first opened. In the case of the .Jackson and <'l('veland mines rhe llrst 
 shipments are claimed to have boon made about 1849, but the exact 
 
20 
 
 MINERAL HK8(timC'Kft. 
 
 date JH ill iluiilii. In thv.nv iis in otiici' caHus tlii^ niinits may liavc Ix'on 
 i))ioii<'*l in iulvaiK'i; of .sliipnifiits. Tlie t'oiirtli i-iihiiiin ronlaiiiH tli** total 
 |)ro(lii('tioii. Tliis is tlio n!;};reK!il('- ainoiiiit of iron orv. taken from cacli 
 mine (11- };roiii) of niint'M from its first o|»'iiiii}; to tlie close of tlie year 
 \H',y.i, the liniires ))eiii{j; in most ilistanees secured l(y*corresi>oii(leiice 
 with those coiitrollinf; the mines, anil in other cases from tiie annual 
 re)Mirts of the Michi};aii Millill;^' linreaii and from the (Jleveland Iron 
 Trade Review. The tiflh column ^ives the year of maximiim annual 
 output, while tiie sixth ^ives the production in that year, the statistics 
 being ohtained from the same sources as mentioned above. The list of 
 mines ineliides only those which have olitained |iromiiieiice, either by 
 lar},'e annual outputs or by a heavy ajifji'egate production for a series 
 of years. They are arranged according to the total amount mined to 
 theclose of' the year IHtl.'t. The table does not include all of the mines 
 which have been wrought, nor even all which may be considered as 
 now on the active list, for there are a number which have not produced 
 large ipiaiitities of ore in any one year or in the aggregate: 
 
 Total prodticlidii and unuimiim nuniial intlput of tlif jiriufifial l^itkt: Superior iron-ort'. niitinM. 
 
 NaliH'w of iniiH'H 
 
 liiiliKcn. 
 
 Vi'dr 
 
 i.r 
 
 IIIHlll- 
 
 I Ing. 
 
 'J'uliil iiri>- Miixiiiiiiin iiniitml 
 
 iliiitiiiii oiiliiiil. 
 
 t(l fluso of 
 
 1893. Year. Ldiik luim. 
 
 Laki' Snpprinr 
 
 (^'li'veliinil [rnt)MiiiiiiK('ii 
 
 Clutpi" 
 
 Noriir, V..,fi \. Nori"ii» . . 
 Peiii) Iriiit Miiiiiit: Co — 
 
 Kliiiiii'Ntita InuiC'ii 
 
 ItfllllltlH- 
 
 •iHrkHOl) 
 
 Clfvi'lmitl ('lill« 
 
 Clminpiiin 
 
 PiltHltiirg aud Laku Aii- 
 (Ii'liiii-. 
 
 Chaiuller 
 
 CiilliV & Tilileii 
 
 AHhraiul 
 
 Aurora 
 
 -^•- ■ iVMitclioll. 
 
 Wintlirnp 
 
 Cniiunouwfalt li 
 
 Kloromw 
 
 New York (York) (fo) 
 
 Liiiliii(;t4iM 
 
 VoliiiittMtr 
 
 Iniii UiYBF 
 
 M icliigainiiii> 
 
 Dunn 
 
 HutuboliU 
 
 I'ahMt 
 
 Cantliria 
 
 Newport anil Honnir 
 
 ('ary ami Weal Cary 
 
 Itrothorlou 
 
 Nppiuni'u 
 
 AruKoti 
 
 Great WcMtcru 
 
 IronHi'lt 
 
 Pt'wabii! 
 
 Oeruiania 
 
 S*M:tinn 3:( (c) 
 
 I'aliui 
 
 Hiwaliik 
 
 KlnsHnhr Mounlntn 
 
 Mountain Iron 
 
 Couitnodoru 
 
 ManjiU'tto.. 
 
 ilo 
 
 Mcnnuiin*'*!. 
 
 (ti>}(i-lurx 
 
 M<'nonihiu(> 
 YtTmilioii .. 
 Maniiiellt'. 
 
 . IHNO 
 . IHH'. 
 . 1C77 
 . IKH4 
 1H71! 
 
 .do alK40 
 
 .do IHtl4 
 
 .do 1887 
 
 -do 1804 
 
 Vermnioii . . . . 1888 
 
 Uogebin 18Hr. 
 
 do ! IHKT. 
 
 do i 18Hr. 
 
 ManjuutU)....: 18Kti 
 IH70 
 1H«(I 
 I8H0 
 lHft4 
 IHHU 
 187U 
 1H82 
 1872 
 1887 
 IHOri 
 
 iH'ti 
 IHHU 
 1HK6 
 IHHT) 
 IKKT. 
 18H!I 
 IKHli 
 18«7 
 IHIXI 
 
 iBKn 
 
 1H8;'> 
 IHKti 
 
 IHOIt 
 
 iRo;t 
 
 180*2 
 
 do 
 
 Mitnonilncf. .. 
 
 do 
 
 Murijuottv — 
 Klunoniiiuw. . . 
 Man[untt4). . 
 McnooiiiM-i-. .. 
 
 Mari(ucltf 
 
 Mcnoinincu. .. 
 
 Miin|uet1<> 
 
 <io){td>io 
 
 Manpiftle 
 
 Uoufiliic 
 
 .....do 
 
 <lt) 
 
 ]^Inri|iietto 
 
 Mcltonilnev . . . 
 
 (In 
 
 Qligoblc 
 
 Meiioiiiinet*.. . 
 
 (iiigebic 
 
 ilo 
 
 il(> 
 
 Heanbl 
 
 ilo 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Tjotiif totm. 
 8, (Ml). 441 
 5,:iHI,«W 
 4. 777. 200 
 4,.''>ril.0UII 
 
 4,iM-', jrj 
 4.iii;i. aui 
 ;i, UK8. ;i'J4 
 
 a, 112*. 522 
 
 a, 02:1, ;i I II 
 2, w.i, .m 
 2.0:111, li'.i" 
 
 2. 2.W, sio 
 
 1.7:l5.4r>B 
 1,524,HI.1 
 1.48H.(i4l 
 
 1.4«2.(122 
 
 i,:i.v.i.:iUH 
 
 l,24.'.,8;il 
 
 1,(191, I'll Ti 
 
 1,0.14, '271 
 
 l,OOfl,;)47 
 
 »«4, 5H7 
 
 885, 4li« 
 
 7911, 2.'i7 
 
 724, 180 
 
 721,910 
 
 7117, .118 
 
 (i8i.in'.i 
 
 ,118. 117,1 
 11:1, !I67 
 
 478. :m;i 
 
 4111. 708 
 441.740 
 412. OKI 
 402. 084 
 
 ;o7,.ii,i 
 
 2.13, .100 
 2:i». IHHi 
 1,11,200 
 12.1. 211,1 
 129. 086 
 86,000 
 
 1892 
 
 1892 
 
 181KI 
 
 1892 
 
 189:i 
 
 1K92 
 
 1889 
 
 I8'.HI 
 
 1892 , 
 
 1890 { 
 
 1893 
 
 1802 
 1892 
 18',I0 
 1802 
 1801 
 1802 
 1892 
 1889 
 1870 
 18111 
 18MI 
 1889 
 1818) 
 1891 
 1870 
 1800 
 1890 
 1802 
 1891 
 1892 
 180:i 
 1892 
 1892 
 1892 
 18113 
 1889 
 1890 
 1892 
 18113 
 1803 
 1893 
 1B93 
 
 a Tfaere in some uuciTtAint.v of to tinio of Hrat cxiiloltiitton. 
 c Ore uot now taken out a« Suction 33. 
 
 444, .IIW 
 374, 490 
 742. 844 
 1,1812,003 
 340, 382 
 ,'ill»,771 
 287, 390 
 
 i;i,i. .WJ 
 358, ,177 
 232, 084 
 345, 323 
 
 «42, 449 
 385,810 
 449, 7118 
 '289, 966 
 479, rill9 
 191,658 
 271,, 185 
 218,738 
 
 94, 809 
 141,303 
 l:i4, 700 
 179, 238 
 
 80,012 
 16'2,72l 
 
 79, 712 
 174,.1'i7 
 
 8(1, 3,19 
 174. 706 
 121., 180 
 110. 72;i 
 Ul»,6'27 
 181. 107 
 108, 000 
 140. 53.1 
 1»4,7.15 
 111,1.200 
 1311, 108 
 107, 243 
 151,200 
 126, 2S5 
 119,441 
 
 86,000 
 
 b Abandoned. 
 
PRODUCTION OK IKON OKES. 
 
 21 
 
 This statement iiuliciitca that up to the ch>se of ISICJ t4'ii of the min- 
 ing; o|)eratioiis in tlie Laliit Huperior region liave each conti'ilnited be- 
 tween l,(NHI,<HH»an<13,()0<),m)0 t^tiisof iron ore; tlirce.lietween LVHN),«HN) 
 and ;{,(HM),(KM); three, l)etween ;{,(MMl,(M)0 and •t,(tO<t,(''»<>; *onr, lietween 
 4,(NM),<H>0 and r>,(HW,{)m; one, over TstKH),!)*))); and one, over (i,(MH),U<H). 
 Twenty-one mining operations liave eacli in one year i)rodneed between 
 ltM»,(KK>and ;i(K),0(M> Ion),' t4>na; (Ive, between 2»M),(MI0 mid. •!(IO,tMM»; live, 
 between ;{m>,4HH» and l(M),(>IIO; tliree, Itetwecn 4(K),(HK) and r><K),<MH); one, 
 between ritM^MM) and 0OO,(MH); one, between (HH),(MI() and 700,000; one 
 exceeded TOO.CHM); and in one year tlie Norrie mines took out over 
 I,(KM),(MM) tons. 
 
 A number of mines not mentioned in the table have supplied anmi- 
 ally (|naiitities of ore, or are credited with affKrepitcs which elsewhere 
 would entitle them to be (uuisidered important mines, the purpose of the 
 table being to indicate the large number of great producers, rather than 
 to give a directory of iron oi-e mines in the Lake Sn|)erior region, of which 
 from eighty to nint^ty have been reiwrted as active in late years. 
 
 The exploited iron-ore dci>osits of the upper ]>eninsala of Michigan 
 are in a wedge shaped area lying against the State of Wisconsin, and 
 in two instances the interstate boundary (aits the strike of the ore 
 bodies, or " ranges," as they are termed. Those in Minnesota occur in 
 two practii'ally parallel ranges. The general dcsigmition of ores of the 
 Lake Superior regiim localizes them in live ranges, as follows: 
 
 1. The Manpiette range, located in Michigan, which was llr-stexjiloited 
 in 1.S40, and up to and including l.S!t3 liiul su|)plied •10,7.">0,000 tons of 
 iron ores. Its ores are shipjied principally from the jtorts of Manpiette 
 on Lake Superior and Kscanaba and Gladstone on Lake Michigan. A 
 small amount M'as formerly seut from L'Ausc on Lake Sniicrior and St. 
 Ignace on I^ako Michigan. 
 
 1'. The Menominee range, |>artly in Michigan and partly in Wiscon- 
 sin, oiieiied in LSTT, which had furnished a total of l.S,tiOn,lK)0 tons to 
 December <31, LSO.'S. Its ores are shipped from the ports of Kscanaba 
 and Cladstone on Lake Michigan. 
 
 3. The (iogebic range, like the Menominee, is situated in both the 
 Statesof Wisconsin and Michigan. Its first shi)inient of ore was made 
 in LSSt, and in ten years it has jn'odiiced I."i,2.'")0,000 tons of ore, which 
 were sent to ]ioints of consumption principally from the ]>orts of Ash- 
 laud, Wis., on Lake Superior, and Kscanaba, Mich., on Lake Michigan. 
 
 4. The Vermilion range, in the northeastern ((ortion of Minnesota, 
 which Itrst made shipments in 1K84, had up to the close of 1S!).'{ pro- 
 dnced 0,200,000 tons of iron ores, the bulk of which was forwarded 
 from the port of Two Harbors, Minn., on Lake Superior. 
 
 5. The Mesabi range, which was tirst exploit«!d in 1.H92, and during 
 two years has mined 700,000 toim of ore, which were sent to lower lake 
 ]iorts via the ports of Superior, Wis., and Two Harbors and Huliith, 
 Minn., on Lake Superior. The report upon domestic iron ore prtnliictiou 
 
S2 MINEKAl. RKSOUUrKS. 
 
 ill IS!(4 (It'iiKiiiMfrati's that this ii<-\v (li'V('l()|>iu<Mit is r:i)iiillv iissiiinlii^ il 
 iiiiisl iiii|iiii'taiit |Misiti<iii as a smirrt^ of Nii|i|ily, 
 
 Tlid ('\ccllciit t'licilitics oll'ci'fd liy sliippiiin anil iiM'i'iviii;;' docks aiul 
 liy am I ill' vcssrl ('i|iii|iiii(>iit raiisinnosi of lliiMiru lo lir. I'l'liiuiilii^d several 
 tiMit's,l)iitiit)l\vitlistaiiilin)jtlH'lal)or-saviii(j;ai>|)liaiii!t'susi'.(l,siii'li ndiivii- 
 dliii;:' adds to tlie rost of ti'aiis|iiirtation. The ioeatioii of the ileposits 
 and the I'liniatie ronditloiis resti'iet navigation on llie iiiiper lakes to 
 illxint He\ en niontlis eacli year, ami these ' wo faetois liiive assisted the 
 gi'owtli of all rail ti'ans|>ortatJon for eonsiderahle i|iiantities of ore. 
 
 While th(^ transfer of oro loeai's at the mi lies, from ears to |)i>eketH in 
 the shiiipin};' docks, from piiekets to the lioldsof vessels, from vessels to 
 stoek piles on reeeiviii^ dorks, from these piles to ears, and from ears lo 
 fiiriiaee stock houses or stock piles, adds to tin; cost of tlie Lake Siipe. 
 rior ore. the (>\peiise of these rehandlinjrs has lieen so reduced as to 
 permit ores from .Minnesota, Wisconsin, and jMiclii;;an to eoiii|iete with 
 forei};'li ores elo,se. to the Atlantic seaboard, with a^ protei^tivu duty of 
 but 7r> cents (now reduced to 1(1 cents) per loiij;; ton fa\'oriiiK MieiloiiieH- 
 tilt product. This leliandlin^' is, however, id' advantage in e<piali/.in(; 
 the orecoiniii}; from a ^i veil mine, and it is probable that this tlioi'i>ii(;li 
 admixtiiie is responsible, at least in part, for the icj;iilarlty of coiu]m>- 
 sitiiin shown by many of the ores taken from the lart;er mines. 
 
 A few blast fiirnaites depuiidiii}; upon charcoal as fuel, and one |dant 
 usiii<{' coke made near the fnriiace from coal broii^rht to the head of 
 Lake Superior by vessel from I'eiinsylvaiiia, or coko carried thither 
 by all rail, are active in tlie Lake Superior rc};ioii, anil it seems proh- 
 altle that the local ntili/iition id' these ores will be iiicreasud us the 
 demands of a ;rro\vin<>' population are to be met. 
 
 AI.AllAMA-II.NNKSHKI; 'IKIilllN. 
 
 Next to the Lake Superior district the most important contributor 
 to the iron ore output of the I'uiti'd Slates is the re<:ioii einbraciii^ 
 central Tennessee, northern Alabama, and northwestern (!eor;;ia, 
 where red anil brown heiiiatites are mined in i|Uaiitity, Alabama I'lir- 
 iiishinjr the };''''i'l'''<t' i|uaiitity, followed in order by Tennessee and 
 (Jeorijia. The red hematitiMires are known as the "Clinton IbssiT'ores, 
 and locally have ilesi>jnatioiis of " lied Mountain," "dye-stone," ''moun- 
 tain," and ''river" ores. They are inl'erior to the liake Superior ores 
 in iriHi contents, and are generally lii;r|ier in phosphorus. Some <d' the 
 deposits near the out^-rojis have been wroiijflit ''o)ien cut," but most of 
 the iiiiniiii; is iinderfrrouiid. For a considerable distance from the Hiir- 
 face two varieties of ore, known as " hard " and " soft" ore, are mined, 
 but as the workings j^aiii In depth the hard ore predoininates. The 
 percent:ij;e of silica and lime also varies greatly. The brown lieimitit^^B 
 are excellent, and com pare •favorably with others of the name ela.«8 
 tbund elsewhere, making satisfactory foundry iron. The deposits are 
 uf unusual size, and are largely wrought by open cut, steam Hliovels 
 
PKOniTCTION Ol' IKON OHES. 
 
 2;} 
 
 liriiiy: used to dii; ilifoii'. wliicli is cjn rifil to wnslicrs tii lit^ pi'i'|iiii'*Ml 
 till' use (II- .slii|iiiiciit. 
 
 TIk; (listrict lias iiii ;iilvaiita;;(> in the rclutivo |i(isitiiiii of tiir (irt's 
 and tlie coal mniiiis. 'I'lm red liciiiiititf <-H|i('i'iall.v lies rdiivcnii'iit tn 
 nial dc|M)sits, wliii'li Hiiiiply liifl tin- siiicltinj; flic ores, vliilt- tlii> Lalii- 
 Sii|icri(ii' icjridii is liiiiidrcds ttf miles (Vom any availalilucdal Hold. 
 
 Tim brown licniatitcs aiii };i'ii<'ially iiiorti distant fniin coal, Itnt iiniiiy 
 i)i' the dc|HisitN are close to iar^c timbered areas IVoni wliicli cliaicoal 
 is made lor blast I'limaces, and a niinilMT of tliein ai'e witliin ('onvciiient 
 distances of ^'ood coal de|iosits. 
 
 Prior to tlui civil war Kiiiall charcoal fiirna(;ns were located in this 
 district, local Inown hematite deiiosits supplying' ores which were of 
 good character and easily smelted. It was not iiiilil after the war 
 that the red hematitu or Clinton fossil deposits were, exploited, and 
 then development was rapid, owiiif; to the cheapness with which they 
 could lie mined and their close jiroximity to cokin^M;oal, |iarticnlai'ly 
 in the nei-rhborhood of i{iriiiiii|rham, where t\n'. veins of red hematite 
 reach their jricatest width. 
 
 This <!lintoii fossil ore, unlike the <n-e of the Lake Hiii)erior district, 
 is not rich In iron, yiehliii}; on au average from 42 to 47 per cent. The 
 Southern brown hematites, if iirojierly washed, yield from 4."» to ."lO per 
 cent of iron, being often used as mixtures with red ores. 'J he cheap- 
 ness with which both ore and coal can be mined has combined to build 
 uji a large industry in late years, most of the iron prodiu'cd being of 
 foundry giaile but t<M) high in phosiihoriis to be used in the liessemer 
 steel process. Home carbonates and a limited <|uaiitity of magnetite 
 are used in this district. 
 
 The amounts of iron ore mined in the States named from lS,Si» to l.S<i;{ 
 in-e as follows: 
 
 I'riiilitrliiiii (if irim iin in llr .llnhamii-TeniteKSee reijiiin from tSS!) In ISM. 
 
 Slali'a. 
 
 IfiHA. 
 
 1800. 
 
 IBOI. 
 
 I89'J. 
 
 Ltnui fintM. 
 ■2.:tf>.ini 
 
 4(Hi. ri-8 
 
 I8IW. 
 
 
 Ltiiifj tonM. 
 
 Ltnt'j toHK. 
 
 1.8117.1(1.-. 
 
 4«5. OUT. 
 
 ■M. OHK 
 
 Lnnji tniip. 
 i.iwo.rai 
 
 2rM. TI-lI 
 
 1,74:'. 4 l(i 
 
 :i72. mm 1 
 a 180. 111.-, 
 
 'I'l'liliessm 
 
 m, m 
 
 Totiil 
 
 J4 , UtO 
 
 '.'•jtii.tn:! 
 
 '.>. 0O7, SDH 
 
 'J, 781, 5118 
 
 J, wo, 7o:i 
 
 '.'.301,421 1 
 
 a InrliiiHiig North ('anilina. 
 
 I'FNNSVI.V.kMA, NKW VllllK, AXIl M'.W .IKH.SKV IHSlliK'l. 
 
 I'mnsj/lnniia. — While producing one-half the total |iig iron made in 
 the United States, and rich in all four of the difl'erent varieties of iron 
 o'-e, Pennsylvania il id not furnish in IH!».i more than about (me-tenth of 
 the total ore re(|uired for the State's blast furnaces in that year. The 
 iron (U'cs, though abundant, .seldom contain as much iron as is demanded 
 by the present advanced blast-furnace nuinagement, and the State 
 
24 
 
 MINKRAL UKSOURCK8. 
 
 tlitTt't'iin' (lrii\v.s liirut^ly (III tlic l-iik(^ Sii|Mn'i<ir le^rion, New Yoik. Nbw 
 .Ifi'.scy, and \'iii'i<iiis riiri'i|;ii <;iiiiiiti'iiis. Tlio Htal*; may rciilly lie ilivitlcd 
 into two, if not nioro. lii.stricit.s. VVcHt of tlm Alli'^lniiiii'H tlic l-iike 
 Sn|ici'ior iron oit-s an- rt-iiftl on entiiTly, only a Hnnill annaint ol' nalivt^ 
 carlionatoM'vs l)t>in^ niiniMl and sniclt«'d. In tliotsislern district native 
 red and lirown lit>nia titles as well aM inaKin'titt'H art' niiin'd,and iron ore 
 hi'onKlit in IVoni Ni'w Voik, Nt'w .h^rsi-y, tin* Lakti Hn|)*Tiorr('|rion,<!aliii, 
 and oMmt t'or(>i;;n countries is also used. In Miis district arc sitnatc<l 
 the ('ornwali Ore Hills, which are really tliree hills of iron ore, com- 
 posetl almost entirely of nm^netite, of Bessemer },'rade, lint rather low 
 in iron contents, avera^int; from 10 to IH per cent. This deposit hau 
 furnished iron ore for over one linndretl and titty years, the amount 
 taken from it in this tinut liein^' estimateil as over 1L',')4K),(HN) tons to 
 the close of the year IH!):i. Of this amount one half has been taken 
 out within the ]iast decade. In 1S!Kt the Coriiwal! Ore Hills produced 
 more ore than any otner single mining operation in the United States, 
 the out)Mit, 't3t),7l)5 lon^ tons, liein^ small when compared with the 
 ma.ximnm, 7)t!M>-0 hnif; tons, in IMS'), 
 
 The brown liennititcs arc found extending; in a (;eneral northeast and 
 southwest direction alon^r the eastern side of the I'due l*id;;e and Itahl 
 i')a$;le mountains and their spurs, while on the western side of the lllue 
 liidge occur the re<l hematite, deposits, the ma^'netit« mim-M bein}; prin- 
 cipally alon^' the Konlh IMoniitains. 
 
 The foillowin;; table will show the amounts of these varieties of iron 
 ore produced in the years l.SS!) to IS'.Kl: 
 
 I'tinlnrtiitii of ftilfn'ritt vanrtifH (»/ intn on- in rtnufttilninhi from ts'Sft to ISlli. 
 
 Ma;:iirtilH 
 
 Hriiuii lii'iiiulit 
 
 liOlllKMIIIltiti'. ■ 
 
 L'arlMMUiti« 
 
 Tolul 
 
 ■ Itiitg. httiitf tiinti 
 
 - KI.UIO 
 liKI, .V.5 
 lB2,liri7 
 
 :ui. WMi 
 
 »ri,;iiM 
 
 415,7711 
 14:i,74,'i 
 311, 78II 
 
 l,.'>nii.',::i4 I i.:;gi.ii'j'j 
 
 l.inttltiinn.l 
 Til. 'Ml 
 
 :ui:i,Kiii 
 
 IIL', BK'.I 
 1U,(|VJ 
 
 l.iiini tintg. Lomi tnntJ 
 IIHri. IWIi I 4i«i. 1114 
 
 ZBt. \ 
 
 Hi:i. ;iu7 
 
 I.'*, [tia 
 S7, i).i:i 
 
 I.HCJ 
 
 I.Ti.VM 1, 1184,1147 
 
 There are in this State a nnmlier of mines, some well ei|iiippe<t and 
 containin;; larj^e bodies of iron ore, which are not o|ierated at present 
 on account of the low price of I^ake Superior iron ore, which, as a rule, 
 is much richer than the native (U'cs. These deposits may attain liecome 
 active should occasion demand. 
 
 Nrir Viirl;. — This State also |irodu(;es the four dilferent characters 
 of iron ore, the bulk of the )ir<Kluet l>ein^' nniffnetite from the Lake 
 (Jhamplain district, in the northeastern |iortioii of the State. A small 
 amount of the saiiuM'aricty is obtained in the southeastern Heetion,thc 
 latter al.so fnrnishint-' all of the brown hiMiiatite and carbonate ores, 
 while the red hematite is mined in the iiortliern-<'entral section. Ap- 
 proximately fr >m one-half to two-thirds of New York's output of irou 
 
I'HOUIKTION OK lia)N OKKS. 
 
 •if) 
 
 or<« IS sineltivl in tlw blast riiriiiiccs lociitcd in viiriiins piii'tiuiis of Hut 
 htalf; tliu liiiiuni^i'iit' tlutriclifi' iiiii};iii>tit«s, vo<l luMiiatilt^s, anil carlxMi' 
 iitt; ores is stMit to I'ennsylviiiila. A sinitll iiinonnt ol' roM>i;;n iron on- 
 iinil liinitt'il ((niintiticH ol' Ijukc Supfi'ior antl Miissiidiusi'tls oi-i-s arc 
 iilso ln'oiit;lit into Now Yin'k. 
 
 Thi^ Liikct!lniinplain tlistrict is i\n' most prominent proilurinK re;:ion, 
 Hiiil np t^i tlie clone of tli« year IHlK't liail, since its first exploitation in 
 IMII4, )>r<Mliiceil altoul 1S,(NH),<NH) tons of iron ore. 
 
 The following table shows the pnMliiction of iron ore in New York 
 frum the yuur 188!) t4> 181).'(, inclusive: 
 
 Vrmiuition nf iron ore t» Srw Ynrk ffom lSS!t In IS9:i, 
 
 IDMI 
 IMM 
 1891 
 
 I'riHiiirt. 
 
 I.nn<i tonu. 
 l.-.'17,r.:i7 
 
 l.;!5:i,:iu:i 
 i,ui7,2ia 
 
 I HIT.'.. 
 lltlM. 
 
 Lotlfltnu* 
 MII.UW 
 534. ll'S 
 
 The greater portion of the magnetite obtaiiieil in the State of New 
 York is rich in iron, some of it being of licsseiner grade, while ore troiii 
 neighboring openings is high in phosphorus. It is in New York that 
 lip to the present time the largest uinuiiiit of coiicentrat^-tl iron ore has 
 been itrodiiccd. 
 
 New Jcrney. — Tiie general line of magnetite ile|Mmits starting in 
 northern New York exteiiils to southeastern Pennsylvania, passing 
 through the northwestern ]M)rtion of New .Jersey in a general northt^asl 
 and HimtUwest direction. With the exception of n sinall amount of ore 
 whicb is a mixture of niagiietite and brown and red hcnmtite, the 
 former produminating, all of the output of New .Jersey is of the inag- 
 neti<', variety, the biilk.of which is used by local bla.st furnaces or is 
 sent to IVnusylvania for Hinelting into pig iron. 
 
 While the. iron-ore mines of New Jersey Jiavc been adtivo for over a 
 century, and nnicli of the ore is of excellent quality, the deposits are 
 becoming deeper and more costly to o|>erate <m narrow veins, and some 
 of them are |ira(;tically exhausted. It is therefore ]>robable that unless 
 the leaner ores are utilized or radical (changes are introduced New 
 .Jersey's iron-ore mines will not contribute in the future as large an 
 amount annually to the supply of the couniry as they have furnished 
 in past years. 
 
26 
 
 MINEKAIi HKSOUKCES. 
 
 Since tlit^ yciir 1H8!1 tin' iroii-ori' ]>ro(lii<'.ti(iii of Now Jersey lias been 
 as follows: 
 
 I'l-oihtolion of ivitti urr in Xeiv Jfrsfij from ISS9 to /.S'.V,/. 
 
 \S»'.<.. 
 
 imw. 
 
 l.tmi/ totu. 
 41.'., 610 ; IKU'J. 
 4»!i, HUH j |KU:I. 
 
 1 r.'A'i.fiia 
 
 eroUucl. 
 
 LitNtj tint*. 
 
 . 4l|fi,4S.'i 
 
 338,150 
 
 New .Ii'i'sey has several eoiieciitratin^ jilants for eiiricliin^ the lean 
 ores, one of which is the largest in the country, but the i|ii!tiitity pro- 
 (1 need has not been snPicient to intluence the position of llie State, 
 owing to the fact that the work has lieen largely oxperiineiital. 
 
 It will be noted that the relative decline of ore production has been 
 greater in New York and Pennsylvania than in New Jersey, bnt each 
 of these States shows a material de<;rea.se. Taking ilie three together, 
 the oiitpnt of 189'J was 2,4 10,001 long tons, and in 18!t;? l,5.SS.L'r>7 tons, 
 slightly less than oiiejJialf the itrodiict in 18H9. 
 
 Virginia practically consumes all of the iron ore which it produces, 
 but little ore being either brought into or sent out of tlii^ State. Three 
 classes of ore are iirodiicc'l, but the majority is of the Itrown hematite 
 varic^ty, ill which the Static rakes tiist position; in addition to which 
 small amounts of red hematite and a mixture of red heiiiatiteand mag- 
 netite are niiiied. 
 
 The jiroduciiig mines are giuierally situated in the southwestern jior- 
 tion of the State, c lending in a general nortl'east and southwest 
 <lireetion along the libie Itidge. 
 
 The amounts of ore wcni in lli<' last live J-ears are as follows: 
 
 Protttictiou of iron orf in t'iriiitiin. 
 
 I Yeani. , Prmliii't. ., \ciirH Cnidiict. < 
 
 htiiiif lojig. Loiit) tont. 
 
 lWt9 40II,1M isua I 741,027 
 
 1890 r>4:i,r.K,i i«b;i .. nOiB.ue.'i 
 
 iggi (i.',n,9iii ! j 
 
 (I llH'lllllilltr Wl>Hl \'lrgllltll. 
 
 lllllo ANIi KHXTICKV. 
 
 Ohio and Kentiieky furnish earboimte ores and their derivativf's, all 
 of which are consumed in local blast furnaces, most of the iron-mining 
 operations being found in the Coal .Measures of the eastern and .south- 
 eastern iiortiolis of the State. Although Ohio ranks next to i'ennsyl- 
 vania as a lu'oducer of pig iron, tin- domestic mines ecnitributed but 
 about .'{ per cent of the total iron ore smelted in the State, the lialance 
 coming from the hake Superior region. 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON OKKS. 
 
 27 
 
 The pnsitioii oC Oliio .is iiii iiouorc producpr, owiiiH' to tlie compare 
 lively poor cliiiractter ol' the ores, lias graduiilly decliiied, as will be seen 
 from the t'ollowiii;; table: 
 
 I'rodiiction of iron ore in Ohio from LIS!) to W.9.V, 
 
 
 VwirB. 
 
 
 1181) 
 
 rHuu '. - 
 
 1881.. 
 
 
 1 
 
 I'rwliit'i . 
 
 Loni/ tirtm. 
 254, '.W 
 lOU, IWH 
 IIU, 4B7 
 
 1892. 
 189:i . 
 
 IM-whict. 
 
 , Lotift tens. 
 95, Ten 
 118. 141 
 
 Mi.ssoriii, 
 Missouri, like Ohio, has declined as an iron-ore i)rodu<!er, dne mainly 
 to the praetieal exhaustion of I'ilot Knob, one of the principal deposits. 
 The two largest producers in Missouri have been Iron Mountain and 
 Pilot Knob, but the output of the fornu^r has been greatly restricted 
 in late years, while the latter mines but little ore. The total produc- 
 tion of Iron Mountain has been about 3,.J0(),00(» tona, and I'ilot Knob 
 about l,r»()(»,(«lO tons. With the exception of a small amount of brown 
 hematite ore obtained in the southprn-central .portion of the State, the 
 iron ores i)rodaced are all of the red hematite variety and are tbnnd in 
 the eastern section of the State. The ore is generally of good (piality, 
 the red hematite yielding M t« (>.') per cent of iron, averaging about 57 
 per cent. The State's output from 1889 to 18i»3 has been as Ibllows: 
 
 I'riiiliwHitn of iron ore in ^fiKllOllri from ISSn In 1S9.1. 
 
 Lonti lonu. 
 
 1889 -li&.lW 
 
 1S9U 181,090 
 
 1891 10«.949 
 
 18112. 
 
 t 
 I'rminct, j 
 
 Lung tont. 
 118,494 
 77, BM 
 
 OTMKIl .ST.XTKS, 
 
 Of the remaining States, Massachusetts and (Connecticut innduce 
 excellent brown hematite, the Salislmry region in the western portion 
 of these States fui iiishiiig 4(»,7.')2 long tons in lH!t,'{. 
 
 Mmylinid obtains from the vicinity of lialtiincu'e a small amount nf 
 nodular carbonate ori', which is used in near-by charcoal bla.st fninaces, 
 and also mines a liniiteil iiuantity of brown hematite ore in the western, 
 or rather northwestern, portion of the State. The principal source of 
 the ore 8ui)plied to the large blast furnaeos of the Maryland Steel 
 0(»mpuny at Siianow Point, near l!altiiiioie, has been Cuba. 
 
 West N'irglnia mined a sniidl amount of brown hematite ore in the 
 extreme n(nthi'ast<Mii section of the State, but, as in the western por- 
 tion of Pennsylvania, the bulk of the iron ore for West Virginia blast 
 furnaces comes from the Lake Sui>eri(M' region. 
 
28 
 
 MINEKAL RKSOtlROKS. 
 
 North Caroliiiii produces a siiiiill iuiiouiit, {jcmTally from lO.OOO to 
 2r),(HM) tous, of inajriietitc ore (some of wliicli is sorted by iiiiigiiutic <!oii- 
 ueiitrators), the greater portion being Hiiiolted in tlie one active furnace 
 at (Jranberry, close to a large dejMJsit of lean ore. A new furnace has 
 been built, but is not yet in oi)eration. 
 
 Kentucky in IWK! won 3<!.714 long tons, principally brown lieniatitc, 
 with some cturbonatc and red hematite ore, nearly all of which was 
 used ill the blast furnaces of the State with ores from Missouri and 
 Lake Siijierior. 
 
 Texas blast furnaces are su|>plied by local deposits, all of the bioM /: 
 hematite variety, and yielding 4(» to 4S per cent of iron, ]irodu<'iii 
 22,()20 long tons in 1H!)3; but, in addition, in that year .'S,(l(IO tons of 
 magnetite were obtained, though not shipped, in the Llano district, in 
 the western section of the State. 
 
 In the Western States the bulk of the iron ore produced in I.S!i;{ ,vas 
 brown hematite and ningnetite, and with the e.\ce])tion of the amounts 
 used in the blast furnaces of the Colorado Iron and Fuel <'',nij»any, at 
 Pueblo, Colo., and of the Oregon Iron and Steel Conii»aiiy, near Port 
 land, Oreg., this ore was all employed as a tltix in silver smelting. 
 
 In mining silver ore, princijially in Colorado, a large amount ol argen- 
 tiferous iron ore is obtained, which does not contain enough of 'he 
 lirecioiis metal to make it valuable on that account, and it is sold to 
 the smelters as a Mux in reliiiing gold and silver ores. 
 
 There is a number of large uiideveloiied deposits in New Mexico, 
 Wyoming, Utah, Montana, California, Washington, and other Stales, 
 which will no doubt become aittive when local demand for such ores 
 arises. 
 
 There exist at various jioiiits on the Atlantic and Pacific seaboards 
 de])osits of magnetic iron sands, or rather layers of tinely comininuted 
 magnetite which have by the action of the waves become partially 
 8e|iarated from the siliceous materials forming beach sand. These 
 deposits have been exi>loited to a liiniied extent by jiicl l; the mag- 
 netite from the mass by means of magnetic separators, bill as there is 
 usually a considerable percentage of titanium in Die ore sand, and as 
 the material must be made into l)rii|iiettes for trans)iortation and con- 
 venient use, but little of this ore has been emiiloyed in iron production. 
 Some of these sands have been takCiii from the shores of Long Island 
 Sound and Narragaiisett Hay, but at present the little now produced 
 there is iisctl by painters, and for other purposes than the ]iroduction 
 of iron. On the Pa<'itle coast de|>osits ai this sand are wrought in 
 northern (California and Orrgon for the purpose of extracting the gold 
 found tbereiii, the iron ore being v'onsidered as tailings. 
 
 IMI'OHIS l)K IIKIN (ll!K. 
 
 The importation of tbreign iron ores into the United Stat'^s and the 
 approximate relation which these liavt^ borne to the output of dome^'.ii" 
 ores appear from the foUowiug statement. The iiuantiti!'" oJ iron ore 
 
PRonUCTION OK IKON ORES. 
 
 29 
 
 
 mined in tlu' United States have been reported only in the census years 
 and in tiie years mm, 18!H, 1892, and 18!t3, by tiie divisiDU of mineral 
 resources of the United States Geological Survey, but estimates for 
 other years have been i)rei»are<l from the pig-iron production, by calcu- 
 lating the apparent consumption of ore. 
 
 Aiiprorwiitle ri'htl'uttt between importti of foreiffti iron ores and production of pitj iron and 
 of Uommtic iron orett ii: lite I'nited States. 
 
 Yenm. 
 
 Pin Iron 
 iiiiuIb. 
 
 1872 . 
 I87:t . 
 1874 . 
 
 I.itntj Inns. 
 
 a, IH8. 7l;i 
 
 '2. Ml, lMi:i 
 
 2,401, Hll'J 
 
 1875 1 2,U2:i,7:U 
 
 1870 : 1, 8(w. noi 
 
 1877 2,(1(16. 594 
 
 1878 ' 2,:i()l,215 
 
 1879 2, 741 , 863 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 188J 
 
 188;i 
 
 1884 
 
 188S 
 
 1880 
 
 1887 
 
 I88H 
 
 18811 
 
 ia«p 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 urn 
 
 ■J,»:a, nil 
 
 4, 144. 2,54 
 4,(123, :i2;i 
 4,ii95,510 
 4, (197, 808 
 4, 044, bin 
 
 0, 08:i, :i2g 
 
 0.417,148 
 0, 489, 7;i8 
 7,003,042 
 9,202,70:i 
 8,279,870 
 9,157,000 
 7, 124, 502 
 
 Doineatii; 
 iron urn 
 prodiifed. 
 
 Lontj tmis. 
 5, 175. (KNI 
 5, 105, (HHI 
 4,8:12.000 
 4, 047. (KK) 
 3,7:11,000 
 4,1:13.000 
 4.019,000 
 5. 255, 000 
 
 ()7, 12ll,:i62 
 
 7, 'M, 000 
 
 8. (ri7. UOO 
 
 8, am. 000 
 
 7, 027. 000 
 7,018,000 
 10,105,000 
 11,388.000 
 11,941.0(10 
 1)14. 518. 041 
 10,030.043 
 I4,.')»l,178 
 1(1,200,00(1 
 11,687,029 
 
 Foreign 
 inm orn 
 inipor((Ml. 
 
 IjOtKi Itmt. 
 a 27, 000 
 a 02. (((10 
 «60.(KI0 
 a83, 0(KI 
 a2(i. 000 
 a42, (JOO 
 29, 705 
 284, 141 
 493, 408 
 782. 887 
 .)89. 055 
 4»0, 87.' 
 487. 820 
 390. 788 
 1,0:19,4:1:1 
 1,194, ,101 
 587. 470 
 853, 57:1 
 1.240,8:10 
 912,804 
 80(1. 68."i 
 520, 051 
 
 a KxniM Hl:i( iH(ji!M III' (till amiiiint of foreign iron oro iniiHirUMl tiiive btMiii cuUputotl oiil.v Hincn thd .venr 
 1878; pn-vlouM til thai, ilalo iiiily the viiliin iif the oro ho iliilKirti'tl whh i-iillaloil, anil tliu aliovii llgnr'-A 
 WPCf prepart'il IViim lhrMi>. Whili' tllR csdniati'H liir a mirii'Mof .vcara are prnhalil.v rliiHn to (lie artiial 
 ciMmnniption. Ih(i ai-i-uiniilatiiin iit' or itral'tH ii|Hin atuckn wunlil IncruaHO or (limintBli tlit> iimuititioa 
 inhieil in Hpt'i-ilir .vuura. 
 
 b CVniiKs llgnrL'd. 
 
 UUITIBH NdUl'II AMERI(!A. 
 
 Tlirougli tlie (!ourtesy of Mr. A. Blue, director of the bureau of mines 
 of Hie Province of Ottawa the following luble has been iireiiared, show- 
 ing tlie i»roduction of iron ore in the Dominion of Canada, including 
 British Colmnbia, by calendar years, and al.so the exports of iron ore 
 and tlie make of pig iron by years ending .June .SO. Unfortunately, 
 with the excciition of the census years 1871 and 1881, uo exact figures 
 can be obtained, and those for the remaining years are made up from 
 incoiiiph'ie letiirns, and will i>robably show less tlian the full amount 
 of iron ore mined. 
 
 The Domiiiiiin <iovernment has nuide cHbrts to encourage iron-ore 
 mining and smelting by offering bonuses iiimn the ore siiielted or upon 
 the pig iron made, in addition to customs duties assessed on foreign 
 products. The Ontario Provincial (ioveniiueut is now taking similar 
 action. 
 
30 
 
 MINEKAI, KESOUECES. 
 
 i'rotliirtion unit fj-piirtH of iron oyv in <'iuiodii,al80 pitf iron mtiifi' 
 
 Iritiiiin' I KxpiirlH riKiniii 
 
 lirtMluctioii (yeurH eiiil iiii)(lH(v*'iiri* 
 
 (raltiiidnr * iiij; i-nili'ii^ 
 
 years). ' Juiielii'f. , .Iiini» :ti»j- 
 
 IK68 . 
 'Slid 
 
 11-. 
 in;.. . 
 
 IHTIi 
 1H77 
 IH'iK 
 187!l . 
 
 ISdl) 
 1881 . 
 18H3 
 188:1 
 1881 
 I88.'> 
 I88li 
 1887 
 1888 
 18811 . 
 t8M) . 
 1891 . 
 18112 . 
 
 lam. 
 
 Short iMit. 
 
 Xki 
 
 40. 1211 
 III). 708 
 76, XIO 
 78. 587 
 84.181 
 7«,.'ill 
 W, 071) 
 1011.248 
 124. 702 
 
 •I f tmit. Khori toH». 
 
 •-Ti.iua 
 
 ■.'7.848 ' 
 
 i.'i. a:i2 
 
 nil. KHi 
 20. 105 
 47. 2IHI 
 44.278 
 92,44:1 
 14. 286 
 
 7. 7.'i.'i 
 
 5.421 
 
 3. ,'162 
 :ll), 524 
 44, 077 
 4:i, KI5 
 44, 1)44 
 25, :K)8 
 54,307 
 
 7, .542 
 2:1. :i8.'i 
 1 3, .534 
 24.752 
 13,711 
 14,648 
 
 7,707 
 
 20.385 
 25,700 
 26, 179 
 ;i9,717 
 22. 210 
 24, 822 
 24, :i73 
 23,891 
 42, 443 
 56.947 
 
 III tlicainiuiil report of tliii division of iiiiiicral statist ics and ininrsof 
 tlio (' uoIofAical Survey of Canada for l.S'.tU tlicrc, is a Kra[)lii(; Htateiiiciit 
 showing the prodiietioii and valni' of iron ore by proviiires from 1K,S(> 
 to 18!»2. The <iiiantlty iii'odiieed and the vahie of tlie .saineas given for 
 tlie year 18!»1! are as follows: 
 
 t'rottiiflion ot' iron orr in t'omnlii in rs!i..\ 
 
 Viiinilily. 
 
 NdVH Scot in 
 
 Uneltfc 
 
 BrillBh Ciiliiiiiliiii.. 
 
 I'oIhI . 
 
 Tioii. 
 
 7K.2.'i8 i 
 
 22, 01)11 1 
 
 2,300 1 
 
 l":i.248 
 
 4>ll)4..58l 
 H2, :i8,5 
 0,1)00 
 
 As inontionod above, there were Kl.S.iitS ions of iron ore iirodnced 
 from ail the miiit^s of tlie Moniinion. Of this ijiiantity Vli,!)'18 t/inis were 
 n.sed ill the country. This amount rejiresonts tlii^ ore fed to three fur- 
 iiaees in Nova >S(;otiaan(l two in (jiiebec. The, amounts fetl to the 
 furnaees and the pig iron proiluced in ISOI are as follows: 
 
 /'if/ iron iiroiinitii in ISUt und IS',).: in I'anmUi; ivnuitmplioH oj' are, fuel . etc. 
 
 Mat4>riillH riiailo anil liaiil. 
 
 Piu iniii iiimlf tmm.. 
 
 Ii*i>ti i>ri> cnnHiiiHi'd I'lliH,. 
 
 L tilian'nal IhinIii'Ih- 
 
 .' .. 
 
 Kni'l riinHiitni'il •! i-riko 
 
 ( >'iilll . 
 
 FIit\ rnllKIII)U-(l 
 
 .tons.. 
 .Uiiis., 
 
 (jllHllllt,V. 
 
 21. 891 
 00. 11:13 
 441.812 
 30, 026 
 2, 170 
 Il.:i77 
 
 ValiH'. 
 
 4>.'inN. 001 
 1:10.1155 
 22. mil 
 1)8, 402 
 2,868 
 11., 546 
 
 1892. 
 giinnllly. I VHllle. 
 
 42, 44:1 W7, 421 ' 
 
 no, 1P48 2.511. WWi 
 
 I.i2i,;m5 78,201 ! 
 
 50.882 , 152.311 I 
 
 1.740 ; 1.707 
 
 2.'. 1)67 21.867 
 
 Tlio graphic statement of the produetioii and value of iron ore l)y 
 provinces sIiowh that in eae,li of these years Nova Scotia was by far 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON OKKfS. 
 
 31 
 
 tlie largest iji'odm'cr; ami a tiiblo fjiviiif; tlio. outjiut of the Nova Scotia 
 iiiiiit's li-oiii IHTti to 18it2 iii(Ii(':>tc.s a lu'ai'ly continuous yrowtli, from 
 ir),li74 tons in tlic foriiiur V.) 78,2r»H tons in tiie latter year. Tlic nuixi- 
 nmiii production of (juebec in the interval covered Ity Mie. statement 
 was 2L',ti!H> t(uis in 18!»2, that of Ontario was 10,894 tons in 1888, ;: id 
 that of British Culuuibia 8,371! tons in tlic same year. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 At the works of the Londonderry Iron Company, at Londonderry, 
 Nova Scotia, red and brown hematites and carbonate ores are usctl. 
 The hitter arc first calcined. 
 
 Mr. K. (1. H. Leckic, in a description of the iron tle[>osits of Torbrook, 
 
 says: 
 
 ■Skirliiii; tlio ncirtli«rii edgu iif the cnniitioH ami roriiiiiii; a iMiilicm of tli« goiitli 
 aliiiro of tliu Itay of Kiiuily it a raiiK>i of liillH callcil Uiv North MoiiiiUiii. This 
 ruii^4; riHCH to a hci/^ht of froiii 400 to 5IN) ft;ut abovu sea luvttl, aint ih of 'frh^tsii; tiMp 
 formation. Coiixiiloralili' ina^'iiutlc iron oru is fouiiil in thiH trap, orcurriii); in 
 parallrl vvinN running loUKitndinuIl.y with tlio axis of elevation unci varying in 
 thicknoKH from •> iuclius to 1 fuct. Sonnt Hjili'Mdiil crystals of magnet ito may lin 
 olitaini'd Irinn this locality. ITnfortiinatciy the iron-ori' veins are tilled with a lai^e 
 nnniher of i|ii.trtz nodnleo, which make the oru practically valneleHS. 
 
 The South Munntain ran);u is from li to S miles south of the North Mountain, and 
 rniiB parallel to it. Accordiii); to Dawson, this latter run);o wan euiisud by mii 
 upheaval of )rranite diirini; the I'liper Devoiiiuu period. 
 
 Lyiui; between the North and Scuith nionnt»ini4 is the fertile plain whieh eonsti- 
 tntes the Annapolis Valley, and <lown the middle of which Hows the Annapolis 
 Kiver. Deposits of bo); ore have been found on the surface thronKhont the valley, 
 but nioro especially in the custeru uiid of it, where it lii'S between the Hoiith Moun- 
 tain and the Annapolis liiver. Some leases have been taken liy Americans alouK the 
 south bank of the rh ' r, but as yet the deposits remain entirely undeveloped. 
 
 On the .South Mountain, iu the Devonian rocks, Ho rich and abundant deposits of 
 muf(netite and red honiatito. At C'lonientsport, on the Mooso liiver, is a inaKiietie 
 ore, which has been worked to a considerable extent. Operatiims were carried on 
 in tins locality previous to 1S;!0. After a stoppage of over thirty years they were 
 atjiiiii resumed. A charcoal hot-blast furnace was erected, and iu the year lS(i2 
 a tons a day witc beiiiK turned out. The bed is from 7 to 1) feet in width, but the 
 ore is IukIi >ii both pliosphoriis and sulphur. 
 
 Thirty miles east of Mouse Kiver, at Nictaiix, several lar^e beds of innKnetic ore 
 are exposed, east of which are the Torluook iron deposits, very regular in width, 
 haviuf; an average thickness of 11 feet. The ore is clean, thero bein^ no slate or stone 
 between the walls. The strike of the iron ore bods or veins runs diagonally across 
 thediBtriet, the );eneral directiim boiii); iioitli til) east. There ari^ four known voiiis 
 of red hematite, which have boeu traced for thu most part across the whole district, 
 a distance of abimt !i or IS miles. 
 
 Ki'irinninK at the north. No. 1 vein is the most importiint of the four, and is the 
 one which is boin;; worked at the Torlirook mines. The ilip is south, and varies from 
 7I)>J to 80 ' from the vortical. 
 
 It is iioticeahlo that this bolof ore is entirely free from sliclls, while No. li vein, 
 overlyiii);, less than 100 feet smith, and several beds of the snrroiindinK slate, are 
 highly fossiliferous. 
 
 No. 2 vein, or the "Shell Ore" vein, was worked by open cut for many years to 
 supply the old fnrnaeo at Nictanx Tails. It is intermixed to a larce extent with pet- 
 riticd marine shells, containing their natural calcareous properties. They are very 
 
32 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 cloiirly ninrkeil, loaviiif; in tlir matrix ii well-il«liiiiiil iinpreHHion of tlii> ininiiteHt 
 lines, and arc ot'leh Ibtinil in rliistiirH, mi iiuni|iavt anil lniniiiK«n<Miiiii that i>n» nii^lit 
 iniHKine tlic » Imli' to lie I'ornieil ori<;lnall.v I'roni onu vant li«<l of xliellH. Tlin vein, 
 wliii'li iH alidiit t! to H fint wide, ih a ri^d licniatitii givinK a diMidud red streak, 
 but at the weHt«rn I'ncI it liax liecii slightly nielaniorphoHed liy its proximity to the 
 igneous roek, causing it to lie soniewhat nuiguetic. 
 
 No, ;< vein, about tbree-<|uarters of a mile south of No. 2, is the same in width 
 and structure as '\n, 1, lint it is somewhat magnetii' in character, and has a darker 
 streak — a leddisli- irown color. This vein is nearly vertical, but, if anything, dips 
 slightly north. 
 
 No. I vein, in :>11 probability, lies about a ignartcr of a mile south of No. :<. It has 
 been openeil for a distance of 2 miles east from the 'I'lirbrook mine, and lias the fol- 
 biwing diuieusicius: Ore, 'J feet; slate, ',\ fei^t; ore, I foot. 
 
 The Torbrook mine is sitmited at the foot of the South Mountiiin, Smiles from 
 Nictaux Itiver. At the Niittaiix mine, on the western side of the river, the workings 
 are in a magnetic ore bed, H feet wide, which is high in both phosphorus and sulphnr. 
 Lenses of the available property in the Torbrook district were taken, and work was 
 cnninienced in tlii^ fall of IXIH). Active operations did not, however, really begin 
 until the spring of IK'Jl, when steam-hoisting and air-drill jilants were put n . 
 
 The <iutpnt in the spring of IMII was about 'Jll tons per day ; in the spring of 1892, 
 about 7(1 tons, and in tl>e fall of IH'J'2, 1,S() tons ]ier day. 
 
 JnalitHvs of iron ore from tin; Xirtaiu- iniiif, \nra Scotiti. 
 
 I'rotox tile of Iron 
 
 SeHiiuiiixiiloiir Inin. 
 Oxiile of iniillL'iini'st'. 
 
 Sillra 
 
 I.ilni 
 
 Abiiiiinji 
 
 MiiKiM'wirt 
 
 Sii]|)liiir — 
 
 I'liimiiliuriiH 
 
 Mettillic iniii 
 
 Ka.l. 
 
 Per tent, 
 
 iff. 09 
 
 40.. 13 
 
 .(HI 
 
 l».4fl 
 
 7. IK) 
 
 I.IIU 
 
 1. 811 
 
 Trace. 
 
 TriiiM'. 
 
 55.74 
 
 j No. 2. 
 
 No. :i. 
 
 1 Prrcmt. 
 
 ftr ernt. 
 
 
 
 
 
 10.22 
 
 III. '.'8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .:i90 
 00.72 
 
 60. 7(1 
 
 Dr. E. Gilpin, Jr., coiiiiiiiHsioiier of iiiiiies, Novii Scotiii, writes: "On 
 tlie east bi'imcli of Kaat Itivcf, I'ictou County, exti!n8iv(i ofMM-iitions 
 wt'i'e carriwl on in tlio. (Icvelopnifiiit of liiuonite ii-on (lei»o.sit.s." The ores 
 are (;oin)>aet, inaniniillated, and tibroii8, anil their quality is shown hy 
 the following analyses: 
 
 AnulyHCti »/ rictait Coiiiilif, Xorn Srolin, iron itrrn. 
 
 (^'ompoBition. 
 
 Iron oxiilea 
 
 MaMKinieNH iixiilt*... 
 
 Aliuidlin 
 
 LimB cHrlHiiiiili! 
 
 MngncHiii i-Hrbiinii(e. 
 
 PhnwplmriciH'iil 
 
 Siilplmr 
 
 Kill™ 
 
 Tilnnir iwUl 
 
 Muialure 
 
 Ti.liil . 
 Metallic iron. 
 Pliiiflpliiirim. . 
 
 Per rent. 
 8S.02 
 0.7S 
 IP. 71 
 1.44 
 0. H'J 
 
 II. :i4 
 
 0.'J4 
 
 2. 14 
 
 Trace. 
 
 4. HI 
 
 100. IH) 
 62. 24 
 
 II. 
 
 Per emt. 
 
 0.1. IH) 
 
 I.IU 
 
 Prrrnil. 
 81.10 
 0.20 
 
 0.04 
 4.80 
 
 0.15 
 
 'rriifcs. 
 
 4.20 
 
 08.04 
 0.'i. 20 
 None. 
 
 00.40 
 
 511. 8.1 
 
 Per rent. 
 48. '..'2:1 
 14.41 
 
 0.01.1 
 rmri-H. 
 
 II. 48 
 25. Vi 
 
 UK). 78S 
 ;i,1. 820 
 0.112 
 
 AnalyaUi I, Dr. S. Macadam i II. Ur. T. E. Thonie ; III, J. U. Huxley i I V. K. Oiliiiu. .jr. 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORKS. 
 
 33 
 
 NKW IIHINSWICK. 
 
 On the Millsti'Piwn Uivcr, Oloiici'stiT (Joniity, Now Brunswick, i.s a 
 bed of niii}{uetiu iron oni about 2'> feet thick, int«rstrati(ic<l with ii 
 highly iiltcrud and sill(^(-ouH ar^ilite. Developments consist iif a tunnel 
 about LT) I'ect long, and a shallow shaft on the bed at the end of the 
 tunnel. 
 
 Bog ore exiHts iu Kent County. 
 
 ({lIRnEC. 
 
 The principal, in fact the only, kiiidH of iron ore now mined in this 
 Province are magnetite and br(»wn hematite (bog ore). The mines which 
 have produced or do produce t he former ore are the 1 1 uli, Haycock, and 
 Bristol nunes, witiiin a few miles of tlic Ottawa River, forming: the 
 western boundary of the province. The deposits occur in Laurentian 
 rocks. 
 
 The Hull deitosit, which has i)roduced magnetic iron ore mixed with 
 red hematite and grapiute, is located about 8 miles from Ottawa. It 
 was tirst opened in 18.>l. This ore was formerly used in the blast 
 furnace of the Canada iron Mining and Manufacturing Company, and 
 made into pig iron at the mine; the workings have, however, been 
 inactive tor years. The following analyses of the Hull ores are taken 
 from the rei>orts of tl.e geological survey of Canada: 
 
 AnaliiiCt of maijttetite J'rmn Hull, i,iiwliec. 
 
 Illmk (MB. I ,. I 
 
 I'erosldo of inm 
 
 Pnitiixiclii (if iron 
 
 Oxiilo (if nian;:i(ncs(( . 
 
 Aliiniiua 
 
 l.ilue . 
 
 I'er cent. 
 
 ' T.I, 80 
 
 MagncHia 
 
 Phoaphords 
 
 Kiilnliiir 
 
 Carlmtiate of liiiin . 
 
 Siltai 
 
 (traphito 
 
 Water 
 
 l.gH 
 .027 
 .085 
 
 r rent. 
 
 Ki. 82 
 
 .12 
 .79 
 AS 
 .04 
 .08 
 .11 
 
 20.27 
 
 I'er rent. 
 
 IMi. 20 
 
 17.78 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Trace 
 
 .70 
 
 .4S 
 
 .01.-. 
 
 .28 
 
 2. on 
 
 10.44 
 .71 
 
 ■rdlal a 100. 042 
 
 McialUo Iron i 63.51 I 
 
 IilOd.UH 
 07.94 
 
 o!)«. 2«.'i 
 ri8. 78 
 
 (T Anal.vKl, Dr. T. S. Iliinl. Ii AiinlyHt, Ppif. C". F. C'luiiKller. 
 
 The principal mine, the I'Vn'sythe or Old Ironsides, showed a width 
 at the surtmte of l."> to Xt feet in a cut 1(K» feet long. The ore occurs in 
 limestone, associated with a hornblende-gneiss. The ore is of two 
 kinds, the black magni^tic ore and the so-called red ore, which is a 
 mixture of magnetite and hematitt^. 
 
 The Haycock mine, about 12 miles from the city of Ottawa and 8 
 
 miles east of the Uatineau Uiver, is now priietically al>an<Ioned, but 
 
 was wrought t<) supply local forges, some of the ore being smelted in 
 
 the blast furnace at Hull. The ore, a rod hematite containing a con- 
 
 8024 i 
 
34 
 
 MINKRAI, KKSdUKCES. 
 
 sidei-iible iinumnt of iiiajfiictitv, is lianl anil coiiipairt. Owinp to the 
 size ami isolated location of tiic ore Itodies, mining' is staled to have 
 been expensive. The composition of the ore iu selected sampleH is 
 given by I'rol'. E. J.Ghapiuaii as follows : 
 
 Anali/HVH of iron ore from the Ilaiicnrk initie, <^>^t€het\ 
 
 I'eroxiUpof imn. 
 rrntiixiil<« of ii-itii 
 MaiiKi>iii'Hi!Oxi(ltv 
 
 I.iliio 
 
 Miij;iH*siti 
 
 IMiiiHpliorir. iiciil.. 
 
 Siiliitiiir 
 
 'L'lriiiiit! oxido 
 
 Ctu'buii 
 
 luHuliililu 
 
 Nil. 1. 
 
 I'er cent. 
 
 N8.08 
 II. Ml 
 .24 
 
 .r,5 I 
 .i;i ' 
 .111 i 
 .u:i I 
 3.17 I 
 .:i6 i 
 
 Ku. 3. 
 
 I'er cent, i 
 
 «u. m ! 
 
 7. 110 I 
 Tnifi'. j 
 Tnici'. I 
 
 Trine. 
 Ti'at-o. 
 
 2.;i4 
 
 .4.1 
 .11 
 
 Nu. 3. 
 
 I'fr ernt. 
 85.45 
 .5. 24 
 .15 
 .41 
 . 17 
 .13 
 .117 
 2. 12 
 
 Total. 
 
 Oil. 83 
 ml. 08 
 
 111), llli 
 08.34 
 
 09.70 
 03.88 
 
 The Itristol mines, opened in 1872, produced a hard magnetite con- 
 taining considerable snlphur, rendering it necessary to erect kilns for 
 roasting the ore. The ore is found in two lodes, the general course of 
 which is north-northwest and south-snuthwest, known as the North 
 and South lodes. Most of the mining has been done on the Houth 
 lode. The North lode is apparently l."»0 feet in width, and what is 
 known as the South lode is about 2.")(l feet in width. A favorable 
 feature of tiio dojiosit is the siiiall amount of lean ore found, either 
 good ore or rock being obtained from the workings, in the catalogue 
 of Economic Minerals of Canada 1880 the ore is described as "occurring 
 in a series of beds which are interstratilled with reddish hornblendic 
 gneiss and glistening mic.iceiius and hornbleiiilic schists of the Laureii- 
 tiaiiage." Analyses of the ore show from oH.'M to (iC'iO per cent of iron; 
 sulphur, none to 2.40(i; )ilios])horus, none to 0.008. When roasted, the 
 analyses showed from C2.r» to 03.24 per cent of iron; sulphur, O.SL'I 
 to 2.221; ]>liospliorus, none to 0.014. The roasting plant at this luiiie 
 embraces both the Taylor and Davis-Colby modilications of the West- 
 man kiln, supplied by gas producers. 
 
 The bog-iron ores of the Three Rivers district in central Quebec, 
 iM)nsisliug of variable mixtures of hydrous se.siiuioxide of iron with 
 organic and earthy nmtter, occur in jtatches near the surface of the 
 sandy soil. These pat^'hes are from a few sijuare feet to several acres 
 in extent and from 3 to .'50 inches in thickness. They are always found 
 in or near the borders of swamps or lakes. 
 
 Lac Tortile, which well illustrat<^^s the method pursued of mining 
 the bug ores, is situated in the southern part of Kadnor, about 1 mile 
 beyond the north boundaiy line of the seigniory of Champlain, and 
 a miles from the Ht. Maurice Kiver. The lake is about 3 miles h)ng, 
 averages a mile in breadth, and occupies the lowest depression of a 
 great swamp. By removing an obstruction at the discharge the water 
 
PROUIICTION OF IRON ORES. 
 
 35 
 
 was lowi'ieil simi« ti or S feet, iiiid the (ue, wliieli is IoiiihI in Mie loiiii 
 of eiUK'retions in tlic soft, Kiceiiish iiiutl, is tiil^eii out Ity liiiii<l (roiii the 
 shallow portions of the lalie alonff the shore (tliose left l)iire on (he 
 h)\verin{,' of tlie water level), wliilo in deeiier water it is raised by means 
 of dredges. The ore, thus obtained is waslied in iron sieves, and is 
 then ready for traiis|iortatiou to tiio furnaio at Kadnor. It is stated 
 that during 1.S92 large deposits of massive ore. 2 feet ami uiiward in 
 thickness, were discovered at the bottom of the lalie. It is also claimed 
 that paying ([uantities of ore can be obtained from areas apparently 
 comidetely exhausted some eight or ten years previously, new ore 
 having l)een de[»(>sited from the ferruginous waters. 
 
 On the .south side of the St. Lawrence Kiver, opposite Three liivers, 
 in the second, third, and fourtli ranges of lientilly, tiie Canada Iron 
 Furnace Cimipany has discovered and is worlving aimmber of rich beds 
 of iron ore, which are generally found along the faecs of the terraces. 
 At the largest bed, covering al'out 10 acres, work has been carried to a 
 depth of 4 f(^et without leaciiing the bottom; in .sonus places tlie thick- 
 ness may be ."» or (i feet. The ore is line, but near the bottom becomes 
 heavy and nmssive, pickaxes being necesssaiy to break it. 
 
 Operations have also been carried on by this company in the fourth 
 range of Kildarc, county of .lolliette, where one patch aveiages IL' 
 inches in thickness. There is a bank of bog ore here which is rei>orted 
 to have been traced for 7 miles. 
 
 Mr. P. H. tlritlin, in an article on "Charcoal iron fiom bog and lake 
 ores," I gives the following analyses, Xo. 1 representing a large (piantity 
 of bog ore .selected from various ]>oints in the Three liivers district for 
 th(^ Jiadnor furnace, and No. 2 a large amount of Lac a la-Tortue ore, 
 while Ho. 3 is a siimple from the same lake made by I'rofessor Carlyle. 
 
 Analjiiies of Cutiiutian hmj ami lake «ie«. 
 
 Korrii 
 Furrii 
 Matifr. 
 Alum 
 I.jliip 
 Mftgn 
 
 Siilph 
 Sillia 
 
 T.IIHH I 
 
 i^ iixiilo.... 
 IIM iixiilr.. 
 iiiiio Dxiiii' 
 iim 
 
 Mil . 
 
 hnric, Hiihvllriili'. 
 iirio nnliv'ilrjili'.. 
 
 »l JKUitiou. 
 
 Till ill. 
 
 Nil. 1. 
 
 Nil. 2. 
 
 t'er cfiif. 
 
 I'rr epul. 
 
 m. 74 
 
 7". 04 
 
 1.18 
 
 1.78 
 
 2. m 
 
 2. -Jll i 
 
 ■.\.n 
 
 .;i2 
 
 . '.a 
 
 .27 
 
 .liO 
 
 .7(1 
 
 .111 
 
 ■ "1 I 
 
 i:i.U4 
 
 7.81 i 
 
 1(1.41) 
 
 IB. 84 ' 
 
 Mptiillii- irim 
 I'liiinpliiiriiH - 
 Sulphur 
 
 42. K 
 .:Wi 
 .07(1 
 
 40.0:i j 
 .331 ' 
 .003 
 
 No. 
 
 3. 
 
 l;r e 
 
 ■III. 
 
 «!l 
 
 04 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 llll 
 
 - 
 
 43 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 (III 
 
 li 
 
 17 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 100 
 
 11 
 
 49 
 
 31 
 
 
 20.'i 
 
 Black iron sands occur in great (luantities in the lower St. Lawience, 
 and are met with in smaller amounts at various jioints to the south- 
 west along the valley of the .St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes. 
 
 I Tninimi'tlouH Aiiiprkuu luatllitto of .Miiiin); Kugineors, Viil. XXI, p. 090. 
 
36 
 
 MINERAL KKSOUKCES. 
 
 Along tliu north slioru of Lake Kric. tliis Hiiiiil is in somo plat'eN fimnd 
 in .siKtIi quantitios that attempts weru inaili', more tluui tll'ty ywais a};o, 
 to colh'ct and Hniclt it with an a<lnii.\tni'<i of lioj; on-, wliiirh was flicn 
 treated in a blast furnaro at Xoiinandale, Norfoilv County, Ontario. 
 Dr. T. Stcrry Hunt, in his Notes on Iron and Iron Ores, says: 
 
 * * * Tlio ^roat iU'ImmUh ciI' bliuk iron hiiiiiI on the lioituli iieiir tlio iiiciiilli u( tlie 
 MoiNio Kivoi' liiiviiig attnictotl iiitontion. viirioiis utteinj»t.s to riHliu'o it \vt!i'e iiniile 
 in )'<fi7. Tlio cim wiiH BiiiirBHfiilly tiratcil li.v tlm lildiiiiniry jirciciHH in iKirtliiTii Nnw 
 York, anil llir rcHiilt priiviiiK HatiHfautory, si'vural liluuiuiiry t'liruuciiii at MoiHiu were 
 put intii NiirreNHriil nptiratiiiii. 
 
 Till' xtiatilii'il Hanils at Miilsic, lyiiiK aliiiiii 10 I'vct above liigli-watcr mark, (irnn- 
 tratt'il by tlir rimtN of T.iai! KbriiliN, and Imlilin); iiiarinr njitilts, itre liaiiilnil by irirgii- 
 lar <lark-('oliMril lay rs, in »liirli tliu irmi or» |iri'iloniiiiat<ifi. Tliii Haiiir tiling was 
 attorwarclH renia.'l <mI by me in tlie Htratitii'd NiindH at niiich higlirr li'VeU in the 
 vicinity. Wlii'rr tliiNr Haiiib lorni the beach they are ex|i<iHi'il to the aitinn ol' the 
 ravri), which I'll'cct a proicst of conciintration on a graiiil Hcalc, no that, it in naiil, 
 altera pr(n':>!ence of certain winiU great bcltH of nearly pure black Hanil arecxpoHt^l 
 along the Hliorc. Trenches v ere Huiik to a dc]itli of o feet oii the nhelving beach 
 about half way between h*gh and low water mai'k. The deetiotiH presented alterna- 
 tionHuf nearly jiuie nIIi' eoiiHNand and of black iron Band, the hitter in layorBof from 
 half an inch lo ii iiiclcH in thickneHB, often with a Hiiiall adiiii' tiire of graiiiB of red 
 garnet, which Biimct.iuiuH formed very thin coatiiigB upon the Burface of the black 
 layers. It wan cany, from these trenches, by mcaiiH of hIiovcIn, to remove without 
 much admixture the thicker lavefH of the moist black sand, which would measure 
 from 11 tol! feet out of the Ti feet excavated. This material wasjilli'd upon the beach, 
 and afterwards carried to the washing table. The mixed Hands of tlu^ higher levels 
 yield, on an average, by washing, about !."> per cent of black iron Biiinl. 
 
 The wasliliig of the ore at Moisie, prejiuratory to Hiiielting. was done upon a shak- 
 ing table by aid of a gentle current of water, u large part of the lighter grains, 
 chiclly of i|uart/., being washed away. The ainonnt of material removed in the ]>ro- 
 ce.ss of wiiHliing at Moisie is not very groat, as may bo seen by coiiiiinring the propor- 
 tion of magnetic grains in A ami C, the MoiHie sand before and aflir washing. The 
 latter was found by analysis to contain about 5. .5 per cent of insoluble matter, chielly 
 Biliccoiis sand. Ihi! renuiindcr being almost entirely oxide of iron and titanic acid. 
 Of three specimens from Moisie. .\ was an average sample of several hundred tons 
 gathereil in the manner just described, preparatory to washing, JJ a portion taken 
 from a layer (i inches thi<'k, about 'A feet below the surface of the beach, and C the 
 washed ore. as prepared for the bloomary tire. In this connection are given the 
 results of some similar doterminatious with iron gauds from other localities. 
 
 Anahino of Moiaio uiid other black sand iron ores. 
 
 
 Spi'cmi' 
 
 Kruvity. 
 
 2.82 
 '2.88 
 2. 97 
 2.84 
 '2.81 
 
 MaKiK'tli' 
 ore. 
 
 2'ercent. 
 
 4n.;i 
 
 4i).3 
 .52. (1 
 48. .'I 
 
 6.'-..7 
 •J4. 11 
 5S.0 
 
 
 MoiHie It 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The specilic gravity of the siliceous sand with which those iron sands are associ- 
 ated was found, when determineil in bulk, as above, to be about L*. An iii8|iectionof 
 the iron sauds from the various other localities above mentioned shows that they all 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES. 
 
 37 
 
 cnntnin, bpnlilen thi> i>ri"< of inui, a Hiiinll iirn|«)rtioii of ri'il garuct nnil more or less 
 of line silii-4'(iiis sand. 'I'Iik lutter of tlio two Niihstanct'H it is |M>SNihlti Ut roinovf 
 uliiioHt entirely liy rnrcfiil wiislilni; of tliu eriiilo me. Tlie use of a niiiK»et cnaltles 
 UN to separate the hiaek iron-ore grains into a magnetic; ]Hirtion. wliicli is nearly jinre 
 iiia>{n<«Uc oxide, and a nonniagnetle ]iorli(»u. whicli is ehielly titanic iron, bnt, in the 
 spi'i'liuens knliinitted to uxaniinatioii, holds a |iortion of the Hiliecons matter, which 
 the iniperfi'ctly wa.Hhcil Hand Hlill retains. '! o two piirtionsof theore thnsohtained 
 were aiialv/ed separately, the Rolvent nsed i. ..ng, in lioth easi^s, hydroehlorie aciil. 
 No. i is an analysis of a s|»eeineMi of nnwashed lihick sand from Moisii;, holding lit. 1 
 perrentof niugnetic grains; No. J, of the nonmagnetiiT portion of thesaineore; No. 
 H, washed ore frnin .Moisie, containing .^>2 per eent of inagnetie grains; No.l, tint lion* 
 inagnetii' portion of the same ore; No. H. a determination of the iron sand of lier- 
 simis, containing :il.T per cent of nnignetic grains; No. IS, of the noiiniagnctic por- 
 titm of tint sanii' sand ; while Nos. i and /< are analyses of magnetic and nonmagni'tic 
 portions <d' iron sanil from the month of the .St. .lohii Kiver, at Miugan, ciuitaiiiiiig 
 48. ;t per cent of m.ignetic grains. 
 
 AntOywH of t'anadUm iron nanih. 
 
 
 No.l. 
 
 Ptrcmt. 
 
 70.10 
 
 i«.oa 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 I'rrcmt. 
 30.74 
 
 No. 3. a 
 
 ferrtHt. 
 85.711 
 4.15 
 
 Nil. 4. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 Vfrctnt. 
 
 24. IMI 
 
 20. «5 
 
 22. 24 
 
 I.IU 
 
 ';}?. 
 
 '.'3. 80 
 34.73 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 Perernl. 
 HO. 411 
 0.50 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 I'ercriil. 
 40.31 
 31.00 
 
 Protox Ide of iron 
 
 TIlBUll-lUlill 
 
 Prrcfiil. 
 28.1)5 
 
 Pereent, 
 85. 50 
 3.40 
 
 
 1 
 
 .40 
 
 .go 
 
 I.IU 
 .U5 
 
 (t>) 
 TraiM-s. 
 
 .62 
 
 .75 
 
 .70 
 
 4. 20 
 
 02. 52 
 
 1.35 
 
 I.IIO 
 
 .50 
 
 l.'i. r,ii 
 
 ;i6. DK 
 
 Lime 
 
 ;■ ■ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 5.92 
 
 6.H 
 
 1.B5 
 tU. 115 
 
 8.75 
 43. S6 
 
 3.85 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 a. Mr. HriHHiii' I'oiniil tlmt ttiu waHlitMl niixetl tire roiitaineil 0.007 per ci'iit (if plitisiiliorim iind 0.070 
 ]ii>r ci-iit of Hiiiptmr. 
 6 t'ii(It-*t<-riiiiut'(l. 
 
 Mr. .1. Obiilski, inininj:; engineer for the Province of Quebec, states 
 tliatl.'(!,.>10 toiisof linionite or liog ore and 1,550 toiisof ina(>iietit*' were 
 mined ill 1H92, and S.T.^O tons were e.vporled during the eiikuuiar year 
 18i>2, but of tliis a iKirtiou was stoelc of itri^vious years. 
 
 Hematite and magnetite ores are found in tliis Province, and in some 
 mines the two are mixed. The magnetic ores are gei illy associated 
 witli tlie Laiirentiaii roclcs, mostly in tlie vi(^inity of crystalline lime- 
 stone, although lH>th hematite and magnetite are also founil in the 
 Ilui'onian rocks. 
 
 In Lanark ('oiinty, in the eastern part of Ontario, red hematite and 
 niiignetic iron ores occur, bnt no active mining is carried on at inesent. 
 Some important mines are opened on the line of the Kingston and I'em- 
 bioke Railway, and a large ]iortioii of the ]>roduct obtained was some 
 years ago sent to the United States. 
 
 Near Calalwgie Lake, in the townshijt of ]{lithflcld, some of the 
 magnetic ore is tine grained and granular, and some is compact, while 
 still other jiortions have a banded structure. The Calabogie Iron Com- 
 pany formerly carried on operations here, sliip|iing to various points 
 the ore obtained from tlie two workings which were operated. 
 
88 
 
 MINERAL l£KH(»IIHrES. 
 
 Tlif followiiifj jinnlyRCH nro (tliiiincil to bo tiiirly r('i)r(»sontativ<'. No. 1 
 (riiiiii^ troiii tlii> ii|u'iiiii}; near tlio liik(>, wliilu No. 1' wns I'lirtlitr iiwiiy, 
 Tlie jiiitilyHes were made by Mr. fiinertoii. 
 
 .Inalyif of Calubuijit l.akr imn ore. 
 
 Ferric nxidp. 
 Fi'rriHlN iixiilt* 
 
 Sllicu 
 
 Tllanir oxiili' 
 lMiurt|ilinr'iiH. .. 
 
 Siiliihiir 
 
 Irtiii 
 
 Na. t. 
 
 Nu. 3. 
 
 IVr ffnl. 
 
 t'fr cent. 
 
 44. Ml 
 
 .'iK.MI 
 
 X'l. Kl 
 
 ■i'i..l!, 
 
 4. ■.'« 
 
 t.-.Ui 
 
 .00 
 
 .4(1 
 
 .O'JH 
 
 . L'U;i 
 
 .:iH 
 
 .10 
 
 M. (IS 
 
 .ID. 116 
 
 Twelve miles Honth of the Giilabo^ii- Lake mines, near lloiind Lake, 
 ore lia.H been toiinil, but no work wa.s done beyond the develr>|iment of 
 the mines. Twelve niile.s still farther south, in the township of Lavant, 
 arc thi! Itethlehem ami ('aldwt^ll mines. Mat;netite was known to exist 
 liere for years, the lirst develo|iment work beinir in l.HSd, and whi^i the 
 pre.senee of a hirj,'e body of ore was established a i)orti()n of tiie land 
 was leased to the liethlehem Iron (!omi)any, which earried on active 
 niiniiiK operations, Hhip|>in(r the ore to its works at liethlehem, I'a, 
 The vein strikes northeast and Houthwest, approat'hiiiK north, and dip.s 
 IW^' to .'{"» ^ to the southeast. The walls are ]>ersistent and wellilefmed. 
 The vein varies in thickness from U to .'!! H'ct, dne to the r(illin;;of the 
 limeston(4 foot wall. The ore i.s compact crystalline, and eleavablc, 
 mi.xed with a larf;e amount of <'hloritic mat<>rial. Its com)>osition la 
 illustrated by the Ibllowing analyses: 
 
 AiitilifHeH n/ irott iirt- from liftlih'liiin iiitil t'tttthrfll, h'lniiid Luke, t,>iiehrf. 
 
 1 nm 
 
 .Silica 
 
 Aliliiiiiiii 
 
 Miilii;itlic.t4f . . 
 
 I.i 
 
 MiiKliCHiii 
 
 I'liimplioniH . 
 Siilpliiir 
 
 Nil. I. (Ill .Nil. 2.(»| 
 
 Vfreent, Per 
 6:i. 7:i dH. 
 4.400 
 
 Arm 
 .mi 
 
 cent. 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 70 
 :<2 
 o« 
 
 It AnitlyHtH. UIhhIch tV Co. 
 (i Aiiul.v«t.K. M.KcKil. 
 c Pliimliliiiric iirid. 
 
 Ten miles farther south are the Roberts mines, where the ore occiirB 
 in lenses, making mining rather uncertain. Operations were sus- 
 ])ended after taking out i;0,0<MI to 2r>,(MM» tons. Two analyses showed 
 57.77 and (i3.L* |ier cent of metallic iron. 
 
 The (Jlendower nn'nes are 4 uulcs from Bedford Stati(m,on the shore 
 of Thirty Island Lake. The ore is Lard, compact, and eleavable. 
 
PRODTICTION OF IRON ORES. 89 
 
 Aaxociiitetl with it in siiinll v<>iiis iiiul in l>iiiicli(>s arc carlioiiiilcs ol'ilio 
 iill{Mliiio (Mirtlis. Hi^vt'i'iil tJiouHiinil tons ol'tiiisnro wcri^ sliipitcil tii 
 /.iiMcsviiii', Ohio. Si\ aiiiily.-ieH Hhowcil tlio toUowiiif; to Im> thii cimiiio- 
 Mitlon of th<i oi'f: 
 
 AiitilyniH iif ttleiidtttver irint ore, Jtftlfttnl iSVd/iriH, <,f»tbn; 
 
 Iron (lu.im III ni.»» 
 
 Slllcn Il.;:c) 111 111.87 
 
 MmiKiiiN'iii 47 III .HO 
 
 Alilinillii I . .'lU III .7.5 
 
 Sulpliiir I .1171 III .42 
 
 Tilauiuiixiilu 'I'rui-e. 
 
 Litnu IKI III l.WI 
 
 .MukiiibIu liHIii •l.'.'O 
 
 I'liiiMpliuriin 01 III .ll'J 
 
 Mr. \V. Hamilton Moiritt says: 
 
 I'niiii Ontario, Hiiiro lH,"i!l, iilioiil I0I),IK10 toiw (if iron oro liiive lii'on 8lii|ip«(I to tlm 
 United Stutcs iiji to tlio jciir IWS, .iml I'roiii tlm iioii-nrii (li'iioHitHiif i>iisti'rn Ontiirio, 
 nloii^ tlin lino of tlio Kin^Hton iiiid INhiiIh'oUo Kiiilroud. Homo 200,01)0 tmiH of iron oro 
 in all liavo boeii HhippiMl to the Iliiiti'd StntoH. 
 
 A body of heniatiti-ore is stilted to iwist sontliwost of TIninder Hay, 
 on tlio iiortlici'ii shorts of Lake Superior, and a larffo dejiosit of linionite 
 IH reporttul on an ishind in Lake VViniiiiie^'. 
 
 Mr. lltH'aco W Winc.liell 8tat4'H that disf^overics of iron ore were made 
 in the Atikokan Kange between 1885 and 18!MI, and that although the 
 surface oro is excellent there is a deterioration in depth. The deimsits 
 are in nearly vertical lenses. At present Mr. VV'inchell iloes not think 
 the Atkokan can compete with the doine.stic Lake Supt^rior ores in 
 the TJiiL'od States. 
 
 The anaiysos ifivsri ii! the Caiiiulian geological report sliowed from 
 03 to 08 ]»er cent of inetaDic iron, together with a tioniplete absence of 
 titanium in all the sitecimens examined, and asnlpliur content ranging, 
 where it is specilied in the return, of from 0.ur>'2 to (I.1S."> per cent. 
 
 Some large bhist-furnace ]tlaiii-< are jirojected to iitilizti the iron ores 
 of Ontario, and one or more of these will jirobably he put in operation, 
 thus encouraging a liberal exjiloitatioii of the iron-ore de])osits of this 
 I'rovince. 
 
 nillTl.'^ll . ilMMIlIA. 
 
 I'rof. (Jeorge M. Daw.son, of the Canadian geological survey, in a 
 panijihlet entitled Tln^ Mineral Wesilth of Jiritish Oolumhia, gives a 
 description of her iron ores, from which the following is extracted: 
 
 .Most of the (iri'H of iron ho far fonnd in iiuantity aro niagnetiti'H, wliich oi'ciir in 
 ONBoi'iation willi tlio oldiT inotninorpliic rocks. Clay iroiiHtoiies arc, liowi'ver, of 
 frecpient orciirroiiro in tlio coal seaniH of Vancouver and (jneoii Cliarlottn islands, as 
 well an in tlio Tertiary rocks of tlio interior. These nii);ht, in siiiiie cases, lie profit- 
 ably worked in cnnjiiiiotion with the I'oal strains, as they occur iu the same strata, 
 and in some iustancea are even associutetl with tlio ooiil. The uudnles vary in weight 
 
40 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 I'roni 11 poiinil cir less up to several tons, unci at llii> Unynes Sonnd mine a stiiTlelent 
 qiiaiitity might probably lie obtained lor the regular HU)iply of a blast furnace. 
 
 The only iron-ore deposits which have yet been worked are those of the Huuthwest 
 side of Taxada Island, the largest exposures of ore occurring about It miles northwest 
 of (iillies Hay. Hero the ore mass is from 21) loii."i feet thick, ami cunstitutes a some- 
 what irrcffular contai't deposit between limestone or marbin and granite, thin veins 
 iif the ore bi-ing oci^asionally found reticulating the linu'stone. I'rom this point to 
 the niu'thward, for nearly a mile, tli<^ ore is occasionally si'en, and at one place there 
 is a conlinuons nx)iosure about 'JsiO feet long and from 1 to 10 feet thick. Kor mining 
 and slii|uuent the dejtosit is most favorably situated. Tho ore is a hard, dense 
 .magnetite, a ])artial ainilysis by l>r. It. .T. Harrington showing (18,10 percentof iron 
 and 0.iX)'i per cent of ])hospliorns. Another analysis, by Whittield, representing a 
 lot of 1)00 tons, shows imn (i."i.71, phos{diorus O.OIU. A more detailed analysis of the 
 Texada Island magnetite, made by Mr. Edward .1. (.'Iiapnian, shows the following 
 composition : 
 
 AnuUju'm i>f 'mm nre J't'inn Titxutia Island, llrithh ('(tliimhia. 
 
 Pruloxiibi of iron. .. 
 .SemiiiioxUle lit' iruii. 
 Oxifle i>r niiiu^aiiuse 
 
 Titanic iicid 
 
 IMidsptioric iii'iil 
 
 Per 
 c.v.nt. 
 
 28. ra 
 
 07. Ill 
 
 'I'ructi. 
 
 .11 
 
 .117 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Sulptiuric nclil ' 0.09 
 
 Silicii iirii) HihreeaH nn(lter...| 'i.M7 
 
 Total ! 119.88 
 
 Metallic b'ln 09.12 
 
 As soiiu! Iniii <;i'os Imve been imported iiitr llie I'nited HtiiteH i'roui 
 Ciinmlii, and its tlie )fe<'K'iM''i'''i'' poxitionH of ! " two coiintrie.s slioultl 
 eiK'.ouiiige iiitiniiite (■oiiiineicial rcliitiun.s, the subject liii.s been treated 
 in (Miiisiderabje dctiiil. 
 
 Tlie (lien Iron Miiiiiifj Company's {frouiid, about 12 milo.s ea.st ot 
 Kiiiiil()()|i.-.. exhibits (bur veins from lit to 2(( feet in ^vid^h, visible on 
 the .surface at (b'stiiiices from .">00 to (100 feet in leiif^tli, near tlie track 
 of the (Jaiiiidian I'ticihc I'liilwiiy. Tlie works are .supplied with a chute 
 .'500 tce( lonn'. and an iierlal wire tniiiiway 1,300 feet in length ('apable 
 of delivering 100 tons per ten hours on the the cars. The ore is mag- 
 netite, and claimed to bo ada])ted to the maiiufactiireof Bessemer steel. 
 .Se\eii hundred and fifty ton.s were shipped in l.siM to the United States 
 and L'OO tons to the Kevelstoke snielting works tor tluxing o|ieratioiis. 
 
 Iron ore is also obtained from the Hesoiida mine, iStrait of (ieorgia. 
 
 The Siirviy ifj indebted to J\lr. A. |{. {'. Helwyii for a general revision 
 ol the da+a iireseiited and to Dr. (ieorge M. Dawson, of the (Jauadian 
 Geological Survey, for copies of sti'tistical reports. 
 
 CUBA. 
 
 The iron-ore beds which are worked on the island of Cuba occur in the 
 provi'ice of Santiago, near the .southeast coast of Oiiba, on the foothills 
 faciiig (he south slope of tlie Sierra Maestra, and east of the Hay of 
 Santiago. The crest of the Sierra Maestra is about .S miles from the 
 uuast, and has au average elevation uf 4,UUU feet. 
 
PRODUCTION OV IRON ORES. 
 
 41 
 
 In a paper upon Tlie Iron Ore Uanjfe of tlieHautiiigo District ol'Cuba,' 
 I'rof. James I*. Ivimhall says: 
 
 'I'lio south slope of tb« Siena Maestru, wliirh east of tlie Hay of Santiago forms 
 tliB <ouHt niiiKu of tlie isRiiid ofCiilKi, iti, for a ilistanii' of ut least :il> inilcH, iiiaili! up 
 of t'riipli\ I) sytMiite, cnvenul with a iiiaHMive ovorilow of traj) (i^piiUttio dioritf). Tliis 
 Las ri'achiMl the Horfaru throiiKh iiinniiKirahlo <lil<es. The trappcaii liult ri'arhi's a 
 tliickiiHSH whii'h I estiiiiate to ho not hrss than 2,(HN) fort on thi^ xlopu of thu SiiMTi, 
 and a, huight of sonir :i,r)(H) feet. As it dcMlinrs from this elrvation toward the sea it 
 lilii'wisr thins o(f. Thus tlie nppcr ]iart of tlii' sonth slope is an encnriioiis mantle id' 
 diorite ri'stin^ on the syeiiitic hody antl huse of tht? range. TIio .Inraugiia IIIIIh, no 
 called, are the iMiImination of the footldlls of the Sierra, hot ween the hays of San- 
 tiago un the west ai]d (■iniutaiianio on the east. Thev ronstitute an alpiniM>ody id' 
 hills, distinguislied from the massive hody of the Sierra Maestra hy thiir isolation 
 as fonr distinet parallel ranges, sneiessively declining in eleviition with the general 
 slope toward thesea. The Hiunniitsof the first or upper iHolated range of tho.hiriiugna 
 Hills, reai'hing nil elevation of some 2,(MK) feet ahove the sea, are mainly eroded from 
 the dioritic nnmtle down to the syenite, which lirst makes its appearance at their 
 lower or southern liase. This range, as compared with tho only other iron-ore 
 hearing range, namely, the lirst, ])resenl8 the more favoratde ciinditiiius lioth for the 
 original development of iron-ore hollies and for their |ireservation. 
 
 This traiijii'i'ii rock, so largely developed iiiion tho think of the sierra, may ho 
 supposed to be the present form of ail originally more hiisie material, from wliiili 
 large volumes of ferric oxide have been sejiarated hy uietaHomatisni (weathering). 
 The large masses <d' specular ore found along the tirst and secoml ranges of foothills 
 can lorriNiiond only to a small proportion of the ferric oxide which, together with 
 other mineral matter, has heen eliminated by chemical forces friiiii the original 
 Igneous magma. The unei|iial development of the iron ores of these two ran ;es of 
 foothills jiointH to nnei|ually favorable conditions for tho sejiaration, eoncentrition, 
 and ]>reservati<Mi of the ferric oxide. 
 
 The iron-ore bodies of the al])iiie district cast of S.nntiago are exceptional from 
 the fact that they are altribiitahle (o the iinmodiate ;ilteration of erii|»tiM> rocks, 
 and that resulting residues, including an important i.ortion of their original fer- 
 riferous contents, have been preserved almost in situ. 
 
 As tlie development of the (!til)iiii iron-ore mines lias been carried 
 on by A iiKU-icaii capital anil under Amcricnn mi\nii(;emcnt, ami as these 
 deposits have attracted miicli interest ainonjj: users of iron ores, the 
 above technical description of the formation litis been inserted. 
 
 Professor Kimball further says: 
 
 One of the most striking features in the region is the great profusion of so-ealled 
 ore lloat on the hillsides ami in ra\ iiii .,. I'robably more iron ore, and this generally 
 of the best dcNiription, is thus found as lloat than has yet been exhibited in situ in 
 the loriu of ledges or bosNcs. rragnicnts up to many tons in weight lie siattered 
 upon and below the outcrops, (dteu obsciiriiig the ledge and gradually working 
 downhill into the ravines, Slo|ics and ravines so riilily slri'wn « illi blocks and 
 bowlders of lirst-chiss ore would, under circuinstani esof Icssdilllciilt Iransportatiou, 
 becoino productive sources of supply. 
 
 instances ha ve come to.not ice, as at the l.ola Kast mine (not of the.luriingnngroup), 
 where the erosion of the hillsides has taken place in the best of ore. At this locality 
 the ore is exceptionally soft and |iorous, and hence yielded to eroHiou more readily 
 than the incasing rock. Thus only the rcinn.iuts of a once lino body of ore still 
 
 ■TrunaacUuna AiuortvuD luatllatii ut MiulUK l':ui|lu>'i>rs, Vol XIII, |i|> Oi;i Ii:i4. 
 
42 
 
 MINERAI, RESOURCES. 
 
 exiHt, uihI tliosi' nnly u.s lloat upon tlir Hidi'H iiiiil biittom fit' n dcciM'avinr, wliich 
 occMmicH ihr. i>!;iro <»!' thii foriiu'i" ore body, iiniio ot' wliii-li in li-t'l iihiiNc <lrMiiiii^() 
 iBvel. At Sevilla what was unci' nil elevation rDiitainiiig a lioss iif iriiii lll■(^ in seen ill 
 the la«t stafjes nl' ilissoliitiini, iruii-oie lliiat lieiii^i all that is left, and this lyiiiR 
 (lireetly en the ilisinte^ratinj^ syenite. 
 
 IJke the Deeiineiiee at Sevilla. many iif the lower syenitic t'oothills, in line with 
 the sei^oiiil raiij;-e, in wliieli art^ (lev 'loped all the ore bodies known to he extensive, 
 iilthoiiKh eroded of dioritie overllow, still bear U)ioii, or .jiiHt below, their surface 
 ruiuiiaiits of ore. 
 
 On West mine n number of ribs ot' iron ore come to the Hiirface, ineliidingat least 
 two which physically ditVer from the dcvolopcil ore of East and West mines. The 
 specular oxide of these mines isi|nite free from cleavn);''. and in weathering asHiimes 
 a rounded outline. 
 
 A second typo of ore referred to weathi'is in prismatic blocks, and |iosseBse.s the 
 slriietnre of dense ti'a|ipean roiks, such as nhoiind in the form of dikes liolb within 
 the pyenito and the altered overlying iroi>-bearing rocks, l.cdges of thisdcscription 
 .are uniformly rich at ex]iose.l surfaces, .'.nd so is their detritus i>r lloat. 
 
 Such deposits even under exceptiona', circ-nuistaiiecs are not likely to he perma- 
 nent ill depth, while the majority of iheiii must he expected to prove of a very 
 shallow char:ictor. 
 
 rnlike the gr(^at Arclncaii deposits of sp-'cular oxide, both classes of ore deposits 
 above described ha\'e undergone a jn'oeess of coneonlratioii without going through 
 the intermediate stiige ot' sedimentation. Ill other worils, they are products in one 
 case of the segregation of ferric oxide, in part from intcniK'diate sources, and in 
 the other of alteration in situ of jirotoxiilo basic rocks by peroxiilation of their most 
 unstable base, iiiunely, ferrous oxide. 
 
 A tliird group of iron ore deposits, having inueh in common with the second ilass, 
 already described I's occurring on West mine hill, are found within the first range of 
 foothills next below the suniniit of the Sierra Maestra, and distinct frinn its imme- 
 diate south Ihiiik. Within the de\elopinent <d' a niantluof epidotie trap occur bodies 
 ol' feri'ic oxidti nio>" or less magnetic from a<lmixture with magnetic oxide. ,Sneli 
 are the bodies of i.a Kolio tract of the .liirangua Inm ('miipaiiy, and of tracts not 
 belonging to tli's company, but the bulk id' such of thiur product as can be si'cn 
 falls as a rule bolow the standard of even the second-class ore of the East and West 
 mines. 
 
 The most favorable conditions for the devo'.oiunent of large bodies of highly con- 
 centrated speriil;ir oxide in the iron region of the .Sierr:: .Maestra are to be found 
 toward the edge id' the expand id' triip]iean rocks, where rcducd in thickness by 
 erosion, near their contact with tin' underlying syenite. 
 
 Mr. F. I'\ Clihsoliii, ill ii roport descriptive of tlie ore ili^posits, says: 
 
 At the north ojiening on the I'ldou mine of the .fiirangua group, a \'ortical face 2(H) 
 feet high has been made, oxjiosing a section across an iron band or vein, showing 
 some portion id' the inclosing country rock on both sides, this country rock being an 
 eruptive, ]irobably diorile, and showing no limestone. The structure here is very 
 distinct, and the cut shows a well-delineil, nearly vertical body of iron ore main- 
 taining ]tractically the same thickness from top to bottom, ^^'itll well-dcliiied posi- 
 ti\'e planes of demarcation between the ore and the country rock. 
 
 Notwitlistiiiiiliiig tlio coiiclusioibs readied by l'i'ot'e.><sor Kiiiihiill, HI) 
 
 
 eriil e.\|ieiMlitiiies wore 
 
 lusioibs 
 iimdo towiird developiiifi; propertie.s wliieli 
 
 exploitutioii.s iiidieiited to lie merely mantles of detrittil ore. 
 
 The ore i.s mined in liirjje open cuts, and transported by cars to docks, 
 I'roin wliicli it is loaded into vessels. The Jiiraugtia Iron ('ompiiiiy 
 delivei'8 its ore to the harbor of Santiago, while the Higiiti siiid 8paiiisL- 
 
 1 
 J 
 
 ] 
 
puonucTioN nv iron oukk 
 
 43 
 
 Aiiio-ican (•(iinpiuiics (•(•iitoiiiplato sliippiiifv t" <l<icks erected on Hie 
 eoiist. 
 
 I'l) to tlie present time only two eoinpiinies liave exjiorted iron ores, 
 viz, the JuraiiKua Iron C:<)iiii)any and tlie Hi^ua Iron rompaiiy. The 
 latter, whicli made its first sliipmeiit in I.S02, Is not now active and 
 may not assume importance as a ]»rodiicer. A tliird (corporation, the 
 Spanisii American Company, liad ere<'ted docks, built railroads, com 
 menecd exploitations, and was reported ready to make slnpmcnts when 
 the demand for ore ceased. 
 
 Tlie followinK are the amcmnts of iron orc^ importt^l into the United 
 States from the Cuban mines in the years mentioned, this being the 
 only country to which ore has lieeii sent : 
 
 Yearn. 
 
 Iroii-itre jirtiiliictiiiii in Culm. 
 
 KxpurlH lt> 
 
 tho Uiiiteil 
 
 StaU'ii. 
 
 1«»4. 
 18".. . 
 IKKIi . 
 IWi? . 
 IMH. 
 I8"9 . 
 
 muu. 
 
 f,nint tons. 
 •JI,71IH 
 81, lUO 
 11I.7IU 
 117.711 
 \m, U4(i 
 25a, 270 
 
 :iO'i. IHIH 
 
 KxpitiiH to 
 
 the I'lijlfd 
 
 States. 
 
 I /.(>n</ tnng. 
 
 itoi am,:i77 
 
 i«»-' ' ;i28.!ir)ii 
 
 1*13 ;io:i, a46 
 
 lota] to cloMH of 
 
 iiiu:! 1 J 111.;, ■■MO 
 
 If to this is added the sto, ,, of ore on hand ;is reported by the 
 .Inraiiftua Iron Oompany on DecfttilHT .!l, ],S!i:j. tooether with tlic 
 aiuoiint lost at sea and the di,screpaiK!y of 7 tons betwctn Hie railroad 
 andcustomliou.se weiyht.s, the total will pt.:,iically e(|iial the utile 
 liroduction, viz, 2,(M»;{,!>L't) tons. To the importati. is yiven ab,. the 
 e.xcess .stock of iron ore on liainl should be added to determine the pro- 
 duction, but as tlie stock Is practu'iilly a constant quantity (beiii}; from 
 (t,<K)» to C,."(()(» tons) the production in any year is appro.'vimMtdy repre 
 seiited by the exports. The above data have been siipph, ,i |,y the 
 .InraiiKiia Iron Oompany (Limited) and by the Sif,ma Iron ( iiipaiiy. 
 
 The following' analyses of 10 caif^oes of .liiraiiKua orn (alioiit .m.dOO 
 tons) received diirinn l.SH,S-!(,i were furnished by .Mr. (I. ('. IJiibbitt, 
 chemist of the Welliiian Iron and Steel Company: 
 
 Anulj/KiH iif lin niiyiii'x iif Jnniniiim {('nhii) iron nrr. 
 
 MoiHtiirn 
 
 Ilrlvil 111 i:i'J : 
 
 I fim 
 
 SiUfii 
 
 l*llOS)lllUI')II4 
 
 Siil)il)iir 
 
 MlUlfftltM'm'. 
 Aliiiiiiim , ■ , 
 l.liiii' 
 
 MllKIII-Hill . . 
 
 I 
 
 A\4M'Jllir. 
 
 IIIkIio.iI, 
 
 l.OVVPHt, 
 
 / Vr ernt. 
 
 /Vr crnt. 
 
 I'fr Cfnt. 
 
 l,3,-i 
 
 •J, 411 
 
 ,14 
 
 till, ,'itO 
 
 112. .Ill 
 
 .17, 73 
 
 !l, 7Kli 
 
 1:1,8.1 
 
 ri.lKI 
 
 . nan 
 
 , ii:i!i 
 
 ,01,1 
 
 .:i2ii 
 
 .6112 
 
 , i2r. 
 
 . 2,'-i,1 
 
 , .IKO 
 
 ,I!IU i 
 
 2, 21111 
 
 2,87 
 
 1,184 1 
 
 l.illU 
 
 1,88 
 
 1,37 1 
 
 ■"•-'" 
 
 1, 28 
 
 Trilor, i 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
44 
 
 MINr.RA , RESOURCES. 
 
 i'rofessor Kitiibiill states that the ore "oc<uirs in all forms of red 
 hematite, inclmliii},' micaceous, ainorphons, granular, and subcrystal 
 line vaieties. The variety last named is commonly studded with 
 minute crystiil.s of magnetite and martite. Variations in the color ol 
 drillings, from red to black, imjdy une(iual distribution of altered hem 
 atite, of tlie water of hydration, and of manganic oxide." 
 
 Professor Ivimball gave as the proximate chemi(!al constitulion of the 
 .Iiirangini ore district the following: 
 
 AniibjstK (if .liirami\ia(Ciihn) iron nrrf. 
 
 Moiatiiro 
 
 Silicii 
 
 Iron 
 
 l*]Kti4)ilinrim . 
 Siilphiir 
 
 
 C«i 
 
 ri'iit 
 o U 
 
 81 
 
 II 
 
 24 
 
 fl 
 
 IHI 
 
 11 10. fid 
 
 in 
 
 01) 
 
 (llW 
 
 5 
 
 
 (III!) til 
 
 Olllj 
 
 
 lUfi 
 
 II 
 
 ■J4« 
 
 Most of the Juraugua iron ores are received at the jiorts of Philadel- 
 phia and Jialtimore, as the mines are controlled by the Uethlehem Iron 
 Company and the Pennsylvania Steel Cinnpany, whose blast furnaces 
 are conveniently reaclied from tlieso ports. 
 
 The Sigua ore which was sliipped also came to Philadeli)hia, and was 
 distril)ntcd to a number of blast furnaces in eastern Pennsylvania. 
 Owing to imperfect sorting, the initial exportations of the Sigua ores 
 were not up to the exiiectation warranted by tlie analyses of samides 
 collected i)revious to exploiting the property. 
 
 iMi^ssrs. Hattle vt Nye have described the Sigua iron-ore mines as 
 follows: 
 
 TliB Si({iia mini's ;ir« sitnatoil in tlii> oxtrcnni iiiiHtcrly ciiil iif till' ('nliiiii liDSneiner 
 iroii-iiri! niiif,'!'. which lii's niHl »( Siintiiinn iln Cnha anil iixtciiilH in ienfjth iilioiit -'2 
 miles, im tar aH lixainiiiiil. 'I'lio oro m .iiis ini tlie llaiikH of tlio fnnthills of the 
 Sii'ira Maestiii Momitftin ranui', •inil iilmui I iiiiles liai-lc from tlie Ciirililiean Sen in ii 
 ilireet line. There are three lar^c Hiirl.iiK iiiite.iopM where eiiwion has exposed the 
 ore, whieli in eharaeter is n reil speiiilar .mil is loiiiposeil of liiiwlileis Inapeil njion 
 OIK) another in vast i|nantitie», varying in wii^lit I'roin a few ponnils lo in.iny tons, 
 anil in several plaies iiiileroiis of soliil ore in leilgi'S oiinr, which we take to he ore 
 in place. The ore oiitrroiis average in wiiUli alioiit HOI feet, the surface hctween 
 them heing composeil of ore-heiiriiiK gronnil with ilikes of rock. These ilikes v.ary 
 from ,")() to KM) fiet in wiilth, ami we take them to ho merely separations lietwcen 
 the lenses of ore which lie below the surface, anil ilo not cut the ore. We sank ten 
 small test iiits at raiulom, anil all of the pits yielileil I ton of ore to I tun of ilirl. 
 
 \Ve I le lirst a sample ri'iiresentinK an average of all ore exposcil on the surface, 
 
 anil consiiler that the ore can he inineil with but little sorting eijiial in i|iiality 
 as shown in analysis 1. The Siimple was taken hy stretching a tapeline across 
 anil over the outcrops, aid a small ])iece liroken oil' ut ever\ loot mark. The seconil 
 
 aaiiipliiij; we emleavureil to have represent the i|nality to wlm h or nlil he eomiiier- 
 
 eially snrteil (marked No. 2),uuil was taken hy knockiiin oM H(HJ small pieces. 
 
PRODUCTION OF IKON ORES. 
 Analijam of iron me from lite Sigiin mine, tuba. 
 
 45 
 
 Trim 
 
 Silica 
 
 riioH|ili(iruH 
 
 Siilphnr 
 
 Alnniiim — 
 
 Lime 
 
 MoKiifHiii. .. 
 Mungaut'BC . 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 /Vr cntt. 
 
 /Vr rent. 
 
 58. 10 
 
 64.1!0 
 
 15. M 
 
 .'i. lU 
 
 .034 
 
 .023 
 
 .046 
 
 .042 
 
 .22 
 
 .88 
 
 .50 
 
 .74 
 
 .71 
 
 .01 
 
 .,84 
 
 .28 
 
 Mr. E. V. (I'liivillifirs gives the average anal.v.si8 of lour general 
 samples of Sigiia ore a,s follow.s: 
 
 Areragi! iiimpoxition of Sitjnn ( ' iihii i irmi ore.. 
 
 Metallic iron .'»8. 40 
 
 PhoHphurtiH 021 
 
 Silica i:i.:iBo 
 
 With a revival in demand, it is expected that the exportation of Cu- 
 ban ore will increase, the output being conveyed to tliu I'liited StatevS. 
 Hence it has been considered advisable to present data concerning the 
 deposits more in detail than is given to those of other countries. 
 
 MEXICO. 
 
 In Mexico iron is produced in small blast furnaces and ( 'atalan forges, 
 some of the product being made in rolling mills, and at a number of 
 the fiirnsices iron is run directly into ciistiugs. The Catalan forges are 
 small and located in remote mountain ranges, the material being car- 
 ried to them and the product from them on the backs of burros or 
 peons, and of the fifteen blast furnaces in the Itepiiblic not over ten 
 can be considered as at present in condition to operate. With but one 
 exception none have direct railway connections, but in several instances 
 it is practicable to secure this by branches of a few mih^s added to lines 
 already constructed. Owing to the iron ore occurring in the mountain 
 ranges, and to the absence of wood except in these mountains, most of 
 the existing plants now haul their product by mule team for long dis- 
 tances over difficult roads before rea(rhing railway cmnmuiiication. 
 
 But little domestic pig iron is produced for sale, most of it being 
 made into castings or rolled into ordinary merchant sizes of bar iron at 
 or near the blast furnaces; but large amounts of iron (either as pig or 
 in the manufactured state) and of steel pay duty upon entering Jloxico, 
 while all of the railroads have concession .s, extending over a greater or 
 less number of years, admitting free of duty manufactures of iron and 
 steel required for their construction, maintenance, and operation. These 
 concessions embrace not only the rails, spikes, plates, bridges, etc., used 
 
46 
 
 MINKKAI, HKSOIIROKS. 
 
 in construct ion. Iiiit al.so llio lovoniotives miiiI rurs i'p,f|niriMl tor tlie 
 e(|ui[)inent of tlie roiid, us well as tlii^ iniitcrial. citiu'r in cniiln or iiiiiii- 
 iif'acturod form, eiii|)loy*'il in tliu repair or <;onstru(!tiou siioiis. Sonic of 
 the coiicessions lia\'e bnt a sliort time to run, but unless tlie domestic 
 nianufaeture of iron is a<lvauced in (|naiitity and decreased in cost it is 
 doid)tfiil whether tliey will cease at the present limit. 
 
 The I>e|iul)lic of Mexico demands Just sucii manufactures of iron and 
 steel as are re(|uircd elsewhere, but for the present the possibilities of 
 producing' .steel rails and other jiroducts whicih can be made econom- 
 ically only at works of huge capa<'ity, requiring heavy cai)italization, 
 need not be considered. Tlu^ present requirements of the Itepublic are 
 inor(i in the line of ordinary castings for uiiichirn-ry, for buildings, and 
 for domestic use — chilled plows, chilled car wheels, agricultural imple- 
 ments, water jiipes, etc. — wldh' wr(Miglit-irou nails, siiikos, merchant bar, 
 car pins and links, shapes and angle irons, hoop irons, ami possibly plate 
 <«• sheet iron would be in immediate demand. 
 
 At present the duties collected may be illustrated by that (ui pig iron, 
 1 ccntavo per kilogianime, and that on castings of bar iron, ."> centavos 
 per kilogramme, cipiivaleni, rcsjMM'tively, to $10 and $.">(> j)er metrics ton. 
 
 Mexi(M) has abundant deposits of iron ores, the most renowned IxMug 
 the ("erro de ^lercado. or Iron Mountain, near Durango. Just beyond 
 the limits of the <'ity, and less than -' miles from its center, the Cerro 
 de Mercad. rises from tin* great i)lateau, a hill nearly a mile long, a 
 third of a mi ^ wide, and from 4(M» to (iOt) feet in height. The surfac(^ of 
 the mountain i vposing (ue, so as to bo dassiticd as good mining lands, 
 aggregates over '0,(M)(l,0(H» sipnire feet; but there are indications that 
 the deposit is no : all above ground, but extends beneath the i»lain 
 from which its to i pi()iect.s. 
 
 Tli(^ Cerro de J .orcado is ajiparently formed of one or more ininieiiBe 
 veins or lensi's of specular and martite iron ore, standing nearly verti- 
 cal, the fragnients of which have, by the action of the chMiients for ages, 
 been thrown down from the slopes of the mountain as a talus. 
 
 An analysis of the average of samples ]iersonally collected by the 
 writer from about 7,(MM).000 sijuare feet of the 8urfa<'e of the hill showed 
 the following composition : 
 
 AiiiilyHiti of iron ore from the Cerru de MervadOf Mexico, 
 
 i I'rr cent. 
 
 Metiillir iron i 61!. 775 | 
 
 I'hospliiM-iiH ' . 'J88 
 
 Silirt-itiiH iiiittt^^r, iiD-liiitiiiK a lilllo I 
 
 t i laiiiii ai'iil ' r.. 2J0 
 
 IMiimphurim in UHJ imrlrt uf iron : .458 
 
 Enormous iiuantities of ore yielding in the blast furnace over 60 
 per cent of iron, with phos])horus ranging from 0.0.5 to I per cent, can 
 be obtained. The record of the last blast of the charcoal furnace close 
 to the ( 'erro de Mercado showed that the iron ore obtained yielded over 
 C(i per cent in the furnace. 
 
PRODUCTION OK IRf)N Old 
 
 47 
 
 Mr. T. F. Witlicrln^c lias (riven 18 iinaiysi's of this ore. wliicli sliowed 
 from (ia. 10 to (i8.t(» per ceut of iron; pliospliorns, (».01.'!» to 1.03; silica, 
 »:S2 to (!.97. 
 
 The deposit of iron ore at I)urau},'o is truly nMuarkabic, iiM(l,.iii(ln('d 
 by reliable data published, no other deposit has yet been d('linit«!ly 
 described and critically exaniined which excels the (Jerro dc .Alercado 
 at Durango in the api)arent quantity of rich ore existing in an indi- 
 vidual deposit. 
 
 The coMii)iler of these reports, speakinjj; from |)ersonal inspection of 
 nuuiy largo deposits, and after examining numerous reports and state- 
 ments concerning " mountains of iron ore,'' is frcje t() assert that he 
 knows of no defiosit of iron ore where so great a quantity is visible as 
 at the Cci ro de Mercado. A period of eleven years intei'vened betwiM'u 
 bis two vi.sits to this unique deposit, viz, 188:-' to 18i»;{, sullicient time to 
 eliminate any false inqtressions of magnitude which his early insjiec- 
 tion, when he spent ten days on the mountain and in its vicinity, might 
 bave produced. When revisited in 189,3 ore was being dug on the plain 
 outside of the mountain boundaries for shiimient as llux in silver 
 smelters. This may be part of a great nnintle of dotrital ore, and its 
 eonnuiuuted state would indicate this; or it nniy be merely the weath- 
 ered surface of a more conqiact body of ore. In a deimsit of sudi 
 magnitude it is not 8uri)rising to find considerable variation in the coin- 
 liosition of the ore. As a mass the ore of Oerro de Mercado is not of 
 Bessemer grade, but in some portions ore well within the limit for idios- 
 phorus is obtained, although they may not be sutliciently regular for 
 dependence; in others il;e ore abounds in apatite (-rystals, which, how- 
 ever, readily separate from the niMss, and as there are all intermediate 
 compositions, a supply of ore suitable for moat purposes can be selected. 
 
 In the State of (Joahuila iron ores of apparently satisfactm-y char- 
 act«r exist in suflicieut rpuintity for development within less than 100 
 miles of the present exploited coal (ields and active coke ovens. It 
 is probable that the extent of the coal field and also that of the iron 
 deposits, when definitely determined, may bring these two raw mate- 
 rials still closer together. The coke now made Iroin the coal obtained 
 in this district is not a siqierior metallurgical fuel, but it is possible 
 that it may be improved in (piality at some additional cost of maiiu- 
 faeture. 
 
 The i)rospcctus of a mining company in the district of (Joalconuui, 
 State of Michoacan, presents in favorable terms the [>ossibilities of 
 manufacturing iron on t he Pacitic (3oast from iron ores churning to exist 
 ill great quantity, and of a comiiosition which is certainly very satis- 
 factory, using charcoal as a fuel. 
 
 Some of the known deposits of iron ores now unwrought are as fol- 
 lows: In the State of Puebla, district of Matamoras, and at Acatlan, in 
 the form of magnetite and hematite, and brown hematite at Zacatlan. 
 In the State of Morelos, near Xoiiactepec, there are several varieties 
 
48 
 
 MINERAL EES0UKCE8. 
 
 of »|)piH'eiitly jff'xl ore. An excellent .speculiir ore iiiid some lirown 
 luMnatite ine also found near Tepuxtopec and sonie magnetite near 
 Bueua Vista, both in tlio State of Guerrero. Ited lieiuatito and mag- 
 netite ami brown lienuitite are all found in the State of Ziu;at«i'as, and 
 excellent ores are claimed to abound in the States of Oaxaca, .lalisco, 
 Hidalgo, and in fact in almost all of the States of Mexico. These 
 deiwsits are either remote from railroad connection, or, if more (!ou- 
 veuient, a supply of fuel can not be readily obtained, or tiiey are in 
 some of the dei>re8sed valleys, where the climatic conditions interfere 
 with cheap labor. 
 
 Iron ores are at present mined to sujiply iron works at Duraiipt, in 
 the State of Dnrango; at Zacualtipan, Kncarnacion, an<l Apulco, in 
 the State of llidal};o; near Toluca. in the Stat« of Mexico; at Tula, 
 in the State of .lalisco; at the Comanja works (now idle) near Leon, in 
 the State of (iiianajuato; near Tulancingo, in the State of Hidalffo, 
 and nejir Jojutla, in the State of Morelos. Most of the ores which are 
 or have l)een smelted are of the brown hematite variety; those at 
 Kncarniu;ion are magnetites, and those at Durango red hematite. With 
 the ex('e|)tion of an experimental campaign at Durango, when a mix- 
 ture of charcoal and coke was employed, charcoal has been the only 
 fuel utilized for smelting the ores. 
 
 The (leitosit at Encarnacion is of unusual extent, and large masses 
 of tiie ore are " lode stone," giving rise to the tradition that the deposit 
 originated from the fall of an '•nmense meteorite. The same theory 
 was in Humboldt's timeasserte*. is .iccounting for the enormous deposit 
 at 1 >nrango, and was jtossibly suggested by the large masses of meteoric 
 iron found in several of the Mexican States. 
 
 A <!areful estimate shows that 1(),3(H) tons of pig ir(»n were ]»roduced 
 and 20,500 tons of iron ore mined in Mexico in the year 1803. 
 
 HONDURAS AND Ul'ATEMALA. 
 
 Mr. It. Padieco slates that no iron ore has ever been mined in these 
 countries, Itut a large dei)o8it of magnetite is reported in Hondura.s, 
 near the east coast, which formed one of the speculative features of the 
 Honduras Intcroccauic Kailroad concessiou. 
 
 HAITI. 
 
 At the Colunibiiin Exposition sam))lcs of magnetic iron ore from the 
 northern and soutliwestern portions of Haiti were exhibited; also 
 (chromic iron ore from the island of ViUilies, oft' the southern coast. 
 Iron ore is also reported to <!xist near Port an Prince. 
 
 The Haitian commissioners reported that no iron of any kind is pro- 
 duced, nor is the ore used commercially. 
 
PRODUCTION OF IKON ORES. 
 
 49 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 OOLOMHIA. 
 
 Iron ores are foiiml in viiriouH Hections of tliis nonntry, iih in Cnni- 
 (linmrcii, Anfioiinia, iin<l in the region of tlie Ocmxle 81111 Ciistobal, 
 but it is reported tliat none is iiiined except to supply (lie. I'ladeiiis 
 Iron Woiks, situated on the plain about 10 miles eastol Hofjota, wliieli, 
 it is stated, produced 70 t<)ns of pijif iron per day for eouversion into 
 all kinds of hardware. Prol)al>ly some :Ht,(mt tons of iron ore are pro- 
 duced per anuum. There is also an irou wtuks at J'aclio, about I.") 
 mile.s northwest of l{o<;ota, whieh was founded about lifly years ajjo, 
 but owing to the superior faeilities of the I'raderas Iron Work.s, whieh 
 has been in operation only about twelve years, the former has been 
 closed. 
 
 Col. Thomas B. Nichols f.ives the following interesting description of 
 the works at Samaea, in tlie State f Boyaca, wliicli are no longer in 
 operation, but which will serve as an illustration of several other similar 
 attempts made without proper investigation to develop industries in 
 sections of various countries which, by superficial examination, seemed 
 to offer encouragement to investttrs: 
 
 Tlin-ty-livi! .voiiih iiko a lilast ^llrllil(•<^, u ii;voibrriilniy InniiKir, anil a |iiiil(lliii;; fur- 
 nace woie Imill iii5ai- what; wuro ln^lioveil tn lie riiM depcisitH iiC iron and coal. That 
 jirojcct, iliil not snccec^d ml producing iron in natisfactory or jiayinj; i|Mantily or 
 iiuality, and al"t<^r sptjiidinj,' almost $50,000, tlio projectors gave np, anil the property 
 and enterprino passinK into other hands, a eompauy was then formed for the pnrpo.4 
 of carrying it on. 
 
 In 1H7« a contract wan niiulu with two citizeiiH of New Jersey to ffi to .Saniaca 
 and tlieroorei^t a rolling mill with a capacity of 2.000 tons of linishcd iron a year, 
 
 inclndiuK rails of from 15 lo HO pi ils to the yard, Mats varyiiif; in width froiii 2 to 
 
 8 inches and from one-tenth tolt inches in thickness; anf,'iilar and T liars; roiiinl, flat, 
 andsfiuarohars; iron foreitlier ri)j;iilor snspension hriilKcs; for roofsaiiil liuildinKs; 
 channel iron; malleahle-iron lieaiiis, lolnmns, and armatures; plates and other iron 
 necessary for railroads, and iron for agricultural iiiiplcmonts. 
 
 These men had understood that the lilaat furnace and accessories which were at 
 Samaca would ho capable of producing the crude iron that they would need to run 
 the rolling mill. Hut lliey found that an entirely new plant must lie constructed. 
 A niiw contract, therefore, was made to liiiild a hlast furnace with a capacity of 
 10 tons ihiily, a hot-air furnace, ovens for roasting ore, and a cupola 25 (cot high. 
 
 In October, IK7!>, withont having ace plished anything in the way of paying results, 
 
 the men abanddiied the works and returned to the I'nileil .>*tates, and in 1S80 the 
 State liocame sole owner of the enterprise, appointed an agent to look after the 
 accounts and manage, with the director, the funds, etc., pertaining thereto, and to 
 assist him in the completion ami operation of the works. 
 
 At this time there were upward of 200 men employed at .Samaca. (If these H were 
 Americans, and the wages paid them were as follows: Director, lfK,(K)0 a year; 2 
 ma.sons, *7 a day each ; 1 molder, $5 a day; 1 blacksmith,*.!; 1 carpenter, *1; and 2 
 machinists, $S.."iO and $2.50, respectively. Of natives there were 2 overseers at $2 a 
 day each; 2 carpenters, $2.20 each, and 2 at $1 each; 20 masons and hod carriers at 
 an average of $1.20 a day each, anil 107 peons at from 15 to 30 cents a day each. 
 8024 4 
 
60 
 
 MINKRAL KESOURCKS. 
 
 Thort^ \vHi'(^ 1' ore iiiiiiPH, tlit' poorer Ihhii^ nearest tliH workn, mid wliiit ore IiimI tn^nn 
 iiHfld \\»H takpii from it in onli-r to avoid K<>i*>K <)^<'r tlit^ luid roadN in tlie ^'i(>inity, 
 whicli wiinid ]\:i\r liiid to Imilontt in order to p't I lie lietter ore. Tliern wimndepiwit 
 of eoiil neiir the ore niineH, lint It \vii8 of a poor quality, and it »»h iieecHNiiry to ^n 
 :i inijeH to ifit piiiil coal. 'I'lie laek of trannpiirlallon faiilltieH In one of tlio KieateBt 
 ilitlteiiltie.s to lie met witli in nnih an enterpriiM' im the iron workN of Sainiiia. In 
 IrniiHportinK heavy nnichinory in that eimntry it iit taken apait at iiiikIi iih posiiilile, 
 and the )iarts are <'arricd in rartH where thero are eart ro«il», or, failing thene, it is 
 trannported on thn liaekH of men or ninh'H. 
 
 It in more than twelvoyearH Hinee I made my report on the w<ii-kH, and at that tiint^ 
 
 they had I'OHt 4<l05,ril!l.!).'i, and thiH did not inilnde almost 4'!'.IHIII that had 1 n 
 
 exjiendtMl on tlio workmen. The workH were not nearly eom])lete or ready t.. ■ •'"»'ate 
 at that time, and I have lieen inforini'il the (iovernment liaH never made any ime of 
 the hnildinKH and they are lieiiiK allowed to an to mill. 
 
 I f.;ivnthe relativtt vttHt at the inaniifaetorieN and at Samaca of Home of the maeliin- 
 er.v pnrehaHed and taken there: A mirrow-){an^e loroinottve coHt in PittNhnr^, l*H., 
 $^(,.')T.~>, and mounted in Saniaea $t l,4Tt).'ill. The iron partH for four eara iimt at the 
 maniifaetory .Witl.lH; eo»t, delivered near .'^amaea, $l,(ilO. The iiist of a IT.VIioiHe- 
 power tiirliine wheel at mannfaetory, ifTOH; earried to the eiiil of the eart road, ItX) 
 niileH.from Saniaea, if;},?*)*'. Ki(;lit hnndreil I'eet of wire rope, I ineh in diameter, 
 orif^inal eont, $!Hi; delivered in .Saniaea, eost .f^tL'O. .\ report made in IXHO ^ave the 
 eoHt fif extraetin^ .'lOO toiiH of ore a.s $l,(liN); eoNt. of prodnetion of L'tK) toUH of coki!, 
 $500; and the piircliage price of 250 touit of liuieHtone, $625. 
 
 I'EKU. 
 
 Iron ore is iibiiiulant in I'uni, the IiIkIi Cnrdillorii.s l)i>iii{; cut by 
 roagiietic iron-ons Vfiiis, wliicli ({eiicnilly cnKSH tlic ridgcH of iiioiiiitaiii.s 
 at ri{;ht iiiigli^s to tlit>ir ii.vus. Tlicse inagiietic veins iiio mostly in the 
 (lioritfR and porpliyrics, wliicli liavo heeii uplifted in the (Jrotaecons 
 liniostones, forniiii};) in I'ern jtt least, the toji of the Andes. Tliese 
 volcanic distiii'liiinces seem to Inive been veiy aetive in tlie hitter part 
 of the Cretaceous ajje. In ])laecB their iietion is slntwn only in sonic 
 few hundred meters of };r<>'m<l) while in others whole letigiies of terri- 
 tory have been thrown ii|) tind distortt'd, and long ridges of highly 
 crystalline dioril(^ hills have been formed. The si/.e of the veins of 
 iniignetite corresponds generally with the area of volcanic action. In 
 places where this action has been hx^al the width of the veins varies 
 fnmi 4 inches to 2 feet, while in the regions where the volcanic acition 
 has been more extensive veins tire reported over ."tO feet wide iitnl 
 many miles in length. The ore of these veins is generally well crystal- 
 lized. Some of the ores assay as high as t •' marcs"' of silver to the 
 " ('nion'' of (!0 quintals ((!,(K)0 pounds). To .judge from their iissociation, 
 the ores are likely to be siilpharous an<l phosphoric, but there is no 
 doubt of their high percentage of iron, Probably they have bt'Oii 
 formcil in the crevices left by the |)ori)hyries and diorites. The rocks 
 and veins cooling slowly together gave rise to the highly crystal- 
 line inagnctic veins, which cut up the Aiules in many pla^'es. Some 
 of these veins occur associated with serpentine, some contain titanium, 
 and others gold and silver. Some magnetite veins on the Pacific Coast 
 are found in eruptive or metamorphic rocks of very old formation. 
 
U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 SIXTEENTH ANNUAL R E PORT. PART III PL. Vt 
 
 l.ilii Alf<icii8-('ii Hiilliiiinrr 
 
 MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA SHOWING THE OCCURRENCE OF IRON ORES. 
 
 200 400 600 
 
 SCALE. 
 
 PRaVl,\'C!AL. LIBRARY 
 VICTORIA, B.C. 
 
PRODIICIION OK IKON ORES. 
 
 61 
 
 LimnniteH hIho itlnMiml in tlie liigli altitiiilcH <>(' tin; Aiidfs, having 
 bet'ii foinit'd by tlic (IccnmiWMitioii of iron pyriltis. Soint^ of (lu-sc 
 linionitcM nro lii^li in iron, l>iit its tkoy all ciintiiiii Hilvt'r tlicy tiiii be 
 rt'Kiinled |)riiicii»ally tiH silviT orcB, wliicih tire known in tlio conntiy by 
 the nanu! of "paeon." 
 
 in thedcjiartniontHof iVncaehsand.lnnin, aboiif 6()let;nas(a Pcrnviaii 
 |p(;na is iM|nal to 3.4 niiles, in round nuinlter.s) from th« I'acitii; Coast 
 and 4,IHM) feet abovo thii sea level, there are important veins of hematite 
 ore. The veins of .Iiinin are espeeially noteworthy, for this is Mie only 
 place where iron ore is rcportt^l as beiiiR smelt^'d in Pern. The "C'hun- 
 clioH," or nativeH of the great Annv/.on Valley, come to this locality to 
 provide themselves with salt from the great salt inonntain (Montana de 
 la Hal), which furnishes the greater part of the Ania/on Valley with 
 this condiment. While obtaining salt the "Ohiinehos" also produce 
 some iron, using crude Catalan forges made of adobe and blown by 
 wooden bellows. The furnaces are about LM feet scpiare and .5 feet high. 
 The(H'c is generally fed by itsi^lf, but sonietinu-s lead and salt are added, 
 very fusible silicates of lead, soila, and iron being formed. The fuel 
 used is charcoal. 
 
 In Peru the savages are the only iron j)roducers; their more eivili/<)d 
 (Munpatriots are satisfied with buying iron from abroad, whc^ther ic be 
 in the form of horseshoes or raiLs, ])aying in silver at the rate iriiposed 
 for these articles. According to the icports of engineers engaged in 
 eonstructing the. Kerro (,'arril Central del Peru, many Peruvians were 
 satisfied to obtain foreign iron witlnait a silver ecpiivalent, and serious 
 inconvenienee was occasioned by the removal of rail spikes, nuts, car 
 links, pins, etc., and, in fact, of any other form of irou which could be 
 rewlily carried away. 
 
 There is really no coal or iron industry in Pern. The severe topo- 
 gra|)liieal featurcsof the country, the absenceof roads and also of wood 
 on the Pacific Slope, (he ignorance of the people as to iron producti(m, 
 and the repealed civil struggles which have beset the country have 
 retarded its development and prevented the exploitation of the coal and 
 iron deiwsits that are known to exist. It is claimed that the heart of 
 Peru, that is, the top of the Andes, is practically a coal bearing region, 
 yet the largest and most successful silver smelters located on the railway 
 receive most of thet'oke from England and roast tlieores with " tacpiia," 
 the excrement of llamas. Charcoal or wood is principally used for loco 
 motives and stationary boilers. An int«'resting deposit near Tumba is 
 claimed to consist of carbonized wood, found below the surface of a 
 region devoiil of any signs of vegetation. 
 
 Senor Vicente Pazos y Sacio, of Pachuca, Mexico, furnished much 
 of the above datain regard to Peru, which hasbcen supplemented by a 
 revision by Mr. .lames R. Maxwell, ('. K., who was engaged for eight 
 years in constructing railroads in Peru. 
 
52 
 
 MINEKAL KESOUKCES. 
 
 OIIILE. 
 
 Mr. ('. N'utti' V iiiiuli! ii ri'iHirt to tliu. Chilean (iovormiieiit on the iron 
 ores of liiat cduiitiy. wliicli lie states may be neolo^iically divided into 
 three main sections. Near I lie coast are tlie granites, diorites, syenites, 
 and similar rocks, together with mica sdiists and clay-slates. At the 
 back of these rocks, farther inland, occur .Iniassic, Triassic, and meta- 
 nioriilii<' rocks. Finally, there are the rocks of the (Jordilleras. 
 
 The j;ranitic, rocks of the coast rejiiou contain the more important of 
 the iron-oie dci)osits. The veins are lar;;'er and more constant, ami 
 the ore richer and purer than those met with in the other districts. 
 Anion}; the known deposits of iron ore are those of Mejillones, Antofa- 
 yasta, Taltal. (Jlianaral. Caldera, lluasco, and esi>ecially (hose of Toto- 
 ratillo an<l (^(xpiimbo, and near tiie harbor of Loa Vih)s, as well as one 
 recently dioC!)vered in the south, near Lebu. 
 
 The S(!cond region, whicli includes the Jura.ssic dejiosits, lie.s east of 
 tlie region just described, rises to a eeitain height on the (.'ordilleras, 
 and in the Tn)rth apin-oaches the coast somewhat (dosely. Beds of iron 
 and manganese occur near the Sierra (ioida, Juneal, and Terra Ama- 
 lilla, and largo veins are found at Tros I'untas, Atacama. 
 
 The third district, still farther to the west, rises liigh up tiie Cordil- 
 leras. In this region s))athic ore o<-curs at t'hi/.bla, well u|) in the 
 mountains, and farther down at Challacollo both iron and manganese 
 )re are nuit with, while titaniterous iron sand is found in the Atacama 
 lesert, near <'alama and at other ])laces. In the (Iepartmt>nt8 Illapel 
 and ('<(iid)aibala, iron ami manganese nunes exist at Hatuco, Lampa, 
 Maipo, and San h'elipe. The ores of iron discovered are ehielly oxides, 
 arc generally low in sulj)hur and ])hos]>horus, l)ut spathic ore is occa- 
 sionally found. 
 
 No iion is i. ..liifaetured, and the only iron ore niiiu'd is used as a 
 llux in silver smelting. 
 
 VKNKZrK.LA. 
 
 Mr. S, Norton, who nnide two Journeys to N'ene/.uela, states that an 
 irononi dejiosit on the Orinoco Kiver at Inuitaea, Venezuela, is ol 
 great extent, and adds: 
 
 Tliere iiro iiiillioim nl' Icms of iiiin ciii! <it' lii^li k'''"'" ('"'t ''>>> '"' iiiiiii'il and 
 NJiippfMl nt. .'i low cost. 'I'Ik' nro wa.s Iti'Ht Inniul al tin- omhI, cihI ot'a - , nr ol' tlic Iinu- 
 tai'ii MninitaiiiH, alinut 51 inilrs froiri Min tnoiilli oT the Oiinoi-o Kiver. It wa.s iniiirft 
 near ait i^)aMll raited ('oriNiiiio, Inrniod 1>,v a siiia'! ai'irt ol' the ( >i-iiio('i) Iv'iver paMHiii;; 
 aroaiid it. Liir^f' veHHelH are ablt^ to coine witliin .^(1 feet td' tlie Hhnre, and at Koine 
 plai'esHlill nearer. The ore is traeed to within l.lilK) feet of the river ami 2IM) feel 
 above it. llowlderH of iron ore wei;r)iin^ fioni 100 pound.s to 101) toiiH eo.er an area 
 on the topH of the liillH ;i.0<N) feet lon^' and 100 feet wide, there lieiii); in Hi^'ht from 
 1B0,IK»I lo i;ilO,0(IO toiiF. ,>f i^rHKenn'r ore. 'I'lie true vein Iiuh an averat;e thiekneNHof 
 12 feet, Jinil Haniples ■ aken at wiilelv Neparated ipointn show an iinehaiiKin); clianic- 
 ter. Howlders id' iro.i oi'e ai'o also found at pointN It, XJ, and i>5 miles tu the west- 
 ward. A lui'Ke outerop is also tu bo seen ou CuriHinio Island. 
 
PKODUCTION OK IRON OKKH. 
 
 53 
 
 Mr. Norton contiiiups; 
 
 Tlie iiliove in a lirirf di'si'ii|)tioii of wliat Ih I'laimi'd U< lie tlii^ Hiiinll fiiil nf tlin 
 ruiig<>. i;x])li)iatic)iiM riiniiMl dii t ) tlio west sliow tliiit a« tlic' liriylit il' tlio liilln 
 increaHiw tlio sizi' iif mr liodicM ini'icaso also, until at |ilar<'s tlir ()iitiiii|P is Irimi KHI 
 to ;t(IO li'ct wide, and as <}X|iliiint.i>ns now oxtrnd nvrr alxpiit (i inilcH. (!a(di suc- 
 ceiiding ti'St troiicli tn tln^ westward Nlinwing more and iiior" ore, anil a« we know 
 tliat tlie ore. is to lie I'linnd at a point il'i miles lieynnd, we have, I think, good reasons 
 to helieve th.it there arc at least :i'i miles cd" an ore range. <Jn thi north sloiie <d' the 
 hills, as far as I have lieen, there are thonsands of tons of ore v hieh have heen 
 worked down from the disinlegrate.il vein nnittir, ho that if I shonn'. do as iininy 
 others in deserihing the range 1 would say that the onteroii was from .'ilH) to 1,(1(10 
 feet wide. This ore lonlil he easily ami cheaply won. The navigation of the Ori- 
 noeo is not diHieiilt (the lowest watir we fonnd was L'2 feet) and 1 never saw a place 
 where a beginning conhl ho made at so low a cost ; in lact the location is an ideal 
 one. The Orinoco Kiver is navigahle for 1,2(H) miles, and this whole region is open 
 for American trade and shonld give return cargoes to the vcsHels engaged in the 
 transportation of the iron ore. 
 
 A siimijle of Iiiiatacii ore, niial.vzeil l>y Mr. (Jlemcns Jones, sliowcil as 
 fol)ow8: 
 
 Auahf^h of iron oreffoui IiiuiUifO, I'chc*wc/«. 
 
 ! Per cent. : 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Mi.lnlHc irrni ' (W 7((0 i lAmtl 
 
 3. 2»7 
 .(1U7 
 .011 
 
 
 
 
 BBAi^IL. 
 
 Tlio iron-ore i)ro(lii('tion of IJrazil is at present limited to the demands 
 of two snnili blast furnaces, one in tlie State of Sao I'anlo, and one in 
 Minas (ieraes, and of ii eonsiderable number of direct process forf-es in 
 tlie latt^'r State. No iron ore is oxjiorteil. The (tovernment bhist fur- 
 nace, established in 1«1H at Hao Joao do l])aneina, in the State of Sfio 
 Paulo, was remodeled in l.S<>r> foi a dail.v oiiti)ut of 3 tons of pif,' iron, 
 and presumably the annual in'odiiction since that time has been on that 
 biisis <>r somewhat aiifjinented. The furnace at 10-i)eran(,'ii, near Itabira 
 do* impo, in the State of Miims (ieraes, belonsiiiK U> the (!ompanhia 
 Foists e Kstaleiros and hai'iuf; a capacity of ."i lU' (I tons a ilay, has 
 l)een in blast .since the early \mt of l.S!i:i. The number of direct pro 
 cess forces, situated mainly in tlu^ region Ix^tween ()((ro I'reto and 
 Diamantina in the State of iMinas (ieraes, was estimated in l.SS.i as 7.">, 
 with :■.•! annual inodiu'tion of at I'list 1,(>()I» tims. Some of these tbrges 
 have been enlarjfed, and the am aal prodiu'tioii Is probably considerably 
 im^reased, but no reliable data is at hand for estimating it, though 2,500 
 tons would probably be a maximiiiii ligure. The total iron-ore output 
 therefore is presumably in the neighborhood of 1-',(MI() tons \)fv annum. 
 
 The Ipanema iron is consumed mainly by the (lovernment railways 
 and ar.senals, but a portion of boih cast iind wrou}ilit metal is worked 
 up at the e.stablishment for local ajfricultural and industrial needs. 
 
54 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 Tlie Hsperaii^a iron is largely coiisunipd l»y the mining oiiterprlses of 
 the neighborhdoil, and enters the general local trade, or is shipped to 
 the Kio lie Janeiro foundries. The imxlnet ot the direct process forges 
 is converted into horseslntes, nails, etc., or is used for the simple agri- 
 cultural implements retpiired in the innnediate vicinity, and t^^ a limited 
 extent snp|ilied to mining enterpi'ises for stamp heads and other uses. 
 
 The extent and importance of the iron ore deposits of Hra/.il are great, 
 hut up to the present time lack of fuel and of trans|Mirtation facilities 
 has retarded the developun-nt of the iron iinlnstry. The ]>rincipal and 
 most accessible region is in the iStatt^ of Minas (ieraes, extending also 
 into liahla. A prominent geological feature of the Serra <le Es)>inha(;o 
 Mountain range, that tornis the divide between the River Sao Francisco 
 and the coast rivers, is " itabirite," a rock composed of granular quartz 
 and micaceous hematite. Ity decomposition the quart/, disappears, and 
 this be<-onjes a fair hennitittt, often nnissive, but usually friable. When 
 in the latter condition t\". beds fretpiently carry peculiar striTigers of 
 gohl bearing ii'on ore witn clay, known as ".lacutinga," and alarge part 
 of the gold product of Minas (Ieraes has been derived from this fornmtion. 
 Throughout a conuideralile portion of the range, continuous surttu^e 
 exposures of the ore beds can be traced for miles, ami ma ly of the mo.st 
 prominent |)eaks, such as Itabirado Oampo, Itiibira do Matto, Dentron, 
 Piadada, Curral tl'el Kei, etc., appear to be composed princi|>ally of 
 iron ore. This Is particularly thecase in the region between Ouro Preto, 
 the capital of the State, and DIamautina, where, throughout a distance 
 of about L'tH) miles, thrive or four parallel ridges of the ore ociair. This 
 is the region supporting the Ksperani;a blast, furnace and the direct- 
 |)rocess forges above mentioned, and thi^ reported excelhun-e of their 
 product attests the chara^'ter of the ore. 
 
 l.'nfortumitely, this ore region Is without an adeipiate supply of fuel 
 for theilevelopment of an ircni industry. No coal is known in the vicin 
 ity. A large part of the region is in "campo," and the forest that 
 formerly <u>vered another )iart has been devastated to a cimsiderable 
 ext»Mit. No ore has as yet been shipped to the coast towns for smelt- 
 ing with imported coal, or to I'lurope, imr (;aii such sliipnn-nts be made 
 with the present high rates of freight on lira/illan railways, The ore 
 district is now tajiped by thi* t'entral Kallroad at a distance of abinit 
 r>00 kilometers (,'tl!,~> miles) from Hio dc Janeiro, ami several otlib.- roads 
 under construction from the coast of Kspirito Hanto ami Ihilila will iilti- 
 matelyreach itat a less distance from tide wut<-r. Thecharai'terof the 
 ore, and the facilities for mining, owing to the elevated position of the 
 deposits and the friable nature of the (U'e itself, are of the best, and it 
 is claimed thatidieap transportation is all that is roi|uired to make this 
 extraortlinary region an lm|)ortant factor in tli<^ world's production of 
 iron ore. At several points of the same region excellent manganese 
 ures are reported in couueetiou with those of iruu. 
 
PROr)t7(;TION OP IKON ORKS. 
 
 55 
 
 Several mineriil ii'Kions, though of less extent, luefoiUKl further west 
 in thesiiine State of Minas Oenies, and in those of (ioyaz iintl Matto 
 (iiosso. These are, however, too far inland and too far removed from 
 any known supply of fnel lobe of nnuli Importance, except for purely 
 local consumption, for a long time to come. A possible excreption may 
 be the deposits about Curumba, in the State of Matto <irosso, which, 
 located on the navigable waters of the Paraguay River, might furnish 
 ore to a iioitiou of the La Plata Basin. 
 
 Aside from the hematit<* ores, nuignotite deposits of more limited 
 extent are known to exist at various points in nearly every State of 
 the Kepublic of Brazil. No special examination of the deiwsits has 
 been made, but apparently some of them are of great extent, and the 
 ore is of excellent app<!arance, but, like magnetic ores elsewhere, they 
 are probably subject to an admixture of titanium and apatite. At 
 present magnetite is worked only at the <lovernment foundry of Ipa- 
 nema, in the State of Sao Paulo. Two deposits, reported to be of 
 large si/.e and good (luality, are within a very few miles of the excel- 
 lent ports of Antouina, in the State of Parana, and at Sao Francisco 
 do SnI. in the State of Santa (Jatharina, the ore at the latter place 
 being associated with manganese. The facilities for shipping from 
 these points are smdi that, if the ores prove as good as reported, it will 
 inobably not be long before they are exidoited. 
 
 Acknowledgment is due to Mr. Orville A. Derby, "(^ommissao (loo- 
 graphics e(ieologica," of Sao Piyilo, Brazil, for the above information 
 in reference to the iron ores of Brazil. 
 
 Mr. William I'l. (Curtis, formerly in charge of tht^ Bureau of Amer- 
 ican Itepnblics, supplied the following analyses of sonu' of the iron ores 
 of the State of Minus (ieraes: 
 
 Analyaen uf iron nrex friim MUiai lieraen, liruzil. 
 
 irou. 
 
 Ver ernt, 
 
 HtniatileHof (irainliirt'li) tin. (166 
 
 Oliaisli' (Kiiiniiliirl cirCiiiMiiulii 0(1, 81) 
 
 Italiiritu (tliiso ut" tiramliiicln 6(i. 03 
 
 Ferriiuiunim miijiliiiimi'ali* ttl* (irau- 
 itarela WM 
 
 I'AUAOIAV. 
 
 Iron (ues are found in Paraguay, but none are reported as being 
 worked. 
 
 I'KUdTTAV. 
 
 Iron ore is found in many localities in the northern district, and in 
 the hill ranges of the interior, but the deposits are not worked. Lett 
 Hom, an Knglish mineralogist, reports the linding of some very rich 
 magnetic ore. 
 
5G 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 ARGENTINA. 
 
 The (iovornineiit miiioiiiloRical biucini mentions iion pyrite in cpr- 
 tain (listriclM and rciriiginous days in otiici-.s. It is also stated tliat 
 magnetics iron ore ocu-urs in considerable (pianfities in tlie Province of 
 ('iitiiniara. in the western-central portion of the country, wliich is now 
 bein^ exploited. 
 
 HOI.IVIA. 
 
 This country exhibited some spe<'iiiiens of carbonate of iron and iron 
 pyrites al the I'aiis l':x|)osition. but no iron ores are reported as either 
 mined or treated. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 GREAT HIM'I'AIN. 
 
 As tlic most active comjietitw with the t'nited States for supremacy 
 iron production, and as a nation wliich for many years led (lie world 
 
 in this specialty, (Ircat I'.ritain is entitled to consii 
 
 lerable space in this 
 
 discussion, and hence details are jriven with liberality. 
 
 The iron ores of (Ireat Itritain are liberally tlistributed through 
 Knglaml; a large (|Uantity is raised in Scothnid, and smaller amounts 
 are in'odiued in Wales, Irclaml, and the Isle of Man. 
 
 The ores miiy be classed in a general way as — 
 
 I. Liniointc. found mostly in the nxrks of the Suliciirlxniiferons and 
 •lurassic ages. The later and nicn-e important of these deposits are in 
 abroad belt stretching from lancolnshire to Wiltshire, and are worked 
 in l.iiicolnshire, Northamptonshire, Leicestershire, and l.'iilland. The 
 <lcposit seems to ha\<' been originally a bed of (carbonate, lying so 
 close to tiie surface that the ore pas.sed intoihe condition in which it is 
 found. 
 
 Ilematll) 
 
 buml in the locks of the SnlicarhoMifeidiis age, 
 
 iiltliough a small amount is taken from l>ev(niian rocks, and the lean. 
 
 aluminous, blown ores of Ireland (used for niixin 
 
 til the more sili- 
 
 ceous ores of I'lngland), which occur in 
 
 lids of basiilt of Tcrtiarv 
 
 ;i. < 'arboiiiite, the "leat iiortion of llie 
 
 age. TIk^ hciiiiitite mined in I'aighind is taken from tlic inonntain or 
 ('iirbonifeions limestone of (himberland and Ijancashire, while the 
 Irish ores me found in the provinces of I.einsler and Ulster, i>riiicipally 
 the hitter. 
 
 iin ore .now mined, which 
 comes from the same group of rocks as the limonite mciitioned above, 
 i. e., the .lurassic, but from a lower horizon, nanicly, the marlsUnie or 
 Middle I;ias. liciiig covered with a considerable thickness of rock, it 
 is uiK^liaiiged in composition exce|itiiig at out<;rops. The remainder of 
 the carlionate (ue produced is the clay ironstoni' of the ( 'iirlionifcroils 
 formation, which a number of years ago was the mainstay of the 
 
U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 MAP OF EUROPE SHOWING THE OCCURRE 
 
 too 3 " 
 
 s(;ale 
 
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT. PART III. PL VII. 
 
 PE SHOWING TH[ OCCURRENCE OF IRON ORES. 
 
 l.ilhAHoi-iiir.iR.illiliion' 
 
 11)1} 
 
 SlfAL.e 
 
PRODUCTION OP IHON ORES. 
 
 67 
 
 British iron triHlc. It is now, iiowcvcr, (lisi)Iii<?e(l by the ironstoiie of 
 tlic Oolite and lAns, Scotland and iStaflonlsliirt' hcinji tlii' principal 
 jirodn(!ers of oie found associatcU with th<! (Joal Measures. 
 
 Mr. 11. Baucriimn, author of The Metallurffy of Iron, gives the fol- 
 h)wing data concerning the carbonate oies, and divides them into 
 (I) Cleveland ore, (2) balls and clay-baud stone, (3) black band f)re, 
 (4) spathic carbonates. 
 
 Mi)athi(5 carbonates aro found at Perran, Cornwall, Brendon Hills. 
 Somersetshire, and in Weardale. Only the latter mines are at present 
 oi)erated, the ore now being used in the manufactuie of spiegel iron 
 for steel, etc. 
 
 lllack blind is obtained chiefly in the pottery (North Staffordshire) 
 coal fiehl, and is used in making forge iron. When calcined the black 
 band is largely emi)loyed as fettling nniterial under the name of " i>ot- 
 tery mine," the best pieces being put aside for that use, and only the 
 leaner kinds smelted. 
 
 Nodidar carbonates of the Coal Measures are now princijially used 
 in making special classes of iron, such as cold blast, foun<lry, and chill- 
 ing iron for roll-making in South Wales, Shropshire, and South Staf 
 fordshire, and the highest class of malleable iron in the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire. They are too costly for common forge purposes. The 
 Scotch <:lay bands, which contain manganese, and are somewhat dolo- 
 niiti(!, are mostly smelted for foundry iron. 
 
 Irish ore, the pisolitic brown ores of Antrim, occur in thin beds rep- 
 resenting old lake ixittoms in the basaltic plateau that covers the north- 
 east of Ireland. They vary from an ore yielding 40 to 4r» per cent of 
 iron to a mere alumincms day. This ore is probably of Miocene age. 
 
 Of the iron ores produced in late years approximately over one half 
 is carbonates one-(piarter hematite, and one-liftli liinonite ore. 
 
 Sir Lowthian Hell, in an article on "The American irim tjade,'"' 
 classifies the Hnglish iron ores as follows: 
 
 (1) Altered carbonates (a variety of brown ores) got by open work 
 from the Lias and Oolite formations in Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, 
 Lciitestershire, etc. 
 
 (2) (;arl)onate (clay ironstone-') got by mining in the Lias, as in 
 Cleveland. 
 
 (.'i) Carlioinite (clay ironstone) got from the CoarMeasures as itoccurs 
 in Scotland, Staliordshire, etc. 
 
 (4) Red hematite, largely wrought in Lancashire and Cumberland. 
 
 (.5) Brown hematites, such as the ores of Antrim, in Ireland, and the 
 l'\irest of Dean, neither of these being of much importance. 
 
 (tl) Sundries, consisting of dilfereut varieties, but all in unimportant 
 (luantities. 
 
 The foHowing interesting statement for three years ending December 
 
 'Speriiil vnliiriH' tif t\w liriti-*!! Iinii iiliil SIci'l Iimtitiilo. 1890. 
 
 'Olhir milulliiigwls iluirii thai tliii ia uu iiulitic I'Mslliliiiiiw liinestilie ' ransloniud into liluuuite. 
 
68 
 
 AIINKKAL KKSOITROES. 
 
 .'{1, 18!I0, hIiows the ninniiiits of British iron ores mined, an<l the vahie 
 in ^n-oss iiiitl per ton, u.s well us tliat jier lon^ ton per unit of iron, in 
 Ainericiin money: 
 
 I'miliiiliiiii mill value of Jlviliiih iron oreH, tSSS In tS!W. 
 
 Yean. 
 
 Aiuount. 
 
 Total value. 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1800 
 
 Ijiinti tditn. 
 14.61IU. 7i;i 
 14.54U. lUS 
 W,78U,707 
 
 »1«,946,374.28 
 18.0L'5,B17. 1-' 
 lU,(KW,m:i.BiJ 
 
 Value per 
 Uiu. 
 
 tl.lO 
 1.28 
 
 1 :i8 
 
 Average I ApproxL 
 ' • piitMiflal.il 
 
 35.85 
 3ii.6'i 
 35. 18 
 
 $3.23 
 3.8U 
 3. 83 
 
 a Diviiliim thf iiluivr hy UK), tliui-iirtt pi-r unit itl'iruii in tin. m't' is 3.'J3. ',1.1). niiil :i.t);t i-i'lits. respt-i'tively, 
 tor the \ fill's iijtiiiftl, the perreliluge of iiri' lieiujj roiisiUi-ri'il uh liimeil uli tlif t'liriiiirf > ielit. 
 
 Thi.s table indieateH an a]>p!ireiit inerease in the cost of mining the 
 iron ores (probably on account of greater <le|itli), wliilc tlie average 
 percentage of iron in the ore is decreasing. 
 
 .Ml. .losiah T. 8mith, in a paper read before the British Iron Trade 
 Association on "(li-eat Britain's rei|iiireiiients and avaihil)le sup|dy of 
 Bessemer ore," states tliat iron ore is found in no less than twenty-seven 
 (umnties in Knglaiid, twelve in Heotland, and one eai^li in Ireland and 
 Wales, lie divides them into two heads, the hematile and Lias, and 
 says that <if the latter there is a good siijijily, but tliat-of tiic, "hematite, 
 however, tiie (piantity available is more uncertain, and although it has 
 recently been proved by new discioveries to be more ainindaiit than was 
 at one timi^ supposed, it is doubtful if the pre.sent annual out))Ut could 
 he largely augmented, or indeed ijiiite maintaincil.'' From this state- 
 meiit and' from the falling off of the iron-ore output it may be inferred 
 that (iieat liritain has reached the height of her iron-ore production, 
 and a reduction of her annual output may be e.vpected, and is in fact 
 shown by the figures given above ami by later statistics. 
 
 The brown oolitic ore found in Lincolnshire is a bed rea(^hing some- 
 times a thickness of L'O feet. Mr. Hell repiu'ts a series of analyses rep- 
 resenting the <Mini|>ositioii of every foot of the .seam, wliicli, as will be 
 seen from the following resume, show great irregularity iii its ditt'ereut 
 layers. 
 
 Hemime of analyaei of lAneolnshire (KnglantI) nolilic iron ore. 
 
 Slliia 3. 112 111 18. IM 
 
 <,'arljuiiati' uf lime :i. 18 to IHI. 83 
 
 Miiimiiie j .'•..44 tu 17 !W 
 
 Irmi I4.4U to:i7. 13 
 
 A 
 
 veniKf 
 
 l» 
 
 r rent. 
 
 
 «.27 
 
 
 34. '.'0 
 
 
 8.87 
 
 
 2_'. 40 
 
 The Lincolnshire ore is mauganiferous, and is best Htted for making 
 basic white iron, with about 'J per cent of maugauese. 
 
PROmrCTION op IRON ORKH. 
 
 69 
 
 Instead <if liaviiiK tli<^ very ciileiirt'oim iiatuit- rliarm-teri/intr the 
 Liiicoliishii'f ore bed, tJiat of Nortlmiiiptonsliire in Hilireoiis. In a 
 description of ti visit of tlie (ieolitjfists' AHWK'iation to tliis roniity, 
 the following statement is iiiude: ' 
 
 The iroiir^toiiv beiU vnry iiiiicli in tUirkneHfl, in tlio ((uantity iif iion in Diein, antlin 
 
 tUe uiihIb (if (lieir iMinrri'i Most, of lli« Inferior Oolite fiiHMils am fiiiinil in tlirae 
 
 lieila. At Dni^toii the iron ore Iihh Iiimmi chiKwitlnnit intHiniiitsion foi a t(>'i'<>t niiniliiT 
 of yearn. tSonietlines u (le|itli of nearly 20 feet eaii he utili/eil, linr nnire often tlie 
 n|>|iernioHt and lowest liedx are rejevteil, tin' former bein^ Hauily and poor, and the 
 latter t'ontainin<{ |dion|ihati-H. The churai'ter of the lieot ore in pernliar, conHiHtin); 
 of nearly rertiint;nlar, oi- it may be oval, eoncentrii- bo\*'rt of rirh, (lark iron ore in 
 the ronditiim ttt' limoiiite, with eoreH of orher<niH or gret-h material. This is uiostly 
 far)"inate of iron with Home Biti(>at(\ ami in the lower beds abinit '2 per rent (»f phos- 
 phate of iron, (jivinn '^ " blnish tiiixe. The latter ore is thrown to one side. The 
 proportiini of iron in the workable ore varies from !'."> to :!IP per i enl, lliongh the 
 casings eoiitaiu a greater and the eores a less ainonnt. Tlo' probable Honr<-e of the 
 iron in these beds lias ^iven rise to inui-U disrussion. The most sa^isfai-tory ex])la- 
 iiation appears to be that the organie aeids prodni><l by deeonipiising vegetable 
 mutter in the estuariaii beds above gradnally attaiked the inm-eoiitaining minerals 
 of the beds in whiib they oicnrred and of those below, dissolving the iron, anil thus 
 leaving the upper layers bleuibed as white sanil. The impervious l.iasclay kept the 
 ferruginous water in eontaet with the htwer beds, so thataH the h\drostati<- pressure 
 foreed the solution along tin* lines of least resistaiiee in these lower layers linnt w as 
 gradually replareil by iron in the beds, and iron by lime in the water, tixygeiiated 
 water tinished the operation and produeed the hydrated ]ieroxide now nut with. 
 
 Sir liowtliiaii Hell says tliat the ore is very easily mined, almost as 
 easily as day foi' hrieks. 
 
 According to Mr. M. 11. .Mills, it was imt until 187(i that any serious 
 attempts were made to use the iron-ore deposits of Leieestershlre. In 
 the vale of Helvoir the soft Keiiper sands and theoverlyiiif; Lias slntles 
 lie eonformahly and dip to the southeast. Farther eastward is found 
 the marlstone in an e.seari)ment of hiird, arenaeeoiis rocks. The work- 
 able bed of iron ore, to !l feet thi(;k, lies on the summit, iiiid with the 
 overlying ooliti(r limestone forms an extensivt! table-land. The bed, 
 however, is very variable in thickness and (|iiality. There is a continu- 
 ous outcrop of this rock bed from Melton-Mowbray to (irantham, and 
 idl idoiif; it there are extensive workiuffs of ironstone by several com 
 piinies. Tlie workable ironstone is abinit H feet thick, with 4 to <! feet 
 of cover, and rests on ferriioinous limestone. Loug cuttings tire ilriven 
 and the cars are laiil elo.se to tlni face. The stouts is removed in small 
 iron wagons, by a locomotive, to a tipjile, where it is lotided on the rail 
 road cars. The refuse is spread behind the tat^i and (M>vered with soil 
 to renew the surfact*. The ore is not usually cah^iiied unless it is 
 heavily charged with moisture. 
 
 Iron oreH of the Carhom/eioun limentonc, northern counties, — The prin- 
 cipal mass of the iron-produtung Carboniferous limestone of the north- 
 ern and north nudland counties of Kngland etnerges from l)eneatli the 
 Coal Measures of Durham and Northumberland in the east, and is 
 
 > rroreeiliiigs i)l' iIib 0«olugirtt8' AsHuciutiuu. \ol. 12, p|t. \''2 nie, l.iiiuton. li^lJ'J. 
 
60 
 
 MINKHAh UKHOlJKCEa. 
 
 Iioiiiiili'il l)y II stocji I'iil;;'!' overlooking' llu^ villi' ol' ICili'ii on tlie west. 
 Il roai'lics its lii^rjii'sf |iiijiit in tlii< iiioiiiiliiiiiniis liin^i- of rros.s l''i>ll, 
 iinil fonns it triirt of iiiooilitiiil roiiiitiy, wliiili, In tin' ni-iKlil)iirliooiI of 
 Alslon, I'.xti'iiiiH lor 11 widtli of :,•."< mill's, wliili' in llio I'li'vati-il ri't;ion 
 iiiljoinin;,' tilt' Scottish lioicli'i' it stirtrlirs iilinoHt i'oni))li'ti'ly iicross tlu! 
 i.sliinil. AI'tiT an iiiti'iviil of :i I'l'w niili-s, Mir sanii' ('oinitition apiin 
 I'isi'H towiii'd till! wi'st, iVoiii licni'iith tlir ni'w ird .siinilstoiii' of I'l'iiiitli 
 mill tlii'Coiil ■Mi'iismi's of Woikiiifitoii and Wliiicliavrn. iinil lorniH si 
 i'onii>arativi'ly iiiii row lirlt around tlir olili'r slaty rorks of tlir lake ilis- 
 tiii'l. Till' slnic'liiii' of the lii;;li land, on wliifli are sitniited the towns 
 of Alston, llexhain, and Allwhistle, dilfers niuteriiilly frorii that of the 
 (M>iiteni|ioi!ineoiis formations oeriirriiiK' both in I'int^land and VVsiles, 
 fintlier smith, whii-li for a great tliiekneHS eoiiMisf princiiially of almost 
 iininterrniited liedsof limestone. Some of the lead veins in the vieinity 
 of Alslon, in portions of their eonise, instead of lieing eom|iosi'<l of the 
 usual veinstones aeeonijianyin;; lead ore, such as ealeite, lliior.s)iiir, 
 etc., are tilled with lirown iron ore, and many veins have yielded hirge 
 (|iiantities of this I'liiiracter of ore. In the eastern part of this region 
 spathose iron ores make tlieir a]i|K>ariince alinndantly in the lead veins. 
 The led hematite from the vieinity of W'liitehaven in <'uinberlaiul, and 
 of l'"iiiness in Lancashire, is obtained either from the (,'arboiiiferoiis 
 rocks or from those of the Kilnrian age. I'raetieally, however, it is 
 deiived almost entirely from the former, since the dejiosits in tlio Mill- 
 riaii rocks are of extremely limited extent. 
 The Carboniferous limestone series consist mainly of iilternatiuim of 
 
 111 
 
 iiestoiie will 
 
 shal 
 
 eii ami sa 
 
 lidsti; 
 
 The sandstones and shales are 
 
 generally thin, often not more than '1 or 3 feet, and seldom exceeding 
 12 feet in tliickness. On the other hand, the liinestoiK^ occurs in 
 enormous beds, sometimes exceeding .'iOO feet In thickness, and it is in 
 these thick masses of iiioiintain limestone that the hematite is i»rinci- 
 pally found. The ore tills lissures and lake-like basins in this rock, 
 somelimes immediately below the drift, while at others it iireseiits 
 itself in ail irregular form deep down in the Carboniferous limestone. 
 It is found in almost eveiy bed, from the lowest, resting on the Silurian, 
 to the highest, ibrining the base of the (Irits and the Yore.dale rocks, 
 at Whitehaven and Fiirness, respectively. In eonseipienee, however, 
 of the liicllnatioM of the liinestoni', and the exti'iit to which it lias been 
 denuded, this dllVerence of geological horizon does not always all'ect 
 till' actual level of the dejiosits, and inimy of tlieiii occurring in the 
 lower beds are found much nearer the surface than those in the higher 
 ones. At VVhiti^haven some of the, (iiiest deposits of iron ore occair in 
 the upjier beds of liinestone — tliOHe lying immediately below the tirits. 
 .\t liigrigg, <lrowgarth, and I'arkside the ore is found in large, irregu- 
 lar masses in the limestone immediately under the Millstone (irit, one 
 ol llie beds of which forms in each ease the roof of the dei>o8it. In 
 section these deposits present in many respects the a|i|ieai'aiice of a 
 bed, since they follow the diji of the rocks in which they lie and usually 
 
F'UOKirCTION OK IRON OUKH 
 
 fit 
 
 |ii'a'«'rv<> a tult'i'iilily iiniroi'iii lliirkiicsH, wliirli in (lill'i'ii'iit ilt>|MiNitH 
 viirit'H IVoiii I It) silxMit It) left, l!iit lew ol' Hit' (Irpiisjls (irciiiiiiii; 
 iiiiiiiiMliiilcly iiiiilei' tliudrits sin- IoiiikI to lie nl any Ki'*'at ilistancc IVoni 
 III*; iipiicr !■(!{;(<, of tliono locks, anil in many cases tliu ore ronn"' '.':.iiii 
 bi'iicatli tliciii to tlio bottom of tin; ilrift. 
 
 The HiiIXM'licial cxtisnt of tlii'sc deposits is sometimes very lai'fre, tliat 
 at I'arksiile liaviiiK an area of IH jicres, wliili^ iiiiiiieioiis others vary in 
 si/u from 12 to Id acres. In Kiii'iiess one deposit only has lieen roiiiiii aH 
 yet while searching for coal — in the liij;h(v-it lieil of limestone iiiiiiieili- 
 
 atcly lielieatii tiie Vorcilale rocks. The dcpositH in the iiitcn liate 
 
 lieils are many and various. Some of tliem lie immediately Itelow the 
 drift, ill basins hollowed in the limestiine; otiiers are at consiih^ralilu 
 depths in tlie limestone, inclosed in irrefjiilar caverns, w hich are some- 
 times at a depth of Xi fathoms from the surface iind surrounded on all 
 .sides by limestone. The deposits in the lower beds of limestone restiiif; 
 upon the Kihiriaii rocks are anion;; the lliiest which liave been found in 
 the Kiirness district. Aiiionf^ thise may be mentioned tho.se of I'ark 
 and Lindal Moor, the Ib'st of which extends over an area of l."i acres, 
 and at one point has been iiroved to a depth exceeding' .'(( J feet. The 
 deposit at Ijindal Moor is !l(H) yards In length and about L'.'S yards wide. 
 At Whitehaven the hematite is usually of a dull red color, and ocimrs 
 in hard, compact inasseH coiitaiiiiiii; numerous irregular cavities, which 
 are fre(|ucntly lined with a botryoidal concretion generally known as 
 "kidney ore," on which a coating of specular iron ore, iiuartz, aud 
 calcite is sometiiiie.s formed. On the other hand, the ore at Fur 
 iies« c()nsist.s, to a large extent, of a loose, incoherent material compo.sed 
 of delicate lilmy scales of micticcouB iron, soiling the lingers when 
 touched, and inclosing fragments of more compact ore, many of which 
 have a concretionary structure. The harder hematite, locally known 
 as "blast ore," is einidoyed entirely for smelting jmrposes, while the 
 softer variety, .sometimes known as "smitty ore," is much used for form- 
 ing the bottom of puddling furnai^es. 
 
 In the Cleveland district, the most important iron-ore region of 
 Kngland, Mr, Hell states that there are two well-known seams of this 
 ironstone, the Tpjier and Lower beds. The first was objected to as 
 being siliceous and irregular in ipiality. In the .southern portions of 
 the district its position can only be traced by a thin and unworkiible 
 band. At Kosedale Abbey it thickens to as much as 10 to IL' feet. 
 When first opened it was considerably richer than the lower seam, cim 
 taining as iiiuidi as ."t? or 'Mi jx'r cent of iron. This sample, however, 
 had lost one third of its original carbonic acid. It is (<btained near 
 Hosedale Abbey by drifts in the seam itself, and as the workings 
 advanced the ore becamt^ poorer, ]ia.r'ily from more of tlie metal being 
 in the form of carbonate. Immediately beneath the top seam there was 
 found, within .S(( feet of each oth'r, on tiie face of a lofty cliff, two 
 wedge-shaped masses of ironston'j, with their iwiuts downward. The 
 
62 
 
 MIN'itAL KF.HIIUKCKS. 
 
 ujiper biiseot' tlicsc two IriaiiKiiliir "Iciiosits hail ii width of '2l» and ;W0 
 feet, lesiiectively, tlie former haviii^t a itpriiendifiilar height of .">(» feet 
 and the latter of Ki) feet. Tliese two masses of ore united at L'tH) or 
 ;M)0 yards from the faee of the drift, but soon after, viz, at a distance 
 of 4(M) yards from the faee of tiie clitV, tlie united mass suchleniy came 
 to an end, as ultimately did tlie mine. This stone was a dark blue- 
 blaek in color, with a distinctly magnetic actioi., and (contained nearly 
 .">(» per c-it of iron. The top seam itself having, however, only a thick- 
 ness of about 4 feet, was worked at Kosedale, close to the sea, and at 
 Ingleby (Ireenhow, but JJoaedale Abbey is now the only mine worked 
 in this bed of stone. 
 
 Mr. Hauermau states that th<( oolitic and liassic ores are essentially 
 l)seud(Hnoriilisof oolitic linmstones in siderito, which have weathered to 
 limoiiile. The phosph.;tcs arc also to some extent of later formation. 
 
 The Lower bed may be ;egarde(l as the only general source of the 
 ironstone of Cleveland. It h.id been worked as early as the year IH.Jti 
 in the neighborhood of VVhitljy, but IH.-)(> was the year of its disctovcry 
 at Rston,near Mi<ldlesborough. The ironstone seam in the northern 
 liortioii of the lidd has a thickness varying from S to Id foot, A small 
 shale parting divi<les the seam, which gradually increases in thickness 
 southward, until in the valley of the Ksk the bed is split in two, with 
 ;U feet of rock intervening. The average yield of ironstone as worked 
 atOrosmont did mit exceed L'.") per cent, against.Jl per cent in the best 
 mines near its northern lioundary. 
 
 Mr. Hell says that the comi)08iti<ui of the Cleveland ore is shown by 
 the following analysis: 
 
 Aualyais of i'leiiland iron ore. 
 
 Percent 
 
 Intll prntnxiilf 
 
 Iron |ifro\i<lt' 
 
 MunfiaiiRHi' jiroloxiili' 
 
 Alnminn 
 
 Ijinio 
 
 MHfineKi.i 
 
 ('arimnio mii! 
 
 Pliospboric uritl 
 
 39. 02 
 
 .115 
 7.86 
 7. 11 
 
 ■J2. «5 
 1.8S 
 
 InHoliililt^ matter. Plr. 
 Silica Kululilr in lU-'iil . 
 
 'I'ntal 
 
 Kqiiivalent to: 
 
 1 rnn 
 
 rhuspborus . 
 
 4. .')« 
 7.12 
 
 33. S4 
 .312 
 
 He also gives tlie following analyses showing the coinpositiiui of 
 various parts of the Cleveland bed, where the shale bed is 12 inches 
 thick: 
 
I'RODICTION OK IKON ORKS. 
 
 (18 
 
 CoinpoHHion nf the t'lei-rlinni 1 l.tnjUmd) inni-ore hni in dijf'rriiit huf^rs. 
 
 Silira 
 
 Aliimiiiii 
 
 F.imo 
 
 MagneHia 
 
 Snliihiir 
 
 PhoBiilioric iuid — 
 Cmltoiii*- ai'irt. wah' 
 I'rotoxidftnf irnn. .. 
 
 (:t.4 fcH-t '"■*^ "*"' 
 tliick). 
 
 thick). 
 
 / 
 
 er opiit. 
 
 
 i:i 
 
 75 
 
 
 II 
 
 10 1 
 
 
 :i 
 
 08 
 
 40 
 
 
 'J'J 
 
 00 
 
 
 4i 
 
 00 
 
 Per eitnt. 
 15.110 
 1:1. (13 
 K.OO 
 1.07 
 .24 
 1.40 
 
 m. 511 
 
 30.57 
 
 ShHln 
 (I ftK>l 
 Ihiikl. 
 
 /Vr fciit. 
 
 ;i4. a; 
 
 20. 14 
 
 3. &> 
 3. 03 
 .K2 
 1.08 
 1 3. 110 
 24. US 
 
 Mot toil) 
 (2.3 lept 
 (hii'k). 
 
 /Vr ernt. 
 12. 30 
 
 1(1 n« 
 5, m 
 i.:;n 
 
 .00 
 
 1.4(1 
 
 Z\. (10 
 
 43. 14 
 
 ■i'„,,,l 100. IB i 09.81 I 90.85 , 100.28 
 
 MHoiiiciron:::;: , •->o.4o 27.70 n.oo 3020 
 
 PhnH|.l.(.r(c< Oil! .nil .472! .011 
 
 'riicsc (iKiiieH i»i<(v<' not only tlu^ existence '>( a band of shale jionr 
 in iidii, but. also an additional aiiioiinl of eartli,\ matter in other parts 
 of the scam, by which tiie iiercentaKc of iron is rediK'ed. 
 
 The iroiistoire of Cleveland occuis in the Middle hias, the, two prin- 
 cipiil beds beiiij,' known respectively as the I'cctou and Avieula seams, 
 from the incvaleiiee of tbssil .shells boloiifiiiif? to those {jenera. The 
 usual color is a dull bluishf^reen, arising from the, pn^senee of silicate 
 of iron, its structure beiii}; oolitic, with numerous iiitersiiersed fossils. 
 The beds worked extend inland from liedcar to near Middlesborout,'h 
 on Tees. At Kslon the main bed attains its greatest thickness. From 
 Kston the bed gradually but slowly thins otf toward tlio southeast, 
 but in the opposite direction this takes iilace more! rapidly. 
 
 In former days the ScoUh iron tiadt) owed its suc(^ess to the variety 
 of clay ironstone known as -'blackband" ore, found in the Coal 
 Measures in seams varying from 12 inches to '_' feet, and as delivered 
 at the bank containing about Xi per cent of iron. The miiier.il was 
 piled in large heaps and tire apiilied; the associated coiroiistiblo 
 matter, being surticient tor calcination, disappeared, leaving the cal- 
 cined ore containing about .").■> per cent of iron. The employnont of 
 this mineral is now almost a thing of the past, but the furnaces when 
 using local ores are fed with clay bands which aiiiiear to allord about 
 30 per cent of iiig iron. Scotland, however, still inainlaiiis its position 
 as to the <iuantity of iron proiluced by liberal importations of foreign 
 ores, cliictl) Spanish. 
 
 Ilcnidl i lex.— TUc: depo.sits of red hematite in the west of HnglaMil 
 vary a great deal as to their dimensions and purity. This ore is, as 
 previously stated, found principally in Cumberland and !-ancaahire. 
 Thechief working localities are near I'.iixham, in Devonshire, and a few 
 small mines in the Mountain limestone of the Meuilip Hills, in Somer- 
 setshire. These are now used tor paiut. 
 
f)4 
 
 MIN'KlfAl, KI'.SIUIKCF.S. 
 
 'Pile I'oicst ol' Dciiii UiiN |irol)iilily oiic of tlif lirst Heitts oC iioii triide 
 ill (ircMti I>rit:iiii, I'm' llicri' is cviileiict' that tlii' lioiiiaiis canicil mi tlic 
 iiiamifactiin! o\' iron I line on a \i\v<n' scale. Tim Farewell Hock, or 
 Millstmie ( Irit, wliirli iiiMh'rlies I he Coal .Measures lliroiijilioiit the Tor 
 est of Ueaii. cmilaiiis in its hnvesl lied a deposit of iron me, wliieh to 
 a small extent is wmUed on its eastern mit('io|i; hut the extensive 
 deposits (it ore wliicii supply the iron of the l''orest of Dean occiir in 
 pockets or "churns" in liie upper beds of the ( !ailimiifei<ms liiiiesioiie. 
 Soiii(> of these chiiiiis often contain seveial thousand (mis of hrown 
 heiuatitc. which is lor the most part soft and easily worked, hut which 
 nevcrlhcN'ss varies i oiisidci alil.N' in (plality. Tlie Mlack i'liiish oie 
 siMMi'tinies contains as iiiucli as ild per cent ot peroxide ot' iioii, hut tlie 
 poorer varieties, heiiii; containinated hy an admixture of clay and ear 
 lionati^ ol lime, are proportionately less rich in iron. The most impni'' 
 taut workin^js in the limestone ol this district are those situated on its 
 ea-lern outcrop, where <'avities in the almost |ierpeiidi(idar beds ai'e 
 tilled with deposits of rich ores. On the western side ot tlie held, 
 where the strata are less inclined, iron ininini'- has long lieeii eMeii 
 sively carried on. .Ml the more successful iiiines, however, are found 
 to he to the dip of the excavations made by the ancient miners, who 
 Iteipicntl.v penetialed to ^'lealer depths tliaii I'oiild have been expeitted 
 witli the means al I lieir disposal. 
 
 Ivini una of Ihr Ml siKiiif itf/r. — The marl-;r<ine bed t'oriiiin;^ the high 
 est jiortion of the .Middle Lias series is ottiu ferrilKiiions, ami in certain 
 localities cmistitiiles a valuable iriiiistom>, Monietiliies atlslining a thick- 
 iiessof L'O feet. This ore has been wcnked al Adderbiiry, .Steeple .Vsloii. 
 and at l"o\\ ler. near Stonesliehl, Oxtonlsliire. 
 
 lirouii heiiialiles of a somewhav sandy and iliipnre charaeler occur 
 in the liias. Oolite, and ■•ower <ireeiisaml formal imis, and a'e fonml 
 fioiii the iiorlliern parts of WiltHliiro to tlie Wolds of NorkHliire, pass 
 ing throufi'li Oxfordshire, Northainptoiisliire, and I,incolnsliire. It has 
 usually the appearance of a brown lei.ilginoiis oolitic rock. The most 
 important of these deposits is that at the liase ot the inferior oolite, 
 which ext(-mls from tlie neigliliorhood of Itanliiiiy through Nortliamp 
 toiishire. These ores arc poor in (pialily and cheajily mined. 
 
 The heinalite deposits of Wt^st Ciimlierhmd and KiiriicsH have, it is 
 stated, been worked from the twelfth century ; ami, on iiecoiint of the 
 comparatively high percentage of iron in the ore. they have been an 
 iinporlant laclor in the supply of (treat Mritain. I'he hiMiiatite deposils 
 hitherlo wrought occiii in the center and at the extreme ends of a belt 
 of country extending along the seaeoast from Wliiiehaveii northward 
 for a (liistiUiee of about •'!:< miles, its greatest width being about H iiiih's. 
 Those ill the north are about Kelloii, Salter, Winder, I'"riziiigton, 
 (jleator Moor, liigrigg, and ICgremont, and those in the south at Sile 
 cKdt, llodbarrow. Water l'dean,aml in I'lirness. the central part of llio 
 belt being worked in the hills about Kskdale. 
 
IMfODHCTION OF IliON (IKKS, 
 
 fir> 
 
 Mr. J. n. Kciiiliill, in his wmk im 'riiii Iron < )ri's ofdrcal liritiiin uiitl 
 li'<-laii(l, states Dial those ori's arc all r<iiiiiil in the Cailionircrniis lime 
 stones, but that numerous <le|)osits, not cornniercially ini|H)rtant, occur 
 ill the I'iskdale ;;ranite and Hnnerilale sycnile. The deposits in (Jai- 
 boiiil'erous limestone are in variable s)ia|ies. lieiiif; soMietiincs lied-likc, 
 asain vein like, and at otlicr (ilaces lilliiiir dish like hollows in Ihi^ lime 
 .stone, immediately below the drift, while not iiilreiiiieiitly they ha\e a 
 most iricffular shaiie. Tiie bed-like and vein-like deposits are nearly 
 all t'oiind in the Whitehaven distvjct. (iood examjdes oC the Conner 
 are .seen at llinrifij;. while the laiidal Moor deposit illustrates the latter 
 type. A j^ood example of an irr( (fiilarly shaped deposit is at \Vyiid 
 ham and at No. 7 jiits at l'.i};riK{J. The famous llodbarrow mine is the 
 only liU'}.ve dish like ileposit, and itt' extent lias not been fully a.scei- 
 tained. Its Iciifitli as far as known is aiioiil I.IKHI yards, and its breadth 
 KMI yai'ds, Its };ieatest thickness is aboul I.'JO feet, and IIk' averanc^ 
 perha|)s ll.") fe4't. The deposit contains very little stone or other Ibreijiii 
 matter, so that it may be considered as almost a solid mass of ore. The 
 ore from the llodbarrow ih-posit has been exported to the riiited 
 States, and has been usvd as a mixture in some blast furnaces close to 
 the .si^aboard. 
 
 The, ore of (he Whitehaven district is chictly of a hard, massive 
 charaeter. much harder in soimt pla(u>s than in <illiers. Its c<ilor varies 
 from a brownish led or imrple to a bluish iron i-'iay. Mr. Kendall sa.\s 
 the general composition of a lir.st-class me is .-.iiowii by the followiujj; 
 analy.ses. No. I beint; an average saiii|ile of the Soiitham ore, wliile 
 No. \i is an example from llodbarrow, and No. .'5 an average of T.S 
 Mumplcs of a good ore. the latter being drieil at I'll! : 
 
 Anttlfitis III' iro» tn'i from lliv It'hilihttt ci ditlru/, l\iHflitinl, 
 
 I'prn'Odp (if iron 
 
 Proloxiilcol' iMiiiiiiiini.i.f 
 
 Siliru 
 
 AlllIDilllL 
 
 I.itiH- 
 
 Mii^'iii'Miu 
 
 I'i'r rent. I'er rnit. I\'r rvnt. 
 
 Diirvta 
 
 Carhniijr acid . .. 
 PlHiHphiiriu iivUl. 
 Siilplini-ir mid .. 
 
 Siilpliiir 
 
 WttUT 
 
 HH. 7;i 
 
 S1.41 
 
 811.67 
 
 Inu-). 
 
 .:!2 
 
 . 18 
 
 4. !»i 
 
 T .111 
 
 il. 42 
 
 1.114 
 
 .117 
 
 1.2,1 
 
 .41 
 
 .7" 
 
 1.12 
 
 .12 
 
 .11 , 
 
 . Ill 
 
 . i:i 
 
 1 
 
 
 I Mointnni lost itl 212 '. 
 
 Some of the ore, however, is poor, tliere being a great \arialiiiii in 
 
 (piality. In one deposit which 
 
 ive an average analysis 
 
 if i;l..st per 
 
 cent of iron the exirenies were MA'.) and 
 
 I'r cent. 
 
 The ores of the I'liriiess deposit may be divided into three classes. 
 viz, (U hard. com|ia<'t, bliie-piiriilc ore; (L') dull, reddish purple ore: and 
 (;{) wift. dark ore, the latter being most abundaiil in Kiiniess. I lie 
 SO'Jl .". 
 
ci; 
 
 MINKH.M. i;i:.s()(ji!ci;.s. 
 
 rdllouiii;; ly|iii':il :in:ilysfs will sliow IIk' ((HiiiiDsitiipii iif tliesc dill'iMOiit 
 classes 1)1' (lie; 
 
 .titultiats itf i'ltnuHti inin m-un, Eutjliinit, 
 
 Forrir nxido 
 
 I'nilfixiilr i)riiiiiii|;iin<'so. 
 
 ManKiini'Hf 
 
 Hili™ 
 
 Atinuiuii 
 
 Linn' 
 
 MftyiH'siu 
 
 C.'lirlMiiiic itciil 
 
 I'hnMplmrir Jicitl 
 
 Siil|tliiirir nriil 
 
 WaiiT 
 
 IjtH^ nil ifjniticiii 
 
 Mt>it4hir(< lu8t at 'IVl ' 1''.. 
 
 No.l. 
 
 Per rent. I'd- criit. Vet eent. 
 ,".'4 i 76.35 
 
 .24 
 
 10, 46 ! 
 1.87 I 
 .60 
 .24 , 
 
 .o:i 
 
 .04 
 2.02 1 
 
 7. :io 
 
 1.71 
 
 e.m 
 
 .41 
 4.111 
 
 1.40 
 7.27 
 2.10 
 .21 
 .64 
 
 .03 
 
 2.54 
 10.00 
 
 Tnlal 
 
 Mi'liillic iriili 
 
 SpLH'illc (>ravit.v . 
 
 lOU.OO 
 52. o;t , 
 
 4.34 : 
 
 119. 02 
 
 DO. 0.1 
 
 64.00 
 
 02. ir> 
 
 4.04 
 
 3.08 
 
 ("ounly Antriin. Ireland, i,s almost entirely covered by a .sheet of 
 bii.salt ol' varialile lliieliire.ss. Tlii: basalt is nsually di\ided into npper 
 and lower sheets oi' layers, separated liy the iron-ore beds, which (biin 
 a convenient liiKi ol' ilivision, Parallel to these oic beds, and inter 
 stratitied with both the upiier and lower basalt, are a number of other 
 I'crrnuinous bainls, usually consistina' of ferni;;inons clay called "bole," 
 with an undiulying layer of litliomarjfe. The thickness of the pisolitic- 
 ore bed varies, sonu'tinies very abriii>tly. When it is thin or has dis- 
 appeared altos'elher it is said to have a "sipiee/e." Sonietiines the bed 
 is absent over lar^e areas; in other parts it is induratid by intrusive 
 dikes. In certain areasit hasaii amorphous character, no pea-like bodies 
 beiii;; present. The dip of the beds, like that of the basalt, is {jener- 
 ally (o the south at low angles. The ext<'nt of the pi.solitie ore iind its 
 accinnpanyinn' bole and lithoniarge is not ac<'nrately known. but may be 
 taken to cover about SUd squaie miles. 'I'lie pisolitic ore, locally known 
 as "sliot" ore, consists of solt brown or reddish iluminoiis ore, « liic'i is 
 f;-eneially overlaid by (day. called '• brush in;;'." In this lue snndl and 
 approximately spheroidal pieces of hard, rich ore, (.ftcii black, iinl !;('ii- 
 erally about the si/.c of peas oi' less, but sometimes as larue as walnuts, 
 are eml 'dded. the lar;;cr bein;; m'ar the top. .Someo*' tlii'm ,ire stron;;ly 
 attracted liy the magnet. In thickness the oie \ aries fiom ;{ or I inclnss 
 to nearly I feet. Under 'his pisolitic, ore, Ihe boiindury not bein;;' well 
 dclined, is a brownish or reddish ferrii;;iiious rock "bole"' containing 
 
 nunu'rous coiicielioMarv eodnles of basalt, Sometimes the iron is 
 
 . (lis 
 
 ti ilmted in ii regular layers or nodules, the rcimiindei- ol the bed having 
 tlu^ character of lian.xite. It is nnidi lately hard, and breaks into irreg- 
 ular cnboidal i)ieces, the bed varying in thickness from H to 17 feet. 
 I'nder the "bole" occurs the litlioiiiarge, locally known as "marge," a 
 variegated soft rock of prevailing blue-slate (M)lor and greasy f(!el, vary- 
 ing from IL' to'IO feet in thickness. Like the "hole,'' it contains concre- 
 tionary nodules of basalt, but they are more uumerous in this bed. 
 
PROnUCTION OK IKON OKKS. 
 
 fi7 
 
 The. (lUiility nf tlic, pisolitic ore is ^iioil, altli()iii;i|i it viirics iiiiicli in 
 ditlweiit |)a''t.s of the- tli.-itrict, the ahiiniiioiis iriiilrix bciii}; more iilmn- 
 ilaiit ill soioe poitioiis tliiiii in others. As sent to tli«^ iiiaiket it will 
 yiehl Iroiii .'!ii to l.l per (^eiit of metallic iioii. Its coiii|)ositioii is .shown 
 by tiio Ibllowiiifi analyses: 
 
 Jiialyam ofpiituliUi) iron oro/riim Couiily Antrim, Ireland. 
 
 
 (ih'ii 
 
 i'tr cent. 
 62. 4:1 
 4.75 
 .'.'8 
 8.40 
 10. IK 
 •J. HO 
 . .5(1 
 
 arlir. 
 
 Per cut. 
 71.01 
 l.HH 
 
 .'1! Of) 
 
 4. 25 
 
 .CI 
 
 .01 
 
 .20 
 
 Cargaii. 
 
 t'rr '•rnt. 
 00. 511 
 
 Hi-doir- 
 aliaiO'. 
 
 J'errrnt. 
 05. 42 
 
 Kllurk 
 I my. 
 
 
 J'i'rcfiit. 
 o;i. 70 
 
 VvaUt\\fW Ml'irfiii 
 
 Protnxtdo iif iii;iKani>ric 
 
 Silira ... 
 
 .11 
 5. 47 
 7. 02 
 
 .08 
 
 .10 
 'rrari). 
 
 .0:1 
 
 ;i. 08 
 
 14.:t4 
 
 Trace. 
 
 7.08 
 
 12. .54 
 
 .20 
 
 .08 
 
 .02 
 
 Trace. 
 
 6.28 
 
 8.82 
 
 
 n. :io 
 
 12.75 
 . 10 
 .05 
 .0(> 
 .02 
 4. (ill 
 
 12 7(1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Titanir. acid 
 
 8.XU 
 
 WhIit 
 
 l.KH 
 H.48 
 
 Water, liyjiroHcopic 
 
 Tolnl 
 
 'ijetallii' iron 
 
 0. 40 
 
 
 
 
 IKl. 80 
 47. 40 
 
 lOfl.lHI 
 51.01 
 
 OS. 115 
 4(1. 511 
 
 mi. 44 
 
 45. -U 
 
 100.28 
 44. 00 
 
 VVitii tiie hematites of (jiimljeiland and Laiicashiie about 10 per cent 
 of tlie pisolitie ore is used for Hiixiii^ inirpo.ses. 
 
 liole yields much less iron tlian tlie pi.solitii; ore, laiifiinjj from lid to 
 -'.■» per ct!iit, lint contains a laifjer ([iiantity of aliiiniiia. Tlie ratio of 
 alumina to silica is also higher than in jiisolitie ore. This makes it use 
 ful as a tlil.v for the silictMiiis ores of diinilierland and Ijam-ashire. The 
 yield of iron in the lithoinarKe is too small to render it of any value in 
 iron making exei'iit as a lliix. 
 
 Pnxluciion. — Her Majesty's inspec^tors of mines, in compiliiif,' the 
 Mineral Statistics for (Ireat Hritain, class the iron ores under tlirco 
 
 heiuls, vi/, the (^oal mines act (chiclly arnillai iis cailioiiatc, piirtieii- 
 
 lars of individual returns not liein^f allowed iiiuh^r the statute), metal 
 liferons mines act (eomprisiii}; Ijrown ironstone, aluminous hematitis 
 and red li(>inatite) and open works. Theanioiints prodiictMl as i-eporled 
 under these various acts in IStH, 181(2, and I8!Ki were as lullows, tlu! 
 quantities of pi^^ iron which these ores i:ould furnish hciiij; al.so indi- 
 cated in adjoining' columns. 
 
 I'roriiiilinn of iron orv in (Ircat Itritain in /.W/, /.v.v, and tSO.T. 
 
 From mifiPi* under the 
 
 coal iiiines act 
 
 FrOTII lIlillCH IMIlllT tlic 
 
 toelallircrmii* in i n »■ h 
 
 act 
 
 From open works 
 
 Total 
 
 Iron net 
 1803. 
 
 I'lj; iniii iilitiihiiililc. 
 1801. 1802. 18ii:i. 
 
 Long ton». Lt>Hi! loilK. I.im.i tuna. Loiuj l"tni. Koii'lttms. l,iin;l hnm. 
 7,2J!1,150 .15.544,480 .-iflO, 180 2.108,745 1,00,I,;(I5 I.IMIH.IOT 
 
 2. 57(1, 20:i 
 
 2. 072, xm 
 
 2. 353, 700 
 11. 314, 481 
 
 2,3.50,010 
 2.280.071 
 
 1,342.375 
 1.017.1112 
 
 1.214.785 1,231,331 
 1.13:1.048 770.300 
 
 12,777,088 11,312.075 11.203.170 4,528,312 1,041.178 3,078,604 
 
t\x 
 
 MINKK.M, HKSOIRCKS 
 
 hiviilfilacconlJii!,' lolioiiiiiliiiies the ii't.ii-orciirodinitum in l,S!t(), l,S9l, 
 1«!IL', ami ISO.i was as follows: 
 
 Jnm ore miiu'tl in Ihr rarimiH rountrifn nf dirut lirihiin hi fSH", ISftf, fsa' and /,s'.9.'?. 
 
 Cotintrietf. 
 
 180O. 
 
 Ltrntj to'u. I l.iui'j tmm. Limit tiin-i. I.inui tonu. 
 
 EnRlaiul 12.5(«i,«il, 1I.1K12.-1I n 111, :m:i..'>(ll | 10.2««, 77H 
 
 ScotUiiil ilOR, <;ir> I 748. xm «72. 4:i.1 I 847, 4011 
 
 Iroliinrt 1611.004 104,2112 i 70. 7;t;i 07.2113 
 
 Wales 31,485 22. :i.'i0 (/.) (/;) 
 
 Tillal in.780.707 12.777,0811 11.312,075 11.203.470 
 
 II Ilii'liiiliii'.' till' Inli' III' Man .iiiil Waliin 
 
 (<Si4' Knulaiiil. 
 
 Divided according; to comities in tlie viiriotis coiiiitrics tlic piodiu 
 tiou in LSI)], JiSllli, and l.SO.? was as loiiows: 
 
 Irim-iire priiitiii'l iif iirent IWilnin iu IS'if, lS:t3f and fS:K>. 
 
 EMlhAMi AMI W.M.BS. 
 Ciiuittiee. 
 
 Vorkali irp 
 
 rum hi-rlani1 
 
 l.inriiliiHliiri- 
 
 StaffnnlHhiri' 
 
 N*orthiiiiiiiliiiisliii'i> 
 
 LaiiraHhiri' 
 
 liCiri'^ternhiro . 
 
 OxfiinlKliire, inrlitiliii^ Kutlaiiil anil 
 
 Willslilri' 
 
 (lliiiiri'st»ir»hir« 
 
 Shni|i.4hini 
 
 (aanniiiruanallirc. incliuiiliK KlintRliiriv 
 
 Dfrli.vMliirw 
 
 MiiniiiiitltliHliirr 
 
 Wiin'f»t*'rHliiri* 
 
 Durliu 
 
 Lnntj tnns. hoiift tonu. 
 
 lli'ViiiiHhirii 
 
 Waruii'k8liin» ... 
 
 Soni'Tsi'lHliirp 
 
 Caniuirtlionsliiro. 
 
 Brii'i'nshirii 
 
 (•iiniuall 
 
 Nottiiiffhanisbirn . 
 Isli.iifltari 
 
 5. 200. 322 1 
 1.417 8011 
 1.214,131 
 1.071.121 I 
 1,043,541 I 
 1)77. 1.10 1 
 040. rj.'i 
 
 144. .'i7« 
 0.3,748 . 
 ri4, 102 I 
 21.. 130 i 
 20.810 
 17..'i.'iO I 
 11.11)7 I 
 7. 71.-1 
 4.300 
 1.400 
 7!li ; 
 422 I 
 3811 
 
 K.irslilfC 
 
 Iti'iifrfiwrthlfi' ,. 
 niinittarliinRlilrn. 
 
 l.anark.^liire 
 
 l.lnlithj;iiw»hin'. 
 Kilinll'irffhshirii. 
 
 Kif<»lilrc: 
 
 Stnrll/ii|iilili« — 
 
 3,493,210 
 l,3.'i.'i. !i:w 
 1.459.404 
 1.040.040 ' 
 1,120. 3S.'i I 
 
 84.'V. 305 . 
 
 680. 085 
 
 157,0115 
 A3, 1411 
 M. 044 
 22, 070 
 13,415 ' 
 24.750 
 14, .3112 I 
 0,275 I 
 2.550 
 018 
 881 I 
 54 
 213 I 
 liOl 
 
 /.oiif; iiina 
 
 (.713.278 
 
 1.3.-12. 4111 
 
 1,030.112 
 
 808. 770 
 
 710.1171 
 
 870. 072 
 
 471,0118 
 
 133.010 
 
 .Ml. 3IIH 
 
 51.5110 
 
 18.284 
 
 8, .545 
 
 18.701 
 
 13, 4011 
 
 nil. 
 
 110 
 
 .540 
 
 823 
 
 31 
 
 1811 
 
 124 
 
 13 
 
 11.025.061 I 10.3<»,.'ial ' 10.288.778 
 
 322. 045 
 127 IM 
 101.515 
 87, 247 
 ,50, 257 
 
 47, lai 
 
 10, m 
 
 337 
 
 210 
 
 181 
 
 an ' 
 
 101 
 
 340 
 
 115 
 
 287 
 
 45,0011 ' 
 
 n. 205 1 
 
 1 
 
 TO 
 
 1 
 
 716! 
 
 305, 349 
 121, 117 
 81,104 
 09. 118 
 61,417 
 8«,8«4 
 0, 383 
 2. »7 
 
 IltBI.ANii. 
 rintpranil l.i'lDHtiT 
 
 748,330 I 872, «IS 847 406 
 
 Tiilnl liir (irnal llrllain 
 
 12.777.0811 11.312,675 11.201.470 
 
 Ml. . I. S, .leans, secretary <il' tlic British Iron Trade .Vs.socialion, lias 
 given \ aliiablu as.'^istancc in supplying tlie litjiires of production. 
 
PROiniCTION or IIION ORKS. 
 
 (59 
 
 Britixh impiirfationii.—An wcmld iiiitiiiiilly be sii|)i)iisc(l, ChciiI I'.iit- 
 aiii is ii liiiffc iiiiiHiiter of foicifjii ores to siipiili'iiienl lirr Kcncnilly 
 leiui iiiitiviMncs, iiiid ill tin' your IHi*.! slic dicw tVoiii vurioiis koiutcs 
 l,0<ir»,.S(il loiif.' tons of iron ores, ii^iiinst I.ITI.T'.IO lonj; tons in isn(». 
 ;!,lHO,ril.'! t^iiis ill ISOl, iilKl :!.7.S(»,,-)(i:! Ions in IS'.tL'. Tlic Collowiii'; tiilili' 
 will hIiow the countries (idiii wliieii tlie Coieifiii iron ores were ohtaiiieil 
 in the yeiirs incntioneil: 
 
 Iruu ui-.« imiiurUd into (Inul llriUthi in isuii, isnl, ISH.', ami /.«.'«. 
 
 rmihtrluM. 
 
 Spnln 
 
 Algeria 
 
 ! 18!)0. 
 
 Iioiui tonti. 
 
 J.liaH, 07-.' 
 
 ■m, IKJ'.l 
 
 1891. 
 
 I.timi tonit. 
 'J,».'J7(( 
 1:111. 'JUD 
 «■-'. 8:17 
 2.'.. 45:1 
 15.0irj 
 4.-|14 
 20, IW 
 
 18»2. 
 
 Limtj tont. 
 2,42:1, 18a 
 1 Tit), 3111 
 12(1, 281 
 lU. linj 
 14.11112 
 
 4, :i74 
 42, 302 
 
 itm. 
 
 LonQ tong. 
 
 3, 024, 083 
 
 li;t,8W 
 
 127. (.20 
 
 1 15. 051 
 
 «, 4!l!l 
 
 472 
 
 7.MI7I 
 
 Itulv 
 
 Turkey 
 
 AilHtntluHiu 
 
 ....■ 4U,r,l7 
 IK, !lll« 
 
 ■.i,47r, 
 2:1, 7«5 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,471.71«) 
 
 :i. iKu..'>4;i 
 
 3,780,503 
 
 4, 005. 861 
 
 
 
 
 Tlie totiil Viilue of thin ore as returueil liy tlie, lioard of customs, esti- 
 mated on a liiisis of $4.HI per pound sterling, was i«(i;,lU4,!tll or .iCi.Sit 
 per ton in l.S<M», i!!! l.(S7l, l!>t» or *:!.7.'. per ton in IS<»1. ijl;?, 149,100 in ISllL' 
 or ijCJ.I.S ))er ton, mid .s I. !,.-)(»:!, 11 <i in 18!i;! or $;?..!:{ per ton. 
 
 The iron ore exported from (ireat Britain was but 7.507 tons in 1S!t(», 
 2;i,;i!»4 tons in 1 Sit 1, and 7,051 tons in 18,)2, iirineipally to tlie Inited 
 States and Holland, while in 18!).{ S,L'01. tons were exported, inineiitally 
 to the ITiiited States, lieltjium, and (iermany. 
 
 The following: tables will show the iiroduction of iron ore, the imiiorts 
 and exiiorts, the amount of pig iron made, and the material eharfifd 
 into the bla.st furnace, including mill cinder, etc., to produce this pig 
 iron, in as inaiiy years as such data could lie obtained. From this it 
 would appear that (heat Britain depended aliiio.st entirely upon her 
 native ores until 1S71.', when the imjiorts increased fi'iiii .'V_'l,0.'il long 
 tons to ,SOI.50.'5 long tons, being still greater in lS7:i. rhen falling olV to 
 but 45,S,(;!>;} long tons in I.S75, showing with ,some exceiitions a sub.se 
 (pieiit growth to 4,471, '!)(» long tons in 181WK The large importation 
 of foreign ores was stimulated by the iirodiiction of I'esseiner metal, 
 making a, certain characterol iron ore essential, and as the demand lor 
 steel iHi(,'wa»sed the amount 0/ such ore ii.sed was augmeiit«Hl. 
 
70 
 
 MINEKAI. UESOUKCE8. 
 
 Great Uritaiii's production of initive ores was largest in 1882, viz, 
 18,0:!l,!ir)7 loMj; tons, lint it lias fallen to an ontpnt of lint 1 l,2();!,t7(» 
 lonfjtoiis in IS!).!, the snialK^st amount reaehed for over twenty years, 
 
 Sldlislir.t ,)/ the. iiriuliictidH, im;wr(«, diid ixpnrla of intn urr in Crml Urilii'ni. 
 
 'I'nrs. PriMliiclinii.! Ini]<ii'1t«. l-'.\purttl. ! 
 
 Proiliirtioli. Ini)inrtrt. Ilxpnit^. 
 
 men. 
 laOT . 
 imw . 
 
 IKIiB. 
 IHTO . 
 1871 . 
 1H72 . 
 
 m?;i . 
 
 1«74 
 
 i«7ri. 
 
 1X7I1 
 1«77. 
 187H. 
 l«7il . 
 
 mf Innn. I.iiini tuny. I^otvj toim. 
 
 lite, iiir 
 
 oiji.orm 35!i 
 
 ifiu.'i'ii ii4,i:i'i ;i-'ii 
 
 .-iiis.Mr) 1 i;ii,3'ii ! 'iiii 
 
 ;t70. 86i 
 
 :i:i4, HH« 
 ri»4, :ir)7 
 
 S44.1 
 821.1 
 .841,; 
 
 UII'J. I 
 
 Tit't. : 
 , :i7ii, : 
 
 114, 
 
 4:1:. 
 
 i;ii. 
 
 :fii 
 
 •jiw 
 
 :iiii 
 
 :i2i 
 
 11:14 
 
 8C1I 
 
 ,'iii:i 
 
 !ltl7 
 
 •vm 
 
 764 
 
 141 
 
 4ris 
 
 it!i:i 
 
 07'J 
 
 •j:ir. 
 
 1, Mil. 4:14 
 
 1. i7;i 
 
 will 
 
 l.lwa 
 
 iVXl 
 
 . 1'24 
 
 . (lli:i 
 ,0112 
 
 !, 4.'i8 
 042 
 
 1880. 
 
 1881 . 
 
 1882 . 
 18811 . 
 1881 . 
 1885. 
 1880. 
 1887 . 
 1888 
 1889. 
 18110 . 
 18U1 . 
 1 8112 . 
 18!i;i . 
 
 11,1 I, 
 020, 
 440. 
 11:11. 
 ;|H3, 
 17:1, 
 417. 
 
 no. 
 
 0118. 
 ."lOO. 
 .".40, 
 780, 
 777, 
 ;il2, 
 20:1, 
 
 l.uiKl Itiiiu. l.inni tonM 
 
 2.0:14,401 
 
 X>. 489 
 
 2. 4411, 277 
 
 08, 7rr.'i 
 
 :i. 282. 4110 
 
 21,07:1 
 
 ;i. 178.310 
 
 8, 708 
 
 2, 728, 072 
 
 8. :ilo 
 
 2, 817, M7 
 
 10, :i,'-.:i 
 
 2.870.209 . 
 
 
 :i 702,11:10 
 
 50, 11:14 
 
 :i..'i02,ii71 
 
 9, 7;io 
 
 4,o:il.20.'i 
 
 .■•i, :i7l 
 
 4.471.7110 
 
 7, .'■.07 
 
 :i. 180. .'m;! 
 
 2:1, :i04 
 
 :i, 780, 60:1 
 
 7, o.il 
 
 4, 000, 804 
 
 8.201 
 
 The iirof-re.ss of the iron industry of (heat I'.ritain is epitonii/ed in 
 tlie table whiih follows. 
 
 Slnliatiiit of the prodiiclion of pin iron in (treat llrituin. 
 
 I'll iiliirt ill 
 
 1740. 
 1788. 
 17110, 
 1800. 
 1818. 
 1820. 
 I82:i. 
 
 I82,'i 
 1827 
 1828 
 18:i0 
 1 8:1:1 
 
 iH:tr. i.oiio.iHio 
 
 IKIO I,:i47.790 
 
 18411 I,:ill0,400 
 
 1842 1,000,1:18 
 
 1844 1,0110,008 
 
 184.'; I,.'il2..-i00 
 
 1847 , 1.11911,508 
 
 18.-12 1 2,701.IMKI 
 
 l.uit'l Inns. 
 17. IHHI 
 08, 000 
 rj.MHIO 
 2S». IHHI 
 :r2,-|, IHHI 
 400.1100 
 454.8110 
 58l.:i07 
 ;;;.'0. ihio 
 
 70:1, 184 
 078,417 
 700, ihio 
 
 18,54 :i,009,838 
 
 i«rv. :i,2i8,i,54 
 
 1850 3,580. :177 
 
 1857 3.0.50,477 
 
 18.58 1 :i.4:iO,004 
 
 1850 :i.71-2,;t.54 
 
 18011 3,889,752 
 
 1801 i :i, 8o:i, :i9ii 
 
 1802 i 3,943,409 
 
 1863 1 4,510,040 
 
 1804., 
 1805, . 
 1800., 
 1807.. 
 1808.. 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1870 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 188.5 
 
 1880 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 7,098,909 
 
 1889 8,:i22,H2l 
 
 1800 i 7,1HI4.214 
 
 1891 7,4110.1104 
 
 1892 <l, 709. '-'55 
 
 1893 6,970.900 
 
 I'i'iiiliK-liiiti 
 
 Iiitni/ tuna. 
 4. 707. 051 
 4,819,254 
 4, 52:1, 897 
 4.761,023 
 4. 970. 206 
 6,44.5.7.57 
 ,5.1813.515 
 0,627,179 
 0,741,929 
 0.500.451 
 5.001,408 
 0, :I05. 402 
 0, .555, 997 
 0, 008. 004 
 0. ;l81.ll."il 
 
 0. 00.5. :i:i7 
 7, 740, 2:1:1 
 8,144,440 
 8. 580, 081. 
 8. 529, :0I0 
 7.811.727 
 7,41.5.409 
 7. IHIO, 7.54 
 V.I. 518 
 
PRODUCTION or IKON' OKE8. 
 
 71 
 
 Till! following t;il)lt' will show tlit' iiurnbiir of liliwt fniiiiiccH in optMii- 
 tioii ill (ircsit Itritiiiii, tlic i|ii:intily of pig iron itroiiiiiied, and Mit^iunonnt 
 of iron oi'f. ii.-4(mI in its iiioiliicllon for cacli yi'/.ir from L87.'t to IS!l.'t; 
 
 t-'iiriuti'in ill htiiHt, jiii/ irim pvudinTii, iiiiil imii un- iliarijnl in Hrriil Itriliiin. IS>.1 In ISUfi. 
 
 YeHin. 
 
 I IK 
 
 1873. 
 IH74 
 1875 
 1 8711 . 
 I«77. 
 IK7H . 
 IM'.l - 
 l««ti . 
 IK81 . 
 \»ifl . 
 1888. 
 
 I Fur- 
 I l.la«l. 
 
 08:1 
 lU'.i 
 li'.'i) 
 ,'tH:i 
 r>4i 
 
 4117 
 
 .'.1)7 
 
 r.iir. 
 
 I.iiit'j tinm. 
 Ht, X20. UUfi 
 ir., 854, 077 
 111. .I.'ill, 75:1 
 17.Hi:i.8IH 
 18, 'J5II. nil 
 I7,-J!IU. 781 
 l.'i, 7117, 08IP 
 ■JI,(iKli. 7411 
 ;!ii, ;;4ii xt 
 i!l,L'4!P, Hi:.' 
 
 ai.oij.;;-,'. 
 
 I'ij; irim 
 
 IIIIKlf. 
 
 l.Ullf/ /fWIJf. 
 
 II, r>on. 4.M 
 
 Ti, mil. 4118 
 (i, aiK. 4CU 
 II. .lO,'., 1817 
 
 II. iiu8. eiu 
 li, :i81.ij,'>l 
 .'•., 1111,'., 3;i7 
 7. 7411. 'j:!;! 
 
 X. 141,4411 
 H, frtSIl, IIHO 
 H, .V.'ll. :[IH' 
 
 Fur 
 
 imi-iiH il 
 
 { (lIUHl. 
 
 "1" 
 
 1884 
 I88.''. 
 18811 
 1887 
 1888 
 18811 
 IHIIO 
 1 811 1 
 18ie 
 
 I8u:i 
 
 47C1 
 4:14 
 
 :i9li 
 4115 
 
 414 
 
 3711 
 
 rill:; 
 327 
 
 I run urn 
 
 Hllll'ltl'll. 
 
 t.iiiii/ II, 
 18,887. 
 17,937. 
 17, 'J1I7. 
 
 ,'ii)!> 
 mm 
 48:i 
 
 I'ili inin 
 
 llllKit'. 
 
 mill Itnu 
 .811,7:'; 
 ,41.'.. 41111 
 , IHHI, 7.M 
 
 18, 3l!3..W;i 
 
 7, .Vill, .'ilH 
 
 19, 152,1171 
 
 7,1818, IKill 
 
 111, C183. 1148 
 
 8, Di;-.', 8'.') 
 
 19,213.11111 
 
 7, 18)1, '.'14 1 
 
 18,,'il8, IllJ 
 
 7,4llll,lHil 
 
 III. 341. 451 
 
 11, 7U1I, 2.'i5 
 
 1 IS, tl-.'u, 1153 
 1 
 
 «,U70,9UU 
 
 IIISIIIIIII'AI 
 
 Itlini.SlI IllllN-lllll', MI.M.NQ, 
 
 Tlio rcMiord.s of tlio prodiKitioii of iron ore in (rrcat Britiiin .show that 
 this niint'ral was iist'd lilicrally for tho inannfiu-tnre of iron hy the 
 Itonians and Daiios, and possihly at I'lirlier dates by the ancient Itritons. 
 (Joins, tlliulm, pottery, and other articles known to have been used by 
 the Koiiians have been found in cinder jiih's near the l''orest of Dean 
 ((lloiicestershire), in Cninberlaiid, Knrness, Sussex, Kent, Worcester- 
 shire, Durham, North iimberhiiid, etc. Many old workings, shafts, etc., 
 Lave been discovered, and in several instances sliovels were found 
 made entirely of oak wood, or merely tipped with iron. The earliest 
 preserved accounts dat<! back to the twelfth century, and numerous 
 relercuces arc made to working iron <ires in writings of the tliirteenth 
 century. 
 
 In Scotland no evidiiiices of Iron having been mined by the Itomans 
 have been i'c|iorted. and it is |ii'obable that no iron was made licre until 
 about the year IliOO. In 17."iO a furnace was erected nt (loattleld, and 
 another at liiiiiawe; in IT'.KI there were 17 firnaces in Scotland, |iro- 
 diicing a total of about 1(),0(((> tons per annum, whihi in lS()(i there were 
 27 furnaces, having an aggregatceapacity of about li.'S,(liM) tons. Itccorils 
 which liavi! liecii kept of the iiroduction of ironatone in Scotland since 
 IS.";,") show that tlie annual output gradually fell otf from l.'.r(()(l,0(MI Ions 
 in l.S.")7 Jo l,L'."i(l,(HH) Ions in ISti.S, then increasing witli some exceptions 
 
 until IS.SO, when L',(!."i!l,.'iI7 tons were |ii'odiiccd. Since that ti 
 
 ' the 
 
 production has declined, and in ISK.'! the output was but 817,4(1(1 tons. 
 .Mthongh iron ore was known to exi.st in Ireland at an early date, 
 Mr. Kendall stales that its economic iniportance was not reali/.ed until 
 ISt.'t, in which year an atteniiit was made to smelt the ore (which was 
 liidbably of the "bole" and not pisolitic variety) with coke made from 
 turf, but this was unsuccessful, in 18(11 the beds were again worked, 
 and since that date have been a contributor to tlie ironori- priidiiction 
 
72 MINKWAI. UKSdUllCKS. 
 
 (pf (iiiMt l!ril:iiii. Ill thill yciir Hi") liiiis were iniiicd, :iii(l willi sonn; 
 cxci'iitioiis the (ml|iiit slmwi'd a f^iiiiluiil iiicrciisc, until ISSO, wlicii tii« 
 liiiixiiiiiiiii i(1'1.'.1!>,:!l'."i 1(111^- tons wiis it'iichfd. Siih.s(M|]U'iitly the prtHliic- 
 tioii liiis (Iffn'iiscd, and In l.S!>.'i Init (i7,l.".l2 tons wt'rc mined. 
 
 In considt'iiMjitlic viirimis districts of l'',ii};land sopiiratcly. il is I'onnil 
 that, whili' cvidcnci's of early woi kinf;s are met witli in neaily all of the 
 sliiies, it is onlywilliin <'onii)arati\('ly recent times that any leeoids 
 liavc lieen kept. 
 
 In ( 'nndiei'laiid. Ml'. Kendall states that it appears that on tlu^ deatli 
 of the I'.arl (d' .Mlieinarle, in 117!t, he lieipieatlied a for^^e at Wynefell 
 (VVIiiiifell) and an iron oie mine at lO^reimmt to the .Vliliey of llolme 
 Cilltrarii. This oie lias lieeii worked more or less nninlerruptedly to 
 the present time. In the stewards" and receivers' accounts of the 
 .seventeenth and eighteenth centuries mention is made of royalties 
 received for the K;;ienioiit ore. In 171MI the two fuinaees at work in 
 this county are reported to lia\e produced .")(!.") tons of <'ast iron. In 
 the riMMird of iron ore produced in (liinilierland from tlm year IsHt to 
 istio the aniouiil mined increased from lOO.OOl) tons in (he lirsl nien- 
 tione<l year to l,7lir),t7H tons in I.SSl' (the mavimiim output). Since 
 tliat date the |irodiiclion has fallen oil', hut ('iimlierlaiid is si ill an 
 iin|iortaiit factor in the iron ore industry of (Ireat liiitain. I..'!.")!', 110 
 tons heiii;;- mined in IS'.l.i. 
 
 'I'Im' lirst certain reference to early iron iiiiniii};' in l'"iirness is in the! 
 t'hartiilary of h'tiriiess .\l)bey. The monks of that place wcuked iron 
 at Orjjiave in the early part of the thirteentli century. In Ili.S:,', or 
 some siihseipiciit year in the tliirteeutli century, the convent liecaine 
 |)ossessed of the iron ore under Alinschales. and in the year I IIHl 
 ohtaiiieil a yraiit id' iron oi'e in KM) acres in I >altoii, ()rjj;rave. ami Mer- 
 lon (Mai'linj. It thus appears lliat some part of the valualile deposits 
 which are now heiiij; worked in the localities Just mentioned were 
 known at least (iOO years an'o. In lot'") the lilooiiiaries in the lordships 
 of llawkeshi-ad ami ('(lulton were suppressed, liecaii.st? it was feared 
 ii,\ the customary tenants that the conlinininee of said smithies would 
 caii.sc a ijreat scarcity of liniher, as this was then largely used for niak 
 inj;- charcoal, and !M.'! timbei trees were purchased in l71(M'or C1,7(I0, 
 for use in an iron woiks in f'nrness. In ISIlt l.SL',(IOO tons of iron ore 
 were ]irodiiced in this districi, the ipiantily f;radually increasing ton 
 ma.vimnni in ISS:;. when l.KI.S.dll.'! ions were mined. Since llieii the 
 output has declined lo less than a million Ions. 
 
 In ( iloiicestershire. Hie l''oresl of Dean has long licen cclehraled for 
 its li'on manufacture. Large piles of cinders containing Homaii coins, 
 etc., have been found, and subseipient to the Itoman ociaipation the ore 
 of the forest was probably conveited by the Danes and also by others 
 jirior lo the Norman compiesl, whence the name " Dane cinders." given 
 to large lii'aps of slag which were found s(rattered over I he forest. 
 Somewhat prior lo 11.S4 the lirst charter granted by lleiir.N II. then 
 
I'lJODrc'l'ION <)l' II(f)X ilUKS. 
 
 Diikc of NnriiiiiiMly. lo'lw Alibcy nt' h'lii.\lt\v s|)»'cilics iiii iron works .w 
 ImDiiikI. mow i;itoii, on llic ciistciii side of llic loicst. so IIimI pifsiiiii 
 
 alily ir nc was iniiii'il in tlic forest. His sci'oiid clinitcr. h Ijcn kin;'-, 
 
 is niort' t'X|ili('it, ami <lfSiTil)t's "an iron for;;o frt'i^ anil ipiit willi as free 
 
 liiierty to work us any of liis forjies in (hMiu'snc." In II arly purl of 
 
 tii«^ tiiirleenUi ciMitiiry tlie fiiriiac^t'H accni to liiivc >^ii>\\u so niinicr 
 oils as to cansc serious waslt- of timber in llie forest, anil Henry II 
 ortlereil all the for};es. with soln(^ few exeeptions which lie nanieil. to lie 
 
 removed fr the Forest of I»( In iL'Sli a '• regard" of the forest 
 
 was taken, whieh sliowed that there were fill forces at work in the 
 finest at that time. Niimeiims iiientioii is ina<le in old doeiimrMts and 
 eliarters as to the numlierof fiiri;es in the {•'orest of Uean, llu^ amonids 
 paid iis rent. ete. The yield of the iron ores of the forest in IHL'.S was 
 stated to he !I.S(M) tons, jfiowiii};' ;;radnally in amoant. A talile j;i\ injj 
 the oLltput l>y yeais from IS,">t to IH'.MI shows that in the former year 
 .S.".,,")(H! tons of ore were produced, whiii^ the maximum ontpnt was in 
 IHCH, when KiO.Tl'L' tons represented the total fur the year. The amoniit 
 prodiieed has since that time declined considerably, the lifjures for the 
 shire in lH!i;! hv'iuji pnt at oiVilMt tim.s. 
 
 Iro e is not now mined in Sussex and Kent, but in the earlier 
 
 history of the country considerable ore was won. The last furnace, 
 however, went out of blast in the- year ISliH. 
 
 Little is known of the iron trade of Htatt'ordshire, Warwicksinre, 
 Worcestershire, or Salop during the Homau, Saxon, and Xorman times, 
 but in thi^ writings of the sixteenth, seventeenth, ami eigldeenlli cen- 
 turies fre(|uent mention is made of pits of coal and iron ore in this .sec- 
 tion of I'lnghuid. (lough, writing in ISIK!. says: "Twelve miles east of 
 Wellington isanextensiveparisli,includingfourteeM villages. Theinhab- 
 itants ai e chietly emi)loyed in getting out coal, linu^stone. and iron ore. 
 There are two furnaces worked by a steam engine, one of tiie largest in 
 lOnglaml." This shows that at this time it was an important iron pro- 
 ducer. Stalfordshire is reported to have sup|>lied 1,(111(1 tons of iron in 
 17l(t, r>»l,(l<tO tons in l.SOd, and L'l 1,(>(»4 ton.s in IS,1(>. The iiroduction of 
 ironstone in this shire in l.S.")!t. when the continuous record ci)mmenc(\s, 
 js gi\eii as l,,").s;!,(l(»(l ton.s, reaching it.s nuiximum in 1871, when 2,L'l.S,74r> 
 Ions were mined, while in IS'.M) the inoduction was but l.liL'l,."iI(Hons. 
 Warwickshire produced .'Mi.odO tons and Salop l!t7..')S!» tons in 1S.51I, 
 reaching their maximum outputs in 1. ST.") and ISCil, respectivel.v . when 
 !l7,4.")(i tons and 4r«l,(MI(l tons respectively were mined. In later years 
 the output.s were small, Warwickshire producing about i.',(«M) and Salop 
 .")(l,0(Mt tons or less of ore. 
 
 In Derbyshire and ^■orkshire the earliest workings seem hidden in 
 obscurity, bat I'arey, writing in ISll, meidiims L'.'i jdaces where be had 
 noticed .slag and lemains of old bloomaries and (rharcnal furnaces. In 
 174(» 1,4(H> t(ms of ir(m were made in YorkHhire (West Killing) ami '>'M 
 tons in Derbvshire. The industry grew, ami in ISIKi there were in 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 V. 
 
 ^ 
 
 // 
 
 o 
 
 /. 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 z 
 
 ^ 
 
 I I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 121 12.5 
 
 
 ■ 2.2 
 
 12.0 
 
 iim 
 
 1.4 mil 1.6 
 
 Ph 
 
 m 
 
 0> 
 
 f 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 7 
 
 PhotogTdpbic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SM 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 
' 
 
 
 ,<v 
 
74 
 
 MINERAL RRSOritCKH. 
 
 Derbysliirc IS ftirntwttiH, li; of wliit^li were in bliiMt, iiikI 14 t'uriiacus in 
 VoikHliiro, priMlui-inK, res|K><-tivi)l,v, 10,.'<2!) niiil L'7,(>4<i tons of inin. In 
 1811 the CU'vulaiul main liantl Huenis U> liavo buen diacovt'ivtl, but wjih 
 little workiMl until I.S.*(0, sinee which time tlieontpHt ra|>iill,v inei'eased, 
 and in the year 1855. when Mr. Kenilall's statistieH eommence, the 
 Cleveland distrii^t ]H'(Mln<'ed 8(ir»,;«M» tuns of iron ore and West Uidin^ 
 l>rtr>,tMM) tons, Derbyshire mining 4(Kl,r>(M) tons. 
 
 The oiit|int of the('leveland distri(;t r<'a(;hed its inaxiinnm, nj.'tli,)),').') 
 tons, in 188.!, that of West Uidinn, 785,(»L'8 tons, in 18(i8, and tlnit of Der 
 byHhire, 'I!t2,07;i tons, in IS7I. Th<> last two, however, have declined in 
 iin|)ortan(^e. and in I8<H) they prodix-ed lint 77.4.'!:! tons and L'.'t,7.'t2 t4ins, 
 respectively. <'!eveland, while at times sliouinf; a diminished output, 
 still rcnniins the prirn-ipal sonrce of iron ore in ICn^lantl, having fallen 
 in but one year below .'>,tHH),lllH)tons until I8!li.', when it showed a decline 
 of nearly l',(l(M),(MK» tons, recovering somewhat in 18',t.'(. 
 
 In Devon, <'orii wall, and Somersetshire, iron-ore mining d(M's not 
 appear at any time to have reached much importance, the txital output 
 of these three shires in 18!t2 bein^r sli};htly over 4,(MM) tons, while the 
 niaxinium cond>ined total in ow. year reached oidy 1(H),IHH) tons. 
 
 In Durham and Northundiurlantl the present iron-ore intlnstry is 
 snndl, but in ancient times it is said that the Konnins produced lar^e 
 (juantitiesof iron there. Its ifreatest iron ore output was in 1871. when 
 l!Mi,848 t<uis of day band and 88,44!> tons of Hpathic ore antl limonit<e 
 were wrought. 
 
 In Northaniptoimhire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, Itnthindshire, 
 Uxfordshire, and Wiltshire there are numerous accumulations of sla^ 
 in which are fountl lionuin coins and pottery, but during' the Haxon and 
 Xorinan ugi'n iron smelting' .seems t^t have declined, ami shortly aft^'r 
 the time of Henry III to have died out. Mr. S. II. Itlaekwell says: 
 "An invcstipition at the chtsc of the exhibition (18r»l) was rewarded 
 by the disc(»very at ilifrham Ferrers «if a bed of ore many feet in thi(!k- 
 ness. This led to further (examination and to the discoviTy of tlie 
 Ntu'thampton ilcposits." In IS-Vi attention was directed t.^ the iron 
 ores of Wiltshire, and in 1858 t\w iron ore in the Lower Lias at Scun- 
 thorpe, in Lincolnshire, was llrst worked. About the same time or a 
 little lattM' the ore of the Middle Lias of < Oxfordshire l>e(;an to be worked, 
 while the mining of (U'e in the Lower Oolittt, near Lincoln ('ity, waH 
 commenced in 1872. In 1882 the dt^jtosits at llolwell, Kastwell, Wal- 
 tham, and Wartiniby, 'u Leicestershire, were o])ene<l. Northunipt4>n 
 Hhire, in 1855, produced 71,084 cons of iron ore, ami Wiltshire l.'i,(HK) 
 tons; Lini'olnshire and Oxfonlshire nuide their tlrst outputs of 2,(KH» 
 and (!,)).'!<) tons in 18.5;), while Leicestt^rsliire <'.ontributed its lirst(piota 
 in 1881. The outputs of Northamptuimhire, Lii'icolnsliire, and Leu'es- 
 tershire iiu'reased rapidly, reaching their nnixima of 1 ,.550. Ml.') toim in 
 1880, l,.5(!(MMM> tons in 18,80, and O77,i;!0 tons in 1801. res|M'ctively. 
 Uxfordshire has iievei' produced 1<K>,000 Um» of ore per annum, and 
 
PHODHCTIOJf OF IKON ORES. 
 
 in 
 
 niiice 1880 its pnHluct lin» been coinliiiK'tl with AViltsliirc, wliiuli sliirc 
 I'cuclieil its iiiiixiiniiiii output, ir)!l,804 tons, in 1871. 
 
 (iliiiimorKaiishiie, Itrecoiisiiirc, ami MoniiioiitliHliiro were also Htatod 
 I/O Ihs tlio M'tiiicH of early Roinaii o|ici'atioiis. The iron ore is mostly 
 day ironstone, altlioii<;li somu llmonitu i8 also obtained, the maximum 
 output of oru I)ein<r in 1871, when 1,174,8128 tons of the former and 
 7l!,7(i<i tons of the latter were mined. 
 
 FKANOP, 
 
 The iron-ore dejmHitfl of France, nIthoiiKh Tinmeronn eTiongh, are 
 greatly scattered, and, except in the case of the oolitic fornnitiun in 
 the east of tins ijonntry, there are no de|M)sits capable of feedin;; any 
 considerable number of blast furmu-es, such as exist in the Cleve- 
 land district of Kn^^land or the Lake Ku|)erlor, Middle Htutes, or Ala- 
 bama-Tennessee reKi4)ns of the Tiiited States. 
 
 I'rofossur Jordan groups the French iron ores under tlie following 
 heads: 
 
 1. Magnetic iin<l oolitit; ores. — These ores are of no great importance 
 to iron nianultw-turers, and but a small qinintity is mined, altlumgh 
 some deposits exist in the Pyrenees, the most iniiMirtant of which are 
 those worked at I'uymorens. These ores are found in beds altermiting 
 with thin strait.i of mica-schist, ami yiehl about M per cent of iron. 
 They also occur in the provim-us of Anjuii and I'roven(;e and in the 
 eastern ))n>vinces aiound Mount Canigou. At this 'place M. Max 
 1 Miehanoy states that they Ibrm a band from east to west, !■*> kilome- 
 ters (!).\ miles) h)n;;, pas'iiig through Ivscarro, Thorrens, and Fillola. 
 Tiie strata are about 'M meters ((m feet) thick, with an average of 45 to 
 55 per cent of iro'" and 1.5 to 2.7 i)er cent of wanganese. They are 
 diniculttomine, and sell for '.) francs per ton nt the mine. Tliewautof 
 coke has abi) aided in |)reventing their exploitation. These ores are 
 employed for making crucible, tool, and cast stesi, and are smelted in 
 the three charcoal blast furnaces at l>ia, near l*rades( western Pyrenees), 
 which consume about 25 tons of roasted ore each per day'and 12 tons 
 of charcoal, producing 12 to 14 tons of llnished iron. M. Duchaiioy 
 also mentions a deposit of magnetite carrying 5<i ]ier <'ent of iron at 
 Dielette, near i'herbourg, the ore Xn'.d being split into live vtM'tit^al bands 
 7 to 15 meters (J3 to 4!) feel) thick. The ore is sold in Scotland, 
 
 2. Ked hematite. — The largest deposit of this chariuittM' of ore is in 
 the Department of the Ardetihe, near the t4)wns of Privas ami La 
 Voulte. This extensive deposit is formed by strata between the liower 
 Uolite and the Superliassic nntrl. The ore varies in character from the 
 red hematite, with a conchoidal friu;ture and of agaielike texture 
 (enntnining 50 ])er cent of iron), to the schistose and even oolitic 
 hematite (with only 30 per cjut of iron). In the neighborhood of Alle- 
 vard, in the Dauphiny Alps, v ...m'ous workings have been 0|>eiuMl 
 upon veins containing spathic iron ore in sandstones and crystalline 
 
7C, 
 
 KIINKKAI. UKS()ini<;K8. 
 
 scliiHtu. TIic iiiiiii'rni, ii iiistnKiiiiiltM'oiis H|)iktliir. ore, iiiiu;li iiiixud with 
 piiipic, iiKiliidiiig HiindMtoiifs, Hcliists, and i|iiiirt/., iiftuii closely »kK1'*'- 
 Kiit<>d, is broiiglit by iiK'liiied |)liiii*>s, lisiviii^ ii fall of l,<i3Sf<;<>t in a 
 k'n^th of a inilu, from llui mint's on t1i«; liii'sldcs to t\\v liciul of tlie 
 di't'NHiiig fl)M>r. The lai'pT sized picees are ' !■ aned by a wat^r Jel and 
 passed over a continuous picking belt, tint mixed iiiec-esare tranxferred 
 to spallint; tables, while the clean ore falls from the belt into wagons, 
 ready for the calcinin;; kilns. The calcination of the coarse nmterial is 
 eil'ected in kilns heated by ;;us, imide in producers. The calcined ore 
 is raised to a second ])ickini; hou.se, ami jiassed over balanced piirkin;; 
 tables. The smaller ))ie(!es arc cleaned by <;nishin{; and si/in^', the line 
 powder being pass(Mi over a series of wotslcn rollers cari'yiii}; horsttshiK* 
 inaKue^H U} separate the UK^tallie particles. The smaUeHt si/.cd oro from 
 the first jticking house is treated in a liartz sand Ji(;, the coarser 
 ores on double I'oinpartment continuous nntchines. The washed oi-u is 
 removed to the cahunin;; furnaces, wlii<-h are of two different )>att4.'rns, 
 one vertical and the other inclined, but both are heated by gas. The 
 calcined tu'e is tpienclicd with a Jet of water and carried to an agglom- 
 erating machine. Finely ground hydraulic lime is added to the 
 (pienched ore and the mixture is molded in a briquette machine into 
 blocks weighing ir>A pounds. The bri(|uettes are removed by railway 
 afUu- being dried for a wi k. Jn the Avt^yron u red hematite, in Infra- 
 liassie butls, is woi'ked for Deca/eville furnaces, but the deposit is of 
 but slight importance. In the Pyrenees, red hematites iM'cur in con- 
 nection with extensive de|>oBits of brown henuttitu and spathos<t ores, 
 but there is no distint^t deposit of red ores. 
 
 .'{. Carbomite ores. — While spatlioae and ironstone ores are met 
 with in most of the coal districts, the more imintrtant de|)08its are in 
 the Alps and Pyrenees — the Allevardand St. (ieorge's mines of Messrs. 
 iSchneider iS: ('<>., the former being situaU^d 4)ii the slope of the J)au- 
 ]ihiny Alps and tjie latter on the bavoy slope. The Allevard ore is 
 found in large lodes in the talcose scliists, and comprises several kinds, 
 varying in colcr from white to red, according t.o the stage of dei^onipo- 
 sition, and known eitlicr as '*Maillats'' ores, i. e., having large iliom- 
 boidal crystals, or " Uives*' ore.", i.e., ores with a more confuseil crystal- 
 li/i'*ion. The ores of the 8t. Ueorge nnnes are ipiite similar to the 
 .MIcvard, but are perha])s iu)t. quite, as rich. M. Duchanoy states 
 that the 8t. (ie4>i'ge vein has a southeaHt and northwest strike, a 
 thickness of from l! to U meters (tij to 120 feet), and istra<'ed for a length 
 of 14 kilometers (8'^ miles). The ore contains fiO piv cent of iron pro- 
 toxide (.'M.8 ])cr cent of metallic iron) and 8 |ier cent of manganese 
 protoxide (<i. II per cent of manganese). While there are a ntnnber of 
 excellent cailKinate deimsits in the Pyrenees, they are not worked to 
 any extent e\ce]>t in the Department of the euRtern Pyr<-iu;es, where 
 considerable tleposits are found on the siojies of MtMint Caiiigou, not 
 far from the Mediterranean shore. Tin- primNjial mines ai'e at TIdm'- 
 rent and Sahorre. These ores, unummlly free from sulphur and phos- 
 
rUDKUCTKtN OK IKON ORKS. 
 
 77 
 
 ? 
 
 plioriis, tMMitiiiii t'i'Kiii 15 til r>.°) ]MM' i;ciil> nf iron uikI tVoin L' to I per 
 vAtiit of iiiiiiif;iiiiuHU, with Ik gaiii^uc "which is not iiil°i'e(|iiuiitly t'iiNil)l«i 
 
 4. Brown heniiktites. — Under thiM hoiMl Prot'cssur •lorilitn inclnilos 
 only Hu<;h ores as are the least hydrated. Itrown tilirous hoMiatites, 
 always more or h^ss niangaiiit'eroiis, fr<<o Iroiu sulpbnr and with only a 
 triu;euf phospliorns, have liccn worked in the Purigonl district ( l)t'|iart- 
 nient uf Charcnte and Dorogne), but the i|iiaiitity mined is inconsider 
 able. In the nt'imrtinoiit of Charonte are found tiie (luillot and (iros- 
 bot ore, as well as those of Tapaiinat, but thesi; are not oxtonHively 
 Worked. The only brown hematite deposits of aittual importance are 
 sni-li as are <;oiitiguons to the l*yi'o»*!es. In the vicinity of the town 
 of I'riulos are the FiUols and Sahorre mines, which (thietly furnish 
 hematite ores with a calcareous gangne and soft ores. In the Depart- 
 ment of Ariege are the Nan(!ie ndiies. This deposit, which is found 
 in the ITpiN^ Liits, and is very irregular, supplies a mixture of brown 
 nianganiferous hematite with oolitic ore and red hematite!. 
 
 '). Oolitic ores. — The great oolitic deposit, the most important iron- 
 ore field in France, has its origin in the Helgian |H>rtion of Luxemburg 
 and extends through Lorraine to and beyond Nancy, in the valley of 
 the upper Moselle. It o<-cupies the upper |>art of the Lias formation, 
 or, according to some gctdogists, l)elongs to the Lower Oolites. The 
 bed, whicli is sonu^times singUvand at other places sulHlivide<l, has a 
 total thi<-kness varying liccording to the marly intercalations of from 
 1! to .'(.'i meters (<i,5 to lb') feet). It rests directly on the Superliassic 
 sandstone, and is covered with a vast .lurassic plateau. The ore con- 
 sists of small grains, generally of the si/.e of a pin's head, agglutinated 
 by a calcareous or argillaceous cement, the whole lieing (colored gray, 
 yellow, brown, or red by the oxide of inni. At some places — llyaiige, 
 for exampl(« — they are of a greenish <'olor, a silicate of |>rot<>xide of 
 inm. The iron cout^Mits range from 120 to .'(5 per cent. The gangiu- is 
 sometinu-s argilhureous and sometimes calcareous. Phosphoric acid, 
 although small in some deposits, not infreipiently reaches I |H-r cent, 
 and this is es|)ecially the case in calcareous ores. In other parts 
 of Franco there are important deposits of hydrat4!<l oolitic' orc»!. At 
 tlussey, ill the Department of Ha<'ine; at S<Mivan<;e and Laissey, in the 
 valley of the Doiibs, and at Oiigney, in the .lura, these ores are met 
 with, though less abundantly. The Maxeiiay mines, in the hepartmeni 
 of theHaAneaiif' Loire, yield phosphoric; ores carrying 27 toL'.S per cent 
 of iron. Then there are those- of Moiidalaxac, in the Department of 
 Aveyroii, and others not so important at Villebois, in the Depart luent of 
 Ain, and theAvehM mine, in the Department of (tard. 
 
 (i, O^raniilar hydrate:! iron ores. — The supply for the (dd ehare^ial 
 furnaces of Fraiiche-Oomte and Kerry was obtained from deposits of 
 pisolitic ores. These ores which are granular, the grains varying from 
 Ibe size of a small pea to t'lat uf a hazeluut, are obtained by buddliug 
 
7S 
 
 MINKUAI, KKSOIIKCKS. 
 
 anil ililiitiii^ in wiiln- ilic "iiiiiic rliiy" prociirfil t'i'i>iii irrf(;iiliir i'ec.i>8M>H 
 (irriivilit'sxitiiiitrd *'illi<Tiii NciH-oiiiiiiii or in (lit- rppiM' Uxrordiaii -Miif 
 stiiMc. Tilt! ^Mii);iic. is sili(UMms, itliiiiiitioiis, 4ir raUtarooiis. 'I'lif yield 
 is IVoiu .'toto'trt iici'cfiil of iron, witli Hli);lit tnu^cHot' |ilios|ilionis. The 
 niiiK^H wiirkcil in l''i'ancluM'onit<'- wore Hitnatcd in tlui Di^parlnifnts ol 
 Donlis anil tlir llanic Saoni', anil in tliu Drpartnient of (^lii'r, in llir 
 Iti-rry ilistiict. Siuiilai- ores wcrr won in tlin olil province of (lliani 
 pa);ni', I'.spiM'ially in tliu ncpai'tiiiiMil of llaiilu-Marne, wlii'ictliey with 
 foniiii in ili.-positB or piHiki-ts in the erarkx anil ilepressionH of the I'lirt- 
 lanil liniestonv. These ores arc piu'er than those whieh resleil in Mieii' 
 priniitivi! place, anil are ealleil '*riM'k mine.'' They arc not largely 
 worked. Other siiiil more important Champa;;iie ort^M are worked at 
 the haseot' (lie Neocoinian formation, in masses intercalated in the sand 
 deposits. These ores, which are known as "mine denii Aroche," are of 
 superior i|iiality to the nnlliolithic in'es, coiilainin(; less phosphorus. 
 After washini;, they yield from ;IH to -lli per vent in the lui'iiace. The 
 third variety, also worked in the (!hampa{;ne, are >'milliolithic"ores in 
 the form of <;'rains of millet seed, emliedded in ferrn^nnons clay in the 
 upper Neocomian formation, the clay liein); often ponnded and washed. 
 They are of inferior i|iliilily to the ores just descrilted, lint can lie 
 worked open cat, and arc wim at lint little expense. At. I'oix, in x\r- 
 dennes, a very considerable deposit is worked in the Oxfordian nmrls, 
 supply in;; a pnlvcrnlent ore which is not nsed until washed, and car- 
 ries eonsideialile phosphorns. 
 
 7. Various hydrated ores. — liesides the ores already mentioned, other 
 iron hydrates are worked. lielonK'n;; either to the class of hydrated 
 hematites, with partitioned hollows or cavities, or that of ores arising 
 ^ from decomposed pyritii; veins or lodes, or simply tc that of limestone 
 or saiulslone im|ire;;nated with oxide of iron. None of these deposits 
 arc of any impurtancc. 
 
 I'rolialily onethiril of the iron ore supply of the Kroncli lilast fur- 
 naces is olitained from forei^'n mines, principally from those of Al{;eria, 
 Spain, Italy, and (iermany. 
 
 M. Ad.i'arnot, of I'aris, en;;iiieer in chief of mines, has pulilished a 
 work, entitled "Minerals ile Ker de la France, ile r.Mjji'ric, et de la 
 Tnnisie," which ^'ives over \,iHW analyses of various iron ores in l''rance, 
 supplemented liy a number of detenninations of Alj^erian and Tunisian 
 ii'on ores. Analyses of most of the iron ores mentioned in this article 
 are ^iveii. This mono^fraph will be found of service to anyone desiring 
 U) investigate the chemical aiuilyses of Krencli iron ores. 
 
 In s|H-akiiiK of the Freneli iron industry M. Max Duchanoy says: 
 
 'I'hn tliri'o larui'nli );niii|w of W(irkH in l''ri>ii»i> iirr Hitiiiitcil ill lli<t luiitli, iu III)) imfit, 
 ami In llii' ci'iitir. 'I'lii' iiortlicin f;roiip iihi'h tlin ri<'li iiii|iiirti'il iiii'M ciI' Spain iir tlin 
 iron orr rnriiiHliiMl liy tlio I.tni^wy Coinpunv; t1ii> cHHti'm ^roiip i tlin *vork.s of 
 Mi'iirtlir. Mimilli', and llaiitn-Miirni) ntili/.n tlio loiiil nrrn, wliili' tlin ret;. nil K''""I'i 
 ronipriHinu tin' workH at .St. Fltii-inii' anil AlaiH, tlii< lar^n inntalluticin at Crousot, 
 ttint tlioae ut .Moutliivun, iih« thti urea uf Umd uiid lli'rry. 
 
I'KODUCriON <»l' 11(1 IN (»HK.S. 
 
 79 
 
 Till- {groups (il' ii'iiii oi'f iniiics in Kriuiro iii't^ in a luss fiivoi-iililc |i(i.sitiiin 
 tliiiii Mkihu of iicifrjiifori'if; fitiiiitiics. Must iif t\w iron wnrkN iirr sil.n 
 iilc'd »t thu cim! beds, tar from tlii^ rirh orus, to whi(^li llu'y ai'u ohii^ri-il 
 to liavu ri^coursu for tlii' |iroilut;tion of steel. The larp* works at llivi' 
 lie (iier, 8t. (■Itienne, Ht. diamond, Coininentry, Montlirison, (Ireiisot — 
 the steel \v<irks of France — are situated at the fuel sn|i|)ly, ami at Ion;; 
 distanees from the ore beds of the Alps, Pyrenees, Anjoii, and Al^-ria. 
 FoHH^ni iron ores and those from the fnintier departments lirin^ •'«), 40, 
 and I') tVanes per ton delivered at the fiirniM'e, and it is only throiiKh 
 perfeelion of inaiiaKenient that Frai!(;e has been able t4i sustain her 
 iron industry under foreign competition. 
 
 < )f thi^ impiirted iron ores, the \ Ip'rian cost In IStKl 4.') francs |ier ton at 
 the furnace; the I'^lbaore, l.'t friincs (it (;ostH lint l.'i fraiM-s at the mine); 
 the Spanish ores of ('arta^ena and Itilbao, 4>'t francs, and those of tiie 
 Pyrenees ,'{0 francs at the furnace, the latter being worth l(t to l(i 
 frames at the mines. Mr. Duchanoy thinkii it would be a ^I'cat advan- 
 tiiiM' III hx'atu the works nearer to the iron-ore mining centers, which 
 would retlnco the cost per ton of iron. 
 
 'riirongh the courtesy of Professor ilordan the following table is pre- 
 sei.ted, showing the proihiction <if iron ore in France, the imports and 
 expoi'ts, iks well as the amount <if pig iron manufactured. According 
 to this table the production of native iron ores increased until the year 
 IH(M), and froin tiiut time on the amount mined has tluctiinted accord- 
 ing to the demand, l.-ing greatest in the year \HU2, when .'!,7(>7,(MM» 
 nietriu tons were |ir<i(luced. The minimuin output was in 1871, when 
 but l,'S52,U4NI metric tons wore mined. 
 
 The imports show a comparatively constant imtrease from the year 
 IStMt until 188,°<,sincewliiehdate they have remaiiicil practically station- 
 ary, wit h the e.\(;eption of two years, when there was a (lecided decline. 
 
 The largest amount iiujiorted was in the year 1M!)L', when l,titi'!,7L'3 
 metric tnuu were reported as being brought iu tVom various foreign 
 countries. 
 
 The largest amount exported in any one year was in l.S7;{, when 
 .'CiL'.H-l.j tons were sent away. Th«* amount fell until, in 187'.t, but (Mi,((.'ia 
 metric t<ins were exported, then rose and continued stationary until 
 1.H.S7, when it again suddenly advanced to 1281,128 tons, since which it 
 has remained practically statiouary. 
 
so 
 
 MINKKAL KKSOIIKCKS. 
 
 'I'll)' iiii^xiiiiiiiii in;ik)' III' |ij^ ii'iin wiih in tlic yi-iir iSH.!, when l.',Uti!), (.'ill 
 iiit'ti'i<' tons wv.n: |ii'<mIiii'ciI, the ISIKi <iiil|nil liciiit; L'.IKtLV'XiT toli.s. 
 
 I'rmtiiclhm of iron nre and pit/ iron iit Fnitur, anil Ihr imfnirln anil rjrpnrtn itj irnn ttrr. 
 
 I Mill ii Hill.. I 
 
 itiailf. 
 
 
 
 Inin iiri'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 itiiri. (1 
 
 IiiijHirlM. h 
 
 Kx|Mirli», /» 
 
 igin 
 
 
 litm 
 
 i.m>4,iiiia 
 
 
 
 18411 
 
 IIIMI 
 
 IIWU 
 
 2. 24U, mm 
 
 1.821 I8HI 
 :i, n:);t. (MHt 
 
 
 
 
 
 2ia<.lllKl 
 
 711. INNI 
 
 IWtl 
 
 :i 1118 IMKI 
 
 .iim (imi 
 
 114 mill ' 
 
 \mi 
 
 a. luiii. KKi 
 :i. 2711. (iiHi 
 
 a7,'i. (Kio 
 4aii. (nm 
 
 fl,'i, INHI 
 
 IIWI 
 
 181,111111 
 
 vm 
 
 :i. i:i7. iiiHi 
 
 4,'.8. IHKI 
 
 111, KKI 
 
 ntnr. 
 
 a.Oll.lHNI 
 
 477. CIOII 
 
 l.VI, IMHl 
 
 \<m 
 
 a. 182.0181 
 
 4«l. MW 
 
 1:18. (Mm 
 
 IM17 
 
 2. 772. mMl 
 
 4112. 1100 
 
 l,-||l, IHKI 
 
 IKIW 
 
 2.li84,lll8l 
 
 !i,'>4. I8N1 
 
 lim, INHI 
 
 IH6U 
 
 a. Ml.DIHl 
 2. nu.mw 
 
 :i02, IHKI 
 
 4811, mio 
 
 2:10 (HHI 
 
 IK7I1 
 
 14,'i,INHI 
 
 IK71 
 
 i.Hri2.iiiHi 
 
 2. 782. IKKl 
 
 a7i>. iKiii 
 
 WW. (121 
 
 1:111 IHHI 
 
 1872 
 
 :i:i7. i»Mi 
 
 187a 
 
 a. ll.M 124 
 
 720. fil.'i 
 
 :i,"i2. Hi.'i 
 
 187« 
 
 2. 'iin. .'.48 
 
 8111. IHM 
 
 2ia.iHKi 
 
 187.1 
 
 2, .'ilHi. 87<1 
 
 KI2. 7118 
 
 170. WM 
 
 1878 
 
 2. aii:i. :iiii 
 
 840. I8A 
 
 Id,-.. IIHI 
 
 1877 
 
 2. 42li. 2711 
 
 U7ll.l>:il 
 
 7!1. 112 
 
 187K 
 
 2. iim. una 
 
 Iia2. aii,'i 
 
 140, IHKI 
 
 1879 
 
 2,271.17a 
 
 011,812 
 
 m. 8,v.' 
 
 18811 
 
 2. 8;i,2iti 
 
 1 ia7 fiiHi 
 
 111.7181 
 
 1881 
 
 a, ii:i2, U7II 
 
 1.2811.7811 
 
 88 2112 
 
 1882 
 
 3. 487, ril 
 
 l,42.V87H 
 
 I21.IRK1 
 
 I88;i 
 
 a, 2117. 8.-.a 
 
 1.1811. 217 
 
 lll.'i, IHNI 
 
 1884 
 
 2, 1178. !>48 
 
 1.412 --■4 
 
 1211. OIKl 
 
 188S 
 
 2.ai8. iiM 
 
 1.42ll,IKia 
 
 811. .'lAl 
 
 18811 
 
 2. 28,'>, 848 
 
 1, l.'iH,l'i:ill 
 
 111:1. iiao 
 
 1887 . .. 
 
 2. .'>7I1. 4ll!i 
 2,841,7,-.7 
 
 1,l,'i4,4ll,-| 
 
 l,aiii,iiii,'i 
 
 281, 128 
 
 IkXS 
 
 294.214 
 
 18(19 
 
 a, <i7<i. :t8ii 
 
 l,442.;ul,l 
 
 281.,'>ii:i 
 
 18911 
 
 a, 471. 718 
 
 1,8111,242 
 
 28.*i. :i(MI 
 
 I811I 
 
 a. ,')7ii, 2811 
 
 l,4a7.B27 
 
 2»8, ,'|»I1 
 
 18H2 
 
 a. 7llfl. 748 
 
 1,118:1, 72a 
 
 :ia'i, iKHi 
 
 18l'a 
 
 a, IU7. 42a 
 
 l,tl.'10,442 
 
 
 
 11 2, .'881 
 
 288. :mi 
 :)17. 77;i 
 4ii.'i. ii,'i:i 
 NI1N. :ifi:i 
 
 WW K9I 
 
 l.iiOil. 8:17 
 I, 1,'ili. 87S 
 l,212.7r8l 
 1,-11.1 7111 
 1. 2(111 .148 
 1.2211.1144 
 
 1.2:1,'., :ii 18 
 l.:iHu.'.Hiri 
 1,17m, 114 
 K,'.ll. 1141 
 I 217,8:111 
 
 i,:wi,«jii 
 i.4iri. 8117 
 
 1 I in, 272 
 1 1:1,'., 212 
 1,, '.ml. 827 
 1, '.2 1,274 
 1,4111 28« 
 l,72"i. 2Iia 
 
 1 . n8ii. :t,'vii 
 2,il;l9,l8l7 
 
 2, <HI<,1. 4:«1 
 !.871,.VI7 
 I . ICIII. iil8 
 I..M11 ,'i71 
 l.,^ir7. 8-;2 
 
 i.Axa. a40 
 
 1, 7:1:1. »M 
 1,!K12, 1181 
 1,1110. 185 
 
 2. ll,'.7, 2.S8 
 2, Iia2, ,'ill7 
 
 aKiuuri'H.if |iri>iliirliiiii uri-iinliiiu In tin* ulllrjal Miiirni] Stalijtio«. 
 b Ki^iireH iil* iii)]KirtH anil e\piHiH I'niiii tlli' ciiaIiiiiih HlatiHtioH, 
 
 HPAIN. 
 
 Wliil)> the |>i);Jroii iniliir'try of Hpaiii hsis not iiilvstiHX'd so rapidly an 
 Hint of othtM- l')iii'0|icitii i;oniitrii'H. her hir^'c <U>|io.sil.s of iron ori's at 
 liai'li'il the att«Mitiiiii of for(>i(;ii capital, and (uiinpani(!s wi'i'v I'orincd to 
 operate them. The principal i<N-alitics heretofore yieidinfj[the.>4e ores art- 
 sit nated in Hie Hiscayan I'rovinees of Oviedo. Haiitaiider, Itiscaya, 
 (liiipii/.coa, etc., lint tlio.st^ tliat have been most (extensively worked are 
 in Hie vicinity of Killiao, the mines of wliiuii form three f;roups, those 
 of Soniorrostro, (ialdaines, and Olltirgon. 
 
 The ore is described by .Mr. I l«Miry Newton as " hydratcd |H)ro,\ide, 
 ocenpyiii); veins or lodes in rocks of <!retaceons a^e, ijiiite rich and 
 parti(!id»rly free from phos)ilioruH and sulphur.'' lie coiitiniu>s: "The 
 ore, iiH great4'r depths are reaehetl 111 tiie veins, is found to be only a 
 pissan, ur oxidized (iut<-ro|), the mass of iiiichaii|;cd deposit beiiit? 
 spathic iron ore (carbonate oreH), containing, however, a greater pru- 
 purtioii of sulphur than the guBsuu ore." 
 
PRODlin'ION OF IRON OREH. 
 
 81 
 
 Magnetic iiiul HptMnilururcH ttre aitu* touiid in t\n\ H(>iitlii<rii ]ir<)viiici*8, 
 ill MiiriMH, Mitliiga. .Suville, etc. Some <m^ is also iiiiiieil in tint iiit4>i'ior 
 prnviiicuH, but tliusu tIepositH liuvo not obtained cuniuiercial ini]iortaiic«. 
 
 IIII.IIAO OltKH. 
 
 Mr. II. Uaiiornian doHcribi-M tim Soinori'OHtro minus as "bein^ con- 
 taiuetl in an oval area, liA miles lon}r and three- foiirths of a mile broad, 
 ill the hill called Monte Traino, where the ore forms a bed included 
 between sandstones and limestones of the Tppcr Cretaceous (Henonian) 
 period." The ores are of three kinds, distinjjiiislied asCainpanil, Vena 
 dulce, and Ftiibio, whose average compositions are as follows: 
 
 Analjint of iron oret/rom Somorroitro, .V/iuin. 
 
 
 CMnpuill. 
 
 /Vr rfut. 
 
 1.132 
 
 •J. 4H'J 
 
 Traiw. 
 
 t 
 Prrernt. ' Perrmt. 
 00. 50 77. 85 
 
 
 Mmdkhiiimki nxliln 
 
 Lime 
 
 . o;u . 50 
 
 Tra*'f. Trnt'c. 
 
 MHKiit'Hia 
 
 KJIica 
 
 5.55 1.88 8.50 1 
 
 
 L<mH(ml}iuithiii 
 
 ToUl 
 
 
 MntHllk) Iron 
 
 56. 66 ' ta. :iK fii fin 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Mr. liaiierman says: ' 
 
 The Caiii|ittoil orit in ruil both in iiiaHs ami powder, iiiiMloriktoly liuril.nml imgnri- 
 nt«il with I'lili'ilu. It furiiis the iippur purt u( the licil, and from itH Htnit'turv iippeiirx 
 til ho HU iiltci'od Hpatbiu (iro. In ilopth it piiHHUH into thii richer and Hol'ttT Vena dnli^p. 
 Both klndii ari< tailed red h»iuatitv, but thi'.v are not improbably tiir);ite,,jud};i<iK 
 from the amount of volatile matter nhown in tbo unalysiH. The Kuliio ore \» linmnitc 
 of spongy or niammillated Htrnctnre found along the outcroi> of NvhiHtoHu BandstoueN, 
 whirh eontain altere<l uoduleg of carlxmate of iron. The actual thirkucxs of the 
 nuiin bed liuH not been proved, but it is known to bo mure than 2(IU feet. The Knbio 
 ore foriUH an eiicarpment that TiBeH to a height of 300 feet. 
 
 These ores have been worked for ages in the Hiscayaii forges and are 
 noted for their rediicibility. 
 
 In discussing the variations in Itilbao iron ore, M. Cyi'iiU|iie Melson, 
 in '-La Sidcriirgie en KraiKie et iV riCtranger," says: 
 
 Campanil ore in eHHeutially an unhydrouH oxide with a caloareouH );anKne. It in 
 otony, with a bright red dust. The texture in conipaet, hut ofti'ii <!ry»talliiie. 
 NunierouH fragmoiitu pregeut rhoniboidal nodules tniiiHfornied into peroxide of iron. 
 Tile large number of aiialyHes which have been publUhed enable iih to deline Caui- 
 )ianil na an ore containing 6 to !) per cent of Hilica and 3 to 5 ]ier cent of lime and 
 magnesia — that Ih to say, having a solf-f-iKible gangue. The proportion of iron 
 vnrieH from 53 to 51 per cent. Vena ore is an i>!:hydrous peroxide of iron, compact 
 but friable, with a small quantity of clayey gangue, which causes it generally to 
 have an earthy appearance. When dry this ore is very rich, and frct|Ueiitly yields 
 as much as (Vt and even tio per cent of iron. Practically, however, it rarely yields 
 more than 5K to CO per cent, on account of the large (piantil.v of water euntained. 
 The gangne exists as an aluminous silicate, which is readily fusible. Kubio ore is a 
 8«'_'4 (! 
 
 11 
 
S2 
 
 MINKKAI. KKSdlTKCKH. 
 
 hydr'di'il iii-roxiilc dl iron with hiIii-immih ;;iuikii(>. Iliil km tlir uibiiKlK^ if NiliciMiiiH, It 
 liitH to III' Miixiiil with liiiivHtoiiit ill tho liliiHt riiriiiii^u. Wliiln ('itiii|iiiiiil iiikI \'«ii» 
 iirr oM'N 111' chiarly (l(3tiiiH(l ty)Mi, ICiibio in, oti Ihn coiilriiry, ;iii oni varying; froiii (iiio 
 HXlDMiii' to Ihii othiir. Thorn urn all tlin iiituriiiixliulii varii'tiiH, Irnm rich Kiiliio with 
 .>! to Titi jirr cunt uf iron anil S to 10 \tvr (unit of Hilira down to ordinary Unhio with 
 IH |iur cont of iron and !•'> lu IH jior cent of HiliiNi, and (^vcn to uctnal fi^rrn^inoUH 
 HaiidHtoiK*. 
 
 Ah IniiK »H tho ini'tullurKy of irini wiw ri'|ir«ituiiti'il nidoly liv tlic Catalan furnace 
 and i\w ClKJiiut fnrnaui* and ilH variutioH, tho only ore worked wax tho Vena, which 
 tlio TiiinurH (ditulned with dilllcnliy liy iiiraiiHof tortnoiiH and priinitivi^ Hiilitorra- 
 nc.iii KnIlcriuH. For Idiutt furnaccH w lieio wood (charcuul ) waH oni|iloyud, ('ain|ianil 
 hooii Iicciiiiio IIio (iro par oxiMdhtncc, lloiiiK |ioi'oini and oaxily pviictrattMl hy canon, 
 it roi|nirod no niixtnro to ho iiddud, and I'lirniHiicd pi); of a uniforin character, oven 
 in thoHnialloHt fiirniu'im. In the trcatniuntof liiiliio, iHpecially ordinary i|iialitioN, 
 >t wan iiocoHHikry to oinploy hut air and coko fnriiaceH of lalge capa(dty, and now 
 that rich ore8 have liecoino raro, Uuliio with l.'i to \H per cont of nilica fornm the 
 principal eli!fni*nt of tho ehiir;(r for the fiirnacos of tho Nervion Valley. 
 
 Tho followin){ analyMoH hIiow the conipiMitiim of Hoinu of thu typical orux: 
 
 .iNd/^urK of iron orrn from HilbaOf iSpain. 
 
 
 yriiiii'u.llelKli4iiO 
 
 luipuny o 
 
 iUllKM. 
 
 r the Hon 
 
 Itaw 
 
 rarlwn. 
 
 ii(o. 
 
 urroatru 
 
 Kiiiiitlwl 
 
 i-arlMiu 
 
 alo. 
 
 I'er enit. 
 
 7.70 
 :i.(Ki 
 
 Orcuncfl 
 
 Ite.! 
 Iwniatltr. 
 Cainpa. 
 
 uii. 
 
 I'er eent. 
 B.OO 
 Ti.OI 
 .21 
 3.(11 
 l.d'. 
 
 78. U 
 
 ra trniiConipany, I 
 Lllnilnl. 
 
 Dniwii lii'iiiatilr, 
 itiihlii 
 
 Violin. Uiiltlo. 
 t*er eeni. Vrr rrttt. 
 
 .'•. im 7. 17 
 
 l.llj 11.30 
 .15. 2.07 
 
 1.00 .30 
 . ail ' 
 
 (^'miinii. 
 
 Ori'OD- 
 cem. 
 
 /Vr eetil. 
 
 8.25 
 K. 10 
 1.44 
 1.(10 
 
 Audra. 
 
 rer rent. 
 
 10. V. 
 
 H.WI 
 
 1 15 
 
 .50 
 
 02 
 
 l,OHR from lieatiiiK 
 
 Silii-A . . 
 
 /Vf cent. 
 V. m 
 0.00 
 .Kl 
 Mm 
 1.70 
 
 /'«r rent. 
 36. 2» 
 2. ;il 
 
 
 I.hiHi 
 
 MAKUeMiM 
 
 Pnidiiidodf iniii 
 
 IVnjxiile of initi 
 
 PnttoxiilciiriiiniiuHiii'He. 
 I'lTiixllte el' IlialluHUi.HH 
 
 2.117 
 3.21 
 50. Ml 
 6.31 
 1.00 
 
 1.17 
 4.28 
 
 
 »o. ;ii ' 77. ;b 
 i.:io 
 
 l.M 
 
 75.88 
 ......... 
 
 tracea. 
 traciw. 
 
 8I.»SI 
 
 T0.98 
 
 78. 2» 
 
 i.44 
 (racaa. 
 
 .88 
 
 .70 
 
 .74 
 
 .45 
 
 l'hoii|iliorlc ju-iil 
 
 Tl.lMl 
 
 Meiallic iron 
 
 Iriu^N. triu-CH. 
 
 .03 
 
 .0:1 
 
 IK 
 
 
 
 100.30 1 V».1\ 
 ~83.« 1 It.lif 
 
 100.10 
 ~53.1ir 
 
 102.82 
 ^42.83 
 
 00.99 
 '57.27~ 
 
 9«.S0 
 "^54.(12 
 
 1(1(1, 03 1 1110. 1/7 
 
 ' ssloTi '54.80" 
 
 In (niniinorreiinly tli(^ tii'Ht tliriMt i|iialitieHof orenaro rocoffni/.ud, but there iHufnnrtli 
 which, liefiiro loii);, will aHHiinie );roat importance. \i/., oarlionnto of iron. Thia oro 
 IK found in thick niiutHoH at curtain poinla. It ia of cryHtalline tu.\tiiru; ita KaiiKue, 
 n hich (l(MH not exi;o(^(l X to 9 per cent, i« formed of practically eijual parta of lime, 
 iiia);no8iti, and ailica; yielding; only 40 to .12 per cunt of iron in tho raw state, lint 
 which is oaaily incritancd to .'ii to .'iti by iiiastiiifr. Hitherto thia ore. hax been 
 iiiiworktMl and scarcely reco;{iii/ed by the Spaniarda, who undurrato ita importance. 
 The ore ia aomi^what pyritoua, but thia uluinent largely diaappears with careful 
 roaathiK. 
 
 Ill 1SK7 till' cuinpiler of these re|HirU, iu it contribution to tho Trans- 
 iictionM of tlio Ainurican limtitiito of Mining Kngineurs,' tilinwud that 
 lip to that (lat« the recorded total production of thu Bilbao iiiineH of 
 
 • Vol. XVI, p. i«e. 
 
rUODUCTION OK IRON OBK8. 
 
 «3 
 
 Hpniri witM (ti'iMtliciilly (4i|iiiil lo tli*' );r()K.'i(iiil|iiil nC till llii< iron urc miiM'H 
 III' tint Luke Hiipfrjoi' ri');ioii ol'lliu I'liiliMJ Htiites. JttMliirtMl to luii^ 
 toiiN the Htiitlrtlii-M hIiowmI lit tliHt tliiiii lliv ritllowliit; : 
 
 f 'tfiNjHiriMoN f>/ itrmiui I It/ iron miMtn nf Itilhan, Siiiiin, with thntiv of' f.itkv Stifti-rim- itiitlrirt. 
 
 TllUl lUtMlllliilMl lit cIllHKnf IMM . 
 
 Yi>iirl\ Avi>riiu<- priHlnrliiili 
 
 RUInmiiIU- l«»kitHiiiM*r)tir 
 trlot. I ilialrli'l. I 
 
 Itontj tonn. 
 ■Hi, r>7.'i. K7J 
 
 /,. 
 
 lt<l lofM. 
 
 :iii 
 
 >C«. IIU 
 
 1 
 
 1 IJ. WIT 
 
 8iiliHtMjiieiit U> IrMT, liowuvur, tlio <levulii|iiiiiMit of tint Lakw Hu|M>i'i(ir 
 reKJoii lias iiiuili! it ontritiik tlitt Hilhiiii tliHtiict, tliu toliil lor IIk* piist 
 Huvi'ii yiMi'H bi'iiiK, lor tliu Lakv Uii|H'iior region, .'tl,8ii7,ir>L' loiit; ions, 
 iiimI lor tin; Kilbsio iliMtrict, l.'K,l't:{,l!l.'{ iiiclriit Ions. 
 
 Ill )i i)ii|M'r on '■Trunsportiii;; iinil di'i-ssiii^r ji-mi ortt itt OaliHi-ri-.iKi, 
 Bliaiii," Ml'. Ki'tMlcrlck KviiHiiit^toii sayH: 
 
 Tilt) ili'iioHitH III' irnii iirr in ili» proviiiiH^H nf ItiNouyiiiiiiil Saiiliiiiili'ni|i|i(!art<MH-ru|iy 
 » tiiiHit'inii ill tliu I'lipcr .liiruNHir foi-iiiiitii>ii» loiil hit tlir |inH)iirtM ol' rcpliiriMiiiMil — 
 tlittl in, Hiiarry iir HpiithuMi iii-rH wrni tin- priiiitirv iiiiiHTulit rroin wliirh the liiiiniiitim 
 liiivii Ik'xii iiriiiliici'il iiiiil I'i'ili'piiNiti'd liy tliii artimi iil' iixj^nii hiiiI wutiT; liiit tlinrx 
 i^xiHt, iiHperially in tliu proviiieiior SHiitaiitlur, otlirrdepimitH, llMMiri^iii nl' wliirh it in 
 not NO oaHy to 4'X|ilaiii. 
 
 lOxti^niliiig from Sojan-H throilgli Ciiliarreiin anil Olirr^on to (iiiai'iii/o, anil i'iiili|-ar 
 iiiK nil orou of alioiit !NI mpiam inilex, ia a valln.v wlnmu );i'ii<>nil liml in tilMl to Tin) fitrl 
 nhovn the ara, tlio .liiriuuiie or Nuocoiiiiaii linieNtonu Inriiif; lirri' rovrri'il liy Hiirfaro 
 iltipiiHilH of soft ar);illar(ioiiH drift, containing linionito iiitiirHpcrHnl in tlic ilay in 
 piiMHH vuryiiiK '" ^^eJKlit from Nuvvrul toiiH to Unit of linr Kiaina of xaiid, liy far tli« 
 greater iinuntity, however, lioin^; tliu Hi/.o of nIuukIu or Kravil. 'I'lio amount of ore 
 varies fromri ver leiit to 10 per cent liy weight o( tliu rlay n ilh wliiirli it isaxHoiiated. 
 Thi'Ho depoHitH overlie the limeHtoiio and are IHt) fei*t thick in moiiio plarea, while ill 
 otlierH they are not more that 2 fret thick. 
 
 In Rome placea esteiiHive dcpoHitH am aUo found lietweeii Hpiira of the liiiiiHtoiic 
 or deep baaiuH fur up the aide of the iiioniitaiii, upward of I.LtM) feet above the level 
 of the Hea. The ore ia of two diHtinil varietiea, one part I'liiiHiMtiiiK of heavy water- 
 worn pehhleg, howhlem, and ahingle of hard, compact Iialnre, iiintaiiiiiiK TiH per 
 lent to 51) |ier cent of inetallie iron, and the other of Hoft, poroiia piecea of liiiliio, 
 ainiilnr to that of the llilhao diatrict, evidently the reaiilt of replacement, tlieae 
 pieces containing more Biliea, leaH metallic iron, and heiiig much lighl«r than the 
 liowldera and ]ielihU'H. 
 
 The oxiatence of tlicHe depoaita of iron ore in the Snntaiider diatrict liaa h:ng liiHin 
 knon-r, lint nntil i^ liccamu evident that llilbuu could not maintain the larKe annual 
 output, only Hinall ainoiinta were occaaionally riddled or Hilled out of the xiirroiind- 
 ing jartha hy the land ownera, and a few cargoes were aeiit to liotterdam, Philadel- 
 phia, and the Middleahoroiigh dh rict, hut the reanlt wan iinaaliHlnctory. The ore 
 coutaiiied too much clay, while the cxpenaeH atteniling ila prcpuratioii for IhciuarKet 
 and trunaport made ita coiiipetilion with the llilhao orca impoaailile. 
 
 In the Caharceiio iliatrict it waa found that generally the amount of iron contained 
 in the clay waa about ItiO to 4!K) tona in 1,0(10 centinietera of " waxh dirt," or about 
 A hnndredweigbt in a cubic yard, while plucea were cut into whence more than 15 
 hmidrudwoight waa extracted. 
 
8» 
 
 MINKUAI. RKHOUIK'KH. 
 
 Ill lli)M|iiiiliiv III' IrciiiHloiK', lint lit till viiriut inn KxiHti'il. Many niiiiipliw wi-n- wiixhi'il 
 liy liiiiiil.ilriiiil lit IIKI ('..anil iiiiiilvxi'it with tlm rnlliiHiii); rrsnilii: Mi't»llir inin, 
 ril).r>ll|ii'ri:i'iit: Nilivii, 1.71) piT Clint ; hiiI|iIii , l).IIM|H'r>'i'iit; |iliim|ilioriin. li.lKW|ii'rri'nt. 
 Snni|il<'it HiiliHi'i|iii'iitl,\ Inkrn rrntn ii pit L'5 frut ili'ep )(iivr niniiltH iih rolliiWB: Mutulllii 
 iriiii, ri8.li!l piT I'tint; iiiiiiikiiiiiwi', I). IK) pur ri'iit; niliia (iiiHiiliililiM, 4. 'ill prr rent; 
 nlnniinii. li.l'H per ciinl; nnlpliiir, li.lll piT I'uiH ; pliii«)iliiirii' nriil, (i.tfJ per ri<iit. An 
 nvrrttKuor livn i'iir|{(H)« Hunt tii (irrinany at tlm cihI of IHifJifiivn; Miitullii: inm.riT.IT 
 piir vcint; plnmpliorir iiciil, 0.<U7 piT rent; milplinr, O.tUi piT I'lint; Hilio», 2.11 por 
 (■«iil. Tlie iriiii on< wa» wiwliuil liy niarlilniTy, anil lininK <> lioli^ mtiiipli', mprnNunlii 
 ninri' nciiiratuly tlio riiinnirrrial valiin oT tlni ilupmltH. 
 
 A cnnipany fiirmoil in IKXit tii wnrk n cniiceHnion of TitNl arriii) in tli« ilintrict of 
 raliarriinii, urccti'il wiuiliinK iiiacliinmy, I'liimtnicti'il u line iif iliaiii railway, tx intiiea 
 KaiiKB tliroiifrliiiiil. I'nini tliin plaor to tli<i inurKiii ol' tlm liay, anil tlii-rii iiriivtcil tlin 
 miceimary iiin-i'luniiiiiK plant. In tlin I- year of tlm louipany'H work 'Jlt.OOt) tuua iif 
 wnalii-tl oil' wiiH tiiriii'il oiil , ({Iviiv, •'•" !•- •' •«"<• "f metallic inm when driwi at UHt C, 
 while ill ixitll it wan nxpiMteil tiiat ICOCr, i;>nii wonlil lie prixlncoil. Two other iinilvr- 
 takin)(H of tin- iiaii"^ iliiHiriptioii lia' c lately lireii ntarti'd, anil it ia proponi'il to 
 eri'i't niai'liini'ry ip the llillnio iliiitrirt t'> wanh the iliinip hrapa, which oontaiii vain- 
 nlilc niiiiural. Tlio :iiHt of thin mineral frvo on lioaril in ahout I HliilliuK« l>*'i° '"■■> 
 exeluHivu of royalty and ailiiiiniiitratiiiii cliarKim, lint it Hhoiihl lie pniuiilile to reduce 
 thiH. The ooHt of prmliictioii iniiHt i'l all ciuuih of thia kind depend greatly on the 
 i|lliilitity turned out, there lieiiiK a certain enlalilinhnient eliai'Ke. I'littiii); the ont- 
 pnt at 'KI.OOU tniin per year iiiiil the value of the inineral earthii nanheil at 4)i(>touHto 
 4!N) loiiN per 1,IIIKI enliio nietem, the eoiit in aa near iih |ioHHilile 4 iihillinKH friuj on 
 liimril, thin anionnt repipHeiitiii); the cont of dim{in)i; at the mine, the eimtof earriiiKn 
 of "wanh dirt '' to (he wanherN, wanhinf; the inineral, t^onveyance to the |Hirt, quay 
 diien, and eont of putting on hoard. 
 
 MINKM ilK HOI'TIIF.IIH .sl'.\IN. 
 
 Mr. A. I". Wilson, in a paper iiii "Tim iron oroHof tlic Mu(lit«3rriiiittan 
 H«itlMiiir<l," rctiil before the Itritisli Iron iiiid Steel Institute, stiys: 
 
 The iron-ore priHliieiii^ proviiicun of the noiitli of Hpaiii — and enpeeially thone of 
 the I'rovinee of Alineria — will iinipioationahly pla.\ a large part in the immediate 
 future an i-xportera of iron ore. The oren from thin Province are ainiady fairly well 
 known, and the output, wliieli at prenent in steadily growing, will nhortly increaae 
 with great rapidity. Several ]inrchunvH of miiien in the noiithern provimcn of Hpaiu 
 have heeii made during the hint two yearn, eliielly liy Itilliao mine owners, and as 
 noon an tliene priipertirn have heeii opened up and trannport to the roant haa lieen 
 provided for, a great inereane in the iiiiintity of iron ore exported friiiii llieso prov- 
 iucea may lie eoiilidently predicted. There are orea of every elann in the aonthem 
 diatrietn — lirown hematiten, low in iron, high in water, lioth free and eomhinod, and 
 prodiii'ing alioiit HO per cent of Hinalln; hard purple heinatitea, carrying 5,5 per rent 
 of iron and !< to 4 per cent of mangaueae, K() ]ii-r cent being liiinpn, and mangan- 
 iferoUK oren, eontaining over 5() per cent of iron aud I'J per cont iif inangaiieHe. The 
 principal iron-ore producing provineea of the nouth of Hpaiii are Miinia, Almeria, 
 and Malaga, and the production for the paat three yeara han lieen aa followa: 
 
 Iron ore produced in miilkern Spain. 
 
I'ROUIK'TION OF IRON ORES. 
 
 8S 
 
 'I li<) (liMTOiiHii ill (inHliii'tiiiii fur IWKI in nraiiiinteil riir tn it )(rnat cxleiit liy llm iiiitl 
 Htrikii wliioli tiMik |ilui'ii in Kn){li>iiil In tliut year. II will lii^ hpvu Mint tin' ]iri>iliir- 
 tiiin of thn wliolii (iT tli« Miiitli of Hpiiin in iit piiwuiit iiiilv iViiiii iiiii' hIxIIi tii inii- 
 i'i)(liMi of Mint iiT Vizriiyik ( IliHcity ) iiliinii, lint yi'ur liy ymtr, iim tint |ir>Mliii't iil' the 
 liitti'r iliM'liii' ■, that of thu Inriiu'r iniiy ho nxportoil to iiicri'iiHi*, iinil tlio oiit|iiit.*t nf 
 the uoi'tli mill hiiiiiIi will ({■'niliiiilly apprnai'h ciicli iithrr. Tin' ih-pimitH, hiiwi'Vi'i, ul' 
 thKHiinlhrrii proviiiicH arc mil in any way hii cxti'iiHivi' an that iil' Ililhuo. It in prnh- 
 alile thiit all the wnrkalilii ih'piinitn at pn'Hoiit known in tlm Hiiiith tin not ciiiitain 
 more than iinn-lialf thi' iinantity iif urn that wan i-:ir)t u , ' ilc in tint llilhao inini'n. 
 (Ill the iitlier haiiil, tliti niini'Hortliu nniith have nnviTal lulvu' i '^tin iivi'i- llii>ni> nf Mif 
 north; lahor in thoro rininliliirahly ohnapnr, tlit' cliniali' in iiiik h ilrirr, anil l'i»i)(hln, 
 lakiiiK thn uvurat;i> nl' thr w hole year, iirii not in vxconn •!' th< hv whiuli are |iai(l I'rnni 
 the ui'ariir port of llilliao. 
 
 A lui'Ke prnportinn of the off, tcHi, Ih Rnperinr to the llllh i' orm, the cimtlutrn 
 Oanipanil lining of lii'ttrr iiiinllty than tho average llilluio Cainpanll, in that it nni 
 tainH more iron anil Ichh nilira, while the nortln'rii ilintrirt can not lioantor Hiii'h ori'n 
 itH the nianguniroriinn oieHol' the llerri'riiiH, In Alninriu, anil orthi>('artuKi'n»<Iinlrii't, 
 ill Mnrcia. The hiwiicnn of thn Meditnrrani'an fri'lKhtn m amonnluil for by th<' favt 
 that larger Htnami'in can loiul elieapnr at portn on the Hoiitln'rii lount of Spain than 
 at llilhao, which in a Hhallow-water ]iort. Moreover, thi' ;inionnt of ilinpati:li money 
 carnoil nniler chartern of nti'anii'rit from the noiitli of Spain in large. Tiiin ilinpati'li 
 in not I'arned from Ntoamers which load at llilhao. The pri'Hont freight per ton from 
 llilhao to Midillenliorongh is hetween .'in. (if 1.3!) and on. tid. (41.3:{), while fnnii the 
 Honth uf Spain portn, Hiirh an (Inrriieha and Almerin, it in 8h. :td. (!f2); hnt HteMiniTH 
 from ihe mnith of Spain pay lOil. (^).'20) |ior ton for loading niiil llln. (.'(I'i.'t:;) per hour 
 dinpatcb at lioth cmln, whirh in worth Jn. (ft). IS) jierton. As the tonnage of the 
 world in Increaning rather than decreiuiing, it in on'; fair to mippoHe that the dillrr- 
 ence in favor of the noiitli of Spain will ho further denionittratod on time goeii on. 
 The principal iron-ore mining centerH in thn sontli of Spain are: Cartagena, I'ulitH- 
 parra, Morata, and the Sierra Knmedio, in the Province of Mnrcia; llerrorias. Sierra 
 do lledar, and .Merra Albitmilla, in the Province of Almeria; and Marbellu, liuhledul, 
 and Kntepona, in the Province of Malaga. 
 
 In no cone do tliene Honthern deponitfi ocrnr as true lodes or veins; they have inva- 
 riably lieen prodmod os beds or deposits by a system of replacement. They occur 
 for the mont i>art upon schistose rooks, and are covered by limestone or dolomite. 
 There can be no doubt that nt one time the limestone rested on the schistose rock, 
 itiid that, in the course of agen, they wore gradually dissolved by acid waters carry- 
 ing iron, which metal replaced the dissolved limestone. As a general rule, there is 
 in these southern deposits no dear division between the iron ore and the limestone, 
 the former, as it were, growing into the latti'r. Hard, inolated innsHes of limestone 
 occur also in the miilst of the ore bodies. On the other hand, the division between 
 the iron ore and the underlying schist is quite clear and well deliiiod. At the |ioint 
 of contact the schists are generally altered or decomposed to a soft white clay or 
 kaolin, while lower down they are hard and of a blue color. The deposits are all 
 situated in the slopes of uioiintaiii ranges, and are in mont cases very favorably 
 placed for working by open cut. 
 
 IKD.N OHBS m THK PBOVINIB OK MIRCIA. 
 
 Ill the ProTinco of Mnrcia the Porman deiM)8it8 of iron ore near Car- 
 tagena are well known as a source of iron ore for industrial purposes. 
 In the intepior of this Province, however, there are large deposits as 
 yet unopened, and little known to the commercial world. Their remote 
 ness from any shippiiifr port severely haiiilicaps them in conipetiiifj 
 with seaboard ores, but with improved facilities for transport they may 
 
8fi 
 
 MINKKAL RKSOUKCKS. 
 
 nit iinatcly liccoino nvailable for export. Tin- ilopo.sits referred to, known 
 locally as the ('ahis|iiin'ii iron ore, eonsist of fonr separate ^m'ou|)s of 
 mines occnrrin^ in the form of an arc of a circle \H) kilometers (about 
 II.' milcsj lon^^, the mineral conecssions itoverin^ an area of 4.'t() hectares 
 (l,(t(i.'! acres). The larffc^st of these fjroiips is near the station of Calas 
 parra.oii the ("artaKcna anil Madrid Railway, I H» kilometers (S7 miles) 
 from <':n'ta};ena. ISotli red hcnmtite and ma.i;netlc oxide ocrnr, and 
 both ores are hard and compact. An averaji'c .sample of each kind 
 nave: 
 
 AmilifHfM iif iron ore from Ciilu/fparrn, Spain. 
 
 Ufil lieiii- .Miitfiiet- 
 iititK. iw. 
 
 I'rr e>itt. Vrr cent. ' 
 
 Slllrji mill Inniillllilr ;.»' lu. 10 I 
 
 Siil|>liiir .Kii .1119 
 
 I'hiixiilioriiR Trfti'n. .'J41 
 
 .Mtliijlii- ir.iii riT.IK) M.OO 
 
 Mr. Wilson says that all of these deposits can be worked on the open- 
 en t .system. The railway carriage from< 'alas|iarra to < 'arta;;ena amonnts 
 to l.0."> pesetas (♦(!.!•(!) \wr ton, and when the mines have been connected 
 with the railway at (3alasparra it is estinnited the total cost of the ore 
 on board at Cartagena will be as follows: 
 
 t'oMt (»/ niihintf Sjniiiinh iron orm. 
 
 Mining 
 
 'rriiniipiirt Iiy i-tilili* 
 
 'i'ransjiort l>v iiiirntw j^iiiifci'- 
 
 Aiiliiniatir loiiiliiiK 
 
 Kail tu l.'iirlii^i-iiii 
 
 Sliil-ilKii 
 
 I.l>jlliill}£ nil Ht**Illlier 
 
 ttiMii-nil I'iiarKi^N 
 
 PeRutati. 
 
 l.M 
 .'.•5 
 
 l.UU 
 .III 
 
 4. Ml 
 
 ii.su 
 
 I.IMI 
 .M 
 
 Total. 
 
 e.811 
 
 At the current rati^tf e\i;han}re, this is cipnil to abont ij'I.H!) per ton. 
 
 MiiifH of MoviiUi. — Sonic 4"! kilometers (li.S miles) west of Oartugcna, 
 and at a distance of IT Uilometers (KIA miles) from the coa.st, the 
 deposits of Morata are met with, occiipyinn valleys formed by the 
 Sierra .Mmenara, and branclies or H|mrs of the sani<s and extending 
 southward toward the Sierra I'^nmedio. The mineral (^incessioiis 
 coverall area of nearly .")(M) hectares (I, li.Ti acres), and th(^ available 
 snpply of iron ore. has been variously estiiimted at ■l,(IIHI,(HM( tons, 
 r>,(KH),lllH) tons, and .S,(l(H),tHH) tons. The output from this district is at 
 the present time niiK'h reduced, the annual production not exeeediiig 
 lL',(KK»to l.'>,(MMl tons, and this from one mine only, whcM-e the mineral 
 is gained by iiiidcrgroiind workings. The mines siilfer the ilisadvan 
 tage of not having direct (uimmiinieatiini with the coast. The ore is 
 carted to I'urazuelos, uii open roadstitad, and the steamers are loaded 
 
PKOnilCTION OF IRON ORES. 
 
 87 
 
 by means of biirgoa. NotwitlmtaiMling tlicse (UHlcnltifs tlie cost of 
 tlie ore, put on Iward, does not «!xcee(l iiesctiis (8ny iBI.Ui) per ton. 
 The. ore is red lieiiiiitite, and the oiit<^n)i)s are iiuineroiiH and <^an be 
 traced for considerable distances, thoiiKli some bave been proved only 
 to a depth of S niet«rs (2(! feet). The various di posits have a general 
 dire(!tion of northwest to southeast. 
 The followiuf^ is an average analysis of the ore, dried at 2)2° F.: 
 
 Average pomjio«i(io» of iron ore from Mornta minr/i, Spain. 
 
 IVroxiil« »!' iron 
 
 erut4ixlili< 
 
 IVriixiitiiof iiiiiilKniitiA» . 
 
 Aliiinina 
 
 I.iiiit* 
 
 Majnit^'iia 
 
 Ilarvta 
 
 Siliro 
 
 Siiliihiir 
 
 eiioHphorii! ai'ii) 
 
 72.00 
 
 Nil. 
 
 2.00 
 
 .eii 
 
 7.2H 
 
 l.;io 
 
 .07 
 
 4. :io 
 
 0.03 
 
 ' Ver rent. 
 
 Oxilli^ nl' /.llir 
 
 CarlMiiiir iiiiliyilritli). 
 i;iiml)iiiiHl wiil«r 
 
 Tiilal 
 
 Iron III tliu ilrieil oru 
 Iniii In tliii rawuni.. 
 Moiaturu 
 
 7.10 
 4. on 
 
 50.40 
 47. H9 
 4. DO 
 
 iSierra Enmttlio. — This district has been soinewbat disappointing, the 
 estini.ites of (piantity, based upon surface i.idications, not having been 
 realized in depth. At present only one mine, the Santa Isobel, is in 
 active operation. This mine is w(nked by open cut, and nuiintains an 
 average annual output of about 25,0(K» t(nis. The shipping port is 
 Aguilas, with wiiich the mining district is conne'ted by 34 kihmieters 
 (21 miles) of railway. The ore is a red hematite of excellent (piality, 
 and is nearly all lumps. The following shows the averiiije contents: 
 
 At'erage iomi>niiilio« of iron ore from Ihe Sierra Eiimnlio (titlrirt, Simin. 
 
 
 IVr rent. 
 
 Iron (iu dried ori!) 
 
 MiuiKaneHofiiidrU'dotv) 
 Sillcft 
 
 Alanit Ml. 0(1 
 
 1.0Utol.50 
 
 til 2. 60 
 
 Tra' 111 .002 
 
 Trana ti> .002 
 
 .50 to 6. 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 (I VnryiuK witli tlia loaanna nf lliii yuar. 
 
 Notwithstanding Aguilas has a good harbor, the loa<ling facilities 
 are not of the most economical kind. The ore is tipped from the rail- 
 way wagons onto the Jetty, is there loaded into carts, moved a short 
 distance, then shoveled Ironi the carts into the steamers which lie 
 alongside. In this way HOP (<» (MM) tons can be loaded per day. Steaiiij 
 ers up to .'VMM! tons ciin lie alongside, and steamers of over 4,<KMI tons 
 have been loaded, but these have to lie some distance away from the 
 jetty. The cost of the ore put on board ships at Aguilas may be taken 
 at about *1.45 per ton, which includes 2.17 iiesctas (ii<0.42) for railway 
 
88 
 
 MINERAL RKSOUKCES. 
 
 ciii'ria{;(>. Frci^litn from Aguilas ar*; rather liiglxT than from other 
 Houth of JSpaiii iiorts, on account of the harbor dues. 
 
 IRON ORF.8 IN TUB I'KnVINCR nr AIJHKRIA. 
 
 The J'rovince of Ahiieria is particularly rich in iron ores, and con- 
 tains nearly every variety — brown hematite, j-arryiug 48 per cent of 
 iron and 1(» jter <^ent of water of hydration; rich man^'aniferons ore con- 
 tainint; •'>.'! per cent of metallic 'iron and !l per <'ent of metallic manga- 
 nese, with only ."{ per cent of molstnre, and magnetites, carrying up to 
 (»4 jier trcnt of metallic iron. Beginning at the eastern end of the 
 Province, the first mine of importance is the Herrerias de las ('uevas. 
 This deposit consists of beds of red hematite and manganiferous iron 
 ore, se|)arateil by layers of decomposed schists, and the whole is covered 
 by ii mass of what is locally called " limestone," but wliicdi is in reality a 
 highly siliceous oxide of iron, or "gossan." This mine was formerly 
 worked by the t'anipania dc Aginlas beh)W the level of the Almauzora, 
 which flows within 5(1 meters (abcuit KM) feet) of the workings. The 
 river broke in and Hooded the mine while this (company was working 
 it, the. bottom of the open cut being 17 meters (.'•8 feet) below the 
 level of the river. Aftt^r lying idle for some years, a London firm t<M)k 
 over the mine and built a masonry retaining wall 120 meters (,'5!(4 feet) 
 in length and 12 meters (.'iO feet) high, whic^h has suuc«:S8fully held biick 
 tlu' river. As a n^sult of this work there is now available a large area 
 of iron-ore bearing ground, a large |)ortion of which can be and is 
 being worked by open cut. The ore as it is broken is hauled from 
 the bottom of the open i-nt up inclined planes. The mines are <!on- 
 nected by a narrow-gauge railway . I kilometers (3 miles) in length with 
 Palonnu'cs, an o)>en roadstead, and here, as at most iron-ore shipping 
 places on the south coastof iSpain, shiploading has to be done by means 
 of lighters. 
 
 The following may be taken as an averagi^ analysis of the general 
 bidk of the dried ore from the Herrerias de las Cuevas mine, after 
 expelling 3.'_'.{ per cent moisture: 
 
 Armiijr vomiiiiHilioH of iron ore from HirrrriaH rfc (ii» 'mmxi/i, •Spuin. 
 
 IVnixiili' of irnii 
 
 I'urt'Xiili^ itf tilllllKAUeHP 
 
 Aliiiuiiin 
 
 I.liiie 
 
 MiiKiKtHia 
 
 Sillra 
 
 Kiil|iliut« (if luiriiiiu 
 
 CoiiiMT 
 
 Arwiiic 
 
 AlllillKtUV 
 
 I.I..I , 
 
 Per rent. 
 
 75,21 
 l:<. 44 
 .!«■> 
 .24 
 .01) 
 2.12 
 2.72 
 .007 
 
 . iKi 
 .o;i4 
 
 PhuHultorto wild.. 
 
 CoImIi 
 
 Siiilu 
 
 Couiliinwl n-iitor . 
 
 Par cent. 
 
 0.018 
 .2110 
 .DSO 
 
 4.200 
 
 I'lital 00.844 
 
 ll 
 
 Metallii- iron 
 
 Miftullll'. lllttllKllllt'Ht!. 
 
 Siil)ilMir 
 
 f'koii|ihuruH 
 
 t2.«S 
 
 O.tu 
 
 . :i7:i 
 
 .UHH 
 
PKOnUCTION OP IRON ORES 89 
 
 SiilMoincd is siii iiiiiilysis of the <»re Hpecially rioh in iiianj;i»"<'«e: 
 
 AHal!lii» of mungaHiferoun iron ore from Herreriat iiiiiic, Spiiin. 
 
 Per rent. 
 
 I'enulil-ioflron 40. :a 
 
 I'orox iil« of iiinngtiiifM6 1 45. H»» 
 
 I'htmpliaiti <il'liiiie I . 18 
 
 l.lliii! 2.1:: 
 
 ( .'iirlHiiiiitu of iiiiiKnMia | -^ 
 
 (.'nrlHiuuti) cil" 7.ilir l . &* 
 
 Baryta ] 2-«) 
 
 AlulnilKl .45 
 
 Silinl 2.IU 
 
 Siil|>)iiir. 
 
 WilHT... 
 
 ToUl. 
 
 Metallic iron 
 
 Motjillic iiianeaiiettt^ . 
 
 IMinHidiorus 
 
 Suliihur 
 
 The iiviiihibli! i|UiHitity tit' this ori', hi»w<'viM-, is iiiconsidcriiblc, and it 
 is so iiiixwl with tins ortiiiiaiy iron ore of the mine that its selection as 
 a (listiiuit ehiHS of oi<! woiihl not be re imnerati ve. The so called " lime- 
 stone cover" has been hcie worked for silver. It I'arries alMmt 1 1 ounces 
 to the ton, with lO.H per cent ferric oxide. 
 
 Mr. Wilson asserts that the cost per ton of working and piittinK the 
 iron tjre on bctard ship at I'alomares may b»' estimated as follows: 
 
 Coal of ii'orkiny iron -re in the Almeria tliflrict, Spain. 
 
 I PflaeUa. 
 
 (ietlinu ami iiiliti^ the ore. 
 
 (:..rriaize to I'alntiian'H 
 
 Luiiiliii^ JntontfaiiiifrB 
 
 MaiiaKt^iutiiit anil aunilrica 
 Uoyalty 
 
 Total 
 
 2.25 
 I.OU 
 1.00 
 .60 
 l.OO 
 
 5.7S 
 
 This is equal, at current rate of exchange, to about ^1.11 per ton. 
 
 The present output of this mine is about .'»,00(> Umn of ore i»er mouth, 
 and is increasing. The ore is in good tlemand at works in Kngland and 
 Wales for the manufacture of spiegel iron for the Bessemer process, and 
 it commands a high jirice. 
 
 Sierra dv Iteiiar. — In this district there are numerous iron-ore mines, 
 some of which promise to develop into i)ropertie8 of magnitude. Hut 
 few of the mines are being worked, owing to the want of conimunica 
 tion with the coast. The locality is ivltont l«i kilometers (10 miles) 
 inland from ( larrucha, which is the shipping i»ort for the district. The 
 ores art! hematite, limonite, and magnetite, and their occmrrence is 
 priurticnlly the same as \\m already been described. The ore from 
 some of the mines is very small, only from 10 to 15 per cent being of a 
 lumpy cliara4'ter, but there are jiroperties which yield nothing but 
 hard, himpy hematite of the lirst quality. All the producing proper- 
 ties :»{'■ being workeil by open cut, and the annual output is about 
 100,0<M> t4ms. 
 
90 
 
 MINEKAI, U':«oi:K('ES. 
 
 Tlio |>i'iii<-i|iiU iniiicH arc Jiipitur, l'nr(in<lo, mid Hmii Miiiiiii-I. The 
 
 oro, Viiiicli ( urs as l>rowii lioinatite (tarryiiiff 4S per cieiit iron and as 
 
 s<>rt purple lieiiiatit<> carrying over (Mt per I'eiit iron, lies on niicn-scldst 
 rock, and is covered liy schist or, In sohh^ pla(H>s, by limestone. There 
 are also nnmerous masses of sc^hist and limestunc in the ore itsell. 
 The schist overburden, beinff sort, is easily and (rheajily removed. The 
 workings have been carrieil on to a depth of over .'">0 meters (l(i4 liwft). 
 
 The ore is sent down sell'-aeting inclined planes and is r^nveyed U> 
 the «roast by means of a <rable tramway I."»,(i.")(» nieterc (.'il,.'M!(i feet) in 
 length, the longest in Sjtain. About 400 to ."ifMl tons are conveyed by 
 this ropeway per day <>l' HI honrs, and the cost is alHint ].'2't jiesetu 
 (ijiO.24) per ton. The ore is tijiped at tlie terndnns at (larrnclni on the 
 beach, when^ a large stock is kept, and from this heap trann'onds rnii 
 ont onto small wooden Jetties which )iro.ject into the sea until a snlli- 
 cient depth oC water can be attained to enable the tlatbottonied light- 
 ers carrying abont (iO tons each to come alongside. These are loaded 
 with baskets <" ore, are then rowed out to the steamer, which lies nbont 
 4(KI meters (oneiiuarter udle) from the shore, and the ore is hoisted on 
 board. It is wonderful with what ni|iidity this work is carried out; its 
 imivh as L',(HI() tons can be loaded in one day by these means at a cost 
 of about $0.:iO ])er ton. 
 
 C'lo/ i>er Inn of iron ore on board ihip at darrucha, Spain. 
 
 Miliiiiu iinii tniiimihi^ to rnpfiway Htatiiill 
 
 ('arrili^e (•» (iiirrucliu 
 
 Royalty 
 
 I'li'ttifig nil Iwiiril alii|>, lite 
 
 Manat^eliieul, rto 
 
 Total. 
 
 Pmietiui. 
 
 2.UU 
 1.29 
 1.(10 
 I.OU 
 .hU 
 
 6.76~ 
 
 At the present rate of exchange this is equal to about $1.11 per ton. 
 
 Hesides the uiines above described, there are nniuy properties in 
 private hands on which little development work has been done. There 
 arc also magnetite tle|M(sits which have not as yet been develo|H>d in 
 any way. 
 
 Mr. Wilson says that *t has been estimated by couijietent authorities 
 that in this tlistrict thiTc are available n|)ward of 7,0<M),0<I0 tons of 
 marketable iron ore. Th^^ following are typical analyses. No. 1 is the 
 soft hematite, a largo proportion of which is smalls; No, 2 is the hard 
 purple henuitites of tint district, antl No. 3 is an analysis of the mag- 
 netites found in the Sierra de UeUar. 
 
PUODUCTION OF IRON OKK8. 
 
 AnalfffirH uf iron orvafrom the Sierra dv Ite.dur liintrirl, Spain. 
 
 91 
 
 I'eroxido of iron 
 
 ['riitoxideuf irtin 
 
 I*(iriixidtti>t' liiiil)Uiiiit*Hn 
 
 (Ixiilis III' liiiul 
 
 Oxick' oC cKipiier 
 
 Alillililltl 
 
 Lime 
 
 MuKnoHia 
 
 hHrvtu 
 
 Silii'n 
 
 Siilpliiiric iM-iil 
 
 I'liuHpliui'iu arid 
 
 Siilphiir 
 
 OxiUt) ot'xini; 
 
 ArMiMii<-. 
 
 Ltm<l bult. iiirkt^l 
 
 CuinliiiKMl watei- 
 
 Carliuiiic acid 
 
 Tuljil 
 
 yvr emt. . 
 I gS. 14 : 
 
 I'er emt. I' 
 79.41X1 I 
 
 ;t. 4;i 
 
 Niilie. 
 
 .03 
 
 1.3-.' 
 
 i.«;i 
 .4a 
 
 III. 
 
 'er e*nt. 
 
 71.71 
 
 l;i. 37 
 
 1.68 
 
 4.6U 
 
 .u;i i 
 .04 ! 
 
 .274 I 
 
 2.aio 
 
 .544 
 
 .4'.'o : 
 
 7.2.'.0 1 
 . 1121) 
 .o:i6 
 
 .35 
 .1. 28 
 
 .30 
 
 I'rai'u. 
 
 1.45 
 
 2.70 
 .70 
 
 ' .032 
 
 .\ 7.040' 
 
 Metallic iron, dry »rt'. ■ 
 
 Iruti ill raw iirt* 
 
 MauKanemt in dry oru. . 
 
 Siii]>li(ir 
 
 4*liiiH|iiiunm 
 
 MoiHtnni 
 
 50.00 
 
 05. 87 
 
 1)0.824 
 
 55. «22 
 
 40.015 
 
 1.517 
 
 .012 
 
 .010 
 
 10.800 
 
 .008 
 
 .03 
 
 .00 
 
 Tract). 
 
 3.70 
 2.15 
 
 100.028 
 60.IKI 
 
 SUvru Alhamilla.—IXwxe, are three principal Ki'owps of mines in this 
 (listriet, viz, Los Biinos, Allaro, iiiid liiicainena. Tlie liist iiuined is sit- 
 uated alxiiit IH kilometers (11 miles) in a iiorMieasteily (...eotioii front 
 the port of Alnieria, at an elevation of 480 meters (l,r>7r) feet) aliove sea 
 level; the second is situated about "> kilometers (3 miles) to the west of 
 Los I'.anos, at an elevation of r>S(» meters (l,JMi;$ feet) above sea level; 
 while Liieainena is 1(> kilometers (10 miles) north of Los Haiios, siiid is 
 about 1,(HK) meters (3,281 feet) above sea level. 
 
 The ores in all three {jnmps are hard red and purphi heniatitex, ton- 
 taiiiinjf 3 to 4 jier cent of inanpinese; in Los Haiios, also, tlien^ is a small 
 proportion of oehreous brown ore, jioorer in iron and more porous in char- 
 acter than the iirevailing mass of heraatite. The ore bodies occur 
 between schist and dolomite, bcint; coven^I by varyinj,' thicknesses of 
 the latter and in places by a coiiKloinerate of limestone and iron ore, 
 and are favorably situated for working by open cut. A scries of 
 beiicln's are formed 10 to V^ meters (.S.? to 30 feet) iipart, the cover is 
 taken ofi and tipped at the side into deep ravines, while the oic is let 
 down by im;lined jilancs t.<i the ropeway station. From the pint of 
 Almeria there is ii railway of 3-foot gau{,'e which extends in ii north 
 easterly direction for a distance of l(i kilometers (10 miles), having its 
 terminus within l,r>00 meters (1,921 feet) of Ijos Hiinos mines. These 
 \,rM) meters of steep ground iire bridged over by a cable tramway, 
 which is on the single rope systtim, is self-acting, and is constructed to 
 deal with 3r» tons of ore per hour. 
 
 The Allaro group of mines is connected with the same railway at a 
 jwiut a short ilislauce below its inland terminus by means of a cable 
 
!>2 
 
 MINKRAL RKSOURCES. 
 
 Ir;iin\vii,\ on the <lniil)lU'i'()|>o Hystcin. T\n', 1611^411 of this ropoway is 
 r»,;{(K> meters (17..'5S!M('C't). The iiielli<Ml of shi|i]>iiig itt Alnieriii m ttie 
 saiiic as at S'aloiiiarcs and (iarriicha. In two or three years' time the 
 harbor wiiieh the SpaniHiiCiovernnient is liiiihlinf; at Alineria, ami which 
 is now in a forward state, will lie eonipleted, and it will then be |iossi- 
 ble to load from tlie nude, alongside which the steamers will lie. The 
 Lucaincna p'oup of mines has recently been juirchased by Bilbao mine 
 owners, and active work has been coninien(;ed witli a view to opening uji 
 the jiroperty so as to enable a large outpnt to be dealt with. The iron 
 ores of the Sierra Alhamilla are eminently siuted for the Siemens steel 
 process, as well as for the Bessemer process, their excejitional jdirity, 
 added to their liini)>iness, renilcring them formidable competitors of 
 liilbao ('ampanil ore. For some years past the ore from lios llanos and 
 Alfaro has been shipped in large (piantities to the Cleveland district, 
 to Scotland, and to Wale.s, for nse in the Siemens process, for which it 
 has been found very sintable. The ore is mine<l ]>ractically all as lump 
 ore. ihe only "smalls" present in the delivered ore being occasioned 
 by breakage in shipment. 
 
 According to Mr. Wilson, the quantity of ore available in the three 
 groups has been variously estimated at l,<NMMMM),r),'HKMMIO,and!),(MMMHHI 
 tons. The following are analyses of the ores from these three difl'ereut 
 groups of mines: 
 
 .tiiflfyio'ii III' iriiu orm/rom Ihe .llliamilla iliflrict, Spain. 
 
 Pi>rox iilf> <tf iron 
 
 CunixUlniil'lMilllKaiiRllfl 
 
 ttxiili-M ofloail, t-up|H>r, mid 7.1ne. 
 
 Aliiiiiiiiti 
 
 Maf(ii«Hla 
 
 Lidiu 
 
 Stlliii 
 
 Carbiinln aiili ydriile 
 
 SuliihurkaclS 
 
 ehuapliiiric »ci<l 
 
 A rHunic 
 
 CNiliiliiiiud water 
 
 ].!>•» by caliJiiatiou 
 
 Tiilal. 
 
 Mi-taltir iron in tin* dry iiri-. 
 
 Mftallir nian^ani>M4> 
 
 Mi>ii4ture 
 
 , LoH TlauiiM^ Alfam. T.uoainuna. 
 
 /Vr ci-nt, 
 
 74.14 
 
 5.18 
 
 Niine. 
 
 I.M 
 
 i.7;i 
 
 1.81 
 
 l>.5U 
 
 1.00 
 
 .05 
 
 .en 
 
 N'nnr. 
 7.71 
 
 I'er cfiit. 
 0U.6g 
 4.117 
 Niiliu. 
 (J. on 
 4. UK 
 d.li 
 2.2:1 
 
 Vfr etnt, 
 77.09 
 6.82 
 Ntine. 
 0.00 
 0.72 
 2.04 
 6.44 
 
 0. 00 
 Trariw. 
 
 Trarea. 
 'rra«»a. 
 
 51.00 I 
 .'1.27 
 1.78 . 
 
 48.78 
 2.05 
 
 100. 0( 
 
 53. oe 
 4.31 
 
 aOriadat312°F. 
 
PKODUCTION *)V IKON OKES. 
 
 !I3 
 
 Tliese mines iiie only in conrse of beiiif; oiiened np, lint as tliis is 
 iM'ing (fiinieil out with niiidi energy it may bee.\|»ei!le<l tliat the (lutpnt 
 Iroiu all of them soon will be largely incresiscd. The cost of working 
 and putting the ore on board ship at Ahncria is as follows: 
 
 Coal of imrkimj and sAiji/iiNg iroii. (iron in the Alhamilla ilittriKl, S/iiiin. 
 
 Worklne nml rtellTSry to rahle. 
 TniDHit by ciihlt' to railwuy ... 
 KailwHy t-nrrlatin to Almcria... 
 
 LoHilhiK into Ht^'AiiiorR 
 
 Itoyulty 
 
 Maiiaiii^ineiit and aitudriei 
 
 Total.. 
 
 ' Alhro. 
 
 t.na Banoa. 
 
 /■wedM. 
 !.12l> 
 
 .126 
 1.250 
 1.000 
 l.(,«0 
 
 .tl25 
 
 Lnrailinna. 
 
 retrtai. 
 
 2.00W 
 
 1 2.500 1 
 
 1.000 
 .628 1 
 
 /VMdu. 
 
 . WV, 
 1.250 
 I.UOU 
 1.00(1 
 
 .S25 
 
 uu. 760 
 
 no. 125 
 
 a 0.125 
 
 n At llinciirnint nito of oiclianKo thcm^ total icmin amiiiml toalHiiil 41. 11 anil »1. 18 ii«r ton. 
 
 IBO.N OKKH LS TIIK I'KUVI.NCK nr MAl.AUA. 
 
 Marhelhi. — These well-known iron-ore mines are situated about 5^ 
 kilometers (^ miles) from the coast, near the village of Marbella, some 
 5(> kiltmieters (lU miles) southwest of Malaga. The mines are eonnected 
 with the eoast by a urivato railway of 1 mett • gauge worked by loeo- 
 motive power, which terminates in a pi</ 1,300 feet long, alongside of 
 which steamers with a draft not exceeding 21 feet can be moored. The 
 cost of carriage from the mines to the coast, including the loading of 
 mineral into steamers, aimmnts to L'o cents per ton. The ore is entirely 
 magnetite, and is fountl in one deposit with a width of from 10 to 40 
 meters (.W to 131 feet), considerably faulted in its course. The work- 
 ings are altogether underground, and the greatest dejith yet attained 
 is l.st> feet from the .surface. The output of ore varies from 70,000 to 
 80,000 tons i>er annum, and th»* most of it is sent to the United States. 
 The estiiiKited cost of winning the ore and placing it in the trucks 
 ready for carriage to the coast is about $1.20 jior ton, exclusive of roy- 
 alty, and the present selling price is $3.52 per ton, free on board at 
 Marbella. An analysis of the ore dried at 212° ¥. gives: 
 
 AHalyait of Marbella iron ores, S^ain. 
 
 Poroxido of iron 57. M7 
 
 l»rotoxid6 of iron 26. JWS 
 
 I'rotoxido of inaiiganeHf Traci^. 
 
 Alumina i*'*6 
 
 Lime ^* 
 
 Maglieala i'^ 
 
 Sillnl SO™ 
 
 Sulphur ...I 0.0110 
 
 IMlimptlorif! acid.. 
 (?om1iilii'il water.. 
 
 ToUll. 
 
 Iron ill tliodry uro. 
 Muiaturt' 
 
 Per rent 
 
 .018 
 
 100. 02 I 
 
 ~61. 17 I 
 .26 
 
 Entepona At Estcpona, some .'10 kilometers (ISJ miles) southwest of 
 
 Marbella, there are several iron ore deposits, from which a few cargoes 
 have been shipped, and, although none of the mines are being worked. 
 
!)4 
 
 MINKRAI, RESOimCKS. 
 
 tliei'f iirc riiiiioi's III' solium of tliciM lifiii^' r('<i|H-ii<>il sihiii. 'I'Iii^ niiiu'ral 
 liiMT is iii:tt;ii()lit<' <>(' ti>»»\ i|U!ility, iis will Ix^ st'cii by tliu t'ollowiiig 
 aiiiil.vsis : 
 
 Atialt/MU of irini nrr from KslepuHUf iVymiii. 
 
 PproKiflo of Iron 
 
 l*nitii\iilo(ir Iriiii 
 
 I'ri>(n\i<lt> l>r lltUIIUiMICHt* 
 
 Carlmrul*' of Unit* 
 
 Siil|ilhili<(if liiiii) 
 
 rtiiitt|iliat4> ()l litiiH 
 
 ( 'iirltDiiiilf III' li)iiD|£HiieiM 
 
 Milt>ni'Nlii 
 
 Alumina 
 
 M.78 
 
 U.IIH 
 
 .40 
 
 4.0*1 
 
 .M 
 
 .05 
 
 •J. 5a 
 
 h. m 
 
 .70 
 
 Siliiui... 
 Wator., 
 Alkali 
 
 Iriili 
 
 Kul|ilinr 
 
 Phim|il)itniH . 
 
 Per uent 
 
 ■J.TA 
 .5<l 
 
 ■ja 
 m. K 
 
 .'■U. 25 
 .014 
 .01 
 
 IMilviliil. — Tlu;rii is a ^rouporiron-oru miiieHoii tin; Hierriiili'l Koble- 
 ilal, (lislaiit ri'diii Mai'bclla about 111! kiloiiictt'.rH ( 14 iiiik'H),iii a iiorthwust 
 ilii'i'ction. Sitiiatetl as thcsi; iiiiimH ari;, on tlio. iiorthei'ii slopes of tlie 
 sierra, wliicli attains a height of 4,(HK) to C,(MM» feet above sea level, they 
 ai iiiai^eessilile until a railway or eableway to the (;oast has been pro- 
 vided. As at iMai'bclIa, the ore is entirely niagiietite, remarkably free 
 from impurities. From analyses of samph-s taken from diO'erent mines 
 of the {{roup, inetallie iron varies from <>l ht (Mt per eent; siliea, from 
 0.30 to U per eeiit; sulphur, from tnu-es to 0.0.t per eent ; ]ihosphoru.s, 
 traee.s. Tlie mineral oeeurs between serpentine and limestone. The 
 area of the mining eoneesaions of this };roup is more than .'MM) heetures 
 (7 10 acres). 
 
 San MiitliidH. — About 10 kilometers (0 miles) northwest of Marbella 
 there is another {{roup of mines, known as the Han Malhias mines, in (he 
 valley of the Uio Verde. Though more accessible than the Uobio<lal 
 mines, this group is unconnected with the coast. The ore here is " mag- 
 netite," b\il is not so good as at Koblodal. .\n average analysis gave: 
 
 Analyaiit of mayncliU: from Son Mathimif Sjtaiit, 
 
 Per cftnt. 
 
 Metallic irnn ' B7.en 
 
 Aliiinina - 2.04 
 
 Silioa B. 02 
 
 PhoBplinrir aclil Nodk. 
 
 Sulphur 04 
 
 The area of the mining concessions of the grouj) is about L'OO hec- 
 tares (500 acres). 
 
 IKUN OIIEH IN 'I'lIK riKIVINCK uF KKVII.I.A. 
 
 At Podroso and (iuiulalcanal, on the Sevilhi-Merida Uailway, there 
 are large deposits of iron (jre. The uiiuos at the former place are about 
 10 English miles from the iieare.st railroad station, from which to the 
 port uf 8evilla is about ;><'t English miles. The Kevista Mineria states 
 
PRODUCTION OK IKON OHKS. 
 
 9r. 
 
 tliiit II riiilway irt to \h'. ••oiiMtiiK^ted, ihmI that iiinniKiMiu'iits Imvo l.eon' 
 miuh' to cm ry tliu oii! to S«villii for t pesctuB (*(>.77) iht ton. The roy- 
 alty is Htiited to bu lO.lO ))ci' t<tu on sill ore extracted. The ore is 
 Kjiid to exist in enormous <iiutntities, and to yield from "»•"> to (m jier cent 
 of metiUli<! inin. Tlie same authority says that for the wcnking of 
 another ^rouii of mines, situated only about 2 miles from the Pecintso 
 station and 4.'i miles from the i>ort of Bevilla, an Kufjlish company has 
 been forme«l under the title of the Iberian Iron-Ore (Jom|)any. Analy- 
 ses ma<le in England show ore with 57 to t>7 jier cent of metallii; iron, 
 tiuadahanal is distant about 110 kilometers {08 miles) from Sevilla. 
 The ores from all these places will be shipped at Sevilla, which is not a 
 good shippiiif; port, for only steamers of light draft can lie alongshh^ 
 the wharf, at wliich there is but limited accommodation. The mines, 
 especially in the case of (luadalcanal, v.ill be seriously haiulicapped 
 by such high railway freights, which are more than twice as much as 
 is i»ai<l by any other iron-ore coiiii)auy in the south of Spain. The 
 following are stated to be average analyses of the iron ore of (iuadal- 
 caiial: 
 
 Analyaci of iron ore /mm (iuaAaUamil, Spain. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 I 
 Per cent, , Per cent. 
 
 Slliia ' 5.85 I O.JII 
 
 Limo W 
 
 Siilplmr .02 
 
 rii(iH|)l)iiriii4 Trace. . IM 
 
 I'enixlllu iif iron 78. ;m !t7 57 
 
 IVrtix lil« (if inungiinvBi^ 1 . 82 i 
 
 HolBture 8.75 1 1.52 
 
 Totiil IM.72 I 100.15 
 
 MuUlliuirou 54.81 , 08.30 
 
 IRON *tRK8 II* THK I'ROVINrK OK llrRLVA. 
 
 Although the Province of lluelva does not appear at present in 
 the list of exporters of iron ore, there are large deposits of this min- 
 eral, which, however, is not of a very high class. At the Rio Tinto 
 nuiies the oxidizeil cai)ping of the pyrites lodes, which has been 
 removed in the process of working by open cut, has been stacked, 
 and there are now enormous quantities of this mineral available, 
 exceeding l.',00l),000 tons. The imi»urities of the ore, however, not- 
 withstanding its high per<;entage of iron, are much against it, as the 
 subjoined analysis of a sample illustrative of the whole lot will show, 
 the arsenic i»resent especially being a formidable obstacle. This ore 
 could be put on board at Huelva at a cheap rate, on account of the 
 excellent facilities which the Itio Tinto Company has for carrying and 
 loading, anil it is possible that some works, e.- aeially on the Conti- 
 nent, would nse largo quantities for making cheap iron. The ore is 
 hard and lumpy throughout, there being no smalls; it is of a ligiitish- 
 red color, and of a iwrous character. There are also deposits of iron 
 
w 
 
 MINKKAI, KKSOtmcKS. 
 
 <)i'i^ III l'i'<'t(t-iiiil, (III the Iliutlva-Zafra raihviiy, luit HitiiiUcd im they 
 ill'*', more Ihsiii KM) kiloini'ttti's (<U iiiileH) tVoiii the const, the <|iii>Htioii 
 of I'riMfjht i'> II Kfi'ioiis oiii;, uiiil they me not lit iireseiit l)<-iii{( worked. 
 
 .tnatj/^in of iron iirr /mm liio Vinio, Sfinin. 
 
 i'pr Milt. , 
 
 IVr rent. 
 
 Ppntxiilf of iron. 
 rriit4i\Mltt of Iron 
 Hiil)ilii<ln i>l' Irun. 
 Hiil|iliiiri»iiGtd. .. 
 
 HlUm 
 
 AlumiDa 
 
 Lime 
 
 KlnfinMla 
 
 l*hiiM|thorlc lu-id ■ 
 ArniMilniiH iiriil... 
 Li'utl uxltle 
 
 77.1.7 
 .M 
 .IW 
 1. 117 
 11.72 
 1.89 
 .45 
 Tr«i». 
 .(HU 
 1.24 
 I.M 
 
 CnpiieroxIflP 0. (17 
 
 Anllninnv iixlilii .13 
 
 CiiiiililntHl wm«r II. DO 
 
 lliHatiirii .41 
 
 Total IW.M4 
 
 I mil M. 48 
 
 Sulphur 1. a 
 
 Pliaaphnnie WW 
 
 Armulo OU 
 
 I 
 
 Liii-fre i|iiaiitities of jiyritt-H from tlie Uio Tinto district lire exported, 
 iiiid the clinker resulting from roittitiug tliis ih sold to liliiHt fiiriiiiceH tu 
 hv used us iiii iron ore. 
 
 It will be .seen from the foregoiii{; ohHerviitions that iiii iilmost eoii- 
 tiniioiis series of de|M)sits of iron ore extend along the Hotitlieastern 
 coast of H|iain, comiiieiiciiig with the I'orniiin de|M)sitH at Ciibo de 
 I'alos, and contiitiiing at no great distiinee from the coast through the 
 ProviiiccH of Murciu, Alineria, and Malaga, tinally trending northwest 
 to the farther inland districts of the Province of Hevilla. With im- 
 proved facilities for transport many, if not all, of these might he properly 
 worked. 
 
 'I'he iron-ore mines of Asturias, nitliougli the ore is less pure and 
 more refractory than the liilbao ores, ]ir(Hluce largely. iMr. U. Oriel 
 states that "the deposits consist ]irincipiilly of Devonian, Silurian, 
 and (Jambrian qiiartzites, impregnated with iron oxide somewhat high 
 in phosphorHs." 
 
 Mr. J. J). Kendall, in speaking of the deposits in the Province of 
 Malaga, says that the ore-bearing section tonus part of the iiiountain- 
 ous region known us the Scrrauiade Honda, and extends from the shore 
 of the Mediterranean Bea to an altitude of about (i,l(Mt feet. All the 
 rocks met with in this region belong to the Archean age, the strata 
 being much distorted, and frei|uciitly assuming high angles. The deiios- 
 its usually present the form of bedded veins, generally with high angles, 
 but aometimes the inclination is not great. The roof or hanging wall is 
 dolomite, and the line of contact between the ore and the roof rock very 
 irregular. The foot wall is serpentine, sometimes associated with gneiss 
 and mica schist. At the Mariel>ella mines the ore vein is lenticular in 
 form, the direction of the deposit being northeast and southwest. It is 
 about 8()0 feet long, its greatest bresidth and depth being 200 and 420 
 feet, respectively. The hanging and foot walla consist uiaiuly of aniphib- 
 olite and mica schist. 
 
PROItirrTION OK IRON ORES. 
 
 97 
 
 In tho sontli koiiic ol' tlu! Iiii'n<'r S|>iiiiisli vein.-* Iiiiv«i Ikm'ii *'\l<'iiHivi<ly 
 qiiiii'i'ii'il rifiir tlio Hiirt'iicf, iiiiil this HyHltiiii lia.s in .sihik- in.sliiii<'«-.s lu'cn 
 (Miiitiniicil Ion); artur tliti tiiiio wlien, uwiiiK to tlu- iiicrfiiHinK <liM'''li> '^ 
 would liiivu lirt'n i'lii>si|i('t' to work niitlei'Kronntl. 
 
 The liilbau ores are all i|iiaii'if<I, the ile|MisitH bcin); near the Hiirfat;e. 
 MoHt of tht'ni have it tliin uoveriiiK ol' >«>il and rocky deliri.s, allhouKli 
 sonit', UB those on Triaiio Mountain, are overhiin liy shale or liriK'sloiif, 
 hut these ro<;k.s are thin as(u)niiiareii with the ore, and are easily removed. 
 Where the eonce.ssiouH are small and close together there is often diHI- 
 cnlty in dis|>osin(;of the overhurdeu and roek, unless arriiiiKeiiieuts eau 
 be made with a neighbor for spare. I'owder is mostly used iu i|intrry- 
 iuiS, but dynamite is also employed to eidarpt the bottoms of holeH so 
 as to coiieentrate the aetioii of the powder. 
 
 In the followin;; table of analyses of Hpanish iron oies an avera(;e of 
 I! earjjoes of I'onnan ore is given, which was received at Pennsylvania 
 and Now ,lersey furmiees. The i»ercentaj;e of phosphorus is very low, 
 rangiuf; fnnn (Mil to (MILT) per cent. In the analyst's, of which this is 
 the average, tho range of iron in th<^ undried ore was from ttl.l to 51.88 
 fior cent: 
 
 AHahjnvH of Spaninh iron uren. 
 
 rnnnnn 
 
 CiiniHr^o; 
 
 IliKliMt 
 
 l.liWI'dt 
 
 MailH>lla; 
 
 Seleot4Ml liiiiip 
 
 SiilphiiroiiK liiiii|i 
 
 Saliil iin< 
 
 SomnmHtrii iniii iirc t'nini HIMiiui, Spain ; 
 Canipiiliil iiiiiifH— 
 
 N... I 
 
 Nil. J 
 
 y.1.3 
 
 Nii.4 
 
 Vt*na ilulr*!— 
 
 Nil. 1 
 
 Nil. 2 
 
 Nil. :i 
 
 Riiblo- 
 
 Nii. 1 
 
 Nii.L' 
 
 Avoragp iif :i7 HiialvHi'ii iif within- Sniiiorrantrii iron on*: 
 
 HiKlii-at '. 
 
 LowpHt 
 
 A vvragn 
 
 Inn. 
 
 Drli'dal. Ilinalii. pliiiruii. *'"'•'''"'• ! 
 •iVi' V. r»l nliili'. 
 
 1'frcriit, 
 5-.'. 812 
 
 I'rrernt, 
 M.OMi 
 
 M. 70 
 4».86 
 
 81.05 : 
 02. U25 : 
 50. OM 
 
 fi7 
 
 74 
 
 40 
 
 .10 
 20 
 40 
 
 8,> 
 
 7« 
 01 
 
 :io5 
 
 r>o 
 
 VI 
 
 ■w 
 
 mi 
 
 50 
 
 65. 
 
 50. 
 .15. 
 .')7. 
 
 .4h:| 
 41. 772 
 
 50.20 
 47.13 
 51.005 
 
 t'tr rrHt. 
 U2 
 
 rrrenu., 
 
 
 
 .065 
 
 .000 
 
 .04 
 
 .014 
 
 .013 
 
 III I 
 
 'rtare. 
 
 .018 
 
 .00« 
 .021 
 .OIH 
 
 Ol.l 
 .0124 
 
 
 0.01 
 
 .KIO 
 
 1104 
 
 Trai-p. 
 
 Traif. 
 
 .0211 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mr. H. G. Babbitt gives the following analyses of 4;S cargoes (about 
 110,()0() toi.s) of Porman onts imported from 1.SS8 to 18!),(, and of 12 
 cargoes (about 42,(KK) tons) of Uubio ore, imported during the same 
 period : 
 
 80^4 7 
 
OM 
 
 MINKKAI. RKKOITIN^KS. 
 
 .iMa/i/Jfrt of I'urmnn ami fiithitt iron om*. 
 
 A\i-rii|:r. lliKht'Ht. 
 
 MiilMtiira 
 
 llrlHl III 'JI3 : 
 
 Irnii III nni. 
 
 l'hoH|tliiiniN 
 SMlpliiir 
 
 MllllL'UIII'HK 
 
 AliiiiiiiiH ■ 
 
 Mnif 
 
 MHgneHlii .. 
 
 LcHil 
 
 /Inr 
 
 ArmMilu..,.. 
 
 ■f rent. 
 
 t'trt'ent. 
 
 i.M 
 
 u.uu 
 
 ;<\. V 
 
 ,'.5. 47 
 
 U.Ull 
 
 '.11 III 
 
 .ii'ji 
 
 . (p:i7 ' 
 
 .m 
 
 .4114 
 
 ..MM 
 
 .4IU 
 
 3. :i:i 
 
 ii.:i2 
 
 1.C177 
 
 'J. uli» 
 
 .mi 
 
 . 7.'.7 
 
 .1124 
 
 l.iiTI 
 
 . '.'55 
 
 l.:illl 
 
 . ii:i4 
 
 . imi 
 
 Vr eriil. 
 I. 711 
 
 1.V 75 
 
 H..'iO 
 
 . IIHI 
 
 . :uiii 
 
 t'l'ilUI'. Miulll'Ni. I^tWHAt. 
 
 I'er frnl. I'rr cfnt. I'er e*iU. 
 10.07 17.70 I 8.17 I 
 
 .VJ. 07 
 
 14.(10 
 
 .017 
 
 .172 
 
 60. :m 
 
 •ill. 0<) 
 .U2.'i I 
 .SMI 
 
 .010 
 .40 
 
 Niino. 
 Mono. 
 Niiiiu. 
 
 Coiici'HHiiniHiii'curiniU'tlhy (ln'j{()VcrMoi's(»r rroviiiccM Tor work iiij; iron 
 lire at ii|)|>i'i)\iiiiiiti!ly>'!i cciiLs i>cr iicnt t'oi' tli«i Ki'oniulth'iiiiHt'd and 1 \»'r 
 (■cut III! tlus t^i'osH |iriiilu(;tiiiii, tlif {;niiiti't^ Ituiiif; iiuriiiitled to work the. 
 inint'i'al or to hi-II tlitt coiiceH.siuii lor u fixed t*uin,or rent it on a royally. 
 
 Mr. .1. I). Keiiilall HtateH thai tlie royalty ])aid on Illlbuo ores i.s mimic 
 tinieN as liif;;!! as 1' sliillings (tO,4.S), the averaffu lieiii{; about 1 shillin^r. 
 
 Tile lorei^oiiiH; details will illustrate the Koiirces li<iiii whit^li the larjje 
 expluitaliouH of iron ore are derived and the iiosHibilities of a (Miutiii- 
 uaneo of the.s»'. 
 
 M. Ale.xaiidie I'oiircel .supplied most of tlie data for tint lollowiii); 
 table, showiiij,' the iron-ore production of Bilbao, that of the whole of 
 iSpain, the. cximrts of iron ore, and the i|uantity <if pij; iron made. 
 
 Vroducliitn nf inm nrr ititd jiiij intii in Spiiin; uhn iron ut-n t'JiinrlH, 
 
 Trill) iirii )iriMliirlifiii. 
 
 Tau«. 
 
 llUbao. 
 
 Via iriiii 
 
 tlliull'. 
 
 18«0. . 
 IMl.. 
 1861! . 
 IMI3.. 
 IWH.. 
 I8ll.'i. . 
 IHIKi. . 
 I«li7.. 
 IMW.. 
 ISO'.P. . 
 
 iKrII.. 
 1871.. 
 1«72.. 
 
 m7:i . 
 
 1874.. 
 187.'.. . 
 1870.. 
 1877. . 
 1878.. 
 18711. . 
 1880. . 
 1881.. 
 I8IIJ.. 
 I8KI.. 
 1884.. 
 188.'i. . 
 IHWl.. 
 1887.. 
 1888.. 
 1880.. 
 
 law.. 
 
 1801.. 
 1892. . 
 1803.. 
 
 Metric tont. 
 
 60.81(1 
 
 54. 8611 
 
 711. 4IHI 
 
 71). 7211 
 
 120,47(1 
 
 1112. :>6II 
 
 80.U12 
 
 l:i(l.(J7.'. 
 
 154. 120 
 
 IIM.WK) 
 
 ■^'M. 3;i7 
 
 40:i, 142 
 
 4112. (Mill 
 
 20.1. :I4II 
 
 10, 821 
 
 :i4,29ll 
 
 432,418 
 
 1.04(1.2114 
 
 l,30,'i.05B 
 
 1.202,1171 
 
 2. mi. 027 
 
 2, (120. (126 
 
 3. 8.1.1. 0(KI 
 3,027.7.12 
 3.210,321 
 3.311,410 
 3. 185, 228 
 4, 108, 001 
 3, 631. 503 
 3.001.511 
 4, 320, 0:i3 
 3,710,060 
 4. 673, S«0 
 4,018,650 
 
 M. 1 1 f Kxiiiirli 
 
 liiliil liir ' 
 
 K|miii. 
 
 Metric tiiun. Metric tnnn Metric tmt$. 
 
 I7:i.,"8i3 
 
 i:iii,2.i» 
 
 2W.102 
 
 2rJ.(17tl ' 
 
 2.13,121 
 
 101.648 
 I8U. i:ii 
 2.14.481 
 
 ;i8.1. 
 
 Vl 
 
 311. 34.1 
 
 430. Ml 
 
 ,185, 762 
 
 781,468 
 
 811,026 
 
 402 11.12 
 
 .120, (W.1 
 
 0(18, 800 
 
 1. 102. 171) 
 
 1,703,0.11 
 
 1.754,20.1 
 
 3 U15.338 
 
 ; ,./2,(181 
 
 4, 726. 2113 
 
 4.626.270 
 
 3. 007. 266 
 
 3, 1133, 208 
 
 I. 1011. 046 
 
 6. 700, 200 
 
 4,5(81,018) 
 
 4,318,705 
 
 6, 788, 743 
 
 5.670,600 
 
 6,405,142 
 
 5,497,540 
 
 U31,1II'J 
 
 811,211 . 
 
 1,150,684 I 
 
 1.. '120, 848 ' 
 
 2,5:12.274 ' 
 
 301.436 I 
 
 740,802 
 
 8>iO. :I81 
 
 711,126 
 
 3:i0, 603 
 
 638, 406 
 
 1,277,423 
 
 1.807,()2« 
 
 1.048,181 
 
 2,032,887 
 
 3, 088, ;i)3 
 
 4,026,233 
 
 4, 226, 827 
 
 3.067,607 
 
 3,706,743 
 
 4.187.620 
 
 .1,215.712 
 
 4, 464, 385 
 
 .1.1161,613 
 
 6,708,811 ' 
 
 4, :I43. 8:i4 ' 
 
 4,773.827 i 
 
 4.646.877 I 
 
 73. IKIO 
 42,828 
 
 85, WIO 
 114,304 
 120, IHH 
 130, 020 
 124.303 
 1.10,225 
 
 57, 728 
 148. IHH) 
 105. OOO 
 225. IHH) 
 213.366 
 
 247, 320 
 260. 450 
 
l'U(»l>lICTIf)N ()!•' IKON ()UK8. 
 
 99 
 
 POIM l'<iAl.. 
 
 Iron nrt'H of ^ooil ((iiality orynv in iiiiiiiy jiitrtM of tli<> Kiii;;iloin, liilt 
 with r<nv t'x<'i'|itii)iiH all the iiiiiu's iirc piiU'tii'iilly ultiuiiliniiMl. Tliis may 
 h*' accj)iiiiti'(l I'lir liy tli(« poverty of the coiiiitry in coal aixl the absriice 
 of foroHts. Th<! followiii;; iruii-oru deposits of I'orttipkl may l)0 men- 
 tioiiod : 
 
 The hemittitt! bed of (Jiiailmmil, in the I'roviiice of Traz fisMoiites, 
 oceiirH ill the Ivaureiitiaii roeivs, may be followed for ii disluiieuof 't 
 miles, and is frequently (iii feet in thickness. The veins in the same 
 pi'ovinee in the lira^Mli/.a distiirt now (trodiiee but little ore. The ore 
 deposits of Moneorvo, also in the Tnt/.-osMontes, iinisist of it number 
 of lentieular buds in the l.iinrentiiiii rocks. The beds, \vhi::li aresiane 
 times aL'H teet in thickness, have a, };eiitle dip; and aro frequently 
 traversed Ity i|iiurt)! veins. They <u>ntain both red liematite and mat;- 
 iietite. The detritus detai-lied from the hills by rains forms extensive 
 surface deposits in the valleys. The iron ore in beds is said toeontuin 
 fnun ;$!» to .v.! per cent of iron. In the district of < Meinira, in Alemtejo, 
 iron and niaiigiinuse occur us lodes, as surfae.e de|Hisits,und as deposits 
 of sandstone containing' iron. The lodes are wide, tniverse the Lauren- 
 tian lim(>sto!ies and slates, and contain hematite, pyrolusite, heavy spar, 
 and quart/,. The )U'odiietion of irun ore in I'ortu^al is jirobubly below 
 1U,U(N) tuns annually. 
 
 JniilffneM of Alvitu Vttrl'.uial iron ortH. 
 
 
 No.1. 
 Per cent 
 
 ;).H6 
 
 25.20 
 
 »,'>. m 
 
 4.47 
 
 Triiii'. 
 
 . .'.(1 
 Trim-, 
 'rrju't. 
 
 .Ill 
 
 N'hIK'. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 /•it ml. 
 l.'M 
 
 ■a.:n 
 
 .15. 4H 
 
 57 
 
 N.ino. 
 
 fm 
 
 ^ U 
 
 TriM't'. 
 
 .01 
 
 1.60 
 
 
 
 
 (Kiile of inaiiuniiffle 
 
 Ijmo 
 
 
 
 
 
 Toliil 
 
 I(KI.3'J 
 OS. d:i 
 
 UD.M 
 ~ 66.0()V 
 
 
 
 sAnniNiA. 
 
 Iron ore is mined on thb island of Siirdiniii, and in the year 18!K)-!»1 
 l(t,l!K> metric tons of ore were produced. 
 
 The deposit of magnetic iron ore at St. Leon in the fiscal year 
 lHt!.'»-(>0 produced 13,810 metriu tons of ore. No tire was reported as 
 mined in 188U. 
 
 HWKI>KN. 
 
 No cimntry ]>os.sesses greater interest to the metallurgist than 
 Sweden, which has for centuries been a producer of iron ores and a 
 manufacturer of iron and Htcel of such character as to merit recognition 
 
100 
 
 MINKHAI- KESiJlIKCES. 
 
 as staiidiirds of (ixcclleiu'e. In fact tlit; loiificsfublishi'd (|iiiility of its 
 ]ir()durt I'iitlifi- lliHii ilic <|iiaiitity iiiiulc, fiicouni;j;i.'s a intisentatioii of 
 til*; uiiiiural icsoiirci-s of Sweden in considerable detail as far as tliey 
 relate to iron ores. Its iron and steel industry is also uniijiio in its 
 continued dependence upon charcoal or wood, even refuse and sawdust 
 beiny converted into gas in suitable producers, and its chief reliance 
 upon magnetic ores. 
 
 (Uvloiiufil rt'lations. — Swollen shares' with Norway the Scaiulinavian 
 peninsula, of which it forms the eastern and larger part (58 jier cent), 
 extending from C'.t'J to .j."»'=> north latitude, a geographical situation cor- 
 responding to Alaska. The greatest length of Sweden, abinit 1,(MMI 
 miles, extends from considerably within the Arctic zone to below the 
 northeastern extrennty of J'russia, while the greatest breiulth ap|iroxi- 
 niatus 250 miles. The area of the mainland and the islands amounts 
 to I70,<i00 sipiare miles, of which about one-twelfth consists of water. 
 Mr. lljalnuir Lundbohm (vide Swedish Catalogue II, statistics) says: 
 
 Till' iiiiinutaiii rcKiuiiu ut' .Sweden liuvii tlieir (;i'L'iktv8t dcvi'loi>iiU'iit in tin' nnitlii'm 
 iinil wiwtcrn piiitJi (il'tlio ununlry: nairowiii;; in hi tlii!Nui'\v«Kian frontier, tin-, liijjli- 
 liinil ili'HcendH iih ii vast HliipinK plateiui towanl tile llnll' of lliitlinia. Tin! npgicr 
 part (if tliiN jilaleau inclincH f^railnallv anil ronlains many lar|{u lakuuanil eniirinnim 
 niarKliOH; tlu-n the lakes ilerreiise in si/e, the vallevH liei-iinie Ntoeper, niiil the ninuii- 
 tuiuH are covered with forests, and finally thu roast hiinlscupe coiiiinences, with its 
 liroail ulens and niiiiiurons traces of tliu I'liriner intriisiiin of the sen. Over all this 
 plalean arms or hraiiehes from the tells iir moiintaius are to liu seen in the I'lirm of 
 brn:ul ridges, many I'allin); away sonn; ilislaiiee from the coast, others, on the eoii- 
 trary. Htretchioj; ;is far an to the sea. disperse into rich };ronps of islands, or force 
 themselves lietween the lakes and lieeonie united to the lower phiteau uf niountaiiis 
 and woods which oeeiipy a part of the south of Sweden. The lowland oiciipies a 
 part of the littoral aliinf; the (liilf of Hothni.i, and apjiears farther Nontli ill the nat- 
 ural depression, whii-h is marked by the lakes in central Sweden, and eontaiiis the 
 idaiiiH of rpland. Westmanland. Wester^iitland, and Oster^iitl.-ind ; and a;{ain in 
 the plains whiih siirroniid the wooded plateuu of Smalaud. and of which that of 
 Skane is the most iiiiportant. 
 
 The largest lakes lie in the great irregular dij) or depression which 
 extends across the Kingdom between the North Sea and the Baltic, and 
 in an earlier geological period formed abroad (channel between these 
 two seas, but of which, owing to the elevation of the land, only some 
 few of the larger basins now remain. T\w. principal of these is Laktt 
 Vcnerii, l.',l."i()8inuire miles in area, third in size of I'jiiropean lakes, and 
 N'etlern, T.'lli square miles in area, and the.se tire of great ini|)ortaiice to 
 the (^ommniiication of (central Sweden, as they are the chief |ioints of 
 the priiici]ial I'anal .system of the Kingdom. The entire country is 
 dotted with many large and small lakes, .several of which have an area 
 of more than 4(^ .nipiaie miles. Mr. Jjundbolim says: 
 
 There are iwo lunspienoiis features which explain why Sweden is different from 
 most of the other parts of Kiirope as regards the i^eneral character of its natnral 
 features. The country is sifnated around the center of the ancient Scandinavian 
 Innil ill', and in the f;reatnr part of the country only two of the Keoh'Kical series, the 
 oldest and the youngest, are represented. Thus the uneven, undulating siirfaco of 
 
PRODUCTION OF IKON ORKS. 
 
 101 
 
 till' rocks, liolDiiKiii^ to Mm Arclii'aii serinH, is in (jninTal cnvurwl witli (iiiati'iiiarv 
 depoHJtH of ^ravrl, Maml, and cl.-iy. Anions tlit^ Arclican rori^H ;rni>iss is tlif^ most 
 t'oniinon, occjipyin^r nearly alt of t lit; sontliwnst of Swcilt'it an<l a vi<r>' hroa<l licit 
 alont; tlin east coast, from Vcatcrvik, south of Stoctiliotni, nil tbc way to tlielmnndary 
 of I'iiiland. Tim nniforniity of tlicsr districts is, howitvcr, often lirokcn, partly liy 
 llic presence of ^^ranite, diorite, ^alilM-o, liyperite, et<r., partly by the oceiirrciiee of 
 soinit tine-}];rainiMl ro<-ks, which are snpposcd to lie the yonn^est ]>art of the Arelican. 
 From 11 i>ractical point of view these rc.cks are more important than any others, on 
 ai'i'onnt of thi'ir coiinei'tion with the Iron ores, the ]HireHt and richest of the latter 
 occnrrin^ in the limestone hlillutliiita anil ^raiiititc,espei-ially in a 1ar<;e licit running 
 from east to west across the conntry from the lialtie to \'ermlaM<1, not far from the 
 NorweKlau frontier. 'Tlion^^li this is the principal iron-liearini; district of .Sweden, 
 very important iron ores are also found in other ]ilaces, us in l.apland, ,Suderiuunlauti, 
 iinil (tHtcrgiithinil. 
 
 Varieties of ore. — The iron oros <tl' Sweden consist princiiiiilly of 
 "blin'.k ore" or niivgin'titis lienintite, or .spcculiir ore (iieroxide or sesipii- 
 oxide), all of wliich iirc fjciienilly called •' numntitin ores," to diKtingnisli 
 tlieinfroin tlie lake and boo ores, wiiieli are won in Sniaiand smd several 
 other itrovinces. Tlie iiiaKiietic ores often have larjjer or smaller i|uai.ti- 
 tie.s of specular ore mixed with them, .sometimes in such proportions as 
 to make it dillicult to de<-i(le to which species the ore should liea.ssi^iipd. 
 The nnip;iietite and specular ores belono; to the primitive or liaurcntian 
 formation, and occur with few excepti(Mis as beds or stratilied nni.s.scs, 
 the dip of which commonly si|iproaches more to the vertical than the 
 hori/ontal. The thickness of tlic ore bodies in th<' southern part of the 
 country };enerally varies from that of it veinlet to KKI or l."»0 feet, and 
 in nearly all of the mining fields there are commonly found several 
 psirallel beds se|)arat4'd from each other by more or less sterile rock. 
 
 The ffcologiciil arratioeinent of tli»^ Swedish "mountain ores" varies, 
 but tVom a metallurftical point of view tliey tnay be divided into three 
 itroups. The tlrst division embraces the ores lyiufj in more or less euritic? 
 or !;;rannlitic gneiss, and containing };enerally some feldspar, and i here- 
 foi'i- more alumina. The most typical ores of thi.s (;roup lie in };raiiite, 
 which is {jencrally re(l in c(dor and soniewiiat gneissic. Most of them 
 ai'i' s|i(i'ularorcs, often marked by a distinct striping, cau.scd by icpeated 
 alternations of pure iron-ore .seatns with others of curite and i|uaitzite, 
 in such a way that the saitie .series of beds may contain hundreds of 
 seams of ore, intermixed with barren rock. The ores lying in the gneiss 
 rocks proper arc gtuii^rally nnignetites, .sometimes rich in silica. 
 
 The ores of the .second division are gtMierstlly purer atid more con- 
 centrated than those of the prece<ling division, and have well-detined 
 bound.aries. In most instances they appear as h^iticidar la.vers embed- 
 ded ill rock, often arranged in rows. The deposits of this division are 
 often of great widtli but of less longitiulitnil extent than those of the 
 first division. Some of these ores are remarkable for the <|uantity of 
 magnesia which they ('ontaiti, and all hough they can connnonly be 
 smelted witliout any or sometimes with a small amount of lime as 
 
 >'ROv»fNCIAU '.lOKARt 
 VICTORIA, B. C. 
 
102 
 
 MINKHAl. RESOURCES. 
 
 Iliix, wIkmi the rock is ru;\\ in insi^iieslii, rnrnierly Imtli limn and qiiiirtz 
 wcro used in tin- reduction of the ores. Now tlic method is ('li:in};ed, 
 and {generally no (piartz is used, but ores ricli in silica are mixed with 
 those more basie. 
 
 The tliird division eomprises those ores whi(di eontain a consi'lerable 
 ipiantity of nian^aneso and often a not ineonsidera))le amount of sul- 
 phides. The e(nitent of manganese is derived from intersiMM'sed niin 
 erals, l)nt in some of the iir<^ de|>osits in t)ie limestone the man(;anese 
 com|iounds appeiir to be mixed with the hitter, so that the manganese 
 eontent maybe as hlg;h in that part of the deposit wliieh is poor in 
 iron as in that which is richer. Tlie majority of the ores of I his f;froHp 
 are magnetite, although some ores containing peroxide of iron also 
 occur exceptionally, and should belong to this group. Some of the 
 manganiferons ores are so rich in lime that they reijiiire to be mixed 
 with siliceous ores in order to lie easily snu'lted, while others are what 
 Is (lalled in Swedish "cngaendc'' (going by themselves), their gangne 
 being such that no tlux is re<iuired for their smelting. There are also 
 ores rich in manganese which contain so large an amount of magnesia 
 as to neeessitat^t the use of both lim(! and (|uart/.os(^ ores in smelting 
 tlnMii. The greater nnndter of Swedish or-'x must \»- fluxed with lime 
 in order to yield a glassy slag, and mo«l of them arc thus moie or less 
 acid, or, as it is called, "dry." 
 
 I'cnrntiiiie of irmi. — The iron contvmtof the Swedish ores varies from 
 30 to 70 per cent, but it is generally about .">((. As, however, the calca 
 reous ores are much scar(U'r than the siliceous ones, ores occurring in 
 limestone are often used, although their iron content is but L'O per cent 
 or even less, as a mixture for the richer sili(!e(nis ores, in some ores, 
 particidarly those of the tlr.st division, the (Mintent of alumina is not 
 inconsiderable, while ores belonging to the second group in |)artieular 
 and some of thos(> liclonging to the third are very rich in magnesia. 
 They generally contain very little phosphorus. Mountain ores contain- 
 ing more than 0.1 percentof phosphorus are as a rule employed only to 
 mix with others containing less phosphorns. The ori's lowest in phos- 
 lihorus are generally ust^il fur produ(;ing iron for steel making. 
 
 Iinpiiritii'n. — The greater numlier of siliceons specular oi'es are free 
 from sulphides, and many of th*' magiu>ti(^ iion or<-s also t'ontain only 
 a small |)roportion of sulphur; other magnetic ores are, however, inter 
 spersed with metallic sulphides, such as sulphides of iron, magnetic; 
 pyrites, and arsi^nical pyrites (l)aniiemora), so that the ores, if the iron 
 produced is to be free frcnu sulphur, must be subjected to careful cal 
 cining, and many kilns have been erected for this purpose. Most of 
 the ores, howe'i'r, are calcined not so nundi for driving out the sul|diur, 
 which generally does not occur in large amounts, as in ordei' to (convert 
 KCiOi to l'V;(>:„ and thus to nnike tlieon^ moie easily reducible. 
 
 Kspccially <'haracteristicof a lai'ge innnber of the, Swedish mountain 
 ores is the fact that they contain only minute (plant ities of phoHpLorus, 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORKS. 
 
 108 
 
 in many (uiscs not more tliiin O.OOl to 0.(K)r» per cent. This, In'SHk-s 
 t\u' Ciict tliat eliarcoiil is nscd in snicltinj^, acc'oiints for tlic «'.\cfllent 
 (|iiality of Swedish iron. 
 
 The lake ami 1)ok ores in Sweden lielon;; tx) the Qnateinaiy i)eriod, 
 and are in faet still being ileposiled. They occur in several jn-ovinces, 
 and have in former times been nsed for the direct iirodiiction of 
 malleable iron. They ft<*n(Mally contain several tenths of 1 per cent of 
 phospliorus, and are em))loye(l only in tlie inannfactnre of foundry and 
 puddled iron. The lalie ores, according' fo their ap]iearance, are called 
 "gmiiiowder," "pearl," "penny," or "cake" ore, et(\ They occur in reedy 
 places, a short distance from the slnn'es of the lakes, forming beds up 
 to 'M feet in thickness. These ore.s are taken up in the winter by means 
 of hmg shafted scrapers and riddles of iron, and a new Ited may be 
 formed in the same pla(!e after some thirty years. 
 
 Of the total iron-ore product of Sweden, Prof. Rich. Ackermaii says 
 that between two-thirds and three-tpiarters is magnetite, one-third to 
 one-quarter specular, and the balam-e g(MieraIly about 2,(100 tons of 
 lake or bog ore. 
 
 (leiHfriipliiciil (listrilmtion. — The greatest (piantity of Sweden's best 
 iron ores, and at the same time those that have been worked the long- 
 est, occur within rather a small space compared with the total area of 
 the country, that is within a belt having an area of r),.S(K) ,s(|uare 
 miles, which extends from the (lulf of Itothnia on the east to the dis- 
 trict north of Lake Venern on the west. Southward this ore Region 
 continues to the niid<lle part of the Province of < istergdtland, and iu)rth- 
 ward to the northern border of the Province of Dalecarlia. Here occur 
 farthest to the east the Dannemora liehl, famous for its ores free from 
 phosphorus, and in many other respects nnitpie, and in about the mid- 
 dle of this district are situated the Norrberg, Itispberg, (iriingesberg, 
 Striberg, Stripa, and several other extensive mining lields, and farthest 
 to the west tlu! Persbcrg and some others. It will thus be seen that 
 the principal iron-ore dei)osits extend from the Dannemora region, 
 north of Stockholm, across tln^ country, ending some distance from the 
 Norwegian border, covering a length of ISO miles. North of this oi'e 
 distri(^t are found large iron-ore bodies, as far north as the vicinity of 
 the polar circle. Mere are situated tlu^ iron-ore deposits of (iellivara, 
 Kii'umivara, and Luossavara, in length of strike, thicki.ess, and per- 
 centage of iron the principal iron ores of Sweden. Some of the dejiosits 
 are large ami rich. Thus a horizontal section through the nearly ver- 
 tical nuiss of ore at Kirunavara and Luossavara represents an area of 
 5,.'iH4,0(K) sfjuan! feet; all the ores attlellivara have in their outero|)- 
 piiig an area of about 2,f!!tO,000 sipnu'e feet, while at lUiotivara tlu^ area 
 is estimated as .'!,2.">(l,((00 square feet. As the average i)erccntage of 
 iron at several of the mim's amcmnts to (10 or (i."» and sometimes more, 
 it i.s uviduut that miuing might be pursued on a large scale. 
 
104 
 
 MINERAL KESOl'BCKS. 
 
 I'litil hitely, however, all of these hist-iiieiitioned mining districts 
 have been lying Idle, partly I'or lack (if coiniiuiiiieatioii and partly by 
 reason of tliehigh pen'cntagesof phosphorus (at (lellivara and Kirnna- 
 vara) and of titanium (at Kuotivara). Mr. I.undbolini states that ull 
 three of those (h^posits an? loeated in Swedisli Laphiiid, Of these only 
 that at (lellivara is worked, and it has lately been eouiie<^ted with the 
 harbor of I.ulea, ar the north end of the Haltie 8ea, by a railway belong- 
 ing to the (lovernuient. This railway is 120 miles long and .said to l>e 
 the most northern railroad in the world, .'»(• miles of it being within the 
 frigid zone. The ore Is taken from the stock piles at Lulea and loaded 
 by an American steam shovel. The com|)any owning this deposit has 
 ex]>orted ore to Kughmd, tliA United States, and < iermaiiy, and is making 
 pre]iaratious for lai'gely increasing this exjiort. The iron on* of (lelli- 
 vara is partly niagn(*tite, partly specular ore, both oc(airring as numer- 
 ous long layers in a giiuissic rock f(H'iuing a mountain about 4.;J miles in 
 h'Ugth and about (iOI) feet in height above the surrounding tlat country, 
 having a width of about 1.;^ mih^s. Many of the ore layers are of rnn- 
 siderable size, sonu' of them being from 1H(I to ;{IM» feet wide, the dip 
 varying from I") to SO degrees from the |)crpeiidieular. The quality of 
 the ore is also vtu'y changeable. CJood Jiessenier ores containing 07 to 
 0!) per cent or more of iron occur in large (piantities, but the greater 
 part of the ores are high in ])liosphorus. The )>ercentageof sulphur is, 
 on the contrary, very small, exc(*pt in a lew cases. 
 
 Mr. .lercmiah Head, in a [taper on "Scandinavia as a source of iron- 
 ore supply," says: 
 
 /Uiniit lSf>7 a iiiiiKiictitn mini'. Nitiliiteil nii tliB HPnIioaril, n little to tlie imrtli of 
 Ueltf, uxportiMt two car^oi'.H nl' orr 'niitaiiiiii^ 1>li ])i'i' cent ol' irnii, and only a tract) 
 of i)liiis|iliiiriiM. NiitwitliHtaiiilitiK t \at sti aiiirrH caifviiiK 1,1100 tciiis iiiiilil lie so 
 t;ln8t' iti to tlir iniiirs thai the ore r nhl Ite wlieeletl I'i^lit ahoai'<l, the eont of jtro- 
 (liirtioii anil ilelivery at that tin' was higher than the priee ohtaiiiuhlp, anil cou- 
 Nei|tieiitl,v theininn waH aliaiMliinetl. 
 
 Ill ISHK the total eNpoits rose rroin ll.tlSi; (the anioiint for 1SS7) to I17..~>.1fl Ioiih, 
 anil Ihose to the Initeil Kiii(;iliiiii ; i ti.")7 to l!L',ti7L' tons. TliiH siiililen inerease was 
 line to the operations of an Kni^lish eoiiipany, whii-h hail ilnring the previous year 
 niiiili' a railway tl.'!! miles long froni tin' iron ore ileposils at (lellivara, in SweiliMh 
 I.aplanil. to l.nlea, a seaport on the western Nhme of the (inlf of llothnia, 710 miles 
 from .Stoekholin. The eonression miller whieh this eonipaiiy oiteratoil ineliiiled also 
 the right to work anil esport iron ore from the ile|iosits at (iellivara. Kiriinavara, 
 l.noHsavMra, anil .S\ appavara, whieh lay on or near the Heleeteit ponte, at a royalty 
 uf from till. 1 1-' eenls) to Sil. ( It) rents) per ton. Anothrreompany, elosely alliuil with 
 the railway rom)iany, was estalilisheil to imrehasi; steamers anil eoiivey the orn to 
 hritish anil otlier ports; anil .'i thiril was to rent anil work two lilaht fnrnaeeH at 
 Walker-on-Tyne, I'jiglaiiil. Tlie result was, however, ilisappoiiitint;. The jiig iron 
 liroilneeil eonlaiiieil from O.lt to O.li per eent of phoHphorns, anil was, of runi'Ne, 
 i|iiilo niilit for ai'iil steel making. As sneh pig iron for any other purpose was not 
 largely in ilemanil, ami if it hail heeii, eoiilil have tieeii more eheaply proiltieeil liy a 
 mixture of ('lev.'himl ami hematite orea, the enterprise iliil not result in siiri-esa. 
 This alVeeteil the interests of the allieil eon paiiies so adversely that they, too, were 
 presently ohliged lo diseoiitinne operations. Itnt the (iellivara mines were foiiml to 
 yield not only sneh phosphorie ores as were sttnt to the Tyiie. Imt also, from eurtuiu 
 uf the workings, u proportion of or» of exceptionally rieli anil pure i|iiulity. 
 
I'RODUCTION OF IKON OKKS. 
 
 10.1 
 
 Tlin iiii|iiirtH into tint iriiititil KiiiKdoiii foil from li2,*S7'J tons in IHHH to l.'i.lL'T tons 
 in IH»'J, r.,n;tl tons in ISiH), nnil toii.KW ton8 in IWIl ; inni, iiH liir ;m (liin cmiiitrv Wiw 
 concorntMl, thr (o'llivarii niiiH!H ini^lit JuMt uh wi'll lin\'«* renscii to «!xiHt. Tim S\v«(l- 
 inli (iovoiiiini'nt iliil not. it<K'>''<l with roinplaiiniiy tli« tol:il .'ili>inil»nnn^nt of tliu 
 entei'priHr. It took tlio riiilway, and at'tor a time ^rant<>(l tuvomltlo rateH to a 
 Swt^diHli cnnipany, wliic-li t^NtalilislnM) Ibnr f;rail(t8. A, inteixN'il for acid prort^sBttH, 
 containing about (ill jtci cent of iron and (KOI )n^r cent of |dioH|t]iorns, :tnd 1>, in- 
 tended for tlic liiiHic It^'NHenn^r procoNH. containing about ({5 ]icr cent of iron and 1 to 
 2 per cent of phoHplioroK. Ore containing appreciatde jdioHphorut^, but not enough 
 to render it unlit for arid ])urpoBeH, watf ealb-d grade It, while grade <' coniprisutl all 
 b<d.wcen tliut and grad^t I). 
 
 Tbt^ yiebl of the ipiarrieH (there are aH yt^t no undergriunul workingH), of which 
 there are i:tl. waH found to be eonipoHcd of grades A and \' to the extent of 'JO )ier 
 cent, wliile Wl per cent lielonged to the lower grades. 'I'lie effect of these improved 
 arrangements soon bei'aniu apparent. The imports of Swcilish iron ori' into the 
 United Kingdom gradually rose frinn !!,1(M tons in IHHI to Kt,72-' tons in IK<t2 an<l 
 :{r>,ti<ll tons in lS!i:i. Almost all this was of A (|ualLty, and was deliverttd to furnaces 
 in the Cleveland district at jiriccs averaging IXs. (say $l.:iri) pertiui. 'I'hi' imports 
 during the year IMJII were about lltO.UtM) tons. The exact lignres have not been 
 obtained. The general verdiit of those who have trii'd the ore is that the guarau- 
 teed standard of riehncas and ]nirity lins, so far, iieen well nniintained. 
 
 The Continental ircni conipanii^s liave be<;n still nuH'e enterprising than their Kng- 
 lish oonipetitors in utilizing the new sonrco of iron-ore Hnp))ly. 
 
 Since 1SX7, when the (iellivara-Lnlea Railway was comph'led, to December, lS9;t, 
 the total aiuinal e\]>iu'ts havi' increased by over UKl.tNK) tons, (d' which :jri,(MNI tons 
 came to the Knifed Kingdom and the renniindi^r went inoHM,Y to (•ernuiny and Austria. 
 
 During the last six years .Scanilinavia has beconu^ :i nnist important smirce of iruu- 
 ore supply to the |irincipal iron-producing countries of Kuropo. The me travels 
 about 1,11X1) miles to Knglish iCIcvelaml), anil l,ti!H) to (ierman (Dortnmnil) works, 
 and 1,I0(> miles to Witkowitz. This is farthir than from thi' celebrated Lake Supe- 
 rior mines to the I'eiinsylvania steel works. <^nly very rich ores could bear such 
 I'ost for transit. 
 
 Inasnnii'h as in th<' last-nanmd countries the great bulk of the steel niMnulaitured 
 is by the basic process, whi'reus the exact reverse is the lase in (Ircat Ibilain, it is 
 only natural to expect that what is sent to them shoiilil be mainly grade I), anil that 
 which is sent to Kngland should be mainly grade A ; and this is In accordance with 
 the actual facts of the ciise. 
 
 Mr. I'aul Kupclwciser, general manager of the Witkowilz works, says that iluring 
 livi" or six years he useil iSwcdish nuignetitcs from (iellivara and id.sewhcre (probaldy 
 
 tirangcsberg) to thtu-xtent id* about tl(),IKK) tons per ann 
 
 The\' contained from til 
 
 to M per cent of iron, and cost from 22 to 21 shillings (+,"i.;i2 to .f.'i.XI ) delivered at 
 Witkowitz. He mixed them in the raw state, in the propnrtiiii. of from it;t totid ))er 
 cent, with other ores, mostI> s])athic, and calcined. I'scd in this way there was no 
 diltieulty in smelting. The resulting |iig iron was taken in a molten eondition to a 
 Itessemer converter, and aft.-r being partially blown, to a basic-lined Siemens furnace, 
 there to lie finished into steel. 
 
 \'ara ore, is also tiow extcnsix'ely used at the large sfcel works rn 
 
 tirade 1>, (lelli 
 
 Upper Silesia. The |iort of entrance in this, as in the previous car^e, is .<teftin, 
 whence it is forwarded liy rail. The Westphalia works are users of the same grade 
 It reaches them via Uotterdam, some going forward by Uhine navigaf ion and some 
 hy rail. (Jraile D is olfered at about ir>s. fid. ($11. 75) ]ter ton, delivered in trucks at 
 Antwerp for use in the I. lege and Luxemburg districts. 
 
 The value of grade .\ ore, containing iV.) per cent of iron and 2 per cent of silica, 
 is at present about IHs. (id. (if 1.17) )ier ton delivered at MidillcHborongh furnaces. 
 ISpanish Kubio ore, containing oO per cent of iron and 8 per ci^nt of silica, costs 
 
106 
 
 MINERAL UESOURCES. 
 
 VJn. (!(l. (jfn.O'J) pi>r ton. In ntlicr wonltn, tho iimc (if ^radr A (lollivara iimjjiietif*' tirn, 
 Diidrr prcst-iit cnnililiuiis, Hliniil<! rniiblo Hiiirltcrrt to i-licapni tli» coHt iit' i>ro<)iirtinn 
 III' \\\ii inin tnr acid Ht«>(>) jiiirpnNi'H. 
 
 'Dm lar^o inid j^rnwin;; iiiipiirlations iiitii (ionnaiiy serin alfln to alVord )iro(if' timt 
 (tnidn 1) iH )'i|iiall,v otvalnr in tlir niiinnrailiiruot' pi); iron intnndrd for tin' licssi-nn'r 
 liHHir proreBH as rarrii'il on in tliosit roiinti'ir.s. Tlir i|in'Ktioii mnainH, How lar I'.iii;- 
 si> to ailvanla;;!' ^rado I-!, witli or without nativi> phosplinrntii' oith, anil 
 
 land I'ti 
 
 with or without |iuildli'rH' tap, in making; pi^ iron Hnitalilo tor tlin lti>H.sfiiii-r haflir 
 
 Pi 
 
 I'ssf Diirin;; tlii' twidvi 
 
 'ar.H IKHL>-ls<i:< th« iirodiii'tioii of piiildli' liar in tlii> 
 
 rnitiMl Kingdom has dt>i'rt*UNrd )ty o.'t pi>r rent, and in thr Clcvrhini! distrirt liy T.i 
 pi'r cunt. 
 
 The Cii'llivaru deposits an* I 
 
 miles I'lU)! Iiy 1 tn 
 
 iiih'M liroad. Tin 
 
 si^ht, or which can ho didcctcd liy tho dip nccillo, covers an aroa of Itlt) acres, itor- 
 
 iii^r.H have hccn made to a depth of IT.'i feet withont reachiii;.; the liotto 
 
 The 
 
 ipiantity of oi'< 
 
 has not lieen ileterinined, hut tliere is no doiiht that it is enormous. 
 
 Till 
 
 list of till 
 
 ale 
 
 ■il (llevolund i 
 
 stn 
 
 I'll 
 
 till 
 
 iductid 
 
 rif a to 
 
 ic«Hsary 
 of Clcvi'land pi^; iron is ahont I'l Hliilliufjs (.$:<. IS;t). If this were ilisplai^'il liy (ielli- 
 vara ore yieliliii<; ti.*) per cent of iron, 1} touH would lio rei)uireil. At the same total 
 cost, 1."" shilliiif-s jicr ton of (liK proilnced.tliis would admit nf the prici'of two thirds 
 of l.'i shilliiius, or 11) shillings ($'2A'2) ]icr ton of ore delivered to tho fnrnaci^H, lieiiiK 
 paid for il. Aceorilin^ to cnHtoin-honsii returns, the lowest average value of iron ore 
 jmjiorted troni iSweden into the United KiuKdom Hiiico IHMH is l(i shilliiiKH per ton. 
 
 Mr. ,). T. Smith, who visited (lellivara in iHXH, considered that when the output 
 reached l,rilHI,IMKI tons per annum the cost of raising, convoying, and jiiitting free on 
 
 hoard at I. ulna will not o\i I 5 s. lid. ($1.3il) per ton, ineliiding roy.ilty and hiiiuh 
 
 other ihargis. Itnt as the outiint has not yet reached one-third of that i|iiantity, 
 and as all charges have not been included, we may increase his estimate* to, say, 
 tis. lid. (If I.."!") jier ton free on hoard at Lnlea. 
 
 From Itilliao. which is l,(i:iO miles from Mldillesliorongh, the present rate of sea 
 freight for the conveyance of ore is about as. 3d. (.fl.liT) jier ton. In view of the fact 
 rhat I.iilea i>: 1,.~mII miles, or fully one and one-half timiH as far, <inil that, on accunnt 
 of ice, the tralllu has to lie dune during only live mniiMis of the year, ati additional 
 Is. ltd., or a total of lis. lid. per ton, is not too high an estimate for the average freight 
 from thence. This brings the lowest cost )irice of (icllivara ore to (Is. fid. -(-lis. lid. or 
 lUshillings (.fH.II) per ton delivered in Cleveland, withont reckoning any prolit to 
 
 inodiicers. Thes inililions were by no ineaiiH ignored by the original Hwedish ami 
 
 Norwegian Railway Company. Their concession, "hich was first obtaineil in I8KJ, 
 authori/eil them to continue their line through to Victoriahavn, on the Ofoteii liord. 
 That tiiinl. and indeed the whole of the west coast of Norway, is always free from 
 ice. however scM'rc the winter, due to the fact that it lies in the path of tln^ linlf 
 Stream, and of the warm winds which are eoutiuually moving from the ti'opiis to 
 the polar regions, i in the way to \'ictorialiavii, and H.'i miles from it, or nearly the 
 same iliNtance as liellixara is from lailea, the projected railway )insses the deposits 
 of Kininavar.'i and l.uossax .'ira. These are similar in character to those at I tell i vara. 
 .Middlesborongh is only 1,17(1 niilcH from that port, whereas il is l,'>rill iiiileH from 
 Lnlea. Rotterdam is \,',V2',\ mites from \'ictoriahavn, against l.-^.M) from l.iilea. Ant- 
 werp is 1,|IK) ami l.lil'M miles, respectively. Stettin is eonsiderably nearer to liUlea. 
 
 Uelatively tollermany and Austria, Kngland, and especially the Cleveland district, 
 will Hcenre the greatcHt advantage by the o|ieniiig out of the Victoriahavn ronio, 
 but there is little jirospect of Swedish ore of any kind being delivered to Middles- 
 borongh, even \'ia Victoriahavn, at less than 12 shillings ($^.110) |ier ton; and this ia 
 a higher jirice than can be expected at present for any kind excejit gnules A and It. 
 
 The careful and elaborate surveys of the (iellivara and the three neighboring 
 dejiosits which were made in IS7"i by a commission of experts sent for the purpose 
 by the Swedish (joverumeut Heem to establish the following faclH; (1) That tho ore 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORK8. 
 
 107 
 
 in nil more or Iphb ninK"<'ti''. t'l'' iiictjillic iron cdiitMimil liciiiH; in tho rornlitinn cil' 
 protoxiilfl, |)iro\i(lr. or iiinfjin'tic iixiilr, or m ciiiiiliiiMiliiiii (if tlicHc ii\iilcs. (L'J Tlint 
 it in lomiil ill IimIcs or v«iiiH, wliiili, tiiH''""''' willi tlii^ linlroc Um in wliiili tlic^.v lie, 
 ajipear to Imve liiiil an intrnsivo nrif^'iu, iind am nsnally more or U'NH (liHtorttMl. 
 (11) That tlio loiles aro UHsoriatwl witli giiciHS, ipiartz, I'i'lilspiir. uraniln, lionilili'nilc. 
 anil mica scliiHt. ('oriiniliim, lluompar, falcHpar, aitinolitit, aclamantiiic, aslii'sliiM, 
 npiilotc, anil garnets aro also I'oiiml in oralmnt tlinm. , (1 1 Tliat tin' plios|iliorii» is in 
 thi! lorni of apatitii(l'a,:.'l'0|)anil can toaKri'at rxtiMit lii'Mrjiarati'il liylianil )iiikiiiK. 
 (T)) Tliat. orosnOiiriently freufmni plioHplniruH lorariil stcrl pnr|io8i'S is lint ,i portion, 
 Hay oni! lii'tli, of tin) wliiili'. (li) Tliat tlir ili)]iiiHits Kimerally protnnlr at llio sitrla' r 
 of tli« mountains, wlii'ro tlii^v aro oasily (listin;;niMlial>lr Ironi a lonsiilcralilo ilis 
 tamo by tlioir ilark lolor. Tlio oro in sifjlit, or traiMsiblo liy tin' ili|i nooiUo, ronxti 
 tiiti'S nsnally aliont !> por oont. of tlio total Hnrfaro aroa. (7 1 That tho iiioro olovatoil 
 anil nmro ontlyiiiK portions of tlio ilo|iiisitH yiolil, as a nilo, orr ronlaiiiiiiK hss iron 
 and nioio inipnrities than tho lesR clovatoil ami iiioro lenlral portions, ami thai 
 samplis taki'ii from tho intorior of tho liiiles ^ivo bettor uiialvses tliun those taken 
 from noar tho Hurfaoo. 
 
 Mr. V. T. Lidiier states that there are live iiuarries workiiifjf at (lelli- 
 vara at present, whic^li he descrilies as follows: 
 
 Ftcdvrika. — Here the ore is 85 feet wide, but only i>r> feet is mined. 
 The ore near the hangintr wall of the (! jjrade, not being in demand, in 
 left in jilace. The A, l>, and (J ores, which ar6 heie W(ni, are rieii in 
 iron, often as high as 70 per cent. 
 
 Selct. — Here the (ne is KKI feet wide, furnishing B and (J ores, rich in 
 iron but high in )>hosphoi'us. 
 
 Hertijim. — Here the ore is 80 feet wide, which, on account of the iron 
 pyrites (contained, is classed as ore. 
 
 Hermdin has an ore width of I't feet and furnishes l> ores higli in 
 ])hosphorus. 
 
 TiniiriilfK Hill has a width of ore of .'{.'50 feet, but only one-half of 
 this width is worked at present because of inade(|uate transportation. 
 The ore contains from 0.7 to l.;i per cent of phosphorus, and is classed 
 as 1 ) ore. 
 
 Of these quarries the first three mentioned are on a tract a siiort 
 distance .south of the main field, while the last two are on the main ore 
 field. The freight rates to Luleii are given at ijl.07 per metric ton, 
 which it is hoped to reduce in tln^ future. ICight hundred men are em- 
 ployed, and the ipiarries arc liglitcd by elec^tric lamps. When the rail 
 road was first jirojected it was (^xiieetcd to run from Lulcii, to (iellivara 
 and Kirunavara', and from tliere to Lofoten, on the Norwegian coast, 
 which is open for navigation all the year round, while Luleii is closed 
 by ice for seven months. 
 
 The gieatest depths to which the ir«n ore mines of Sweden have been 
 workeil do not exceed 1,0(K( feet. Considering tiiat as a rule there are 
 no particularly large <|uantities of cither minerals or water to hoist, the 
 machinery for tliis w.i.k nee<l not in general be of great jMiwcror capac- 
 ity, say between 80 and !I0 horsepower. The ores are usually hard, 
 and have to be blasted, the cost of mining being stated to be from 50 
 cents to $12,50 per ton. 
 
108 
 
 MINKKAt KESOUHCKS. 
 
 AnaltfMfis, — TIh* tollowin^ aiiiilyses of SwimIisIi iron oros wf^^c |«ib- 
 lishwl by Mr. N, LilieiiltcM-^ in a paper on **Tln' nianiifartnre of clianNial 
 iron in Swollen,"' and arrcollated from ^SVnalyH<^nt Jiirnnialnu*r, 1871- 
 I8!»0,"by Adi»IfTann: 
 
 AiialjiHfH of SiVitliMh iron onn from dinlrwlH produr'tmj nearly on-r l,(flMi lonn. 
 
 i'rnviiicrti hihI ilin 
 triclH. 
 
 Provimri'iit'liewtrlk- 
 liiiiil . 
 
 Nyiiii^ 
 
 I*eiiiiiii|; 
 
 rruviiii'c III rplaiid: 
 
 Ihniiieiiioni 
 
 Dii 
 
 I>o 
 
 I»o 
 
 SktMtiha 
 
 rriiviii(-ei)l'f)alariit>: 
 
 Viiitjiiri! 
 
 Tuna HiintlierK 
 
 Do 
 
 Kdtiiiiifl 
 
 kiMliiTK 
 
 Iviktt 
 
 KitifiiiH 
 
 (iriiHlwrir 
 
 nakHlH-Tj: 
 
 Nylterjj 
 
 SvartbiTK 
 
 IfHllt 
 
 KullJiij^Niiur}: ■ 
 
 Lunuvik 
 
 Ktillhli.vtlaii ... 
 
 Sven«I>o 
 
 Pnividrt' of \\'(!nt 
 iitaiilaiKl: 
 
 MurliiTK 
 
 Klacklii'rg 
 
 NoiTl)oig 
 
 Knllniura 
 
 KoiiniiKHlM!rK. . 
 
 Kannviild 
 
 Stiiprt 
 
 Maria 
 
 Stripa 
 
 LoilllHTg 
 
 Svartvik 
 
 StalMnTK 
 
 KarrffnilVan . . 
 liiKclHltyttjiii . . 
 
 Siripa 
 
 Uiitflinrn 
 
 Klarklt 
 
 StriliiTg 
 
 Hiiit;Mhyltuii... 
 
 Fo^iiliyttan 
 
 FtTnliytlan 
 
 DalkiirlHlH-r;: - - 
 Proviiico of Wnnu- 
 1 11 11(1: 
 N'oriltnark 
 
 FuUlllllOHBt;U . .. 
 lalitirg 
 
 I Metric I 
 I tons. 
 
 NvaitK 7,4«2 ' 
 
 JVniiiiiK 4,379 
 
 De*!**!'!- ! :i:i, nrj 
 
 siiiKnirvuii I :n, lu'i 
 
 SmlraSlllieig I :i:(, IK'i ' 
 
 Sti>rrviiiniiiK :t:i. 1B2 
 
 N'orr Ski'tiika ; 4.438 
 
 (iniiiinel^riirvflii 
 
 Krongriit'van 
 
 Nyj.'rut'\an 
 
 i triiKrit (Van | 
 
 I )i-ag)rrii fviin ' 
 
 Laiitr^rn I'vaii 
 
 ltylM)ij:»;;ru(Vaii 
 
 St4>r(;rnl'vaii 
 
 Nnrra I.ojiriifvan 
 
 \'iii<lgriifvaii 
 
 KvartlHTU 
 
 aUtUi ltiN|iert;, No. 1 
 
 KalliiiuHlH-rK. No. 1 
 
 LaiiKvik, No. 1 
 
 KullHliytluii, No. 1 
 
 Hvoiialiu, No. 1 
 
 Peret. I'errt. Per el. Per rt. 
 43.50 \\l.'2 1!4. :i 0. US 
 
 51.07 S.r. I It.HT. .02(1 
 
 5i.:!ii 
 
 12. a 
 
 44.18 
 
 ir.. IK) 
 
 02. ir. 
 
 li.'J 
 
 4U.IM 
 
 14.98 
 
 54. 115 
 
 7.8U 
 
 tl. 4.'V 
 19. fW 
 
 4. 0.-1 
 12.3 
 1U.42 
 
 . 080 
 
 . 2:{(! 
 
 .013 
 
 .03 
 
 Pfr et. 
 
 0. 1107 
 
 .UUH 
 .(lO'iH 
 
 .m)3 
 . oo:i3 
 
 .(K)2 
 .04(1 
 
 Shm-knllM^rgnifrufvnii 
 
 KlniklHTg.T^o.l 
 
 HurgiiiaiiMtfriit'van 
 SUini Kalliiiora 
 
 rddriTalla 
 
 Norra I' urpniiigHgnirvaii 
 
 Stripa 
 
 Maria 
 
 Ktripa 
 
 FaUt>r<irvan ... 
 
 Svartvik 
 
 StallhiTg, No. 1 
 
 Kitrruriitvan 
 
 lii^olHfrnitVaii 
 
 Stripa 
 
 ^'olIllt{rll^^an . 
 Itaiikognil'van 
 Svartberg 
 
 Toppgrtil'van 
 LiM^kfinilvan 
 DnIknrlHlierg, Nu. 1... 
 
 KiiKuritlVaii . 
 
 Ix^rg 
 
 Ualivtiaii 
 
 bo 
 
 SundHgnitVan . 
 Province of Soder- 
 niauland ; 
 
 Kaiitorp .., 
 
 Proviui'e of OHttr- 
 tfiitland : 
 Narlurp 
 
 ItergH^riifvan .. 
 tVnniiioHRfU... 
 Norragnifvan . 
 
 KronjinifvaD ' 41,124 
 
 Storgnifvau 41,124 
 
 \'iig;;rufvan 41.124 
 
 7,175 
 
 Kantorp 12.13.1 
 
 Nartorp, No. 1 j 4,058 
 
 'Journal United Utatoa AesucifttiuD of Clurcuallruu Workero, vol. 5, pp.257, 258. 
 
PRODUCTION OK JBON ORK.S. 
 
 ion 
 
 These iiiiii1ym>H <!(> not iiiclinle siiiy fniiii tlic (u-lliviini. tlistrirl, a large 
 iitiinl)ei' ut' iisMiiys ot thusti (iivs lieiiig itiiblished in a r»(|mrt fnnn the 
 geolojrical survey of Sweden of IS75. ' In a report, for \H'M Mr. H. 
 Liiiidholim' g'V'H HI) ainily.ses, made by Mr. V. I'etersHon, ainonjf 
 which the ftdlowing are representative: 
 
 AHiiitfHvit of Gellintra, Stfetteii, iron oren^ 
 
 Mntnlllc iriin 
 
 l'llllH|ltlorilH 
 
 li>Hiiliilitc ill hy- 
 ilnH^lilorit^ iiclil . . 
 
 No. J. 
 
 I'er rent. 
 
 34. .VI 
 
 l.Kl 
 
 II. 70 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 Nil. ;i. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 I'er cent, 
 
 47.20 
 
 4.10 
 
 11.00 
 
 No.B. 
 
 No.fl. 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 No. g. 
 
 I'er eeiil. 
 
 r.». la 
 
 1.40 
 7.04 
 
 I'er cent. 
 
 (12.20 
 
 l.lUi 
 
 2.47 
 
 I'er cent. 
 
 115. 2.1 
 . o:i7 
 
 <l.»8 
 
 I'er cent. 
 no. 9:i 
 
 .115 
 
 •J. r>» 
 
 I'er rent. 
 
 01.40 
 
 ■ HI 
 
 10. :i2 
 
 I'er eeitt. 
 .IM 
 4.14 
 
 Mr. II. ISauerniau gives an analysis of lake ore from VVerinlaiid 
 made by Svanberg, as follows: 
 
 AnalyneH of t'laUn (Sweden), liiku iriiH lire. 
 
 Motallliilron 
 
 Oxide of niancanese 
 
 Silica 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Lime , 
 
 MafCtiesia 
 
 IMioaplliiriu Hold 
 
 WaUr anil nrf;anic matter. 
 
 0.47 
 
 .23 
 
 .18 
 
 17.81 
 
 Throiijih the courtesy of Prof. Richard Akerinan, of Stockholm, 
 Sweden, the following table is i>resenfed, showing the jiroduction and 
 exports of iron ore and the production of pig iron in Sweden for a 
 series of years. 
 
 Producllou in and exports of iron ore from Sweden, and pig iron produced. 
 
 Iron orn. 
 
 I'riMluc- 
 liim. 
 
 I Met. lima. 
 
 1?60 1 281, .121 
 
 1S55 :i74,.5u:i 
 
 18B0 417,337 
 
 18 
 
 4:18, 135 
 445,585 
 453,553 
 171,007 
 517,002 
 
 1862 
 
 1803 
 
 1864 
 
 1805 
 
 1880 4111.214 
 
 1807 .W.l.afll 
 
 1888 548,000 
 
 1800 ; 587,804 
 
 1870 ! 6.10,7:10 
 
 1871 ! 062.832 
 
 1872 7112,753 
 
 1873 832.857 
 
 1874 028,825 
 
 1876 822,800 
 
 K\|iinlN 
 
 Mil. fiMK. 
 
 Noiii'. 
 Nuiie. 
 2, 12.1 
 .1.525 
 6,738 
 .1.313 
 7, 740 
 17, 305 
 13,040 
 10,110:1 
 12,04,1 
 0,474 
 13,116 
 ll,!l(ll 
 18,851 
 ■a. 809 
 2.1, 310 
 27,210 
 
 Mel. long. 
 142. 2:14 
 188. :i08 
 18.1, 134 
 l«!l, 701 
 1011, .141 
 180.772 
 241.:i5.1 
 220,7111 
 2:10, 1:12 
 26:i, 403 
 263, 042 
 292,082 
 :10II, 470 
 298, 803 
 330, ,150 
 345, 872 
 327. 71W 
 350,604 
 
 Iron ore. 
 
 1870.... 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1880 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 189U 
 
 1891 
 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 rriHluc- 
 lion. 
 
 Mrl. tnnti. 
 7116, 057 
 7;t8, 692 
 077, 328 
 045, 190 
 775, ;144 
 820, 137 
 892, 803 
 885, 124 
 IHI9, 553 
 873, 302 
 872, 479 
 903. 180 
 959, .140 
 085, 004 
 041,241 
 987, 405 
 1,29:1, .183 
 1. 483. 7U2 
 
 ExiMirtM. 
 
 Pigi 
 I jToon 
 
 Met. tvim. 
 14,920 
 
 12, 401 
 
 13. 5:16 
 12, 570 
 29, 002 
 24, 287 
 20, 107 
 :i2, 320 
 :i9. 602 
 25.817 
 10,288 
 41,086 
 
 117,35(1 
 118. .173 
 187, .132 
 174, 148 
 :I20.871 
 447,931 
 
 I , 
 
 Met. toiiH. 
 3»2, 622 
 344, 484 
 :140, 707 
 .-142,480 
 4111,713 
 4:15, 428 
 :i98, 04.1 
 422,627 
 430, .%4 
 484, 737 
 442, 457 
 456. 625 
 457, 052 
 420, 0B5 
 4.10. 102 
 400.013 
 4ai,6(U 
 45:1, 421 
 
 I nmlnnlaniK ItiTiittiilHo om MalmfyniliKhoter i Norrltotteuu Ijin. 
 * Aiiatitfbrukoinater i Norrbottomi Malmberg. 
 
ito 
 
 MINLIiAI. KlSOl'ltCKH. 
 
 Mr. •liM'fiiiiiili lliMil KJves tlit) t'ollnwiti^r as tli« i|iniiiritif.s ol' SwimIIhIi 
 irmi iiiM^ iiii|ii)i'tt'il into t iriMt llriliiiii in tlii^ yciirs iiainnl, tlifsr aiiioiiiilH 
 bfiiif; iii('lii(li-<l ill tin- total fxports in I'lolfSHor Alifiiiiairs lalilc: 
 
 •SivfiliHli inni tin- iin/ntflni itiln Urtitt tiriliihi. 
 TeHni. AliMMint. ' Yinirii. Aiiioiiiit. YmrH. \in t. 
 
 IM». 
 IHMI. 
 181)7. 
 
 I Gi:i 
 
 743 
 
 IIWK.. 
 I>«MI.. 
 IKim. 
 
 ItOnif t"iit. 
 
 OLiiT: '.m\... 
 
 15.427 IfK .. 
 
 S.KU IMl 
 
 I ::llrl (<<».« 
 :i, lli>< 
 
 i;i. 7'.".' 
 :r>. iHii 
 
 i 
 
 Till* talxilai' statciiit'iits sliow a slow liiit ^ii'iidnal j^Towtli not only in 
 til)! anKinnt of iron ore ami |ii(; iron iiroiliiccil, l)nt also in tliu cxiiorts 
 of iron on;. TIk; iron ore wliicli is now ininud is |ir(\siinial>ly also innrli 
 rifluM'or cl.sti Ix'ttcr prciiarcd for niiirki^t, for if tlic exports Ixi siibtracted 
 from till- prtMliK-tion ami tlit; haliiiicc. coiisiiUtrcil as tlieainoiinl cliarfrrd 
 into tin- fiiniiiws the average liKures for the deeado from IStlK to IHiiJt 
 show that 47tl,14.'> metric tons of iron ore were re(|iiired to prodiiee 
 L'L't,T!(7 metric, tons of ]>\ji ii'on.an av(;raf;<J yield in the fiinnu^e of 4(>.!t 
 |ier cent. In tin; decade from I8.SL' to 18!U, inclusive, however, it took 
 but .Sl.l,.'!.H| metriir tons of ore to produce llt,(l(Ht tons of \tiji metal, 
 (iiviiifl a furnace yield of TiLMi per cent of iron. A portion of this ap|iai'- 
 ent iucrea.se is eviil(>nt ly due to the disphuiement of the leaner lake ores 
 by the richer magnetic and s|iecular ores. 
 
 The export tradeof Sweden rose from nothing in l.S.j/i to I7,3!l."> metric 
 tons in l<St>5, and then remained practically stationary, or had but sli<rht 
 (;hau};es, until IMcSO, when it advanced to nearly .'i(»,0(M( tons, reaching 
 ;«>,('0-' tons in IHSt, fallinj; to 1!M.'.S,S tons in l.S.S(l. and th.'ii rising rap- 
 idly to lS7,ri,'!2 tons in IH'.Mt. showing a sligiit decline in 1S!H, wliicli is 
 nmre than olfset by the shipments of IfSlCi, which were i'{2(»,S7l metric 
 tons, and of 1.S!),'5, .I47,!l.'fl metric tons. 
 
 Miiiinti liiirs. — Since in no other country is so miu;h attcnticm paid to 
 the careful preparation and iiiining of iron ores, the following notes in 
 regard to the iiiiniiig laws of Sweden, tlii^lr method of pr()spe(;ting, (;tc., 
 are taken from the Swedish catalogue prepared for the Cnlumbian 
 Kxpositioii by Dr. S. A. liiifstriim : 
 
 According to the mining laws of Sweden evei \' Swedish citizen is 
 entitled to claim ail mineral dejiosits coutainiii;: the ores of various 
 metaKs, including iron, with the exception of lake and bog ores, manga- 
 nese, iron pyrit<;.s, magnetic i)yrites, etc., provided, in all cases, that 
 the minerals are to be found at a distance of not le.s.s than I'OU meters 
 ((>.">(! feet) from dwelling houses, building ground, or garden. A cluiin- 
 liolder is authorized to explore the ground holding the mineral deiiosit 
 within a radius of 1(H» meters (328 feet). The landowner is entitled to 
 partake in the working of the mine to the cxtiuit of a half and to share 
 the profit equally. When the deposit is laid open a certain area of 200 
 
 1 
 
PBDnUCTION OK IHON dHKs 
 
 111 
 
 mpt<'rs (<)"»(> fet't) in luni^'tli iiiiil bruiuUli in ii.ssiKiie<l, witliiii wliirli t\w 
 owner of the mine has exchisive riKlif- to work. 'I'lie liouniliiiit's of tliiH 
 ai'i-tt extend (iownwaid verticiilly. A cei'tiiin ainonnt of woik is to lie 
 (lone yuiiiiy on the said urea; if not, the rights are forfi-ited and tlie 
 deposit tlien may be Hid)ject to a new claim, 
 
 Miiiiiiji imtlwilH. —Thvi miner's conipass has been nsed in Sweden for 
 two hnndrutl years in prospeetinfi for iron and otiuir ores, tliese hitter 
 Iteinfi iiniMfgnated more or less with magnetite or magnetic pyrites, 
 and therefore the miner's compass is em]>loycd in tlie discovery of zinc, 
 lead, and silver ores. For the magnetic surveying of the ore fields 
 Thalen's magnetometer and Tibcrg's inclinatory needle have been in 
 use dwing the last decade to advantage. The nntgnctic maps of the 
 mine lields, (b'awu according to surveys with tliese instruments, have 
 hIiowii more complete and exact history of the magnetic conditions 
 than the comi)ass alone. 
 
 In the examination of ore deposits the dinmoiul drill has lately come 
 into extensive use. The drill mostly in use is run by hand power as 
 well as by pi'troleum motors. With this drill Ixuings have been made 
 to the depth of nearly IM feet. Hometimes larger diamond drills run 
 by steam or compressed sir are used. During the years liS.S7-lH!H 
 examinations were carried out in this way to a total depth of about 
 1(I,,S(K) meters (;«,(»(»(» feet). 
 
 In consequence of the hardness of the Swedish rocks tindtering as a 
 rule is not needed in the mine shafts other than for guides for raising 
 ore and water and for hulder ways. The cost per meter for sinking ver- 
 tical shafts 4.5 by 4 meters (14^ by 134 t^'ot) in .section, with the neces- 
 sary timbering for hoists, pumps, and ladder ways, is fr»,m 155 to iJ.SO 
 Iter meter, or say $17 to $24.50 per foot. The dimensions of levels are in 
 general 1.5 by 2.2 to 2.4 by 2.5 meters(4.!» by 7.2 to 7.y by 8.2 feet). The 
 cost Iter running meter for level work varies between $.S and $13 (say 
 $2.00 to $4 Iter foot), the miner paying for the explosives, tools, and other 
 materials. 
 
 Owing to the hardness of the ores and their gangues the method of 
 underhand stojting without filling is still most used. About .HO jter cent 
 of all the into ores obtained are mined by this method. But metlntds 
 of back filling are used for such <tres as have a tendency to cave in, as 
 well as Cor mining ores of great thickness. 
 
 Usually the metalliferous rock is separated from the sterile by means 
 of picking by hand, the rock having first been crushed, either by 
 macliino or hand pttwer. The richest iiieces of ore are first seitarated, 
 and the remainder, if it contains any ore, is put thntugh anitther course 
 <tf picking and washing. For some irou ores magnetic separators are 
 used, as at Upsala, Orebro, etc. 
 
II: 
 
 MINKKAf. liKH(i|lli('K> 
 
 l>l'. S, A. Liilsliiiiii KJVfS till* jivi'l'itK*' ltliiiM;tl |il'iMliirli<>ii nl' tlll^ 
 Hwi-tlisli 1 11 III 111(1 iiiilM's, liy kiliils, mn follows: 
 
 .tnrtiiit ininmil pi'iiitmi ttf tht- SweiltHh intH-mi minfM, 
 
 I lUfll 
 
 Klll.Unf •„•: 
 
 Ia7I IHMII. IMNI IHIH). 
 
 Moiltitiiiii iiM> 
 
 I.iiki' iiiitl lio^ iiri'. 
 
 J/rlriV liiiK. Mrliir f«ii«. Slrtri.^ /nrur. 
 
 7ii;i, 7II1I i«c, ir.ii u«.'i. iVi I 
 «. iHH i :.', "ini I ■.'. i:i« 
 
 rroihicHnn. — Tin- olliriiil Mwfdlsli stnlistirH (or IH'.Cl jjlve iiiiiliy iiitfr- 
 cstiliK' taltlt's ill r(>};!iri| totlii^ iii'iiiliii-tion of iron on-, pi^ Iron, mill otlirr 
 iiii'tiils, anil till! f(>llowin){ tiilili- lias lici-n |iir|iai'i'il from tlii'si*. Tint iron 
 on- wnn iiiini'il from .'MI arlivc inintis sitiiulcil in 1 1 " liiiis" or imivincus, 
 anil iloi-s not incliiile 1!,1.'75 tons of lako or lio^; on-, of wliirli 2,1*1)1 tons 
 raiiHt from .loiiko|iin|;s, and TiU tons from Kronlii'rKs liiiii. The talile 
 sliowH tli'st till! liiii or provinri', scronil llio total amount of iron ore anil 
 I'ork broiiKl't to llii< siirfai-o ami tliiTi- sorteil, tliii'il the total amount 
 of iron on-, olitaini'il from this mati-rial, fourth thi> itiMri-iita;;)^ "f ore 
 obtaini'd from thi' roi'.k and ori', and llfth the iierreiitagu of total iron 
 ore uiitpiit by liins: 
 
 I'ruitui-tiini uf iron orr in SiiniiH hy provini'en. 
 
 I'ruviln-eii. 
 
 I to Htiiiiu-<<. ■ 
 
 KiipiiarhtTUH { 
 
 Nurrlitpttfii.-* 
 
 iinlin. 
 
 \'fHlniiinliinil8 
 
 VitiiiIiiiiiIh 
 
 r|wilii 
 
 Sli<!('rlii>il)lHilil.H 
 
 Stm'kliullim 
 
 t ii'dulKiruH 
 
 OiilHrKiitTanilH 
 
 iluiikiipiuKM 
 
 'I'lilal fur lll!i:i 
 
 Total (or lmi2 
 
 ilrlric t::ut. Ml 
 707, it).'! 
 fira, Ml 
 ll'.M. U4U 
 4011. II7II 
 111:1. 46.1 
 124, KSn 
 
 4:1. 1:.;' 
 
 Tie. . 1 
 
 30, 3'l9 
 
 trif 
 4iri, 
 
 :iuii, 
 
 1100, 
 
 Dl. 
 611, 
 27, 
 24. 
 12, 
 
 foillr 
 
 114:1 
 5114 
 2UI 
 
 iHj; 
 
 772 
 704 
 2fi(l 
 ll» 
 (1811 
 B:I4 
 221 
 
 2.718 -.'M 
 2.:il2.oll2 
 
 1.481,4X7 
 1,2»1, 11:1:1 
 
 I'm-i'iitaije 
 
 rrn-onlARn 
 
 ol'oroto 
 
 of total iron 
 
 na-k. 
 
 orooiilput. 
 
 ftr mil. 
 
 Pfr rfnt. 
 
 58.7 
 
 28.01 
 
 65.0 
 
 20. (iO 
 
 48.4 
 
 2(1. 211 
 
 67.1 
 
 1.'.. 77 
 
 56.1 
 
 0.10 
 
 ,'.5, X 
 
 4.71 
 
 62.8 
 
 1.81 
 
 42.7 
 
 1.113 
 
 :iu. g 
 
 .82 
 
 15.4 
 
 .06 
 
 IIIU.U 
 
 .02 
 
 .M.5 
 
 lUO. 0(1 
 
 5.V0 
 
 imi. 0(1 
 
 Of this 1,481, 1.S7 tons of iron ore, 1,1!U,298 tons, or 80.0 i>er cent, was 
 magneric iron ore, and l.'.'S7,l.S!> tons, or I'.t.l per cent, was hematite ore. 
 Tlic. anioiint also includes l.'<,575 metric tuns of initgnetically concen- 
 trated ore, which was produced at nine establiHlinients, twoeach being 
 situated in Upsala, ( )rebro, and iSoderniauliinds, and one each in Vest- 
 manlands, Kopparbergs, aud Getleborgs Liiii. 
 
PRODIICTinN OK IRON ORKfl. 
 
 113 
 
 Tlin fitllowiriK in iv list of flm |irjiuri|ial iit^tivti iiiiiii-H of iron orn in 
 Hwedeii, to({i'HnM' with their output in IH!i;!: 
 
 tMjtut tif llir iiriuiiynl SweilUh iron nn miiiiH in ls:i.t. 
 
 Nniiii'H ^r tiiilirrt. 
 
 lii'lliriirniiiiilmllili , NiiiImi|Iiii» .. 
 
 (tninui-MtttTitHnill)'' j KitiiimilHTu-t 
 
 KlHikliorualiiltKl VciilinniiliiiiiN 
 
 SlrllHirK»fiilli't 
 
 I'lTlllttTU 'H'll VtlUt4ll,VlU'l'littl>ll 
 
 Skill I iinil VI liillia 
 
 Strlimfi'lt.'l 
 
 IlialHTgaliiltot Vimttliaillniiclii . 
 
 KllllllHll lHTU«filllet . . . il" 
 
 Kolninu'lxTilnllllli'l •/,■''" 
 
 DiitkHrrMlicruMl'iitliit i on-hiti 
 
 niitii iiirii Norii I'ult rpi«»U 
 
 pHlilltfllMirH Mt'llHlll'iill «lti 
 
 rtrttltrii. 
 \'i>milaiiilii. . 
 
 Orilirip 
 
 iln. 
 
 N...OI' 
 
 
 iiiint'M. 
 
 
 
 ■Ucfrti' t'mt. 
 
 1) 
 
 Mm. riiit 
 
 Jl 
 
 •.'Bi.iiiiri 
 
 ;, 
 
 4:1. 4117 
 
 ,-1 
 
 4U, 6'.>7 
 
 l\l 
 
 :i5, :a'. 
 
 
 ;iu, Kil 
 
 1 
 
 at, Ml 
 
 4 
 
 •JH, .'mU 
 
 .'1 
 
 'jn. 48.'! 
 
 :t 
 
 •A'..:il^ 
 
 :. 
 
 •J4, Hlltl 1 
 
 1.474 
 1, 1411 
 
 A talile is alHo^ivtMi showing thi-, increiiseU iiriioiint of inm or<i niiiipd 
 l»er liiiiuini jmt tMiiployee, as follows: 
 
 I'rodiiclwn nf inm oir in SiieiUu i»r imptoiife. 
 
 \... t I rriMlllrtiltll ' 
 
 lolalnmn- „,ir„„„r.. ' 
 
 '"'■^ "' prr vvnik 
 
 IIIHtl. 
 
 wurkiiicii. . 
 
 Tolnt iiiiiii 
 '"•'■ "'■ i,.r 
 
 rrmtiirtttm 
 of inm iirp I 
 ork- 
 ninn. 
 
 IWll-IWB 
 ll)««-1871l 
 1871 1>I75 
 1876-18X0 
 1881. 1885 
 1880-1890 
 
 f). <H)1 
 4, Ml 
 
 o,4ao 
 
 4.88;i 
 6,'JIO 
 8, M7 
 
 Meti'iettnii.^ 
 00.7 
 118.4 
 121.0 
 147.7 
 110.8 
 148. 7 
 
 I8«0, 
 1X00 
 IHOl 
 
 imi 
 
 180^1 
 
 8. Ml 
 7. .'rfll 
 7, .110 
 
 Mtttic tima. 
 ; 157.7 
 
 ! 14K. 4 i 
 
 158. :i I 
 
 170. H 1 
 
 m.3 i 
 
 In coninieiiting ou the iiicieiiscil output per workiiian, the statflnienft 
 is made that the above lijiiires do not show the entire amount of ma- 
 terial moved, and that in the year 18i»a the .^OOit men below Krouiid 
 handled, in addition to the iron ore mined, 1,8(!L',0(K» tons of roiik, 
 some of which was left in the workings. 
 
 Of the 4.13,.tLM metric tons of metal |)rodueed in l»!t.'!, 447,.'5(W tons 
 was pig iron and (l,O.VJ tons castings direct from the furnace. (»f the 
 447,3(»2 tons of pig iron, liH.'^TlS tons, or (i3.8<i per cent, was forge and 
 puddle inm; U.">,47!> tons, or :\2.r>2 per cent, Hessemer.and iMartiu iron ; 
 l,-'!»4 tons, or O.Uil per cent, spiegel, and 14,S71 tons, or .'5.;{.{ per cent, 
 foundry iron. 
 
 Of the works, l.'U had blast furnaces which were active during the 
 year, the total number of furnace stacks being 11»!», of which l.'ili were 
 active. The average output per furnace was -',!tH.$ tons, the average 
 number of days in blast 245, and the average product per furnace per 
 day IL'.IS metric tons. 
 
 It will be interesting to note the characteristics of blast furnace 
 management which prevail in Sweden and in the United States. In the 
 8024 8 „ . 
 
 
114 
 
 MINEKAL RESOURrKS. 
 
 Uiiiti'il stales l!l lilast I'liriiiU'Cs iiHiiig cliiircoal wt-re reported as aetive 
 at llie close oC the year 18!(.'i ami '10 at the close of the pieeediiif; year. 
 Assuiiiin^r that tlu; latter represeiiteil the number of Aiiierieaii blast 
 furnaces in operation iit any time (liiring the year, their total oiitjiiit in 
 IH!),'! — ,'i.S(i,7Si» lonji' tons — will then be divided by Ml, jifivinf; an iiveraKe 
 annual luoduct per l'urnac« of 9,(>7(> long tons, as against 2,9.S3 metric 
 tons per furnace stack in Sweden. A,s the Scandinavian statistics are 
 prepared in a diH'erent nnuiner from those in the United States, the 
 at)ove comparison can not be considered as exaet; but to further illns 
 trate the practice in vogue the following statement is jiresented: 
 
 Comiiarison of blast fiinntve pi'ir-tive in ^tveihui tiittl the- t'niteii Sluing hi 1S03. 
 
 Swcdi'ii iiiflrii' toim. 
 
 I'liiteil StHt4*H Ion;: tuim. 
 
 I TnlAliMim- 
 her rlitiretial 
 
 lira 
 
 118 
 
 ToUl 
 imxlurt. 
 
 4.'>3.4'il 
 3B«,781 < 
 
 A vuraKe 
 
 iiiitpiii 
 
 IHT f'-Tiace. 
 
 ■J. 2;s 
 
 3,278 
 
 NORWAY. 
 
 Unlike that of Sweden, Norway's iron inihistry, never large, lias 
 declined, until now little if any iron ore is mined or pig iron made. 
 The prevailing ore of Norway is magnetite, and the two principal locali- 
 ties at which it is found are the Skreia iron-ore lichl, northwest of Ohiis- 
 tiauia, and the district sonthwestof Dranimen. The ores are staled to 
 occur either imiiiediatcly at the Junction of the granite ami Silurian 
 beds, or in metamorphic beds nearest to the grainte. There are also 
 some extensive tieposits of hematite and magnetite oi. the central 
 western coast, Itiit they arc, said to eoiituin considerable phosphorus, 
 and are therefore not wrought. 
 
 The rocks in the vicinity of Arendul are gneiss and various crystal- 
 line si'hists, which inclose beds of liinest^ine, and often pass into ndca- 
 scliist or hornblendic schist. These rocks strike northeast and south- 
 west, dip at a considerable angle southwest, ami inclose numerous 
 deposits of magnetite, more or less mixed with siieciilar iron ore, In a 
 belt KS miles in length, parallel with the coast, and extending from 
 < )yestad to I'Makstad. The ore masses are of a lenticular ibrm, varying 
 from ti to (iU feet iii thickness and from 'iM t^tlilH) feet in length, and are 
 surrounded by a peculiar envelope c(umisting of a mixture of the metal- 
 liferous bed and country rock, the principal miru'rals being mica, horn- 
 blende, garnet, calcile, and imignetito. The center of the bed usually 
 consists of nnignetite. which is sometimes coar.sely granular, but is 
 always accompanied by other minerals. 
 

 PROimniON OF IRON ORES. 
 
 115 
 
 The following tiible, supplieil by Prof. Hiclianl Akermaii, of Stock- 
 holm, Sweden, .shows the decline of Norway as an iroiiprodnc.ing 
 country : 
 
 Production and cjcportn of iron ore and iirodiirl of piij and bar iron in \orwaif. 
 
 PriHliictitni. ExpoTtM. 
 
 Via iron 
 iinilr. 
 
 Hur iron 
 
 iiiihIi!. 
 
 ifetrie tont. 
 
 MftrielonM. 
 
 7, 57r> 
 
 ■J.H'Ji 
 
 7,51K) 
 
 i, na 
 
 7.:i76 
 
 4.180 
 
 «, 16,1 
 
 ;i. »75 
 
 7.085 
 
 4.010 
 
 «. .-lai 
 
 :i, aiio 
 
 7, 14."^ 
 4,7.'J5 
 1). '.W.'i 
 
 :i.b;5 
 
 2. 1120 
 
 i,riii.''i 
 i.;iiir. 
 
 1,0611 
 2, KIO 
 
 K70 
 I.2'.i2 
 
 7:i7 
 1,40(1 
 
 002 
 1,100 
 
 740 
 
 '.o:u 
 
 1. !74 
 
 Nrini'. 
 
 Ninip. 
 
 i«m 
 
 700 
 
 287 
 
 .1. 470 
 
 ;i. .170 
 »:io 
 
 K43 
 855 
 KIO 
 825 
 100 
 
 :i2ri 
 
 405 
 400 
 600 
 
 ;i7o 
 
 400 
 V12 
 4ll.'i 
 015 
 440 
 
 ;io7 
 
 LIS 
 100 
 289 
 
 The average (irodiiet from ISol to 1H80 is given as follows: 
 
 Arerniir product and I. r/mrl of Xorwcijian iron in prriodi of fin; jicarHfroili /.s'.W to ISSO. 
 
 PeriiiiU. 
 
 1851-1855. 
 18511 180(1 
 1861-18(15 
 1866-I8T0 
 1871-1875 
 1876 1880 
 
 Intn 
 
 (irp. 
 
 
 
 
 
 riK il-oli 
 inodd. 
 
 Hht iron 
 lillMie. 
 
 ['nMlllitlinli. 
 
 RxpiirlH. 
 
 Metric tfiiit. 
 
 Mftrie ton». 
 
 Metric tons. 
 
 Metric tnnt. 
 
 2:1. 4(111 
 
 15 
 
 0. 860 
 
 4. a5(i 
 
 22, 0(l« 
 
 
 
 0, 'Mm 
 
 4,410 
 
 32, 200 
 
 I,:i20 
 
 7,740 
 
 4. 090 
 
 20, 2(1(1 
 
 ll.d'Jd 
 
 5,240 
 
 2. 14(1 
 
 25. 540 
 
 17. 4:15 
 
 1,050 
 
 «.'.() 
 
 12. 000 
 
 4, 40(1 
 
 1,040 
 
 45(1 
 
 In an article [u-epared by Mr. Jeremiah lleivd, read before the Hrilisli 
 Iron and Steel Institute, he makes the following statement: 
 
 III llin Hiiiiiiiii'i' (if IKIII I viHiti'il Hi'VKnil iiiiiKiK'tic iidii-oin ilopoNitK in Mm iiai);li- 
 borhdod (>l'(>i'(iiiKlti(l 1111(1 .Vrciidal, (III tlio xixitli ciiiihI (if Norwiiy. Tlu) ordHKcnied t(i 
 lii) ill ncBiIy voiliciil I xlcs (ir vniiw of very viiiialil« tliickiiCHH. In fdniit'r tini(!n bov- 
 eriil (iC tliiiii liiid lii'cn «xt(Mi.'<iv(!ly woikod, iin wiin (c.'diticd liy llic iiilH, li«HilinKx> 
 h(iii|m(ir lindnxk mid (ire, and cvkii rcniaiiiH (if windin;.; a|i|iarntiiH Htill to lio huoii. 
 Near SonBi'iidal, lictwccii CliiiHtiaiiHaiid and .StavaiiKoi'. i" the titiviiiferoiis iron-ore 
 depiwit a iiiilo and a half liiiiK mid tiO t(i 70 yiirilN thick, ('(iriiKTly \v(irk«d liy (he 
 Titanic Iron t'oinpany, I.iuiitod. Alioiit the year l«lj« this eonipiiny loa.sod two (dd 
 
116 
 
 MINERAI, RKSOUKCES. 
 
 fiirimciM lit N'ortiiii. near Stockton, Kii;;ImiiiI, »m\ tlioni iiiuile nt tli» riit^; nf nlioiit 200 
 toiiH per week what tlirv (^iillrd tituuit* |>i<; iron, 'I'lio niiiu^rul imt-d w:iM in j>iirt titau- 
 itrronH oroo))tain«it troiii Sof^gtMiiliil, iiud in purtSpanJKli, Al;{i>rian^ jind KIban lieina- 
 titrH and IrJNli \mg oich. 'I'Iih proportions varied ai'i'drdin^ to tlii' product desired. 
 Tile ni(dti!n metal wax run into iron molds, and was sold Tor lii^rb-idaxH pnrpoHcs, 
 ]>rincipally in tlie Leeds and Slieflield markets. Tin^ tilaniferons ore was at lirst 
 found diltlenlt to smelt, lint that dilliculty was eventunlly entirely uverconie by the 
 adoption ofsnitalilo mixtures. The titanic pi^ iron contained I'roni 0.0;i8 toO.lHo per 
 cent of ]diospboriMih and up to ;{ |ier ei^nt of titanium. The sla^ contained up to 3 
 per cent of titanic acid. The company, after a fairly successful c:ireer of six or 
 seven years, wa8 coinpidled to suspend operations, owin^ probably to the advent of 
 steel, and the Norton furnaces have been inoperative e\ersiuci\ 
 
 Siiu'o the year ISHS llie imports from that c<mntry to the I'uited Kiu){doui have 
 been ignite insif;n>ticant. 
 
 There is a dejiosit similar to the ,So);<;enilal near Kkersund, .'I miles long ami 2 to 
 I'J yards thick. To the mirth of Tromlbjem is a vein of magnetite 11 yards thick 
 and of unknown leuftth. 
 
 In .lune, IS'KI, I au'ain visited the west coast of Norway, piu<Hin]ir from IterKen to 
 the Lot'oten Islamis and back to .Stavan^i^r. I explored one mtMintain situated alo,ii{- 
 side of a deep-water tiord somewhat farther to the north of Trondhjein, in wh.ch 
 magnetite ore was protruding at various jioints, and which I estimated to ' .'Utain 
 not less than l.'.~>,()tH),IMK)tims. Not far friun this di'iiosit isanothi'rof Hiuiilariharacter 
 which I call Trondh.jem, V. It is Hi nules Iouk by II yards broad. Its depth is 
 unknown. One end of the deposit is within 12 miles of a small seaport situated at 
 the head of the tiord. The biMlrocks are igneous and metamorphic, and generally 
 sinular to those of the Swedish deposits. 
 
 Still farther to the mirth are other ileposits of magnet ic and epecular ore, which I 
 ehll Trondlijem, /. Specimens taken from them yielded til per cent of iron, 0.2 to 
 0.!) per cent of phospboriiH, ami 0.01 to d.ll pur cent of sulphur. 
 
 In one «if the l.ofoten Islands 1 examiiuMl several detacheil deposits. The s])eciinens 
 Relecled yielded on analysis til per ii'Ut of iron and only trail's of phos|>borus; but 
 they contained no less than K.li per I'cnt of titanic acid. The deposits do init appear 
 ever to have been worked, althougli within a quarter of a mile of a good navigable 
 tiord. 
 
 In 1891 but one bliist fiiriutcu was iit work in the wliitlo country, 
 namely, tliat at Naes, near Arcndal, )>i'oiliu'iiij^ 75 to l((0 tons jter week 
 of eliareoal pi'tf iron. Tlio ore used was Helf-tJiixin;;, being obtained 
 f'roni loesil magnetite mines, containing abnut 50 ])er ct^nt ol' ii and 
 (irodiicing a pig iron witli O.O.'to per cent of pliospliorus. 
 
 It is claimed that native iron of terrestriul and not mi^leoric origin 
 exists in Norway. 
 
 iiKi.cni'M. 
 
 Keigiuiii produces a consider!),!)!!^ amount of ))ig iron, but the greater 
 |)ortion of tint iron ore re(|uire.d for its onlpiit of metal ciwnes Ironi for- 
 eign sources, chiefly (ierrnany, Hiitiin, ami Algeria, only about onu-niuth 
 of the iron ore smelted being won from Kelgian iron-ore mines. 
 
 According to M. Paul Triisen'cr, of Ijiege, to whom the Survey is 
 indebted for the table of production and im|M)rts which appears further 
 on, the iron ores of Belgium are divided into the following cla.sses: 
 
 First, the " violettc" iniiu;, oolitic iron ore (red lieinatitc), oetairring 
 in the older iSiluriaii or Devonian formationB, which are somewhat 
 similar to the Alabiiroa fossil ores. 
 
PRODUCTION OK IRON ORES. 
 
 117 
 
 Second, ininette oris, oolitic, limonite, wliicli is worked in tlu! extreme 
 Houtli of the I'rovince of Liixeinlmift (Musson and l''iiliin/y), and wiiicU 
 also extends into France, Luxeinhurf^, and Lorraine in Germany. 
 
 Tliiril, a bog ore in Oam|iiiie, near Liniliourg, tlie suijply of wliicli is 
 of limited <|nantity and almo.st exhausted. 
 
 Konrtli,manfi;aniferonsiron ore, which occurs in the Provineeof Liefje, 
 on La Lienne, as small irregular beds 'n the Silurian pliyllastes. 
 
 Fifth, "yellow mine," being the massive limonite of the Devonian 
 f(n'mation. None of these mines are now wrought. 
 
 The total annual iron-ore i)roiluction of Belgium is about 20(l,(HM> 
 tons, and is furnished almost exclusively by the first, second, and fourth 
 cla.«ses (»f ore al>ov(^ mentioned. 
 
 The first " violette" mine is on the Mense River, between Nainur and 
 Huy, analyses of the product showing about 40 i)er cent of iron and 
 from 1 to l.r) per cent of phosphorus. 
 
 Philips, in his "Ore I )ei)08its," describes the iron ore dejmsits of Bel- 
 gium in the following woi'c' ; 
 
 Heiiiatitn orciirs in K»lKiiiin in v;vrimis rniiilitioiiH, but tliat iilmoHt cxcliwivaly 
 eiiiiiloyi'il is fdiiiul in tlio loim of oolitic or piHolitic ){''"•"»• 1" tl''" «tiite it torni.s 
 iiii|iort;iiit ilciiiisits in iiuiirtzoHo siiiists wliiili nnili'iliB tlie Coal MeiutnroN, anil crop 
 out on liotli HJdi'rt of the valli'y contaiuin;? the coal. The jirimipal iron-oro iniiitw 
 are Hituated on tlie norl'i siihi oi the valley, where, in the neighliorhooil of Vedrin, 
 there are four disliiict i"::!;;.; of ore, respectively 2} inches, I in<-lies, 8 inches, and 
 lU inches in thickness, foriiiin||5, with the inturualntetl schists, a bed nearly I feet 
 thick. 
 
 At Marchoveletto there are fivii strata of Iron ore, varying from S to 20 iix^hes in 
 thickness, while at lloiissois, near Vezon, the hematite attains a thickness of aliont 
 7 feet. Tlio hods, however, are at various points intersected by veins and faults, 
 and the unality is, generally speaking, inferior. The principal mines are neiir liny, 
 where there are two layers of hematite having a niiited thickness of little less than 
 4 feet, separated by about 1 foot of shale. The average yield of these hematites is 
 from 115 to »() ])er cent of iron. 
 
 Thi'.lnrassii! series, constituting the surface of the southern jiortlon of the Helgian 
 Province id' l.iixeiiiburg as well ,is the (iiaiid l>»chy of that name and the northern 
 part of Lorraine, Is rich in Iron ore, and fiinilshcs importiint supplies to the llelglan 
 inui works. The ore from these localities Is known by the name "ininette." and is 
 
 a line-grained oolitic 11 like, which occurs in i^xtenslve deposits in l.u.xembiirg and 
 
 l.iuiaine, but less plentifully in Itcdgluni. Near the French frontier the beds of this 
 ore are from ."> to l! teet in thickness, anil the ore contains from IK) to l."i per cent of 
 iron. The gaiigue consists prlncl]uilly of cali-itc, with a little siliea and gypsum ' 
 
 Limonite occurs in various forms, and in deposits of very dllfcrent geological ages. 
 Ill more recent formations It Is found in lieils. sometlmos above :t feet in thickness, 
 reposing in dciiressloiis ii aiglllaccoiis saiiils mainly sitnated along the banks of the 
 
 Rivers Dcmer, the two Ncthes, and their allluciits. Th es from these deposits, 
 
 which are concretionary and jiorims, contain aliout 10 per cent of iron, with a con- 
 siderable amount of pbosphonis, biitari' easily reduced, ailicenus limonite contaiu- 
 ing phosphorus is worked in a (^niitcrnary formation nei^r Quevy, in the I'rovince of 
 Ilninant. This ore, associated with an argillaceous sand, forms a bed from ;i to 5 
 feet in thickness, inclosed in a depression in Tertiary sandstone. The rocks com- 
 prised between the hiwcr i|nart/,<>se schists and the coal formiition Inclose many 
 
 'Timsi- ili-piiHlH !iri* imtn* lillly ilcacnls'il iu the rmiiirt iiliuii tile (iHriuilli l-liiipire. See pil(;o 1"J0. 
 
118 
 
 MINERAL RKSOUUCKS. 
 
 iiiiportiiiit (lepoHitH nf liiiioiiite, which haw lii'bii ilrawii upon to supply the lilaiit 
 fciiiiiie(«. Theuu di'posils iir« ol'tiMi oxti^iidivi!, aiicl thu orr alwayx occiirH nither ill 
 iiiUHHt!H or vriiiH, but iirvni* in tlut form of beds. 
 
 Statisti<!s Cor l'>(>l<>;iiiin, faUoii troiii the 'sStatistiquo ih's Miiu-s, Mi- 
 iiirros, ('iivrii-res, I'sliii's .Mij! .illurffiiiucs," tlie hitter being an extract 
 friiin the .i" i)ef des Travaiix Pulilics," show that in 180L' anil 181*3 
 the lollowi.i iT of metric, tons of iron ore were |iro<hK'ed: 
 
 ( duct of iruH ore in lieltjiitm in tS!).' and JS!*S. 
 
 irnrj. 
 I6u:i. 
 
 Meti-io tunt.i Franet. 
 'jiiu. U4:i ' I . (Wi. luu I 
 
 •MX.Wj : 1.477,9011 I 
 
 TIlis ore eaine from the foHowing jirovinces: 
 
 I'roiliiclifnt of iron ore iti ttelfiiitm, inj prvviin-es. 
 
 I.DXi'inbnrfi Hl,03ri 
 
 .»%e 08,210 
 
 Niimiir 54,408 
 
 LirittiDiiru :i,7r»o 
 
 Huinjiiil a. 480 
 
 lulul 'JU!I.U4;i 
 
 ilrlnf tuns. Frnnrg, Mftrie tmin. Fianea. 
 
 134, 7U0 
 4li:i, U(W j 
 401,4(81 I 
 
 211. W) ! 
 
 10.80(1 
 
 u:i, ai5 
 
 !>:(, 404 
 
 :iu, 'joo 
 
 7, IM 
 
 I.^H. 4(81 
 
 ou:i, 70U 
 
 424, lUO 
 144,50(1 
 
 .17, •2W 
 
 '.'84,405 1,477.00(1 
 
 In the years 1892 and 18it;!, 7r>;{,L'(!8 and ~^!^),'2^)^ metric tons of pig 
 iriiii were iirodnced, valned at ;{8,71(i,(l(l(l and .■!fi,(>r)i;,r»(H» trams, or 51.40 
 and 48.18 Cranes jter ton, respectively. 
 
 To produce tiie.se amounts of nig iron the following materials were 
 consumed : 
 
 .tmniinlH of mitlfrinh fhiirijrtl into tlir lU-hjian htost furnaces. 
 
 Ili-lt£ii(ii ii-Dli on- . 
 I'lirt-ilili inili nri'N 
 Cillili-i-. m iiip, clr 
 
 Mtlric tiots. Mfli If tuns 
 100.^:10 'J4:i, 587 
 
 I.UI.UIU 1.178.444 
 ■J,VJ,(141 ■J-J0,672 
 
 Tiitui l,ll04,4Uli l,ll4'J.7ua I 
 
 The following table shows the prdd'Ktiion, iiiiports, and exports, as 
 well as tlic c()iisum|)tion of iron ore, and the annual make of pig iron 
 in llelgiiim. In calling atttMitioii to the lack of accor«l between the 
 llgures of (■onsiimption and Import and (export, M. Trusenter slaten 
 that he thinks tli(\ latter are in error, and the tignres oC consuniption 
 collected by the Mineral Statistical linrean more worthy of belief. The 
 discrcitanc.v between the two arises from the fact that iiim ore is admit- 
 ted free of duty into ISelgiiim, and a consideralile amount is imported 
 
PRODirCTION iW IliON ORKS. 
 
 119 
 
 
 from tlio (JriiiHl Diicliy of Liixt'iiilmr}; wlii(^li is not recorded nt tlie 
 tMiHtoni ottltres. This (lilliM-eiice, liow<!vcr, is not. so inarkt'il sinuc ISS.S 
 as in provions yoiirs, fjrciitcr civrc liiivinj; liccn tiilvcui to obtain full 
 statistics. 
 
 Tlie pi^f-ii'on |>i'o(lu(;tiun of Bplginiii liail increaswl foni 144,15-' tons 
 in :-ii"»0 to S:i-I,'2'M t^ons in l.S.S!», l)ut lat«>.ly tiuMo lias been :i. fallinj,' oil', 
 and in 1S0;{ liiit 74."»,l't!4 totiswiMo nla(l<^ Tiic output of tlomestic, iron- 
 ore mines lias also diM^liniMl from tln^ maxlinnm of l.(n!»,2.!l tons in 
 18(!r> to but L'.S4,4(m tons in 1S!.».'!, and l!t'l};inm di'pcnds almost entirely 
 upon the foreign importation of iron ores, most of whieli conie from 
 (lermany, Fraiu^e, Spain, iVlneria, et<% Tlie domestic ores for lielgian 
 furnaces are sni)plied cliietly by tlie Luxemburj; and Lorraine oolitic 
 limonite ores, known as "niinette," and carryin;;- .'50 to .'55 per cent ot 
 iron, tlioHpanisli and Algerian ores bRiii}; used in the manufacture of 
 Bes.semer pig. It is probably owing to the limited supply of domestic 
 ores that the Helgian iron triule has not grown more rapidly. 
 
 Proiluetion, impnria, and ij-imrta nf iron ore in Iteliiiiim; aim (imoinil «/ iron oi-e and 
 cinder charged into lilaut/ttriiacee, and pig iron made. 
 
 [ Metric touH.] 
 
 '■[i:!;"^ I" rlH. I IMmrtH. 
 
 1S60 298.272 
 
 1860 800,170 
 
 1861 8:I9.II4 
 
 18B2 859,92(1 
 
 186:1 8511,1911 
 
 1804 9;u,;i62 
 
 1885 1.019.2;ll 
 
 1860 H86,ll;il 
 
 1867 092, «29 
 
 1868 519,740 
 
 1869 02«,04(1 
 
 1870 dbi.xa 
 
 1871 09ti,(l:W 
 
 1872 749,761 
 
 1873 774,109 
 
 1874 i ,'i27,:lUU 
 
 1875 MViAlAi 
 
 1876 269,200 
 
 1877 1 2:14,227 
 
 1878 207, 1,'m 
 
 1879 ■ 19.-i,212 
 
 1880 ; aw. 499 
 
 1881 224,882 
 
 I8H2 ' 2cn, 212 
 
 18X;i i 216,490 
 
 1884 1 170,7.'>ri 
 
 1886 187,118 
 
 1880 15:i. :17H 
 
 1887 185,180 
 
 1888 ' 2l:i,:i27 
 
 1889 2U2,4:ll 
 
 189(1 ! 186,546 
 
 1891 202,204 
 
 1892 ! 209,»4;i 
 
 18iU 284,465 
 
 Iruii ore vliarjxml into riiriiiiceH, 
 
 nelKinii- Korttl>,'n. (.'iudur. Tiitiil. 
 
 XI, 8:io I 
 
 112,784 I 
 
 111:1, ora 
 
 221,568 
 :(40, 592 
 :u7,801 
 ■J2, H91 
 ;m0. 281 i 
 .151,900 ; 
 .■lOX,.')"! , 
 594, 495 I 
 7110, 59:1 
 7:10,541 I 
 7:l8,«;i"> 
 ao4,:i70 1 
 071, i:u I 
 78:i, :i22 i 
 
 83:1, 622 ; 
 
 614,5:14 i 
 
 921,611 
 1,108, ,501 ! 
 1. 19K,li:i7 
 1.012.460 I 
 1,488.140 I 
 
 i,:ig:i,(ioi I 
 
 1,367,71HI ' 
 
 1.451.805 
 
 1,746.984 
 
 1,80,5.210 
 
 1.044,422 
 
 1,5:14,279 
 
 1,079,485 
 
 I 
 
 1,50, 128 
 200,457 
 202, 889 
 195, 038 
 2:10, ,5;i9 
 157. 697 
 152,227 
 2:16. 06S 
 1(U, 576 
 179,807 
 162, 560 
 178,997 
 21.''>,042 
 1(19. 144 
 141,707 
 100, 417 
 210, 747 
 240, !l«:i 
 189, 127 
 310, 582 
 307. 16:i 
 3:14, 1101 
 :107, 104 
 19(1, 988 
 156, .5811 
 10,-|. «7;) 
 170,529 
 148.310 
 155, 108 
 171,0.54 
 192,127 
 228, 804 
 
 1,:IU7, :ioo 
 
 1,00:1, (HIO 
 1,695,700 
 1,827,70(1 
 1.900,700 
 1,822,7(8) 
 1,520,7(HI 
 1,02.5,000 
 l.:i20.00fl 
 1.31:i, 185 
 1 . 205, 400 
 
 17,5,900 I i,:i8:i,:ioo 
 
 192, 2.59 
 200, 40:1 
 1112, :i08 
 15:1, 987 
 162,:l52 
 
 i;iii,.587 
 
 197, 328 
 207,717 
 180, 705 
 407, 205 
 152,805 
 190,230 
 243,587 
 
 1,, '10 1,2,50 
 1,478,745 
 1,041,515 
 1,514,187 
 1,408.085 
 l,441l,:i07 
 1,449,212 
 1.001.042 
 1 . 008, Kill 
 I,, 58,5, 810 
 1,380,6:19 
 1,521,619 
 1,478,444 
 
 178.510 
 231, 484 
 270, 996 
 282, 819 
 250, 6;i5 
 2:18. 907 
 279,315 
 312,4(10 
 317,440 
 278. 6:18 
 25:i. 880 
 252, IU1 
 220,872 
 
 1.1172,0111 
 1,910.0:12 
 2, 104.819 
 1.11.50.993 
 1,887,072 
 1,827,921 
 I,92.5,a55 
 2.121,765 
 2,112, :I8(I 
 2,031,0,59 
 1,793.184 
 1,964,496 
 1,942,70:1 
 
 IMgiroii 
 iiiailu. 
 
 144,452 
 319, 943 
 
 3ii,8:i8 
 
 360, 559 
 :|92, 078 
 449, 875 
 470, 707 
 482. 701 
 423, 069 
 435, 7,54 
 534,319 
 565, 234 
 608,248 
 654. 065 
 606, 113 
 531,, 500 
 ,541, 790 
 490.508 
 470, 488 
 528. 954 
 4.53, :i71 
 608, 084 
 024, 7:10 
 720, 910 
 783. 4;i3 
 750.812 
 712,870 
 701,277 
 7.55,781 
 826, 8.50 
 832, 220 
 787, 8:i8 
 084. 120 
 75:1. 268 
 745, 261 
 
 In l.S!i;f the pigiron |n'odiiction of Belgium was in proportion about 
 us follows: 1(» per cent of foundry grailes, 57 per cent of I'orge, and .'l.'{ 
 per cent of Bes.senier grades, which will indicate in a general way the 
 

 120 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 clitinic.tui' of ores used. Jt is probiibl*; tliiit future c.liiiuKe.s will be 
 toward a jfrnuter in'oportiou t)f IJesseiiicr piff irim iniid»' from torcign 
 ores. 
 
 Jii ii paper on the •• Miniii^r history of Belfjiiiin" I'resideiit A. Briurt, 
 of tlie Society of I'liijfineers of llaiiiaut stiitcs the ^(eiieral condition of 
 the iron-ore industry as follows: 
 
 DiHi'OVfliii'K of iDinimrat'' ily rcciMit iliilr in ixMgliljorinK riiniitiii'N Imvc iiiiiile 
 known lieilH of oro of micOi i'icIiuhhs, ho riiHily woi'liril, uimI in Nurh ailvuntiigeonH 
 Hit nations tinit. oum liavo lici n aInioHt entirely aliandoniiil, in H|>iteof tin- Huperiority 
 of tlir ine itstilf It IniH I'v n lioi'ii fKiiriMl that tim nirt»llnr;;y of iron, fornmrly ho 
 Itonri.-iliin;; in Itclginni, \vi;1 -ntii'riy desiM't onr i-onntry,an(l 1o< rNtalilisliiHl clHt'wttere. 
 TInwoal iniliulry lias Hi!rnri'<l tinitof iron. If a lai'Ki-aniounlof onr coalNlnive Ihmmi 
 ex|iorttMl. attriirted liy tlo' ort>H to !>« treated, nini-li of tlo'se ort>H liiivu conio into onr 
 cinintry, and, in Hpitt* of nnytliin^ altnoriiial in tlit; fart, Inive cimm to Hopjily our 
 bhiHt fnrnai'OH, 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 The lion. (Mark E. (^arr states that no iron ore is mined in Itenmark, 
 and that the amount of eriide iron imported is so small that no siecoiint 
 of it is reported. 
 
 (JEUMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 In Luxemburg, (iernian Lorriiine, and a small ]>art of northwestern 
 France, oolitic iron ores hx^ally known as "minette" are found in strata 
 which are varioi.fly classified as the Uppermost Lias or the lowest 
 members of the Inferior (Udites or brown .Jura series. The district in 
 which these ore deposits are found is somewhat more than fib miles 
 in length by 11 iti breadth. Of iliis the (Sernnin portion has a length 
 of rather less than W miles, and a width of about .S miles. In nearly 
 the whole of this area the deposits are of sin-h size as to render them 
 of eominer<;ial iniportaiute, occurring (iiincipally in a gradually rising 
 range of hills (ui the left bank of the Mo.selle River. The granules of 
 ore are mainly round or elliptical, and of about the si/e of a head of 
 a pin. The nmximiint develo|>inent is in the northeiii ]>art of the 
 <listriet, at ICsch, in Luxemburg, where there are three |)rincipal beds of 
 ore, ea<;h averaging from lb to 12 feet in thickness, inclu(hMl in about 
 82 feet of limestom>. On the French side the principal workings are in 
 the viiunity of Longwy. The ore is made up of oolitic^ grains of linioii- 
 ite, olteii nnich mixetl with nodules of limestone. 
 
 Over one-half of the output of iron ore in the Uernian Empire comes 
 from the minette district of Lotliringen and liuxeinbnrg, where oolitic 
 ore, in the hydrated state of iron oxide (brown iron ores), are found in 
 large (juantities in four .seams, which diminish in thickness Irom north 
 to south. The uppermost is of a black <!olor, siliceous, and small; the 
 settond of a gray color, calcareous, and I to 5 meters (l.'l to Ki feet) 
 thick; the third is of a red color, calcareous, and .'{ meters ( lb feet) 
 thick: the Ibnrth (Hie is also of a red (;olor, but is siliceous, and about 
 3 meters (lb feet) thick, in mining, the ores are mixed so that no tlux 
 
I'KOimCTION OF IRON ORKS. 
 
 121 
 
 (limestone), or only n small aiiioiiiit, is newssiiry in the blast ruriiacc. 
 The coui|io8ition of the dillereiit beds is given in the lollowinK analysis, 
 1 being the Hlaek beil at Luxenibnrg (Itollingen), :i the (iray bed at 
 Belvanx, Lnxembuig, .'5 the Ked bed (ealeareons), and 4 the Red bed 
 (silictioUH), both at Kiissingen, Iaixend)urg. 
 
 Aiialyaen uf I.Mhr'tnijen and l.iuemburij iron oren. 
 
 Pemxiile «f iron. ., 
 
 Aliiiiiina 
 
 SlHru 
 
 Lime 
 
 MuKiiesia 
 
 I'buHpliDric ROill.. 
 
 Sulpliurir iu:lcl 
 
 Ciiruuiiir ai>Ul 
 
 Lous tit' if^uitioli 
 
 'lotal 
 
 Metollioirun 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 I'rr emt. 
 
 t'tri-ent. 
 
 t'frcrnl. 
 
 /'rrfCHt. 
 
 rifi. o:i 
 
 (12. 43 
 
 40. 1,1 
 
 43. Oil 
 
 «. 7;i 
 
 (1. .12 
 
 2.74 
 
 1.71 
 
 ir.. 74 
 
 11.40 
 
 7.63 
 
 4.1. IK 
 
 ,1.04 
 
 :i.«2 
 
 24. 28 
 
 3. 27 
 
 .411 
 
 . ;i.'i 
 
 1.30 
 
 .17 
 
 l.«!i 
 
 I.IB 
 
 .70 
 
 1.47 
 
 .21 
 
 .13 
 
 
 .UB 
 
 3.71 
 
 11. :m 
 
 2.111 
 11., 14 
 
 1 2:1. 18 
 
 ( 1.41 
 1 3.07 
 
 0(1.98 
 
 on.9» 
 
 100.03 
 
 100.03 
 
 38. 52 
 
 43.70 
 
 28.10 
 
 30. H 
 
 Th« following analysos are taken from dillereiit parts <»t' the district, 
 aud illustrate the ratine of eoiuposition : 
 
 AnnlifneH of mim'tle ores, <iermany. 
 
 r.(K-iiliiiiv 
 
 Iron. Aliiininu. LIiiib. 
 
 Siltoa. 
 
 ' Per cent. I'er eeiit. 
 
 Ksrh, hrowii im^ a8t4>40 7 l«8 
 
 Ksfh. gray ore :(Uto:i4 ■ 4li>6 
 
 Kolliiigfti, (^riiy <tre 40 to 42 '< 7 
 
 KmcIi, reil.cali'iirt'iiuK :t,'it4)4H TitoO 
 
 OeltliiKeii, red, Miliceun»..i liSto.TJ 
 
 Ani i 2)Uo30 lU 
 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 I'er cent. 
 
 flU) « 
 
 13 Ui 1.1 
 
 14 til 2U 
 
 «ti> 7 
 
 3 
 
 10 to 20 
 
 5 tci 12 
 
 8to B 
 
 'l'rar.i\ 
 
 3.1to40 
 
 8 til 12 
 
 18 to 20 
 
 The i>l)osi)horiia varies from 0.5 to U per cent in the Luxemburg ore. 
 The red eiilcare<ins bed is the one which is considered to yield the best 
 variety of ore. The jiillar and stall method of working is employed. 
 
 Dr. Hermann Wedding, speaking of the Liixembnrg tues, says that 
 as tbey are mixed the liirnatie yield is from .{1 to 42 per ceiit, the 
 average being 38 per cent of jiig iron. 
 
 The output of the miuette district of Lothringen and Luxemburg in 
 the year IH'.M was (l,22.S,(MMt tons, or M per cent of the total amount of 
 iron ore mined in the (ierman Knipire in that year, wherf is in 1871 
 this proportion represents bnt .'{(! per eent. 
 
 In 18!t0 the production in Lotliriugen was .'{,L'.')C,(HK) tons, and in 
 Luxembnrg .'!,.'{r)9,41.'{ tons. 
 
 The second iron-ore district in importance is that of Siegen (Sieger- 
 laud). The entire district belongs to the so called Coblenz beds of the 
 Lower Devonian jieriod, in which predominate spathic ores, mixed with 
 brown hematite, particularly near the oiit(;rops, and in some veins red 
 hematite occurs. In more than 500 lotles the average thickness varies 
 
122 
 
 MINKKAL RESOURCKS. 
 
 IVoin li to G meters ((!."> to l!t.7 i'ect), but in the lodes of Kiscrl'eld ii tliic.k- 
 iiess of 25 meters (82 feet) is reached. The once celebrated Htahlherg 
 deposit, near jMusen, where a wedge sha|)ed deposit is said to have been 
 worked for ovin- /»"»(> years, is now iiructieally exhausted. The lode had 
 a thiekness here of 7."» meters (24(! feet). The ores occur either as 
 irregular lodes iu the diabase, or form deposits between it and the 
 ueighlHU'iug slates. As is usually the <!ase where spathic, iron ore is 
 present, it has been converted into liuionite near the surface. The ore 
 is very clean,' partiiuilaiiy free from phosphorus, high ii! manganese, 
 and is therefore principally us(>d in the manufacture of spiegeleiseu. 
 The i)r(>ductirm of the district is from 1,(HH»,(KM) U> 1,2(H»,(MM» tons per 
 annuni, and is about 10 per cent of the total for {iermaiiy. 
 
 Iron ores occur in the Upper nevoniau rocks in a part of tiie Prov- 
 ince of llesseuNassau as beds, contact ticposits, and segregations, 
 often near the surface, particularly in the country bordering on the 
 Hivcr liahn, south of Siegerland, striking Wetzlar and (iiessen east 
 and the Khine in the west. These iron ores generally occur connected 
 with schalstein (a sort of diabase) as red lienuitites, but brown iron ores 
 and nuinganiferous iron ores are foui:d associated with tlieretl ores, or, 
 in some instan<'es, take the |dace of them. The nuiin portion of these 
 iron ores is smelted in Westphalia. The yearly output does not consti 
 tute <piite 7 jier cent of t\w total product for the whole of (iermany, 
 being from 7.">0,0(M) to 7!tO,(KK) tons. 
 
 The tburth <listrict is that of I'pper Kilesia, which furnishes a little 
 less iron ore than the preceding region, being (!.3 per cent of the entire 
 Gi^nnan output. The ores here (x^cur nt the surface in the Muschel- 
 kalk (a psirt of the Triassic formation); they are brown lienuitites con- 
 taining'considerable manganese, but, besides a large quantity of silica, 
 often also galena and calamine (/n('0^,). In the adjacent Tertiary, Keu- 
 per, and ('arlxui formations a few clay ironstones are mined, but they 
 are of no great im]>(>rtance, being but 2 |ier cent of the output of the 
 district. The ores are viTy poor, and generally yield fnmi 27 to 2S 
 l)er cent of pig iron, which is rich in phosphorus. Therefore they are 
 enriched by other ores from Htyria, Sweden, etc. The ores are all 
 smelted in upper Hilesia, the yearly output being from 770,(MH) to 
 7.S0,(HM» tons. 
 
 The tifth district in im)iortance is the Westphalia coal region. At 
 Kssen, Hochum, Hiirdt, and various other localities there are |iarallel 
 de|>osits of ironstone, closely resend>Iing the bhu^k band of the Scottish 
 coal fields. In addition to beds of comjiact ironstone, a nodular concre- 
 tionary variety sonietiines occurs iu the shales of this formation. The 
 total of this district represents about .3.1 per cent of the entire produc;- 
 ticm of (Jermany. 
 
 The sixth district is that of llsede (between Brunswick and Han- 
 over), where brown iron ore occurs in the shape of beaii.s,and balls in 
 the Cretaceous formation. The phosphorus is so bigli that the pig iron 
 
 »"■ 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON OR?:S. 
 
 128 
 
 ina<lo from this oro coiittviiis :i \n}V cent of tliis oliMiuMit. The on; is, 
 however, pnictiitaily self thixiiij;. This district eontributes '2.1 |>er cent 
 of the entire mitpnt of (lerniiiny. 
 
 The seventh district in iniportsince is Osnabruitk, wlierit spatliic and 
 brown lieniatite ores, low in piiosphorns, are found in the "/eclistein" 
 formation. Its mines yieUl a little more tliau I )>er (;ent of the total fur 
 the country. 
 
 The last district of moment is Oberpfalz, in Bavaria, wliere, partic- 
 ularly near And)er};, brown iron ores are found in tlie brown .lura 
 formation, tlie district furnishing about 1 per cent of the total produc- 
 tion of (iermany. 
 
 Besides these principal districts, iron ores exist in various parts of 
 the Kmpire. In the liar/. Mountains, parti(!ularly, red hematite and 
 browu hematite are widely distributtMl in the Devonian rocks, and are 
 prim^ipally mined between Elbingerode and HlankcnburK'. In the 
 "Zeckstein" formation, near Schmalkalden and Kanisdorf, iuTlinringia, 
 spathic^ iron ores are won. In tlie eastern liar/,, near I lar/,l>urg, oolitic 
 red ores are mined. Tlieso deposits occur in rejjular beds in the oolitic 
 fornnition. In lower ijilcsia magnetic tires are taund near Schniic<leberg 
 in the crystalline slates, and red iron ores near tiaucr in clay slates. 
 Brown and specular iron ores are produced in the Kifel Mountains. 
 
 The following tabic gives the percentages produced by the diifereiit 
 districts in the last year foi' which this was totally and a<'cnrately 
 obtainable, vi/., 1888, and the Survey is indel)ted to Dr. Hermann Wed- 
 ding, of Berlin, for this as well as for revision of data in regard Ut the 
 production of iron ores in (iermany: 
 
 I'ereentiKjeH «/ lohil iron-ore outiiul of different di«(ric/« in (Iermany in ISSS, 
 
 DIatrictii. 
 
 1. Lllxr-iiiblir};itiiiUiOlliriiit!Oii. . 
 
 2. Slef^erland 
 
 3. l.ahu lli/.irk i 
 
 4. OlwrHihlifaieii 
 
 6. WttNtplialia (liUrk Imiid) 
 
 (1. Ilmdi) 
 
 7. <,)i*iittbrur.k 
 
 8. tlliBi'iifalz 
 
 B. WVMtiiliuliii (viirloiimirfH) . . 
 
 lu. Mllt<'lliai"/.(l':ibiiig<:i'uili'.alo.l. 
 
 lU. I 
 6.1) 
 
 «.:< 
 .■'•' 
 
 i.'i 
 i.ii 
 
 1.0 
 
 DlstricU. 
 
 Ostharf and ThitriiiRla 
 
 Wi'Htlmrz (MiirlxtrK. We.) .. 
 
 Per cell*.. 
 
 0.5 
 ■A 
 
 .1 
 
 H.3 
 
 N icilorstilitenifU 
 
 N'ltrdeilul 
 
 KrzgHlitrjfti 
 
 HuIhiich ((liHiMTHtMl cires) 
 
 Tcitiil 
 
 
 
 OoiiHidoriug the cJiiinicter of the various ores luiiu^il in I88H, tlio fol- 
 lowing ainoniits of each sort woie produced: 
 
 Protlmtion of different chararl4;rn of iron ore in Germany in ISSS, 
 
 Mimltf (onlitii! hrnwii liemutitu) 
 
 Ilruwn iriiii nri' (Wniwti heiimtUu except nifoettp) 
 
 Stiiitliir iron (Hf (carlMmate) 
 
 K*hI iroiiiirufn-il hriiiHtit^) 
 
 Btaik Iftiiil oi-es (larbiinate) 
 
 MaiiKaiieHf hwh (mau)£aiiil'eron8 irun <ireH) 
 
 Tnlal 
 
 Metrii' ionii. 
 
 0. 007. IXH) 
 
 2. .'.'IT. CHK) 
 
 1,1)80,000 
 
 030. OOU 
 
 330, 000 
 
 20 UOO 
 
 10,604.000 
 
124 
 
 MINKKAh HKSOUHCES. 
 
 Ill IH'H) (!,iiiri,(MH) iiii'trii! t'Oiis of iiiiiii>tt<^ ore were )ii-oiliii-«il, Ihmiik 
 5S per runt of tlut wliiili! proiliK^tion of (leriiiaiiy. 
 
 Tliu <-oiii|nu'alivii oiit|)iit of lli» (liD'oriMit diHtrictH iiiiMitiniit'd in 1800 
 was as folluwH: 
 
 Irim-uri uutimt uf Hirmitn dinlrictH in AVW. 
 
 I'liMuiiburK'iiKl I'lillirtliKon. 
 
 Si<-ut>i-luiiil 
 
 La*i'!U'/.irk 
 
 OlH'rst'hJHHioii 
 
 HRtriclnliM. 
 
 fl.OIMKW 
 WI7. IKHI 
 781. MNI 
 77i), IKJO 
 
 * Metric toDiJ 
 
 Ilsi'iln 
 
 (tHUuliniirk . 
 ulwriiliiU .. 
 
 327.000 
 121.000 
 M4.0OO 
 
 Tlii^ |iroiliii-.fioii ill other districts lias not liceii accurately reported. 
 
 Tlie total production o*' iin'i oro in Uennany in IH'.HI was Il,40li,l32 
 metric tons, valued at M,(HH»,(KH) marks (>itlO,5(H),IK>0). 
 
 In I8!M» 1,r»22,180 'iietric toi s of iron ore were imported into and 
 l!,l.M»8,ri2 tons expo'.ted from i lermaiiy. That sent away was priiici 
 ]>iilly forwartled t.> HelKiiiiii aii'l France, while the iiii|H)i'tH were the 
 largest from Spain, smaller ain</iints comiii<; from Austria and Sweden. 
 
 The production of iron ore iiy ]irovince8 in 18!M) was as follows: 
 
 I'mdnclioii of 'ro» tirf in (Ifrmtniy in /S!M) hy Pruvinri-n. 
 FniHHia; 
 
 SilcHiit — Mrtrie lonn. 
 
 llpiii'lii 77(>,(K)0 
 
 Kri'Niiiii, Lioi;iiitx 2«,(I00 
 
 Sttxi>ii,v— MerBeliiirK, Krl'iirt 
 
 Hiiuiiver — 
 
 Hil.l.wli.Miii ;t'.>7,0(IO 
 
 Osuuliriick 121, (KX) 
 
 WeMtphalin — 
 
 Milliliter , 
 
 Miiideii 
 
 AriiHliei'K 
 
 7."), 000 
 
 (ill, IMH) 
 
 !I77,(HI0 
 
 «04, (XX) 
 57.000 
 
 44«, OIX) 
 
 1,118,000 
 
 IleHaitii-NasHiiii— 
 
 KuhhhI 
 
 Wiesliadeii 
 
 73, 000 
 
 WX. IKHI 
 
 tiSl.OOO 
 
 Klieiiiluuil — 
 
 Colileii/. 1,0X1, (HX» 
 
 Kolii 21, (XK) 
 
 Aurlieii 2:t, 000 
 
 DiiHseltlurl', 'I'rier 7, (MK) 
 
 MXkOOO 
 
 4, 243, 000 
 
 l.iixeuiliurK ;i, aSit.lHX) 
 
 KUntis-liOtliriiiKcii H, 2W>, 000 
 
 HeHseii 173,000 
 
 Uuvui'ia: 
 
 Oberpfiilz 144,000 
 
 Olierlrniikeii it, 000 
 
 ViiriiiiiH iiliK'cs 2, OIX) 
 
 liraiiiiBcli wei); 
 
 Waldeck 
 
 Scliwnr/.hnrg-Kiiilolfatudt 
 
 Sat^lisi'ii 
 
 Wiirteiiitiiiif; 
 
 OlUfiliermau .Stales or ProvineuH . 
 
 l,"i.'>,000 
 134,0(NI 
 ;«j,000 
 12,(XI0 
 11. OIX) 
 3,000 
 24, 132 
 
 Tdtal 11.40H, 132 
 
PRODUCTION Ol' IRON OKKS. 
 
 fS6 
 
 i'l i>i(ni7l(i«, rxporlH, aiirf imporlt of Won nre in (lermauji and l.iitembiirg; almpUj Iron madi. 
 
 I 
 
 Veard. 
 
 I.ilxmn- 
 burn. 
 
 rriiMHia, 
 
 I'tO. 
 
 Tnlal for 
 (titriiian 
 Kmiilre. 
 
 K)i|mrta. 
 
 lrii|inrtH. 
 Mttrie lonll. 
 
 I'iu Iron. 
 
 Strlrin Imu. 
 1 10.188) 
 171,000 
 2o:i, 342 
 :i05,761 
 :i69. 000 
 .524, 601 
 904.6,58 
 645. 693 
 996, 7:i8 
 087, 163 
 1,200,28,1 
 
 i,:i66.o«:i 
 
 l,:i45,620 
 1.401,477 
 l,988.:i94 
 2 240, 574 
 1.18)6,262 
 2, 020, :)8e 
 1,846.:)45 
 1.032.725 
 2,147,641 
 2, -226,587 
 2.720,o;i8 
 2. 014. 009 
 
 3, :)8I). 806 
 
 :).4no.7io 
 
 3. 600. 612 
 :i. 687. 4:)3 
 :i, 528. 658 
 4,02.1,95:1 
 
 4,:i:)7,42l 
 
 4, 524, 558 
 4,658,451 
 4,611,217 
 4,0:17,461 
 
 4, 086, IH)3 
 
 
 Mttrittomi. 
 
 ilitrieloHi. 
 
 Ilrtrie lant. 
 
 tUlritlotu. 
 
 1844 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1862 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IK65 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 1867 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 726,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1871 
 
 086,470 
 1,170,030 
 l,;i31,74:l 
 1,442.666 
 1,052.40.- 
 1.1181,720 
 1,262,825 
 1.407.017 
 1,6I3,:I92 
 2. 173. 46,1 
 2, 101.881 
 2. 476, 8115 
 2, 676, 076 
 2.461,454 
 2, 648, 4110 
 2, 434, 170 
 2.640.711 
 3,250,001) 
 
 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 4,846,8:i3 6, iV7, 576, 
 4 i:iO 000 5 579 756 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 3, 677, 948 
 3 5i:t 253 
 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 . . . 
 
 1 TfMl ai«9« 
 
 
 
 :i. 716, 22:1 ' il 970 048 
 4,040,484 .5, 4.57.101 
 4. 246. 037 :>, 850, 420 
 .5.1815,177 7,2:18,640 
 5,411,801 7,.57:t,772 
 5, 786, 449 8, 203, 2.54 
 0,180.641 8.756.617 
 0..554,:i42 9,005,796 
 0.500. :I70 0.157.809 
 
 
 "';i2i,';i42 
 
 1878 
 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 I,2«l,0:i8 
 ■1,44:), 278 
 1,621,182 
 l,8afl,0,'0 
 1,808,481 
 1,771,1,'-) 
 1.B:i1.A49 
 1,744,651 
 2,211,820 
 2, 179, 8:)6 
 2, 208, 122 
 1,984,428 
 2,276,155 
 2, 363. 232 
 
 607,007 
 616,000 
 783, 3110 
 800, 37:i 
 980, 442 
 8,52,310 
 813, 1)00 
 1,036,217 
 
 1, 16:1, :i7:) 
 1,2:14,789 
 1,. 522. 180 
 1 . 408. 035 
 1. 0.55, 843 
 1,573,202 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 0,1 161,. 570 
 6,70l,:i05 
 7.414,800 
 
 8, 485, 758 
 9,:i51,106 
 10,6(M,80II 
 11,002,187 
 
 1890 
 
 3.350,413 ! 8,040,710 
 
 11,406,132 
 10, 6,57. 602 
 11,5:10,013 
 11,457,401 
 
 1802 . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 The poBitinti of tlic Geniiau empire as a coiisuiner of pig iron is 
 emphasized by tlie stiitcment that in 18!HJ tlit production of pig iron 
 in tliat country was 4,!t37,4til toiia, the excess of imiiorts over exports 
 being .'{7,95(1 tons, making the apparent home consumption 4,075,417 
 tons. In 1803 tlie production was 4,086,003 tons. 
 
 AU.STBIA-HUNOABY. 
 
 The most important dejiosits of iron ore in Austria arc tound in 
 Styria, where spatliic iron ores occur in tlie strata of tlie Transition 
 formation, and at tiie bottom of tiie Huiitsandstein "■mation. One 
 large deposit is about 1(10 miles from 'Ueichenauzu-Scliwartz, but tlie 
 greatest development is at the Krzberg, near Eisenerz, where the 
 strata aggregate 45 meter.s (148 feet) thick. The Noric iron of Tacitus 
 and other authors is reported to have been prepared from ores obtained 
 here, an<l the industry has continued from the date of the Koman 
 occupation to the present day. A tire which occurred at lUisenerz in 
 1018 destroyed documents then existing which carried the irou manu- 
 facture back to 712 A. D. 
 
 Spathic ore also occurs in Oarinthia (in the crystalline slates) and 
 in the north of Hungary in tlie counties of Fips, Gomor, and Sold, in 
 clay slates. The Berg uud lliitteiimauuische Zeituug, in a descrip- 
 
12(1 
 
 MlNKRAIi KK.SOtlKCKS. 
 
 tioii of tlie riiirics III' till- Kiiiniiii'.ii'iui,v-.ssil|;iitiir.jiiii ('(iiii|iiiii,v in Kakos 
 ((ioiMor CoLiiity, llliiiKiiry), hIiiU's tli;it tlicy (•ovrr siii iiriiii ol l.'l.i imi-c«. 
 The Dcvoiiiiiii cUiy slates lorin llie root' iiimI Hoiir of the. liiowii lieriia- 
 tite, wliicli ((cciirs in (,'nsat tliickness at Vaslicny. Tlio beds striiii-, in 
 a siiiiliifasl, (linM'tion. witli a dip of 'M" to (MP. At VuslioKy lliiff dh; 
 Ix'iIm are iiiHtiii;;uislii'ii, the lowest ■'{!) I'eet I iix^heH tlii(;k, contains 
 lihuik, nietallielookinj; brown hematite, with \'> per eeiit of inaM);aiie.se 
 anil -It) per cent of Iron; the iniilille bed, Im I'eet in Ihickness, is formed 
 of liKht brown qiiart/ose hematite, with 12 peri'entof niaiii^anese and 
 ."(0 per eent of iron ; w hile the npper bed, !W feet in thiekiiess, is eoni- 
 posed of a reddish biown hematite, with '2 to 4 per eunt of nmn(;anese 
 and ;<."• Ill (iO per eent of iron. In thi; Hakos distriel two beds oeeur, 
 rnnnin;;' parallel to those at Vashu);y, and separated by 10 to ]H\ yards of 
 elay; the lower bed is ijti I'eet, and the upper one 7H feel in thickness. 
 Itotli (Mintain brown hematite, whieh passes in plaees into spathie ore, 
 red hematite, and speeular iron ore. The avera^^e pereentaKu of iron 
 varies from III txi 15. lioth nunes are worked principally by means of 
 itdit levels. 
 Analyses of the Uakos ores jjave the following; average: 
 
 .Irrruije nimiiuHilion 11/ iriiii iirc from Jlakon, lliingary. 
 
 Pproxiiln of iriiM 
 
 I'nitoxiiln of riDiiiuatii-Hu . 
 
 QiiHi-t/ 
 
 AliintiDit 
 
 Cuprii: oxiilfl 
 
 ?»iwnl.| 
 
 5M.r>i 
 i. 11.') 
 
 ■Sl.m 
 l.:u 
 .Jl 
 
 
 Par usnt. 
 n.oM 
 
 .319 
 
 7. ;i2 
 
 I.inii. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 M.gei 
 
 
 
 The seeoml district in importance is that of Bohemni, where oolitic 
 iron ores (mostly red and brown) are found in the 8ilurian rocks. Ca- 
 rinthia, mentioned al)ove, is third, and is foHowed by Moravia, where, 
 in dilferent formations, brown, red, and clay iron ores are found. 
 iSouthern Hungary iirodiices ma^nietie iron ore and Silesia bof; iron ore. 
 
 The output of iron ore in the various Provinces of Austria in 1801 
 was as follows: 
 
 Output of iriin ore in Au»lria in ISOl hy J'ruvinciit. 
 
 Metric tons., 
 
 Styria ' 781, ai4 
 
 Rolteiiiia . 
 Carintliia . 
 Moravia. .. 
 (lalicia — 
 KalKburK-- 
 
 118, 712 
 I'l.KI.'i 
 8.817 
 7,641 
 
 Carnlola 
 
 Tyrol 
 
 Slleaia 
 
 Lowor Austria . 
 
 Metric tons. 
 
 7, 4.'.4 
 .1, (12» 
 5,:H8 
 1.48U 
 
 ToUl l,V!ai,249 
 
PK(ll»U«TION OK IRON 0KK8. 
 
 127 
 
 Tli« t'ollowinjj liilili' sliow.s Mm pitxluctioii, iiiiportx, ami e.\|>orts (»t' 
 iron (HO ill the Aiisiriiui Kmiiiic, t<>K«'tlii'r with tiio iiig iron oulimt, in 
 Miich yoiit'H iiH tliu HtiitiHtit'S coiihl be ubtuiiied : 
 
 Produi'liini, ii»/)«r(«, (iikJ ixporlK of iron iirr in lint .liiHliiiiii Kmpfrt, ahu pig iron maile. 
 
 Ywn. 
 
 Inn 
 AilH(ri». 
 MetHclom. 
 
 .o|-(t priKlllrtidll. 
 
 I mil 
 Iiii|H}rtit. 
 
 (iri>. 
 Fx]MirtH. 
 Metric titim. 
 
 Vitl iron 
 niiwle. 
 
 ilelrie. (nnf , 
 144, :i5l 
 22:1 046 
 :I48. 708 
 
 :ilo, 7mi 
 :i6i,o:i8 
 
 425.071 
 4.10, ,167 
 4,12, 244 
 476.827 
 5:11,850 
 694, 980 
 546,742 
 6114,347 
 4110,425 
 :I88, 2:10 
 4:14,2,10 
 404. 160 
 464, 234 
 5:10, 646 
 611,463 
 701,0:17 
 7:U,346 
 714, 784 
 7113. 360 
 704. ,1:12 
 7181. 227 
 8.15. 8l:i 
 1815. 370 
 021.840 
 IMO. 647 
 982. 707 
 
 H uniiar> , 
 
 'I'otiil, 
 
 IftIO t 
 
 M'Imlmu. 
 
 Jf rMe (onu. 
 
 ilelrietiiitt. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,,, 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 IM67' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IH70 
 
 1)471 
 
 8:1.1, 151 
 8.VI, 0115 
 1125, .120 
 1.040.46(1 
 IKHl, 48.1 
 704. 8»l 
 .1.11. 1160 
 6:i8, 701 
 
 nou, 150 
 
 028, 240 
 6:11.080 
 620, 000 
 002.510 
 
 >(82,3i:i 
 
 117:1, 8211 
 
 8:11.471 
 
 770,181(1 
 
 846. ,■1611 
 
 1.000,:i20 
 
 ! !!.1. 1.1:1 
 
 I.:i6l..148 
 
 1,231,210 
 
 903, 200 
 
 1, 100, 111 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1H72 
 
 \nn 
 
 1)474 
 
 
 l,I66.7i'H 
 
 
 
 
 42:1. :i 14 
 
 308 24:1 
 .147, 456 
 
 1, :t2ii. :i'ii 
 
 1, 10:1. 127 
 902, 422 
 
 
 \m 
 
 IR7H 
 
 
 
 
 iiiiiiiiiiiiiii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 380. (H»> 
 
 1.011,680 
 
 
 
 440. (.1011 
 440, 0(10 
 
 1,:142,610 
 1,322,313 
 
 
 
 :::::::::::::::::::::::. 
 
 
 
 
 
 50(1, (HHI 
 ,160, 001 
 634, 4.17 
 0111,210 
 702,241 
 
 875. :s:t 
 
 020. .141 
 973,471 
 
 1,306.000 
 1,412,027 
 !,«4:i,777 
 l.704.,1«:i 
 2, 1,1:1. 780 
 ■•. 1116. H12 
 1.013.8:11 
 2, 082. 583 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 46, 403 
 
 48, 7:iu 
 08,121 
 71,070 
 73,248 
 
 86.290 
 140.018 
 
 88. 1150 
 108. 12(1 
 106,250 
 
 
 
 SWITZEBLAND. 
 
 Prof. 11. fl<' (tiiiird, of tlie I'olytocluiic School, Zurich, has 8n]>plioc1 a 
 very iiite"estingcoiitiibiitiim upon tlio miiu-riil deiiosits of Switzerland, 
 in tMin.sidei.-'.ble detail. From this admirable paper, which has been 
 *ran,slated in full by Mr. K')bert Stein, the followiii}; data is excerpted 
 as Hpecially referriuff to the iron ores and tlieir exploitation. 
 
 The i»riiicipal, but not the only, center of exploitation of iron ores in 
 Switzerland is situated in the .liira, where two kinds of ore are found — 
 jiisolitic (He, or bohnerz, and Subuxfordian ore. The pisolitic ores be- 
 long to the siderolithic terraiie of the Jura, wliii^h is well represented 
 in most of the States of Kurope. This terrain! presents, in general, 
 gypsum, vitri liable sands, vcfractoiy t'hiys, and, finally, granular iron 
 ore, explinted for some centuries for the furnaces of .Jura in the valley 
 of Matzendorf aiul in the valley of Delemont The exhaustion of the 
 deposits is less to be feared than the huik of fuel and the insufticiency 
 of routes of communication. The siderolithic terrane of the Jura is 
 Tertiary; it is intermediate between the middle Parisian and the Ton- 
 grain. 
 
128 
 
 MINERAL UKSOIIRCES. 
 
 The composition of ^raiiiilar iron ore (pisolitic) is as follows: 
 
 Analynis of Sipihh fiiHulilir iron fire. 
 
 Per oenl. 
 
 OxirliMir iron 58.74 
 
 Siliiii- aiiil 1X211 
 
 Aliiminii 1 14. 16 
 
 Unie :i:i 
 
 M.-tutiPHiA .11 
 
 CnrlKiiiic will ."* 
 
 I'hnHptiiirir m-irt 'rnice. 
 
 WaUTiniil liititiiii!ii i:i. 54 
 
 ToUll i 100.20 
 
 Perec lit. 
 
 Mnliillic iniii 41.12 
 
 I'liimphDniB Trace. 
 
 Siilphnr ; 
 
 .Silicon 
 
 The ore owiiir.s in ghdmhir, iiiiliiiry, bciin-shaped, or cKg-shaped 
 grains, sonietiiiiu.s in iiiiiorphous conipiictor Kubconipact niassi'H. TI1080 
 niiiHses are incoheicnt, earthy (eaitliy ore), or, on tiie contrary, form 
 large bJocus, more or less rounded, from 1 to H deciiiieterH (4 to 'M 
 inehe,s) in diameter, whieh the miners call "niotliers'' (iiiiitter). These 
 "m(7'! • •■" indiciite generally the beginning or the end of a consider- 
 able bo-ly. The secrtion of a i>isoiite shows sevt ral very thin eoncentric 
 layers, which suggest <'oiieretionary formation in water. 
 
 The amorplioiis ore (ills or covers superlicial crevices in the upper 
 white .lurassie iind has a iiia.ximuni thickness of JO to 'M meters (<i(i to 
 !>.S feet). The ore in ixieke'is tills boilers (cliaudii'r , of limited extent ; 
 thickness often 5 meters (l(i feet). The ore in sheets forms more or 
 less e.xteii.sive layers, with a thickness sometimes of .'» meters (IG feet). 
 The ore is caVed rich when the grains are regularly distributed (assoles) 
 and when the clay in which they are embtidded merely tills the inter 
 stii'es between them; poor, when the grains, much less numenms, are 
 disseminated in the clay which forms the mass of the rock. The yield 
 by washing is <mi un average (iO per cent; by smelting, 4(1 to 50 per cent. 
 
 The ore dejiosits are in general covered with a barren roof .some ceii 
 tiiiieters thick, of whitish or bluish clay, sometimes containing isolated 
 clayey pisolites, which are always refractory. The grains of ore arc 
 embedded in a bolus (iiiiitri.N) of reddish, ochcr-yelJow. violet, brown, 
 sometimes even lif;ht-gray clay, called Colus, which is ditferent from 
 the barren roof. 
 
 The !Subo.\fo.'dian ores are found in calcareous marls, gray or yellow, 
 in which numevous ferruginous oolithb are embedded. They sometimes 
 pass on int,o a compact rock with !) to Ifi pei' cent of KeO, II^O. In the 
 central Ju va this rock attains a thickness of 1 to 2 nieteru (.'I to <i^ feet). 
 It is worked at Movellier, where it is 2 nmters thick (Oi feet). At 
 Htallberg, west of Weissensteiii, it attains a thickness of 4 to .'i meters 
 (i;t to ;o feel). In the Jura of SchaH'hauseii exploitation was formerly 
 tloiirishing, as is attesteil by numerous ((uarries opened in these depos- 
 its, as well as by the scoria- spread over the country. The ore at that 
 time was treated in itlace by the most elementary methods of metal- 
 
PRODUCTION OK IKON OKKS. 
 
 121t 
 
 liirgy. Scvenil .siiioltiiijr furiiiices, e.siie(!iiilly the oini at I.autl'en, near 
 the Calls of the Rhine, were in activity as late as 1S5(). The furnace of 
 Lautl'cn was supplied exclusively with indif^enous ore. In the Aar;,'au 
 .Jura the bohucrze are of little importaiico, the deposits are not thick 
 enoufih, and the ora is too much mixed with clay. Continuous washing 
 was re(iuired before smeltinjij, and the exploitation has been abandoned. 
 
 In the IJeniese .Jura six .active iron mines are found con(;cntrated 
 around Delcmont, and this is the only region in all Switzerland where 
 the mineral industry is of any importance. The iron of this region is 
 well spoken of, and is especially suitable for bar iron. The annual ex- 
 ploitation furnishes about 1. '50,000 liectoliters (,'?0,000 long tons). One 
 hectoliter (one mining vat) weiglis 200 kilogrammes, or 441 pounds. 
 
 The Jura of Nouchatel and N'aud possesses no mines. 
 
 The iron deposit of the Gonzen, below Sargans (Canton of St. (Jail), 
 like several others, was often abainh>uod and always resumed. Its 
 thickness in the gallery was (i meters (1!»A feet). The roof is formed by 
 Alpin(! limestone, to the folds of which the deposit a<!connnodates itself. 
 The stratum has often been crushed, and forms letiticnilar bodies in 
 the limestone, and tliese lenses are always jiarallel to the strata of the 
 limestone. Thus it is a stratum that has been constricted intx> the 
 shape of a string of beads. 
 
 The ore is "I'otheiseustein'' (FeiO,.„red hematite). The upper part 
 jtasses into the '• Melirtes Erz," a mixture of hematite, red jasper, )yro- 
 lusito (MnOi), nuignetic oxide of iron, iron pyrite, calespar, clay, quartz, 
 and sometimes oligist. Xoxt comes the true deposit, with mangiinese 
 1^ meters (."» feet) thick, containing MnCOj (dir.logite or rhodoclin site) 
 in threads. This was known in the year 1200. It is probable that it 
 was exidoited by the Romans, for the <'Ountry of Sargans was a lioman 
 province. It was actively wrought at intermittent periods, and with 
 active exploitation will not be exhausted for a long time to (!ome. 
 
 At the (Jonzen three banks are distinguished: (I) a fat bank (homo- 
 geneous ore); (2) a lean bank, with unartz, limestont!, and pyrite; (3) a 
 black bank, very rich in manganese, which is tln^ best. At the tinus the 
 mine was working the transportatio" if the ore to the I'actorie.s of I'lons 
 was !u;complishe(l by sledges drawn ly men or by the aid of mules from 
 a relay station, situated threel'oiu t!is of the way up the height. This 
 mine has been abandoned for ii'iMit ten years, for reasons similar to 
 those which have caused tlie abandonment of moHtof thee.xploitationH 
 in the Alps. 
 
 8t)24 "J 
 
130 
 
 MINEKAL KESOUKCES. 
 Anahjain of tionzeti iron ore, HwiUcrtaiuL 
 
 xe.34 
 
 2. HO 
 1.78 
 .36 
 .10 
 Tram. 
 .05 
 .27 
 8. '.12 
 
 Tumi ' 100.00 
 
 OkIiIi' iiflrim 
 
 Silir.io iicitl 
 
 AlUMlillil 
 
 I.lliin 
 
 IStacnt^Hia 
 
 ('iirlmnic ai-id 
 
 IMiiiHiihnrit-- ai-i(i 
 
 AlkaliuHd 
 
 Wutur 'lUil bituiueu . 
 
 ■Mofillli''. irnn . 
 IMu)H|>ltoriiH . . 
 
 Siilplnir 
 
 Silicuu 
 
 00.438 
 .022 
 
 1.31 
 
 aCa]culat«l from t)io difference. 
 
 No a(!tive e.vploitatioii whatever is cirried on in the Beriie.se Oberhiud. 
 A number of old, abandoned difigiiig.s are found there, and .several 
 furnaces bear witne.s.s to fruitless aivenipts in this direction. It was 
 espeeiallj' the ferrugin<;U8 oolite that was ioi mcrly attacked. It is found 
 in the ccdoreil marble of Kr/hnbel and its thickness is 1.8 meters (6 feet). 
 Bad roads, lack of fuel, the jmverty of the deposits, aud, as everywhere 
 iu Switzerland, their twi.sted and irregular structure, had led to the 
 ruin of the few exploitations that were formerly attempted. The mai) 
 of the raw ])rodiu't8 of Switzerland, which was prepared on the occasion 
 of the expo >£iion of Zurich in ISSU, indicates an iron ore at Matten. in 
 tlie valley of Lauterbruniien, in the Bernese Oberland. 
 
 Sledging genera" ,' costs 40 centimes (8 cents) for li^ hours per quintal 
 .(100 i)ounds) aud ')6 t<.> CO centimes (11 to 12 cents) for di.stanees of 3A 
 to 1 hours. 
 
 The mineral iiidu.stry of Valais, in the Alps, is dead, not a single 
 metalliferous mine being in operation. As regards the quality of the 
 iron ores of \'alais, they are too niucli phosphoretted. Only three 
 inm ores are worth mentioning, aud even these are abandoned. The 
 mine of (Jhamosim, in the eah^areous stshists of the Middle Jura, is a 
 nest 30 to 40 feet thick, with banks (i to 8 feet thick. The mineral 
 is chamosite (hydrated silicatt^ of iron and alumina). This mine was 
 e.\i)loited by open cut, with mills at .Vrion, and yieidi'd, in lS,"i,"), .■?0,000 
 ([uintals of iron, and iu 1850, 20,000 (piintals. At the mine of Chemin 
 in the green talco.se schists, tlie ore consists of kidney-shaped mas.ses 
 8 to 10 feet thick. I'yi'ite is found in the nest. The KeO is good. At 
 first this mine yielded 12,000 to 14,000 (luiiitals of iron, and produced, 
 with 8 to 10 miners, 10,000 (piintals (.'lOO tons) in 1850. The mine of 
 Charrat or Vence is the most favorably situated, being at a low level, 
 and the ore is good. It is far from exhausted, and may yet have a 
 ftiture. At Tessino tliero are three iron mines abandoned, one iu 
 operation, and a i>rospcct, which developed good ore. 
 
I'KUUUC'TION OF lUON ORES. 
 
 131 
 
 111 Grisoiis, as in Viihiis, the iisofiil luiiiuruls lire widely distributed; 
 but liiO deposits arc piior and often defonned by reason of the folding 
 of tlie rcf^ioii. Iron ore is iiarticuhirly abundant in the micaceous form 
 in the valley of Ferrcia (whose name indicates tiiat it has been long 
 exploited); in tlie form of magnetic oxide near Trans (Oberland), at 
 Schmoris, and near Sur, in Oberhalbstein; in the form of red, brown, 
 and magnetic oxide, in the upiier valley of Tisch; and Tuorz (Bergiin), 
 with the foundries of I>ellaluiia, Itoveredo, in the Misox, sent out annu- 
 ally, about the year l.S(il>, in the neighborhood of 30,000 ([uintals of iron 
 to <-!oire and into lower Switzerland. 
 
 In (rrisons, as in the Bernese Oberland, in Valais, ami elsewhere in 
 Switzerland, many characteristic local names are found which indicate 
 that the mining industry was at one time important in the country. 
 
 The mountains in the vicinity of Ferrera aie ricli in iron ore. From 
 Fignell, situated at a great height, and U leagues from the furnaces, 
 ore is brought down in sai^ks. It is a spathic and inicaccous iron ore, 
 rather rich in meial. A Jjombard society extracted from it formerly as 
 much as 1,.S00 quintals a year. Camfer or ('ampfeer (Campus fcrri), in 
 Upper Engadiii, was christened, no doubt, on account of its old iron- 
 ore mines. 
 
 Iron ores are found in the sorpeutiiic and the greoii schists of the 
 vicinity of Sur and at the Staller Herg, often iningh^d with pyrite. 
 Vivianite (eisenglimmer) is for. in the red schists of the Alps of Err, 
 and of Val Lugii on the road lo ltcr(;iiii. Magnetic oxide of iron is 
 disseminated in somewhat indistiih i cj vstals in (lie serpentine of Val 
 Hercla, of Fallerjoch, Mortels, Malenco, etc, uid also in the green 
 schists of Pirlo, Sassera, and other phices. iioii |pyiite occurs every- 
 where in the schists and the serpentines, also in th« -schists of Ca.-.,imia. 
 Oligiste (rothiMsenerz ai(d ciseiiglanz) is found in ilie dolomite of the 
 middle Keui)er, in the green schists, in the talcose schists of the Piz 
 Verona, in the diorite of the Alpe Mortels, on the I*iz I'adella, in the 
 syenitic gneiss on the summit of Mount Bisgrazia, at Sasso. iiisolo, mid 
 at other placets. 
 
 The following is an analysis of the oligist (eiscnglaiiz) of Albula, 
 made in IHSH at the Federal Institute for the supervision of liuilding 
 material at Zurich: 
 
 Amth/Hh of iron nrti from .tlbitld, Swihfrliiiuh 
 
 Iniii oxiilt* 
 
 Sllinm 
 
 Chitspliorir lli'itl. 
 Siilithiirii'iiriii, 
 
 86.70 
 
 8.H2 
 
 MiiO I Tmciis. 
 
 Mutalllc iriin (10. 80 
 
 Siliiiiii I 4. 11 
 
 MiuiuniieH*. 'rraf-ert. 
 
 Sulphur .25 
 
 (( Sniiill <iiiiitltltiu.4 nt' CitO, M^O, iilitl iilkiilieH. 
 
132 
 
 minkua: bksources. 
 
 I'rol't^ssor (Ic (liiiiid coiu'luiles with the sliitomcnt tliat Switzerland 
 is out'- of tlio liiiist lUvorcd ('oiiutrics in iiiintu'iil woaltli. The causes 
 wliicli {)"pveiit tills industry from boconiiii^' tldiirishiiig are: (1) The 
 pov; ity (but not the rarity) of (ho metalliferous deposits and lodes, or 
 ol'the(!oal MiMSures and tlio unfavorable situation of several of them; 
 (2) above all the dcfDrmation and cuttinfj; up which these deposits have 
 undergone by reason of the folding of the Alps. The deposits of the 
 Jura alone are exempt from this drawback. The future of the mines is, 
 he asserts, nil, or nearly so. They were able to maintain themselves 
 aud to support local industry at a time when, owing to the ditllculty of 
 communication, they did not have to fear the competition of the great 
 centers of mining ijroduction. Accordingly we see them llourisb in the 
 Middit! Ages. At th«^ present day they are nearly all doomed, despite 
 theexcellenee of their ores, which are often superior to foreign products. 
 
 Prof. I;. Tetinajer, of Zurich, sums up the statistics of irou-ore pro- 
 duction as follows: 
 
 'I'bo iroii-ori) |>i'(i<lii('ti<)n (if Switziirlaiid docrcasoH from year to year. Tlie oxpluita- 
 tioii of tliu rich iniciMMMiHs sncriilar iron of FiliHpiir in (iriHouH, aiitl that of tbo 
 iKMiialitiMtf tliii (ioii/cu. iKi'i to Im- abaiidoiiod Dwing to tlio insiitticifut proiliictivity. 
 At tlir ]irrsi'iit <lay only tin' ]iisolitii' ili'pcmitH in tliu Dolabort; Valley in the Hernetie 
 .liiiaai'c wurkiid. Tliu iirodiictioii of iron ore, with the iniportx aud exportatioQii, 
 was aH follows : 
 
 I'roiini'Aion, mporlH ami 'jporln of iron are and pUj iron in Swilserland, 
 
 I'l-iHliii'tiitii. IriijM'rt.s 
 
 Kxpurt!, 
 
 Vin iniii. 
 I'rofhiotion.; Ini|H)rl8. I Kxports. 
 
 IHH5 
 
 Mitrit'toui. 
 
 1 
 
 IHUn : ' 
 
 
 14,<NI0 
 14. 145 
 11.771 
 IIJKM 
 11), 40.') 
 11.700 : 
 
 I8MS 
 
 IK81) 
 
 ISDO 
 
 
 1892 
 
 Mi'triv ton$. Mi'triatmit. Mftrie-lnnu. ytetriattmu. Melnptmit,. Mi'lriclont. 
 
 .1" 
 
 5, SI*.". . 
 :i.giiu ' 
 
 4. Nil 
 
 5, (Kill 
 
 «. (UK) 
 
 8. »'a 
 
 4,42: 
 4,600 
 4va04 
 «,0!>0 
 
 5, DUO 
 
 Ti, bm 
 
 4..'ilHI 
 
 .1, m 
 
 :i4,iii3 { 
 3i,Hi:! 
 37.iii:i 
 41, on 
 
 40,074 
 4K,0(I7 
 41,(l.';i 
 4U,82.'i 
 
 7. 3,15 
 7,(KI7 
 U. 387 
 3,215 
 r>, 4U( 
 4,277 
 4,4(10 
 0,104 
 
 IIAl-V. 
 
 The iiianiifiicture of iniii in Italy is under a decided disiulvantage, 
 due to the scarcity of good fuel. However, considerable iron ore is 
 nilned and exported, the bulk of which comes from the island of KIba. 
 This island at tlie cud of the last ciMitury belonged to the princes of 
 I'ionibino, and was tinally ceded to Napoleon I in I.SOL'. By tlie treaty 
 of Vienna in IHl.T tlie island reverted to the Tuscany (Jraiid Ducal Gov- 
 erninent, by whom the iron ore mines were worked until l.S,")!. In that 
 year the (roverniiiei:t contiacted with a stock coiii|iany, which worked 
 the mines for thirty years. In the. nM'aiitime, with the union of Italy 
 the mines of Klba became the |ii'operty of the State, and when the 
 concession came to an end on ,111110 30, I8,SI. tin mines, together with 
 three foundries, were leased to a groui> of cii|iilalists represented by 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES. 
 
 133 
 
 the General Bank of Italy. Tlie new concession ran for tliree years from 
 .July 1, 1881, tlie lessees )myiiif{ ."i lire (iO ceatiines ($1.08) per ton of ore 
 exported from Elba and the neighboring island of (Jiglio. Tlie niax- 
 iiniim annual output was not to exceed 2(M),()00 tons. All of the deposits 
 are located near the aeacoast, and have been wrought, it is stated, by 
 the Etruscans and Komans, evidences of thcsse ancient workings being 
 shown by the old waste heaps, which are of encninous extent. The 
 ore bodies, which occur in beds of limestone lying in mica schists, are 
 found along the whole of the east coast of the island. The prin- 
 cipal mines are the Kio Albano, Vigueria, Calamita, and Kio, the ore 
 obtained being generally specular and hematite, with some magnetite. 
 The deposits sometimes occur superficially, as at Kio Albano, where 
 the bed reaches .W meters (104 feet) in thickness, averaging 10 meters 
 (3.! feet). At other times they are covered by limestoiuc and in places 
 by schist. 
 
 The ore from the island of Elba is practically of three different 
 kinds: Elba lavata, Elba andante specular, and Elba andante non- 
 specular. The importers claim that in shipments these last two are 
 not kept separate, although they come from different openings. The 
 specular ore is rich in iron and low in phosphorus; the nonspecular 
 is, comparatively speaking, high in phosphoius, while the lavata is 
 low in this element, as will be seen in the foUowing analy.ses, the ore 
 being dried at ;il2o V. 
 
 Analjincs of Alio iron ore». 
 
 l)rio<l lit 
 aia". 
 
 Elba aiiilnnto (ttpooiilnr), nvfirnco iiC 4 rnrjjopfl 
 
 KUm iiiiiltuit4< (ni)iit4i)ecular), nvcrugt' iif 'J carnDi'H. 
 KlUa lavata, avurage of 8 cargouH 
 
 Pi>r enit. 
 I 62. (115 
 0(1. t'S 
 I 61.17 
 
 Natural atate. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 :u 
 
 I'rr cnit. I /Vr rent. 
 '.'. 7(W I (Kl. 1)111 
 5. IM ri7. rj7 
 7. 7.W m. 5U4 
 
 Plios- 
 phorud. 
 
 /Vr cfiit. 
 II. O'.'l 
 
 AH 
 
 .0094 
 
 In 1892 the mines were leased under stringent conditions, one of 
 which was that the output was not to exceed I.S!l,0()(t tons jier annum, 
 nor to be le.ss than !H),(MM> tons, of which one third must be small 
 washed ore, while Italian (!onsumers were to receive more favorable 
 terms than foreign buyers. 
 
 In Lombardy and I'iedmont iron ores .ire also mined, and in the 
 Provinces of Lombardy and Tuscany good iron was iiiiide for cen- 
 turies from native ores, charcoal being u.stvl for fuel. Of the iimount 
 of iron on* mined on the inainland in 188,S, 21,;$27 tons came trom the 
 Province of Lombardy, two-thirds btuiig IVoni the mines of Val Trom- 
 pia, while 1,0(M) tons weie raised in the Province of I'iedmont. 
 
 The otlicial mineral statistics of Italy for LSIK! show that in that year 
 the island of Elba produced 177,.i!»5 metric tons of iron iuc,of which 
 
134 
 
 MINERAL KESOURCES. 
 
 59,796 tons were washed ore. The total production by districts was as 
 follows: 
 
 Produciion of iron ore in Ihr Kingdom nf Italy in isn.l. 
 
 Difltrlrta or rrovincos. 
 
 Amount 
 pr(idiiiu*<l. 
 
 .Vrtnc torn. 
 177.:ill5 
 
 4,304 
 
 8,577 
 
 14 
 
 1,016 
 
 
 Dmlriit of Milan : 
 
 
 
 
 Tot'il 
 
 191, 1105 
 
 
 In 1893 8,80". tons of inanganiferous iron ore were also mined in 
 
 Italy. 
 
 The price of the Elba ore declined from 13.25 lire (.*t2.5C) to 9.12 lire 
 (.f 1.7(5) in 1893. The siiipmeuts from Elba in the latter year reached 
 115,894 tons and were exported to the following places: 
 
 lUporln of iron ore from the island of Elba i» 1S9S. 
 
 DMitiimtlon. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 ITnite<l StatoB 
 
 Encliinil /•■ 
 
 Holluntlltnrllfc. -iuni juni Gorniany 
 Maiulnna (lor ilii. ostlo fiiruociis) . . 
 
 10. KM 
 71,097 
 20,'J8.'i 
 2,0:11 
 
 Destination. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 FranfG 
 
 Tnlal. 
 
 iMetrie tons^ 
 1,145 
 
 Considerable pjrito is also mined and exported from Italy. 
 
 The table given .lelow shows the amount of iron <tro produced in the 
 island of Elba in mch years for which data could be obtained, com- 
 mencing in 1851. It is stated that from 1752 to 1801, and from 1819 to 
 18i51, the exports .verc 1,189,810 tons, and an estimate for the years 1802 
 to 1818, for which there are no returns, would make the total exported 
 from 17.52 to 1851 1,4.33,.500 tons. 
 
l«r.i. 
 
 lliKI. 
 IKTil. 
 
 liari., 
 
 ISM. 
 1H67. 
 1H6H. 
 IKi!)., 
 18l«l., 
 1861. 
 186'.'.. 
 18U:i., 
 18UI.. 
 IgOii.. 
 186U.. 
 1867 . 
 1868.. 
 1860. . 
 
 1870 . 
 
 1871 . 
 
 1872 . 
 187:l.. 
 1871.. 
 187.-.. . 
 187(i . 
 1877.. 
 1878.. 
 18711.. 
 18NU.. 
 1881.. 
 1882.. 
 188;).. 
 1884.. 
 18S-. . 
 I88ti.. 
 1887.. 
 1888.. 
 18811.. 
 18IIII. . 
 18HI,. 
 189'a . . 
 
 I8u:i.. 
 
 PRODUCTION OF IRON OR. ', 
 I'roduelion anil expurtu of iron ore in llalij ; aho pig iron mnile. 
 
 135 
 
 Prudnctiou. 
 
 Klbtt. Total for Italy 
 
 Mrtrictotta. 
 
 '2-.>, OH 
 
 :»), ttm 
 
 62,IW8 
 64,607 
 60. 62.1 
 68,48.'> 
 61,;i2!) 
 56. 88:1 
 38,487 
 40, 687 
 03, US 
 B!l,447 
 08.468 
 104.078 
 110,407 
 82, 867 
 54, 9511 
 58,713 
 ,'>:i, 468 
 SO, 801 
 120, 046 
 201,001 
 22:1, i:t8 
 1U4, 324 
 107,540 
 196, 220 
 155, \!S 
 173, 177 
 274, 322 
 
 Jltrtric tout. 
 
 N2, 708 
 
 180. 377 
 1811. 3:17 
 2118, 090 
 194.830 
 1,>), 4117 
 
 227. ,-.47 
 231,7110 
 229. 732 
 189, 721 
 186, 8.')7 
 289, 0.18 
 421. 1165 
 272, 00« 
 243, 082 
 225, 308 
 211(1, 955 
 220.014 
 230,575 
 177. 157 
 173. 489 
 220. 702 
 210,486 
 214,487 
 191, 305 
 
 KxpiirtH. 
 Mlia. 
 
 ilHric long. 
 
 22, fl6:i 
 
 25,994 
 
 48, 262 
 
 60, S3I) 
 
 61,418 
 
 72,875 
 
 60, 279 
 
 44,010 
 
 36, 600 
 
 64,440 
 
 67,739 
 
 106, 572 
 
 101, 025 
 
 114,488 
 
 98, 417 
 
 72, 58:i 
 
 60,047 
 
 65,077 
 
 60, 162 
 
 47, 76,1 
 
 127, 187 
 
 173, 67.1 
 
 219, 1.13 
 
 174,017 
 
 202,012 
 
 182, 545 
 
 180, 740 
 
 202, 966 
 
 318,394 
 
 349,291 
 
 213,349 
 
 177, .19.1 
 
 230. 458 
 
 176,072 
 
 170,418 
 
 175, 262 
 
 19.1, 821 
 
 126.614 
 
 213,698 
 
 111(1,712 
 
 2118,681 
 
 115.894 
 
 172, 089 
 
 IMgiron 
 iiiimI*... 
 
 Metrictoim. 
 
 22,000 
 26,000 
 25, 480 
 21. (154 
 20, 278 
 20,000 
 
 18.405 
 15. 991 
 12.291 
 12.205 
 12.538 
 13,473 
 11,346 
 11,930 
 12.729 
 8. 038 
 
 The mines in Klba wliicli produce ore aie the I!io Vigueri.i, Kio Al- 
 baiio, Torni Vera, and Cahimitit. fn thirty year.><, i'rom 1851 to 1881, 
 3,4.'J0,.372 tons of iron ore were exjiorted from Elba. Tills, added to the 
 exportatioiis up to 1.S51, makes a total of nearly five millions of t<ins. 
 
 RUSSIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 AlthouRh a motallnrirical industry lias lonjf existed in parts of 
 Eurojieau Enssia and Siberia, strictly speaking, metallurgical works, 
 as at present understood, were not founded until the reigu of Peter the 
 Great, who in the year 1700 established the lirst sepi.rate oflicial mining 
 administration, and by a ukase on December 10, 1710, iiromulgated 
 the first Eussian mining law, which has been the basis of all subse- 
 quent governmental measures for the regulation of mines. The Gov- 
 ernment works and mines are divided into dLstriets, each under tiie 
 supervision of a special mining inspector. There are four .such dis- 
 tricts in the Urals, one in northern Russia, and one in Poland. The 
 private mines and works are ujider the inspection of district eugiueers, 
 
13fi 
 
 MmERAI- UESOITUCES. 
 
 eight in tint ITrtils, four in the < 'uncitsus, six in western anil six in east- 
 ern Sibiu'ia, the district engineers forming tlielinli between tlio [iriviite 
 minims and works and the eliief mining adniiuistriition. 
 
 The worlving of iron ores and tlieir treatment in coldljlast fnrnaeos 
 or in forges lias been earried on for eentnries in the government of 
 Novgorod in the neighborhood of rstinzhina, afterwards called Zhles- 
 nopol; but the manufacture o*' pig iron and the treatment of iron on a 
 larger scale was tirst develo|»e(t in central Russia, and in the govern- 
 ments of OInetz and J'erm, where not only ric-li deposits of ore, but 
 also an abundance of wood occur, together with other natural and 
 economical conditions favorable to the dcvch))uncnt of the iron indus- 
 try. I5y d<!grees the )iund)er of works increased, and the iron industry 
 took root in localities where it had not i)reviously existed; still the 
 chief centers were always in the ITral Mountain region, in central 
 Itussia, and Poland. However, in recent years there has been a large 
 production in southern Itnssia. 
 
 In the Urals, the nu-tallurgical industry began to take root in the 
 beginning of the seventeenth (U'utury, about the time that the (lovern- 
 ment had built the tirst iron works. The discovery of iron ores near 
 the river Nitsa was followed in I(i.'U by the initial enterprise in the 
 Urals, called the Nitsinsk works. At these works wrcmght ircui, as was 
 usual in those ilays, was manufactured directly from the ore in forges 
 or hearths supplitnl with artiti(;ial blast. Afterwards the industry was 
 flrinly established by Peter the Oreat. Iron ores were discovered in 
 the Oovcrnment of Olnet/, in IC^". being first exploited by a foreigner, 
 but subserpiently by the governn (ul. 
 
 The government also actively followed up the idea of the manufac- 
 ture of iron with mineral fuel in the south of Russia, the tirst of such 
 works being established in the (lovernment of Kkateriiioslav in 1797, 
 but this and several other |ilants subse<iueiitly erected were unsuc- 
 («ssful, and it was not until 1871 that a furnace was erected in 
 the Don Province and proved a success, this plant being followed by 
 others. The discovery and detailed exploration of the extremely rich 
 ironoro deiM)sits of the Krivoi-rog was followed by the erection of 
 several large iron and steel works in the south of Russia, and it is 
 exi)ecte(l that within a few years the industry in this portion of the 
 Russian Kmpirc will develop to such an extent tliiit the Ural wc.ks will 
 be obliged to cede their precedcnc^e, at least as to tpiantity i)roduced. 
 
 Ill the last partition of Poland the land on which the iron industry 
 first started in the thirteenth century was divided between Prussia, 
 Austria, and Russia. In 1814 there were forty-six blast furnaces within 
 the limits of the principality of Warsaw. The period between 183.'! and 
 1837 was remarkable for the introduction of the hot blast and the 
 employment of coal in the manufa(;tui'e of iron. 
 
 The works of eastern Russia, namely, of the (lovernmeiits of Perm, 
 Viatka, Ufa, and Orenburg, bc^longing to tlie .so-called mining regions 
 of the Urals, smelt maguetic and brown iiii:i ores chielly ; but red hema- 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE8. 
 
 187 
 
 tite, siderite, and spherosiderito sire also smelted in comparatively 
 miiall quantities. The must i'ciiiiiri<al>lo deposits of magnetic iron ore 
 occur at i^Iounts Hhifrodat and V'isolvaia, in the central Urals, in tlie 
 (iovernment of Perm, and at Mount Magnitnaia, in the south Urals, 
 Government of Orenburg. The deposits of Mount Visokaia, which 
 furnish several mining districts witli ore, yield above 8,000,0<)0 poods 
 (say 125,000 long tons) annually. This ore contains from (i3 t« (iO i)er 
 cent of iron, and can often be smelted without the addition of fluxes. 
 Mount Ulagodat annually yields over 3,0(H),000 poods (say 48,000 tons) 
 of ore, containing from 52 to 5.S per eentof iron. The Blagodat Mountain 
 consists of augite-porphyry, passing into uralite porphyry, the summit 
 tx-ing capped by a compact basaltic rock. The magnetite is distributed 
 in stringti and irregular masses and is very compact, but contains iron 
 pyrite, calcspar, apatite, mica, and analcime. It is mined by open cut. 
 A model of the cx|)loitation and photograjdis of various portions of 
 the excavation, showing a largo number of men digging ore and women 
 wheeling it in barrows, with samples of the ore and products therefrom, 
 formed an interesting feature of the display in the Russian court of the 
 Mines and Mining liuildiug of the World's (Columbian Exi)osition. 
 Mount Blagodat ore, unlike that from Mount V'isokaia, requires the 
 suldition of limestone as flux. The ore of Mount Magnitnaia, .is mined, 
 is (|uite rich, <;ontaining sonicdmes as uiuch as (!G per cent of iron, but 
 is not largely mined, owing to its distance from iron works and want of 
 means of communication. Besides the three localities named, a con- 
 siderable amount of magnetic iron ore is obtained from several depos- 
 its on the eastern side of the Urals. In IST-l an important deposit of 
 specular ore was discovered in the north of the Urals, and in 1890 the 
 Koutimsk Iron Works were built for smelting this ore. 
 
 Extensive deposits of brown hematite occur in the central and south- 
 ern Urals, under varying conditions, viz: (1) In small irregular masses 
 in plutonic rocks; (2) as beds in metamorphic rocks; (3) in deposits at 
 the contact of metamorphic and plutonic rocks; (4) in beds at the con- 
 tact of metamorphic rocks with Silurian limestone; (5) in accumulations 
 in the lower horizon of the Silurian formation; ((5) in beds of clayey 
 sandstone of (jarboniferous or Devonian ago; (7) as accumulations in 
 the form of nests in Silurian or Carboniferous limestones; (8) as accu- 
 mulations in alluvium. 
 
 Some of these ores are of high quality, yielding pig iron suitable for 
 the Bessemer process, an analysis indicating as mucli as 08 per cent 
 of iron after the moisture is driven off. 
 
 Deposits of spherosidcrite, said to occur in the Cai'boniferous sand- 
 stone, are found in many parts of the Clovernment of Viatka, and in the 
 western jjart of the Government of Perm. In general, those ores are 
 not rich, and they contain a liberal amount of phosphorus. The deposits 
 of red hematite on the western slopes of the Urals, which are in Car- 
 boniferous formations, sometimes yield 01 per cent of iron in smelt- 
 ing. Chrome iron ore is also found is several localities in this region. 
 
138 
 
 MINF.RAL URSnURCES. 
 
 The on> is rcporteil to contiiin from 10 to .50 per cent oxide of iron and 
 IW to .'{S per cent of oxide of clironiinin. In tliis cmint'ctioii the follow- 
 ing extniets are instu'fed, tiikcn from "A iSlioit DcsiTiption of the 
 Bakiilsky I >i'po8its of Iron," written by Mr. Ad. Ochrni: 
 
 Thr'so miiinx ari' HitiiatiMl on thii western Htopo nf tlic hhiiIIii'i ii I'rul Mnniitains, in 
 the Zliitotiflt (liHtrict, in tint (lovrrnnifiit of llfii, at a tliMtancn of (U) kilonnMcrfl 
 (HT. -'X niili'H), Hiintliwinl of flin town of /latoiint. l''oi' miiri' tlian a century ami a 
 half tlirHfl iriin-cirn mines have supiilieil a nnmlier of Iron worlis famunH tliron^liont 
 Russia for the exeelh-in'e of their metal. Tln^ iron ore is found in ehiHt) ciuiueetlon 
 withilolrunitic limestone, it lieinu elaimed that these liniestom'H are transfornu'd into 
 Hpathie ore and afterwards into hrown hematite, au<l that in the mineral heds in 
 (|uesti(in all the sui'c.essivo decrees of Hueli a transformation may lie oliservi'd. In 
 the exploitation of the Itakalsky deposits, hrown heuuitite was ohtainetl at the ftur- 
 face. As the workings were carried deeper, spathii' iron ores were found, wliich 
 Hul>se(|uentl,v nave jilaee in turn to di>loniitie limestone. At these mines hrown 
 heinatit<^ and spathic ores serve as tln> principal materials; in siuue gdaceg, liowover, 
 red hematite and specular iron ore may hi> ohserved. At pn«ont ahont 100, (llX) IcuiK 
 tons of iron on'S are yearly w(»n at the Ilakalsky miin's, ami suudted into ]nj^ iron in 
 hiast furnaces in the vicinity. On acconni of the lack <d' mineral fuel, charcoal is 
 nsed ill all the furnaces in the soutlnrn l'':i| .Monii tains for smelt in);. The whole of 
 the! IJakalsk.v ore dei>.)sit is divided int.» lots or shares hclon^inir to tlm owners of 
 several furnaces. The (pnintity of ore wliidi m.iy he won hy open pits within the 
 limits nf the share hcdonniu;; to the Siirisky Iron Works is estinmteil at l(i,CI(IO,0(IO 
 long tons. This I'stimate is louuded tin a scries of trials, which show that every 
 ciihic meter contains, .-iccordin;; totlie<iuantity of un product i\'e m.aterials in the layer, 
 from 11,,'> mtttric t(nis to lilt tons of ore. The richness of the ironstone deposits of 
 the three iieifrhlan'inif shares indicates that the .-imount of (tn* is to he estimated at 
 not less than the above <|uantity. 
 
 The mini!i<; of ore is carried on at all of the mines in open pits, hy a series of ter- 
 races, whoso height varies from - to 1 meters ((U to lit feet) ju'cordiug tothe contpaet- 
 ncss of the rock. For hlastin;; solid rock work gelatinous dyiwimile is useil. The 
 conveying of the ore is done partly liy r.-iil (l)eeoville system) and jiartly liy two- 
 wheeled carts, drawn hy horses. The ores are sifted through iron grates in onler to 
 remove the chiy and earthy suhstiiiices at the place id' exploitation. Here. also, the 
 ore is carefully roasted in large ojteu heaps, snmetimes H,1KX) terns hcing in one heap 
 under cover of earthy fire. Hy the me.aus ein])loyed ',) tons of well-roasted ore are 
 obtained for each cubic meter of biridi wood consumed. The roasted ore i> again 
 sifted before it is transported, the whole loss by roasting ,'i.nd sifting amounting to 
 about '20 per cent of the original weight. The iron works being at a distance of 
 about 100 kilometers ((i2 miles) trom the mim's, the roasting of the ore on the Bpot, 
 by lessening the weight, reduces considerably the cost of carriage. The transport 
 of ore is carried on only in the winter, and is done nartly by sledges, drawn by horses, 
 and partly by i.vilway. 
 
 The average standard quiilitics of the roasted ores are shown by the 
 following aiiiilysis: 
 
 AnalijDis ofroatlrd Ilakahln iron ore. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Vur cent. 
 
 Tnn-i>t» 0.75 
 
 .41 to L'..'i4 
 
 aTniio to .U4 
 
 Tracoto .05 
 
 
 r.7. fis to fi2. ni 
 
 :i.H8 to 10.18 
 
 2. 22 to r>.08 
 
 .40 to 2.12 
 
 
 Silfcft 
 
 ' Maii^ani'HO oxifli' 
 
 ■ I'hoHplinritrt 
 
 tSitl|iiMir - 
 
 
 
 
 rtAveratic nf live ilcit'inmiiiiioiis. o.O'-Ti. 
 
PROmirTION OF IRON O^KS. 
 
 139 
 
 Tlio iron district of centriil Kussiii incliideH tlio (Jovcrnnieiits of 
 Nizlmi Novj^orotl, Vliulitnir, Itia/aii, Tula, Kalouffa, and Oriol. T\iv 
 ort's worlied aro the brown lic.niatitcs and siderite. As a rule tlmy are 
 easily reducible, but in the niiijority of cases are not distinguished 
 either for their riclmcH.s or i)urity, as they contain considerable idios- 
 phorus. They aro, however, suitable for the manufacture of cast iron. 
 
 Olnetz and Finland are rich in hike and bog ores, but the majority 
 of the ores are poor in iron and phosphoritic. In the south of Poland 
 brown hematite ores, containing 40 i)er cent of iron, aro found inclosed 
 in rocks of J)evonian age. Tlie Carboniferous formation of Poland con- 
 tains nunicrons beds of spherosiderite, the thickness of which is very 
 variable, but this mineral is often found in large masses, and is exten- 
 sively worked. Numerous deposits of brown iron ore ocicur in the west 
 of Russia, in the Governments of Vilna, Minsk, and Volyn. A con- 
 siderable amount of spherosiderite, containing 27 to S.T per cent of iron, 
 and brown hematite, with .'5r> to 4.5 per cent of iron, is raised in the 
 south and east of Poland, but the nia,jority of these ores contain |)hos- 
 phorus. The bog or lake ores r)f Finland are dredged from the lakes 
 which abound in that Province. 
 
 The Don coal basin, in the south of llussia, is known to be rich in iron. 
 The ores of this district are chietly brown lienuitites, which occur in 
 Carboniferous strata. Heside these, in the soutli of Kussia there are 
 im)>ortant deposits of purer and richer ores, containing OO to (!8 per cent 
 of iron. These deposits, which consist of magnetic, specular, and red 
 hematite ores, occur on the borders of the Governments of Kherson and 
 Ekateriuoslav, in the neighborhood of Krivoi-rog. The exploitation 
 of tliese deposits has been .comparatively rapid. In 1890 more than 
 19,000,000 poods (over .'500,000 long tons) were i)roduced by seven mines 
 working on the open-cut system. Besides this there is a deposit of 
 magnetic ores, favorably situated near Korsak Mogila, in the Tauride 
 Government, about 20 miles from Berdiansk, one of the ports of the 
 Azov Sea. 
 
140 
 
 MINKKAI- RKSOIIRCK8. 
 
 Tlio following tabic, taken from t)i<t IiidiiHtrics of UiisMiii, Vol. IV, 
 iMiiiiiiKHiitl Mt^tiilliirffy, liy A. Kcpitcii, shows tlieoiit|iiif of tlio KuHsinn 
 iron ore iniiios l)y districts, as well us the iiuriiliei' of iictivo mines in 
 eucli district, for tlie years IH8(i to IHtN), thu liiteHt for which otiiciul 
 llKnre8 could he obtained: 
 
 rrodurtion of iron nri' in UuHHiii, hij diHtrit'ln^ 
 
 Kruluna. 
 
 llnil« 
 
 rclilnil IhiHHiti 
 H^Mitli ICmmhIu.. 
 
 I'liliillil 
 
 Hilxirl* 
 
 Nurtli UiiN!«ia. . 
 
 Finlaiitl 
 
 CtturaHiin 
 
 iiliil . 
 
 Number 
 
 >riiiiiii^rt. 
 
 mi 
 
 PnMliiutton. 
 
 a 10 
 
 ViHttla. 
 41.741 
 
 7, i:i4 
 
 n. r«i, 
 
 T.imi, 
 
 7:ii, 
 
 4:i;i, 
 
 ift) 
 
 4UII 
 (HHI . 
 
 :[iK) 
 
 '(Ml 
 
 XiiiiilH'r 
 nl'iiiiui'S. 
 
 au 
 ata 
 
 PnKluo.,„„.j.|f™;- 
 
 VmtiU. (fct 
 47. 474, NK) 
 H, \\M, MKI 
 
 111. (HW. :uio 
 
 H. 7»L', .MK) 
 KII.WKI 
 WU, TiUO 
 
 6,7112,200 
 
 n77tl 
 
 IH,770. lOU [ 
 
 1I02( 
 n77t! 
 
 RegloDi. 
 
 NiiiiiIht 
 of niliifH. 
 
 VrftU 
 
 <7rlltrill KuHt^iA. 
 SiHitli UimHiu . . . 
 
 I'oland 
 
 Siliuria 
 
 North KiiHHia ... 
 
 FinliiiKl .. 
 f.*iiiiuaMim . 
 
 4B8 
 
 20 
 •11 
 70 
 
 4 
 
 I'l 
 
 al3< 
 
 1/ 
 
 aia4t 
 
 «2.7.''i4,.'iO0 
 
 I'ttmln. {I) 
 Til. 111,700 
 10, 2211, IKK) 
 21.IHI7, 1100 
 
 i:i,:io«.riou 
 7k;i, 200 
 
 1,009,U(HI 
 2. MO. 000 
 
 T(lt4ll . 
 
 .| „J^5{ lUO, 107,8110 
 
 822 
 20 
 20 
 
 m 
 
 7 
 1117 
 
 nln2 
 
 PrtHliictlon. 
 
 I'otidi. (h) 
 4U. 204, 700 
 M, (127, :«)0 
 
 i:i. IIU4. uoo 
 
 12. 14H,MI0 
 7U9. WMI 
 4H 1,200 
 
 2. 201, 500 
 
 0;i2( 
 a 14'Jt 
 
 1890. 
 
 Niimltpr 
 ul'inlih'H. 
 
 4.Vi 
 22 
 22 
 40 
 ti 
 
 a 180) 
 2 
 
 I'liadl. (6) 
 SO, 268, 178 
 
 12. 272,7H8 
 22,907,.'i:M 
 
 i:i. :i04,iW9 
 
 7tU, 8U1 
 571, 472 
 
 3,125,000 
 2:12, .WO 
 
 ( a IK] 
 
 108,022,052 
 
 a LukuH. b A immhI is eiiiial to 30.113 pounds aroinlupols. 
 
 The following; table, excerpted from the same publication, shows the 
 amounts of dilfereiit characters of iron ore smelted in the blast furnaces 
 of the Russian Umpire for the years 1882 to 1890, both inclusive. This 
 table demonstrates that between 1882 and 1800 the consumption of mag- 
 netic iron ore increased (i(> per cent, while the consumption of brown 
 hematite ore was augmented only a little over 110 per cent. Red hema- 
 tite ischieHy smelted by the iron works of .south Russia. A striking 
 feature in this table is the large increa.so in the amount of forge and 
 mill cinder smelted, over ten times the amount used in 1882 being con- 
 sumed in 1890. About one-half of this (quantity was consumed by the 
 tin works of Poland, while the thirty-si.ic works of the Urals smelted 
 only about one fifth of the 1890 total. This may be ascribed to the fact 
 that in the I'rals the ores are ritdi in iron, and cost comparatively little, 
 while the works of Poland smelt exceedingly poor ores, which, more- 
 over, are r.ather expensive. 
 
 I Tlui t^italH ill tliia talilo iw f'uniiHliiMl iliil imt rorrcHiifUHl witli tlie hiiuih uf tlm varinua it^^uifl, anil 
 wt're tlicrol'onniltiTiil: liut that lorlSllOaH ri'i-civrtl wan rurri'cl, liriuj; cumpileil from iitlHT aourrea. 
 
PRODUCTION OK IKON OHKM. 141 
 
 .imituntu and nirii'tivx nf iron nrt' Hutfllnt in linHnian hhitt I'lintitofM, /.sW.' to ls:tf). 
 [TtuiiiHiiiiiU iif pmmIii.] 
 
 Vnrtety. 
 
 Hi'iUi(jniiitll». 
 
 Slilerit.i 
 
 Cliky 'rnoNUiiifl 
 
 I.hI<i) unil bii^itru 
 
 OUiHr tiri'8 
 
 8lu(% ruMt Iriin, ouil Hcrap. 
 
 Total 
 
 1883. IHWI. IglM. mw. 
 
 IIIM. I lull?. IHMK, I8MI. IgWI. 
 
 M»Knetlr 11, (ms; 12,111:1 13,120 i;f,2(4 i:i,ns4' l,'.,o:w in 'i-ii 12, Ton 
 
 Hniwii liviiiiitlti' ;iri,(M4 ill. 131 M.Mu :i4,3a;i M.xn 4:mii!ii 4:i,i>4u ,'>i, iiii 
 
 14, led .7,003 14,3111 10,03: 
 
 TM 1,244 1,6.W 2, 1,';4 
 
 ei,U.'il 01,571 01, IM 08,00:1 
 
 I I I 
 
 i7,7i);i 
 
 40. :I4H 
 11,2110 21,h:io 
 
 |14,UIH I 
 
 I2,H(K|, 18, 7«i; I «,5:i4, 14,1113 
 
 i,im\ 1,8011 2,ii:ia 
 
 I ! 1 4113 
 
 2,074 3, ,W2 4,250| 6, 728j 7,.'>40 
 
 00,277 78,0311 85,5301 01,1031 110,877 
 
 I I I I 
 
 Tlie table fjiveii below will show tlie iinuitically iiiiiiiternipted f;rowtli 
 of tlie pig-iron iiidiistry in Ku.ssiii t'roiii the year 1822 to 181K), and was 
 takoii from the "Miiiinj; IiuliistrieH of Uiissia." 
 
 Production of pig iron <n Jluiaia/rom 1822 to tSOO. 
 
 Yuan. 
 
 I'nHlurtiun. 
 
 Av(>rHH<' 
 
 .\mrly jiro- 
 
 (huaioii. 
 
 Yoara. 
 
 Prod notion. 
 
 AvrrHgo 
 (liu'tioii. 
 
 i822-ia2ri 
 
 1828 18;i0 
 
 1831 I8:i.'. 
 
 18:I0-I84U 
 
 randi. 
 
 :io, 010, 104 
 
 ,'>:i, 711,844 
 ii2,41P8,248 
 ,14,51)0.471 
 50, u:io, 734 
 32 51,1, 519 
 Ol, 717, 572 
 
 Poodt. 
 0.154,041 
 10. 742. :ioo 
 10, 400, 0.10 
 10,1I|1I,2!U 
 11,200,147 
 12,.103. IM 
 13,043.514 
 
 1858-lRflO 
 
 I'nodt. 
 
 82, 800, 707 
 88, ,128, 007 
 07,081,:i05 
 110, 084, .102 
 1311,754,007 
 140, 010, 704 
 212, 320, 743 
 
 Vimdn. 
 10,501,04' 
 17. 005. CO 
 10. .106 270 
 2:1.810,018 
 20, :,-K). 081 
 2P, 02:>, :i.io 
 42,405,040 
 
 1801 1805 . . 
 
 IHOfl 1870 
 
 1871 1875 
 
 1811 1845 
 
 1840 18,1(1 
 
 1851-1855 
 
 1870-1880 
 
 1881-1885 
 
 1889-1800 
 
 The following table gives the protlnction of iron ore and ]>ig iron in 
 the Kiissian Empire in such years as these figures could be obtained, 
 Mr. (leorge Ivameiisky, of St. Petersburg, Russia, furnishing those for 
 18!K): 
 
 Production and consumption of iron ore ih Iluaaia; aho pig iron manufactured. 
 
 Yonni. 
 
 Prodno- 
 tion of 
 iron ore. 
 
 — — „ 
 
 Metric tonn. 
 8. (MM 
 
 48. :ion 
 120.11:12 
 
 .181.771 
 .138. 2H2 
 oiij, 1:11 
 
 0!K1, 4110 
 7»!1. :iuo 
 Kll,.135 
 80:i,OI4 
 008, 607 
 
 '.'. "i,'o6:i,'8:ii' 
 
 8117.0118 
 
 rig Iron 
 liiatle. 
 
 ifetrie ionf. 
 
 Years. 
 
 rnHliiu- 
 
 ' tlon of 
 
 iron ore. 
 
 I'lg Iron 
 iiiado. 
 
 1840 
 
 1850 
 
 1800 
 
 1800 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1800 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 18-'4 
 
 1875 
 
 1870 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1K70 
 
 Metric tout. 
 
 Metric tnm. 
 428.511 
 441.:i.10 
 n 402. 125 
 n 455. 2:14 
 u 474. 005 
 It 501.:i44 
 a 519,213 
 a 52:1,710 
 a 002, 785 
 110.10,413 
 ii728.:iUl 
 11 01 1 , 8,14 
 1.1814,745 
 1,011,252 
 1,K*704 
 
 
 1881) 
 
 : 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1881 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1880 
 
 i 1887 
 
 ; 1888 
 
 1880 
 
 1800 
 
 ... 1.023.88:1 
 
 .. 1.(HI1.080 
 . .1 1.078,000 
 0118. 000 
 . . 1,010,1810 
 .. 1,001.050 
 .. 11 1.071.400 
 
 . a I,:i:i4, 142 
 .. II l,:i78.o«o 
 . 11 i,ei:i,025 
 .. a 1,707.313 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.:'.'.'.:'. 
 
 ":i.i4,'o:i2 
 3.1:1.710 
 
 :i03.005 
 378. :i87 
 371.:i55 
 420, 484 
 
 :io6.'7:i2 
 
 410.001 
 
 ! 1802 
 
 I 1893 
 
 ..j 1.677.016 
 ■■| 
 
 
 
 a I 
 
 00;; tonu. 
 
 
 
142 
 
 iMINKRAL UKS(JUltCi:8. 
 
 nilAlAKlA. 
 
 M. Leon Tim, .inl,' in reportiiijf on tliuiiiinci'iil resources (triiiilfjaria, 
 states tUiit ini.uiietic iron sand is found near Saninkov in tiie alluvium 
 of tlie rivers, beiuf;- formed from the de(M)iiii)o8ition of syenite, which 
 constitutes the iiu)untain of Vitousch and nei;,'hborin;,f heiyiits. The 
 ore, hu says, is pure and ricli, and has from tiuie immemorial been 
 employed in making iron by a niodilied Catalan forj;e process. It is 
 collected iu natural or artilicial basins and washed with more or less 
 care. The ore is treated in low furnaces with charcoal for the direct 
 extraction of the metal, tlie product beinj^ taken to forjjes where it is 
 hanunered and shaped into irreguhir bars by means of hammers, 
 worked by water power. Tiie waste is enormous, and it is stated that 
 six i>arts (.;" iron sand (containing (iO to 70 per c(!nt of iron) are reipiired 
 to produce one jiart of iron. The slaj,' <'ontains 40 i)er <'ent of iron. 
 The metal, whu-L is of good quality and easily worked, is exported 
 into Asia. Iron smelting was i>racticed in a large number of small 
 works scattered along the Isker or its tributaries, in the neighborhood 
 of Sannikov, where there were at that time more than 80 furnaces and 
 18 hammers, and also at Ktropole, where the Sannikov ore was treated, 
 on account of tiu; abundant su]»ply of wood. Tha industry is rapidly 
 decliniug because of foreign competition. 
 
 
 SKUVIA. 
 
 Mr. I'\ W. Uanu^s, who superintended the rebuilding of the old blast 
 furnace at Majdenpek, Servia, formerly used by the Servian Govern- 
 ment, states the charcoal is useil as a fuel in the blast furnace. The 
 ores, which are chietly hennitites, contain when dry about 55 to 02 per 
 cent of iron, but t'>c silica is rather high. 
 
 TUUKEY. 
 
 Turkey has some rich deposits of iron ores, ant' sonuiore is exported, 
 lint little of it, however, is manufactured into iron in Turkey, and this 
 small (puintity is nearly all )troduced in the Province of Hosnia, where 
 the iron ores, laiucipally linioniles and magnetites, are smelted iu 
 the old-fashioned •AVolfofen." Probably some L'5,000 tons of iroti ore 
 arc annually smelted, the yield in metal, owing to the eruuc methods 
 employed, being very low. 
 
 A large deposit of red hematite is reported to have b(>en found in 
 the district of Varies, Turkey. Iron ore is also found along the Hank of 
 the Treskouac Mountain, in the valley of N'araaac Uiver, and iu the 
 Snioeka, Slatina, and Schaski mountains. 
 
 ' Itovuu Ulilnrei'llii lira Min.s, Vol. XIX, pp. I-'.".'. 
 
1 '{ODUCIIUN Of IKON DUES. 
 
 143 
 
 UREKCU. 
 
 (irtH'cc, alxxiiiiLs in iron o cs, iiriucipally Ciirlioniito.s, licin.ititcs, iiiid 
 niiijjnetiU's, f'orinin^j irrCK'i'l"'' nnis.ses in the limestone, or at. eontiict of 
 the limestone and mica-seliists. Tiio greater ixirtion ol' the ores contain 
 manjianese, those of Seri])ho.s yielding sonictiuies from 5 to 8 per cent 
 of this metal. 
 
 At Seriphos, cue of the Cyclades, a brown hematin is found near 
 the seashore in the form of compact masses from !) to 45 fei't in thick- 
 ness, and in the interior of the i.sland bodies of magnetii! iron ore exist 
 in the immediate vicinity of granite. These deposits were worked as 
 open (piarries, and it is stated that this island was used by the Komans 
 as a place for kee[)ing ;'onvicts, who were made to operate the mines. 
 Exploitation in later times was commenced in ISTO. In 1880 a French 
 company obtaineil the mines, and since the latter date have shipped 
 the following (|uantities of iron ore, the tons being the short ton of 
 2,((00 iionnds. Hetweeii J87() and 1880, 4L',000 tons are said to have 
 been exiiorted 
 
 l-'.rjtnrl>i of imti nrc /mm Srrijihon, lSSt-IS^:l, 
 
 YearH. 
 
 
 Kxpiirtt* to 
 
 Ihn riiitcd 
 
 Stales. , 
 
 Y.ar». 
 
 Tolill 
 uxportH. 
 
 KxiMiriM 1^) 
 
 tin- rnit«(l 
 
 SUilea. 
 
 
 Short tout. 
 
 .^ 150 
 
 (1, wo 
 28, 10(1 
 21.«45 
 
 7, :t.'>o 
 :i;, 0411 
 
 61,215 
 
 Short long. 
 
 
 Short torn. 
 
 18, ISO 
 37. 7.10 
 89, 470 
 70, 360 
 142, 445 
 87, 670 
 
 Short tonii. 
 6, !I5C 
 18, 776 
 30, 460 
 10, 080 
 41,440 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,800 
 13. 185 
 
 3, WO 
 2fl. 31)0 
 45, 380 
 
 
 
 
 188.^ . 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 1887 
 
 
 
 
 The hematite ores contain 40 to 48 per cent of iron, 2..*5 per cent of 
 niiuigmu^se, 2.5 to 4 per cent of silica, and 0.02 per cent of phosphorns; 
 the liuKniito ores, 50 to 5.'{ per <*ent of iron, 4 to H j)er (;ent of sili(^a, and 
 0.0;>r) to 0.04 per cent of phospii jrns. Tlie magnetite in the interior of 
 tlio island is stated to contain about *)5 ])er cent of iron. 
 
 Mr H. 0. Babbitt, chemist of tlie Wellnmn Iron and Steel Company, 
 has ipplied Uu* followinfj analyses of f*>ur cargoes (abont 12.000 tons) 
 of Seriphos ore, imported fro.u 1SS8 to 1S1»;(: 
 
 AmdytitH of ^Seriph 
 
 uH irnii itre. 
 
 MniRturc 
 
 Dried iit LM2': 
 
 Iron 
 
 Silicu 
 
 VImH|ilmni 
 
 Sutiihiii' . ■ 
 
 Aluiniiia 
 Liiiui 
 
 MA^UilHi.l . 
 
 AvuruKu. 
 
 UIglliwl. 
 
 I.(IWfiM(. 
 
 Pit emt. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 I'er rnit. 
 
 3.88 
 
 5. 36 
 
 1.8.'i 
 
 50. 45 
 
 03. 14 
 
 .53. 32 
 
 0.084 
 
 8.0(1 
 
 0. 33 1 
 
 . 034 
 
 . 044 
 
 .013 i 
 
 .108 
 
 .U." 
 
 . ll.'hl 
 
 1. 140 
 
 1.7:!0 
 
 ,:illl 
 
 l.OtH 
 
 i.:ai 
 
 . 875 
 
 2. 800 
 
 3.010 
 
 1. 530 
 
 .771 
 
 1.730 
 
 .310 
 
144 
 
 MINERAL Ur.HOl'KCKS. 
 
 About oiit'liiill'of this (iro was uiiiKiic'titc, and liiu! lialf'rcd hematite. 
 
 The ('oiiiiia^Miic Fraii(;aiso des Mines du Lauriiiiii own seven j^'inci- 
 pal concessions, containing l.l.tS acres of hind, on the eastern sliore of 
 Attica at Oypriano, and hav(^ been granted ix'nnission to work iron, 
 lead, copper, zinc, and niangaidferoiis iron ore. The mineral bed is 
 formed by a series of deposits alternatc^Iy of grannlar limestone and 
 schist. The inni and nianganiferous iron oresoet'nr in large quantities 
 at the first contact. Since 1881 nianganiferous iron ore has been 
 shipped from Oypriano, containing Xi to 40 per cent of iron and 12 to 
 18 per c(!iit of nianganese. At the end of 18!)3 it is estimated that 
 l,(tC.".,«8() tons, valued at !i<2,07!>,500, have been exported since 1881. 
 
 The total amount of ir<ni ore mined in (rreece in 18!*13 was approxi- 
 mated 2r)0,(HM> tons, and in addition 157,7o(i tons of manganese and 
 manganifcrous iron ore were obtained. Manganifenms iron ore is also 
 exported from the islands of Milo and Eubcea. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 From frequent references to the use of iron in thelJible, from results 
 of explorations in the vicinity of ancient IJabylon, of Nineveh, and of 
 otiier buried cities, and from various other sources, proof is abundant 
 that the region now recognized as Arabia, Syria, Palestine, and Asiatic 
 Turkey is the original home of the earliest iron industry. These sources 
 of information also show that much of the iron ore treated came from 
 htcal deposits, which in some sections are still utilized on a small scale. 
 
 Dr. liiidwig Heck' gives much information on the early iron work • 
 ings, from which the following is excerpted: 
 
 With thn At^HyriiUiH iron ^vas roiiinioii, and iruit unr in at>uii4ltitit ill Mh^ AHHyriiin 
 inountiuns. Tli(« Kunls in Syria Htill iiuiku their own iron, ami Htful is l\iinwn to 
 have Imm'Ii niiiilc ill thi) nionntainoiiH conntrirs. 
 
 Wlion tho city of Dainascns was taUtrii in H(K1 li. (,'., it liad to jiay to tho AsHyrians 
 about l(i7,<H)0iioiindh of iron. From thi.s it can liisjndfti'd how lii);hly iron was \ allied 
 and how rxtenHivoly it waH used in those early times. 
 
 'I'lio excavations of Khorsahad disclosed u Htorerooin tilled with iron billc'ts, weinli- 
 iiiK altod'itlier about ;t.")L',()()0 pouiiils. Most of these wort' )ioiiitcd at the end, had i 
 IriiKth of from 13 to 111 inches and a thickness of from It to .51 inches. wei|;hin({ from 
 !1 to It ponndseach. Ka<'h Inul a hole near thui'iid O.S inch in illanictcr. They were, 
 indeed. I'illits of c(uiimercial iron of the time, and the holes served to tie them 
 to^^etlicr in bundles to be carried on the backs of oxen, mules, or camolH. 
 
 The billets jiroved 1o be sott iron of excellent nuality. Iron eltains, ^o.iks, horse 
 bits, and iriui b.irs were also fonnil, 
 
 The smiths of llama.scns bore an exceedingly Iuk'' reputation for their skill in 
 working iron and steel. Ncbuchailuezzar, the KiiiK of Assyria, boasts of having led 
 away the sniiths of liamasi'iis into captivity, Timnr, the KiUK of the Tartars, diil 
 the same live linndreil yi'ai's a(;o. The lioinan Kmporor Diocletian had lur);e factories 
 established at Damascus to furnish arms fortius Itomaii army. Thron);h th» liomaiis 
 the DainaHceiie swords were introdneicl into Kiirope. 
 
 The Israelites oiituined articles of iron and steel from the ChalybeaiiH in northern 
 Armenia, a jicojile whom .losephus calls the dcHcendants of Tnbal-t'ain, the iron 
 smith and master in workiii); metals. 
 
 There is alnindaut proof of an cxtensivi^ industry in iron and bronze in .'nuaaii. 
 ' Ilii' Ifi'Hi'hii-litc tU'M Kittens ill seiiirii ti'olwitilit^iuL'lien mid ciiltiirliisloriMi^lM'ii !lit/.iL'liiiii);t-ii. 
 
PRODUCTION OF IKON OUES. 
 
 145 
 
 Iron wiiH .■spcciHlly valued by the Isniolitcs, anil iniii oiiw me rr.(|niiitly loiinil in 
 tlie l.olmnon MountailiH. Tho nunie» of aniuu of tlm cities iniliuute their |>romiiient 
 eonnection with the ancient iron indnstry and ore niininj;. 
 
 Masses of clay iron ore are found intiTniin^'led with spathie ore of line <iiiiility, 
 ai«l there are miinerous evidencesof ancient ininiuf; activity, but it vasof an inferior 
 kind. The Kroinid is broken in all directions, but it is evident that (jiily those ores 
 wcri^ taken which could be most c^Tsilysiueltid. None of the pits arc! extensive, liut 
 they run lor Ions distances in every direction. The ore contains from 50 to tiO per 
 cent of inui, and tlic^ metal nuido from it is of excellent (|uality. However, the 
 8c;arcity of timber in the mouutaius of Lebanon precludes at present the workiugof 
 these ore deposits. 
 
 As louK as there was abundance of timber for .harcoal there was a considerable 
 iron industry, and the steel produced in that region found a ready sale all over .Syria. 
 
 .ludKing from all accounts, the Hebrews smelted the ore not in jiits, likL the Kjrvp- 
 tiaus, but in high bloomery or block ftiruaces, for the Hebrews were familiar with 
 the bellows aud its uses for smelting purposes. 
 
 PEKSIA. 
 
 The consumption of iron and steel iq) to tlie present time in Persia 
 has, according to Mr. A. F. Stiihl, been inconsiderable. He states tliat 
 the importations from Kussia by way of tlio Caspitm Sea amonnt to 
 '2,(M) tons per year, and a smaller (inantity comes from India, thron^ii 
 the Persian Gulf, theditliculties of transportation makiii<; tiic price of 
 iron (piite high. The home production, which is small, is made in the 
 vicinity of Amol from bro\vii hematite ores won there. 
 
 "With the exception of the arsensdsof the ditlerentSttites, the Teheran 
 Schachziide Abdnlazinier Iron Works aud one machine works are the 
 only consumers of iron. There is not a blast furiiiice in operation, owiiif; 
 to the lack of capital and coutidence, although there is abuudauce of 
 workable ores. 
 
 There tire masses of magnetite in the State of Kaschan, micaceous 
 hematite in the State of Nain, and specuhir and magnetic ores east of 
 Ye/.d, 10 kilometers (« miles) northeast of the little State < ) litifk. The 
 latter occurrence is the largest in Persia. In the middle of the desert 
 a liirge, dark hill occurs, in which Mr. Stahl estimates the amimnt of 
 iron ore at 0,000,000 cubic meters, not taking into consideration the 
 many hundred thousand tons of ore as bowlders, which cover the sur- 
 face of the plain for from 2 to ;{ kilometers (l\ to V{ miles). .Vbout 30 
 kihmieters (18.0 miles) from this hill, at tlie little UKmntain village of 
 Narigaii, is a deposit of brown sind red hematite U'.". to .'SO meters thick 
 (82 to 08 feet). Brown antl red hematites are also found in workable 
 quisntities at Hashan, in Bezirk Uaabiid. 
 
 While all the iron oredeposits mentioned above an; tit a considerable 
 distance from the cotil bed.s, that at Ardsdvc, 70 kilometers (43.V miles) 
 west of Teheian, is in close proximity to the eosil oiii(idi)s. The ore is 
 a .scaly red hematite, canyiiig about 70 per cent of iron oxide. In ,AIr. 
 Stahi's opinion this woidd be n tavorable sitiuition fur iron works, as 
 .SOL'l 10 
 
14G 
 
 MINERAL RK80URCES. 
 
 tbo coal is on the spot iind tlio princii>iil innrkvt, Teheniu, is not fur 
 distant. 
 
 Ainonjj otlier ore beds, Mr. Stall! mentions the tbllowinj;: About 13 
 kilometers (7A miles) east of Tehenin, in the Donshantepe ^[oimtaiiis, 
 is A rich specular and magnetic on^ mine, but the nearest coal is higher 
 up, close to the source of the DJadcu'ud River, about .'{"> kilometers (23 
 miles) distant. North and east of Seinnan workable aiuounts of red 
 hematite are found, but nocMial outcrops are known in tlie I'eigamberan 
 Mountains. Retween l)am$;han and Schahrud, north of the road, rich 
 red hematites outcrop, and about 15 kilometers {!( miles) away arc the 
 coals of Tazire. At Agere, distant a kilometer {.(> mile) from a copper 
 mine anil ch)so to the coal, brown hematite breaks through the Lias 
 formation. In the Tur Dervar ravine large masses of iriagnetite cmt- 
 crop, but there is no coal in the neighborhood. Hetweea Tasc'h and 
 Taschcliarbag titaniferous red hematite outcrops in tlie diabase, and 
 there is also considerable coal, but the amount of iron nrv is small. 
 
 Though all the iron ores occurring in Persia are not nu;ntioned above, 
 it would seem from the foregoing account to be well suiiplied with tliem. 
 
 Al'(i HANI STAN. 
 
 Magnetic and hematite <n'es are said to o(T,ur in the Hazara country, 
 and a clay-ironstone in the Tertiary rocks at liolan. In the \Va/.iri 
 country, near Kanigoorum, in eastern Afghanistan, limonite ores were 
 at one timoiuite extensively used in the manufiicture of iron. The ore 
 is said "to occur in shaly beds below limestone, and is roasted, bei'oni- 
 ing thereby black and magnetic.'' At Ba.jaur, in the I'eshawer district, 
 in tlie extreme northwest of India, iron was made from magnetic sand 
 which was in great demand at Cabul. 
 
 INDIA AND UUUMAn. 
 
 Iron ore occurs in nearly all the distiicts of India, tin- crystalline 
 rocks of the older formations generally containing the rich, pure ores, 
 while the later sednrientary ro('ks contain the leaner and inferior (|inility 
 of iron ore. The varieties most freijueiitly found are red and brown 
 hematite and magnetite, although clay-ironstono and sjiatliic ores, etc., 
 are also met with. 
 
 The imjiortant iron-ore fields of India are: (1) The brown hematites 
 of Harrackpur, in liengal (northeastern India); (2) the s|)ecular and 
 nningetites of Olianda, in the central provinces; (3) the red and brown 
 hematites of Kutni, in the central provinces. 
 
 In the JIatlras Presidency rich magnetic iron ore was for some years 
 raised and smelted by the Eiust India Iron Company. 
 
 At Lohara and Pipalgaon, in the central jirovinces, near Chanda, a 
 dense H])eeuhir and nnigneticore is found interstratilied with cry.stalline 
 schists in largo nuisses. which oc(;ur as hills and can be worked above 
 ground. At Teudukahra a manganiterous brown hematite, apparently 
 
PRODUCTION OK IKON OKE8. 
 
 147 
 
 intei'.stnitilicd witli liiiiestoiic, is wroutflit by the natives on a e(>in])ara- 
 tively hu'jjo scale. Huperllcial liinouitt;, locally known as "latcrito," is 
 coininon tlirouf^liont tbo whole of India, and is used in- many of the 
 native furnaces. 
 
 The following analyses of the iron ores of the three important fields 
 mentioned above are given by Mr. 0. It. von Hchwurz: 
 
 AnaljiaeK of reprcaentatire Kiml Indian iron iiivh. 
 
 
 Brown ores 
 oi Bar- 
 raf'kiinr. 
 
 Cliniifln orOH. 
 
 IMaolitio 
 
 liinoliltuor 
 
 Kiitui. 
 
 Magnetito. 
 
 Siieriilar. 
 
 
 fer cent. 
 78.1 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 IM.a 
 
 
 
 98. U 
 
 
 
 «r.. 6 
 
 
 
 2.G 
 •J. 1 
 5.1 
 
 Trace. 
 .5 
 
 .5 
 
 
 Carboiiati-H of liiiio nnd inllKnoHiii 
 
 .5 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.7 
 1.3 
 1.4 
 
 
 11.2 
 1.4 
 1.6 
 
 <.u 
 
 ,76 
 
 
 Wntiir 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trace. 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 lUO.O 
 
 100.(1 
 
 OB. 76 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 The brown iron ores at Barrackpur were used at the iron works 
 established there by the Governinent, but these were hot in operation 
 for any length of time. 
 
 At Satnapur and Dewalgaon brown hematite also occurs in consider- 
 able bodies. Manganiferous ores are al.so found. 
 
 Production and value of iron orci mined in India in the I/earn ISSDf ISBO, and lS9t. 
 
 IUK'.I. . ll*90. 1801. 
 
 liritUh Provinces. 
 
 BcliRal 
 
 Ilurniah 
 
 Out ml jirovini'eH 
 
 MattraH 
 
 Noiihwi'sU'rn iiroviiicoa awl 
 
 Oiiilli 
 
 Hniiiliay (incliHliiig SiiuUi and 
 
 native StatcM) 
 
 Punjab 
 
 Total 
 
 yative Staivt. 
 
 Hi\i|tutana StatoH — 
 
 My«urn 
 
 Central Imlia Amnir 
 
 Kaahuiii 
 
 Ni/.ani'rtilinnini<niM. .. 
 
 AiiMMinl. \'aliif. 
 
 HlUllt. 
 
 Value 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Long tonit.\}tuprpii. (a) 
 
 14, *27 ^4, 6(i» 
 
 lo,05:t :i, 107 
 
 1,428 2,:!86 
 
 119 I 11.014 
 
 M I 1, 770 
 
 1 3(!0 
 
 211,483 I 
 
 11.007 
 1, 2114 
 
 Total 
 
 Total Inilja 
 
 78 
 
 ^<» 
 n.ooo 
 
 :tO. 402 
 
 20,041 
 
 ai.2o7 
 
 a. o:i3 
 
 4. 3110 
 
 Long tonM.Utupeca. ia). Lanq tonti. 
 
 17,8.'i3 
 
 31,200 
 
 6,004 
 238 I 
 
 12, 052 
 7,601 
 
 0,.'>84 
 
 2, 118 
 
 524 
 
 l,8.->7 
 
 :io, :uio 
 
 20, 141 
 81.863 
 
 72,450 
 
 Tio.iST 
 
 4,400 I 
 28,20,'i j 
 
 4.421 
 
 i;m.si4 
 
 lO.'i, 107 
 
 20, 008 
 
 0,478 
 400 
 
 Value. 
 
 Ittipeee. (f7) 
 20. .M 7 
 
 17. (WO 
 0. 214 
 
 175 
 10 
 
 87 
 187 
 
 1.141 
 
 339 
 
 1,773 
 
 24. (I3U 
 10.480 
 00, 0811 
 
 (W i 
 
 3,2ri3 
 33,33,'i I 
 
 3,092 
 130,097 
 102,0.12 
 
 a 'I'lie nipee JH a nilver eein, (lie Htanilanl unit of viilue in Iniliii. Its nominal value in 2 Htiilliii|r8 
 KncIiHli noine.v. or aimiit 4?* i-cntH .Vniern-an. but HUwe tin- ilri-lim- in tlie nnirket priee itf ailver ilH 
 lorei^n pui-( liiisin^ (lower ban been redueeil (o alii>nt one-ball*, lieiti^ eijuivaleiit <Inne 1 to about 26 
 or 110 eelitM .\nieriean. 
 
 b Amount not niiorteil. 
 
Ub 
 
 MIiNKUAl. KESOIIKCKS. 
 
 MoHt of til"' iron in-odiici-d in liiriigal jirobiibly cinne from Burdwan; 
 tbat produced in Hurnisdi from I'ronu', and a .small (luantity fruni 
 Pakokkn. In tin- central jirovinces tlie siijiply is from Sivngor, .labul- 
 pnr, and Sand)alpnr, altliougli some other districts produced iron ores 
 of which no statistics are obtainable. In Madras ores are obtained 
 from Bellary, Kurnool, Malabar, Salem, etc., and in the northwestern 
 provinces and Oudh from Lalitjiur and Kainann. 
 
 In the liajpiitana States the majority of the iron ore won came from 
 Ulwar, altliough Meywar. Uundi, .Ihaluwar, and Henswara also con 
 tributed to the total. In the Nixam's dominions the |)roducing dis- 
 tricts were ICIgendal, Indore, Waranjfal, Mclidnck, and Athfjarh lialda. 
 The principal distrii^ts in Mysore were <'liittel(lroog, Shinioga, Tunikur, 
 and several others. 
 
 The actual ]n'oduction of iron oie in India is scmiewhat larger than 
 that given abr)ve, as the figures for sonic of the native and interior 
 provinces could not be ascertained; in the year 1.S02 it probably 
 ap|>roximatcd .■>0,(MH) long tons. ' 
 
 The magnetic and brown hematite ores which formed the chief supply 
 of the old Burmese furna<'es were obtained in the eastern Prome dis- 
 trict, in south-central ISurmah, and still farther south largo deposits of 
 nnignetite were rei)orte<l in the Tertiary hills between Maulmain and 
 Tavoy. In Upper liurmah the luincipal site of iron manufacture was 
 at I'uppa, an extinct voh-ano, where the ore is reported to occur in the 
 upi)er Tertiary congh)ineratcs of the fo.ssil groui». Other sources of 
 iron were ai Meaday, north of Slinebo niyo, and in the Shan States, 
 which are tributary to Siam. 
 
 Considerable iron was mannl'actiued by tlie natives, but the imported 
 British iron has displaced this to a large extent. 
 
 The above data may be supplemented by the following excerpts from 
 I'hillips's Iron Ore Dejiosits: 
 
 Iron (>i'(>s art- plriitit'iilly <listri)inti-(l nvcr lar>^f arttUH in BritiHli Iniliii. In I'tMiin- 
 Hular India tlii'nia;;nt'tic- oxiilt' (MM-iirsi'itliiT in Im-iU or Vi>ins in alnuiNt all thr rc^ionH 
 in wliirh nM>taninr])Iii<; iui-Um ]n'<-vail, wliilt^ in sonii- Iiicalitics, aH the .Salcni tliHti'iot 
 in tliu Madras rri'Hiilt'ncy. tin- ilcvi li>|>in(Mir of nia^nitilK i» <hi a Hcalr ol' ffwat niUK- 
 nitndi'. In many ( iimi'h tlicse dc'iiohilH appuar to liu nut viins, l)ut lit'ds ot'oro, in tlio 
 Hainu way an do tltu-gnuiHHoid and Hcliistosc ro(d\H with wliicli tlioy an^ uHHooiated. 
 The riili or™ of central India oecnr princijially as liciuatitrH in rockn liulunKing to 
 the lower transition Hories. At Iiani;;an.i t-oal ticld. in tlu' Uaninla Valley, there is 
 a large snjiply of ironstone, whiili originally existed as Idaek hand or elay iron- 
 stone, anil has near tlie siniaee heiMi i hanged to liinonite. .Segregated haiulH of iron 
 ore, which not iiifrii|nently ocenr ((jward the hasi^ of lertain heds id' lateritu, are 
 the Honrees of an I'asily worlied hrown hemutite, which sonietinns contains a lurgo 
 jiercentage of iron. Thcai^ nri's are enii)loycd l»y native smelters in localities scat- 
 tered over almost the whoh^ (d' India, and iriui sands which occur in the rivers 
 rnnuing throngh the lieccan trap are concentrated hy washing and nsed iu some of 
 the small native blast fnrnaces, 
 
 lu the Kadapah and Karnni districts, Madras, iron ores occur in great ahnndance, 
 and are treated at a nnniher of native ir<tn-smelting villages silnatcd along the east- 
 eru side of the Khundair Valley. Certain tracts in Ilyderahail or the Ni/.am'H terri- 
 
PRODITCTION AI' IRON ORF.S. 
 
 14!» 
 
 t»ry li:iv*' loii^ hi*i*!i n-idirati'il (of tlieii- ii-'iii orrM. iis wrll ji.s I'ltr tlifl ;x(toil (|ii:ility nf 
 the itKitiil |irn<lii(-tMl Iriiiii tliriii. Ill till' ( iriHHiv trilmtai'V statt'H tin' iiianiitiu'tiirn of 
 iron \h on ii Hniall Ni-:i]o, 
 
 Notwitlmtiiiuliiii; tint itlnuKlaiiiit ol' iron on' lliron;,'li(iiit fSainlialpiM , Jit'lirnkol in til)' 
 only locality wliuro KoicUin;; is i>\ii'nHivrl\' i-ariiciL on 1>y tin- natl\'i'.H. 
 
 Anion^ tlir nioHt iniiiortaiit ilrpositH ol' iron orr In riMitral India aro thoHO of the 
 (iwalior State, wliirli iiiiliiili' iiia)i;n<'titi' ami nil anil lirinvn licinatiti'M, wliirli with 
 oniai oxti'iisively wiirkiil liy tli« natives, lint are now to a jjreat (ixteiit neijlei'teil in 
 eonHei)uenee of the f;reat iliHtances tlie ore lias tu lie earrie I to the I'liel, 
 
 Throiifrhoiit the I'resideney of lti)ni'<ay iron ores oeeiir in the form of ina^iH'tite^ 
 iMMniititH, anil liinoiiite. TlieHe ores are all e\(ensively workeil in native foreen. 
 
 In AsHani the prineipal ores fonnil in tlie valley <>f the nrahinapiitra, aro eluy iron- 
 KtoneH of the Coal Measures anil an I in pure liinonite frniii the Sithhimalayan Htratn. 
 Hall Htati'H that the only iron ore workeil in the native liirii.n i^s of tlio Klnmi itnil 
 .laintia hillHiif a tttaniferotiH inaKiiotie oxide, proenred liy washing ferriiginnDHeurtliH 
 and yi I vels. 
 
 In the IN'f^n di\'i^ien of Miirmali iiii atinndant supply ot' iron ore is foiiiifl in tlmTer- 
 tiary roeks of the i-aHtern I'roino dislrii^t. In 'I'enasseriin He\'<oiteen diKtinet loeali- 
 tieH are known in which there are deposits of iron ore, all lieint^ Hitiuiti'd in the 
 Tertiary hiils hetween Maiilni.'iiii and Tiivoy. 
 
 Ill the peninsula of Malacca iron ore occurs in the iii< ntains in larf^o, irregular 
 iiniHseB, bur is not at present worked. 
 
 Mr. V. liiill. in liis ^[iiiiuiil of tlic (icoloffyof Fiidi;!, jjivcs itilcicstiiiK 
 ilfscriptioiis of tlic inocf.sau.s pursued l>y tli<" natives in siiicltiii^ tin* 
 ViVi'ioilH iron ores wliicli alnmnd tliroii^hoitt I lie country. This in, mn- 
 faetiire was formerly one of the iirineipal industries of the inhabitants, 
 Imt it ha.s been ])rae,ti(Nilly destroyed by the <'oni|)i^tition of Kn(;lisli 
 iron. Mi'ntioii will be made of some of these proee.s.ses. 
 
 The famoiis iron |iilhir at tin* Kiitiib, near Delhi, the noblest speci- 
 men of the Indian iroiismith's art. areordiiii; to >[r. Hall, indicates an 
 amount of skill in thi^ iManipulalion of lai-ofe masses of wroiij^ht iron 
 which has been tlie marvel of ill! who have riideavored to a^M-ount for 
 it. It is oidy within comparatively recent years that forj^es or foun- 
 dries have turueil out similar masses of metal. The (!xpo.sed iiortiou of 
 this pillar stands L'L' feet above the fjrround, Helow the surface the biise 
 expands iut^) a bulbous furin 2 f('<>t 4 inches in horizontal diameter, 
 which rests on a Kfidinm of iron bars, fastened with lead into the stone 
 ptivemcnt. The diameter of tlit? pillar is l(!.l inches at the base, iind 
 ll.'.05 inches Just below the capital, which is .'^^ feet hifjb, the total 
 woi}{ht being estimated as exceeding C tons. It has been suggested 
 that this pillar must have been formed by gradually welding pieces of 
 wrought iron togethtM'; if .so, this has been very .skillfidly done, since 
 no marks of such welding aro to be seen. Analyses of the iron mailo 
 by l)rs. Percy and Thompson show it to consist of " pure malleable iron 
 without alloy." From the form of the letters in the inscription, various 
 views as to its age have been suggt^sted. Mr. Ferguson believes that 
 A, 1). 4(M) is not too lar from the truth. In this jiillar, therefore, which, 
 although it has been ex|)oscd to the atmosphens shows no sign of rust, 
 is testinu)ny to the skill and art of the Indian iron makers of l,r>(HI 
 yi^ars ago. 
 
ir>() 
 
 MiNF.ii.M, ur.sorucKs. 
 
 Dr. Hfck suys tlicrc iirc oilier (^\itiii|ilcs()l' tlioruiiiarkiihlc nkill of' 1 lie 
 liiilian siiiilli in I'or^iii^^ iron. Anion;; tlx'sc is tlii> ttMnpIc of Kiiiiiinik, 
 tlioi'oot of which was supiiorlccl l)y iron lieams L'l lect Ion;; and H iiiclit^H 
 s(|uaro('acli. Ar(!ha'olo;,'ists set tlic timo when tliis t(mi])lo was Imilt at 
 IL'.'UI to 1241. It is a fact that in tiic nortli as well as in the far Houtli 
 of Inilia there exist examples of for};in;<:s ilatin;; from the fourth to the 
 fourteenth centuries, such as exist nowhei-e else in Asia, and wliicli 
 wonhl bt^ the priile of lMiro|H* today. 'I'liiis we are justilied in eoneliid- 
 in;; that the iron industry must have nourished in India to a very hi;;li 
 de;{re(! under favorable conditions, sinet^ it was ))ossible tn use iron 
 even for buildin;i; purposes. 
 
 ('rucible steel was and is made in India, and for a time Indian 
 "woot/.,'' or .steel, was in demand by cutleis in l'in;;land. Tlie famous 
 J)amascus lilades atfaiiu'd a world wide ri^putation for llexibility, 
 stren;;th, keenness, and beauty, lon^' before it wa.s known that the 
 nuitei'ial from which they wer(^ nuide was pioduced in an obscure 
 Indian villa;;e. Traders from Persia found that it i)aid to travel to 
 this place, diilicult of acce.ss, in order to obtain the m\v material. How 
 old the steel industry is may be snrnused from the fact that steel tools 
 have been found in graves wiiicli date back 1.")(I0 years before (Mirist. 
 
 In the tyiiical Indian furnace or forH;e the ore is in direct (rontaet 
 with the fuel, and is reduced, without the addition of tiux, to a i)a.sty 
 mass, complete licpiefaetiuu not takin^f place. There are, however, 
 exceptions to this, and it is stated that in some furnaces limestone is 
 used as a tlux, and that in iar;;e furnaces in Jiirbhum the iron was pro- 
 duced in a liuid c<uubtion and run into pi;;s. The iron was '.old at a 
 liiKh price, the bulk of tlie profit ;;oiu;j; to the traders thnmyih who.se 
 hands the product passed, while the anu)unt |>roduced bore but a mis- 
 erable ]iroportion to the labor, time, ami material expended. In some 
 cases the consumption of charcoal for tin; prodiuition of llnished iron 
 was 1-t tons of the former to one ton of the latter. The tinibcu' us(!d, 
 however, was almost invariably the best that the particidar jungle 
 affords, such as sal. teak, etc. 
 
 Dr. liuchauan, during his journey through Mysore, Cauara, and Mala- 
 bai', iu)ted scleral places where irou ores occurred and were worked. 
 At V'elater there were 'M furnaces wbicli behmged to a Moplali. The 
 ore was jtrepared by being washed in a trough i)laeed in a running 
 stream. Tin; furnaces were ex(;avated in mounds of clay ."> fei^t t 
 inches high in front and I feet at the base, and about 7 feet wide 
 from front to rear. The excavation for each furnace was 2 feet 11 
 inches by 2 feet, being dug from the top of the mouiul to the bottom. 
 An arched cavity at the back, with a hole at the base, was then made, 
 and the structure surmounted by a chimney. The charge tionsisted of 
 2,l(i() pounds of ore and 1,8!(() pounds of charcoal, .some of the latter 
 not being consumed during the blast of the furnace, which lasted 24 
 hour.s. Tiie yield of iron was from 2K! to .'i84 pounds, according to the 
 
PROIXTTION OF IKoN OKE.S. 
 
 If)! 
 
 siiiK'OHs (if tlic opcriitioiis. If wiis iif tin' usual (;hiinict<M', |i:ii'lly null- 
 Iciililf, llioii<{li lii'ittU^ Tilt' lifll(»\vs which supplied iiir to the liiiiiiicti 
 wert' liMtlicr bii;;s l.S inchcH lii;ili and !) iucht's in diainetiT, one man 
 woikin;;' a i)air by (daspiiij^- the slit llapn at thf top, and by altt'rnalcly 
 rai.sint; and depressiuf? the bttjjs tho air was driven thr<>u;4:h a iio/./Je 
 <;iiniin(in to both. lOach furnace rcituirt-d two pairs of bellows, an ! i-acli 
 pair was operated by two men. who relieved each other. 
 
 Dr. Ituehanan alHo deH(;ribes the niannfaeture of steel in Mysore, us 
 follows: 
 
 TliM luriiaco conHirtti'tl ot' ii liori/ontal ash ]iit and a VfTtical tirn|tla('c, liotli Niiiik 
 liolow tlid lend of til" Ki"'""!''- 1'"' 'i^'i I'it "'"* thri)i'lciiiillm of iK^iiliit in wiiltli 
 atiil liei^flit, niniitM-tt'd with a irt'nsr itit, into wliirli thv. aslics cniilil )in drawn, 'I'lu^ 
 lirejilacii wan a rircnlar pit, a I'uliit in iliaiiii'lcr, and was ((iniKMtcd » itii lln^ auli )>it, 
 tlin distaiicn IVoiii tin* tnirt'aco nf tlir j^rotiinl tn tliti Imtloin tttnn^ 2 ciitiilH. A Hirrecii 
 (11' iniul wall ,"i I'ci't liiKli ]ii'nli'ct«cl ilic lirllowN man I'l'oni lirat and Hjiark.s, The 
 liollowH wrrt^ of tlin onIiiiar,v fi-.rin, a rniiica! IfatiuT sark with a I'in^ at tli" top, 
 tlii'oiifrli wliii'li till' opriator pp.sxuil liin arm. 'rinMrniildi's, inadi^ of nnliakod I'lay, 
 wi!r4i conical in loiin and id'a'iont I pint i'a|iac'it,v, Iiilii cai'li a wrd'^c of iron (inadu 
 from iron sand, wliii'h almin was elatnied to !»!■ lit for sttM-l) and It rnpticH' wei<;Iit of 
 tlic Htcni of tliu (a.. Mia aniiciilata, and two ;,'i'c«ii Iravcsof a Hpi'cics of ConvolviiliiH 
 or Ipomu'a were placed. Tlie months of tl'tt crni'iMoH wore covorod with round rnpH 
 of nnlmki'd da.v, tlio Junctures widl Inti'd driid near the lire, and weri' tlien rr'ady 
 for the fiirnaci). A row of criicililcH was lirst laid around the Hhipin;; .aoiilli of the 
 furnace; within these another row was placed, and tile center of tll(^ dome .so formed 
 was occupied liy a sin;;le erneihle, nnikin;; l."* in all, The criieihlo opposite the liel- 
 lowH was empty, ho that it eonld bo withdrawn in cjrder to supply fuel hclow. The 
 fnrnaee hi'in^ tilled xvitli eharco.'il, and the enieihh's covered with it, the hellows 
 were jilied for four hours after lirinii, when the operation wjis euiisitlered as coni- 
 phti'd. When the eriieildes were o]>eni'd the stci'l was found melted into a hiitton, 
 showinnthat coinidetc fusion had taken iil.'iee. 'I'lic Im Items weij,'lied ahoiit L'l rupees 
 each. 'I'ln'i'e were thirteen men to ,*i furnace, a headman to m.'ike and liU the eriiei- 
 hles, and four rel.iys of three men each, one to attend the furnace and the n^niain- 
 in^ two the hcllowH. Tin; total )U'oduetion of steel in tho vicinity dtiserihed was 
 OHtimated to lie 12 liuudredwei){ht jior aiinnin. 
 
 lietween the years 1,S7L' and 1875 there were, it is stated, 1,400 iron- 
 ore mines or digfii'iK'"^ '" operation in the Province of iNIysore. 
 
 In a deseription of the niamd'acturo of <:rueible steel tit a vilhisc — 
 Koiia Saniiindru)n — I)i'. N'osey states that the erueibles were niiule of a 
 refractory clay (b'vived from decomposed fi'ianite, tojjether with frag- 
 ments of old furnaces and broken erueibles, kneiuled up with rice ehatl 
 and oil. Pieces of iron, with some, fraginents of glassy slag, were placeil 
 in, and cakes of steel, weighing on an average 1.^ pound.s, were taken 
 from, each crucible. Tlie.se cakes were covered with clay and annealed 
 in the furnace for from ll! to 1(1 hours, ami then enoled; and, if neces- 
 sary, the annealing was repeated until the reipiisite degree of mallea- 
 bility had been obtained. A Persian trader from Ispahan wtis iu the 
 habit of going backward and forward with the steel, per.sonally super- 
 intending its manufacture. Malcomson ••"iiuirks that the ore of this 
 hx^ality nuist be, of exceptional <|uality, as otherwise it (^oiild not have 
 maintained, in ,sj)ite of its riMiiote siti/ation in an un.settled country, its 
 reputation as the best material tor I'Minasciis blades. • 
 
152 
 
 MI^ .•■.RAI. liKSdriiCKS, 
 
 III llic liiililiiiiM (lisiiict, wlifi'c iiiilivc iiii'iiiiccs on ii hiiijt! sciilc wcw 
 ii (listiiifjiiisliiiiu teat HIP, it was cstiiiiiitcd tliat. tlic avcrajiToiitpiit fVoiii 
 I'acli liiniacc was .'!l tons of '• ka(;li<'lia " iiini ])pr aiinuin, and as tlii'fc 
 weio abont seventy turiniec^' in tlic district, tlic total .\ early output 
 ai)|)ioxiinafed 1', 10(1 tons. In these fninaees tlie ■' kaelielia " iron, unliiic 
 tliat jtroiiiie'd in otlier parts ol' India, t'onned at llie lioltoin of cliu fiir- 
 liiice ill a inollen eondition, and resoinbled pi}{ "'on. The subse(|ueiit 
 reliiiint;, a soitof |)iiddliiij;|)ioeess, indiieed a [lasty condition, adinittin;; 
 of the iMiji beiiiu drawn out ami lianiniered until it bocaiiKt tlioi'diighly 
 liiallealile. 
 
 The following narrative from liall's " (ieolofiy of India" is a typical 
 illustration of the nietliod employed in western ISeii;;'al, Orissa, and the 
 ad.joiiiinj;' districts of the central provinces in the inanufactiire of iron 
 by the natives: 
 
 'I'ho I'liniiici-H of .'\;^:iriiiK. Iniilt of iimd. :ii'i> iilxHit ',i to I fi-rl lii>;)i, v:t]trrin<; from n 
 diaiiictcr of aiioiit _'l fed at tho linac to l.j fi'ct iit llii' top. I'lw. Iii'uilli is :i loundiMl 
 ciivit.v al>oiit 1(1 incliiis in iliametor, ami tlii' ciniilar Nliaft, aliovo it is li inclics in 
 iliamcter. (Ill a licil of cliarcoiil. i'aiiiiii<i<l down info thi' licartli, i^nitrd cliarcoal 
 is plai'nd, and tin' Nliaft is tl'cn tilled with eharroal. lilast is proilnceil 1>y a pair 
 of kettlednini-liUo lu'llowK. eonsistin;; of ludlowtMt lo«;s of \v(»od -vitii goatskins 
 iittarlied, and no//Ies of 1)ainhoo, 'the skins are disteni'iMl 1»y tension or spring 
 alVorded hy sticks i «itli cords atta<'lied) stnek into the ground. Ily throwing; IiIh 
 weij;ht alt''rnately fr')ni one side to the other, tin! operator, who stands on tin* leatluT, 
 oveieoiiies the leusion. his heels aetiiif; as stoppers to the valves whieli admit the air 
 into tho hellows. In ease ailditional pressiiro is ni'eded. the operators' wives stand 
 with tin'm on t|ie liellows and aid in jirod'n-in;.; the hlast. The Itanihoos whieli con- 
 voy the blast are Inted Into elay tuyeres, which are in turn lilted into the front of 
 the f'nrnaee. The Mast is maintained t'or six lionrs, the people en;:;aj;ed chan^^in;; 
 jilaees from time to time. Powdere<l ore Is spriiikleil in alterii:;;- layers wltli ehar- 
 eoal on top of the fnel in the shaft as »ooii as the latti'r is fairly ignited. As Blajr 
 forms it is tapped from hides which are Miereed for the ]inrpose in the siile of the 
 hearth atdill'erent levels as the smelting jiroeei'ds. and then closed with lumps of 
 well-kneaded clay. Ten niiniiles hcfore the conidiision ot' the process t)ie siqiply of 
 ore and find fed into I he top is shut oil" .'iml tlie liellows are worked \\ ith extra vij^or. 
 The clay kit iny: of the hearth is llieii broken down and a "j^ii-i.^or ball of semi- 
 molten iron, ineliidiii;^ slei; anil half-burnt charcoal, is taken out and iiiimediately 
 lianiniered, by which niea' a consiiler.-ilde ]u>rtioii of included slac- still in a state of 
 fusion is squeezed out, and the ball is then half cut in two to show the c|M!ility of the 
 iron. In some cases, by several rclic.'itiii;;s ill o|ien furnaces, and b> hamioeriiif;, tho 
 AKiiriasretine lliislon|ic intoiroii tit tor ihi^ market, but in other instances they dis|u>so 
 of tho "giri" to jiarties who work it into ba.*a. 
 
 In tlio sixteenth and seventeenth (reiitiirics the Province of Assam 
 was famous for the niaiiiiliieliire of iron cannon. 'I'lie laifiest specimen 
 known to < 'olonel llannay was in Ifaiifjpnr l'"ort. It measiireil 17 feet 
 .'U inches in length, and tlic^ metal was 7'| inches thick. l"re(|ueiit 
 invasions of the Iturmese and heavy royalties, however, led to the liiiiil 
 abaiidonmeiit of the iiulustry. 
 
 A very interestino' collection of the Indian exhibits shown at tlin 
 Centennial Ivxin itinn in l,S7(;, incliidiii;;' skin bellows, a suite of sjicci- 
 nielis of iron ore, " woot/" steel, etc., was relaincil, and can now be 
 seen at Memiirial Hall, I'hiladelpliia. 
 
PRontrcTioN OK moN orks. 
 
 153 
 
 An ore larfrcly used in mitivo fnniiices, in addition to those coninioiily 
 icnown as ningnciitc, etc., was named by Dr. Hucliaiian "laterite," 
 wliicdi appellation was johaldy derived Ironi lateritis, a brick, as the 
 'iiaterial was cut into bn- lis for bnilding. The term laterite lias been 
 apjilied gein-rically to a -roup of Tertiary rocks wlii(;ii occupy an im- 
 portant position in the superficial Ki'ohigy of India. The common 
 character wl^ich persists throushout all th(! varieties of laterite is the 
 jmssession of ;i ferruKinons element, which is in the form of l)rown 
 hydratcd peroxide on the surface, sometimes as black masnetie ore 
 inside. The reddish-bn»wn ajipearance, dne to the presence of i)ero.\- 
 ide, explains the origin of the name. This ore was jircpared for use in 
 the furnace by washing in a trough.. 
 
 The natives in India nevei- employ iron ore in the massive form if it 
 can be avoided, as this would involve the labor of mining, and the 
 lumps of ore would recpiire to bo broken by han(i into small pieces, the 
 finer particles being carefully separated. They therefore generally 
 select the weathered pieces of ore which are found on the surface of 
 magnetic deposits, or use magnetic sands, etc. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Tunu'r, in a paper entitled "The production of wrought 
 iron in small blast furnaces in India," gives the following analysis, made 
 by Mr. Harris, of a sample of iron ore obtained by (^rushing a number 
 of small lumps of Kajdolia weathered magnetite: 
 
 Atmliisin itf Ititjdithii Inilid irnillnred mnc/iielilr. 
 
 P«r cent. ' 
 
 I 
 
 l'"orrj(; oxiili' ! (in. )l,"i 
 
 Ferruim iixiili' , ni. ."lU 
 
 Silica. I -,.113 
 
 MQiijfiitioiiB oxiilr j . 'JiJ 
 
 Alttiiiitia ! .."ii 
 
 Lliiie i .30 
 
 Mugnosiii I Triicn. [ 
 
 Siilpliiir 
 
 riii>K|ilintii iiiilivdriiic... 
 
 .Mdinlillc III HKl (• 
 
 '■ 1" I »:ilvi ami liwB 
 
 Mi-tHllu' Iniii 
 
 IMlUHpIlllMlH 
 
 Vercpiit. 
 
 0.02 
 .03 
 .01' 
 
 .1. -^A 
 
 W.OO 
 U13 
 
 Mr. T. n. Holland, assistant superintendent of the fieologieal Survey 
 of India, in an account of the inaiiiifactine of iron in the soiilliern dis- 
 tricts of the Madras Presidency, slates that the scarcity of fuel is the 
 great drawback to the develoimieiit of the iron-ore deposits of southern 
 India, the only carbonaceous deiiosils hitheito di.seovercd being beds 
 of bituminims shale or small deposits of lignite. The fuel which the 
 natives prefer, where it can be obtained, is charcoa'l made from the wood 
 of the iilbiz/ia amara, a deciduous tree of iiKidi'iiitc si/.e, with mottled, 
 hard heart wood a;id concentric, iilteiiuitiiig li^ht aii<l dark bands. 
 Where wood chaicital can not iieolitaincd liainboo charcoal is employed, 
 a.sam))leof which analyzed by Mr. Harris gave S per cent of ash, 8.7 
 lier cent of moisture, and, by ditlereuvie, 83.;{ jicr cent of carbon, Mr. 
 
154 
 
 AriM'.RAr, TiESOURCE.^. 
 
 Iliini.s iilso uiiidt' the followi'ifi' iiiialysos of ciuilc iron anil of ciriiler 
 li'oni tlic Itajilolia fiiinaccs: 
 
 AnalyniK of ICajiiuUii ciuilv iron. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 0.0(10 
 
 .(K)5 
 .U28 ; 
 
 
 Per rent. 
 
 (1. oi;t 
 08.181 
 
 ('Hrbmi. rlih'My 
 Silirtiii, <'|iifll> 
 
 iiHrlmrcoiil 
 
 Mtiii;;iin('f)i^ 
 
 
 'I'nlnl 
 
 
 KHI. OIH) 
 
 
 
 
 .ItKttftHiH of Uajditha nUiij. 
 
 
 IVt emit. 
 
 
 73.05 
 
 
 
 Silir;i 
 
 10. :i;i 
 
 
 l.S.'i 
 
 
 ;!. 4!* 
 
 
 
 M:lulH-(.jii 1.07 
 
 Siilpliiir - 1 .03 
 
 rhoii|ilint'ii- iitihydriilc .35 
 
 Oinrcutil itiiil hmH : 1.57 
 
 Toliil 1 lOO.OO 
 
 M.hillii- iruii I 88. Ill 
 
 Apart, from llii' iiitcrinitiiflcil .slajf anil charcoal, tin* iron ia of I'xcel- 
 lent (|nality, while it i.s evident that the .slafj must lia\e deriveil the 
 iiicrea.sed |>ro)>ortioii of lime, iinipiesia, and )>ho.s|ihoru.>< either from th<> 
 iLsli of the fuel or from I he wali.-i of tlie fnrmne. The .slaj; contains such 
 a larjic iierceiilafic of iron as to demonsliale a most wastefid process. 
 
 ]\Ir. Turner, in his paper mentioned above, says: 
 
 If till' inannrartmr i>\' iimi in India i.H to In- ciiiricd on in tlin fiitiiro iin nny ciin- 
 Hiihinibli' scull', it innst lie cNino by the niln|i|ii>ii nf Kni'i>|>('aM nirtliii<l8 iir liy the 
 iinprox'i'nu'iil anil cxtciminn of native nifthdilH. 'I'lie ^ri^ut nlislai'li' Ih (lie ab.scix'n 
 of niiiu'i'a] i'lU'l in l\w nri;xlil„i|-)u)n(l ol' the nro rc^^ioiiB. 'I'ho cimt ol' cuiriaj^c nl' 
 nativf i'ni'I br(Mi<;lit t'niiii tin' crntral |iroviin'('M, Iti'ii^al. or tho Ni/.;nii'H iloininions. or 
 from Uurniali. wimld also |ii<'vcnt its nsi' in \\w rantral, wi'sti'ni, ami Hontlicrn ilih- 
 
 trii'ts, wbiT.' Il II' ili'|Misi(s occur. Co. . '. ! 'lablii i|iiantitii'S of co.il ain nii't with 
 
 in parts of Imlia. anil iliiiiii;;tli(i last two or tliriM' years thn proiliiclioii bas increaii'il 
 conuiilcrably. Tin' coal is, bowcvcr. rcnioti' IVom tbt' ore deposits, and tbiiro is no 
 economical means <d' transit o\er tin lon;^ intervening distances. For tliese reasons 
 Mr. Holland is of the opinion tlial tlie fiitiiie of iron smcltiiif; in India is a forest 
 i|ni'stii>n, and tbinkHsiiccess is tbeitifore mil di more likely to be obtained by a number 
 of small works than '> "mo lar^e one. If the native industry were eoiidiicted under 
 proper direction, instead of leailinff to tin' ib'slniction of timber, as at tneNenl. it 
 mi^lit mean the conversion of lar^e areas of w bat is at prcHcnt waHte. laud into pro- 
 ductive forests. 
 
 Apart Inini the considcraliiin id' fuel, the climate of India is nut Hiiilable for the 
 conduct, of lar^e iioii and steel works by l-jiropcan labor, nor is there a iiuti\e popu- 
 lation with Ion;; training; in works of ;;reiit ina^nitnde. The initivo indiiHtry, even 
 when carefully Insiere.l and encouraged, would nlili/e but a tithe ot' the resonrces 
 of the Indi in Km)iirc. As |iointeil out by Mr. I). Windsor h'icbards. the supply of 
 Spanish iron is within measurable dist.ince of exhanslioii, while tbi'samn may be 
 said of many of oiir other sources of Knp]d\, and it may yet be possible to brill;.' 
 these rich Indian iron ores to Eii^lcdi shores. 
 
PrtODrcTION OF IIIOX UKF.S. 
 
 155 
 
 niiNKSK k:mimi;k. 
 
 Prof. .Tolm A. Cliurcli cstiiiKitcs tlic prcscnl iiiiiiuiil iiroductioii ofcast 
 and wroiifi'lit iron iiiMilf in the, (^liiiicsc lMii|)iic diicc tly tVom ii<in ore to 
 exceed halt' a million iiictric. tons, and ri'iiorts tli(^ oxistcMicc, of imi)or- 
 tant deposits of niajinetite and (tf red and brown hematite ores in the 
 I'i'ovinces of t3anton and Shansi, in the southeastern ijortion of the 
 ICinpire. There i^- also an e\ten:;ive (hiposit of titaniferons magnetite 
 in Mongolia, in the northern central seetion. 
 
 In ti et'anton Provin('e the natives oies are smelted in small furnaees, 
 C to 11! feet in heiy,lit, blown by hand or foot bellows. In the Shansi 
 Province iron is produced in clay crucibles, a number of whicli are 
 jdaeed in an open heap of anthracite coal, tln^ contents of the ci ucibles 
 bein}>' ])oured from them in a molten state or allowed to cool and the 
 crniciblc then broken otV the metallic mass. OwintJ to the crude 
 nu'thods emi)loycd, it is doubtful if a ton of metal is jiroduced from 
 less than -!A tons of ore, and the iiou ore oat])Ut of China propei' may 
 be estinnited at about l,riOO,(K)0 metric tons. 
 
 The Chinese (iovernmeiit has contracted i'w the erection of two 
 blast furnaces near llanyany', and considerable worU on tliis plant has 
 already been completed. 
 
 Many extravagant .stories concernin^A this ('hincsc iron and steel plant 
 lia\e been printed by newspaper correspinidents, but in an article in 
 the Eugiueerinjji; Keview C. J. Bnelus says: 
 
 Thi^ works iuo sitiiiitcil oii tlm Viuistzc) Ki.'UH!' liivc^r rit Ilimkow. Tlicru aro two 
 fiirnact's *!'» to't liiy:Ii. witli .~ir>-toot ('ow]Mn" stuvi's; also Inur cahnniiig IviliiH. 'rhoiv 
 ia .a Hossmiior plant with two coiivi'iiiTs ami .'iiio]iiMi-lii-artli )tlaiit w ith tbtir tuniaccs- 
 A rail iiiiU cxtoiuls hi'yiiiid tiii' lii'sscincr works, iiiid a iil.itti and a liariiiill lii'voiid 
 the oiM'n-lii'urtl' f'liriiaccs. A Indt and nut: shop and a small arniH factory aro coin- 
 ]>]('.tod. ,\ y;ini and armor plant is Iiein;^ adduii, 
 
 Mr. J. T. Child, United Sttites Consul at Hankow, Cliinit, in a report 
 .sui)plemeuts the above by the following: 
 
 KolliiiK mills and arsenals aro now apiiroai'liiiiH iumplclion in Ilanviing, iicily 
 4>p]»oMiti' llankow, on tin) tlan s'llo, tn'octoil under tin; auspices of tlio vi(.'or<iy of 
 ilnpcli ami lliinan. Tho ]tlant covers al)oii1 "ft acrrs. with a railroad lA miles in 
 len^^th from the ^'an^;tze Kiver to the works, innl theuee to the Han Uiver, with an 
 iniline fro'ii tin; lopot' tlii> Yanjjtze liank to the water, where powerful maeliinery is 
 loeated todraw tile ears up a steep inelinc ot' ahont iHMt feet to tin; Itfvei. Tho W()rks 
 were duaij;ned by an Kn^iish i'nj;ineer and modern anil improved machinery has been 
 itnporteil, mainly from Kn){laiid. Tin" buildings are, niifortiin.itely, loeatiMl in a 
 valli^y liable to overtlow. and their foiindatiotis liavi' been raised l'< feet by the labor 
 of tliuiisands of eoolies. The work was enmmeticed in 1H!H. Tlieri' are I'urnares. 
 steam hammers, ami rolls with their appendages for inanntactiiriti!^ railroad iron, 
 which is tlie main oltjeet tor the erection of the plant. I.ar^o cinantilies of (Jliinese 
 iron are now in the y.ard, with some. l-',ni;lish iron for Idemlinjr purposes, and coke is 
 lioinj; imporliil fri>m Wales to be used temporarily as a test of what the foundry can 
 do. The plant is estimated to have cost so far not less than $;(,500,(1(KI, and it will 
 cost iit least $l,(tlN).lH)il more to I'omplete it. 
 
 Trie mines from which tho ore is to be obtained :ire near \Vaiijj[-Shi|i-Kini;, .-iboiit 
 70 miles liolow Uuukow, oouuoctiii)! with tlio river by a railroad and dock at u 
 
156 
 
 MINKRAT. RESOrROES. 
 
 liiiiilinj; :! miles lirlnxv \Viin;;-Slrili-Kiiij{. Coal, liiitli li;iiil ami Hi)ft, is iiiiiinil in tliis 
 iii'lfflilxirliixiil ill till' (•niilcHtr mMiiiicr, no ellort licinj; mail« to diniii llir iniiios of 
 wiitiM'. mill, once tliKideil, tlii'V nrn alianiliiiicil iiml m-w <iiiis opi'iieil. 'I'liis ciiiil has 
 been |)ioiii)Um'i'<l misiiitabln (or Hiiicltiiif;, (■(iiitaininj{ tiio iiiiiili sulplnir, liiit it in 
 thought that a good i|iiality I'liii hr olitaiiii^d I'lom mini-.i iind<'V(do|i(td. Mini's of 
 iron (irn and ciial arr niimi'ioiis in this section, and nwiiij,' to the (.'heap labor obtuin- 
 iiblo thuv ran be worlied eiononiieally. 
 
 Consul (!liil(l states tliiit this is tlie most pi'ofjrossivo inovomeut so 
 far iiiadt' in Cliiiia lor tlie i)uri)os(> of iiiaiiiir:i:-tiii-iii;;- arms, steel rails, 
 and nia(;liiiiery, as the plant is of a ma^iiitmle siilli(aont to re(|uiro 
 several liours to inspect it. 
 
 Mr. V. T. (ianliier, I?ritish consul at Hankow, describes the deposit 
 from which the Ilanyatij,' works will obtain their ore. He states that 
 it is situated 17 miles inland from I'^hih-hni-yao. At this place there 
 is a hill of ore .'i miles Ion;;' and 400 feet high. Three analyses of the 
 ore showed o,").!)!, (IL'.'SO, and (I7..'50 ])er cent of metallic^ Iron. There aie 
 said to be eviden<es of forinc^r workings in the vicinity. A railroivl is 
 being built to convey the ore to HanyauK. 
 
 KOREA. 
 
 In respons(> to an iiii|niiy for JMrorinatlon, Mr. Aufrustine Heard, 
 consul ^:eiicrai of the I'nited States at Sennl. Koica, kindly furnished 
 the foUowiuj^- for the use of the Initcid States (leological Survey: 
 
 With the oxeeption of a small annual imporlation. amoiintin;; in 18!M) to riXii tons 
 and in IS'tl to (lill tons, alioiit two-lhinls of wliieh was old horseshoe iron, all the 
 iron ii.ied in Korea for aurienltnial, bouseliold, and other ]iiirposes is of native pro- 
 diietion; but, alllion^'b the i|nantity niiist be large, no statistics of it exist. It is 
 not taxeil, and tlio (iovernment keeps no records. Iron ore is foiiiul in many parts of 
 tile jieninsiila in great abiindanee. It is generally of good i|iiality. but no report 
 npiiii it has, so far as I am aware, ever been tnadii piililie by foreign experts, riioso 
 
 who have traveled in the intry, and there have been very few, liavo kept their 
 
 observations to themselves, and it may bo doiilited whether any thorimgh exae.ina- 
 tion has ever lieen 'naile of thu iron deposits. The interest of prospectors has been 
 eontinedto goM,anil any knowledge rtigarding iron has been incidentally picked up. 
 It maybe that the fai't that cnal has not been found in proxii lity to the iron dejiosits 
 has diseonraged invostigation. .Neither iron nor coal has been Hysteinatically 
 sought for. 
 
 Mines, such as Iho.y arc — shallow holes in the ground — are seatrcniil ttirouglioiit 
 the eoiintry ; but they can not go deep. The natives do not undeisland ventilation 
 or lighting, and tlH?>' can not deal witli the water which acciimnlates in the mines. 
 They do not use explosives for blasting out the ore, and, as they work only what they 
 lind easy, the mines are soon abandoned. 
 
 A good deal of the ore is magnetic, and if it were not riih would not pay the 
 natives to work. The ore issmelted in the oldlashioned Catalan furnace with char- 
 coal — a most expensi\ e procc-ss. 'iMio cheapness and abiindanee of the metal prove 
 the extent and richness of the ore deposits. Every traveler in the country alliideg 
 to them. In a native report of a Journey the writer nieiitions having seen great 
 iiiinibers of iron mines, and speaks jiarticnlarly of four — at Kang-hwa, Vongp'yoiig, 
 Kiinliwa.and llong-clihon—'' which can be worked for KMI years." llesays: "In 
 the Kanghwa prelect iirc, on the nioiiiitain Ko-eyo sail, there is a loadstone mine 
 of which the iron coiilil be made into steel." 
 
PUODUCTION OK IKON O'iES. 
 
 157 
 
 ('iiiii]ili(>lt, iti his .lounicy to tin' North <il' Knrcn, sayH : "The only iiiinrH wts kjiw" 
 (wht'ii on tJh- road Ironi Scnnl to Wouhihi) *' wrre tlircr or (bur nn-n (li;;iiin^ ironstone's 
 out of tln^ hcd oC a stream near ('li'an;^-to, and tlni only worlier in nu'tal notieraliUi 
 ontsido the ]iiTff< towns is tlie hlacksniith, whose tiny i liareual t'or;;e is rarely idle." 
 He is siMMi (^very\vhere in Korea. 
 
 Carles speaks ol' workinjjs of ircni said to li(< in thi^ hills a little to the east uf 
 Ch'hiin-inal. 
 
 One of the lurj;eKt t'oundries for <;a8tin;^ the hij; ir"n kettles for iMdlin;; rieowliieh 
 ar<5 nsod in every Kori'an taiiiily may ho Hecii on the hij;h road ahont halfway lie- 
 twec'U .Seonl ami TyiiiKi 'I'e n-.etaj eoniiiig from the mountains in the neighborbuod. 
 
 JAl'AN. 
 
 Tlur most, iiiiportiiiit ore of iron in .liipiiii is inii<;ii(;tite, IouihI liberally 
 (listrilmtiMl in coiniJiict intis.scs, und tilso jis siind. At ilci^iorih'ickiicliiii 
 arc iron sciiitis (inafjiictlte), tlie dcptli and Incadtli of wliicli have not 
 been ascertained, but tliey are reported to extend for a distanee of sev- 
 eral miles. In Iwaki iron ore is found in considerable quantity, lyiiij; 
 in broken granite, covered with a layer of tiileose slate. On tlie west 
 coast, lielow Niij;atii. iron ore occurs in the sea sand, which yields about 
 !.'{ per c(iit of iron. The nuiffnetic iron ore when separated from the 
 sand eoiit,:ins from (12 to (i.5 ]ier cent of iion. The "ollection of min- 
 erals exhibii'd at the Colunibiiin ICxposition liy the lini)erial (ieological 
 Survey of Japan included magnetite, liematite, liuionite, siderite, and 
 pyrite, I'roiii numerous localities. 
 
 Accordiii}; to Dr. (Jeert. the following' iron ores are found in Ja])an: 
 
 Ilrown iron ore, indifferent \arieties, ol which |)ea iron ort^ is ono (a peenliar 
 speries of this ore, eoinpost'd of round t;rains). 'rhei-onimon brown iroti ore is found 
 in id/.umo, Mutsu, iliuga, Satsunia, Sbiuano, and lli/en. ].in:onite oeeurs in Tosa, 
 Sutsuuia, Id/.ti, and in Totoini, the on-in the latter i)!aeo being useil in nu'dicines. 
 Ued iron ore, ctuitaininii oeher, is of stift ([ualitx , sonietinies ealletl bloodstone. 'I'ho 
 dirty oeher siteries. whieh also contains some clay, is very s(d"t and powdery, being 
 generally what would be called red oeher. The principal places where this iron ore 
 is fouml are Mino, Cwari, and in Totoini, etc. (,'lay iron ore is very coinnion in 
 Yamato, Satsiima, Suwo, lloki, anil Nolo. Ciibieal, doileeahedral. and knobby pyrites 
 are fiMind, but the latter kind is not smelted. Cubieal pyrites are found in Fujiyan a, 
 Sliiiiuno, ]>ewa, Satsumu, Kii. Id/u, and many other places. Tlie dodecahedral 
 pyrites are di\ i<h>d by the .Iapan"se into two siu'ls. tlni yellow (gidd) and the wliiti; 
 (silver) iron ore. Soineof the yellow sorts contain a little gold, espei'ijilly that won 
 in Iwami (liiisan. 
 
 I'lof. 15. S. liyinan, in an Inlcresting account of the primitive maunei' 
 in which steel and jiif; iron is nnule in Japan, says: 
 
 'I'hcy are ]Modue.d from ir()nsai\d, which is i>lttaincd either by cut ling down the gran- 
 itt^ ; nd breaking it up by hand and washing it, or the river sand is w;ishcd. or the ore 
 is taken liom alluviiil ground. The ore from such alluyiiiin is reildish and more, fiisi- 
 ble than the other kinds, owing no iloiibt I o its longer i-xposiire to weathering iiillii- 
 iMiees. The ore washed I'rom iho rock stands next in fusibility, and that from the 
 river sand is the least fiisibli-, due jirolmbly to the fact that the watiT has protected 
 it from the air, iw becnii.He lln^ weathered surface has been wiini idl, anil it imiy likely 
 be line ill part to the iiresence of titanium. .Most of the ore used at the Am.igawa 
 Iron Works is brought on horseback from various |daceK over ;.' leagues distant, but 
 is washed again at thr liirnace .-lud reduced to half its weight. Some ore, however, 
 is washed on the hillside close to the furnace, in the winter half of the year, but tlie 
 
If.s 
 
 MINK1£A1, HK^SOUKCKS. 
 
 rock ill j^(riii-r:il is iil' iiil'rrior i|uuli1y, :ilt)iniii;li sonic ]iiii'ts jirc ^ooil. Mr. Ijyiiiiiii 
 i-sliinati'il tliiil tlic ainoiiiit of ore wiislicil nut of the rocU is iilioiil iiiic-liiill' of one 
 per cent of its entire weight, Tlie tmr is snn.'Ued in :i primitive iiiitnnor in clay fnr- 
 nnces, aliont oni'-iialf of tlie amount of iiii'tal olitaiiieil Iteiii^x callcil j^nod Htci^i, niie- 
 sixtli poor steel, anil tlie lialnnce liaril jiii,' iron. Tim ore yields about 30 per cent of 
 iron in tli(> furnace, owiiii; to the poor iiietliods eniploycd. 
 
 Mr. T. Kitsiiiicsiiki, of till' Aiii coi)])*-!' iiiiiic, Akitiiki'ii, Japan, makes 
 tlio following- stiitciiiciit in lepird to the iron ores of that country: 
 
 Onr iron ores were practically not explored until lHil2, when the (Jovoriiincnt, in 
 the expectation of estalilishiiif; iron works, iniide an examination. .\t jiresciit four 
 districts Iiavi! Iieen ex|ilored, vi/ : 
 
 1. Kainaishi, in the norlherii portion of the conntry, aliont II) miles from the Hea- 
 |iort of Kaniai.slii. In this district tiiere are 10 dilferent deposits of m.aunctic iron 
 ores, and the estimuted <p-antity of ore availahli,' is l.l,ll(K),l)(l(l tons, ('['his result i.s 
 olitained liy takiin; the snpcrlii'ial areiis as exiiosed and mnltiplyinji them liy the 
 deptii, which ranges from 10 to 70 feet). Some of these mines were worked from 
 XXIX foriibiiiit three years, when the furnaces were abandoned on aecomit nf a deli- 
 eiency of fuel. At that time (18VX) a blast furnace with Whitwell stoves wa.s linilt 
 at Kamaishi, and a railway was conslriicled for a distance of l.'i miles ciiiinectin;; it 
 with the mine, but these have all been destroyed. After this tliiMle]iosit was profit- 
 ably worked by iiidividuaks on a small scale. This ore yields DO per cent of iron in 
 the ftiriiace. 
 
 2. In the Seiiin district, also in tin' northeastern ]iiirtiiin of .lapan, but a consider- 
 able distance from the shore, are 'iimid five deposits of red hematite ore canyini; 
 about 4.5 to Ix lier cent of iron, the lieils lieiiif; estimated to contain 811,700 tons 
 of ore. Tliesi! dgposits are situated about II miles from the railway station of 
 Kiirosawajiri, and about the siniie distance from the Kilakaminawa Kiver, wliicl' is 
 navinahle and tlows into Sendai liay on the I'acitic side of the island. 
 
 :t. The Akataiii district in the north is also distant from the seashore, but iHsitii- 
 ateil only ."i miles from a iiavii;able river. Here ar" found deposits of red hematite 
 ore estimatpil as containing H7I.IHI0 tons and yieldini; from ."lO to 00 per cent of iron. 
 I. In Hokkaido ( Ve/o Island i iron sand occurs in several jilaces on the seashore, 
 the estimated i|uantity being 100,000 tons. There are also iron sands in the southern 
 portion of the island which have not yet been explored. 
 
 Ill ii Ititc imblicalion by "Wada Tsuniishiro, director of the ininiiiK 
 liiircau, entitled The Mining;- Industry of .liipaii. l.S(i7--l>S!t'-', the ojiera- 
 lioiis <Miij(>d on at the two iron .-^aiid mines of Nen, in Kino fjiri, and 
 Voshida, in ^ Oshida niura. Initli of which have been wroiiuiit for cen- 
 turies, iire described. 
 
 At the Yosliida mine tlie banks tn- bills of ore .sands are washed at 
 iiii/iicroiis jdaces into ti (anal and rudely separated in sink holes, over 
 O.OOO.OnO jHiii/ids beiiiK obtained annually from ."iO dilfereiit workinj;s, 
 al II cosi of i>l..'l'i pei hinj; ton. 'I'he coarser ores, •• masa."ure cmployod 
 for makiii.u steel; (lie (liier, "makomc," for producin.;;- cast iron. The 
 li};tires of operations lor one year are as follows: 
 
 .liiliniil priHliiilioii of Hid Vmhida irnn t>rr miti .hi/iiui. 
 
 I'ihuiiIh. 
 
 Irnn siniil iiiilii 
 
 kwniiittHi) ■ 
 
 III iisi'H ill lii'iirtliH |l,l77,m 
 Ini-t'cs' (3(13,1140 I 
 
 ' n. loo.to) I SVfiiii U8iil ill lii'iirths i;i6(i,(H)() 
 I.^iiMhii'I 
 
 sii-cl niiiili- 
 Pit; intii. 
 
 : 2,"3;.»i«i Wriiiighl 
 
 2,70(1,0(10 
 
PRODUCTION OF IKON OUE8. 
 
 159 
 
 .Most of flm .liipiiiicsf iron works iirc, liciiitlis, hut l:iti'ly imxlt'iii 
 blast Curiiaces have Im'Oii iiilnKliiciMl : iria^ni'tic si'iiaialois aii' also 
 t'iii])loye(l to bonoliuisite tlit; iron oic sands. 
 
 I'rodtirlinii nf iron ill ..^iipitii I'niin /,s,s7 to isun. 
 Vi'urii. I Tuni). 1 Ycura. 'I'liiin. 
 
 IIWl l.l.'.IOT 
 
 18)12 i:;. 1114 
 
 IH«;) 14,717 
 
 ixm ii.7t>r. 
 
 \Mi 11.71(1 
 
 lK«(i M.CW i 
 
 li«7 I.'i.l47 
 
 UM I8,0.W 
 
 iMi) aj. iKi.'i 
 
 18iH) 2'J.'.>;|0 
 
 rrol)a))ly (iO,(MM» lonf; tons or more of iron ore were mined in I.SIIO for 
 the ]>nri)ose of imikinf- iron. 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 EGYl'T. 
 
 Antlientic Idstory eoiicerninj; tlie manufai'tnni of iron carries the 
 investifjator farther l)aclv in K^iypt tliiin in any othei- portion of llie 
 {ihibe, allliongh reference to tlie use of iron in Aiabia antedates similar 
 data for H^rypt. The oldest known sp(!ciinen8 of iron are ciedited to 
 an era in advance of, or at least conleiapornneous witli, the erection of 
 the pyiauiid of Oheops, in wliich iron iools have been di.scovert^d. 
 
 A specimen of iron found uiMler the ICj^typtian Oludisk which was 
 removed to America and now stands in Central Park, New York, con- 
 tained, aecordinj; to the late A. L. Ilolley, the following percentages, 
 viz: iron,!)H.7.'J8; carbon, 0.521 ; idio.spliorns, 0.048; manganese, 0.1 l(i; 
 copper, 0.102; .slag, 0.1. "»; and smaller percentages of snlphur, silicon, 
 nickel, (lobalt, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum.' 
 
 J)r. Ludwig I'.eck, in liis Die (leschic'hte des Kisens in seinen tech- 
 nologischen und ciilturhistorischcn 15e/.ieliungeii,'says: 
 
 Iron w.'i.s known to tlio E};y])tiiuis rioiii tlio curlioHt tinicN. 'rhcre arc oxti^nsivD 
 iroii-oro ildposits in tin' lonntry. In tlic ni'igliboHiood ol' tlu< v.illcv of Muxliiiru 
 nnnin-ouN remains ol' iron worliH were fooncl. In tin- winilc of Wadi vast banks ol' 
 hiMnatite were found to have been worked. The nioimlains of Nnbia, Kibiopia. and 
 MerOM were rii-li in iron ore. Klhioiiia was the sial id' the iron \ndnsti\v, and Ibc 
 illiiKtratiiins fonnil in burial (diainbi'is show iiiK the nielbodB in vosm- f<M- prodmin;; 
 iron are iilcntieallv tlie same as those |irevailinn Ibcre to-dav. 
 
 In llie norlheni ii.irt cd' Kordofan is the principal inni disti ic) of K>;vpt. Kii h 
 bo({ ore oeenrs in abiindnnee, anil in almost every village nse is made «l this ore. 
 II is found iiti .1 depth of 7 to s feet under the s.and. .\ slial'i t to .% I'wt wide and 111 
 feet deep is dug and the ore taken out nntil the hide eaves in, when a new one is 
 dux a few feet from the old one. The ore is liroken up to the size of beans and 
 melted in eoineal jiiii id' r,2 to 14 inehes in depth and dianu'ter. fbe pit is tilled 
 with ore and chareoal and .ovcred with a thiek layer ;if eoal. The end id' the bil- 
 lowH 18 inserted at an an);le of about 1.1 , and Idowinj, is befjun after the lire is 
 Ktivrtoil. After an hour the mivss settles down and beuins to sinter. More OW and 
 
 'TraiiHiictiuus .-Viut-ricau lii.slitiite Mini ig K 
 
 liifc'i 
 
 ii.rs, Vol. VIIl. 
 
 p. 27s. 
 
100 
 
 MINEKAL UESOURCKS. 
 
 coul arc , Killed until in aliuiit ten Iiduih llie |iit is i>iitt.v will lillcil with irim and 
 Hliij;. Till! rosiilt (iT lliis prorrss U :i nias.s ol' |i!iitl.v iiielliil oio, wliirli is laid aniilu 
 fnramii'oiiil llleltill^^ Tim si^cond nioltiii;; i'l ilinii- in tin' wiiiii) pit and lasts mily a 
 ooiipli) of liiMiis, at tho Diid of which ii spongy hall of iinn ri'inains at thu hollom of 
 tbf pit, fnsuly ndxrd with sla;;, whilii a hfa\y hhu-k sla';, rich in iiiiii, is fiinnd on 
 top. Thia Hlan is used ajjain in suhsniuent inidlinKs, 'I'he s|Min;;y hall of iion is 
 then laboriously hrnken up, freed as luneh as possihle fnnn sla;;. and sold to the 
 muitliH. Tho bellows used for this purjiose are of the unist primitive kind. A bowl- 
 shaped vessel of ilay, with a lonj; pipe, is lovereil with skin. This skin has a hole 
 ill its top, through whiih the workman puts his linj;er and raises the skin as iniiih 
 08 he eaii and then i>uslies it down a^aiii, coverint; the boh; with his hand, thus 
 pressiii); the air throiiKb the |iipe into tho lire, fho iron thus oblained is sold for 
 about I! eents jier pound. Three men are eugaKeil in this work— two to tend to thu 
 bellows and one to the pit. 
 
 Vniler favoral)le eondilioiis l."i to 2(( pounds of iron are produieil in twelve to lonr- 
 teeii hours. 'I'ho iron obtained is of },'<>od qnalily and soil. The ores used eoiilain 
 from 60 to 70 pur cuut of iron, of whudi from 'JO to Id per cent is cxtraeted. 
 
 MOUOCCO. 
 
 While Morocco coiitains cxtoiisivo (Icposits of ifoii oi'C and other 
 miiienils, tho .Moori.sh Government hits opitosed steps likely to Iciul to 
 the exiiloitiitioii of them. .lebel Ihulid, as the name implie.s, is the dis 
 triet most generally siipiiosed to eontiiiu iron ores, wliere there is a series 
 of hills conimenciuK at thci'oast 15 miles north of Mojfador and extend- 
 ing for a considerable distance inland. No mines have been worked 
 in this range of hills within the memory of the oldest inhabitant, 
 although it is stated that the Oarthaginiiins once operated iron works 
 there. The French have recently procured a concession from the Snl 
 tan of Morocco granting permission to export miiieriiis, but as land is 
 uot actpiirable by Enropeans, and the Snltan's snbjects would not be 
 allowed to work a mine on their own property, the concession is simply 
 nominal. All the iron consumed in the country is imported from 
 Europe, and is principally fiwedish wrought iron biirs, but old iron 
 tires are also brought from (U'esit Britain. The Survey is indebted to 
 the courtesy of Mr. .lohn K'nssi, United States consular agent of Salli, 
 for most of the above data. 
 
 ALUEKIA. 
 
 The most important ores of Algeria tire tho.se of iron, which occur in 
 the form of magnetite, red and brown hematite, and sideritc. In the 
 departmentofConstantlnctlieMoktael I ladid Company owns the mines 
 of Kharezas, Bim-liamra, and Ain Moiklia, the mines being connected 
 with tho .seaport of ISoiie, liO miles distant, by a railroad. The last- 
 mentioned mine is commonly known by thi^ name of Mokta el I ladid, 
 and is an irregularly stratified deitosit included in mica .schist which 
 originally formed a clitViOO feet in height, exiiosed upon abend in the 
 outcrop where the iron ore is iiiinsiially niiissive. The bed dijis at an 
 angle of about M', and its greatest thickness, meiisured hi)ii/,oiit:illy, 
 
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 2^ 111 
 
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IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 I I.I 
 11.25 
 
 ■ 2.2 
 
 S Iil4 ■" 
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 gap ^^^" H^^H 
 
 K 
 
 llmi 
 
 m 
 
 u mil 1.6 
 
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 /A 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTSR.N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 873-4S03 
 
 

 'i' 
 
 L 
 
 W4^ 
 
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PRODUCTION OK IKON OKES. 
 
 KM 
 
 in re|K)rte«l to Ih" more tliiiii 1(K» I'wt, Imt it ^Tudiinlly b«'coiiies tiatlcr 
 uiiil (liiiiiiiiHiiuH ill Hizu, until wlu^nt it is wurktMl iiiiilur(;ri)iiii(] tlic tliiul<- 
 noKH docH not cxcwd -'S ft-et. A wicDiid ImmI, 1;{ U^vt in thickness, hiiH 
 bi'cMi diHcuverud lietwueii tlie HcliiHtusc roof of tin; iiiiiiii duposit nnd iin 
 ovvrlyinijr bed of liiiibtttoiu-. Tliu ore is generally a bhii»h or blackisli 
 mixture of dcUHC li<tniatite and iiiagiK-tite, coiitainiii}; fruiii 58 tu (ill per 
 cent of iiiutitllic iron. A portion, li<iwev(>i', is sotY 'ind ln'ownisli-rcd in 
 color, and can hu iniiied witliout tlie use of iniwdcr. Tlie latter depoHit 
 M worked open <|iiari'y by a Huccession of terraces. 
 
 Ill the departiiient of Alger spathic iron ores and heiitatittts resulting 
 from their decoiniMioition and peroxidation are found in veins indo.sed 
 ill Cretaceous roiiks. These are for the most part assiK'iatcd with ores 
 of copiier and lewl, whi(;h are Honi(>times the prevailing minerals. 
 
 In the department of Oraii another class of de|M)sits is found, i-oii- 
 sisting of hematites ass(M;iatcd with limestoneH, probably of Lia.ssic 
 age. The ores, which vary considerably in composition, are often man- 
 ganiferous, and in most cases are inoderiitely liard. Another vhiSH of 
 deposits occurring in the strata of the Miocene age is <-onsidere<l to 
 have been derived from the wast*- of .liira-isic ores. Mr. Charles T. 
 Grellet, cousul at Algiers, states that with the exception of Ittmkour 
 d'tii the Coinpagiii'j des Minerals de fer Magnetii|iie de Mokta el Iladid 
 has bought all the iron itre beds of the Ouelhassas Chcragas ore dis- 
 trict, formerly a part of the territory of Tleiuceii. 
 
 The iron-ore region of Ouelhassas contains 31 recognized beds of 
 iron ore, forming U distinct groups, but t^ipographically considered 
 these may be reduced to4, vix : '1) That of Iteni-saf, including the 
 biHls ot Das rill and of Bar el Haroud (iKiwder grotto); (:.') that of 
 Ten Kreut; (3) that of Djeb el llaouraia (formerly the property of the 
 English company of Camerata); and (4) that of Sidi-sali. At present 
 but one is being wor':ed, that of liar el Itaroud. Tiie ore is worked 
 oiien cut at Hcni-saf, the underground works being iiicMit only for 
 pros|iectiiig purposes and to fiu:ilitat<^ the means of conveying the ore 
 from the place of extraction to the port. The ore consists mostly of 
 red hematite, containing more or less inanganese, to which it owes its 
 brownish-red anil sometimes black color, and it is chisely associated 
 with compact and hard limestone. It^s hardness is variable, often 
 diminishing under cover und becoming ixiwdery. The .Mokta el Iladid 
 Company guarantee their Tafna ore to carry .V» per cent ol iron 
 
 The port of lienisaf is a private oiu^ being conceded for ninety-nine 
 years to the Mokta el Madid Company, who Ituilt the various works 
 connei'teil with the harbor. 
 
 Mr. (irellet gives the exports from Meiii saf for IHllli as '_".»!.."> 17 metric 
 tons, valued at $r)lU,<lH4,aiid for l.S<.)3 as L'0;t,.'i:{.S tons, valued at <*a!l2,44:2. 
 The bulk of the ore was shipped to Kiigland; the Nctlieiiands, France, 
 United States, and Helgiuni following, '" '.'le order named, as coa- 
 siimcrs. 
 
 m-M II 
 
i(;2 
 
 MINERAL KESOUKCE8. 
 
 UuriiiK tlu! years l.-WS-l.S!».'{ tliu Wellniiiii Iron iiml Stvcl ('oinpany 
 iiniHirUHl .'{(i ciirfjocx (about !M),(KH> loim) of Mokta ore, part of wliiuli 
 waH red hematite and part Kpeeular ore. The avera^'e eonipuHJtion of 
 this ore is sliown by the following analyseM, furniMheu by Mr. II. C 
 Kabbitt, chemist of the coni|>any : 
 
 AnatyHfn nf .W rarffiH'ti ttf Mokta (Algiriii) iron orrn. 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Avonijeo. 
 
 Hlghoat. 
 y Vr rent. 
 
 Liiwiwt. 
 /Vr rent. 
 
 t'fr cent. 
 
 a.:i6 
 
 0. 76 
 
 0.7.W 
 
 .w.o* 
 
 61.58 
 
 .'>4. 03 
 
 .010 
 
 .033 
 
 .012 
 
 .401 
 
 .712 
 
 .OM 
 
 1.4.V> 
 
 2.020 
 
 .38 
 
 2. H'l.'i 
 
 6.,'i8» 
 
 .85 
 
 1.746 
 
 1.740 
 
 .38:1 
 
 .828 
 
 .828 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Mointnrp 
 
 DrliMlHt'Jl-^': 
 
 Iron 
 
 lMi(M|ili»ruH . 
 
 Kiilptiur 
 
 MAiiKniit-Hc.. 
 
 Aliinilnii 
 
 l.iiiiu 
 
 MagDUBlu ... 
 
 Tlu* following table, sliowin^ tho proiliu^tion of iron orcein Alj^cHn, 
 lias l)een revised hy riot". H.Jordan, of Paris, l^'ranec. It was (compiled 
 from oflicial niiiRM'al statistics and from the reiM>rt of tiic ciiHti>ius dis- 
 trict. There nrv no blast farniu;cs in Alc^ent^ mid the exiN>rts to for- 
 eif^n iM>rts other than Franco began in lS(t4, when l/AH) kilos (included 
 in the 3*»,r>()U kilos exported in that > far) were shippi'd. Since 1«S84 the 
 exports t<» foreign piU'ts have always surpassed those for French ports. 
 The production prior to 1870 closely approximat4>s the ex|H)rt-8. 
 
 Prodiit'liuH and esportalion of Jhjeriun iron orrM. 
 
 Venn. 
 
 PriHliii'llim. 
 
 Kx|Mirla. 
 
 Vwn. 
 1877 
 
 I'rodui'tloii. 
 
 Metric tims. 
 4,54, (88) 
 370,0(8) 
 418.000 
 (110. (88) 
 0,57.000 
 .'i67. 000 
 .157. 000 
 4113. 000 
 411). OIK) 
 433. 000 
 4:18.000 
 384.000 
 :i52.(88) 
 475. (K)0 
 405,000 
 4,53, 000 
 31)4. 188) 
 
 Ex|>orU. 
 
 Metnc tons. 
 447, (88) 
 370. (810 
 411.0(81 
 .503. 188) 
 ,573, (8)0 
 .508. (88) 
 .543, (88) 
 420, (88) 
 4,58. OHO 
 488,000 
 :I66.0(8> 
 306, (88) 
 430, (88) 
 517,000 
 444. 000 
 381). (8)0 
 271.004 
 
 1800 
 
 J/i-fiiV f(i»*. 
 
 Metric Imi. 
 14.000 
 13.000 
 18.00(1 
 21,(88) 
 30,5(8) 
 .W. (88) 
 1 10. Ml 
 1011. 800 
 213. (88) 
 212,000 
 168.000 
 161.(88) 
 351). 000 
 411). (810 
 461.000 
 401). 000 
 4:is. 000 
 
 
 
 1888 
 
 187!) 
 
 18(12 
 
 
 1863 
 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 18811 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1880 
 
 18181 
 
 1804 
 
 
 1««5 
 
 
 1860 
 
 
 1H07 
 
 
 i8n.H 
 
 
 1801) 
 
 
 1870 
 
 157.(8)0 
 IIIK, 000 
 374, (100 
 44.'>. (H)0 
 .535. 188) 
 5,57. (KH( 
 512. 000 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 I8U1 
 
 181)2 
 
 1875 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 TINIS. 
 
 Prof. Hilton de hv (loiipilliere, of Paris, Franci', states that the iron 
 ores of Tunis are all I'oiiiid in the Krouinine, iietween Tabarea on one 
 side and Cape Seirat on the other (in the country of the Neftns 1 
 
 I tribe) 
 
 about UO kihimeters (lli.i miles) from the sea. They are Itrown and red 
 hematiti's, avera};iii};about fit) jier cent of iron, the e.xtreme limits being 
 from 41 to <>0 per cent. M. Ad. Cariiot, in liis Minerals de Fer de la 
 
PRODUCTION OK IKON OUFH. 
 
 163 
 
 Fninec, lUi PAIgrrit', ft dc la Tiinisie jjivcs n iiuihImt of aiiiilyses of 
 Tunis iron ores which ranjjc from ;{2.(i2 to (itt.l'O per cent of iron. Some 
 of these ores carry nian^'anese. 
 
 Tlieso deposits liave been the object of the coiicessionn of Han Kad, jrt 
 Bon limagne, Dj Bollif and (tanara- belongiuK to the Mokta el lladid 
 Company; also of those of Ouea Ueri /enna, Biiuichibii, and Uoiimit 
 taniora. Those cfnicessions are all sitnated near one another, and have 
 not been worked. No iron ores had been exported np to ISO.'J, and it i.s 
 lirobable th;it, in the .statements made as to the exports of iron ore 
 from Tnnis, they have been confotinded with the zinc ores, which have 
 been largely exploitetl at Knau.juet el taht (near Ueja), and at Dj 
 UoHsas. 
 
 LIIIEBIA. 
 
 Mr. William D. McCay, United States minister resident and conaul- 
 K«neral at .Monrovia, Liberia, states that no iron ore is mined in Liberia. 
 lie says: ''There are dtiimsits of ore in Alonrovia, (Irand Cape Monnt, 
 and in the Kinley Mountains back of tiie (irand IJassa, but the richest 
 deposits are in the vicinity of Carysburg, in the interior. What little 
 irou is needed is imported in the shape of bar.s." 
 
 OENTKAI, AKKICA. 
 
 Iron ores occur in many parts of the interior of Africa. On the 
 banks of the Senegal, on the Congo, and in various other places tlie 
 natives smelt iron, the ore used being chietly rich ferruginous sandstone 
 of modern formation. 
 
 Livingstone nienti<ms iron works in Loanda, the ore for which was 
 obtained near by, and states that the Nanyeti were skillful artisans in 
 iron. In Angola and eastern Africa generally— indeed, all over the 
 continent— iron ore is found of good (pialities and in abundant quanti- 
 ties. In Manganya iron ore is dug out of the hills, and its manufacture 
 is the staple trade of the southern highlands. Kach village has its 
 smelting house, its charcoal burners, and blsuksmiths. They make 
 good axes, spears, needles, arrowheads, etc. 
 
 Henry M. Stanley, in his work on The (Jongo and the Kounding of 
 its Free State, writes: " Iron is abundant. Yalulinia, Iboko, Irebu, 
 and Ubangi are famous for their sw(nilsmiths. The Yakusu and Basoko 
 are preeminent for their spears. In the Museum of the Association of 
 Brussels are spear blades feet long and i inches wide, which I col- 
 U'cUhI among these tribes. ' He aKso mentions an abundance of dark- 
 red ironstone at Manluniba Lake. At lUira. on the northwestern side 
 of the lake, are smelting works and mannlactories of iron wire and 
 ware. 
 
 MAI>A(iA.S(!Al{. 
 
 Mu<'h iron ore is rt^piuled as existing in tills island, especially in 
 Inierina, 
 
1G4 
 
 MINERAL RKHOUKCES. 
 
 NATAL. 
 
 Mr. J. P. Il!imilt«)ii stiitcs tliat there iMptml iron ore in variuiis partH 
 uf Niital, and on tiie I'rustwiciv fiirni there is a <le|Misit of nniKMetie iron 
 ore ■'{ feet '.\ inclies in tliici{iieHs, wliieli can l>u traeeil for huiuu ditttauce. 
 There in also red lieinatite ore in the Dnndee district. 
 
 MAHlIUNALAiNU. 
 
 Mr. U. M. W. Hwan says that the ipiartz l)eltN of thiH country contain 
 iron lire and some nianj^anese. In two |)hicos in tlie ({nart/.ite fornui- 
 tioii of tlie Doroba Monntains ho found masses of maf^netite and hem- 
 atite. On the top of Mount Xyufjuzwe, near Fort Victoria, there is 
 also magnetite. Along the right hank of the Habi Hiver are many 
 native villages, whose one industry is iron smelting by crude methods, 
 theore being obtained from Mount VVedsa, which has great local renown 
 iuKallirlaud as an iron-producing mountain. 
 
 SOl'TII AFRICA. 
 
 Mr. W. n. Furlonge, mining engineer, of Joiiannesburg, S. A. K., 
 reports as follows: 
 
 Tliiirti is nut 1 puiiiiil uf iruii iiru iiiliiuil ur Miiiiilti'il in tbu wlioie uf Suiith Africa, 
 uxri'pt by tlii^ iiativoH; iiii inruuNiilurablu ainoiiiit iH riMliiruil liy tbeiii iu Hiiiall ruile 
 cbiy t'liriiiii'eH, by iukuiim of uburciial and bunil bolbiwH. Tb» iriiii tlioy pruiliivo m ol' 
 MiipiTiur qimlity, uml in iiiailc into aHsa^ais, kiiivuH, etc., but tbu tutal qtiaiiity in ho 
 Hiiiall that it nui'il nut bu taken intuaccuiiiit; iiKlceil nun- tbcy tinil it cheaper to buy 
 knivvH III' Kiirupvan nianul'actiiri), anil they nittki* thiiir iithiir wrapuUK frum Hcrap 
 irun pickeil up at ilillomit niini^H, The rranun that nii irun in niailii hiTc in that, on 
 tlu'i'c are uii niaiiut'acturicH tu una it, Ibrri' 18 no iluiiianil fur it: tburii is always a 
 Hupi-riibunilani'i! uf HiTa|i I'm' tbi' miiall riiNliu);N inado in thuilill'uri'iit machine sbupH. 
 An irun cunccHNiiin liaH been f;raiituil in the TranHvaal, but tbeuwiicm have nut exer- 
 ciNcil their iiptiun, partly fur thu abu\u rcasoiiH, anil partly I'ruiii the fact that, an a 
 iluty uf K cenlH per puuiiil woiilil then have tu be levieil uii all iuipurted articles 
 inaniiraetunMl uf irun ur ateel, the cunci'.HHiuuaireit wuulil either have tu ittart the 
 iieceHHary uianiifuctuiieH ur meet HtreuuuiiH piililie uppusitiun. The cuueeBHiou will 
 Hiiun expire. 
 
 The iriiii-ore ilepiwitH may be iliviilcil iiitu three Koieral cla«Heii : A. Ilyilratcil ureii 
 uf recent uriKin : II. Stratilleil ilepuHitK, iiicluiliu); ferruginuuD uaiiiUtunes, argillitea, 
 etc.; C .MoKBive ile|iuiiitH, niuntly uiii);iietiti'H. 
 
 A. The hyilrateil uren cuver iniiiietiHe areiiH, anil are entirely superllcial. They are 
 generally the luiise, earthy variety and have evidently been derived fruni thu huIu- 
 tiun tti irun cuntained in the neif;hbiiriiiK ruckN. Tliuu^h tlieiw urea may in siime 
 iiiHeN furm a valuable lliix fur Hiiicltiii); uperatiuiiH, they are uf iiu value per He ax a 
 Huurceuf irun, hciiiK invariably meehaiiically mixed with Hand, gravel, etc, which 
 uriginally Htreweil the Niirfaccs iipuii which they were depuNitud. 
 
 In order tu f{>vo n clear idea uf tlieHccoii>! and third elaiDieii uf irun urulnimitenter 
 slifjbtly iiitu the general geulugy uf the High Veldt ' cuiintry. It eunsistH uf beds uf 
 llat-lying Heilimentary Htrata rcHtiiig un granite, and everywhere travermid by green- 
 xtuiie ilikcH, In many jilaceH tlicne uliler atrata are uncumfurtably uverhiin by eual 
 meaaureH. The Heilimentary Htrata euiiHiat uf aaiidatune abaleH and cuuglomeraten, 
 
 ■ TmuMlctiuii* 111' till' AiiM'rii'tiii liiMtittite iif Mining EuKinimrM, Vtil. Will, p. 334. 
 
PIlOmiCTION op IRON ORKft. 
 
 165 
 
 aa well on HiinriiiniiN nrnnH iiT iiiiiKiD'Hiitii liiiLnHtniir; nml nItliniiKli rnrnly lyiiiK liori- 
 /.niitally, iih tlm rciitl iiii'nHiircH ilii, llioy nri< ni'Vi^rllicli-HH, iih ii riiln, only Hliglitly 
 tiltud. Tlio iiifiiii ^I'olof^ifMil titiitiiro to lin iiotcil Ih tlio woikIitI'u] por&iHUMM'eof tlioHO 
 lieiU ill liotliHtriko iiiiil<li|i. Tlio <'iiciir|iiiieiit ol'tliK ni)!li Voldt iHiiot. iilwiiyHrriii^iicl 
 by tli« l>e Knap rovks, nml wIdto tliny are nlim>iit f;riiiiltir unil lelilspntliic roikH, 
 micli nil porphyry, niirite, folMilr, cti-.. are nloiio foiiml, nml tlii' oriiptlvo );r«oiiHtoii« 
 in Htill imiro roiiiiiioii tlinii on tlio IIIkIi Voldt, 
 
 K. Tlii-Hn orcH ol' tlii< Htrntiiieil ilcpoKitK orciii' niiiniiK tlift llnt-lyiiiK mimlHtornin nml 
 Hlialm of tlio lll|;li Vclilt nml tli« tiltiiil Hlinlns, (|iinrt/.itiM, etc,, oT tlio Low Volilt. 
 
 Tliniii|{lioiit it Ih iihiiuI to liml IiimIh of Hnmlntonn or qnnrt/:i(4' pniuiiiiK into otIinrH of 
 nearly pun* iiiiifjiietito over lnr};4« (liHtuni'ct* nml for f^rent tliirkiinHHcH; nnil otlierM of 
 Hlinlii nro oliwrvrd to |inHH into ncnrly pure hmiintito. Tlii'rr in nlwnyn, liownver, noiiio 
 lionialiln with llin iimKimtiln, nml nlHo hoii.u llnionito, tlioii|;li tliiH Ih linrn purely an 
 iilteni 'M proiliict. The linnntito Ih ^i-ni-rnlly anft nml orhiiroiiH, though when it 
 oi'curH . '110 in the Hnmlntoiifl heilH, where its nnioiint ix nlwnyH ineongjilernlile, it in 
 iiNiially u iriffht Hcnlex of Hpoenlnr iron. It iDililliiiilt to nrcoiint for tho origin of 
 theHo ilepci" >H, iiiiliwH we niny HiippoHe ti'iit in the enm' of the innKKOtite this iron ore 
 reHiilted from the fllHint^'^rntimi of pieexintimj^runitie roekii, ami wnH enneontrnl^Ml 
 by the netion of the sen. nn on ninny Hea benches, where binek HnmlH hnve nncniiiii- 
 lateil over Inrge nrenn. Wlint may ^i^e morn eolor to this liypothcHis is the fnet that 
 tliiiHe beils of iron ore nre ilistiiietly bnmltiil or strntilieil in ninny plarcH, nml Roiiie- 
 tiiiieH niteriinte with others of pine snmlHtohe. The heinntite lieilH were |ierhnp8 
 oriKiiinlly a mmlily Heiliment. 
 
 Upon the Iliirh Vclilt there nro enorinoiis i|iinntities of those ores thnt nro not 
 HilieeoiiH to niiy ^ront extent, nml nn in many jilaeeH they are foiiml in the iinnioillate 
 noiKliborhooil of the imnieiiHe innl ilejiosits of the eonntry they may be ntili/eil nt 
 Home future time. There nro also other ilopositsi of magnetite in the shape of Inrue 
 llHSiiro veins trnverslii); these IliKh VeliU roeks, but of this I enii not spenk with niiy 
 certainty, mir can I as to whether or not any (leposits occur in the coal nieasnreH, 
 thiiiiKli 1 believe they ilo. Test^ of the ores show the iron cniiteiit to be from (iO t^i 
 (Ut per cent, witli phimplioriis frnin O.thi to O.IU. .Soini- of these ores unvo renctions for 
 titnninni. (if course llin Haniples were selected. 
 
 As iiiny perhnps be inferred from the fore}!ojii)r^ there nre also eiioriiinns ninoiintH 
 uf elay-ironstono, such ns is workoil in KnKlnnd, to lie I'onml nmoiiK the lil|;h Veldt 
 Htratii. 
 
 ('. The mniiHive deposits nre fronlogicnily the most interesting, and thoiifrli observed 
 only over n compnrntively siiinll nren, it is certnin that they occur very widely over 
 till" northern portion of the Transvanl. 
 
 The ]ilaee where I saw these massive ore bodies was snnio 50 miles north of the 
 HiKh Voldt eHcnrpmcnt and as ninny miles away froiii coal. Tliere nre no strntilieil 
 rocks in the district, whether tilted or otherwise. Th(> country rock seonied to bo 
 a llesli-colorpil felsite, though from its soinotimos containing wcll-detlned orthochtae 
 crystals, together with (jrnins of ignnrtx, it mnyperhnns be termed n granite. This 
 relsito Is only oceasionnlly seen, owiii); to the eiiormons i|nniitity of i;rcanstoiie, 
 which seems to hnve nliiiost everywhere covered it. It is necessnry to say that tlio 
 country is only hilly or nndnlntlnK. Risini; from this moderately level Inml is a 
 iiiimbor of hills that are ]irominent from their perfectly conical shape. The Inr^est 
 of those I f'onnd b,v an aneroid bnrometcr to be li'.Ti feet hl^h. while at the base the 
 diainetor is probably one. half iiiilo At the bottom nml for the first 101) feet of the 
 ascent greenstone oceasionnlly nppenied "in pince." but from Hint point nothing else 
 wiisobsorved but mnssive ningnetite, which wns so frei|Ucntly seen "in place" that I 
 wns onnblod to assure myself thnt this wnsprncticnlly n hill of solid ore. Mostof it, 
 too, oxhibiied polnrity to such nn e\teiit thnt breaking the ore wns not ea.sy, owing 
 to the smaller particles becoming nttaehed to the hammer bend. HesideH magnetite 
 ninnll ipinntities of hematite nml a little limouite wore observiMl, but no traeos of 
 •|iiurt/. or rock of any kind. 
 
106 
 
 MINRKAL RESOURCES. 
 
 Tim otliiT liillH, tliniiKli siiiMller, with idniitical in PhiHiictrr. thciUKli tliny riliiliitecl 
 no )rr<'rimt»iir iit tlirir Ikihi'h. TIh' Hnilnc^i fur wiinf diHtiinn' h Hircwn witli ttug- 
 niiMilN cil' niMKiK'tito, wliicli );'>vfl ii littlu trcnililo liy xtiikin;; tii tbo tir<w of waffoii 
 wIkwIh iiinl ti> our liDrevn' alioeH. I nniy iniMitiim lliatthc llntTH i'(>ni|ilain of UiIh iu 
 iilliiir piirtH (if tliK niirthiTn HiMtiun, Imt I liiiv(> inily wrn it hisrc. 
 
 I <^nn form no tlirory ua to tlii> priiliablo origin of tlii'xi' IiIIIh of niaRiietito, an tlicy 
 Hcc-ni to occur witlxnit any m'i|unni'«. It ih poHHihlr that tlui iron iu»y liavoocriirri'il 
 in tlw Kruinistono nriKinally, wliicli liy (li'cinnpoHiii); (wliii'li it ilorfi very rapidly 
 lii'ri') luft tli« ori! Htandiiij; nl>ovo tlio Hnrfiirc, but I v/an uuviir abb' to flud any niorii 
 inaKurtito in tlw Iar(;i' );reiMiston« ureas now expisiMl. It in truii that this grooniitonn 
 now containM llHKnri'x lilli'il with a matrix I'onipoaoil of a byilratcil oxiilo of iron ami 
 a l'ttlu.i|uart/. ThiH vuin matter nontaiuH frim Kolil, malachite, nzurito, bornito, 
 I'hab'opyritc, ami jirobably other copper oreH; also Hnniltitu anil iiici'olito, with p«r- 
 hnpN other oren of (tobalt ami nii^kul, ami linally mmpiekul ami galena. All the 
 above oroa carry ijolil anil Hilver. Thu locality hoH a Hpocial iuteriwt from tho fart 
 that miMt of tbcHO veina were worked by the "anciontH/' moat probably for copper. 
 Unfortunately no aualynes of the magnetite were mailo, act for the jiroHCut tlieHe 
 iniineiiHo.niaiiHOH have m> commercial viilue. 
 
 The above data refer to the iron urea i>>' the Tran»vual only, om I am not familiar 
 enouKi- with Cupe Colony, the ()ran;;e Free State, llaHiitoland, Natal, llritisb 
 Kccbuiuialanil, etc., to f;ive more (lullnlte inronimtion than that neither minin); nor 
 HMieltinK of iron ore 18 carried on in any one of them, but from what I know of the 
 KeoloKy of .South Africa I am aasured that depiiHita aimilar to thoHe I have written 
 of will be found thron);hoiit the entire extent of it. There are in this eonntry ]irob- 
 ably many other ilopoHits of iron ore of which nothing is known, ami which may 
 beloni; to a cliuiH other than those inentioncd. 
 
 Mr. Chiirles M. l{olkor, ininiiij; onginocr, supplied tho followiiiK iiifor- 
 iniition ill roj^fanl to tho iron-ore deposits in thesoiittieni part of Afri(!ii, 
 statiiif; that he knows of none whiuh are beinjj; iietivcly worked by white 
 men. There are hirgc hematite deposits near Mount VVcdxa, iiortlieast 
 of Fort Victoria, in Mashonahiiid, which are utilized by Mashonas iu 
 making' assagais, arrows, hoes, and domestic tools. Numerous smaller 
 dejiosits scatte,re(l about Salisbury, Uartley Hills, Lo Maghnndis, etc., 
 in Mashoiialaiid, which areexiiloited for similar purposes by the native.s. 
 There is iiii(|u<'stionably iron ore in the Dutch Republic (Transvaal), 
 but it is not worked. 
 
 Mr. Daniel llahn,of Oape Town, Africa, writes that the natives in 
 iSouth Africa, i. e.. the (;oiintry south of the (Janeiie and Zambezi, do 
 not work any iron ore, although cxcenent deposits of ore are found 
 at various jiliwes. 
 
 American ministers or consuls in (l^ambia, Zan/.ibar, and the Straits 
 Settlenients report that no iron lU'e is cither used or imported. 
 
 OCEANICA. 
 
 nuRNEo. 
 
 Mr. .lohii C. F. Randolph, mining engineer, of New York, fiirnishcd 
 the following ilata in regard to the iron industry of Borneo: 
 
 The HinoltinK of iron ores almiiHt ceased about the year 1S70, through the rlienp- 
 ni'Ks of KnjjIiHh iron and Nteel, wbieh is now passed from hand to hand by the 
 trailers, until it reaches the wildest tribes in the interior, lining already fashioned 
 
PRODT'CTION OK IUr>N *)RKH. 
 
 167 
 
 into wiHiil kliivPH (]ini'iiiiKi<), Ikwh, (cliiiiikiilH), iiml iixi'K (liliivnii);ii) of t)i<' hIiii|ii' 
 llit*y urc iirniHtoiiH'il to. Tltn iirt of iron iiiiil Htvv\ making in lliin iHluiitl In ho oUl, 
 liowuvKi', tliJit It U iiiiji' 'Hilili' to Htiitn wlicinro il whh ilirivt'il, mill niiiiii' I'i-w hiliiiII 
 I'liriiucHH {lOHHilily ntill niirvivc, Imt tlii'ir |iri>iliii't in I'lir morn I'oHtly, nitlioiiuli iiiiii li 
 HM|iHrior to the iiii|iort<»l iirticlr. Tliiit tlit< limt art of iIuiiiuhiiviiimI or laiiiiiiatiiil 
 nitiol, nliowiii); a wntiT pattuni, rcailinil Iiiiii iUiv<)lo|iiiii'iit In Itoriiiio i* nnilouliird, 
 nnd Mr. l{nnilol|ili ntatrH that hi' han hail In IiIh lianilN liliiilrH»rnati >■ '<rkiintn)ihi|i 
 from Rtei'l proiliiciMl In natlvii forKUH HU|ii'rli>r in ti'nipvr anil hiiaiitv to 'i.> hliiK tlio 
 Kiiropenn niiiHitiiniH hIiow of thr nianiifartiiru of ToImiIo in the Mlililln iV|,'i'H. Thci 
 principal localltii'H whrri> iron Hnn-ltin^ ami hU'v\ fabritMition in nat *'' liinnicrH ami 
 fori^CH WITH lliiiirlHhliiK prior to IS70 w«r<i: 
 
 (1) In Noiilli ilorniiii, at Sian Mnroii;.;, llnHHon-l'lv, ami i-Hperially alnn^ tlit Monli'l- 
 Int Klviir, wlini'K at loait 10 fiirnai'i>H anil l'iir>;«ii wnri' nt work m 1'<II). 
 
 (2) Ir th« \vi*Hti-rn ilmtrirt of Hoiith norniio, at Katin^nii anil KatariiiKf^i'* 'I'lio 
 l.iH ' I, .111 many fnrnan's in \K<(), iiHiiit; lliu iron oriw from Samjia Itivi'i ami the 
 Maiitiki'l liranrh, IIowiiik into it. Five thoiiHanil paraiiKH are Haiil to liavi' himn 
 niailv ill thtwii iliHtrirtH in IK'id. 
 
 (3) In WfHt llornro, at KamlawanKim, on thr Ilakan Itiwr. ami .Maliin anil 8im- 
 jiiinK on tliii Siilnr Kivrr. 
 
 (1) In north llornro, whrrc many fnrnaci'H witi' working until 1S7II, I'lnpliiyiii); 
 from IMMI to ilHI Chini'M' anil Malays. 
 
 Siimii of the trihiHof Dyakn (hoail liiiiitcrH) far in tlio interior air Hiill Hiiiil to 
 work a finv forKVit, ami thitir Htei'l i.s famoiiH for quality ami lii'aiity. 
 
 All of thin Hmi'ltini; woh ilono in iiativi' rylinilriral fiirnaros, ^ fiwt I iiii'lii'H lii^h 
 ami 10 fi'et in cireiiuifi'roniM', tho intrrior having; tlio form of a>. iiivi'rlr>l |ivraniiil. 
 The HmrltiuK '.one waa Ur> imhiw long, I!l inchrit wiilr, anil !l iiichitH liiKh. 'Ihi'mi 
 fiiriiarrR, built of wi'll-HoliTtvil ynllow clay, worn fol'int'il hy lirHt placing a wonili'ii 
 core, anil oiitNiilu of that a I'yilnilriral wooiliiii form, ami taiii)iiu|; tho I'hiy lanifiilly 
 liutwern thu two. After a monlh'H ilryiiiK, iliiriii;; which fiirtlii>r tampini; in ilouu, 
 thii coTK unil 8iirroiiniliii){ In x ari' reniovcil, ami the Ktaik hoiiiiil with Htronj; rattan, 
 'riiii ilryln^X i>* I'ompli'ti'il with a Niiiall lirr, iilaroil iiiHiili' of tho fnrnai-o. The cam- 
 paign of Hiii'li a Inrnari' liiNtoil hut a ilay, the oro iihiiI IiiiIiik iroiiNtoiie from the Coal 
 MeaHiiri'H. At tir.st thr hottoiii of the Ntaitk or rriu'ihlr waH parkeil with ]Mi\\ilcriiil 
 charcoal two iiicliiv thick, with a cavity in tho iniilillu in which toaHHcmlilo the iron. 
 Two o)iciiin};H were iiiailc, the lower onr for the metal anil the upper one fur the 
 HhiK. Three larger IioIuh were maile in the hack ami hIiIcx for tlie liliiHt. The 
 tnyi'^res were of linrnt clay II incliex lont;. tapering towaril ami conncctcil with the 
 lihiat lio\ hy woollen tiihcH. Kacli lilitHt ho.\ waa operuteil hy haiiil anil coiitaineil a 
 vulvo niaile air-ti;{|it Ity fcatherH. It Hii]iplieil air to one tuyere, ami waH wofImmI hy 
 one man. ttlowin^ coala were limt jilaceil into the crmihle, anil acteil on hy the 
 blaat; then the furnace wait two-thinlH lilleil with charcoal, anil on this a liiyerof 
 ore WON placed, the liliiHt heiiig increaxeil ho iih to make the llrst action on the ore 
 one of roaHtin^. Ah the charge doHceiided, another layer of charcoal Ih aililed, and 
 then one of ore, nnt Hi;£e, in regular HiicceHHion. 
 
 The proportion of ore to coal w»h 1 to 10, the feeding heing done from ahnvo, and 
 the top heaped up. After a lapHe of two and a half honrH the charge iiHiially Hank 
 fliifllciently for new ore and coal. Slag wiiH drawn every twenty mimitcM, the hIaHt 
 being stopped by withdrawing the tiiyercH for live or more minntcH, the diHadvantage 
 being that the majority of the iron lloweil out mixed in the Hiag. When all the coal 
 wiiH bnrued, the metal wiih tapped through the lower hole an a rod, glowing, hardly 
 tlowing masH, which hud to he helped out of the furnace with wooden ]ioleH toa le\'el 
 place, in front, Htrewn with line xlag. Here the inaH» n as beaten with wooden mallets 
 until It became Hhiiiy. Heing ntill full of nlag (to the extent of one-tenth) it had to 
 be repeatedly heated red hot, muiI heab'ii with hainmern, until it ciiiild ho forged. 
 The rcHiilt of one ilay'n work of four men wan 1.% ponmlH of iron. KorgcH arc leaa 
 
ir,8 
 
 MINERAL RE80tTRCE8. 
 
 rare to-dnv tlmn amnltin); Ciiriiiiii's. Tlie iimial ciiiantity of mntorial fnl>ricnt«il in 
 tlio fdrifOH at Nt'^^unv, in Hoiith Ilnriico, iH liir^e, nnil tb<' prixluct is Iiiuioiih in tliut piirt 
 ul' tlii^ iHlanil. TliK " |iiir»iif;" ii4Kli»peil like atiwiiril, or Mexican nmi'licte and HervpH 
 liiitli lor UHi' ill tlic jiiiiKlti ami ax a wunpoii in war. Tlin paranja now in iihc aro 
 i'liii'tlyot'l''.ii);lisli maiiiirai'tiiro, Hiniilar totlione ('iiTiilatin^ through tlie whole archi- 
 jit'laj^o, anil very intorinr in i|iiality to tlnmc proiliireil in Horneo. 
 
 AVliat lias bt-eii saiil of Honieo is e(iiially true of the native Malay 
 statcH, the ishtiulH of Java and Sumatra, and in fact of the rest of 
 Malaysia. Home few furnaces like the one described in itorneo are 
 o«!ca8iona1ly seen. 
 
 NKW OALEDONIA. 
 
 Accordinjj; to a report issued by the French colonial office, this coun- 
 try has considerable quantities of iron ore, containing from 2 to 5 per 
 cent of ehroniiuni. 
 
 Mr. .r. (!. H. MiiiKi'y. of the New South Wales geological survey, 
 gives analyses of nine specimens of Xew (Caledonian iron ore, which 
 he states contains from 0.7."> to L'.Sfi per cent of chromic scs(iuioxide. 
 The various elements in the ore varied ius foHows: 
 
 Analyneii of New Calcdnnian iron ore. 
 
 
 Per rent. 
 
 MoiHinrnnt 10(r r 
 
 1 21 to n 63 
 
 
 
 
 Tracr 
 
 Inm iMTiixiilc 
 
 Inn pmtoxiili' 
 
 &t. r>0 to TK. ()H 
 .4.') to 4.05 
 
 Nirkfl pniloxiilr 
 
 2<> to 1 3r> 
 
 ( 'iibalt iinttiixitlu 
 
 Ahiinitm 
 
 Kilini 
 
 None totrHC4>, ' 
 4.41 tu 10. HO : 
 
 
 Trare to 17 
 
 Miiuiii'nta 
 
 lMioi4|ihnri(' in-id 
 
 Truri- to . 57 
 
 MrUillif linn 
 
 46. 54 if) ST. 80 
 
 
 
 NEW .SUtTTII WALES. 
 
 Mr. .Joseph E. ('arne, geological surveyor, department of mines and 
 agriculture, supplied raost of the following data : 
 
 Tlie existence of extensive depositN of ricli iron ores at Wallerawniig, MittnKong, 
 near Pieton, Ilorrima. Mount Lanibie, near Illayney, near ('owra, Lyndliiirnt, Lne, 
 Port Stephnna, and in varioiiH otlier partH of the colony IniH heen deinonatrnted, in 
 many instanccH in the vicinity of coal and liniCHtone in alinndanco, although lint 
 little IniH been done tnwai'd developing thin imporlnnt Honrce of wealth. 
 
 Ill fact, with the exception of the Fitzi'oy worka at Mittagong, which have lioen 
 abandoned for aoine time, the only worka in the colony are tlioac of the Eakliank 
 Iron Company, at Lithgow Valley, which were originated in IST.'J. Theae worka 
 conaiat of fnrnace, foundry, and forge and rolling iiiilla. Moat of the |ilant, includ- 
 ing a 24-tnn lly wheel, waa made on the ground. The hlaat fiirnnco ia capable of 
 producing 100 ^ona of gray or 115 toiia of mottled iron per week. During 18S!)2,i;M! 
 toiiH !) hiindredwi'ight of bur and rail iron wore made, valued at jC 18, {iSOlOa. Sinolt- 
 ing lia.s been abandoned for aonie time, the worka being at present employed for 
 working up old iron. 
 
PRODUrTION OP IRON ORES. 
 
 169 
 
 In IRflO considoriililn iittoiition wan i;ireii to tli« irnii on' <l<-poHitH of New Sniitli 
 \Valfl8, owini; to the vinit of iiii KiikHsIi cxjiort for tlin piirposn of inakiiiK a report 
 on the iron ore, coal, ami limefltono dnpoRitx of thi' rolony, with u vii'u of oHtablisli- 
 in|r iron Hninlting worka. 
 
 IrroKulnr niasBCH anil veins of maKnctito, witli gurnet ironntone. and Honie IocIph 
 of brown liematite occur in tiin Devonian 1>c<1h near Wallerawang, wliilo int(*rltmldt<(l 
 with the Coal Measnrua, whicli extend from \Vall<irawan({ to Kowenfola, are several 
 thin beds of rich clay-lianil iron ore — a variety of hematite. 
 
 According to analyfiiH made by ProfeHHor LiverHidgo tlic magnotito orn averages 
 40.l<7 per cent of metallic iron, the garnet irnnKtone 21 per cent of iron, both lieing 
 inferior, the brown hematite yielding 37. K4 to ril,.'i2 per cent of iron, the clay handH 
 4U.28 to Sti per cent of iron of better grade. 
 
 The depoHit of brown hematite at Mittagong is a Riiring dci)osit formed at jnnr- 
 tion of the Hawkesbury and Wianamatta forniutionH. Iron ore, comtistiiig of red 
 and brown hematite, occurs in the Ilawkeabury rockx iit Mount (Clarence in couHid- 
 erable quantity. A sample analyzed by the Government analyst eontaini'd iVi per 
 cent of metallic iron. This ore is generally very siliceoiiH. 
 
 At Br "vns Cre<^k, near Blayney, several de|)OsitH of iron ore occur, which furnished 
 the major portion nf the ore used during snu>lting operations at Kskliank. Itrown 
 iron ore was also obtained from Newbrid^<). 
 
 A few miles from Lyndhurst an ontcro]i of brown iron ore in limestone orrrra. At 
 Ilroula, uearCuwra, magnetic iron ore of good iimility is reported in quantity. 
 
 The qnantity of iron ores availablo for smelting works in the Mittagcnigor I'icton 
 district is estimated a|iproximat«ly at 8,2:U,(M)0 tons, containing :i,(i8^l,nn() tims of 
 metallic iron; in the Wallerawang district, '.',481,0011 tons of ore, yieldiiig 1,212,(XX) 
 tons of motallic iron ; and in the liylstono district, 2,22r>,(X)0 tons of ore, containing 
 9.'i7,18n tons of metalUc iron. 
 
 In framing the above estimate of the (|nantiti<w of iron ore available in the ilis- 
 tricts mentioned, (miy thoAe deposits whieli are within reasonable distance of rail- 
 way carriage have been considered. 
 
 Ill tlip Cohiinbiiin K.xposition tlierc were, exhibited: 
 
 1. Iron ore aiiil coal i'roiii tlie Mitta!;<>ii<; district, liiiiestono from 
 Marulaii,aii<l \}\ff iron, castings, etc., niannfactared from t<lii> above iron 
 ore. The iron-ore deposits of tht* Fitzroy, or Mittagonfr, and Mcrrinia 
 districts, from some of which the exhibit was taken, consist of brown 
 hematite, limonite, and bog iron ore. They wcur cliiefly in ten different 
 localities, nine of these beiwg within 5 miles from the old Fitzroy Iron 
 Smelting Works, and one abont 4^ miles froi .no railway line at 
 Moss Vale. 
 
 The Government geologist describes the deposit from which this 
 exhibit was taken as having been "formed from fcrrnginons springs, 
 some of which are still (lowing and depo.siting hydrons iron oxide, The 
 ore varies from hard, tjompact brown hematite to soft, ocheroua nniterial, 
 ant! yields on analysis from 47.2 to 01.4 per cent of metallic iron." 
 The average of twenty analyses showed 48.40 per cent of metallic iron. 
 Coal is worked at the Atlttagong and Herrima mines, and the nearest 
 limestone is at Marulan, 37 mih^s by rail from Mittagong. Other 
 de|M<sits of brown henuitite occur in the (ronlbonrn district, distant .''i.l 
 milcH by rail from Mittagong. 
 
 2. Iron ore and limestone from Port Stephens. 
 
170 
 
 MINEKAI, RESOtlKCKS. 
 
 At Ironstone Mountain, in the I'ort >St<'i>lii>ns district, occurs a 
 bed ol' magnetic iron ore, from wliiclt tlie Maniple exiiililted wau taken. 
 The geoUifjical surveyor states tliat the bed of ore is from 3 to 4 feet 
 thick, and can bo traced fur over n (juarter of a inih^ Tho result of 
 six analyses shows that the ore contains from .'57.71 to 4M.,'{.3 jKjr cent 
 of metallic iron; but they also indicate as much as 7..'{0 per cent of 
 titanic, acid, 1H.70 per cent of .silica, and '>.'2H i»cr cent of alumina. 
 
 3. A pile of about 2 tons of magnetic iron ore from Hroula liidge, 
 li70 miles west of Sydney, or alxmt 90 miles from the nearest coal 
 deiKtsits at Wallerawang. The analysis shows (I.VJ'-' per cent of metal- 
 lit^ iron. 
 
 4. Another pile of 2 tons of brown hematite obtained 8 miles from 
 Pict^)n, which is r»3 miles from Sydney. The.-to brown hematite ores 
 are described by the late (iovernment geologist as similar in origin 
 tothoscof Mittagong, havingbeen formed at the surface by ferruginous 
 sjiriiigs. In the deposit from which tlie above exhibit was taken 
 the same ol1i(!er estimated that about .S(IU,(IOO tons of ore arc available. 
 -Vnalyses show 4!».3i» per cent of metallic iron. 
 
 Ti. Some brown hematite froui Ntnvbridge, yielding M.S per cent of 
 metallic iron, which was used ilnriiig iron smelting at Lithgow. 
 
 (!. IJrown iron ore from the parish of Calvert, county of liathnrst, 
 yielding ."lO.O.") per cent of iron. This iron ore deposit, which occurs in 
 diorite, is lenticular in form, and |)rol)ably owes its origin to a chalyb- 
 eate spring. I'rospectingoperations wereconfined toafew small open- 
 ings made in winning ore tiirsmolting at Lithgow some years ago. The 
 de))osit is in close iiroximily to limestone. 
 
 7. Magnetic iron ok^ (■nti.So per cent iron) from the parish of Erro!, 
 county of Ilathurst. The deposit from which this oi'c was taken occurs 
 in diorite, and is closely associated with a chalcedonic ipiartz reef. A 
 cutting made in obtaining ore for the Lithgow Iron Works revealed a 
 face of ore about 30 feet by l.") feet; about 10 chains to the westward 
 several smaller openings have been made in similar ore. The ore is 
 strongly magnetic, and forms a natural loadstone, 
 
 8. IJrown iron ore from a mine 104 miles west from Sydney, giving 
 55.84 per c'xt of metallic iron, a considerable quantity of which was 
 used during smelting operations at Lithgow. An opening about 2 
 chains hing by about 1 chain wide was made, revealing an irregular 
 bunch of brown inm ore occurring in talcose schist. The workings 
 had reached a de]ith of about 30 feet when smelting was discontinued. 
 
 9. Brown iron ore (5.S.0(i per cent) fi'om Cliefden, near Lyndhurst, 
 about 188 miles by rail from Sydney. A large, unprosiHicted outcrop 
 e\t>i^n<ls fur about ouu-hulf mile, with a width of from 2 to 3 chains, in 
 limestone. 
 
PRODUCTION OP IKON ORKS 
 
 171 
 
 10, There was also oxliibited a collection of iron, liiaiifjanosf, aii<I 
 cobalt ores from tlio minister for mines and agriculture, Sydney, which 
 included the following iron ores: 
 
 Iron oreH from Neiv South ll'alet. 
 
 Character of ore. 
 
 Mi'tallic , , ... 
 iron, i Locality. 
 
 I'rr cfiil. ' 
 
 0"_'. f( Xorwoml, near OnnliMtm. 
 
 4f<. fl .Joniin, near lioiilhiirn. 
 
 .19.18 Willi'nMiSlatiim, l.nkr Crcnrtlf, near (innllnirri. 
 
 50. 41i Near <ion)lnirn. 
 
 n.m Klt/,riiv mine. Mlttaiicni);. 
 
 42.07 Wentliroiik. Sinillet.in. 
 
 4». (l:! NewhrWue. « inilea tVorii lllavnev. 
 
 111.114 Drake. New Knglanil. 
 
 0«. 34 : VnungCowradlHtrii-t. 
 
 38.40 j Near Claroueii Town. 
 
 Do 
 
 1)11 
 
 Do . . 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 MajrnotiU) 
 
 
 .._ _.. . .__ 
 
 These analyses are evidently from sampled dried at 212'^. 
 
 Iron ore occurs near Lyndhurst, about l!tO miles from Sydney, and 17S 
 miles from Granville, where extensive iron and machinery works are 
 situated; also the Clyde Smelting Works, in which the Lyndhurst iron- 
 stone was used as a tlux in the smelting of silver ores. In this nunc are 
 three lodes, 2 feet, 35 feet, and 40 feet wide, rtjspectivtdy, and though 
 this deposit has been prospected to a depth of only a few feet yet a 
 large <iuantity of ore is in siglit. Dm ing the year IS'KJ there was raised 
 in. the Broken Hill district 1,051 tons of iron ore, valued at £1,19H. 
 The bulk of this came from Balaclava, about 8 miles from Broken 
 Hill, the balance being taken by the i»roprietary company from thetmt- 
 cropof the lode. It is used as Hux. All of tlie iron made in New South 
 Wales, Australia, at present, as reiiorted in the returns of the ( leological 
 Survey, is obtained from scrap at the Eshbank Iron Works, and not 
 from iron ore. 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 In South Australia magnetite and red and brown hematites occur, 
 some of which are used as lliix in the silver snu^lters. The only 
 deposit which has as yet been worked for the pnriiose of iron manufac- 
 ture is the Mount Jagged iron mine, 9 miles souMieiist of Willunga 
 and 11 miles north of Victor Harbor. A eonijiany was formed in IHT.'i, 
 which built a snnill furnace to smelt the magnetic ores with charcoal, 
 but after a short blast the furnace was abandoned. 
 
 TASMANIA. 
 
 Tasmania has considerable iron ore, largo deposits at Illfracondie, S 
 miles from the Kiver Tamar, being destiribed as yiel'dlng a good (piality 
 of brown hematite. Iron sands are also repented as occurring. None 
 of the deposits are worked. 
 

 172 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 NEW ZKAI-ANI). 
 
 At Tiirnaki, siinil coiitniiiin;; nia^notic oxiilc of iron, often titaniferous, 
 is round. It isbclic^vcd to hv tlip result, of tlie ilcstniction by the waves 
 of nuLsses of iron-la'arlnj; material. Similar iron sand lins been used 
 in the inunufactnre of iron both in New Zealand and in Tasmania, 
 where it also oceiirs. The re]M>rt in 18!M» on the mining industry of 
 New Zealand states that 14 tons of hematite ore were ex|M>rted, but no 
 later reports are accessible. 
 
 Mr. .lohn 1). Connolly, consul of the United Stat«>.s at Auckland, New 
 Zealand, has, through the cinirtcsy of the Honorable K. Kiddon, minis- 
 ter of mines, supplied statistics in regard to the amount of iron ore mined 
 and used in that country in 1802. He says: 
 
 AUIioiikIi tliiTO arc liii';;i' <li'p<iHitH of inin (uiikI anil irnn nrn in varions parts of 
 Wi'w /riiland, niannfactiirrd iron Iihh not Uv-ou prndnnod to Hnnh an oxtont iw to make 
 it a mai'ki'talilii coninioility. Unrin); 1S!I2 tli« Onotiin^a Iron Workn Company pro- 
 Uiu'od al)f>iit ^^^O tonH of iron, on which the <iov»rnn)t'nt ]iaiil a Immiuh of .11300, Init 
 it rcniaioH to lio Hn.:) wlnithiir iliat ronipaiiy will rontinne ith operationfi. 
 
 This iron was n\iule between June .3 and .Inly 10, 1802, from cinder 
 and native ores, vi/,, l*ara))ara riid VVhangarei ores and ircn sand. 
 The iron sands were niiule into the form of bricks in order to be more 
 easily smelted. Tlu^ ores yielded about 50 i>er cent of iron in the 
 furnace, so that the total amount used a|)proximatcd 700 tons. 
 
 Some years ago a magnetic separator was shipped from the United 
 States to New Zealand for the purpose of treating the iron sands, which 
 appear there in an unusinilly concentrated condition. 
 
 SANDWICH ISLANDS. 
 
 These islands are of volcanic formation, and the Hnnor.able John L. 
 Stevens says that no iron ore i.s produced or ]>ig iron manufiu;tured. 
 In facit, ho never heard of any minerals being found. The sharp tools 
 used by the natives before the islands were discovered by Europeans 
 were nuide from a peculiar kind of tlint rock. 
 
I'UOUUCTION OF IKON OUES. 
 
 178 
 
 THK PRODUCTION OK IRON ORES IN TIIK I'NITKD STATUS IN 
 
 1S94. 
 
 The rwioi'd of ironoro production in the year 18ilJ, auioiinting to 
 11,879,«7!» long tons, shows ii nli{;lit advance (about '2.\ per cent) over 
 the quantity mined in 1803, but notwithstaiidiii},' this the year 18!»-t can 
 probabiy be recorded as the most unsatisfactory iu the history of irou- 
 ore inluing in the United States. 
 
 The returns for 1893 indicated the smallest output from domestic 
 iron-ore mines since statistics have been collected by the United States 
 Geological Survey. This Is shown by the following table, where, In 
 addition to the total product, the relation which that of each year bore 
 to the maximum output of 1802 is given : 
 
 Production of iron una in the United Statet, ISS9 lo JS!)4. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 ! put. 
 
 I88D 
 
 Long tttnf, 
 U, 518, 041 
 16,030,043 
 14,501,178 
 16, 206, 060 
 
 i\.f»i,wa 
 
 11,870,679 
 
 81). 00 
 08. 40 
 
 811. .^;i 
 liju.oo 
 71.10 
 72.1)0 
 
 Ifgo 
 
 181)1 
 
 1802 
 
 1893 
 
 18M 
 
 
 While the (juautity of ore credited to 1804 is small, when compared 
 with that of the other years mentioned, except 1803, it is much in 
 excess of the amounts reiiorted by the only other records accessible, 
 viz, the censuses of IStiO, 1870, and 1880. The reduced production, 
 however. In connection with the prevailing low prices, made the year 
 most unsatisfactory, becau.se itafl'ected an increased amount of capital 
 and a larger number of emiiloyees, made necessary by the extension 
 of the Industry to nwvX the demands of inec<!ding years. 
 
 The percentage borne to the maximum output of 1802 indicates the 
 remarkably depressed state of business in 1801, but piooalily a more 
 r!i|ultable comiiarLson is to average the iron-ore inodiietloii of the past 
 two years and that of the four preceding years as follows: 
 
 [,nll^ tiillH. 
 
 Avorugi! luiiiiiiil iiroiliictiiin of iron ori< for .vriir.s ISSSI, IX'H), ISill, ami M!I2. m, ;t(!(), IMli 
 Averugu uimiial proiluetioii of iron ore lor yours 18Ua unci 1S91 11. ?;!;), G.") I 
 
 Avoragu iloHciency \h:t yt^nr ;( ff>x\, 81'8 
 
 The average annual output for 1803 and 1804 was 76.30 per (sent of 
 that of the four preceding years, and as during tiie periods of large 
 production mining enterprises were extended, new developments ina<lo, 
 additions to ecpiipment secured, and augmented cajiital invested, a 
 reduction so great In the (iiiautlty of ore mined would of itself crijjple 
 
174 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 luiniuroiis enterprises. Itut when such reiluetioii was neeoinimiiied by 
 an uii|)ieee(lente(l deeline in |irices the depressing' intliieiiee was ;,a°eiitly 
 intensilied. 
 
 CHARACTER OF IRON ORE PRODUCED. 
 
 The (changes in the country's output of llie dltVereiit vivrietiesof iron 
 ore are set forth in the foUowinf; statement, \vhit!ii shows th(! (luantities 
 of eaeli ehiss of iron ore in various years, and the i)roportion which 
 they bore to tiie total outiint of tlie yivir. The division of the foreign 
 iron ore i.s not iitteinpted, but the umjor portion may be considered as 
 of tlie red heuiatitt^ variety: 
 
 Character of iron ore produced. 
 
 KiiiiU uf ore. 
 
 ILoHiftijilM. Longtoitg. Lnngttnit. 
 
 ItoilliiMiiiitid' J. I'il, ira:i O.II5«.28K 10,527.11511 
 
 Hniwii hiriiiKltc. ! 1,9IK.(B2 2, .'ffl.OK? 2, ri.V.I, !i;!8 
 
 Mhkiii'IMc ' •-'. l:ii,-.'7ii ■•.:m(.a\:> 2,570.8:ih 
 
 Carliimulc 82:1,471 4:12.2.11 a77,(117 
 
 j TutiildntiioH- 
 
 tii! uru 
 
 : Ftircicii oren 
 
 i Kraiikliiiitn, i-iwtil. 
 I IIUIII 
 
 7, 12(l.;i62 14, SIB, 041 ■10.03(1,04:1 
 
 liOniJtnnt. t/imi/ionn.iIjtniijtnltK.^ iMHtf linm. 
 
 !l,:i27,3l»l ll.(H(l,Blll S,272,(>:i7 U r.47, 4:14 
 
 2,7.17..'ilH ! 2,4«.-i.l01 I 1.8111,272 l,472,74K 
 
 '-! :I17. lOK 1,B71,IKI,'> l.:i:lo.88li 1)72,2111 
 
 IHU. lOK 11)2, OKI 1:14,8:14 87,278 
 
 14, Ml, 178 
 012.8(14 
 
 (0, 290. (100 
 800. 58,') 
 
 31,S73 
 
 ll,587,(12il 11,870,(1711 
 520,0,-.l I 107,;i07 
 
 37, 607 i 
 
 I 
 
 Percenlaiita of different rartetim of domctlic iron orm for rarioim yean. 
 
 Kinds uf ure. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Percrnt. 
 05. 05 
 10.0(1 
 16.03 
 2.30 
 
 1891. 
 
 Per rent. 
 
 0:1.02 
 
 18.110 
 
 15.88 
 
 1.30 
 
 1892. 
 
 Per rent. 
 
 71.47 
 
 1.5.25 
 
 12 10 
 
 1.18 
 
 18in. 
 
 1801. 
 
 K(m1 lii'oiat ltd 
 
 Per emt. 
 31.52 
 20. D.I 
 20. 07 
 11.56 
 
 Per cent, 
 
 02. ;i8 
 i7.:iK 
 
 :7.26 
 
 2.U8 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 71. 30 
 
 15.00 
 
 11.40 
 
 1.0 
 
 /Vr rent. 
 78. (IK 
 12.40 
 8.18 
 0.74 
 
 
 
 
 TJM'se stateiiieiits are {^rapiiieally ilhistrated by PI. XI, ou which 
 coliiinns and divisions of cohinins ropiesent the rehitivo (luantities of 
 each class of ore and the total iron ore mined in the omisus years 1H.S0 
 and IS.S!> and in tiie years 18i)() to 1H!>4, as reported to the Survey. On 
 the same plate are indicated the relative quantities of foreign iron ores 
 (not divided into classes) which were iinporte<l in the years named. A 
 rajiid and practically coiitinuous increase in the projiortion of red 
 hematite ore produced, a decline in the relative tjuantity of brown hema- 
 tite, and a still more marked decrease in the iiroportion of magnetite 
 are also demonstrated. The use of carbonate in late years is practically 
 insignificant, the foreign iron ores importtMl being in greater (juantity 
 than the carbonates utilized; in fact, the amounts of cinder resulting 
 from furnaces in which pig iron is puddled, or iron and steel heated, 
 and which is used in blast fiirnaci^s as an ore, have been in excess of the 
 (luantitics of carbonate ores mined in late years. 
 
U. 8. crOLOCICAL SURVEY 
 
 """^ 1889 1890 1691 
 
 ^ mm ww\ mw. 
 
 ftlXTFFNTM ANNUAL RfPORT fAHT III PL. y| 
 
 1892 IB93 1H.J4 
 
 
 IMPORTATIONS OF FOREIGN IRON ORt 
 
 '^///y^ 
 
 1-1.1'. .';;;/; -1 
 
 ■'-■ f — n 
 
 LCGCNO 
 
 1890 1891 isgj 
 
 PRODUCTION OF CXJME8TIC IRON ORE, BY CLASSES. 
 
PIODUOTION OF IKON OKE8. 
 
 175 
 
 OTHER MATERIALS USED AS ORE. 
 
 The extent to wliich mill ciiicU'r, ntll mid liaminer sciile, and otlior 
 artltlcial products are employed in the pigiion industry, is but imper 
 feetly ft|)preciated and can be dellnitely dett^rniined only by means of 
 statistics eolleeted Ironi eaih blast lurnaee. lOstiinates can, however, 
 be mi«le I'roni the reported quantities of rolled iron and steel produced 
 in various years, and such estimates indicate that there were produced 
 ill the United States the followiii}; approximate amounts of mill ciiid(!r, 
 scale, etc., a large proportion of which was fed to blast furnaces as ore: 
 
 IMtmalc iij 
 
 mill 
 
 vintt 
 
 T, ncalt; etc., product 
 
 (/ ill till 
 
 IniUd StuteH. 
 
 1 Yenni. 
 
 (jnnDtlty. 
 LoHff tons. 
 
 BIIO.OUU 
 IHU.OOO 
 SOU, OVIl 
 
 
 Yoara. 
 
 
 Qiiimtity. 
 
 Lmg torn. 
 BOO. 00(1 
 IXHI.OUO 
 &00, IHKI 
 
 j 
 
 1 1880 
 
 
 1890 
 
 IRfM 
 
 I«»I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The reduced quantity is due to the increased use of steel, which in 
 its manipulation produces less cinder and .scale per t(.n of ])iddiict, 
 and to the exhaustion of old stock jiiles of cinder. The (|uaiitities of 
 such material which should be deducted from the natural iron-ore sup- 
 ply to iletcrinine the average yield are, however, partially offset by the 
 consumption of iron ore as a fettliug or lining for puddling and other 
 furnaces, as a jiart of tlii! ciiarge of open hearth steel furnaces, as a 
 llux for smelting silver ores, and in minor quantities for other piiriioses. 
 
 The amoiiut <if iron ore used in rolling mills and steel works may be 
 considered iw approximating 70 per cent of the (piantity of cinder fed 
 to blast furnaces. 
 
 The Praiiklinite residuum reported .separately for 18!»L', l,S<»;j, and ISIU 
 is a clinker containing iron and inanganese, resulting from roasting this 
 ore to obtain zinc oxide. This clinker, being fed to small blast liiinaees 
 III Peiinsylvaina and New Jersey, produces spiegeleiseii, an alloy of 
 iron and manganese. 
 
 A considerable amount of "blue billy," or purple ore, wliicli is the 
 result of roasting iron pyrites to obtain sulphuric acid, is also led to 
 blastfurnaces, but the line state of cdmuiinution of this material gener- 
 ally produced in the United States, and the ingredients .sometimes found 
 in it make it unpopular. 
 
 The "blue billy" produced from Spanish pyrites, being freer tidin 
 objectionable elements, and the lump residuum resulting from Xova 
 Scotia pyrites, entered into the jiroductioii of pig iron *■ the extent of 
 about 24,000 tons in 1804. 
 
 A small amount of residuum from copjier smelting, containing about 
 one-half as much silica a>' iron, was utilized at some blast furnaces, and 
 it is probable that larger (|uaiitities will be enqiloyed during 18!)r>, as 
 they supply a cheap but inferior ore. 
 
1T« 
 
 MINEKAL KE80URCE8. 
 
 IKON ORES USED IN BLAST FURNACES. 
 
 Ah tlii^ i>riiici|i!il iiHit of iron orit \» for tlie proiliictioii of pi); iron 
 ill bliist furiiii(;cs, the (|iitiiitity of \>in iron jiroduceil mid tliu miniber of 
 bliiHt. fiuiiiU'CH in opuration am );oi)(t iiulii^rs of tliu conHiiinptioii. The 
 Aiiiericaii Jroii and St«cl Assouiatioii collectH stati-stics iiiid publiHiics 
 tbc amount of ]ii},' iron hijuIo diiriii); cat'li half yuar and thu iiiinibor of 
 fiirna(H>H in bhwtt at thi- end ol eacli interval. These reports, sumuiarized 
 for the past tliree years, show the foUowiug: 
 
 I'roduction 0/ piij iron and number uf faruucei in the United Slalee in bluet, at Mervali 
 
 of eix tnunihn. 
 
 illllr \i-lirH rllllillK — 
 
 Jniie.10, Iglf.' 
 
 I)ii™il»rai,l«9-.'. 
 
 JllllviH), I8II1 
 
 Di'ii'liilivr:!!. lUtKI. 
 
 .Iniii':iu, IMU 
 
 UcciuibvrJl. IBIH. 
 
 N'uiuImt 
 
 
 of fur- 
 
 Vin lit>ii 
 
 UHVUM ill 
 
 lUUill'. 
 
 biwt. 
 
 
 
 Lvna tinu. 
 
 'JM 
 
 4, 769, BKt 
 
 Mil 
 
 4,3(17,317 
 
 •aa 
 
 4.M2,0IH 
 
 i;i7 
 
 2,5ai,M4 
 
 IIIK 
 
 •i.m.iSI 
 
 185 
 
 9. IKI9, 4U5 
 
 Total pr<Ml no- 
 tion for Itiu 
 year. 
 
 Long lime. 
 
 9. 157, 000 
 "7.i24,'603' 
 '6,'B57,'m«' 
 
 An exaiiiiiiation of this table, in connection with that of the iron-ore 
 out put, sii};jj;e.stM that the i)roduction of pij; iron in IfttH would require a 
 greater int-reast^ in the amount of iron ore mined than the actual figures 
 show. This apparent discrepant^y is explained in part by the use of 
 selected ores, and in part by the exhaustion of stocks of ores at bltvst 
 furnaces. The reduced rates at which iron ore was sold, and the com- 
 petition for a restricted trade caused work to be suspended at many 
 I'lines, t'lose which did not supply material of a siijierior character 
 being among the (irat to (.ease operations; iind as blast-furnace uiaii- 
 agers were forced to economi/.t! in every particular a careful selection 
 of ores resulted. (!onsc(|Ueiitly the yield of domestic iron ore for the 
 Unitcil States in 18!U was above the average of the years which imme- 
 diately ])reeedc<l it. A careful estimate sliows that in IS'J-i the domes- 
 tic ores used yielded an approximate average of 55 per cent of iron. 
 
 As iiidi(;atcd above, a number of furnaces wore put out of blast within 
 the past two years, and in many of these the stock on hand was used 
 U)>, while a declining market would not encourage the accumulation 
 of supplies of ore at othtM' furnaces. The annual reports of the Survey 
 consider only the iron ore mined and the stocks of ore held at mines or 
 in the hands of producers (see page 1!)4), no attempt being made to 
 collect or report stocks held by blast furnaces. Under ordinary eir- 
 ciiiiistances the furnace stocks of ore for the entire country vary but 
 slightly, although at individual plants and in districts there may be 
 considerable tliictuation, but in the jiast two years the quantities of 
 stock carried at blast furnaces have been below the average ; conse- 
 (luently considerable ore may have been utilized which would not 
 appear in tlie.se rejiorts. 
 
PKtJUUC'TION OF IRON OBE8. 
 
 177 
 
 PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE BY STATES. 
 
 The proiliiction of iron ore in eitcli State, dividi'd iiitn the I'onr cIusscb 
 which are recognized iu thsHo reports, iH shown by the table beluw. 
 
 <'LAH8TFICATION OF ORES. 
 
 The Ibllowing classitlcation of iron ores is the sauie an iiHcd in pre- 
 vious reiMirtx, and although it may he open to Honio teulinical criticisM), 
 it is believed to be the best arrangement, representing practically the 
 commercial division generally adopted l>y .sellers and purchasers: 
 
 1. Red hematite comprises those ores iu which the iron occurs as an 
 anhydrous o.\ide, giving a red strcalc on a iH>rcelain ])late, the cohtr of 
 the ore being generally a brownish-red or red, although sometimes a 
 dark-gray, almost bla«;k. This class includes " red hematite," " fossil," 
 or "Clinton" ores, "specular," "micaceous" ore, "slate" ore, etc., as 
 well as some "martite," which is a pseudomorph after magnetite. 
 
 ti. Brown hetnatite, which contains more water than the red hematite, 
 is generally of a brown or yellow color, and when powdered shows a 
 brown or brownish-yellow streak on the porcelain plate. The varieties 
 are known as ''limonite," "turgite," " pipe" ore, "bog" ore, " goethite," 
 "oolitic" ore, etc. 
 
 3. Magnetite comprises those ores in which iron occurs as a magnetic 
 oxide, generally black or blue-black, or occasionally steel-gray or gi-een- 
 ish in color, and which when powdered give a black streak on a test 
 plate, and are attracted by a magnet. In this class is included some 
 " uiartit'C," which is mined with magnetite. 
 
 4. Carbonate includes those iron ores which contain an excess of 
 carbonic acid. They are generally gray, yellow, or rather butf and 
 brown in color, and are t«sted by the use of hydrochloric acid. They 
 comprise the "black baud" ores, "clay ironstones," "spathic" ores, 
 "siderite," etc. 
 
 From some mines brown and red hematite, or red hematite and mag- 
 netite, or carbonate and brown hematite ores are obtained out of the 
 same workings, the extent to which ores are hydratcd or weathered 
 transferring them from one chkss to another; or diiferent classes of ore 
 are found intermixed or alternating in the same deposit. Wherever 
 possible an attempt has been made iu the statistical review to separate 
 into classes the different ores coming from the same workings, but in 
 some instances this was impracticable, and the product is credited to 
 the predominating character of ore won. 
 8024 12 
 
178 
 
 MINKUAL UKSOIIRCKS. 
 
 /Vorfilcfian «/ dlffirnil niriiliet of iron mi' hi llir grar IS!t4, Ajf Klutei, 
 
 Htotn. 
 
 Illll 
 
 hemutlliv 
 
 Lottg tout, 
 4,:r7.'..«7l 
 2. 068. 4«l 
 1. IH2. 362 
 
 ;i».«4.l 
 25. :i2l 
 
 ;H7,riiii 
 
 164.236 
 
 "■■iii.ooo' 
 
 2,6111 
 
 SS.DKI 
 64,0(11 
 
 llrtiwn 
 lii'tiiaiil*'. 
 
 Mntfiiptiltt. 
 
 ('iirhniitttc. 
 LuHif tont. 
 
 Tdtal. 
 
 Jttmii imm. 
 4. 410, IJ'4 
 2, 06N, 4IKI 
 1,403,(10(1 
 
 tuii.na 
 
 K12, 067 
 347, Ml 
 293, 831 
 277,4113 
 2M, IIIV 
 242,7.10 
 
 174, OM 
 81.026 
 (M.403 
 
 44. 4311 
 42, MH 
 
 ;iO, 2.10 
 1,1,361 
 7,01,1 
 
 
 Lontt ttmt. 
 
 Lunti tout. 
 43. KKI 
 
 
 
 
 310.724 
 
 MB, 403 
 117,140 
 
 
 
 VirutiiluiiiKl WtwtVIr 
 
 2,226 
 IWR.MI 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 'IVniM'HMtM* 
 
 Ni'W.hTHi'y 
 
 l2H,f.0,'i 
 
 02,'iio 
 
 27, tuu 
 
 110.111 
 17.32.1 
 
 " "277.'4ti:V 
 4(1. 2.10 
 
 100, 4:>a 
 
 7(kV 
 
 1(1, ION 
 
 NfW Vi.rk 
 
 (fiMirKiaiiiHl NiirlliCaru- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M.403 
 
 Moiitiilui, Ni'w Mi'xtvK, 
 
 11, MM 
 1,712 
 
 15.30,1 
 ;]fl, 777 
 
 30.290 
 
 i,i,;ini 
 
 17, 140 
 
 
 4,(W.> 
 
 ('lllllHTllcUljIllll .MiiHna- 
 
 
 ■I'fXJlM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.01,1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tllt4ll 
 
 0,347,4.14 
 
 1,472.74(1 
 
 072, 210 
 
 »1. 270 
 
 11,870,670 
 
 
 TliiH tiiblo shows tliat twenty-four Statics and TerritoricH prod need 
 diii'injj tlieyear 1.S04, ll,.S7!»,(>7!Uoii}{ tons of iron ore, of wliich 9,347, t.'U 
 tons, or 78.(iS j»er cent, was red lieniatite; 1,472,748 tons, or 12.40 jier 
 cent, was brown lienintite; 972,210 tons, or 8.18 per cent, was magnet- 
 ite, and tlie balance, 0.74 per cent, was carbiniatc ore. Two or more 
 States are grouped wiien separate amounts would disclose individual 
 operations. This indicates an increase in tlie relative proiiortion of red 
 hematite won from 7I..'{!» per cent in 1H!»,3 to 7.S.C8 jier cent in 1804, 
 8,272,037 tons of tliis variety of ore bein(;i>ro(lu<:ed in 1803, and 9,.'i47,4.'i4 
 tons in 1.804, an Increase of 1,074,707 loii)^ tons, or 12.00 per cent. Tlie 
 brown lieinatito decreased from l,.840,272 tons in 1803 to 1,472,748 tons 
 in 1804, a loss of 370,,')24 tons, or 20.30 jier cent. Tlie nia};iietite also 
 declined from a product of I,330,88(i loiiK tons in 1803, to !»72,219 tons 
 in 1804, a decline of 3.')8,007 tons, or 20.0.") jier cent. Similaily the car- 
 bonatt^ output fell from 134,834 tons in I8!)3 to 87,278 long tons in 1804, 
 a decrease of 47,5r»0 tons, or3."».27 percent. If, however, the |irodnctioii 
 of ill! the various kinds of ore is considered, the 11,870,070 hing tons 
 mined shows an increase of 202,050 long tons, or 2.52 per cent, over the 
 1803 output of 11,587,020 long tons. 
 
 All of tins increa,sed production, with but few exceptions, was in the 
 Lake Sujierior region, principally in Minn :ota, where the Mesabi 
 Kange, which was really ilevelojied in 1803, and made but a small 
 shipment in that year, became an active competitor in the market, and 
 the present low cost of mining on this range has been a prominent 
 (actor ill its larger ]>roductioii. The other States in the Lake Superior 
 district show decreased outputs, and this is also the case in most of the 
 iron- ore producing States, being especially marked in Pennsylvania, 
 Alabama, New York, New Jersey, Tennessee, etc. In Colorado the 
 
U. h. QltllOTilCAL ^URVE 
 
 H noil oou 
 
 7 SCO. 000 
 
 KlitrfStH ASMiAi l^fpfiHI 
 
 J 500,000 
 
 2.500 000 
 
 DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING CONTEMPORANEOUS PRODUCTION 
 
 SI ATES. 
 
 OF IRON ORE IN PROMINENT 
 
PBODUCtlON OK IRON OKES. 
 
 179 
 
 iiicronseil anioiint of pig iron which was proilucud from iiativi! ores 
 iUiKiiientud the State's output over that of 1893. Afissouii, Ki'ntu<',k.v, 
 and the western Rroup of Montana, New Mexii'o, Nevada, and I'taii 
 were the only other States which show an increased i)rodu('.t, and tliis 
 increase was small. 
 
 Pennsylvania, New York, and Colorado are the only States which 
 reported mining the four classes of iron ore in 180-1; Virginia and West 
 Virginia, Kentuc^ky, and the Western States furnished three kinds; 
 Michigan, Alabama, Tennessee, Cleorgia, North Carolina, and Missouri, 
 two kinds; the balance of the States are credited with one kind of ore 
 only. In some cases admixtures of the ores above uieutionert were 
 won, but not reported separately. 
 
 The lean character of a majority of carbonate ores, the small veins in 
 which they usually are found, and the necessity for roasting prepara- 
 tory to charging into blast furnaces have discredited their use. Simi- 
 larly, the cost of mining and washing brown hematite ores, which seld<mi 
 yield over 50 per cent of iron, has discouraged their employment when 
 richer ores or ores freer from phosphorus are conveniently ol)tainablc. 
 The utilization of the richer magnetites has been iuHuenced by dis- 
 tance from furnaces, while the benettciating of lean ores of this class 
 has been impracticable at the low prices prevailing. It is worthy of 
 note, however, that experiments in cheapening magnetic concentration 
 have progressed during the past year, and it is possible that concen- 
 trated ore will be a feature of the 1895 product. In 1894 there were 
 IH-oduced 14,8(»l tons of magneticallj' concentrated ore, and 7L',313 long 
 tons of Jigged and hand-sorted ore. 
 
 The i)revalence of red hematite ores in the Lake Sui)erior region with 
 a high percentage of iron has permitted mining and conveying them 
 long distances with the exceptional appliances in use, while an abun- 
 dance of less desirable red hematite close to fuel in Alabama and Ten- 
 uesse^^ has assisted in keeping this class of ore in favor. 
 
 KKLATIVE BANK OK VAKIOUS SIATES. 
 
 The reduced output of iron ore affected the mining industry in all of 
 the States which in late years have held prominent positions as pro- 
 ducers, but this has been most pronounced in some which were formerly 
 recognized as large contributors of this useful mineral. The rank of 
 tlie various States is exhibited by tlut following table, which illustrates 
 by number tli'^ relative position wlii('h each iield by reason of the ([uan- 
 tif.v of iron ore produced in the variiii's years for which repcu'ts were 
 made. These positions aic determined from the (|uantities of iron ore 
 reported for the Sixth, Seventh, Kightli, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh 
 Censuses, and for the I'nited States (ieological Survey for the years 
 1890, 1891, 189L'. 189,$. and IS94. The absence of llgures indicates that 
 no ;re was reported as mined by the State in tliat year. The largest 
 producer in any year is indicated by 1, the next in rank by 'J, 3, 1, etc. 
 
1«0 
 
 MINERAL KE80UUCES. 
 Hank of I'ariaua State» in producers of iron orn. 
 
 ■Stak'S. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1801. 
 
 1892. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1894. 
 
 
 Vi 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 '» 
 
 13 
 17 
 26 
 12 
 27 
 
 13 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 U 
 18 ' 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 21 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 2S 
 
 11 
 
 Idaho 
 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 6 
 17 
 
 3 
 11 
 18 
 
 14 
 18 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 23 
 13 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 23 
 18 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 U 
 25 
 15 
 17 
 1 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 e 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 16 
 
 18 
 1(1 
 i 
 .1 
 
 16 
 15 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 10 
 16 
 1 
 3 
 
 20 
 16 
 i 
 3 
 
 
 MtrhtgRD 
 
 MiHAiHMinni 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 , 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 20 
 
 u 
 
 23 
 
 12 
 22 
 
 12 
 23 
 
 12 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 4 
 
 24 
 11 
 10 
 3 
 
 18 
 4 
 21 
 12 
 10 
 
 17 
 4 
 
 21 
 13 
 20 
 » 
 
 20 
 
 a 
 
 18 
 13 
 21 
 
 24 
 « 
 
 I 
 20 
 4 
 
 15 
 10 
 23 
 
 13 
 
 ■"s" 
 
 
 8 
 20 
 2 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 4 
 17 
 
 :i 
 
 20 
 5 
 
 17 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 11) 
 
 8 
 22 
 25 
 
 g 
 
 22 
 2! 
 
 15 
 
 » 
 19 
 22 
 
 8 
 16 
 22 
 
 7 
 17 
 19 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 U 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 IS 
 12 
 
 '5 
 
 Virginia 
 
 7 
 "i 
 21 
 6 
 
 » 
 
 « 
 
 r 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 211 
 
 a 
 
 24 
 
 r 
 
 24 
 6 
 
 23 
 7 
 
 21 
 6 
 
 Wittcoimiii 
 
 Totiil numlM^r of 
 Slali'H anil Ti-rri- 
 torio8 reporting... 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 III the ceiisii.s rcjiorts for lH.jO, 18<!0, aiul 1H70 the statistics of the 
 pi'dductioii of iron ore were obtained largely from leiiorts made by 
 various bla.st rurnaccs of the aiiiouiit of iron ore (consumed. These 
 tables did not specify iu what States the ore was iiroduced, but merely 
 gave the anioiints reported as being used by blast fiirnaees. No rejiorts 
 for intervening years are accessible; hence no absolute deductions are 
 iniide for the intervals between censuses, but from 188!t the figures of 
 production an' obtained from similar data. Wherever any State is 
 reported to have exceeded an aiinnal i»rodiietion of 5(M),(K)0 tons of iron 
 ore this is indicated by having the ligures in full-faced type. 
 
 It will be noticed that Pennsylvania was the largest producer of iron 
 ore reported until the (umisus of l.S8i>; that in the census of 1H8!) it 
 ranked third, and that it continued to hold the same position until 18!>2, 
 when it took fourth place, while in 1H!»4 it dropi»ed to tirth in rank. 
 Hy reference to the diagram showing the production by States it will 
 be seen that this is due to a decline in out]>ut, intensitled by augmented 
 production in other States. 
 
 Michigan was a comparatively unimitortant producer until the (cen- 
 sus of 1870, when it a.Hsumed second place, which it held until 188!>, 
 when it outstripped all other States, and it has since coutinned to be 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES. 
 
 181 
 
 preeminent ns an iron-ore producer. It probably as-siiined fir.^t place 
 abont 1881. 
 
 Alabama did not assume a prominent position in iron-ore statistics 
 until 1889, when it produced .slightly more iron ore than Pennsylvania. 
 It occupied second position until 1894, when it fell to third in rank. 
 
 Minnesota has had a phenomenal and constantly augmenting product 
 of iron ore. Its first iron ore was shi|)ped in 1884, and in 1889 it occu- 
 pied fifth position. Although its output increased in 1890, it fell to 
 sixth plaee, returning to fifth in 1891, and occupying third and second 
 places in 1892 and in 1893 and 1894, respectively. 
 
 New York ranked eighth in 1850, rising to third place in 18(50 and 
 fourth in 1870. It occupied the latter position, with but one exception, 
 until 1892, when it fell to fifth in rank, subsequently declining to si-xth 
 l)lace in 1893 and to tenth in 1894. 
 
 Ohio, which in 18.'j0 and 18«i0 ranked second as an iron-ore i>roducer. 
 Las declined greatly, ai.d now occupies thirteenth position. 
 
 MICIIIOAN. 
 
 Considering individual States in the order of their iron-ore produc- 
 tion, Michigan is found as retaining first rank, but with a decreased 
 output. The amount jiroduced in 1894 was 4,419,074 long tons, a 
 decrease of 249,2.10 long tons, or 5.34 per cent, from the 1893 output of 
 4,(i68,324 long tons. This State mined 37.20 per cent of the total iron- 
 ore product of the United States in 1894. The bulk of the ore won (viz, 
 4,375,971 lo'.ig tons, or 99.(t2 per cent) was of the red hematite class, 
 Michigan ranking first as a i)rodnccr of this class of ore and contributing 
 40.81 per cent of the country's total. The remainder of the ore mined, 
 4.3,103 long tons, or 0.98 i)er cent of the product, was magnetite, the 
 State taking fifth position in this class, with 4.43 percent of the total 
 of the United States. 
 
 While the Lake Superior district, as a whole, contributed in 1894 
 more iron ore than in 1893, this increase did not come from the older 
 ranges, viz, Manpiette, Menominee, and (Jogebic, nearly all the mines 
 of which are found in Michigan, but from the new Mesabi Kaiige in 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Most of the iron ores of the Marquette Range, and some of those of 
 the Menoiniiiee Range, are generally of a high grade, and are clas.sed 
 as " hard " ores. < )wiiig to this physical characteristic, and also to the 
 great depths readied in some of the mines, the cost of mining these 
 ores is greater than in the Mesabi Range, where some new operations 
 are carried on by strijiping the surface and loading the iron ore on the 
 railroad cars with steam shovels. In the (iogcbi-' Range the ores are 
 not classed as "hard," but they are now more exi»ensive to mine than 
 those on the Mesabi Range. The depressed condition of the iron trade, 
 with but a limited demand for ore and a hand to-mouth policy among 
 the blast- furuiuie managers as to supplies of raw material, led to com- 
 
182 
 
 MINERAI- RESOUKCKS. 
 
 pcHtidii jiinoii^ the iion-oro niinci's tor .such coiitriicts as were let. and tlie 
 year 1S!(1 saw tin-, lowest ])i'ices for iron \vlii(;li liave yet been reaelied 
 by Lake Superior on^s. In fact, liigh-grade Hessenier ore sold on the 
 <lock8 at Cleveland, Ohio, for a less atuount i)er tou than was formerly 
 paid ill some years for transportation of the ores by vessel from the 
 sliip))in^ ]iorts on Lakes Uujterior and Miehij;au to receiving docks ou 
 Lake I'h'ie. 
 
 MINNKSOTA. 
 
 This State, which has each year sijice it commenced shipping iron ore 
 shown au increased onti)ut, nniintained its record in iS'.U and assumed 
 second place, with a product of li,t)<!8,4(i3 long tons, or li4.99 ])er cent of 
 the country's total. All of this ore was of iho red hematite variety, in 
 which class it occupied second place, being credited with 31.7(1 per cent 
 of the total of this kiiul of ore won in tiie United States in 1894. The 
 increase of 1 jitiSj.WO long tons over the amount produced in 1893, viz, 
 1,499,927 long tons, represented a gain of 97.91 i)er cent, the most 
 marked advance, of the year. 
 
 The augmented amount of iron ore won in this State came almost 
 entirely from the Mesabi Range, for notwithstanding that the commi- 
 nution of the ilesabi tu'cs has subjected them to criticism from blast- 
 furnace managers, the comparative cheapness which at present charac- 
 terizes the mining at most of the deposits and the satisfactitry chemical 
 composition of the ore have caused a rajiid development of the new 
 range, so that in its third year it has become a strong competitor with 
 the oldftr ranges. 
 
 The title to some of the lands in Minnesota containing or believed to 
 contain iron ores has been in litigii 'ion, and this restricted operations 
 to some extent. One case which v .is adjudicated during the past year 
 is of special interest, as for six years during which the land has been 
 in dispute the preemptor (whose claim has been declared worthless) 
 lived ou the disputed property, having several years .v-ro refused a large 
 r.um of money ottered as conqiensation for relin(|uishment of his sup- 
 posed rights. At the existing royalties, fully oOO.OOO tons of ore must 
 be taken from this property l)efore the expense of the litigation to 
 establish the ownership will have been equated. 
 
 Mining by modern methods from deposit* which are easily exploited 
 and cheaply worked has permitted some remarkable evidences of large 
 outi)ut. As. one instance of ipiick work, it is state<l that .'5,300 long 
 tons of ore were dug and raised liOO feet to the surface lu twenty himrs 
 at one of the mines on the Mesabi Kangc. 
 
 The Vermillion Kauge also increased its output nearly li5(t,000 tons 
 over the 1893 total. 
 
 AI.AIIAMA. 
 
 This State, although endowed with ion ores located close to coal 
 basins, has u|> to the ])i'eRent time made no Itessemer pig iron, the ores 
 (!xploited being too high in phosphorus lor this produitt. As tlio miyor 
 
PRODUCTION OF iRON OKKS. 
 
 183 
 
 portion of the piji i'oii prodnccd in tlie United Stiites is used in tlie 
 nmnufiietnri' of IJesseiner stoel, the market lor ttie \>ig iron whieh the 
 State makes Is restricted to foundry and mill uses. In addition, the 
 long hauls to points ol' consumption add to the market cost of the iron 
 produced, and these intluences restrict the ()uti)ut of iron and also of 
 the Iron ore from which it is manufactured. Ilown'er, Alabama has 
 shown a remarkable record, aiul notwithstanding the fa(;t that Minne- 
 sota has stepped between Michigan and Alabama, the importance of the 
 latter State must not be underrated, and it still claims to bo able to 
 nnike pig iron at costs below those prevailing in other States. 
 
 In 1S04 the total iron-ore i)roduct of Alabama was 1 ,4!t.'i,()80 long tons, 
 giving it third jilace, with 12..")7 per cent of the total for the United 
 States. Of this l,4!)3,08(i long tons, 7!t.l!» per cent, or 1,182,302 tons, 
 was red hennitite, and 310,724 long tons, or 20.81 per cent, was brown 
 hennitite. This gave the State; third position as a red henuitite pro- 
 tlucer and second ))ositlon among those mining brown hematite ores, 
 with 12.<M and 21.10 per cent, respectively, of the totals for the United 
 States. 
 
 VIltdl.NIA AM) WKST \ IHlllNIA. 
 
 While the States of Virginia and West Virginia are grouped together, 
 in onler not to reveal individual operations, but little of the iron ore 
 came from the latter State, and the output may be practically credited 
 to Virginia. While these States show a falling oil' of 1(>,403 long tons, 
 or 2.<!(! per cent, from the 1803 total of 01(i,0(!r> long tons, the amount 
 produced, (KM),5(!2 long tons, was sulliciently large to claim fourth posi 
 tion, with ."i.Oli |ier cent of the total foi' the United States, euabling the 
 Virginias to i)ass Pennsylvanni, which outranked them in 1S03. 
 
 Three classes of ore were ))rodnc('d, but the bulk, 5(i2,4!t.'{ tons, or 
 93.0(» p(!r cent, was of the brown hematite class, in which the State 
 occupied first plac<>, with 38.10 per cent of the total for the country. 
 Of red hematite there were .'!r>,843 tons, or 0.07 per cent of the State's 
 total, which ranked the State ninth, with 0.38 ]ier cent of the total for 
 the Unite<l States. The remai)ider, 0.37 jier cent, or 2,22(i long tons, 
 was magnetite, in which class it took seventh i)lace, with 0.23 per centof 
 the entire output of the country. 
 
 Virginia in 181)4 ociMipicd a more important position relatively than 
 ill any other year for whiidi reliable statistics are obtainable. 
 
 ri'.NNSVr.VANIA. 
 
 Pennsylvania ])roduced .")32,087 long tons of iron ore in 1804, or 4.48 
 per cent of the total for the United States, taking fifth rank. Of this 
 amount 389,681 long tons, or 73.22 per cent, was niagnelite; 117,110 
 tons, or 22.01 per c<Mit, was brown hematite; 2r),.324 tons, or 4.7(> i)er 
 cent, was red hematite, and the balance, 0.01 per cent, or 33 tons, was 
 carbonate ore. 
 
1R4 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCKS. 
 
 The state's rcspectivo rank as a producer of the dift'erent classes of 
 ore was lirst ainouf; those supplyiiiff ma}jnetit«, with 40,07 ])i>r cent of 
 the country's total; lifth aniouf; those from which brown heinalito was 
 won, with 7.95 per cent; tentli among the red hematite producers, with 
 0.27 per cent, and sixth in order of States contributing carbonate, with 
 0.04 i)er cent of the total. Although ranking tirst as a producer of 
 magnetite, Pennsylvania supidled less of this class of ore in 1894 than 
 in any year since statistics have been collected of the different classes 
 of ore. This is mainly owing to the reduced output from the Cornwall 
 ore hills, which contributeil but .'{71,710 long tons, whereas it has sup- 
 plied 769,020 long tons in a single year. 
 
 The decrease in the amounts of tJie different classes of iron ore mined 
 in the ])a8t two years is illustrated in the following table: 
 
 Comparinon of rarioua cluigCH of iron ore jtrodiiced in /*enii«i//ca»iifl in 1S9S and 1S94, 
 
 Cbai-iiclorof ore. 
 
 I'rodiu'.tion. 
 
 DecroaAo. ^ 
 
 Purcent- 
 
 BKoof 
 
 deoreaae. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1894. 
 
 MncwtitK 
 
 Long tont. 
 
 480. 1U4 
 
 15«, ;i76 
 
 .17, 0:I3 
 
 1,812 
 
 Lomj tuna. 
 380, .in 1 
 117, 1411 
 
 2.1, 324 
 
 3;i 
 
 Ltmif lout, 
 
 00, 583 
 
 41,227 
 
 32, 3I«) 
 
 1,770 
 
 IS. 87 
 26.03 
 
 M. m 
 
 98.17 
 
 
 
 Total for tlio State 
 
 otr.osii 
 
 632,087 
 
 105, 808 
 
 23.77 
 
 If, however, the production of 1894 is compared with that of 1892, a 
 much greater d "rciise is shown, for while retaining its place as the 
 greatest iron manufacturing State, Pennsylvania must give place to 
 others as iron -ore producers. 
 
 WISCIINSIN. 
 
 Wisconsin stands sixth on the list, witli a product of 347,501 long 
 tons, or 2.93 jier cent of the country's total, showing a decline from the 
 1893 total of 439,429 long tons of 20.92 per cent, or 91,928 tons. All of 
 this ore was of the red hematite variety, in which class the State rankexl 
 fourth, with 3.72 per cent of the total; but the decreased output of 
 Wisconsin was less, projiortionately, than in other States, and conse- 
 quently its rank as a producer is the same as in 1889 and 1892. 
 
 TENNBS.SF.K. 
 
 This State in 1894 produced 292,8.31 long tons, or 2.46 per cent of the 
 total for the United States, giving it seventh position. This was a 
 decline of 80,105 long ton^, or 21.49 per cent, from the amount mined in 
 1893, viz, 372,090 tons. 
 
 Two kinds of iron ore were mined, 164,236 long tons, or 56.09 per 
 cent being red hematite, and the balance, 128,595 long tons, or 43.91 
 jier cent, brown hematite. The State ranked fifth as a red hematite jiro- 
 ducer, with 1.76 per cent of the total, and third as a miner of brown 
 hematite, with 8.73 per cent of the total output of this kind of ore. 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES. 
 
 i8r. 
 
 Tennessee has gained in niiik, notwitlistiinding the reduced prodiu- 
 tiou of iron, and the conditioim which favored Aiabiinia in niai;ing jtig 
 iron at low cost are also applicable to the aetive lilast liirnaces of Ten 
 uessee; in fact, the position occupied by this State in l^'Jl is iu advance 
 of any preceding rei^rts. 
 
 NEW .IKRSBV. 
 
 New Jersey stands eighth as a producer of iron ore, with a total to 
 its credit of 277,483 long tons, all of the magnetic variety, in which 
 class it riinked second, with 28.34 per cent. Its ont|>ut of iron ore 
 declined 78,()«7 tons, or 22.0!» per cent, from the 18»3 Utta] of .im,ir>0 
 tons, but it advanced in relative rank to the position it held in ISKOand 
 1802. It produced 2.34 per cent of the total for the United States. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 This State increased its 1803 output of 171,070 long tons of iron ore 
 by 78,529 tons, or 45.74 per cent, making for 18!»4 a total of 250,l!»!l long 
 tons, or 2.11 per cent of the product of the United States, and giving 
 the State ninth position. This was due entirely to the increa.sed pro- 
 duction of pig iron, as the smelters, owing to the depreciation iu the 
 value of silver, did not require so much ore as a Hux as in previous 
 years. 
 
 Of the amount produced in 18!»4, 111,000 long tons, or 44.30 |)er cent, 
 was red hematite; 02,240 tons, or 30.87 per cent, brown hematite; 40,250 
 tons, or 18.40 per cent, magnetite, and 700 tons, or 0.28 per cent, was 
 carbonate ore. As a producer of red hematite ore the State ranked 
 sixth, with 1.10 per cent of the total, and it held the same rank in 
 regartl to brown hematite, with (!.2C i)er (icnt of the total. Among 
 those mining magnetite ores it occupied fourth place, contributing 
 4,76 per cent of the total, and among those mining carbonate ore, fifth 
 plivce, with 0.80 i)er cent of the total. Since the statistics of iron ore 
 have been collected by the Geological Survey, Colorado has been gain- 
 ing in relative ini))ortance, and with a return of general prosperity it 
 will probably advance materially in this particular. 
 
 NKW VIIRK. 
 
 New York, formerly one of the most important of the iron-prodncing 
 States, has, in the depressed state of the iron ore market, fallen to the 
 lowest relative rank of which there is record, viz, tenth, contributing 
 but 242,750 long tons, or 2.04 per cent of the total for the United 
 States, being a decline of 201,J(!3 long tons, or .54.55 per (lent, from the 
 1803 total of .5;U,122 long tons. Of the 242,7.50 long tons won in 1804, 
 10(i,4.'J0, or 80.92 jier cent, v us of the magnetite variety; 27,400 tons, 
 or 11.29 per cent, brown hematite; 16,108 tons, or 0.03 per cent, car- 
 bonate, and the balance, 2,!(15 tons, or 1.10 per cent, was red hematite. 
 Tlvese amounts gave the State third position as a magnetite i)rodncer, 
 with 20.20 per cent of the tcfal; ninth rank as a miner of brown hematite 
 with 1.80 per cent of t'io total ; tuxfond rank in the production of carbon- 
 
180 
 
 MINERAL REMOIIRCES. 
 
 ate ore, with 18.40 per cent of tlio totiil, and twelfth place amoiip; the red 
 lieiiiatile producci-s, witli 2,81.") loiifj tons, or (MW |)er cent of the total. 
 The amounts of the various classes of ore produced in 1H!).'$ and I8i(4, 
 together with the deitrcikse and the percentages of sticli decrease, are 
 shown in the following table: 
 
 ProdttotioH of iron ore in New York i» tSOS and tS94, ft;/ classes. 
 
 (.'loMHeH fif ore. 
 
 I'r<Mli 
 
 I'tliill. 
 
 l>P<TtMUtfl. 
 
 rnrceiit- 
 
 ilgp of 
 
 lUu-reiiHu. 
 
 189:1. 
 
 1804. 
 
 
 Ltiug lout. 
 
 44U,lltt3 
 
 :i.->, 5112 
 
 41,1147 
 
 15,800 
 
 Long tout, 
 
 106, 4:1a 
 
 27,4110 
 
 16, 108 
 
 2.815 
 
 Lolljf ttltlM. 
 
 244, 257 
 8, 1»2 
 2,5,8;i0 
 W. 075 
 
 ,55. 4.1 
 211.02 
 81.00 j 
 82.28 
 
 
 
 
 
 Toliil 
 
 ,');i4. 122 
 
 242,759 
 
 291,38.1 
 
 54.55 
 
 
 The above detailed statement of the production of New York, and 
 al.so a similar table for PeniKsylvania, given on page 184, are presented 
 to indicate how these States, which have for many years been promi- 
 nent jirmlucers, are allccted by the changed conditions of the present. 
 Ill 18!>4 New York produced less iron ore than has been re])orted in 
 any year since statisti<^s have been collected by the United States 
 (ieological Survey. 
 
 The abundanee of magnetite ricli in iron in the Adirondack district 
 will continue to exert an important iiitlnence on the industrial devel- 
 opment of ilic State of New York. The ores heretofore won may be 
 divided into tiiree generiil das.ses, (1) those approaching the theoretical 
 limit of iron contents with phosphorus well within the requirements 
 of the Ucssemer steel trade, (2) those e(|ually rich in iron but carrying 
 a large percent of i>hospiioru8, and (3) lean ores from which methods 
 of concentration can eliminate much of the gangue, iiroducing an ore of 
 desirable (luality. 
 
 In late years the demand for Lake Ohamplain ores has been (lonftned 
 to those carrying high percentages of iron, and su(;li as were low in 
 phosphorus fonnd a ready market for the production of Bessemer pig 
 iron. The possibilities of the basic steel process have not as yet been 
 forced upon tiiis country, as they have been upon such European nations 
 as (ieriiiany, where the supply of piiosphoretic ores is abundant, but it 
 is prob.ible that there will be greater interest in this Bi>ecial manufacture 
 in the near future, and the rich magnetites carrying considerable jter- 
 ceutages of phosphorus will be sought for. Fortunately the supjily is 
 not limited, and late ex])loratioiis iiavci demonstrated that there are 
 large bodies of ore available, in addition to the great reserves already 
 miule known by exploitation and investigation in the Lake Champlain 
 district. 
 
 OKOROIA ANI> NOUTll CAIIOI.INA. 
 
 Like Virginia and West Virginia, these two States were grouped 
 together to avoid disclosing individual operations, but the amount 
 mined in North Carolina was small. These two States had a united 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES. 
 
 187 
 
 output of 174,(>iU long toim, or 1.J7 per cent of tlie total for the United 
 Stiites, giving tlieni conjoined, eleventh jMisition, and showing a decline 
 from the 1.S93 prodnct of 180,01.') long tonH of ll,.'i2l long tons, or (i.O!) 
 percent. Of this amount, 110,111 long tons, or OS. IS percent, was brown 
 hematite, and .">.") j.'iS,'! long tons, or ;il.82 i)er cent, was red hematite. 
 The relative ranks of botli (ieorgia and North Carolina as iron ore 
 producers are below those of any year since 1889. 
 
 OTlIKli .STATUS. : 
 
 None of the remaining States produced over 100,000 tons of iron ore 
 in 1804. Mis.souri slightly increased theoutiiutof l.HO.'i without <-hang- 
 ing the rank which it has held for four years, the bulk of the ore mined 
 in this State being red hematite, the balance brown h(!matite. All of 
 Ohio's iron ore is of the carbomite variety, and the State ranks first as 
 a producer of this class of ore, with 67.02 per cent of the relatively 
 small total. 
 
 Most of the iron ore mined in the Western States was used as flux in 
 smelting the precious metals, Montana, New Mexico, Ttah, and Nevada 
 contributing ore for this purpose, although Nevada, which this year 
 made her initial shipment, forwarded the ore tr) the Pacific coast for 
 use as a tiux in the puddling and heating furnaces there, and New Mex- 
 ico shipped oi'e to the blast furnaces at South Pueblo, C'olo. 
 
 Kentucky produced three varieties of ore, the greater portion being 
 brown hematite, although some red hematite and carbonate were mined. 
 (Jonneeticut and Massachusetts, as well as Texas, contributed only 
 brown hematite ore, while Maryland's product was all carbonate ore. 
 
 Oregon produced a small amount of pig iron in 1804, but reported no 
 iron ore mined. It is probable that the stock of ore on Land at the 
 blast furnace was used. 
 
 Wyoming also is said to have produced some iron ore, but no report 
 has been made of the shipment. 
 
 VALUATION OF IRON ORES. 
 
 The total reported valuation of the 11,870,079 long tons of iron ore 
 jirodueed in the year 1804 was $13,.'i77,.'i-'.';, or an average of $1.14 per 
 long t«m, showing a decrease of 52 cents from the low price of 180.'} 
 ($1.06 per ton), or 31..'j;{ per cent. 
 
 Taking up iiidividual States, the greatest falling oflf in i)rice was 
 apparently in those States embraced in the Lake Superior region, the 
 iron ore mined in Michigan being stated to be worth on an average $1.32, 
 that in Minnesota 73 cents, and that in Wisconsin 02 cents per ton in 
 1894, as against $1.84, $1.'),'), and $1.33 in 1803, a decrease of 28.20 per 
 cent, 52.90 per cent, and 30.83 per cent, re8i)ectively. 
 
 The decline in values of Minnesota ores is especially remarkable, the 
 price at the mines being less than one half of what was reported in 
 1893. This is due to the cheap mining on the Mesabi Itange, and to 
 the fact that in order to obtain a foothold in the market it was thongUt 
 
188 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 wist! to Hdl ihonf <!nmpari)tively litllu known ores at lower prices tliiiii 
 tlic staiuliinl ores. While the reiM)rte(l value of the Vermilion Kan^'e 
 iron ore of Minnesota is h>wer than in 181)3, it is considerably lii{;her 
 than that won on the Mesal)i Range in the sann; State. 
 
 In Alabama tiio avera$;e value of the iron ore in 1H1I4 was slightly 
 less than in 1S!);|, bein}; h;( cents per ton, aKitinst H(i cent8 in the pre- 
 vious year, a loss of but .'{ cents, or 3.4!) |)er cent. There is, however, 
 more attention bein<; paid to the gradinj,' of oi'e which is iiscd in the 
 furnaces, and it is )>robal>le that the ores smelted in 18!)4 were better 
 ]>r(>])ared than in previous years. 
 
 In the iMiddle States — \ew Y^ork, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey — 
 tliere is also reported a j,'reat decrease in value. In the former State 
 the or<' which in ISD.'t commanded an average value of $2.'_M) |)er ton, in 
 1H!)4 was i|Uoted at Ml.ti.'J |)er ton, a decline of (Hi cents ])er ton, or 28.8;i 
 per cent. In fiwt, tlie price was so h)w that nuMiy of the minen were 
 compelled to cease operations, as at prevailing rates the ore could 
 be mined only at a loss. 
 
 The low price of Lake Superior iron ore in Pennsylvania, as well as 
 of imported foreign iron rues, and the greater average lichnessin iron, 
 retpiiring less fuel to smelt in the blast furmu-e and admitting of a 
 greater ont put, reduced the dcnnuid for native I'ennsylvania inines,and 
 in conse(nience thevalueof the iron ore produced in 18!)4 averaged but 
 $1.21 Iter ton at the mines, as against $1.!)7 in ISD.'i, a decline of 7G 
 cents, or 'M.M per cent. 
 
 New.Iersey iron ores also showed theefl'ect of the competition of ores 
 from the Lake Sujierior region and foreign countries, the average value 
 per to.i of the State's l.Sit4 output being $2.0."), as against «2..')r» in 18!)3, 
 a decline of 50 cents i)er ton or lO.til per cent. 
 
 In Virginia some furnaces went out of blast, owing to the low prices 
 of i>ig iron, and the average value of the iron ore i)ro<luced in that 
 State and in West Virginia declined from i5<1.70 p(!r ton in 18!).'{ to but 
 ♦ 1.45 per ton in 18i)4, being 2."> cents per ton, or 14.71 per cent. 
 
 All of the remaining States, with the exception of Maryland, show a 
 decline in the value of the ore proiluced, and in Maryland but a small 
 amount of carbonate ore was mined. 
 
 In order to illustrate the persistent decline in the value of iron ore 
 the following table has been prepared, showing the total valuation and 
 the (calculated average value ])er ton of iron ore i)roduced by the vari- 
 ous States in the years for which these data were collected, vi/, 188!), 
 1802, 189;$, and 1894. It is hardly probable that the average rate of 
 i|!1.14 per ton for the iron ore produced in the I'nited States will be 
 maintained during the present year, the prices of iron ore at lower Lake 
 jiorts having early in 1895 indicated a slight advance. 
 
 It will be interesting to note the constant rate of the decline in 
 value per ton of iron ore. Thus the fall from 1889 to ]8!)2 was but 2il> 
 cents per ton; from 1892 to 189.'J, .'18 cents per ton; while from 1893 to 
 1894 it was still greater, being 52 cents. 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORES, 
 
 189 
 
 Totttl rnluntifm and avtrtojv vttluv pvr tuii uf hint ore jnutlureit in Ihr I nilvd Shift » in 
 /SS!f, /.s'.'/.', iso.'i, and 1SU4. 
 
 BIaUih ami Terrl- 
 t»r)ea. 
 
 Mfrhljtan 
 
 Alnhfttiiti 
 
 iVniinylvnnin 
 
 N.'w t'l.rk 
 
 MliineHiitii 
 
 WjHcotiNin 
 
 Vlr^iniu iitiil Wt-nt 
 
 Virginia 
 
 IViini'Hm'e 
 
 New.lerm<y 
 
 MlHHOiiri..* 
 
 ()i>(irffiii anil Nurtli 
 
 ('nroliint 
 
 •^Iiio 
 
 ('(ilorailii 
 
 Connfctlntl n n il 
 
 MuHMai-hiiHi'MH . . 
 Munlana. New Mex- 
 
 U'o, ftnd I'tali 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 &lAr,vliin<l 
 
 TuXUH 
 
 1880 
 
 
 IWM 
 
 A vcr 
 
 auHHir 
 
 Ti.tal nil- 
 nation. 
 
 A\er- 
 
 (IKCIM'l 
 
 tan. 
 
 Tnliil ml. 
 niilion 
 
 »1.'..H()0,.')21 
 l..'.! 1,(111 
 :i.M.'l.,VII 
 ;i, llH), 2111 
 2, 4711. (Ml 
 1.84(1.008 
 
 l»2.7(P 
 0.00 
 I.Ofl 
 2. 40 
 2. 87 
 2. 20 
 
 ♦10. .587, 521 
 2. 442. 575 
 % 107. 028 
 2, 370, 207 
 3,0«0,m2 
 1.428,021 
 
 «.20 
 1.(81 
 2.(13 
 2.07 
 2.40 
 1.81 
 
 1135. 200 
 
 (Uin. 4711 
 
 I,;i4l..'i4.1 
 
 501.(141 
 
 1.83 
 1.28 
 3. 23 
 2.11 
 
 1, 428. 801 
 ,'.(15, 350 
 
 1.388,875 
 237. 827 
 
 1.01 
 1.24 
 
 2.08 
 2.01 
 
 .■134. (125 
 512. 72.'. 
 487. 433 
 
 1.20 
 2.00 
 4.47 
 
 262.617 
 148.288 
 587.003 
 
 1.25 
 2.01 
 4. 15 
 
 II 20,'.. 1101 
 
 3.01 
 
 240, 108 
 
 3.27 
 
 f<20ll. 104 
 
 I35..'..'.0 
 
 / 08. 24(1 
 
 111. 750 
 
 3.12 
 1.75 
 2. 32 
 1.52 
 
 c 07. 121 
 o;i, 172 
 88. 1101 
 20.800 
 
 2.10 
 1.25 
 2.21 
 0.01 
 
 33. :16 1,1178 
 
 2. 30 
 
 33, 204. 806 
 
 2.01 
 
 ri.tiii vj()' 
 
 nation. 
 
 4W. 011.102 I 
 1.4181,250 
 1.374.313 
 1. 222. 034 
 2.321,204 
 584.004 : 
 
 1,050.077 
 302.771 
 000. 458 
 160.532 
 
 20.1.082 ' 
 104,807 I 
 514,312 
 
 Av.r 
 
 atfclMT 
 
 ton. 
 
 11.84 
 (I. 80 
 1.07 
 2. 20 
 1.55 
 1.33 
 
 1.70 I 
 1.05 
 2.65 1 
 2. 07 
 
 1.09 
 
 3.00 
 
 Tolill vhI 
 (Kitioii. 
 
 ntfi' pur 
 tun. 
 
 t 
 
 (5,844.005 (l.tS 
 1.240.805 . O.KI 
 
 043. 450 
 
 300. 4.'8I 
 2. 10.5.8(12 
 
 320. 518 
 
 873. 305 
 288. 005 
 .508. (I'lO 
 105. 235 
 
 I. 21 
 I o:i 
 
 0.73 
 0.02 
 
 1.45 
 
 11. 08 
 
 122.475 3.01 
 
 Total . 
 
 a IlidndiiiK Maliiu. 
 
 liIiiiiln(linK<)n'i;on. WanhluKtoii, siiil Idaliii 
 
 < liK'Indiu); Oregon. 
 
 11103. .545 
 47. 740 I 
 25..'>85 I 
 25,007 I 
 
 2.07 
 1.30 
 1.85 
 1.01 
 
 10.206.073 ; 1.00 
 
 too, 228 ' 0. 0.5 
 05,702 , 1.12 
 076.141 ' 2.70 
 
 71.101 
 
 e 67. 5.38 
 64,370 
 17. 800 
 11. .521 
 
 1.52 
 1.28 
 
 13. 677, 325 i 1. 14 
 
 d IiM!lu(1iii|( Oregon and Iduho. 
 e ln(;l(tdiii)( Nevada, 
 /lueludin); D(3lawarfi. 
 
 BESSEMER AND NON-BESSEMER ORES. 
 
 The iiicreasing prodiRtion of .steel Ims demaudeil of the bliist fur- 
 iiiicos liberal (iimntitieH of iron of Hiiitivble qmility, suul the fuiimces 
 have ill turn ealled uiiim the niiiie,s to siiiiply ore of composition adapta- 
 ble to the itioduction of such metal. The generally accepted limit of 
 ores cla8.sed as lies-senicr is that they contain less than one part of phos- 
 phorus in one thousand parts of iron, but this limit isatt'ected by local 
 conditions, and also by other cleineiits in the composition of the ore. 
 As a consetiuence, mines from which what is termed " Bessemer ore" 
 is obtained have been exploited liberally, while tho.se which furnished 
 ore with too much phosphorus to be accepted iu the Bessemer class 
 have been less in tlemand. 
 
 Bessemer ore lias tlicreforo commanded jtrices in advance of what ores 
 outside of the Bessemer limit bring, and mines w hitli jirodnce the for 
 iner, especially if rich in iron, find niiirkcts at a distance, while nniny 
 mines near at hand which |iroiluce lean or iioii I'.essemerores have been 
 idle. Where iioii liessemer ore is rich in iron, however, or exists clo,se 
 to the blast furnaces, or where it can be cheaply mined, there is found 
 a liberal tlemaml for it. 
 
 While the development of the steel industry in the ITnited States 
 has been remarkable, other brantihes of iron metallurgy have also 
 progressed, and increased (luantities of pig iron for use in foundries 
 and rolling mills have been reiiuired, to produce which non Bessemer 
 ores and tlie other materials used as ore, as above specified, are utilized. 
 
190 
 
 MINKIfAI. KEHlUliClCH. 
 
 The i|Uiiiitity of ildiiii'stic nics niiiicd wliicli ai.^ of Itussciiit'r ki'uiIu 
 can not lit' lU^liiiilt'ly (Icli'ijiiiiit'il, but an a|)|>nM'iatioM of tlj<' rcliitivc. 
 (|n»Mtiti('M of IScssciiicr and non Itcsscincr ort'H ri'ijuiicil nniy ii'siilt 
 from an cxiuniiiation of tlic amounts of (litVercnt ^ladcHof jiit; iron and 
 tin- i|nantitie.s of lolli'd iron and hIi-c) inadf. 
 
 The American lion and Sti't'l Association lias ri'iiortcd tlic )n'o<lnc- 
 tion of \>in iron ami of various mannfacturcd forms of iron and steel 
 for forty years, Imt tlie (luantity of Jiessemer j)!}; iron lias lieen sejjro- 
 li^,lt^'^\ only since IHHT. Tlio accitmpanyinK diagram, I'l. XllI, f,'rai)li- 
 ically illnstrates the rapid {iidwtli and vicissitudes of tlie jii^ Iron indus- 
 try for tlai iiast (ll'teen years, and also the relation which thu amount of 
 rolled iron and steel boro to the. pi^-iron product, the proportion of the 
 latter which was of liessemer (piality and particularly ada])te(l for the 
 production of steel, and also the relation whi<'h the amount of rolled 
 iron hoi'c to the total of rolled iron and steel. For a short time the 
 amounts of rolled iron and steel were reported separately, hut it was 
 found dilticult to secure correct <lata, as mills were constantly chaiifjin}! 
 from iicni to steel; therefore it is possible to show only the relative 
 amounts of rolled iron and rolled steel and oi liessemer jiig iron, with 
 other {grades of i)ij,' metal for a portion of tim time under consideration. 
 
 Attention is invited to the following datii which the diagram exhibits. 
 The amount of litsseiher ])iK iron followed generally the aninnil pro- 
 duction of total pig iron from 1887 until 18!I4, but it did not reach one 
 Indf of the output of the latter in any one year until 18!»3. It also 
 shows a close correspondence in variations with the outputs of rolled 
 iron and steel up to last year. MHiilo the ([uantity of rolleil iron and 
 steel produced represents the consumption of a liberal proportion of 
 the total iiig irou output of the country, it also demonstrates that large 
 amounts of pig iron are absorbed for foundries and other purposes 
 The amount of rolled iron may be r'oir-.idcr'd as having been on the 
 incrc^ase, notwithstanding the more rapi<l ?!x tension of steel manufac- 
 ture, but as this rolled iron was not reported separately its relative 
 position with the amount of rolled steel can not be shown. 
 
 The output of Bessemer jiig iron representeil, in the last eight years 
 for which it has been sejiarately reported, the following i)ercentages of 
 all kinds of pig iron made in the United States: 
 
 rirt'viituiiv of liitiHt'mi'r }tiij iron to total jtitj iron vunU Jruitt fSS7 to lS!t4. 
 
 Tean. 
 
 lg«7 
 
 IKHfl 
 
 18«U 
 
 18110 
 
 Prix-cntngf 
 of UttaX 
 pig intn. 
 
 ' 1801 
 
 Yeiirs. 
 
 Verrniita«t' 
 of total 
 lilg irou. 
 
 «8 
 
 
 41.0 
 
 
 
 48.5 
 
 41 4 
 
 1893 
 
 .'•0. g 
 
 44.5 
 
 1804 
 
 57.2 
 
 As much of the foreign iron orv. brought to this country is of liesse 
 nier grade, and as the employmtnt of mill cinder and other substitutes 
 
U G. QEOL 
 
 10,000,000 
 
 OUCAL 1 
 
 URVIY 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 MVTIINTH ANhUAL NIKMT 
 
 PAitr lit 
 
 »L. Hit) 
 
 9 000,000 
 8 000 000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 # \ 
 
 #■ 
 
 
 
 5 000.000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 i/ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 fT^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^v 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 i 
 
 / 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - / 
 
 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 it. 
 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^f 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^/ 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 y' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 000,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 "~■^- 
 
 -^^ 
 
 
 
 .t5» 
 
 ^f- 
 
 --., 
 
 ^^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DIAGRAM OF PIQ-IRON PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. ISflO TO 1894: SHOWING ALSO RELATIVE 
 
 QUANTITIES or BESSEMER PIQ IRON AND ROLLED IRON AND STEEL. 
 
 In gross tons. 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON ORKS. 
 
 191 
 
 for iron ore is i)rii(!tically confined to furniices i)rodii<!inf; non-Hesseiner 
 pi{{ iron, tliese would inllnenee iiny deterniinsitions of (|uantitie.s. 
 Altliough ttonio ores very low in pliospliorus but coinparativt'Iy lean in 
 iron are liberally used, tlie majority of the ores of Bessemer j^rside suj)- 
 plied to American blast furnaces are above tlie average ricliness. it is 
 probable, therefore, that the proportion which Bessemer oresbcn-e to tlie 
 total iron-ore produ<;t in various years was somewhat below the flKnrPs 
 in the above table, which represent the proportion which Bessemer piff 
 iron bore to the total make of the United States. 
 
 The exact relation between the amounts of rolled iron and steel man- 
 ..tmttnred and the production of pig iron can not be determined, for 
 there is a loss in the conversion of pig metal to rolled iron and steel, 
 varying in difl'erent i)roeo8ses, and on the other hand r. considerable 
 (juantity of old material is cut up and used as sera]) in the mills. 
 Assuming for this discussion that the losses in conversion and manu- 
 facture ott'set the (piantities of scrap used, the diagram will show the 
 approximate consumption of pig iron which is transformed into rolled 
 iron and steel, the balance being consumed principally in foundries. 
 On this assumption the pig iron produced in nine years was utilized 
 in the following proportions: 
 
 Pruportiom of total pig iron used for rolled iron and ftetl a»d fnwidriet. 
 
 ! Vim\ fur 
 
 ^""*- iron and 
 «t«'l. 
 
 lT»wl fur 
 fuiuid' 
 ries, etc. 
 
 Years. 
 
 tr«oil fcir 
 rolled 
 
 irou and 
 steel. 
 
 I'flell for 
 foiind- 
 rieH, etc. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 1880 70.2 
 
 1887 81.0 
 
 Per emi. 
 
 ■j;i. 8 
 
 18.4 
 28.9 
 31.1 
 34.0 
 
 1891 
 
 Per mil. 
 0.V1 
 
 07 n 
 
 09.8 
 71.9 
 
 Per cent 
 M. B 
 32.7 
 30. 2 
 28.1 
 
 1891; 
 
 
 183B 08.0 
 
 ISUO 06.4 
 
 
 
 The projiortion of pig iron used in foundries as given above will 
 include the metal of Bessemer grade utilized in producing steel tiastings. 
 
 IMPORTANT PRODUCING MINES. 
 
 Although the restricted operations of the year 1894 att'ected the more 
 prominent iron-ore mines or mining operations, these were as a rule 
 e(|uii)ped with more improved machinery and labor-saving devices, and 
 some of them commanded greater (tapital than the smaller mines ; hence, 
 milling was continued, although in some instances considerable ore was 
 stocked. The statistics show that in J8!(-t forty-four mines produced 
 !>,177,0(M> htiig tons, or 77.L'(> per cent of the total iron-ore outjmt of the 
 entire country in 18!»4. This is a higher percentage than in any year 
 since 18!I2, as will be seen by glancing at the following table showing 
 the number of mines ])rodnciiig over .'»0,(MK» long tons of iron ore, the 
 total amount which they mined, together with the total output for the 
 United States and the percentage of such output contributed by the 
 more important mines in 188!), 18!)2, 18!)3, and 1894: 
 
192 
 
 MINKRAL BESOURCK8. 
 
 To(al amount of iron ore jirotiiioed bij Ihe more important mines compared with the total 
 for the United Slnles. 
 
 Yuira. 
 
 Niimlier of 
 niiiiufl ]in>- 
 
 iliiclng 
 nvLT 50,0(KI 
 loDK tons. 
 
 
 ren'oltlafft' 
 i.f KiUll. 
 
 71.68 
 
 77.08 
 7l.0.'i 
 77. •.'6 
 
 1880 
 
 OS 
 71 
 54 
 44 
 
 Long tont. ' Long (oh*. 
 10,391.490 14.518.041 
 
 i2.5«i.8a:i m.'.iw.eee 
 
 8,30'J.OOD ll.587.«20 
 9,177.900 11,8711.070 
 
 
 18«a 
 
 Itl94 
 
 
 Of the more iiromiiient operations, two contributed over 600,000 long 
 tons, two between 500,000 iiiid (!00,000 tons, one over 400,0(K) tons, si.x 
 between 300,000 aiid 400,000 tons, tl ve between 200,0(K) and 300,000 tons, 
 fourteen between 100,000 and i!00,(K)0 tons, and fourteen between 50,000 
 and 1()0,0(M) tons. Of these o))erations, twenty-one are found in Miidi- 
 i{;an, eif^ht in Minnesota, seven in Alabama, two in Wisconsin, and one 
 eiwh in Colorado, New Jersey, New York, I'ennaylvania, Tennessee, 
 and Virf^inia. If those mines were divided according to classes it 
 would be found that thirty-six jiroduced ore of the red hematite variety, 
 four brown hematite, three magnetite, and one magnetite and red hema- 
 tite. 
 
 The following table gives productionandnamesof those of the larger 
 milling iperatious whose managers expressed no objection to such 
 publicatMii : 
 
 Production of the more prominent iron ore minsn dnring JS94. 
 
 ^aniM ur minM. 
 
 Melro]HiHtaii Iron aud LanilCum- 
 pauv. Mii-liiuiiti : 
 
 EilHl Norrlr 84,277 
 
 Norrio 434,470 
 
 North Norrip 130. 740 
 
 ('li)in<lli-r Mine. MlniioHota [ 
 
 MiMllitatii Iron Mine, Minni'NOta. .; 
 Mi>HNalii Moonlain Kline. Minno- | 
 
 sola 
 
 Mintii-Hola Iron Ciiii]]iany. Minnc- 
 
 HOlU I 
 
 It«)ikoiHlaHnil .Stialilina. .Viaiiainn. . 
 Lakr Siniurior Irnn Miiiinfi Com- ' 
 
 pany. nlirliiican 
 
 I'ornwail Ori> IlitlH. PrnnRylvania.' 
 I'itHliitr); aiitl I.itlii> Antfrliiie 
 
 Mines. .Mii-liiuaii 
 
 Canton Mini'M, MinneNi<ta. 
 
 'riii-Smitli Mininuf 'f>ni|iany. Koh- 
 rill. Wan-'H.aiol All ' '*" 
 .Multalna . 
 
 rill. Wan-'H.aiol nliiacadn Minea. 
 
 I't-^aliii- Mini'. Mirhijitin 
 
 rliupin Mini-. Mirliitfan 
 
 Franklin Mini-. MInneaota 
 
 I'alidt MtiH'. MirlitKan 
 
 Annira. \iirtli Aurora, aud 
 Vanillin, Mirliiflan 
 
 Cleveland Iron Mining f.'onipany, 
 Mirliiuun: 
 
 Hard 1 1^^ Mine 2L'.8I0 
 
 l.aki'Mine nil, 195 
 
 IlenialituMine 7:i.41l 
 
 Ltmg tonn. 
 
 IHO. 487 
 M2. '280 
 558,212 
 
 449. im:i 
 370. 409 
 
 375.047 
 371.710 
 
 3.^9.913 
 310,000 
 
 304. 867 
 2'.I7,024 
 20:i. 170 
 210. 050 
 »)0,II83 
 
 200.523 
 
 I 
 
 Natiiea of mluoa. 
 
 Penn Iron MtninK Company, Mieli- 
 
 llian 
 
 Cleveland (Jtitln Cnmjiany, Mii-lii- 
 
 jsaii 
 
 Colliyand'rtlilen, liimrj.Mii-liiuuii. 
 Newport ami Itonuie Minea, Mu-lii- 
 
 gan 
 
 liepuldic Mine, Micliitian 
 
 Qiiei-n Iron .Mininte Company, Mlrli 
 
 iaan 
 
 Orii'nt Mini'. Coloriulo 
 
 Aitlmrn Mine. .MinneHiila 
 
 Winlhrnp and Mitrlii-11 Miiiea. 
 
 KIli'liii:an. ini-lnitiiig Wintlirop 
 
 waato pilea 
 
 Irondale M ini'. A laliania 
 
 Iliwaliik Mine. .Minni-aota 
 
 SloHN Mitu', Alabama 
 
 Ullie Mine, Miihican 
 
 Riclini-d Mine. New .leraey 
 
 (..'Iiamiiion Mine. A laliania 
 
 Loligdale Minea. Virginia 
 
 Weal INiint M iiii'a. TemieaHeo .... 
 
 nine Mine. Miililgan 
 
 Liiri'tto Mine. Mii-lilgan 
 
 Carv alivt We-* '"ary Minea. Wis- 
 
 eonain 
 
 Seven iitlier mini'K not mentioned 
 liy name, aggregating 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Long 
 
 l.W, 
 150. 
 
 142. 
 141, 
 
 136, 
 111 
 
 nil. 
 
 tnm. 
 
 953 
 
 2»5 
 947 
 
 70« 
 203 
 
 OIK 
 IIIIO 
 KU9 
 
 Total tor lurty-four iuluua. . 
 
 67,436 
 828,328 
 
 9. 177. 9W1 
 
PRODUCTION OF IKON OKES. 
 
 193 
 
 Th« sivcragt! output of tho 44 operatioihs wiis L'(>H,rKS'J tons per mine, 
 wliic), is a larger amount per operation tlian in any of the ]ireviou8 
 years, tlie average for ].SH!» l)eiMg ir.9,8(!!» long tons; for J8!»2, 17(i,!»28 
 tons, and for 18!».'{, 153,74.'} long tons. Tiiis, however, is due to the liuit 
 tliat a large proportion of the total output of the country is distributed 
 among a few mines, for although tho average nvr mine was greater in 
 the year 18iM, there was in 1893 four operations, each producing from 
 «34,7I4 long tons to l,(H»2,9a'{ long tons, and 07 other mines which con- 
 tributed over 50,(KK» long tons each. In 1893 the largo producers, 
 although more numerous than in 1894, sui)plicd a smaller i)roportion of 
 the country's t^)tal, and no single oj)eration reairlied ■'»(K),(K)0 long tons. 
 
 By comparing the reports of 189:i and 1893 it will be noticed that 
 some of the mines which then stood close to the head of the list as jiro- 
 ducers occupy subordinate positions m 1894, or are entirely absent 
 from it. 
 
 STOCKS OF I JN ORES. 
 
 As any statement of pioduction which omits to ccmsuler the scocks 
 at the mines at the beginning and at the end of the year is incomplete, 
 the ftdlowing table, covering the Ave years for which such data were 
 collected, has beeu prepared. This table exhibits the (piantities of iron 
 oie at the mines in the various States at the clo.se of (!ach of the years 
 named, which (juantities represent the following percentages of the 
 total product during the year: 
 
 On l)ecend)er 31, 1889, the mine stocks represented 15..".r> per cent of 
 the iron oie mined during the j'eur 1889. 
 
 On December 31, 1891, the mine stocks represented l(i.7!t per cent of 
 the iron ore mined during the year 1891. 
 
 Ou December 31 1892, the mine stocks represented 17.87 per cent of 
 the iron ore mined during the year 1892. 
 
 On December 31, 1893, the mine stocks represented 30.43 per cent of 
 the iron ore mined during the year 189.3. 
 
 On December .31, 1894, the mine stocks represented 27.24 per cent of 
 the iron oie mined during the year 18!t4. 
 
 Theoretically, the stock on hand at tho close of 1893, added to the 
 production of 1894, represented the available supply. Deducting from 
 this the stock on hand at the clo.se of 1894, the (piantity would appeal' 
 to show the consumption of iron ore. Hut the most important pro 
 duciiig district of the United States is the Lake Superior region, from 
 which the ore is .sent forwanl by vessels during the seven or eight 
 months when navigation is possible and is accumulated on great stock 
 piles at lower Lake ports and at piomineiit blast furnace plants, to be 
 distributed and used during the portion of the year when shipments 
 can not be made. Therefore est liinites ol" coimuiiii)tion must be prepared 
 with a knowledgeof the relative uiniumts of such stock piles at ditt'erct 
 8024 13 
 
194 
 
 MINKRAL KESOURCKS. 
 
 periods, iiiid as the «iiliMi(liu- year closes shortly iiftcr the sliippiiiK seiisoii 
 ends tlicse stocks ure KC'iriilly heavy. 
 
 stocks of iron ore on liniid l)c emhvr .?/, JSS9, 1S9I, ISO.;, ISM, mid 1S04. 
 
 'ff long. 
 
 Mlihiuan .(13,490 
 
 Mililli'nutli _ 278,B; 
 
 Alahaiiiil 104. 46'J 
 
 Vir/;inia anil Wrnt Vir- 1 
 
 Kiiiia ' 09,034 
 
 Pi'iinHjivania 01.0811 
 
 WisrapDHiii 40, 000 
 
 ronneHBP(i 1 16, 844 
 
 Ni^w Jcirmij- 04,«00 
 
 ('iilfiriHlo 7, 103 
 
 Niiw York I 185,800 
 
 Georgia anil North <'aro- 
 
 lina I 32.14B 
 
 MiHHOiiri i 201,700 
 
 Ohio i 71,083 
 
 -Montana, New Mexiro, 
 
 Novailii, anil rtah ! a~,'.Ktf\ 
 
 Ki'ntili'ky [ 1 li, 491 
 
 (Jonnortiriit anil MaHaa 
 
 rhilHOttH clK, 723 
 
 Ti'xa« 4. 301) 
 
 Maryland 14.470 
 
 Total 2, 2.">0,073 
 
 Lo7i!/ Uttu. I Long ton*. 
 1,IU4,370 1,646.012 
 204, .'103 504.801 
 00,171 7,700 
 
 27.205 
 85,778 
 
 384, 484 
 26,700 
 03,317 
 10, 876 
 
 214, 500 
 
 a nolnilhig Iilalio. Oregon, anil AVaahington. 
 
 Mni-hiilinK Iilaho anil Oregon. 
 
 c Inrliiiliiig Oregon. 
 
 (ionlv year in whieh Nevada i.i ri'iireHentiMl. 
 
 I' Ineluuing Maine. 
 
 IMPORTANCE OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR DISTRICT. 
 
 Before taking up tlie variations in stocks liehl at lower l;ake ports, 
 attention luaybedirected to the niafjuitudeot'thf liiike Superior iron-ore 
 interest and its relation to the total supply of the L'nited States. The 
 history of this interesting district and statoiiientH concerning its vari- 
 ous ranges of mines which make up the district have appeared in 
 former reports, and for the present only the ranges need be recapitu- 
 lated. They are given below in the chronological order of their devel- 
 opment: Til Manpiette Range in Michigan, the Men(»miiiee Kange in 
 Michigan and AV'iscon.sin, the (logebic Range in Mii'higan and Wis- 
 consin, the N'erinilion Range in Minnesota, and the Meaabi Itange in 
 Minnesota. In 18!H these ranges, placed in the order of the cpiantity 
 of iron ore produced, stood thus: Maripiettis, Mesabi, (logebic, Menomi- 
 nee and Vermilion. 
 
U. S. GEOl OGICAL SIIRVEV 
 
 SIXTFFNTH ANNUAL REPORT PART CI Pi. xiV 
 
 Legcno 
 
 PPOOUC TtON OF THt 
 
 lAHcSupimoft Minis 
 
 P/900UC TioN or OTMf/i 
 
 /ftOAfO^f MtN€S IN if S. 
 
 DIAGRAM SHOWmo THE RELATIVE PRODUCTION OF IRON ORE IN THE LAKE SUPERIOR REGION TO THE TOTAL 
 
 OUTPUT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
PRODUCTION OP IKON OUKS. 
 
 196 
 
 Tlu, bulk of thooro was shipped by v.'SNel, siii.l this was loaded at 
 the various ports as follows, similar dat a for 1893 and 18!»;{ beinir inserted 
 tor the purpose of comparison : 
 
 I'Oke Hhipmentiid/ iron on; rsg:;, tf/n.l, anil rs.'H, 
 
 Porta. 
 
 18«4. 
 
 ' 1803. ' 1802. 
 
 Bscannlio, MIrh 
 
 Lotiff long. 
 1,644,770 
 I,7.'I8,5IHI 
 l,4a4.«S0 
 1,37;), 263 
 1,3111.043 
 79, 108 
 
 Luttij tuiix. 1,011(1 font 
 
 ^, 04H, 981 4, 010, OS."! 
 
 1, n7,.V.'0 2, 22:1, 683 
 
 l,04:t,ll.Sri 1,020,338 
 
 002,352 1,105.070 
 
 440.202 
 
 203.3411. 115.880' 
 80, 273 j 4.245 
 
 AhIiIuim], Wis 
 
 Mnnpiotte, Midi 
 
 Two niirliiiiB, Mlmi 
 
 Uiihitli. Minn 
 
 liliicUtiiiie, Midi 
 
 Supmiiir, Wis 
 
 
 
 ToUil BhiiHiienls 
 
 7,021,020 
 
 6,830,749 8.546.313 
 
 
 The above table, taken from the Cleveland Iron Trade Review, shows 
 that Ml i.S!»4 Kscaiiaba lost the lead whieh that port had so long held 
 Ashland taking tirst rank, f. wed by Kscanaba, Maniuettc, Two Har- 
 bors, Duluth, and (JIadstone, in the order named. There was but a 
 diHerence of a few earyoes between the season's shipments at Two 
 Harbors and J )ulnth. 
 
 The importance of the Lake Superior region is illustrated on I'l XIV 
 whi.-h by columns indicates the total quantities of iron ores produ.-ed in' 
 the linited States in the years If'Hd, 18,S9, ISitO, 1891, l«!»l.' ]89;{ md 
 189-4, tlie columns beinf.- divid...! to slu.w the relative proportion of 'ore 
 which .•aii.e from mines in the Lake Sus.erior district and from luiues in 
 other portions of the D.iite.l States. The ijuantities repre.senled by 
 the.se columns are also presented below. 
 
 froduelio,, „/ ,•,.„„ ort in the lake .Supenor di.trir, ami ,„ the Inited Stale.. 
 
 rnNliiotlcin iif I.aki' .Sn 
 pi'i'lor (limrict 
 
 VriHluilimn.liilliiT Iniii 
 <in! iiiiiH'M 
 
 'riiUliiriKliii'tloiKif 
 tli«*t;i)iu,iIstati>M. 
 
 Lonir 
 tt>»g. 
 
 1,1177,814 
 
 hong 
 
 toiit. 
 
 7. 510.614 
 
 6, 442, 648 6. 90S. 427 
 
 7. 120, 362 14. .IIS, 041 
 
 Long 
 font. 
 
 Long 
 tonM. 
 
 1892. 
 
 hong 
 
 t'Hit. 
 
 1893. 
 
 Long 
 ton*. 
 
 8.1M4,«)1 7,021.4^1 9,504,388 0. ,'•,94. 018 
 
 7,092,012 0.9IM. 713 
 
 0,732.278 4.003.011 
 
 10.030.013 14.691. 178 10. 20(1, (IflO.'ll. 687.020 
 
 Lung 
 
 tons. 
 
 7, 002. .'148 
 
 4. 187, 131 
 
 11.879.079 
 
 Repre,seated by pereontases of the total for the United Stales the 
 Lake Superior district produced the following proportions: 
 
 Percentage of iron ore produced /»/ Ike Lake Superior diiMct. 
 
 Yean. 
 
 IVroontago 
 
 iif toiur 
 
 linMliictiiin. 
 
 1880 
 
 23. 1 1892 . 
 51. 8 1893 . 
 55. 8 1894 . 
 52. 2 
 
 1880 
 
 I8II0 
 
 1891 ;;;;■■ 
 
 I'urcuuUgo I 
 iif tiilnl ' 
 pradiictiuii. 
 
 68.7 ! 
 50.9 i 
 
 04.8 : 
 
190 
 
 MINERAl, RES017RCK8. 
 
 These iieict'iitiiKPS, liowevor, do not represent the tnw iiniwrtancriof 
 thisilistriet, t'oiyiwin}; to the ))reviiiliiif;«iiI>ei'iority of tlieoresol)tiiiiie(l, 
 they enter more hir^'ely into the iiiiinufiiotnre of ]ii(; irou thun the 
 ([uantities show in the alisencre of a knowleil(,'P of (|uality. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF LAKE SUPERIOR ORES. 
 
 The Lake Snperior iron ores can not be followed to the points of eon- 
 8uni]ition, but omitting the all-rail shipnieiitH and the stocks on hand 
 at the mines, records ])ermit of showing tiieir distribution. The vessels 
 leaving the various shipping ports above mentioned convey the iron ore 
 to blast furnaces on Lake Michigan or to receiving docks on Lake Krie, 
 and the iron ore brought to these docks is carefully reiiorted. For the 
 past three years the tpiantities re(!eived at the various lower liuke 
 IJorts, and the stocks on hand December I, on the receiving dmiks, were 
 reported by the Cleveland Iron Trade Iteviow as follows: 
 
 Iteceiiile of iron ore iti loirir Lake jiorlt in season of 1S9J AV.9,;, anil .'S!)4, and floeks on 
 
 hand Iteeemher I. 
 
 Porta. 
 
 Itc'I'tilllH 
 
 18M. 
 
 I 18S3. 
 
 ARlit.iliuIn . . 
 Oleveliinil... 
 Falrpiji't 9711, L'22 
 
 Krio . 
 Hiitralti . . . 
 ('oiiiii^iuit . 
 
 Lorain 
 
 Tiiledii... 
 Unroll — 
 Sandimkv. 
 
 Tiitlll 
 
 Lnng (on*. Lnnff /oh*. Lnna tnnt. 
 
 l,flH7.722 l,K4r.,7:i8 2.!a.-).4IO 
 
 I,na4,.'i7:) 1,2(111,71(1 
 
 7112.517 
 
 409, 21HI 
 
 II IIIIH, '>:1K 
 
 20:l. 207 
 
 i&'i.ein 
 145, ■<\r< 
 i:i7, 7(1(1 
 
 4.464 
 
 C>4,4:iH 
 a39,'i,:i:i!i 
 2117,11(1,1 
 l.'iO. 424 
 1!>8. :184 ' 
 172,775 I 
 2:1, (I4U 
 
 1,9.10,224 
 
 KOIi. (Ill 
 
 MR. 2:i(l 
 
 11)7, (HX) 
 
 l,i:iu 
 
 19(1.400 
 1:19,0117 
 05, (HXI 
 49,73(1 
 
 toMi; 
 1,4:19, 
 1.441, 
 000, 
 454. 
 114, 
 199, 
 22.-I, 
 90. 
 147. 
 77 
 
 tiinii. 
 1 19 
 785 
 1180 
 2:13 
 2:111 
 :I05 
 73:1 
 I. 157 
 .632 
 .004 
 
 Stm'kH. 
 I8II3, 
 
 ioni7 ton». 
 
 ,2110.4:11 
 
 ,10:1,9:10 
 
 ,5711, o;i:i 
 
 ;159, 827 
 119,170 
 
 01, :i:i7 
 201, 0.12 
 
 92,011 
 
 80, IHHI 
 78, 4:10 
 
 Lonn 
 
 l,:ii2. 
 
 I,:i47, 
 
 0111. 
 
 401, 
 
 125, 
 
 Ni 
 147, 
 
 71, 
 
 45. 
 
 87, 
 
 ton«. 
 (158 
 002 
 009 
 
 (I8:i 
 
 000 
 
 0,;i80.825 I 5.:i:i:l,li6l (1,000.734 4,8:14,247 4, 070, 710 , 4, 149, 45l 
 
 1 
 
 II llirtilili^H Tiiiuiwitliilil. 
 
 The difference between the total of these recei)its and the total ship- 
 ments from upper Lake ports, l,li40,7!)ri long tons, indicates the (pian- 
 tity of ore sent to blast furnacies at Ohicago. Milwaukee, and somk^ char- 
 coal furuiices in Michigan. 
 
 The Lake Superior mines supply the bulk of the iron ore used in 
 lllin<>is, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia, and westtM'ii I'enn 
 sylvania, and are regularly used as ini.xtures with other local ores in 
 middle and eastern P(>nnsylvania and northern Kentu(!ky. 
 
 The general features of the movement of the product of the Lake 
 Sujierior iron ore mines is shown graphically on I'l. XV. The up|H>r 
 line indi<;ates the total anumnt of irou ore reported as shipped from the 
 mines, the data being obtained from the statement which has appeared 
 annually in the Cleveland Iron Trade Keview from 1886 to 18!t4. The 
 next line indicates the total Lake shipments, similarly reported, for the 
 years IS.SO to ISitI, the difterence between the tirst and second lines 
 representing the amount of iron ore used close to the niiiies and 
 
U. 8 CEOtOGICAL eURVEV 
 
 8IXT€£nTH AhhUAl HEPOHT PART |. PL 
 
 
 
 ■ -■■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 
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 \ 
 
 ^'' 
 
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 Av 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 /*/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 /"*' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / / 
 / / 
 f / 
 
 \ \ 
 
 hi 
 
 \ \ 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 ^, \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 i\ 
 
 ji 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ?> 
 
 M 
 
 jl 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 / 
 
 \ 
 
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 h 
 
 
 
 
 
 jl 
 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
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 '' / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -y / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
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 7 / 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4/ - 
 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 /'- 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 "^~v^ 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 i/ 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 4 
 J" 
 
 r 
 
 / \ 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 ^ i 
 
 /■^ 
 
 ^/ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 sr/i-"-- 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 \// 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 i/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 — — 
 
 ,' 
 
 
 
 .V 
 
 
 
 
 
 5--^^^ 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ^^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,000,000 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 1835 188f 1837 1838 1889 1890 1891 1892 ;e93 1894 
 
 DIAGRAM SHOWING SHIPMENTS OF LAKE SUPERIOR IRON ORES AND STOCKS AT LOWER LAKE PORTS, 
 
 1886 TO 1894. 
 
PRODUCTION OP IRON ORKS. 
 
 197 
 
 ahippetl by railnind. Tlio tliiril lino sIkiwh the receipts of iron ore 
 reported at the cIoho of each oliipping HeaHon hh having arrived diirint; 
 the Heaxon at the various (torts on Lalte Krie. Tliu intervals l)etween 
 lines two and three show the reliitivo amount of iron ore which was 
 sent forward by vessel to furnaces in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michi- 
 gan. The fourth line represents the stocl of Lake Superior iron ore 
 reiKjrted on hand at lower Lake ports on lyeeeniber I for eiM-li year 
 from 1885 to J804, which is practically the end of the shipping season; 
 while the flftli line represents the stocks at the same ports which 
 remained on hand on May 1 of the year following, the intervals between 
 the fourth and fifth lines showing the extent to which these stocks 
 were drawn upon to supply ore to blast furnaces during the sus|>ensi(in 
 of navigation. As ore is seldom received before the middle of May, 
 and as some of the ore held over may have been sold but not delivered, 
 there would be in pra(!tice somewhat great«!r difference between the 
 lines showing the stocks of ore December 1 and May 1 of the year 
 following. 
 
 It must be remembered that PI. XV refers to shipments only, and 
 not to production, statistics collected by the Survey being invariably 
 the quantities of iron ore )iro<luce<l or in stocks at mines, while those 
 rejiorte^l in trade journals are for the shipments and the stocks held ut 
 lower Lake ports. 
 
 IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN IRON ORES. 
 
 The Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department has, as in pre- 
 vious years, furnished statistics giving the quantities and values of 
 iron ores imported into the United States during the year ending 
 December 31, 18!>4, by countries and also by (uistoms districts, svid to 
 this similar data for the years 1H8!», 18!K>, 18!»1, 1892, and 1893, have 
 been added. 
 
198 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 Vi 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 •t? 
 
 i' 
 
 1 
 
 §?i Ns Ms I 
 
 gg i itj i ;*' i 
 
 1 M Is 
 
 ?l 
 
 
 1 1-2 i ;* ; i i 
 
 3i:i§ 
 
 
 i 
 
 > 
 
 
 iii? is 
 
 do -ffi 
 
 1 
 
 
 m-f^M its 
 
 
 
 
 
 is i is 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 > 
 
 
 is Ms 
 
 'si'' 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 
 
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 i 
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 1 
 
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 fli 
 
 
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 : 1 ^ • 1 ! : 1 • • -s • 1 • o • 
 
 iiii iii 1 ! ;s : ! :l; 
 
 i N i Ni i Ml i n^ ; 
 HIiNllMltNgi 
 
 ; i|i i i|.a i idls.;^ : 
 
 h 
 
 i 
 
 ^1 
 
 ■=■3 
 
 II 
 
 Hi 
 
PUOUUCTION OK IKON ORKH. 
 
 189 
 
 All cxiimiiiHtioii of tli(i talilo hIikws tlmt in (lie past two yeiifs, wlifiii 
 liikcn toj,M!llior, the iiiiiiortiitioii of fniciKu iron orn lias liwii allecttMl 
 rcliitiv<'ly iiioro tliaii tliti |iiiiilnclioii of (loiiicstic oifs, iiotwillislaniliii}; 
 llic icdiictioii of (lutj from I't cimiIs to III cciifs per ton wliicli has Ikmmi 
 in foire siiue August 1!.S, 18!H, anil tlic iiiipoitatioii of coiiMidnrabh' 
 loroijin on\ in oxpt'i'tation of tlio leiiioval of all duty. In 18!>4 the 
 amount of forei(;u iron ore imported was h-ss tiiaii in any year since 
 IS7S. 
 
 Siudi examination also shows a matorial deereiiRO in the quantity of 
 I'ltiropean oies rcrcived, the only contributors fioiii that <'<mtiiient 
 w hich sent as much as a c iiifto of iron ore, in 18!I4 hciiiR .Spain and 
 ICnulaiid. In fact, in that year but little ore came fiom Europe, Cuba 
 supplying 8;{.7 per cent of the total forcij^n iion ore broiifjht to the 
 United Htates, this circumstance probably being due more to the own- 
 ership of Cuban ore deposits by iicrsons interested in iron works which 
 are reached via the i)orts of Ha'.timore and Philadelphia than to their 
 convenient location, for, as in otlier jilaces, established trauHiMutation 
 facilities, with cargoes in both directions, may oflfset shorter hauls. 
 
 The value of the iron ore imiiorted does not reiirescnt the true value 
 of the material at the mines, but merely the selling |trico at the innt of 
 shipment, to which must be added the ocean transportation, import 
 duty, dock charges, commissions, etc. Some of these ores, while classed 
 as iron ore, are nsed for other purposes. 
 
 The average value of the ores imported indicates a constant increiise 
 from 188!t t( 18!)1, when it reached *2.Ci» per ton, then decreasing each 
 year until in ]8!U the average value was but $l.<!(t per ton. The fol- 
 lowing tabic shows the average value of the ore imported from 188!) to 
 18!»4, inclusivt<, as determined by dividing the t«>tal value at port of 
 shipment by the total tiniouut of ore received: 
 
 Avcrnije value of imporitd iron oven. 
 
 Yearn. 
 
 Avoroge 
 
 VlUllll piT 
 
 lonK tun. 
 
 Yoarfl. 
 
 Avorajje 
 value pvr 
 luliK t4in. 
 
 ♦2.17 l«»J 
 
 •i.-jtt ma 
 
 M.'il 1 
 
 1 7'' t 
 
 2.(1» INM 
 
 
 II { 1 
 
 The relation which loreign iron ores imported in various years bore 
 to the (iroduction of domestic iron ores is graiihically shown on PI. XI. 
 
 If the importations are divided according to customs districts, it will 
 be seen that, as in former years, IJaltiinoie and Philadeli>hia were the 
 prominent points of entry, increasing their joint i>ercentage from 9.5 per 
 cent of the total imports in 1891 and 1892 to »7.r» per cent in 189,'J and 
 99.1 per cent, in 1891. The two cities have in late years alternated in 
 position, in one Baltimore being in advance, while iu the next Phila- 
 
200 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 (lell)liia iccfived the. jireuter iinioiiiit of ore. In IH'Jt .")».2 iKjr cent of 
 all the foreign iron ore imported into the United States cauic via tlie 
 port of Phihidelpliia. 
 
 The ore iniporkMl at Puget Sound, WasJiinfjton, viz, 960 tons from 
 British Columbia, was probably used as a llux iu silver smelting. The 
 major portion of the iron ores imported are red and brown hematites, 
 although some magnetite and (ihromic and mangaiiiferous iron ores are 
 also brought to this country. As would naturally be supposed from 
 an examination of the points of entry, most of the iron ore is used at 
 or near tiie Atlantic Seaboard; in ftuit, two iron and steeUonipanies 
 consumed the major portion of the ores at their furuiuje*. 
 
PRODUCTION OF IRON OUES. 
 
 201 
 
 1 
 
 I" 
 
 
 
 sasss 
 s>ss 
 
 o 
 
 I" 
 Suss?? 
 
 ^ I- » I.- I- 
 
 nn on 
 cert ewS 
 I- o ct -H 
 
 |ps§ 
 
 j^OJ OD M ^ 
 
 §31- — 00 
 00 rt oc o 
 
 53555 
 
 3 o 5 I- •* 
 
 i \ 
 
 § 
 c 
 
 rs3 
 
 ^ 50 1- in r^ 
 
 2 3! .9 ?: « 5 
 SSi'S ills'* 
 
 
 S2-' 
 
 :S3S 
 
 • OC •» (O .-t ,■- 
 • Oi ir. M 13 3 
 
 • oc tn o a -t 
 
 3 -s 
 
 Sl!s3 
 
 :2S 
 
 :S- 
 
 06 . .0 
 
 
 „-s>; 1-,, 
 ■? E-" J a 
 
 
 
 ft* ? -^ X 
 
 =■3 
 
 ■=5 
 
 65 
 
 .3 
 as. 
 
 a >> 
 
 ,• I 
 
 
 ■is 
 
 sa 
 
 5j j .«.§ 
 
 Hi 
 
 1. 1; 
 
 
 I 
 
 •PROVINCE ' 'QRAHfl 
 VICTORIA. B. C 
 
202 
 
 MINEKAL KKSCJUitC'ES. 
 
 ACKNOWLKTMJMKNTH. 
 
 Ill tbc preparation of the, forcgDiiij; rejjort aHsistAiico has been 
 obtained from many perHOUH aixl numerous publicatiuuH have been 
 studied. Acknowleut^uieut to all wlio have rendered aid or reference 
 to all sources of information can not be made, but the following should 
 receive si)ecial recognition: 
 
 F. L. Bitlcr, Pliila(IcI]ihia. Pa., for I'olIoclinK iliitu, aiiiilym^H. ami ligiiroH of jiro- 
 diictiiiii from various eouiitrifs, mid for the i>ruparatioii of iiiapH ami grapbic ropre- 
 Houtatiuns. 
 
 K. K. Landis, Philadelphia, Pa., for general revision of aimlyseg aud for traiisla- 
 tiouB. 
 
 Dr. Alfred U. C. Sclwyn, Ottawa, Canada, for u goiifral revision of the article on 
 Hritish North Aiiiei.ca. 
 
 A. nine, director of hurean of niiiicH, Toronto, for table of production and exports 
 of iron ore in Canada, etc. 
 
 .1. Ohalskl, M. K., Quebec, Canada, for tigures of production of iron ore in the 
 Provincr of (jueboc. 
 
 Ur. (ieorge M. IJawson, director Canadian geological survey, Ottawa, Canada, for 
 various reports on Canadian iron-ore deposits. 
 
 II. C. Babbitt, Thnrlow, I'a., for analyses of Cuban, •Spanish, (ircciau, and Algerian 
 iron ores. 
 
 C(d. Thomas II. Nichols, Newark, N. ■!., for description of blast furnace and ircui- 
 ore deposits of United States of Colombia. 
 
 Senor Vicente Pazos y 8ftcio, I'acliuea, Mexico, for description of Peruvian iron- 
 ore deposits. 
 
 James ]{. Maxwell, C. K., Philadelphia, Pa., for revision of Peruvian article. 
 
 •S. Nor* n, llokendauciiia, I'a , lor deseription aud analysis of Vene/nelan iron iires. 
 
 Orvill.i A. Derby, Connniss'io (ieographieo e (ioologieo, Sao Paolo, Ilrax.il, for 
 ilescriiition {>f the Itraxilian iron-ore workings and l>laHt furnaces. 
 
 1 >r. William K. Curtis, Washington, 1). ('., for aiialyHis of South American iron ores. 
 
 1'. S. Witheri)oe, New York, N. Y., for partial revision of Kuropean and African 
 descriptions. 
 
 Fred Lehman, New York, N. Y., for inl'orniatiou concerning shipments of foreign 
 ir{ni ores. 
 
 11. Hanerman, Londo;:, England, for general revision of article on the iron ores 
 ri' (ircat liritain. 
 
 .1. S. Jeans, secretary Hritish Inui Trade .\ssoriation. for statistics in 'gard to 
 the production of iron ore and pig iron in (iri'at liritain. 
 
 Hennctt II. Ilruugh, secretary Uritish Inm and Steel Institute, London, Kngland, 
 for reports of English statistics. 
 
 I'rof. 8. Jordan, Paris, Fraiiee, fcu' data in relation to iron-ore ileposits of France 
 ,-ii)d statistics in regard to the production of iriui ore in France ami Algeria, 
 
 Max Dnchanoy, Paris, France, for a partial revision of the French article. 
 
 M. Ad. Carnot, Paris, France, for analyses of French and Algerian iron ores, 
 
 Alexandre Pourcol, Paris, France, for llgnres of ]>roductiiMi of iron ore in .Spain, 
 
 I'rof, Hichard Akcrinan, Stockholm, Sweilen, for Swedish mineral statistics aud 
 data in regard to same, and also for Norway, 
 
 Iljalniar Lnndb(diin, Stockholm, Sweden, for data and analyses in regard to 
 Swedish iron ores, and for revision of text, 
 
 olaf Wenslrdm, .Sulitclnia copper mine, liodd, Norway, for ri'vision of Swedish 
 and Norwcgi.'in data, 
 
 N. Lilienberg, New York, N. Y,, lor rcvisicni of Swedish article. 
 
PRODUCl'IO ' Ol' IRON ORK8. 
 
 203 
 
 Ilcniik V. l,i)K8, I'liiliulelptiin, Pii., for Swedish frimslalioiiH. 
 
 M. I'iiiii TriiNi'iitor, l.ii'Ko. Kclginin, for i1i8cri|iticiii, tigiiri!H of proiliirtion, and 
 Htiitistical roportH in ri-giird to tiio iron oro8 of liclgiiuii. 
 
 lion. Clark K. Carr, CoptMihagcn, Ditnniark, for rvmarkR in rogani to Denmark. 
 , Jlr. Ilcmian Wedding, Iterlin, Germany, for rovisiou of report, ilata, auil statisties 
 In regard to (iernian and Anstrian iron ores. 
 
 Prof. E. de Gerard. iCiirieli, Switzerland, for paper on .Swiss iron ores. 
 
 I'riif. li. Tetnia.jer, Zurich, .Sivitzorlaiid, for statistics of production of iron ore 
 and pig iron in Hwit/erland. 
 
 a. KireliiilV, New Y'ork, N. Y., for tignres of Italian iron-ore jiroduction. 
 
 George Kaniensky, St. IVtiTshnrg. Russia, for llgures of production of iron ore. 
 
 ■hdin Martin Crawford, St. I'utersbnrg, Russia, for statistics of Russian iron ore 
 and pig iron. 
 
 William Diilf llruce, Loudon, England, for infornmtinn concerning India and stat- 
 istics in rt^gard *<> the production of iron (U'e in that country. 
 
 I'rof. .Iidm A. Church, New York, N. Y., for general description of the iron-oro 
 industry of China. 
 
 G. .). .Snelns, I'rizington, England, for short desrription of Chinese iron works. 
 
 Augustine Heard, cou.siU-general of tlieCnited States at .Seoul, Korea, for deserip- 
 (ion of the. iron industry of tlutt country. 
 
 Rei.ji Kanda, Tokio, .lapaii, for a general rovisicni of the .(apanese iron-ore article. 
 
 T. Kitsunesaki, .\ni C'o]>per Mine, Japan, for general statement in regard to the 
 cNti'Ut of the ironiirc <lepoHttH. 
 
 .lohn Kiissi, ITnited Slates consular agent ut Satli. M-imceo, for the data in regard 
 to deposits of iron ore in Morocco. 
 
 Prof. Ilaton de la Goupilliere, Paris, Fnuu e. for the description of Tunisian iron- 
 ore deposits. 
 
 William I). Mot!ay, I'nitod States niii< : ii'«ident and consul-general, at Mon- 
 rovia, Liheria, for general description of dipHmis hi that country. 
 
 W. II. Fnrlonge, M. E., .lohanuesburg. South African Kepuhli., for general 
 descrijitiiMi of iron-ore deposits in the Transvaal. 
 
 Charli'S M. Rolker, New York, N. Y., for description of .^outh African ileposito 
 
 Daniel Halin, Cape Town, Cape Colony, for short mention iron ore soull f 
 C!anene and Zambesi. 
 
 .lobn C. ]•". Randolph, M. E., New York. \. Y., for general description of Ibe iron 
 industry of Uorneo and Malaysia. 
 
 .hiBeph E. Came, Syilney, N6W South Wales, for descri|ition and analyse- I iron- 
 ore industry of the Province. 
 
 .lohn 1). Councdiy, consul of the I'nited States at Auckland, .New Zealam inr data 
 and pamphlets in regard to New Zealand's iron-ore deposits. 
 
 A number of American ministers and consuls at various pho'es also su])j>lieil iiie;ins 
 for obtaining data iu ri'gard to the eiiuntries where they are located, and lomiiiis 
 sioners of the World's Coluinbiau ENposition representing Germany, Eranei'. Russia, 
 Sweden, Cuba, Ilayti, .\rgentine Re|iui>lic, .la|>an, etc., extended eourtesicK or ini- 
 iiished iufuruation. 
 
 JJIHljUMiKArilY. 
 
 AiiioMi; the works oxiiiiiiiu-d in coiiiictrtioii witli tliis inoiingrai))!, 
 bi'Hidt'M iiuiiitM'oiiN I'cporta upuu individual deposits or spw'ilic location.^, 
 aru tho following: 
 
 Mineral Resiuirces of the United .States for a series of years. 
 
 United States Consular Reports. 
 
 Tenth Census. Volume XV, Mining Industry. 
 
 Eleventh Census. Mineral Industries. 
 
204 
 
 MINERAL RKSO KCES. 
 
 iMiiiuH, Cniiailian Geolottirt. 
 
 TriUisiictiui]-. Ill" Ihc Aimiiiciiii IiiHUtulii of Milling KiijjiiimMN. 
 
 .Joninal <if tiiu liiitoil Stiitri AsBociiiliun of Clirtrcoiil Iron Worliers. 
 
 Annnal rf|iorts of thu Amorican Iron and Stuel Aunociation. 
 
 Tlio Iron Aye. 
 
 Ucports of the Division of Mineral Statistics anil 
 Survey. 
 
 Notes on Iron imil Iron Ores. T. Sterry Hunt. 
 
 Mineral Wealth of Itritish Coliinibia. Dr. (Jeorf;r N. Dawson. 
 
 Minerals of Nova iSeotia. Kihvin Ciiljiin. ■ . 
 
 Iron Ores of Nova iSeotia. Kihvin (Jilpin. 
 
 Canadian Mining Manual. B. T. A. Bell. 
 
 Mineral UesnnreuH of Ontario. 
 
 Ucports of Prof, .lunios 1'. Kimball, K. V. d'luvilliers, Battle and Nye, and !•'. F. 
 C'hisolni, iMi the Cuban irou-ore deposits. 
 
 State of Tara. Dr. Lauro Sodre. 
 
 Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute. 
 
 Special Volume of the lion and Steel Institute. 
 
 The Iron Ores of Great Britain and Ireland. .1. I). Kendall. 
 
 The Metallurgy of Irim. II. lianernian. 
 
 (Jreat Britain's Keiiuiroiuents and Available Supply of Bessemer Ore. .losiali 'I'. 
 Smith. 
 
 Annual Keports of the Mineral Slafistios of the United Kingdum of (ireat Hritniu 
 and Ireland. 
 
 Minerals do For do la France, de I'Algdrie, et ile la Tuuisie. M. Ad. C'arnot. 
 
 I'iiilip's Ore Deposits. 
 
 La Sidi^rnrgie on Franco ot i\ rP.tranger. M. Cy riaipie Helsoii. 
 
 Swedish Catalogue, World's Columbian Exposition, 11. Swedish Statistics. Di. 
 8. A. I.iifstriWn. 
 
 .lern Kontoret's Aniialer. 
 
 Keports Sveriges Ofilciala Statistics. 
 
 Apatit forekomster i Norbottens Malmberg, Il.jalmar Lnndbohro. 
 
 Koyaume de Suede, L' Industrie Minitre de la .Sucdc. G. Nordenrffi-iim 
 
 Stalil iind Ei.son. 
 
 Der liergban und Hnttoubetrieb lies Siegerl.indH. 
 
 Dir Bergbau und Hutten^betriob der Lahn, Dill und Benachbart^'n Keviere. 
 Nassau. 
 
 Industries of Russia. Mining and Mci:illurgy. \. Kepjien. 
 
 Annual Keports, Statistique des Mines, Miuiiirch, I iirriers, etc., of Belgium. 
 
 Revuo IlniversoUe des Mines. 
 
 Die (ieschiidite desEisons in seinen teehnologischon und eullurbistoriseheii Itcy.ie- 
 Iiiingen. Dr. Ludwig Bock. 
 
 Geology of India. V. Ball. 
 
 Keports of Government id' India. Ketnrns of minerals and goms produced i 
 British I'loviuoe and native State. 
 
 The M iniiig Industry of Japan during the last twenty-live yi'iirs ^ 1867-1«'J2). 
 Tsunashiro. 
 
 The Congo and tile Founding of the Free State. Henry M. Stanley. 
 
 Life and Labors of Eiviugstoiie. 
 
 Catalogue of Now South Wales Exhibit, Department E: Mines, Mining, and Metal 
 lurgy. 
 
 Annual Reports of Department of Mines and Agriculture, Now Soiiili Wales. 
 Sillies and Mineral Statistics of New .South Wales. Hon. .lohii Liiias, 
 Record of tlie Mines of South Australia. Henry V. L. lirowu. 
 Reports of the Now Zealand Colonial Industries CuiumissioD. 
 
 in each 
 Wada 
 
4-