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Translated from the German DL- C. F. von Schmidt- Phiseldek, Doctor of plkilosophy, one of his Danish Majesty's coiinscllors of state » Knight of Danneurog kc. &c. &c. by '■ Joseph Owen. ■i%. Copenhagen i8ao. . Friated b}r Btrnhard Schlesinger. Ik ^ '.% "Mi If 1 ill I, ' 'Ifili ; ' i it' ";T?f"," 6?^- < to Introduction of the translator. I, 1 ! I Animated with the desire of being the the humble instrument of imparting to the American nation, that picture of future grandeur and happiness, which the author of the present interesting work, so pro- phetically holds out to them, I have been induced to undertake the translation of it. The diffidence I feel on the occasion, is considerably heightened by a fear, that the task I have imposed upon myself, has exceeded my abilities, and by a consci- ousness, of not haying rendered justice, to the beauties of the original. A faithful adherence to the style of t!ic author, where-evcr the spirit of the two liin5iurj,es would admit of it, has been my ruling aim tliroughout the whole. This work, which has met with the most favorable reception in Germany, has in the course of a kw months, undergone a tcond edition, and has been translated into French and Danish, which amply vouch for its intrinsic merits. Could I flatter myself, that the present imperfect translation will engage the attention of the Ajnerican public, I shall be fully rewarded, in ha- ving been the means of disseminating across the Adantic those sublime and noble sen- timents of the author, which do him ho- nor as a philosopher, and a friend of hu- manity. With depth of penetration, dedu- cing the events of Europe for the last forty years, from the establishment of Co- lumbian independence, he portrays, with masterly hand, their awful and variegated coi nai ser ha; spi lot prj frc at eu th. bri hi- tn CO th( tic ha m of tic th. i1. A faithful t!ic author , :\vo liingiKrj,es my ruling aim met with the Germany, has hs, undergone translated into amply vouch ould I flatter rfect translation the Arnerican arded, in ha- minating across ind noble sen- h do him ho- friend of hu- letration, dcdu- 3 for the last ishment of Co- portrays , with and variegated course*, points out those infirmities of the nations, Avhich c:illed down upon the pre- sent generation, the scenes of misery, it has experienced, and with the beno/olent spirit of humanity paints in striking co- lours, the only means, by which, both princes and their people can steer aloof from future danger. The fate of Europe at a distant age, and the encreasing grand- eur of Americ.i, now engage the author's thoughts, and plunging into futurity, he brings to light with daring hand, a picture, highly advantageous for the latter; but true to the principles, which shine so conspicuously throughout his work, consolf s the former, for her loss of extern:il poli- tical weight, with the prospect of mternal happiness, and a fund of intellectual enjoy- ment. Posterity will alone be able to julge of the correctness of our author's prophe- tic ideas; recent events speak in flr/oi:;!- of them; it nevertheless redounds to his ■j > s' . m lasting honor, to have sketched out a fu- ture pohbible condition of the civilized woildi to have illumined the steps of man- kind, towards the summit of earthly per- fection-, and to have delivered his senti- ments with that independent freedom, which becomes the enlightened age we live in, and which thrives so luxuriantly in the congenial soil of America. tec L ir. .■ m' d out a fii- he civili/.cd tcps of man- earthly per- ed his scnti- ^dom, which we live in, intly in the Contents. ■ d; ■ ■fl ■J, •■f| ler I. 11. North America declares herself free, a.id hecomes, so*, rerolution in thettnte ofthing,s{ the spirit of emancipation pervades Europe, as well as South America; attempts mndo by Miranda; formal insurrection of the Spa- nish American provinces. Condition of the European state?, on their entering upon the );ew period of the world. Internal remissness; thirst after external aggrandizement; the political unity of Ger- many nearly dissolved) in like manner the representative estates; stajiding armies aftar the Prussian model ; financial elnborntion ot the several countries; want of national spirit. Political union in France, Spain and Portu- gal, by means of absolute dominion; views of the govorumcnts inimical to the interests Pngo w '4 "p»t 1 1 icr. III. of the tinliniiM Tinly •li-wi"'""'"'''! ""'' •"''" icvvirni 10 foroii,'!! impiilnp; ils love j.f llio aril; Helvetia ami the Nfllirrlnud^ ; tlin for- mer iiitlinpil tn iniiovntinnn, t'le liiitor look- ing forwitrd m n cnini.lfh- i rvoliilion. Tin British j»ia»idi lecurc in tli- enjoymeiit of politiral ni.d civil fvcn.lom , i-iil by a M-irit pf coinnicrcinl innnnp.ly ond pri'V^, eNciliiiR the )e»lou«y of Europe! the disiol.ition of Volfiiid by rpn«nii of tliofiirllifrdiviMiiii, expo- !>es the priifciph'J of the partiripailng poworn, RiHsia, Au.tria and Prusiiu; InrRt; Handing nrmio», thirft ..ftcr conquer •, nn'rhnnism of inUTunl ndministvalion; the revnlulion of r.mtavnj the Third in Sweden ; the pencenhlo proprend of internal imprnvemenl in Den- mnv^o, Turkey, imd the Asinlic kingdoms and ifirilories. _ 4 V.liy North America, nflcr hnviiig acquired luv iiidcpendrnce, could ottnin a stale of unison under the tic. of a common govern* ment, and at the name lime that, of the {.rentest civil liberty, how she has encreased jn extent and population; how the spirit of emancipation , and the theory of the right* olinan, operated in Europe; a misfortune tor Eiuopc, that the first spark of liberty took firo in France; short sketch of the French revolution from the tL.'c of the con- stitutional monarchy , tbroush the diiTerent nnarchial and democratic forms of govern- ment to Napoleon's empire; transformation of the imperial power into a complete military autocracy, whicji threateni to swallow up- ihe whole of Europe; the sentiments and mode of thinking in Europe changed. Cha ter IV VI vi: VIII 24' (1 nnil iiih- IdVl' of lllO tl^ ; till" loi - liiitor Inok- iitioM. 'ri.n ijoynieiit of by a fjiirit jiohition of vi«i(iii. eipo- illng pnwor», rge ilnndiiig ii'rlinni«;ti i>[ [•voliuioii of thepencenhle !i\l in Den- iingdoins and itig flcquirpi II a stntc of tnon govern* Ihttt, of the lins encrenscd the spirit of of the rights a misfortiiMS rk of lihcrty tptch of the c of thf! con- the diiTt-rcnt lu of govern- nsforiiuitioii of plete military 3 (wallow up • Bntiments and iianged* Chnp- trr. IV. V. VI. vir. VIII. 24. Thn f.ill of Nnpolfoii, by (.bitiiintrly rclyin;; on Ih It jjnml forliino and »ti»iiglli, whuli wove 111) l,iii,',ti)- hit own ( and inim nl' iil.itidii with reguni to llie rtrsoiliCHi and diiposit ii'in of hii oppnnrntf ( rrtrrut nut of Kniiin { Frii<- lia, Anuria, Iliiiiiia ond tit* ronfodcfntc (icf- mun I'rincrt tly to nriiu with their people*, coiiric of events until tliu last peace of Paris. ,\j Nciircit coMiiuquences , wiih whirli the over- throw of Napoleon's rnipiro wn« nitiiidej ^ new relation between the government' m d their subjects, the olT-pring of the alTlii tioni, endured by princes aii'l people; tciideiu'V \r> representiitive constitutions under monnrehiHl licads; internal fermentations and discontent, drive tnultitndes to North America. 1)5 Further mutes of oncvi'iising and probably incessant emigration to tlic new world* exiesi of worl-.inen in inechanii's and the arts, tlie misery of the niaiitifncturinp; towns; mmhi- nery rendert human hands daily inflre »«per- fluous ; the cultivation of the soil and the parcelling out of large posfessions, in several itatei; what, governments havt to do under these circumstances. 7*^ The whole ftf America independent of the Old world-, North- America, enereasing in popula- tion and power; South - America freed frjun European dominion; l!ie vuul to a settird eivil constiliilioii far more difficult in South, than it was in North - America ; what sliiipe will things assume, on the whole of Ainericii, lui''- ing completed her independence? — S'8 Europe cannot do without America, if she is to remain, as she is nt present; liev power, her manner* «nd eustoms at* all fnuiwled on w *( M ,»(' .• Cliap- „ ter , /«S« the dominion of tlie world ; on the other hand, Amoiica, lias no need of any of the Eiuoppp.n natural productions, and will shortly be able to do without lier artificial productions. Great advantages of America, with regard to her means of internal communications; probabi- lity that America will also attain mercantile independence. m IX. How could Europe he indemnified for thelos* of America? If she will retain and extend her other commercial channels, and be able to open new ones for her productions and fa- brications; grounds against this; failure or at least great decrease of the customary supplies of gold and siWerj on this the trade to China and Japan must cease, and fall into the hands of lh« Americans; uncertain state of things in British India ; apprehension of political changes there; the {lourishiHg increase of the American East- India trade ; increasing Ame- rican carrying- trade ; her navy and commer- cial shipping must shortly, according to all natural consequences, become the most pow- erful and numtrous; America much better suited for intercoiirse, wilh the present Eu- ropean possessions and establishments in Africa and the South -Sea; neither will she be de- ficient in European intolligenco ; conclusive result of thi.'!. TIO X. Europe, by withdrawing within herself, by in- ternal cultivation , and by extending her near- • est confines, mu = t replace lier external losses. The idea of one Curopenn political community must he called into life; then Europe will bo powerful, and be able to supply her own wants, without transmarine possessions j what mischief xir. [ Pagt ither hand, Europpp.n tly be ablo ons. Great Lid to her ; probahi- mercantile for the lcs» nnd extend nd be able ons nnd fa- lilure or at iry supplies Ic to China 3 the hands e of things )f political irease of the lasing Ame- id cominer- ding to all ! most pow- inch better present En- II ts in Africa slie be de- cuuclusive I'scir, by in- ng liT near- ernal losses. I ooniniunity -opo will bo r oivn wantSs hat mischief 93 no Chap- ter. ■ Pag(! this idea having been mistaken, has occasion- ed; what tlie prospects are, of a belter state ofthings; reprcscntaliye constitutions ; trans- formation of tlie standing into national ar- mies; its consequences; colonization of the in- terior of Europe itself; reacquisilion of the European Turkish provinces; new «mpirc in Constantinople; colonies on the coasts of Asia njid Africa opposite to Europe. 126 XI. AVhat may lay between t le present and such a future period; immediate consequences of the independence of l)oth the Americas, Scar- city of money in Europe; duller circulation of that which is on linr.d; its effi^cts upon tlie system of national debts, and paper moi^ey; of ncniinal state-bankruptcy 5 how toorganizc such, either by a depreciation of the coin, or a reduction of the engagements agreed upon, after the encreascd value of the means of pay- ment; wliy the former alternative would be preferable to the latter; a bankruptcy once begun upon, must becomo general, and must therefore be a fit subject for general (l(Ii!)era- tion. Of real state - bankruptcies; their prog- nostics; decrease of national income, and con- sequent decrease of that of tlie government; of lessening the expenditure; the consequen- ces of state bankruptcy; how such were still to be prevented. jio XII. Changes in the civil relations of Europe, Eu- rope will become poorer, its inhabitants will hiive fewer wants, but will become more in- dustrious and politic; change in the S3'stem of education ; knowledge of the use of arms made general; its consequences upon the low- er classes of the people; upon the order of scientific men ofhusiness; upon the nobility , gc- ' I ■'! i d I 111 I ififi i' 'lHyAlkL^t ter, o neml picture of the futiiie slate of Eurcjic, taken from different points of view. 195 XllI- Future slate of America. The Northern Union. Reserved coldness, alienation and mercantile spirit, principal lines in the American national character; indifference to science and . obler enjoyments. Education; propensity to conquest inherent in young states, visible also in North America; war the means of greater unanimity, and consolidation; new American idiom and with it a peculiar line of scientific pursuits; when will a just cultivation of taste, and of the attendant fine arts appear ? Political partyspi- lit; federalists and anti- federalists; several concentrated points, as also several forms of go- vernment. Religion; state of ecclesiastical affairs, necessity of securing the clergy greater respect, andiui independent provision ; — Nobi- lity; in as far, as such will once form itself in America; to what, it might be necessary. — Spa- nish .Tiid South America in general; — greater obstacles to the formation of free governments; what may be expected to take place there. 2tg XIV. The other parts of the world; Asia; Persia first feels the influence of European civilization; Russian embassy there; Bible societies ; Persia could become dangerous to British India; the Tartar nations; their possible operation upon China; commercial communication, by way of Kjiichta towards Moscow; Africa; the negro- races in the interior, the degree of culture they possess; what may yet be expected in the centre of this portion of the globe; negro- kingdom in Haiti. — Australia, New -South -Wales. 249 J. ha self- i blishi so to view able emin and t it (lis I light throi Page T95 e of Eurcjic, 'them Union, id mercantile :icaii iiatioiiHl ce and . obi or ty to conquest also in North er unanimity, an idiom and :ific pursuits ; ste, and of the ical partyspi- ilisls; several ill forms of go- ecclesiastical clergy greater isiou ; — Nobi- • form itself in L-essary. — Spa- •al ; — greater governments; )lace there. la 5 Persia first ;i civilization; :ieties ; Persia ish India; the jperation upon tion, byway of ;a ; the negro- of culture they •d in the centre legro- kingdom outh- Wales. 2t9 H9 Preface. A hat mind wliich has elevated itself to a state of self- activity , from amidst the piessiuc of the esta- blished state of liviman affairs, will above all strive, so to exalt itself, as to have an open and nnbiasied view of the wordly system of things, in order to he able to distinguish from thence, as from a lofty eminence, itsown proper place in tlie mighty whole, and to survey the course of those events, with which it discovers itself to be interwoven. But this world can only be viewed in a tv/ofold light: through the piinciples of experience, ov through those of idea; the former could also be ... ' (t) .,.:1 i li; ilil ! i. ill imsu*- II termed tlic view of the digestive, the latter of the creative understanding or inward intuition. — These points of vievT, are, according to their direction , entirely separated. The observer from the one, considers the world as a given whole, which, as soon as it received the first impulse, began unfolding itself, by the thread of the laws of nature, founded on causes and effects, in one infinite suc- cession; every thing will happen, which can hap- pen, and the way in which it comes to pass, is the only one, in which it can and must take place, for 'nothing new occurs under the sun, every thing ap- pearing and disappearing, in order eternally to be repeated, and reproduced. From the other point of view, the wise man contemplates the world, ac- cording to laws, which reason prescribes for a world, destined to attain its sublimest ends. The one regards the world, as it appears to the sensual eye, the other constructs it, at it should be, accor- ding to the dictates of reason, realized by expe- rience, — The great question, which will be liable to be decided by minds of superior intellectual powers, but not long before the close of the history of the r he latter of the tuition. — ording to their ! observer from a given whole, t impulse, began ; laws of nature, ne infinite suc- which can hap- es to pass, is the t take place, for every thing ap- c eternally to be the other point s the world , ac- prescribes for a mest ends. The s to the sensual should be, accor- ealized by expc- il be liable to be elkctual powers, he history of tlxS i III human race, is this: are both these views of the world to be amalgamated, or are tlvcy to be eternal- ly separated , and directly opposed to each other? does the world as it is, contain within itself, tho ideal world as embryo, and do the laws of expc- lience become gradually subordinate, and at last lose themselves in idea, or does the material world, eternally opposed to the latter, constitute a region of its own, obliging idea to take refuge in a future world, the offspring only of its fondest wishes ? — Without wishing to anticipate either the meta- physician or the historian , the unbiassed contem- plation of the occurrences of the world must lead to the conclusion, that the mere laws of nature, and their constant and infinite dcvelopement from primitive causes, arc by no means sufficient to ex- plain them, in an intelligent manner, deserving the estimation, they are worthy of j — but we must allow the human mind the Liberty, that is the faculty of absolutely connecting afresh, a string of causes and effects, which being interwoven, fit de- cidedly in the principal connection of things, with- out, as far as enquiry reaches, being controuled by it. — U*) h- ij'V' .; ' i^ i .1, U. li'll k t "I \ lull ' ffc'iUJl' ■ IV r In other words: the living gnnrration of man. kind, does not always suffer itself, just to go the road, the pressure of necessity may force or load it; from time to time a spark of light flashes forth, not kindled in this world; loftiness of soul resists, and paves its way to those points, which diametrically oppose every pressure of circumstances, and disgrace every common calculation 'of the course of human affairs. These lucid points of history form the bound- aries of an old, and a new age. The powerful spi- rits, which uncontrouled, and free from earthly eye, bring down to mortals the celestial fire, uni- ting the invisible, with the visible and perishable world, hurry along with them, their more feeble potcmporarics, and from the matter deposited by them, as an eternal fund for future ages to work upon, a fresh fermentation arises, affording the un- derstanding, capable of digesting it, for a length of time nourisliment and occupation. — Thus lived and acted the great men and heroes ofcveiv age; and that which is good and beautiful iu this world, is nothing but the exposition of certain sublime and lofty thoughts, which appear origiiially not to have belonged to it. the ( ing ; mate is, b3 throi Calh to ta socie irre\ whic hove ■whic unic polii kinj off a acco fron imp sam( dera foldl ■S',i» •ation of man. just to Ro the ice or lead it ; shes forth, not il resists, and diametrically 5, and disgrace urse of human )rm thebound- c powerful spi- 3 from earthly •stial fire, uni- aud perishable r'ir more feeble :r deposited by e ages to work ording the uu- for a length of men and heroes and beautiful iu sition of certain ippcar originally Our age has also witnessed great events, and the coldness of our understanding, ever dismember- ing and disuniting, and which dissolved the ani- mated world at last into an empty, hollow notliiiig, is, by an universal inspiration, once more penetrated through and through by light and warmth. — Called away, by oppression from mere abstaactions, to take part in the actions, and sufferings of civil society, we find ourselves placed at a barrier, which irrevocably separates what is Old, from the New which is yet to come; light and octherial warmth hover over a mass in a state of fermentation, which must first settle and bo at rest, before the union of both, will remodel the form of civil and political life. — On the point ef a revolution of this nature ta- king place, be it allowed to pause, in order to draw off and exhibit to the understanding, which on no account suffers its occupation to be wrested forcibly from it, what is liable to be developed from the given impulse and elements at hand , addressing at the same time, a few woras of admonition and mO'. deration to llio cotcmporurics of this age, so luaui- folilly n imitated. ■,") .'1 "«'!• I:"'';' m4\ m 11"!' Hi f Hi -Ml fcy^ VI In like manner, as sphits come not in imme. giate contact with each other, cavvying on their lu- tercourse through the 'vehicle o£ the thought., which a. a moveable power adjust and order ,pin. tual life, - so does all the intercourse of material life depend and rest upon Money, itself the off- spring of the brightest imagination, penetratmg and.comprehending uU the various relation. o£ the outward world. - But the Outward bciug a reflec tion of the Inward, «very new impulse from the in- tellectual world, must determine and remodel out- ward life, and the effects of its springs of action-, but the very nature of the things it meets with in the ma- terial world, prescribes bounds to its operation. - The later times have witnessed this world held together, governed, and tyrannised by money, and a system of calculation m the most extended sense of the word, all the animated powers and the mea- sure of their exertions, being only rated according to numbers ; the world's greatest gamesters were under the influenceof numbers, and grounded their planson a calculation, which tore up by the root, all the self- aependance and dignity of the individual. But a no- bler inspirationhasburstthischain asunderj that.ha. happened, which no calculator, could have supposed possi ces, nati( the I that som( beer the! tend of w but 1 reus vatic able by i; to tl sing wild the I like the I cipk can will lot in imme. IT on their in* ho thoughts , i order spiri* ;e of material itself the off- 1 , penetrating lation* of the beiug a reflec- ie from the in- l remodel out- of action; but vith in the ma- operation. — bis world held »y money, and jxtended sense and the mca- ated according Iter* were under ;d their plans on oots all the self- dual. But a no. under J that, has i have supposed VII possible, fiom tlie exJiaustcd pecuniary resour- ces, and disposeable physical powers of the several nations, according to the usual suppositions; and the most pleasini^ result of enormous exertions, is, that the individual is again admitted to be more, and something else, than its numerical unity. — . The revolution from old to new times, /las ever" been a period attended with pressure and affliction to the human race, in which the stronger have to con- tend with prodigious difficulties under the weight of which, many must sink, ere the goal be reached, but the weaker, — who are always the more nume- rous — must go to ruin under sufferings and pri- vations of every description. — Although unavoid- able upon the whole, this fate can be alleviated, by intelligent aud enlightened attention being paid to the character of the times , and instead of oppo* jing its spirit — by meeting it, and directing the wild tendency of individuals towards that side where the great mass of the people irresistably inclines. In like manner, as the period just past away, or in the act of taking leave of us, was subject to the prin- ciples of mechanism and pecuniary calculations, so, can it be expected, that money, for the time to come, will of necessity, be subocdiuate to a more exalted u' t5 ;>"'!■ •ia m I M')' i .3 mi "1 1 lip '1?, •r 'jk I k i VIM animated power. - To shew, in wi.at maniiex this change will bo Uablc l.. happen, and the i-)-. suits it may pioducc, with rei;anl to n new forma- lion of the civil state of things. - is tlu^ object oE the following considerations, whiuii wc offer, not, as a positive acknowledgment of facts, but to rouse the attention, stimulate to deeper enquiry, and tu lead to more enlightened instruction. I T.. point the 1 sistai Cjl p mcnt know State that of th bene hi the scrvil prote ] ing theg long( cema what manner , ami tlir X'!- i new foinin- llic o])je(:t ol" wc offer, not, , but to rouse uiuiry, and tu II. I. 1 he fourth of .Inly, in t li c Year 1776 points out the tommcnceinpnt of a new period in the history of the woihl. — Not provoked to re- sistance, ])y the intnlcralile oppression of tyranni- cal power, Jmt in.litleied )iy the nrhitray encroach- ments upon well earned, and hithirto publicly ac- knowledged privileges, the people of the United States of North- America , declared themselves on that memorable day, independant of the dominion of the British Islands, generally speaking mild and benevolent in itself, and under which they liad hitherto stood, as a colony, in a state, not of slavish servitude, but of partial guardianship, under the protection of the mother country. England, who disdained to stand upon a foot- ing of equality \\ith its former wards and to resign the guardianship, it had so long maintained, pro- longed the conflict, as long as any hopes of success remained , and diew the rest of Europe into the ,^ WS ill «?' Hi; 111 i^! iluJM-' .lomestu c,u.u-.cl. either for or n|r.in,t the cau.c of ,„depon.U.ucc.. 'Ihcsravk vhut l.aJ once been kmcHM. b,ing by those mcam cairied to thi. side • . t w ocean, readily met with combustible matevlal. ticvc „„d a spirit of enquiry into the r^ljht. •? -non, ««.l a strup^llng nftcv a lawful inderou.ian. e come- quentU after for.ns of government, >vhich should he able to protect the individu A, against the arb.trary hand uf powev. had from the other side, laid hold of the m..re cnliRhlcned heads; and the conunencc „.cnt of the French fermentations, uh.ch more or less electrified all Euv-pe, followed almost imme- diately upon the peace of Paris (the .otU Jany. i7«5), ^^h.ch associated North - America as an mde- pendant state, with the ancient body of nat.ons. - The newly, formed Republic constituted it- ,clf*) on principles which promised the confederacy enlargement and consistency, not derived from the conquest of !5x*j<*e^ ptovinces, hut from the junction of new States, 'wT^ich must shortly arise in its extensive territories under the influence of au encveasing population. This result happened ear- lier, and upon . u . b^ger scale, than the mos , ■ . . ' Vinve ■or "sticai.eu, ana sanguine experraiu: have pi , / • aouA that she was not alone America pvovcu. .ci; soo.i, "i-^ take iisct beeti \^-al pea II stani ical four of ( whii the I LittI wen peac curs pen( digii Vigo acti^ in t] that .) By tbo act of Constitution of the United Stat« of North -America of th« 17 S«p. »787. •« It tlie cnuic of cbccn kindlfi. [iii side < i tiw matcvials hero, ti , ; 'nan, a»i>l iidanre, consR- vhich should he ist the arbitrary side, laid hold the commencc- NUiich more or d almost imme- (thc 20th 3any. srica as an inde- ly of nations. — ; constituted il- a the confederacy ot derived from I, but from the ust shortly arise e influence of an It happened car- ., than the most rv f -V sticai.eu,and he was not alone he United States of »787« k 3 fHpuhlfl of rxistinp; as a state, hut that she mciiMt lo take an activo p.ut in the allaiu cf ilu' world, the iiscussion auil arrangement of which, had hilhevto been left to the nations of Kuropc; l)y which she was aiming a blow at the general system of Euro- pean politic?. As early as i8"3i »hc displayed lior standard in tlie Med iter ranenn, chasti/.in;; tlio pirv it- ical stat« of Tripolis, and twenty years aftrr the foundation of a solid ronslitulion ♦), tlio jealousy of Great Britain kindled thu first hostile spark, which being once more stirred up from the ashes, by the attack made on the English Sloop of war, the Little Bolt ♦•) burst out into open flames, which were only extinguished three years later, hy 'he peace of Ghent ♦♦♦). By these occurrences, which we have here only cursorily touched upon, the North- American inde- pendant state, liad tjfied her strength, preserved her dignity, by the rejocfun of Ule|ial pretensions, and vigorously proved and maintained her right, as an active member in the scale of nations, to take part in the grand affairs of the civilized world. From that moment, the impulse towards a new change of i ♦) Attack of the British oa the Chesnpcakc frigate the 20 July 1807, •♦) The 16 May i8u, »•») »4 Doc, 1814. events, ceased to proceed exclusively from the old continent, and it is possible, that in a short time it win emanate v. holly from the new one. For its southorn pnrt had hy no means been an idle spec- tator of the recent changes under the northern hemisphere; the success they were attended wiDi, had raised also hopes there, and developed claims, which must lead to similar results. Under the do- minion of the mother -country, the Spanish colonies to the North and South of the Isthmus of Daricn, could only flourish slowly and sparingly ; but they were nevertheless in an improving state, and it was by no means the yoke of an intolerable despotism, that despair had endeavored to shake of. The Spanish government, had time after time extended the! oppressive commercial monopoly *); opulence and luxury reigned in the larger cities, and even the rigour of slavery was mitigated by more bene- volent laws. But thq tcollisron of the different castes, of which the natiN^-s of mixed races viewed with jealous eye, the privileges of the born Spaniard} the awakened instinct of wishing to have a self- de- termining voice in the affairs of their own country ; tlic want of prudence in the existing govern mrnt, ♦) To be seen on this subject in: Tableau dc lEEpagne mcdciue par J. T. r. Bourgoing 4'»e Edition h Paris 1807, Tom. II pag. 188. s'l- VT 5 from tlic old a short tiit.e it one. I'oi- its an idle spec- the norlhein attended willi, veloped claims, Under the do- Ipanish colonies mus of Daricn, ngly; but tiiey tatc, and it was •able despotism, shake of. The time extended ly *) ; opulence ;ities, and even by more bcne- )f the diffovLMit id. races viewed le born Spaniard} » have a sclf-de- eir own country ; ing govern DM ut, in : Tableau do r. Bourgoing 4me pag. i88. s^I- unwieldy and slow lu all the forms of its adminis- trative justice, in not meeting; this rising jpirit; I but above all, the glorious example of North-America i called forth the first attempts at Emancipation. I This word as intimating the resistance of a people, feeling themselvss at maturity, against their wonted tutelage, and desirous of taking upon them- selves the management of their own affairs, most suitably expresses that spirit of the times, which being called to light in 177G has spread itself over the new and old world. — These attempts at eman- cipation, have in a short space of time, been follow- ed by an almost universal revolt in South America. — iks early as 1806, the daring Don Francesco Miranda, had endeavoured to deliver his country from the dominion of Spain, with«>ut finding at that time participation and support sufficient, to withstand superior force. In the mean time, the seed which had been sown, did not remain unfruitful. The revolution which look place later in the mother- country, gave the thirst after Innovation, the wished for prelcit, and at least a very plausible air of legality. The imprudent conduct of the Central Junta, who represented the resigned Dynasty, and the impossibility of a vigorous cooperation on the part of the nominal ruler of Spain and the Indies, but whose power in fact extended no farther than iff > • !s! ?l; « I li ;Hf' '' li'i .i;i i ''i.i Madrid and its nc.gbovhood, completed the cxplo- sion The cotcmporary emigration of the I ovtu- gucse government from Europe to the Bra.ils towards the close of r8o7, -Hich seated perhaps unknown to • it on avukano, was already inclined towards the extension rather than the stren^thning of th,. beautiful kingdom, may be assigned as an incident promoting the general insurrection. In the course of the year i8io, Caraccas, Quito, la Plata and Mexico reared the standard of mde- pendance, and received Miranda in triumph at Guaira, who returned the following year, to devote himself afresh to a conflict, in which he fell, it is true but without ruining the cause he fought for. The legitimate government, which was restored on the 19 March iSH. i-^^^ matters too far gone, and the resources of the kingdom too much exhausted. as also too much occupation and too many disturb- ances in the mother- country, to be able to put a .uflicient barrier to the progress of the revolution. ory colonies. — » According to the public acknowledged state of affairs, we may draw this decisive conclusion, that although Spain, may be fortunate enough to retain her West India Islands under her ancient dominion, the South- American continent, will sooner or later withdraw itself fiom it, and that at least, several lar-e iudepcndant states will join the national con sup fori of] a c der bef< of urn req res spi uni an( of wh pr( op( bej me sit th( ser na th< ted the explo- of the Povtu- Bra/.ils towards js unknown to ed towards the hning of thi« as an incident :araccas, Quito, ndard of inde- in triumph at year, to devote chhe fell, it is ! he fought for. was restored on )o far gone, and ouch exhausted, , many disturb- j able to put a I the revolution* wledged state of conclusion , that >nough to retain icient dominion, LI sooner or later at least, several in the national tont\;deracy of the civllizeil world. It is to be supposed, that tho similitude cf the constitutional forms, and an equal interest against the attempts of European powers, will unite these new states in a close compact, wtth the North- American confe- deracy ; ai.d if a quarter of a century only elapsed, before North- America began to act externally with vigor, it may be presumed, that the younger states of the Southern continent, endowed with more ample resources, and a more ancient culture, will require a shorter period, to arrive at a state of respectable force. — It . is suitable to the human spirit of enquiry, and is not likely to be a useless undertaking, to cast a prying look into futurity, and generally to sketch the outlines of the new form of the civilized world , according to the results, which the intimated spirit of the times is likely to produce. — But as the understanding in all its operations, is confined to the matter that is laid before it, and can only develope future forms by making use of the existing ones, a description of the situation of the civilized world on its entrance into the new change of things, must precede the repre- sentation we have in question, if an enquiry of this nature is not to degenerate into an empty flight of the imagination. ."I(r ■ ■» X ■t il ni, at > m « . , iiii; , mi li 1 I 8 I II. The new spirit that had been cnlhul to lif-- on the other side of the Atlantic, and the univ< rs.l fermentation it caused, happened at a pcrioct, in which the most excessive laxness reigned predoini- nantonthe old iontnusit. The political existence of the people v. as for the most part extinguished; their active industry had heen directed abroad, and the governments, finding no opposition or dan- gerous collisions, internally, followed with the stream. Commerce, exportations, colonial syctems, every means of acquiring money, were cherished and protected, riches presenting the only possibility, of investing the low with consideration and influence, and the high, with power and inordinate dominion. - The maxims, according to which the natioris were governed, laid less in the ground- pillars of an existing constitution, than in the changeable systems of the cabinets, and the nature of their rulers; there remained for the most part, nothing for the great body of the people, but to be spectators. — Germany, the grand heart of Europe, pre- sented now, nothing more, than the shadow of a political body united in one common confederacy; the imperial government, as also the administration of the federal -laws, were without energy, and I unit not the out I agaii of p migl had polil ari«^ extri did, the- feeli were state will oft! ilori] intn cipa pcrf( the ] stalt com mod J -V" i'.d to liL' on the univirsal t a periiici, in "ned predoiiii- itical existence extinguished; cd abroad, and sition or dan- iwed with the Dlonial syctems, were cherished only possibility, sideration and and inordinate ■ding to which in the ground- 1, than in the and the nature the most part, ople, but to be of Europe, pre- the shadow of a on confederacy; le administration nt energy , and J united efforts to Tepel invasions from abroad, had not been witnessed, since the danger threatened by the Turks, had ceased. The larger states', grown out of their obedience, were often ranged in alliance against the Head, which was scarcely capable itself of protecting the weaker, against injuries. — The mighty contention, between the old and new church, had long been thrown aside; religion bad lost its political interest, and bad already passed the bound- aries of rational toleration, add had reached the extreme of a perfect indifference to nil interests which did not immediately concern physical well-being; the people, however, had preserved a more religious feeling, and purer morals upon the whole, than were to be expected from the tenets of thd age. — ; The internal affairs of the individual vassal states, were exclusively cunducted, according to the will of their regents; the energy and the importarce of the representative popular estates, were become dormant, and the standing armies, which had been introduced by degrees even into the smallest prin- cipalities^ since the peace of Westphalia^ bciilB' perfectly foreign to the hearts and dispositions of the people, threw an astonishing weight into the stale of unlimited sovereignty. Being mercenary combatants, (soldiers) recruted from every nation, modelled upon a system of blind subordination, and fe.. -I' ■;!'i' til m .hM 10 „i.a by F.=ier-,ck in Prussia, (who oalr - *" ,g., couU, .l.roush.ho,n, b,ter...d the Orea. V ,: hoh-,g..«: r^«h of pe.rcc.io„. «W f * >■ " accomplics in diffusing .hi, .y..em of d«poU.m .,.v all the aiff«ren. relation, of » e..ing*e people, shower, freed fro. ™luar, .,er.i.e , nothing hut the ac<,u,r.men. of gam. AgricuU-ro. agreahlo to the direaion g.ven U^ kad been improved, and «i.h u poP"la"»» increased-, industry, supported by ••'» P"8"";' the mechanical arts, had been considerably extended and government, upon the «hol. jus^ and msld .n hcmsolve,, had. it cannot be denied, tolerably well t!r. care of the physical welfare o, t... ..b,.ct Tbe civil admini,tration., delivered '-"• "'^'-' opposition, fostered, in unison with .nd.v.dual.xer. tion, the several branches of emolument, m ordet vide for money, a. the mean, of aggrandtze. ™n.i they farmed each their greater or lesser tcr- Xry according to its population and product,on,. a"th fcodal proprietor doe. hi, land, in order t. bring forth the great.,. po.,ibl. fin.nc.al result. But a, each government did this after it. own man- ner, viewing its neighbour with a ,ealou. .,e, the :; ,e of Germany never reaped any benehcal „s«Hfromit, and all .he various i„.t.t«t,on. tnu r„ ,e Ltndations, and m«.. fall together on *e first were char the i the ( one i in di ▼idu true be p man of a faun empl heav Gerr lity, valiil it loi «uge beco: who thre' and The ancii of t] di»Ca J II M'*' > oaly in that the Great,) hey had been of despotism state, and in from military tnent of gain, tion given it, it population he progress of rably extended, It, and mild in , tolerably well of the subject. I from internal indiyidual exer- iment, in ordet ; of aggrandize- tet or lesser ter- ind productions, and, in order to financial result, er its own man- jealous eye, the any beneficial institutions ini- , were reared on together on the first externed shock. — Circumstances like these were incapable of producing an universal national character. — There, where no reciprocal tie binds the individuals of a state together, who living under the equal laws of one community, ought to form one solid whole, the spirit of the nation loses itself in different directions, and the attainment of indk- ▼idual welfare many be gained, but never will a true sense of what is Great, and wniversally Good, be promoted. It can plainly ba seen, that the Ger- man learned constitution, not having the foundation of a political existence, in which it could have found consistency, and which is could so well have employed, floated as a mere airy bubble between heaven and earth. Imagination , in which the German, above all others, displays so great a ferti- lity, wanted a medium, in which it could prove the validity of its representations} which not finding, it lost itself in the wide field of doubt, and took re- luge in subtile abstractions. Actual knowledge wai become the property of a peculiar class of men, who amusing, blaming, and admiring each other^ threw back their light principally on themselves, and seldom h»d any real influence on the people. — The arts of oratory, so highly cultivated by the »ncients, were sunk down to bookish arts, and those of the more plastic kind, were either kept at a diftCanoe under the veil of a mythology, wholly r I! i! is J 12 I foreign and unintelligible to the people, or wete content with the slender nourishment, the deviation from the simplicity of a religion entirely spiritual, afforded them. Only those branches of human knowledge, such as mathematics, chymistry with their attendant sciences, which are directed towards the investigation of nature, and the utility of it. different properties, had penetrated so far, as to be immediately applied to the purposes of common life; and by the side of these, flourished those acquirements, which are founded on skill and expe- lience, and such as render the encrease of capital more easy, by facilitating the exchange of the va- rious productions of the earth, from pole to pole. — If iji Germany, where the imperial crown re- presented a mere shadow , deprived of power and consequence, the mighty vassals were all, — in France the crown was every thing, after it had victoriously subdued ihe powerful Barons and other nobles of the country; and the people represented indeed as a nation one body, but were deprived, like the several German states, of all political weight, and were arbitrarily subi.cted to every impulse of the government *). The same v/as the case in i ♦) The appearance of a constitutional opposi- tion, whiph th« Pvlementari^ns wished to give themselves, was in fact, according to historical Sp( tion coni lead •o ii Alt! of^ ligi i^et, opi] chu any seri hel and anc ma of wit cha wa: tut hei 1 ople, OY were , the deviation irely spiritual, les of human hymistry with irected towards ! utility of it« 50 far, as to be es of common lourished those skill and expe- rease of capital lange of the va- i pole to pole. — crial crown re- d of power and vere all, -^ in ig, after it had Urons and other ople represented t were deprived, . political weight, svery impulse of . T/as the case in tutional opposi- it^ns wished to give >xdiDg to historical * n Spain and Portugal, wheve religious intolcru. tion more powerfully suppressed every utterance of contrary opinions, and every doctrine which mipht lead to the deviation from the maxims of the state, •0 intimately connected with those of the priesthood. Although, since the violent revocation of the edict of Nantes, an outward appearance of unity in re- ligion, and its public worship, reigned in France, yet, a tolerably wide undisturbed field was left to opinions, differing from those of the ei>tal)lished church, provided they did not shew themselves in any conspicuous way. On the other hand, the more serious and profound character of the former nations, held the tie much closer together, between the rulers and the people, attached to the throne by religion, and by a far more rigid adherence to customs and maxims frought with veneration, than on this side of thePyrennees, where frivolity irreverently trifled with every thing that was holy, and novelty lent a charm to every dazzling chimera, which tended to., wards daring attempts at political reforms, substi- tuted one after the other, hy the designs of unruly heads. sonrces , an usurpation , the motives of which, laid more iu court- oabaU, than in any int(|sest tbcy took iu the fate of the peof le. i" :M: 1 ' I, 1 n ' l1 I iu 14 Th. tendency of the Rovevnments in Ocrm.ny being directed towarC. the .ggrandizemement .1 ■ • . at the expenco of the confederate their territories, at the expei" .,„„ and a co.p.o.e d..oc».i.» «t .he ..-raund. i„g weak nalional adiCico; .h« .."" wluch ».« „Lle...y .on.<.Ud..cd under .h. .o.erc.gn po«e. .i„. a. .h»,r .oreijn neigMour.. In .uck man... „.„ Vrancc and Spain Ua,u.d again., .k. com- „„cial and colonial.in.ore... .nd ».. U" .ga.n.. ,h. indurtry and encrea.ing naval pi.»« of Grea. B,.l, »h,...P.r,ug.i, chained, .ince M..h„.n. „„m »Wch i. ..i "i"')' •->••«-"«* '» "° * .elf u„d« PomW.. admini..ra.i.n. ».. nearly .»«fc „,; .he c<.nd,.ien .f a Bri.i.h colony. «orl..ng «. ;„,dminc. inlhaBraziU. ^.r.heh.».t..ot.l.. Tiroud islanders. Italy parcelled on. among.. diff«fen. J»».r.. ~.en.ed upon .he whole, .he .am. pomic.l .p^ rTalce.. Germany, only wUh .h. dlBerene. ol I heing .call, void of *e .had.w of »««?• »'"''• the U..cr appeared a. lea., .o po..e» under .he Im- ;'ria..cep.rl Upper and a grea. par. of m.dd. I Itll to f. JKlai tu I) one the fror •ove whi sove rule wit] mer forr Pop tern Chi infl trat at i Wei Xisli ruii sigi Close* under I»etcr th« seco.ii of Portugal and Quee» Aa» of England 170a. T in Ocrmany, zemcment o# le confederate the surround- I which wera rereign powe* loir ambit»ou» »uch manne* ^init the com- ,ot less against jwer of Great nee Methuena ly of England, ed to free it. ras nearly sunk y, working it» benefit of the ifferen* powers, le political ap- e difference of E unity, whiclr J under the Im- part of middifi of Portugal and 15 Italy heinj; totally diimeinbcrcd, were sulicrvicnt to fijicign imi>ulsc; the lowin- part, with tlie fertile JRlancl on the other side of the Ph.irus, presented, to he sure, since 1735, the outward appeurante «)f one national whole, but was too wo ik to withstand the fate of the more poweiful Bourbon -familiis, from which according to treaties it had derived its sovereigns. There reigned in the Papal state alone, which could not derive its weight from its worldly sovereignty, but from the spiritual supremacy of its ruler, the ancient maxims of the Romish pontificate with the oeccmomical state, faults of clerical govern- ment. But the consideration and the power of the former were visibly sunken; the journeys of the Pope of that time, to Vienna, were, like the co- temporary ones ♦), of the Hierarch of Thibet to China, rather prejudicial than favorable to spiritual influence and dignity; the faulty internal adminis- tration of the state seemed to court every attempt at innovation. — The republics to the East aud West of the Adriatic Gulph, were, since the flou. jfishing rise of the great naval states, only the ruins of past glory, sinking visibly daily, into in- significance. Notwithstanding, neither was the *) See on tliis subject: Ambaisade »u Thibet tt au Boutan pur Mr. Tourner; traduit de I' An- glais par Gastira; II Tomes i Paris jgoo* m |6 imagf of formrr ^rcatnei* Mottcd from tVir memo- ri^sfnor a proper feeling for it extin-uishod in the niiiuls of Uic inhuhitants of the luxuriant penin- sula; th new Polish constitutional «ct o{ tlie 5d of May 1791, 20 J External aggranducmeni according to square miles, and numerical population; and internal considera- tions, as far as they could afford means of attaining the object in view, - are in short . the features of these unnatural principles. This oeconomical di- gestion of an administration merely of things, but not of persons, could even have been termed excel- lent in itrkind. Tal^en in this point of view, the Prussian government gave the most splendid proofs, of the bcnefi-:lul results whichmay be attained by me- chanism. Austria and Russia had followed this example, and it required later events to prove, that the calculation is not always con-ect, that a standi njs army, forming a state in the state, is the omly sup- port, and rallying point of a government, and that no system is safe, but that which is founded on the internal strength and unanimity of the people. At the same Xiim, that the commencement of the dismembarn.ent of Poland took place, the da- ting Gustavus the Third, in the North, had signa- lized the entrance of hi, reign , by a revolution *), which wat intended to restore that power ahd con- sequence to the royal authority, -Cvhich was sunk dosvn to a mere shadow of fonti', and to gu=trd his kingdom torn by factions, against similar evils. If be had succeeded in attaching the •) Carried into effect the V9 Auguit r77»- int tol an< fro abi mi his sec evi ha pr foi ex if th in ve to ar a ai th it w hi I to square miles, rnal considera- ns of attaining the features of economical di- of things, but 1 termed excel- nt of view, the s-Tilendid proofs, attained by me- td followed this ts to prove, that t, that a Stan din J5 is the omly sup- ament, and that 1 founded on the f the people, jmmencement of t place, the da- ort'h, had signa- ' a revolution *), , power ahd con- ^hich was sunk ti\ and to guard against similar n attaching the nit I77»' 21 interets, and al'fections of all classes of hii subjettb to his person, as he had to his new constitution, and had he been able to preserve himself unpolluted from the pestilence of a thirst after aggrandizement abroad^ his government, iu many respects most ad- mirable, would have had greater consequences for his people, hni. hi« life have remained in perftict security. — The Danish-State, preserved from the above evil, partly by the mild government of its rulers, harmonizing with the kind character of the nation, presented the most stiking proof, that it i« possible, for the most liberal principles of administation, to exist by the side of an absolute form of government, if they are supported by the confidence and love of the people. Notnithstaading, the fall of Struensee in 1772, shewed, that even under this form of go- vernment, subordinate arbitrary measures, are not tolerated, which are at variance with the custom* and feelings of the nation. The commencement of a number of internal conquests, won from the «oil and the industry of its inhabitants., characterized the latter period of the eighteenth century, in which this state gained that strength and those resources, which kept it from sinking, on its being forcibly hurried along in the vortex of the events of the •^orld, at the beginning of the present century. —1 22 \ To the South East, was situated the eTnp»-« of the Osmans, - a conthmal heterogeneous mgve- dient in the European national confederacy - and engaged in one constant conflict with Russia, who had lately deprived her of the Grim, and perhap. had in view the restitution of the Byzantinian em. pi,.. _ Still, the later wars af the Porte wUh her Ld Austria, shewed, that the fall of the Turkish state, was by no means so near at hand. a. wa. at that time supposed; it would, i^^-^' ^"f^^^ be able to withstand, the united attack of Chnstiau Europe, at peace within herself — The states and tribes in As ia and A f r . ca to which Turkey, possessing similar laws and forms of government, makes the transition, remain, a^reable to the point of view we have chosen, a. chaotic masses in the back ground of the picture w« are sketchmg. They are not yet arrived at that state in which a proper impulse from the enhghtened field of intelligence, could be given them, and are only to be regarded as physical powers in relation to the civilized world. Their extensive territories, as far as European power and cunning have been able to subject them, have been broken up and ex, plor.d. as lands and mines, for the benefit of the Lords of the world, as has also been the case with the islands in the Indian seas, and the continent of »,iti.h - East ludia. Tiiose *Utes, wUichbave pre (as con faoi sia con or nei iini per \vh sob nie thf wil firs bui of thi of oui i«c 1 d the empirft reneoas ingie- deracy — an^ 1 Russia, who , and perhapi zantinian em- 'orte with her f the Turkish ind, ai wai at .vever, hardly k of Christian and Africa, lilar laws and isition, remain, lave chosen , ai ^ the picture wo ed at that state, he enlightened them, and are ers in relation sive territories, ling have been iken up and ex- 5 benefit of the n the case with the continent of i, which bave T 23 preserved their freedom against foreign attempts, nrc. (as China and Japan) with tlie exception of a few commercial establishments on their most distant boi ndaries, completely isolated, or, as Arabia, Per- sia, and the Barbary states, present a picture of constant internal dissentiuns, and of defensive wars, or of predatory invasions directed against their neighbours. There are yet in this part of the globe, immense tracts , which have remained wholly im- penetrable to the »pirit of European discovery, of which we have very uncertain knowledge ; founded solely on the questionable authority of persons merely engaged in an extensive caravan trade. But the time is perhaps not distant, when these regions will also be explored, to be subservient only, in the first place, to the avarice of the cultivated world, but to become gradually partakers of the benefits, of a truly humane existence. Much will depend in this respect, upon the final results of those events of the world, the origin of which, we have sketched out, and the developement of which, it is our ob- ject now, to view in a nearer light. — 4 . « ^ 24 III. In the above picture, we have enacavouvcd to por- tray the situation of the world in a political pomt of view, at the time, the hreaking out of the North- American disturbances gave the nnnds of men, a now direction. America became independant, on account of her being animated, by a spirit, whose powerful energies, - as a novel appearance m teal life - Europe knew not how to appreciate; for England looking upon asuccessful issue of the attempts at emancipation, as impossible, treatedher fuU-^rown fostc:-childi-en contemptuously, as if thev never could become of age; France, carelessly viewing futurity, and gratifying, more her nv.l.ty a.ainst Britain, than listening to the common in- terest of all mother -coUri tries, sent the rebelhous colonies assistance, and Spain, unsuspicious enough, not to foresee, that the flames must once reach her own possession, on the new continent, followed the .xample of France. The unanimous efforts of all naval powers, who had colonial interests at .stake V. ould have rendered the complete emancipation of the Insurgents, difficult, if not ixnpossible *). Thi. I; O It is not unknown to U.e author, that highly re- spectable pohticians, have considered the los. of the colonies, -s a gain for EngUnds mercant.le b( si . N ri w e? g n h cl A ti tl P P d d c i 25 vouvcd to por- polilical point It of the North- nds of men, a [dependant , on a spirit, whose appearance in to appreciate; [ul issue of the b\e, treated her ptuously, as if ance, carelessly lore her rivnlity the common in- t the rebellious spicious enough, ence reach her ;nt, followed the lus efforts of all iterests at stake, emancipation of possible +). This r, that highly re- isidered the loss of nglands mercantile being obtained, th« impuls«» that had bee» Riven, shewed its effects in a quite different manner in the New State, than tliu devclopenient of the same spi- rit did, which occurred later in Europe. In the wliole extensive territories of the colonies, there existed no' prerogative rights, but which had been granted under tlie Englisfi dominion, aud which must cease with it. For the rest, there was a complete open field ; neither the immunities of a^ ancient hereditary nobility, nor the privileges of a reigning church, nor the difference of colour as in South America, presenting obstacles to a new organiza- tion j for at that time the whites constituted alone the citizens of the state. But where no hindrance, prevents the developemcnt of a given tendency, it proceeds, impelled by its innate powers, to the bor- ders of possibility ; therefore the freedom of the in- dividual was extended as far, as the conditions of a community living together under one form of go- » ▼crnment would admit of; and the sovereign 1 grandour, and that eT-pcrience hitherto, has un- doubtedly justified this assertion. But in how far this principle will hold good, in the long- run, and in its general application to the whole colonial system, will be more clearly shewn^ hy th« r«sult» of the preieat investigation, ' ('5) I I . i„i tViP new interna) form* :::r:;;L. u,.e — ^^^ .and more populous dUtriC •«« . cm. ■,„«n. and ">-"» P P „ ,„ p„dace .,,e1.e„d sue:, am - of » ^^^^^._.^__ ,^ „y m.ou. collision, or ^^_^__ '°r:r::d:"rrcor:;-H.,min.no» 't^tuchtS in tl-olr commo„io...o.. « rii:rrtr;.rv.i-'---- « Hni.U States the superficial content, of th. ,) M.mboldt states if Louisiana, North American United States, wi .„a the western Indian -»-; "j' ^Tt ll .iVated. at the brcaW out ^ H. ' ^^. ♦ ,«tao French square miles oi 25 . whLu m.k. 4».?' «..«'•?"»' ""■■"" Cll ur tb of se 1,11 d< St to at N to it tl ai ui ol 4: ^» n U. p. B7- 1 )ne i.tate body, n this and in interna) form* ce decidedly fa* population of i spread over a e miles, being lid the greater ts even , com- as to produce ebullition ♦)• too much occu- th forming new [ide* cultivation, mmunication, to spirit, as could commonAiveaUh. , as thefountaia head ai *i>^ ^^* il contents of th« , without Louisiana, orict wholly uncul- df the revolntion, e« of 4$ to the de- jeographical square 'Esfai toHtique &c. 27 different institutions; which priviles:c, srcmed to cuinnnte from tlie ric;hts of m.in. But the pliiii* understanding of the majority, only vicwiug in this, the decisions of sound common seijse,,and not points of controversy, which could serve unruly factious fo^ 9 standard, liad little or no conception of the Veighty theories, or of the political erruis arisiuij irom them, which this niieasure produced. In other sespects, the formerniodcl of thellutish coasUtuUoi* Vf^s taken as a pattern, iu the formation of thi^t of ijhe United States, only traosfoming the sovercijn power of the crown, into the functions 0/ ^ Ptfi^i- dent qnswerable for his conduct. — .1 . ;. The sequel has shewn, that the form of govern- ment fasirioned after the above ipansei;, vy^ well, suited to the real interests of the people, Jm4 th< iocE^l nature of their territory; and hi.sto]:)^ is yu.-. able to produce a more evident, p^ovf, than, vbat; North America pucsents, of the txuth, that, in. ordei; to develope tlvc eu,erg^es of a. nation q,uicyj( ijn,d, from all sides, the ^etaovin^ of overy obstacle, ^ni, the full ^nioyment of ii»dependance, an^: pv^perfcy, are alone re«^uisite. I.nstcad of the wciginal, 1^ united stales, the Union, in, the forty third yesen from near 5 to 10 million'' The new .pirit of .mancipation, and ihMhrory of the rights of man, must shew their effects qu.te differently ia Europe, on then- results hc.ng once applied to common life nn.l the organism of t -e state. Here was not the quoslion of throwing off a dominion exercised beyond the sea. which hcng neither known, nor loved hy the people, could only have innuen, on them, by means of it. representa- tive..- and of sobstituting for such, a central powef in the heart of the country; here thoqucstum Lst rather be, of a complete revolution of th.stand^ ing order of things, which appeared in the l-ght of or were fdt as so many abuses- - The more thl people, excluded from all practical paruo- pation in the executive government, inclined to the side of theory , to put which into practice, no positive legitimate means presented themselves; the more dangerous, must the example of a new state- constitution be, founded on flattering doctrme. xvhich held out a so much wished for independance. More particularly, when it was imprinted on dis- contented minds, feeling themselves oppressed on every side, and viewing no hope of relief in the veal and standing order of things, but still more. .vhen there were enlightened men amongst thenu >vho had rvot alone viewed the developement of the 1 n0i wh bio to 1 tlii the thi .pn hy coi coi f the in tal a til. no cil th of fo of su pc fe. at from near 5 nd the theory effects quite is being onco an ism of tl'C ;hrowins "'* "^ which beinn 1p, could only iti re^jresentO' ich, a central ■re the question „n of the stand ed in the lisht ( The more actical partici- it, inclined to ito practice, no themselves-, the of a new statc- lering doctrines r independance. iprintcd on dis- hes oppressed on of relief in the but still move, n amongst thiuu elopement of the 1 29 nfw doctrines on tlie trans -atlantic continent, but who h.id fought for their establishment, iit>d had broui»ht hack a lively and l.islin» impression of such to their own cdHlitrien. Unfortunately for Europe, liiis was the case in K r a n c c , where , according to the picture, wo have drawn of this king s, s 3« ^ ™,l* h. .mnd,d «ih, U .» .nc.^' «-^ ,1m,. .k. c.«„. and or .h. «...»bV. 0,.. CO., F*'"""" , . ,;m.m were oi •<» <=ttn- 1...C.. -w •«-• •=•«•* '"" """"• *t ' "trr«d ..e. th. exU..nc »l .h. .1.-.^ °» ,i.^ J^th. fciii»B« -" »«"•'"« •' "•""."'r «er«d W, .,e..-.. '^-"v •"^"»- '" *""':" kj . -.l.to.d. of M. .omun«r. i. »» .m««. Jprtd, .Wh . con.»i».d a a.ivi.« ?op»la". pt eas gel iiu bu of pi( «ff tin inl of t/i< th( iie s«l •y to •n •n •U] Ui «a 4d] I 3» 7, v> il«V»W •at»r diHicul- ,, thsvn wl».»*. right* a« * tdmin >»*»*' innovator nw useful piV* rable civil cot^ provvAcial coui were of »« c^n- iction, aa •tct?M, to which a domling nnrne w«» prvHied; fM»- thur by thu iuipetuoifity of the national churactcr, ptrticulttily towaid* the South, which, however easily it niif?ht have been curhcd hy pruper entt- getic measures, as soon as the reins wcro sluck«neil, I'mdiag no counterpoise to every unbridled panioa, hurst out into more boisterous violence, and initcMl of freeing itself fjom the yoke of luporflaoua pressure, endtavored to break through, and throw efi, all the necessary burthens of a people constitn- ting a state. If wc add to these ground -lines, the intrigues of a depraved court, who viewed the change of system, with the same indifference, a« they did that of a minister, and the personal character of the monarch, who, possessed of gruat goodness Of iieart, yet, wanting the necessary firmnees, at eriti- sal moments lowed the levellers sufficieiit tioie, •ystematicaU} *o corrupt the minds of the poopltr, to rend«r cvcu the fidelity of the army dowbtftfl, •nd bv a i«atinual oscillation in his r«»olutiuns Mkd measures, made it impossible for his adlse- f eats to back them by any consistent plans , end to aupport the thxone with effect; if ire mui'eover add, that the rest of Europe^ alarmed fur the mainte- nance of the sineient systcito, comld sot usiMii an 4dle sipectMoT of the fcrmentatiojua in Fratiee, sfterr «uff«ar «fae Maxims of the new reformnm etftbeWoiMl «9 put «%«oti«Mli Jit teus« be wriAtmt, 4Mi a 1 1 a"-' m I 32 declarauon of the rights of man, published u.dcr suchcircnmstances, must be throu-ing oU .nto the flames; that the attempt at effecting: a total reform • in the state after the model of Amev.ca, must carry with-it, the overthrow of all legal Wriers, ami that if irx the latter country, liberty had been able to develope itself, until its furthermost limits, in the former, deduction, once set loose, must rage with- out intermission, and every social tie be d.s.olved, •are some new principle of power, could put a stop .*° 'fiii^ this principle, the men in power called to life themselves, by raising an army, it is true, fot nuite different purposes, which, absorbing much fermenting matter, left them more at liberty at home; but which should force the neighboring na- .tions abroad, with fire and sword a to become parta l,ers of the blessings of fraternity in the kingdom of .freedom and equality For it was alone the free determination of the rul.rs of those times, or rather the apparent nece.^ sity of affording on the one hand, an honorable vent to the excited passions, and on the other, of • surrounding the borders of the republic, with filial- states modelled after the new forms, in order to xender it more inaccessible to the apprehended at- . tack of the ancient powers, and not a hostile under- standing of these, nor the influence of «migra«ts, J 33 iblisTiod under g oil int" ^^*^ a total reform ca, must carry L iMirriers, aud had beeii able St limits, in the must ragewith- tie be dissolved, ;ould put a stop power called to :, it is true, for absorbing much re at liberty at neighboring na- to become parta- n the kingdom of which kindled the dreadful war *). -- The inde- cision which at that time prevailed Ja the diffcieut cabinets, would have caused them to remain calm spectators of even worse occurrences, than had hap- pened hitherto, in order the better, undisturbedly to follow up their plans directed against the East, and to guard their territories, against the entrance of the new doctrines, by isolating the inflammable matter, whilst France >vas internally desolating herself *♦). Forcibly drawn in, they conducted their cause, according to the anient tactics, against a nation, pouring forth masses of combatants never before beheld, sufficiently unfortunate, as to pro* cure tha leaders in France, the most complete triumph; misled in tlje fii'st place by a contempt of their opponents, afterwards seized by a panic terror, at home and abroad, they never were upited within themselves, being »t the same time unaccom- •mination oi the ^ apparent necet- d, an honorable on the other, of public, with filial- jrms, in order to > apprehended al- lot a hostile under- inco of emigrants, I •) Declaration of wai! against Aurtfia \h* fotk Agril 1793. against Gr«at l|i tain the ist Pebry. 1793. ♦♦) Brisaot had uttared in a mamorable ipeech, in the Jacobin club, already on the 30th Deer. 1791, ^hat the imbecility of the crowned heuds , had rendered it ii point of necessity in them to Kd* hereto a pe a o e able Syst e nil, and that tli* French nation must ha»«e« in "slialltfnging tHonl." 1 1. 34 .eriet disgur.t of llicit own suhjci;!!. — happened agveabk .. .h»iv mo». B.ngume e.pec»- iZ. Th. .r,„y partly animated Tor .he ea>.;e . - ,eU tor wh.chitfoueh., or a. leas, only nnmltul 1„ the field, of .he du.ie. ot .he soldier, allowed .ho facions, which were con.inually con.end.ng a ,„„e to, dominion, .he grea.e.. scope ot ac.,on l„ obedien. .0 .he impulse ot .he acknowledged ,„,ho„.y, i. surrounded France with new republ.cs called in.o life, h, .he parole orders ot generals on .hemu„e,in.hcNe.he.landsa„d.nl.alr.=n4 enriched .he m..l.er.coun„y «i.h ""'-;■"';* she oitered up a. .he shrine ot liher.y , gra.etul tor her beneficent effects. — Only by degrees, but as a necessary consequence of events, the spirit of the army became changed, 1 laid ;he foundation of a new order of th.ngs.n France. During the government of ^^^ Te-r.^' .vhen internal anarchy ruled with the mos ghastly sway, and every .dea of constitutxon and rxghts. and security of life and property, seemed to be annihilated, - there existed alone - ;1^« "2' still a sense of justice, of honor, and a legal cohe- ,ence. - whilst noble feelings clung to the recol^ lection of warlike deeds already ^-^-;^' ^^^ fondlv pictured the glorious scenes, which mnat. J 'Tided Viy the had in view, ruinc expecta- the cause it- only mindful ;r, allowed the contending at :ope of action ; acknowledged new republics, of generals on in Italy, and reasuves, which [y , grateful for iary consequence jccame changed, :der cf things in »f the Terrorists, the most ghastly ition and rights, ff seemed to be ne in the army, nd a legal cohe- ung to the recol- r atchieved, and es. which innate J 35 power and woilh seemed to progno.ticate for the future. — Thus his native country iprc.-euling no longer a vallyin- point, the camp became the repub- lican'! country and the honor of the soldier, as such, the object of all his efforts; every one, who had still the choice left, preferring the service of the army, to that of his household gods. And more- over, on tlie new Constitution being at length put into force in September 1793, which appeared, pur- posely to have been so constructed, that it must : ortly subvert itself, by the friction ofi its compo- nent parts badly fitting in each other, and render all civil administration coniemptil)le; whereas, at the same time, a young, eminently daring deader, who irresistably commanded the confidence of jhis associates, and who was strewing his career, daily with fresh laurels, shone at the head of the army ; then it was, that civism was obliged to yield to the glorious sound of victory's shouts , and all respect and veneration for the laws and institutions, which by the continual change of parties, were sunk into mere fleeting phoenomena, must; be lost, in admi- intion and attachment to the warlike thief, who pointed to victory in the front, and to distinction, riches and enjoyment in the back ground. And Napoleon Buonaparte, united in his own person, more than all the splendid names did, which shine so bright in the annals of French milU II 1 ' 36 tary renown, all the qualities, necess:u-y, for accom- pushing the dating -.vork, of transforming Franc<» into a military autocracy; even Moreau, the greatest after him. would only have been a renown- ed citizen . in a happy republic. If he suoc.edcd in gaining the affections of his troops and even the tespect of his enemies, Napoleon understood to e,at.N we might almost say, * fanatical confidence m the necessary success of all his projects, a^d-by the vio- le^t rapidity of hi, enterprises, and the continual Change of the seat of his warlike deeds, to enchatn the fiery spirit ofanation, more prone than any otTn*-. to be dazzled by good fortune. Even his fo^-e,gn Corsican nature, assisted him .n imposing on the multuude. and r'cmoved to a distance, that mt,- mate familiarity, which militates against a rising ascendancy, not intended to make use of mankind for the purposes of a reciprocal com'munKation, but as -the means of attaining its ends; a national Frenchman, would hardly have succeeded in raismg himself to the height Napoleon stood on. But it wa, not his character alone, still less any consc.ous struggling after some precise aim, but th^ course of events, uch raided him on high, and assisted him to develope that, which lay obscurely Imlden in hH breast. Let it have been a restless thirst aflci fresh military atchievements, or a correct present.- men of coming events, which caused him toinvade th of bli an CO! by of of wa abi bee of! the pes coi spe of in- ins tiiif \\ J 37 y, for accom- minp Franca ; o r e a u , the len a. renown- h» succeeded: and even th© vstood to ejiit Jj idewce in ths id' by the vio- ihe continual fs, to enchain than artyothc . n his foi-eign iposing on the ice, that inti- gainst a rising ise of mankincf lunication, but is; a national eedcd in raising od on. But it J any conscious but the course 1 , and assisted bscuvely hidden tlcss thirst aflci yarrect pvesenti- •d him to invade the East with a chosen army, after the tranquillity of the European continent seemed sufficiently esta- blished by the peace of Campo Formio *), Prussia and Spain *♦), having long since retired from the contest, and the Italian states being bound down by treaties ; — he could never, under the influence of the deepest calculation, have diosen a career, which would have led him surer to the attainment of the aim, of reappearing shortly, as the man who was univerra'lly looked for, and who was become absolutely necewary. — It became every day more evident, what must become of France, since the i8th;of Fructidor, (theslh ofSeptembet 1797) which forced Camot possessed of the most preponderating talents, and Barthelemy of peaceable sentiments and a wish for a return to conciliating measures, from the helm of government. — The opposition of the two councils was become speechless, and coarse pride, the constant attendant of mediocrity invested with power, was prominent in all the discussions of the Directory , breathing insult, and threatening danger to all Europe, At the tommeucement of the yeitr 1798, Svvisserland, nliich had hitherto escaped uutouchsd )>) every J ♦) Coucluded ths 17th October V797. **) £y the treaties of Baicl on the 5lh April and tii July I705» V 38 instead of the vcnevahle ;-"^"^" ^,,oclaimed ther.; not, '" •^^■^'="' " ' „,eans of thU unity, to prepare them more qu.ckly ^ ,,„tr;butions of every natur^ ^^^^.^^^^^ ^^^_ Cicient. to overturn tl. pap -^^^^^^^ ....erted throne of the C.sa , a ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ Roman republic; a s.mU r eve ^^^ ^^^ .,e cause, or more properly only P ^^^^^^^^, r-ch amhassador^l-^^^^^^^^^^^^ ,He negociat,ons n. ^^^J^ ,^,„ ,,ere to have .vhichby the peace of Can^P° ^^^^ Germanic given a definitive ^^-^°?^"^;;* „,,,„. continued & , T„ Ttalv revolutionumo „,« . body. I- I"'J „j„, „j .he aay ; „i.houl intctmi«.o>. to 1> ^^^^.__.^ ^^^, ,„a,.e. -eft 0.e 1'°" \^;:';„ •„,,. .1 l,sMn,.g ,„„,.c .a..«ardsi -„1. .)». n ,„Mao.ovUy cleared up to this da), anu nn hi ia. whose now ruler seemed luoie determined, tJian any of his royal cotemporarics , to cxcerciso a sovereign «way, and had since his coming to the throne (in 1796), been forming plans, to put an effectual bar- rier, to the inundations of the 1 rench power, and the new doctrines,— \va« up in arms, on account of the conquest of the above island; that the Porte, the oldest ally of France, had followed her example, exasperated at the invasion of lier teiiilorics, and that the flower of the French navy had Iwen sacri- ficed to destruction, by the British at J^bouXir ; — he continued following up his plans of conquest, acted the part of the sovereign *) , to the greatest perfection, which had often in Italy involuntarily, as it were, burst from him, and accustomed his adherents to look upon, him in this light, but upon themselves as daily more and more the instruments of His will, which was not subservient to any higher national impulse. But on the flames of war, bursting forth over all Europe in the spring of 1799, and, notwithstanding the great sacrifice which had been made at Rastadt, by the cession of I *) It is well known, that Napoleon suffered himself to be saluted with cannon in Italy, and with all the etiquette usual on the reception of the . Roman Emperors. F A V 1 40 . Prince Jourdati had ,,... uu. or u.B.-»j --,,,„„„„,„ „mi.. 1>»'1 ""•"='' j^ j^„ ]„,aan, peace wa. ,0 .he Nile, yes eve ^^^^ „„d the ocean i van"'-* """ '"V't; , ; 10.. in •'»' *'»'"°"' _ „„d on l""":' "'""f.,,. „uh the »n«l' «" ception of Genua, ^^^^ Levant : .„aU,eco.„u.>.Uu«ea-H^^ „„„„,.ea, »;" ^;__^^„i.,„ , _ on .he m.e»a .d i,Uo a.. ■^"•"""J. .,H.u„ca, he.- .rad. ani «U.« »"■"-; '7/:„„..,. .„n,Wla.ed,- „..i,.,.ion va,»cd and .^. U„ only man -"'".d '). -^ ^^^^ ^^^_^^^_ „ ,h, ciates, on >vhom .he eye ^^ ^j,,,^,„ed .he Direc c„„,.eUa.ion of .alvauon _ ^^^^__^^^^^__,^„„_ ,„r,, and the les..la..veboay ^^^__^^ ^^ .ho «.»..i"» '-" ""°'.tcou .oran,on,h-.) '■■-''■7-^r;--rwr:::on.;a..pic.h.e.o been frequently ^.^^■,,^, of the nation wer. rhe people. Tbe "P^'^'f^^^^^'^^ ,,a the first driven out and dispersed by soldiers, a ♦) M- landed on tUe atU ol October 1799 i»^^»P"' C w ot 111 tl ir tl ii h h an re e( t] a d \\ c g a o M) The I31U of Brumaue, the »vn , 41 Jourtlati bad X tbc Russia a ,n ihe Rhine ,n, peace was md the ocean ; this disastrous the single cx- jnetian islands, ;t of the Levant:, Republics being gain transform- an the internal , Iter trade and annihilated; — few trusty asso- e turned, as the ressed the Direc e tone of a master, ;s his servants to Lse of a month *♦) ion, which having ome despicable to of the nation wer* ,ers, and the first :ob« i799in*^«P°'^ 4th m bv the ..de of >vhioh, all f"""' "' P""""' poslism, Dy .,,„j„„s ,vcrc thrown oft rrccaom, being empty .l.ado»i, , .„^._ at pleasure, a. .oon a. they con>me.eed to bo .neon "°';":e7:ndeney toward, denroerat.c instUution. ,.. ..acbedtbe re. or Europe, front -«> i, partook, upon the whole, more of •>'= "^^^^^^ revolution ot idea. internaUy in .he m.nd. o men ;.: toUowed the example ot the «'>°";-;« •^';. any proiected aew laws, was »» of SeiUbr. 1807. »t. ivrounduil ll>e cd llicii- new ihat liatl liccn ntofiudcpciul- 1, after having loiji the point irthial form of nse imaginable ic military des- rins of political .ere thrown off ced to bo incon- itic institutions, com France, but of the luccessive e minds of men, bove country, ift lensation had t.ot leads immediately .remodelled, by the he i3th of May 1804.1 already been depri- ig in full assembly, abolished the »8th 43 embraced wilTl ftnthusiasin. xh€ tenets of the re^o. lution, and wlulst the more tircumspc. t were coolly awaiting thr irsulti, the more fi«>ry, had hastened to hail in p.rson. the approach of the new|and happy order of things. — A dangerous spirit shewed it»*;lf not alone in the countries bordering on the ^bine, — in Hoi land. Italy, and even in GrcatBritain, particularly in Ireland, which h nl cause of complaint of being neglected, before the intimate union with the .istcr-island took place, which Pitt accomplished in the year 1800; and preparations were most zea- lously made in these countries, for the formation of filial republics; even in Spain and Russia, it wa. considered necessary, by severe measures to prevent the clandestine introduction of the seductive poison. But France presented, in herself, the most powerful sintidotc to the more extensive propagation of popu- lar insurrections, having, on the road she had trodden, arrived at a state of the most lamentable anarchy, instead of that, of peace and happiness; end having loaded the provinces , which had been conquered by the force of arms ior the cause of li- berty and equality, with the evils of infinite in- ternal dissentions, attended with the external pres- sure of a foreign military force -and intolerable extortions. Thus is happened, that the attachment, tvlrich had originally been shewn to the new p i 44 doctrine., began in the rii»t place v,sa.l) to c..a but. cm very nalarally confoondin^ the theory wi h U. infamou. a,l.Ucation, called into Ufo by the ,no,t depraved wick.dnc,,, and every unbrulh-d passion, it went over to ,hc mo.tdcc.dcd abhovrcnce; under the nnpv<.sion of .uch sentiment., the return of Kvanco, to the uionavrhial form of government, s-rved in fact to .trengthcn the dHferent thrones. „ul to give the desired support to the mo.tconsum- .nal. d.spoliMU, which Napoleon very soon exer- ri,.a. For although tho new emperor in impressmg on t!,c minds of his subjects the power wh>ch sym- bolKally belongs to the crown, and the principle, that ali nrc dependauton the wUl of the ruler, whoalon. i. en-ry th.n,, tb- people b.ing but his means, but too wUlin.ly coi.i.d, .ith the must scrupulous exacU il,.U.. the exaruple of the anc.ent courts. wUhout bein^ able to attain their dignity; he yet sur- passed them heyond all measure, in the application of the prin.:iph^ that ht the state, there must ex.st but one w.ll. u.d«pendant of which, all things are „erc instruments; and thts he carried through ve- pardless of all obnacles. No monarch has ever un- devaood or exercised, as lie did, the artof rcducmg at once every thing to calculation, of playing w.th „,cn. as with figures; of appropriating to Inmse not ahme the results of the various sciences, but all the productions of the natural and corporeal powers. MS of m v'llt ito life by the ,ery unbiullfd IcdaHiovrence; Biili, the return of government, ifercnt thrones, he niostconsum- very soon exer- o\: in impressing wcr which sym- 10 principle, tliat ruler, vvhoalon* it his means, but , scrupulous exacl- t courts, without Uy; lie yet sur- .11 the application there must exist ch, all things are irried through vc- narth has ever un- the art of reducing ,n, of playing with )iiating to himself )us sciences, but all id corporeal powers, 45 as if thfy weir alone intended for his purposes, and of keeping tliu whole harmoniously in play, by a mechanism, the springs of which a single thought set at work. And if the ancient cabinets strove mor« and m.re to round and centralize their different territories, and forcibly to draw their near .t envi- rons into the sphere of their attraction, — he em- braced them jointly in his system of calculation, and had in view, the project of raising himself -o lh« coutral point of the whole European world. The situation, in which he found France, rendered it undoubtedly necessary for him to tijihten and hold with iron hand the reins of a government, whicl> could only recommend itself, but by the resloratioa of public order and the regular courae of things. This necessity, cooperating with the voice of an immense majority, who approved of every thing, (however unjustifiable) which promised internal peace, and glory and riches at the expenceof coun- tiici abroad; assisted him, in the commencement, in disguising his passion for the most arbitrary des- potism and the excrcice of it, an^* in rendering himself popular with the multitude ■- Tliosu governments, which still commanded respect, excused many a daring step, which French politics, strove to represent \vi»h all theart of dipio- malic sophistry, as measures only extorted from them, to humble the proud continental enemy , but not I •i « \ I 46 „ means of ..If -aggrandizement - —"-*;' the indignation, generally felt in the m.ndsofmen « th. effort. Great, Britain had been long makmg to oht^in the unlimited dominion of the sea, , and the envy, not so just, but still universal, at the con- ^ani encreasing prosperity of hertrade, andmanu- feetilring inaustry. — On this lada«, .he Emperor ro.e ..ep hj .lep, .„ aWlute roler of his kingdom, extended by h,m „n e.ery side. .nd» .c.n.l Die.ator of the res. of Europe; who either immediately obeyed h.sproteC oral commands, or were obliged to pursue the s).- «m he had directed against England from th, .urthermost borders of the Baltic to theshores of the Maiiterranean, _ being the emblem of h.s sup. "or power, and authority. He maintatned h.msel tt,.hU positio,-, a. long as the mecham.m of h, "ate orgar,i.ati„n, (more powerfully ordered, that 1. of any other country) had to contend w,th *..erial obstacles, which the governments oppo- "1 ,0 it in standing armies, and foundered a. Tength on the awakened Spirit of the n.t.ons. Th. he had never calcuiated upon, but which he had summoned up aga.n.t him, more by the pubi.c insolent scorn, he had vailed at. deny.ng at ,t w . the existence ot all the feeling, of .ndependanc , .nd of the deeply- rooted affection, ever, n,t,on tee s Mt» hear,, forits country and what .s venerable to tvi dc: eff qu al w ai tl H n n V 1 s f; r I a 9 47 on account of the minds of men, een long making, of the seas , and versal, at the con- trade, andmanu- rose step by step, extended by him ator of the rest of obeyed bis protect, to pursue the sys- :ngland, from the to the shores of the iblem of his supe- tnaintaincd himself mechanism of hi« fully ordered, that d to contend with governments oppo- and foundered at ■it of the nations, pon, but which he more by the public denying at it were, rj of independance, m every n.ition feels 1 what is venerable to it, — ■ than, by the intolcraiilc misery, tlie coun- tries groaned under, by tlie pressure of his military despotic government. His fall, and what has been, effected by it, are attended with too many conse- quences, not to be deserving of a separate chapter. - IV. Napoleon fell, not when kings and armie* alone, but when nations were opposed to him, who were animated by a leading principle, grown into an irrevocable determination, of rather enduring the worst, than his dominion; he fell when the ignominious subjugation of some, and that which notoriously threathened others, obliged the Mo- narchs, to look to their people — no longer alone to their military, so often conquered and «o great- ly humbled — for salvation , and to collect theix subjects en masse, animated with the greatest con- fidence, around their native princes, as the proper rallying point. In his oxvn people, lo»g since traa*. ported by emphatic phrases from one state of e«alt- ation to another, grown wcaryof flowery harangues, and in the exce» of tachaustion, iaioapabie o€ a f^». c, 48 ther enthusi ;tic elasticity, he had nothing sim.lav to oppose, to such an universal inspiration, as the above, which exceeded all the limits of calculation. In Spain, whose just national pride, he had deeply wounded, and by which he had again roused, to the most romantic height, the otherwise luke- warm attachment to the reigning Dynasty, in the persons of which, the nation saw itself robbed of the symbols of V.S independence, - he, who uas In- therto considered invincible, lost the renown of lus invulnerability; here he was obliged to relinquish his first plan, and occasioned hundred thousands of his adherents an inglorious death The wish of drawing off the eye. of the world from what had happened, -d was happening daily there, was undoubtedly a .ancipal reason, for his projected designs against Russia, being brought sooner to ma- turity than otherwise. By the most gigantic exer- tion, of the re.ources of his empire, he meant, by one blow, to render the resistance, he had ever dreaded from the East and the North, impossible for the future; ^n order (when Russia was driven back upon Asia, and the Allies, who were now fight- inghis battles, were become virtually, if not no- finally his vassals) to accomplish his aim m the West, with less difficulty. No one will deny, on comparing the wavlike resources, which stood at his command, with those 49 nothing simikv ipiration, as the ts of calculation. I pride , he had had again roused, otherwise Uike- ; Dynasty, in the tself robbed of the he, who s\as hi- thc renown of his ■red to relinquish undred thousands th The wish of d from what had daily there, was for his projected uffht sooner to ma- lost gigantic exer- le, he meant, by luce, he had ever North, impossible Russia was driven ho were now fight- rtually, if not no- ash his aim in the paring the wavlike tumand, with those of his opponent, viewed in tlie ordinary light, but that the calculation was bold, and by no moans ilU founded ; neither will it appear strange, that even Napoleon, supporting the character, he had once assij^cd, must think it necessary for him, in the situa- tion he then was, to put every thing at stake. His premises were alone faulty in two things: his army Was no longer the republican otte< luch as had fought in Italy under hira, -and irf Germany under Md- teau}- more shew than substance, it exhibited extet- nally much of the ostentation and the splendor of an oriental host, ahd it* ihtorior , was no longer grounded 0n national and martial honor, but 6n rapine, plunder arid despotic insolence; — as to the character of the people^ ke vfai about to attack on their o^n e6il,hi ^Ht-vticfte ohamefttUy nlistdkert, and still mora' unfortftttadely »o, with regard to tiifc local arid j>hysieaina!urd of the country. Instead of barlwrotW horde* vvho would hastefi at tll« fits* hjnt, to throw »U An opjuessive yofc«, lie mer with a peopl«» 1*0* infe»ior to th« Spaniard in reiigidu* unanirtilty, in attachment to- their na- tive soill, a»d in makittg an unconcerned sacrifide of all tatiHif good* for ift* defence; atid what tbej might be deficient in pride of independance, and a romantic recollection of former atchievments, was more than overbalanced, by their most devout MMMHi \ ^ 50 attachment to their Ruler, looked upon as theiv common father, and in whom they had placed a boundles. conMence ; he also met with a government v,hich had solemnly declared, it wculd stand or fall with its people; which, unshaken hy the smokmg ,„ins of Moscow, and even by the danger winch .cemed to threaten Petersburg, withstood all ih. allurements held out for peace, relying wholly on God and it. people *). The unprecedented con. flasration of the capital, which rendered a longer residence in it impossible, was the signal af desuuc tion for the proud conqueror, and the power of th« element,, in alliance with the just cause, assisted m annihilating under the most inexpressible m.senes. cuicker than human hand, would have been able to effect, .n army, which had not had it. equal m the annals of European warfare. But even .nde- pendantof the winter, it is unlikely that the new Sesostris would have escaped the destruction, whxch. the unanimity and the enormous resource, of the Russian empire, xiow first collected, and pouring forth one army after the other, had prepared for him in £,ont and which the revolt of the different n a- tions, whom undex the mort repugnant feelings, he h ■n r« t] P e: d SI P P P t i: V S' e t c c a I X t I* h > O See tl.r emperor '.Uxarder-s Manifestos, of th. iStH of July and of September i8w after the burning of Moscow» — d upon as theiv ey had placed a ith a government, c'uld stand or fall hy the smoking lie danger which withstood all th» elying wholly on iprecedeated con- rendered a longer e signal of destiuc- L the power of th« St cause, assisted in xpressible miseries, Id have been able It had its equal in s. But even inde- ikely that the new destruction, which, us resources of the id, and pouring forth repared for him in of the different na- ugnant feelings, he J't;.!- r'l Manifestos, of th« ;ember »8ii» "fter *!»« 51 had forcibly allied to his banners, was ready to| over- whelm him with, in the |R ear. — ' ; Already long-ago every thing had been prepa. red secretly in Prussia, to be able to rise ?a arm», when the day of vengeance should appear; being the country of all.those crushed by the superior power of Napoleon, the one, which united the great- est intelligence, with the deepest sense, of the unpav donable insults, and the flagrant disgrace, which had suUied its militaryhonor. — In doing this, the people acted unsummoned, well knowing for what purpose, although the government could not yet publicly proclaim it, being obliged slowly to follow the course of events, — but at the same time, throw- ing no obstacles in the way of these patriotic efforts, which were always capable of having a double con- struction placed upon them, as long as a direct tend- ency, was not given to them, by the high authori- ties of the state. Even York's celebrated convention, concluded on the 50th December 1812 in the Pos- cherung mill, which for the first time unequivocally shewed, (and too- hastily according to diplomatic Pi nciples), Aa^ the sentiments of the army verein unison with those of the people^ -r- could not hasten, the wise delay of the government ; althou;ih every heart which beat for its country knew , to which side tha mind of the king inclined, end all acted tgreaMc to thi« cpatktion. But on tiie Russians, i 4 mi 5=^ wh.. had punned tlie enemy, without irtermissioa, shue October, h .ving pressed fow-ard to the Oder. hpvin,^ driven the renvuant of the Fvench army be- hind th« Fibe, aU having i.toated t-ie country from M^mc" to Berlin, tl^sn it w.is. that the king't fublir. appall in his people ./d lua army, on the nth Maych, app^atM, and V.nited, in an indisso- luble league, for the deliverance of Europe, the outers otJlussi.^ and Prussia, who entered Breslau or the 15th of the same month, some of the kindred Perman princ«, immediately joining the alliance— , . Austria ^*eBt slowM to work. She remained for a, considerable time, in a respectable posture, « spectator of the <;ourse of events^ arming herself in the mean time, in order, (k» the issue be wha* it would) to be able to hold the balance of power. She would willingly have mediated a peace, which would have deprived France of her prepolidance in Germany, aud confined her within F«op« li"^***^ but which also would have rendeied Russia's adva»* cing to^yards the West, (which was certainly beheW with distrust at firs*,) unneceseaty, ard which would, have kept back the rising. power of Prussia, on the point o£ it!s oompietfj devel.>pem«nt. She icqutictl also time to reestablish hea: military re«o«roos, ex, hausted by former exertiom^, u-pon, such a footing, as to give her a weight, suitable to her digni-::'. But on Russia and Bwissia^ haMJo^duxing the. ba^^ «.i I to^t intermission, ard to the Oder, Jrench army be- 1 ed t.ie country s, that the king't Ilia army , on ther ad, in an indisso- e of Europe, the catered Breslau me of the- kindred ling the alliance. — k. She remained pectable posture, « arming' herself in e issue be what i* balaiLce of power, ted a peace, vrhicb lier prepolad^nce in thin proper limits, 3yed Russia's advan* vas ce);tainly beheld cy^ ard which woi^ of Fruisia, on the lenti. She lequncdi iitary reeoiiroos, ex- pon, tBch a footings aJble. to her dignity, iji^'dttiing tiiB> ba^^ 53 of iei3, sufficiently shewn their zeal in followinj; up the just cause, having evinced the power and hardiness of their armies, and the talents of their generals; on England*), having hy treaty, ensured their exertions, the necessary aliment, and powerful assistance from Spain and Portugal; and lastly, on it being sufficiently evident, by the course of the proceedings at the Congress at Prague, that Napo- leon, whose arts were now completely seen through, only intended to gain time, but not to recede the least from his plans, and who, still only keeping in view the mere calculation of numbers, thought, by an imposing numerical superiority of combatants, to keep the South and West of Germany attached to Jbis cause; — the upright emperor then declared .war on the iith August against the haughty usurp- ■n of the Supremacy in Germany, disregarding •with a noble self-denial, alltheties, even the intimate one of conkanguinity, which seemed to bind him to .the interets of France, and farmed a sphere of attrac- tion whichy before the end oi the year united all tue stxtfit of Vha Rhinish Confederation, — Bavaria first, the lesser ones aftes the decisive battle ef Leip- sic — with the universal cause of freedom and uf Germany. — )i*. ^ 4 *) XxtMy o£ Reichenlacb the 15th June 1815. f 54 Thearmicjof the allleo, now rapidly croised th« Rhine the last days of the departing year, and in the iiist ones of .8.4, in^^^der to bring the war a.ainst Napoleon, in France itself, to a decinve con- clusion. His dethronement, and the restoration of the ancient dynasty, could on no account already at that time, have been the objoct they had in view. The emperor stood yet too powerful amidst fresh v^mies he had levied, to warrant such an intention; ,ud. on the Northern and Eastern frontiers, and m .ne interior of the country, the sense of the people was by no mean, such , a. to promise cooperation, or even approbation of these measures. On thecon. trary, all who were capable of bearing arms, and could reach the seat of war time enough, hastened to the defence of the paternal soil , and Napoleon conducted these resources, with such surprising ta- lents of generalship, as to throw the allies, more than for the mom.ut, into a state of visible embar- xassment, and at least, to convincethem most clearly, of the possibility of the failure of their operation,. But proud intoxication at partial successes, which ..e/chavactenzed Napoleon, filled him, with a ,,„rid,.ncc in the present case, which led himtohi. licstruttion. — In the midst of the tumults of war, a congress Hd been opened at ChatiUon, since the 6th Febru- ary .g.4, which pointed out a peace toFrance, tkat I / rapidly croised tartjng year, and to bring the war to a decisive con- thc restoration of account already at they had in view. ;rful amidst fresh such an intention; frontiers , and in ense of the people )mise cooperation, lures, Onthecon- Dcaring arms, and enough, hastened il, and Napoleon iuch surprising ta- IV the allies, more ;e of visible embar- ethem most clearly, if their operations. »l successes, which iUed him, with a ,vhich led him to his of war, a congress ince tlie 6th Febru- )eac6 to France, tkat 55 would have left her more powerful, than shu h.ut been before the revolution. But on the uppt^urance of a return of pood fortune, and imagining nothing less than the annihilation of the enemy, ho reject- ed with impetuosity, all the proposals, that were made him, and which according to circumstances, were very moderate. A general insurrection of thek peasantry, which he intended to support by ma- noevering in the rear of the ollies, and the loyalty and obstinate defence of the capital, — were the ground -pillars of his hopes. With regard to tlie latter, at least, he had been mistaken; it is more than probable, that without a powerful faction in Paris, ready for capitulation, and inimical to the continuation of Napoleon's don? • n ion, the allies would not have ventured upon their hazardous march, nor have seen it crowned which i'.:ccess. The city did not perform, what the empero.- expected, nor what his Lieutenant, Joseph hiJ. promised} and three months after the passage of the Riiine (the 31st March) the allies entered it. The Bourbons] follow- td, close upon their steps; on the 6th of April Napoleon abdicated the French '.nrone, and on the 5d of May, Louis the eighteenth appeared in Paris, without acknowledgin ? the Constitution ri the 6lh April, by power of which, the conservative Senate, would havehiiu kim proclaimed King. On the other i t ««-^JI.Jf«l 1 56 h,nd by a solemn treaty ♦\thelateempcvor, was not „„,v to retain his title and dignity, but to enjoy the fur: sovcreiir-^y "f ^he inland o£ Elba, which be had chcM, for his future residence. The circumstance even of his being again formally received into th. Lstofmonarchs, shewed, that the allies were unable to a. t. entirely with consistency, and instead of K.ht. ,n.. the matter out, followed a system of compos.l.on. «hich in the sequel, rendered it impossible for the new government to bring to an advantageous usue. It n.ight also at that time easily haveb«en fMeseen. that Napoleon, who assuredly possessed sufiic.ent resources to continue tbe conflict, only had -n si. dcred it more prudent to withdraw himscL fur the „.omeut, in order to come forward agai- . under better .uspices, on France, after the alUes uad retw ,ed being left to herself- Under these c.rcumstan. ces'France obtained a peace ♦*), -uch « .he neve. could have expected, had it not been for the con.,- derations, which were grounded on the facility, with which the allies, by mean, of a secret under- standing, had entered Pari., and «^« -"'l""-;^^ * the kingdom, vvher. the fire that had only been quenched, glowed powerfully under the ashes. ci w h b' ol ii o a u \N SI t1 ^1 \ ♦) Of ibe i2tb April 1814' .♦) Peace of Paris of the 30th Maicli t8X4- 'hi: emperor, was not but to enjoy the ba, which be had ['he circumstanra received into tht allies were unable ,d instead of (''ibt- ;mofcomposilion, mposiible for tlie Ivantageous issue, lavebeen f*-ieseen, ossesjei sufiicient ;, only had tonsi- w hiinso.L for the ard aga:/ , under the allies had yeti- : these circumstan- such a« she neve* )een for the consi- d an the facility, of a secret under- i the conqucroBsleft bat had only been uidex the asJies. , Maxell tSH- 67 Whilst Iho government thrre, amic^st the uu- ccnjing conflict uf all parties, — none of wlioui were satisfiod 'vith the constitution promulgated by I.ouis oti the 4th July, was employed, in reesta- bli»liiM,5; the vehicle of state, nccordinp totheform* of the ancient monarcby, and in uniting with it, . in the l)cst possililc manner, those instilutions out of the intermediate period, wliich were considered as indispensibly necessary; tbose idcp liegan to unfold themselves beyond the French frontiers, which were to regulate the distribution of the spoils of the subverted imperial stati-, amongst the victors, and to determine the reorganization of Europe. Spain, now completely liberated from the detes- ted French yoke, partly by her own efforts, and partly by the assistance of Great Britain and Wel- lington's great generalship, witnessed already on the 28th of March, the return of l.er sovereign to his paternal soil, who hastened with the most penetra.. ting firmness, to reestablish the ancient constitution. Assured of the support of ihe clergy, of that, of a part of the high nobility, and through the inllueilce of both these, of the approbation of the lower classe. of people, he rejected by a proclamation, gi/i'n at Valencia, on the 4th May, whither he had proceel" •""■•' '"""'" ■"■• . . »U„ and ...» adm,n...ra...... ot ,l.c o«ccu.,.o ,„d ...a. Icrd.nand, at.e. I.a«in8 """"* "":;:;:. May, U,.,...nc.pa, n.cn,..c..ot.... : and .1.0 t«-.B« n...-"y. -"" '"»'"' '" :: .ha. ...c above c.n>...u..un, formed af.« »«« " . ... "«-"■ »"•' "" """ '""""""°"'."' TH.hda....a...n,c,arn.od. 1 , on. ...... B- "": 1 .i»e. -= --^'""^ ''"' '*" °""; " .. -Md ag.o.b.a .0 .he ancien. tovm. of „„lin...ed -- ^"J;,;: .„J„.,caland.on... "t t w «relbl..hed. T..e..n.e.ocon.e. w,Ushe%v,wn greatest extent, :r,:.h::.«>Uno.beround.no.e,nden.to. ,he tu.ure. .o adop. mi.der measure. •). , ...» .t lt.« 7.H Maral. >8"o *" "°"'" I, ai the law of author ty of llie , leaving the M<>- laracier utuu hcd . of the executive hout more oppo- r having arretted membcri of tha couUl make hii Madrid, and under s surely tlie hcst formed after new lie reigning sentU B of cultivation, to :d. 1 rom this in- y after the other, s ancient forms o£ piritual subjection liastical andmonas- The time to come, ibsolute restoration, ) its greatest extent, was first intended, id more prudent for (ures *). Vlarali i8ao has acW- )£ the system hithertt 59 In the rest of Kurope, the principle of the un- eonditional ret-itablishnient of every thing oM. wti< at least not foUowod up with equal rigidiu-ss, in the political forms, given to the countries and tcrrito- tics, which were without masters. ^ A congress of the Sovereigns was appointed to meet in the autumn of 1814. »" order to rej-^ulalo everything, and to establish the new form of lu ropo upon a solid basis; but already in the couvso of the summer , lome remarkable occurrences took place; Genua being incorpoifttcd with the states of Sardinia, in direct opposition to the promises made by England through Lord Bcntick's procla- mation ♦), and Flanders, being united with I pursued. Is the Constitution that has now been adopted, likely to altind the test of time, without material alterations? — Experience teaches ns, that simplicity in the forms of executive go- Ternment, is not capable of being carried into effect in largo countries J even the two North - Ame- rican states, in which it still existed, Pensylva- nia and Georgia, have renotinced iti retention, and have adopted the system of the two Houses j the former by its new constitution of the 2d ?«!plbr. »79o , the latter, by its revised form of government of May 1795. — ♦) Of the 26lh April 181+. \ '■' 60 Holland, now transfurmed into the kingdom of the United Netherlands; which certainly took place contrary to the cordial wishes of its inhabitants *). There appeared, at the Congress itself, winch met towards the cr,d of October . such contradictory views, and such irreconcileable 'claims , as several times to warrant the apprehension, that it would be quite impossible, for any peaceable arrangement to be brought about, the indetermination which had hitherto shewn itself, being unable to l^^^ *° * permanent order of things, and that it would be neccs.:.ry to have recourse to the sword, to solve the ' points in d,sput.. The negociations regarding the future form of Germany, the fate of Poland, Prus- sia's indemnification, around which the political ex.- t-nce of Saxony revolved, and those touching Swis^ serland. and the aftairs of Italy, were protracted untU the end of Kebry. i8i5, without bringing to light, one single clear, positive result. - Atthiscrisis.onthe ,st of March, Napoleon once more, - amidst the conflict of passions con, tending for the division of his Empire *♦), - put S '. ») Proclamnuou ot 'ho new Tudcr c^ the 1st A«- gust ISH. ♦») The diftercce is well hnawn between L'Em- pirc Fraiigais and la f xancc. H a: '% 6i ) the kin?;c!om of Ttainly look place its inhaViitants ♦). itself, which met uch contradictory claims, as several n, that it would be le arrangement to nation which had nable to lead to a d that it would he : sword, to solve the tions regarding the ite of Poland, Prus- ich the political exis- [lose touching Swis- [y, were protracted without bringing to result. — ,f March, Napoleon lict of passions con- Erapite**), - P"* lUilcr (>t the ist Au- lann between L' Em- franc e. his foot upon French ground. Expected by his adherents ; received with open arms by the army ; and hindered by no one; he peaceably passed through the Eastern provinces, as far as Lions, as if he were returned after a predetermined absence, and from thence to Paris, which had been visited by frequent disturbances, and a number of mimic commotions, partly useless in themselves andpartly raised design- edly. On the evening of the 20th of March, at- tended only by a few, he arrived at the Thuilleries; the night before, the king had left Paris ; but an inconsiderable number of faithful adherents had accompanied him. — On the news of this event, completely unex pected at the time it happened, having reached Vienna, the Congress immediately found the ral- lying point, which it had hitherto wanted It was the interest of all the first-rate powers, who wished to remain arbiter* of the fate of Europe, entirely to annihilate Him, who had no:v reappeared on the stage, and on the I'sth of March, in a public decla. ration, they brought to Protoco^ , their determina- tion, of following up this interest, with all the means which stood at theii command; excluding Napoleon, nt the same time, from all the civil and social rela- tions of society, and designating him, as the enemy and the disturber of the peace of the world. This ' anathema, which united all, should it become ng* i s 62 „.c«s,vy, « . c™n,« or >Ke .nd icaO, ag.,»« l>a„c,, onca more auacl.ed Vy .h» c„u™ ot.ve... .„ ,„c cause of N.po.oo. . produced »"•"■■-";>• J"^ m in the discussions oE the Congress. I. sLov. visibly now, only t„ come .0 a V"^^^^'yJ"^ „„. ot .he most weighty points >" ''"P™- "^ o,d„ to remove .11 the element, ot a-»«. ''^ the allie.. and reserved the final i'^^'^^^''^ individualquestions, for a future and more peac. .Ue tinre. Thus was Poland dr.ided .n.otwop. «. between Uussia and Prussia; that W°°6>n8 - ^l-; former ..ceived the title of a Wn6'l»n> »« Pol'""- former, «■- , n^sian mo- subject, but not incorporated with the ,„ch„ whilst the Prussian part assumed the nam. „t the Great Dutchy of Posen. Saxony whrch W been so long the bone ot contention between the ; rent powers, .as dismembered into a It.ngdom . „hich remained snbiect to the ancent .uhnS family, and into a Dutchy which fell to the share rPrussia, whoobstained ^'-^'^■'^^^Z^^ .fertileGrand.Dutchyon the left "^"'*'^'' ^^ the Dntchy ot Luxemburg, was attached a. .con Iderate sta'e t. Germany, b»' »»""■ '" -"Tn ofthel.ingof.heNe.herlands.whowas,h.rebf m M, constituted a prince ot the German confede Jon. .mongst the member, of the ormer G „an en.pire, with the exception of those pr nee „edi.tul b, the act ot the con£ederat>on oi th- t] ti tl n t( u fi k u d P o t< f( a u V n t d death againrt course of -events 1 unanimity, and mgress. It strove reliminavy agree- ts ia dispute, in 5 of discord, from determination of and more peace- ided into two parts, t belonging to the ngdom of Poland, h the Pvussian mo- , assumed the name Saxony which had ntion between the red into a kingdom, ae ancient ruling ti fell to the share s, the acquisition of eft side of the Rhine. Ls attached as a con- ndevthe sovereignty .ho was thereby form- le Gevman confede- of the former Ger- ;ion of those princes confederation ot the 63 Rhine, a German -confederation was formed, undet the supremacy of the former emperor, theconstitu. tion of which, was rather hewn out in rough masses, than really organized for political action. Three new cantons, the PaysVands, Geneva, and Ncucha- tel were added to the Swiss union; in Italy, th» union of Genua with the Sardinian state, was finally pronounced; the Lombard and Venetian kingdoms were again restored to the Austrian domi- nions, Tuscany to the former Grand Duke ; and Fer- dinand the fourth was confirmed, by all the allied powers, king of Naple* , where Murat, had now finished, his once brilliant career. — These fundamental features of the future orde:p of things, were completed by the delegated arbi- ters of Europe , amidst the tumult of preparations for war, carried on with the most tmaniraous zeal, and umcommon rapidity; whilst the alii armies under the immec'.iate command of thpir sovereign* were advancing to the French frontiers. The Ger- man acfof confederation was signed on the eighth the definitive act of the congress of Vienna, on th*. gth and on the 15th of June, Napoleon crossed tho; Belgic frontiers, having with the most restless acti- vity, rendered his government popular by a refornl of tL* constitution, sanctioned at the splendid 4 64 a«,„H, on ,1,= ♦) May tieW, a"* l-aWn, pn«a »n „„„of,So.oo""mb«ants.long.l.oNe.1,c. n,h. .M.Lcac.„ponU,eo.e„s..,.nd,„f.>« a-- „,i.od hi, opponc... Fortune, s=e„,.d for .to 1^- Ly.».m.e„po„Mn,.tu.o„.,u.a„,,u.. 1- .„ i„u, v,c.o„ 6a.ncd.,y *e allies on .he ..H, uno !,bellcAUianc.,n.inedhis hope,, and hn.ld hrfrom.he pinnacleof hi, grea.ne.,, move,ap-dly, rtTn he had .ucceeded lately in vemonnung .. than he „,!„ head ot -vh.ch, ly wv,p -helm as Dictator, Regent, 01 as - to remain at the ^«^«'' « ^.^^^ Allies aclvan- simple general, P^^^ ^^'^f ";^^^^^. ^ p,,^ captu- J A^T Wellin<'^ton and Bluciiei , i< i: "7 «" ""nd „a,.al.enpn„e„ion of, on .he la.edon.he5.n. andw ,'„;,,,„ oi-hteenlh, „u«iy, '"-'■«'»"7"; ':„': r.i,: ^^i, o^ ,een,e.ed .he cpual, ""- ■" ^^^^ .,,. ,e.ca. '«-■■«» Tt The 'v^ed,Ln...a.up. nine to America, as ne n^u L^.hln.,e.r.o„Koe^.--;S.W... exactly a month after he had taken iiv= ») 1st Itini l3«5' ia.\'\r\% pristod an e Netlierlnriils. — did tl c Einpevor .d in f^ct hud sur- em-^cl for the first transitorily. T he on the i8>h.Tune, hopes, and hurled ness, more rapidly, n remounting it. ; head of which, by perhaps have been time, and to obtain ent, every endeavor >r, Regent , or as a The Allies advan- cher ; 1^1ns "l'^*"' possession of, on the .ouis the eighteenth, e under the iEgis of i every outlet ifesca- hed, being si at up, :t the i5'h °^ •'"^y' aken th^ field under (55 quite different expectations, on board of the English line of battle ship the Bellercphon, which earned him to the English coasts, from whence, by a deci- sion of the British cabinet, sanctioned by the prin- cipal pov.'ers, he was conducted to St. Helena. The peace which was concluded between the allies and the monarch once more seated on his throne, (sign- ed at Paris on the aoth November) did not differ materially from the former one, which hid obliged France, to withdraw within her ancient limits, but imposed upon her, a war contribution of 700 Mil- lion besides the burthen of an army, ijo.ooo men strong, \yhich should occupy the frontier provinces, according to circumstances five, or at least thres jears, — 4 ■UMl V. Thus then, after twenty three years of bloody rcvo^ lutions, a Louis was again seated on. the throne of liis forcfv\thers, and the principles ofMoi 'rciiy were firmly established in Europe. — But the principle tif gove;rnm«ut, was no iongpi; the old one, and th« (.10) iteSHg! a g.seit^L^unnuum-"" •"'' t ' V 66 ,L.rulc.„,aUW>.gh, ithaano.)Ccv..yvh.>. lcBnbvou6ht.or,gU.invi,M. for„,, a„dn-.- fied limits, «... maleiially changed. - A com- „ ,„g«hor, and reciprocal csleem and ack„o«. ,„dgeLn. of rendered .ervicc, laid .l,e ground „t a, elation between .i.m, nru.ually n,oro honor- able. — i^ov cnturies past, the mo n arcUs had not ^ 1 1 « in the fate of theu' been interwoven perso nail y m tne la ,e..o..,a.desreo.andhadnot.l,arcdt„,t. 'trwation. and hun.illa.ion. the dome.fc and „u ,1 calan,itios of their nations, nor had thus fough h> Lr sides, and conquered hy their efforts as they had done in the late fata, period of the world. r„n, the uttermost Westernpoint of Europe, t.^ue borders of Asia, what a change of fortune ! _ Th. ruler of Portugal transplants his royal throne, to " coasts of south America, to avoid becom.ng the p,i,e of the Corsican Emperor.). The Monarch ., Aoc.rdi„8 to XU 1..... .«■>»"". «<■« "" "' «- „r»me,. .nd the ...id.«« oftl,...or,.r.t. ..■ „,i„ „as..«.lj i. Br..il, .»d thus «e h.v. th. „„, insu.ce .t an Europe... linSd'-. '"»»8 ''' p.„aa„. upon .» Am.ric.. ».i. ""•' "»* " 67 I ruled stood to yet every where rms, and spcti- ,cd. — A com- ught them near- m and acknow- laid tlic ground illy more honor- iiarclis had not ; the fate of their )t shared thus, the imestic and public ad thus fought hy r efforts, as they iod of the world, t of Europe, to the F fortuuel — The royal throne, to ivoid becoming the *). The Monarch unts, tlic seat of go- of the court are to ra- nd thus we have the n kingdom, being de- i Hiaitt itate ; but it of Spain and of both the Indies, is obliged to pas« seven years of exile, as a prisoner in France, whiUt the pretender to the crown of the latter country, after tedious wanderings, first finds a safe asylum under the British sceptre. The Italian branch of the Bourbons, despoiled cf half its kingdom, preserves scarcely the shadow of power in Sicily, rather governed than protected by British influence. The l-uther of the Faithful dies in exile, and his succes- 6or, after having made the great sacrifice, of condes- cending to consecrate the imperial crown of Buona- parte , is incapable of perserving his wordly territo- ries. The German emperor, twice driven, from hii conquered capital, sees his Netherlands, his Italian and Illyri«n provinces fall into ^he hands of the ▼Lctor; the venerable Roman diadem, snatched from his temples, and is obliged to marry his own daugh- ter to the upstait monarch. The inheritance of the Great Frederic , fulls to pieces , after One lost bat- lie 5 and the splendor of the Prussian warlike renown, expires in the field, but more shamefully *in the fortresses i individual names, and detached bodies alone preserve the sacred fire, which under greater scenes of calamity, was again to burst into flames ; may he allowed to question the duration «£ the reiatire situatioa of tk« two caunUias. \ 68 for even th. assistance of the Russian host, was incf- fectvial in a connict, the decision of which was r«. served for the people themselves. Frederic Wilbam, driven back as far as Memel, was cbliged to agree to the cession of half his kingdom, and to the pro- tectorship and occupation of th- remainder by fo- reigners. - The emperor of Ru. , having tw.ce entered the lists, as adjutor and mediator of Euro- pean affairs, aud twice driven bitterly from the scene of action, by the defeats at Austerht. and Friedland, saw war and desolation, carried into h.s own kingdom, considered from afar, incapable of approach. In his ancient capital, the Gaul seated himself on the throne of the Czars, and threatened the new residence on the Neva with a speedy in- vasion We make no mention of the sufferings and emigrations of the smaller German and Italian prin. ces; every thing was fallen to ruin, and the edifice of ancient Europe, was rent from its foundation. Then it was. that the insurrection of the nv tions en masse recovered all; and xhe union of prin- ces and people melted into one heart, and one power, making a renunciation of aH benefits for th« present, and living o.n , for th. welfare of future generat.ons, in a thirst after independance and the xnaintenance of this greatest national blessing, com- pleted the work pf liberation, from a state ot the ^ most humiliating slavery. — 1', ci( ar fr L( '^ A 69 n hosts was incf- f which was ro- ledeiic William, obliged to Bgree and to the pro- remainder by fo- , having twice lediator of Euro- bitterly from the at Austerlitz and [J, carried into his jfar, incapable of the Gaul seated rs, and threatened with a speedy in- the sufferings and lA and Italian prin- n, and the edifice [>m Its foundation, ection of the n.- d the union of pxin- IB heart, and one if all benefits for th« p welfare of future flependance and the lional blessing, com- from a state of the But what sacrifices did this not cost the I'eopl"! Sinc<. \ 70 int. .Udn.ss and barl.avUy ; mntron, and maiden, .vcro violated, male and female children pvew ay witLout a .en.e of decency or education, ^vith hcen- tiousncs. and desolation, constantly beforetl -oj^s and the grey head sunk into the grave, surv> und«d by ignominy, poverty and distress. To have hanished such misery, and to have paved the way for future generations enjoying a dig- 'ificd existence, is the united glory of the princes and their people; and having in common fought for and won the present state of things, they ought also for the time to come, to watch with one common care, over the reestabhsim.ent and couscrvation o£ what has been gained, in order to prevent the re- turn of the ancient remissness, which was the pn- ^ary cause of the later misfortunes. The tendency of the present spirit of the times, aims at callins tins agreement, either tacitly confirmed, or publicly acknowledged, into actuallife, and which may be regarded as the foundation of the new a.pect of the ^orld. France has gained her constitutional Char, tcr by the storms of the revolution , and «he ^iU continue to enjoy a civil and political free .lom, founded on a secure basis, should even the. fickleness of the nation , once more become diss.. tisfied with its present forms of government. A popular representation is .tipulated « a general la sii til ti tl: \v oi 0I 1' II SI n h n c t t t 1 V n i i ■on» and mnitlcn? children pvcw H* :ation, will' litcu- ly before ll 'irc)", grave, luivi unded s. sery, and to have ans enjoying a dig- jry of the princes :oininon fought for, gs, they ought also with one common nd couscivation of to prevent the re- wliich was the pri- [ics. The tendency es, aims at calling nfirmed, or publicly and which may be e new aspect of the ;onstitutioual Char- ivolution , and she and political free- is, should even the more become dissa- of government. A ilated as a general law, 1.) an act of ihc Di(!% fur enr?i > ountvy compo* sins; the Oennati coiilcduraliun ') lo.mof thcNe- 'ial protcc- t form of i ieformities, The government of the v therlands, was modelled, un tion of Kn;;land, nrconling h the Dotd'i constitution, avoia.. whicli only threw obstacles in th« way i/f nncqunlity of representation , and lamed the measures of tli* jxeculive power. Popular representative forms, and other similar institutions, had been prepared in Prussia, even during the time, of tlic grc;i ;est exter- nal oppression, in order to afford the people them- selves an opportunity of consulting upon tlieir o\\ ii affairs, and to reanimate the public spirit, which had l)ecu so long dormant. Already in the begin- ning of 1811. th« Notables of the nation had been called together in Berlin, but, under the then exis- ting circumstunces, with littlw benefit to the coun- try; also towards the end of i8i3, the reprcscnta- tivesofthepeopleail interim, were summoned, tode- liberate upon the equalization of the burthens of tie war, and on the means, of warding off from the deeply indebted landed - proprietors the necessity of ♦) Art. 13. — Each of tbe confederate conDtrie? ii t» linve a constitution, representod by tho estates «f the people. V 7» parting with their estate.. But the solid foundation of u veal popular reincsontation. could not be erect- ed until after the return of a dcHniiivc peace-, and the solution of this task, on account of the great claims of the nation, which by reason of the encou- ragement given to it. expectations, can no longer bo disregarded. ^ i» looked forward to. w.th the „.ost longing anxiety. In that part of the forn.e. kingdom of Poland, which has come under the do- ,ninion of Russia, a national- representation ha, been reestablished, approaching the forms of the ancient government. In Sweden, the constitution remained in force, which had been framed , imrne- diately in the beginning of the reign of Charles the thriteenth. after the revolution of the i3tU of March 1809, which had placed that u,onarch on the throne; and it afforded the cooperation of the people in the legislature, at the Diet, greater scope, than they had enjoyed since the act of security of '''^^Also in Norway, which, since the treaty of Kiel, of the Hthof Jauuary 1814, l^^s been united with Sweden under one ruler . a representative - com »titution, but wholly diiiering in its forms from that of the latter country, is fully in force. — Thus it appears, that, since the intoxication of republicanism is evaporated, and military autocracy has been subveited by the too .great distension of ic sol ill foundation ould not be erect- finiiivc peace-, and count of the great aion of the encou- ns, can no Ionics kvaiil to, with the part of the former )me under the do- rcprescntation has g th(i forms of the n , tlie constitution Bcn framed , iiume- rcign of Charles the an of the 13th of hat monarch on the )eration of the people greater scope, than act of security of since the treaty of 14, has been united I representative- con- in its forms from that n force. • — e the intoxication of id military autocracy )o great distension of IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 7 / o '/ o #/ S' m>. i/x y. 1.0 111 11^ ^^^ IIIIIM Z IIM 1.1 ;?'" - 6" ilM 2.0 .8 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 14580 (716) 872-4503 .<■' Wj. % #. &P/ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques ^ 73 its own inherent despotic principles, the universal tendency of Eiivope inclines to a legally free consti- tution, in which the legislative and oeconomical Self-deliberations of the People, are op- posed to the Clements of Monarchy, a power irrcsistably operative in its own sphere, not ihsti- tuted by virtue of election or by summons, but havi:ig emerged, as it were by the divine will, from amidst the obscurity of the earliest ages, and not placed by the side of, but reclining, majestically supported by itself, above the people. - Jf the foundation of the former of these principles origi- nated in the spirit of the times, and in the just claitns of the people, partly summoned toindepend- ance, by their own rulers; the latt -r one has found a neJv' support in the Holy Alliance, concluded on the 15th of Septbr. 18*5. ^^l^'ch unequivocally de- clares the 1-elation in whioh princes, as delegates of providence, stand to their people , considered as a family entrusted to 'their care. It appears from the above picture, which we have hitherto regulaity sketched out, that a material diiference stamps the character of the European and American state-forms, the latter acknowledging no othcrp6wer, bnt what is delegated, and temporary. — Nevertheless, there was mucli wanting , to ren- der Europe unanimous in th« approbation of the n' !**■' 74 Vvincipks of its new organization; not even th« distribution of the several countries, can be loolied upon, as definitive; and that sect, which like the Italian Carbonari *), would wish to deduce th« unity of nation and government, from the unity of the language, has spread itself far and wide, in more than one country. The different parties are nether extirpated, nor dissolved in one another. The de- struction of the ancient monarchy; after which, the overthrow of republicanism ; and more latterly the fall of Buonaparte, have wafted thousands of dis- ♦) This order instituted by Mnrat, for the purpose of bringing th hole of Italy ««der his con- iroul, and d. < its name from the attach- ment shewn l,y che colliers in Scotland to James the lid in his misfortunes i ha. princi- pally brought about the iate revolution, of ,..e 6th of July, in Naples. ~ Th"S sine, the author published this Work, -...e beginning of the present year, tivo considerable nations, in having obtained a constitution, have verified the , truth of hi, prophetic ideas j and the late occur- vences in Spain and Naples, have at the same ' time shown, what reliance a sovereign canplace on a standing army, once animated with th. '' sentiments of the people, upholding th. ante- griiy of his power. ^ Translator. 11 ; not even the jes, can be looked t, which like the ih to deduce th« from the unity of and wide, in more parties are neither another. The de- ,'\ after which, the more latterly the L thousands of dis- irat, for the purpos* ;taly under liis con- ne from the altach- icrs ir Scotland to ortunesi ha» princi- i iate revolution, of lies. — Thus since Work, il.e hegjnning msiderable nations, in lion, have verified the s} and the late occur- les, have at the same a sovereign can place ;e animated with the , ut>holding the inte- Translator. 75 contented (amongst whom are to he found, a great mass of intelligence, bodily abilities, and considerable pecuniary resources) to the Western Hemispheres, where there is scope for every species of activi- ty without collision, for every way of thinking, to- leration, with protection and security against secta- xial hatred, and persecution. The agitated passions, and the fermentations inseparable from a new order of things, will still drive many thousands thither, and thus a part of the existing generation, dissatis- fied with the present; afraid of taking refuge in the past; will fly the old world with all its anxieties, and settle in the new one. They will be cordially received in those immeasureable regions, where nature and government yet in happy unison, appear only to await the diligent comer, in order to bestow on him, the most desirable of all benefits , a cer- tain subsistence and a dignified free existence, a< the price of a few years of honorable labor and active pe«fciVt*ance. . ■( . \ \ • I I . : . J ; . J I 76 VI. Thevc are stiU other reasons, indepcndant of tli« present political state of Europe, winch are likely more powerfully to operate, in supplying both Ame- ricas with colonists, and in transplanting thither, a share of European cultivation and refinement. It appears namely, that almost every where in the old countries, by the continued developement of an arti- ficial state of society, we have brought it so far, th.1t the quantity of those, whose subsistence does not depend upon the cultivation of the soil, and iti attendant employments, or is not founded on some indispensible handicraft, universally necessary , far exceeds the demand fortheir ^^oTkor ingenuity. On this account the price of their labor, hasbeea redu- ced by those for whom they work, much below the limits, which would enable the labourer himself or a family, to enjoy a species of prosperity, and even the produce of some branches of industry, is insuffi- cient for the bare subsistence of life. — The pre- sent state s,f the manufacturing districts of England and Ireland, of Saxony, the provinces on the Rhine, and Swisserland, as well as of France and the Ne- therlands, sufficiently prove the correctness of the above fact. But as it appears, at first sight, to stand so completely at variance with the encreasing I independant of tli« c, which are likely supplying both Arae- isplantiog thither, a and refinement. It ery where in the old elopement of an arti- ■e brought it so far, hose subsistence doa« )n of the soil, and ita not founded on some ersally necessary , far lorkor ingenuity. On labor, has been redu- oTk, much below the le labourer himself or f prosperity, and even of industry, is insuffi- ;e of life. — The pre- i«T districts of England provinces on the Rhine, )f France and the Ne- the correctness of the s, at first sight, to stand i with the encreasing 77 consumption of manufactures, and the production? of art, it will not be improper here, to investigate the subject more closely, should we even be obliged to be more profuse, than would be judged neceisa- ry on a single glance of the matter, in order fully to illustrate, and apcount for it. — The plough was held in the greatest veneration, amongst all the nations of the ancient world, who are celebrated in history: the Greek requited the benefit of those inventions , which transformed the Nomades into stationary inhabitants, by a place amongst the Gods, and the Roman fetched his gene- rals from the field, which they were ploughing with their own hands. Such was not the case with those Scythian and German tribes, whom the migration of the nations, seated upon the ruins of the |Roman universal empire *). Amongst them, war alone, the chace, with every exorcise wherein strength and courage and a contempt of death could be evinced, were held in esteem. Contending for dominion, and defending themselves against aggression, constituted ♦) Agriculturae non student, sayi Caesar, de Bell* Gallico VI, cap. 22, majorque pars victus eoriim lacte et caseo et carne coniirtit. — WhicH is «tiU applicable to th« Tartar yuitioM of A« psw- - J aaat day, -^ • 78 the acting impulse and occupation of th(» men; the women on the other hand took care of house and field, and under their direction , a little land was cultivated for the most pressing wants, by the slaves and bondsmen, who being principally formed of prisoners of war, and their posterity, became the ancestors of the later feudal vassals. Christianity jnitigated the severities of slavery; and by a station- ary residence, the ancient barbarous manners, wore ^rradually off, but still an inclination for contests and war, has remained predominant, through all ages, and even at present, according to the reigning pstimation, the profession of arms is undeniably looked upon as the most honorable state for the tree man, whilst that of agriculture,, if it form the im- mediate occupation of his corporeal exertions, is considered the most humble. In direct opposition to the Roman usage, which despised not alone every handicraft, but the mechanical;, and even the fine arts, which did not depend on oratory, leaving the profession of such to freedmen and bondsmen, trade, but still more the arts, were the means of eman- cipating the slave, amongst the above nations, who made their appearance in the old Roman territory, and further to the North and East of Enropej and termed in the new cities a respectable andindepend- ant class of burghers, who soon militated very pre- jv^dicially, against the originally-fj.ee military estate 79 ;ion of th« men ; tlie k care of house and 1 , a little land was r wants, by the slaves rincipally formed of osterity , became the vassals. Christianity ery; andby astation- jarous manners, wore clination for contests minant, through all )rding to the reigning ■ arms is undeniably rable state for the tree ;e,. if it foirm the im- orporeal exertions, is In dirept opposition •spised not alone every il;, and even the fine I oratory, leaving the and bondsmen, trade, e the means of eman- ;ie above nations , who old Roman territory. East of Europe} and pectable ^ndindepend- on militated very pr«- illy-fj.ee military estate i (the Nobility). The man of learning stood higher than the citizen, but was however held in slight estimation by the Roman. This antithesis is never- theless easily to be explained from the nature of the case itself. The barbarians, who inundated theRo- man provinces, on viewing the conveniences and ornaments of civilized life, were obliged to respect the v^rorkman and the artist, wlio embellished their existence, and who struck thorn with admiration, by a fund of intelligence of which the invaders had hitherto, not had the slightest idea. The necessity of maintaining cities, castles and buvglis, as Curtret- ses of defence, and the encreasing commercial inter- course which began to exist with the the Orient, by means of the Chvistian empire at Constantinople, were the causes of the mechanical trades being latterly taken considerably into favor, and new life being given to the arts, which were every where patronized and encouraged, at the courts of princea and within the walls of the monasteries. Ihusarose, between the nobility, who were originally free, and the vassal peasant, an intermediate class , with it« several gradations, and a restless desire of aspiring to those ranks of society, which possess a pietended preeminence; this eagerness, which shews itself sufficiently active at the present day , receives fresh support, from the privilege of citizens being exempted from forced military sexvice, 'M M M 80 With the encrcasiti? population of the citici, and a further developement of tho^e useful trades, vvbich attend to the necessities of life, (.ontinually becoming more numerous) and wi.h the progress of the mechanical and liberal arts, which are either generally employed m the improvement and embel- lishment of our existence, or especially in gratifying the love of splendor, and the luxury of the power- ful and rich. - a number of those also arose, who drew their support, not immediately from the earth, but from theprice which was :paid them for the supplying of artificial wants; and their nu.nerou. posterity, descended ftom, and grown up. on thi. insecure branch of industry, were coiifined to these taeans of support, under circumstances, wich were constantly becomitig more oppressive. The enttea- ,ed competition, lessened the price of works perform- ed by thi. species of labour; the later generation lived worse from the same soutce of emolument than iheir progenitors; still more sorrowfully did it sup- ply the wants of th& yet more numerous candi- dates who followed in the same track, and the exer- cise of the mechanical crafts have long since ceased to be peculiarly profitable. For the necessity and demand for the productions of the mechanic and the artist, however extensively their consumption has been encreased, could nevertheless, not remam in such a proportiou with the quantity of workmen. I ilation of the citici, tlKxe useful trades, of life, (continually with the progress of ts, which are either rovcmcnt nmlemhcl- pecially inp;iatifying uxury of the power- ;hose also arose, who liately from the earth, $ paid them for the and their nu.nerous nd gro\Vn up, on this ,rere coiifined to these instances, wich were ressive. The enttea- rice of works perform- the later generation rce of emolument than orrowfuUy did it sup- ore numerous candi- le track , and the exet- lave long since ceased ?or the necessity and of the mechanic and sly their consumption irertheless, not remain I quantity of workmen, 81 so Ui to afford thcni all a conifortable suhsistrncc, as the fruit of their Kil)or ♦) ; more particularly on account of in.mirnale powers hcing daily suhititu- ted more and more, in the place of human hands, by reason of tlio rapid progress the Jntchanir.il arts have made, and whicii, inilcpcndant of the saving of labor, multiply, tlie quantity of the productioni in an equal ratio. Still an equilibrium might have beuu preserved, as long as productive industry was limited to particular states, which supplied the rest of the world with their manufactures. But since knowledfje hiis been more generally diffused, nnd the different government.':, with a zeal partly crro- heous, have endeavored to domesticate every branch of mdustry, without regard to climate and situation, *) The enormous enorease of paupers receiving alms, and tlie prii irtional riic of poor's rates, ii tob« Accounted for particularly hj this circunin drawn into lhc»e l.ranchc. .,f traiUs vvluixby - tlu-y and tl.fir cbilthen for the ni..&t part - have hein rrnilcrcil useless for every other employment. Moreover, every new invention wh.eh by means of an artificial power, rentiers the use of hands superfluous, will pro. ducoasurplus of these.ecking employment, and will thereby l"^^'-•r the wages of those, who ar« still forlu. nate cnoufih to find work, to iho most scanty pittance. It will not do to say, that there is more soil, than tlic huu\ vi man is c^ipablc of cultivating, and that the advancement of the spirit of human inven- tion, will always open new canals for unoccupied vigor to flow into. H must be taken first into consideration her- , thai, n.en , thrust by neces- sity out of their own sphere, are not so easily aecom- modated in a new one, and that ancient customs, and the direction once j?iven to the mind and the body, will much rather maintain their rights. Take a certain number of families of silk or cloth weavers, of iron or steel manufacturers, deprived of vvork, and let us see, how they or tlieir children already accustomed to their trades, would be suitable for other employments. - The nature of the thing and experience shew the (iontrary; they would en. 83 ""«■■ iiy of oniiilo) iiig n 11 , I'vuiy spccios of > l)ei'u miiltiplii'il in - luM;n drawn iiitit ,y tlu-y and tlu-ir liiwe bcin vriitU'ictl lo)incnt. Moiciivcr, moans of an artilicial supfvfluous, will pro- jtiiployiiienl.and will SI?, who an! still fi)rlu. ij most scanty pittante. at there is more soil, lie of cultivating, and ^irit of huinau invrn- ;anals for uuoccupiid ,t bo taken first into n , thrust by neces- iiro not so easily accom- that ancient customs, to the mind and the laintain their rights, nilies of silk or cloth- ufacturcrs, deprived of they or tlieir children •ades, would be suitable he nature of the thing itvary; they would en. L •renso th« pnor-listn, or liccomo ulinrpori and vajzR- lioucis, provided 'n war did not ollor a [uut of them an oppoilunity of enlislinj; and bcinj; destroyed. Mi.rt! over the institutions of guilds, privileges, und mono- polies, of all descriptions, render the entranie into u new trade, diliicult every wlicro, if not impossible, and when wo tell the idle man, to go and culfivnla the earth, wc must romembcr, that tliR soil of every country, where such superfluity «jf liuman hands exists, is already otcupiid, althouf^h it may not bo tilled, and that new lands arc diiii< ult to be obtain- ed, ond more difficult to be brought under the plough. — Neither ourIu we to forget, that the im- provement of the mechanical powers, has also b«en extended to agriculture, and that the new- invented plough, the threshing and sowing - machines, and other implements used in husbandry, save many hands, and promise for the future' to dispense with many mure ; and that, the cultivation of the earth has become reduced to such scientific principles, (if we may be allowed the expression), as to render it day by day, more difficult for those, who have not been brought up to it from their youth. — \Aemav thi vcfure with justice pnsume, that multitudes of ihc indigent and unemployed, will emigrate to the Wcslern continent, particularly if our quarter of the globe bo not visited by war and sickrcsa; and the cow-pox continue to shield the inf.uit from r"-Wj '. 84 death, and be the means of encreasing population. For it is the intevtst of America to domesticate natural industry, and the mechanical arts and trades, with- in herself, and thus become independant of all supplies from Europe; and it is here, that mere phy- sical strength alone, without ?ny given tendency, or studied activity, finds employment and super- fluous support, in the primitive cultivation of a soil never before tilled by the hand of man, or in the erection of habitations on places hitherto occupied by eternal forests. — If we at length turn our view, to the presen* state of agriculture in many countries of Europe, it will appear evident that even the paternal soil, in many districts, is becoming too confined, to afford nourishment for those, who have remained faithful to it. If in mountainous countries, as for example in the West and South of France, on the Alps, and along the Rhine, every spot is employed, and the very earth and manure have for centyries been car- ried aloft upon the naked rock, attended with the most boundless labor, in order to furnish soil for the vine, the olive, or for the different species of cerea- lia, and at present no^urther room exists for a more extended cultivation; it is not possible for a more numerous growing generation to find nourishment in these districts, whose productions are incapable of an cncr cased progression. The too f jequeat pra^:-. 85 creasing population. J dojnesticate natural rts and trades, with- independant of all here, thai mere phy- iny given tendency, iloyment and super- I cultivation of a soil 1 of man, or in the es hitherto occupieol view, to the present countries of Europe, 1 the paternal soil, in confined, to afford ,ve remained faithful itries, as for example ice, on the Alps , and is employed, and the jx centuries been car- le, attended with the to furnish soil for the ;rent species of cerea- rootn exists for a more ; possible for a more 1 to find nourishment actions ar« incapabje The too freque«t pra<;- tiee of parcelling out common -lands and large es- tates, a principle originally beneficial in itself, has effected a similar thing in other states. It was undou)3tedly a wise and humane plan, to transform commons and extensive pastures into fruitful fields, and by dividing large estates, which their owners could not overlook, into su:aller lots, ensure more abundant crops, and an encrcase of population, by a more careful cultivation of them. But if, as is already the case at the present day, in several parts, useful lands have been split into so many small independant possessions, as to render it hardly pos- sible for families occupying such very inconsiderable lots of land, to subsist in the most penurious man- ner by the cultivation of them, whence then, is sus- tenance to be obtained for the more numerous pos- terity, and from what is the state to derive its taxes ? It is evident, that this condition of things, must lead to the most poignant distress, and that a bread- less inultitHde, either driven by irretrievable debts from their paternal huts, or voluntarily forsaking them, on account of an inadequate maintenance, will turn their backs upon their homes, and it may be considered the most fortunate resource, if tliey, as has frequently occurred in the later times, carry with them, the vigor of their strength, to the free states of America , which stand in need of no on? 86 tiling, but human liands, rapidly to raise them to the highest Jegree of prosperity ♦). Ami tliosc go. vci-mncnls under which, such an unnatural tlisten- siun of the state o£ society prevails, ought not most assuredly for their own advantage, and for the sake of humanity, by any means, to throw obstacles in the way of, or prevent, but favor such emigration, and render it easy and consolatory for all, since they have it nut in their power to offer a better remedy for their present misery. By doing this, they will prevent dangerous ebullitions, and unruly disalTections of an overgrown population ; they will lighten tlie number of their poor, which are encrea- sing to a most alarming extent, and will put an end to the trying state of abjectness and misery, which is felt by every honest heart, and to which so many thousands are sunk down, who with nume- rous families in hovels of stiuallidness, prolong their *) As this relates to the state of things, ai they arc at present, and as they are likely t» v-niiuiii loi- the first, we shall on the other hand, LMideavor to shew in the Xth chapter how Eu- rope, under different circumstances at H future lime, will he able to support,, improve, nnd employ lier pupulntion iu an honortble way. — . i 0"" ly to raise thein to ■ ♦). Ami tliose go- [I ununtuial tlisten- ils, ought not most ge, and for the sake throw obstacles in or such emigration, atory for all, since er to offer a better ry. By doing this, illitions, and unruly opulation; they will )r, which are encrea- tit, and will put an jectness and misery, iart, and to which so n, who with nunie- lidness, prolong their ,e of things, ai they as lliey are likely t» hall on the other hand, I Xtli chapter how Eii- : circumstances at lie to support,, improve, tion ill an honorable corporc.il e\i-ti.-iice, more s(»ntil-,-, tJian thu jin-l domestic aniinnls, and wliu aijpeui only to be gifted with spill Liial feelings, in orclm iu be more st-nsible of tiieir furlum and pilialle fiilc Or shall liis; ,ry, tlien, this bunk of instrmlum .nu! warning etornully before our eyes, ever remain a d.'ad lutir , -lixl ne- ver, as a living oraclr, bring fortli wise de'iennina- tions and fresh laudable actiont;' A. id dufs it nnt teach us, bow the people of the ancient world freed themselves, from their fermenting elements, how Greeks and Romans founded colonies in distant parts, enlivened deserts l)y commercial establishments, and transplanted the treasures, of art, of life, and refined manners to the. wild barbarian? How the Germans, the forefathers of the Northern -Euro- peans, sent forth their swarms of younger popula- tion, their ver sacrum? — That a noble minded German, — for who can deny Gagern this appellation ? — has seriously in- terested liimsslf for this most important cause, and has illumined the path , which so many must yet tread, — cannot but belong to the many improve- ments, which the latest times have brought to light; as also, that the Swiss government at Freiburg has been the first, — which, with due consideration, and a laudable care, hai by formal trsaties, attended 88 to th« future x^-elfare and fate of llu-iv countryn.en, ^^h:> mean to erect their huts in lira/.il ♦;. VII. Aftuv tlie fore-oing discussion, we may take it for g,a*ited, that the free states of North America, .) The author is well awave, that many emigrants, particularly in the later times to N«rlh- Ame- rica , have not alone been disappointed in not meetinj; with the ease and afnuence theysNpect- ed, but have been uuable to gain a mere suste- nance; - but this proves nothing againt the principle itself. Every persen is not fit for emi- gration, and those who are suitable for it, have not always, nay seldom, gone the right way and methodically to work. Gagevn's work -The Ge,^- -man in North America" , shews most forcibly, who should emigrate; and how and by what means he can and must gain a livelihood, and .UK^ia future prosperity. According to the latest i.connts, the Swiss colony in Braiil, appears t* \»r. in ft thriving condition. f tlu'ir countryn.cn, we may take it for of Nortli America, that many emigrants, times to ISoiih-Ame- !n disappointed in not [ affluence tlicy expect- to gain a mere fuste- es nolliing againt the irsen is not fit for emi- e suitahle for it, have rone the right way and agc'vn's work "The Get- , shews most forcibly, nd how and by what gain a livelihood , and According to the late«t y in Braiil, appears t« 89 will encroasc in populaiion, raorp rapidly, Hian any other territory, partly on arcount of cmif;;rations from Europe, and partly in conscfpience of tlie acknowledged laws of population, on large tracts of land lately broaglit under (.ultlvation. — But this end will also materially be forwarded by the salutary effects of an ahnost universal pros- perity or well-bcinn;, wliich keeps at a distance, every mean oppression, filthy penury, hunger and those diseases arising from scanty nourishment and crowded habitations; all which tend to depress the growth and the chearful thriving of the younger generation iu those stales, where children are no lunger a blessing of heaven, but oftner a burthen, which liriugs their indigent parents and protectors to ruin. — It is iialuval to suppose, that tiie en- crease of population, the extended cultivation of the soil, and the multiplied sources of sustenance and of trade, will first lead to the cherishnient of th« technical and afterwards of the fine arts, as well as the abstract and useful sciences. We dare furtJier assert, that the influence of their free form of go- vernment, will continually dcvf«lope more happily in the new peoplf, tlie Ceataresof indepenednce, and Ithat intelligence, which is animated, and ri?ceives the greater stimulus,, the less con?traint the hum vn fatuities labour undf«T- .As tht developt;m(?nt of no 90 p„,„ .vcv ..„.:,■,.. .utlo„,ry, .. lo.g a. .» »d.- '„,.. cou„.crpo«o>,e opposed .oU,..wo.cl„b, L.o«.oaav,„ce,,...U»Europ»„— n ccncral impulse, and as, has laiei) the other independent states. — , , .^ ' Wi.h.heLcdes.ec.fpvob=Wmy..oo.'. ,„c«„^o.csc..hee.e„.ora,econfl,c.wh.M«. c„,„«enced n, Spanish Amer.ca, a .«! on „,-,> a. on .ho oA« M. of .ho ,sO,mu, of Dauen : .:l,L:.«.,.pea„d,o,.h.wa,.a„dn,e.. .hc„ and hy which, .he ^-''^lf^''^l\^^ coun..ic„ .ho vichcs. and .nos. "'"»^ '■^ »;';,7; „t .,,0 whole globe, will shine for.h >„ all ..s lns..e Ihave, following .he oon,.e of even.,, co„s,de«d as an oc.uv.e„ce, wh.ch n,u.. infallibly .ale P ace, Le.ovla.en and which will be pa..,cularl, .o«d by e,.ernal and i„.e.nal inn„enoe of every ,,e,crip.ion; having already a. i.s comn>encemen. Ca over a nnmber of fiery heads .«d dar,ns. I: as long as no ade- it, it would not be iropean colonies in ,ica will follow the ately been the cas« lite themselves with obability, theobser- e conflict which has icrica, as well on 3 isthmus of Darien. It, and this is, that ily will throw off its ive its laws from the ill form them within m interniilly over its itovy. Without wish- i- the ways and means, idependence of these ust blessed by nature, forth in all its lustre, of events, considered st infallibly take place, I will be particularly nal influence of every at its commencement, iery heads and daring^ 91 sdvcnturers, who could find no [room on the con- fined and limited stage of European affairs. — Without therefore for the present entering into deeper discussions, wc adopt the supposition, as the basis of our enquiries: that the whole of America, to the North and South of tlie Isthmus, has become independent of Europe, and. been forme.l into states, governed by their own laws, and that the West-In- dia islands, following the example of the continent laying nearest to them, have torn themselves from the European mother countries, and now ask: What will he the effects of such a change upon the civilized world in all its dif- ferent parts, and what influence such a revolution of the order of things is likely to have upon Asia and Africa, being those parts of the globe, which stand at present upon the lowest step of cultivation? — We are well aware, that in order to have taken our subject in its greatest compass, we ought to have placed the question thus: what will be the situation of the civilized world, on the C o I o n i a I - s y s t e m, wholly having ceased, by reason of the emancipa- tion of all the European dependencies? But placed in this manner, the enquiry would lead into too great lengths, which would not rest upon the base of actual occurrences, and after having first tu-xeeded 92 in having devdopcd with some degree of clnaniP^i the consequences of the approaching revolution, and on the actual results of such having in the sequel, (hewn the justness or nullity of our conicrturcs, some later enquirers, miglit be bold enough to cast a look to a more distant period; and the first result which would perhaps offer itself to their view, would be, that th. independence of America in the above extended s mse, must necessarily carry with it, the total overthrow of the whole colonial-system. The consequences of the discovery and coloni- zation of Aiuerica, remodelled Europe, and her emancipation will in like manner once more, enti- rely alter the form of the latter. This is the firit proposition, which we have to unfold i wc ground it on the assertion, that, Europe, continuing o exist in her present shape, cannot do, without Ame- rica i but that this deprivation inevitably awaiuher, as a' necessary consequence of the emancipation of the new continent; whereas America on the other hand, has no occasion for Europe . and her com- munication with the latter in the reciprocal way of ivade must necessarily cease. We dedicate the next thaptev to the consideration of this idea. — 1 98 d(^"ice of cloavnc^i lung revolution, and. nng in the sequel, of our conjerturcs, buld ennu;Tli to cast ; and the first result tself to their view, ice of America in the tcessarily carry with /hole colonial-system, liscovevy and coloni- cd Europe, and her iner once more, enti- er. This is the first to unfold i wc ground uropc, continuing o inot do, without Ami;- i inevitably awailshor, if the emancipation of America on the other urope , and her com- > the reciprocal way of We dedicate the next of this idea. — viir. tich a circtalatmg medium, destined to determine the price of labor between man and man , ought to possess, .n order to answer this end, have only, since the working of the American mines, flowed into the different chan- ,,els of circulation, in such quantities, as to have rendered it possible, for the commerce of the world to have become so extended; and for industry, iounded on a sagacious attention to the unprove- n.ent of the mechanical arts, particularly inBritain, to have attained its present height, which princi- pally constitute the superiority of Europe. - If she i, to retain this ascendancy , the quantity of gold I t D S( \A Cl P a tl w e; \v jr oi ei U) g' te la te ra dj m tu i n hi* "lo't tendrt )lps5in^s and Joiia- jjrodiiced withmthe c iilobe, arc unable unmindful of, and ul clomcnts, which contains within its ble of, by his own ure M not too highly lintcd with Europe ti the palace of the :ty, will upon the assertion. — ich, by an inherent nature, alone unite which a circulating e the price of labor to possess, in order since the working of to the different chau- uantities , a« to have )mmerce of the world ; and for industry, ition to the improve- articularly in Britain, leight, which princi- y of Europe. — H she the quantity of gold 95 and silver flowing to her, iuust not be diniinislitd ; ii.iy, it must vathir be cnrrciHcd, to le ulilo only to ludint.iin tlio itrcseiit ordci of things, by averting jiiid dostioyiiifi, tli.it intoleralilu number of rcprc- sentativo means of payment (trunr, non- valours), which a constantly tncrcasing population, inustato of society more and more complicated, for recipro- cal services and occasions, and the unproductive ex- penditure of ( apitals wasted in imajjinary national- wants, have brought to li^ht, and the burthen of which apparently seems to threaten to burst asunder, all the ties of civilized life. — The spoils of the ne\T world, in like manner first occasioned the present extensive use of jewels, and the precious metals; which being wrought into useful utensils and rich implements, or appropriated to the embellishment of articles of luxury, in furniture or apparel, afford employiaent and support to a numerous class of artificers. — But America, has not alone furnished in a de- gree unknown in former times, the means of an in- tercourse, upon the basis of which, the existing re- lation of the different classes and the whole conca- tenation of the civil institutions of society in gene- ral, have been formed, and retained to the present day; nor has she furnished us alone with the ele- ments of a more modern splendt^r and a n)oresumi>- ! (J. V6 r,om t>,.nr.. have dnu^ed ih. ulu.lc features of ,0. iul life. Tl.e couly (U-scr.i.liousol timber, wh^rl, South AnaTk., and the Bal.nma Mnn.U p'-'^^'^^'' have supplar^tci the U5e of inland uood. f^r 'he purposes of furniture and impler cnt5 1. .ho hou... of the rich; instead of niaddor h,u, .u-luneal, and i„.tcadotvvoad ha. indigo bccu.ao an actual nc.c -.x - ty of the better classe.. Ri- o, an art.clo of nour.sb ,nen.. now ,^enovally «.ade use of in the n.o,t humble fau.ilies, is a p'ft of the Wostetn Continent, scarcely to be replaced by any other substitute *) ; Cotton, tol.acco, coffc-e, sugar, molasses and rum, these staple- articles of the larger Antilles and the American continent, although move doubtful as to their actual worth, have nevevlholes, un.vovsally l,ecome necessaries, incapable of bein,', supplauud. In comparison wilhtlic above articles, the consump- tion of cocoa certainly appears more inconsiderable, nevertheless chocolade, seasoned with Mexican and Peruvian vanilla, is a necessity for the Spaniard and Italian, and an article of luxury in the North of ^) Tli«po' t .• V,. e or Tn • corn, .re not nienlioa^a uere, oii account of these vrgetables having becorn* «o indigenous in Europe , as td tender it longer unnecessary to import tKem £r«m their nutivo country. >^i 97 vvliiilo features of nsot timber, wViirl. la I sin nils piudut^', lainl woocU f >r the r.cnts i.» iho h()U»<» haJ Kn lineal, and 10 a» actual nr :r 'i - n avliclo of nourisli sc c)f in tlie most Wpstorn Continent, other sulistitute ♦) i , molasses anil rum, ov Antilles and the move doubtful as to evlln-lcss univovsally of bein,'^ supplanlsd. iiticlcs, thcconsumv more inconsiderable, ;d with Mexican and ,' for the Spaniard and ary in the North of V Tn . corn, are not Hint of these vegetables Bjious in Europe , as td :e»sary to import them [ lAiroTie; tlic nutnT'ui nnd precious drups, \vl:i< l» ibf Wr^tcrn i llu! newct systi-m of nifdicin.nl science, to be termed truly itidispt-nsibU! ne. cssaries j tlir- tr.ido in Vis;iinia woul, fur«, and ntlir ailitlcs princi|ial- ly wilbiu tlk- reaili of tlie opuitnt alunt , aio less worthy of nifir'. '1 bu grcilcM- the c(>usi'(;uciu o is, for the conti- nuation (if the Kuropean statu and civil - existence, by proruving these supplies, grown absolutely ne- cessary by long habit, aiul by tlio powerful elforti of the 1 jwcr classes, universally strivinj; to attain tlie advantasps and enjoyments of the hiplior orders, Mw move unf.ivt)ral)lc is it, f'r our cuntinmt, tliat the above articles cannit be domesticated either at all, with us, or in that degree, so as to render t)i»ir cultivation productive: (f advantage; for Ku- rope is deficient in warmth and in the other proper- ties of llic tropic climates. W'v do not take into ac- count here, that rice is cultivated to advantage in Some fV'W parts of Lomb.ivdy, in Sicily and th'? Io- nian i lands, wlu;re a considerable ciuantity of sugar likeN>'ise grows, or tint a part uf the demand mipiht be supplied from the neighboring Kgypt. If the existins; European mode of life is to continue, Ame- rica will perpetually supply the grand bulk of our vvanti. On the other hand, the decided prepond»- (14) 98 rancc of America, consists in the present undoubted, and for the future incalculable advantage, that all the natural productions, which Europe has trans- planted thither, in return for such noble presents, have become indigenous, not in inconsiderable dis- tricts merely for trial, but universally so', and ca- pable of fully supplying the present and every fu- ture want; and that those European productions, which now only go thither in the way of trade, can, and shortly will also become indigenous there, on the American colonial relation to Europe having ceased. The horse, unknown on the new continent, prior to the Spanish occupation of it, is become the domestic animal, mostly used for the carriage and the plough in North, and in South America having again assumed its native wildness, ranges over her boundle»» plains ; but on being once more subjected to the bridle, it has trained in the interior of Chili and Peru, powerful tribes of intrepid Indians, to an Arabian course of life and art of war. Although the use of lactiferous animals, was unknown in the ancient kingdom of the Aztocks, in the territories of the Teruvian Inkas, or much less amongst the hunting tribes of Brazil, the ox, is found every where at present, either as a domestic animal, affording nourishment, or in a state of nature; and Buenos Ayres supplies Europe with hides of an un- I / ' present undoubted, [idvantage, that all Europe has trans- uch noble presents, inconsideral)le dis- /ersally so", and ca- sent and every fu- ropean productions, lie way of trade, can, idigenous there, on to Europe having the new continent, of it, is become the For the carriage and luth America having 2SS, ranges over her nee more subjected to the interior of Chili intrepid Indians, to rt of war. Although was unknown in the ks, in the territories ich less amongst the ox, is found every a domestic animal, state of nature ; and with hides of an un- 99 common size and beauty, which the descendant; of European breeds, invigorated by their wild condi- tion, are obliged to olfer up at llio shiiue of corn- mercc. Of the difierent discriptions of European bread- corn, nature had only furnished* America with maize; they are all now, universally grown there; oats are produced in the smallest tjuantity, rye and barley in greater proportion, but wheat most abundantly, which returns ou an average, in the North of Mexico, for one seed of corn 17 and in the South 24, on the river PLite 12 , whereas in the luxuriant France, and in the North of Germa- ny, 5 to 6 corn upon one of seed are generally cal- culated upon. The cultivation of the European vine, (Vitis vinifera) — has commenced with success in Virginia, and in the Swiss colony of New-Vevay on the Ohio, and has florished long in Mexico; it will become general, and adequate for every demand, as soon as it is not limited by considerations of trade with European mother countries, and as soon as the encreasing population supplies more hands for the tillage of the soil. According to Humboldt's respectable testimony *., the same is the case with the olive, which thrives admirably in several plan- tations of New Spain, but the cultivation of which, ♦) Humboldt, Essfxi politique I. p. 304' 100 the mother -country has purposely prevented, in order to retain I lie monopoly of the supply of Euro- peau oil. The new world cuuld aho long since havo produced its silk, from its own soil; for Corlez free from little considerations, and looking into futurity with the view of a true statesman, had already .introduced the European mulberry -tree and the silk Av.,rm into Mexico; hut the jealous policy of the Spanish government, has Jndustriou-% thrown obstacles in the way, to depress the rise of this branch of industry, as well as the breeding of the indigenous .^ilk-worm *), upon the same prin- ciple, that the Dutch formerly prevented thepropa- gation of the spice-phmts, anddeslroyed half the produce of rich crops, in order to keep the goods up at a high.v market price. - The sheep which were irapirted long since from Spain, produce a ^wool nei- ther inferior in length, fineness, nor softness to the best European; but the breeding of them is incon- siderable, except in the Viceroyalty of Plata, but ♦) 111 Mexico, there is an indigenous silkworm, differui.l from that of the mulberry tree, from lUe weh oi which, pocket - handkerchiefs are wo- ven in the Intendaiicy oi Oxu' ;i, which possess a roughness in the luclintf, similar to that of cer- tain East India silks, ond which they first lose, on being used some timt« 1 BUllii i i" sely prevented, in ;he suii[)ly of Enro- also long since hava n soil; for Corlez and looking into •ue statesman, had I mulberry -tree and t the jealous policy has industriou"Slj[ depress the rise of 1 as ihe breeding of ipon the same prin- prevented the propa- idcsiroyed half the to keep the goods up le sheep which were I, produce a, wool nei- is, nor softness to the ig of them is incon- oyalty of Plata, but indigenous silkworm i le mulberry tree, from L - handkerchiefs are wo- Oxa' ;i, which possess a similar to that of ccr- 1 which they first lose, 1 lOI can be cxtenilf.id on the continent, as also on the Antilles, at pleasure. On the Isthmus of Yucatan large quantities of wax are collected from an indi- genous species of bee, having no sting, and on the opposite island of Cuba, about Havannahj the cul- ture of the European bee (Apis mcllifit a) which has been transplanted thither,, has already become very general; in the flowery vallies of Mexico, this branchof industry beingmore cultivated, willrapid- ly encrease, and furnish adequate supplies of honey and wax. Canada, the two Caroliaas, and New- Spain, have a superfluity of flax and hump, tim- ber for building ships, and the' golden fruits of the Hesperian gardens are of equal goodness, and in greater quantity, in the tropic-districts of America, than in the southeru countries of Eu- rope, which are washed by the Mediterranean sea. Nature has moreover so lavishly endowed this favor- ed portion of the globe, with vegetables, that they far surpass those brought thither from Europe, in point of nourishment. The Banana-tree, the Mani- oc root, maize and the pqtatoe would alone be suf- ficient, to banish all idea of want uf articles of sus- tenance, and of depondance upon foreign supplies, even without the European descriptions of grain: and ^vQi\ deprived of the European vine, the Agave would supply the Amejican , with an a.^^rpable vi- 102 „„„. >„uov.V NeH..« i. .he..w c.n.in.n,, ,i„„.,na.rh«s»Wminc.iuBraMl, vvho.o cha.n, rmou„ui„s.«.eboe„d.c„..™dfuUonro»-.c«., ,v..ch ,. ahead, beinj worked byGcm.nmdum , . „„e careful afeniion ,o .he quuKs.lver ve.n. m Mexico, V.UI render .11 -uppl, of Idria Ico^ hence superflaou, for .ho f-.orc. Copper and .m, on from .he m„un,.in. In .he in.cr.or of P.a.a, w...h supplied f.om Buenos Ajre.> San Dom.ngo. abo.e all ih. An.illcs, i. particularly rich m coal, <.n, lead, marble and porphyry. Amevica. thus Standing in need Of ncne Of the European natural productions, but rather possessing .ithin herself, more numerous and ^nore ,rec.^ gif. of nature, than any other, uarter of t^glob^. till also be able to dispense with the works of f - ;g..ndustry and art. as soon as she can command. -.) ..erica will even require far Ics. supp he ,,., .vlu-n the leave, of the ^-^g-'y-/ ; J^\'"; ^,, oh aie .aid io be equally stron, of Haver ^ ^ , .. ,, as the Chinese, come a, i..ili.U>blc to iU<- tiust', -s tue le generally, i..U.u.e. The cultivation LchLsetea-pl-t has also been atte„.pte.l with success in Brazil. 103 he new continent, lecious metals, defi- the inferior descrip- Irazil, whole chains rud full of iron-stone, hy German indu»try; e quicksilver veins in of Idria froJft hence, }opper and. tin, won erior of Plata, will be San Domingo, above :ly rich in coal, tin, n need of nqne of the but rather possessing ,us and more precious crquarter of the globe, with the works of fo- ,n as she ca:a command. lire far less supplies of the Parpguayan tea pUnt [ually stronj; of flavor & .,, as the Chinese, come ufe. The cultivation of has also been attempted tilt; necessary stock of kno\vlcd;ic, and a sufficient number of industrious hcnids, which she will soon find at her disposal, partly by the emigration (if artificers from Europe, and jKutly by her own cncrea- siuf? population, who wiUlecomu versed in llu; aits, which are introduced amonj;st them. Where there exists matter, and understanding to use it, the free- dom of handling the whole at pleasure, and security in the enjoyment of the fruits of labor, the spirit of enterprise is called into life, and with it florishes every branch of human industry, if hitherto the leading influence of the mother- countries turned the industry of their colonies, to the cultivation of the so-called colonial -articles, which promised an advantageous sale in Europe, and forbid or at least rendered difficult, the exercise of those descriptions of agronomic, ingenious, and mechanical euipioy- ments, the produce of which, an exclusive systam of trade had reserved to itself, to supply, activity will on the other hand, soon take a different direc- tion, on the attainment of political emancipation, an occurrence, which we have taken for granted will happen. The attention to the defence and main- tenance of independence, alone brings life into a multitude of employments relating to warfare by Iland or by sea. The soldier must be clothed, ap. pointed with arms and horses, with ammunition and k^kvy ocdnaact, and a tliQutand (;opsid«rable and Im 104 lesser iioia-rfqulsitcs, wliidi imrevativp necessity, soon points out the way of fuvnishing and fabrica- ting on tho *pot. Tlio coasts must l,e c(,verc; alone aliM' 1 te not too offcnsivCj :ment will also be nsuinptioii, as soon Livation of tlie soil, ust ever follow, but superfluous quan- n from abroad, and ion, naturally low- of labor in Ame- same will be raised take place in the itances, under which ks, and be the mean* re upon a par, with therto, the most Eu- cheaper from across I on the spot. The )twithstanding acted g interfered withpro- nd restrictive edicts, acute traveller , for- g let the thing take nis d'Amirique fait en la Rochefoucald-Lian- , I'an VII. 4e 1* rtSpub- 167 ,'ts natural coursr, which first allows frtbrirs ilnd manufuclories to flourish, whcrtcapit.il cm no lort- ger be placed more advantageously in land, when the raw productions arc at hand, and as cheap, as in other foreign rival states, and wh6n there is a suf- ficient number of idle hands, who cdn be ^rofiiahly Employed in these branches of industry. The Same course, which, by a wise administration, things must equally take in South America, where already ihe most sources of oeconomy arc not unknown, but even consid6rablo progress made in them *), will ♦) Besidts the working of iTie mines, ond ttje Vrie- chaui'cal employments dependent thereon, gold ■nd silver, as also curiou^ carved work in ivory and wood, is executed in Spanish America; and it is of great importance for the time to co- me, that Mexico, as well as Peru and Chili, possess in their natives, a population, industrious like the Chinese, and legally free , whose natu- ral dispositions, may bo easily adapted to tha ingenious exercise of many useful irteohanical arts. For the innate Grandezxa of the European predominant race, will for the first, only con- descend to superintend and direct the fabrics and irtanufaatories, but ifiH deter it for. a long tinte, frbm participating in th* labor itself, as beneath its dignity. AgricOltdre alone, however, makes a rare exce>tidB in Peru stnAQhili i being 108 nniloubtedly, reiuler America, in a much shorter pc riod, than is gencraUy 5upp.'spch nature has not ordained her to sit eternally. After the emigration of those, who may not be reconc led to the new order of thing,, she must, retiring within herself, endeavor to regain from her bwn ,oil, and her adjacent dependences, by internal ap- plication, what she has suffered in external splendor, and foreign enjoyments. We will in the first p ac« take a nearer view, of the former of theso alter- pativcs. — ^'•i Ill imptioti of West -In- some production* of those of her fabriii 3 American poTtici- nsidcrahlc quantities, hen America, as has supply herself with mull cither pr6cure ion of his wines and hats, leather, iron, th the value of these, ;e, as he at present B or East- India goods j made of that, whith nd obtained, and Eu- of the world, on which ,0 sit eternally. After may not be reconci- Tj, she must, retiring regain from her bwn lences, by internal ap- ;d in external splendor, e will in the first place 1 former of theso alter- Suppoie w« even wore to loio America, it may bo aiiswcri'd; Europe still retains her cxttnsivu K.ist India kiiigtlom, her Molucca islands, her nu- merous fstabli.shraents on the cua»ts of Africa, her colonies on the islands of the South Sea, her com- mercial connexion with China, with the Levant, with Arabia, Ai^ypt and the coasts of Barbary. Sho will be enabled by the sale of the productions of hor arts and manufactures, to procure licr rice anil cotlun from Bengal, her colTt'e from Arabia, Bour- bon, Isle de Trance, and Madagascar; her sugar from /fif^ypt, fiom the African dependencies, and from the favored island of Otahcitie; hcrsilver from licr own mines, worked more attentively, and the gold she has occasion for, from the rivers and sands of Africa. Provided tlie European only retain the superiority of his intelligence with his spirit of en- terprize, colonics will arise, in deserts now occupied by wandering hords of barbarians; and Asia and Africa, under European management, will perhaps deposit richer treasures at the feet of the monarch of the earth, than the new continent formerly did. Moreover the commercial intercourse of America with Europe j will never be broken off suddenly, and whilst the ancient channels are gradually clo- sing up, the ever restless spirit of speculation, will Igng l\efoze, haveopericd new sources of emolument. i r ! 112 \\\- allou, lluit niccxpcclctl change will not take .la.c smulrnly, uhhoi.t gradual transUions, and we !ul,uU further, thai industry in the ne^v Columbia states, will first he directed principally to the hrmg- in. nnricuilure and the working of the mines to ,H.rfecliun. Uut as far as regards North America, it mu.t he rememhered, that several, particularly the N.h.n.ic stales, have attained, during the forty three jcus of Iheir independence, that state of culture and population, as to he able to supply some work- ,a..u and en. ouragement sufficient, for the estahl.sh- ,..,ut of fahrics and manufactories, and that the .ucreasing emigration of artificers from Europe, .1,0 are no longer capable of finding support there, ,uasln.c..s.s,n:ilv hasten the period, when the pr>ce of lahor - at present the principal obstacle to more ■^ ^,,„,,ess - must fall, on account of greater competition. There is already a considerable sur- plus of naval store,, train-oil, tallow, spermaceti and candles for exportation; tanneries are every ,vlune in the original United states, in the most flourishing condition, and instead of the formet im- donation of sho«s and boots, many hnndved thou- sand pair are now annually shipped. Thus every such triumph of internal industry, appropriates to itself a Inaneh of Europran emolument, and conso- lidates the oeconomical independence of the Uniott. But tha complete emancipation of Spanish and the 113 cliange will not take L transiljons, ami we till! new Columbian icln;iUylo the liring- ng of ihfi mines to Is North America, it lal, particularly the .uriugthe forty three that stale of culture o supply some work- eiit, for the establish- lories, and that the ficers from Europe, incling support there, liod, when the price icipal obstacle to more on account of greater [y a consul erable sur- 1 , tallow , spermaceti ; tanneries are every d stales, in the most stead of the format im- many hundred thoU- shipped. Thus every ustry, appropriates tu emolument, and conso- [jendence of the Union, on of Spanish and the other pntis of South America, is lil^ely to have more rapid and more extensiv*, consequences, than that of North America, inasmuch, as, by its operations, the exportation of silver and gold nhich is annu- ally made fi-.m thence to Europe, and v.hicb Hum- boldt reckons to be al cut 55 millions of piastres * , must for the greatest part , or \n holly cease. F.-r thii mass of precious metals did not come to Europe, exclusively in the ordinary course of trade, in ex- change for her productions, or as payment fur the surplus of a balance of commerce disadvantageous to America. It was sent for the most part, thi- ther, as actual tribute, which the mother-countries drew from their colonies, and which flowed either into the treasuries of the crowns of Spain and Por- tui^al, to whom, besides the gain of their private domains, an aliquot pa.t *♦) of the net produce of all private mines, as a ffodal tythe, belonged, or v.as forwarded to the large landed proprietors, amongst wh.an the districts abounding in minerals ♦) Ess&i politique Tome IV. yag. 259. ♦♦) III the beginiiiiig jlh , aiterwards, on mining be- coming more difficult and more expensive ^th, but on Btaxil gold the origin.il jtli part is le- vied. (18) IF I 114 had been divided since the conquest, or itvvns secretly introduced into Europe by priviite persons, who had been able to enrich themselves clandestinely in the mines*). It lays in the nature of the case, that this wealth, uhich arrived annually at stated pe- riods in the Western peninsula, finding no employ- ment there, flowed in a thousand channels to those states, which worked for the Spaniard, whose majes- tic inactivity is averse to labour, and spread itself further over the North-eastern countries of Europe, in exchange for raw productions, the true aliments of industry; but, as soon as all the ties of depen- dency on the old world are severed for ever, these treasures must remain in their native regions +*). *) Fischer asserts in his latest description of Bra- zil, that the Portuguese Government is at least defrauded of a fourth part of the gold that is found, and that it scarcely receives the half of the diamonds which are discovered, and which wholly belong to the crown. ♦♦) That this failure in the supplies of bullion, has already taken place , in a degree very sen- sibly felt by the trade and monied system of Eu- rope, is proved by an article of the 15th June 1819 »» the Borsenhalle newspaper, which states, that in- stead of 24 Millions of dollars, as formerly, from i8»i to i8i8 only 8,inxi5 dollars have been annual- OJ te tl A 01 w m su m re w ti of it] th CO m St, or it vvns secretly c persons, who had landestinely in the e of the case, that lally at stated pe- finding no employ- id channels to those niard, whose majes- r, and spread itself countries of Europe, IS, the true aliments L the ties of depen- ired for ever, these : native regions ♦*). t description of Bra- rovernment is at least irt of the gold that cely receives the half 5 discovered, and which vn. supplies of bullion, in a degree very scn- d monied system o{ Eu- B of the 15th June iSigii* r, which states, thatin- rs, as formerly, from 181 » lars have been annual- "5 But the immediate consequence of this must be that tlie quantity of industry, which was paid and maintained in Europe, by these annual supplies of specie, must, by their failure, become stagnant, and the mass of raw productions which was furnished Jby one, and manufactured by another part of our quar- ter of the globe, so intimately connected together by these very precious metals since the discovery of America, will become superfluous. Whereas on the other hand ,^ these treasures .which for the future will remain in America, must be the means of ani- mating the same mass of industry there, and of supplying an equal quantityofraw productions, and manufactures; whereby however, the epocha of the revolution of the existing order of things in Europe, will more quickly be brought about, than its rees- tablishment can possibly be accomplished by virtu* of any other substituted resources. For Europe, to be able to dispense with th« intercourse with America, and the vent she has hi- therto enjoyed for her productions there, and still to continue to exist in the accustomed abundance, must not alone have it in her power to retain in their ly imported into Europe from Mexico. — Since the arrival of the court in Brazil, jno bullion is allowed to be exported from thencs. i,ao new connexions, and cole). have hilhevto remained iuar.rcssilAe to 1, r, m U .^a ne-olonial sysu.n ordominicn ar.e fvo.nthe "of the old one. capable of n^aking amends for " oJ ndof giving fresh life to declining m. what was losi, enact gi b „,,„to be want- , , . Katthcnecessaryenergy, appears to 1)6 vva dustry. buttncn^ j ,, -^d in those quar- „r A,...ic,..pow„tu. e.»„ a. pK.J , and 1 J „„. founded upon tt.e precou. n„ul ot tl>. lid and tl,o monopoly "f na..Bal.on, and ol :: \:lt-,on oM« and .«d«. U c„n.nn, , ] ,n th«e inliar., and wilJiouUhtm, »ill n'^' t. able to .n,.po.t ,uMJ ^^^ ^,. »™ V.O the case, she musi §1"= - 1: '"" Vjln which is carried en. principally Chma a^d Japan, wUi ^^^^^ ,^. terey, Acapulko, Uma , 1^ ^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ , ...Brazil, round cape H--^ the Japanese, are also UKely to be ] m "7 branches of the com- St be able to extend ial; bhe must enter izelerritovies, vvhiih 3il;lc toiler, in order ;ninion arise from the f making amends for :sh life to Reclining in- ;y, appears to be vvant- es, and in those quar- iied with a probability untcr the competitioQ present, and probably eponderant. The anr ial system of Europ* 3U8 metals qE the new Df navigation, and of I trade; it continuaUy ,,oonas the importation , which already has be- ist give v.p the trade iq carried cm, principally vbich ^vill bo then inu- ihc Pacific from M^^"" a Conccpiion, »nd even I Horn. The Chinese a"A| y to be on more frieualy terms, witb the doxvnright trading American, than with the Euioi-t-an, whose constant striving after dominion, tliey dread, and whose ical for prosely- ting (subservient only to a cunning commercial po- licj) they detest and abhor. — The state of Euro- pean affairs in the East Indies, is well known; the fire which llydef Ali, Tippo Saib, Ilolkar andScJu- diah lighted up, continues inextinguishably to glow under a very superficial layer of ashes; and although the deposition of the latter unfortunate Mahratta prince, and the subjugation of his states, apparently completed, by tjie Marquis of Hastings, have once more extended, and rendered the British empire in India, fur the present secure, yet, \Ue yesenimentin the minds of the natives, has been the more rancorously encreased, and will be cont|. nually kept in partial eruptions, by the minor warfare of the Seiks and Pindhariis. The mischie- vous principle of founding a state on the commerce of a distant part of the \voria, and raiding a com- pany of English merchants, to be regents of a terri- tory, at least fifteen -times as large as the mother country, including Ireland, and containing a popu- lation of live, times as many inhabitants*), has # ,,,/! ♦) The English territory proper, jn the East Indioi, according to William Playfair's calculations, 118 flppressed the trade of the company for .i long time »)ack, bythe wcii^hlof an expensive udiiiinistration ; on the otiier hand, the spirit of, trade inherent in the new sovereigns, and the mean rapaciousness of their servants, but badly kept in check, have been the meant of forming a system of government, which preys upon the vitals of the state, if it may be term, ed such. The .lasting Duration of such an or- ganization, which endeavors to unite complete he- terogeneous elements - as the art of government and the procecution of commerce — is scarcely pos- sible, and the encrease of a real surplus gain foiEu- rope by means of it, is still less imaginable. The financial state of the British company, which has only been successful in preventing other European competition, has in the lapse of lime been conside- containcd, before the last conquests 217,186 square English miles, but the tributary states, governed in fact by the company, but administered by its vassals, consisted of 230.467. ' t°6«t'*'"' '^^''^^ square miles. The subjugated Mahratta state oontiins, according to the same author, 447.144 thus making in the whole, 899.796 square miles. He estimates the population of the ancient ter- ritory at 23.057300. of that which is tributary, at 17,995590, and of the Mahratta states, at 83>343928> together 69,395818 souls. nii ly for !\ long lime ,ve administration; tradu iniiorent in n rapaciousness of check, have been government, which , if itmay beterm^ on of such an or- lUiite complete he- art of government » — is scarcely pos- lurplus gain for Eu- I imaginable. The mpany, which has ng other European I lime been conside- nquests 217,185 »quare utary states, governed It administered by its 1,67, 'together 452,652 jated Mahratta state same author, 447,144 I 899)79'' square miles. a of the ancient ter- at which is tributary, Mahratta states , »t 118 souls. 119 lahly impaired*); and tlic fear it not groundless, which many entertain, that either an insurrection of the Indian nations, fed by the commercial jea- lousy of other powers, will one dny overthrow this merchant- kingdom, or tliat an independent throne, founded by Europeans in India , around which, under a mild government, the gentle and docile native people, would willingly flock, will put an end to transatlantic supremacy and mercantile extor- tions. In trade, America has already very success- fully entered the lists ♦♦). For whilst, in Spanish America, the intercourse with ancient India, has been limited and is monopolized by Akapulko, the United states, are in the habit of sending annually a considerable number of vessels, to East India ports, ♦) According to official accounts", the debt of the Easi Inuja Company in India, anounled in the beginning of 1319 to 34,18+137 t-stg. at 6, 8 and 9 pro cent interest. Fullarton's celebrated work; A view of the English in:?rests in Inrlia. gives such disclosures as to llie administration of Bri- tish India, as completely to justify the opinion, we have laid down. *♦) On the 31st of Decbr. 1818 tbo merchant vtssclj of the United states measured, officially, 1,225134 f§ Tons. mu i. **■ 120 Ch«U....>n «:c. m«l.n..snanU„,., K.,»- V„„ and .Uk. tor l,om= -n.ump.H,,,, ana CO .on :;„..,uan,Uies.rnnnp»"y^.-;--l'"-- for the supply uf"ie I.in open ■ -.n. trade as well as its oU.er brand.- lucrative carrying -tranc, i.irli ilic covenimcnt most power- es to Europe, vvlucli tlic go^n uUy .uppo„s wUh .„ nav,.. -viU conc.n.ra.o ,„e „,. , and n,„ro in 1... hand, of .he Am.r.cans >vh.» „dar. Carolina oak. and firs, ...:,,ly a., ml. „ tor , ■ . .„ f,r .uocrior to Uiat ot Europe, naval architecture, tar supeiioi ::«ooclnes, and durability, an. ..opossesson the. own soil, every other nav..lrcHU,sUe,u.th .0 .hundant supernuity. ^'l"-*-'^:;"""' "'" An^erica also entering the lists, . .11 he ,avt>cula.ly sUips round the C.,p-f Good Ho,e.nX8. 7.M. Bostouin:3x3^.aaa,i.nilarnn.b.nmoret. 50,030 bale, of co.ton, co„tai„u.g about ,7 ^ lions lbs, andvaWat.mnhonsofdolar. ,ere exported in the latter year from East au ports in Anierican bottom. P--;^-^^'; ^ true for European consumption ; but what pro. Jets open for the future, when this carrying :::;:, L. .. changed into one, dedicatedto supply of inland maun factories , and hdw clo. ,t hand, is perhaps thi» period J? i'^'fe. L mkir.s, teas, inus- iption, ami cotton fuv re-cxitortatioi naiiufictoiies. 'llii las its oilier brand iiment most power- U concentrate itself he Americans, whose supply a timber for t to that of Europe :l who possess on their •quisite, in the mo?- rcumstance, on ?out , will be particularly nliabitunts liad a>'OUt 50 Good Hoi-e in 18' 7' "'"* ilar iiumberj morethan intaining obout 17 mil- t 2 millions of dollars, tpr year from East In- ottomf, principally, it is >,mption ; but what pros- re, when tliis carrying into one, dedicated to the factories, and hbw clo.e » period 1? 121 felt, a» it must annihilate a considerable mass of European industry, and the profits arising from it; not taking into consideration, that prol ably at no very distant period, no European navy, will be able to copo with that of America, provided it be aug- mented in proportion to the resources and extent of territory in the new continent. In the Northern Union, laws have provided for this gradual increase; and in those states of South America , which are contending for their independence, necessity but more the rapaciousnessof dissolute freebooters assem- bled together from every quarter of the globe, have created a small naval force, which either as defen- sive or offensive, will during the progress of the war, continually cncreasc, and, on a solid organization of the different states, taking place, which are at pre- sent but formless masses of fermenting matter, is likely to be regularly formed and augmented. But if the principle be correct, of which Eng- land has given us to splendid an example, that, that state will take the lead in commerce, whose navi- gation is protected and supportea by the largest and most expert navy, — Europe will not be able. Ions; to maintain her monopoly to her remaining colo- nies, against America in a perfect state of freedom, nor continue to wield her trident, when opposed to her rival, who it even dangerous at present , and C17) ' 122 ;„ ,t„,„„„vot.hcC.....,«a„d,!,eI•.„S...hcha- .,,„„„,l,=oM-,eof.^m,.men..nd,n..v..cc, rdv«n.a-s, «i.h whiol. Eu,o,,e h., .0 contend, vheTcl .U ,c„,ro,,h,cal sUn.„i„n of ..cKurcpa- *nic i. ..n.n-"r. t"o.ab... - a nnv.gat.on .o 1 from An,e.,ca„ po,.., and P'-"""" '-^ "W „ n >*n,a. .)■.«.» U upon the who.0 .0 ^'"tr .,avo u.re.dy ...ol^on of .ho VV«. India ,.,„„d,,vmvo,y.o.n no do„b,, follow .h. ' ulso, l.ni,a,.ed to .hen hy Am»lc., m ..r,.,ng : ndo cnde„„, and have lun.ed a. . cnurr.nc,,, hioh lay po.,h>y..ke place m. he K...^nd.e. ,f „c further cas. a look .o Africa. >vhc,. ™ch n „,e„,i.e ficdd to. .he .pi'it "f d,.covery end 1, " Ition of .rade, lies open;!. i.eviden..h. To posi.ion of .he We..ern .ide of .hi. ,u.r.or ef uC U. i. more par.icu..rly 3dap.ed .o an .n.e,- :,: w.h .ho harbour, and coa... of. he ta..er» par.ofSou.hA.neric.,.han.onve.,ien.for.he....d Lhor.o carried on wi.h Europe; .... e.,d.n., .h. .„a,. of Guinea can be fre,ue».ed >vi.h B..a.e. ,aci,i.ic,, fromCaraeca. Cayenne '-^^"/'"Zi:' ,ha. of Congo, mad. much qu.clcer from Brax.l, ..'■*. ,n 1,01 liJe. The he Euroiipan «caj, the F.ngUth chan- cnt and iniurunce, It, arc «o many Am- e has to contend ; ion of thcEuroiiran to a navigation to pronounces them, upon the whole to ral dependencies of of the West India o doubt , follow the \merica, in striving nted at i crurrences, in the Kast Indies, rica, where such att jf discovery and the • it is evident, that de of this quarter of adapted to an inter- coasts of the Eastern mveluent for the trade pe ; it is evident, the juented with greater jne and Surinam, and quicker from Brazil, 123 tlun fionj any one European port, and tli.it the Cajje of Good lljpe, laying dirtclly tu tlif l..i-.t of tho Uiver IMata, is much better adaiittd foraumttr- couise with Rio- Janeiro, Uuenos Ayri"!, and Ma;;eU Ian, thai> for a Dutch or BiitiUi colony — A^.iin, how short is the distance from the Cape, tolhclshs of France, Bouvbon, and Madagascar situated be- tween the latter and the Eastern coast of Africa, and how much more favorably suited, are these pos- sessions for a communication with the new stales of South America, tliau with their present mother countries! — And further, how much easier is the passage to the spice and Philippine islands and New Holland, being remnants of a former conti- ncnt, scattered to the South of the coasts of China, and to the East of the Indian peninsula, from the Eastern side of America round the C-UJe, or from her Western harbours through the racilio, than from Great Bri^ainor the Netherlands; and in how much greater a degree, is this the case with the Marque- sas, thp iricudly ai^d Society islands, in the South sea, which face the fertile coasts of Lima, of St. Jago and Valparaiso! An impartial view of the map of the world is only necessary in fact, to convince any one, that as soon as the reins of America, are fallen from the hands of Europe, the intercourse of the Idttcv with the above possessions, will decline in proportiojOj a? the means unfold themselves, in •^ 124 the new continent, of lupplyinp; thflse 'proauctioni, and manufacturin;; those good*, requisite for a ^ commercial communication, and of forming those political and mora! tie' with them , without which, a trading intercourie has no worth! For even the iceptro of intellectual superiority will not be iwayed for ever hy Europe, should it even be here- ditarily inherent in the European race, which how. ever would be difficult to prove; for it ii this very race, and by no means its weaker part - which has at all times taken care to remain at home — that has founded and continues to people the regions of the new world, propagating itself not more degene- rately most assuredly, than in ancient Europe, and gradually ennobling the different races of the other hemispheres, by a vigorous mixture. The American is inferior to no European nation, and superior to many, in spirit of enterprize, faculty of invpntion, and corporeal strength and stamina. The arts of war and government have brought forth a Washing- ton, and the sublimer sciences a Franklin; Miranda appear -d as it were, a precursory example, of the political and warlike talents which South America was capable of giving birth to, and the present cpo- cha there, is likely yet to develope much, of which posterity will have to judge. The instruction of every branch of eful knowledge, is attended to; the muses are i . without their votaries, and the <'')-''^ I thase 'productioni, I, requisite for * I of forming those n, without which, worth! For even •iority will not be lid it even be here- n race, which how. s; for it ii thiivery •r part — which hai in at home — that sople the regions of slf not more degene- incient Europe, and nt races of the other ture. The American ion , and superior to faculty of invention, tamina. The arts of ight forth a Washing- a Franklin; Miranda sory example, of the vhich South America I, and the present cpo- elope much, of which The instruction of edge, is attended to; leir votajfies, and the I 125 cities of South, rather than of North America, are embellished with monuments of the plastic arts which may serve to inspire future genius; the mis. iionarics of the Catholic church, engaged in impart- ing suavity, to the manners of the aboriginal tribes enrich ot the same time the field of science, particularly that of physics, and Humboldt makes mention of respectable names , in all the various paths of human intelligence. Much technical know, ledge, considerable talents , and the most perseve. ring energies, will constantly emigrate from Europe, and the freedom of opinion, as well as of every pro- fession, will facilitate the devolopemcnt of each na- tural endowment. But, as soon as the intellectual faculties onco unshackled, begin to exert themselves on the vast field of boli llie Americas, and arc able to appropriate, Uie infinite treasures of nature and other resour^^es they possess, to the purposes of do- minion, or to the profits of commerce; no other quarter of the world, much less a single people, who have been rendered powerful for a series of time by the nature of their free civil constitution, but move exalted by the relaxed state of othn nation? will be able to dispute the supremacy of the ,.;ean with the new world. It appears therefore to be less likely, ;liat Fu- rope will be indemnified, for her probable loss of influence, and commexcial relation with America, I- ki u^- 126 by the extension of hcv Uadc and h«r transmarine colonial system, than.that in th.s respect, U may rather be apprehended, America will be continually doing her more and more injury. The quest.on u therefore, if Europe could not, hy adoptmg ano- ther line of conduct, in extending her more .mme- aiate surrounding frontiers, and following a system „ore suitabletothe neworder of things, supportthe edifice of her wonted greatness, by novel and per- liaps more lecure, foundations? — ' X. As the .mmed.ate consequence of the -^^P-^-J of both Americas, and the national progress of heu internal culture, and external navigation, we hav in the above reflexions, deduced the faUure of the accustomed unportation, of the precious metals mto Europe i the total want of sale for European produc- ,.ons in the West-ladies and America, and the rase of a powerful competition ,n the trade, and nav,g - ..on of tbe lnd,an seas. We have hinted at the pr - table loss of the European colonial estabhshments SBSRB5PSH! 12' i liar transmarine s respect, it may ,ill be continually The question is by adopting ano- g her more imme- foUowing a system things, support the by novel and per- ofthe independence jnal progress of their navigation, we hav«, 1 the failure of the precious metals into or European produc- nierica; and the rise le trade, and naviga- ive hinted at the pro- lonial establishments on tlie coasts of the otlicr quarters of the world, on the islands of the grand uccau , and at the conse- quent stagnation of those branches of industry, which the commercial preponderance of Europe, Jiitherto almost unlimited, has brought to light, niul continually supported; and lastly wehavealju- ded to the encreasing emigration of helpless multi. ludes, from their paternal soil. To prevent Europe from falling to decay, countries at present flou- rishing, from being again changed into deserts, the habitations of ingenious application and active indus- try from being deserted, harbours choaked up, and the sublimer cultivation of the mind, (which in ge- neral is only to be found, where man is independent of physical wants) from being totally neglected, an equivalent must at least be found in the course of time, for the above losses, and life returning into the exHausted veins, must be made to flow into new channels. No other possibility of accomplish- ing this, presents itself, than that, of Europe in- stead of operating as hitherto, principally abroad, directing her attention for the future, to herself, and endeavoring to replace by internal trade, what the may have lost in foreign intercourse. This con- duct she ought to pursue, until, by no very impro- bable concatenation of future events, an opportunity offer itself evd to her, of re-«cquiring, no mono- poly — for th»t seem,* to b» losv iox ever — buth. 128 shave of the grand commerce of the world, suitable to the situation she fills and compatible w.th her natural wealth. We will explain ourselves clearer on this subject. — , »i, ♦ The discovery of the new continent, and that made by Vasco de Gama, of the passage to the East Indies, round the Cape of Good Hope, have checked the internal expl.ration of Europe and the culture of her own natural resources; have stamped the ^ mind, of men, with a longing after foreign enjoy- ments, and have given industry a tendency, to the production of articles, of more consequence for the th. luxury of the rich, and calculated better for a trade to transatlantic acquisitions, than correspond- ing withlthe real wants of the mass of the people, and the general welfare, which is always more promoted, by the most animated adjoining intercourse, than by distant commercial enterprise, on a large scale, No state ha. moro bitterly felt the disadvanta ges, of a system of aggrandizement, founded on transmarine possessions, than the one, who gaver birth to this spirit; we mean the Spanish penm- sula, including Portugal, which is almost indivisible from it, in every natural, political and oeconomi- cal point of view. What near sources of prosperity ar« here dried up! The precious metals lay useless m tHe bosom of the mountains i instead of po..es,mg ■i%^ he worlfl, suitable impatible with her n ourselves clearer ^onlinent, and that ! passage to the East Hope, have checked ipe and the culture have stamped the after foreign enjoy- a tendency , to the consequence for the Iculatcd better for a ns, than correspond- mass of the people» which is always most an i mated than by distant on a large scale, r felt the disadvanta- zement, founded on ti the one, who gaver n the Spanish penin* ch is almost indivisible )litical and oeconomi- ources of prosperity ar« s metals lay useless in instead of possessing 129 supcvfiaous means of nourishmeut, which a fruitful •oil, in unison with the finest climate, are capable of producing; this favored country is almost con- tinually in want of foreign grain; its cities and villages have become more and more desolate '*'), its \ *) The population of Spain, as it generally known, amounts hardly now to 11 millions; it contained under the most nourishing period of the Arabian dominion, double this number, not to ypeak of the times of the Roman sovereignty. The follow- ing information, taken from the Borsen- Halle newspaper of iSig (No. 214.6) affords the most striking proof, of the low state, to which the internal oeconomical welfare of this kingdoiu is tunk<;n : "Madrid the 16th June. *'The importation of grain from the Grim, "the Levant and even the North American "states, continues into tho8< provinces which "are situated on the sea , whilst the corn in "the provinces of the interior, has no value "whatever. It comes cheaper to import it "from Odessa into Barccllonn, and from Phi> "ladeiphia intoGorunna, than to transport it "from the interior". This almost incredible account will be intelli- gibie, on calling to mind the description, which (18) 130 iox«ts ar« w.lhout culture dnd neplccte.l ; and Nonhera. and even American mariners have engro. sed it, navi.at.on in the Mediterranean at the en. U-anre of uhich. nature .eems to have placed xt as , .uardian. And does the Bntish empire, indebt- ed^or its greatness, to the commerce of the world, founded upon the colonial system, present .r'-er- nally a pictute of harmony, on ..hich the eye ofthe philanthropist could rest with the most perfect satisfaction, and acknowledge it, with a ju,t .-nse of feeling, to be the .umm.tof all earthly exert.r..^ Th, sunken state of Ireland, this island so nchly labored by nature, darkens the view, and ihe mag- nificenw and splendour of the palaces of European N.hobs,. containing every thing, Worthy of th. pro- Section of man. and what the most refm.d arts of ■» t litfm gg-?" Aburgoing. (Tabt..a d. l-Esp-gne *noder«e: II. ^ 1C».) m»k« of the difficulties of internal com- Lnication: Q«elq«e. «ne. de ce. provinces, re- cnciUent ass*, souvent plus d. grain. qutUe.ne , ent en eortsortimer. Mhis Ics difficuUiis pour U dircnlation intcrieUr* r.ndeht c«t. fertility ^ pen prfc. in-.ile au td,t. da roy-ume. Peu p«,„nca,al, q« i .oit *n plai « « -ctj- vU4; A»,«* i« moyens d. transport, sont-ih trhs lentc et tr*» di.pendieUx. — 131 id neglcctod; and iriitets have engio*. •raiiean, at the en.. ) have placed it as ish empire, indebt- nerce of the world, tern, present iK'.cr. which the fcye of the I ttie most perfect t, with a just j-nse all earthly exertir.' his island so richly view, and ihe mag- palaces of Europcart r, -vVoTthy of th« pro- most refintd arts of Espagne taoderne: H. icultiei of internal lom- et d6 ces provinces, re- us d« grains qu'elles ne Mhis lc» difriculttfs pour rendeht c6U« ffertilitd ste dtt royaume. Peu rivirfre navigable, oit «n plei«e «"*'' d« transports sont-iI» ieilx, — enjoyment, have been capable of assCtnblinj!; for the delight of the children of fortune, can un no account paraet the crying misery of the contantly cncremsinfi; multitude of poor, as little as the solid \vealth pnd prosperity of the most rcspsctable middle- classes, lire able to do away with the picture of distressing indigence, felt by so many tjiousanda of labourtis, on whose ill -rewarded industry, the pver-xieh mas- ter founds hir proud independence. The height of human happiness, does most undoubtedly, nothlo**- om there, where such rough contrasts, connected which each other, by no softer shades, axe to be (oUnd. We arp not alluding to the moral state of this coyntry, our view being entirely directed fp iU political situiltion j but we venture to titter thiis conviction, that the irresistible impending change of relation, in which Great Britain stands »t pjesent to the rest of the world, jnay inost undeubtedly be injurious to he^r power of dominion, but U Uke)y rather to be advantngeous to her internal prosperity. But this will only be the case, provided the futpsc policy of Ewrope considered as a body, allow each of her members, tp prosecute thpir several aims, as long as. they come under an universal system of legality, without injury to the rights ofothcj-, upon a basis of unshackled competition , and fceed from the prov^oatixjns and chichanes of jealousy wad egoism, 1^ . i . ..;,.. (»(' 1. 132 For there is alone salvation for Eumve, under the stipulation, that, a. America is powerful by the plenitude of her liberties, yet combined under one common tie. Europe also henceforth con.i- der herself as forming one grand state, which , although not actually united under on. central power , but governing herself upon the principles of one common interest, and one public Ipirit. as far as regards her relation v> other part* of the world, be ever ready to uphold the natural fundamental laws of every organized union, by op- posing the strength of all to the aggression, of a few Looked upon in this light, the ancient queen of the world is still powerful and glorious, without her transmarine empire, and is deficient, according to no degenerate estimation, in no one desirable pro- duction of nature, and none of the elements neces- sary to raise man to the most dignified state of yer. feciion. From the Ural mountains to the AtWntic ocean, which washes the western coasts of the Heb- ^ides down to the chain of the Mgarvian hills, a^-l from the northernmost part of Lapland to the fut- thermost point of Sicily, or the heel of ancient Pele. ponnecus. so celebrated in history; what an assein. blage of costly territories, what richness in forests, laXes, and rivers, what fruitful vallies, and cultiva- ted plains, what fulnes in wine and oil, what blessings in herds and flocks, ^vhat hidden tteasuxe* oj 01- Eurove, under is powerful by the nbined under one ceforth con«i- e grand state, united under on« herself upon the St, and one public lion Vj other part* iphold the natural nized union, by op- ;he aggressions of a I, the ancient queen id glorious, without deticient, according no one desirable pro- F the elements ncces- ignified state of yex- itains to the Atlantic FH coasts of the Heb- Algarvian hills, a*'-' >f Lapland to the fui- e heel of ancient Pele- lory ; what an assein- lat richness in forests, il vallies, and cultiva- J and oil, what blessings hidden tceasuxe» o{ precious stones, what abundance of salubrious wa- ters, and vvh.it climates, mild and austere, present themselves, admirably suited, to cherish and pre- serve the pure ancient race, transplanted hither in the remotest ages, to invigorate the mind, and with- out effeminating them, to refresh the senses , with all the joys and abundance of life ! Where else, flourish so fine a race of men, where does feminine exquisitenesii, free yet reserved and domestic, charm- ing yet full of modesty, lovely still at the same time dignified, develope itself as in Europe; where is woman to be found, as here, possessing equal rights in the monogamous mariage state, ennobled by education, and by the habits of the stronger sex even mure powerful, than the apparent ruler, who offers up his strength at the shrine of loveliness? And further, the ancient civilization, a work accom- plished thousands of years ago, by cultivated nations who inhabited this portion of the globe, the treasu- res of language, of arts and science, — what advanta- ges are these, if Europe understood to retain them! — Do not let us assert, that Europe is become anti- quated i nature continues eternally young, and re- novates itself from its own means; but her pow- er is dissipUed abroad in a space, which she is in- capable of filling, and those resources she yet pos- sesses for operi^ttng' upon her internal properity, are iuimicuUy turned against hcisclf, not alone by r r :■;,! ■1* 134 tlie Moody wars of one stat« apa^h.t another, bm almost more so. by tfte eternal conflict of self^amb.- tion. envu.u. rivaUhip in trade, and a ,«ralou, v,eW cMhe granieurand improvement of the neighbour . If things are to remain thus, the exhaustion of every source of foreign supplies , must be injuriom to us and our own ^velfare will never prosper. For Euro'pe will never enjoy her own natural blessing., „ntil her rulers abjuring all little corsideraiion. •re happily bold enough, to compass the above grand idea o: O n e European state body. This must take place 'ere thdse fatal partitions can be removed. Ihich «t present .ever st«te from state, or in reali- ty one member of the same body from the other. .nd which are the means of keeping them upon a hcntile footing, in like manner as the savage » continually armed and prepared for defence or for attacking hi. neighbour. And is not Europe then physically considered, one single organized bod ^ Do not her river, and her mountains extend their course in common through her territories? and are all these not washed by the same ocean, which appears to have forced its way, through narrow channels to the North and the South, in order to yeach them all, and tender them jointly partaker, of its ben.^its? And are not tfte production* of her .oil unequally distributed under her different regions in order that no one jatt, shall be ableto di.^nse VH'4. pa?n«t another, but onflict of sclf"-ambi- and a jeralous vicW It of the neighbour! the exhaustion of , must be in)uriom 1 never prosper. For n natural blessings, little corsiderations, ipass the above grand )dy. This must take )n« can be removed, m state, or in reali- lody from the other, seping them upon a ner as the savage is sd for defence or for I is not Europe, then, I «»le organized body? luntains extend their r territories ? and are same ocean, which vay, through narrow je South, in order to lem jointly partakers ifte production* of h" ler her diffelrent region* til be able- to dispense >35 with till, other, and that tio one country have it in its power va exclude any member of the same com. munity? — But under the influence of our perverse«ps<, and political jealousy, scorning the dictates of na- ture, wc have acted upon a different plan; we have invented prohibitions of importation and exports- tion directed against our reighbours, wehaveimagin. ed the blockade of harbours And closing of rivers; we have devised privileges, and moiiopolizTng tra- ding companies; and we have contrived manufactu- ring and commercial system*, in order absurdly to produce and supply that, whiclicatt beobtaineil chcnp. et fi'om our ncigbours, whilst the natural produo- tions of our own coil, which could be prepared and manufactured for th<3 use of the latter, remain often neglected, or are undersold in a raw state, for an inconsiderable price. And to us belong the fruits of such unnatural endeavours; we reap the misery of wars carried on for the purposes of commerce , and of those engaged in, for the gratification of private ambitious aims, we labour under the nuisuiice and evil effects, «f illegal trade and defraudation of the revenue, which make the coasts and frontiers of the different countries, (which ought, asunder the Ame rican Union to standcordially inviting, open to each \ S( mi 136 nei' be ; the legal ,ne. -uaUties of privileged and oppressed reUg.ous per- Las^ons. the disproportionate .r.nciples of tuxat.on and the personal and local exemptions from bear.ng the comnrou burthens, the inequality of the st.nd- «rd, and every defect of the p.. uniary currency. ,be difference of the weighU and measure,, the de- aciency of internal communications, the proh.ln- tory game laws on the one side, and the uncoutroul- ede.crc.se of the chace on the other, every spec.e of villainage, consisting either in personal or real acts of servitude, or in labour which is -holly un. requited, the accise and customs, as far as these ar. prejudicial to the productionsand trade of a country, Lithe restrictive systems of gurlds and corpora- tions, as far a. they shackle the industry of the art.- ficer and manufacturer. But the -re prog«^ that individual states make in an enquuy mto these avils and the means of remedying them, and the ^ore' publicity which be given to individual succe- ful results, the more, m«u will be aware, that th. ^-J— «■ *iiL— oppose a iflutary ncy of tlie govern. Inoad. It may rea- avds the former of wlnth stand most c of the generality he suhjcttsofconsi- bc J the Ipgal ine- esscd religious per- rintipU'S of taxation, ptions from bearing Liality of the stand- ^iccuniary currency, d measures, the de- itions, the prohibi- andthe uncontroul- : other, every species in personal or real which is wholly un* is, as far as these are nd trade of a country, guilds and corpora- e industry ofthe arti- the more progress, an enquiry into these lying them, and the 1 to individual success. U he aware , that th« iystem of isolation «nd hostility hitherto pursued, must by an injurious external counter -operatioft, pnralize every good which may havo been cjlectia internally, and thus, reciprocal approaches towards the universal benefit of a Eurnpuan state- inion, will be facilitated. — But it is not alone the new and belter prin- ciples (the fv-ut of most bitter trials, und pn aful purifications) by whieh the several sovcrnmenti appear at present to be actuated, that entitle us to the hope, that an understanding ui alluded to above, and most devoutly to be wished for, will not be once more stifled in its birth, by the ancient machina- tionsof politics; but it is ahu the counterpoise of a novel free popular spirit, which has burst forth every where, be it in new constitutions, or even in the maxims and acts of political bodies, and which presents a barrier to tyranny, and the thirst after aggrandiz-ement. Neither is it likely, that the neces- sary instrument of this latter passion, a standing army, forming as hitherto a state in the state, will stand much longer at its command, ir • i xtended sense it has done since the time of Louis the four- teenth *J. The aociant system followed in Prussia, ♦) We only quote hora the example of Great Bri- tain whose standing army ever proportienaMy 14^ und copied by most other governments of recruit- ing the standing army by means of soldiers of every nation, will cea^, as being inadequnVJ to pro- tect, and far inferior to the wrtual j-esources of ^ couiitry; partly because, the free man, who cannot find support at home, will rather ^eejt it on af«reig^» joil, than enlist himself binder fore^g^i cpla^s for bad pay, and partly on acco.unt pf the low st^te x^ Hhe public finances eve^y where, being unable to ^pport such armies of ostentation. ^Ut the more thf public encouragement of the common -weal *^cr,e^ ,es, and the more perepiptorily, *^e fail"" «* ^9- reign supplies, must summon eye» the weakest understanding, to repair the lo?s froift the na^Tf •oil, the smaller tl^e number will K pf ^^^ i"*^'^- nal population in pyexy statje, whiclj will b^ WM for permanent service. For the tfuth, [fio^ most generally acknowlcdgpd, will at length be fully established, that eyery pitiaeff i» a memb«f P^ the national army, and as ^nch, must bp ^xerpised anrf qualified for defending his hearth ^ndcounUyi bW> ^hat the permanent J^rmy QHgbt ou\f 19 po^s^t o^ the smallest, wns considorsljly augmented during tlie late truly nalional war, but immediately oq peace taking pli.cp, was reduced, and will be »tiU further dimiuifhed, there it scarcely any doubt. t] li P si 6) I d n; JE SI f£ ^1 U k S< tl e$ .■. i. ii m -.- •m^it^ JWts , of recruit- s of soldiers of aadequnVs*op*"9- il ji-esources of f aan, who cannot ietiton a foreign re^gjx folojjitrs for the low stfitfi ^ being unable to ^Ut the mote thf non - weal ejicx.tfir t^e failure of £9- jyeft the weakest froift the na^Tf J^e, of thp inteir iclj will hft l#yip4 tfuth, [fio\y most. t length be fully a naembsr P^ the t bjB fBxefpised an4 1 und country' ^W* only t« W»sMt o^ 141 the leaders and th,ose njccessary for exercising the Iroops, and in short only of what is artificially ex- pressed hy the cadres of an army, which those cla^- fes,capaj)le of bearing arras and already exercised^, should be obliged to join, fully equipped on the firs* 6,uin;non« of any iaxijger. With arpiies like thece A,merica fought her emancipati u, land with such, eyejry state at aU times, will be best enabled tp defend its liberties j J90 man bvit .a J«Japoleon could misufe armed national masses fojr the subjugation of JEjiyope ; bmt a thou«»nd yews pnlv bring forth on? such cljaracter, apd tjie ag* jn which he- lived, alone favoured hi« advancement ; but jt vyas not the skilful armies of the poteptates, but the spirit that anima- ted the whole ro*ss of tfeeiv subjects, vvjijch levelled l^im wi^h the dust. .^ If the twofold problem of puy 9ge were thus solved, in allowipg the nations, ii; understanding ^vith their governments, to consult thenselves, uporj thcjr o\yn welfare, which stimulus they even receiv. ed from the congress of Vienna ♦), and at the same tjmiB ip. j.end«iing ijipm cjijabj? gf. ^efejidipg them^ ly augmented during but immediately on diiced, and will be here it scarcely any *) See tho "last act of the Vienna con- gress of the gth June 1816" — (dccording to Kliibei's second edition, Ciliingen 1818) § 1. an4 the Gerumu act of Confederation § 15, ■'. '* 142 selves, by accustoming them to the use of arm. .vithout. on that account withdrawing the flower of their men. by continual military ^^^r^ '^"^ ^^ ^ ductive industy, on which the welfare of the stat. depends; the finances would no longer have occa- sion. to squander away their best and readiest reve. „ue« upon the maintenance of standing armies; the people wonld experience considerable alleviation, and many taxes, at variance with the ^igber pur- poses of state -oeconomy, would fall away. Then Lt not before,- the earth would be duly employed in every species of production, be it in mintng. a.nculture. or the growth and care of its forests aid those disp ..nons for the promotion of tnternal and external com..unication, would be quickly and energetically made, of which, in many parts of Eu. ,ope. the outlines only exist, and which are no .vhere arrived at perfection, except perhnps in Eng- land By these resources, which are the means of ehoriening distances, and bringing man and man nearer together, the surplus produce of one tern, ".y could be conveniently transported for the bene- fit of the other; and it would be impossible for the future, for one member o'f the whole body, then ntore intimately connected, to be languishing in want . whilst another state from false motives of fear, or en^ vious speculation shuts up its frontiers, m order to .vHhholdthc expect.^ supplies of aid. in the critical m £U m n( di ti( til of P< cl P' ac Pi of cc ea ri E oi to ni a tl gi E 'i'i:U. T *j jij-iji mmmm' the use of arms, ving the flowev of f duty, from pro- Ifare of the statt longer have occa- and readiest reve* standing armies; lerable alleviation, I the higher pur- fall away. Then, be duly employed be it in mining, care of its forests, ,motion of internal uld be quickly and I many parts of Eu- an d which are no ;pt perhaps in Eng- i are the means of ing man and man ■oduce of one terri- sported for the bene- irapossible for the lolebody, then more inguishing in want otives of fear, oren- :ontiers, in order to f aid, in the critical moment of distress. On the solid foundation of such an improved use being made of the soil, a new manufacturing system would arise of itself, which not occupied in producing large masses of goods for distant quarters of the world, would direct its atten- tion principally to the supply of internal necessi- ties; we should be decked out less with the luxuries of both the Indies, but the impryvcd majority of the people, would be mor« substantially fed and better clothed, and ihose enjoyments, of which Europe possesses such superfluity, would be more generally accessible to it, A far more extensive degree of prosperity would every where take place, unalloyed by an overbearing load of wealth, and a nobler sense of attachment to the paternal soil, rendered more consolatary to inhabit, would be felt by all ranks. On the states becoming more friendly inclined to each other, the mass of population , would volunta- rily distribute itself more equally over the face of Europe; for oppression alone, and a partial surplus of inhabitants in some parts, together with prohibi- tory laws, local constraints, and the want of inter- nal communications, but on no account an absolute superfluity of population in the whole of Europe, has caused the late emi. grations to transatlantic territories. The centre of Europe it at present the best employed , and most nwmoxously peopled ; strong coloaies ef agricultural 144 T and manufactuv.ng hancU could still find room and useful occuyalion. on her Western extremity . and in extensive tracts tounrdsl.er Eastern and Southern frontiers; and it is entirely the fault of the Europe- an nations in common, in losing ther- children, by emigration to foreign climes, and wasting '.heu- i;iood and n.ost vigorous strength, in subjugatrng the Mahratta states tu a commercial company, keep- ,n.^ the king of Candy in obedience, or in rul.ng the straits of Magellan and Mallacca. ^vhilst they are not even masters on their own territory. For does not the kingdom of the Osmans, from the limits of Hungary and Transylvania to the shore* of Asia Minor, form a part of European .o.l? Have not its cities and villages, its .monuments of ancient art and science, heen huilt and found, ed hy the most chosen of the European nat.ons. and only hecome the prey of an Asiatic barbarian people', through the contentions of the Christian world' And do not the descendants of the Hclen.sts, groaning under the tyranny of the above conquer- efs in vain sigh for liberat^on? And have the .Tio've people, now in possession for near four hun- dred years, of such an extensive territory under the nrost lovely climate, endeavm-ed to approach or assi- inulate themselves to the -.aropcan, to introduce amongst them, the free sentiments, thff noble insti- tutions, thwarts and science of the Tatter? And do t C a ti fi e si b f u a P n ti n a a u a f] »l ii ri J r ill find room and exliemity , and evn and Southern ult of the Europe- r thei- children, nd wasting '.heir 1, in subjugating il company, keep- nee, or in ruling acca, ^vhilst they ,'n territory. For ■)smans, from the inia to the shore* ropean s-oil? Have ts monuments of built and found- European nations, Asiatic barbarian I of the Christian Its of the Ilclenists, :he above conquer- 1? And have the 'or near four hun- territory under the to approach or assi- 3can, to introduce ats, the noble insti- the tatter?* And do 145 they not rvrn remain to the present day, in Hind Oriental supineness, unsociable, and not allied liy any ties of blood, directly opposed to Europear. cul- ture, formidable by their very indolence, which fieely admits the entrance of the most horrible of evils, under which mankind, incapable of defence, sinks, and which can only be kept at a distance, but not subdued? This alone would be a sufficient justification for the Christian Eui-opean nations, putting an end to this Turkish nuisance j for the welfare of states and the lives of their citizens , ought not to be ex- posed, withoutprotection and defence, to those cala- mities, which nature in her chaotic eruptions, may overhwelni them with; for the destination of man on earth, just consists in rendering nature subject to him, and ii improving and perfecting it, accor- ulng to the dictates of reason. For this very cause no lasting peace, but only an armistice, is ima^i- iiabl« with a people who do not acknowledge the above destiny of man, but passing their existence, undti a despotic g iverument in a state of anarcl;v and lawlessness, are subject to the arbitrariness of their ruler, and to a blind fatality, founded or. a system of predestinate superstition, which proves an insurmountable barrier to every active advance of rational "tnprov.emcnt. Europe can never lay down (20) l,ev , ■. a. ioiK' H, he: South - eastern cervitovics ,,e in vo:^session c,f a r-ple, incapal,lc of nusing themselves tuihe idea of ale..:nvpolUica. union and ^vho arc lia),!. to natch only .h. .noxn.nt of tvanquiUUy, fov .wadinMi- : .t of our qunvter of the Sl^'1^^. vMth the s:UM^ desperate fury, wh.ch hurried them across the Hellespont. If as has been assevled, and which many pre- paratory events s.em to confirm. Catharine of Rus- sia entertained tl.. dav.ng sd>eme, of extending her ki^.dom from the Black sea to the Arch.pelagus and^aising Constantinople once more to the seat of a Christian empire, this plan might not appear suf- lidentlyvipefor the age she lived in, and m.ght seemimpucticahle, from the then existing unsteady and jealous politics .>f tbe European pou.rs, .ho would hardly have pern.itted such an aggrandize- ment; but it Nvas nevertheless a grand idea, and beneficial to the general welfare of Europe and U nray yet one day be carried into execution, the more the com mo n interests of this whole portion of tl. globe, becon^e the subject of consu'cration. But to L belongs the glory , of havi-, oegun this great work, and of having formed settlements on the Northern coast of the Llark sea, the anient seat of Grecian refinement, of which Odessa at lea., has already rhen to ., high state of prosperity, and has been admitt.:' .- a recitnocal operative member ' '^ *^M* 147 #■' laslftvn lervitovics lapalilc of raising I- polilical union, y ilirt inoin^'nt oE tt oi our quavter ei-ate tury, which nt. wliich many pie- Catharinc of Rus- e, of extending her the Archipelagus, more to the seat of ght not appear suf- yed in, and might a existing unsteady opean powjrs, who uch an aggrandize- a grand idea, and of Europe, and it execution, the more ,vliole portion of tl '! nsidcralion. liut to •_: '.jfgun this great settlements on the ica, the ancient seat ich Odessa at leaM, te of prosperity, and ;al operative member in the system of European commerce ♦). Rut this pliui (Munot 1)0 fully developed, or completed in itself, before the Dardanelles, under European pro- tection and dominion, become accessible to all na- tions. Eor this purpose, in concert with the whole of Europf', Russia could lend a helping h^ind from tlie Dniester and Austria from the Danube, and the reconquest of the present Turkish Iprovinces, with the cooperation in the North, of the Servians attached to freedom, and the New -Grecian races in the South, would not probably be sc difficult a task, as the expulsion of the Moors formerly from Spam. If then, as lays in the nature of the idea , having formerly existed in reality, a Christian empire were founded in Constantinople, in the :centro of the Adriatic gulph, and the Black sea ; and from the ♦) "In the year 1794 there was not a living soul "nor a hut on the spot where Odessa now stands. 'At present (iglS) this city has already ixcoo "stone houses and above 40,000 inhabitants^ "Above 300 ships leave her hav])our annually: "and there is so much corn exported from thence, "that this nc'ghbonrliod, will shortly become, "what is W4S in the Grecian and Roman teras, "a granary for supplying the ponntvies in the Aloditcrrranean". — Political Journiil for iSiR. 1st Vol. P. 199. 148 South point of Morra upwards, as fav as where the Sawe empties its.lf into the nnnube, and alon^ the hanks of this r.vor. until it loses itself in the Euxine, apointof'appui" were found, capable, of supportmg and organizing evt-ry further plan , towards reesta- blishing Europe's pristine glory, and consohdat.ng her communication with Asia and Africa. The reunion of the islands of the Archipelagus ..^r the newly formed empire, ^vould necessarily ioi;.w of itself; and, as in ancient times, colonies ^ould flourish on the Southctn shores of the seas bounding Europe, on the Pontus. in Asia Minor, and in Northern Africa, which at present is subset- vient to the Turks. For Europe it never secure from the attacks of barbarians, and fresh popular inun* dations, until she again become mistress of her entire natural territory, aud her opposite shores, be reinstated in civilization, European manners, and a friendly cou.mercial intercourse. Ceesarea and Carthage, Gyrene and Alexandria, must arise again ; under the ^gis of Eulrope, Miletus, Ephe- 8US and Smyrna, must become enlightetied and free; and from Prupontis to the promontory of Rhetium, a tbA.n of industnou. ritles must be formed, such «, Ihe anc.nt world boasted of. principally in Prusa, andN.comedia, Gbalcedon, Siflope and Trapezus. Such is the true colonial system of Europe, to at ro».pli*h, and establish which, ^e trust considerable ,i *-; 149 fav as where the ic, and along the sL'lf inllie Euxine, ^hle, of supporting 1 , towaids recsta- and consolidating I Africa. the Archipelagus would necessarily int times, colonies shoves of the seas IS, in Asia Minor, t present is subser- t ne^er secure from resh popular inun* ne mistress of her ler opposite shores, European manners, tercourse. Ceesarea xandria, must arise ,pe, Miletus, Ephe- nljghtetied and free; lontory of Rhetium, tst be formed, such , principally in Prusa, inope and Trapezus. ;ystem of Europe, to ^vie trust considerable Bvmies will )c made use of, for the last time! — Here is employment for a century; here prospects open of a cheering state of prosperity, and a ready commercial intercourse, which cohtrilutes to the happiness of both people and countries; and the productions of Eastern India, would once more flow through the Arabian gulph, into Alexandria, again the seat of animation. The Crusades, Under other pretences but with a just impulse, and the later Turkish wars, had precisely these objetts in view. The discovery of America, has thrown Europe out of her natural course 5 it will Require time for her to resume the forsaken track, lighted by the torch of history, and conspicuously pointed out, bythesubli. west monuments of art. XI Ave hope that uilelligent readers, well versed in history, not unacquainted with the revolution of events, and Vvho are enu )lcd to view futurity front the past, will not reject the above picture of a future state of Europe, as the offspring of a ro- mantic, and cxtj'avagant imagination; but will I- vathcv n.co r own iniSiU'k.'* , ulll pri. (hite htiself; thai a < on I i ii u a 11 y cm rev - sing « c .1 r t 1 t V II f r e a d y m o Ji e \ i n V. n r o p e, iiuist hi' till' ( inisroutrnc^K of tbese eviMiti, (.ani.ot Out he evident. But otlni- causes will uniie willi ilie above, in romlerin;; tlic precious mctaU inmo rare, \\lii(h will also niulti|ily the ,>;i>ncrdl dijfif^ss, and enhan< c tlie dilticulty of keep'iig tbe t isting means of curienry in cir. ulatioii. Wo allu.le to tlie ^tagnation of so many branch" s of in2 T of hi, rrn.ly casi,, tTi.in he otherwise wouIJ do, if he hn.l Ihe vvospcet of turninf; hi« (..pital qu.ckly ov..r, by cmplojin?; it in somo lacrat.ve nndertakiujj, nt a period of an animated com.nev- ,ial tniitic. For this reason, thinly peopled coun- tries, having hut little internal tradr. stand in need of more cash in proportion, than those, wherein the circulation is 1 risk, and is renc^vc■d several times annually; it is iheveforc why, a Rrcater accumula. tion of precious metals out of circulation, is to be ,uet with in averaged poor states, such as Poland aud different Russian provinces, than in those, where industry and trade vibrate with animated mo- tion. But the joint operation of all these circum, stances, appears to forebode a total revolution in the pecuniary system of all Europe. We shall in the first place viow it, as far as it relates to the iiuanres and the public debts of the several states. Here wc offer the remarl!, that, almost every coxintvy without exception, is at present in a stata of en.bnrrassment. less occasioned by the difficuhjr of providing for its actual wants, than by that, of jfpayins capitals Ion- since squandered away, which have been anticipated from the public income. This circumstance is principally derived from the pro- pensity for aggrandizement, (so often mentioned) congenial to states, and the inclination inherent in. them, a? in individuals, of exceeding the bounds of 153 riling his (iipitnl in seme lucrative nimatcd toinuipv- nly peoplfil coun- adr, itnnd in need tliose, wliorciii tho ■wi'd several timci f^rcnter accumula- culalion, is to be 5, such as I'ohind s, than ill those, with animated mo' • ill I these circuin. total revolution in i-opo, We shall in ss it relates to the the several states, that, almost every t present in a state ■d hy the difficulty ;, than by that, of anderedaway, which public income. This rived from the pro- so often mentioned) lination inherent in. ;eeding the bounds of tlirir natural incoinr. The usual revenue of the sMlis, cousistiti;^ of tliu permanent t.ixcs paid b) tbc pouplo, was imiiussiblc to sati.sfy this propen- sity, and tho w.irs tvhich were the fruit of it; nei- tli( r were «'Xfraoidinary impostn, wliidj uero laid (Ml thosubjnts ill the custDiiiary manner, adequatu to ucci'iiiiili^h the juh'ijom's of desiJutism and aml)i- tidii. 'llie Inal was thru mule, to liiiii the contii- biitiiin to the n-al nr imapiuary necessities of tlie state, whicli could no lunger be supported liy tlie ordinary means of revenue, into a lucrative specula- tion, by loans on advantageous conditions, whereby tlie povernmcnts got into tlieir power, for a longer or shorter s[jate of lime , tliose disposcable capitals wliieli WW possessed at home, or were to lie procu- red from abroad. In doing this, they were rolling tlie burthens of tho time present, upon posterity, without consiilering, how the latter would be ablo to iiiid the means of bearing; the weight of its own engagements, besides that of past generations, and of providing repayment for capitals, long since spent and dissipated on useless umloi takings. It is so evi- dent, that such a system in the administration of a state, as well as in the domestic oeconoiny of every private individual, must lend to ruin, if carried on longer, than there are means of bearing the encrcasing burthen, that it would be inccmreiv- able, wliy this view of the case did not lead to I »54 niovo nioiloiatioii, il tlic e\pciifiicu uf all age* did not sufficiently teach u";, that the pressure anil the passions of the present riioment, almost invariably overcome every i,onsidcration for the future. Bui still tlic in'5chief might have had bounds prescribed it, and a hope of bringing back things to their for mer Stat", might have been indulged, had not the general confusion reached its highest pitch, by the unfortunate idea of raising to a financial resource, a ])ure mercantile expcdicii' : the issuing of a draft on funds, actually existing and in deposit, instead of repeatedly paying the same out; whereby assign- ments ou monies, no wlieve extant, were issued. and representatives, of no intrensic value were clo- thed with the public authoiity of legal tenders for payment *). For as long as the affairs of a state are conducted by means of hard cash, the possibility of fncreasing its expen( es, is limited to the possibility of being supplied with this money, which is never to be obtained without an equivalent of the same value, consequently depends wholly on the product' *) Tlie auciior lias published his ideas on the cre- dit o? a country and on paper currency, in a work , intitl«d •, "On the nature of money and "the pecuniary currency in a state": Cnpenha gen iSia- ■ JL. L f :u uf all '^^^^ ^^'<^ piessuve and the almost invariably ■ the future. Bi'' hounds prescribed things to their for ilgcd, had not the ;hcst piteh, by the liuantrial resource, e issuing of a draft in deposit, instead ut ; whereby assign- xtant, ^\ere issued, nsic value were clo- of legal tenders for ailairs of a state are 5h, the possibility of ited to the possibility Dney, which is never uivalent of the same vhoUy on the product- i his ideas on the cre- i paper currency, in » ,e nature of money and in a state": Copenha- ive resources of the country; but the system of paper- money, requires in its commencement no such con- siderations, and an ample space of timf^ elapses, 'ere the evil becomes so sensible, as to be limited by its own excess. To what len£;tlis this misuhief can be carried, and how long it can be forcibly maintained, by the power of the government, amougst others, the history of the French assignats, and the fate of the paper -money issued to redeem them, sufficiently shew. Nevertheless, the most states are under the constant influence of this sys- tem , and by the emission of a paper - money, pro- mising future payment of the sum it represents, have, besides their load of debt bearing interest, burthened themselves with a new one of another species. Such is not liable to interest it is true, but in its consequences, by the iluctaatin- value, and final depreciation, which seem to be the inevital le fate of the best paper -currency, it injures nnd pi.'ys upon the internal welfare of the state, and on pn- vate pecuniary exchanges, more sensil)iy, than pa,> lie loans contracted in the usual mann^ r are evti capable of doing. The picture of the public ck-bt of Europe must create astonishment, and it is a most inaus- picious phenomenon, thuL five sevenths of the public income of the British empire are em- ployed in paying the ii.tercbt on anticipations, which have been made on future rcswuvccsi for a 156 debt m its extreme analysis, is nothing more, than the prc-approprlation of funds not yet existing; or in other words, that msteadofdischarpirit: the neces- sities of the present, these two sevenths are used ui xneeting the engagements of times long past. Through this state of things, it has, by degreescome to this point, that by far the greater part of the contributors, mu,t extort the amount of then- taxes from the soil, or from other branches of uidustry, in order only to pay them to an (at least m th.s respect) idle consumer, in the form of a govern- „:ent annuity, who, had such an insfUution never existed, instead of lending his capital to the state, in whose hands it ha. remained unproductive, or as usually squandered away, would have employed it insume useful undertaking, from which he might have derived his subsistence; whereas he is now invulunt.u-ily obliged tu remain in the class of mere consumers, being unable to withdraw h.s capital at ■pleasure. It is of no use objecting to this, that every holder of government paper or stock, is at lib.nv totarn it intodisposeable capital, by s.leat the stock- market, at the existing price, like any other ,^ch,-i~e,.l,le article. Upon the whole this alter, nothing in '.he proportion, -.nuhich, the class of tho.e deriving a.i idle and unproductive income from Uie interest of -he public funds, stands to the industrious and productive orders of the states such a transfer ■^'•^''MJfe- ling more , than yet existing ; or arpin^: the necc!;- enths are used in iines long past. IS, by (Icgieescome leatev part of the aunt of their taxes nches of industry, 1 (at least in this form of a govern- 1 institution never ipital to the state, unproductive, or is 1 have employed it ■om which he might vhereas he is now in the class of mere idraw his capital at cting to this, that per or stock, is at rapital, by sdeat the ice, like any other 2 whole this altera ich, the class of those vc income from lity of her performing such enormous engagement* n.ust naturally cease, and the edifice of her natmnal greatness towering at present to the sk.es, .nust be precipuated upon Us .inking foundations. Th« sus- pension of the Bank o. England, from p.yurg Us notes m specie, continued .0 long, and t]>e almost fearful circumspection, wHh whuh the exactions of \ Irt, f-i" afford to nd the intevpst of lipvwlsc not alonP bnt that portion of salest inteUip;cnce, rps its income from id the present order llie different classes iable to he subverted he decided prepon- and of those masses \e power of Europe, r punctually to ful- mce has sunk sevet- er's, and not alone ,r a public debt of ling, but by theinfi- to retain the means i debt. vVith thede- ce, and the decrease Europe, the possibi- ormons engagements edifice of her national :o the skies, must be oundations. The sus- md, from paying i'' long, and the almost ;rhich the exactions of a iulin- icsuiiipliou of ihii ii.casuie, h.iv(. i,icii :u-- couipiigni.d, may siTve ai v;,uni„g prurnust.cs. Bui should even this promised payment lu specie, actually take place ♦), the bank of England alone, and the paper it has in circulation, are covered by this mearure, as long as it may be adhered to; its adoption has no influence in itself, upon the possi- bility of liquidating the national debt in the long- run, which is indeed paid, by order of government, by the bank, but not from its means: fur the soli- dity of this debt depends entirely on the amount of the revenue and the resources of the government, who again rely on the capacity of the people in bear- ui-T the present burthens undiminished, for the future, but these again repose upon the unimpaired receipts of the country, that is to say, on the conti- nued command o^ the commerce of the world. But as the foregoing discussion of this subject, offers rea- sons, completely at variance, with the undiminish- ed duration of such a commercial prepohdcrince, a total overthrow of the present system of finance is not alone to be apprehended in Great Britain, but I *) Since the publication of the first edit .a jf thfs work, this has been carried into eileci, ut the period, and under tha rcstricuoas, stipulated by parliamentf i6o T in us far as she constitutes .Isc of the wlmld pecuniary life of Europe, in tiic CDiitinentdl slates iilso; and it remains for us to enquire, wliat turn things arc likely to t.ike, political ocronoiny resting entirely at prcjcat, on the existing relative value of money. — When the nrccions metals as me r ch a ii d i n ^ , become scarcer in a limited sphere of circulatioii ; they vtill also as cum assume a higher price ; tlu; eagerness fu their possession and use, will render their owners more (li.sinclincd to part with tliein, and will dcterniiiu- liim, who stands in need of them, to give, ahove tln-ir usual cxrhangeal)le value, an cquivivli-'Ht adequate to the dil'lHuUv of obtaining them i in otliei- words, the same quantity of metal of a certain fineness, or a coin of i'i[ual weight and standard, will under the above circumstances, pay for a larger quantity of mercliandize, than could have been bought for it, betore the precious metals became more riirc-. We shall in this respect once more approach the times, when the same measure of corn, which i-; now j)aid willi two ounces of sil- ver, cost iicfore the uiscovcry of America, half an ounce only. IJut ihe fiirtlier we advanrt,- towards this approvimntion, tlio less it will be possil)le, for the state to demand or obtain the same quantity of precious metal in t.ixes, which it was enabled to levy, prior to this catastrophe. Tor that sul)ject for ' <»i- I ■\se of tlic v.-liolo cutiuneulal sl.itcs ruiuire, wliat turn I (iccononiy icsliug [t to be verf.dly ..- tisfica with this rckution, fur u. reality he u>ll h. able to provide fur the sa.ue wants, vv ocuve the sam. en,oy»aents, and pay for the s.me services and labor .v.th his nom.nally reduced >ucome, as he could have doHC before. In this n^anner then, justue .•ould in fact he duly administered, but the govern- ruent, ^vhich reduced a capital, or ils contracted .naaoemonts in the proportion of 4 to 3, had osten- ,,bly°made a bankruptcy, which, considering the intermediate state, that must he past through, be- iore a rule generally ju.t, could be conveniently ac- commodated to all particular cases and exigence., would be attended most undoubtedly with md.v,- dual inconformities and disadvantages, but which nrust sooner or later be considered nevertheless as hrevitable. Tt ought to be the fust consideration of a state convinced of the necessity of tins nomi- nal bankruptcy, to organize it so, as to be as harm- less as possible. To effect this, only two expedients appear to present themselves; namely, that of keeping up the nominal nmountof all engagements made in money .huh could then be discharged by a currency de- preciated according to circumstances, and agreable to the example we have chosen above, by coin con- tauun^ but one quarter of the gold or silver , th« : > -t ■ I 1 63 hings ni pciu'ial 1 1,0 perfectly sa- rralUy lie will h'J p' o':uio tlie SiUn*; ici- vices andlaLov jme, as he tcuild ler then, jusliic :i\, but the govern- or ils conlvaeled 4 to 1, had osleii- 1, consitleiing th« : past through, be- be conveniently ac- ises and cxigtnccs, nedly with indivi- jntagcs, but which ured nevertheless as rst consideration of ity of this nonii- io, as to be as iiarni- iped-ients appear to at of keeping up the ents made in money I by a currency de- ances, and agreable above, by coin con- ! gold or silver , the ancifut om-'s of the same name did; or thai, of ic- dutin", Uie nominal amount of all slipulalcd pay iiuuts, acroiding to tlic au^;m r"-'d value, wJiith ni.uicy may h.ive assumed in reg.ird t.i nierchandir.e and the price of labour, — by whiih a demand of 1 ) dollars, could legally lie liquidated by 2.', dollar* in the ancient undcbascd coi»; ♦). The principles of these two systems arc so syno- nymous, that it is perfectly indilferent, which of them the government might think proper to follow; but above all things it ought lo be carefully avoid- ed, not to allow such a measure to anticipate the pro. per period, or to be put into force as an arbitrary initiative, founded on the self interest of the govern- ment. The precise tuue ought to b« .so chosen the- •) In states, wliich hnd to f ee themselves from a depreciated paper curroj -y, and to regulate sti- pulated cngageinciils, made at different periods, besides similar measures having been adopted, a reduction of the paper nuney was also made upon the principle of time; by virtue of which, the same nominal debt according to the value, which it bore in hard s^' .-r, at l\ie time it was contracted, can be liquidated by very different sums, iu the . 'W standard mo.iey, It is evident that a. double r to puhlish the rise in value of the precious metals, now become scarcer, which had long before been felt in the gene- ral operations of commerce, and in the intercourse of daily exchange, and agreable to it, to regylat* with moderation and equity, the relation of the dif- ferent classes of society, interwove,! with each other by pecuniary transactions. Of the two alternative vrhich have been proposed, the former appear* mor« suited to the natureof the case and the conven.enc. of civil life, than thp Jatttu Fi,r as neeessity and custom have introduce^ since time immemorial, the exchange of merchandise according te certain quantities and measures, which being grown toge- ther, as it were, with the roots of civilized i«rtitu. tions, must be looked up..n as lasting and peraia- rent; it is nothing move than just, that the metals, as precious wares given in exchange fov it, should bp coined upon such a scale, ai aecording to their JBtrinsie value, might easiest offer an enuivalent to the above weights and measures. Tke people would be less perplexed and embarrassed in their dalculations. if their dealings carried on in ducats, crowns and groats or inarks, skiilings and pfennings, were continwed for th? ffims agwWe V) ijiis scale in a lighter money , than if, for tl** mk9 of the 1 65 ylo announce 1 on that which pi J to publish Btals, now bi-. nue nfelt in the gene- in the intercourse to it, to regylat* -elation of the dif- cji with each other e two alternativef imer appears mor« id the convenienct r as i^ceessity and time imuicmoiial, curding te certaii^ being grown toge- )f civiliaed i«»4»tu- asting and peraia- jst, that the metals, ange for it, should according to their offer an equivalent sures. Tke people iibnrrassed in their iirieil on in ducats, liijgs and pfennings, >6ie*bl« to »l»is scale for tU» MJi# of the ancient heavy coin, whichcou!dp''rh>,, s pay for three or four times the usual quanii' ' *" inerchanJize, they should be obliged to calca' ding to per- fectly stranj^e fractions, in unf.. ' 'ties upd ths'r ?'espective subdivisions. '1 e added; that in the present state of society vhere the immp.diate exchange of material necessities, is coiti- pl( lely supplanted by the intervention of inoney , a,id labour, co,atrary to the ysage of former time?, is requited by the same means, leaving the receiver the choice of all the productions gf jiatyre or art, either for necessity or enjoyment, and rendering him consequently f^r more jndpyendent of his em- ployer, than any other consideratign for his >abour could do — it is of the greatest ^importance, parti- cularly for thp bulk pf tjie latgiifins classes, tljiit ^00 sensible i scarcity of coin do not take ylace, which, vvith a weighty standard, and the pre- cious metals being high in price, must necessarily happ^nJ whereby the d<)ily and weekly circulation wpuldbe impeded, aqd Jt vvoyld be impossible to p^tain with facility, %\}o$e quatjtities of the necessi ties or comforts of life, v/h'ich pre required for daily §Qnsunjpti0n. — Jt js oply jinQC money h»s circ* Jated in sijch jtliyndanci?, as tp afford the means ol UPiyprsal «XQhjin|,e, and of satisfying every species 9f service, jp i{g 6»j*lJ?jt raffiifications, that tlie ijvisjyn 8| Jafevur i^a^ f» wondeyfujly )?rogrcssp.('. \i \h M 166 ,l,,.,„.l, wlu.h ^unv^, th.- ino.ni.t proj^ovity of ni:i nufactoiics and fal.rus, and ihc luMlV.llon nf Uuu- productions, could have bc-n altauicd; i-v.vy sfn'- pn"c in llu, main sp'"'?. ^^''"^^^ ""^' ' v.tiosvade movement in the aniinaud transactions of civ.l lo- cicty, m- even hvins th.m to a total ttaRnation. Thes.n.ulavityuf the intimate connexion, which exists between all the European slates , will exempt none of them from a bankruptcy, of the nature wc have above described, as so o n a s t he n c c e ss i ty shall appear of such t a k i n {? place in that central point of Kuropean traffic, where the greatest load of debt exists, be it in go- vernment paper or a representative currency, which can .-.lone be liquidated by the precious metals; and the mojt powerful remedy against the inconvenien- ces attendant upon such a measure, and the hope of ^\\ inequalities being levelled in the shortest man- ner to reciprocal satisfaction, are to be found in this very universality of the case. For if it were possible to suppose, that in a considerable state of peat influence, the value of aierchandiv.e, to that of gold and silver, could remain at the same stand- ard, when in all other countries on account of the want of bullion, it had already fallen the half or more, it must then be allowed, that as long as this continued, the intercourse with the former country would be broken off. for as all trade grounds pvi<»|'pvity of m:\ peilV'i tion of i\u''n- niiK'd; I'very stop- ranso a ri'tiopiatle actions of civil »o- tal ttaRiiation. e connexion, which nates, will exenii>t of the nature wo IS the necessity I k i n f! place in •ope an traffic, exists, be it in po- live currency, which rccious metals J and ist the inconvenicn- sure, and the liope in the shortest man- arc ti) bo found in ise. For if it were 1 considerable state merchandize, to that n at the same stand- es on account of the y fallen the half or , that as long as this h the former country $ all trade grounds t ( 8 i h i. ci IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // {./ ',.-1 '^\ W .^^ ,% Q< <. <: . "4^ Qi m>. C/j (/. 1.0 I.I 1.25 12J_ 115 £ IIIIIM m m 6" M 22 1.8 1.4 II 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) li72-4503 s V iV <^ o 4^" iv O^ o^ ^■^.J^^ %"' PU '"■'I L

vn support, during tiie inlei val of the exchange, the state, in which the ancient relative value still existed, must necessarily keep its export articles too high in price, and the other coun- U-ies, where the quantity of precious metal deman- ded, would pay fur double the labour, , would not hava it in their power to pay the price required by the former. But the impassibility of things remain- ing in this condition for a continuance, appears evident; for the precious metals would soon wander from those states, where they were equivalent to the smallest quantity of labor and produce, into those, where they could pay for more; and this exporta- tion ■ — in spite of all imaginable obstacles — would continue to flow, until the quantity of bullion be- came equally distributed over all those tern tori :;s, united by, or accessible to a reciprocal corr;iierce, and the relative value of produce and merchaudiz.:, had once more found its level. If it would not appear too bold to cherish tbe hope, that in the same laudable manner, in which the several governments have commenced to recon- cil« th* exteiaal ^relations of their diffsrent states, l! ■■*! I 1 68 hy fiicndl) agreements, tlioy would equally he in- dined tu submit the internal affairs of ihcir coun- tries, in as far as r^'gnrdcd the important interests Of the whole, to a general discusiun, it might rea- Jonahly he expected, that the regulation of the rela- tive value of money, would become a topic of deli- beration, as the continually encreasing distraction of the financei of all, would stimulate each indivi- dually to bring this subject upon the carpet. A mea- sure of this nature is the only one rapabl; of giv- ing birth to, a uniformity of the pecuniary standard throughout F.uropc, so suitable to the occasions of the age; which amongst all inslitulions, would un- questionably be the most important, that a truly paternal care could employ, for the alleviation of Commerce, and the prevention of manifold obstacles and frauds, anr vrh would of itself as it viere, calltolightav .orm scale, of all local weights and measures. But however important this solicitude ttiiy he, and however applicable it may appear to measures, excellent for the community at large, on a reciprc Val understanding having taken place, the niote each government individually, must prevent, by every exertion of state- policy , and the most disin- terested sacrifice of self- interest, a real baukruptcy taking place, incalculable in its injurious consequerr- ces, insteadof that nominal one, which according to I wuv 1; m i n i 1 this ii mean finds of its as wt wares «ums value .by. t; on se must this i merii tiul 1; »pecti kind laboi: lilOUi provi kig t the I space vno-nl the- 1 th»l< I equally he in- of ihcir coun- itant interests , it might rea- ion of the rela- I topic of deli- ing clisfiactiou te each indivi- carpet. A mea- rapabl: of giv- iniary standard lie occasions of ons, would un- t, that a truly ! alleviation of nifold obstacles self as it \Vere, all local weights icitude may he, dr to measures, ;, on a recipro. lace, the niofe St prevent, by the most disin- rcal haukruptcy riousconsequen- lich according to 169 wur humble calcLilTtinn, niay he considertul as the niiniinuin of an iinvitalilc evil. It is evident from this antithesis, thnt utulcr a real bankruptcy, we meuu that state of things, in which the government finds itself no louper able, to fulfil the true value of its cri:;agemenls, by paying so much in m^ney, as would puichase the same quantity of produce or wares, which could have been bought, by the legal *ums due to the state -creditor, before the rise in value of the precious metals took place, and where-- .by, the rttcome of those , wbase existence depends on service* rendered and capitals advanced thestate, Biust co-nscquently be curtailed. Symtoms precede this state-bankruptcy, which,- as warning presages merit every attention, appearing to announce a par- tial bankruptcy,, in the several relations of the re- spective classes, of civil society. A token of this kind is, that nothwithstanriing the emigrations of laboupcvs, fbr the last eight or ten years, and al- t-hough no local fall but even a rise in the price of provisions has taken place, the weavers wages, accord- insr to ;he ktest and best authorities, have fallen int the manufacturing towns of England, in the short space of two years, and in many cases within nine mo-nths-^ to the half of what they amounted to, where the- highest, and have- been reduced a quarter where th>l«>\Test- payment- was- given; the price- of other ¥"k "I <"T 170 species of labour has also sunk in Uke proportion ♦), The manufacturing district? of other states, nhere the workman with wife and children and a bleeding heart, is obliged for want of the means of daily sub- iistencc to forsake his homo and country, present a no less gloomy prospect. Let this actual state of things, which we have discussed more at large in the VI th chapter, arise either from a too extensive produc- tion, disproportioned to the possible means of sale for the articles produced , whereby their price l^e- comes depressed, and the master manufacturer ohli- ged to secure his diminished profit, by lowering the price of labour, or from an excess of competition in the number of hands seeking' employment in this branch of industry, (which would imply a want of other channels for the employment of activity) whereby the master in enabled to ruduce the price or wages to the lowest limits, or from both thriie causes"uniting to pioducc the melancholy result; that nation nevertheless, considered in the light of a social body, is already to be looked upon as insol- vent, who can no longer satisfy the claims of , its *) Tliff Borseu Halle newspaper No. 2190 for 1819 contains a specification of wages in Manchester, borrowed from the Times, which fully warrants the above result. diffe of tl the s objcc divic to bt what to it agaii ncce this rivci ben aati( cred com kecf libri may t io leasl perl Thii edl; que: hav{ nier beyc cati 171 e proportion *), r states , where and a bleeding ins of daily sub- ntry, present a il state of things, rgc in the Vlth Ltensive produC' ( means of sale their price l;e- nufactuver obli- by lowering the f competition in loymcnt in this imply a want of ;nt of activity) ruduce the price from both the*e lancholy result; 1 in the light of i upon as i n s o 1- he claims of ^its No. 2190 for i8«9 '0$ in Manchester, ich fully warrants different memberion the public income, the amount of the general gain being no longer adequate to the support of the community. — It will not do to object, that this common revenue is too unequally, divided, and that the phenomenon in question, is to be attributed to such unequal distribution; for in whatever hands the income may be, it is, in regard to its circulative pt^ers, completely the same, as it again streams out i^m every hand in exchange for necessities and luxuries of all descriptions, and for this reason may be considered, in its totality, as a river in constant motion ; that is to say, provided it be not hoarded up, and thereby cause a sensible stag- nation, which appearance of a universal want of credit, would be the approaching symptom of a complete dissolution. The present impossibility of keeping the wages of the labouring classes in equi- librium, with the requisites for a tolerable existence, may rather bi.- attributed most safely to a diminu- tion of the national income, decreased at least relatively, to a population which has perhaps augmented beyond the usual progression. This explanation of the case, is completely cwnl'irm- cd by what we said above, respcttinj,; tlio conse- quences, which the independence of America will have for tlie European manufacturing and com- mercial system J for every progress that is made beyond the ocean , in producing and labri. eating those articles necessary for th-j wants 01 172 conforts of life, anA wliich hitherto had hern sup- plied from henci', causes one branLJi of Eiuopean indurtry to dec.iy, and one of the numerous sprinfl* to dry up. from which the puldic income flows to- gi-thor. The effects of this, must necessarily fall back upon the labouring classes, as long as at least, the main stock of geiu'ial industry does not send forth a new shoot in the plac^pf the one that is withered, and fie^h sources he not opened to the public revenue. But the more extensive, the navi- gation, the manufflcluring industry and commer, cial traffic is, ulii«h Europe must shortly lose*); the more difficult will itbe, for even the mostindus- trious people, to make amends for such loss, and the longer the intervening period will be, before the new springs of national wealth, which must then be dug for deeper, will flow sufficiently abundant. But as long as the national income is really diuii- nished, and in a constant state of decline, the d c^ crease of the real revenue of the govern, m ent, which is nothing more than an aliquot part of the national receipts, cannot fail to follow, but will rather ntro-nde in proportion to the diminu- tiun uf ihe foniur. For we may most assuredly maintain without feav of contvadiction, that in all the that vied aire wot higi this jnui pro ♦) UooH hack at tlie Vlillh chapter. Viarl hem sup- li of European iiirvous sprins* come flows to- necessaiily fall lunj; as at least, does not send tiie one that is opened to the nsive, the navi- r and commer-. shortly lose *) ; the most indus- r such loss, and will be, before which mvist then cntly abundant. is really dinii- ecline, the d c- f the govern- n an aliquot part 1 to follow, but . to the diminu- f most assui-cdly :tion, that in all tcr. the oonsiderable states and communities of Europ'.', that proportion of the united income, which is le- vied in taxes for the necessities of the state *), ha» already experienced a tension so unnatural, thiit it would be dangerous, if not impossible to strain it higher, in order to produce a larger quotient. Butr this quotient far from being able to be encreased, i| jnush rather liab^to be considerably diminished, provided the greaWr competition in the markets of gurope, continues to depress the pric* of corn **) ♦) To the direct taxes and imposts j'aid to the state are also to be added, the immense sums whith are levied in all European itatei , for town and parish-dues, poorVratcs, support of hosvitalsand also what the oqujpment pf the n»ilit>a» burgh- er.- guards, a\id o\h»t iK-rsojial taxes cost the individual. To reduce \h^ whole of these contributions, will constitute one of the most imporlant cures of the several governments, if ihe pvincipil intent of every state -union Jh* welfare of the subject, is not to bo saorlfic 1 i» the exaction of these taxes, A u t h tt r, ♦♦) In the Eilingbuvg review for January 1820, the editors not alone express Ihcir opinion, that tlif value of gold will rise, and thai the prices oi all other articles nuist still fall lower, asa conscqupnce thrrpof, h\u tliat it will eiicien'c the difficulli, ui l>»y'"c ^hc uouiiual amount 01 1 74 «nd the general distress frustiatci the execution of legal uicasurcs, for kecjiing it up, as in Kujjlnnd, ot an uimaiuial high rate. The only possihilityof augmenting this aliquot part or the one side in or- der to cover the inovitublo deficiency on the other, it to encreasc the numl)er of contril)Utors, by bring- Ing those without employment, into a state of acti- vity, thereby rendering them pro^ictive membersof the community, and gradually drawing them within the verge of taxation ; on which subject, we have tlirown out some hints in the Xth chapter. But as experiments of this nature, do not proceed with ra- pidity, and cannot, at least in those states \%hich hitherto derived their principal income from the European manufacturing and commercial systems, likeep pace, with its decrease; such countries are likely unavoidably to witness for a period of time, a considerable reduction in their revenue, which deficit will continue to grow more alarming. But upon the public receipts being diminished, and go- vernment possessing no resources to supply the defi- ciency, the necessity of a d cc r ease in expend- iture, follows of itself, and the (iuestion is only, the present heavy permanent taxes .vin Great Britain. Translator. lim is I tui of m.1 thi sta pu sat mi m th ru lei th ar m 01 It m ir C( r< r tl V si execution of in Knj^lnnd, possibility of ne side in or- )n the other, )rs, by brinp;. state of acti- ve members of g them vvi til in BCt, we have ptcr. But as )ceecl with ra- £ tales which )nie from the rcial systems, countries are jriod of lime, venue, wliich aiming. But shed, and go- pply the defi- in expend- ;stion is only, axes .vin Great 1 1 a 1 r. hm\ !.ucii cm be biou-ht about, and on whom il is to fall. In nil F.uropcwn countries, the public eypcntlt- tare is divided into two very distinct classes, the one of which is dedic ated to the mainK.'nunce ef thi; stato machinr, in its present ovgani. ilion, the other to the fulfilment of those cngugcmonts, whidi th« state has contra^^d for it-i preservation, or other purposes, in past times, and left to posterity as a sacred debt, inseparable from the possessions trans- mitted them. Which of these two branrhos we exa- mine, in order to discover the possibility of lessening; the expenditure, and thereby preventing a complete rupture-, or ti public declaration of the state, acknow- ledging its inability to fulfill its engagements, and the nccersity of arbitrarily reducing, ifnot, ofwholly annulling them, we meet every where with the most insurmountable difficulties. If the present organization of political oeconomy is to continue, It becomes very difficult in the most states, to deter* mine, where the restrenchment, which necessity imperiously demands, is to come from. The expen- ces of the estaM.'hriiemts, on which this oeconomy reposes, appear every where already , to have been reduced to their very extreme limits. 1 lie pay of the standing armies , the maintenance of the na- vies, the salaries of but too numerous officers of tho state, who aevexthelesi can with difficulty keep out ■>' m 176 too- complicated «tate-rnnchiiie« in an unwield) ing- tion, tliu suppuit requisite for tlio arts and sciciueS; and even thu eiKkruious, yet iiisuilitiont pruvision luado in most lounlries for tho poor — arc, taken on uti average, and turnud into the niaturial nuccs- .•ities of life, so disproportionately innde(|uatc, that a coiisideralilo litld must be left open, for illeftal gain, such as the abuse of piJJic iiionie», feei, bribes, an