iMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^% .^A 'ks 1.0 £fiit 1^ lit lU 122 g la 12.0 1.1 mm ^ H)otDgraphic Sciences Corparation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT VyilSTIR,N.Y. I45M (716)l7a-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHJVI/ICIVIH Collection de mi Canadian Institute for Historical MicroreproductionsV Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiquea Tschnical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notas tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa Thai toth Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy avaiiabia for filming. 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Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 .■■to • m* c>t " Saftt|r Conm/Jtec Romb, 18th A«ff««t, ISM. cnomiovs HBwa roii 'on vAnuovs. Tot Chancellor of ihe Excbeqver recently declared in the Houia o< Coromont, in England, that the Canadian Berolntian had already coit Great Britain upwards of Ten Millioo* of Dollari, and remarked that a coatinuanc* of the Mpanie of liceping up lo large a Military EstabUihinent in those Colonies, could not long be borne. Daniel O'Connell and Mr. Leader, the great advocates Tor liberty, ably defended the Lower Canadians in the BrKish HoMe of Commons, and sustained the revolting party in the course they have taken. JohnrO. Parker, and seven other leading Upper Canada Patriots, who were banished byGorernor Arthur, have been liberated in England, and are now on their return home. Instructions have been given by the Ministry in England, for the immediate liberatisn of all the PattiM Priaonera, sMw in cnstody of the authorities in the Canadas. Sir John Colborne has recently been dismissed from the oflico of Governor General of the Canadas, and recalled lo England in eonseqaence of the severity with which he uniformly treated the French Canadians, engaged in the Revolution. Mr. Charles Duller, Secretary to Lord Durham, (while the latter was discharging the duties of Governor General of the North American Colonies) and Member of the House of Commons, strongly censured Goverror Arthur, for eiecuting those bravo Patriots, Lount and Matthews, and unhesitatingly told Ihe Prime Minister, that he Governor Arthar, had made /bbe representations relative to Canadian aflaits, and particularly in stating tlie number who signed a Petition Ic have ihe Uvea of Lownt and Matthews spared. It is ascertained for a certainty, that Governor Arthur's condact in relation to the cmd IreaMient of PatriM Prisoners aion be dismissed and follow Oovornor Colborne. The Government of Great Britain have approved of the decision of the Lower Canadian Judges, who were suspended from Office by Governor Colborne, for interfering with bis Military Law, and are again in oflce lo see that justice is done lo the oppressed ! ! Fellow PaTbiots :— Tlie Committee of Safety have much pleasure in communicatiuf to the friends of freedom the abova fiicts recently received from unquestionable authority, which cannot fail to dispel the dark cloud which has for months past, cast a solemn gloom over Ihe Patriot cause. It is quite clear that the British Government are already tired of the expense of retaining tlie Canadas at the point of ihe bayonet, as they iiave done for the last eigliteen uiiinihs. The enormous amount of doing so, has to be borne by the people in England, or they at once lose those Coir ties; and it is evident tiiat the six millions of dollars yearly required to maintain a standing army for lluit purpose, has its pro|>er influence with QiMen Fieioria'i advisers, who will pause before tliey Increase the •xciteinent in England, already bordering on a state of llevolulion, by an additional lax, which must be resorted to, as mentioned by the Chancellor, slioiiUI Ihe Canadas be retained by the Queen. The Coininiiiee are without proof that the Hfitisli Ministry stxrfUy desire to have these Colonies racued from under their con- trol, but they are in possession of facts that fully justify a conscientious belief that such it really (lie case. The frankness of the Chancellor of the Exchequer in staling that the Canadas could not long be held by Great Britain, under such heavy yearly expense. The open manner Messrs. U'Cnnnel and Leader, both in Ihe confidence of the Miniitry, advocates in Ihe House of Commons llie course p'irsued by the Lower Canadians. The certain dismissal of Governor Colborne, in ronse- qnence of ill-trealing the French Canadians, susixcted of l>eing concerned in the RebeHion. The strong language made use of in iha House ofCommoiiSi by Mr. Charles Bailer, rclntivo lo no>cri>or Arthur's conduct in execuling Lount and Matlliews. The daily censure heaped upon the latter functionary by Ihe authorities in Englami, for the tyrany which has characterized all his past acts, (whenever he had Patriot Prisoners in liis power.) The liberation of that useful and leading Patriot, John G. Parker, and others; the restoring lo office of Ihe Lower Canadian Judges, dismissed by Governor Colborne, for allowing bail lo Patiiot Prisoner's confined under Sir John's Martial Law; tlie attention paid lo Lord Durham's official leport in England, (which it most unquestionably in favour of ilie discooteuled in tlie Canadas.) with many other similar facts, all go to strengthen the Committee in their well-grounded belief, that whatever those who wield Ihe power in Great Britain may openly say relativx to holding the Canadas, they very prudently, and wiili an eye lo iheir alarming troubles at home, secretly desire lo rid them- selves of these expensive Colonies, the assertion of all the lory tyrants therein lo the contrary notwithstanding. In pursuing this subject a little fuither, the Committee beg leave lo rcniiirk, that it is well known in Great Britain, that full nineteen twentieths of an immi^nse Lower Canadian population arc hostile to Iheir present Government, and in favour of a Revolution ; and it is equally well known, by the aulhorKies in England, that those Canadians have only been deterred from a general insurrection, and pulling down llie hired Soldiery and Loyalists, by a knowledge that slioiilil they make another attempt for liberty, and fail lo overpower the Soldiers and Loyalists, fur want of arms, Governor Colborne would certainly pursue the same horrid butchery of men, women and children, and the destruction of tch^h villages by fire, that characterized his proceedings in the first and second o>iibreak. The same, to a certain extent, will equally apply to Governor Arthur's con- duct in Upper Canada. If the British Ministry were therefore really determined to hold those Provinces at the point of the bayonet, as they have thus far done, is it reasonable to suppose that they would under any rircnmslances withdraw the very men from Ihe Government of the Cana las, who it is notorious have (by their eruri' acts, and thrcalenings In punish more severely in the future,) kept a gnat number of the less informed and timid Patriots in both Provinces, from fulfilling Ihe solemn pledges ^iven lo the United Slates Patriots, (who went from their homes lo assist in giving them freedom,) in coming to their assistance according to expectation, in the hour of danger ; thereby causing every defeat the Patriots have thus far met with. The embarrassment which ihe fearless Patriots have had lo contend with by such weakness on Ihe part of Iheir timid fellow citizens in Ihe Canadas, will now be eirectually removed by the departure of Governor Colborne from Lower Canada, and the daily expected dismissal of Governor Arthur in the Upper Province, and the difficulty that so many real friends have so long laboured ondei for want of arms, can be easily overcome by throwing into tlie hands of those who will use them a sufficient r« mmy piMM on lb* Canadian froatier, whtra laD^MMn ba aada wIlbMl eominf ia dirael eontaet whb r tuparlor Brititb force, and bundradt of olbar plaeat wbert litlla or M farea is baM. partiaalarljr in Iba Upper Provinee. • very MieeeMful intrition can be for yean carried on, if neceetary, by the loint eo-oparalioa of (be Triendi in the Canadaa, atbrdim a« iba latter ean, at al^limei. tb^ most correet and nieful information. Wbile tbere continual w great a aillitary force in tbe Canadai, and wbile tbe autborilie* Ibara eontimia in the belief tbat their coterninent acron the Atlantic deiira them to defend these Prof inees, it will not be advisable that any place Uken possession o( by the Patriots in those Golooies, shall for the prewnt be permanently held. "nie eiample which the tyrants of Great Britain Brst set our Forefathers in the Revolutionary War of 1776, followed up by Colonel MacNabb and Captain Draw in tbe Canadian Revolution of 1B87, can be speedily accomplished Hit landing, and the places evacuated before vny great eaaabination of force can be brought to bear against the Patriots. The insulting manner which llio oAcials, backed up by other Lovalisis, have, lima after time, eiposed the lives of hundreds of American citizens, by dis- charging small arms at oar Steam BoaH and Schooner* in passing (on their regular and lawful business.) by those hoi-beds of Taryism, BntktiUt, Pniott, and other places on tbe Canadian shores calls loudly for merited chastisement. We shall no duubt be told, and very likely too by our own government, that we are engaged in a cause calculated to create HI ieeling between Great Briuin and tbe United Slates, that may ultimately bring on a National War between those two power*. Antieipaling such an obieclion by some few eitisens against the Patriot cause, the Committee, in reply, do not hesiute to say. «bal Great Briuin with tier alarming diflculties at home, will not venture a war with the United States Oovemmeut, in conse- auenee of citicens of the latter taking possession of a Mrrilory four thousand miles from England, which cosu the latter millions «f dollars yearly mora than iu worth, and which Iher no doubt leUk to get rid of; but suppose on the other hand, that Queen FkiTia should be advised to declare war against Unck Sam. pray tell us, ye wise men, what she would gain by such a step. Tbe Committee say. utMmg ssialMr. What then would she mt I—Alt her North AmtHeon C»lonie$. Besides, would not a war Brmly unite the Southern and Northern States T WouM not the question relative to Maine, and other dispute*, be finally aattled in less than a nMnth after a dsolaration of war t Would the Canadas remain a day under Great Britain T Nay ;— but why dwell on (bis subjaet f— tbere i* no danger, if danger it can be called, of such being the ease. Shall M* then, tbe offspring of thoie brave Patriots, whose blood flowed so copiously in freeing themselves from the same op- pcessiee and gaHing yoke of lyrany tiat tbe Canadians are groaning under, be prevented from following in the foouteps of our ulusirlous ancestors. Lut us, as a ptople who know ibe blessings of freedom, show thai the decendanis of those who taught Great Britain to be just to the now Vntled States in 1770, will teach Ml u Victoria and her j f overnment. to be also just to the Canadas. labouring under similar oBtression that we once did, and that •hWlIU II like years, and millions of dollars, and oceans of blood, those suffering colonies shall yet be free, and the guilty oflicials who have in the least participated in the murdering of Aiaoriean or Canadian eitisens, or ii the capturing, trial or execution of a Patriot, may yet in ibiit turn have to enter upon tbe scaffold for execution, should juMice, in a more summary way, not sooner overtake them. It will, no doubt, be gratifying to die friends of freedom, to know that there is no want of the necessary means to carry on an Mtensive invasion, should Great Britain drive us to that alternative, and as we can now safely depend on cbnsiderabia assistance from the Canadas. Tbe Committee look forward at no very distant period, to see those Provinces a second Texas, and when that day arrives, be it sooner or later, the names of those registered, as directecl by the instructions of this Committee, and con- tinue from under the new Society to the end, will be sura of receiving such reward* as iheir services may justly entitle them. In taking leave of you, Fellow Citisens and Patriots, for a while, tbe Committee think they have only to call your thoughts for a moment to past events, to eonvkuse you that our future prospects to glorious honours and wealth on the one hand, or the toul ruin, defeat and disgrace on tbe other, depends upon a well organiEed Society, who to a man must, under the most trying circumstance*, make strict secrecy, watchfulness, patience, order, perseverance, brotherly love, a determination to support the bylaws, bis eomtint watchword. I. L. QUINN, Chaimm «/ tkt Cmmitttt of Safely. * ^>* % 4< *: "* , * t a. \ ♦ , /'-f ''« « V.* ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A4t^ ^cf 1.0 1.1 11.25 iii|2£ Ki 2.0 lit ■ 4.0 HiotografJiic Sciences Corporation ^ \ <^ 'A 33 WKT MAIN STMIT WnSTn,N.Y. 14510 (716)t72-4S03 '^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/iCIVIH Collection de microfiches. Caiwdian InttituM for Htotorical Microraproductioni / Instltut canadim da microraproductiona Matoriquaa Tachnical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notas tachniquaa at bibiiograpliiquas Tha Inatituta has attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. 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OLIVER AND BOYD, EDINBURGH. 1834. ir 2 provident as you, my Irish ones, are, ** I will love you still," and will serve yon to the best of my power, and that I am doing so, at this very moment that I write, you will hereafter acknowledge. I do not want to strip the country of its popula- tion — ^the landlords of their tenantry— or the snug farmer of his comfortable subsistence, by urging any wild and doubtful speculation. I am for letting ** well enough alone, ' or if it is to be bettered, let it be at home; but I am very desirous to rescue from overwhelming distress, those who struggle without succeeding, paupers in every thing but in health and strength, m able bodies and willing minds. A field is now open to such adventurers, and I would, from my heart, exhort them to try it. It is not that I am tired of you, but that I wish you well ; it is not that I am affronted because many of my countrymen (in particular) have not minded my hints on wholesomeness and cleanliness, going on still with the old wig or stocking in the broken window; but it is that I would wish you to be where bodily strength will earn you bodily nourish- ment in abundance for yourselves and families, and where an industrious offspring may rise by degrees, in affluence and comfort, to the possession of a bit of an estate, to be handed down, with tenements, stock, &c. to a succeeding generation. And though I would not advise the prosperous farmer or artizan to relinquish the advantages and comforts of his home, yet as those who contemplate the subject of emigration are probably the best judges of their own private views and circumstances, I shall try to suit to various classes the information which the following pages will contain, and which I have sought out for you, my humbler friends, with great industry, and now place before you, purely for the purpose of serving you, by guiding you to UPPER CANADA, by explaining to you its circumstances and advantages, and by guarding you against the a hit lents, blunder you might otherwise commit, by settling in the Stateit or in other parts of America. With this sole object, I have prepared the follow- ing sheets for your guidance and information, as- suring you, at the same time, whether at home or abroad, of the kindest good wishes and heartiest good will of your disinterested adviser, ^k^'i ^ ryrjf "• '#• /-vy j:j •:l * '?«. it~ Aj X i-ftjr. i? ;vj;cwr::. ir}\ y^n^iti-i r^-yr . Martin Doyle. Ballyorley, December 1833. " >'; ,r'' JV f! ' , ■' - - " ' ' ■■* ***- f - i ■' ■■ J A . i. ■.^ ■■-•J \'. (-.-' I J -' --- Sid J^- yS4: t"rreJN"->>i.|>*5fi *' THE CANADAS. :tt .-, A Under the name of Uppef and Lower Canada is comprehended a vast extent of country, opening a wide and happy field of occupation for those inhabi- tants of the British Isles to whom want of employ- ment and contracted means render their own country unsatisfactory. To persons thus circumstanced, emigration natu- rally occurs as a measure of relief — a measure hitherto embarrassed with cost and difficult), un- certainty and delay, acting as obstacles to its adoption, but now assuming a more attractive form, and re- commending itself to all the honest and industrious classes, especially to the labouring and unoccupied poor, who experience insurmountable difficulties at home, but by carrying with them moral principles and habits, may, in another country, lay the founda- tion of a thriving nation, and have reason to bless God that they have been driven, as it were, from :-:.i 'I' long continued struggles and distress into the pos- session of such profitable sources of present inde- pendence and future affluence. This is a subject for the deep and anxious con- sideration of Great Britain, whose interest it is to provide consumers for her manufactures. — The poor at home cannot afford to become purchasers, but by locating themselves in the British Colonies abroad they soon acquire such capital as enables them to consume the various articles of export, and thus to contribute not only towards the increased employ- ment of the manufacturers of England, but or the various classes of shipbuilders, provision merchants, sailors, &c. engaged in conveying manufactures to the Colonies. And as to Ireland, where, though - purely agricultural, her population exceeds the power of employment, it is an obvious advantage to occupy the overplus of her people also, in those more distant tracts which invite the notice of the husband- man, and allure him by their fertility. When I see so many unemployed and destitute persons with dependent families, hardy and in- dustrious, willing to work, yet unable to procure employment, I cannot help thinking that it is an act of kindness to point out to them a place where a man's industry is sure of full remuneration, where toil is recompensed to a degree which circumstances render utterly unattainable in these countries, and where he may easily acquire capital and indepen- dence. — I would not advise others to do what under the same circumstances I would not most willingly do myself, and what I am not by any means sure that I shall not yet do, conceiving that the tempting project of emigration comes at this moment recom- mended by various inducements to more than the lower classes, holding out a fair promise and prospect of relief from embarrassment at home, political and pecuniary. I do not, indeed, want to get rid. of you, but I want you to have a happy home in another portion of the world, if you have it not here, where f ances , and epen- nder ingly sure ting com- the pect and I you, )ther [here the idle and distressed are always rendered the tools of the designing and the crafty. To those who are favoured with steady employ- ment at home, who possess allotments of land, however small, which, furnish them with comfoi'table subsistence, I say, ** Be contented — make no experi- ments — remain where you are — and trust that a kind Providence will bring order and peace out of the present confusion and discord which distract these realms." But to those differently circumstanced, Emigra- tion is most desirable ; and perhaps no country in the world is more critically suited than North America to the Irish and Scotch poor in particular : the very place of all others where those who have not a shilling in their pockets, and who are accustomed tu vicissitudes of climate and hard work, can live best ; where all those who have been bred to farm and handicraft work, if industrious, healthy, and sober, have a moral certainty of succeeding. All such persons, after two years, find themselves in a thriving condition, and are aVixious to have their old counti-i/ friends with them ; but mere adventurers — broken- down tradesmen, and scheming shopkeepers, may just as well stay and starve quietly at home — such persons would not prosper any where. Noir is North America suited to ladies and gentle- men of very small means, who are unused to do any thing for themselves ; such persons are in general too tenderly reared, too delicately brought up, to dispense with the services of domestics, whom they could not afford to pay in a country where a good pair of hands is worth much, and who are unable or unwilling to bear the privations of the first two or three years of settlement in the woods: though instances are not wanted of respectable families, with incomes varying from £50 to £200 a year, living most hap- pily and prosperously, and enjoying good society there ; but these persons are generally the families of naval or military gentlemen accustomed to rovgh it, b5 I I li ■A ■^ habituated to discipline and self controuli and pos- sessed of adequate ze^l and energy. In comparing together the relative advantages and disadvanttu^es which attend a settlement in North America, I am disposed, after a very grave considera- tion, to yield a decided preference to UPPER CANADA, and I shall give you my reasons. First, as to the United States : So long a period has elapsed since these were colonized from the British Isles, that we have, in a great degree, lost the feeling that they are of a common stock with ourselves ; but in the Canadas we meet thousands of our countrymen with all the feelings, habits, tastes, of British subjects, living under the protection of British laws, and having all the privileges of commerce which are possessed by us. In short, there is a strong and intimate bond of union between the Parent Country and the Colonies ; but if ever again we should be so unfortunate as to be driven into wars with the States, the new settlers there, from the British dominions, would be placed in a most painful situation — obliged either to take arms a^inst their relatives from these countries, or remainmg neuter (an unlikely matter in time of war) to risk the ruin of their properties by the Americans, whom they would not assist, on the one side, and the British, who would confound them with the Americans, on the other. And he who is not a sworn subject of the States cannot inherit property, and would be looked upon, if he did not take the oath of allegiance, with a very jealous eye — he would be considered, " neither good fish nor good flesh." Besides, I really believe that the Canadas are more healthy than any of the States. Even that of Ohio, on the north western boundary, is not so temperate and healthy as the parts of Canada adjoining. In many of the States of America, slavery still continues; what native of these free islands would endure the sight of it? Then with respect to the British d pos- es and North sidera- PPER First, \ were 9, in a I of a lanadas all the living iring all ised by bond of alonies ; e as to settlers placed o take Iries, or f war) ricans, e, and th the not a operty, ike the would flesh." \ more Ohio, perate g. In tmues; the ritish Settlements at Nova Scotia and New Brunswick—- they are too near the Atlantic— quite too cold in winter— I do not like them. Well then, I hare made up my mind that the Canadas are superior in climate and other circum- stances to all other parts of North America ; it only remains for me to state the advantages which the upper province possesses over the lower. In the lower one, the heat of summer and the cold of winter is excessive ; fogs prevail there, especially towards the sea ; the soil is not so good, and land is dearer--no trifling consideration to those whom want of property at home induces to seek it there. Mr. Ferguson (a most interesting writer on the agricultural state of Canada and part of the United States) mentions that **he had an opportunity of seeing and conversing with several British Emigrants, who advised him to look at the Upper Province, before he formed an opinion upon the eligibility*" of a settlement." The lower province is two or three degrees more northerlyf in latitude, and therefore invariably colder in tha winter — so much so that employment then, in a great degree, ceases ; the severity of that season which freezes up the rivers, even the vast St. Law- rence, prohibits the transport of timber, puts a stop to trade, and throws out of work those whose pur- suits are confined to it, unless with the serious danger of losing a nose, or the extremities of the hands and feet, from cold ; the agriculturist is frequently unable to work in the woods ; and its contiguity to the Atlantic renders it, like New England and New Brunswick, liable to vapours which are productive . n n; :« /:-.:?■: * See Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, No. 15. \ See Table of Temperature (from Col. Fouchette's Work) in the Appendix. ■s V :J.l; ' I 'I,. 8 of agues and other complaints; its population also being) in a great degree, of French and other foreign origin, this province is not as likely to continue in firm political connexion (and consequent security and strength) with the British government, as is the Upper Canada, of which the most desirable settle- ments (those in the Huron Territory) are 700 miles distant from Quebec, and of course still farther from the Western Ocean; and so much is the climate Ameliorated by the clearing of lands, and the culti- vation of the soil, that the farmers, in some of the improved districts, are said to apprehend that there will not be a sufficiency of snow to permit the making of good winter roads for the carriage of their timber to the saw-mill, or to the rivers or lakes for exportation. , The summer in Upper Canada is hotter than ours, but brisk and pleasant from refreshing breezes ; the winter sharp but dry, bracing, and invigorating, and on the whole you would suppose it much more agreeable than oiir winter, in which we have so much cold dampnesst which is more unpleasant and trying to the constitution than a greater deg^'ee of cold prevailing in a dry frosty air. From the end of -August to November, the weather is delicious; Octo- ber is there the most delightful month in the year, after which commences what is termed the Indian summer f of most agreeable temperature. '< There are, however, in the other months, sudden and decisive changes from heat to cold, and thunder showers in spring are not unfrequent ; but a defec- tive corn crop, from deficiency of heat, or the pre- valence of rain, is never heard of. In winter the cold is scarcely ever such as to prevent out of door labour. — Rain seldom falls in that season, and as there are not then the variations of weather ex- perienced in England, colds, and the other disorders which arise from those changes, and especially from wetnesSf do not prevail there. A clear irosty air and if e pre- »r the f door md as ;r ex- iorders from iir and bright sun continue during the winter, which sets in about Christmas. Sjpring (or rather summer, for the one treads JluicKly upon the heels of the other,) puts forth her reshness and her beauty often at an early part of April, yet sometimes exhibits, a frosty tint even in, May, or for an occasional night in the opening of June— just as with us in these temperate region^: — but on the whole, the climate of Upper Canada is much less vaiiable than ours, and has fewer un- pleasant days in those seasons when bad weather is peculiarly unwelcome and unguarded against In a report laid before a Select Committee of the House 01 Commons, in the year 1823, by an agent of the British Government, the following statement was made as to the climate of Upper Canada : — " The climate of Upper Canada is considerably milder than that of the Lower Province, and the winter shorter in the same proportion. In both these respects it improves as you proceed westward, so much so, that although the frost generally com- mences in November at its eastern extremity, and continues in that neighbourhood till the middle of April, it rarely commences on the shores of Lake Erie before Christmas, and it usually disappears between the 25th of March and the 1st of April. * *'On a comparison with the climate of Great l^itain, the heat in the summer months is somewhat greater, but never oppressive, as it is always accom- panied with light breezes. There is less rain than in England, but it falls at more regular periods, generally in the spring and autumn. The winter cold, though it exceeds that of the British Isles, . is the less sensibly felt, in consequence of k» dryness, and seldom continues intense for more than three days together, owing to the constant fluctuation. of the wind between the north-west and south-west points. It may be observed, that the winter season is the most favourable to land carriage, as the. roads then admit of sledging in all directions, which is a t ill Ijil' 111:!' 10 very expeditious mode of conyeyance, and attended with but little draft ; so that one horse or ox can in this manner easily draw doable what he can upon wheels. It is hardly necessary to state, that in a country so oyerspread with timber, there can neyer be a deficiency of mel. As the forests disappear, the climate improyes." u The fiurther you go westward, the better the climate becomes. In the neighbourhood of Lake Ontario the winter is comparatively mild, and in summer the air is cooled by the refreshing breezes which blow over its surface; from the same causes a similar mildness of the seasons takes place in the vicinity of the other great lakes. Taking it for granted that the circumstances which I have mentioned are sufficient to establish the fact that Upper Canada is your best destination, I shall class under their several heads, every matter which it is necessary for you to be fetmiliar with, before you set off (as I believe many thousands of you will, in the next spring,) for that land of peace and plenty. Nor will it be out of place here, as a conclusion to these few general observations, to p ve the following short extract from a New York paper, which is an honorable and pleasing testimony from a rival district : — ** The people of Upper Canada are blessed with a fine healthy climate and fruitful soil. When the improvements in navigation between the waters of £ne And the St. Lawrence are completed, they will possess commercial advant iges superior (having re- spect to their population) to any people under hea- ven. Their importations being chiefly from thtt mother country, are subjected only to a slight dut^ ; the support of the provincial government, or sucii part ox 't SLH is denved from the pockets of the people, is not burthensome," ^the taxes are so trifling as not to deserve any notice) ** and the expense of the fortificatioi -i.nd ''.efence of the country comes exclusively from tie I itient estate." -■' »::.•; r/va; 11 T"" this encomium, as ti^te h^ it Is liberal, may be &dde tory, by the Americans who have left the States to avail themselves of this advantageous settlement It is to be hoped that they will not brinpp with them» s< c : b( injurious to the principles of British settlers* (hat exiicme spirit of democracy, which, either in a pui'lic or domestic point of view, cannot fail to be attended with unpleasant circumstances. Settlers from this country, accustomed to subor> dlnution, must be disgusted at that terrible indepen- dence which makes the son conceive himself beyond the controul of parental authority, and in all situa- tions, impresses even those who have not arrived at years of discretion, and perhaps never may, with an overweening confidence in their own sense and judgment. HrS- with >n the 3rs of wiU |g re- hea- tht; Idut^ ; sucti \i the Lfling ise of tomes UPPER CANADA, Considered with reference to Extent-— FacUiiies of Water' Carriage— and SoiL The portion of Upper Canada divided into lots and available to settlers, extends from Lancaster on the north-east, to Amherstburgh and the Michigan territory on the south-west ; at the upper extremity of Lake Erie, a distance of 543 miles, its mean breadth being about 130 miles, divided first into dis- tricts, which are subdivided into counties, and again into townships of ten miles square, each containing about 64,000 English acres. This great tract con- tains a surface of 45,000,000 acres, of which 18 mil- lions are under rivers and lakes, of such a size as to awaken astonishment in the human mind. ill ' (r The rivers and canals run in every direction, in- tersecting the country so as to afford all th« facilities of cheap and easy intercourse with the different por- tions oi.it, and with the sea, there being an uninter- rupted, conveyance by water between the western extremities and Quebec. t . The names of the great lakes, (beginning at the western boundary,) are the Huron, (246 miles in length, and 220 in breadth,) which is connected, by the river St^. Clair, with the lake of the same name. This . again 4s connected by the Detroit river with lake £rie, which runs a course of 270 miles — at the eastern end of this lake are the great Falls of Niagara, which I must describe to you. Four mighty lakes "combine to supply this remark- able cataract — Lake Erie, more than 600 miles round-r-The Hurop, 1000 — The Michigan, not far inferior in size — and lake Superior, which is 150O miles in circumference — unite their " multitude of waters," and rush impetuously down this tremendous fall of 137 feet. Some idea of the amazing force with which this mass of water is precipitated over the rocks, may be formed from the well known fact, that the noise is heard under favorable circumstances, at the distance of 45 miles. The rapidity of the torrent in approach- ing the fall, and the violence with which it rolls and tumbles through the projecting cliffs, may also be in somie degree estimated from the circumstance, that geese, ducks, and other water-fowl, if they do not quit the surface above, before they come near the precipice, have not then the power to rise upon the wing, but are hurried down and killed in the descent. These are circumstances of terror, which I have described but not exaggerated^ to prepare my own countrymen for something more than the Falls of Leixlip, or Powerscourt, Colooney, or Ballyshannon. The sublime and beautiful of the scenery, (and no- thing more sublime or beautiful exists,) I leave to your respective tastes fpr the picturesque; and if you 13 of ion. . I no- te ^ou happen not to possess any, it will by no means inter- fere with the laudable objects of emigration. You may in this case view Nia^a, not as an ob- ject of wonder or admiraton, but ad an impediment and interruption to your line of sailing, as a bar in your progress westwards, from lake Ontario to lake Erier— occasioning trouble, time, and expense, in carrying goods and passengers over land, from one vessel below the FaUs to another above them. But happily this obstacle has been surmounted. If you look upon the map prefixed to this little tract, you will see that the Welland canal forms a link of con- nexion between the lakes. Niagara is no longer to be viewed as an impediment—but as one of the grandest works of the Almighty ; well worth the trouble and difficulties of a voyage to America to behold, even if there were no other matter in view. Ontario, as you will also see by a reference to the map, flows to the sea, by the noble river St* Law- rence, which passing the great and thriving town of Montreal on the boundaries of the two provinces, (though at present belonging to the lower one^) holds its majestic course to Quebec, and after widen- ing at lengUi to the prodigious breadth of 90 miles, unites its waters with those of the vast Atlantic. What a country will this yet become I Its free navigation, from the remotest parts of the interior to the Ocean, commanding the export of the finest wheat the world produces ; timber of the best de- scriptions, and all the other produce which the indus- try of man can raise in this most fertile region. The rise and fall of nations and of empires are under the control of infinite wisdom. If with the new settlers, religious and moral habits be introduced, it may please that Mighty Power, whose impartial judgment decides on ruin or prosperity, to use this secondary cause of Emigration as the great instru- ment of rewarding individual merit, and raising up to a commanding eminence this once savage and be- nighted country, through the light of truth and Ihe 14 blessings of civilization. And it must naturally occur to the weU-disposed Settler, that though his lot way perchance jor a short timet* be cast beyond the reach of regular religious instruction, yet that the good Christian has always a Friend ahtyvsy to whose willing ear he may address himself; nor will the anxious parent pass over without thankfulness, the blessing of comparative solitude, if it shall have ve- moved the objects of his aifection from demoralizing scenes of bad example, and placed them where the good result of religious exercise will not be de£M^ by " evil communications," and where a patriarchal life oi &ith and holiness, with industrious selfexer- tioQ, cannot fail (under God's blessing) to produce prosperity and happiness. But to proceed with my details. There are various other lakes, which have not been mentioaed->-lake Simcoe, and many others on the northern side of lake Ont;ario and the St. Lawrence, which will, at no very remote period it is probable, be connected by canals with each other and with the Ocean. One great water-course is now almost completed from Kiqgstooy at the eastern extremity of Ontario, 133 miles in a northerly direction, consisting of a chain of lakes joined by canal work, which unites them with the Grand or Ottawa river, so as to avoid the navi^ gation of the St. Lawrence from thence to Mon- treal, that portion of it being full of dangerous and • It is very lamentable that the funds of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts have been so much diminished by the withdrawal of Parliamentary funds. There is a deplorable want of the ministers of religion in many districts. I understand from good authority that a considerable number of Clergymen of the Established Church are wanted in Upper Canada. £100 a year salary, and 200 acres of Glebe (50 of them cleared) with a log-house, may be ob- tained by application to the Governor. The hajppiest results will follow from a selection of zealous and able ministers. It is to be hoped that no drones will be admitted to the sacred office. . . .. . occur s lot id the Ekt the nrhoee 11 the B, the re M- ilizing re the iefaced iarchal P-exer- roduce irarious [-*lake sidiB of If at-no ited by One from o, 133 hain of with navi' Mon- lus and [iety for so much There many liderable wanted [acres of be ob- I results era. It U sacred ' » IS troublesome rapids. The Ottawa meets the St. Law- rence a few miles abore Montreal, from which place to the Ocean there is an uninterrupted sea naviga- tion; this canal lengthens the distance from Mon- treal to Ontario very considerably ; but the saving in time and expense will be very great indeed— and should wars unhappily occur with the States, it se- cures a free intercourse between Quebec, through Montreal, to the Upper Province, which might otherwise be frequently interrupted by the Ameri- cans, who possess one side of the St. Lawrence. In time of war, such a passage could not be thought of— without this canal you could not feel securit3F— with it you have the certainty, at all times, and under all circumstances, of communication "with Quebec, and consequently with your native country. From Upper Canada, the colonists can send their timber and com either to Montreal, by the lakes, &c. (the couitae of which I have already pointed out,) or by the Erie Canal to New York ; having two great outlets for the productions of their lands, and for the return of purchased articles — clothes, furniture, implements, &c. &c. they can, according to the rates of freight, and comparative state of sales at Montreal, Quebec, or New York, select the most advantageous maiicet. With regard to the soil — From the authority before quoted, in page 15, we have these observations : " Upper Canada is blessed with as productive soil as any in the world, and it is easily brought into cul- tivation. The nature of the soil may be invariably discovered by the description of timber it bears. Thus aa what is called hard timbered land, where the maple, beech, black birch, ash, cherry, lime, elm, oak, black walnut, butter-nut, hickory, plane, and tulip tree, &c. are found, the soil consists of a deep black loam. Where the fir and hemlock pine are in- termixed in any considerable proportion with other trees, clay predominates ; but where they grow alone, which is generally on elevated situations, sand pre- ' m IJi;' 16 vails. This also happens where the oak and chesnut are the only trees. These sandy soils, though natu- rally unfavourable to meadow and pasture, are found to produce the brightest and heaviest wheats, and can, with the assistance of a gypsum, which abounds in many parts of the province, be made to bear the finest possible crops of clover and Indian corn ; and as a compensation for their inferiority of natural quality, fever and ague do not prevail in their neighbourhood. In moist seasons the clays fur- nish the greatest burthien of ^rass. Perhaps there does not exist in any quarter of the globe, a country of the extent of Upper Canada, containing so small a quantity of waste land, either of marsh or mountain, y^t there' is not any deficiency of water; for indepen- dently of the numerous rivers and streams which flow through the country on every side, good springs are universally found either on the surface or by digging for them. The country is generally level, and covered with timber. Every description of soil can be had, so that the settler has it in his power to choose the description which he likes best ; but unless he is an infallible judge of the qualities of land, I recommend his taking one who is perfectly so, along with him, when about to make his selection ; nor should he be in haste to fix himself; he will find his account in cxting with caution^ arid examining well the different farms which will he offered to him, before lie makes his selection. The surrace is composed of a rich coat of vegetable mould, the deposit of decayed leaves, ar d wood from unnumbered ages, which when tilled, yields several successive crops of great luxuriancy, without manure. In many places are to be met, but not frequently upon the banks of the lakes and rivers^ but at a dis- tance of a few miles, as if ^o encourage the settler to plunge into the forest, extensive tracts of rich and heavy soil, and beyond these, rise in beautiful eleva- lo Id 17 vationsy portions of land the most tempting in their situations. I This excellent soil is, however, very un&irly treated, by being kept under an unceasing succession of corn crops without manure, and any land so treated, however naturally fertile, must be at length impover- ished. There is less marshy or swampy land, it has been just now said, for its extent in Upper Canada than m any other part of the world ; there are, how- ever, some low and swampy grounds, and these, until the progress of population and improvement shall make it worth while to drain them, are the only si- tuations from which I warn you to keep clear, while high and dry land, prudently chosen, near the lakes or rivers, can be purchased §ut and out — in fee, as it is termed — for such a trifle as ten shillings an acre I ! Just fancy yourselves possessed of real prope^'ty on such terms — no yearly tenantcy — no terminable leases to breed interminahle jealousies at the change of occupants— but pure fee simple — no rent to pay — landed proprieters — estated gentlemen III After la- bouring here for a shilling, or ten pence, or eight pence, or six pence a day, and receiving even this perhaps in the shape of a receipt for rack-rent 1 1 what a happy change would this be, and how irre- sistible the temptation to make the experiment! And only think of the advantage of working a rich maiden soil, that will yield abundantly, instead of ploughing or digging a worn out one at home, with- out manure to mend it, and which, without abun- dance of it, will not yield a crop sufficient to pay its labour. . In trying the new country, and the fresh soil, mind to fix yourselves near water carriage. I myself should prefer the banks of Lake Ontario, but there are excellent quarters about Lake Huron, where the soil is said to be admirable; in either of these dis- tricts you can procure lots of land, of sand, loam, or clay>^please yourselves — no compulsion to buy < 18 il: one lot, if you like another better. The goil in the Huron Territory is a rich sandy loam-*>8uited to the culture of Tobacco, of which much is grown there* The Huron Tebhitory,— -is a tract of 1,100,000 acr^s, in the shape of a triangle, its base being about sixty miles in length, resting on Lak« Huron, and having a direct navigable cfommunication through Lakes Erie and Ontario, with the Atlantic The chief Town in this district, called Goderich^ is at th^ confluence of the River Maitland with Lake Huron, which promises, from its local advan- tages, to become one of the most important and flourishing settlem^ts in the Province. Several enterprising colonists, attracted by these advantages, have left their farms in the neighbour- hood of York^ to settle at Goderich, with the in- tention of erecting a brewery, distillery, brick-kilns, and a grist-mill ; a tavern and saw-mill have already been erected. The Harbour, ihe only one on the Canadian side of the Lake, is capable of containing vessels of the burthen of 200 tons ; and it has been established as a Port of Entry, which will insure to the inhabitants a great share of the trade with the Upper Countries, and their opposite neighbours in new settlements in th« United States. The scenery on the river Maitland has been des- cribed as more like English than any other in Ame- rica. There is abundance of brick-earth and potters' clay in every direction round the town. The establishments at Goderich have been formed principally to afford facilities, encouragement, and protection to Settlers who may be disposed to pur- chase and improve the adjoining lands. Roads are in progress, an important preliminary to civilization, which will connect the Huron Tract with Port Talbot and the various settlements and Towns on Lake Erie and the Niagara frontier. Cattle and provisions can be obtained in abundance by this route, or by the still more easy water com- I' 'I, !i 19 munication between Goderich and the old well-culti- vated Settlem^ts of Sandwich, Amhertsburgh, and Detroit. A road has also been completed, as before-men- tioned, from Goderich, by Wilmot and Guelph, to the head of Lake Ontario and York ; and it is in- tended to improve and maintain all these communi- cations, under the direct inspection of the officers of the Government, so as to make them in every respect equal to the best roads in the oldest settlements in the province. With respect to the important considerations of climate and soil in the Huron Tract, there is every reason to believe them as the best in Upper Canada; though the district is for the most part level, it is in some places considerably elevated above the Lakes. On the borders of the Detroit and Lake St. Clair there are extensive Prairies, some of which are overflowed at certain seasons, and some years more than others, owing to the periodical rise of the great Lakes, which are said to ebb and flow every seven years. Thes^ Prairies, although not all fit for cultivation, produce great quantities of wild grass, of which those who live in their vicinity avail themselves to raise large herds of cattle, but with little expense and trouble. Every species of grain is cultivated in the province in the greatest abundance, yielding with very ordi- nary tillage and without manure, from twenty to twenty-five bushels of wheat to the acre, and in some places, with but littie more care, from forty to fifty bushels. It is particularly favorable to the growth of Indian corn or maize, and tobacco, which latter is of the best quality, and bids fair to rival that of Vir- ginia, and to become a staple. It is very productive, yielding with proper care, l,(K)01bs. and sometimes more, per acre. Its culture is particularly well adapted to persons possessing small pieces of land, and having large families of young children, who can attend it with more ease than grown persons, at certain stages of its growth. Hemp and hops grow *' 20 u spontaneously, and the former will probably, at some distant period, become an article of considerable export. A Surveyor who has been employed to lay out the line of road through the heart of the tract, says, ** The quality of the soil through the whole thirty- " three miles, is such, that I have not seen its equal " in the province ; the soil is generally composed of " a deep, rich, black loam, thinly timbered. For the " purpose of the intended road, there is not one mile " m the whole distance otherwise than favourable ; and there are four permanent streams, branches of " main rivers." ' ', . The fertility of this territory, the mildness of its climate, and the facility of purchasing property there, point it out as peculiarly eligible. I shall conclude this division of the subject with the reports of some intelligent and most respectable persons, who not long ago visited the Huron Ter- ritory, and thus express themselves as to its soil and climate. In regard to the Soil, the most unqualified praise is given by all the exploring party without exception. One of the gentlemen states, * ;.. , Mr. Ferguson, the latest visitor of all those who have published their observations, thus remarks : — " I was much impressed with a favourable opinion of " the great Huron Tract, from the fact that many " steady Dutch settlers, in the possession of old pro- " ductive farms near York, were at the period of my " visit, disposing of their property and removing to Go- ** derich, a change which the calculating Dutchman " would not have rashly adopted, without pretty rea- ** sonable prospects of bettering himself to a con- " siderable amount. The Township of Goderich con- ** tains about 400 inhabitants already, and several " Dutch families from the neighbourhood of York ** have sold, or are endeavouring to sell, their culti- ** vated and valuable farms, and have purchased lands ** from the Company in the Huron Tract ; about 6000 ** acres have been sold to them in the neighbourhood " of Goderich, within the last six months. In Guelph, " a very valuable mill has lately been erected, and " one in Goderich is now in progress." Three gentlemen, (the Messrs. Radcliff ) with their » # 23 wires and children, went to this territory in the spring of 1632, and they are already comfortable, it not affluent. It is said that they were the first Whitefeet that stepped on the township (Adelaide) where they are located. Would that all our Whitefeet were at the other side of the Atlantic, but not in Canada, which they would soon disturb I > # The Natives.'-^The Productions of Upper Canadoy animal 'J vegetabk, and mineral. The natives (by which I mean the descendants of the original natives^ are a very harmless and gentle race. Their quarrels resemble those of our women when tempted by violent temper (which is, however, a wonderfully rare quality in womankind) to attack each other — they scratch— -so do the native Americans, who have no notion of fisty cuffs. They love a ramb- ling and unsettled life, and trust to gun, spear, and net, for their means of living. They are wonderfully dexterous in the use of the bow and arrow — can hit a mark with great precision, and frequently obtain game in that way, when unprovided with fowling piece and ammunition; indeed their permanent posses- sion of these, or of any thing valuable, is uncertain, their love of rum and whiskey being so excessive that they barter every thing for those pernicious stimulants : the present enjoyment is every thing to them ; so much so, that they often prefef a glass of spirits to a dollar, if that dollar could not be exchanged on the spot, for drams or other intoxicating draughts. They are of rather prepossessing features, though somewhat of the broadest ; their eyes of gentle expression, and their manners grave; an inoffensive people, if kindly treated, frequently bringing presents of fruit, game, and fish, perhaps in the hope of some whiskey in re- turn; and if at any time they have received food when hungry, or have been treated with kindness and any other proofs of hospitality, they are very grate- V9{i^ ri:^rr 24 fill. It is no uncommon thing for an Indian to bring a red deer, salmon, or trout, to the settler who has given him a dinner, a glass of spirits, powder or shot, or any other matter which he may have wanted. , But grateful as he is for kindness, he will resent an injury, real or imagined; policy therefore, as well as humanity, should always secure for him obliging treatment from his happier, or at least more civilized, fellow-creatures. They are active, well formed people, and would, from their habits of exercise, be probably long lived, but that the use of spirits is making dreadful havoc among them. Their dress consists of a blanket fastened with a skewer, a pair of buskins (called Mocassins) of pliable leather, instead of shoes, made to fit closely to the foot like a stocking, with a piece of cloth from these . Mocassins to the ankle, stitched on, as these are not removed so long as they can hold together. Their habits are often abstemious, but only so from neces- sity, for though they can bear hunger for a long time without complaining, they will eat voraciously when ever they can, and get drunk on every favourable opportunity. Now if such creatures as these, hating labour and loving idleness, can obtain subsistence from the woods and rivers, in their hours of sport, it is very clear that an industrious settler, even in the re- motest wilds, where fish and game are abundant — where every vegetable that he sows or plants will yield its increase — should live comfortably and well ; his habits of prospective prudence must at all seasons j. insure him, in the remotest solitudes, the supplies of life, which are too frequently unattainable by the utmost efforts of industry in our crowded towns and agricultural districts. The wives of these men are called Squaws, and the^ children Papooses. The little urchins are treated in their infancy in such a way as to give the least possi- ble trouble to their parents. Soon after their birth thep are strapped in small frames by day, on their backs, and hung upon a tree, a hook, or the mamma's hack, according to circumstances; they are so strapped up as to be out of all danger. Poor little things, it is certainly better to have them in their very early days safely cased in this way, (nothing but " A pretty little nose, And nice little toes," t ueeping out from the case,) than to have pins sticking in their clothes, and often in their bodies, as with us, while the little unsteady and yielding necks are unable to carry the top-heavy heads; besides, the carriage of a child must be better formed by lying fairly on itf? back until the spine acquires some degree of strength and form, than by being tossed and shaken about by an awkward nurse, every five minutes, during its waking hours. Positively Mrs. Doyle must try this North American plan with the next boy (I dont interfere about the girls, why should I ?) which she may happen to have. Captain Hall gives the following description of a settlement of the tribe of Mississaguas, on the river Credit, which runs into Lake Ontario, on the northern side, and not far from its western extremity : — " Till within the last three or four years, these Indians were known in that part of Canada as the most profligate, drunken, and, it was supposed, irre- claimable of savages. Such indeed was their state of wretchedness, that the total and speedy extinction of the whole tribe seemed inevitable. All this was at- tributed to other causes than poverty; for the annual distribution of goods to the tribe, either as a bounty from the crown, or as a consideration for lands which they had ceded, was most ample; whilst their neigh- bourhood to populous settlements insured them a ready market for their game or fish, if they had been industrously disposed. They owned also a fine tract of land, reserved for their exclusive use. But it seems they were lost in a state of continual intoxication, brought on by drinking the vilest kind of spirits, J* u obtained by bartering- the clothes and other articled annually served out to them by Government. " Such a state of things of course attracted much attention, and man^ plans were suggested for amelio* rating their condition; but none succeeded in re- claiming these miserable objects, till about three or four years ago, Sir Peregrine Maitland, then Governor of Upper Canada, conceived the idea of domesticating these Indians on the banks of the river Credit. The ground accordingly was soon cleared, commodious houses were built, and implements of husbandry, clothes, and other things, given to the new settlers. These wretched people were induced to take these chiefly by the influence of a missionary named Jones. He had acquired a considerable degree of influence amongst the tribe in question, and his own virtuous effort being opportunely seconded by the Government, the result, as far as we could judge, was wonderful. "From liyiiig more like hogs than men, these Mississaguas had acquired, when we saw them, many domestic habits. They had i^l neat houses, made use of beds, tables, and chairs, and were perfectly clean in their persons, instead of being plastered over with paint, and grease. They were also tolerably well dressed, and were described as being industrious, orderly, and above all, sober. Most of the children, and a few of l^e older Indians, could read English ; facts which we ascertained by visiting their school, and I have seldom seen any thing more curious. The whole tribe profess Christianity, attend divine service regularly, and what is still more to the purpose, their 'conduct is said to be in character with their profession. Instead of hunting and fishing for a precarious liveli- hood, they now cultivate the ground ; and in place of galloping off to the whiskey shop with their earnings, lay them by to purchase comforts, and to educate and clothe their children ; such, at least, were the ac- counts given to us. " We examined the village minutely, and had some conversation with the schoolmaster, a brother of Mr. 27 JoneS)* the person to whose exertion so mach of the success of this experiment is due. The number of Indians at the Credit village is only 215 ; but the great point gained is the fact of reformation being possible. The same feelings and disposition to im- prove, are extending rapidly, I am told, amongst the other tribes connected with the Mississaguas, and chiefly amongst the Chippewas of Lake Simcoe and those of the Rice Lake.' The state of their &rm in 1831, was as follows: Tillage . . . 206 acres. Oxen ... 7 yoke (in common.) Do. .... 6 do. (private) Cows ... 20 ^ Horses ... 18 Ploughs ... 4 Carts ... 2 Sleighs ... 8 They manufacture gloves, mocassins, and baskets. To the two brothers, Peter and John Jones, all the moral and religious improvement of these men is at- tributable. When hunger compels, or a love of sport stimu- lates him, the American Indian can undergo a vast deal of patient labour. When the rivers or lakes are frozen, he will sit, enveloped in a buffalo skin, the whole length of a day, over a hole which he himself has broken, catching fish, with a bit of red rag by way of bait to his hook. His sagacity appears in de- termining his course through the woods by the tex- ture of the bark, in a way inexplicable to those less experienced ; the bark varies in smoothness by almost imperceptible degrees, according to the points of the compass, and by these marks the untaught Indian treads his way through the mazes of the unfre- ■t ■ * Mr. Jones (a half bred Indian) has lately married an Eng- lish lady. No accounting for taste ! t.,» 28 ([aented woods, as correctly as if guided by the com- pass of the mariner. The old settlers are extremely hospitable and obliging; the wandering stranger is sure of welcome and accommodation for the night, either among the higher or lower classes of settlers; he is certain of admission into the large farm house, or of a nook in the already crowded family room of the little log house ; every person already settled, seems to remem- ber that he had his own day of di£Sculty to encounter, and feels a sympathy for the necessities of the new comer ; in short, the e:xercise of hospitality is considered a sacred duty, which no one neglects — the circumstan- ces and necessities of the country require it-^and even the houseless wanderer can communicate, in exchange for the food and lodging he obtains, a valuable return in news from the mother country, if he be lately from it, or from the remoter townships, with which' there can be but little direct and personal intercourse. And who, except one who has been long a stranger to home and his friends, can adequately conceive the joy experienced on seeing, in a foreign land, the face of a countryman, perhaps of a townsman, a fellow citizen, one familiar with persons and places dear to the recollection of the Emigrant; suppose him to bring with him a letter, from some family connexion — every eye strained with eagerness — all work sus- pended — every heart beating with anxiety : it is pre- sented — the superscription examined — the seal broken — but, alas, the person to whom it is addressed, either from the crabbed hand, or from a gentle suffusion of the tearful eye, or from not being in the habit of read- ing wi'itingy or perhaps from never having been taught (shame to deficient education) to read at all^* is obliged to call in a neighbour's aid to decypher the ' welcome lines ; — they are read over so frequently that X the ear devours what the eye refused, and the de- lighted memory records and retains the minutest^ passage for ever I The bearer of this joyful epistle IS as joyfully received, and created with every kind- 89 ■ \ ness, and questioned as to every point to which it refers, and many others, on which expatiating from local knowledg'e, he is cherished for his information, set forward in his object of settlement, and saved fuuch of the inconvenience which a total stranger must probably undergo. There are various colonists in Upper Canada— English, Irish, Scotch, a few German and Dutch, and Americans from the States — but the British vastly preponderate. Those from Holland are a most thriving people, in Upper Canada; they have capital houses, barns, cattle, and implements of husbandry, and are wonderfully neat and clean in their habits. ■Mr. Pickering mentions having been in the farm house of a Dutchman, who had purchased a &rm of 200 acres for 800 dollars, at 4s. 6d. each, which he had accumu- lated by the sale of the skins of Musk rats, at half a dollar each. — The English are the next in point of comfort and neatness, the lowland Scotch coming next to tbem — and then the Irish and Scotch High- landers, who are pretty much on a par in many parti- culars. — It is said that too many of my countrymen are fonder of company-keeping and frolicking than is consistent with economy and profit. The testimony on this point is unhappily very strong, from various sources; the habits of imprudence, of apathy, which former hopelessness and constant distress perhaps have caused, are long continued, and it is not to be expected that those who have never experienced the decencies of life (I speak of the lowest class of Irish labourers and small farmers) should suddenly acquire tastes and habits totally unknown to them. In proof of this, it is said that the settlement of Scotch High- landers in the township of Glengarry, though a moral colony, has not shown the evidences of a thriving and neat people, because their habits were of a ramb- ling kind. They, like the Irish, never were a steady industrious set at home: an intermixture with the Lowland Scotch, who are an educated people, and the English, who are, like them, industrious and orderly, c 5 ' 30 would be of great advantage to all parties. A cross in the breeds — English, Irish, and Scotch — ^^would, I think, be very desirable. Each nation has some admirable qualities — each also has faults — if their dispositions and habits be blended together, we shall have an improved character. Captain Hall, who visited a Colony of 2024 settlers, sent out by Government in 1825, to a part of Upper Canada called Peterborough, at an expense of £21. ^. 4d. a head — each family being suppbed with provisions for fifteen months and a hundred acres of land, besides minor aids, says, *'The emigrants were scattered over such an extensive district of country, that I found it impossible to visit them all ; but I en- deavoured, by riding from place to place, and calling upon the people without warning, to acquire a gene- ral conception of what was going on. It was curious to observe, that most of these settlers, however destitute they may notoriously have been in Ireland, always contrived to evade any acknowledgment of this fact, when direct questions were put to them, and seemed rather to wish I should believe they had been very well off at home. But with a degree of inconsistency, creditable enough, by the way, they were invariably thrown off their guard when asked in plain terms, whether or not they were sensible of the kindness shown them ? Upon these occasions they spoke in the strongest terms of gratitude of what had been done for them by Government; and often quite forgetting their formal disavowals, described with characteristic animation the transition from their past situation to their present happy condition. What I thought very odd, no complamts ever met my ear of any omissions on the part of Government ; on the contrary, they told me that every want had been attende<^ to. *< < Both Pat and his wife, as well as their children, told me they were delighted with their new situa* tion, though every one had been ill with the ague, and more than half of them had it still. Indeed I do not think we entered a single house, in or near Peterborough, where some members of the family were not suffering under this ferreting, though sel- dom fatal complaint. But what is curious enough, it was confined very much to recent settlers, while on the older establishments, similarly circumstanced as to soil and situation, the sickness was not only less, but was gradually wearing out. ^^ The settler to whom I was now speaking, in all the pride of territorial possession, entreated me tp walk over his grounds. In the course of our prc^ess through the uncleared part of his domain, we came upon one of the most magnificent oaks I think I ever beheld. I stood for some time admiring it, and thinking what a pity it was that such a glorious tree should be felled to the earth; and still more, that it should afterwards be chopped up, and burned along with vulgar pine logs, instead of being converted into frame timbers and into breast hooks for a first [3 \M \ 34 rate ship of war, its true destiny, if doomed to the axe. * I wish very much/ said I to the owner, * that for my sake you would spare this grand oak ?' " * O, that I will, your honour, 1*11 spare twenty of them if you have a mind, only point them out to me, Sir.' "*No, no, I want only this one.' t . " * Very well. Sir, very well, it shall be yours from this moment ; and if you will give me leave, it shall bear . your name, and a fence shall be put round it, and while I have breath in my body, there it shall stand you may be sure, and even after me, if my children will respect their father's wishes. — Do you hear that, boys ?' ** I have since received a letter from a friend in that quarter of the worlds in which the following passage occurs : — r " ' I have been over to see the good folks at Peter- borough and Douro, since you left us ; your visit there, with Mrs. Hall, is held in the most pleasing recollection, and Welsh, the Irish Emigrant, vows eternal vengeance against any one that shall dare to do the least injury to Captain Hall's oak.' " The North American Horses are very hardy ; they are often taken little care of, and badly housed on the frequent journeys which they are forced to make with the sleigh, are fed with the coarsest hay, and littered down with the boughs of the spruce and hemlock fir. The tender branches of these are also used, with salt, as winter food for cows, which feed well upon this provender. Two horses abreast, called in the Canadian phrase- ology a span of horses, will travel from forty to fifty miles a day, stopping to bait every ten or twelve miles. When the snow makes good roaos, the Cana*' dians travel about a great deal very comfortably in the sleighs, covered up with furs and every kind of warm clothing. Farmers generally carry their own oats and hay, for these are indispensable in ranging- '•<%1S-" « / 35 through the newly opened townships, where settlers and tavern keepers are not to '* . often met with. These horses cost from £10 to £20 each. Oa:en are very much used in all farming operations, removing trees, ploughing, harrowing, carting, &c. ; a pair of these may he estimated, if broken in, at £10 or £15, and an unbroken pair at about £8; these, as well as cows, feed in winter :n the boughs of the spruce and hemlock firs, which being given through the winter, are a never failing supply of forage. Sheep do not answer in the woods, but after three years you can have pasture land for their summer, and Swedish turnips and pumpkins for their winter keep ; they may be rated at 5s. 6d. sterling each, as stock; they should be penned up at night in the new settlements, lest wolves should attack them — but this precaution is not taken in the old cleared lands, from which those beasts of prey keep a respectful distance, and indeed in general the Canadian wolves are not ferocious in disposition — they avoid mankind; if you let them alone, they will let you alone ; the settlers do not fear them, and in the course of a few years more, as improvement of land and populatio/i mcrease, they will lisappear altogether, and be as unknown there as they now are in the British Isles, where history tells us they formerly appeared in great numbers.* Wool is highly valuable to the Colonist, .' who can have it carded for two or three pence a pound; if he have a wife or daughters, he has it of course spun at home in the long winter nights, and if he have no money, he gets it woven, by giving part of the cloth — a large share by the bye — to the weaver for his labour. Hogs are an excellent stock to keep in Canada, for they can roam and fatten in the woods, where * For every wolfs scalp produced to a magistrate, [a pre- mium of ^1. 10s. or £2. is paid. 1*^ 'i / 36 nuts and acorns are abundant. Mr. Pickering very judiciously recommends the Berkshire breed, as the most thriving when left to shift for themselves,, and he also suggests the in8 or angles may be thus strongly braced. <• The elevation must depend on the room required within. \Vhure upper apartments are intended, it must rise accordingly, and proportionably higher in a log house, which is generally finished with a shed or pent-house roof. « In the formation of this roof, however simple, much ac- curacy is to be observed. « Black ash and bass wood are considered best adapted to this purpose — the stems should be about fourteen inches in diameter, straight, clean, and easily split. Having cut them into lengths, corresponding with the pitch of the roof, they are then to be cleft asunder, and hollowed out by the axe, like rude troughs. *( These are ranged in sufficient number from front to rere, in the line of the roof with the hollow side uppermost ; and over them are ranged alternately an equal number, with the round side uppermost ; so that the adjoining edges of each two of the upper logs meet in the hollow of that be- neath them, whilst the adjoining edges of each two of the lower logs are covered by the hollow of that which is above them; thus forming a compact roof, perfectly water tij?ht, ns the hollows of the under logs effectually carry off nil rain that may fall through the joints of the upper sunaco ; and the roof continues staunch as long as the timbers remain un- decayed. « This being conrpleted, means must be taken to admit both the family and the light. The openings for the doors and windows, (which are generally procured, ready made, from the nearest settlement) are then formed in the walls by a cross cut saw or au axe. " The chimney is then built with mud, if stones be scarce. The stubbing afterwards takes place, which means the filling up the vacancies between the logs with s^'ps of wood, mud» and moss ; the floor is then formed oi cleft plnnks, pinned to logs sunk in the ground, and smoothed or rather levelled with nu adze. T he interior partitions, &c. may be got forward by ■ li f' 46 ' As the settler finds hi» circumstances improving, he either enlarges his log house, or builds a good frame house. A bai*n and other offices are succes- sively raised of square blocks of wood, and with a rapidity which quite surprising, the circumstances and habits of e country providing assistance for those in want of it. The older colonists about you, if solicited, will come and help at what (from the bustle and activity of the work,) is termed a Bee, They first draw the timber together with oxen, (provided that you have it previously felled, cut into the proper lengths, and squared,) and raise up your house ; this kind of work is called a raising Bee^ and in the same way, as- sistance is mutually given in beating out the Indian corn from its husks, in what is called a husking Bee — the nature of the work always determining the denomination of the Bee, Such is the friendliness of the more established settlers, that they will dispense with your giving them breakfast and dinner, if your circumstances render you really unable to provide them; some whiskey, and the evening frolic, are sufficient inducements for the V attendance of your neighbours, whose accommodating mode of assisting each other, and of doing as they would be done unto, is highly creditable to their ♦ feelings. It will, however, be expected, and very degrees; but the oven, which is an essential, must be completed before the ari'ival of the family. *' Stones or brick must be procured for this, at any incon- venience, for security against tire ; but mud will serve as mortar. It is always built outside the bouse, and stands alone. It is heated with pine, or very dry hard wood split into small pieces, and burnt in the oven to ashes, which being swept out, the bread is baked as in the common brick ovens at home, where dried furze are used to heat them. Thus, at the ex- piration of three or four weeks, the preparations are com- pleted."— i?arfc/i^'s Canada. , ^ il 47 fkirly, that you will repay these acts of kindness by giving- labour in retuni, on similar occasions. You should, if your means will permit, and that you are handy enough to use thsm, take with you a box of tools. I do not mean heavy and cumbrous ones, but those which occupy but little room and are suited to nice work. Cabinet-makers and carpenters will of course take out their chests of tools, but every one of you should, on going to the woods, be provided with the following articles, such as the Government gave in 1825 to the emigrants whom they sent out : American axe, 1 1 Handsaw, 1 1 Auger, • 3 1 Pick axe, 1 1 Spade, 1 2 Gimlets, 1 Hammer, Iron wedge, Hoes, . . Kettle, ""['/: Frying pan, Iron pot, nails, and ■•,f*- a small portable hand-mill for grinding corn: — a gun and fishing nets will be of great service, if you have means to purchase them. You should also have good warm frieze coats and jackets, and worsted stockings and mittens for the winter ; linen trowsers aind jacket for the summer ; as many linen shirts as you can afford to take out, (linen being dear in Ca- nada,) and a short flannel shirt, to be worn next the skin, both in summer and winter. In the former season, it will be found most comfortable, as it ab- sorbs perspiration ; without it, the linen shirt becom- ing wet, and cooling upon the body, is apt to give cold and produce aguct the only complaint which the settler need dread ; and this, I am convinced, is usu- ally the effect of incaution when heated, and of ex- posure to the air at night, when damp fogs are not unfrequent, but which disappear at sunrise, before which time no prudent person should be out. And here, it will not be out of place to give a few simple hints on the general subject of health. In the newly surveyed western districts of the Upper Province, to which you should press forward, for the reasons already stated, physicians within 48 visiting distance^ and Dispensaries, are as yet not to be found. You should tnerefore prov7.de yourselves with such simple medicines as may preserve the bowels from irregulbrity, by which many disorders, proceeding from neglect of those important organs, may be prevented ; after the long voyage in particular, medicine is necessary — many persons have had bilious fevers and agues from not making use of it, and have attributed to the effects of climate their want of health, which probably originated in their ignorance of medicine, or their inattention to the use of it. As to furniture, a man who is possessed of any in- genuity can make, by degrees, what is most necessary, and at the same time simple in its construction. — The bark of the bass tree, woven or laced across his bedstead, will support his mattrass, and that mattrass need consist of nothing more expensive than the boughs of the spruce fir, or dry beach leaves ; a buf- falo skin will answer for quilt and blankets. Now a man need not serve a seven years' apprenticeship to supply these matters. When there is no out-of-door work, time may be usefully occupied in the making of fiirniture. A friend of mine, a gentleman, too, unaccustomed to what is called labour, who took out three sons with him, youths who in this country had been in the habit of practising at the lathe, of making imple- ments, &c. found them invaluable to him in his settlement near York, — in a very short time they made all the wooden furniture of his new frame house —sofas, and tables of every kind, from a lady's work, table, (with roped pillars of black walnut,) to the kitchen table — chimney pieces, painted, polished, and varnished ; bedsteads, carts, waggons, and wheelbar- rows — they M-^ere also equally expert at smith's work, and shod their own horses. They had taken out. a good box of tools with them, the use of which saved them large sums of money, and when I last heard from them, they were putting up a frame-barn, 65 feet w ^ 49 be his ley luse ork the and in length, 35 in breadth, and 20 feet in height, with an ice-house under it, and a store house for roots, to preserve them from frost. I have already told you that abundance of employ- ment in agricultural labour awaits the poor emigrant in Upper Canada, where he cannot fail to earn a sufficiency of food and clothing, besides accumulating capital for the purchase of land, which he should not think of settling on, until he has sufficient means to improve and turn it to profitable account. ,. There are few instances of «o&&»' and industrious men remaining long without some freehold land for themselves, and it is a most satisfactory consideration to those who go out utterly dependent on their in- dustry, that their personal labour is, to them, a sure mine of wealth. The labourer who has no money, should at once go to service with a farmer in the western district ; if he is an able workman, he will earn in felling timber, suppose 10 or 15 dollars a month, often paid in agricultural produce, wheat, flour, or cattle, and sometimes in land; there Is, be- sides, plenty of job work in cleaning land, cutting staves, cordwood, &c. at which vigorous and handy men earn about 15 dollars a month. An American ac- customed to the work will chop an acre of soft wood in a weok or little more, and any kind of hard wood in a fortnight at &rthest, and he receives from £1 to £3 per acre for this, with excellent diet. Besides chopping the timber, he must clear all the underwood and lay it in heaps for burning, and cut up the trees into proper lengths (with their heads together,) for removal ; and the timber of 4 or 5 acres will {through the kind medium of the logging Bee) be drawn off the ground in a single day. When timber is burn*>d, if a potashery be near, the sale of the ashes will produce a smart sum. If he have a wife and daughters, they may earn four or five, or perhaps six dollars a month each, particularly if they can spin and card wool; (pretty labourer's wives and daughters they will be other- I ' 50 tvise I) and hardy boys and g^irls can earn three or four dollars a month each. Now what a nice stock purse can thus be made up in a very short time I all these wages are clear gain — board and lodging being always provided— and they are well fed on anu mal food, and all kinds of good things, the very mention of which would set your chops watering. But again and again I must press this important point upon you, that male and female, if they expec|; to prosper, must be willing and accustomed to work ; — the idle, the drunken, and the desponding, have no business there, where all is energy of mind and body. Dr. Franklin, himself an extraordinary instance of industry, temperance, perseverance, and talent, called America in his day " a country of labour." It is so still, for in the British Colonies, as well as in the parts to which he referred, the industrious have nothing to fear ;— ^the certainty, too, of making the most of their time and labour, urges to extraordinary efforts, and utterly, and at once, casts off all that comparative indolence and dejection of spirits which many of you, from having so little stimulus to ex- ertion, frequently manifest at home. Many persons, who some years ago were without a shilling, now possess in Canada, farms with 70 or 80 acres cleared, large stacks of corn, horses, oxen, cows, sheep, hogs, and poultry ; — but on the other hand, some, who might have been in good circum-^ stances, are very poor, but these are they whom dis- gusting intemperance has ruined, and such persons would not thrive any where. Perhaps you would like to see the rates of labour of all kinds : WAGES — ^BOABD NOT FOUND. Stone Masons earn from 6s. 3d. to 7s. 6d. a day. Bricklayers, 78. 6d. to 8s. 9d. a day, or 128. 6d. to 159. per thousand bricks laid. 51 Brickmakers, 59. to 7s. 6d. a day. Plaisterers, Ts. 6d. a day, or Od. to lOd. per square yard of work. Carpenters and Joiners, 68. 3d. n day. Cabinet-makers, 7s. 6d. a day. Sawyers, 78. 6d. a day, or 7s. 6d. per 100 feet of pine. And 8s. 9d. ... oak. Painters and Glaziers, 5s. a day. Coopers, 6s. 3d. to 7s. 6d. ... Shipwrights, 7s. 6d. to 10s. ... Blacksmiths, 58. Wheelwrights, 58. ... Waggon-makers, 58. ... ' Saddlers, 5s. ... Curriers, 5s. Tailor, ^1. for making a coat, 5a. trowsers, and 5b. waistcoat. Shoemakers, 228. 6d. for making a pair of top-boots — Ids. 0«1. for a pair of Hessian boots— and 12s. 6d. for Wellington boots. Labourers and Farm Servants, Ss. 9d. a day. ' In harvest time, 6s. 3d. Reaping an«cre of Wheat, 1 2s. 6d. Cradling, ... ... 6s. 3d. ' Mowing ... Hay, 5s. P4enghing an acre of Land, 6s. dd. /' Harrowing, ... ... 28. 6d. [ Now these are great wages, particularly when it is' ascertained, that the articles of food are very nnoderate according to the subjoined table of MARKET PRICES. * ler': Wheat per bush. 48. 8d. to 5s. equal to 37s. 6d. to 403. per quarter. • Barley, ... 3s. 2d. ... 25s. 4d. Rye, ... 3$. 3d. ... 26s. Oats, ... l8.6d. ... 128. '■ «l''55> Indian Corn, .Ss. 9d. ... 30s. ' ^ ' b&^^ Pease, 3s. 2d. ... 25s. 4d. Flour, 25s. per barrel of 196 pound*. • :-; ; f^; .,.!' „-f^- Be«f, per pound, Sd. or by the quarter 22b. 6d. per 1 00 poundn Mutton • t • 8^d. Pork • • • 3d. or 258. per 100 pounds. Tallow • • • 4^d. rough. Lard • • • 5d. Butter • • • Od. fresh, 7{d. salt. Cheese • • • 5d. £ggS per dozen, Od. Geese, per couple, 3s. 9d. Ducks ... Is. lOd. Fowls ... Is. 3d. Turkeys ... Sa. 2d. Hay, per ton, £2. lOs. H» Yon will thank me for giving^ Mr. Prcketing's ad- vice for the guidance of the settler who has obtained land: ** To a person who is about to settle on entire wood land, I would recommend the following system :, clear well a few acres in the immediate vicinity and all round the site on which the house is intended to be built, that the trees left standing may be at a suf- ficient distance to be out of danger of falling on it, and let a small piece be fenced off for cattle to lie in at night, out of the same danger in windy weather ; then cut down, on ten or fifteen acres, the ^mall and decayed trees and under-brush ; burn them, and girdle the remainder of the trees ; sow this ground with wheat early in the fall (autumn,) or purt of it with oats in the spring, and with them clover and a small quantity, of grass seeds mixed: the clover and grass to be mowed the first year or two, and grazed afterwards. Do the same next year with a still fur- ther quantity for six or seven years in succession, and likewise clear a small piece quite off for corn and potatoes, cabbage, &c. in front of the house, and next to the road or street. In about six or seven years ^'^ 50 id id it rs the i-oots of the trees will he rotten, and some of the girdled ones fallen ; then bfgin and chop down ten or fifteen acres of these girdled trees yearly, in a dry time, felling them a cross each other to break them into pieces; put fire into them in various parts of- the field and it will burn most of them up ; what little may be left unconsumed must be collected into heaps dnd burned. It is necessary to keep a watch over the fences while this is going on, that th^y do not take fire. After this you may plough und plant what you please, as, generally, the ground will be in pretty good condition." . -^ It is necessary to explain the term girdling* which means making an incision two or three inches deep round the tree, at the height at which it is usually cut down, four feet from the bottom ; this kills the tree, which remains with its throat cut until there is time to cut down and clear it away ; the object is to prevent the trees from overshadowing the crop arourid them — and a very expeditious and economical mode it is. The cut, however, ought not, I think, to be so deep as to cause any danger of the tree falling from the wintry blast, lest it might tumble on the cattle, if they should have a range through the girdled por- tions of wood, or upon the fences which may be close to them ; a shallow cut efi^ectually destroys the circulation of the sap and of course the vege'u.H^n of the tree, and this is the object sought. Tht; ex- perienced colonist disapproves, however, of this process altogether. Take great care when choppintr, not to bring the trees on your own heads : the boughs too, when recoiling from the ground, sometimes strike a severe and dangerous blow to the vvooilsman. An acre may be rendered fit for culture at an expense of 40s. when partly girdled and partly chopped. After the trees are cut down, it is usual to leave •U^: 1^7;i^ktlt&itW;J«l ■U j>«*4<;^-^ /»( * The larger trees only are girdled, those which do not ex- ceed one foot iu diumefter are cut down. ♦( J) 5 54 the stump and roots standing, until age rots them away, or until there is time for burning them. The reason why the stumps are not rooted out, is because time is too valuable to be expended in any labour not immediately profitable. By clearing away the trees which obstruct the passage of light and air, enough done to insure a succession of crops — and as the IS introduction of the plough at first is not essential, the loss of ground is merely that occupied by the stumps and their roots ; an inconsiderable portion of the whole surface — the more you can clear in a rough way the better ; the clearing of the stumps is to be an after consideration, when you shall have first got rid of the trees themselves, and raised crops enough to render you independent. If a man's labour can clear half a dozen acres of the overshadowing tim- ber in the time which it would require to clear one acre of roots and all, and that those six acres could be brought into immediate tillage, it follows that time would be misspent (in the first years of settle- ment,) in taking out those stumps. A native* would rather clear an acre than fallow one. Many prefer this new land to old cleared ground, on account of the great crops it produces ; besides, in some few places the timber is so valuable, as in the Otter creeks, that land can be cleared for the price of the pines which grow upon it ; and a heap of cordwood (which is 8 feet long, 4 feet high, and 4 wide) fetches in the neighbourhood of towns and villages, from six to seven shillings. The land, as soon as the trees have been hauled off, can be planted with potatoes, or Indian corn, and the mode which you are to pursue is very simple : plant three cuts, six inches apart, with a hoe or * It takes a long time to make an emigrant expert at fell- ing trees ; the dexterity of the Canadians is surprising. There is much imposition practised by the hired choppers. For the process of clearing, &c. &c. see Radcliff^s Letter»f p. 157. 55 ^pade, in holes 2^ or three feet asunder, and as the potatoes grow up, hoe them up into hillocks : this is a plan which I have myself pursued with suc- cess, the mode differing only in this respect, viz. drawing farrows with a plough 3 feet one way, and then 3 feet across, planting the cuts at the points of intersection, and earthing them as they grow up, with a hoe, in mounds of one yard square. Your potatoes, if out of the ground in an early season, can he succeeded by wheat, harrowed in around the stumps ; and spring sowing is but seldom practised. The mode of sowing Indian Com is to drop two or three grains of the seed into little holes made with a hoe, in the same way, but not altogether at such wide distances, as for potatoes. This corn is most valuable for man and beast ; it makes (when ground) good pudding, used like stirabout or flum- mery with milk, and the meal is also liiade into cakes ; you have seen and perhaps eaten some of this flour (imported from America) during very scarce seasons into our own country. The unripe ea|*s are sometimes boiled and eaten like greens, with melted butter ; it is a hardy vegetable, but requires to be hoed ; this operation, however, prepares the land for succeeding crops of oats and clover, or wheat. It is fine food for pigs and oxen, and is one of the most essential crops for the settler. May is the season for sowing it, but it will not be too late in June ; the stalks are very nourishing for cattle, and they are very fond of them. When ripe, in September, it is cut and saved in the following manner : — With either a sharp short handled hoe, or a sickle, in one hand, you put the other round a bunch, or what grows on one hill, and chop it off close to the ground, when it is set up into %)hocks of two or three armsful together, and a piece of stem rapped round the top to prevent their being blown down — after having stood a week or two, they are dragged round a centre, and the husks stripped from the ears by people sitting in a circle — the husks are thrown in a heap in the middle, and the I I »!' iJi 1 stalks tied into sheaves and again set into shocks, to remain till quite dry, before being stacked for fodder. The ears are picked up in baskets niade for the pur' pose, put into waggons, and drawn to cribs made of small sappling poles, twelve or fourteen feet long, and notched and crossed at the ends by short ones four or iive feet long, laid alternately to the height of six or seven feet, and covered over with a sheeting of boarde laid with sufficient inclination one M'ay to shout off the rain. The corn ears are generally shelled by hand, but a much more expeditious way is to thresh them on a barn floor with a flail ; one person will thresh twenty five bushels in a day.* Pumpkins gTow to a prodigious size: they are prin- cipally used for cattle feeding, as turnips are with us; they are sown among the Indian corn, which they do not injure — in giving them to cattle, salt is used. I have the seed of one which weighed lOOlbs. and they often exceed this weight considerably. The mode of sowing Wlmat for the first two years on new land is very simple, merely harrowing in the seed. The hauling off the timber by oxen, suffi- ciently tears up the loose surface in the first year ; and in the second, after burning the stubblei$,the soil is also sufficiently friable for the harrow. Ploughing is re- sorted to for the third crop. An acre of wheat, pro- ducing from 23 to 35 bushels per a^ire, is worth from £3. to £8. at York. This grain is usually sown in the fally a season corresponding with our autumn, but in Lower Canada it is always sown in spring, from the severity of the winter cold ; and this cir- cumstance alone mus* be a great dinud vantage to the farmer in that province, who in a wet spring may find himself greatly embarrassed, and overwhelmed with work. .., si ;,,^^,j jiji jo « yoJ.- In almost every lot are portions peculiarly suited to certain crops, although the land may be capable •.jfii ;;:i*. ,))-. :%', ♦ Pickering, -'^'f ^^9 t:. ... 67 H 1(1 of yielding' any kind of crop usual in the country*-^ for instance, the rich lands, by the sides of rivers, particularly those which are occasionally flocded, are ready with little, if any preparation, for Tobacco and Hemp, and other crops of this, nature. Without first yielding some such crops of an exhausting quality, they would not produce corn, being too rank and strong. Yet although premiums have been offered for the culture of Hemp,* I do not learn that much, if any, has been sown except in the Huron Territory, whei*e Tobacco, as has been stated before, is cultivated to a considerable extent. Now every man, woman, and child, who has h^d the happiness of reading the sixth or seventh edi- tion of my first little volume of " Hints to small Farmers," knows my dislike to the culture of To- bacco in these Islands ; but in the very rich lands of America, where the climate is suited to it, I waive all my objections — there it may be very profitable, and as long as people will smoke and use snuff, it must lie grown somewhere — the farther away from Mrs. Doyle and me, however, the better. Land which has been long in cultivation, in the older settlements of Lower Canada especially, is often to be seen under the same neat husbandry treat- ment for which Great Britain is so remarkable. In the Upper Province, however, and incfeed upon all new land, the same attention which is paid in the latter country to the course of cropping is not ob- served. Bye being often sown after Wheat ; imme- diate profit (as from necessity in Ireland) being the object, where food is wanted for present consump- tion, or the purpose of barter in exchange for labour ; and where land is of little value, the utniost possi- ble advantage must be taken. If after the Rye crop * See Colonel Covert's address on the culture of Hemp, i-i tlie Appendix. 41 i- \ '.- i . I i I k»; the farmer is pressed for land> he sows spring Wheatj Oats, Indian Corn or Pease, which last is rather an improving- crop. After first clearing the land, Tw'" nips and Potatoes answer remarkably well, the latter (the ground never bein^^ ploughed for the first crop sifter the clearing) are planted not in drills, but wi h a hand hoe. . i« Oats are sown in May or June, and are very good, and are worth Is. 8d. per bushel. Barley is not very good in Canada, nor is it much cultivated, though there is no reason why it should not succeed by the importation of better seed. It is principally used for the distillery, in which Rye forms a more profitable article, and this may be the cause of its being neglected. Winter Barley (or Bere) is by far the best for Maltihgy and when breweries come to be more estab- lished, will be in great demand. When they be- come general, happy will it be for the Canadians, if they can be persuaded to make use of wholesome beer, instead of ardent spirits, (now alas I not dearer by the quart than malt liquor,) and to forsake their besetting sin — drunkenness. No man who indulges at home in this destructivv' habit, should trust him- self as an emigrant to a country where the facilities of obtaining this destructive poison will repel all attempts at industry, and plunge him deeper and deejper in misery and ruin. The Swedish Twmip is a valuable article for win- ter keep, and possessing a great proportion of . accha- rine matter, is most nutritious for all farming stock, particularly for horses. I have known a decayed old horse, whose teeth were not good enough to masti- cate oats, or even hay, without much difficulty, thrive and fatten upon Swedish Turnips. They are of a solid and unwatery nature, which resists frosts, but in the Canadian climate they must of course be drawn before the snow falls, and packed in houses securely for the winter. But as the fly is often injurious to Turnips, Mangel Wurzel is a preferable crop, after ss cattle manure has been accumulatedi if it w^re only to get rid of what is often considered an incumbrance, and thrown into the rivers and lakes, if near the farm yard. Mr. Ferguson heard of two farmers who built new stables and bams, to escape from an accumulation of despised manure. The culture of Artificial Grass^fs is essential to the production of good winter fodder, in a country where hay from natural grass does not abound, except in tL j case of Beaver meadow hay, if that can be called natural which is really produced in the most unnatw ral and artificial manner by those most curious ani- mals, the BeaverSi who by a powerful instinct, and with heads that can only be exceeded by their tails, (which are their trowels) form an industrious com- munity of masons, hod-carriers, and labourers, (I had almost said carpenters^ for the construction of their houses and villages ot brick work: and damming up the streams for the preparation of their bricks and mortar, produce thereby, for the occupier of the soil, a course water meadow, free of all cost and trouble. The pastures of Canada being rank, coarse, and unsuited to sheep, it is consif^.ered desirable by expe- rienced persons there, that the Fescues and other g;rasses adapted for this purpose should be more abun- dantly imported and sown. A chief meadow grass indigenous to that country, is considered of great value — the Timothy grass — in America termed Heria, It yields an abundant crop, and is preferred to other hay for horses. With respect to general husbandry in Canada, no wise settler will speculate upon new modes unpractised there, until an experience of the climate, and an ac- quaintance with the circumstances of the country justify his departure from the ordinary track, and he will always act wisely by following in the steps of successful cultivators: not that I would recommend you to go on in the jog trot of others, unless sound judgment shall direct it, but I would have you com- ijk l^^^i. lill ! t ' U.i GO mence with prudence, and proceed with caution^ and when experience shall have shown you defects in Ca- nadian hu^bandry<, avoid them, adopting* in their place whatever methods your own g:ood sense and cH^-" cretion shall point out. <. > n:..'/i-}h The rates and stimulations on which Land can be purchased in ^:'j 4,^v,;^v;^-,K;.rj';V'?'' ^PP^^ Canada.^ i^ ... , 5 .^,,.v v,,'. Out of the 18,116,800 acres British property iu Norih America, about 7,000,000 have been from iime to time granted to colonists; 4,805,400 acres are re- served for the rro\vi5 and clerg:y, and of this reserve, a part has beeu iatelv ^old to the Canada Company, and there remain <^ispos&!.le 5,011,400 acres within t*he townships. Hew, oiii of this vast surface, the Upper CAT\ada Company, which was incorporated in 1826, is in actual possession of 2,300,000 acres, of which, as has been already stated, 1,100,000 is in that most valuiible district, the Huron Territory, where the Company, exclusively of their own liberal outlay in various ways, have a power of expending-, out of the purchase money payable to Government, £45,000 in works of public utility, in the disbursement of which the workings classes of emigrants will obtain lucrative employment — insuring present maintainance and the accumulation of capital towa^'ds paying* off the small instalments, to which the purchase of land in that extensive and most fertile region are liable. It appears by the " Report of the Court of Direc- tors of the Canada Company,'' that the sale of lands there averaged last year 6s. 9d. per acre. Those of the crown reserves, 9s. 7d. per acre. But from the increasing demand for lots of land in that part of the province, as well as elsewhere, it is probable that the average of the next year will be somewhat higher. But there, as every where else, the price must be regulated by circumstances, and increase where those ,i. 61 nre peculiarly favourable. In the neighbourhocl of Towns, and in the old Settlements, a much grater fttte of purchase must of course be paid, especially to private individuals, who may have cleared lands, im- proved farms, or lots of building ground to dispose of, and where none but those who carry out capital with them to some extent, can think of fixing themselves Hs landed proprietors. ' Building lots of a quarter of an acre, sell for forty dollars : at Guelph for instance, improved farms in its vicinity, with suitable buildings, bring from Ids. to 40s. per acre, which were sold a few years ago for 7s. 6d., lOs., and I5s. to the highest bidder. Nor can any thing more strongly show the rapi- dity with which a prosperous settlement is formed in Upper Canada, than the following account of the building, &c.of this town of Guelph, which is situated on a branch of the river Ouse, or gran4 river of Lake Erie. The operation of clearing the ground commenced on the 23d of April, 1827. The first building erect- ed was a large house for the reception of settlers on their arrival ; and as an epcouragement to the early settlers, it was promised^ on behalf of the Company, to set apart one-half of the prices obtained for town lots, as a fund for building a school house, and inain- taining a school master ; while sites for churches and burying grounds were given gratuitously to congre- gations of all religious denominations applying for the same. As a further inducement to early settlers, the price at first fixed for town lots of a quarter of an acre each, was twenty dollars, with the privilege to purchasers to take farms in the vicinity, of fifty acres each, at 7s. 6d. or one and a half dollar per acre. These prices, however, being insufficient to pay the expenses incurred by the Company, were subsequent- ly raised, first to thirty dollars, and then to forty dol- lars, for town lots, and to 10s. and 12s. 6d. per acre for the fi^rms ; and at these different prices, according 62 I' ! I »>i to the respective dates at which the contracts were made, above 200 town lots, and 16,000 acres of land, had been engaged previously to the first of October, at which period seventy-six houses were built, or building — a saw-mill was in operation — a kiln of bricks was actually burning — a grist mill was in progress-— a market house, two taverns, and several stores had been opened. Several tradesmen and mechanics had established themselves, and found advantageous em- ployment — a temporary school house was regularly attended by above forty children; the foundation of a stone building for a permanent one had been laid; and a printing office was in preparation. Settlers, with capital, who prefer establishing themselves on land on which partial clearings have been made, and log houses erected, will generally find lots with such improvements for sale. This arises from persons going originally in very destitute circumstances, or rather dependent on the Company's assistance, who, having succeeded on their lots, are willing to sell their land at a reasonable profit to new coiners, from four to six dollars per acre, with the improvements on the same. These persons generally remove farther toettward, and, hatring acquired suffi- cient knowledge of the country, make new purchases, upon which they may execute Airther improvements, and according to the extent of his means, each person can be accommodated — the poorest labourer, and the largest capitalist, will find proportional instalments. The man who can command a hundred pounds on his arrival, will be able to support his family in comfort— he pays down at first to the Company but or ?-fifth, that is, £20 ; the remainder by similar instalments, of one-fifth for each of four years more ; and so libe- ral are the terms of the Company, that they will ;.i future take the instalments, not in money, but in farming produce on the spot, and of course relieve the occupier, so far, from the cost and trouble of taking it to market. Another advantage may be made available to the 63 purchaser, who, by making a deposit of any portion of the payment in London, will not lose the benefit of a current rate of exchange, in Upper Canada, which is sometimes as high as ten per cent. In short, both individuals and associations of in- dustrious emigrants are treated with on the most liberal terms, and may have the most extended cre- dit — and, perhaps, advances made to them, as far as may be consistent with eventual security to the Com- pany — and farms can also be rented for money or on shares, which means half the clear produce as rent,— thus the emigrant, according to his circumstances, may fix himself as a farmer. > But by what course, and at what expense, are you to reach this desirable land ? I shall now tell you How to arrive at Upper Canada, hy New York, and at what cost. 3on the fnts; his Ifth, [nts, ibe- in leve of Ithe i o:!f '.ii il.if* J r \.i »#'i«>,' Steerj^e. - ^£5 10 -500 - 4 10 - 4 10 - 4 10 Cabin. £25 30 20 - 5 10 -069 25 From Bristol to New York, — Liverpool, ditto, •— Dublin, ditto, — Cork, ditto, — Limerick, d'tto, — Sligo, ditto, — Londonderry, ditto, — Belfast, ditto, — Greenock, ditto, — New York to Albany, - — Albany to Buffalo Point, by •;-*'; Canal Boat - - 2 ;. Mi;. > — Buffalo Point to any part of the Ca- nadian side, provisions included 18 For those to whom expense is not a vefy serious consideration, I recommend this passage — First, be- cause the voyage is usually much shorter, the ves- sels on this course are much better and faster — the banks of Newfoundland are avoided, which is the # ' i: i I I 64 most ditngeroui part of the courfie, and the dan- g^erons navigation of the St. Lawrence, with the pro- bability of baffling- head windR there, avoided. Those to whom money is an important object, (even though they be of a higher class of Emigrants, suppose half-pay officers with their families, or gen- tlemen of limited means with two or three hundred pounds in their pockets,) will act wisely in not going out as cabin passengers ; they can bargain for part of the steerage accommodation, partitioned off for them- selves, and when they land, ii will be better for them to have the cabin fare (a larg'' »um if families are concerned,) in their pockets, for the purchase and improvement of estates — the money saved in this way, by a single individual, would purchase in fee, fifty acres of estate. And who in Upper Canada cares, or will ever enquire, whether the new colo- nist slept in one part or the other of the ship which brought him, and perhaps his wife and little ones, to the land of independence and peace ; nor would a real gentleman be lowered in the estimation of any pn6 but a fool, for economizing funds so essential to his future prosperity. But this route is not the best for the very poor emigrant, who must proceed in one of the vessels employed in the timber trade to Upper Canada, by Quebec. His limited means would not allow him to take the other course, and if his pockets were empty on his arrival at New York, he would probably suffer extreme distress, be taxed in the first instance for hospital purposes, in case of his becoming a burthen upon the States, where many of our poor have suffered most grievously. Besides, if he takes out Birmingham or other goods on specula- tion for sale, (and much money may be realized in this way) he is charged 30 per rent, on landing at New York — and again taxed* for the same articles if * There is a drawback, however, on the duty pai 1 on all baggage at New Yor'' after passing tbe frontier into Canada. 65 he takes them on to Canada. But lot us now have The Rates by Quebec. From Bristol to Quebec, — Liverpool to ditto, — Dublin to ditto, — Cork to ditto, — New Ross and Waterford to do. — Limerick to ditto, £2. to 2 — Sligo to ditto, - - 2 — Londonderry to ditto, - 1 Belfast to ditto, . . 1 ht Greenock to ditto, . 3 Steerage. £4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Cabin. ' £15 15 12 12 10 10 12 12 12 10 10 15 he in lis of ?.if ila- in at 8 if Provisions for each adult from any of the English ports may be estimated for the poorest person, at £4. From Scotch ports, £3. 10s. From Irish ports, £1. lOs.* For infants there is no charge, and for grown children only half price. The average length of voyage to Quebec is from four to five \veeks in spring, the proper time for the agricultural emigrant to go out, (mechanics will fmd employment at any season,) the shortest is per- formed in three weeks and the longest in ten weeks. Provisions must be taken out for the longest pe- riod, as it would be very miserable, to one blessed with a good stomach, to have nothing to put into it during the latter weeks of a voyage lengthened by accidental circumstances. Those who have been accustomed to use English diet, generally take with them biscuit, cheese, beef, pork, tea, potted herrings, split peas for soup, tea, sugar, Hour, onions, porter, ale, and gin, mustard, vinegar, pepper, and milk — which last, after having all ida. * The Steerage passage from Dublin was only £153. last year, from the great competition among the Merchants there. 60 been boiled, should be carefully sealed up in jars, and if lib. of loaf sugar be added to it, there is no danger of its not keeping fresh during the voyage. But the Irish and Highland Scotch, unaccustomed to so many good things, some of which they have, perhaps, never tasted in their lives, are usually content with a supply for each individual, consisting of 4st. of oatmeal, 4st. of cutlings for gniel, 4st. of biscuit, ^st. of sugar, ^Ib. of tea, 4st. of butter, 20st. of potatoes, and a few dozen of eggs, which should be well greased, to exclude the air, and consequently preserve them fresh. I must add a quart or two of whiskey, for emergencies, and no considerate agent would recommend or allow a much greater quantity. Wooden noggins and trenchers, and tin porringers, are much better than delf-ware, which is so liable to be broken in a rolling sea, or by accident — a few sim« pie cooking utensils are of course necessary. ' As to dress, linen being dear in Canada, I advise you to take out as many shirts and shifts as you can, and a good supply of short jackets of light material, for summer use, with duck trowsers ; and, for win- ter, strong dreadnought great coats and trowsers, plenty of woollen stockings, mittens, shoes, and a pair of leather gaiters ; fur caps you will find neces- i$ary in winter, and much cheaper here than in Canada. When the emigrant lands, he and his family are kindly looked to by the Company's Agents at Que- bec, Montreal,* and New York, and will (if he contracts for laud, and pays a first instalment at any of those places) be expeditiously conveyed, and free of expense, to the head of Lake Ontario ; and if the emigrant does not eventually purchase land from the Company, his deposits are returned to him, after K * * A Benevolent Society has been lately established at Montreal, to relieve and forward to the Western districts any distressed Emigrants who nciay ur fortunately, from illness or other causes, be unable to proceed .without aid. are ue- be nny ree if om iter at icts less 67 deducting merely the expenses of bis transmission to York ; a liberal measure, wbich has been received with much satisfaction in that country. Such is the demand for labour there, that every person able and willing to work is sure of being em- ployed at the high rates, and with the other advaivr tages, which have been before enumerated. ^ It may be fairly stated that for £6. a single labourer will find himself at York ; and he may easily calculate the expenses of a family movement. It is quite necessary^ howevei't that each should be se- cure of having a small simiy say £2. on reaching his point of destination f this may be effeeted through the Agents, by a deposit at first made by the indivi- dual or his friends ; better than to trust it to the temptation of disbursemeut on the journey.* ./ CONCLUSION. ' It is to be regretted that there are still vast portions of the Canadas unoccupied. Many of the crown-reserves, which form a seventh part of the land, have remained as waste, in the hands of Go- vernment, for more than thirty years. Now if we estimate the effect of their being so neglected, even in the case of a single lot of 200 acres, (the usual admeasurement of a distinct farm,) what a loss in point of revenue I Had it become the settlement of an industrious family, what would it not have yielded in thirty years to the mother country — in consump- tion of its manufactures,— to the province, by the * Much distress was experienced two years ago at Quebec, by a considerable number of Irish Emigrants, who arrived there pennyless ; their unfeeling landlords having paid their ex- penses no farther than that port, instead of furnishing them, (through the Company's Agents) with the means of proceed- ing to the Upper Province, where abundant employment awaited them. ? I 68 increase of its productions and natural strength,— to its own immediate neighbourhood, by the support of the industrious, contributing at the same time to the healthiness of the surrounding farms, by the clearing of the forests I — What a prodigious loss, when the calculation is made, not on a solitary lot, but on 2,750,000 acres reserved for the crown and for the clergy, equal to 27,500 lots of 200 acres each. Some of these, it is true, are under lease, but the proportion is inconsiderable. .< Since our last war with the United States, settlers from them, though a hardy and useful class of peo- ple, expert as axe-men, and industrious as farmers, ambitious of a competency, and peculiarly delighting in the labours of a new country, have not met any welcome from the provincial Governments — many of them would have made valuable subjects of Great Britain, as has been proved in the instance of Quakers from Pennsylvania, and American Germans from the States, accustomed to farming, who, in forming their settlement, brought along with them their catt,le, waggons, horses, household furniture, and, of greater importance still — habits of morality, industry, and economy. Nor would the numbers from the United States have been uore than a fair proportion, to instruct the British colonists in their labours, for the United States present to their own labouring citizens too wide a field for their industry at home, to give cause for apprehension that they would leave their own, boundaries in overwhelming numbers. ':( • If wastes be unprofitable, how is the evil to be re-; medied? — By emigration, — and this is now most deservedly encouraged* Too rapid a multiplication need not be feared ; the natural increase of the pre- sent population (about 250,000) can be but small, comp: red with the vast quantity of labour which so many millions of acres demand. The number of tradesmen and labourers which will be required in the British colonies of North 69 re- tail, so lich ith America, cannot possibly be calculated : for, with all the zeal and energy of a new world rising into life, that country will probably continue to advance in improvement for many centuries to come. The clearing of land, building of houses, cutting of canals, and forming of roads, will employ countless multitudes. % . It is the avowed intention of the Upper Canada Company (whose spirited proposals for the sale of farms, the rates of which I have already stated, and "whose liberal plans for the accoinraodation of settlers I 'lave also put forward) not to assist mero idle spectdaiot^Sf but to encourage the occupation of lands by a steady and industrious agricultural population ! to individuals, or families of that description, well recommended from the Parent Country, they fre- quently make advances on security, for the culti- vation of lots, until a crop shall be raised to repay the loan. - '- ^ ' ■ In no other country in the world can such com- forts and advantages be obtained in exchange for labour and industry ; but, at the same time, I do not recommend those who enjoy happiness and comforts at home, even with a life of toil, to emigrate on mere speculation ; or from the love of change, to forsake the land of their birth and their affections. To such (as has been well observed) the epitaph " I was well — I would be better — here I am," would apply — it would be a mournful inscription on a head- stone in a foreign land, expressive of the speculative folly and blighted hopes of the disappointed ; but it fortunately and critically happens that the people most wanted are those who have no inducement to remain at home — the poorest classes, with rising families, able and willing to work, but unable to ob- tain employment : and this fact deserves observati^on, that since none are more averse from leaving their country than the Irish, nothing can more strongly prove the fascination of Upper Canada than the ex- tensive emigration which (from the faci.li aes aiforded| n > I ■r m lii- 70 and the favourable reports of emigrants,) has taken place within the last three years from the Irish ports ; and it is likely to increase in future. Those with whom any change must be for the better, are the obvious subjects for emigration ; but to other and higher grades it is equally tempting ; to the farmer who cannot improve his capital, and has just enough to settle him safely there ; to the half-pay officer with an increasing family, and to the young and zealous Clergyman, who may have the means of purchasing a farm, and the ability to supply the spiritual wants of the settlers in his neighbourhood. I have thus endeavoured to supply the Emigrant with the most necessary points of information to guide him to an economical, convenient, and pros- perous Settlement. I have presented him with a con- cise and cheap book. Were it dearer, he might not wish to buy it ; and were it longer, he might not like to read it. . Within such limits, minute details cannot be ex- pected ; but for its extent, I hope its communica- tions will not be considered useless or unimportant ; they are the result of deep and anxious enquiry, from the latest and most approved authorities ; from intimate friends, prosperously settled in the coun- try ; and from intelligent persons now here, and about to return to the scene of their successful im- provements. I trust tliat the Hints I have put together in the foregoing pages may be serviceable, especially to my own Countrymen ; and so impressed am I with the advantages which are offered to the Seitler in Upper Canada, that were I not engaged in public and pri- vate duties, I would join the first merry-hearted set of Irish Emigrants in planting ourselves and our potatoes- on one of the richest Townships in the Huron Territory. ^'..t t i't. *i.: ;f'i* I- irr, . A \ APPENDIX. •'i ::£ f ."• •<>- - !: ■/) Iir«.\i r ■•■ . 'J* i V V. - Extracts from original and unpublished Letters, . , r ^ ' .,•.." Brockville, June 10, 1827. « My dear Mother, " I am happy in having this opportunity of writing these few lines to you, hoping they will find you, with my sisters and brothers, in good health, as I am at present : thanks be to the Lord for it. " With regard to my voyage ; we sailed from Passage, on the 13th of April, and landed in Quebec the 4th of May : we had a pretty favourable time of it, only one d;;y and night unpleasant enough to make us wish otuselves iVi ihe old country again. I thank the Lcvd I did not gef. one hour's sickness since I left home as yet— -not a soul on board cjuld Bay the same. Dear Mother, I did not stop in Quebec as I intended : I found that the hire of a clerk is luwer than that of a good labourer ; besides I should serve two years apprenticeship, and learn two kinds of French. So I thought it better to go on and see my sbter and friends, and all my old neighbours, and kindly they received me. Dear Mother, I am afraid you will blame me for what I have dons I have bound myself an apprentice to a joiner in Brock.ille, for three years : he is an eminent tradesman, and of good principles. Hd is allowing me 40/. for the three years, with every other accommodation. I have as good boarding as any man in Brockville, and am pleased with what I have done. With regard to the country, it is, in my opinion, a great deal - #/'.■- «* . y» $ ft 'k Si i: 11 1^ n better than Ireland. The land in general is very good, and not as hard to be cleared as you may think. I have seen as good corn and meadowing as ever I saw in Ireland; and mountains of dung not made any use of. Every stone you would see is limestone. And there is plienty of marl — and none made use of. They can plant potatoes, and have them excellent for table in seven weeks.— Barley in like manner. The apples, plums, cherries, gooseberries, currants, and grapes of ^11 kinds, grow naturally in the woods. Yet I would not encourage any person to come here, for fear of any thing hap- penii ^r *o them. Let any who can live without working at home, stay at home; but for him who can labour, this is the best country ; he will get from 201. to 301. a-year. Tradesmen of all descriptions ought to come here : a black- smith, if he is able to work on his own account, can earn from 6 to 8 dollars a^lay ; otherwise a dollar a-day. Joiners, tailors, and shoemakers, 7s. 6d. a-day. Samuel Hendrick and his family are doing well ; he has 200 acres of good land, and twenty of it cleared. He has 8 acres of wheat (and better 1 never saw) and 2 acres of potatoes, and kitchen vegetables, &c. George has half the land and two parts of the stock : lie is an endeavouring and well respected fellow. * * * are doing well. . .„„.,., " Remember me to * * * U'v " Your ever affectionate son, ' . I ' ^^ Thomas Graham^ " To Mrs. Elizabeth Graham, Clondaw, i -. < : i;,. Near Enniscorthy, Ireland." . y t ■■•yr .■1 i 2. >,.'„, . FROM TriE SAME TO THE SAMfi. ' ' - :. . ; "June 10th, 1828. "Dear Mother, .v^, ** I received y&ttr affectionate letter, and am happy to hear that you were all in good health, as I am and have been ever since I came to this country ; thanks be to the giver of all goodatss. 73 liear jver all *' I remain with Mr. Rejiiolds still, and am doing very well. Last January I was offered 100 dollars a-year, if I would leave my master; but I would not accept it: so you may judge I have made pretty good use of my time. My master is a sober religious man, and he takes great pains to instruct me in my duty to God, as well as my trade; so I liopo it was the Lord who put courage into my heart to leave Ireland. With respect to diet, it is always good here; no difference in this respect from one end of the year to the other. # * * John Morris and his family are doing well ; he has bought a farm from his brother, and says that he is now settled for life. As to * * * he is doing but middling — he has good wages, but they are not enough for him, as he is greatly given to drink, and de- bases himself in consequence. * * * Men must la- bour very hard here : but they are well fed and well paid ; and what a man has is his own : there is no landlord or tyrant to reign over them. Men who came here some years ago, have large clearances now, and are taking their ease. The chief objection folks have to this country, is the want of pleasures, but these are vanities. This country answers well for young men, or men with grown up families ; by in- dustry they will have peace and plenty. * * * Gold is the most profitable to bring here. * * With regard to the climate, as far as I can judge, it is quite tempei-ate : last winter was the finest winter I have ever seen; there was a keen froit, but no wet or wind, nor much snow ; so that it was quite pleasant. Neither is there any intense heat. I have not felt as warm days as in Ireland last summer. The faU and spring arj tht> disagreeable seasons. * * * I am making great way ia my trade, and if God spares me, I hope to do better than ever you could provide for me in Ireland. I am sorry that poor Sam settled himself there, for this is a better country for industrious people. Laud is getting pretty dear h-^ra in the settled parts, but yet there is room, and many chances of which there are none in Ireland. I wonder why folks think so hard of leaving that distressed country ; surely it is only a few weeks journey. Dear Mother, I would be glad to see you all coming here^ where you could nourish 7a yourael\res with the fruits of your labour: but choose for yourselves. If I was as Joshua and Sam, and knowing as much of this country as I do, I would sell out all, and stay no longer labouring under the heavy yoke. With a little money and my industry I could possess more property here in three or four years than I could ever have in Ireland, and I could call it my own. If some of Michael Redmond's sons, or some more of those brave boys would venture here, they would do well : but I suppose this will be sore news to iiorae of their people. • • * E. K. was going to get married last June, but unfortunately her spark got drowned .1 i'ew days before the time. • * : • It b useless to bring luuch fine clothes here, they are almost as cheap as in Ireland." •*> . iri ■-0>.'. " York, Upper Canada, April 2, 1830. *' My dear Friends, - .. . . . .- ■■ . ... «* We received your kind letter, dated April, in June, from which we understand that my mother died in March last ; and though we have natural feelings like other people, yet we dare not complain, but must say that He who gives, has the same right to take away, and mu&t consider it to be a loud call to ourselves, sayiiig, * be ye also ready, for in such an hour as ye think not, the Son of man cometh.' « » « « North America altogether is in a prosperous way, and I have no doubt but it will continue to prosper more and more ; but people who come here must not expect to see a clear and improved coimtry like England, for you k low England is a small stock of country, and an old improve: one ; but this is a large stock of country, newly settled, and comparatively un- improved, and roads bad, in consequence of which, it has a wild appearance to an Englishman just arrived, and whoever comes hither must make himself acquainted with the ways and manners of the people, and not expect the people of America to comply with his manners and customs. ♦ » * If they can be patient for a while and look about them, they will in general find that they can do better hero than there. 75 You wish me to give you my opinion, which is the best place to come to, the United States or Canada ? to which I would answer, farmers who come to Canada I think will do better than they would in the United States ; first, because farms can be more easily obtained in Canada than in the States ; secondly, because Canadian wheat and flour have the prefor- ence in the English and West India markets : and in conse- quence of which, produce is generally at a higher rate in Canada than in the States. Mechanics can do as well here as there, and labourers likewise. Manufacturers might do better in the States than here, but I would advise manufac* turers or workers in factories, (cloth, cotton, or silk,) not to depend on getting into their different branches of business in America. People coming to Canada can always find a way to turn themselves, and do well if they are careful and steady, and I think the climate here is better adapted to Englishmen than is that of the United States. * * * When you write, pay the postage to Liverpool, and write < Via New York' on the letter j I shall receive it in half the time, and at a less expense, than by the Falmouth Mail or Packet. '»■'•■'--■' ** We remain, &c. &:c. •••'-. - vjcp... ■;. ; . ' • .■ ^ ** John and Martfia Deal:' . , . ' • .. J .. • ■ "Yarmouth, August 9, 1830 « Dear Parents, ' u > .; * ^ ,; .; r' <• I suppose that by this time a letter from me will not be very unwelcome, particularly when I inform you that I have no doui}t of doing very well. In my last letter I quite for- got to tell you, that we saw no ice o ; our voyage ; as soon as our vessel came to the wharf at New York, there came se- veral persons on board to inquire for servants ; we were also asked as we passed the streets, if we knew of any English people who wished to obtain servants' places, either men or women. Wf, also saw many who were about to return to England again, from whom I endeavoured to gain all the in- formation they could give me respecting the country, and their reasons for leaving it ; and from all, I had every reason II I ll i . IP 76 to conclude, that it was intemperance or home sickness that made them dissatisfied with America. * * * • Old Mr. G told us they were as happy as the day was long ; they only grieved sometimes to think when they sat down to a well supplied table, and reflected that perhaps many whom they well knew at home, were in want of what in this coun- try is thrown away. I have seen the heads of cows and sheep thrown out for the dogs, and calves' heads too. Mr. G says, they have every thing they want to make them happy and comfortable, and are saving money ; they had no doubt that all who came could do w ell here ; but they never would persuade any, as there arc some who do not like the country. I did not like New York, because it was so hot } I could have had plenty to do if I had staid there. I inquired respecting Mr. C , and was informed that ho was doing very well, and that he had agreed with a Captain in New York to bring over his family, of which I suppose before this you have heard. We left New York on the 15th of June, and went on board a steam boat, and arrived at Albany, 160 miles in 18 hours, for 4«. 6d. each. We then engaged with a Captain of a tow boat to take us to Buffalo, a distance of 363 miles, for lis. Sd. each, in your money. From Buffalo we had to cross Lake Erie about 3 miles to Port Srie, in order to take ship to go to Kettle Creek, 150 miles. * " A Quaker gentleman who had come up with us from Port Erie, on a visit to his friends at Yarmouth, 9 miles distant, had been there, and informed them that a shoemaker was come, and a son of a farmer accompanied him with a light waggon to bring us and our luggage to Yarmouth, as a shoemaker was wanted there very badly. We remained at farmer K 's eight days, where we received all the kind- ness imaginable. We are at present living in a large school- room, (which is not used in the summer,) as there is no bouse vacant ; there will be one in about two months, which, if I stay here, I may have with two acres of land to it, for three shillings per month. I see plainly there will be work enough if I had two or three hands. I have a great deal more now than I can do, and tUey tell me there will be more after harvest ; 77 l>ut there is no possibility of getting hands ; the inhaljitants are all farmers, they kill their own meat, get their skins tanned and curried, so that they find their own leather. I had Ids. 6d. for making a pair of Wellington boots, which will go nearly as far again in provision here as at home ; the price for men and women's shoes is alike 4s. 6d. for liglit, and 33 6d. for stout ones ; they find their own thread too, so that I have nothing to get but wax and hairs ; nor have I anything to do with finishing off the uppers. As I save money now very fast, I shall soon be able to buy my own leather, which will be more profitable. At the same time, I am not satisfied with this situation, as there is no meeting withinthreeinilesof us, except the Quakers', and they only have it once on a Sunday. They are nearly all Quakers here ; #iey are very kind indeed j they all want us to visit them. We have as much as we like for fetching of potatoes, French beans, cucumbers, peas, onions, &c. in great abundance, from any of the neighbours, with a hearty wek^ o. The best mutton is 2|d. per pound, veal 2d. ; tea and sugar full as cheap again as at home, butter 6d. I tell you the price of every thing in English money, to prevent mistakes. Taxes here are very light ; Mr. K owns 200 acres, has a considerable live «tock, and all the tax he pays is thirteen shillings annually. We have all, through mercy, enjoyed excellent health ever since we have been here ; the climate is perhaps a little warmsr here than at home, but I do not find a very great dif-^ ference. Flour, I should have said, is hardly three farthings per pound, potatoes 4Jd. per peck now, but they will be cheaper soon, it is expected. The inhabitants of this place are principally from the States ; they say it is decidedly better here: their land is from 9s. to ISs. per acre. There are several Englishmen here. Farmer D took us up to South- wold, to see Mr. A , 17 miles hence, without charge. Mr. A— «~ likes the country better than he could have ex- pected, and says he would not leave it lor any money, and in- deed all who came over with us, like it very well. We should be extremely happy if there were a meeting near us. I want to be at Frome on Sundays, and here other days. 'JXov I hops you will make up your minds to come, and E 5 78 I ' bring with you a numi' r of truly religious people, and among them an humble preacUur. I have no doubt but that mi/i h good in a spiritual way might be done, for those who are no^ Quakers say they wish there was preaching here, as they do not like to go to the Quakers' meeting. There is no doubt but all industrious persons who come will do well : the people here wonder that more do not come. We were tela at New York, that 7000 had landed there in about 4 or 5 weeks, and 200 families have landed at this creek this summer: but they are lost almost as a drop in a bucket. From all the informa« tion I can gain, there is not the shadow of a doubt but that ail who are willing to work, can get plenty of work, and good pay. Mechanics, they say, are wanted very badly. I have no duubt but after we are a little more settled, we shall be able to save 30 shillings per week; but you have heard there is but little money here — wheat is considered the same as money. When I make a pair of shoes for a person, he asks me at what mill 1 will have my wheat lodged : I tell him : he then takes it, and brings me a receipt. I have then to say whether I mean to sell or have ii. gK >ind for my own use; if I sell it, I can get cash for it I'V ^v.:iung about a month ; this is the way the trade of this country .s carried on. Cut it is a growing coun- try, and money gets more plenty every year. We are a great deal more comfortable than we expected to be^, in so short a time. I want to advise you all to come, for here we are all free from anxiety as to getting on. But the difference between kavingand not having religious privilegesis so great, that Ican- notcouscientiously persuade you to come, till I can fix on a place where they are more happily blendt '1 with temporal ones, unless you could bring, as I have before hinted, a number of Christians, which would consummate our happiness. I should be happy to hear thab two or three thousand were coming from home, Ha it would be the best thing in the world for them : there would be plenty for them to do, and a plenty to eat and drink ; in this there is no mistake. I seem to want to tell this, that, and the other story about men who came without a single shilling, but have now good farms of their own; but they would be so numerous, I can only say that all the good Recounts I have read of America, I believe to be correct. I 79 iihould like you to send me word what day and month you re- ceive this, that I may know how long it was on the passage. I hopi> you do not entertain the melancholy idea of never meeting again. I hiive no doubt of it. But I must now con- clude wit'i our sincere love. << We remain, dear Parents, <« Most affectionately y^urs, let. I «' Ducdas, September 3, 183t'. •• Dear Friends, , .. * * * «* Health is a beautiful thing, and it depends on God to give it, for were it in the hands of man, health would decline, a^j mai.y other things have in Eng- land : such as labour and victualling ; which, if God gives us our health, is quite plentiful with us. We have plenty of good beef and mutton, flour, pork, fish, fowl, and butter, and by one day's work a man can supply himself with these neces- saries sufficient for three days. You have a good many cold bellies to go to bed with, or things are greatly altered ^ince I was with you; but here, if you choose, your belly would be so warm for three halfpence, that you would not know the way to bed. I will give you the outlines of our voyage * * We were landed on the 8th of June, at Quebec, and then agreed with the Canada Company to go to Guelph (which is a new township, about 700 miles from Quebec) to take land. •* * * Harvest work is one dollar a day with board, other work three-fourths of a dollar. A woman who goes oui' to washin J, half a dollar a day and board. Women who can work well with the needle, earn good wages. * * !Qeef and mutton sell for 2d. and 3d. per lb. * * * Henry, you may depend upon it that all this is true, so that you se6 liere is all the chance in the world for a poor man to live. • * ♦ • ^ ^ *< Your loving cousin, ^ *'^'" ' i*' ■■ '^ ♦ ' ' "Fin. Snelgrove," '> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■tt I)i2 122 £ 1^ 12.0 til IL25 HI 1.4 1.6 Photografiiic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRiET WnSTIR.N.Y. MSIO (716) 873-4S03 5r ^ c> 80 6. " Nelson, November 14th, 1830. " Sir, « I write these liaes to you, hoping to find you in good health as it leaves us at present, thank God for it. I am happy to state that we are in a good country for poor folks ; we have plenty of good fire and grog — wheat, 4s. per bushel ;^ good boiling peas, 3s. 6d.; rye, 3s. ; buck wheat, 2s. 6d. ; Indian . corn, 2s 6d. ; oats, 2s.; potatoes. Is. 3d. We are not in the habit of raising much barley, nor beans. Rum, lOd. per quart ; good whiskey, 7^d. per quart; brandy, Is. 9d.; port wine. Is. 3d. ; tea, 33 6d. per pound ; we make our own sugar out of maple trees; we make our own soap and candles; bake good light bread without barm. Beef, 2d. per pound ; mutton, 2d. ; pork, 2|d. ; fat geese. Is. 6d. ; best fowls. Is. 3d. percouploti Wages, 3/. per month and our keep ; we dine with our masters. Women, 2s. 6d. per day, and good keep. Price of land id about 1/. per acre near the roads ; some back is cheaper. We have no poor rates nor taxes of any consequence. We hear of war in France, and a new King in England. I see in the paper the great lamentation of our departing from Chapmanslade ; more need to rejoice. We three brothers have bought 200 acres of land, at 12s. 6d. per acre, 125/.; we have paid 251. nnd we have got to pay 100/. in five years, that is 20/. a year, between three, that is 6/. 13s 4d. each, and pay off in five years; it is in Nelson, district of Gore, with a pretty good road to our lot, only nine miles from the Lake Ontario— a good sale for all grain — a gristmill and a saw mill within about 25 chains, which is a great advantage. A good river runs rijg;h't through our lot of land, and good springs rise on it — we shall never want for water; we have several adjoining houses, chiefly of ^nglish people. We shall never want timber nor water. We can raise up a good house in a little while, at little expense; we have thousands of, tons, of timber, and good stone for huilding.^ Itii c«Ued 1ih« healthiest place in Upper Canada; ^ of We da; we have tto sickness since we have been here, and are stouter than we were in England. But there are many who were sick at first. We should be very happy to see all our friends here, old and young, if they could; we are providing a home. Sarah would be glad to see all her friends here, but does not wish to go back. If any should come, we should be glad to have brought some cabbage seeds of early kinds. Hazel nuts, all kinds of kernels, or grafts, pears, plumbs, cherries, gooseberries, thorn berries, arid turnip seed, carrot seed, leek seed, we should be glad to have brought. Bring hooks, hatchets, scythes, reaping- hooks, and fire irons; l)ut no wood. We expect to clear 20 acres by next harvest ; we cut the trees about three feet above ground, and put fire to it, and burn it root and branch if we can. I have sent two letters before ; I should like to have one from you. Thomas Hunt is in good health ; had no sickness by sea nor land. We are about seven hundred miles from Quebec ; that is but little here. James and Jemima Hunt never wish to return to England, but wish that all our friends were here; for here is plenty of work, and plenty to eat and drink. We all wish that our fathers, mothers, bro- thers, and sisters werehere, for there b plenty of room for all there is in England. They that think to work may do well, but if our fathers and mothers were here, they should never be obliged to do a hfffd day's work, for we would keep them without work, if they were not able. But if any of you should, I would wish you to make up your minds beforehand, not to be feint hearted ; you may expect rocking, but I don't fear the raging seas, for perhaps more may come as safely as we, for the God that rules the land, rules the sea; it may be that one might have a long passage, but they see something wonderful every day : such fish ! the sights will be worth their passage. There are some Chat came here this year, turned back before they knew whether 'tis good or bad. But thank God that we are here. "J. and J. Hunt, " Nelson^ District of Gore, Upper Canada, North America." 88 '• ; : ■ ' .7. , ■ ■•; ■■ :: « North Branch of Talbot, Dec. 10. 1830. " Dear Brothers and Sisters, • ♦ • " We landed here last July, and like the country welL We are settled about two miles from Silcox. Clements and I have bought 100 acres of land be- tween us. I have cleared on my share about 25 acres for 70/., and have paid down for the purchase 12/. 10s. and the remainder I have five years to pay it. I have a house and bam ready to go into» S. is hired by the year for 12/. 10s. with board and lodging. MetCs wages are from 3s. to 58. a day, take the year round* with board. Clements and I cut, threshed, and winnowed in four days, 84 bushels of peas ; and for our wages got 21 bushels, besides our board. Wheat here sells for 3s. the bushel; peas, 2s. lOd. ; oats. Is. 3d. ; •Indian com, 2s. lOd. We have a very healthy country. If any of you have any notion of coming here, be sure to pro- vide strong boxes, as ours went all to pieces before we got half way. Whatever earthenware you have, pack among your clothes in your boxes. • • * Farmers live well here, as they have all they can make, and no rents to pay, and but very little taxes.— for 200 acres of land, with stock and improvements, tweZve sAt/Ztn^s will pay i. ,Josiah, if you can, bring a good set of carpenter's tot ioks, prongs, door hinges, hooks, a good hay-knife, rings, wedges. Tell Rhoda and Tabitha to bring me a good hay-cutting knife, and tell brother Nathan or Noah to send me the iron of the lathe. Tell brother Elisha not to come by way of Quebec, as New York is much cheaper and safer; you can come by water within seven miles of this. ** Believe us to he, yow^ffectionate Brother and Sister, ** Esau and Elizabeth Prongley." m % H', a * \ " York, Upper Canada, Jan. 29, 1831. *< Dear Brotheirs and Sisters, » « • «< « I have got a shopi and sell all kinds of pastries and groceries; we are doing very weU« Tell Beii- 83 831. jamin to learn the pastry buiiness welly and to coine here^ where it is a very profitable business. I like America very well} but should like it much better if you were all here ; make up your minds and come to us ; don't fear crossing the sea, for when yon are started you wiU think of it no more than crossing the Thames. * * ** This is a flourishing place, a new English Church is to be built here this next spring ; two Presbyterian Chapels, and two Methodist ones ; a new Coll^ is also to be built, as large as Cambridge ; Parliament House and Prison ; a large Hospital; there are five lai^ steam boats on the lake, and one of two hundred hone power, which will be finished next spring. More emigrants will be coming next year than ever. Good land is sold with timber upon it for 10s. per acre. Good beef at 2d. and 2^d. per lb., a good goose for Is. Sd., a fowl for 7^., flour 4^ dollars per barrel, which weighs 196 pounds, 'which is 1^ per pound; poUitoes, Is. per bushel; apples, 2s. per bushel; beer, I|d* per gallon ; whiskey, 7d. a quart; brandy, Is. 6d. ; gin. Is. Sd. ; rum, the same. I only wish you were here, to live as we do : we want for nothing; but when we sit dowi., to think how they are all starving at home, it gives me the horrors, especially my poor father and mother. J hope my dear brother James will not let them want, and tell them I hope in the course of a little time, I shall be able to send him something in return, as we are doing well. My dear Sbter, I hope you will oblige me, and send this letter to Frome, as soon as you have read it, as John Hill is coming, and we long to see him ; and John Hill I hope will help my brother Henry out, and be no*) afraid, for we will 'pay you his expenses when you get here, and we will do every thing in our power to assist you. Be sure to bring Martha out with you, and we will give her plenty of bacon ; tell Henry to bring two donkeys with him for breeding, for they are so valuable here, that you can get 50/1 for them when you get here; a it an brought two with him lately, and was offered 50/. for them, and would not take it. Tell John Hill* to come with all speed, for he will do better here than ever he « This man and his family, coosiflting altogether of 14 persons, left ^iTome, for Canada, very lately. &4 did in England,' and be sure to bring a good giiri, for you need not be afnud of shooting, for this is the place to live in. I wish my father and mother would venture to come; we would keep them asiong as they live, and keep them comfortable. John* when you arrive* I hope we shall have a merry meet- ing; tell my brothers, John, William, and James, that carpenters havie a capital trade here all the year tound) and basket makers would soon get a good fortune; all trades are very good indeed, and God send you all out with speed. Go to Samuel Stint and tell him to come directly, and tell Stint to go to Mr. Gillet and tell him to come here, for stone- woric is plenty; there is more work going on than we can tell them. Tell my brother John if he will come, he can do well here; but if he cannot raise the means to come at present, I hope in the course of another year we shall be able to help him. When you come, you had better come by New York than come by the Canal. Bring some good sharp apples, lemons, beer and cider, cheese and onions, pickled cabbage and vinegar, those are the particular articles you will want. « Dear Sister, as soon as you receive this letter, let Ben- jamin copy it and send it to Frome, as John Hill, his wife and family, are coming out as' soon as they receive it ; bring out some lace and net for caps, and needles of different kinds. When you come, you must come to York, Upper Canada, and enquire for Young-street, near Dulchee's foundry. ,. , " Your affectionate Brother and Sister, ^ . . ** George and Anne Carpenter* *' To Mr. Henry Beelbeck, 2 Adam's-row,^ Hampstead-road, London." 9. «FAHB£NH£rr. 1820. Uppbr Canada. LowBB Canada. Msxi. Mini, mum. mum. Mean. Max. Mini. Imum mum. Mean. January, « 48 -90 18.17 33 .93 11.14 February, fiO 8 sas7 40 -S» 10.69 March, 52 2ft.94 47 .26 12.13 April, May. 83 40 59.70 81 9 48^1 9i 40 67.32 92 30 67.84 June, 87 W 77.61 95 55 76.34 July,' 193 60 81.37 103 62 82.23, August, 69 <(5 7at4 100 58 747 September, 92 38 64.45 90 30 50.16 October, 74 28 48 55 9 32.24 NoT^ml^, k 54 10 34.53 26.48 40 .13 17.44 Decembist, 41 >2 43 .21 11.94 For the Yew, . 78.8 25.72 48.37 68u26 11.75 42.1 : For the SummerMonths'l Juno, July, Aogott, i 90.66 57.33 77.37 99.33 58.33 77.64 11.25 Winter MonthaT ■1 4&S3 ^4n 22L49 3a66 -24.33 : .m From a Parliamentary Document it appears that Emigration to the Canaoas, during a period of Nine Years, has been very considerable : < New South British North British Wdet, Cape of Van Die. GomlHope. man's Land Years. American West Total. Colonies. Indies. and Swan Riyer. No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Persons. Persons. Persons. Persons. Persons. 1821 12,470 1,772 404 320 14,966 1822 11,282 1,423 192 875 13,772 1823 8,133 1,911 184 543 10,771 1824 7,311 1,353 119 780 9,563 1825 8,741 1,082 114 485 10,422 1826 12,818 1,913 116 903 15,750 1827 12,648 1,156 14 715 14,633 1828 12,084 1,211 135 1,056 14,486 1829 13,907 1,251 197 2,016 17,371 88 li':'i:i With reipect'to the numbers who went to the Canadas in the last year, we have the following article : *' We are assured by the Quebec Gazette of the 2d of November, that nearly 50,000 emigrants had arrived out during the present year. This great mass of persons, we know from private sourca, readily found work ; or, in the phraseology of the country, they had been absorbed. We cannot but think this a matter of congratulation; it assures us the unemployed labouring poor of this country may safely and wisely be encouraged to emigrate at a cheap rate to a land which will at onee give them employment and the means of a liberal subsistence; and as a convincing proof how 1 advantageously such emigration will work for the benefit of \ the mother country, we are enabled to state that 170,000 quarters of wheat have this season been shipped at Quebec for England, as well as 50,000 barrels of flour. These shipments, of course, were the produce of the "harvest in 1830 ; the harvest of 1831 was not ready for market, and though the harvest has been gathered in, and was not a bad one, yet it was calculated it would not ofi«r for ex|K)rtation next year, a larger quantity of grain than has been stiippdcl this present season. It is true a greater breadth of land was ' sowed thb season, but the harvest -generally has not been so productive, particularly in Lower Canada, where the common red wheats are produced ; but of the white wheats, which ' are the production of Upper Canada, a full quantity had been gathered in. The price of the Upper Canada white wheat at Quebec was from 6«. 3(f. to 68. 6d. per bushel, and of the Lower Canada, or red wheat, from 5s. 6(2. the minot, (the minot contains abput half a gallon more than the bushel,) but as it does not come so clean to market as the produce of the Upper Provinces, it may be safely quoted at 58. 8