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Tliis priinf is sent lo ymi |,ir (iiscussiiin only, ami cm llie cxpr ss uniltTsUiulin,!.' tliiil ii is not lo lie useeif respoiisilile for tlie [m:[.» ami opinions sliiteil in unv of its publioiitioiis. 1 THK STRENGTH OK OAX.lDl.VN DoU'CILV^ Kill RKD PINE, WHITE I'INK AND SPRUCR Bv Henry T. BovKv, M.I.nst.C. K., LL.J), In the iiresent Paper it is proposed to ■,'.ve a statement of the results which have been obtaineil up to the present time, from the numerous experiments which have been carried out in the Testinu; I.alioratorios McGill University, on the strength of Canadian Douuhis Fir, Rod Pine, While Pine and Spruce. Thiso experiments, which hav(|now extended over a period of more than two years, will still be continued, > ;d jt is hoped that the resi'ts wdl be set bof,ro the profession if a Paper on some future occasion. In order that the subject may be l.-cated in as eomprohensive a manner as po.ssihle, the enu'ineers and lumber merchants, who must necessarily be most particularly interesi(«l, are earnestly requested to '.iive their co-operation. They can render valuable service by sondinj; to the University Laboratcrios timbers of any and all sizes. These timbers should, in each case, be accompi niod by a history !j;ivino the treatment of the timber from the lime when ' tree was felled as, for example, the locality in which the tree grew should bo specified, the manner in which the lof,' was brought to the mill, the length of time during which it was keiit in water (salt or fresh), the lime during which it was kept in the pile at ihe mill, and, if the limber has already been ip service, the length of this service. Any other details respecting the history of the timber may also be given, so that the information imiy in every case be as complete as circumstances will permit. The attention of jiembers is specially directed to the tables showing the defleclion of beams under transverse loading, and also to tables showing the .xti'nsioM of specimens under direct tension. These tables tend to prove conclusively the statement made by the author many years ago, i.e., that timber, unlike iron and steel, may be strained to a point near the breaking point without being seriously injured. It will be observed thijt in almost all cases the incrcnienls of deflection and extension, almost up to the point of fracture, mv very nearly iiroportional to the increments of load, and it seems impossible to define a limit of elasticity lor timber. This p'obably accounts for the continued existiiiee of ui.uiy limber struelnns in which the timbers have heen and are still continually subjected lo excessive stresses, the factor i,;- safely being often less than IJ. Whether it is advis- able so to strain timber is another (|Hestion, iind experiments are still required to show how timber is affected by fre(|uently repeated strains. TBAN8VEBSE STKKNOTH. The following Tabic gives in inches the distances between the cen- tres of Ihe end bearings (1), the mean depths (d) and the mean brealths (b) of the Beams I to LXl referred to in this Paper :- Heuni 1 I X 12.12-) X II IIU X 12.123 X 5.625 III 66 X 6.375 X ■J. 25 IV 69 X 'J. 125 X V 69 X 9.125 X 6 VI 69 X 6.125 X 6 VII 69 X 6 X 0.8135 BoaiiiH VIII IX X XI XII XIII \IV 1 ti'J 204 198 204 204 204 204 X X X X X X X (1 6.125 M.Hifl 1.1., S75 14.h75 U.K75 14.75 14.7,5 X X X X X X X b 5.f) K f. S.6H75 H.S125 l! K nenniH xv XVI XVII \VIII XIX XX XXI 1 ll»H 19S i:!s i;)s * i;iH 13S i:w X X X X X X X J if) 15 15.125 17. .S 12.1 12 H . 98 X X X X X X X I) 6.125 0.125 9 M.7i; 9.1 H.,SS 5.95 Hpuiii-' .\.\II XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII XXVIII 1 III-.; ISH i:t2 :u 210 210 Jill X X X X X X X il 15.I.H75 I4.:i,'i Hi. 2 15.(15 i:i 25 1:1,125 11.25 X X X X X X X h l.lli H.TS 7.75 S.2 ii.:i7' I1.1S75 ti.;i4:i75 Hcaiii'- \ \ 1 .\ xx.\ XXXI XXXIl XXXIII XXXIV XXXV 1 2111 171 174 1S( l.SII 151; 1 511 X X X X X X X .1 11.2.'. 7.25 7,125 H.125 11.125 9.125 11.15 X X X X X X X 1) li.2,'i (;.is75 (;.21S75 ;i,i H.l :i.l25 :!.:i25 Hotnii-* X.V.WI v;xxvii xx.wiii xxxix xi. XLI Xl.ll 1 2SH 2HS IM 102 120 120 :iss X X X X X X X il IH IS is IS IS IS IH X X X ♦ ^ X X X b 9 9 y * !) '.i !l ',) H.Mri.- XMII XLIV Xl.V xivi XI. VI XI.VIII \MX 1 120 120 2SS rio 120 150 150 X X X X X X X b IH IH 1.S IS IS 15.1S7,' i'-.:i75 X X X X X X X b 9 il 1) !l 1) o.:;75 9.125 Beams I. 1,1 Ml l.ll I.IV l,V 1 ISC, 1'.I2 ISO .•■u •2SS 120 X X X X X X sure can be inerensei mi rei;ularly as lo ensure an absolute ei|uality in these end loads, . Figures 1 and 2 show the device employed to keep the pie.sMire OD Jie ends of the beam always iiorinal to the suifac". Tlie sjdicrieal joint allows the beiiring to revolve, and by means of the prismatic slot »ny form of bearing surface may be introduced. The formula used iu calculating the skin-atreugtlis and coefficients of elasticity have been deduced by means of the ordinary theory of flexure which is bused upon assumptions which actual experience shows to be far from being true. These assumptions are : — 2 {a) That the bo»a. i, Hymmu.rioal with r..p«,t to u wrt.in pl„„.. (6) rh.t the inatvnal nf ll,e bouni m \m,m^'m,'oaH (0) Timt «.oti..„H which ur.. pl,„o bnC.rc b.„,li„^ rcmin ,,lu„c after (rfj That tho ratio of lontfitu.lin.l HlroH. to th,. oorr.,8p•» tlmr there Ih prnduerd a nioro or li-s |„Tlrei (M,i,Hlizatlnh of ,tr.w tlipoiiyhiiut til,. (,„rii„„ nf the l,i..im iiiitler ccinpro-sion, nntl thin .,|,ittl. iiati..ii will ,l„uU\vHH iimt.riiiily ,,in.ct both tlic el««tifity i«m,I iho •Irciifjih. An intiTnatini- pa|,cr on thr surCof.loii.Jin^' of bcmns wan prcscDtcl by I'rnf. (;. A. CaruH Wilson in tlie l'liy«ic;,l Soeiuty of London, (Kn-.), and an ab.truot of this Paper U to be foun.l In the aiithor',H tnalis' on the 'I'b. ory of Struoluros. The oo->ffii)iont of elasticity, .« determined by the tranverse loalin.,', IS deiiieod from thi; l()riiiiilu irbMDu'the IncreineMt .,f weiifht correapon'Uni? to the inor- luwit i/ioftlic dcficaion. iler • ai;aiii an error -i ,/ in tl Miiuated depth ^.jjl produce an error ^ A' in th" ealenlated eoerticient of elastieity measured by ^A': •^f-'- DOUGLAS FIR, Heaius I to III were sent to the Testin;; Laboratory by ,\tr. John Ken- nedy, CJhief En-ineorof the Montreal Harbiur Works. JJoams r and 11 were of ■,'oid averaije quality. ^ Beam I was U...stcdon March 1st, 181)3, with the annular rin^'. as in Pig. .i. The loid wiis -radnally increase 1 until it amounted to"45,(J00 lbs., when the beam failed by the tearin- apirtof the tibies on tho'ten- sion f.ice. The maximum skin stress oonospondin.,' to the breakini- weight of 45,(100 lbs is 48117 lbs. p,r s,,,.are inch The oo-effioient of elasiieity, as deduecMl Iroin an ineremont in the dcfleetion of .23-in. between the loa.ls of 85i)0 and 22,500-lbs is l,i;i8,!IOO U.S. Table A shows the several readings. Beam II was tested on March 2nd, 18f»3, with the annulnr rings running ns in Fig. 4. Tlie loud was gradnally increased until it amounted to36,57.J lbs., wlien the boatn liiiled by shearing lon-ittidinally. ' ^'» 3 ^,g. 4- ^'g S Thi' nia.\iinnin bkin stress corresponding to this hr.Mking weight is 4378 lbs. pef MjUai-e inch. Ill eonneetion with tlii> experiment it is of interest to note that the timber, alihough it had failed by longitudina, shear, still possessed a very lar-e aiiKniiit of transverse strength, and similar facts will be sub.so,|ucntly lefened t,i in the ease of other beams. After the frao- tnre, the load upon the beam was again gradually increased to 34,000 lbs. before a second failure occurred. The oo-efficiont of elasticity, as determined by the ineremont in the deflection of .1 in, between the loads 2000 and 18,000-lb,s., is l,14li,.!M(0 1b3, Table B shows the several readings. Beam HI was tested on March 2nd, 1893, with the annular rin..'8 as in Fig, 5, This Beam w...s of especially excellent .piality, witli cloar, close, parallel grain, perfectly .sounil and free from knots. Thr load WM Kr»Ju«ll.v i„rro,*.,l until it «mnunteJ to 12,9ft0 lb*.. whiMi It l«ilcMlb> ..lieiiiiiK InnxlliKliiiRlly. ,J!',", "'"'•"""" "''"' '"•'■" ««rr««p..MdiDK to th.. br«ki..« lo.d it 1(»,441 IbH. pui ik|uurf inoli. TiM, o.^otH«ie„t of clwtloily, ,m .l..tor.nin.Ml by «„ i„or..m«nt in tl.6 .rfloonnn n( .^-in. be.wmm .|,o |n«,|, „( 5»0 and 45()01b.., i, J.li.H.lOO ibfl. Tiililfl BKivoi thK Bevoral r.'adinjni. Columbia MHIh TimlH. A Trailing r„y,^,^„y throuuh Mr. (\ M. ix't'i'liei'. Tlu^o Ih.,„., „,..o cm out of tri.,., yrown on tho ooaH leotioM of llntish Colun.hi,,, a„,l f.||,di„ ,|,„ (Hjl or during- ,1... „i„u.r. The «l,ol.. of lb„ |«.a„„ were In., (rn„, knot*, ol ^oo.l ,,,mli,y, and with the «iiiin ruiinini: stnii^ht fion, , i„| m end. lira". IV «-„H|t,m,d M„.v I7U,, 1H93, with tho annular riiiKH -onie- what ol.|,q„„ as „1.„WM i„ V,^. u. (J,,,,,, ^ |,„j „f lo^^O lb». it '•rtB h\U\ by Hhcrinj: longiludmully .Ion, a pl„n.. AH at ri^ht andea to the .niiular riiis., the diHtuner beiw.e,, ti.e ends of the poitionn „bovo »..d below the plane of .shear beinK j.i„. The plane ..Ifbcar ext^mdcd to a distance of about 3(1 in.. Irom the end of the iM-ani The niaximun. .kin aire.a e.nre^pondi.if; to the breaking load I. •Hod Iba. per W|uaio ineli. The co-effieient of elaMieily, a« determined by an increase in the deaection of .l4-in. between the load« of 2,000 and 8,000 Ibg. ig !'2(i,r)00 lbs. ' T.ible H sliow.s the seveiul leiidin^s. After the beum hnd sheared hmoi.udinally, the j.ekey Weight w,m 7'"onnl' ,"'" '°'"' "'"'" '^""^'""ly''irli-l ""til it anioiiuted ,o 1»,000 lbs., when fiacture o,,«r,>,iby the teaiinj; ap,„, „( ,h, fibres on ihc tension face. Un.l.r this h.„d ef Ifi.OOO lbs. ,,n opening of A.jn was developed in lie end nt the pl,„„. ,.f 8h, ar. •»" M.,y II, b this be.iin HeiJ ed f.d II .m. 13 ozs., ,„■ op 5., |^g eubie foot On May 17.1. the weight of the bo,,ni was 5.; IbH. 3 Z., or .8.27 lh.«. per eubie feot, >o that «hil.. in ihe labu,,„.„y this beam lo.st in weight at the rate|of ,0533-11. p, r eubic fin,, p,.,- day J5e„m V was tested on M.y lOth, 1803, with Ihe annulur ri„«s .oinewI.,,t oblique a> shown in Fig. 7. It (ailed by the tearing apart (d the hbres on the tension lace under » load of 23,(ilO lbs. The maximum .skin Ntre,s>s coirespoiiding to this load is 58C9 lbs per .sijuare inch. The coefficient of elasticity, as deteiiniiied by an increase in the deflection of .24in. between the loads of lOOO-lbs. and 11 500-lbs ia i»4ti,270 lbs. ' ' Table B shows the several readings. The weight of the beam on Mi.y 1 1th was 59 lbs., or 29,59 lb.s. per cubic foot. The weight of the beam on May 19th was 58 Ibn. 3 ozs or 29.18 lbs. per cubic foot, so that the loss in weight in the laboratory -was at the rate of .05125-lb. per oubio foot per day. 6 B«.u. VI w„Mt.i.lo.l May 22n.l, IHtt."), with the annuUr rioKo m In I-iir. «. r.Hl.r ,i lon.l ol lft,48() ll„. it l«llr«otwn^ht while in th.- laboratory at th.. rare ol .()7l!i lb. per cublo foor y,-r day. Utani VII wa» tested on May IDth, I8!t:i. I„ thi. bean, tho annu- lar rings n.n >onMwhttt obli,,uoly n^ in Kig. !t. Und.T a loul „f 17,016 lb»., tbo bn May lltli, this beam wei-bed till ibs. -1 uz.s., or 40.0!) lbs. per cubic foot, and the weight on May I'Jth was 5i> lbs. 2 ozs., or 39.92 lbs. per cubic foot, showing a lo.ss of weight in the laborat.'.ry at" the l-atoof .0:»li25lb. per eubie luoi pee day. ^*" ^'f'l ""^ "^^"""i -^l")- -'-'ihI, l.-^i'.!. In this beam the annu- lar rings were obliqu,. as lu Kig. 12. L-mler a load of ll,7uO lbs. it failed „r the suppoil l.,y the tearing ap.irt of the Hbies ,„, t|,e tension face. l-t (rrt ill : wiia Tnbl.. U il.owx tho .,.v.Tui rf«clinK- ...''Lrr''! '"' '!;'^ '"""" "" ■" '' ""' """ ••■• »-■. - •'« 7'> it- .9.74 lb., por „„b,« foot, Hh..,,i„„ „ I,,., „,• „„j , . . ,, ;, '^ ""■■ '" 1.1UU lA w,„grnw„ 01. ,h,, i„«i„|„n.| |,„l( „,.v |„,,.,, „ v ^..oJLr:";,,;:i;;.;i:::j.;,;;;i:;''-- ^-^;-;i.4'''irr:r:^ Z' ' '' "'" '*•'"■""•' "•""■' "• ""• - '»• "f fll.a. on the t.n,i«„ .,u!!!: S'"""" ^'"' "•"^" """-"'""""K "• ""^ '-' i^ 79-4 1,„. p„, T,,l,lo {• .s|i(iw« the x.v.Tal r.'8diri„s. The woiKht of theboain wui (1(13 It, „, •!(! j>i ii >• .. ui'ttUl A. lbi.s bciiiii WHS tcstcU Nov ' Irl, la.i'i ,' , Hide , .bout 100 .i.otal.„v„ 0. s,. b v . " , '/"''"''T;, ? . =' ''"' winter or 1892-93, .u,.l .,. ,„e„ ,1 1 ,o '„"" I '" ,"" .".11 water hIx ,„ontl,», ' '""•"'"' '""""-""I i" Tlic urain iu tlii.s be.im nm uros.swi tinv (ilonj; tlie pliino AB, Fij;. 15 Tbc (raeturo oeourred imil r a load of I« nnn ik. ^:.,.u. skin stress olUo^r Ib. '. ! ^ "^ ^[3^7 " ? elasticity, as .let-rinincd by ,„. i,„.;,.„. „ ,,,,.„, , ' ''\'''"ffi>''>"' of table C sbows the sevnl rua li,l^.. Tbe wel^jbt of the beam «r.,, 41,7 |^„; o nzs or MS Ql 11 foot on Out. ,3r.), 40i| lb.. 80^, „r 37 un j" ^f.^ ""'• P"' ""'''" lOtb. anJ 404 lb . U ,.s or ^T , f ! ' "' T " '""' "" •^■"^' .howin« a loss of woi.ht U, , ^ ^^ ."'r '""^ '"I ^'"- '^'b. cubio foot per -lay, " '' ""^ ■"'"« "^ '"^-Ib.. per Ii.a.nXl. This beim w ,s tested Noveiobor, 7lh 1H93 „|,| u .nunlarr.n,sas,nK„.ie. Us bisto.y . the sa.nc'all; Tl;,^ I and it filled by a cross fra X. Th' tinibar »■■ of n qiialit; corrni|ion linx to (Irnt ijuility in tli- m»ikt!l, .11.1 lli.i (train tor l,h.' im.' |.iri wm pmulk:! wiUi tlio unii. Il ciiiaincU a f'ow wuson cricks. ( )n tho tc ii,i,.M (»«» ot ili« lie.iui tin. Hhrei ■It wmmI IVoui buck t.> (Vniii in a iliitunco oC.'li It., uoinuionuinK sbuut flvp ■j«t one rr«ip.)D.linx to thh loid it 8108 lb<. p,>r 'tiiuaru iuoli. Tho o olBoient of olntjoity, m doterininol by an inoron,, in thu ilofl.!(!tlnnof .6»:j-in». Ii,)tw.!.in lb« loidn of 2500 and 15 500 lb< U 1,770,5118 lbs. Tablo I) itliowi tbo suvoral readinn*. Th.i woiKht of tliii boain wax 595 lb<. 2 or- , or H7.7ti Win. per oublo foot on Ootiibur Hid, iind Mi Min., or .JlJ.Ca lb<. per onliu loot on Nov. Itth, Hhowinn a Iohh oi woinlit in iha Ubir.Uory at thu nito or,018,^ lln. pur t'uhii' fool pi>r day. Ti>blo I) Hhow» iho sovoral rcailingn. Tho tinio om'upied by tlu' tfl«t w»h 29 mlnut.c». Beam XIl wm tcMled Nov. IHth, 1H93, with t|,o annular ring8 aa in KIk. 17. Thin beam wan rut from a lot? I'H inn. in iliniuctcr, urown probably about ;i(l fe a above tho Hculevtl iit Port (liey, ,ibout".iubt miloH from Vai.oouvor. The tr.u was IoIIimI in August, 1892 ' it reiuuDod in calt water iiino months, beiuK alternauily wet and dry BcoordioK to tbo tide ; it wa» then towed to tho mill and out up. vnn afhf t*%t ^ig. 17. The grain wan straight and parullol to the axis, and tho timber wiis of good (|uali(y corresponding to firHt ().inlity in the market, it .hIiowcu seven] knots of medium size and a fo»/ season craeks. The beam eoii- tained the heart of the tree, the aiinul.if rings being as in Fig. Uniler a loa.lol 49,000 lbs. tbo beam failed by shearing longitudinally along the soas.m eruck AH. Under this load the maximum skin stress ig 7,645 lbs. per sq. in. Tho ooeffieient of elasticity iis iletormiuod by an increment in tlie deflections of .545 ins. between the loads 2,500-lbs. and 15 000 lbs i- 1,C78,:)00 lbs. Table D shews the several readings. The time occupied by the test was 37 minutes. The weight of the beam was 57'i lbs., or ;15.C5 lbs. per cubic foot on Oct. 3rd, and 558 lbs. 4 ozs., or 34.79 lbs. per cubic foot on Nov, 17th showing a lo.ss of weight in tho laboratory at the rate of .0191 lbs. per cubic foot pjr day. Beam X 1 1 1 . The history of this beam is the same as that of Beam IX. The beam was toted on Nov. 17th, 1893. The heart of the tree was in one of the faces, the annular rings being as in Fig. IS. The timber was in good eon.lition and of a quality .mri-ospondin!; to fir.'-t quality in the nii.ikct ; there were small season cracks along tho back of the beam, in the neighbourhood ol tho neutral plane, and there were also small season cracks along the whole of the front about 3ins. above the face in compre.ssion. Under a load of 29,300 lb.s. this beam failed by the crippling of the fibres on the compression face, commencing at a small knot at the back Fig. 19. n y^/g. /a. con Jrofit Jnd bocH rttnt,at centre ajfirtnii ffg. /*. •tri'Hs Cdirospon.liii'j to this loud is (11)12 lbs. por ■justicity a-i (letermiiied by .in iucreiisc in the letwwii the loads 1(100 lbs. aud 13,000 lbs. is The iiiaxiuniin .skii s(|uaru iiali. The co-offieioiit (jI deuectioii of .805-in.«. 1,043,19.^ lbs. Tatilu K shows ihi- .•■evi'i-ui readiogs. The beam weijrhed 381 11,,. IB oz., or 34..5(! lbs. pur cubic foot on Oct. 3rd, and 'm lbs., .,r 34.13 lbs. per cubic foot on Nov. 15th showing a loss of w, ight in the laboratory at .he rate of .01 |b. per cubic foot per dny. The time occupied by the test was 4.") u,ii,utes. Beam XIV is in reality Be.m XI 11 re-tested,*tlH. second test having been made Dee. 2nd, 18(13. The bean. «as replaced in tlie machine with the crippled side reversed so as u be in tension. The load was tl.en gradually applied until it amounted lo 17,U00 lbs., wlien the beam failc.l on the tension si.ie by the tearing apart of the fibres along the surlaee at which the crippling to»k place on the previous test. The maximum skio stress corresponding to thi.s load is 4082 lbs per square inch as compared with (1912 lbs. per square inch in the first test The coeflieient of elasticity, as determined by an increment in the detleetion of .51 ins. between the loads of 1,000 lbs. and 8,000 Ib....^ 's l,513,9r)(» lbs. as compared with 1,013,193 lbs. i„ the first test- Table K shows the several readings. This experiment therefore shews'that although the beam may have been crippled by undue pressure, it still retained a large amount of strength as well as elasticity. Table I-; gives the several readings. Beam XV. This bean, was tested JS'ov. 18th, 189;!. The timber was e.Ncellenlin (|ua!ity, equal t,. first quality in the market clear and straight grained .and free from knots. Its history is the same as that ol Beam XII. The annular rings were oblique as in Fig. 20. f'0iO. X 3 Jlranf vitnjaf ttnt)-r,afttrtr^ ^fg.ai. Under a load <,f 37,000 lbs. the beam failed by th.. cripplin.- of the fibres on the eon, pie.ssion face, Fig. 21. The maximum skin stress corresponding to this load is H020 lbs. per •square inch. The total compressicm of the material was .34.in.,and the maximum sKin compressive stress, taking 34(i(i.in.. ns the effective depth, is 8189- lbs. per s,,. in, the corresponding skin tension tress bein- 8577 lbs per sq, in. ]() '~ Assumiuj; tli,' ordinary law lo hold good lor the whole of the .ttoctive 'lef.th, the iiiiiximuw .skin stress would be 8511 lbs. per 3<| in The co-efficieut of elasticity ■,, determinnd by an incren.ent in the Uefacetion of .7r.5ins. between the loads, :.'(i(MI lbs. and IS OIIO Ib.s IS 1,989,400 lbs. Table K shews the several rcaditius. The lime oeciipied by the lest was ;^i) niiniiles. The w,;l;;ht of the beam was 445 Ib.s. (I ozs., or 39.99 Ib.s. per cul.iu (oot on Oct. 3rd. and 433 lbs. V.i o.s , or 38.(12 lbs. per eubi. foot on .Nov. 7th, showing a loss of wei.dit in the h,b„ratorv at the rate of .OA^74bs. per eubic foot per day. Bean, XV'. This is really lie"an, XV ret.sled, the .seeond tes, havin.' been made on !>eo. 8th, 1893. In ,l,o Hr.st test the beam had tailed by eripplmg on the eompre.ssiou (aee ; the beau, was now reversed and ...Mler al,.ad of 25,580 lbs. it failed by the tearing apart of the fibres on the leiLsion faee along the snrface at which the eripplii.r bad pre- viously taken place. The tensilo fracture extended 2 inche.r below the skin. The jockey weight was now run hack until the lover a-ain floated, nnd the load was gradually increased until it amounted to 32,000 lbs., when the beam fractured a second time on the tension side the frncture extending to a depth of 5 inchc-s below the skin. The first fracture was accompanied by a longitudinal opening (as in Fio. ) about tiO inches in extent. A seeond longitudinal opening, also Ihunt CO inches long, occurred at the .second fracture. The maximum skin stress corresponding to the breaking load of 25,680 lbs. is 5466 lh.s. per .square ineh. The co-efficient of elasticity, as determined by an increment in the deflection of .54 ina. between the lond.s of 1 .000 lbs and II "lOO lb was 1,825,450 lbs. ' '' " Table E gives the several readings. The weight of the beam was reduced to 428 lbs., or 38.40 lbs per cubic foot, showing a lo.ss between the test on Nov.'l7tb and that on Dee. 8th, at the rate of A}24~ti lbs. per cubic foot per day. Beams XVII to XXI were sent to the testing laboratories by the British Columbia Mills Timber .\ Trading Company throuv'h Mr C. M. Beecher. The whole of the.se timbers were cut on the coast sec- tion of British Columbia. The trees from which BeamsXVII XVIII XX and XXI were cut, were felled during the summer of I'so;; and came from Hartney's Camp, Seymour Creek, while Beam .\ IX was cut from a tree felled in the spring of 1894, and earne from Jiowli,,,.'., Camp, Salmon Arm. '" Beam XVII was tested June 24lh, 1894. This beam was ,„arse grained, the grain running very nearly parallel with th.. a.vis. and it contained a number of small knots on tl.o compression side. It was cut from the heart of the tree, and w.is t-sted with the annulai riie-s as in Fist. 22. •''' ^ygj* Under a load of 48,1100 Iks. it faile.i by the tearinu apart of the fibres OQ the tension face, the eonv.sponding maximuui skin stress ncdeetin"- the compression of the timber, being 490i; Ibs.'per s,|uare ineli" The tensile fracture was Ibllowed immediately by a longitudinal shear, coin eident with the neutral plane at the centre of tlje beam, and oxtendic- for a distance of 8 feet fmn, the end. Fig. 25. 'the distance betw.vn the portions of the beam above and below the plane of shear at th,' ind 11 yya^a-mhs of an inel,. Pigs. 23 and 24 nro sections at the end and at the centre showing the nature of th.. fractures. The total compression of the material w;,s l'.83 ins., and ihe max- imum skin eompress.ve stress, takin,^ I,T295ins. a, the effective depth, ski h "^';^^;'„"l"»'« '»«!'. "'« correspondin.? stress in the tension skin bein- 0851 lbs. per equare inch. Assuming the ordinary law lo hold f-ocd for ihe ,vl,„le of .bis effective (lop.b, the m.ximum .kin .^(ress «onl,l be fi350 lbs. per squ„r.. inch, ^hl^.^^-fficient of elasticity as determined by an ineremenl in the Z-Z^Lf "■ "'"■™" "«=l<"'d«10,000.1bs,and 30,000 lbs., s l,_i)j,(il)() lbs. ' Table F givis tlio several rea'linirs. .l!''' "to',5"" ^"'""' "''^'' "'"T'^'' ''™'" Vimcouver about April Jlst, was 428 lbs., or 37.21 lbs, per cubic foot ; on rcaebing the Labora- toi-y on June 9th, the -vei.uht was fnut.d to be 41 1 lbs. 10 o^s„ or 35 7H lbs per cubic foot, and on the day of the test, namely, June 24th ihe wetght was 404 lbs, 8 o.s., or 35 17 lbs per e;bie tl't, showing a 1 at lie rate of .02918.1b. per cubic foot per day b.tw^n Vancouver and the laboratory, and a loss at the rate of .040H7-lb. per cubic foot per day while m the laboratory. ^ Beam XVIII. This beam was eoar.^e grained, and contained sereral large and small knots ; it w,-,s cut from the heart of the tree It was tested Sept. 28tb, 1894, with the annular rin.s as it, Fi.. 2(; The load on the beam was gradually increased to 12,000 lbs rhe beam was now ..radually relieved from strain until the 'oad had been reduced to 1000 lbs. wi.hotit showing any .set. The load was again gradually it.creased from 1000 lb«. up to 19,000 Jbs., when the bean, was a,a.n relieve.l from load and the readings were .aken lor each d.tterence of 1,000 lbs. When .he load bad been red.ice.! to 1000 lbs , the deflection at 'be centre wa., observed to be ..tl5-in as eompa.-ed with .OOS-in in the orward movement, and as .oon as the bean, was relieved of this 1000 lbs., .t returned tn its initial condition without .showing any s.t what- The time occupied by the fir-t lo«di„g was 10 mint.tes, by the second loading 12 minutes, and by thn relieving Iron, load 8 mtnuL It, .he final U-st the l„ad was gradua ly increased fro.,, nil until it amonnte to 09,400 lbs., when the bean, failed by shearing l„„gi„.. dinally, ,he shear be.og immediately Ibiknved by the teating apa^ of • the fibi-es on the tension fa ;e, Kit;s 27 28,29. r-e^f "s*"" /^,gat 'rf fe-d //..as ^gthnd Th.. maximum skit, stress eo.responding to .he breaking load was ■)l.»0 lbs. per square inch. The c"-effieie.,t of elastici.y, as deduced from an increment in the Table F gives the siveral readin-s aJ'IV;?'''"'" '':,^'" «''!>'' 'late of ship.ncnt from Vancouver, the h ' "^'"^'2 lbs., or 39 08 lbs. per cubic foot. On reaching he laboratory, on June 9th. tiiis weight was 492 lbs. 10 o.s., or 37 60 I'^rLT" ' r^ ""' ""■^''" "^ ^-^^P'' 25tl' was 400 lbs. a ,n.. or .J5.5!. lbs per cubic foot, showing a loss in weight between Van- eouver and the laboratory at the rate of.n302.lb. per cubic foot per ■l»y, and a loss of weight in the laboratory at the rate of .OlSl-lb per euh.c loot per day. jo Beam XIX. This beam was oi exceptionally nood quality, with clear . ;U, 35. .Ki. Tbc ,.rjn,,li„,, ox.cJfd about 4 ins. abov. tl.is face. The loa.l w.s >,iii .-raVuallv inereas..,! nn.il i, an,o„nto-l to 4;t..i(l0 lb.,., when tl„. h,,am again failed by the faimj: ap:.il ,.f the fibres on the tension Ciee. The n.axinium ^kln stress oorrespondin}; t„ .he 1,.„,1 of 40 000 lbs a.nl disroi:urdin,i; .he eon,p.o8.,ion of the timber, is 6559 lbs and th,. skn, stress corresponding to the load of 49,600 lbs, is 812- lbs per .square inch. ' The total compression of the timber was .a45-ins., so that .aki...^ the effective depth under this load .o bo 11.655 ins., tho n.a.ximun, .ski.reo.n- presstve st.e..s would be 6710 Ihs. per square inch, the enr,espn„,lin.' skm tension stress bein- 712.-) lbs. per .square inch. Assuming the ordinary law to hold good for the whole of the effective depth, the maximum skin sti-ess would bo 6936 lbs. per square inch The co-efficient of el.s.icity, as deduced from a change in tho deflec- tion of.22-in. between the loads 4000 lbs. and 12,000 lbs., both forwirds and while bein.; relieved from load i„ the first readinc., and also during the second loading, is 1,571,150 lbs. ' Table G shows the .several readings. Tho weight of this beam when shipV'd f.on. Vancouver, April 21st was 349 lbs, or 41.16 lbs. per cubic foot ; when delivered at the labora- tory on .lune 9,h, it weighed 329 Ib.s., or 36.70 lbs. per cubic foot a.,d on Nov. : rd It weighed 311 lbs. 6J o.s., cr 34.0.? lbs. per cubic loot showing a loss of weight between Vancouver and th, laboratory nt the rate of .091 -lb. per cubie foot per day, and a loss while in tho labora- tory at the r.ito of .0121-lb. per cubic foot per day. The time occupied by the test was 26 mins. Beam XXI. This bean, was tc'sted Nov. 3rd, 1894, with the annu- lar riii;;s as in Fig. 37. icrz? The l..ad upon the beam was gradually increased until it amounted to 6000 lbs., when it was gradually relieved of load, at the rate of 1000 lbs. lor each observation, and the beam returned to its initial condition without showing any si,un of set. The lond was again g,-adu:,llv increased "•mil 1. amounted to 17,960 lb,., when a sha,p fn,otu,-e took pl,.oe by the teur.ng apart of tl-.e fibres on the tension side, and this was accom- panied by a simultaneous cripplin,- of the fibres on ,he oo.ipres.sion side, Figs. 38, 39, 40. Tile maximum skin stress corresponding to the load nf 17,:ii;0 lbs. is 7787 lbs. pei-s()uire inch. The total c.nuiiression of the timber at tho centre was. 16 i,,,. so that taki.ig the eftective depth at the eenti-e t , bo 8.82 in.s,, the nuximum skm .-onipreasive stress ,-,t the point of fracture is 7901 lb.. p..r scniare inch, the eori-esponding skin ten-ile stress neing 82i31 lbs. per s,], in. Assuming the i.vdinary law to hold uokI for tho whole of the effec- tive depth, the max. skin stress would bo 8100 lbs. per S(|. in _ The co-oflioient of ela.stioity, as deduced by a change in the defiec- tioriot .48in. between the loads of MOO-lbs. and 6000 lbs., durin- the hi-st loading, and while being relieved of load, is 1,. -,88,400 Ih.s. Table G shows tho several readings. The weight of this beam when shipped from Vancouver, April "Ist , .was 164 lbs., or 38.86 lb. per cubic fo.t ; when received at tho labora- tory on June 9th, the weight was 1 51 lbs. 4 ozs., on 3:!.02 lb., per cubic loot, and on Nov. 13th, the date of test, thowciirht w.is 1.39 lbs KU 1) 0^ or 30.83 I bs. per oubio foot, Bliowiog n loss of weight bolw«on Van ■ couvor »n(l the laboraf .y at the rate of .1 IP2-lb». per cubic foot per day, and a losa ol weight while in tlio hilwratory at the rate of .0U!( Ills, per cubic, foot per day, 1'he time occupied by the tost was IHi niins. OLD DOUGLAS FIR. ^ Beams XXII-XXV were aenr lo the Laboratory by Mr 1> \ I'eteison, Chief Kngineer of the (Jaimdian Pacific Railway These benum were four old stringer., taken from fostfes nunihcred 428, 35, 316 and 789. Trestle 428 is nbout h.lf way between CLsco Cmtiiever U,id-o and Lylton. It was erected in the early summer of 1884, and the tlmhers h.d consequently been i,. position f„,. „i„„ ^c,„,, ^ ;, i„ „ j ^^^^^ ivy. with very litllo rainfall, and subject to a hot sun in summer Tl„. stvinger from this structure was cut out of a h^ probably grown on ,' flat about thiec miles west of Hope, where most of the trees were win.l- shaken. Trestle No. 35 is about one mile west of Port Moody, and was bull- .n the early .spring of 1887, .so that the stringer was in position for a I-enod of 6* years in a place subject lo the heaviest rainfall in the prov.nce. The stringer was c.,. fVon, a log mn.st probably ,rown at I oint Grey, about eight miles from ^'aucouver. Trestle No. 31G is »vo n.il, s east of Spuz.un,. The .strin.'er fron, tMs trestle was cut from a log grown on a ben:!, near Spuzzun, about 500 feet above the .sea level. It was prepared and fran.od in 1881 and erected in 1882, so that it was eleven years in position in . district with a cl.mate similar to that of No>a Scotia. As the railway here runs north and south, the suu had not the same effect upon the strin-ers as on other part.s of the line. " • Trestle No. 789 is on Kamloops Lake, si.x tnilcs east of Savoua and was erected in the spring of 1885, .so that the limbers ha,l been in .servtee lor a period of eight years. The neighb,mrhood is dry. bu', the trestle, being situated under a high bluff, is protected fron, the after- noon sun. The stringer from this strnelnre was cut out of a lo- prob- ably gtowu about three n.iles west of Hope, at the satne piaee^as the timbers used in structure No. 42S. Beam XXII from Trestle 428, was tested Nov. 25th, 1893 with tlio tinnuliir rin,i:s ns in Kiir. 41. ^'4*** e/»rf /Tjf*/ There were two vertical l-in. bolt holes in the .imb.r,-one near the centre and one a, the end. There were also several season eiaoks in tlie tinibrr. one Ijcing somewhat laiwe. The load upon the beam, was gradually increased until it amounted in Kit's l"4'i " ' ' *"""" ''"""'' ^^ '" '™Si^'^'''°''l ^l>^'-'-> '« The di.sl..nee between the [lorlions of the beam above and belox. the plane of si' ,,r a: the eim was jjths of an inch. 7n8rn '■ '" ""''''" '"'""' ""'^'^PO'-ding to the breaking load is 7lia<) lljs. per sijuare iiicli. The total compression of the timber at the centre was .63-in., so that taking the efi_eet,ve depth at 15.0576.in8., th: L.uximum skin eompreB- s.ve stress ,s .2.,4 lbs. per square inch, the corresponding tensile skin stress being 7898 lbs. per square inch. 15 Assmnmg the uaual Inw to hold frood fi.r tl.o whole of the offeotivo depth, the maximum ski,, stress would be 7,382 lbs. per .square inch The eo-effioiont of elastieity, na dcduoed by an increase in tlie deflec- tion of .39 in. betwccen the Io,ui,s of 2,000 lbs. and 20 000 lbs is ,639,500 lbs., while it is 1,(191,620 lbs. for an increment in the deflection of 42 in. between the loads 2,000 lbs. ..ud 22,000 lbs. Table 11 gives the reading's under the several loads. Tlio weight of the beam on the day of test was 33.75 Ibg. per cubic foot, and the total weight on Oct. 3id was 438 lbs. 7 ois. Beam XXfll from '1 re.stlo No. 789 was tested Nov. 28tb 1893 with the annular rings „s i„ Fi.. 44, „„a ,,,„„i„g ^^^ ^^^^^ ;,, ^^^ ^^. the tacea. «•. *ri The lo;.d upon the beam w.s gradually inereased until it amounted, to 47,560 lbs., when .he benm failed by the tearing apart of the hbres on the tension face, which was immediately followed bv a longitudinal shear, as in Figs 45, 4C. _ The n,aximum skin stre.«s corresponding to the load of 47 560 lbs. 18 7339 lbs. ' The eo-efficient of elasticity, as deduced from an increment of .66 m. in the deflection between the loads of 2.000 lbs and ■" 000 Ihs is 1,878,960 lbs. ' ' Table I shows the readings undor the various loads. The totul weight of the beam on Oct. 3rd was 654 lbs. 12 ozg or 38.95 lbs. per cubic (boti the total wei..d,t on Nov. 28th the date of test, was 549 lbs. 8* ozs., or 38.59 lbs. per cubic foot, showing a lo.«s of weight in the laboratory iit the rnte of .00643 lbs. per cubic foot per day. Kstimating the weight of this beam from a solid block eut out of the beam, it was found to be 39.13 lbs. per cubic foot,' or 54 lb per cubic foot hei.vior than the weight deduced from the total wei.-ht of the whole beam. " Beam XXIV from Trestle No. 35. This beam was tesle.l Nov -oth, 1893, with the annular rings a-s in Pig. 47. It contained two vertical fin. holt holes fbout half way between the centre and ends and a few knots of average size appeared on the face. It also containe.l several .season cracks. f #*. Ts»oe. The initial load, ineludinu- the wei.bt of the beam, was 5 00:» lbs and the load w.is gradually increased up to 41,000 lbs., when the material atone end of the beam was crushed in. The ends of the ix-am were found to be very much the -.^oise for wear and in a rotten condi tion. Kelcasing the beam from load the ends were sawn off aod the beam was replaced at 9^lt. centres, when the load was .'raumilly in creased until it amounted to 76,900 lbs. Under this load the beam failed by longitudinal sliear, which was accompanied by a certain araount of crippling of the fibres on the compression side of the centre. Its m I'lgs. 48, 49. i the bioiiking load (if 7i;,it00 Ills. waj)(il35 Iba. p.T 8f|iiiiic iiifli, Thr tot.il cmiproi-aiuM un.Icr a Inad of 41 000 lbs. at tbe ^•Ciitro was 1.7 in., aail tiikin-; the tffcctiv.. ihyth nf tin.- beam tn be 1 (.5 ii.,«., the corrcsponilin^' niaxiinnni -kill ivc ftro.«s is G»!).j lbs. ' per S(iuaio inch, the coiTi>.«]iuiidiTi^' >kiii tuiii'iio stress being ^221 lbs. per 8(|uaro iiii'li. ^ Assuming the ordinary Imv to ri,i|,| ^ickI for tlie vliole of tlie I'ftcc- tive depth, the uiiixinuiin skin >iies..i would be 7(i62 lbs. per squnro inch. The co-officiont of rlasHeity, iisdot Tiniiied by :in incr(M.>;e in the de- flection of .IC-in. between llie Innls of H,0(M I 22,000 lbs., is 1,109.741 Mis. ; as detennin<'d by an inercment of the ileflieiion of .3:i-iii. Iietwein iho loads 10,000 lbs. and 32,000 lbs., it is l,l(;:i,3S4 lbs. ; and as dedueed fi-oin an incrnneiit ih tlie deflection of .2'j'iii , the mean lietHven .L'S.Vin. anl,-J!l.')iii,, tlie increments betv.een the lo.'ids nf 5,000 and 2.-),000 lbs. :,nd 10,(100 and 30,000 11n respectively it is l,203,."(il0 lbs. ■ ' Table II shoivs the .several na lini;-. Tho total weisht of the brain nn \ov. 2,-.lli, the date of le-;, was 331 lbs. ezs., or 32.8 lbs p,.r eiibie loot. After enttim; off the end-, the weij-ht of a leneth of !l fe^t was 2l!2 lbs. .I ozs., or 33 4 lbs. per cubic foot. The totM wi'l-hi of the Iilmui ou October 3rd was 339 lbs 9 oz. Iteam XXV from TreMle 310. 'flu,, brain was tested >,ov. 2«th, 1893, with tho annular rinirs a- ,„ l.'j^,. ,:-,(|_ ,„|,i Blmwiii- the heart on one of the faces. It eoniaincd one vertical holt hule, several knots, and many .season cracks. The j;rain was siiai'dit. Th.' load upon the beam was ifradually increased until it anKuinte.l to 42,900 lbs., when a larL:e splinter broke oft' on the tension Ice. and the beam filled by longitudinal shear, as in Fj-s. 51 52. The niaxinium skin stress eorr,.s|iond.ng to this 'breaking ' lad i.s 4613 lbs. per si|nare inch. The coefficient of elasticity, as dctermiiie.l by an increment in the defleeiion ot .335-in. between the loads of 4,(IOOdbs. and 20 000 lbs is 949,720 lbs. Table I shows the readings lor the several load.s. The total weight of the beam on October 3rd was 422 lbs., or 34 44 lbs. per cubic foot, and on N„v. 2Sth. the date of test, the weieht was 406 lbs., or;i3.11 lbs. pereubi,' toot, showinjr a loss of weight" in the Laboratory at the rate of ,237-lh-. per cubic foot per day. The time oooupied by the test was 30 miuute*. 17 The follMwina Tul.le givoM a M.ui.imry ot tho renulU nl,t«i,uMl for I'nilglaH Fir ; Bkam. DiliifiiMioiiB In iiiulicH. _5 ». Z 3 .■»■% Nkw TmBkll, fiPldAl I,v SkLtOTBD. •r. P ■ - E ft S? ^A li. n B ;< ,% s » m a nr. -XIX. VII, XV. / ./ 1, Gfi X r).:!?.-) y 1 125 i;)H X l.M X !).l •11.22 I9H X « > 5. HI 25 15 X H.I 25 ■M.n 10,411 ll.OCl H7I2 K(I2U I I ,1 X 11)8 X 14.H75 X li M 201 X 14,H75 X H.fi87S /■\ I 2f.t X U.N7fl X !» vY',',', '' '"• *^ '■••-3 » ■'•'' •\\ III I i;iH X 17.H X H.7(; -WII |:)M X 15.12S X il. ■\-\ , IHH X 12. X HUH .Xll I 201 X I (.875 X 8 8125 -\IM I 201 > 14.75 y G« .\XI I l.)8 X 8.!)8 X 5.1)6 Y' i:i 949,720 ■1-2 8 o,i;ifl 1,201,020 ./ i, 1 4 X't X H.7H 15,0875 X 7.75 15.05 X 8.2 10.2 X 7 75 Tlio fnllnwi,,;; ,lat. „„iy 1„. aOoptci in pn.otioe ■_ I" t.l„.c.:.s,.„r.„..,.i,.lly M.|,.ctod ti.ub,>p, iV." tvn„. knot., ,vith soun.l eK'..^a„d ..ru,.l,t ,r,in, :,„,1 cm out ol' th. lo^ a, . di„a„co lro,„ tho Avcraj:.' wci-ht in II,.. ,„.r oubic loot, := 40. Avorajro co-cfficimt, of,.l„,.t„.,ty i., U,,.. po,- .,,. i„. ^ 2 0(10 ono •Vvora-.o iua.M„,iHn ..kin sii-rss i„ Ib.s |„.|- s,,u,irc incli = !)()00 ' .^•i*« wnrkiMK -kin stress in Ib.s. por squ:.ro inol, =: .'JOlKMbs In th,. f,.s,: „f first quality tlnilHT, such as is ordinarily fouM.I i„ tl„. •Vveratro wcigbt in lbs. per cubic font = 34. AvcrafTc eo-cffieiont ofciaslinty in ibs, p,T squire iucb = I 4:!0 0(10 Avora.r n,a,xin,un, .skin strc-s in lbs. p,T Kquar.' inch =: OOoo ' .>aic worUinjrskin stress in lbs p,T square inch = 2000 lo spcciiyi,,,. tbc of tho tin.ber had beeu retained to a very lat.^'o extent, and thitthe rotti.,5; had not extended to such a depth be ow the sk,n as to son.sibly affect tho efficiency of the sticks, which sttll po,..,es,sc.l .-iinple strength f ,r tho work they were designe I to do Ihus in Beam XXII adinnnution in the ..kin stress of 1058 lbs per '''."'Ilsr'fi'.j'''''' " '"'"'^■'''•"' •" " Ji'-niiuton in the etfeetive depth °* ''J .v'tiIm ' - 1.07«-ins. would still leave fiOOO lbs. per aquar.; inch as the skin stress. Thus if the rotting had extended to depth of 1.17b ins., the Ihctor of safety would stiil remain 3 18 It 2 in a.l(,pl.i,l a< the t;,otor of nnlvty, a» I i„ ,, ,o „,„„i ,„ of (hn «utl,or,a .» u.i .M,pl,.H,ct.)r („r the ^M-,«.t :n,.jo.ry ofca-o., tl.„ rotti.,' miKht oxU'iid willinut (l,iiif,'rr to ii iliiptli c,Ca„)!(S iii„. Ill ihu ni-.. ,.!■ »,„„„ XXV, whiH. i. tl.,. ol.i ,tr,i,«er «ivH, - r|„, |u,^t coeffi,.„.„t of.st,™.tl., immely, »t;i:i lb., p.r H,,u.r« in.l. takiu ■ 2 ;.s lh-t,.ctor „r,a(«ty, ihu .fctivo ,lopth migli, b' .lim ui.sh.,.,rby „, amount of 'J™-^;' ^ l,„4-i„», „„! rot n.i.ht ..Inly ,.„ | ,„ n.j, UC|llll, Aiiaii,, it will 1,., ob>«rvcJ tl,al tl.o.skii, huvss uilI .he ..In-tifity ar,. "ulj.vt to a wi,K: variation. Tbi. va.lalion in ,\m u, mai.y oanscH of Wild. tb,. mo,t impurt:,,.! ar,. tb,. prcs.ne. of knots, ol,li,,uay or.-r,'i„ «n.l, .«nr.,. tb.n all, the lo.ah.y in wbi.b tho timber was ;rrown tb,', ""f-'"'"' 1"" '■""• "''-k '" tlio In;,' from wbi-ih it wa.s cut, and tho (iroporth,,, of barl, 5r». Tlio linid wih ntill ruittmr iiicri'SHi'il until ciiinph'U) fr^icturc tiMli p| ie<' by th« Iruriiitf npiirt of till' (ibri'H on lliii lotminn t'lKsn under ii Inad rd' IV, 170 IbH, Tbi'iTippliog WOK in lini) with ii knot runoiij{ liin.ugli tlio timber from back to t'rcuit, n» in tlin Fl;;ure. The maxioiuin hIcmi »tre»8 co-res-pondinp to tlie loud (d' i:i,fl00 IbH. ia :i9.'t7 ll)s. per wpMre inoli. The totid couippvMlon of tho timber iit tlie nntre wii» .2in., »o tliiit, tikinj;; the etrcctivd deptli us \'A,t)ft. ihu uiiiximuni skin eonipiemiivo stre^'S would bi' IlltlU lbs. per jq. in., tlio corresponding skin ♦ensile Strom leiuf,' Ulrt lbs. pir sipnro inch. Assuming,' the ordiniiry law to hold jrood Cor the wliolu of thuett'eotivp depth, tlie inB;:iniuni ^kin stn »s would bi, 40 9 Ibg. per square ineh. The 00 eflioiont <."i in. b nv. en the loiiils 1,0(10 iind 8,000 IIih,. iti l,2;)r),l'()0 lbs , iind lis ueti'riiiiiied by nn iueremeiit in ihe d> Heetiou of .f> io. between the loiids 2,000 iind (i.llOll lbs., is 1,24H,!»00 lbs. Tilble F shmvH ihe ~ever,d reiidious. The wei;,'lit of this beam, on M.ireli lOih, was a!t2 lbs. 2 o»s., or :t7.60 lbs. per cubic foot, nil I lui JInieb KHIi it wns ;i79 lbs. 4 ozs., or ;)l!.39 lbs. per euldii loot. >howii'f; » loss of weijiht In the l.boratory at the rate id' 39 lb. pi r cubic foot p r day Beam XXVIl wn- tesled April . lb, 1894, with the unnuliir rings lis ill Fijr, 6(i Xhe beam was iiii fioni the heart id' the tree, nnd the da rktnul porlion in llio I'iyure, wi s .sa|i\vood. /"/* 3» ^OC^ ^tiST The load ufion tlio beam, was gradually increased until it amounted to 17,700 lbs., when the beam failed hy the tearing apart of the fibres on the tonMon face, Figs. 67, ."iS, at ii resin pocket, the fracture showing a fine resinous surfic. The maximum skin sir-ss corr'-epondintr to the breakinjj; load is r)219 lbs. per squire inch. The total compressi.oi of the timber at the centre was .34 in., so that taking,' 12.785 ins, as the efl'eetive dcplli, ihc Dinxininm skin compres- sive stress would be 5111 lbs, per square inch, the correspond iiig skin tensile stress bein- 5707 lbs. per square inch. Assuming' the ordinary law to hold ;.i,od fcr the whido of the effec- tive depth, till! ma\inmm skin stress would be 5501 lbs. per square inch, I'he cn-eflBeient of elasticity, as deduced from an inereuient in the deflection of 7 in. between the loads 1500 lbs. and 7500 lbs., is ] 418 500 lbs. ' ' Table K gives the .several rendinas. The total weight of the hoam on March 10th wns 46 lbs. 12 ozs., or 41,51 Ih.s. per cubic foot ; the total weight on April 5tb, the date of test, was 397 lbs. 4 oz-., or 30.50 lb.-i. per cubic foot, showing a loss of weight while in the laboratory, at the rate of .192-lbs. per cubic foot per d.iy. Beam XXVIII. This beam was cut from the heart of iho tree, and was tested April 20th, 1894, with the annular lings as shown in Fiir 69. **■ 20 I \mtff^tt 91. TJ„. 1,„„ upon il,e Imu... „„, ,,,H,iu.lly imT-mn,! until it .mounted t.. 17,0..n IbH., wl.o„ llM. b..i,„ f,.,l.J l.y tl„. ..ri,,,,lu,„ „C tl,« fil.icM on tl... cn,„,,r,.,„,„„ IU..«, Fi^.. .JO, (il. Tho l„u,l w„. still im-rouHo,! until »i..i.r llMt()|l,H. thol„..wn uK»i» liii|,.,l l,y tho t,.,riuK apart uf ,1,h Obrei on tno tension luou. Th.^ .n..xim»m »kln «tn.», ,.„„.-,, ..n.liu^. to tl« ,,1 un.l.T whici, t'lipplrnn took plaw is (l"r)2 |1)<. p t wpmri' inch. Til.' total comprcsHiou of ilic l„.,iio iiuih'i' » loivd of 17 050 \U wm .-'■1 in., 80 timt t:iki.,« th,. rtr itiv,! ,l,.ptl, to |„. 11.01 ins tl... corrc ftpondiiiK nmximuui skiu conipr..,.iro stivw would bo flSrtO lbs per w|Uiiir inch, the corr.>poi»|in- skio tnnsil,, Mrcss beinR 7193 llw L, W(iiiir(' inch. ' * A«suu,inK tl,o n„ua| j^w to h„l,| ;,,„o,l for ||„. „ho!,. of ,|„. eff.ctivo •K'pth, the miLvimum skin .-tr.w would l„. 7l)f.(» |l,s. p,.r ,-,p„,r,, i,|oi, The co-cffi..i,.„t of elasticity, :« dctcruiin,,! by ,,„ iucr™.,. in'tho deflcotKMi of 1.. 1:15 in bctw.rn ihc l,„id,s of lidOO iind 12 000 1b- ix 1 80.000 lbs.; it i. 1.8r,8.4.mib.. ,ct,ru.incd ly u'n inoLnc.;: in the diflcction ,.l .8Hn. between the loads 3,')00 and D'.OO lbs »„d IS KIHl.lOO lb».,:,s dctennined by «n inerenunt in the dcHrction of l.l.i5in. between theloadsof 2000 and 10,000 lbs Table K sliows the several ieadiiii;H. Tlie test occnpied 2ti minutes. The wei-ht of the beam on M„reb lOth was 373 lbs 10 ozb or 4 1.20 Ib.s. p,.r eubi.. foot ; upon April 2(llh. the dale .d' test, the weight was :i22 lbs. 8 o^s., or 37.r,5 lbs. p,,,- cub. ft., showing a loss of wei'ht at the r.te of .1022 lb. per cubic fm,t per diiy. " Beam XXIX. This beam was cut from the levnt (d' the tree u.d was tested March I3tl,, 1804. with the annular rings as in 1.^^62. L Mi. iO , 'fj": ''"';' "•""' ""-' ''«»"'• «'«^ ^'■•'"''■"lly i-'-reased until it amounted ll.ObO lbs., when the bean, failetl by the erippling ol the libtes on 1.0 compression face, Pi,.. 03, 04. The 1, ad was still further gra- ■lually mceased to 12,460 lbs , when the beam was completely frac- tured by the teanntr ap ,rt of the fibres on the f ,sio„ face. .l%0;;r;:r;8n" ^'"" ^"^^f'""*'"- ^» '■- breaking load of 11,^011 1119. IS 4H18 lbs. per .scjunre inch. The total eotnpression of the Mmbor ai the centre was .15-in., so that tak.n;; 1 1 l-.n. as the etl'eetiv. .eptb, .be maximum skin compressive s re.s.s woud be 4883 lbs. ,.r «,uare inch, the corresponding skinr sile stress-being 5016 lbs. per .s,,uaie inch, Assumbig the usual law to bold ^ood for the whole of the cffectivo depth, the tnaximum skin .stress would be 4949 lbs. per square inch. ri,e eo.effie,ent of elasticity, as determined from an increment of .«b-iu. in the deflection between the loads of 1000 and DOOOlbe ii 21 ' I,2I0,1«<> lb.. Tl.o CMofli..i.ni „l ,.|,„ilcit,, tt» dHl.,...l frrui »., „. '•'■ ''"• "•■'•'"* '" '" •iKHl.H.'otma b,iwii,.n tho loa.1- „( Imt .(,. ,„„l 700(Mb-.., la 1,1H7,000 11,,. Tiiblu L abuw* tlitf Mvuritl ruiidiiigH. Thu ti'Kt ixwupiiMl 27 iiiiiiiiiiiii, 'iV t..l»l woi^ilit ..f Hu, 1„.,„„ H-,H •;i,o 11,.,^ „, ;,^, „,, „,^ ,„,ruu|,i„ f.H.t „„ Marrh Kill,. :.n,| :iH2 |U .; o , ;|2.o;, |U. |,.r cubic ll,,„ •Ml M»,.h i;i.l,. .I„>wi,u „1,... „r ,v ,,1,1 i„ ,(,.. |ub„r,to..y ,a ,U, r.,u (it ,28titi-|l>. |K'r iiihic I'lHil |icr ilm. J.. ng.*$ fig** fig^f H"i.ni XX. v. Thi. I,,., .11 w.n to-M May .Ir.l, 1^94, wifl, il,o HMiMil.r ri.,^-, ,. i,. l.'i.. cr, \V|,„, tiM. h.a,., „•„. ,,1 1 i„ ,i,„n, it mImiwi'iI Mil •ipwiird Oiimlior nl'^l inn Th.' Inu,l ,i,,„„ ||„. |,.„„ was «Mi.liially inci-.a.,.,! until ir, „m„u„„.,l to ^7no II,.., wi„.,i ,i„, i,„,„„ i;,i|,.,| x>y ,1 Hi.pMMK' nn\, r,\ .„ ii,„ <-oi.,,,r,..,sin„ n,,,., Ki,.. (Iti, .1,,. oiippiiim- ,.xt,.„.li,.« I'J i„«. „,,w„,,|s from .10 .km. Tl„. |„aJ w,„ still i„.,r..,„e.l, ,ui,l wlicii it nnmuntcl l„ 0580 lb.,, till, bnim broku right uor.i.H tit., tcimi,,,, j;,t... nb.mt 2J inohos (roil, ll„. muMI,. „!■ ,1,,. („.„,„, ,„„| y,„t\ni\\y almv the .oeoMd lino of oriiiplitiL' oti till! coiiipiuii.inM siilc, Kii.'. 67. Thr maximum .kin .-tr.'.. n.rrr.pniul.MK t.. tl„. bmikiiii.; Inad tif B.OOll... „ 1,;:1HI,.. p,.r.s,|,mrri,u.h, ai„l i|„. masimuhi .kin ..re«» cnrrc-p„M.lin- t.i lli,. |„a.l „H,.'i80 II,.. i. f,;;tn ll,<. p,.r »,,,iar.. inch. 'IV en ,.|liri..„t Ml' ..iM.iin.y is l,:!:i2.(HM) II,.., „. ,let,.iniinr.l by an """■'""■"• '" tlK' '1' ll'vli r l,(i!).i„. b,.i«v,.n tl„. Ina.ls „r llKlOuml 8000 lb..; i, i.s l,;i-0.|.„(, II,,., „. ,|,,,l,.,,„,i ,v, „,.,,. ,„ i„ ,h„ deflectiot, of .84 in. between the l„a,l. (.r liOOO an,l 4000 II,.. Tubli' L show, the several ri'a'liii-.. The wi{,'l.t of tlii. beau, o„ .Ma, ■.(,!,, tb,. ,lav aliei- the fst, was IfiO lbs. 1'. oz... or ;!0.!tti lbs. per eiibie foot. Ueiin, XXXI. Tlii. beam «;,. les'e,! May 4tb, l,Hi(4. [t ,va.s unt from the heart of the tree, an.l the annular rin«s Were situate.l «s in Fig. b8. Sea.on crack, ran ioteimittently fi„,n ..nd to en,l nf t|„. |„.ani r>gri /Tigea K ri'g ro. Ml iheneighhourhoodof the ne itr.d ,i.:.e ..», oraek- ext. i , radially outward. fr.,n. tb,. heart. 'I I, .,„. wa. U,-,- from knots for a'di.tanee 01 7.nehe, on one side and 1 i„eh on the other, ..ud the ..,ai„ ran parallel to the axis. The |.,,.d upon the beam wa. gradually ineroised until it aaiounted to (liiOd lbs., when It failed by a crlppliug of the fibre., on the com- pression face, Fig. «9. The ..-ippling occurred exaet'y at tl,., centre 'itid extended l.-,.in. upwards from the skin. Tne load was tb.n continued, and, when it amounte,) to 7000 |h.., the beau, faile.l by the tear.ng apart of the libres o.i the tet.sio.. face, Fb.'s. 70, 71, .an.l a lii„. ot crippli..g on the compression »id • limber op,.ned upward, (or a d.stauce of about 2 ins. or ^ iu... The fraetu.c ou the tension H.de took place about 5J ins, fro,,, the centre, and the timber opened «lonK .1.. ,n„uh.r ring, (or . .liMnnoo of U |„. ,,, ,i,,„ „,• ,,,., fi'iKro UN III thi) Hkiiit .IMO Ibri^'Ur^ ..■"" ""•" "•"'"«"'"'''■'« '« "'" '""•king I.-I -f •i«H» Ibi. IK 8442 Ibn. pur w,uiirp iiioli. Th« oo«fliei„ut.,f,| ,i„i,,^„, ''.'"'"'"' '>>""'" 'n..r«„,o«t i« ,ho I •fiHI.n'o 'il, ' "" '"'"""■" "'" ' '' "'■-»""•"'- '""' r-O"" "<"•, w.. Tiil.l,' h .licws ilK' ■•iv.ral ivailiims This W who,, «r.t p|„..«d ii, ,„„„j„ , „ ,.,„^, in a r, ,,ri,l length „C 14 It. t! in, «?^:tn•n, '''"•' ';.""■""»■'"'■ ""^ f'-*. «- '"Sib. H "mis'"" " ' '''''' ""'^'" ''■■^''"'^ ' '• '""•' '^'^ •-' «"»""' ll.u,n(l>lu„k) XXXII w„H t...t...l May 7lh, 1M!.4. Th..ho.r. w.h- " ' "- '•--• "•"' ""■ .> .I.r ri,.„, w„n. .it,.uto,l «. i.. ri! ;r «M I I urn CO "t'tlM, W!,s lOL' |b.-<., I'^'.'l. with 111,' .1,11^- u|)i',ieil Jon ''"'"'•' 'l'V';r' «'-'"'-'lly -«n.:,... until it ,„„n„nt...l ,0 .0. 1|„. e,„,pl„„ ,„...„rr,.,l „|„„„ ^ i,,. „ ,.„„, ^„^, »cras..,l,i.,.,iw|,.,„, „.„.„„„„„,„„„,„ „,^ ^,^, ,^ a«,.i„ (■..i|..,l ,' to .o,n„.„p,u.t „ltho flb,VH ,.„ .1,.. t..,.i,„i.i,|,, A li.i' „r.. i i ' ;:::r';;;:'r""^'"^'^"-"'^' •■^ ".■„.„„.„...„ i-'s i.SiJ.JOO lbs, per i.(|uar' inch. Tiiblc L »l,ew,i thi) scv.Tiil ro.i,lii,i.',i. The wcijht „Cthis l„.|in, (,„ M„y 7(h, (hn il.a,. 'irSl.Titi lbs. per iiibic,. Cint, IVa.i. (l'iaMk)XXXIir,v„>„.,,,„l M,,,. 7,1, l:ir rii,'^s as sbciwi, j,, Kj._,, 73. 'I'l'-^, 1"-1 "1.".. the Wm was gradually iu„...asc.,l >,. KM lbs ^.on 8,.lo, J ,.1, ,4, 75. Ihero w.r.. hvo ll„,s of .rippli,,.. n„ ,|,, ■,„„. and on. at the n,id,|l,. nf. tho b™,„ at the bJi Tl ' «t the baek pn.bably .eeii.red fir,, . .1 ,•, '"' •"I'l'l-'K e,l,.e Int. , ,"'"■"'""'""»""• «™"-al lino at the lower uil.iie. but not up lo the iki nt wbri-.. ,1,., e i , ^yh6„ tl,e load o„ the bean, had b™,. ine,x.a.s..d to 0900 lb« tnicturo „ceu,re,|.mthete>,»ionM,Jc •' The co-efReient of elasticity, a.s delerm!n,.,n,„ Table M ahow.s the .Hvcral readings. 23 The weight of tho bean on Miiy 7tli, date jf test, was 128 Ib-i. 8 Ota., or 31.87 Iba. [ler cubic foot. Boiim (I'liuik) XXXrV. This b .am was tested May 8tS, 1894, with the iuiniilar ring's as in Pi<;. 76. rtg.re. M. JJ_ D /^'gT^ /^/g.za. Tlic load upon tliu boiun w/it^ i^i:iilually ineroasod until it anioiintod to 5G00 lbs., when the flbrus on the compression face ciipplod to a small extent. On still fnrtlicr iruTcisini; tlie loail, the fibres (i,i the eonipression (iice were completely crippled, l'"ij;s 77,78, and fraetnre idso simultaneously oceurr.' I on tlie t(Misi,in side when tlio lo;id amounted to H4(lfl lbs. The j;rain of this beam w.is straii;ht and parallel with the axis, and tho timber wa.s apparently free from knots lor a distiniee of about 21 inches ow each side of tin; eenlre. The maximum .skin stress torresp uidin:,' to the breakin;,' load of 5600 lbs. is ,5079 lbs. per scjuare inch, and the skin stress corres- pondinf; to the load of 840(1 lbs., whieh cansed ibr fracture on the tension side, is 759V lbs. per square inch. The CO , ffieient ot elastieity, as deduced from an increment in the dciieetiou of 1.14 ius. between the loads of 500 and 5600 lbs., was 1,784.800 ibs. Table M shews the several readiuL'S. The weij;bt of the beam on .May 8tb, date of test, was 96 lbs. 2 ozs., or l!li.59 Ibs. per enbii! f()ot. Beam (I'iank) X.WV was testcil May Stli, 1894, with the annular rini^s as in h'ig. 79. The heart of the tree wa.s very nearly coincident 'vith the axis of the b.am, and the jjrai'i ran in the same direction. Season cracks occurred intermittently tlirousihout the beam. 1 L /Vg 73. The load upon the beam was gradually increased until it amunnti'd to 7600 lbs., when the beam tailed by tlie eripplinj; of the fibres nn the compression face, Kig. 80. The load was still ineri'ased, and well defined ori|ipliiii.' oecnrrod when it amounted to 10,050 Ibs. When the load bad reacdied i;i,700 lbs, the lieam failed by the tcarinj;- apart of the fibres on tlie tension tiice, Fii,'. 80. Thema.\innim skin stress correspond inn to the breakiiijr load of 7600 lbs. is \'i'i\) d)s. per square ineh. The coefficient of elasticity, as determined by an inereuunt in the defleetion of .92-in. between the loads of 5tlO ami 7600 lbs., is 1,589.250 lbs., and as determined by an increment in the deflection of .025-in. liir the corresponding increase of 200 lbs. it is 1 ,042,900 lbs. Table M shews tl -I'veral readings. The weiglit id' the beam on May 8th, date of test, was 128 lbs. 12 ojs. or 37.09db,-.. per cubic foot. The following Table gives :i summ ry of tlio results obtained for Ked Pine :— o ^ .:: i" S •" X '5 •J i 1^ ^ u — « u w i.o ^.5 • i< Bkam. DitiicnsioriH in iriclio-'. -f j" O i ■= rt i S. .1.2 •?. 1 • -^ ■T *" X — .21875 ."1.97 5,.142 1,(;18,900 X (; 25 32.o:t 1,818 1.198,550 X :i.i :ii.87 (;,.554 l,r,i8,ono X .3.1 ;!i..5fi 11,928 1.575,200 X li.l,S7o .■JO.iW 4, 1)34 1 .325,950 XXXV. XXVIII. XXXIV. I XX VII. ' XXVI. XXXI. XXIX. XXXIII.: XXXII. j .XXX. I Henco, The uvcrage woidit in lbs. per cubic foot = 34.G1. " co-ef5oicnt of eliisticity in lb.s, per sq. in.= l,ri20,0.j(! " maximum t-kin stress " " =.");{70. If, luiwevcr, the |iluiik lesults arc omitti'd, The iiverii^e weight in lbs. piT cubic foot = .'14.78. " co-eiliciciit "f elasticity in lbs. |i,r .sq. iii.= '' ma.ximuni skin stros '■ " — In ij;ciieral, the following Jata may be adnplcil in practice :- The iiverusje weii^lil in lbs. pi-r eiibie ii.ot =.'J4 (i. cn-ellicirnt of eliislu- ty in Ib-i. per .sq. in. = ),4:!0,0fi0. " maximii n skin -if.,ss •• •' =5JOO, safe W'lkin^ -kin stress " " =1.700. '•> bcinjr a factor of s:if.-iy. Fn the ace iiints nf tliescvcral beams it will b.'ob-crvrd tliat the failur.'s .are almo-t invariably .In,' to llie cripplin- of the material on the si,ie in oumpie.ssion. iudi.atin,' that the tensile siien:,'tb of the timber exceeds its eompiessive strrn-tb, ami ihi.s wms .siib.seqiiently verified by the direct tension and cnmpr.'s^inn r\perim._-nts. ,t:u. 137. 17. WIIITM PINK. _ Heams XXXVf ami XX.KVit are two piec •> cnt out of ,nie larg.^ piece of Npiare pine, ni:ul- and tnken out in the (xatineau Valley, (Ittawa County. The tiiub a' was brmight down via the Gatincau and Ottawa Jiivers to Mon'ivai, and rem.'dned in the water until late in the fall of 18i"2, when it was piled 00 the land for winter sawiii;;. This timber was pnrehased lr,.m .Messrs. J. & U. ("irier. Ream XXXVI was trst.'d February llltb, IHDJj, witli ihe annular riniis as in I'iij. Ml. r/ger r,gea /-,jgB* Tlic load upon the beam was gradually increased until it amounted to llViOII lbs., when it failed by the tearing apart of the fibres on the tension side. The mu.\imiim skin stress eorivspoudiii!; to tiiis load is 2993 Ibi. per square inch. 26 Ihocoefficentof elasticity, as rletermined bv an increment in the tmlZu , ""• '"""''"" ""' ''""^'' «''-'0"0 »»d 10,000 IbB., Is .'03,440 IbB. ; .s deduce,! from a„ inonment in the deflection of.84-in ~„th. ,„„,,,„, ,000 and 12,n00il,s, i» 403,768 lbs, and as i^ f nZ "" ."T-""""' '" ""■ '"' '''■'=''°" "'■ =^13 in». between the loads of 5000 and ir..000 lbs., is 534,Ui9 lbs Ti.ble N shows the several readings, The wcifrhtofthis beam per cubic foot on Feb, IHib wms 37.25 lbs., and on March 14tb, ■U.78 „«„ .|.„„,,„ „ ,„, „, ,,„i ,,, ,, „,^, ,,,^^ „ .0!)5-lb, pir cubic l.ioi per day. Bc«:n XXX\-II was tested ou February 24tl., 1803, with the annular rings as in Fii'. 82. 1 I 1 Z*ooo. saeso. ^„*gg ^'6^^ r,gBS. r,g.B6 The load wa< L'r.Mlu.illy increased until it amounted to 24,0001b. wl-n .he l,ea,n failc.l by the tearing, apart ol' the fibres ou the tension TI.0 n,a.vin,u,n skin stress corresponding to this load is 3555 lbs per Mjuare incli. ' Jta.msXXXVril andXXXlX were the, «oen,]s.,l Beam XXXVI winch was tested February Uitb, IS.,3, th.. central portion containing tlie fracture having been cut out, as i'^"X''^83''^^'^'^ '"" '"''''^ '" *'""-'■' ^''"'' "'"' ""■ """"''"■ "■""•'' The load o„ the beam was gra.lually iner..n..cd until it amounted to ■.-.-toO lbs,, when it failed by the tearing apart of the libres o„ the ten- The n.a.viu,um skin .stress corresponding to this load is 3075 lbs per square inch. ^ The eo.efficicnt of elasticity, as det.Tmined by an increment in the tSwo'lbs ■''"''"■ '"''''"' "" '""^""' '"''^^"'""^ -'5,0tl01b8.,is Table N shows the several readings. IJeam XXXIX was tested will, th.. annular rings as in Fi.^ 84 Ihe load was gradually increased unlil it amounted to 51 4(1(1 lbs 'vhen the b.am fail, d by the tear.ng ap„rt of ,1,,. lib,vs on the tension The n,aximun. skin .stress corresponding to this loa,l is 2(i w,-,s gradually ,„creasod unt'il t .un„„n,..d u, 40,500 lbs., when it failed by the .ea.fn,. apar- of ,he fibres on the tension side. (ar. oitiic The maximum .skin .stress con-espondins ,o this load is 2600 lb. per ,sf(uare ineh. " doZn ""f ',■',',"' ;'''"''"''^-''y' »-^'l^'l"eedfron,,,n increment in the d fleet on of . U,-,„. h„tween the loads of 10,000 lbs. and 22,000 lb.s. is ^l.^^.il» lbs. per .«(|uare ineli. Table N shi)ws the sevenil reailiiii;s. ^ Jhe weight „!■ the bonn, on (he day'of test w.s HGXi lbs. per cubie Beams XLII ,,nd XLVl ,vero eu. out of one lar.e pieeo of square I-ne n,adc on the J'e„e,vaw., . tributary of the Ottnwa, in 18S8 't pu'ce wa.s druvn over l.'iOO mile.., and lay in water lor four ye.rs unt^ n w.s taken on, tn the ,all of ,S!.2 „nd piled for wint-r sawin.^ h,.. fmber was pnr,.|,aM.l fmn, .Messrs. She:,rer & Brown " in l!S"'87 "'" ""'"' ^' "'"'■ *""'' ^^■^■^' '"'"' ""^ »"""1'" ""■^' ^'^ ..L .1 1 /"/§ 87 y^,g 88 Z;;^ 89 The load on the bcnm w:,s gradually increased until it amounted to t't^::jsr ""^' ''^ '"" ^^^^^ "^"'■' "'■ ''"' «'^- °" The maximum skin .stress eorrcspotidiuL; to this load is 3S15 lbs nrr s<|uarc inch. r ' delirdnt" ^''■?'''^''"''y- "^ ''«'-''"i-J by an increment in the isS,220 tbs '"■"' '' "'" '""'^"f 2500 lbs. and 13,000 lbs., Table shows the several leadiugs. ^ Jhe weight of the beam per eubie^fnot at the dat<. of test was 41.41. Ma;eh's:h'',V" ""' f"-^^ '"' '"' ''"'' ^""^ "''^'^-'^ -^LII tested '^X^t:T """""" "'"'" ""'''' --^'-"^'-'e-V-ture Beam XLIII was tested March :ilst, with the annular >.in^^s „s in The load was o,,uiually inercN.sed until it amounted to 48,000 lbs when the bea.u failed by the tearin, apart of the Kbres on the tensio'; sql!^ Illch!'"""' '^'" ^"■"' ^""''^'^""Ji"^ '" *■- l-Hl - 3000 lbs. ,.f The eo-efficient of elasticity, .s determined by „n increase in the flee, on o, .10..U. between the loa.ls of 10,0U0 and 25,000 lbs. I>'1.I,(H(I lbs. per square ineh. Table O shows the several reelings mJ^ "" '"""' '^^"■^''^'^'. 18!>.i, with the annular riu.s ;:n:;;::::^-""''""^'"''""^'"" ■i"...i.nof,he.ibres,.nthe ^^^The maximum sk.ns,resseorre, ,di,„ to t„is load is:n4S ,bs. per delidr'!f 'io •"'' f """"^' "^ ''«'=™i"«Jby - i-reun.nt in the 64™ '"""™" ""'""''' '"' ""'" -"' -'5.000 lbs, is b49,.80 lbs. per square inch, the same eo-efficient as iu beam XLIII. J able O shows the .several readiu-s. Beam XLV rings louiited I the The luaximiim skin sti-i«s coirosponcliiii,' lo tljis loa^l is 3(J81 lbs. per sr|iiaro inch. 'i'liu co.L'fficiontnf clasticily, as dclerniincd (V„ni nn incromcut in tlie ilefleetion of.81-in. )ntwiTii tin,, loads of 2500 and 12 000 lbs i« 9.JC,540 lbs. ' ' 'I'iiblc P slidws f.lic s('\eral readings. lioMuis XLVI and XLVIl aro the two ends oi Beam XF.V, le-ted on Maicli lltb, ISnii, the central [oition (ontainiu- the fVacture liavini; ben cut out. Beam XLVI was tested Mmeb 30th, Ik'Xd, with theannuhirrin-s a- iiiFii.'. !tl. Tlie load upon tlu! beam was ,^!-,idnally increased until it amounted to -44,400 lbs., when it lldlod by the teaiing apart of tlie Ubres on the ten- sion side. Tho maximum skin stress eorrosimnlinu to this load is 2740 lbs. per square inch. The coefficient or elasticity, as detevmine.l by an iner.'nient in the delleclion 0I.2;! in. between the In^, Is ..f 10,0(11) and ",') 000 lbs is .");ui,'r7o lbs ■■ ■' Table I' sh iws the si>vonil readinu's. IJeam XLVir was tested March 3Uth, 180;!, with the annular rin>.s (IS in Fig. 92. The Innd up^n the beam w.is gradually inei',a-ed until it amountc 1 to 4S,(;,-)0 lbs., wh.m it failed by the learini; apart of the fibres ,m the tcDsion side. The m:iximnm skin stress corrospon.lin- to this loi.d is IJOOJ lb>. per sqnure ii^eb. The coefTieient of elasticity, as determined by an increnienl in the deflection of.2-in. between the loads 10,0(10 and 2.'),0(IOlbs., is (117 2S<:{ lbs. ' Table Tsliow.sthe .several readiiiiis. Beams XLVIl. to L were sent to the laboratory by .Mr. 1'. A. Peterson. These beams were pnieh.ised from the I'embivke Lumber Company, and are snppo.^ed to have been similar in ,|naliiy to 'he timber used on tho J'cmbroke section of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Be.im XLVIII was tested March tst, 1804, with the annular rings as in Fig. 9;!. The darkened portion. Fig. .|,r,ubie (o, t a.,d on F.brnary 1st the w.tght was 597 lbs., or 40.73 lbs. per enbie (cot, showin.. a loss of weight at the rate (,f .209-lb. per euhie foot per day. The time oeeiipled by the test was 48 minutes. Beam XT.IX was tested .March 2nd, 1894, with the anu'ilai' rings as ID i-ig. 97. The daikemd poriions repnsim sMpwond. ThehMd upon the l,e,.,n wa> gra.tuihy i„e...d ,.ntil it amounted to 47,0S0|bs., when the bean, failnl by ,h. tearing apirt of the fibres "..the tension .side, ^»vo„,pa„i.,.d simuluneously by a lon.,i,udiiiai sh,...r ^.r.d a enppling of the mat-rial in tho compression .side, Figs 98 99 ' ihe maximum skin stress corresponding ,o the breaking' load is I. '.ill Ihs. per >,|uare inch. The total eompres..ion of the material at the centre was 2 8 ins .n .hat takmg l;!.0'.5 ins. as the efheti^ epth, the maximnm skin ;■;„„- pressive .^tress would he .-.l.",,! ih. p.r s,,uaro ineh, an.l Mie oorre-pond- .ng skin tensile stre.ss would he 73,-,:! 1 hs. per .M.uaie ineli AsstrtMm.the usual law to hold good h,e tli'e whole of the efiective depth, 1,S,!,, lb. per s,,i,are inel, would be the maximum skin strcs 1 he eo-efficient of ela-tbity. as determined by an increment of .435- .n.^,^b.tween the loads of 3000 u,„| 21,000 lbs., is l,0,-,2 (!0O lbs T.-' le Q shows the .several readings. _ 'n- weiglit Of the heuu wa. 52:^ ibs. 12 o.s., or 41.33 lbs. per eu- b.c foot ebruary 1st and 473 H,s. 12 ozs., or 37.24 lbs. per cubic loot on March 2nd, showing a loss of weight at the rate of .141-lbs per cnbie loot per day. The lime oecuiiied by the test was H(ly minutes ^Jeam^Lwas testrd March lOth, 189.1, with the annular rings hs 'I p«^!;::~' """ "^"^ --p-o-s '- ••- ioa,i i. 4370 „.. Tl,.. ..o...ffioicnt of clastidty. «h deduood iVo,. „„ inor.mont in ,1„. i,mSi. ■"•''""■"" ""-■ '"""""'■ '"•" >".«o". ;:.;';: Tiilih' Q shows the several re!ulit)};s. The w,.ii;ht of the beam wan 50!) Ib.s 12 ozs iir ri (U u = l- M.t, o„ March H.th, .,e d,Ue of te.. aiuS r./^'l '^sT.;", l" of .0!)76-lb. per cubic foot per day. OLD WIIITK PINE. or"::";!' M: P "^"p """• "'•' J'""^ ?■- «'""«-» -..t to ,he Inh. tile ?r ;,'" '■'«'" y^'"''^; "'«y were removed from , he trestles ilunnj,' the summer of 1892. in FiriM. '''' ''''"* °"™''"'' '''' '""' "'"' ""' """"'" ■•'"«« - The lond upon the beau. was,raduully increased until it amounted, iT'Jit" ,'""'''; ""'""'^ «'--n,, longitudinally as i Jigs.lO_,10.^, hed,s,aneeb..tween the portions of the beam above and below the plane of shear beins J in. The maximum skin stress correspon.lini; to this load i. ;!-.l" lb. , n,. square inch. " '" ■ '"-' The co-effieie„t of eiastieity, as determined l,y an increment in the il 082,4S,;,bs:""'"" '" "'" '""'-^ "' -''" "'^' ■■'■"' ''''"> '^>- Table J{ shows the several readinirs. The total weight of the beam on ' December 1st, date .f tes- wts 44a bs., „-..28.3 lbs. per eubie foot. The weigh, „fa length ^f 14 ft. If ms was :m lbs., .,r 2S.12 ,bs. p.. cubic loot o„ Decern rid «nd,^6< lb.s 5 o^s„ or 2747 lbs. per eubie foot on IWmb 8 ' .l^^wmga loss of weight at the rate of. 108.-:.,. per cnbic flot ;;^ ,s If l'" ^n!/'" '"'""' ''''"""''^'" ^"'' ^^'■'' ""'• '''^' ^">""l-- rin..^ • n III JMJ^. Ht4. ■"" iCSiO. ^/g ^O^ /r)g ,Q^ o M-O lbs,, when the beam failed by the tearing apart of the libres oil the tension siije. The maximum skin stress corresponding to this breaking; load is .^5811 lbs, per xpiare inch. The total conipi-essiou of the material at the support was .37-in ,so that, taktng 14,8. ins. as the effective depth, the maximum skin con. .r<.H,,y.,.tro,8 .s 3671 lb. pc- «,uaro inch, the corrospondinp u,axi- mun. on,,o Bfcss b.in, 380:..lh, p„r .qu.ro inoh. AHs„,ui„. the ";""' '"" '" J «■""' f^"'- "■« whole of the dopth, ,„e maxi,n„m «kin Htrrss per square incli w.iuld be 3774 lbs. Theco.efficientnfela8tieity, aa determined from ,„, ineremont iu the iUS'oo lbs "■ " ""' '""''" "^''"" "^- "'"' '-'•^"'^ »"'•• Table ft showH tli.> MAvrul r.iulinjs Tho woiKht of the lH.„m on Ncnvml.T 2i)th w.s 480 lbs o- "8 71 JI.S. per ,.„bie foot, and on Oc.c.,.n.b,.r |.,h, tha date of tost, the weight was 415 lb. Oj„zs.,„,.2fi.08 1hs. per eubie foot, showing, a los« of wnj;h. at the rate of .'.-(iiMb. [kt cubic loot per d,,y ..s fnTi'i'lil"" '"'"'' '"■'■"""'"" ""'- '"''• "•'"' '•"' -""I'"- ^'»«« The beam was a poor speeimen. hein. full of knots „nd season' ■craeks, and partly decayed. Th.. .-rain on the top was parallel while on the sides it wa,s somewhat obli.|ue. ' lN.e load npnu the beau, ,v.s^.r:,dually ineroa.ed until it atnounted It™ ; "'"' '^ ^'"' ""•"■'"« ''''^"'^ "f' 'h'' fl'T- on tlio tension side. The u,«.,in.um skin ^Iress due to this breukin.,- lo,.,| is "m lbs Der square inch. <^ ^ The eocffioi...t of elasticity, as determined by an increment in the Tabli' l{ .shows the tic.«s " << ^r'j-joo faCo wnikirii; skill .strcs.s i„ 11«. per .«,,. in., .'l being at fuetor iifii.ifi.ty := 110(1 FurtluT experiments will prolii.My sh„„ that lluvsr data require .some niodilKation. In fi.et, tlw uetual nkin .stress «,i,| enefficientHof elast- .c.ty ar. cer.auily greater tbaii those given in .he preeclii,,. table which have been ealeulated en the as,Mimpti„n that the aumunl of the compression at the eeutrul support i. snffioieotly small to be disregarded b..t It has been shewn, as Inr ..xample, in .he ,.a.,e ofBeamXhIx' that the skill stres.ses are lui-ely afteC'd l,v .hi,-, eompre.ssion The co-efficents of elasticity are al-o neees.-arily iiierease.l by th.. diminution in the etl.r.iv,. depth. .Simih.r remarks apply to the othei' timbers I-rom the experiments with the old White Pine , stringers i. mi'-ht be inferred that the.sc timbers have lost eonsiderably in wehdit but that they have in a ,.reat degree retained their strength and stiffness Other oM 1 i.ubers will re.|uire lo he t.steil, however, before any definite statement eaii be made on the ,-ubjeet. \j;W SPKUCE BKAMS. B,am LIV was tested .Vov. 2nd, 1803. with the annnlar rin.-s as in I'lL'. Kill. I ihis slic.k was .sent to the laboratory by Mr. T. J Cl.xton. It w^.s cut out of a tr.v felled near the Skeena Kiver, British (;olt,ii,bia, o„ the i acitic t oa.^t, about six hn.idre.l miles north of Vietoria. The io ■ was felled Ml J»ee., 18112, or January. X^WA. an,| was ov, r 100 f. in length, .s,|uared JW ins. at the small ..nd, ,,iid w.nihl have provid.,! from 12,t)0i) to l.-|,000 of mai-k..t huuh.tr. Tln'heam in ,|uestion wa-^sawu from th,. log in June, KSD:J, and was sh.pjied by sleauiur at the cud of .hnie from the town of Olaxton situ- ated at the uiouth of the 8keeiia Jiiver, where the milis ate located At Aietoria the beam was transhipped and brought down in Au-uH via the CM'..U. to .Montreal. It wes delivered .•■•. the labnraf.rv early in September. It mi,-ht, pi.rhaps. !,e ol' interest to note that the eost (d' IreLdit (or this beam fr.,ni Claxton lo \-ieterii, was §4.00 ; Ir Victoria to Van- couver $2,011 ; from \ancoiiver lo Moniieal .«4(1.00 ; and the ciirta"e to the University 84,(10, making a total eo-t of freight of 850.00. It is said that the spruce from the Skeena Ui,-trict is of a specially line .luality. having a clear strai,..;ht grain, and po,s,se,s,.ini;a Iai-,.ameont nl tnughiiess. The load upon the oeam was gradu^.lly increased until i. amouiifd to IJO.MIO lbs., when the beam lailed by the erijipling of the fibres ou the compr ssion side, Fiu'. 107. The maximum skin stress ■.•oriv»p„ndiug to this breaking load 5908 lbs. per snuare inch. The total cmipi-cssion of the material at the central support was fi- in., so that taking the elfeetive depth as 17 ins., the maximum skin compressive stress is 5!)41 lbs. per s,|nare inch, the corresponding skin tensile stress ijeing IJ.'JOl lbs. pur sipiare ineli. If it is assumed that the usual law holds ;r„od for the whole of the effective depth of 17 ins., the maximnm skin stress is 0200 lbs. pet- Sfjuare inch. The co-elBcient of ela.sticity, as deduced from an increment in the a2 'ii dcfleolicn of 1.15 1,528,4!I9 lbs. inn. bulwtcn the loads ol' 1(100 nnd ir>,000 lbs. Tiiblo S allows the wverftl rcailinjfs. The weit'lit of I he b lb: am (.11 Oct. 3id was Tfil lbs. (J ozh,, or 27.206 « per cubio (not, nnd nii Nov. JJrd, the d.ite of tc lbs. 2J ezs., or l'(i.(i]4 Ibn, p.T cubiu foot, xli. Ill bo ritory at the nite ..f .01!) lbn. per eubie f St, it woifihed 7,')."» iwinjr a loss while in the per day. 10 eentral portion lieiiUM LV uiid [.V! me the eiidsof Beam LIV, tl contuliiiii- the fructuro huviiin been eiit out. p/^Z''^' """ ^''"'"^ ^"'■' ■^'■''' ■'^"■'' "■'"' ""^ """•'I'"- "»K- an in 1 I /"/g./oe^" ' The lo,'id iviis jjraduiilly inereii-ed until it miiounted to 7:!,000 lbs. wlieu it failed l,y tlu- eripplin- of the fibres on the compression si.l'e h iu'. 10!). The iiia.\iuium skin stress concspondini; to thi.s load is .m:!0 11,,^ per scpiaie iiieh. The iiia.vinmm eompre.ssion of the material at the eiMitral support was 2 ins., so that takioj; 15 5 ins. as the etteetive depth, the maMomm con.pirs^ivo skin .^tr.ss Is 512,'i lbs. per square ineh, the eorrcspondin- tensile skin stre-s being (1(141 lbs. per .-f|iiare inch. If it is assumed that the u>ual law holds good for the whole of ll„. eftective depth, the maximum skin stn .«s become.s (117(1 lbs. ^^''•'' ' «■" "•« I"""" »■'- "■li'^ved of load, the amount of e pre..sioii at the sup,,ort wn> immediately diminished by .!)-in., and at the end of thirteen di.ys the amount i.f eompres.sien wiis .Sliin. The eo.i.flieient i,f elasticity, as .leiermined by an ineivment in the deflrctioii of .l--in., hetween the h.ads of 30(10 lbs. and 10 OUO lbs is 1. 070,050 lbs. Table T shows the .several readings. The weiLihtof the beiiin on Xov. .-Jid, dale id' test, wasL'tl.dl-t lbs per cubic flint Beam LVI was tested \„v. 4lli, 1SII3, with the annular rings as in r ig. 110. ^'8"i\ I /'-•'•/ r/#iv.a^(<''■>%•'■ The load wa.s gradually incrca.nd until i. amounted to 70.000 lbs when itfaihd by the eri) pling of i|,e fibres on the eemi-res.-i, n .-ide ^The ni.iximuin skin stress corresponding ti. this breaking load is 4614dlj.s. [lor .Mpwire inch. The maximum compression at the centre of support was l.i) in.s. so that taking 15.(i ins. as the effective depth, the maximum eoinpre.sjive skin stress is 4!) IC lbs. per square inch, the eoriesponding tensilo skin stress being (i2S0 lbs. per square inch. Ifii is assumed that the usual law hnld> u'ood for the whole of the effective d pth, then the mavimum skin >tress becomes 580t! lbs. per square inch. Ten days after this beam had been relieved of load, the amount of 33 tl.o ™™pro.»io„ or ,1... ,i„.b..r n, tl,„ ocntro of support wa- ■lio.ini.l.od flJilTS'"","'''*"'"''^'""''""^'"' ' ''^'"'i'""«"""t in .1,., de- mZi iK '"• '""" "'" ' '^ '" '"■•"•° "'- "'"' ^".""" ">- . i. Tiililf T shows (he BovtTiil i'cn(lin;iH. Tlu. weight nnhmboun. „„ Nov, ;)r.l „„, 2«.C14 lb,, per cubic foot. Hcums I VII ,u.,i LVIII „.,.... eut „t .i.lbr.ith'H Mill, throo u.ilc. .s^ieii!:7„r"^' ""•~'->.04,oMo.. Bonrn 1 rX w„s .„k..„ on, of Jl.i.l^,. K.i, „, R„xto„ |.'alls ,|,Hin« ,1,0 no luill,.., ,„f„„„„„n„ busk.,.,, „bf.i,K..l n« to i,. l,is„„v The .nn,cr,vasbox,.,l J-i,,. at , ho .nd, on the boarinK., and HovomUc,.. «>n cracks were shown on Ihc surl'.,0(.. in Fin i^" "'''*''''"'"'' ""'■'^'^'"■'' *'"' ""•annula..m,,,tt. " -5,700 lb.s wh..n ,h,. l„.am fail,.,) b.v .i,,,rins lo„,i„,di„all^. alo„. n'l T\ > ': '"'"" '''■"^■' "'" '''■^""'"' ''^'"^■''" ""• I-rtion.s above an,l below the pl;,„.. „( shear at the en,l be ij-i,, rn.uicliatelj. alter the Iraeture the jooke/wei.uh. w„s r„n b:,ek until .h.Mev,.r a^;uu float<.d, the load up.on the ),ea„, beiuj; 21,000 lb« J his Ion. was .l,e„ gra,lually i„crease,l until it ainountnl to -4 700 lbs when ladurc oeeurre.l by the tearin,. apa„ of the fibre, on the tension ;. le an,| by a further er,ppliu,^- of ,be fibres on the compression side. Theapat the cud oftbe plane of she„r was also increased .„ S-iu •'5 7)'.nr"""'u'^,.:f"'""" '""■'•■«P°"J'".'<"' ""^ ''ro..kin. load of -),700 lbs IS J».,il lbs. per s.|Uare inch. Tbeinaxiuium compression of the material at the support was lil- mprcs.ye sk.n stress .s 3520 lbs. per ,s,,uare inch, the corresponding tensilo sk,u stress be.ug .3n end to e,?d of Th.. Inii.l „pnti this hcuiii «■..« K'n'lu illy innr,m«Ml until it aiiiountuii l<> -'7,»7(» lbs. Iliidor this loa.l thr beam luil.'.l by MhoiirinK lon^iliiili nuliy iih.iiK tt HouMiD finck, an rhowii in Fifr. IM, with u purliiil toii»i..ii Ir.iclur,. ncnr th.' cn.l ol ih« bo.iui. Tlio snixoii eittclt i;,r a diHt«ric«of,ibout;j ft. IVointl.««i.|.tri. ollli..bc«ui u|.|,. «r. w.uthir«a throuiiii ili.eiiilrc. ihiulciccKs „( tUr luiim. I'lcviMiisly, l,„w,.v,.r, to thin loiifiitiidiiiiil NJiear, llio beam hiul evi- dently Ciil..,! by ||„. eripplin- .,r tlu. iiiuUii.il, Fi;.'. 11 J, on the coin- prwmnn >i.|r ,iI,„ik « linr u.iii ihr onlie (,l' thu braui where the limb.T War, »Pi ai( nily dee ti(.ni kiKJts and wb.iv the Hbres were parall.l with the nxici. The inaxiuiuiii hkiii ^tre»s (orriKp'mdiiii,' lo ibo buid of 27,470 ib«. id 670!) Ibv perw|U,ire ineh. The eo-.fficiwit of .lanticity, as cb terniiia.l by an iuereiiient in tb.' deflection of raalbs. between the b.uds of I'ooo and 12,001) jba iiJ l,:il(;,:i()i)ii,.s. '' Tub!.' U sliiiwi the several readiiii.'s. The wcifriit o( ibe beam on Mareli lOtli was 207 llw. 1 oz., or 27.;)fi lbn. per cubic Cent, and itH wei'^ht on May 2ni was 26S jbi* i oj«., or 26.47 lbs. per cubic (bot, showing a loss el h, jnbt wliile in the iabors- tovy al the rule of ,01 (iS II,. p,.,. ,.|,l,ie i;,„t ,„., ,|:,y. Beam LIX was i,>ted dune L'nd, lSi)4, will, the annular riuL's as in I'i)-. !15. The bud was urailnally inerra.se,! until it amoiihled |„ •.'1,700 lbs, when the beam failed by il,,. tearinu •.i,.,,t of ihe (ibiTs on the tension side. The inaxiiuiiin skin >tress e. rie^p. ndiiii; lo liij.. l„n,| is 2;)(;;i lbs, Jier sf|uaii' ineli. The ninxiniiini eompre^sion at the eeiilie wiis .V-in,, s,, that tak- ing 14.3 ins. ns the etVeeiive depib, Ibe n.axiniun, ennipiessive skin stress is :(07!) lbs. p,T .M|uare inch, the eorrespiindiie,' tensile skin stress beinu :i;i!t(i lbs. pur .square ineh. If it is ...ssuined thai the usual hiw holds j;o,.d fur the whole of ibe cftectiv.' depih, ilien the luaxiuiuni skin str.ss is ■ji'dl |bs. pee h\. in. The en.fficiHit of elasticity, as ibterininid by nn increment in the defl(ctiou of .■|:!.iu. belwi en ihe 1 Is of L'ODO lbs. and 10 000 lbs is 005,001 lbs. ■■' ■ Table U shows the si vera I jeadini;s. The weight of the beam on June 1st wa> 4li) ,bs. Ki ozs., or 80.12 lbs, per cubic fool. Its wi ii.'hl on June 8tb was -140 lbs , or 20.72 lbs' per cubic fnot, showinj; a loss „f w,.i.^ht at the rate uf '.0,571-lb. per cubic f lot per dav. Ueams L.K and .XIJ are two oil ..pruee .^tiingHs .sent to the laboratory by .Mr. 1. A. l'etiTs(j|i. They liiul be. use in Uulveil V. 30 ni, the nortli division of the South K.'.steni liailway, IJ miles north of Wateiloo .Station, since (M , 1801. CO- lor about ibiee years. Tbe.se timbers were out an.l sawn al Keeiie i Company's mills at the hoiiiulary ea-t uf Meuantie. Beam _LX was tested on Nov. K'lh, 1^04, «ii|, the iomular ring's as in Fii;. 110. " The upper portion of ibe slriii,:;er, i.r., the part in tension, was par- tially rotten In a depth of about 1-in., and the effective depth at the centre of the bean; ,lid not exceed U\ ins, Tlie remainder of the sec- tion at Ibe centre wa.s in a perfectly .sound and fiood comlition. The load upon the beam was f;radually increased until it amounted 35 e"r..,lJ" ;!':;'■::;:;'•''' - .o...ri...«...c. flo...d. wh..n .1,.. ,., ,, z ;;' Ir ;, t" ,""" ""•. '••"'• "«■'•" '— ' -i- it u/;i:"h«o :'':::" rr"''""'.'^ i.i.SrL",";';;: "" --" « < '■ ""'■"^'■'"->i-..;rii;!;r;ri,:: "'"' -> "-« .,:n,,;o;i.-i;;::;;„::;:i""'' '""'■^-' i^.--hu,. « p:.:::;'~^i;r™:.r'L; ■■ ■ -»-. ';•■'"" J-Xl w,ist.',tf.l Nov. 17||, IfiOl will, ,1,. p skill comnrrssiv,. ,ir,„« N jj-,., m ' '""" ''"■ '""^. LIV. LV. 2«8 12U I2U 17.0 17.5 17.f) H875 K.S75 9.!) 75 •2 . 11 28 'I 2U.(il4 26 (il4 2H.«U Oi.ii Ti.Miitii. I HO X ir> I.SO X 15 J«6 X If", m X 1125 IKO X 1-1.75 !) 9 5 C25 H.«75 36 .'i;).o!( ;)0.i2 2H.H5 27.20 .B.47 Hi 6,90,H ■l,(il4 ;),46ii 4,:io& 2.9;)4 6,7(19 ■a i I,52K.j»y 1,.I70,U.-,(I 1,12.1.400 9lifi,(>01 l,250,H50 1,:)52,250 1.3lti,»00 Ilniiii.- I,V uikI I,VI wcro .Mil out of lloniu LIV m already •l.xcnbi.il, I |„. wide vuiiiitimi in the viilur nl' th.. Hkiii Htrocn ami cf lh(iu,i:las I'ir Jie.ms (I to XXV) under j;radu;illy i.ii-reased loads. lioadrt 'Doflec in III.- tlOII 2,0U0 .02 2,son . (I.I 3,000 .ii:i :).uoo .(i;i," ■(,(100 .01 -(,SflO .015 .'■.ooo .0,^ 5,600 .O,'.,-) •> 5501 1 . 15 .11 .19 .09 .10 .25 1 .12 .29 .12 ■'5 0001 i -If; .12 .20 .10 .17 .27 ' .14 .32 .14 27 0500 .19 .1:1 i .24 .11 .20 .:!0 .15 .:i5 .15 3(1 700( .20 .I.l .25 .115 .20 .32 i .17 ..38 .!(> 32 T.ion .20 .l■■^ : .25 .11 .21 .:15 ! .18 .41 .18 35 8000 .20 •l.'l I .'.iO .125 .22 .37 , .20 .41 .20 37 S500 .22 .11 , .2; .i;i5 .24 .40 .21 .47 .21 40 9000 .22 • li> .2.S .11 .24 .42 I .22 .50 .22 •I' :i.'oo 1 01100 .22 .20 .Ij 1 .2X .145 ' .25 .16 .33 1 .10 : .28 .■15 1 .23 .47 ' .25 .63 .50 .23 •'I .45 .47 49 1(15111) .:;3 .20 .40 1 .19 : .34 .49 [ .20 .58 .25 1 10(1(1 .34 .21 .42 i .20 i .35 .51 ; .27 .01 .27 .51 64 11500 .30 .22 .44 .206 .30 ..j4 ! .29 .04 .29 I21r00 .39 .23 i .47 ' .22 ; .40 .."jO i .30 OS 30 .50 ^0 12500 .40 •24 .49 .22 ..10 .59 ; 32 .71 .74 •y) 1:1000 .40 .24 1 .60 .23 .41 .01 ! .33 '.'xi .01 .45 .27 ..54 .25 ; .45 .64 1 .34 .77 . .34 ' 64 1 4000 .15 .27 ' .55 .256 ' .40 .CO .30 .80 . .30 1 .66 .69 .71 .74 .70 .79 .82 .85 14500 15000 .45 .50 .27 .56 .24' .40 .29 .00 ' .27 ' 50 .69 ! .37 .71 : .:19 .8.3 .8(i .375 ' . 39 ' 15500 10000 10500 17000 17500 18000 .60 .50 1 ..55 1 .55 .50 .56 .-SO .01 .28 '■ .51 .■10 : .02 .29 ; .52 •■■il .00 .31 .,55 ..12 .07 .3! .50 .33 1 .08 .32 .57 ..■13 ' .69 .325 i .58 ' .74 .75 .79 .81 .85 .40 .41 . 13 .14 .16 .89 .92 .90 .99 1.02 .40 ; .41 : . 1:1 .45 ; .46 I 18500 .00 ..'iO .75 .:15 .02 ' .■;;.■.• 1 ■ • " ' 19000 .03 i .30 , .77 .35 .01 ' 19.500 .04 i ■ ■37 ' .78 .30 06 20000i .05 1 .17 .79 ' .366 .00 40000 1 1.75 ' • . . 47O00i i 1 2.20 Hreiil cing Weight of Hearii IX = 51,600 111.... ' ( ( " x = 18,00 ) " 30 TAIJLE D. iJreakihgWoij-luolJieamXI '■ All '■'•a.xm ii,v 40 lABLE. E. rr - ^?T^ -3 1 Uetk'utions of Hfiiiii XIII. Ddl 33 inn. 'ctions of Hciiii) XV. i|l^ 34 ins. ()8 iiif. 'r. 08 ir)8. 34 iiiH. 0(1 in.-". 4 ,00 .33 .^ in.-*, in.s. 4 '25! UJ u - 76U .02" Idi '.'02' .'(')2i5 .03 .05 i 1(M)0 .()i .01 .02 .(11 .(12 ,025 1140 !05" !635 .'67' ."63' A)h' .085 . 0.35 1300 .04 .02 .05 .025 ,04 .05 lOOO > >■• • • • t .075 2000 .Ud .05 .105.05 .08 .115 .055 .035 .08 .045.00 2;tou . • . • • •>• • <•• • .. . ■ • • • ' • • • • .(I'.i 2600 .10 .()(>5 .14 .005 .11 .15 .08 .045 .0115 .05 .1175 2600 ."li" 'm !i7' '.os' ^ii' 'Ai' .111 1(1 2800 ;•> '.I a ^275! 125 !22' .275 ,2(1 4500 .1.55 .(195 . 185. 005. k; 4S0O .... .315 • < • . . . • > .215 5000 .25 .145 .31 .14 .25 .32 .105 .105 .215 .105 .17 .225 5200 ■ ■ ■• .345 .23 5400 • • >* .. .355 560(1 .275 .15 .34 .i55, .275 ■ ■ ■ • .I!l .11 .24 .115,2(1 sc.on .:(() !i(V. .3(') ..3!) .40 .25 5s(l{) .'■ii' tiUIMl .311 .17 .:iO . 1 25 .20 .i25.2i5 .27 «400 . • * • • • < • , , .... .... , -jii 1)500 .33 1 .18 .40 M85 .33 .... .23 .13 .285,14 ,235 KCiOO .... .435 .... .... CiSdO f ■ • • .4(15 .31 "()|i{i ,:i(; .2(1 .44 .20 .30 .4.''5 .255 .115 .31 .15 .255 .325 7200 .... .... .505 74(10 .... .31 750(1 .3S .21,-. .47 .22 .30 .27 .155 ..!;i5 .10 .276 7H0(I * * . ■ .54 , ,3il 8000 . li .225 .50 .23 .ii . ."iCi .21)5 .1051.35 .175 .30 .375 sliOO .... .585 84(111 '.:'.'.::'.. . Ill ^i'lOII .1.". .24,') .51 .245 .45 .... .31 .18 i.38 .is ,315 8(>0II ;•••• .(1(15 ....l.... 8800 ,12 0000 .4(; .2551.57 .20 .47 .01 .34 .10 !.40 .I'.l ■34 ,125 11200 .... .(i(i illllll .... -15 41 • # TABLE B- {Cimlinued) %[){) 1 0000 I"2li(l I'MOdl 105001 10600 lo.siio 11 001, I i;iiii ll^iOOl 11700 12(100 I2:i0(), l2IOi)i 1 2500, 1 2iiO(l 1 2^oo i.inoo, i:i2m l.i.iool l(00ii| 1 (")00| i.viooj 1J500 16000 16000 1 7000 I 7500 isooo!i l-'udOil IIMIOOl iir.ooi) 20(0(11. 2O.-,00.l. 21000 i 21.-,00ii 22000|i 22500 . 23000 ., 24000.,. 26000 ,. 26000 .. 2fi;i00i.. 27000J.. 29000!. . 20;i00(.., •■filOOO... ■ 12000'... •■!.'000'... .■)7000 '■^■'V^ 17,600 ■' -^^' = •'i'.OOO " -^VI.= 23..W0|„;;2_(„|„|, •!:■' -JO I .m. ■'j' • "" .!•■,'; •SI :U,-, <,l •''•' -tT I. '02,1 ^"■>i-l 5 1,06,-, .|05|..-.0,-,|.10 »,' -^^^ I.IM W |..,.l 1,1).; 1.22 •57'' I 2.,,-. 015|.;i.-, I'iol.Oj 1 4'j '" '71 1.57 I . . .41 .12 M5 .■16 • ■175 .il) . .515 • .525 • 545: .56 I I .6ti 1 .60 1 :.ti2 I i-6:)5I .655 I. .(i.'j I. .60 1. •715 1. ' ''■"' ... 60 61 ... .64 ... .65 .. .6- . 1' .. .6!) '*'!'' • •• .71 • ('7 .1 .1) '■ 1 ~.-, .. .74 ■f i ••' * 1 * * ' " 2i> .. . 1 •02 1.2!) .51 •li' ••■10 : 51 • 00 L;ii , '-,'•, •«!' j^;i2 :;575 •715.;<..6:.6o' •74 !.;ii :.6I5! •765:. M i 64 I ■•i> ,.■■!(> I (W •«l ■••'7.5 .6751 •M.;i9 .70 • h; |.4o .H75.41 .Ml ! (.) 04 '■'.4^ •••. I.70 • •■'.'li.'jis' 05 2.6 .tin .71 .73 75 I .78 1 .81 .m .87 .00 .03 .05 .08 1. 00 .04 .07 .10 .13 .15 17 20 ' 0>-i° |Q« ihh .61 ■ 50 1 .'(i;V 51' .(W J» 1 .71 ).') 1 .7H ''•■■'i .7» » .78 TABLE F. Oetleclions iW Btohi- XVII, XVIII mid XIX. Load in lbs. -vvri. Kii.l. looo!. 2(10(1.. HO(l(i| . ■tOIIOl . 5000 1 fioooi . "(loo;. T.")U(I, . H(l(IO . H.".oo . 0000 . H,>IMI; . lOllOll lorjiio . I iUOd . 1 l.MKI . I20(J0 . 1 2:m\ i:)(ioii . 14000 . l.'iOOO IliOOO . 170(10 . IV.'.OO IHOOII , lOllOO', 'Joooo 22000 . 22.")0(l 2100(1 . 2.)00(l 20(010' 27000 2S000' 2000(1, .'lOllOil :il(ioo .■i2oiiO :!:'.o(io :!loo(i :i:iO(0i :iO(Mio :!7ooo .'IMOOO .■o.iooo 40000 lllOKI I '000 42J00 4:«io(i iicoo) 44000 44.i(0i 4.MI0II 4.'i,jO(l 4i;o(i(i lll.'iOO ITooii l7.-,(0i ISOIKI ISKin 4s:;(iii IHIOIl 4H.")00 4f(i0(l ."ilKMOl .•)2000 .J40(10 'lOOOO ."i70(IO .07 xvni. XIX. 720!, '.•1«; 020i J « KM- : 3 5 > '—'" Enils Enil.s. iEMi ,00,')i ,(»I0^ (1201 (i:iol 040 o.'iO: (Midi 0(M| .00,"): .01,-,' .(Kio: .(CiOl .oio; .0:^0; JI70 ' (WO' .OH;-) .005; lOOj lOOi lOOl .01-, .01,-1 .020 .0:10 .04,') .or>o .000 '070' !('l7Ji' O.s.'i IhI LuHilillf.'. :mj .Is .2(i .:i4 ■ ior>j . . 12:.'. . 44:1 . .40.-,,. .4 s,-, . ,."■10 . .01 .(i4 .OS .71.-, . 7.*, . "O.'i .0 ,0:10 ,070 .(JS, ,100 . 1 05 .170 . 1 s.-, 200 215 2201. 21 2,-|0 205 20 (I ,110 ,i,io 12 .1;!. ,140 .145 .l,5( .111, .105 .17(1 .l,so ,i;M'i .20, . 22i .2:10 31.] iriH. En,l ;m.i : .010 ,015 .020I ■ ■'■'■'. '"■'■ '.'.'.'} .0.55 .005 ,1100' ,120 .l!IO,lLOl .170 ,1711 .310 ...I.. ..I ,420 . I(i5 .510 .550 .000 , OK) ,i;o5 I :) 10 ........ .:!5o . . 7,'iO . 7n') ..sail S7() ."9:10 • ...1.0:10 5SII(|(| i;i(iO(i (i 1(100 (;7oiio ,440 i (;:iOi 7oot.. 750' . . llmUiiiiM „.|.|;;|,i „| |u..in, .Wll " .Will 41)(li . . . 500! . . . .5l0j.... ....il.lOO 1.1 liO l.2:;o l.:ilo 1.510 L525 .\l.\ l,-,iHlil 11,> (',9,100 •' 59,540 " 4;j TABLE O. Deflection, Of Beam, xXomlXXI. , '"t Londinif. " f.^ Ills. " = = ? ej * 5 Zn-l Loading. I ,,t ,^„^,,.„^ fl^l 2nd .ill? lEndj;;;^ EndJ'"^;: |En,i.i ^^i ^^e"^^!^-^;-^ '.0!5, .01.', '.(I.-I;-); 0-l(l','o ns(i:.(i-,,r, •"•'■'■'i flllO.Oiij •"7(i|.IOJ (IHO l-'>8'»}."iir)'."696 "s"'! lis, .100 i|.i6(Vi((i ."ioi-,! ••■ •! IIOII 1)2 "05!. 005 .025 or, ■••• »;nsi.o(;.« •■•I 055 I OW •■ -075 1|„ •■•'105 l.w. •••••| ■ . .110 .115 • 04a'. 0^0. 120 .1851' I I-JO .2U.V' i/>r- .2;)ol. • •■' '*<••■ .«.5'. .L'20 .m • •I05.075.2.>5 ••..; .270 •••• ... ..t02 ■•■.... ..'iir xs:, .TiO ; -'iHo ll'O .110 ..-IHO .•<70 . .'105 . ■ m . .I.-... . .•170 ., .'105 .: .,520 ; 5-15 .; .505 .:, ■'^'■' li.) '.':ii.-, .'i5o ••IWI -205 ....'.■ ••■'15.220 .... •;'M.2S0; •;!«■ :2i5 ';;iM;2S5 ^'W .;«o;.'2<;o ' ** i ;;; ;;;; ' ^«-'' ■i;io^2!to, '•' '■■.'. i'';;;!.;; ; :• i-'-^'io'i .4m:'aih'"' ;-'^6o, .5«;.;no.;;: -fio: ••■'I'5.4I0..,. •■••(Oi .005 .4M) . ■■•■•• (■•-.i .725'.... ■■■ 7DI i KuO .020 '.m .... "" ;.o(i .. "•• 1.50 ... ■■■■ 12. .JO ... ■■■ T'--| .....LS.BO .... ,■■■■ '««.;■ '■;:'::::i::::::i': j| •;;•;;;; B-aking,ve^elUo,Be.„, XX-,9;«oo,b,:' A.M -= I7,!),j„ ., -020 '.01.1 '•'095"j."66.5| •I'm |.120J • 28o'i.'l9()j ••■!'■> '.'25.-, Loading. End.: :''** inN, • 020'!^ ■09fi|.6«fl •285 ."/ss • ■..' ••'f70'.'25() •470 ■:ii5r.47o::ii5 •5151.. •fi70'..." • Wo . •000 ." ■''0 1.. ' 44 Tables H and I show dcflcctioDs in inoliia of Old DougliLs Fir, e(o. TABLE H. o J 2nd Loading. 1 1 = 1 •'•'it^lEnS' :■'"•'■> '^i'ois i:::::::; i •120 .lS5!.i25 ■lsi)l".285:is'B "5( -m^'.-jih jiniBLim ■'■•■"«.... ;i.5j5i.. i'''70'..." 2.()00' ." a. 10 I.. ■ Derirctionii of BcaniH .X.XII and XXIII. r.ottiiii in Ibfl XXII. 1^ XXIII 27 54 End inp. 27 i 31 62 EndH. «2 31 . inn. ins. inx. ' ins. !(;». 108, int). 1 ,nnn '• .015 .01 .015 .00 .01 I „')!]( .02 .oi .02 .01 .01 ' .025 .02 .025 .01 .02 •j.oni ' .025 .02 .o:i .01 .02 .04 .03 .045 .02 .035 '.',."ilM .04 .02S ' AH .02 .03 .05 .045 .05 .025 .(^5 :i,ii»( .045 .o:t .05 .025 .04 I .0li5 1 .05 .005 .03 .00 :),.-,(i( .05 .0.15 : .0(1 .03 .05 : .08 .00 .085 .01 .07 4.000 .00 .04 .07 .035 .U) ; .10 .005 .105 ; .015 .085 l,.'l(l(l .07 .04 .08 ; •"■' .07 ! •!' .08 .12 ' ,05 .11 ."■,1100 .OH .05 ' .10 .045 .08 , .125 .09 .135 .M .115 5,500 .09 .0.55 .12 .05 .09 ' .14 .095 . 150 .005 .13 li.lMIO .10 .00 .1:1 .055 .10 I .10 .10 . 1 73 .075 .15 i;,.'inii .11 .00 .14 .055 .11 li .17 .11 1 .185 .075 .10 7,1111(1 .12 .07 .15 .00 .12 .18 12 .20 .0p5 .175 7.5(10 .13 .075 .l.iS i .005 .13 : .20 .13 .•225 .09 J .19 ''.ooo .14 A)S 1 .10 1 .07 .14 \ .21 .14 .25 .lu .20 H„500 .15 .0H5 .17 .075 .15 !i .225 .145 1 .255 .11 .215 11,0(1(1 .10 .09 1 .18 1 .08 .10 .24 .1.55 1 .275 .12 .225 0,50(1 .17 .006 ' .lor .085 .17 ;' .25 .100 ' .285 .U5 245 10.(1(1(1 .IS .10 .20 .09 .175 , .'20 17 1 ..".05 .13 .255 [M.5(I0 .10 .105 1 -^1 .005 .18 1 .275 .185 1 .;i25 ..4 .205 11,(1(10 . 105 .11 ' .22 .10 .19 1! .29 .19 ; .345 . 1 45 .275 11,500 : .20 .115 .2:15 .105 .20 ! ,3115 .20 .365 .15 .30 12.000 .21 .115 ; .215 .11 .21 1 .32 .205 .375 .10 .305 1 '.',5(1(1 .22 .12 .25." .115 .22 '] .:i:i5 .21 .390 .li .32 i:), (1(1(1 .2:'. .125 ! .2(i5 1 .12 .225 ■■ .;)5 .225 .415 . 1 75 .34 1.1,5(1(1 .2;)5 .Hi 1 .27 .125 .235 ; .3(i5 .i35 .425 .Is ..355 1 1.(1(1(1 .25 .14 .29 .13 .25 1 .38 .245 •41 .19 . 3(15 14,60(1 .2.)5 .145 .:io .1,'15 .20 J .395 25 . 4.55 .-.iO .,38 15,00(1 .205 .15 .31 .14 .2(i5 ,i .41 .20 •475 . 2U5 .395 15.500 .27 .1.55 .32 .145 .27 ; ..(25 .27 ■4:5 .-15 .405 |(;,(i(l(l .2H .10 • 33 .15 .2s 1 .44 .275 .505 .22 .42 1(1,500 .20 .10 .34 .10 .29 1: .455 .2M .525 .21 .415 17,0(1(1 .205 .17 : ..15 .I(i5 .29 ' .17 .29 ■545 .;;i5 .45 1 7,50(1 .HO .175 1 ..'iO .105 .31 ■ .(.S5 .30 •5.55 . 2 ,5 .405 l>i,0(IO .HI .l.s .37 .175 .315 , .50 . .'105 •575 ..5 .475 1.S,5(I0 .H2 .IKj .39 .175 .32 ; .515 .313 .5!»5 .20 .485 lii.OOO .;i;! .19 .395 .18 .33 , .53 .32 •005 .2u5 50 1 0,500 .;!4 .195 .40 .IS .34 ; .545 .3:1 •025 .2,.'> .51 ■JO.OOO ..15 .20 .42 .185 .35 ,1 .555 .315 •015 ■1.-^ ..■i3 :!o.,')(io ,, .505 .35 ! •055 .2.S5 545 •Jl.dOO .43 " .,5x0 .300 , •075 .3»j .50 Jl,500 .59 ..S7 •095 . 305 .57 2-.!,(100 .15 (105 .375 •705 .31 .58 L'L',500 1 .025 .38 •725 ..12 .595 :!.'),()oo •[').-) •74.=. •705 .3:5 .01 .025 •.'.1,500 . .. ' .05 .10 .335 •J 1,(10(1 ' 41 •780 .34 .04 •.'.■>,(100 1 .51 .,54 ji;,ooo 1 .85 :;7.oo(i ..);>:> ■j^.ooo .57 .90 ;io,oo(i 1.00 :!l,ooo ;^2,oo(l .07 ! 1.05 :: 1,000 . . .. .71 ;i.i5 :!5,(l()0 . 745 . ., . . . .. o(i,(l(l(l ; .7(i 1.2 1.27 1.3( ;is,()(io . *• . 40,00(1 .SO • ' • • 41,000 .90 ....;;:.... .1 12,000 [ 1.45 1,53 44,000 1 .975 * * '1 ■'! 4500 ' 1.02 i 1 .... * * 4(;,ooo 1.00 .... 17,000 .07 .10 .... 40,000 1 .... 51,000 1 .15 5:;,oflo- .20 .27 ::::: ::::: • • • . • . * . 55,000 :::::■-::: II .... Bwnkiug weight of BcHni XXII = 55,4m0 iIm. " XXin = 4T,.560 " 49 If 'FAULK I, BOO 1,000 2.000 ;^ooo ■ 1,000 5,no() II lltJIls J...,i,|s 1", '""■ "'■ 01 io-. of , I'liinli 1. ]>|„„|; 2, KwU. Kn.l.s 2,000 .05 .Oil .III I - ~ .■).0(IO .07 1,000 .10 i'l.OOO 1 '* - i ., 0,(J0() .]', ; . Il» 7,0011 .n; .'27 ■><,((00 ■ IH 0,0(10 .21 . .1,", ■ • - . • Ji(«-al io^' wi-'t 'lit .1 I'l„„li ' - 22.2.-.0 - "■ i.l,2oO 24 illN, Tablfs K to M sliow deflections in inchoK of Canadian New Hed I'ine licams. .01 .015 .OL' .01 .00 .us .10 .n,> 1 :'.-. II i.v, lOJ IS I .■22 ■.i.-, .2.-,.l .I'H ..■10,-. ..■II.-, :ar, TABLE K. Deflcc tionn of BeaniH XXVI to XXVIII. ■ - — --^ III lh.< XX vr. XXVII. XXVIII. :I5 in.<. 70 ins. ' EihI.". ' 70 ins. 'Xt ins. KndH. Bndo. 1,000 . 055 .o;i5 .005 ,01 .055 ! .08 .09 15 1,500 .110 .(ICO .l:!5 .000 .110 15 1,100 .115 .010 .175 .010 : .150 i;,ooo .1(15 .0U5 .200 .00 .105 .20 1 .'2'25 1 , ■2,:ioo .105 .110 .2115 .110 i .200 2,500 2,700 .215 .2H5 .125 .i;io .'200 . 215 , .1'25 .i;to , .215 . 240 .20 : ..100 .1,000 .205 .l.-.o .3 id .150 1 .20.S .112 1 ■■liiH .■|,'200 .200 .100 .:i50 .100 1 .2'J5 :l,500 ,H20 .180 .:i85 .180 1 .:j2o ..•17 ' "u" ;i,7oo .:iJ5 .li)5 .110 .195 1 ..TiO ...... i •^' 1,000 .:!70 .210 .■150 .210 .:no .50 l,'2(lll .;i05 . 225 .175 .225 .400 4,.'i(IO .■i::o .215 .510 .215 .4:10 , .49 .675 I,|00 .150 .•2."i5 .5:15 .250 .4,50 1 .■|,(1(HI ."ISO .270 .570 . 205 .475 .55 i 65 .■|,200 .50(1 .280 .000 .275 ..'lOO 5,.-|00 ..r'.i .205 .0:i5 .290 .5:10 .0(1 .72 5,700 ,500 .:ilo • HOO .:105 . 550 11,000 .,5.'f0 .:i:to .700 .:t20 .510 .CO 0,2(10 .(,().. .:ilO 72.*» .'.i'.Wi .(100 Il„"iil0 .i;:i5 .:iO(i . tii.i .:i50 .•i:i5 ;, .7:1 (1,700 .ti.i.) .:i7o .790 . :!(i5 ,055 !■ 7,00(1 .(•,90 .;)S5 .S25 ..■no .(1H5 .79 .9.1 .715 .1105 855 ..■190 . 705 7,n(l0 7,700 . 745 . 705 .115 .125 .^00 .S)!5 .110 .125 .740 .15 1.00 ,1,000 .,S00 . 1 15 .950 .140 .800 i .92 1 07 .1,200 ..120 .■I.-.5 .980 .455 .815 1,500 .150 .175 I.02O .170 ,8.-,5 .99 1.14 1,700 .,180 .105 1,050 .185 .875 O.OOO .!»15 .510 1,100 .510 .915 1 . 05 1.21 a,2oo .045 .525 1.1. T. 525 .945 '.1,500 .005 .515 1.185 ..-.45 .985 1.11! 1 28 11,700 1.015 .500 1.225 .500 1 .010 1 10,000 1 . 050 . 515 1.205 .58(1 1 . 050 1 ■' ) I.IIO 1.4:1 1 50 1.57 l.fiO 1.72 1.80 1.87 10,500 11,000 11,500 1. 1(10 i l.:!u i 12,000 , 1.0(1(1 1 ;-, 1 12,500 i:t,ooo , i:i,5no i:i,«oo : 1.700 1 i ! ' i.o;i 11,000 2.050 ...... 1 11,500 . 15,000 1. 5,500 1 I5,G00 , '2! 7.^0 ' 2.00 2.00 2.15 2.. 10 10,000 10,500 :;.ooo 2.20 , 2.44 17,000 17,050 t 2.52 , ■ 1' ■i'.SO ' Ureukiiii; woi;;lit orfieani X.Wl = 10,940 Ihs. " XXVII -= 17,700 " " XXVIII = 17,030 " TABLK L. 4.S TABLK M. LoaiN in Ibx. fiOO..... HOO 1,0U0 1,'JUI) I.tIM) I I,(i00 l.HOO 2,iinii 2,'WO 2,100 2,600 2,H00 .■1,000 a,2uo .t.too I :i,iioii ;i,H(io 4,0110 ■J.lillO •1,100 ,. ..i 1,011(1 1 ■i,>-oo ,'"1,000 6,'JiilP 0,100 '1,000 r),Hoii 0,(1(10 «,'J(MI (i,.|IIO . 0,0(10 1 (i,S()(l 7,000 1 7,'J(((i... j 7,-l((0. 7,0(10 7,M00 H.l'OO Di'llri'lloiio of llimiix XWlll (>■ .WXV xx.w. Ell ("■ .DM .(Mi^ .o'.io .r.'5 ,i:iO AV, .10.-. .•,i:!o .■<\:i .-.'"o . J'.i.") .:«(! .:M,'. .:i70 .:i!H) .II.-. . 1 1.-. . Kl.l . I'.l(l ..-il,-. ..vi:. ..•pi;.j ..■iU(l .oi.-, .0411 .07(1 .00.') .'•Jll . 7l.'i .7711 .SCO .KIO ..-iOO . ^^'l .ol.-. .'.I.'lll xxxm. XXX I \ Eiiil*. GiiiU. .flO.'i . O.MO .IW .100 .|H.-, .•m .JilO .no .^i.". :m .:rjo Mr. .iioo ■.ar, .10.'. ..;io . i.'.d .lO-. . IOO ..'lOO .,•.:!.■. ..•|I0 M) ..'•.■l.-l .il'.'.'> .o:io ..17(1 .070 .71.'. .710 .70(1 . 7,-.o .^'.(1 .TOIP .!•:•» .Hllll .'.1(1(1 .K70 .015 .mo .000 .0.-.(l I.ICI.'. 1 .1100 1 .(("10 l.'IKI l.i:','. 1 .11110 1.17.-. i.ir. 1 . T't. 1..'20 1 .JOd l.:ilo III.-. I . I.V. I.. •.!.•. 1.. V.I.I l.iil'i 1..i:m I.TJII Ili'caU .'hi ..III. \ \ \ 1 1 1 .\.\.\IV .\ .\ .\ V O.'.'.-.il II.- .■i,i;oo '• 7,0(10 ■• T:lbll'S N t.. Q sIll.W .|.'rii'i't''>ll- ill llll'lir^ ..IC.lll .11 Ml Ni'lV W'llilo I'iiiL' Ik'aii..-. TAIil.H N. UetK'tionw of H.aii.- .\.\.\\ I i.i M.I. XXXVI. I XXXVII, xxxvin.lxxxixi xi. xli. i(w ; 72 I ;io i I :i(i 72 I ioh MIS. III".' IIIB.I .1011 .ao; .;») ii)-.< . III... III''. K...i- Kii.N I'Jh.l- u .:r.' .:to I .1 :i7.'. .70 .0:11.02 .0(1 .110 ..ill .r.oi 1.00 i.aiiii. I.". 1.211 .'X, ..-iio .710 l.:il I.T.-jl.O.-. 1.71 1.2s ,.;-s .■'JO I. 17 I. '.102. 10 1.0:! I. 12 .7.".(l .000 I.0,s2.2l.2..|.-.2.20 1.02; .sT,'. 1.12.'. 2.(1.'. 2.70 2.07 2. i;.'i I. Oil 1.(117 ■I- .1. .10 .l.-> .10 .21 .:i(i .14 .IC. .I'.l .11 .1:1 ....-,-, .'."'.'. .•r.i\ •15 . 20 .a2 .27 ••.•,:• 2.^.'. .;!i .:i(i .10 ".Xi" .:i:i; .:;(;i ..'10 r'l .44 .4 'J .i'.a .!.•. . Bmikiii'- w.'i;,'lit .if H..iOi, \\.\1V = I0..100 II.-. WW = 21,11.10 •• \.\.\V1 -= .-.J.I.'iO ■• X.\.\vn - .■,1.4(111 ■• 411 Di'fleutioii«.,rll,.nmH XI, t<. M,I|, XUI. XI.IV. I'imla. limikin^- »ci;.'lit or IJcnin X XXVIII " XXXIX :'(i,.!"iii It.-. 18,(1(10 " .■.i,.'':o '■ 60 TABI.K I' IMIiclluii^ ut IliMhi- M.V I.. M.VII. w.v. \I,VI. , M.VII. •wool .'IIIIMI KHMI l.'iOl) .-110(1 .'i.VMI IKIIIO il.'idl) 7IKI(ll T.'ilKI )>IIOIi, M.VII) tlllUU tl.MIIM lOdOO' llloUO IIOUO' IIAOO ll'IMlO' \'>!M) l:ill()Ui l.l.MIO IMWO U.KiOi i:)ii(i( KIOOO liiSdO! I7tin«i 1 irm> ISIHIOJ ismio r.MKio -.iooon lid.'iOII 2ldUd '^2.'illU 2.'illdd '.ITflOO :iiidiiii losln^ VI Ml«. iiii iii> KimI'. 111 111-, 72 111" lOH 111-! KniiK. .126 .22 .:id .:)l .20 .21 .141 .III .27 .:ij .:ii) .HI .HI .1511 AVI . 211 .11 A.'> .:i!) .;i4 ,|MM .IHH .:il .15 .80 .11 ..'111 .20:1 .•jo;i ..'17 .M ..W .1!) .11 .2111 .all) .12 .m .1)1 .: 1.02 l.ll 1 . 00 ,7m .4011 .122 .711 l.OM 1.2d l.dii ..Mj .122 .12 .|:^^ .h;i l.ll 1.211 l.ll .«li .IHH ' .I.VI .S7 1.20 i.:i;i 1.17 .III) . • • . •■■..■ .I'** .1)2 1.211 1.1(1 I.M .o:. ..'lOO ..■l(ld .im; i.;ii 1.17 I.2M • DM .51(1 .rm i.iii l,.lll l.,',:! l.:il 1 .02 ..•.Ill ..VI 7 1 .d.'i 1.12 L.-pli l.:iii 1 . ml .517 .^■iii:i .;V,i:i 1 .IIH 1.1.1 l.l" 1 ,:<■, 1 .llll 1.7.1 1 . \:> l.-.i .111 .i.-i .57M i .5i):i AV1!< 1.17 i.iiii 1 . 711 l.;^7 .IM .1125 Ml 1.21 1 . liri l.wi 1.112 ■J.| .1141 ' .20 . tiiiti 1 . 2.*> 1.71 ! .Oil l.lill ■ •" .11511 .IM i.Tiii 1.7.S 2d(l 1 . 7."i .:il .(172 .701! 1 ..'i.'i 1..S1 2 .(IS 1..S2 .Mil .(Ih7 .7:11 1 .:iii 1 .1111 2.14 I..M1 .III .7:14 ' .7(lli 1. Ill 1.1)7 2.22 I.IU .■!.') .7511 ."M 1 .,"id 2.d,l 2.:i;i 2.112 ..'ii .7HI ' .71)7 l..'i4 2.11 2:io 2.dM . .Ill .707 ' .H2-* 1..-.1) 2- 111 2..I.S 2.1,-| .(Id .M2H 1 .87,". l.ti.- 2.:ii 2.ii:i 2.20 .711 .M75 , .211 .1121 1 . i<> 2.11 2 -711 2.. IS .77 .024 ^ .d'):! 1 .**- 2.."iU 2 . .--.s 2.17 ,-:i .1)5,1 : I i • 1 , .,.',.. .115 .1(1 .1:1 .20 .2:1 .2(1 ..'10 .:I4 .:io llriiikini; Wi'iiiJil "t Ik'iiin .Xl.l - 2l,M5dll.y XI. 11 ll,4dd " .Xl.lll H,I150 " 51 TAULK 1 00(1! 2(l00i .'iOIKi ini)(i .)(KIII t;oo(i: 70001 xooni iM.Oir KlOiiii I03(l(„ llUOd' Il6«(i: l2aU()i i.-io(i»! UOOO, ur.oo I'lOOII l.'jiJOd ii;o(io liloOO 17000. I7oi.o: l-'OUO; ISodd i 900(1 l!«0(i -'00{J0| 20j(|(| l.'IOO(], UloOii 22000 22r)00i 2,HI)0.J 2;),Joo; 2.JO00i 2ir,ooi 2."i000 2.j'.00, 200001 2il.iOO. 270011' 27."iOM 2MI00 2>,"i(]() 21111011 2!l,'ilMi .iniKiii ■:i»0(i' ■■f2U{)(i .'140(1(1' .•lilOOii .'1700(1 .'i7.';iio .M(l(l mood 11(100 IIU(I(J l.'.iiOII ii:oo(j 17000 Iti'cakiiii.' \v(.i._thi ,,r !{,, •'^''■'•'^' I7,0«0 " '- .'12,200 " 52 Tabic 11 shows dcHictions in inclics of Canadian W\\\Ui Pine Buains which have been in service. TABLE 11. Difloctions of Hiiinis LI to LIIL 3 :I2 04 LI. ji (it LII. LIII. — :i2 30 ' (10 4 6(1 I 30 1 3(1 60 ^ 00 ;)(i - Ills. III-. = ,„,s. ins. ins. inB. = ins.i in.'i. ins. ins. =2 ins. ins. — ^— _— - idiiii .02 .02 .0115 .02 .02 '.02 .01 .025 .01 1.02 .03 .01 .04 .02 .03 i')iiii .05 .o:; .005 .Oil .05 .05 .02 .055 .025 .05 ;.055 .02 .06;, .04 .06 'Jddii . 0(1 . 05 .09 .05 .07 .OfiO .040 .075 .040 .070 .08 .04 .10 .0;> .085 ■J.'iOn .10 .005 .12 .0(1 .10 .09 .05 .105 .05 ,.(195;.U .0(1 .11.. .065 .11 :iun(i .11 .08 .145 .07 .12 :.... .135 .08 .16 OS .14 ■Ami 12 '.()(! .135.07 .1251.... . . .. .... .'i.'idii .11 .Oil .176 .0S5 .15 .14 .07 .155.08 .145M0 .095 .20 .09 .16 KKMI .17 .10 .21 .10 .175 .16 .08 .185 .09 .10 .18 . 105 .235 .10 .19 i.-.dd .lii .12 .24 .115 .20 .1> .10 .21 .11 .18 '.21 .11 .26 12 .22 r.nOd .n .1:1 .2(15 .1:1 .2:1 .211 .105 .235 .12 .205 .2:15 .13 2s .13 .24 .■i.'idii .25 .14 .110 .115 .25 20 .11,. .111 .21 570(1 22 .12 .205.13 .245 .... .... .... •■■llOd .27 .15 .:125 .1(1 .275 .245 .1:1 .2.«5 .14 .25 .29 .16 .35 .165 .30 i;5dd .21) .17 .:I5 .17 .:iO .2(1 .14 .31 155.275.31 .is .:i9 .18 .32 Tddd .:!! .185 .;!fi5 .1-5 .;!;i .29 .15 .:il5 .175 .:io .31 .19 .42 .19 .:i5 T.'idll .;M5 .20 .115 .20 .:i5 .:»7 .20 45 .21 .385 7800 80(1(1 :il .1(1 .:i75.:ii .17 .:i5 '.'2]' .115 .215 .40 .20 '.:i5 .40 .22 .49 .23 .405 S.-,dd .:!8 .225 .17 .2:15 .10 .:i5 .185 .415.215.311 .425 .21 .515 .21 .44 Hddd .10 .2:; .50 . 25 .125.375 .195 .445 .225 .39 .455 .2.) ..>.) 2;.5 .10 '.(.•ldd .425 .25 .5:'. .2(1 .15 .40 .21 .175.24 .41 .47 .27 .,iS., 27 .495 l(l()(Jd .45 .2(1 . 55.5 . 285 .18 .12 .22 ..50 .25 ,.4:15 .505 .2s.( .615 .28j .52 i(ir>Od .47 .27 .585 .20 .50 .15 .'M .535. 27 '.40 .53 .29 .05 .30 .55 iiniid .50 .20 .(115 .:!05 ;,;; 505 .:i05 .(19 .31 .68 ' l.'idd .515 .;io .(15 .:!15 .55 .17 .25 .50 .28 . IS5 .59 .:)2 .725 .:)3 .00 I'iddd .5.1 .;ii .(17 ..1:1 (125 .:ii .76 ..35 .64 i-.'.-,(i(i .57 ..'i:! .70 .115 .00 .51 .27 .015 .31 ..5:1 .05 .:!55 .'i'.h, .365 .66,1 1:10(1(1 .(10 .'M .7:15 .110 .(13 .55 .30 .055 .'.]',', .57 .675 .:i65 .s2;i .39 .69 i:i.'iOo .(12 .35 .7(1 ..17 .(1(1 .57 .:ii .085 .:i45 .59 .71 .3.'-5 .8;i5 .405 .72 14000 .05 .:i(io .70 ..iO .085 .(10 .32 .71 ■..355 .01 .74 .105 .90 .42 .76 1 1500 .(17 .HS .82 .10 .71 .(115 .,34 .74 .,!7 .(14 .77 .12 .94 .43 .79 I'lOOO .70 .;» .85 .115 .735 .01 .35 . 7(15. ;is5'. (155 .SO .4:;.. ."18.1 .45 .81.. l.ViOO .725 .41 .875 .4:15 .7(1 .(id .3« .79 ;.39 .68 .835 .1(1 .02 .47 .8., JCiOOO .75 .42 .01 :.415 .785.(19 .:'.» .83 '.415'. 71 .87 .i; .07 .48 .89 Ki.-.oo .77 .Viio .oo l.:io 2.1000 1.34 .... 25(100 1.46 ....| ' ... .... ' ' " liroiikiiiL' weinlil ol neiinis LI - 22,7:iO Ih- ■■ ' ■■ ■■ l.ll = 26,320 " " l.lll = 18,600 ■■ 53 Beam. (fi.C). ''"■""""'" '" ''■<^''- "'•<-■'■' i-- X... Sprue. 'i'AHLE 8. I'Unils ill Ills. linilkiMLMVI'i;-!,! ,j|- I (III lliy r.4 TAHLK T. Li mils ill IIh. Dilli'ciiuiis ul' Beams LV and LVI. l.Vl. :!0 ins 10,11(111 . 0."> 1 1 ,000 .o(; 12,000 .07 13,000 .07 l'l,000 .OS iri.noo .0.S 10,000 .09 17,000 .10 IH.OOO .10 lO.OOO .11 20,000 .11 21,000 .12 ■JJ,(HIO .12 i;:i,ll(ill .i:; 2l,liU'i .1.! ^.".,11011 .14 2i;.0(in .|-p 27 niio .1.-1 2«,00ll .10 2!l,il0il .h; .'III mill .17 :n.iiiiii IT :i2,iiiiii .^ :;;:,iiiiii .I'.i .'Sl.lliMI .20 :;:i,iiii(i .20 :;i;,iMiii .21 :;7,iiim .21 :iH,ii(iii .22 :;!i,iKiii '>'* -111,110(1 ■ 'I'.'l 41.(10(1 '.h 12.(1(10 ■_»;, 4:i,(iiio . '!'> 11,11(10 .211 i;i,(i(io .'_*" .|i;,(iiiii .27 47.0(111 .2s 1- Olio 21* I!l.(lll0 ."id ,"iO,(lllll .:il I'll, 1)00 .:!I .-.2, Dim .■j.i.ooo ! . . , , ,'i4.U00 ."■■>,000 i . . . . .■|(i,OIMI ! .... LV. End. :!0 iii«. .Hi) .10 .10 .11 .11 .12 .l.-i .14 .1.-. .n; .17 .17 .0.) .(Hi .Oll."i .07 .07,-. .(1,S .OS.", .00 .0!).". .10.-. .ll l.s .12.-. 20 .IM.". 21 .1 1 •)■> . 1 I.-, 24 .Ill 2.-. .1(1.-. 27 .IX ■_'S . 1 >^:> :',() .20 :il .2o.'. .21 .21.". :iii .•)7 ■:,r> .21 2."> >I".."i •M .2ii III .27 11 ■j^ II l.'l .:!(! .:;o."i ■IS .:il.". ..•)2 ..•iO .:;.'! HO ins. .11 .12 .i:! .i:; .ISu .14 .11.". .1.". .10 .10 .17 . 1 7.". .!>.". .10 .1 '.).". .21,". .22 .23 ..';ii .10 .11 . 12 . 1 1 End. :!l) ill.- .07 .11 .0!) .or. .10 . oc, .10 .07 .11 .nx .12 .00 .i:i .110 .11 .0'.)."> .LI .10 .1.". .lO,'! .1(1 .11 .17 ". 1 1 .". .IS .10 .12 .12 .I'.I .20 .14 .20 .1-". 1 ', .24 . 1 .1 .1(1 .21 • Hi . 2.'. .17 .2(1 .17 .27 .|.« .2H .l.s.". 1 '1 .211 . i .' .20 .:il 20 ■!~ .21 .21.'i .:!! .22.^1 .:!.". .j.-ic> .311 .24 .37 .2,'; ..'I'.i .2,');", .40 .211 .11 .27 . 12 .2s . !.". . 2s.". .4i; .30 . 17 III .30", ■ • 1 r. . 1:' ..".0 ..•t2.-. .".2 .31 . i'lli ...ll ..".!! .Ok I .37 .3!) limikiii-' "i'it;lii i.r llpiiii. l.\' ' 7.:,oO(i 11.- •' ■• •• I,\l = (1,00(1 " liav 1'ablu U aii.l T 'A'eii in .stTviee. "0 l.'i.OOll Di'il, i.vri. ilnils •li'iii^iof Be l." "lOII ilMI 11,1100 II., l."i,IIOIi l.'i,.",IMI lO.dllll lii,.'pOO I'.onii 17„ l.'-.IMKJ ■ ■■•.■)ll() I '.•,(10(1 i:i,,Mio l.'(i,l'0() J1,0(I(I :':'.0(iii -.1,00(1 L'l.OIIO J.">,(i(i(p .01 .0.15 .10 .22.-. .■r.\r, .Oi) .07 .011 .37 .44 .71 1. 10 l..-,o ■J. Ill .01 A)->r, .on .10 . I .-).-. .20 "HIS l-VldoMx. .02 .0.10 . 0."iO .10(1 .120 .110 .100 .17,-. . 200 .210 .210 ..■iOli ..'loO .100 .110 .110 . l;-iO ,".10 000 .010 Kn I.- .OKI .100 .m> .100 .100 ..'100 ..'Wo ..'IliO .;!!)o . 12(1 l.-|(l ■ 020 .(i.'iO . ,S'00 MX At Eiiil. 02(1 .yoo . lino 1.02.-, 1.12 1 . 1.1(1 . o."ii; .l.iO .i.-.o .liO .1110 .2;-.l ,:(2ii .302 . 110 ixn .'iNO .020 . U.iQ .(il,-) .(I!) Tlic Hr-i'iiiii, .'.(110 - •>■. -n " ''V'" ^ 27,170 5G TAllLK V. Deflections of Biniiis LX to LXl. liUiiitH in LX. LXI, lbs. :t4 inH. At EimI. :m iw. 4(1 iii^i. At End, ,02 4(i ins. ftOU ,015 .01 1.(1011 .005 .015 ,005 .04 .05 .03 1,6(10 .(105 .015 ,01.-. ,0(1 . .09 .05 2,000 ,(IJO .O.'iO ,02(1 .085 .14 .07 2,500 .(Kifi .070 ,035 .105 .17 .10 a.floo .045 .OHO .045 .i;t5 .20 .12 a,6oo . ori.'i .100 ,055 .l.-,0 .24 .15 4,000 .(i(i') .120 .0(15 IHO .290 .170 4,500 .070 .140 ,070 .20 .:i20 .190 6,000 .080 i .145 .OHO .23 .3.)0 ,210 5,500 .095 1 .1B5 .100 .245 .390 .245 Ci.ooo ,ior, .1H5 , 105 ,2G5 . i;!0 .200 fl,,'l(l(l .115 200 .115 .29 .4K .28 7,U00 .no .220 .130 .3! ' .51 .31 7,500 .110 .240 .115 .31 .61 ,335 8,000 .155 1 . 2.")5 .I.V, .30 . .67 ,355 8,flU0 .17.-I .2S5 .170 .39 . ,(11 .:!« 0,000 .IHO ..'too .1^5 .4! .(15 .40 9.500 .190 .:i2« .ID.-. ,435 : ,70 .43 111,(1(10 .205 .:h5 .205 . 155 . ,74 .45 l(l,.-,(l(l .220 .:m5 ,220 .11) ,7(1 .485 11.(10(1 .2:10 ' .:i80 ,2:10 ,51 .79 ..50 Il,,')(l() .250 .415 , 2,') 5 .51 .85 .54 12,000 - .410 92 r,i,oo(i . 157 95 1 1 00(1 .51(» 1.03 l."i,0(l() .5(15 l.OH lli.OOO .010 1,20 17.000 .090 1,32 iH.OOd ,750 1,41 10,000 ,,'<70 • 2(i.:i(io ,000 Break iiij; woiirlil of Bciini LX = 1(1,050 llis. (1 II 1 ' 1,X[ = |s,.((l(l COMPRESSIVE STUKNCTH. The cxperinionts to Jdcnninc tlic conipri'ssiive .stiTiiirtli of tlk' varioug timbers have been ehiefly inaile witli columns cut out of tlio sticks already tes tod transveiscly. These columns weie, in the fir.st place, eiiieftilly cxuniined to see tliut they had suffcrid no injury, 'i'lie followimr inHri'iiccs may Ih' drawn : — (1) 'I'lic lompie.-sive flii'iijitli of Diiuuliis Fir atid of other soft timbers i> uineh less iieai the heart lh;in at a distance I'lom the lieart. Attention may be direetid to the e:jj.e ol Ihne t<|ual i-peeiinens A, 15 and C (see photograph piif-'e 10), t invariably fail at a knot or in eouso((uenee of tlic proximity of a knot. (8) Anv ini|K'ifeetion, a-, foe e.\am|ile, a small hole made by an ordinary eant hook, tends to introduce incipient bending, or crippling-. (4) When the failures (d' average specimens eoiiimenee by an initi.'d hendiuLj. the eoinpressivr strengths of eohimus id' about 10 to 2a diameters in length agiee very well with the results obtained by Gor- don' . lorniula, the co-efficients of direct compressive streiigtli per si|Uaie i>ich beiiii (iOOO lbs, for Dougla> Kir and 60(1(1 lbs, for WliitcPine. (iordon's for(nnla, however, is not at a'l applicable in the ease of sp.'cially good in- liao specimens. It is ofteu found tliat a very clear, sound speeiinen, of even more than lid di:iineters in length, will show no signs of lending, but will suddenly fail by crippling under a load as great as that sufficient to crush a shorter si>eoimen. 57 «t-.t., are con;!,,..!';;'!::;;:' he7'"^ "'■"' """ '''''"'- "'•- "»■ side. ^ ^ '"" ''>' '"'"'''»- """^■'v.' to tlie longest «f SI!: ZZrT"'' "^" ^''""" '■'^"' '""'■"-'- or the n.tio . lbs. for New Douglas Fir " for Old " for New Red F^ino " for New Wliite Pino " forOM '• •' for New Spruce (B.C.) T. 1 II . " ^^''^ ■'^priico ltsliot.1,1 be pointed out il,at n,i„o of the ol,i i,n„ I v , '■X'.'.'oded 4.1 diatuel.TM i„ length whil , """-''"« J'"' ™I">"»b explai„.s the reason of ,he ,r ,^ ' ' f '""""'"•^ '" '-•^"h ^hi. T.ble .ivi„ , ■''""''■'"'■■>"^"l< apphes to the New a„d Old S,,ru..e 5!)74 62(55 4067 3843 2772 3617 5136 RESULTS OF fO.Ml'HKS.SrO.V TESTS ON NKW J)Ol X 3.65 X 6.12 2,19 X 3.74 X 5. 40 -1"' X 2 25 X il.2 -IT X 2.25 X n.14 X !M5 --'-' X 2,22 X ;».07 £"3 t^ -3 Uenmrk^ .'•' * 3i>7S L'o.s (761 3S.4 -!•'•' X 4.30 X S.05 5218 32.11 ^•'■' X 2,20 X I..15 0850 3.1.5 •'^"7 Fiilioil 1,„ bill-in.' •iJ-j 30.3 Specimen ,S" or 4" In,,,! I'l'irl ; ;rr,iii, Mrai,,|„ . ""'•■-n;all knot on Eigl, f'lj.;i'. i'«ile,n,venni,l,n- "Iknolun highwlge. ^ llciiit jiiecej grain ""■I'l^lit but ,'^ea,v)ne(l • iiiiiiiilar rinjjs \er)' ivj.le' iwu knot,., one <,n hii;!,' «lge. Failed at l|,is hu- ler liy eripplinj;. 8trai«lit;:mine(l ; „ne lai't'e knot from si,|e 1,, side; speeiineii ;i" or ,) ' away !|-oin Centre. Kaileil al knot, l'ar;;eknolononeendt iiiany small knot.-i all [liroMgh pieeei also bean' season eracks. failed |,_v bnrsiin.-alon.' season craeks „ „ ,7 llir(iiij;|i kimts. Allelear. Kai!,.,| i,y ':njipling. «onn.l, clear „n,| .sliaij|lii yniined ; small 'iPlieieney on onesi,|eal ""I. Failed bv eri„. phnj, ■ ' StniiBl,t>;raine,l;dear "11 three sides ; Itli si.le <'ld, Willi bad deleei 4 'lis. from one ,,n,|. United and failed al dpfeel. ■Sti-aiHliI grained and clear , one (,ad sea«„i, <'i;«'k. Failed bv c.ri,,. Sliaitdit grained; small knot near one corner :i ins, f,.„in end. i'ailed al this knot. 5.S0!) ,38,8 ";ii3 3,i.i 72!I4 .•!,s.7 8177 37.5 68 HEBULTS OK 0OMI•RE8SIO^' 3.32 X 3.32 X !>.fi2 3.33 X 3.34 X 10.58 3.45 X 3.50 X 10.00 2.74 X 4.27 X 11.25 2.85 X 4.2,-. X 11 27 3.94 X 3.115 X 11.97 2.72 X 2.92 X 11.85 3.40 X 3.4S X 12.04 4.05 X 4.10 X l-'.Ol 2.S5 X 3.75 X 12.5 2.92 X 3.79 X 12.5 2.9 X 4,37 X 12.0 2.79 X 3.43 X li'.o 2.92 X 4.42 X 12.0 2,87 X 3.39 X 12,0 2.93 X 3.42 X 12.03 280 X 4.40 X 12.0 438H 33.0 '000 32.0 0837 35.:t 5i;i5 :io.o 7009 8942 5481 :'.3.S 40.0 30.4 TESTS ON NEW DOUOLAS FIH. — Contini(H(l. 3810 29.5 Henrt (liici' ; .Hlraiglit tjraincil ; lw(i liciivy tipii- soil oracks ) tlirti' trai^!it j;raiii: .«<*a^oii eraek on one Hide, Failed liv I'lippling at middlf on the highe,"! ed^e, (Jlear and ^ ( r a i j; lit ^riiiii ; >liakeii over ^ iiis^ crippled 1 in8. from end. I'wo sets of knots, one at one vndt the other at centre. Failed at Uith liy cripplini;, al same jinie, Knot.^ (heavy) i:n one, end ; al-o several near other end ; ;rrain curved al various places due to knots. tirain i cut at knot at end. All clear. Failed hy crippling'. .Ml o'ear. Failed hy ciippliiiL:. One ol'l side ; j^raiii sliaifiht and parallel • one si.le inclined l-tn. in 12 ins. ; on other side, t \v o season crack's' Failed hy crippling. One old side: ;;rain -triii;:lit and nearly parallel ; no seasoning; ciacK's . ['ailed h y crippling'. One old si.lc. -rain straii,dil and parallel ; one season crack. Failed 111' crippling. Two old sides ; ^rain nearly parallel ; no sea- son cracks. Failed hy cnjiiiliiig. Clear and straij;lit firained ; one old side with decfi si'asoiiing criu'ks ; a ..li;:ht ciaciv tlit'iuiili centre c.f piece. Crippled 4 ins, from end, uad iml^ied alon;; seasiui crack. Straight grained ; one old Hide with many sea- son crack,-. Failed hy splitting down seiv^nn cracks and afterwards crippling. 59 " 5542 35.1 . .)5 :!8.;i 59(i(; :!9.3 0205 35,5 531 ;:i 520L' O-si ;iri.l 5.J20 5000 :!t;.4 1^ """" "^ '■°"^"^-- ----v .....„,.. .,,_„,„,„„^,_ -.7S X i.3H X V'M onoo 36.5 l'.82 X ;i.48 X la.OL' •■'•=' X ;i.!i8 X iL'.n :,5(io ;i,..j ''■"10 ;(.-).!) 3.;J8 X ;t,.i;j X i:i.n;t ,;f.„; ;,^. 2.20 X LM'4 X ia.7S 3.;)8 X ;i.45 X i;i(io l.0;i in diar. x -JS.Ol .Mlys ,i|,;) ••'S'ii ;i3.s ;)85(J 31. ;[ -■«•« X 4.23 X V.U2 3828 31,5 ♦1" X 4.45 X 14.47 -■7vli„l,. l.i'iif'li- Cnpi,!,.,! .» i,M li'"ln eihl ,i„|ii,:,.,| |,„ ■:•'"'"", ''nicks I 1,1,,, I'lll^'fll ,,UI. Clciiri tiniiii |,|.„i OIK -;f -irai.l,, „, ,„,,, ,.,„, 'Iii''l(i|.r„.\i,niu nili„„i, Hl-O "IMIllwllHt .«|,„k,.„. :;"'••'' l'.vl„irviin«;.|„„^. •ilMV.H (iuli,r|.anilK.|. ;raih,.,|, ...^ '•'■|it.Mit..|„ilCofaki,ul,.ii >'|'<- ••ml. Failcl |,v „,,,. pliii;; ni'iir kimt a' cml. ''I'llin panillcl, „„ I'IIOIh; tHOr-Mlull, Tacks '""1 " «iiiall ,,,li|; iimiiilar nii;,'s ,Jny\y J'H'iKlit. K,i1p,1 (,V fii'iiiliiii; ciincuvc |„ '„ 'iikIi niincr. ■SlmiKlil Ki'iiiiwl. ■■;"">ll imi knia ;( i„; "■""I "Hf eilil; „,.„«„„ cracks Iniii, ,,,„| |„ ,,,„| "•"").'' iiiid.ll,., Massing, '"•"iiKli ki,„t. f.-ai|,„.; Ii.v ojifiiiag of sensiii, «™-;lad feas„n crack •""I small deliceiic «'ne corner l„r « •]„'" IroMi one en,l. Ii|,r.,i -casoii crack . ^ IteSULTS llin^:i III", from rml. Two lii'iivy kiiol't ui i.'erttrt-, oiii' riiiiiiiii>; frnin .'<> Ii< Id nifle tliniiiKli cell- Ire ) ^rairi or(Htkt'i) unit Mot inimllcl. I'liiUKl hy ^riiin Hlii'unrii;uriil liiii.^i' III;; tlii'oii^li knot at oeiitrt'. Oiu- licav) knot at <:('iili-i> rniiiiiii^ froth cor* tiff tm;orinT, ot lior Hinal- IcrkiioM ! ;;niiii urookt'4 aii'loiiinf |iiiralli'l. Crip- |ili'il III knot UI I'l'iilrc Uriiiii "trai^lil ami .-onii'l : Mi'n.'-on iTiirkH in ci'iiirc. Kiiilcil liy criii- |ilin^ at iiulli 01 A^ ami uNu I'V lictiiliii;:. wliioli |ii'oliiilily lirnl ciiii^.kI ftiilurc. (triitii L'lfitr ami Nh'iii^lil, hut not piiriil- It'l ; sjiirjii reason enicks I'ailcil liy urip- pif acroMM I Ins. from one t'liil. tiraiii ulfar a ii 4 ntriii>!lit i some HciiKon iTa;;k?^. Cripplivl (i ilif*. from end. (irain ^Irai^'lit ami paralU'i i Liain>tiii;^ at knot and aioii}; yrain. (iraiii parallel and clear; had nea-on erack tliroii);li heart, fuileil hy heiiilin<{ at centre. Crippled oil concave .-iile. (iiain .-straight a n d i:lear ; had ^ear^oll cruek.^; al^o chip unt on a cor- ner -1 iiiH, from one end . Failed at foiiiid end hy enppjiiig and hy open- iiig of heu.stiii crack. Clear a ii d .•" X ;i.-;i X Oft., 2-'7 X a.28 X 2,1.1.1 4."ft X I.L'o X 2 (70 ••'it;.'i M..| .'■f'L'd ,|;i.!, -V'l X LMi.-. X I'l I" >■■>■,- ... ^■"i"' X L'.Ci; X L'liL't tiHii6 ;j(i,.j -•"'' X 2.01 X -7 lr> " '■'"■"' " - «,.„.w X .1 L':i s/ .JK , ' "■■!«'•■, K..,l,.,||,v .„(,,' ■'■'"■' ■" /"I'tiKliI ^■l•al„,.,| „,„( ';''''"' i "'■"""" '■m,;k nil,. ii"« •ii.ivri ul,„|,| H i„„ '""" "f .«i.ii«( ';n"'i«;.»|)|«„.niiv „oii,',.' "'"''"' "y '•i'ii«(iiiiii){. <'li»i- iiimI -imiirlil ""■l>, HlMWt (•,,„„ ,.,„| "' '''"' "" ~i'"-i"i ,.ra,!k. l-'Inir.Mmit.liiKmim.,!. ,'''''"';• ""'111.' HiraiKlii ''■'"'"■■I i -li.'M «,.,,^,. ;,"-"'*■' ' '-"M .;,.„ci< ;::,„;;:''"-'| -1-,/ ,., <;i™i-.,ra,«|,i.rai„,,j ^ '. ■'' I- .Ine,., ..r,,,,,V. V''"' "ll'l -inii.'lii «|;;;n..i. Kaii..,i i.^di' ;;;,''"M'ln.v-,M,„..V,.,„„ *^'l''"i- "Md .-(.-ai.-l,, -'i-li'H"!. I'a,l..,| I,;.';,; ;:;•'-' ..TiMpii,,^, 1.-, •„,, "'■'ii-ien(;.vi,(.ai,,.„rr,. ;''"•"' i n,. |,v l"^V ''"""jrli vi,.„iiiv of knyii oili.nvi.M,.- „| " '" 'It'tll'll'Ill-V. l'l"'i- ai,,! „,,i„-|H »!'"'""l i laH,.,l |,v ,,- I'|-"»"i«r. ut Mhn.; ,,„ . i-..riit'i-. '" •' Very lu.av.v .„..w,ie,- '- '"-■ in.ii, uiw (.,,,1 m . '" "i'l iM,i fail. -••88 X 2.1.5 X 2;i.;.i -'.87 X 2.!.;i X 2,-i..o 2..S« X 2..K) X 2,.,,,. -•«'■ X 2.!»0 X :m.,-,5 ■ 2-i'O X 2.!m X 25.70 -•"^ X 2.87 X 2,-,. I.,-, -'•^0 X 2.00 X 2.!.,in ^■>:2 X 2.07 X 2^ 15 '^005 :i,s.() 1170(1 10 I, ■^■-<:o .-i.-i..! •i|0( 4112 ■^•77 X 5.82 X 2(i.l5 •'■" X J.OS X 22.;!" >(ll ^aino as ,„. i •■"'■I -iiui^lu v-rain ' 62 BXini.Ti or I'DMI'ltKHMKlN TKMTN ON NEW iMlUur.AM riR — ConlinU(Si. ».70 X 'i.8ft X "JftTH <'«M ■-'!'.-' •-'.'^7 X '-'.27 X :il."t l.im X t.:!'' X ■!-.-<• i.:i!) X i.U' X :i(i.!»o l.:iH X 1.41' X '-Vl.-Vl i.;i7 X 4.;w X .'i-'.r) ■i.:i5 X i.:tii X :ii.rir. ;i.4i X i/ir) X :\-iA .■I.'.'; X ■•t.4:i X .ii.-r. L'.(ir> X li.Hi; X .'i(i.t>:> L'.()7 X ->is X :il.H;j .■!.28 X a.tf) X :t.i.si 2.7r> X ::.h:; x :io.47 L'.ilO X -.'.lO X -'O-'i.'i l'.7:) X 2.s,s X ;ii.:.o :i8!j:t ;i7,:' (ii^f) II.:! 59.15 :i7.H mil 4:t:; 5420 :!8.!i i:isr, 4:1.1 5.Hs(i ;i7.(; 57ii(i :i:i.5 sti4" :i(i,:i 7tio7 :i5.:i t;iM(i :ir).7 54H(i a;!.(i 1:1 H;t :{j.7 .■'ST 1 ;!t;. I 2.17 X 2.H X :i'>.iM" 11171 :;5.ii 2.7:1 X 2,Sri X 2M.74 HiJI ;i4.,S 4.t)l) X 5.H4 X 2.S.I(I 4.17 X .'".oo X :;;i.70 4.:!0 X fiOl X .'52.72 '1077 ;ii.l 4s:):i :rj.:i .">5t)(; :i(;." kiKit I'ruiii >itiiiJi;lit 1 ijiii' |ilii knii ! iil-o knot on oiiH rtlif). 12 mi-, Ironi eriil- Kuileil hy lifn'liri^ lit kiiul iiri liiK'i ijoi'ner. Cli'iir, »trii.j;lil i miii iifil. (Jri(i|ilii| 1 ft.rriini enil. Cli'iir, -li-ai;{lil (.'iniii I'll i t'.Kti'nial lllii'i' liiimt ; llicii iTippli'.l iH'iir i:pii- ||-|.. Cliiir, -irttiitlil Kfsi" i-.l i liiir^i, tlii'ii iTi|i|ilcil «i itMilrc, (:ii'iir,»trBi|ililxriiin('il; Heaxiin ciiiiK un uiip -i
  • i 'liiiill M'liMiii ri'Hck itrni^-^ riul. Cripploil hi'iir I'li'l. (jraini'l, .'ml. Clear (triiiiDil I'ml Mii'l ilrai^'lil (1 i|i|ilt'il ni'iii' nnil ^'l^li):lll Cri|i|ilfil ninr Slmi;;lit gnilii-.l; ki.nl l-iii iliiir., It'iiih HJili' ii> ■lili'. Kailpil by cri|ipliri;; lit tliii kiiiM N iiM. ;roni line i'imI. Cli'iii. i-lniij^lil ;;niiii . •!. Kttileil liy <'rip|)liii); s iiiH. fri'iii iiiii. ciiil. (jlciir nimi^lit jdiiiii- cil. i'liilni Ity fri|>f»lifi<; anil tif'iiiliii^ ui ^aiiii' iiiN liuit lit rciili-i'. Clear, iiml -lrai;;lit ;;raineil. Kiiili.! Iiy iienil III;! 10 ill..*. Iiciiii line enil. Nearly i-lrai>;lil j;raln- Cil ; varum- iiiinll knot.", one Iiirj;!'!' kimi ; in. iliar. ;1 in.*. rriMii line nnl. Faileil liy rrijipliii^ al lliiH kiiiil ; iil-o ."i.nie- what .-I'li-uiieil al liearl. Straiuhl ttraiiieil ; vu- riuiiH hiiiall knot-, une larger knot i; in. iliar. '.I iiiM. Iroin eiiil. Kaili'il liy iri|i|ilin;^ al llii.i kiiul. Hraii;lit i^niiiieil ; kiiol I III. iliar. VI IIIH. Iniin enil. Cri|i|ileil al iln' knol. Slrai;;hl ^'raiiieil, elear liiit fur une knul 10 m-. triiiii enit j in. in iliar.. •'riplileil al Hum kmil. Clear ami Hrai);lit ^raineil, Faileil liy a tliin layer liiir-iiny '"■'. I ,1. ,ro,„ ,.,,,1,1,^, l'>viuiri,ii.,j|kimi. Kttil. '■'l"llliN|K»irit|,v,|iri,et ' "I'I'llllK. f"ini..|. (.•n,,,,|,,|Hi„,, 'roin i-n.l. l^'li'iii- im.l -iruiirlK «n.in,,|. Knili'd |,v j,e'i,|. '"«li' IMH. Croi], i.|„|. (;ie,u- .,n,i,,l,i ^,.„i ';'• I'Ullcl |,y l„.|,.|il|g. "t .■1(1,011(1 ||,«. ' «-V.THl |. piiii III 'Mil. niiiiiiiitf from "■"niiT i„ ..orn.T Hi io.s. ll'DIll "IICCikI. Oiiiiiioi, I uC imnillel; (-■'•■HI'. l''nil,.,l |,v |„ir„: i"« "ii.l .-l,,.,,,.;,;^ „|,j„„ Heii,.i,.ii,-m(..kH. l-'lciir ,ir„i-l,i .rHiii. " iipliliil iH-aiMi |„|, *"'''";■ I'li'l •'iiHi-lii .i;nii,„.,|, I.'„i|„| i.^.,.^-- . I'l'i'i; i> ms. liuii, .:,„l. lliroii;;!, ,;i.,„,,. ,1,1,. ,,1 ,'"';',• I'"'"' ^I'lil CM.I to I'lHl (l.miiuli tlii- kiml. '!i' k.Kpt iiHii' ceil- ",■'■ l'i'"ii;-.' fr„in »i,U. „, ""';■•, *^l'l" lioiii (.,,,1 10 ''ii'L'e imiss III' |(.,n,o -'■Sli X 4 0G X tO.Ol' ,;.j;j„ .,g, 4.10 X 4.24 X 41. S3 4.-'5 X 4.25 X .-)4.:i5 19!) X 2.04 X 52.02 •'SOC ,'Ji;.;; 3:;8!i ;)4,(; 5105 ;i|.;! (14 ,'"•'"" I'limllcl: kriol '' <.'n,lr,.„,.,„„,.,j,„|,,,. ,7","" "™^ ""'1 i Lvnire '! '■«■ 1-' iii». aivav. '"■Ill ui rniirciii knoN '■"iiciivctoalii^h ,.,,|.„^,. ■•^ln.i«l,l «m,M : -,„„i; Kiiol 1 I IN-. in„„ ,.,„| ^;:;:n:,. ">■ '-'"- - .Slmi-l,l;;|.Ui„, ,1,^^,,, ^.Jl^l'^- Cn|,|,|,.,| ,„ );„,„ - :""• 'i"iii I'M./, ,„. Iiiirdlll;;. 8irtti;,'l,t ,-rai,, ; „„.„, l^ii"N.. Hursi ,„ n,.- '"";'■' II 11,-. Co,,, ,Z oil, IT CI,,!. '" -Slrailil,, L'lVl,,,; ,.|,,,„.. U"l,l Ul CCIIllV. %UVI,Tt nr fiiMI'ur.MION TBHTS ON NBW DOUUl.Ai V\9.—('»iililifil 4.2(1 X 4.33 X '10.0 :i!»HU :i:) 5 Slmiuhl gmiii 1 liiili'il liy (lri|i|>liMK III Kiiui imaniiivi tlirniiKli I'.iiruft 1.1 iii<. rriitii I'li'l uiid I lli in. mil III •i{iii(ii' i iiii uppri'iiulili- I'lliH't. Hhnixlil ^rniii ; llirii' or t'irir kiiutM i •iiii'iiii unu'k Mil oiii- "iili'. ('ri|i- |ili' ill" I'miii cinl", Ki'Vi" ml iitliiT niiiiill kiiiilH I f,\wu mil •Irai^'lit ; liir||ii "t'liKiui orii.'li. I''iiili'il by "licitrlii); iiii'l lmr»tiiii< ti|ii'ii III si'ii-.iii rriiCK iioniiM iiiiiiiiliir riii^M. Sliiii;ilil ;;riiiii I "PVf rul kimli-. (''uilt'il liy (:ri|i|iliii|; itl kiii'l 12 ill''. Ill hi I ikI. 4.0lt X 4..II X B'.tM »,1H X Vi'l X 50.75 :lmi :tt.t .il'.m .'i.'i t 2.4li X l.h\ X 'ii).'> 4iil!i :U.r> HENUl.Ti) 111'' lO.Ml'llK.SMlON TKHTH ().\ OLI> DOUGLAS VIU. Ui IIM-K'^KMi III Ihr l.niKtIi- L'.Ul X li.a:! X 9.1"> ;i,4r) X '-'.7H X !Mi5 :t.4i X :i."« X :i. X iy>' X ii.'.'ij •Uii X :!.47 X 12.fi0 8U44 IWV. ;-'47 U!17!l (;57T lltil'iii 'Mm Ji.- Is ~ I.I.K :i."..4 it.i ::s.(i :',L'.!t ;.).7ii l7.--'.> .■.08r. :u.7 :i.45 X :!.l'' X VSMi) .'ilJl.^ -i'.'^"^ U5 Honiiirlc Uritiii Niriiiijlit nil. I clrur; iiiii' nM "iilc witli 'FBiidti 1 -lriii;;lit mill imriilli'i L'niiii ; i.i!i'nli;i> -tniiiii'il liiiiii hull. ('i'i|i|.li'>l nil u\i'r. Oiii' iilil -iilc; ;;raiii rlriii^lil mill |iiinilli'l, (.'ri|i|ilii|| liriil- line rml. All Iri-li >iili'- 1 (jniiii Ktriii>!lil mill |>iiriilU'l ; OIII' I'lli;!' i-lniim'il fi'iiiii liiill ! 1 111. ni'iisiMi criu'k. t'ri|i|ili'il OIII' lull nil lliu way liiiu'ii, .•li^'litlv liclp. Ill l.y K'liMiii criii'k. Oni- ulil ..jili' 1 L'ruiit ~liiii;;lil mill |.miilli'l. Ci'iii|)li'>l lit uhc t'liil. i iii>. Iriiiii ciiil ; iiiM Im'i'. kiiulH U in- anil -I in^. ti'uni "uuif rml : -mall pin knut iiinl -I'lisun rriii'k on Iliinl Miilc. Crippli'il lliruii;;ii knot..*. Cli'iir mill lniiL'lil, lint >li;.'liily iinrly ; tliici' Iri'-li .-iili'- ; ulil siilo I'l'ii-lnil liy lii' 1 >li.jlilly nilli'ii iimliT lii' i iM'ip iiK'il III .^iiiall iltli'i:l mar ml. tJri'in pnmlli'l i I'ln-li I'll mill ruilcn fur aili'plli .if \ III. iiiiiliT til' ; two iii|)nri'iil siili'- ni'W. Cnppli'.l ai ri.tli'ii purl lu'iir uni' I'liil. BBSULTS ,.K COJM'UESSIUN 3.46 X 3.47 X 12.0 ;i45 X 3.47 X 12.0 3.45 X 3.45 X 12.0 TESTS ON 3838 4028 ;!S.7 54t)l 33.;! 2.!'0 X 2.92 X 12.0 .^;!i4 :h.o 3.^1 X .148 X 12,0 5308 U.i) 3.42 X .3.47 X 12.0 3.42 X .•J.45 X 12.0 3.45 X .■!.4(; X 12.(1 2.88 X 2.«7 X 12.0 •■'-IJ X 3H; X 12.0 3.40 X .•i.40 X 12.0 2.82 X 3.40 X 12.05 2.77 X .liiO X 12.(1 2.80 X 3.40 X 12.0;i 0811! 2.70 X 3.35 X 12.0:! t;8|5 2.711 X .i.Ki X 12.0.! Tin, 2.78 X 3.7.! X 12.04 -;i.is 2.77 X •■i..S(i X 12.05 7;!!)o 4011 .•io.( 4814 ;!2.0 505:; OI'.IO 570:: 509:: (ion 751H ;!0.5 :!3.:i 3:i.(; :!:!.s :;2.7 :!5,;! 34.(1 : 14.(1 35.5 ;i:!.5 (»L1) JWUGL.vs ItR.—ConhHHe,/. .>O.0 (inun iKir-ullcl. Imt i:inc,K,.,|: kii„i near uor- "•■r I.] iM.-i. iVoin cml. 1.'. jd". 'Iiiir.. kiiol (..vii.riilcl llinmsh knot. " (ir.iii, |,un,||,,|; iiiipc "•<'~li si,l(..-; Ijj i„s. knot plis.sii,); lliiull;;!, eorilPr J iii». from end. Ci-iij. iM neiir one ,.n,| and "I''" "IflM^' LTuil. llilia- "'Ml 1,1 klKll. Grain paralli'l ; [nu ailjaccnl frc.-li side.s ; season (!rack on one old' mle. Crippled near one eiiil and ..^,,1,1 s|ij:l„lv lOon^' .sea-.(>n crack. drain parallel; three frf.»li siile.i; ►rnfill ^rn •TOii crack. Cripj.led near one end. '•raitp parallel ; iliree m>iiu eraek- ; .-mall' ennt. li..ok h,,!,. ■> j,,^ fi"irieMdelo-,io,orner'i -if-'ill.v roiini Cnp. pled at rnnl. hook mark. Grain parallel; three Ire.-h .-hie.- ; -,„al| ,,<,;,. Son crack on one .-ide. Irijipled al one end ; -eii.-on eracd; opened. ,. I';'n'llel ;:ra.;, ; ,o„, ire.-li -nils. I ii|,p|,.,| ne;u- one enil. '•^""HW ^'la,„; „ne "''' ^"''' i ^'i» ('III and sea-on crack. ('ripp|e,| near one end. ' All IVe-h side. :.,ai„ slraifihi anil parallel ; | in. -eason <.ra,k. .Sp|i, .■donj; season cr.-u.k (JneoM -Ide. ,-ea.-„„ '''',"■'''-• ,-'•"" -tnil;;ht an.l parallel. .Split i,!,,,,,, sea-on crai-k. " One old side: .-mii, ;,"■■"-;", '""I pain I lei. "rippled at one end. One old side, e.ain ''(raif^ht an.l p,,rall,.l , sea-on cracks 1 in. deep. < ripjile.l at one end. One old si.le, ^rnii,, ^'Uuiahl, un.l |«n,||,,l. (ripple,! near ,onlre at a small ilefecl. RESULTS ov 0OMPIIF.8SION TESTS ON OLD liouai.AS KIR. — Continued. 2.80 X 380 X 12.06 2.78 X :i.8« X 12.0 2.7'J X :!.0U X 12.0 3.27 X 305 X 12,0 7481 31.1 7090 34.2 7317 3;i.4 .5540 2S X ••!.'.<: X 12. 3..!2 X 4.04 X 12.0 3.:51 X 4.02 X 12.114 3.;i:; X 4.0 X 12.0 3.30 X 4.0 X 12.0 .■)510 4825 607.") 4105 (i:joo 4.18 X 4.(;:! X 12.22 .")2(l0 4.35 X 4.i;5 X M.l" r,,:;,-) 4.2". X 4,0.~i X ll.SO 70S^o 33.45 28.85 32.S5 28.05 3.28 X 4.02 X 12.03 5540 32.70 ;i0.!i5 .•u;.o One olil Biile; fjmii] :^trai}^ht uiiaraitel. Crippled at '.\ inn. from eiul. drain Rlraifilil and (dear, except .'^nnill pin knot liole i! ih.<. t'ron\ end; piece NJiivered by ■■^eaHun crack?'. Kailed hy piece (-piinin); oil. Ii tuen crippled at l ins. tVoih one end. liiiiin ^trail;llt ; .-niftll pill kiiol on a corner near centre ; vei'v heavy Heuson crack on old side. linrst alonj; season crack ; also crippled I ins. from one end. (iraiii slrai>!lit ; pin knot on corner nee.r cen- tre ; liearl decayi'il : also one scastni crack. Crip- pled at pin kiK't. (irain strai^lil ; small pin knot U ins from end \ two liad season cracks. Crippleil square across near each end. Oral II not quite slrai^hl ; knot at corner 'I ins from end : deli- ciency of heart all alonj; one i'd;;e. Crippled al knot. .Striii^ihl ;;niiii , Unol on corner 1] iiis. from end; laree 'letieiency on opposiiH cornir al other end : anoiher deliciency and nail jrinii:!' al centre of saiiie edj;e : iil.so tine season crack. Crippled at knots. Slrai^'lil i;r;iiii ; kiiui on coriifr \\ ins. fiom end ; iil.-u sea.-on criu-ks. ('rip|pled -I ins. from end. Knots :{ ins. and ii iii^. ti'oiii end on same .-ide : iil-o small knot on ne.\! faei' 1 III. from same end : also part of liir^^e knot IMS. Irom end on same ^ide; also knot on next face ;! ins. from same c'lid and two knot> on '■llier eiiil ; on third and lourlh faces, ki'ots U ins. and 4 in..-, from first end. Crippled al knot .■» ins. frtnn end; Two kiiot> lai-siiij: tiiidn;;li from luce I.. iM \1 late ; one .*t ins.froni end ; ihe oilier 7 ins.froni same end ; delicuiicy I i". X I J ill, on opposite rilf-'c. Crippled Ihrciijili knot T ins. from end. 07 nKSmr. 0. ..OMPHKssro. .,«.. „, o,,„ „„„,,,, ^,,^ _^^^^^.^ ^ iM'J X 1.70 X 14.78 .;r,(„i 4.14 X 4.G5 X 14.80 G7;!0 '^•25 X 4.(j(i X 14.78 0020 1.1 C X 4.(iO X 14.50 741(1 4.28 X 4.70 X 14.78 74!l(l 45.70 41.0 1''m1I of resin i part of nii'Ke knot on one cnil . ^eaKoncmokononc/oooi jilmlcen on n corner. Iripploil in solid wo,»l (inreMrj purl) I !„». inini cnil. I'iitcliofre.-in tliron^'li '•I'litre; knot on one coi- ner (i ins. from end ; season cnioks ( ileficii'ncv oji ori<. t;rippl...|||iron^'li slifllll slij!hl corner knot. One 4.17 X 4.70 X 14.7S (J400 ;i4.0 4.H5 X 4.74 X 14.80 i;;!i(i '1.14 X 4..-)7 X 14.7.-) CtKiO 4.;J2 X 1.70 X I4.S0 .-,(170 4.14 X 1.(10 X ll.So r,5.S0 4.0(i X 4.(ir, X 14.S,5 (V.Od ;J7. I (Jne inedinin kno( 1 '"• '■''""I <■•<">; n\<„ many simi'l knots on same fi»;e;on ne.\t fttce.knol- at inn. aad 1 j,, li-oni >ame end. KuMe,! tlirunfih Icnot. al Ih,. oenire. Pan of larKo knot on "lie end ; one .side cov,.r. ••'I Willi smaU knots; ollierwise soiind speei- iiii'ii- Failed at laiw kiiol al end. '■rain parnic I ; one medinni knot .I i,,.. from end ; also Ml., small Knois I III. (•„,„ ^miig end and on same side ; also liearl slink-,.. Kailwl HI eenlre liy L-ripplin,- nii'oiiKli small knol, (iiuin parallel; mass o( knots at one cnil ; also l,a,ll.v seasoneil m r,.sii|, ons portion. Criprijeil at knotty end. I 'ii'.-iin parallel; ;ar;;e lot near one ,.nil ; |,n,| .•!.5.7 ;i(i.2 47.0 4.27 X 4.67 X 14.80 T'JIO :!7.2 .•15.45 .'i.-'i.OS 35.0,-, i:!.7o •easoii crack; "ii.s portion. Crippl,.,! ■11 liirge knot. flrain straij,'lii a n ,1 si'iiii'l, lint one lan-o knot on end ; also „»» knot on an edge :! ins IVom ,11, 1 ; on? knot ri Ills, from othei. end ,,|, s«mee,!>;e;sli^,|its..as„„ '•ii'i'ks, Kai|,,,| ,„ ii,,. i"o last knots. Knots in ,..,c|| ,.||,j . otherwise (.|e.ir ; tvn' ol,l sides l,a,IU sl,ak,.|,. '-i-i|'l'le,l an.l Imrst „, knot at ,,iieen,|, Grnnps.if snail knots about ;; ins. fiom ee.cli end J al>.o full ,,f rtsi,, t;ii|ilile,l at eneli en,i llir.,inr|i knots. Uronps of snail knots alioiit I ins. from ,,,,(,1, '■t:d; also l,a,l s,.aso„ eracks Crippled lliroii^rli ,„„, , ^ . knots, ' l.ariieknotat one end, Iw" km.ls 5 ins. fr,,m "tlier enij ; full of r,,si„ ; 'leiiM' ami lii'iivvi ,,11,' seiLson crack. Cripple,! fliioiijrli lioili kn,,ts ,-, ins. from end. 68 RE8t;:.T8 OF roMPRESSIVE T?STS ON llEI) PINE. OiincnsidnH I.cni;llis 'cIcT-^ 5^ so . J Reinarkfs. in a.F i c ■ - f. C in 111^1)68. inche.' pt — ^ 1. 91) iu (liur. X 5.9 L'49r Kaileil nt ktiotn 4.97 in (liiir, X r->M 2742 2.08 X r..8ti 2722 :i.no X 5.9 20:il i'l'oni v\u\ ; iiIho at an- other rin^ ol kriolH ;t itifl, fro!n !-u?iie t'lid ; nine- tocn kiioi^ iti leii'^tli. L'.95 ill liiar. X 5.(;r) CSTO 2.SS in dim'. X 5.G9 7(157 4.S1 in (liar. X i:i.75 5092 :!.SS in (liar. X i:i.5 7(i02 3.80 (liar. X I.'!.:?! 4.02 in diav. X 18.75 :5,90 4.01 in dial-. 1.3 in diiir. X 18.20 X 22.(11 X 22.73 X 22.8 3.93 in diar. X 29.2 (i.93 4.08 X 09. (!438 4057 8511! 5637 5983 7914 X 3().12 2S98 7.02 X .•!(J.12 • 2087 7.01 X 3t!.12 2024 .•!.97 X :!.lo 3287 4.10 X 3.10 2825 4.04 " X .'i.lO 3482 4.03 ■• X .'(.lO 4247 .3.98 '• X 3.10 3223 3.1 X 3.10 4001 4.75 X 4 75 X (10. .3104 3.97 in diar. X 09. 2,58.-, 259.3 39.9 35.8 3.5.7 43.2 28.7 211.7 .38.1 .985 One knot near une end. Failed liy crippling abo\i" knot. Clear. Crimdcil Ij ins fruni ono end. Clear j^raiii. Failed by spreading at bottom. Nearly «lrai;;lil ^'rain ; knot (1 ins. (rum end passin;: nearly thronijli (.•enlre. bailed al the knot Ity mipplin;;. Straif;lit grained: knot on one end. I''aileil i)y eripplini! at knot about ■\ in.t'runi end all around Clear wood ; slrai;;lit t;rain(>d ; sprea.l at end, due lo eur\utiire ot libre in locality of a knot. Clear and straight .trained. Failed (i in.s. from end by folding. (train paralhd; one knol IIJ ins. fn>m end. Faile.l Ihrongb knot by crippling. l''oiir knols at .S ins. from one end. Failed by erippliiii: at knots. (jiaiii parallel ; two knots, one large knot 10 ins. fr. ., : one end. Fail- ed by erippling at this knol. Failed liy crushing at knot, 4 ins. from end. Fourteen k n o t s in length. I''aileil at knot 8.i ins. from eiiil ; ten Iciiofs in length. Failed al ting of knots 7 ins. from end; lifteen knots in U-iigth. Cnished and fade I at knot; straight giain; fairly free fiom knots. Failed by ernshing and bending. 8tfaight grain ; eraek d o w n leimth. 60 _ Not well seasoned. Failed by crushing and liending at a larije knol .11 ins. froni end; also at I in. from eml aiel I', ins. from other etiil"; straight grained : six knots in wliole length. Failed at ringof knots four III number hy crudh- lU'S and leniling at -1 ins. from end ; also at 2 ins. from .same end ; fourteen knots j,, whole h'tigth. In .Kc. V V .1. •♦•02 in Jiar. X tin 3.91 ■J.03 3.9t5 4.94 4.02 2.9(i X (i!) X «!i X (if> X ()(-'. 25 X (!(;.2,-. X fii; X tlU.25 3152 3280 3158 3734 23S6 2513 l!iT7 2133 •»" -nmll knots ■..7 '■"'./'■""I .■..,1 «,„! uiHo I'liW knoLs .■i9 i,„. ,,,, FhiI-,! |,v rruMl.inj: lU k m, T ","" V'"' "' » I^»||<.,|„| knui-i-iii,,, ""I l>ini'- lii )ci,j.t|,. '■'"ile-imri„«„,k,„„s "■'■" kuo; „, ||.,i,-i|| ,.,,,1'"'/'"', ■'■•'■ '"'"'''"^ '\""' -^ 1M-. fr,„, t,,,7| '•j'ilf.l In- orn.lunj; a, •■ 1" T !"'■'"" '•"■I lJinifiisi,.ii. in incli( ,^ >JKW WHITE pIxi^'"'" i'M.'lies, = i — ■" 1»'~ 5 IfiMMark- f-l;^^'X 2.312 X '44 4.81-'X 2,312x ''44 •fl' X 2.94 X 29.S ■*■>'> X 4.75 X 3 j-l X -^-^ X te til' X '-TS X 4..; il:> X 4.,S0 X 4.53 I'.j X 4.44 X 4.50 I!:' X 4.75 X 4.37 iil' X '-75 X 4.4(1 f ■/:' X 4.7(1 X 4.50 •*■'•> X 4.80 X 4 -)^ ^•!^ X 4,75 ^ ];;;? ^■<5 X 4.75 X 5. *■''' X (.75 X l(i.375 ■"*■'" iii.lia,,,. X 11.35 3810 2955 424.S "'•'■'- 21.4 3821 3515 4387 3280 3449 4.i(il 44,33 43();i 344:1 3193 3972 3548 -'82« 30.3 4.75 1.75 4,812 3.O0 X 11.125 X 11875 X l-'.25 X 12.80 •*T5 X 4.75 X 12.150 -'■iX X 2,9S X 12.0 4382 2(;.7 ■•■>'M 21.6(1 ■'■>-'7 27.5(1 399(1 ij.'iso 3702 i'!i .} 538;{ 5574 70 -'i;.5 29.4 l:::L^ '"'-'-^ -- t'!'",;...!„. la,l.,ll,v,,i|: 'ii^'over at top. Clear si,,.,.,,,,^,, ,j >''a»o„ cfack.M a,,,.,,,, ', ^ "'!'"'■ '"'.i--. K(.,l,.l V '■nj.|,l,„j;. ''■""laiyekiK.t.. Fail- "I l"'l"W.|] tluMll. ■'■»•" iK'avx kiioi.s V "-"I'l'lins-'i.til,,. ij„„,, ■ Clrar s,„,cii,i,.|i. (Vii,. ^"'t'ni- ami ytra.irl.f UESUI.TS OF fO.MPRKSSlVK 4.74 in (liar. X 13.12 4.71 in (liar. X 14,r)62 2.U25X 3.51,2 X U.12.J 4 72 X 4.72 X l^.S?.") 4.75 ill (iiur. X 14.75 4.71 ill (liar. X i.t.5 TE8T8 I I.N 2774 NKW WlllTK P\NI:.—Coillilllial. 4.703 X 15.35 2.:it " X 15.:iO 4.75 ill (liar. X l'> 3.87 X H>.25 4.75 ■' X 17.35 4.71 " X 17.03S 4.40 X 4.10 X I7.(t 2.!"7 X 3.S5 X 2it,54 3.85 X .i.SS X 21.fi5 3..S X .■!..S X 22.35 3.83 X .'i-S.-J X 2:j..S;i 2.07 X 2.!0 X 2:i,(;() .■!.02 (!inr X 25.70 3.40 X 3.,S(| X 25.4 2.H.S X 2. Hi) X 24.25 2.1I5 X 3.25 X 2(1.70 4.75 X 4.75 X 21.0 2.90 X 2.00 X 2».(I.S .'1.05 ill .iiar. x 24.1 !4li X t .13 X 27.00 Ml- ill ili;ir, X :!li..";! 3400 20.0 tilOd 5004 440.S 33U0 20.3 21.1 3801 2G.00 4272 44!!3 20,5 2073 20.il 4232 20 40 4847 27.1 385f; .-io.i; ()03ti 30.1 3il33 2(1.1 3S08 20.7 3i;i5 .■)4t;2 25.0 24.0 502.} 24.5 3010 :5.o 4G07 23.0 3508 24.1 '3103 4474 2(1.7 .5240 L'5..S 3488 20.4 i)200 2i»,8 71 l{iii){ 111' four kiiiitx (1 in-^.fniiiidiu. eiiil. Kiiilcil liy criiiiiliii;; ni kiioli. 0[^•.• kiKit aii'l iil^o si;^im of llt'l'H'. . Fllllcil by cri|i|iliii;.'al llic linoi. Clear. Clear. ('ri|i|.l(. I wilh- inU (.'raiikiiis: (n- liiilv'iii.i.:. One liii'i;!' kinjl i ilc ciiycil iicailu'url I'mlnl at kiiiii One kiiul at ii: tluin of .«|ii!i:iim.ii. l-'ail( il iit till- k licit liv cfipiiliii:;. Clear and .."triiiu'ht, Inn ileep injury t'niiii [like pole. Kiillel ul in- ,|ureil part. ^ Sirait;lit l' r a I ii ed. I'ailed lit one end at a lnr;;e knot. Two hir^e knots. Failed lictweon them. Clear and ^tniiilit ..'rained. Failed iit end. Three larj;e knotx in II rii|._' aninn.l Hp[..'iiiieri. Failed at knots. Clear anil vtraisilit grained; one-tliinl sa|)- wiiixl. Failed hy crip- pliiii: al 7 ii|.i. from one end. Failed previvo laijreknot« Crip- pled at cine, 2 in-, t'rcim an end. Failed liy eripplin^ at two kiic.cts near centre. Clear and .-tiaiL'ht ;;rained ; tailed previous- ly a.s pillar under -12,(JOO Ills. Crippled now near iM-ntre. Clear and strai;j:lit j;raineci. Failed tiy (;rip- pliii.; s' iii.^. fr.ii'ii line end. Sliai^hl ^'rained ; bad ■^ea-.iii cracks ; full of kiuit-c, failed by crip pliii.S through two of them S ins. fioiii end. SiraiL'hl izrained ; jiiii knot Id ins. fVoio one end. I'ailed by cripiiiiii^ and benciin^' at pm knot. Slrai;:lit ..'raiiied, but full of knots. Crippled at one near corner in iitiddle. Clear ; jrrain 2 ins. out of parallel ; season cn'iicks alcin^ ;rrain. At upper coriiiT ^'riiin ran out. Failed by -lidinc,' alonji -casoiiinc;. due to lion support of tibre-- riiniiiii); from liorner. Clear and straijjlit i;raiiiccl. Failed by crip- plim; niii bencbii.' at same instant ni middle. Failc'il prevconslv as h Mar iiiiler .■i:i,:)t)() His, Failed now at knot r< ins. tl'ciiii en. I on u .-i.le. CIc.ar and strai;;hl ■trained ; oin-ihird si,|i. wood Fail by crippliiif! cm s'lpwcicid " sicle and I ben liciidiii;; iitlerwards I'J ins. fioiii end. i BKStltTS OF CO.«P«MsiVE TKST.S O.N N ^•05 in cliar. x 18.0 4377 .sw wa.TK i>,.E.^Cou>inuea. 3- X 3. X 48 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.73 4.62 4.62 4.75 4.00 in diar. i'l diar. 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 ill diar. X 4.75 X 4.75 i'l diar. X 4.00 X 60 X (I'O X 60 X 60 X 60 X 60 X 60 X 61 X 60 X 60 X CO X 78.24 '^■03 X 4.06 X 78.2 ■••Oy X 4.03 X 75 ai'5 X 3.08 X 75 -5.9 (,|p„r»r„in, lji„.ont iiilih^idr"™'""'"" ■tm 25.0 'IVnIuK,.., lo„,, ,e«. ourtli.s ,|„. ,vav ,lo«,„, 'i III". (Iw.|, ,i,„i I ■ "■ P; yr.Mri ,i,„| ri,,,,, liei„l,„g ,u,vunl ,, |,i,rl, i^niir "'■" '"- -w. 2652 1862 2749 1862 1051 I!I5I 2306 267(i 2370 2.-i26 2765 8l.uij;|,tj;ruj„ ,,.,,,,,1] !>""IH. Fail,,,, „.', ' 11;:^^ '" i""'i ri^o,; ■'^ii-iiyl't cl,,,r ..rain ■ ;uu:;r;]'.^T;„.^r'^'' "I"'" I i'n,l> s,,„„,,,. '"" ''''"ill -iniiViii |„„ ,-y,. i-^"l'i.nUu,ou,.,a,l,,i„ ^^ f III' of kn,,,. ,.,J,' ■■^Pli't'iij: tirsi si .M-. "I"'" i'ii;l tl,en cn„pC 3466 28.7 4557 28.2 3260 20:; Dinien.«lotis in ii„.|n, l.n,gil,s, ;^-3 X 4.4 X 11.75 3.4 X 4.3 X 11.7( ••i-46 X 4.;j2 X 11.75 '^y-^VLVs OF C0.M,.«KS8IVE T.ST^ ,..v OLD WJIITKPJHK. Ucriiarlcs. 1:>S0 27.35 U,.,. ,.„ „„ ,„ '" '■l"l, uthcTvvis,. ,„ f''i>""latac,.n„.rl,j: '■■;'l''""''i"if-'i.t.|,ive,, Alar;,'elcnuta|,i„.arin.. ■"' ■"'^""■-IWhl.M.a-oii cmck „r, oMp I,,,.,.. p„j|. *■''' I'V .siihtri..,. ' . ' .."""■'■»,','^i- -'Jiiu.l ■»'| I clear. Kail,,,,. , , "-"I'l'im-' at c..iilr... 2710 2^.10 "70 Jii.45 72 RESULTS OF C0MPBEK8IVE rK9T» ON ;i50 X 4.^5 X 11.74 3860 3.45 X 4M X 11.77 1115 l'5.35 3.60 X 4.41 X 11.75 2735 L'5.55 3.47 X 4.38 X 11.75 4;i30 .'fi. 50 3.52 X 4.37 X 11.75 2.;i'5 28.55 3.45 X 4.25 X 11.75 4GU0 23,3 3.45 X 4.3ti X 11.70 .-(ITS 3.50 X 4 27 X 11.70 4605 3.4!) X 4.37 X 11.75 423(i 24.5 2.-).0 25.8 3.48 X 4..'52 X n.7:i 3910 24.4 3.48 X 4.40 X 11.74 :;830 23.85 3.51 X 4.30 X 11.00 4525 25. U5 4.10 X 41t; X 12.00 21123 23.1 4.2 1 X 4.Ht X 12.00 2183 4.17 X 4.18 X 12.05 205!i 23.0 25.4 4 14 X 4 22 X l-'.OO 2840 22.0 73 ou> wiUTK ViNK.— Continue,/. 26,30 Kiiol oil It frtcc l.l ill,, from cnil. paxsini i,, Op|)0»i((. flicp 1 ill. f,.(„|, fiiil i iil.-o viimll ilefi- cieiitv lit •'rifipled at centre. Grain dear ami -irai.;lii,|nr);eeaiil. hook iiole 1 in. from ime end oil old narrow side. Failed by ciipplinjr at centre. 1-arfre knot on end ; -lasoiied ; jrrain clear and Nirai.Hht. Failed hv cripplinjr at centre. I-artre knot on end; grain clear and strai;;lii, .-ea.son cracks. l',i\U.d ly splitting longitudiii- all.v and crippling; ■■'li.irlilly at centre. Hue old side; ^-raiii clear and strai^dil; piece liadly sliakeii. Crippled at ceil I re. Oraiii cleiir and straiglil ; season cracks on twooM sides ; ininr- ed by cant, book on ■.me old side, Irippled ai one .'lid 1111,1 tl.roii-li ilefecl. (-iraiii parallel ; one small pin kiioi ; season cracks on „ld ide ; one smal! defect on e rner 2 ins. from end. Crippled at one end. .\ large knot near cen- tre ; badly sea^one.l ,in oM siilej split al, 111. r-ea- ■•'Oiling; split from knot. •\No cripjilerl. 'iniiii cdeiir and MraiL'lit, sea-oniier craek> iliroiijili centre- small deCecion old side' I'nppled liiroii-b de- tects. amuLTs OF coMPRBHSivr tmth on old white pine.— Continued. 4.19 X 4.20 X 12 00 1710 32,5 4.18 X 4.22 X 12.00 2228 26.3 4.14 X 4.18 X 12.00 2794 23.1 4.17 X 4.10 X 1200 1723 25.0 4.21 X 4.21 X 12.00 2257 22.3 4.20 X 422 X 12.00 2438 2!..^ 4.16 X 4.21 X 12.00 25G(t 23.4 4.19 X 4.22 X 12.00 2030 28.0 4.13 X 4.20 X 12.00 2086 24.1 4.17 X 4.18 X 12.00 2180 25.3 4.20 X 4.21 X 12.00 1883 24.4 4.21 X 4 23 X 12.00 1915 25.0 416 X -IX 12.00 2512 23.39 4.20 X 4.23 X 12.00 2277 26.1 4.18 X 4.23 X 12.03 1838 27.2 74 A large knot froni end to I'liil iilonu one face i imotluT Hi one ciiil ; «»■ oiluT at (i|)|Hisiie »iile. Filire split fruin kimt. .\ lar)!0 knot I'romenil to tihl uloiiK one face ; ftiiollier ut line end. (Jrinpli'd at kmit at cen- Ire, and aim) a H|)littin||! away. Clear and HtraiRliI ; Hea^oned on two t)Id fides. Cri|i|)leil at one end. Grain clear and s|rai(!lil, liad seaHon cracks ini old side ; spike lidle 21 ins deep, 2 ins. I'ro one end. I'ad- ed al spike liiile. Grain stniiBlili three fresh Bides j one large knot near enil \ season cracks on old side. Crip- pled Ihrongh knot at one enil. Grain str>>it;lit ; two larjje knots at opiiosile ends ; se.ison cracks on old side. Crippled on enil ut H knot. Grain strai);ht and parallel, except at one end, where it i.t curled by vicinity uf a knot ; otherwise sound. Crip- pled al soiinci end. Two large knots at one e n d , otherwise stmi)!li( and idear i fresh sawn on all ^idelj. Crip* pled at knoll- at end. Grain straight ; three ~ninll knots at ceiure; two old sideii injured by several small holes. Kdire split and crippled at small knots. Three lar,je knots at centre ; grtt'ii pur .llel ; full of sea^-ou cracks on old side i tlbre split. Crippled ul knots. Grain crookel liy knots ; two large knolfi near centre i larte sea son crnck on one old side. Crippled across cciiire at knots. Koiir lurgc knot^t near centre, otherwise clear and straight ; one knot at each corner. Crip- pled across centre al Knol.°. Grain slrai)iht; three sides fresh suwn ; small pin knot i small defect al one end on old side. Crippled at and near small deled. A large knot hole ul an end ; three sniiiller knots nearceiitre; other- wise sound and siraight. Crippled 4t tnij aideil by knot. Two sides fresh sawn ; three large knots 2 ins. to 4 ins. from one end ; grain twisted ; three cant, hool; murks ; cracks in medullary rays Failed by split- ling from lar^e linot. RMCLTi or COMPREMIVB TE8T8 ON OLD WHITE I'lUM.—' 'onliniud. 4.20 X 4.23 X 13.04 2477 25.0 4.1U X 4.22 X 12.05 2177 26.4 4,20 X 4.25 X 12.04 2.^87 26.1 4.17 X 4.20 X 12.02 2752 24.7 4.21 X 4.23 X 12.02 1797 26.7 4.18 X 4.20 X 1^.05 1789 2.5.0 4.19 X 4.22 X 12.05 2099 24.8 4.21 X 4.22 X 12.0i 2251 27.3 4.17 X 4.24 X 12.02 418 X 4.20 X 12.0 4.20 X 4.22 X 12.0 3.82 in diam. X 13.65 3.626X 4.50 X 40.875 1006 28.0 2033 25.4 2499 25.9 5770 30.3 2390 22.4 75 Thrpe nidcsi freuli cttwii j train nut |i»ml- IcI.iiwIiiXlii akiiiiti cine m'liMin cmckdii i)Mi!e knotH nonr cenlrt- ; oni> pin knot ; gmiii puralUd i very lurgf xeawn erack«. Split ttlmij; seHHon crni'kH. KiMirMidcH fresh HBwni Knini luiriillel j »enHoii oriicks are tiinmj'h B|ie cirnen j (pnc ]uriif enil Iwo Hiimll kiKilH ul one end, lii."i;e one nl corner. Crippled Ht l.not", riiree sides frpsli Kiiwn ; Kruin noi paral- lel 1 season crack.s llironKli bodv of speui men ; sli^-july decayed on one side ; seve"ral "mall pin knots. .Shear- ed on nil line anil crip- pleil at kiiotR. All siiles fresh sawn ; tW" lur^'e knots in (hkIv! «rain parallel ; sliglit decay j cracks in nieiliil- lary niv«. Crippled throiiKh Itnots. Two si.les (resh sawn ; Kraiii not ipiiie parallel i lar;;e knot at one end i season erai'k.s on two old si.les ; small knot in liody. Cripple.! ihroni'li knots. Three siih's ficsh "awn ; f;iaiii parallel ; Hea.son cracks on oli) ►ide; two small injuries III old siile near one end. Cnipled ihi ,..h ,erv ''innll knot near jne tiiil Three fresh sides ; Hlieciiiieii full of knots, two al one enil, one liirfre knot an.) two Pinall knots m l.oily ; liad season crack on old' "ide. Crippled tliroiiRli knot al one end. Four fresh siile,s ; iwo liirjie knots near centre ; two pin knots; );rain parallel. Crippled and ^plitalonfilihr,. (romthe knots. Three sides fresh sawn; large knot 4 ins. from end; «rain paral- lel ; slight decav. Crip- pleil opposite knot. P'onrsides fresh sawn; larpie knot near centre ; grain parallel. Crippled opposite knot. Clear and straight j^rained. Kaile.l hv fold- ing through an 'in-'.iry I'-oni cant, hook H "in- from eml. ('Tain straight; one old siile; free trom large knois ; liiiled liv hurst- ing open along tliree linoc, which pass lliroiigh various knots and .sea.son cracks. RRHUt.TH or rriMI'HRgilVl TRUTH (IN OI,|i WIIITK I'lNI— Contill iwrf. 8.75 X 4.;il X -Jft.L'S XM X 4.80 X ts.ti::. mo 2.1.6 3.r>i) y 4.;t8 X 44.5 ;l.T.. A 1.36 X it.ft a.6 X 1.4 X 45 2170 n.!> 2(i50 2;i.(] 334ii 22.8 :i.5 X 44 X 42.5 3.5 X 4.45 X 4t! 3.S3 X 3 S3 X 71.3 3.84 X 3,K4 X 72.0 'J1I70 23.(1 Orain slmiijlit i oiu' (ilil Nfu'Oiifd "iile ; ki'V ernl kiuita ; I'nilnl iil utic Itiruc knot in iiiiilille ol plllur. winch piiKipil llirou(ili fniiii "iilr I" j.iile. KiiiUirf by li'inl ing Hti'dHK iiurniw ili- inrh^ioii- drain Htmitiliti out' nlil Heaxoiu'ii ^itli't tnany kiiol^i fitili'.l nt lino luruo kiiiil ill iiiiililli' i>r pillnr. wlii'li piiKitfil thniu^li from xulc ti> Kiilp. Failuri' l.y lifiiil in){ acroHK narrow ili- iiienHion. ''.rain Hirai)(lit i cIk ulil ..ililei iiiuiiy riiiull kiK.t.4 ; (ine liir^^c knot (Id olil niilc 15 iiiK. from oil.' cnil. Kailcil liy (^ripiiiin;; nt lliai I'liol Strui)j;hi griiin ; (iiirlv (ilear ; ^inne small knots; line (il't Hoasoned -iile. Kailcil hv IhiiiI:!))! 18 ins. Iron, unc cml in clear woml at'ro^> Ica^if ilimcnsions. Oiitin Hlraii;;lit; livn olil sides I kiiiit al one cnili also kiiol at cenlri' |iassi.|;i lliriiii;;li a iior- rjcr. Kiiile.l liy ilirect crip|illn|j wliicli siiirtpil ul Knot III iiiiildli' (if till' |iiccc. 2082 21.1 'Iniiii nearly Htraijriili I'tM- uld side; varioii.s knots, parliciilarlv one near i'enlrc|iii«Miiif; Irom eor.u'i' to corner uf see- linn. Failure liy lienil- ng at this knot on least dimension. Grain stniight ; one iilil - le. Kaileil near ecnlri liy bendin^^across least dinieiisiiiii at a knot, which penetrated (he heart of puce fiiini one side Two iciu.'son (incedget line large knot at centre, aiiuther 12 ins. away ; on second face live knnt.-. two near centre, 'iIhts 12 ins. froiii ends ; ^min parallel ; cenire of tree in corner ul specimen, failed hy iH-ndingat ecu tre knot, induced lirst liy heiiig .] in. off cent re (in lop hearing. .'!338 2li.0(i Had knot (i ms. Irom eentie on one face : next face knot 2 iii^ from end ; grain alHiiii paral- lel ; many smaller knot- centre of tree on sann corner as lar^'e knot. Failed hy l.ei,dii,r at large knot. 2248 2862 21.7 7(1 iued. HMULTRciir ro.UI-RHMItlVR TKHTu ON NEW SPHIICK (Bc.) Dinien^iuna in Invhf*. 4.72 4.77 4.75 1.7U 4.7W 4.7.'^ 4.7fi 4,7l' ;i.75 4.fil-.'X 4.;t7.')X 4.73 X 4.7a X :i.r,l X 4.75 X 4.75 X X X X X X X \ X X -'.a<3X 1 94 2.:i5 X i.u MI76X 1.M76 -.-'•'■> X l.H7.'i 2.L:.-. X 1.U7 2.2.'i X l.!t4 2.HI2X I.«H 2.22 X Lit 2.;m X 1 ti2 2.:il2X l.!»4 I.876X 2 2.25 X 2.50 4.73 X ;i.» 3.;|i(. ''' • I'iii kniiiHi (.|| iiol ijuii.. [.uriillcl. :I- l''aile,l l,v on,,. |iliii;.' Ill axe cut." 20.,", Ci,|,),lei| HI a I, III,,. I, ;(()■_) (il'tue limits. I''ive iar^e l;iiol« hii,| ""'", l"i'-'f ■H'lisoii ciacl;. 33.0 ,,V,''',"; "ii'l >*lrHit.-lit. I'ilile,|,vcnppli„j;,n.,„. I'll end, -'it.d K,„|,.,| ,,y ,.,.|,,,,|jnj,. 27.1 Knol near .me en.l. '■aileil in ceiiire 2!i.!t Clear. 2H Clear uial .straiyln ;:ianif(l, l,nt |„,avv seu- «'n eraek fr.,i„ »"i,j,, ,,, "I'le. Kuileil hv Inil,,],,,, on .seaH„n crack "an.l ilien twiiilinj;. Orain n,,i Nirai^.i,,. "'•"vy kn„i tlir„n;r|n.,,|,, lre;alH,eail...n.ii .s,|imre. HMr..ta|,artalonf;«nlre. StraiKht^rniJued. Fail. i;'l al large kant :| ins. tn.in end l,y erippli,,^,. -8.4 .Sc-aiffl't Kia.nt^; ;-if,"l large knot.s. Faileil ;y l.x'iiilinK at tivo knot.- I.I in>. from one eml concave to hlgj, ^ide. NMI'kTll or rOMPBHaiVM TMTION NRW IIPSUOB (aO.)— CVih(>hm«>/. i'M X 4.50 X 20.Sft ■t.OH X 4.3R X -'2.97 I.IH X 4 35 X 'i'i.^i ».a!l X 1.15 X 22.90 4.20 X 4.:)r> X 22.!)0 4.2fl X 4.411 X 22.9 4.24 X 4.:il X 22.94 4.12 X 4,nr> X 2U.00 4.10 X 4.41 X i'lW 4.2.i X 4.40 X IM.O 4.10 X 4.40 X 2;!.0ft 4.(i!t X 4.;!S X 23.0U 2.97 X 40 X lli.l 3.33 X 4.1 X 15.04 4.72 ill ilmr. X 15.0 L'.H X 4.1 X IS.5 :I584 27.4 (Iritlii clmr tint |iar •IIfI. Cri|>|ili'ili»t cuiiirr. 39(10 27.6 Omiii Lriiiklril iiMr oii« riiil. Fdlril tlit'rt. 3J71 27.7 Clrar i ■trkii(l>< > nn kiiulH, Kitilrl I kii'il iirsr iwntri' of (Hie mhIc vt wliivli |iin.'e fitili'il. ]iH,2 Oritiii nut |iHmllrl. h'ttileil liv luii|iili>lln)i lit Ii kii "I Ii ill". I'riim one end. One neai-ipii i;mck. Jnl not aOi'Ct (lie fitiliire wliicli wilH liy (;rl|i|iliii);. Knot near one end. Crippled in IkmIv of p I'ce at a diHlain^r from ilie knot. Orain clear and par- allel. Crippled on (jnc Hide. Clear and -liai^ilil jjraiiied. Crippleil two from eiiil. Stniifrlit grained ; large knot on nii.ldle of «ide. Failed near one end in (dear wood . 30.86 Four deep medullary Heallicriiii.' craokd ; a maK« of ki. iH at lower end t Hiiiall pin kiiutKat centre ; einU not (|iiil* iiarullel. Cripiiled at lower end lU kiiol". 24.1 Clear a n d ^tiainlit lirain ; lailed I'V crippling and liendim; ti. ins. from one end . 78 ■uiri.T* o? roMinrsHivr tmm ow , OLD 8»'Ki;cK. lira I' ill' lit I'iiiicn»ioii» ill iniiliiiii. I<<^nttlhf. I 2J2 X 242 X 2.50 X 2.1H X 1M7 . a.2(» X a.i'o X .'117 X 3.20 X ■J HO X I'HO X 2.18 X :iM X 2.B0 X 2.00 X 2.6G X 2.80 X 2.80 X 262 X Rt'tnarkx a.ir. X SOR 4:)7R 2H4 2 07 X 10.12 1608 2HA 245 X 10,116 4:107 270 3 20 X 11.25 ;iS02 28 4 21H X 14.(10 4842 27.0 2 1H X 13,40 4714 27.0 3.22 X 1.3.40 321 X 13.28 321 X 13.02 320 X l.t,43 3.15 X 13 30 3 34 X 12.50 6S25 5600 4900 5273 6131) 4818 2.18 X 10.00 4337 27.!t 3.6ii X H.60 6329 2.6.-! X 16 45 7389 2.75 X 10.25 3664 2«.'i X 15.67 )i809 3 37 X 27.05 51 16 3 35 X 26.2»i 5096 275 X 17.72 5625 CIpRr wmxl, alrtiglit liralriril ; (.mln nut uf »i|iiiiri. ; lifNt 111 IT, i;ii'i»r wuoil, iilriiJiila KritiiM'il ; (.|iii.< iiiit „f "imirei b«iii oVit. OI|.«r v«)i«l, nirmglit (jmirii.,1 1 riiilnl liv l*iiil- MiK I worm ralFii! ('Ii'sr »iH).l, »lr»j({lit Uraiiinl on, la uut of "(imre i lient iiv»r (^irar wchmI, mmmlit jiniiiwl ; rHJInl l,y l,i.ni|. iiiK; wui-'ii i.aiHM. (!lfi»r WD.iil, Kinii^jlii tiraiiii'il i ruilril liy Uuil IHK : wuriii ('itlen Cl»»ri Btrnl;j;lii urimi fil ; cri|i|il«l at wiun.. C'lfar 1 Hiriii^rlit erain- eil ; uri|i|ilnl ul ciiil at a prcvimiH injury 011 mir- fai.1". Slraijjhl (iniiiuil; knot at reiiire. Cri|i|i.e.l at knot. Straight grainril ikiiot on coriior at >:fMire Failcil ul kiioi, Iliiivy knot tliriiiigli «l(!i' licar ecntre. Cn|>- (jU'iI at knot. .Straight (.Tiiini'il ; knul- iinir ciilIi enil. Ori|i(il|.,| ami Imrst tliruii^h lur^t. kiiut. ("leur wood j flraixht liraine.l. Fiiiled liv U'lid- inx ; iviiriii ciitiii.' Cli'iir and -Irtticlil griiini'd. l)ri|ipliil near eiio lliroiiKli II >iiinll in- jury liku a nail liole. Clear i Mruiglit );raiii «l. Cri|ipl«l S iii^i. from end, Oiii' miall kiiol, liut liiidly out id parallel. Kailid at knot. Sirnijjiii jiiaiufd ; one small knot mar end Crippled lirxt near uen- Ire Ihrougli cant liook lioles. .SlrBi);lit griiin ; knot 12 inn. from end. Crip- Jiled HI knot. •Straijditgruini knotlU ins. fr. Ill fiid. Crippled at a knot. Clear, but grain very niueli out of parallel, ad niucli an :i in.^. in IH inf.. Burst apart l.y sliearing of iinsupporied fibre. 7» TBNSILK STRKNGTH. The experiments were especially directed to the eompiirison of tlio to.iBilo strength and utiffness of portions of the same stick, in diifereiit positions relatively to the heart. Iti desiftniiif; the forui of the tc. i piece, it was of importanee to make the head of such a depth as wouM prevent the central portions from being pulled thrmiL'h the head by shearing; alon>; tlut .surlaec BO, and it wes alveisely. The extensions of a length of ten inches of the s|i(viiiien under gradually ineieascd loads were measured by mean< nl' I'nwin's oxtensonieter until the total extension excc'del about on,' eightieth of an inch. After this the extensoiiieti'r W'ls r moved, and in many cases additiunal extiMi^icm read- ings, up lo the point ■■f fracture, of a lemub of sixteen inches of the specimen, were mia-un d by mean.- ul'a sHel rule and iniliealor elamjud to the speeimi'ii at points 111 iiu'lics opait and allowed tn slide over one another. The ri'sulis iil.raini'il an' given in tln' lollnwing Tables and an exam- ination of these will show : — 1st. 1 hat i|ie inen inentsof extensinii up to the point of fracture art almost (liiectly jnoportioii'il t" thi; increments of load ; 2nd. That the prc-enee of knot^ i-- most detriiuental both tn the strength and to the stiffness, inasmuch as they practically diminish the effective sectional area, and also produce a curvature in the L;iaiii ; 3rd. That wood near the heart [.osse.sses much less strength and much less stiffiieis than that more distant from the heart; 81) ^^XQ 4(,h. That the strength and stiffness arc also dependent upon the pro- portion of su.iimer to spring jjrowtli ; 5th That irregularity of readings, both with the extenson.ot^r and w. h the rnle, are chiefly due to the presence of a knot, or to curly or obli(|ue fjrain o.iused by a knot. AK„i„ ,^„,eof,ho Tables give the effects on various specimen., of ■ '-"a.ely loadn,, then, and rolievin, thnn from their load, and frL the «perM„o„ts curried out up to date the following inferences may pcrhiips he drawn :— If thesp..ci,„en is clear, free from knots, and str,d,.l,t in the grain, and , no ,„,er.al of rest is allowed, then for any given range of bads ; W 1 he total extension is greatest during the first loadin- ■ dllni. 'T'"""'""' ''"'■' '" "'" «'''™''«»ive loadings continually im m,.,h, tending to a minimnn, limit, so that the co-efficients of elas- ticity increase, and th.-ndor.. so also does the stilfness ; (c) By the sucee-^sive uoloadings a sot is produced, which eon- fmilly meivases, but at a diminishing rate, an,I which tends to a maximum limii ; {'I) AVheo ihe specimen is allowed an interval of rest under the Minimum load, the first total extension, when the loading is resumed, IS greater than at the commencemeat, but eoatiimally diminishes tend-' mg to a minimum limit, which possibly coincides with the maximum limit rciiched previous to the interval of rest. So.-.lso, after the intevai of rest, when the fir.-i set produced the si.e- eimei, is Iron, load, is greater than that previously produced, but -Ta- dually diminishes, m the .sueeeoding releases from lo.id, teiidin- proba- biy to a minimum limit coinciding with the u.aximum limit "reached before the iaterv.il of rest. These inferences are also in accord with similar experiments carried out by Mr. Krrry, B.A.Sc. Specialatteiiti„n may be dire-tiM to the test of speeiineii 4, l...:iin XXI. This specimen failed simultaneously at two secth.ns, the wood seem- mg to b. very brittle, an.l the clmr.ictcr of the f.ilure pointed to .s.mic inherent we.kn.ss in the timb.r itself. After a microseopio examina- tion of the fractured sections. Prnfesnor I'en hallo wdescri lieu the fractures as being'- very regular and d.tvoid of any fibrous cimraeter, hiivin- the " exact appearance of a piece of -lass. The lines of fracture followed " the variations in thickness of structure lon-itudinaily ami trans- ^'^' versely with meit r,g ilariiy. The p vuliar l.rittlenew can only be " ivlerred to some local molerular condition of unknown ori-in, possibly " to a deficiency in the element of water.'' Thesimultanetms failni-,' at two seel ions of specimJiis 2 and S from White Pineb am X!.VI[[ may probably be referred to a similar emse, and, .as Professor IV„l,,ll„w s.ys, ,i le ,uaf explao itioiis of siieli lailures are still to be sought. Fn the Tables thr extensomiter measurein aits are given in bun lied. Ihonsiudths „r;„i inch, ami the rule measurements in hundredths of an inch. Willi each table a diagrammitic section is also given, showing the part .if the stick from which the several specimens have been taken. ilAiiKAMHIl' sH lliivs (foil ThN^loV spEcni BN^ 42 533 |Wi [i5j fffB Miisi ^>j »M,i liMj iii Lwj i: r^ ¥1 ^,g//B f^,g 119. FiglZO /r,^,g, r,g'S2 r>glS3 ^>g'S* r,^IZS r,g,l6 ^'?"7 r,g>lS figuS Plg'SO /-,g,3/ r,g, '^ r,,, " F,g,iifr,^ ,„ HI X Results of u^nsion trats on specimens 1 to cut out of Pni das Fir Beam IX, and of repeatedly lomlingii spceinieii eutoutnftlie sauio I earn. (Fig 118.) Loads in lbs. 100 •)0 too liOll soil 1,00(1 1,200 1,10(1 1.000 i,xoo 2,000 ■l'( .lal Ill fukinir 1 Wt'lL lit ih III.-, t ]i ■('Ilk II ; 1«'1-V|. '■ Hi.. , . '.....' 1 RcaHiii^s liiken tiy Isxlcnsdinc ep. Spei'iinfii. For- wiiril. (I Ml 229 ;i72 ;-)09 014 7T0 'J14 l(ll!i lls.-i 1 ;!2:i 2 For- wiiril. TO 227 :i7!t 527 ()7;t UOd 1007 1211 '.1270 (iJ'.M) Mw OiPIlt ■liqi ty Ml \ 3 4 Foi-- Fi.r- vard. wiiril. II 19-1 201 :il« 4:!0 i:!.') 579 0-17 7H7 004 870 7H4 Kir.ll 891 12-ji; lOOx Kill,-. 1124 1(!..">MI F..r - II For- F..r- ward. warii. ■..■ini. II ."0 240 259 25!l :)ii3 .J49 504 5111 702 .^■i2 HOH .'^OS 10(11 1004 1025 1 1.-:: i:.;:iii I'OP- wunl. 9 For- ward. 50 «2 102 252 40H 579 520 7:ifi 037 S9(l 752 1017 ni;'.> 12(111 9S4 lOIW 111,11 I i;;;4s : •+ s^ ?i li — . ri r-t o^ — ^ -i ^- ^- A — '' — * " ri t '* 1' H = 7-1 ^ tt'>l-)ii('t e cut fiKth IK i;:lilioiii - liciiiil 1. 1 lic'iirt. s ^ •3 'M 7 1 / :" r. r^ ; . — 'M M cr. -- J : -/ c; — — ■* '-: : T ■ ~. I - /. r. — I ~ \.' 'r '~* iz '^ H 'i '"" ?- r* ■ ^ I ~ — ri ?:' rn -i I- ?" ri. — ' -II S5 — r? — "t f^ o^ »n X /.fir'*/ ^ T 1 - c ift Tr :• -f '£ r- c — ri .J --• c^ -* -^ ./ ^ Tt -*■ ^ T. = 1- c^ ifs c 1^ .c I- o »r ^ i"; ^ '^ o rt fcc • tj; O- • >, • ii S ,- — — Tl■^^ -^ r-. -f T •- .-: -.r •.; i-i-x, / m g J ■•; '-.s ■_s t^ » U bi 82 ; ; ; = - M X CC SI ..- = ,o ; : : : — — T-i rj r- n, ^ J S^ I5S4~7^~ - •- :rr — '■^i I -^ ;^ ;- :s is Ij'':-'?^ :| -rr ig ;§ "|i Us?! I:s !i !l3 '.7 ** I '■J ;-5- •!- .ri .i '"!fii|§.§';:i§§ t- =- -■- « M T-l re - ;? o g.r'g ~t-- ' !ii sa Eb a (4 i2 2S a «3 |i>. • ■M • I- iM .f 1 . — • »e-i • -^ • I- . o t^ 04 n ?c o I * n ^i ^ rt -r '^ r- ac c "«4rtS3tS^ii Kaileaat tH-osnmii knots. This tf.Mt-pmu' was cut uui iVnin mar the heart. •^ T^ w: 1 ■^ Oi <3 I CM -^ OS ■ — ri •^i -^ r- rc x r-. rj r^. i:; ;j I- X o ^ "T ■ J r-. — « -H (•* rf .- -j; I - yj O — KiiiU'il HI ^e(:Ilull where >;:aui was uiirly, ihit' tu proximity of u Utiol. •£ t— »n M« CO -J O^OC:0 = =:^OC3.0:=CC: = OCCOC=0:= — — -^ — — a c i <^ ■ r- ■' ^ CT r- — 84 s »c M i s -5 5 • . TO :§5 c , 1 • .00 :S is : • 1^ .* jo ' M a 5J V y ■5 a c >, s - S s2 «^c5- 1^ .—I j-i -T- ^= X -r- M -t -^ x I, c a- , -Jl i: is -^ 5 at 85 I. •§ at )-" X^ as? ? '-' CC :l -~ »u £■"' s a' ="i|; O V 'Si aV 1 c « , 1^1 ^ ii iS s i - "? ^ ••* oi- In tills ti'st-pU'.'o the «M-ntiJil [H.rtloii wjiHpiill.-.l thr S. ~ li"R- — •" o I I- T-i -i — ' ts — o : ri r-: •- •£ X 3-. - This icst-pifcp fiiilcl a( ii sputimi wImti' till' irmiii wa-nirly t'loiii |ii-oxitnil\- tin knot. *'""'"-'"^^^ Tills test pii'ci' cotiuiu'in'c.l to fjiil Nl n sriiiiil Is'iiol. -4 \ '"'^ 'iV = ?i=r ? -^ = 111 lliis tcst-pifi.c (Ik- coiiliul liortion *'"'"*'~^*~ wa-' piiUcil tliroii<.'li the licufl, -u tluu ilsipimiiosiroiij^Ili (xcim'Joi] tlic hicak- itiir wt'ti:Iif. w 7-I rt -M X o i--: M n X rt _7. -^ -M l~- r;: r- s s s — c^i n -^ X = fi ^ -3 X C: ."^ 5 I : 5 S S 2 * ^ = r^ *(S.f:;: -^■" 86 Ill- piilli'.l tlirciixh llii< a I "o 3 O t «l I : is :i iS lii 1 s '''s5§*lr I "" "" "t If: -^ I- X o — ! =■ s 2 g f! ij ;-= 2 ■2 • r r7"^H-f-.^^-= — _ — t-i - o I- /J — ~ .::::;;;:: 2 3-. *Si25|¥F — o 3 : = w ■= o o — 5> '— »-* CI 5M C* ^7 J; 'I* . I IE •J '^l I ■ g •; ;|^ ? ;,- ji 2 •" . . c - .- . S.S- 2 .-^-^ c A ^ « i 87 I CO J2 :,SI » I ic i a I 5 : j^ : 2 ; — ,?• -r .: I is ■V ■;.o 5? •* — t- re ai -J ■« s — — r4 f» rf ^ ^ .O ..T ii 3 ,- -ij ^ je_o s a "5 oi a ^ ■ 88 a a ^ ^ ! ■*!' * £' ? S 2 S ri /V i; ;■? f3 ; -^ n -t .-; -i 1^ X' y o ^ lu 1 •*» { . '■i ;^l ; ; ■ .* J J 1 .' ; : O ■ •^s^ijisrj ^: '■=« i C — r: •* ».* 1- /_ T. =. rt . . ■ X >l 1 ^ i — — , il — — ' — - -. - Ci ^? • ^1 : -* lii : 111 ~ i 3 r iTZ ; 25 ; ■= ■ ■ £■- »• >^ « i: — N — ' ■ ■ ■ . — . ■^i .1 . t ^ . -^ . 1 . . (^ • - • M . 1.1 . . X •*« - .is ?; :Sis is : tr a ~ 3 ; ~ • " • ■-: • • "/: ii ~ ,^ I- :^ '-^ " *- 1* -f <-: t' .- S • . ^ "o .r I-* r- x x r X ju *S - M r: •* .-. j 1- t ^ = •it" S := :g :S TirlFr t - t ii --"■.~iTS~-'~ ■ ■='^-~^ - _. IT = ■ T) jo -1* : : — : : ^ ~ ~ .^; V tz '^ " '-^ ^ »■ ^ ■ • _ ^•H 2 : = : ;- ; 2 : : = l: ■ ^ i • rt ^ -^ i I-- .' 1 c: ?i '. i.* in f: : ji ; =; : £i : yf ■ ; as r t i; 1 7 - i . 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C-t -^ >ft s X 'ft X o o cc -- « L^ to . t-i « "ft ^ ^t -^ ■'^ ::: ^ t: * r='-^2?,SJi'c?5 o r-- 1- r) 1- f »> ^ ^ 2 S • s —* M ?^ ^ »ft •— 1^ -'^ -'^"t I — s; .^ --^ -^ si -^ — — 3i O - — __, O ^ X = O rA — c- 1 =. ~ t^ =- ff-; 1- Tl -X =^ "t 1" ~ ^^ r; ■<*■ * t' X o — ri^ . jqifi-^Av 3iii)i«aiq -ml — — — ii.iii.w.ixa uiHu.uia «)|l«"'i1 <11 inql OS '|"i'>'I "HI ilSuoim iiiiiinil »".•» uo\1Jciil l«i% -119.1 aiu 9oe\d-?«M «MH "I °^ S «^ S f § 3 S X i - mSi.m sii^'iaJi 3'n — —'ii.iii.Ki.ix.> ill8il.>iw oiisuin »)1 juill nspiMil mil ultuOJiil poiinil 8«» imllJoil IKil ■119.) .in) oaGiil-m.n «!>H " 13 fC S to " c o « - « •.iimi "o^'^-rys 2 2 SS_« 1 o I- » *-* '^* ^ 'ft ?^ — S "i • ! ! ; '. '. • ■ 'ft S i> r) ^ to X = ?; o • • : . . . ]—.-■ . ■ ■ . -v-r-vor-i "i.- ^ « 2 r^= s ^ ^ •911111 I ■ • • .-.— ,.<■.,, — ' , s X c-1 'ft 'ft o — o ri ^ . • ■ ; ; ; ; ; . . . lift— — C^'ft— w^*^"- . • . • • • ■9|n)t I ' • i ?i ?: o -o t- cc a^. o, ; ; : : ; : . : . . . — i-=¥^si^?.=:3iS -::::;;;;;;; o^r~yffi . — ci irj c." 'C rt ji -^ : _:. 2 ^t >i cc -^ -1- •« — - 1= = c o o = =0 o •= go ='£=1 il g i g i" .; 2 ^ ^ S ? § S § § X S ?. '\2,S 'ft,o 'ft.o 'ft o o J — -— — — — -f^rriri ^: ^ -f fft ■" ^"^ — . J» S ■? *5 '-r ^ •« — "^ ^1 o = r >ft »o to >fa -J I-. I- -J, y — • .» C- C -H T-t o — o - 71 .= ."'■ -"^ c *. ^ y 94 ■'inii ^ r": -t "55 I- 00 • *i ^ri . ai x> c- » »n • o • 2 <^ : Z- T ti 00 o *ii ' :2 "^ t ■ • C-l \ i^ 1 1^ = K c^ :-: o S ; ; 3 •■'i"ii "^zT M I o *- -xi ff> 'ft rt <3; i- 1 9in!i 1 :;:■.: t . ■ ■ ' '- - '-■ — •— ! ■ ' '. : : :- : . ^ . • ^ ^ > IS^ • '^ i^ _'■ • : : • : [ '"' "— f I - -H irt f^ 13 ■M"!l i Kxtr. ~ t-t X ■|MHrtJ"..l : : : •|)iw wioA ^S5 "S5"i>f O • '« = 2? ti " ; 2 « . _ -I rj t a it i'-! ?5 5 3 3 S ■ » <= r. I- -^ ri •« cr -o 96 Loailr* ill U'*. ^ :^ C- to » r- •a 3 I- I- I'MDi Mill i: in |'.t|ir.i ■ I- — • X 3 in o ^ — — — t~- 1'- 1 - X X — ^ ■ U i X ■ — 1- ^ u ■,: M - 96 1 11(1' •iOdl 4IM) liOo' H«0' 1 ,00(1! l.'ilHI' 1 ,4(in i.r.ool I .I'idO 2. mill •>,:m) ii.tUMI ;(,ri(iii I.IIIKl l..'iOO .■|,IH)II ,"),.'inu i;,0(u)i (;,:iii(> 7,(1011 7,.'>(l(l H.OOO ills! weijililx ( lbs. lir'kiiij: "Tt. ^ in lbs. pPf '''V ■ In. ("iiellicii'itof t'laslicitv in Iba. Tiiiif'ol leu ill iiiiiiiiw 111 iiiiiiiitP'' ' I I •_ _. , 11 1^ ,u,rln Kic striuuiM', Bi'ara Results of ti.nsiou tests on >^Vf"'''"X'^^ Zdmon cat^out of the s.nu, lie im. XXII., and of tlie lepuUcd londinK c» lUiolhev ''P^__^^^^^^^^^^^^,^,,,,,,,,^.== (Fig. 127.) Uiad^ in lbs. mo: 20(11 I'lOO' soo' 1 ,0(10 1,200' 1,4001 1,600 1,8001 ■2.0(10 2,r>ooi 3,0001 3,500 4,000' 4.500! .■),000' .•i..'i(in (1,0011, (i,.-iO(> 7.000 7,50(1, 8.(100 S,.-|0(l 0,000 11,500 'I'utttl llllilli illjr WCij?llt lbs Ur'kiii« wjil. in ll'-^. I»'i' ''1 K(.ftilin|!H taken by 2 liiviik- ) ;lit in V Co-ellicienlof elasticity i" lbs. Time 111 lest ( in miinid'S; \ ■'I")l ~ 'Z o n ,■^1 ; M I'- n X ■n "" » M X ?1 S t ^ LT ^ 2! i' ** "'"M 5» 00 -^ M ^^ PC n -r trj -^ I, r^ ^ ^ SIN 5 ^ Tl C«f - f ■'i»it I " o " ~ ^ '~ J* S • O • X fC O 3» -/.' -J i s V. 6 ■■l"!l I •o -r-Ns^xff*©— . — : I — 5 — '■* * -f I - s e^ 7' T 3 ,x lo — r': — -^ . ?;: . ; •)• « 1 - v; o> o[iill ^^i-^^^ — o* . . ^' Kiiili'l III ii !-niu|| pin. kiiol. 1 ■ ^t -^ X r; 7-: •»n>u s CI n -» If: — ?i ec ^c — !*: r^ -f f= ff> c 3i 5 ;*■. ■•c O OJ 2.' i " 'C r- cJ" I:: '"* ■* o -S -S -i r §■= = 3/ - j; •^ ~^''~t'',~.^^^.'\~ ~^o '-: o i-T cr^irt 5 r= ^ .15 Sf " -' -■ '-;■ '-' -" c I- t- x" •/■• 5 5 »; S i »- H-oa „-y _= -6 e £ a ~ o «i c: s i H u 98 HiiBllltS lit' Ii'llsH'll lists "11 JifC'l Ii,ai.. I.X. (Im;.'. i:i9.) llloll^ I lit uul "f ( iM Sji'-uf Ktiiiigcr. in lllH. Il(ll.iui);s tl>l>"ll i)i;u IHi :i7l (11 . 70 .80 , 8S Kl.'JIlii rii7,:i.'jii .11 IK): 2rii>' 41o lilOi 780 tiso' 1,0411 II 17 2;! 29 41 4'J i>i 57 .'i.f.no !>.III14 ,l'il7.1'i» > >fH 99 ■■•n [A :? s ff» ri r: o f» — o X — lo f I *»■ "t I- X i s.rsi "= :2 -.p, :ti :s! ia i? ^ ® 9L i "? " ^' £* a i »o r^ ^. r* a - rt •* tr I - / -S ».l«j I \=v r'l n ift %C X . . — • WJ .•« .^ Jl («* T ^1 I. _ •- ;■ • cc • r. . -^ ■•■i :S •_ -i ^S 'C; 3 111 14 :;: :i? :! • »rt ?■) * o J -t X M — -r r: — ■ CM •-'t rt I to CM r* -»■ -o I - r. s ^tiSc 3 = C3_; ^ 4. 100 out of i.ani.' Bi:.uitliu5. (Ht?. l'"'^ lt»Hilinn« liikfii I'.v Uwl" in' tbn. 1110 1 2011 ' 4(10 lUMI rUO 1 .wm 1 .'200 1,(1111 1 ,(i»M I, Mid 2,«tl'l ■i,i«ii 2,4fl« ;i,oi'« :i,BOO 4,000 4,500 s.ooo fl,:>«o n.ooo 6,fi00 7,000 7.500 8,000 H,500 0,000 it.noo ill 11.- •• I Itroukiiiji wciglil ill ^ Ills, (jer M|. in. . . . L'oellioii'iil in cliis liL-ilv ill lli^ Time ofii'-i inmin •2,'.;711,«.")|i 101 i — ^ •. tl / •. "" ^ ■* 'fl •— i — H •■> 1- ji 1 T rf J w ^ '" I- r- i *i •M"ll I ri i1 iUii? '^'■^^.Miir^smr^ f>- a M rt '.-5 I . x - *'35Wk?^ II- a : -^ :| ::i 12 : 1 • 5 .' ."S . .^ , :* -* fi - rl 102 lo:i s- • o • • -t-l • '-^ * , * • — • '.-i • . .-^ . . 1- • 1^ . ." . C. ' • «.-5 . — • r- • — ■ . • . •" . ; ri i'"' • : :i ; • ■•£ :S :•" • • 'C TT ■ o — o r-. — c^ -^ i^ ".^ " X J-1 .— .1 i a ^ 31 rj X -T -J ^ 1-5 ■^ ^ -T '3 X 3 ri — .: y. , 104 SHEARING STRENGTH. In the experiments, to determine the shearing strength of timbcrB, coin .iderabk difficulty was found in preparing suitable test-p.eceswh.eh would „ot at the same tin.e be liable to a large bend-n, "<""»■ Bl°^';;« were prepared ns .huwn by sketehes A. H and C ; but unless the s.de were sufficiently strnn,ly ekmped, ns in Fig. A, the specimens almost invariably opened at M, under an effect chiefly due to bendu.g. The clamping, again, introduced a compression, which rendered ,t impossible to obtain tho true shoaring stress. Aft^r a nun.bor of expevimcnts, more satisfactory and .vl.able results were obtnined by preparing tost-pieees as shown by iMgs. K and ). The bonding action is by no means eliminated, and, generally sp ak- i„„ it is practically impossible to frame .imb.r jo.nts subjected to a nuVe shea, only. T!,e sheaving strengths, whteh are of .n.por.anee, are the resistances along planes tangential and r„d,al to the annular rtngs ll examination of the tos.-pieces shows that the shears are .vartably "'"^^.Srirobscrved that in the ,ango,„ial sh.ars, the fibre, both hard and soft, is sheared radially, in the ra.iial shears tangenl.ally, a,ul inviiriably through the soft fibre. . , , ■ . ,i With Ot-picces of the lorn, shown by Fig. 1', t e shear.ng st.engths ■aon.^ the tangential and r.dial planes are ohtain.d, wh.le the compound iari,,; strc;.th, which ,n:,y be eonsidced as the resultant of the tangentiid and radial shea,-s, is obtained with the fst-pteces of the fbrn. '''Xwi^Tables give the results of e.peri.nents carried out with test-pieces and holders of th.e form described :- TABLE OK T..K TANUENTlAr., RADIAI. AND COMPOUND SHEAa.N.l IZmrm «. DOt^OLAS ri.V SrECtMKNS ft-T OUT 0. XHK S.^ME BEAM. Shoarnig stresB, , iHT SI), in. in. ' ■i (lirecliou at C No. :^ No. 5 No. i No. 8 No, '.t No. 12 5t;o *No. 1:! 471 4S4 *No. 14 .'liUi r)44 No. Hi 1)29 ISO No. It; • 15" 43G 4S0 ! ro.MlM.fNh SllEAlUN.i STKEMiTllS '-l-' n.'U.it.AS KlU ANll BID PINE SPKCl.MENS. S|«' ilncM No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Diiujilas Fir. Slienring sireiijitli per square inch. b02 lbs. 727 " S8t; " 7:'5 " 700 " 049 " 740 '■ Red Pine. S[H.'ci,nen. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1 '2 3 4 5 ti 7 S 9 10 Shearnij; sireiiiilli per si|nari- inch. (i4K lbs. :,->:\ " 572 " 570 " 7;u •• 584 " (171 " (198 •' 740 " 757 " lo;, Not bciufr altogether ^atisGod witli these results, as the tost-pipoes Jid not seem to be of sufficient siiL! to >;ive results which could boooa- sidercd of star.diird practical vuluo, new holders, with spherioal poats, were designed, and are shown iu Fii?. F. With those holders, tests can now bo made upon specimens iu which the sheannj; surface has a width of 8 ins. and a depth limited by the leusile aireiiirih of tlie tin.ber, the niaximuni shearini; area biMni; !)ti w), inehes. The web of thr specimens is usually about .7 in. in thickness, .so thill the depth should not exceed .lif) ' , / beinj: the tensile iiiid .< the shearinj; strengths in lbs. per fq, in. The dipth of lliv slioulder form- ing the bearing for Jie pressure reijuirod to produce the shear is about ^ inch, and is made of only sufficient sectional area to resist failure by eoinprossion, us the deeper the shoulder the gre;i!er will be the bendini; action introduceil From the Tables givini; the results of the shearing experiments, the ibllowing inferences may be drawn ; (/ The shearing strength of the limbers is much less mar the heart than at a distance from tlie heart li. Generally siK'aking, the shoarin;; strength increases with the weight per cubic foot. '■. The shearing strength increases with ilie density of thi' annular rings, or rather with the proportion of hard to soft libre. (/. A failure sonietiine.s occurs, for wliii-h it is difficult to tind a com- plete explanation. Tor example, the two specimens from HianiX, and designated in the Table by a *, were precisely similar in dimensions and in weight, and also oceuiiied precisely similar positions relatively to the heart in the stick Irom which they were cut. Om- (d' these specimens failed under a shear of 170.24 lbs. per s(|. in., and the other under a shear ot 301,84 lbs. piTsc). in , so that the Rhearing strc'ngth of tie latter was more thanSSpiT cent. less th;iH that of the stronger siH'cimen. A earelul examinatidu of the .surfaccsof fracture showed no viaihle difTeienee iu the speeinious, and the only possible conclusion to bo drawn seems to be either '.i one of the 1U6 ■ V, 1,.™ toon dra. A.n to «"«',•"•' «»''""';"' :ss:j:i:...':.ir;::::;;..:u.4-"=.-'-«- to the annular rin^s. j avirii|j;e co-effi- In practice, ''''^f °-;;\:;\\ , Ct it ° 400 ^l^^" P" ^'- ^""" '"^ --« '"•^'-'":!^ ;':roC ti innu,ar ring, and 375 lb. per ' ^,,,_Tho numberB m brackets at the e d .t^ ^,^^^,„„,i, ,«.■. O,llowing Table correspond '^-';;:":^:':Srt.,e specimens ;::;;::riri;^Hr;;a;^:i;l..en...n.on>theh.^ :^* ^'ir''* Wg ^T^ ^^ ^'^ "« ^«'" ^'^'** ^^.;^^^'*"^^*'** i^*^ /♦<»• 107 1 ? d b*; 5 ft I- '. ;,' -« i- --5 c 0- ci 1 -2* x> O o - t £ irj — — ■/ : 00 X -T- ri ^ r; X S r-i fi "^ i^ ^ o -3 5 " *-*> — X i.O — i."2 I* — Ti- cm"-."— ' > X 7^ X »<^ lO OO — -T T --£ -^ — . .O > O ^ i o .- -"—'■..* — u ..^ (M ^ « — :?i■«^; Sir- ^'^J•>; r:ocM— -f -^ -i ri X s 31 — r^ A 2 s r- «r; 1^ r-: o n » - = 31 •rnrjr^wnric*i?t7^ •t*,£"r- -^ iV : '. sl*"^— ■?■? s'— • X : ; '2 c r - ^ 3 c c . ' '"T ^ . '." X n •* c -^ — ' o X -r ? '^' 'Z- H — - o -*• X 'O s — • r- o r- -t i ; Ij £: in — — "^ => is -* ■■« '« ■= '-'ti » ^'"t .^^Ic • e- r- r- .i ..t j*j c^i i 5^ ^' — !i; t'-ffi ^ r2 £: 'i^ ^ ^ '=' ; — M — — — ^^ ^M '^J c^i ip-i n ^- — - • ^ ■— • T . 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