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 THE BREVOORT HOUSE, 
 
 FIFTH AVENUE, 
 
 CORNER OF EIGHTH ST., NEW YORK, 
 
 Strictly upon tlio European plan, furnishing meals at all hours, guests 
 paying only for what they call for. 
 
 ALBERT CLARK, Proprietor. 
 
 Clarendon Hotel, 
 
 UNION PLACE, COR. OF 18TH STREET, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Tliirf Hot<'1 is (Idiglitfiilly fitiuUod nonr tlio Union I'ark, Aciidomy of MiiMc, nnd other 
 ]iln('e:< i)f lUti'ftetioi). Tile aiiartniciit.-', from llie sinijle room to tiie suite of nnj' nunibor 
 cii'siri'il, nre lunply ]>riiviili'tl witii Uatii JIihims, iiiul all the modern eoiivoniences. It is 
 coiidiiotid on the Tahle d'lloto system, or meals are served in rooms. The euisiue is uuder 
 the directions of one of the tirst chefs in the United States. 
 
 Tcriniii: $2.50 per dny. No cbargfc for Baths. 
 
 KERNER Sl BIRCH, Proprietors. 
 
 LTrXirGE HOUS^, 
 
 BROADWAY, 
 
 Opposite Bond. St., N"e"w York. 
 
 This new and elegant Hotel is located in the most fashionable part 
 of Ih'oadway, and is furnished Mith all the modern improvements, 
 rendering it the most desiral)le Hotel in the Metropolis, 
 
 HENRY WHEELER, Proprietor. 
 W. W. HILL, (formerly of the Irving House,) Superintendent. 
 
 W. CHASE & SON, 
 
 MAXLKACTfHKRS OF 
 
 SCHOOL FURNITURE, 
 
 OF VARIOUS DESIGNS. 
 
 Chase's Patent Iron Back Clialr, Office Desks, 
 and new design of Settee ; a supply kept con- 
 stantly on hanil at 
 
 198 SEVENTH 8TEEET, BUFFALO, N.Y., 
 
 and 194 Lako Street, Chicago, HI. 
 
 WYLIE. & LOGHEAD, 
 
 BUCHANAN STREET, Glasgow, SooUand. 
 
 Illustrated Ciitaloguet »ent by applying at 
 above. 
 
d: ' 
 
 'Z 
 
 THE lERCANTEE AGENCY, 
 
 314 & 316 BROADWAY, 
 
 SUB OFFICE, 111 BROADWAY, TBII¥IT¥ BITILDIIVG, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 B. DOUGLASS & CO, PROPRIETORS. 
 
 Establtshed, June, 1§41. 
 
 Tliis establishment supi)lie8 (to subscribers only) all necessary 
 information as to the standing, responsibility, &c., of Merchants, 
 Traders, Maniifactm-ei-s, Public Companies, &c., throughout the 
 United States, their Territories, and British North America. 
 
 Also makes collections and attends to legal business generally. ) , 
 is the oldest and by far the most complete and extensive system ever 
 organized for the accommodation of Banking and Mercantile interests, 
 and for the general promotion and protection of trade. 
 
 BRANCH AND ASSOCIATE OFFICES. 
 IN THE ITNITED STATES. 
 
 B. DOUGLASS & CO., New York. 
 B. DOUGLASS & CO., riiiladflpliia. 
 E. RUSSELL <fe CO., Boston. 
 J. D. PRATT &, CO., Baltimore. 
 B. DOUGLASS & CO., Cincinnati. 
 B. DOUGL.\SS & CO., Pittsburg. 
 B. DOUGLASS & CO., Cleveland, Oliio. 
 B. DOUGLASS & CO., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 B. DOUGLASS & CO., Chieago, HI. 
 B. DOUOL.LSS & CO., DuliiKiue, Iowa. 
 B. DOUGLASS & CO., Milwuiikee, Wis. 
 B. DOUGLASS & CO., Now Orleans. 
 B. DOUGLASS «fe CO., Charleston. 
 PRATT & CO., Riclimond, Va. 
 B. DOUGLASS & CO., Louisville, Kv. 
 B. DOUGLASS & CO., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 IN CANADA. 
 
 B. DOUGLASS & CO., Montreal. | B. DOUGLASS & CO., Toronto. 
 
 IN ENGLAND. 
 
 B. DOUGLASS & CO., Unity Building, 10 Connon Street, London, E. C. 
 
 1^^ This Institution, of long-tried utility in the United States of America and British 
 Provinces, has lately been extended by branch to London. A continued and con- 
 stantly increasing patronage of 18 years, is a sufficient proof of the advantages its 
 subscribers have derived from it. To those Houses in the United Kingdom which arc 
 doing an American or Canadian trade, it affords facilities such as they liavc never 
 before had access to, and it will bo found as well adapted in its operations to " Inter- 
 national Trade" as it lias hitherto been found within narrower limits. 
 
 Any reasonable test of the correctness of the information on the records, will he 
 given to parties contemplating subscribing, by apjdication at the Office in London, 
 where also the terms of subscription will be made known. 
 
:etoiis. 
 
 all necessary 
 of Merchants, 
 u-ougliout the 
 I'ica. 
 
 } generally. I 
 vc system ever 
 ;antile interests, 
 
 FICES. 
 
 I, Cliii'iiii". II'- 
 ., Diiliuipu', lown. 
 Mil\viiuk<"»', ^Vis. 
 )., New OrU'iina. 
 )., Charleston. 
 nonJ, Va. 
 )., Louisville, Ky. 
 )., St. Louis, JIo. 
 
 CO., Toronto, 
 joixlon, E. C. 
 
 ■ America and British 
 continued and con- 
 
 ,f the advantap!e.s its 
 Kingdom which are 
 
 . as they have never 
 
 operations to " Intcr- 
 
 >it.s. 
 
 m the records, w'M &« 
 
 the, Office in London, 
 
 I 
 
 CINCINNATI AND ST. LOUIS! 
 
 Tlirough. "VT'ith.ou.t Oliange of Oars. 
 
 OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI 
 
 BROAD GAUGE RAILROAD! 
 
 Louisville, Vincennes, Evansville, Cairo, and 
 SA.I:N^T LOUIS! 
 
 CONNEC'Tl.N(i AT ST. I.0UI8 FOB AI.I, PLACES I\ 
 
 MK.MIMIIS, VICKSBIKG, NATCHEZ, AND NEW OULEANS ; AT 
 
 CAIRO! 
 
 For Memphis, Vicksburg, Natchez, and 
 
 AT NEW ORLEANS FOR 
 
 GALVESTON & ALL PLACES IN SOUTHERN TEXAS. 
 
 IVolicc. — Tlic attention of jjorsons cmiftruting West is called to the fine Timber 
 Lmiils between Cincinnati and Vincennes. Hickory, Black and AV'liite Walnut, Sugar 
 Maple, l'oi)lar, Oak, and Ash, abound. To those wlio prefer Prairie liands of a supe- 
 rior (juality, and at iavorable rates, a fine opportunity is ofTered for selection between 
 Vincennes and St. I^ouis, witli all the l)enetits of a mild climate. Fanners on the line 
 of the Ohio & Missi^sippi Railroad, have the advantage of the two great western mar- 
 kets — Cincinnati and St. Louis. 
 
 ASK FOR TICKETS VIA OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. 
 
 Broad Gauge Saloon Cars through from Cincinnati to St. Louis without ciiange. 
 Oni.v one Change of Caijs between Cincinnati, Louisville, Evansville or Cairo. 
 
 Trains Leave CincioQati in Connection with Trains of all the Eastern Railroads. 
 ONE THROUGH TRAIN ON SUNDAY. 
 
 THROUOH TICKETS 
 
 To tlio Wo.st and South, via Cincinnati and Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, can be procured 
 at nil tlio Eastern Raih-oad Ticket OtHcos, and at all tlie prineipal Stations on Heads oast 
 of Cineinnati, and at the several Oflices of the Company at Cincinnati. 
 
 W. H. CI.EMENT. P. 1¥. STRADER, 
 
 General Superintendent. General Ticket Agent, Cin. 
 
r 
 
 y/>, 
 
 IMPORTANT TO EMIGRAKTS 
 
 GOINO TO 
 
 THE CANADAS AND THE WESTERN STATES. 
 
 Laml Atjnu-y and lixjlxiry ffffiW.'* for t/i,' ^fr of Cmada Lamh, 
 jmiili'ulai's of w/ilc/i, (r^ u'<f/ <'*' r>n'(i/>/,' !>fono<ifw/i, ran now Iw <,h- 
 ta'inid at Ukooks 6c J'.dal, 209 ricciulilly, J.oiidoii, Engluud, whh-h 
 House is in connection iclth the wcll-hwwn Land Aijency and Agri- 
 cultural h\tahl'tshnunt of iTV.o. Fillkk it Co., Hamilton and Toronto, 
 Canada West. 
 
 The Kn'disli Keijistrv for Properties in Canada can now lie inspected 
 at 209 riccadilly, London, England, free of expense, which contains 
 the particulars of various farms for sale in I'^pper and Lower Canada, 
 (varying from M.^ to £12 and £'.'30 sterling per acre). I5reweries, flour 
 and saw-mills, houses, and all descrijitions of property ; also 1(»,0()(> acres 
 of land covered with capital growing oak, elm, ash, and heecli timber, 
 at from $0 to !?2(> i)er acre, or, in English money, from i;l 4*. to £0 
 sterling j^er acre. 
 
 In the State of Illinois, the property of Martin Zimmerman, Escj., 
 the eminent railway contractor, are I0(»,(iu(» acres of the very best 
 prairie lands, from £1 to £3 sterling per acre. This soil produces -to 
 bushels of wheat to the acre, besides Indian corn and other crops. The 
 very best of shooting and fishing in the district. 
 
 There are also 1,350 acres of excellent land, some 400 under culti- 
 vation, 7 miles from the Cornwall station, on the Grand Trunk line ; 
 G8 miles from Montreal. This is for sale at £5 jter acre, in farms of 
 200 acres, or in one lot at .£4 p«.r acre. 
 
 People emigrating should inspect the Register, at which ])lace can 
 be obtained the most useful information, as well as a letter of introduc- 
 tion to George Fuller & Co., the agricidtural auctioneers, James street, 
 Hamilton, and at Komain Uuildings, King street, Toronto. 
 
 Persons will find it most desirable not to settle until after an inter- 
 view with Mr. George Fuller, either at Toronto or Hamilton. 
 
 Moneys received from, and transmitted to, England, Ireland & Scotland. 
 
 OEO. FULL3<:il & CO., 
 Agaric 11 If II i*al AiiflioiieerM and Ijniiil Valuers, 
 
 HAMILTON AND TORONTO, 0. W., 
 
 Who are the Importers of " Thohlky's Cattlk Food," luul "Downs' Farmer's Fiiiend," a pre- 
 ventative to Smut in Wheat and Wire Worm. 
 
IfTS 
 
 ^ STATES. 
 
 Canada Laiuh, 
 I, ctiii nino he oh- I 
 
 Kiigliiml, v'hich 
 (jcni'ij and Atjrl- . 
 on ami Toronto, 
 
 iu)\v 1)0 insi»cetecl 
 
 ■, which contains 
 
 il Lower Ciinmhi, 
 
 IJrt'Wcries, Hour 
 
 ulsol(V><>*'ii('''^'^ 
 md beech timber, j 
 from £1 4*'. to £0 j 
 
 '/immerman, Ks<i., 
 
 of the very best 
 
 s soil ])rocbices 40 
 
 other crops. The 
 
 e 400 under culti- 
 rrand Trunk line; 
 r acre, in farms of 
 
 it which jilace can 
 , letter of introduc- 
 leers, James street, 
 oronto. 
 
 mtil after an inter- 
 lliimilton. 
 
 Ireland & Scotland. 
 
 O., 
 
 ii«l Valuers, 
 
 Farmer's Friend," a pre- 
 
 J 
 
 THE 
 
 BRITISH AMERICAN GUIDE-BOOK: 
 
 DKINO A CDNDKNSKK 
 
 GAZETTEER, DIRECTORY AND GUIDE, 
 
 CANADA, TJIE WESTEM STATES, 
 
 A \ I) 
 
 |)riuci])a( (fitic$ on tijc ^ralioail 
 
 IN FOUR PARTS. 
 
 PART I.— THE UNITED STATES. 
 PAllT II.— SCENES AND SCENERY. 
 PART III.— UPPER AND LOWER CANADA. 
 PART IV.— THINGS AS TIIEY ARE IN 1859. 
 
 ILLUSTliATKl) WITH UPWARDS OF 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 XL BAILLIERE, 200 BROADWAY, AND 210 REGENT ST., LONDON. 
 
 MONTREAL: 15. DAWSOX & SON. GLASGOW: D. JACK & CO. 
 
•I 
 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
 " T 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Kiiloieil, anciiliiit; I" Act nf (■..n^.'l•<■•<^ 111 IIm^ .var In.'.I, 
 
 Uy ('. K, lllll.l.imiK, 
 
 In Mie .Ink's Office of the Di.-trk't Court ..r tl,. Tnif-.l Siiitei. for the ;^o,i.he,ii Dbtiiot of Ne.v V"il:. 
 
 1 
 
 4 J 
 
 
 ■^< 
 
 NB\r TOHK:— BILLIN AND OROTUEA, PRINTKR8 AND STBRROTYPKR^f 90, NOUTll WILLIAM STRKKT. 
 
TO THE READER. 
 
 rr 
 
 *v 
 
 ♦V 
 f 
 
 V..rl:. 
 
 Ah llii^ WDik is ilisi^'iu'il In In- u-rfiil luid iiiUTi'^tiiii,' li> rciultT-' on liolli j^iiUv^ el' tlic At- 
 lantic, 111"' imllmi', ill (•diiiiiiliin; ii, lin» i iiil.iiMMiicd to |iii>vtit it in sn.li a iiianm r as will 
 
 niici iJKit (11.!, Wliil-t il limy 1 rr^.-lly sii|)|)ih,.,1 tli.it tlic illiistnilinns ;,'iv('i. <if Aiiht- 
 
 ieati aiiil Can.i'rmii cili.'i aii>l MTiiri-y will l»' new In ri'a<li'f.s ^'I'liiTiiUy, in Kuropc, still it 
 is liiHivcil, tliat rv.n in Anicriia llnv ai'' tlinu^iinils to wlioni niiiliy of siicli scenes will 
 Ic 1HU ; lui.l lliiil, whiNl llic iiitirlis, cniiilcl •• 'I'liiii'.'s as tlicy arc in isr)".»," arc iiioi'i' ini- 
 iiiciliiili'ly <'iiiiiirciiMl with iiiathr- willi wliicli c\i ry resident in America is sii|i|i(isecl to lie 
 Cdiiversant, yet, iVnin the iiilr.nliielion of iiilnniiatioii liiiviii'.' special reference to tlip same 
 Milijeets as tlicy esi^t in lirilain — ami liy a eempurison of tliese as tlicy are in tlie two 
 countries — it is liopeil tlial American readers will liiiil siidi articles lotli interesting; ami in- 
 ttrneii\ e. 
 
 In tlic oiiinioiis ex] 
 
 ir (lescriiitions of ••men and tliinjis" i;ivon, tlio author docs 
 
 lilt lay claim to cither infaHiliilily, or any !,'reat literary merit ; hut to a sincere desire to 
 iresent ^llell ill an inlelliijihle, miliiassed, and di>iiiteicsled manner; and where he has 
 
 ^sed— 
 
 !'l" 
 
 to err as toaiiv iiartieidar fact- — or dill'er from 
 
 my in the o|iinions ex|iie 
 
 he claims that such niav he attrilnileil 
 
 ir in inforiiiation received, and in judLrment — 
 
 than to error of intention, tn^ratifv 
 
 any |ier;onal, or p 
 
 reiudiced pfcconocivcd noli 
 
 In altempliiiLr to deseiihe and illustrate so vast a territory .Ts this work cnihraccs, it lias 
 liccn found iniiiossihh — even with eonsiderahk' assistance rendered him — for tho author to 
 
 iitiecd in time for this edition of tho work ; 
 
 jirodiu'c orit;iiial dcseriptions of (very jilai'c m 
 coiisei|ueiitly, he has availed himself of exiraols from some of the most reliable authori- 
 ties havini; refercnee to the disii'n-ts not yet visited iicrsonally by him. Ainon;i;st those, 
 lie iiKiitions l,i|>|iencot's and 1 lay ward's (ia/.eltoors, the Cosmopolitan Art Journal, Francis's 
 (iiiiile to New York, and Hunt's Merchants' Ma^azino, and to a work by Mr. W. V. Smith 
 of IJalliniore, on the "Railroad Celebration of 1857," for information pertainint; to the 
 Slaies, and " l.ovell's Directory" and " Key to Canada," as regards Canada. Any other 
 sources of inforiiiation are mentioned whore extracts from them occur. By this moans, 
 
 a com] 
 
 tioii in future o<lition3 of this work, to briiii,' the information respecting particular districts 
 down to later dates, from personal observation nnd oxperionce. 
 
 tho information, iiivcn as a whole, is rendered 
 
 iplote. It is, however, the inton- 
 
6 
 
 TO TIIK l{KAI)KI{. 
 
 TIk' iiullmr lull* <'<intii|i'iu't) in »iil>tiiittitif^ tlu* illiiotnilinii') lor piililii' ii|>|>r(>\iil. i\* In- lini 
 «n<It'nvoiirf(| to Hi'diro thu bent nt roiiiiiiiiticl wlu'i'i' iilrciiily in oxNlciicn, iiml iiIko dy linv- 
 ini{ (illiciHcnjfnivril frimi |iliipti>i.'ni|i)ii<' niid |n'iicil i.ki'ii'lii* tiiki'ii fpi'i'liilly for tlil-< work. 
 Til pi'c^ii'vi', IIS f;ir lit ]i(is<iMi', all llic Inillil'iil ililiiiN ol' tin' |iliii|ii'.'rn|iliir view?', llicy 
 liiivi' lici'ii ic|i|i(i|(ii,'rii|p|ii'il ii|niii wciimI liy .Mi>.,'i!<. Wiilir:^ it f'n. nf Nrw Yiirk, l>y I'rice'n 
 pnti'fit [irooe^n, 1111(1 crif,'!'!! veil fi'iiin siii'li Ky lluiii, p^u ilmt tlic illiiHtriitii>iii iirricntrd fniiii 
 tlii'si' fiiitlifiilly illiinlriilc nirli sci-nc rrpi-c'^i'iilril. 
 
 A fiw ly|"i:.'ni|ilii('iil iiikI cliriciil irroi'^ ncciir lici'i' iiml llnic. wliicli wiTr nut (ilmiTVctl 
 till uft>'l' liiini,' |p|'iiitc(l tt/r; iIh'cc, lidWcvir, will lir iTitilinl in I'iiUiit riliiinrH, uliii'li, it U 
 intrnili'il, to I'xti'nd iiml iTn|ii'iiv<'. 
 
 Till' Work lias Immii (li\icltil into partJ, radi part containini; one <ia--' of matter iiml an 
 index to oonlrnt!', so tlnit, rcadi'ri* may all tin' more easily tiinl ont any pMilicMlar infonnii- 
 lion or illnstnition, tliev are in srareli of. 
 
 #«i 
 
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 ,., iiii.t ul-<> i>y ii«v- 
 iiilly f">" '•''■' ^*"''''' 
 
 -inpliii- vifWH, tlu'y 
 
 w Yuik, l>y VrW* 
 
 ,„„ ],r.'s.iiti'.l from 
 
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 ,H ,,f ninttcr nml ">" 
 • |.:\itii'iiliir iiiforiim- 
 
 
 GENEKAL INDEX OF CONTENTS, 
 
 AKIlAN(H:i) TN PARTS. 
 
 CONTENTS OF PART I. 
 
 PAdR 
 
 HullillKIIV, C\\\- of .'ill 
 
 lloiliiii, Cil.v of. M 
 
 111 iif Aficiiiiil of r. Stiitoit. 1" 
 
 lliiU'.ilo, Cilv of. h7 
 
 Cliicii^o, City of. 'X\ 
 
 CiiKiiMmli, Cilv of T-'i 
 
 Cily nl' UnlliiMun' Ml 
 
 " !lii«liiii .'iii 
 
 " liiill.ilo h7 
 
 " Cincimmti "'> 
 
 " Cliirimii '.il! 
 
 " CIcVi'Inml >^^ 
 
 " Dfiroil '.iJ 
 
 " Miiiliitoii loo 
 
 " Mihuoilii'i' W 
 
 " .NrW Viilk !!■■> 
 
 " I'hilacli'lpliiii ."._' 
 
 " I'oMluii.l m 
 
 (icoiyo Wasliiiitflon lH 
 
 IIoii. .Iiiiiii's Kiii'lmiiiiii \i'^ 
 
 Now York - 
 
 View of City \i'> 
 
 Ilroadwav 'J7 
 
 I'atk and (Uty Hall '-'s 
 
 I'nivoi'sitv -J'.! 
 
 Halls ol ."liLslicc .'10 
 
 Custom lloiiso .'!o 
 
 Mffcliaiils' Kxiliaiigi' 
 
 Krcf Acailcniy 
 
 I'livatc KcsidiMioc 
 
 The Cooper liislitiilc. 
 
 The Hospital 
 
 La Furge Uuiitte 
 
 :si 
 
 .•i-t 
 
 PA(;ii 
 
 City of l'ittsl>m-« 71 
 
 ' " St. I.otiis 7.1 
 
 " CItv ol' \Vasliiiij;ton .17 
 
 Dotioit, City of. ii'J 
 
 Kli'Vatioiis, ill Aiiifiica. . . . Is 
 
 tii'oii,'!' \Va>liiiiuloii in 
 
 (io\ I'l'iiMiciit of I'. .Stales.. ^1 
 
 Uon, .lames lloelianan 'Ji' 
 
 llli'ioi-.. State of. lol 
 
 In.va, Sliiti' of |o.'! 
 
 Mailison, Cilv of loo 
 
 .Mieliinaii, Stale of loii 
 
 Mihviiuki'e, Ci y of 1»1 
 
 Minnesota, Teriilory of. ...II'J 
 
 Missouii, Stale of. ." lo',) 
 
 .Moiinlaiiis ill .Vmeriea 17 
 
 .Mount N'eriioii .'^lO 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF FABT I 
 
 Volk 
 
 New 
 
 iiitv Cliiireli :Vi 
 
 All SoufV CImieli 
 
 Hi^li ltriil;;e A(|Ue(liiel . 
 
 {tank of llie Kepiililie. . . . 
 
 I'lielaii's Itilliat'd Itooms. 
 Wasliin'^loli Tlie Capitol. 
 
 The Patent Olliee 
 
 Haltiinoit' -View of City.. 
 New Orleans - 
 
 View of Canal Street .... 
 
 The Kreiieh Cathedral. . . 
 
 Avenue in the Cemetery. 
 Ohio Kiver — Siisii. llridgt 
 
 Wheeling, Virginia 70 
 
 PAOI 
 
 Xt'w Orloiuiii, City of (J;) 
 
 I'atent Olliee, Washington., fil 
 
 I'liiladelpliM, Cilv of rfi 
 
 Pittsburg, Citv of 71 
 
 Poitlttiid, t ily'of HI 
 
 Presidents . l' I'liilfd Stttten 22 
 
 Rivers in Ai erica 1.1 
 
 St. Louis, Ci s <if 7'-i 
 
 The Capitol iil Washingtun. 4ft 
 
 The (ireat l.ukes 'Jd 
 
 I'ni.ed .States, .Xcimnt of.. 17 
 L'liiled States' (JoMrnnieiit. 21 
 United States' Presidents.. 'J'2 
 United Stated (;ov, Deparl's 2il 
 
 Wasliiiigtoii, City of. 4i 
 
 Wheeling, Virginia 7o 
 
 Wiseoiisin, State of. 104 
 
 Pittshiirg— View of City... 71 
 
 Cincinnati -View of City. SO 
 
 Third Street 77 
 
 Fourth Street 80 
 
 .Masonic Temple 78 
 
 Xutumal Theatre 81 
 
 Clevelund — 
 
 View of Superior Street. 8.5 
 l!u Halo- 
 Looking up Main Street. 88 
 
 Fr(Hii the (."reek 89 
 
 Detroit -View of (^ity 112 
 
 (Miicago — View of (Uly.... 9i) 
 
 .Milwaukee— View of City.. '.t7 
 
 Madison, View of. '. . . 9U 
 
 CONTENTS OF PART II. 
 
 Albany, Scenery between 
 
 New York and 
 
 Alleghiuiy Mountains, The. 
 
 Altaniount, Alleghanies 
 
 .Vvoii Springs 
 
 Itallston Spa 
 
 Haltiniore lo Cincinnati .... 
 lialliinore and Ohio Railroad 
 Ueanharnois, St. Lawrence. 
 Itottom lands in Missouri.. 
 IJrce/.es on the Prairies. . . . 
 Burning SpringK, Niagara.. 
 Couadiaa bout-8uug 
 
 Canandaigua Lake iVJ 
 
 04 Cape May 4S 
 
 7 (-"assidv's liidge l.'i 
 
 1;! (."atskill .Mountains M 
 
 (ij Canghnawauga, St. Law- 
 ill I rence 45 
 
 7 I Cedar Rapids, St. Lawrence 45 
 
 iiJ ' Crooked Lake ,")2 
 
 4."i Chauderie Falls, Ottawa. . . 82 
 
 2S Cheat Kiver and Valley 1;J 
 
 21) (Mncinmiti to Columbus. . . lU 
 
 77 Clarksburg 17 
 
 7U Clifton Springs 51 
 
 Climafo of Missouri Valley. 29 
 
 ("ohoes Falls 48 
 
 Columbia HridgeSuscpielm. 2.3 
 
 Columbia Sliiings tVi 
 
 ('olnmbus lo Cincinnati. . . . I'.i 
 Columbus I Haltiniore.... 21 
 Columbus lo I'hiladelpliia. . 21 
 Columbus to New Ycuk. ... 21 
 
 Cranberry Summit 1;J 
 
 Cumberland, Alleghanies.. 12 
 
 Davenport, Iowa." 30 
 
 Descending the Rapids.... 43 
 Fulls of the Chauderie 82 
 
GENERAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Jj. 
 
 Falls of the Ridcau.. 
 
 Fulls, Little 
 
 Fulls ol'Colioi's 
 
 Fnlls ol'tii'iu'st'P 
 
 Fiills (if Kaiitorskill 
 
 Falls of Miiiiu'lialia 
 
 Falls (if Mdiitiiiiiionci 
 
 Falls of Niairara 
 
 Fulls of the I'assaic 
 
 FallsdfSt. Aiitli(jn_v 
 
 Falls of Trenton 
 
 (k'liesee Falls 
 
 (Jeiieva l.iil-" 
 
 (iiafton ,1 miction 
 
 (Ileal ('ohinil)ia Itridire 
 
 llaiper's Feriy, Viifiinia. . . 
 
 lindson Kivei 
 
 Indian Lake 
 
 Indian .Moinid, Jlouiidsville 
 Iron l!i-idi;e — the largest in 
 
 America 
 
 Iron Momilain, Missouri. . . 
 
 Islands, llie Tlionsand 
 
 .lell'erson'.s Uoek 
 
 Junction to Wlieeling and 
 
 I'arkerslnirjr 
 
 Juniata, Seenerv of tlie 
 
 Kansas and Neliraska 
 
 Kauterskill Falls 
 
 Kinfjwood Tunnel 
 
 Lu L'liine, St. ],a\vrence 
 
 J^ake (,'anandaiL{ua 
 
 Lake(ieor},'e..". 
 
 Lake Maliopae 
 
 Lakeof tli(! Thousand Isl'ds 
 Lake of the Two Mountains 
 Lake I'epiii, Mississi|)pi. , . . 
 Lakes I'leasant and Crooked 
 
 liUke Saranacs 
 
 Lakes (ieiieva and Seiu'ca. . 
 
 Luke St. Francis 
 
 J/akeSupeiioi' 
 
 Luke Svhan, Calskill Mt'iis 
 
 Lake Winnipiseo>!;ce 
 
 Lebanon Springs 
 
 Little Falls 
 
 Little Miami Uiv'raiid Val'y 
 
 Long Sault Rajiids 
 
 Lumber in Missouri 
 
 Jluiden Hock, Mississippi.. 
 
 P.IGE 
 
 •IS 
 
 (III 
 .'i.i 
 ;;'.' 
 
 i;i 
 
 :.r j 
 
 4ii 
 CO 
 li:; 
 l.-i ' 
 
 Ill 
 
 (M 
 liii 
 IT 
 
 10 
 
 -') 
 4:; 
 li» 
 
 l.-i 
 
 llL' 
 
 ■p; 
 
 ■|o 
 ."i4 ! 1 
 
 111' 
 4;! ■ 
 
 I'.VfiK 
 
 jManimoth Gave, Kentucky. 4S 
 
 .Miami Valley and River I'.i 
 
 Minnehaha Falls •"''.• 
 
 Mississipiii irdge.Hock Isl'd .".n 
 
 ,\lississi|ipi Trip (111 L'pper. ol 
 >lissouri. Mineral Hesour- 
 
 ces of '-;j 
 
 Missouri, Valley of the -7 
 
 Moiiongaliela and Tvgart's 
 
 Valley Kivers ' 10 
 
 .Montinorenei Falls "^T 
 
 .Montreal to Ottawa, per Kail S:! 
 
 Montreal to Ottawa.perU I v'r T'.i 
 
 Mountain, the Iron - ' 
 
 Mount Vernon -Ill 
 
 Nahanf -I'.i 
 
 Nebraska and Kansas '1'.^ 
 
 New J,ebaiiiin S|ii'ings HI 
 
 .Newport, Hliiide Island. . . . 'i- 
 
 New York to .Mbaiiy ''l 
 
 Niauara Ifnrning Splines. . 77 
 
 Niagara Falls 7- 
 
 Niagara Falls, K(nites to.. . 7s 
 
 Niagara ."Susiiension liridge 7ii 
 
 .Niagara to Thousand Isl'ds. 4ii 
 
 Ottawa Hivcr, 'flip up the. 7'.' 
 
 rarriersbiiig Is 
 
 I'assaic falls 01 
 
 I'aiapsco liiver, .'Scenery of. S 
 
 riiiiadclphiato I'ittsliuriX. . . 'IZ 
 
 I'ietiired Uocks, Lake Siip'r -to 
 
 I'icdmont, Alh'^lianv .Mi'iis 1l' 
 
 I'itt>burg to riiiladel]ibia.. -Jl 
 
 I'latle l\i\er and Vallei-. . . . I's 
 
 I'ly.iiouth Hock ' 4'.i 
 
 I'dint of Rocks '.I 
 
 Potomac Valley and River. . in 
 
 Prairies, liree/es on the. . . . 'J'.i 
 
 Prairies in MisMinri 'Js 
 
 River Hudson, Scenery of. li.') 
 
 River lliulsoii. Source ul... li^l 
 
 River .luniala. Pa 'IK 
 
 fiver Mississijiiii ",1 
 
 River .Missouri •J7 
 
 River Ottawa 7',i 
 
 River Passaic (11 
 
 Kiver Palapseo 7 
 
 River Platte, Missouri L'S 
 
 River Poloinac lo 
 
 River Sagucnav s,", 
 
 PAQR 
 
 River St. Lawrence and 
 
 Rapids 4'J 
 
 River Siisipiehanna, I'a. . . . i;:i 
 
 River (Cpiier) Ottawa ^4 
 
 Rochester 40 
 
 Roekawav lieaeli 4'.) 
 
 . . . ;'.(» 
 
 . . . 0'.' 
 
 4'.1 
 
 7 
 
 Rock Island liridge 
 1 Rondout Creek,. . . 
 I Saguenay River.. . 
 ] Saratoga Springs. . 
 j Seenerv of Alleghany Mt'iis 
 
 I Scenery of ("at>kill Slt'iis. . W■^ 
 
 ' Scenery of the Potimiae !i 
 
 ^\eller^• of White Mount'ns .I" 
 
 .Scenes and Scenery .'i 
 
 ."Seottisli and .\iii. Scenery.. 7 
 
 .Sharon Springs ,"ii) 
 
 Si.ooting the Rapids 4:i 
 
 Sleep ilollow oO 
 
 .Soil cf the .Missouri Valley. "7 
 
 .•Source of the Hudson 0;i 
 
 Springs it Watering places. 4s 
 
 St. Anthony, .\Iinnesota.. . . :',7 
 
 Steaming up the Mississip|)i ;U 
 Steaming u]i the .Missouri.. 
 
 .•St. Francis' Lake 
 
 .■St. Lawrence River, Rapids. 
 
 Si. I'aul, .Minnesota 
 
 St. Pan! to St. .Vntlioiiv's 
 
 ; Falls :... 
 
 ' Superior Lake. 
 
 ■Suerineh&niia River •!'■', 
 
 Sylvan Lake .^4 
 
 Tip-Toji House .'.H 
 
 Trenton Falls ^i; 
 
 Trip up the Ottawa 7 'J 
 
 Tri]) up the .Saguenay s,". 
 
 Trip through tliu Thousand 
 
 Islands 4:i 
 
 Trip up the Cjiper Miss'ppI ".1 
 
 j Tnppcr's Lake Oii 
 
 I Turk's face, on the Hudson US 
 
 I I'pper Mississip(ii Ifiver... .".1 
 
 I'liper Ottawa River s4 
 
 Vallev of the Missouri 1^7 
 
 Watering Places 4S 
 
 White .\(ountaiiis 07 
 
 White .^uliihur .Springs. , . . ,',i) 
 
 Willey House .'is 
 
 Winiiipiseogec Lake .'lO 
 
 4.-I 
 4-2 
 
 40 
 
 AUf'jliani/ 3IountaiiiK. 
 Viaduct across the Pa- 
 
 tapsco 8 
 
 Scenery at Ellysvillc and 
 
 Iron Bridge 7 
 
 Harper's Ferry In 
 
 Point of Roclis y 
 
 Mountain View, Cranber- 
 ry Grade 13 
 
 Grand Potomac Valley 
 
 View 11 
 
 Scenery on the I'otomiic 
 
 River 11 
 
 The Cheat River Grade. . 14 
 
 Cheat River Valley 14 
 
 Grafton Junction and 
 
 Iron Bridge 1.", 
 
 riedmont— " Foot of the 
 
 Mountuin" 1;> 
 
 Tygart's Valley and Mo- 
 
 iionguhela Rivers 10 
 
 Indian Mound, Mounds- 
 
 Tille 17 
 
 ILIUSTRAnONS OF PART n, 
 
 Cat-sl-Ul ^f(lullillill.t. 
 Scene in the Mountains. .".", 
 The Kaiiter.skill Falls., o.", 
 View down Sleejiy Hollow ;"ii'i 
 
 .Sylvan Lake t)\ 
 
 at)/ 11/ SI. J'linl, Jfin/imntd. ;iO 
 <'/!//'lii S/iri/i'jK U'.i/ir Ckiv ,"i1 
 
 (u/ii.icr t-'idh Oil 
 
 JiDiiiiln, Sri ne iin th<' 24 
 
 JmI'c- Siipi'i-ior. 
 
 The Pictured Rocks 41 
 
 LUlh' Miinnl /I'ir/r ii/k/ I'li/lei/. 
 View near Fort Ancient . ill 
 
 Miamiville '21) 
 
 MiiDflmliii Fiillf ;is 
 
 Mniittnori iici Ftillx s7 
 
 X'lrport, h'hiiile Isiiiiil ,"i'J 
 
 Si'ii/iirii Fnlh. 
 .Suspension Rridge, full 
 
 view 70 
 
 Railroad Track on Sus- 
 pension Bridge 72 
 
 Terrapin Tower 75 
 
 Xliii/ard Fiill-t. 
 The American and Horse- 
 shoe Palls 7^ 
 
 Table Rock 7.'i 
 
 Hill niiit; .Sprinirs 77 
 
 />,(.«,(/,■ Fdl", .V</('././wy... 01 
 
 A'ifir //i/i/smi. 
 
 Source of the Hudson... . 0;i 
 
 The Palisades 04 
 
 The Turk's Face OH 
 
 Rondout Cieek O'.t 
 
 , Interior Hudson Steamer O.i 
 
 liil-ff Mix :,.>.ijl/ii. 
 
 Steamin ;■ up the Missis- 
 
 .^iipi'i :■ "'l 
 
 View b( Iwi en Lake Pepin 
 
 and St. Paul "1 
 
 The .Maid.^n Rock........ :i.-; 
 
 Hridge across the .Missis- 
 sippi '■'■•') 
 
 liirt r SI. I.txu'n ii('i\ 
 
 Descending the Rapids.. 4J 
 
 The Thousuud Islundii... i'i 
 
 
 Hi 
 
GENERAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. 
 
 9 
 
 PAQB 
 
 'iicc tuid 
 
 42 
 
 im, I'll.... liO 
 
 ttiiwii 84 
 
 4(i 
 
 4'.) 
 
 Ige "•'» 
 
 il'.i 
 
 8') 
 
 i 49 
 
 li;ii)V Mt'iis 7 
 
 ;ill Sll'iis. . 'I'i 
 
 jtoiiiiic. . . . '•' 
 
 MiHiiit'ns TiT 
 
 lury f> 
 
 1. Scenery.. 7 
 
 W) 
 
 pills 4:5 
 
 .Ml 
 
 iiiri Vulloy. 27 
 
 ulscin t>3 
 
 riiiH places. 4H 
 iitU'SdIii.. . . :!" 
 
 Mississippi ;U 
 ^ Missouri.. 28 
 
 Le 4.'> 
 
 vor, Kiipiils. 4-2 
 :(itu !!o 
 
 Antliiiiiv's 
 
 :... :;7 
 
 40 
 
 iver -■'• 
 
 .Vt 
 
 .'ill 
 
 :iwii I 'J 
 
 iiii'imy '^■") 
 
 10 Tlioiisaml 
 
 4.! 
 
 fMiss'ppi ".I 
 
 (;-j 
 
 till- lllMlsdIl tiS 
 
 pi Kiver. . . .'U 
 
 lUvcr.. .S4 
 
 issoiu'i ■J7 
 
 4S 
 
 lis TiT 
 
 Spi'inj;s. . . . .'>i) 
 
 :,H 
 
 Lake .''O 
 
 II and Horse- 
 
 7?. 
 
 7.'> 
 
 iiLTs 77 
 
 Xtic Jirsii/.. . I'll 
 
 Iliidsdii.... iV-\ 
 , lit 
 
 KV 'IH 
 
 ok i'''.» 
 
 Sim Sloaiiier 'i.i 
 
 . Ilie Missis- 
 
 :;l 
 
 11 Lake I'epiii 
 
 ml -I 
 
 Uii.'k "■•• 
 
 <s tlie Missis- 
 ;iu 
 
 ■t'IK'C. 
 
 the Rapids.. 4 J 
 ul Islands.. . 4;S 
 
 
 r.iuK 
 lilivr St. Laurence. 
 Hlidotiiif; tlio Long Sault 
 Rapids . 42 
 
 SU'iiiiiiii'j ii/i the MfsmirL. . ;is 
 ^t. Anthoiiy's l\dh uS 
 
 .'iii-iqinhdiimi, View on the.. 23 I 
 
 T/it. /roil Moiiiiliiiii, MuKoiiri M 1 
 
 Tmitoii F11U.1. i 
 
 Tlie IU''U Falls 47 I 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Trenton Fidh. 
 The Cascades 47 
 
 While .Uiiiiiililinx. 
 
 Tip-Top llousc 59 
 
 The Wdley House 68 
 
 CONTENTS OF PART III. 
 
 Addinfrton Road, tree lands. :!7 
 
 A;;ri;iiltiiii' of ( 'aiuiila :!t 
 
 li, inks ill Canada and aLi'ls. 1:; 
 
 i'.iLiks ill (!. iii'it.iiii anil Ire 4- 
 
 ('iiiada, f;eiirr'l iiilorinatioii ill 
 
 Ciiiisuls at .Montreal lii 
 
 Clllnale .M 
 
 Cundiliiins of, free hi nl*. . . "■'.' 
 
 (.'iMWii land aLjen;i "■'.' 
 
 Caiiailiaii hanks ami .e;"iit-i. lii 
 
 ('rii|i~, riitation of •'■•' 
 
 Disliiliiilion of iiitesl. e>t's. 4.' 
 
 Kx|iense of a lUniily .'M 
 
 Kiiuiiraliiin ^^ov. nllieers, . . 11 
 
 I'lve lands lit iroveniineiit . ."iT 
 
 Free lands, eundilimis M'J 
 
 Qnehi'0 7 
 
 Montreal • 
 
 The entire City 12 
 
 (ireat St. .lames .Street.. . l.'i 
 
 I'laee d'.Vrines l.". 
 
 Reaver Hall l-". 
 
 Ronsi'i'onr's Market I'l 
 
 Victoria liridufe 14 
 
 (iame of the eonntry 
 
 (ioveinnient free lands 
 
 (ioverninent land agents., 
 (iovernnient einii;l'n ollie's. 
 
 llaniilloii, C. W. 
 
 Ilastin;;s Road, free lands.. 
 Iiii'ome A expend, of prov. 
 
 KiiiLtstiiii, (,'. W 
 
 haws. Municipal Institution 
 
 hoii house, cost of 
 
 hondon, C. \V 
 
 l.anil asii'iits, governineni . . 
 hands, wild, eust of errinij;. 
 
 Montreal, (;. K ;. 
 
 Money -order ollicc systoni.. 
 Natiirali/ation 
 
 Ottawa, C. W 
 
 Ollices held hy settlers 
 
 I'ostal reiriihitions in Can.. 
 
 I Qiiehee..' 
 
 j Rideiiii canal and locks 
 
 I Reliixion 
 
 I Settlers, infornialion lor.. . 
 
 Sale and oeeiipation of lands 
 
 School lands for sale 
 
 Toronto, C. \V 
 
 Trinity Collcfje 
 
 Taxes jiayahle 
 
 Victoria Uridiie 
 
 Wild heasts, it trouhlesonie 
 
 Wanes to ai;ricuUnrists.. , . 
 
 Work during w inter 
 
 ir 
 
 36 
 45 
 7 
 21 
 34 
 35 
 40 
 41 
 22 
 22 
 36 
 13 
 37 
 38 
 36 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAUT III 
 
 I Toronto. — The entire Cilv . 22 
 
 I St. Lawrence Hall '. . . 22 
 
 The Normal Academy . . . 24 
 
 I King Street 'JO 
 
 I Trinity College 24 
 
 ' Vonge Street Si 
 
 Crown ]/inils' Olliee, and 
 
 Mechanics' Institution. 22 
 
 Ottawa.— 
 Lower and Central Town. 18 
 
 Upper Town 19 
 
 Locks on Rideau Canal. . 21 
 
 Kingston 23 
 
 London 27 
 
 Hainiltoii 25 
 
 CONTENTS OF PART IV. 
 
 American Auction Rooms.. 
 
 .\inericim Bank Notes 
 
 .'iinerican Hanks, Ranking. 
 
 .\niericaii lintel- 
 
 American Houses 
 
 .\nierican People, Degeiie'y 
 .\nierican Railroi.d Cars. . . 
 Ainerican Kailroad Condiic. 
 American Kailr'd Loeonio.. 
 
 Ar..ericnii Uailrnads 
 
 .\mnsements and Spurts. . 
 
 Attendance at Clmri'li 
 
 Anetioneer, the .Viin-riean. . 
 .\uction K'loms in X. York. 
 
 Automaton Ovni 
 
 Hakeries, Mcclianical 
 
 Rallot Voliii.; in Aineriea. . 
 
 Rank-Note Uepnrters 
 
 Rank Notes of America, , , . 
 Ranking Llt'ture, Cnr'ties,. 
 
 Hanking, Wild-Cat 
 
 Ranks and Hanking 
 
 Rilliards and ('he<s 
 
 RiKiksilIrr, The Kailroad... 
 ]!ooksellers' Trade Sales, . . 
 
 Rroken RaTiks 
 
 Rusiness, Fast, I'resent it 
 
 Future 
 
 Canada, Trade with 
 
 Cars on .Vmerican Railr'ds. 
 Cars, Kailroad Sleeping.... 
 
 Church Attendance 
 
 Churches in America 
 
 :;! 
 
 Church Psalmody 
 
 Citizenship 
 
 Clergymen in .\merica 
 
 Clothing and Dress 
 
 Cominercial Agencies 
 
 Coinmereial Cunegci 
 
 Cominercial Ki'trosiiect. . , . 
 Ciim]iaraliveTiine Indicator 
 
 Consnniption of Ice 
 
 Ciiriositii's in Rank Lil'tnre 
 Cutting Iceou Koekl'd L'ko 
 
 Deht Collecting 
 
 Declaration of liiteutiniis, . 
 Degeneracy of Am. People. 
 Dillcrcnce in Time, Canada. 
 Dilference iii Time, I'. S. . . 
 Distances (i'om New \'ork. 
 Dislances from liuehee .... 
 
 Domestic Servants 
 
 Dress and Clothing 
 
 Drinking Cnstonis 
 
 Drinking. Water 
 
 Drinks, Kefreshing 
 
 iMlneational Inst, of Am. . . 
 
 Klectiuns in .America 
 
 Kxchauire and \'.\. Ollices.. 
 Kxemptinn Laws of IJ. S... 
 
 Express 1 
 
 Kxjiress Companies 
 
 Kxiraets from Rk-Note Rep 
 Failures in ls,"i7 and 1--.'jS. . 
 
 Fares from New Vork 
 
 Fares from (Jiiebec 
 
 ,>ii 
 li! 
 1 2 
 4 '.I 
 17 ; 
 
 ,s^ 1 
 
 ,s,-i! 
 ■to : 
 
 r'l 
 
 lis , 
 V.I 
 
 t;4 
 1^2 ; 
 
 si; : 
 
 S."i I 
 
 ',12 
 
 VI 
 
 4!i i 
 
 74: 1 
 
 'Jo 
 
 Farmers in AVinter Time,.. 58 
 Fire Fngiiie Fstahlishment. 53 
 
 I'ire Kngine, Steam 55 
 
 Friiil, Pi ices of 70 
 
 Knrniture Manufacturing.. S3 
 Hoe ,t Co.'s I'rint. Machine 7 
 
 Hotels in America 11 
 
 Household Alfairs 07 
 
 Hon-ekei']iing, Expenses of. 03 
 
 lee Triide. .'. 38 
 
 Indicator, Time 86 
 
 Intention-;, Declaration of. . 04 
 
 Interest, Legal 2.S 
 
 Laws, Ilxemplion, of U. S. S3 
 
 Law s, I'sury u'S 
 
 Leviatlian Print. Machine. . 7 
 Locomotive, The American. 4-"> 
 Liii'iher and Lnmbernien . . .">1 
 
 .Meat, Prices of 70 
 
 .Mechanical Rakeries ;i3 
 
 .Mercantile Agencies 18 
 
 Newsman, The Railroad. . . 45 
 New Vork Auction Kooms. 30 
 eter Fnuk Auction Rooms 32 
 Printing ,\Iaclr, Hoe it Co,. 7 
 Prolessioiial .Men in Ainer, , 71 
 
 Protection to 'frade 17 
 
 Psalmody in Chnrches. . . .. 50 
 Pnshiiiir Trade on the Curs. 46 
 
 (Quaker Settlement 79 
 
 Railroad (,Vni,) Locomotive 43 
 
 Railroad Cars 41 
 
 Railroad Conductor 45 
 
^■ 
 
 10 
 
 GENERAL IXDEX OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PiOK 
 
 Railroad Refreshment Sta- 
 tions 47 
 
 Railroad Sleeping Cars. . . . 48 
 
 Railroads in America 40 
 
 Railroad Neivsman 4") 
 
 Rupids, Rafts running TjI 
 
 Refreshing Drinks 38 
 
 Refreshment Stat'ns in Am 47 
 
 Rejjorters, Bunk-Note 'J4 
 
 Shakers, The 7U 
 
 Sleeping Cars on Railroads. 48 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sleighing in Winter Time. . l)! 
 Sports and Ainiisenients. .. C>9 
 
 Steam Fire Engine i>!^ 
 
 The Shakers 79 
 
 Time Indicator Hi> 
 
 Time in Euroi)e and Amer. h'i 
 
 Trade Sales !! 1 
 
 Trade with Canada Si 
 
 Trade Protection Societies.. 18 
 
 Trotting Matches !>\) 
 
 "Tn-o Forty" CO 
 
 American Locomotive 41 
 
 American " Racker" 00 
 
 American Railroad Car. . . . 42 
 Hoe & Co.'s Print. Machine 6 
 
 niUSTEATIONS OF PABT IV. 
 
 Ice-ciitting at Uockl'd Lake .■!'.> i 
 
 Running tlio Rapids ov! 
 
 Shaker Costume 80 
 
 PAoa 
 Usury Laws of America. . . iiS 
 
 Vegetables, Prices of 70 
 
 Voting by Ballot 7(i 
 
 Water and Water Drinking 20 
 Wayside Refresh. Station.. 48 
 
 Who are Yankees ? :},') 
 
 Wild Cat Banking i;l 
 
 Winter Evenings "i8 
 
 Winter Time in America . . .I? 
 
 Worthy of Credit . . 18 
 
 Yankees, Who are? So 
 
 .Shakers Dancing 81 
 
 Steam Fire Engine [in 
 
 Time Indicator 86 
 
 ADVERTfSEMENTS AND BUSINESS DIRECTORIES 
 
 Will le found, on rrfercnce, as /oUoich : — 
 
 pxr.K 
 
 Baltimore cl' 
 
 Butt'alo i«i 
 
 Cana<la, generally 7s 
 
 Cleveland sii 
 
 Cincinnati 74, 7s, 711 
 
 Chicago ii;j 
 
 Detroit .'."." ;i-j 
 
 Grand Rapids ' iiio 
 
 Hamilton, C. VV '21; 
 
 Kalamazoo, Mich luo 
 
 London, C. W 1,; 
 
 .Milwaukee, Wis us 
 
 .Mcmtrcal, C. E ]i; 
 
 New Orleans i;s 
 
 New York .] r, 
 
 .Nianara Falls 7s 
 
 Ottawa, C. W '..'..'. -^i) 
 
 I'rairie du Chien \(\,) 
 
 St. Louis 7,3 
 
 St. Paul iiji) 
 
 1 
 
rAoa 
 
 America. . . 28 
 ;es of 70 
 
 t ro 
 
 cr Drinking tO 
 h. Station., 48 
 
 e.sV 3.5 
 
 "g "1 
 
 rs f>8 
 
 Ami'ricii . . M 
 
 lit 18 
 
 iircV S5 
 
 np; 81 
 
 rine ."iS 
 
 86 
 
 RIE8 
 
 Irt 
 
 its 
 
 li! 
 
 I')S 
 
 ^li 
 
 78 
 
 20 
 
 100 
 
 73 
 
 100 
 
 jpiirt Jfirst. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 CITIES OX THE SEABOARD, 
 
 AND 
 
 NOliTlI AX I) NORTHWESTERN STATES. 
 
1 
 
] 
 
 'lb 
 
 cojn-tejstts of part I 
 
 
 PAQB 
 
 rmltiinoiv, City of, 59 
 
 Ho^stdii, City of 5t) 
 
 Hiii'f Aofoiuit of UniUnl Stiitos 17 
 
 Uiid'alo, City of, 87 
 
 < 'iiic'iiijo. City of, it;j 
 
 Ciiiciiiiiati, City of, 7,-, 
 
 City of J5:iltiiiioro ,-,<» 
 
 " lioston ot) 
 
 •' IJlllliilo H7 
 
 " Ciiiciiiiiiili 75 
 
 Ciiioiii;o 93 
 
 Clcv.'liiiul 8t 
 
 Detroit 92 
 
 " Maiiisoii 100 
 
 " Milwiuikce 9(1 
 
 " Now York 25 
 
 I'iiiliiilclpjiia 52 
 
 " i'ortliiiid 91 
 
 " i'ittslxiri,' 71 
 
 " St. i,onis 7:j 
 
 " City of Wiisiiiiiirtoii 47 
 
 Detroit, City i>(, 92 
 
 Elevations, |iriiici|)al in Aiiiciica 18 
 
 Oeoi'iie AVa.-liiiiirtoii iCi 
 
 (ioveniineiit of riiiteil States 21 
 
 lion, James liuehanaii . 22 
 
 PAtiB 
 
 Illinois, State of, lol 
 
 Iowa, State of, Idl! 
 
 Madison, City of, . liio 
 
 Mieliigan, State of, Kiii 
 
 Jlilwaukee, City of, 9t') 
 
 Minnesota, Territory of, 112 
 
 Missouri, State of, Idii 
 
 Mountains in America, principal 17 
 
 Mount Vernon 50 
 
 New Orleans, City of, (i:! 
 
 Potent Office, AVushington ;"j1 
 
 I'hiladelpliia, Ci'y of, 52 
 
 Pittsliuri;, City of, 71 
 
 Portland, City of, tU 
 
 Presidents of United States 2li 
 
 Pavers in America, principal is 
 
 St. Louis, City of, ... . ":> 
 
 The Capitol at, AVashingtoii 4S 
 
 The Great Lakes in America 2ii 
 
 United States, Brief Account of 17 
 
 United States' Oovornnieiit 21 
 
 United States' Presidents 22 
 
 United States' Government departments 2.'i 
 
 Washington, City of 47 
 
 Wheeling, Virginia 70 
 
 W^isconsin, State of, 104 
 
 illustrations. 
 
 PAGK 
 
 George Washington 10 
 
 ] (on. James Buclianan 22 
 
 Now York, Mew of City ... 25 
 
 " IJroadway 27 
 
 Park and' City Hall 28 
 
 " University 29 
 
 " Halls of .justice 30 
 
 " Custom House so 
 
 ' Merchants' lOxchange .... ;U 
 
 " I""''^ Academy 32 
 
 " Private Kesideiico ;{)! 
 
 " The Cooper Institute li;! 
 
 Tlie Hospital 34 
 
 La Farge House 35 
 
 " Trinitv (Church 3() 
 
 All Souls' Church 37 
 
 " High Bridge— Aqui-duet.. 41 
 
 " Bank of the Kcpuhlie 42 
 
 " Phelan's Billiard Itooms . . 42 
 
 Washington— Tlie Capitol 48 
 
 PAOH 
 
 Washington — The Patent Office 51 
 
 Baltimore — View of City (10 
 
 New Orleans — View of Canal Street. . . 64 
 
 The French Cathedral . 60 
 
 " Avenue in the Cemetery 67 
 
 Ohio River — Susjicnsion Bridge 69 
 
 Wheeling, Virginia 70 
 
 I'ittshurg— View of City 71 
 
 Cincinnati — View of City 80 
 
 Third Street 77 
 
 Fourtli Street 80 
 
 " JIusonie Temple 7S 
 
 " National Theatre 81 
 
 Cleveland — View of Sujierior Street . . 85 
 
 Buft'alo — Looking up Main Street 88 
 
 I'Voni the Creek 89 
 
 Detroit— View of City 02 
 
 Chicago — View of City 95 
 
 Milwaukee — View of City 97 
 
 Madison, View of 99 
 
 ^^ 
 
I 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON— FIRST AMERICAN PRESIDENT. 
 
 "tIIK KATIIKlt <ll' HIS (OINIUV. 
 
 George WAsniJJGTON was born at ItriiL'c's Cffck, ^"n•L,'iIliil, Feb. 'J'Jil, ITIS'J. Al tlm ago 
 of 19, lie was appointed one of tlio a<ljiitant-i;i'ncriils of N'ii'Lrinia. In 17.") I, lif joined tlic ix- 
 ])edition of General Bniddoek, wlio was killed, when tlic ciiiMiiiiiiid divolved ou Washing- 
 ton, whose masterly conduet of the retreat is e(lel)ratcd in history. He was sonn aii])oint- 
 cd comiiiander-in-eliief of the forees of Virijinia, aii<l in ITTiS led the exjiedilion to I'urt 
 Du Quesne, (Pittsburg,) whieh repelled the French from the western IVontiir. In 1774, he 
 was sent to the Continental Congress, and was nppointrd eomnianderin-ehief of the Ameri- 
 can army, and served through the Revolution, refusing to receive any ]iay for his services, 
 and only reimbursement of his expenses. In 17K7, he was appointed a delegate to the 
 national convention for forming the Constitution, and was clios<'n its ]iresident. In 17s'.i, 
 he was unanimously elected President of the United States for 4 years, and unanimously 
 re-elected in 17u;?. lie decried a lliinl re-election, and issu((l his farev, ill address. Aflir 
 Mr. Adams's inauguration, he retired to Mount Vernon, near AVashington City, ]>. C, where 
 he died on the 14th of December, 1709, in the OSth year of lii.s age. 
 
 His virtues and patriotism have won for him the imperishable title throughout the world 
 of " The Father of his Country." 
 
,1 
 
 Vl'' 
 
 DENT. 
 
 At the as?*" 
 W jdiiu'il tho ix- 
 Iv.mI (.11 Wu^lii"':^'- 
 ^Vi\s sium uiil.oliit- 
 ,.>.|,oaition to I'oi't 
 
 ,r„ r. I>i i"i- I'f 
 U-uforth.-AiiK-n- 
 
 ,y for lii^ s.■t•v■u■<■^ 
 ,i ,l.l.-:it>' to tho 
 ...4,l.M,t. 1" l'^''- 
 iuiil >iiiiUii>i>"""b' 
 ,.n ii.ldvos^. At'tn" 
 ,(i(v, l).C.,^vl"■■'•" 
 
 vouirhout the wor 
 
 U 
 
 BRIEF ACCOUNT OF TIIE UNITED STATES. 
 
 TiiK United States, ti conftnli racy of sovereign StJites, and the most influential Republic 
 of tlie world, oecujnes tlie middle portion of North Aiiieriea. Tiiis confi'deratit)n, consist- 
 ing originally of thirteen States, but now of thirty-one States, the federal district, and sev- 
 eral territorial apjH'Mdages, lies between tiie parallels of 24° and 4D° north latitude, and the 
 meridians of 10" east and 48 ' west from Washington, or (17° and 125° from tireenwich, ex- 
 tending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and from the Britisit colonies on the north, 
 to tho Republic of Mexico and the great Gulf on the south. The whole extent of this 
 boundary is now definitely settled by treaty. The greatest width of this country, from 
 east to west, is 21t0() miles, and tlie greatest depth, from nortii to south, 17S0 miles. Ita 
 urea may be estimated at a,260,00U sipiare miles, including CalifVirnia, Texas, etc., recently 
 acquired. It lias a frontier of about 10,(M)0 miles, of which 4400 is sea-coast, and 1500 lake- 
 coast. 
 
 Its siiores are Avashed by three seas, tho Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Gulf of Mexico 
 on the soutii, and tiie Taeitie Ocean on tiie west. The principal bays and sounds on the 
 Atliiiitie liorder are I'assaiiuKjuoddy Bay, wiiich lies between the State of Maine and the 
 British |)rovinee of New Brunswick ; Massachusetts Bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod ; 
 Long Island Sound, between Long Island and the coast of Connecticut ; Delaware Bay, 
 which sets up between Cape May and Cape Ilenlopen, separating the States of New Jersey 
 and Delaware; Chesapeake Bay, which communicates witli tiie ocean between Cape 
 Charles and Cape lieiiry, extending in a nortliern direction for 200 miles, through the 
 Statcti of Virginia and Maryland ; Albemarle Sound and Pamlico Sound, on the coast of 
 Nortli Carolina, There are no large bays or sounds on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 On the Pacific coast, however, there are several excellent l)ays, but the principal and only 
 one necessary to mention is the Bay of San P'rancisco, in the State of California. It is one 
 of the finest bays in the world, and capable of containing the navies of all the European 
 powers at one time. 
 
 MOUNTAINS. 
 
 The territory of the United States is traversed by two principal chains of mountains, the 
 Alleghanies on the east side, and the Rocky Mountains on the west. Tliese divide the 
 country into three distinct regions, the Atlantic slope, the valley of the Mississippi, and the 
 declivity from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. 
 
 The Alleghanies are less a chain of mountains than a long plateau, crested with several 
 chains of mountains or hills, separated from each oth^r by wide and elevated valleys. 
 
 East of the Hudson the mountains are chiefly granitic, with rounded summits, often cov- 
 ered at their tops with bog and turf, and distributed in irregular groups without any 
 marked direction. Some peaks of the Green Mountains in Vermont, and the White Moun- 
 t<»ins in New Hampshire, rise to the height of 5000 to 0400 feet above the sea. After pass- 
 ing tlie Hudson, the structure of the mountains seems to change. 
 
 In Pennsylvania and Virginia they assume the form of long parallel ridges, varying in 
 heiglit from '2500 to 4000 feet, and occupying a breadth of 100 miles. 
 
 In North Carolina the highest culmination is 6476 feet ; but in the northern part of 
 Georgia and Alaiiama, wiiere they terminate, they again lose the form of continuous chains, 
 and break into groujis of isolated mounttiius, touching at their base, some of which attain 
 a considerable elevation. 
 
 Tlie Rocky Mountains are on a much grander scale than the AUeghi s. Their base is 
 300 miles in breadth, and their loftiest summits, covered with everlasting snow, rise to the 
 height of 10 to 14,000 feet These vast chains may be considered as a continuation of the 
 Cordilleras of ^lexico. They are distant from the Pacific Ocean from 500 to 600 miles, btit 
 between them and the coast, several minor ranges intersect the country, of which the Mari- 
 time Range is the most conspicuous. 
 
*: I 
 
 *i 
 
 |g ELEVATIONS AND RIVERS. 
 
 KIKVATI0N9 MORE TIIA.V 1000 FEKT AIK.VE TIIK LEVEL Of THE «KA. 
 
 Fi'et. 
 
 Rocky Moimfnins i4,("") 
 
 Sierra Navadu "'-'^" 
 
 South I'nss 7,(is.) 
 
 Santa Fe «.'^"" 
 
 Mount WasliiiiKlon (Wliite Mouiituins). . C.^'jl* 
 
 Mount Ailanis f),( .>y 
 
 Mount JcHVrson •''."•'7 
 
 Mount Madison ^M'< 
 
 Mount Monroe 5,.'U',i 
 
 Mount Franklin iy<''* 
 
 Mount Lafavette 5,.W0 
 
 Mount .MarcV ( Adirondacka; ri,ti!7 
 
 Mount Maclntvre. " •'''.1^=' 
 
 Mount MeMartin.. " S.'W 
 
 Dittl Mountain.... " 4,'.too 
 
 Fett. 
 
 White Face.. .(Adirondack*) 4,S.'>S 
 
 Mount Seward " -t.^*^ 
 
 Mount l,y"n.. " •'."^•0 
 
 North ri'ak (Green Mountainni. .. i.'Si'i 
 
 Cainel's Hunii) 
 
 Slirewsburv .Mountain . 
 
 4,1S8 
 
 4,fwfl 
 ;i,lej4 
 
 South Teak " 
 
 Killinjiton I'ink... " 
 
 IviuiiKix .Mountain. " 
 
 A^eulnev Mountain " 
 
 I'eaks of Otter (Allenhanics) 4,'JilO 
 
 Catukill .Mountains JJ.^^nO 
 
 blue Kidfte l.r.iM) 
 
 Sources of the Missi.ssippi 1,4<^'0 
 
 RIVERS. 
 
 The principal rivers of tlie United States may be divided into four classes. Fimt, the 
 Mississippi and its wide-spread liranohes, which drain the waters of the whole country in- 
 cluded between the Alleghany and Kocky Jlountains; stcimd, the rivers east of the Alle- 
 ghany Mountains, which, rising from their eastern declivity, water the Atlantic plain, and 
 hence flow into the ocean; </((>(/, the system of rivers flowini,' into the Gulf of Mexico, 
 which may be subdivided into those flowing from the soutiiern slope of the Allet,'hnnie», 
 and those having their source in the north-western highlands of Texas; and,/oMW/(, those 
 streams on the west of the Rocky Mountains, which flow into the Pacific t)cenn. 
 
 The Mississippi rises west of Lake Superior, in latitude 47° 47' north, amid lakes and 
 swamps, dreary and desolate beyond description; and after a south-east course of al)out 
 600 miles, readies the Falls of the St. Anthony, where it descends perpendicularly IC. feet, 
 and where are numerous rapids. From these falls it pursues, at first, n south-easterly, and 
 then a southerly direction ; and after forming the boundary between Iowa, Missouri, and 
 Arkansas on the west, and Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missis.sippi on the 
 east, passes through Louisiana, and discharges itself through a delta of many mouths into 
 the Gulf of Mexico. It is nearly 3200 miles in length, and is navigable, with few obstruc- 
 tions, to the Falls of St. Anthony. 
 
 Its principal tributaries from the east are : — 
 
 1. The Wisconsin, which joins it between the parallels 42° and 43' north latitude, 
 
 2. The Illinois, a navigable river, which joins it near latitude 38° and 40' north. 
 
 8. The Ohio, which is itself formed by the junction of the Alleghany and Moiiongnhela 
 Rivers at Pittsburg. It flows in a south-westerly direction for 945 miles, separating the 
 north-western States from Virginia and Kentucky, and falls into the Mississippi, in 37° north 
 latitude. The chief tributaries of the Ohio are the Wabash, the Cumberland, and the Ten- 
 nessee, which last is formed of several streams from the western parts of Virginia and the 
 Carolinas, which unite a little west of Knoxville, in the State of Tennessee, and runs, at 
 first, south-west into Alabama, where it turns and runs north-west, through Tennessee into 
 Kentucky, and joins the Ohio 10 miles below the mouth of the Cund)erland. 
 
 4. The Yazoo, which rises in the northern part of the State of Mississippi, and, running 
 south-west, joins the Mississipjii 100 miles above Natchez. 
 
 The tributaries from the west are: — 
 
 1. The Jlinuiwota, or St. Peter's, which joins it about 9 miles below the Falls of St. An- 
 thony, after a south-east ciuirse of several hundred miles. 
 
 i>. The Des Moines, which joins it near the parallel of 40° north latitude, after ft south- 
 easterly course of more than 8(iO miles. 
 
 3. The Missouri, which is formed by three branches, called Jefferson's, Madison's, and 
 Gallatin's Rivers, all of which rise and unite in the Rocky Mountains. The whole length, 
 from the highest point of Jefferson's River, to the confluence with the Mississippi, is, by 
 actual course, about 2600 miles, and to tlie Gulf of Mexico about 4350 miles; during the 
 whole of which distance there is no cataract or considerable impediment to the navigation, 
 
RIVEK3 IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 19 
 
 Fttl. 
 
 ■ 4,<W0 
 
 ■■', 4,11(10 
 
 "'»''''""••; 4 Js 
 4,0Sfi 
 
 . 3,3'JO 
 8,K00 
 
 ;■. l,r.oo 
 
 1,400 
 
 w\iolc country w 
 g east of tl.c A»l«- 
 Mliintic i.lni". n"'^ 
 ,0 Oulf «'f >'''''""^"' 
 
 ^ Ocean. 
 
 ,rth. nn"^^ l"^''* "" 
 .oftjt course of ftl-o"* 
 ..n.liculnrly 10. f''»'t. 
 a 8outh-cft»tcrly, Mn\ 
 , lowrt, Mis^""". niHl 
 ,„\ Mis^is^^'MT' "" *''® 
 of innuv m->"t'"' '"^" 
 ,le, wiiU few oLstruc- 
 
 ■ north IntAtu.le. 
 nnd 4i>' u'""!!!. 
 n„y ftud Mouoniinbela 
 i n.ilc., .eparutiu- the 
 
 ,\,erl.uul, an.l the Ten- 
 ■19 of Virginia and tl>e 
 r^,„„ei>sec, ftU'l runs, at 
 through Tennessee into 
 
 i\)erlan<l. 
 
 rusisrfppi. and, running 
 
 eiowtheFallBofStAn- 
 h latitude, after a south- 
 
 .ffersonV, MadisonV, and 
 nins. The wl>ole length, 
 \th the Mi8«**irP'. '*• ^'^ 
 - 4»50 miles; during the 
 dhaent to the navigation, 
 
 except at Great Full*, whlcli are above 2000 miles from the Mississippi. At those falls the 
 river ih'sccncln, in tlie dli'tanee of 18 miles, Hti'2 feet. The prineipal trihut^iriesof the Missouri 
 are the Yellow Sti.- . whieli rises in the Roeky Monnluiiis, and joins it after a north-east- 
 ly course of (lii(» nuies; the Nehrtiska or I'latt*', which rises also in those mountains, and, 
 lifter an j-nsterly course of 800 miles, joins the Missouri in latitude 41° north; and the 
 Kansii-. which joins it near latitude !f'J ' north, after an easterly course of more than tlOO 
 miles. 
 
 I'rohahly no district in the United States will shortly he attracting the attention of 
 settlers, if not already doing so, than portions of the vast region connected with the Mis- 
 souri llivcr and ViilK-y. The opening of the great I'acifie mail route last ( )ctol)er, will tend 
 very materinlly to the development of that portion of the country, which is found to be 
 suitable for coloni/ation. The route referred to now joins St. Louis (Missouri) with San 
 Francisco, (California,) or in other words, forming a continuous chain of rajtid coinmuniea- 
 tion from the shores of the Taeific Ocean to those of the Atlantic — the great barrier of the 
 Rocky Mountains, and the dreary wastes of its " bad lands," forming no longer any impedi- 
 ment to the determination of American enterprise. The time occupied by the mail route 
 referred to is 2.") ilays. 
 
 4. Tiie .\rkansHs, wliieh rises in the Rocky Mountains, and pursuing a south-easterly 
 course, forms, for some distance, the boundary between the Indian Territory nnd Texas; 
 after which, its course lies principally in the State of Arkansas, till it joins the Missis.sippi 
 in :{4' north latitude. Its longth is more than i:{ii(i miles. 
 
 5. llie Keil River, which also rises in the Rocky Mountains, below Sante F6, and, after a 
 south-easterly course of more than 1im»o miles, fulls into the Mississippi, in latitude 31° north. 
 
 The principal rivers east of the Alleghanies are: — 
 
 1. The Connecticut, which rises in the highlands separating the United States from Can- 
 ada, nnd, running southerly, divides New Hampshire from Vermont, and passing through 
 -Massacliu-etts and Connecticut, falls into Long Island Sound. It is navigable for sloojis for 
 5o miles to Hartford, and, by means of canals and other improvements, has been rendered 
 passable for boats 2.50 miles further. 
 
 2. The Hudson, which rises west of lake Cliamplain, and pursuing a southerly course of 
 more tlian tfoo miles, falls into the Bay of New York, after receiving numerous affluents. 
 It is navigable for ships to Hudson, ISO miles, and for sloops nnd steamboats to Troy, 40 
 miles fiirtlier. It is connected with Ijikes Champlain, Erie, and Ontario, by means of canals 
 from -Mliany, and with the Delaware by a canal from Rondout. 
 
 'A. The I)elaware, which rises in New York, and flowing southerly, separates Pennsyl- 
 vania from New York and New .lersey, and falls into Delaware Bay, after a ccmrse of 300 
 miles. It is navigalile for ships of the line 40 miles, to Philadelphia, and for sloops 35 miles 
 farther, to the head of the tide at Trenton Falls. 
 
 4. The Susipiehanna, which also rises in New York, and, pursuing a southerly zig-zag 
 course through Pennsylvania, falls into the head of Chesapeake Bay, near the north-east 
 corner of Maryland. During the last 50 miles the navigation is obstructed by an almost 
 continued series of rapids. 
 
 5. The Potomac, which rises in the Alleghanies, and after forming, during its whole 
 course, the boundary between Maryland and Virginia, falls into Chesjipeake Bay. It is 
 uavigalde for shij)s of the largest dimensions to Washington, the federal capital, about 200 
 miles from the ocean; but in the upper part of its course there are numerous obstacles, 
 many of which, however, have been overcome by canals. 
 
 f). James River, which rises in tiie mountains, and falls into the southern part of Chesa- 
 peake Bay. 
 
 7. The Savannah, which forms the dividing line between South Carolina and Georgia, 
 ond falls into the Atlantic in latitude 32° nortli. It is navigable for large vessels to Savan- 
 nah, 17 miles; and for boats to Augusta, 130 miles farther. 
 
 The principal rivers which rise south of the Alleghanies, and fall into the Gulf of Mexico, 
 ore: — 
 
20 
 
 RIVEKS IN AMERICA. 
 
 i I 
 
 ) 
 
 '^ 
 
 1 T1.C Appalachlcok, which dischurKea itnelf into Apalaohee Buy. in Flon.la It w 
 forn.cl l,y tho union of the (■|,«U»h..oc.h« un.l Flint rivr., Ih. for.n.r of which ri.-n in the 
 uorthcrn part of Ut.or^M«.un.l llowinj? south, receive* the I'lint at the .outh-w...t ex.r.nu.y 
 of the State. During the latter part of its course, the Chattahooche forn.8 the boun.lary 
 hetweon Oeorf^ia and Alabama. 
 
 2 The Mobile, which .liHclmrKea itself into Mol/ile Bay. It i« fornie.! by two ]arf?e rivers 
 the Alalauia andTonibi-bee. which unite near latitude Jil ' n..rlli, after having' pursued 
 each a separate courne of many hundred •.niles. There i» another Hyrtem of riverH flowin(j 
 into the (iulf from the highlands of north.rn Texan, consisting of the Sabine, Trinity, I'.razoH, 
 etc., which need only be mentioned here, as tlie geograpliy of Texas will be minutely de- 
 scribed elsewliere. 
 
 The rivers flowing from the Rocky Mountains to tlie Pacific, consist of :— 
 
 1. The Columbia, which rises near latitude h■^' north, ami, running south-west, falls into 
 the ocean in latitude 4B° 15', after a course of IS.iO miles. Its principal tributaries are 
 Clark's River, Lewis' River, and the Multnomah or Willamette, all of which join it on its 
 left bank. This river was discovered in 17»2, and settlements were nnide in the neighbour- 
 hood by Americans in 1810. The month of the river is obstructed by flats, but vessels of 
 mH) tons can ascend to the distance of 125 miles, and large sloops farther. 
 
 2. Tiie Sacramento and San Joaquin, emptying into the Hay of San Francisco. 
 
 3. Tlie IJuenaventura, rising in the coast range of the California Mountains, em]ities into 
 Monterey Bay. 
 
 4. The Colorado, and River Oila (which separates Mexico from the United States), How 
 from the mountains near Santa Fe, and would, if not received by the (iulf of California, 
 empty into the I'aeitie; they belong, however, to the same system »f rivers. 
 
 5. The St. I^wrence. I'articulars regarding this river, which for iis the tjoundary be- 
 rw.eii the United States and Caiuida, wi'l l)e found in another portion of this work. 
 
 Missouri . 
 
 [willi Lower Mississi|)piJ 
 
 Mississippi [Upper] 
 
 [L( - 
 
 OK THE IlIVKHS AllOVK K(t() MILKS, \Vi: ANNKX A LIST. 
 
 St. Lawrence "•"''• 
 
 " [including Orent Lakes] i',.'!oo 
 
 Tennessee V'JO 
 
 Susipiehanna 'i'>0 
 
 Kansas •>'•'! 
 
 Yellow Stone 'i'") 
 
 Connecticut 3''i') 
 
 Delaware ^^''O 
 
 Hudson '^'M 
 
 Potomac ">10 
 
 James iilO 
 
 . 4,8r)0 
 
 , 1,1132 
 
 Jiowerj 1,21() 
 
 Arkansas I,r)ri0 
 
 Del Xortc l.^.W 
 
 Ohio [with Alleghany] I,i»:i0 
 
 Oregon or Columbia l,4ii(i 
 
 Red River l,Oiio 
 
 Ottawa ... WO 
 
 Nebraska or Platte 800 
 
 DesMoincs 800 
 
 Sliowing a total of 2(>,238 miles in all, and only of the rivers above 3oo miles long each. 
 
 TIIE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 With the exception of Michigan and Champlain, none of the great lakes of Nortli Amer- 
 ■i,>n lie wholly -within tlie territory of the United States ; the others are on the northern 
 boundary, where they form a connected chain, extending through a distance of more than 
 1200 miles. The first in the chain is Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water on the 
 globe. Few persons are really aware of the magnitude of these great lakes; they are truly 
 inland seas, and navigation is as dangerous, and subjected to all the vicissitudes which are 
 connected with the navigation of the Baltic, the Black Sea, or the Mediterranean. 
 
 Lake Champlain, lying between Vermont and New York, is 128 miles long, and from 1 
 to 16 miles wide, and discharges its waters throngh the Sorel into the St. Lawrence. It is 
 computed that the lakes contain above 14,000 cubic miles of water — a quantity more than 
 nve-sevenths of all the fresh water on the earth. The extent of country drained by the 
 lakes, from the north-western angle of Superior to the St. Lawrence, including also the area 
 of the lakes themselves, is estimated at 335,616 square miles. 
 
LAKES — aOVERNMENT OF UNITED STATES. 
 
 21 
 
 Florida. It i« 
 lilch t\»p* i" tl"* 
 -wi'Kl fXti'i'iiiity 
 i,H till' l.oiiiKliiry 
 
 two lar^e rivors, 
 
 ,,f rivers tlowing 
 , Trinity. ISrazox, 
 
 be minutely Jc- 
 
 Ih-west, fiill« i"*^** 
 111 trilmtiiriei«nr« 
 iolijoiii it on lt« 
 in the neiijliliour- 
 UK, but voasfl* of 
 
 nini'ii'oo. 
 
 liiiii!', fuiptii'S into 
 
 nitcd Stiit.'s). How 
 
 [iulf of C'alit'oi'niii, 
 
 vers. 
 
 , l)i(' boiindiiry l^-'''- 
 
 )1' tliis work. 
 
 i.-.O 
 
 ntLiikwl.... -^^"l 
 ... t~^ 
 
 iWO 
 
 ■■/_ i;o() 
 
 lioO 
 
 ,'. sriO 
 
 ... K.MJ 
 
 ' :vM 
 
 ■"... :no 
 
 '''''/,[ aio 
 
 liles long each. 
 
 likes of North Amer- 
 are on the northern 
 istance of more thau 
 
 f fresh water on the 
 lakes; they are truly 
 /icissitudes which are 
 Mediterranean. 
 lik's long, and from 1 
 
 St. Lawrence. It is 
 a quantity more than 
 untry drained by the 
 acluding also the area 
 
 The foll()win>? in a taimlar utatement of the extent of these fresh-water 8cas, with the mean 
 dei>th of their waters, and their elevation almvo the ten : — 
 
 Jfamtn. 
 
 Jfeiin Length. Menu Breiidth, Artti, 
 
 Meiin Hf/ith. Xttp, iihoee Sfii. 
 
 Lake Siiporior 4iiii niiles so inlies .TJ.onOsq. m !<oo feet ."mi feet. 
 
 Mieliij;im .'i'ju 
 
 lluriin 'Jill 
 
 (ircon lliiy .. . loo 
 
 Krie '.MO 
 
 Ontiirio Iso 
 
 .St. Cluir i!0 
 
 70 
 
 HO 
 !iO 
 
 40 
 14 
 
 '-"J,4oo 
 
 20,4110 
 y.ooi) 
 
 rt,;ioo 
 yc.o 
 
 1,000 
 1,00(1 
 
 l.ooo 
 
 H-l 
 
 . .loo 
 w 
 
 .'.7s 
 .'.7s 
 .■■ill.', 
 
 670 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF UNITED STATES. 
 
 Tiir gnvernniont of the United States is a federal democratic Republic. It Is based on 
 the Constitution of 1787, ond amendments thereto. 
 
 The electors of the most numerous branch of the several State Legislators ore qualitied 
 eleetors in tiie States respectively for all elective odieers of the fjeneral i^overnment. 
 
 All lej;isliitive powers are vested in Congress, which consists of a Senate and House of 
 Representatives. 
 
 Tile " House of Representatives" (occupyini; the position of "House of Commons" of 
 Ilritain) is composed of members chosen, ever}' second year, by tiie people of tlie several 
 States, and in number in 'icoordanco with the population of each, and in order to ascertain 
 the nuinl)er each Slate is entitled to, a census is taken every ten years, e.xchidiiii; from the 
 enumeration for this object two-thirds of the slaves, and all Indians not taxed. Kaeh State 
 is entitled to at least (uie representative. Vacancies are tilled by intermediate elections. 
 The House chooses its s])eaker and other officers. No person under '25 years of aifc, who 
 has been less than seven years a citizen of the United States, and who is not a resident of 
 the State electing him, is (|ualifle(l for ri'presentative. 
 
 The Constitution j)roviiled for a speciHc number of representatives from each State to 
 compose the House until the ascertainment of the population under the census of 1700 ; but 
 since tlieii lei{islation has decennially fixed the number to be elected. From the 3d of 
 March, 17'.iH, the apportionment was one representative to every 33,00(1 of the representa- 
 tive population ; after 18fi3, one to every 33,000 also; after 1813, one to every 35,000; 
 after 1S'>3, one to every -lO.tMiO; after 1833, one to every 47,000; after 1843, one to every 
 70,t;Ki); and after 3d of March, 1853, 233 representatives to be divided /)ro rata to the sev- 
 eral States. 
 
 In addition to these representatives from States, the House odmits a delegate from each 
 organized territory, who has the right to debate on subjects in which his territory Is inter- 
 ested, but cannot vote. California has two members by a special act. 
 
 Tlie "Seiuite" (or U|)per House) consists of two members from each State, elected by the 
 Legislatures thereof respectively for six years. One-third the whole body is renewed bien- 
 nially, and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legis- 
 lature of any Stjite, the executive of such Sfilte makes a temporary appointment until the 
 next meeting of the Legislature, which fills such vacancy. Senators must be at least thirty 
 years old, must have been citizens of the United Stotes for nine yeors, and be residents of 
 the State bj- which chosen. Each senator has one vote. The Vice-President of the United 
 States is ex officio President of the Senate, but a president pro tempore is elected by and 
 from among the senators, who, in the absence of the president, acts in his stead. 
 
 The Constitutional governtnent went into operation on the 4tli of March, 1789, but a 
 quorum of the first Congress, which met at the city of New York, was not formed until the 
 6th of April, nor was the first President of the United Stotes inaugurated before the 3()th 
 of April. 
 
 Besides its ordinary legislative capacity, the Senate is vested with certain judicial func- 
 tions, and its members constitute a High Court of Impeachment No person can be con- 
 victed by this court unless on the finding of a majority of senators, nor does judgment ex- 
 
1 
 
 { 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 sr;nt 
 
 m 
 
 22 
 
 rUKaiUKXTS of the united 8TATE8. 
 
 t.'iid fiirllicr tlmn to ruinovul from oIIIim) iukI «lU(iimllHdillori, Uopr.'UPiitiitlvcii tiavf tlic 
 »ol«' power of iiiipi'iiclinictif. 
 
 Tin- Kxwiitivo I'owt'r in v.'nto.l in ii I'rc«i'l.'iit, who W I'loci.d l.y iiii Kl.'ctonil ('oll.'«.'. 
 choHt'ii l.y popular vote, or liy tin- b'^i.-liiliirf of tlio Stiilf, tin- iiuiiilu'r of tlfclor« luiiig 
 tqiml to the niiiiilHTof wimtorrt iiikI roprfHcntiillvo* from thoSiati'H to ( 'oiii,'r<'w. IIIh term 
 of ollicc i» four yciirn, Imt lie Ik cliijllplf for r"<'leclioii irwl.'fiiiilcl)-. Thf I'liotorn foriiiiiii^ 
 the colli gf, iiro themselves chtwcn in the immiier prenerihed l.y the Iiiwh of the Hevenil 
 Htiites. A limjority of the agj^regate number of votes ){iveii, \» iiooenmiry to tlio election of 
 President and VieepreHident, an<l if none of the eandidutes has siieh a nmjorlly, I lien tlio 
 eleetiim of IVesideMt is determined hy the Iloiiso of Kepresenlalives, and that of the Vieo- 
 Presidont by tlie Senate, from oiiioiij? tlio three cundidateH haviiii,' the liiu'li.st niiml>er of 
 electoral Votes, and in doing bo, the vote is taken by States, the representatives of each 
 State having only one vote, whicli must, of course, bo determined by a inajorily of tlii'ir 
 number. No person can bo I'resideiit or Vice President who is not a nativeborn ('itizen, 
 of the age of tliirtyfivo yeara, and who Ims been a resident of the United States for fourteen 
 vear*. The President U cominander-incliief of the army and navy, and of the militia when 
 in the service of the Union. With the concurrence of two-thirds of the Si'imle, he has llio 
 |x>wer to make treaties, a|>poiiit civil and military otlicers, levy war, conclude peuci', ami 
 do all that rightly belongs to the Executive Power. He has a veto on all laws passed by 
 Congress, but so (pialitied, that notwithstanding his disapj.roval, any bill beeomes a law 
 on its being afterward approvcil of by two-tliii'<lf of both Houses of I 'on nn ss. The I'resi- 
 deiit has a salary of ijc.>5,0(K> per annum, and " tho White House" at Washington for n resi- 
 dence, during his otticial term. The Vice-President is fx iitjirio Presid4'nt of the Senate; 
 and in case of the death, resignation, or other disaliility of the I'ri'sident, the powers and 
 duties of that ofKce devolve u]ion him for the reriiainder of the tiTiii for wliieli the Presi- 
 dent had been elected. In case of the disability of tlie Vice-President, the I'resideiit of the 
 Senate pro tempore takes his jilaee. 
 
 The present President is the Hon. James IJuchannn. 
 
 Annexed is a list of Presidents from the adoption of the Constitution in ITH'.t, to the jiree- 
 ent " reign" of the Hon. James Buchanan, now President of the United States : — 
 
 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 2i'ame», 
 
 When Born, i IniiiiguraM. 
 
 George Washington. Feb. )i->, IT^-.. April .'!, 17--II.. 
 
 John Adams Oct. In, IT.'i-'). . .March 4, IT'JT. . 
 
 Thomas JcHeison. .. Ainil 'J, 17-t;!. . " 4, l«ul.. 
 
 James .Miidison March li>, 17")1. " 4, Isir.t,. 
 
 James Monroe April ••, 17')'.'.. " 4, 1x17.. 
 
 John Qiiincv Adunis. July 11, 17t'>7. . " 4, Isii,').. 
 
 Andrew Jackson March l.";, 1707 " 4, lS2y.. 
 
 Martin Van IJuren.. Decern. r>, 1782 " 4, ^37.. 
 William II. Harrison Feb. U, 1773. . . " 4, fNl. . 
 
 \ ' ( Succeeded 1 
 
 John Tyler March aO, 171)0 i to the ollice >■ 
 
 I ( of President ( 
 
 James K. Polk ;Nov. 2, 179.5. . . March 4, 1X4'). . 
 
 Zachary Taylor Nov. 24, 1790. .■ " 4, lH4y.. 
 
 I ! I Succeeded | 
 
 Millard Fillmore IMuy 7, 1800. . . -^ to the otUce V 
 
 I I of President ) 
 
 Franklin Pierce Nov. 2.'?, 1804. . March 4, 1803. . 
 
 James Buchanan JApril 23, 171(2.: " 4, 1857. . 
 
 Con fill iiiincf Pieil, Xiilire of 
 
 \ ill (ifflrf, 
 
 s years Dec. M, 17'.''.i. Virj;liiia. 
 
 4' " Iiilv 4, Is-.'ii. . .Muss. 
 
 H " lul'v 4, lM'7.. Virginia. 
 
 s " lunu 2S, ls;t(!. 
 
 ■ i " lulv 4, ls:ll.. 
 
 4 " Feb. 23, Is is.. Mass. 
 
 ,C " lune 8, 1845. . S. Carolina. 
 
 \i " Xc(v Vork. 
 
 I month April4, 1841.. Virginia. 
 
 3 years and ) i i i. 
 
 II months f i I 
 
 ! ' I 
 
 4 yeara June \f>, 1849. N. Carolina. 
 
 1 yr.4 mos. . July 9, isr.u. .Virginia. 
 
 2yearsand)l 'xew York. 
 
 8 months. | j I 
 
 4 years ! New Hump. 
 
 iAt present.. I ,Peiin. 
 
 Tlie administrative business of the nation is conducted by several ortieers, with the title 
 of secreUries, etc., who form what is termed the " Cabinet" Tliese ore tlie Secretary of 
 State, the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Treasury, the 
 PostmaBter-General, the Secretary of the Interior, and the Attomey-Genei-ul— the last being 
 
tJve» have tlio 
 
 ;reii». Hi* •»•'■'" 
 Icotori* foriniiii? 
 Hof llir c.'Vflill 
 1, ill.' clci'liim "( 
 j..rily, tlK'ii '•'*-' 
 iiiit of tlif Vlce- 
 ;li.r.t iiuiiil»'r "f 
 nlalivi'it (if I'iK'li 
 iinj.iriiy of ttii'lr 
 ivi'lmni cilia!'''!, 
 iiti's riii'l'imrifi'ii 
 til.' mililiii wlu'n 
 I'imic, li>' liiiA tlio 
 chill.' pini'.', nixl 
 1 liiws |iiiss.'(l liy 
 Ih'CHikm II Irtw 
 ■r, ^^. Tlio Presl- 
 liiiirtoii fi>r IV i'<'si- 
 I of tlu' S.'iiat.'; 
 I, the powiTi* niitl 
 • wliicli III.' I'rt'^i- 
 I'v.siil.-iil of llie 
 
 1780, to the pre«- 
 att'S : — 
 
 Xiitlre of 
 
 '.''.'. Virninirt. 
 I'l. . Mass. 
 ^•.i7. . Viiniiiirt. 
 ls:!i;. 
 s:n.. 
 
 sis .. Muss. 
 s4.^. . S. Ciiroliim. 
 
 Now York. 
 
 yl\.. Virginia. 
 
 I ** 
 
 1S4'J. N.Carolina. 
 
 8r)0.. Virginia. 
 
 Sow York. 
 
 Now Hump. 
 
 IVnn. 
 
 icrs, with the title 
 'e the Secretary of 
 ,f the Troftsury, tlie 
 erul— the last being 
 
 THE HON. JAMF]S BUCHANAN, 
 
 rnHSlDKNT OK THE ll.NlTKD ST.\TM. 
 
 IIavino fjivrn a portrait of tlio greftt.<'9t nmonijst the dopnrted of America's public men, 
 we siilii.iin what is coiiM.l.'r.'d to b.' an .'xooUcnt lik.'ii.'ss of the greatest man in political 
 Hlandiiij; at the ])r.'s.'iil tiiii.', we nieuii the Hon. James IJiichanan, who now tills the presi- 
 dential chair .>f tli.' rnitcd States, ami who j)revioiisly held the jiosition of arabassador to 
 (ii'cat l')rit:rni, diiriiii; the (ieiieral Pierce adniinistration, up to IS.'iO. 
 
 Mr. HiU'haiiaii is about (It) years of aije, and, although his head is of snowy whiteness, he 
 steius t.> bear his age rt'iu'irkubly wellj#klli> has n. vor ticen married. His vital tempera- 
 ment is |)re.loTiiiiianf, iiiul all the . lemcnts of health ami louircvity are very apparent. He 
 is not a man of iiit.'iisity an.l euthusiusm, like Jackson and Clay, but is cool, self-possessed, 
 careful, iiDii-i'omiiiittiil and ])riid.'iit, like Van lUiren ; more disposed to go with circum- 
 stnuees than to ste]) forth and control and moidd them on the basis of his own will. 
 
 He was born iu the c.iuiity of Franklin, I'eiinsylvania, of comparatively humble, but 
 honest and industrious parents. Although he obtained a classieal and academical educa- 
 tion, he may b.- ealled the arehiteet of his own fortune. He studied for the profession of 
 the law in Lancaster county, I'ennsylvaniii, which has ever remained as his home, and 
 wlierc he rose to a high posilinn in the legal jirofession. 
 
 He remain. 'd as a member of Congress for 10 years, from 1820 to 1831 ; afterwards he 
 filled, with great aliility, the post of ambassador at the Court of Hussia, and was instru- 
 mental ill s.'euring fin' his country the eommerce of the Uussian ports in the Baltic and 
 Black Seas. Aftci- l..j return from Uussia he was elected to the Senate, to which he was 
 twice re-el.'cteil, and, in 184.5, tilled the first seat, as Secretary of State, in the Cabinet of 
 the Polk administration. After returning from being ambassador at Greot Britain, he was 
 elected President of the United States on the 4th of March, 1867. 
 
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 23 
 
 the official law authority for advisement in administrative affairs. Each of these presides 
 over a separate department. 
 
 Tlie " Department of State" was created by an Act of Congress of the 16tli of September, 
 1789 ; by a previous Act of the 27th of July, 1789, it was denominated the Department of 
 Foreign Affairs. It embraced, until tlie establishment of the Department of the Interior in 
 1849, what in some other governments ore styled the Department of Foreign Affairs and 
 Home Department; but the duties now being divided, it confines its operations almost en- 
 tirely to foreign matters, and hence its original title might, with propriety and convenience, 
 be restored. 
 
 The Sevreiari/ of State conducts all treaties between the United States and foreign pow- 
 ers, and corresponds officially with the public ministers of the government at foreign courts, 
 and with ministers of foreign powers, resident in the United States. He is intrusted with 
 the publication of all treaties with foreign powers, preserves the originals of all treaties and 
 of the public correspondence growing out of international intercourse; grants passports to 
 AmeriiMin citizens visiting foreign States, etc. He has charge of the Great Seal of the 
 United States, but cannot affix it to any commission until signet' by the President, nor to 
 any instrument without authority of the President. Salary of Secretary of State, $6,000 
 per annum (£1200 stg.) 
 
 Tliis department has subject to it the Diplomatic Bureau, and the Consular Bureau. The 
 United States are represented by Ministers Plenipotentiary at the Courts of Great Britain, 
 France, Russia, Prussia, Spain, Mexico, Cen ral America, Brazil, and Chili ; by Commission- 
 ers at the Court of Pekin (Ciiina), and at the Sandwich Islands; by a Minister Resident at 
 the Sublime Porte, and to the Swiss Confederation, and at other courts by Charges des Af- 
 faires ; and United States' Consuls are stationed ot oil the important commercial ports iu 
 the world. Foreign Ministers accredited to tho Government of the United States, are En- 
 voys F.xtrnordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary from Great Britain, Russia, the Argen- 
 tine Republic, France, Spain, Chili, New Grenada, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru; Ministers 
 Resident from Portugal, Prussia, and Belgium ; and Charges des Affaires from Denmark, 
 AuPtrin, Holland, Sweden, Naples, Sardinia, Venezuela, and Nicaragua. Foreign Consuls 
 from all eomniercial nations reside in the several collection districts of the Union. 
 
 Ilic " Department of the Interior" was established V)y an Act of Congress of the 30th 
 of March, 1849. The Sccretari/ of the Interior is intrusted with the supervision and 
 nuinagi'iu'" '; of all matters connected with the public domain, Indian affairs, pen- 
 sions, patents, public buildings, the census, the penitentiary of the District of Columbia, 
 the expenditures of the Federal Judiciary, etc. Each of these interests is managed in a 
 separate bureau or office, the inunediate head of which is styled Commissioner, Superin- 
 tendc'Ut, or Warden, as tiie case may be. Salary of Secretary of Interior, $6000 per annum 
 (£1200 stg.) 
 
 Tiic " Department of the Treasury" was created by an Act of Congress of the 2d of Sep- 
 tember, 1789. The Secretari/ of the Treasury superintends all the fiscal concerns of the gov- 
 ernment, and upon his own responsibility recommends to Congress measures for improving 
 the condition of the revenue. All public accounts are finally settled at this department; 
 and, for this purpose, it is divided into the office of the Secretary, who has the general 
 superintendance, the offices of the two Controllers, the offices of the six Auditors, the 
 office of the Conmiissioner of Customs, the Treasurer's office, the Registrar's office, the Soli- 
 citor's office, and the office of the Coast Survey. Assistant Treasurers' offices are alsr es- 
 tablished at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, New Orleans, and St» Louis. Sal- 
 ary of Secretary of tin; Treasury, $6000 per annum (£1200 stg.) 
 
 The ' Department of War" was created by an Act of Congress of the 7th of August, 1789, 
 and, at first, embraced not only military, but also naval aft'airs. The Secretary of War 
 superintends every branch of military affairs, and has under his immediate direction the 
 Adjutnnt-tieneral's office, the Quartermaster-General's Bureau, the Paymaster's Bureau, the 
 Subsistence Bureau, the Medical Bureau, the Engineer Bureau, the Topographical Bureau, 
 tlie Ordnance Bureou, etc., and the department has the superintendence of the erection of 
 
I 
 
 'A 
 
 '!( 
 
 HI;' 
 
 24 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 fortifications, of making public surveys, and other important services. Salary of Secretary 
 of War, $6000 per annum (£1200 stg.) 
 
 The " Department of the Navy" was created by an Act of Congress of the 80th of April, 
 1798. The Scn-etary of the Navy issues all orders to tlie naval forces, and superintends na- 
 val affairs generally. Attached to the Department nro— a Bureau of Docks and Navy 
 Yards, a Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography, a Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and 
 Repairs, a Bureau of Provisions and Clothing, a Bureau of Medical and f^urgicnl Instru- 
 ments, etc. ; and the National Observatory at Wasliington is under the control of the Navy 
 Department. The ministerial duties of these several Bureau.x were formerly exercised by 
 a Board of Navy Commissioners. (Salary of Secretary of the Navy, $0000 per annum 
 (£1200 stg.) 
 
 Tiie " Department of the Post-Oflice" was established under the authority of the Old Con- 
 gress. The Postmaster- General has the chief direction of all postal arrangements with for- 
 eign states, as well as within the federal limits. The general business is managed by three 
 Assistant Postmasters-General, who preside respectively over the Contract oftice, the Ap- 
 pointment office, and the Inspection, etc., offices. Salary of Postmaster-General, f OOOO per 
 annum (£1200 stg.) 
 
 The " Attorneys-General," who are considered as forming a part of the Cabinet, and who 
 are the constitutional advisers and defendants of the government, are generally men of the 
 greatest acquirements i'.i their profession. Salaries of Attorneys-General, $4000 per annum 
 (£800 stg.) 
 
 The judicial powers of the United States are vested in a Supreme Court, and in sueh other 
 inferior courts as Congress maj', from time to time, establixh. The present judicial estal> 
 Hshment consists of a Supreme Court. Circuit Courts, and District C<iurt8. 
 
 Tiie " Supreme Court," the highest judicial tribunal of the Union, is eomjiosed of a Chief- 
 Justice and eight Associate Justices, tlie Attorney-General, a Reporter, and (Merk. This 
 court is held in Woshington, and has one sesy-ion annually, commencing on tiie first .Monday 
 in December. Salary of Cliicf Justice of tlio Supreme Court, $5,000 per annum (£l,()0ii 
 stg.) 
 
 The appointment of all judges of the United States is made by the President, by and with 
 the advice of the Senate ; and tlie judges hold their several offices during good beiiaviour, 
 ond can be removed only on impeachment. Their compensation is fixed by law, and can- 
 not be diminished during their period of office. 
 
 The foregoing account of the United States, for the most part, is from " Colton'n Gazetteer 
 of America." 
 
 T 
 
e 80th of April, 
 luperintends na- 
 ooks and Navy 
 Equipmont, and 
 Suriiicnl Iiistru- 
 Irol of the Navy 
 rly exercised by 
 iUOO per annum 
 
 y of the Old Con- . 
 ements with for- 
 innniied by three 
 t ottice, the Ap- 
 ncral, f OrtOO per 
 
 :5abinet, and who 
 'rally men of the 
 i!4uOO per nnnum 
 
 and in pueh other 
 it judicial oi^tab- 
 
 iiwsed of a Chief- 
 nnd I'lerk. Tliis 
 I the first Monday 
 ■r annum (t'l.dOO 
 
 dent, by and with 
 good behavi(Uir, 
 by law, and oan- 
 
 Colton's Gazetteer 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Is our di,3c;iption of the great city of the 
 western world, we slmll avoid, ns far as possi- 
 ble, nil statistical matter, regarding wliicti am- 
 ple information may be had in works exclusively 
 
 devoted to such details. We prefer giving a 
 brief account of tlie citv from the earliest to the 
 I)resont time, and, with the views given of its 
 magniticent streets and buildings, we hope to 
 
 I— t 
 ft 
 
 
 5 w 
 
 convey to our readers at n distance, an idea of 
 its importance ns the most populous cit3' on the 
 whole contiiient of America. As nuiy be known 
 by many. New York was discovered in \6W, by 
 
 an Englislimnn nnmod Henry Hudson, at that 
 tin;e in the service of the Dutch— and in ItilS, 
 the settlement of the Island was commenced, 
 under the title of New Amsterdam. In IG^l, a 
 
€ 
 
 26 
 
 CITY OF NEW YORK — LOCALITIES — BUSINESS, ETC. 
 
 / 
 
 A 
 
 I i 
 
 Dutch West India compuiiy commenced opeiii- 
 tions upon it, and in HJL'iJ, pnrcliased tlie whole 
 island Ironi the Indians (llie Manhattans) (or 
 the paltry sum of i':;."., (£.') st(;. i the exports 
 alone that vcar aniountinj; to .»ilV0(i. It was 
 thus held t"ill }M-i, when it was taken by the 
 English. Charles the lid, then king, changed 
 its name to that of New York, in honour of 
 James the ;id, who then bore the title of Duke 
 of York and Albany. In lOMJ, James the -Id, then 
 king, abolished the representative .system, and, 
 as ali'ording one of the numerous ])roofs of his 
 kingly bigotry, took it into his head to pro- 
 hibit 'the use of the printing-press. 
 
 It was retaken from the hnglish by the Dutch 
 in liiT.'i, retaken again in I'lTl by the Knglish, 
 and held by them till the Revolutionary ])eriod 
 of 177tJ-17N3, when it was tinally evacuated by 
 the British armv, thus ending British rule on 
 the-J.Mh Xovemljer, ir-*;!. In lsl2-13, another 
 war broke out between Great Britain and Amer- 
 ica, but not leading to New York changing 
 hands once more. Notwithstanding, tlierefore, 
 war.s, fevers, fires, great commercial disasters, 
 cholera, etc., etc., the city has gone on progres- 
 sively, fnmi u iiopiihition of lia,i)14 in ITs'i, to 
 upwards of O(ni,0oo in 18.VJ. 
 
 New Yolk is situate<l upon what is called 
 Maiiliattan Island — a strip of land 1;!J miles 
 long, by one mile and three-liflhs average 
 width, (ireatest breadth, at »3d street, is two 
 miles and one-third. In all, about '22 square 
 miles, or 14,0o0 acres. It rises gradually above 
 the level of the water around the sides, whilst 
 the greater part of it is level, or been rendered 
 SO. It is very compactly built upon for about 
 •5 miles, in straight lines from the point at the 
 Battery end of it. The streets, for the most 
 
 Sart, are laid out in a convenient and easily un- 
 erstood plan. The streets commenciug at 
 Houston street, (one mile from the City llall, i 
 are classed into 14 regular "avenues," as they 
 are called, which are crossed at right angles by 
 iriO streets, numericallv designateil. Some of 
 the streets are crooked and narrow, but gene- 
 rally speaking, they are wide and spacious — 
 rungiug from OO to 'VM feet wide. The greatest i 
 fault a stranger is likely to find with th'j streets i 
 is the hithy state the most of them are in — as 
 if there were neither scavengers nor paviours 
 in the city. 
 
 New York is bounded on fiie north by the 
 Uarleiu River — which separates Manhattan Is- 
 land from the main land ; on the east bv the 
 East River, which separates it from Long [sfand ; 
 on the south by the harbour, and o-i the west 
 by the North, or Hudson River, which sepa- 
 rates it from New Jersey. 
 
 The width of the East River is from one-third 
 to half a mile, and that of the North River from , 
 1 to 1| miles. | 
 
 Navigation is open throughout all the year. 
 There can be no doubt but that the harbour of 
 New York is one of the most beautiful in the 
 world— presenting one of the finest speelaeles 
 on a fine day — with its ])iers crowded with ships 
 of all nations — the numbers of dean-looking 
 steamers passing up and down, and the beauty 
 of the .scenery on the opposite shores, and on 
 every side. ; 
 
 The defences are placed at the Narrows— on 
 Long Island side, and on Stateii Island -and in 
 the East Uiver at Throg's Neck ; whilst within 
 the harbour are batteries on Bedloe's and Ellis 
 Islands, Governor's Island, Castle William, and 
 South Uattery — commanding every point of en- 
 trance. We may safely say, that' nearly every 
 
 branch of manufactures is carried on in New- 
 York, excepting in the great items of cotton 
 and wool— whilst its commerce extends to ev- 
 erv corner of the American continent, as well 
 as" all over the woihl, wherever the iiaturjl 
 l)r()diicts of the earth, or manufactures, are to 
 be bought, sold, ov exchanged.^ The public 
 buildings are very numerous. We anne.x a list 
 elsewhere, together with engravings of a tew of 
 the principal ones, together with a list of such 
 l)laces of interest and amusenient as the stran- 
 ger will be pleased in visiting. 
 
 The streets where the private residences are, 
 are elegant in the extreme. We allude more 
 ])articularly to such as 4th and .'ith Avenues, 
 and Unioii and Madison Sciuares, where the 
 most stately mansions will be found, tinislied 
 off ill first-rate style, mostly built of a browii- 
 coloiiivd stone. In sumiuer, with the rows of 
 trees along each side of the streets, their fine 
 apiiearance will at once attract the adiniratioii 
 of the stranger. 
 
 The jirineipal street for bankers, ingurance 
 ollices, etc., is Wall street— the Lombard street 
 of America. 
 
 For wholesale dry goods stores — Pearl, Wil- 
 liam, Broad, i'ine, "Ceilar, Liberty streets. Col- 
 lege Place, and Vesey street. 
 
 For wholesale grocers, and coniniission and 
 shi|i|iing merchants — Water and Front streets. 
 1' or heavy dry goods and variety stores, Grand 
 and Catharine streets., 
 
 For hardware— Beekman, Piatt, John and 
 I'earl streets. 
 
 For booksellers and publishers, binderies, 
 etc.— Nassau and William Streets. 
 
 For Jewellers— .Maiden lane, Courtland street, 
 and Broadway. 
 
 For boot liiid shoe materials. Ferry, Jacob, 
 and Gold streets 
 
 Wl'.ilsl Uroadway, like (!heapside in I^mdon, 
 contains an oitiiiinni i/iif/icn/m of all sorts — 
 from the selling of a cup of cotlce in a restaurant, 
 to a ship load of "Yankee notions." 
 
 The wharves extending all riMiiid New York 
 nearly — the vessels placed with their bows 
 all ])ointing towards the city, and so situated 
 verv eonvenientlv for loading and unloading, 
 an<f when ready for sea, have only to drop into 
 •he stream and are carried dow n and out to sea, 
 the magiiilicent river and bay ali'ording no ob- 
 structions in the shape of bars, etc. 
 
 The stranger, however, who has been accus- 
 tomed to look at the shipping in the stupendous 
 docks of London and Liverpool, will at once 
 discover the poor aecomiuodatiou New Y'ork 
 affords in comparison with the facilities afliirded 
 for the harbouring or dockage of vessels in 
 (ireat Hritain. Notwithstanding this, however, 
 the immense shipping business of the |iort of 
 New York is carried on somehow — the ingenuity 
 of the Americans finding ways and nieaii.s to 
 clear their vessels with promptitude and ease. 
 
 Broadway is the great main artery of the 
 city, through which people, oiniiibuses, wag- 
 ons, and carriages, rush in one incessant 
 stream, surging backward and forward, from 
 the earliest hour in the morning, to the latest 
 hour at night. 
 
 A walk along Broadway will disclose pictures 
 of society — men and things, in all conceivable 
 variations and degrees, fhere, the slouching 
 "loafer" will be seen, close to the "Broad.N-ay 
 swell" — the successful miner. Just arrived froiii 
 the Californiau diggings, alongside of the 
 wealthiest and most liandsoniely dressed lady 
 in li'ew Y'ork, who is out for her walk on that 
 
 
od on in New 
 lonis of cotton 
 I'Xtt'nds to ev- 
 itini'ut, us well 
 or tlif natural 
 ractiiri's, nil' to 
 1. Till! public 
 ^Vc annex a. list 
 ini;3of a lew of 
 h 11 list uf such 
 lit us the strau- 
 
 rcsidtMices nif, 
 \,\ti allude more 
 d .Mh Avenues, 
 iiros, where the 
 
 found, finished 
 iiilt of a brown- 
 rith the rows ot 
 treets, their line 
 t the admiration 
 
 nkers, insurance 
 . Londjard street 
 
 ,res— Pearl, Wil- 
 orty streets, Col- 
 
 conindssion and 
 nd Front streets, 
 itty stores, Grand 
 
 I'latt, John and 
 
 ishors, binderies, 
 
 •eets. 
 
 , Courthvnd street, 
 
 lals. Ferry, Jacob, 
 
 unside in I^ndon, 
 11,1 of all sorts- 
 lice in a restaurant, 
 
 itions." 
 round New \ ork 
 with their bows 
 V, and so situated 
 I'.r iind unloiidint;, 
 .'only to drop into 
 ,\vn imdout to seu, 
 ly alVording no ob- 
 li-s, etc. 
 
 lo has been uccus- 
 r in the stupendou.l 
 ■pool, will at once 
 .datiou New York 
 (■icililies ullorded 
 ^;ilze of vessels in 
 lioi; this, however. 
 ,i,.>s of the port ol 
 ,,w— the ingenuity 
 IV s and means to 
 ijaitu<le and ease, 
 iiain artery of the 
 omnibuses, wai;- 
 iu one incessant 
 and forward, from 
 irning, to the latest 
 
 ■ill disclose pictures 
 in all eonecivalde 
 
 here, the slouchinj; 
 to the " Uroad.vay 
 
 ■I- just arrived from 
 aloni^side of the 
 
 ,„melv dressed lady 
 
 or her walk on that 
 
 NEW YORK — BROADWAY AND CITY HALL. 
 
 27 
 
 great "vanity fair" — the newly-arrived emi- 
 grant from Cireat liriUun, as he ({oes papin^ 
 along ut what he secM, whilst he is almost 
 
 stupefied with the bustle anil confusion around 
 liim. It is entirely dilh'rent from any one of the 
 great thoroughfares of London, whilst it com- 
 
 IIROADWAY, NEW YORK. 
 
 bines the features of all — the bustle und throng 
 of Cheapside, in its incessant stream of onnii- 
 buses aiul velileles of all sorts — of Ueiient street, 
 with its faslii(>iiat)le jirotnenade and Imii tan of 
 society— of Oxford street und Holborn, with 
 niiddre-clais stores, as well as elegant ware- 
 houses, including the exclusively wholesale 
 stores of a St. Paul's churchyard, as well. 
 "The other chief artery of the city is tliat of 
 the Howery -partaking very much of Holborn, 
 with a mixture of the Whitechai)el of London^ 
 where a large amount of retail business is 
 transacte<l. 
 
 " Thr Citv Hall of New York— from its central 
 position, and classic marble frontage -is one of 
 the finest and must prominent buildings iu the 
 
 city. The front and two ends are of white 
 marble, and the back, which is never shone 
 \i|)on by the sun, of brown sandstone. The 
 City Hall contains n gallery of historical art, 
 invaluable to the lover of Knickerbocker times. 
 In the Oovernor's Room, enjoyed by the public 
 only on reception days, are the portraits of all 
 the governors of the Stuto, from the time of 
 Lewis, and of the mayors of the city, with 
 several of the presidents, painted by artists of 
 national reputation. There may be seen Henry 
 Hudson, Columbus, and boats of' other worthies, 
 while the archives of the city contain u vast 
 amount of information of great interest to the 
 historian. Resides the rooms of the aldermen 
 and common council, there was in former times 
 a uoble banqueting hull foi'the city luagnatea." 
 
28 
 
 THE PARK AND CITY HALL, NEW YORK. 
 
 M 
 
 
 i 
 
 » 
 
 THE PARK AND CITY HALL, NEW YORK. 
 
 AdJBcent to the City Hull is the old Dchtor'a 
 Prison, now the Hall of Records, the old Alms 
 Ilouse, entirely appropriated to governnientul 
 use. 
 
 In the Park are held public meetings, and in 
 front of the Ci!y Hall are planted cannon, which 
 are fired by the respective political parties, on 
 the achiev'enient of anv party victory, us well 
 as on other general public rejoicings. The Park 
 forms a great resort for the citizens, and in the 
 hot months of summer, forms, by its trees, a 
 delightful shady retreat. 
 
 Last year, the City Hall took fire, and a large 
 
 fortion of tlie upper part of it was destroyed, 
 t is now being re-built, however. 
 
 The Nbw York Univehsitv, situated between 
 Washington Place and Waverly Place, fronts 
 Washington Square towards the west, forming 
 a noble ornament to the city, being built of 
 Westchester marble, and exhibits a specimen 
 of the English collegiate style of archifecture. 
 
 The building is isO feet long, and 100 wide. 
 It was founded in 1831. 
 
 " In front, this oblong is divided into five parts 
 — a central building, with wings flunked by 
 towers, one rising on each of the four corners 
 of the edifice. Tnis central building or chapel 
 
 is superior to the rest in breadth, height, and 
 character, and is somewhat similar to that of 
 King's College, Cambridge, England— a master- 
 piece of pointed architecture, and a model for 
 succeeding ages. It is ,5>') feet broa<l, and 85 
 feet deep, including the octangular turrets, one 
 of which rises at each of the four corners. Tho 
 two ends are gabled, and are, as well us tho 
 sides, crowned with an embattled jjarupet. The 
 chapel receives its jirincipal light fimn a win- 
 dow in the western end. This window is 'l^ 
 feet wide, and ")ii high. From the central 
 building, or chaiiel, wings project right and 
 left, the windows of which have .s(|uaie heads, 
 witli two lights, a plain transom, and the upper 
 division trefoiled. The princijiul entrunee ia 
 under the great westeiu window. The doors 
 are of oak, richly ))unelled, and filled with 
 tracery of open "work, closely studded with 
 bronze. 
 
 " The institution has a chancellor and eleven 
 professors. It has in its collegiate dejiartment 
 ITiO students, and a valuubh^ libraiy nnd i)hilo- 
 sophicul apparatus. Connected with it is an 
 extensive grammar school, and a nourishing 
 medical department. The whole number of 
 students is about Too. Commencement, third 
 Monday in July. (See next page for engraving.) 
 
 -^- 
 
NEW YOKK UNIVERSITY. 
 
 29 
 
 %^ 
 
 W .P^' 
 
 '^•:-tr 
 
 UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK. 
 
 bremWi, heiglit, nnd 
 it siinilivr to tlint ol 
 Kimlanil-unmstcr- 
 iire.uiul u luoileltor 
 , foot brou<l, and *^^ 
 tiins{ulurturieta,one 
 
 ,e tour corners. 1 no 
 1 rtvo, us well rts < '0 
 buttled paniiiet. 1."*- 
 nul lijil't ''";n> 'v.win- 
 Tliis window is -* 
 From the centriU 
 irs project rinht and 
 ^1 have siiuiiie lieaas, 
 ransom, and the upper 
 iirincipal ent ranee 18 
 /window. The doors 
 ■Ued, and tilled wi h 
 closely studded with 
 
 chnneellor nnd eleven 
 , collefrinte department 
 able lil)rarv nnd pln'o- 
 ,„„,,.t,.d with it. 18 an 
 „„1, nnd n tlourishmg 
 l,c whole number ot 
 Commencement, thiru 
 ixtpnge for engraving.) 
 
 S 
 
 I'l 
 
 "Tlie chapel i.s probably the most beautiful 
 room of the kind in America. It is ojien to the 
 public, on Sundays, tor reliixious worship. The 
 Library and roonis of the S'ew Vork Ilistorieal 
 Societv are in the buildiiiji. The building is 
 accessible to the visitor at all times." 
 
 "Tub Tombs occui)y the .space between 
 Centre, Kim, Leonard and Franklin streets, 
 tlie site of an old tilthy pond, which had 
 its outlet through Canal street. The Halls of 
 Justice is a mucTi-admired specimen of modern- 
 ized Egyptian architecture. It is built of light 
 granite from Hallowell, Maine. It is 2o3 feet 
 long, and 200 wide, and occupies the four sides 
 of a hollow square, with a large centre building 
 within the area. The front is approached by 
 eight steps, leading to a portico ot lour massive 
 Egyptian columns. Tlie windows, which extend 
 to tlie heiglit of two stories, have massive iron 
 grated frames, surmounted with cornices, orna- 
 mented with a winged globe and serpents. The 
 two fronts on Leonard and Franklin streets 
 have each two entrances, with two mussive 
 columns each. The gloomy aspect of this build- 
 ing has won for it the general name of " The 
 Tombs." It is occupied by the Court of Ses- 
 sions, a police court, nnd some other court- 
 rooms, besides a prison for male and female 
 
 offenders awaiting trial. The open court within 
 tlie walls is used as u place of execution for 
 State criminals. 
 
 Persons can gain admittunce on application 
 for a written permit, ut the keepers room, 
 between 10, a. m. and 3, i". m." 
 
 In the fore-ground of the view will be seen 
 one of the " City Railroad Curs," noticed else- 
 where. 
 
 Custom House. — The lower engrnvmg on the 
 following page, represents the Custom House 
 of New York, situated at the corner of Nas- 
 sau and Wall streets. 
 
 "The Custom House has the form and solidity 
 of a Greek temple, and is as enduring as the 
 jiyramids. The edifice, of white marble, is 200 
 teet long, by UO in width, and 80 feet high. 
 Some ot the blocks weigh .30 tons. The two 
 fronts have S Doric columns, nearly feet in 
 diameter ; the sides, 1(5 heavy pilasters. A 
 tlight of 18 steps from Wall street, brings the 
 visitor to the main entrance. The Rotunda is 
 60 feet in diameter, and the dome, under which 
 the four deputy collectors have desks, is sup- 
 
 fiorted in part by 16 Corinthian pillars. In the 
 ittlo room of the treasurer, near at hand, is re- 
 cei"ed two-thirds of the revenue of the country. 
 The Custom House was erected between the 
 
) 
 
 J 
 
 ] 
 
 HALLS OF JUSTICE, OK TIIK TOMUS, NEW YOUK. 
 
 f 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! . 
 
 \ 
 
 
 n 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 CUS.TOM-IIOUSE, WALL STKEET, NEW YORK, 
 
MKRt'n.VNTS' EXCHANOK. 
 
 ai 
 
 MEKCUANTS' EXCHANGE, WALL STREET, NEW YOUK. 
 
 years l«:i)-lHn, and cost, inchuling the lot, 
 
 if 1,1 '.!'), (11.111." 
 
 The iiiiumiit of iiccdiimiodiition provided for 
 tlie traiisaetioiis (if tlie Custom House, appears 
 to he totally iiiadecjuale to the iiiinieiise amount 
 of business luniished by the poit. 
 
 MKuriTAXTs' ExcnANfiE. — The above engrav- 
 inj^ repie>ents one of the most beautiful and 
 eiistly buildinsjs in America, and suriiassinp; any 
 other in the eity in size and solidity of construc- 
 tiiin. "It occupies a whole square of jrround, 
 and has a front of 'joo feet on Wall street, with 
 an average depth of MO feet; is n stories hijj;h, 
 ineludintc the basement, aud tire-proof through- 
 out, the tloors and roof being entirely of masonry 
 and metal. The principal material is brick-faced, 
 with massive blocks of granite, chielly from the 
 
 inexhaustible quarries of Quincy, Massachu- 
 setts. The most remarkable features of this 
 huge building are its graceful i)ortico, present- 
 ing to the eye a facade of IH Ionic columns, each 
 nearly 40 feet in height, and upwards of i feet 
 in diameter, the shafts of whicli are each a sin- 
 gle stone (wrought in the most perfect manner, 
 at a cost of ^.'iOOO, ) and the Rotunda, or Ex- 
 i change Room, which is Km) feet in diameter, 
 with k double dome of brick, surmounted by a 
 vertical sky-light, with njovable sashel, which 
 allows thorough and complete ventilation. 
 ' The dome is supported partly by 8 massive 
 ' Corinthian columns of Italian marble, weigh- 
 ing41 tons each, in very large sections, imported 
 expres.sly for the purpose." The floor is llaggod 
 with tbesame nuiterial, and altogether the room 
 is one of the linest in America. 
 
y 
 
 J 
 
 Is 
 
 
 'VI 
 
 I S^ 
 
 82 
 
 NEW YOKK FKKK ACADEMY. 
 
 
 
 
 "TnB FiiEK iVcADEMY IS On Lexington avenue, 
 corner of Tsventy-tliird street, una may eiisilv 
 be reached by taking; a Uroiic'way and Fonrtli 
 avenue onniibus, or the Harlem rail-cars, ojmo- 
 site the Astor House. The buildinj; is Hd feet 
 wide, by 125 feet deep, and is intended to 
 accoinmbdate 1,000 pupils. It is in the style 
 of the town-halls of tlie Netherlands, and is 
 well adapted for its purpose, besides being a 
 conspicuous ornameut to the upper part of the 
 city. 
 
 The coat of the ground was A-'iT.siO, of tlie 
 building, i*75,00o, while the various appliances 
 of apparatus and furniture have cost ifsaO.HfiT. 
 The only requisites for admission are a knowl- 
 edge of the branches taught in the public 
 schools; it being also required that the appli- 
 cant should have been a i)\ipil in one of tliese 
 schools for at least one year. 
 
 It may be added that the graduates of the col- 
 leges can pass the tinal examination at the Free 
 Academy. 
 

 fei. 
 
 
 f:'V^v\ 
 
 ik\'' S 
 
 i. >■ 
 
 ii iii 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 iii 
 
 
 COKNER OF FIFTH AVENUE AND FIFTEENTJI STREET, NEW YORK. 
 
 lul WHS iriT.wiO, of tlie 
 the viirious uppliiinws 
 lire have cost iJSCSfiT. 
 uiliiiissioii lue a kiiowl- 
 1:iiii{lit in tliu public 
 cqniriMl that tlie unpli- 
 i\ |)\ii)il in onu of tliese 
 voar. 
 
 i^nuhmtesof thecol- 
 
 exainination at the Free 
 
 
 ■" " - - - l.\F. - 
 
 ,,'i>.-,J,» -'- fr!,,-.. 
 
 
 :^;. 
 
 PETER COOPER INSTITUTE, NEW YORK. 
 
If. 
 
 h 
 
 \t 
 
 u 
 
 NEW VOKK llOSriTAL, 
 
 
 NEW YUUK IKWl'lTAL, IIHOAIJWAY. 
 
 On the precoding piiRP we (live ttn illustrn- 
 lioii of II jirivato rcsidoiicc in one of the prinei- 
 nal Htreets in Now Yoric, viz., the Fifth uvenne. 
 In tliis street may Ijo seen sonic of tlie lurjjest 
 and handsomest of the private residences ot the 
 New York merchants. 
 
 In .snnimcr, when tlie trees whicli line each 
 side of the avenne arc in full bloom, the street 
 then has all the appearance of a beautiful (rrove. 
 
 The green blinds, outside of the windows, 
 when cl()scd, which they generally are, detract 
 very much from the elejjaut appearance of the 
 houses. The custom of Keeping the blinds so 
 much closed, is very common in New York, and 
 often, we think, unnecessary, when there are no 
 rays of the sun to occasion such an infringe- 
 ment, in that respect, on one of the greatest 
 laws of health. 
 
 The Cooper IxsTiTriE. — This institution de- 
 serves H place among our illustrations of public 
 buildings of the city, not only on aceouiit of the 
 magnificence of the edifice, "as a building, but 
 as a memento of a most princely act on the |)art 
 of a New York merchant — Mr." Peter Cooi)er — 
 who, out of his wealth, has built this house 
 with the view of founding an in.stitution to be 
 called "The Union," for the moral, social, and 
 physical improvement of the youth, not only 
 
 belonging to the City, or Stntr, hut of any part 
 of theworlil. The .sum donateil to such a noble 
 puriiose, amo\iiits to <!;.;iiii,(iiiii ( i.'i;ii,ii(iii .ttgi. 
 
 "Trie building is in Astor Place, opjiosite the 
 new Itible House. The editice is si.'c stories 
 higli, occupying a sjiace e((ual in extent to I'ight 
 full lots, each '25 feet by loii, or lid.ooo s(|uaiv 
 feet. Ill the basement is a coiiiiiiodious leeture- 
 rooiii, l;!.') feet long, mid in the upper story an 
 ob.servatory. The Uuioii provides free courses 
 of lectures, a free library, rooms for debating 
 and other societies, and an ollice for the benelil 
 of jiersons seeking literary ein|)loynient, wlieie 
 their names and wishes may be registered, and 
 applicati(/ii for their services received. 
 
 "The School of Design, for females, have 
 rooms in this building, aiiiiily supplied with 
 the materials for instruction. ' 
 
 Mr. Cooiier is a manufacturer of Isinglass, by 
 trade— one of the most noted men in the city 
 for public sjiirit aii<l benevolence, and n leading 
 member of the Swedenborgian denomination. 
 
 The Nkw YoitK IIospitai, is one of the 
 principal benevolent institutions of New York, 
 which the stranger, as he walks along 
 liroadway, cannot fail to notice, standing 
 back from oti' the stream of the great thorough- 
 
 ^is.^. 
 
I, A FAI{()K irOL'SE, HHOADWAV. 
 
 35 
 
 '.T> 
 
 %. 
 
 or Stiitc, lull i)f luiy jpiirt 
 I ildimlfil to siK'li a iiolili- 
 :.;(io,(Mio I ti'>li,ooo sin I. 
 \stor I'liiec, ojiposito the 
 It" ulilicf is six storii'S 
 •Ofquiil iiioxtfiit to ^■i^'llt 
 1>V li"'> <"' 'J".""" si|\iiiro 
 is 11 coiiinioiliDUS Icoture- 
 iil in till' iippi'i' f^tovy iii» 
 ion proviclis IVoe conrsoH 
 ■ary, rooms tor lU'liatini; 
 (1 liu ollico for tlic biMii'tit 
 >rury t'niplovim'nl, vvlu'ii- 
 ■s niiiy l)e rcnisturi'd, «nil 
 urvifos ri'Cfivi'il. 
 si|j;n, for feiiiiilr!', Iinvf 
 11(1, aniiily supiiliiil witli 
 •iiction. ' 
 
 nifartiirfr of Isiunlass, liy 
 ^t notiMl men in tlie city 
 K'nevolencc, and u leaiUni,' 
 iiborgiun denomination. 
 
 IIosi'iTAi- is one of the 
 institutions of Xi'W ^ oik, 
 r, as lie walks aUmii 
 'ail to notice, standiiii; 
 am of the great tborougli- 
 
 ■^ 
 * 
 
 l.A FAlUiE HUL'SE, UIIOADWAV. 
 
 fare, and in sninnicr bcantifnily shaded by the 
 trees in front of it. 
 
 "This institution, located in Hroadway, between 
 Duaue and Worth stiects, was fiMiiided in 1771, 
 by the Karl of Dunmore, at that time j;overnor 
 of the colony. The institution has an annual 
 revenue, fnnii various sources, of about :?-iH,iiimi, 
 which is expended in llie siipiiort of tlie estab- 
 lialiinent. The hospital buildings, to which 
 lar({e and cosllv additions have recently been 
 made, are titteil up in excellent style lor the 
 accommodation of patients, who can have the 
 best of medical attendance, and the convenience 
 of nursiii!,' and medicine, for i^A a week. Ue- 
 spoctabU" persons, without families, will tind 
 this a very desiralde asylum .luring sickness. 
 Patients can have single rooms if they desire 
 them. In cases of sudden acci<lents, jiatients 
 are received bore, and their wants immediately 
 attended to. Medical students are permitted to 
 the rounda with the attending surgeoua for the 
 
 annual fej of |8. Annual lectures are given by 
 all the attending physicians and surgeons. 
 The buildings will accommodate ;!.')0 patients. 
 Application for admission must be madu at 
 the ollici^ within the Hospital. There are ten 
 attending and consulting physicians and sur- 
 geons." 
 
 La Fa hoe HofSE.— One of the mommoth- 
 sizeil hotels of New York. It has a magnificent 
 white marble frontage of 200 feet on IJroadway, 
 and stands out in strong relief with all the 
 buildings in the vicinity. It is fiUed up for 
 fully 4uo guests, in a comfortable and gorgeous 
 manner, and is conveniently situated tor busi- 
 ness, as well as pleasure, being in the vicinity 
 of the Astor Library, and the Reading Kooih 
 of the Mercniitilo Library Association, which 
 arc free to strangers. The La Farge House is 
 kept by Mr. Wheeler, on the American plan. 
 
' 
 
 86 
 
 TRINITY CHURCH, BROADWAY. 
 
 " Situnted on Broadway, fmiitiri)? Willi 
 street, with its portals invitingly open 
 every day in the year, stands Trinitv 
 Church, a beautiful temple of worship, ft 
 is the third edifice of the kind erected 
 upon the spot, the first haviuji been de- 
 stroyed in the frrcat fire of ITTfi. The 
 entire lenj;th of the building is 130 feet, of 
 which i!) are due to the chancel. Width 
 of nave, r)4 feet ; of chancel, 38 feet. Ileiiiht 
 to eaves, !>0 feet, and to ridj^e, W feet, with 
 a tine open roof. The inside walls of the 
 cliurch are of Caen stone, brought from 
 Normandy in Franco — a material of an 
 agreeable colour, and easily \>orked, being 
 soft enough to be cut with a saw or knife. 
 The windows are of richly stained glass ; 
 the ceilings painted blue, and the roof lim- 
 bers covered with polychromatic deeora- 
 tions. The floors are tiled throughout, 
 with tasteful ornamental 
 
 patterns in chancel. The 
 
 building will seat about 
 
 Hoo, its cost having been 
 
 #-.'«0,uOO. The architect • 
 
 of this splendid church 
 
 is Mr. Lpjohn, a cele- 
 brated Scotch architect. 
 "The lofty opire of the 
 
 church is the Pomiiev's 
 
 I'illar of New York— tlio 
 
 most i)roniincnt obji-ct 
 
 th'it lirst ar.ests the at- 
 
 tenlion of tlie stranger, 
 
 as lie appiciaches the city 
 
 f'ldin llie Atlantic. The 
 
 view from 
 
 tlio top of 
 
 the spire 
 
 is without 
 
 doubt tlie 
 
 hiiest to 
 
 bo had in 
 
 the citv." 
 
 TRINITY CHURCH, BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 
 
CHURCH OF ALL SOULS, NEW YORK. 
 
 37 
 
 r--*-.- 1 '•-"■■ 
 
 This mngniflcent building, recently ercctctl, is remarkable 
 for its pcculi'ir architecture — being built in the style of 
 many of the Italian churches of tliu middle ages — of brick, 
 and cream-coloured stone, alternately. 
 
 Adjoining the church is tlie parsonage, situated on Twen- 
 tietli street. Included in the design tor this church, is the 
 magniticent spire, or campanile, 8UU feet high, the foundation 
 only of it being at present built. 
 
 1*110 church, inside, is fitted up elegantly and most 
 comfortably, in small and large pews, to suit the 
 families of members. The peculiar hue of the paint 
 on the walls, the magnilicently stained glass win- 
 dows, partially ob.scured by a huge arch, facing the 
 ecjually gramt-looking, an({ powerful organ in 
 the gallery opposite, the light streaming do^vn 
 from the cupola, bctiind the pulpit — the well- 
 planned position tlie congregation occupy for 
 seeing and hearing — the rich and gay dresses 
 of the yast crowd of hearers— form altogether a 
 cdiip il' (EU seldom to be met with. 
 
 This liaudsome edifice belongs to one of the 
 Unitarian congregations of New York, oyer 
 which the Key. Dr. Uellows is pastor. 
 
 It liiis cost already ljil70,000, including 
 the ])arsonage. The campanile is esti- ^''' 
 
 mated to cost ?40,(I00 ; so that when 
 it is completed, the whole edifice will /J i 
 
 liaye cost the largo sum of ji2l0,000, :" -' 
 
 ^ €4^,0(10 stg.). ""-; . 
 
 The architect is Mr. Jacob Wrev i' 
 
 Mould. 
 
 It is situated on the Fourth Ayenuo, 
 near to Union S(iu;ii'c— one of the 
 most beautiful localities in the city. 
 The cars wliicli .start from opponte 
 the Astor House, puss the entrance 
 to the church. 
 
 
 At.U%iltL. - ^— 
 
 THE CHURCH OF ALL SOUIi»-NEW YORK. 
 
 UK. 
 
m 
 
 \ 
 
 ) 
 
 y 
 
 i ( 
 
 88 
 
 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The Mercantilb Lidbart.— One of the fin- 
 est and most useliil institutions in New Yorlc, is 
 tlie library and rcadinjf room of the Mercantile 
 Library Association, situated at Clinton Uall, 
 Astor Place, a little way out of Broadway (west 
 end). The reading room is a magniticent ajjart- 
 ment, equal to the reading rooms of the clubs 
 in London and elsewhere. It is attended by a 
 voung lady waitress. There is a brnnch ollice 
 'in the city, for the convenience of parties resid- 
 ing in Brooklyn and places adjacent— where or- 
 ders ibr books are received and delivered. From 
 a report we quote : — 
 
 " The Library now contains 80,000 volumes, U rlcli 
 in every popular and scientific department, and is 
 catalogued to the end of the year 1S58. Nearly i.'i.Olilt 
 volumes Here delivered to members in 1S50. .More 
 than •2(1,1100 of these were distributed through the 
 lirancli ollice, at No. 10 Nassau street. Tlie reading 
 rooms Are the most e.f tensive In the United States, and 
 conti'hi nearly .SlK) magazines and iiewspai)er» selected 
 from .dl parts of the world, full flies of all the princi- 
 pal newspapers from their commencement, and a large 
 number of boo', of reference. There are, beside, 
 classes in variolic branches, and lectures in the win- 
 ter, all for |'2 a year." 
 
 Its members number upwards of 4,500 
 In the vicinity is situated the well-known 
 
 AsTOB LiBRART— named after Mr. Jacob As- 
 tor, one of the most successful and wealthy 
 merchants of New York, who has be({ueathcd 
 this splendid legacy as a. free library, for the use 
 of the citizens of the city, where he amassed a 
 large fortune, although he entered the city— as 
 it is said — a poor boy. 
 
 We find from n recent report of the librarian, 
 that the fund invested for carrying on the insti- 
 tution yields about $13,000 a year, of which 
 6^7,000 goes for expenses, leaving $i),00i> for 
 books. More than 20,000 volumes have been 
 added since lSo4, including some exceedingly 
 rare and valuable books. 
 
 During the day, it is frequented by inany 
 whoso time and opportunities permit visiting 
 it. As a free library, however, we confess we 
 felt disappointed at finding that it is shut one 
 hour after sunset— the only time when so 
 many citizens have it in their power to fre- 
 quent such an institution, and, of course, to thou- 
 sands it must prove of no use whatever. 
 
 It is most comfortably, and even gorgeously 
 fitted up, and for ail who can atteu ' .^unng the 
 day, it must prove a great boon. 
 
 Post-office, Nassau Street, betwebx Cedab 
 AND Liberty Streets. — The whole business 
 correspondence of this immense city, and 
 through which passes the entire foreign corres- 
 pondence of the United States and Canada— is 
 conducted in this miserable shanty-looking 
 building, which appears to us to be a disgrace 
 to a country village — far less a city like New 
 York. It has been, successively, a Dutch church, 
 a riding-school, a prison, and an hospital. It is 
 worthy of a visit, if only to see such a glaring 
 instance of neglect, connected with so import- 
 ant a matter as a proper establishment ht for 
 conducting the postal business of this great 
 city, and which ought to be an honour to the 
 city instead of one of its monuments of neglect, 
 or stupidity- we know not which. 
 
 The New Arsenal.— Noticed elsewhere. 
 
 Hian Bbidor.- 
 
 cngraviug). 
 
 -Harlem, 1400 feet long (see 
 
 Castle Gaede.v EMioBATio>f Depot.— At the 
 Battery, east end of Broadway. (Siee notice of 
 it elsewhere.) 
 
 Naval Drt Dock.— Navy Yard, Brooklyn, 
 said to bo the largest in the world— built in ten 
 years, at a cost of ^•J,l.".0,uOO. Docks the larg- 
 est ship in 4 hours 20 m. 
 
 Amongst the finest churches in the city, wu 
 may mention — 
 
 ,\ll Soul's Cihrcii. — 1th Avenue- Unitarian. 
 (See engraving and notice elsewhere.) 
 
 Trixitv CiirBCn.- Broadway, fronting Wall 
 .Street — Episcopal. The nearest approach to a 
 cathedral in New York, about 20O feet long by 
 nU wide, in the llorid Cxothic style, with u very 
 beautiful tower and spire, Svl feet high, con- 
 taining a visitor's "view-point" of -."io feet in 
 height. (See engraving.) 
 
 St. I'ai'l's Chapel.— Broadway, between Ful- 
 ton and Vesey streets — Episcopal. 
 
 Grace Ciicbcii. — Broadway, above Tenth st. 
 — Episcopal. 
 
 St. Patrick's Cathedral. — Corner of Prince 
 and .Mott -Roman Catholic. I.jO feet by 80, ac- 
 coninodating 2U00 persons— Byzur.'.ine style. 
 
 Fourth U.niversali.st Chiihcu— Broadway, 
 above Spring. Ilemarkable for the exquisiio 
 Gothic tracery of its carved wood-work, espe- 
 cially on the pulpit and canopy. 
 
 The Great Sr.VAGOGUE. — Greene street, near 
 Houston — II';brew. 
 
 BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 New York Hospital.— Broadway. (See en- 
 graving.) 
 
 Bli.nd Asylum.- 'Jth avenue, near 3.3d street. 
 A massive Gothic structure, covering one entire 
 block. About 100 pupils are educated and taught 
 appropriate trades. 
 
 Deaf and Dumb lNaTiTt;TioN. — 4th avenue 
 and 50tli street, on Washington Heights, cov- 
 ering 37 acres. About 2.30 mutes educated and 
 taught trades. 
 
 Orphan Asylum.- 
 
 200 inmates. 
 
 -Bloomiugdolc, near 80th st. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 New York University.— Washington .S(|. 
 A noble marble building, with a beautiful cha- 
 pel— mediaival Gothic. (,See engrcving.) 
 
 Columbia College.— Park Place, near Broad- 
 way. A president, 10 professors, and 150 stu- 
 dents. 
 
 Free Academy.— Corner Lexington avenue 
 and 23d street. (See engraving.) 
 
 Union Theological Seminary.— Universitv 
 • 'ace, near Washington Square. Six profes"- 
 Bors— 100 students. 
 
 Bible House. — An immense building, occu- 
 pyingonc entire triangular block, near the junc- 
 tion of 3d and 4tb avenues, with a froutaue of 
 700 feet. * 
 
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS — BUILDINGS— MARKETS. 
 
 89 
 
 OK Depot.— At the 
 av. (!<ee notice ot 
 
 y Yard, Brooklyn, 
 worltl— built in ten 
 Docks the lurg- 
 
 ches in the city, we 
 
 Avenue— Unitarian, 
 ilsewlieve-) 
 
 iwiiV, frontiuL' Wall 
 iirest ajiproiioh to u 
 3ut '.iOu teet U)n« by 
 ic stvle, witli a very 
 "•5I feet liii;h, cou- 
 loint" of -oO feet in 
 
 )adway, between Ful- 
 
 iscopal. 
 
 way, aliove Tenth st. 
 
 L.— Corner of Prince 
 ,c.. IM feet by H(\ ac- 
 s— Byzur.'.ine style. 
 
 CiuiRCii— Broadway, 
 .ble for the excinisite 
 ved wood-work, espe- 
 iinopy. 
 .—Greene street, near 
 
 s-STITUTIONS. 
 Broadway. (See en- 
 
 , enue, near 3.3d street, 
 re, covering one entire 
 ire educated and taught 
 
 riTiTTioN. — 4th avenue 
 diington lleishts, cov- 
 ,jO mutes educated and 
 
 imingdale, near 80th st. 
 
 INSTITIjTIONS. 
 
 ;,.j,y._\VRshington Sq. 
 r, with a beautiful cha- 
 'See engraving.) 
 
 .'ark Place, near Broad- 
 rofessors, and 150 stu- 
 
 iicr Lexington avenue 
 ngraving.) 
 
 Seminart.— University 
 n Square. Six profea- 
 
 nmenae building, occu- 
 dar block, near the jvnic- 
 lues, with tt frontage ot 
 
 GeNEKAL TllEOLOCICAl, SEMISAUy. — 20th St., 
 
 corner Uth avenue — Episcopal. 
 
 Univebsivv Medicai, School. — 14th street, 
 near 3d avenue. Extensive and well-arranged 
 u])paratu3. 
 
 College op Physicians and Simioeons. — 1th 
 avenue, corner 'Jod street — Medical Museum. 
 
 New York Medical Collehe. — East ISth 
 •street. Fiv(! niontlis' course. Pathological 
 Museum, and Labora'.orv for tlie practical 
 study of Analytical Clemistry. 
 
 SCIEMTIFIC AND LITEIUUY INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Amertcan In.stitute. — ."40 Broadway. For 
 the general advancement and applicatioii of sci- 
 ence. Admission free. Holds an Annual Fair 
 at Crystal Palace, and a Cattle Show. 
 
 Mechaxks' Institute. — iiO 4th avenue. Gives 
 popular scientific lectures. Mechanical Mu- 
 seum and reading-room — schools attached. 
 
 Cooi'KU " Union." — Astor Place, opposite 
 Bible House. Built by Peter Cooper, Esq. 
 Free lectures, library, observatory, debating 
 I'Doms, and literary employment oflice. (See 
 engraving.) 
 
 New York Society Library. — University 
 Place, near 12th street — 30,U00 volumes— vis- 
 itors admitted. 
 
 Lycei-m op Natural History. — 14th street, 
 near 4th avenue. Appropriate library and 
 cabinet. 
 
 New York Law Institute. — City Hall. Yery 
 complete collection of 4.')0(J volumes. 
 
 New York Historical Society. — University 
 Building — 20,000 volumes, cabinet of coins, etc. 
 
 Api'rentice.s' LinuARV. — Mechanics' Hall, 
 Broadway, near Grand street— 40,000 volumes. 
 
 FINE AUT INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 National Academy of Desion. — .'iS East l.^th 
 street. Spring exhibition of the works of liv- 
 ing artists only. Much resorted to. 
 
 DussELDORP Gallery. — .■)48 ]5roadway. Good 
 collection of the Flemish and German schools. 
 
 Bryan Gallery. — Corner Broadway and l;!th 
 street. Sor'.e fair originals and excellent copies. 
 
 PUBLIC BUTI.DINOS. 
 
 Cixr Hall and Park. — (See engraving.) 
 
 Ci;STOM House.— Corner Wall and Nassau. 
 An exquisitely pure Doric building of white 
 marble, modelled from the Parthenon. (See 
 engraving.) Admission free. 
 
 .Merchants' Exchanc.e. — ^Yall street. Ele- 
 gant Ionic exterior. (See engraving.) 
 
 Halls o^ Justice. — Centre i^treet — popular- 
 ly known as the " Thmha." (See engraving.) 
 
 RAILROAD STATIONS IN NEW YORK. 
 
 Hudson River Railroad. — Depots : corner 
 Warren street and College Place ; Canal street, 
 
 near Washington; West street, near Christo- 
 nher; Thirty-First street, between Tenth and 
 Eleventh avenues. 
 
 The time is marked for Thirty-First street 
 depot — ditlerciic^ from others, 25 to 30 minutes. 
 
 Long Island Railroad. — Depot : foot of At- 
 lantic street, Brooklyn. 
 
 New Jersey Railroad.— Depot : footof Court- 
 landt street. 
 
 New York and Erie Railroad.— Depot : 
 West street, foot of Duane street. 
 
 New Jersey Central and Steamboat Line. — 
 
 Oflice— 6'J Wall street. 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 Post-office, (Nassau street.)— Proceed to 140 
 Broadway, and east through Liberty street. 
 
 Cu.STOM House, (Nassau, corner Wall street.) 
 — Proceed to Sfi Broadway, and east in Wall 
 street. (See engraving.) 
 
 Assay Office, (Wall street.) — Proceed as 
 above for Custom House. 
 
 Merchants' Exchange, (Wall, corner William 
 street.)— Proceed as above. (See engraving.) 
 
 City Hall, (in the Park.) — Proceed in Broad- 
 way to 2(30, and east in the Park. (See engrav- 
 ing.) 
 
 Board op Education Rooms (Grand, corner 
 Elm street). — Proceed to 458 Broadway, and east 
 in Grand street. 
 
 Free Acadesiy, (23d street and Lexington 
 avenue.)— Take 1 ."id or 4th avenue car to 23d 
 street. The Acai'emy is located between those 
 avenues. [See enj;raving.] 
 
 PUBLIC MARKETS. 
 
 Fulton, (South and Fulton streets.)—' roceed 
 in Broadway to No. 20y, and east in Fulton street 
 to the river. 
 
 Catharine, (South and Catharine streets.) — 
 Proceed in Broadway to No. 222, and cast in 
 Park Row, Chatham street, and East Broadway 
 to No. 15, and southeast in Catharine street to 
 the river. 
 
 Washington, (Fulton and West streets.)— 
 Proceed in Broadway tc No. 207, and west hi 
 Fulton strjct to the river. 
 
 Centre, (Grand and Centre streets.) — Proceed 
 to No. 45S Broadway, and east in Grand street 
 to No. 162. 
 
 Essex, (Grand and Essex streets.) — Proceed 
 in Broadway to No. 458, and east in Grand street 
 to No. 334. 
 
 Tompkins, (Bowery and fith street.) — Proceed 
 to 698 Broadway, east in 4th street to No. 394, 
 and north in Bowery to No. 393. 
 
 Jefpersox, (6th and Greenwich avenues.) — 
 Proceed to No. 769 Broadway, and west in 9th 
 street to No. 1. 
 
 Spring Street, (West and Spring streets.) — 
 Proceed to 527 Broadway, and west in Spnng 
 street to the river. 
 
Mtsssr 
 
 wssssm 
 
 h 
 
 II! 
 
 11 
 
 1^1 
 
 40 
 
 PLEASANT DRIVES— LINES OP TRAVEL. 
 
 Houston Sthket, (Pitt and Houston streets.) 
 — I'rocccil in Uroiidwiiy to No. tJOS, and east in 
 Houston street to 17-i. 
 
 PUBLIC PARKS. 
 
 Battery, (Foot of Urondwny.)— Proceed to 
 No. 1 Broadway, iu«i cross Battery Place. 
 
 Park, (corner Cliambers street and Broad- 
 way.)— Proceed to U71 Broadway. 
 
 WASUiNfiTox, (Fourth and Wooster streets.) 
 —Proceed to (J'JS Broadway, and west to Wooster 
 street. 
 
 Union, (14th street.)— Proceed in Broadway 
 to No 8tlii. 
 
 Madison, (23d street.)— Proceed in Broadway 
 to No. y4S. 
 
 Tompkins, (Avenue A.)— Proceed in Broad- 
 way to No. 754, and east in Eiglitli street. 
 
 Central, (5!ith street.)— Procred in Brond- 
 wav to its junction with bth avenue— or take a 
 2d," nd, or 4th avenue car to 86th street, and 
 proceed west. 
 
 PLEASANT DRIVES. 
 
 To Hinii Bridge, viaBloomingdale. — Proceed 
 north in IJroadway.tliroughBloomingdaleroad, 
 into the Ninth avenue. 
 
 To High Bridge, via McCoinb's Dam. — Pro- 
 ceed nortli in Broadway to Ne. Ii48, and nortli 
 in Fifth avenue to Harloin Uiver; after crossing 
 the river, proceed west. 
 
 To Fort Washington. — Proceed north in 
 Broadway, flirough Bloomingdale, Manhattan- 
 vilie and t'arinansville, along the King's Bridge 
 road to 17r)th sti'oet, and west to tlie river. 
 
 To Jamaica, via Cvpress Hills' Cemetery. — 
 Proceed to No. 458 Broadway, east in (Ji'aud 
 street to the river, cross Division avenue ferry; 
 pass througli South 7th and South (Ith streets 
 and Broadway, east into Johnson street, which 
 leads to the plank road. 
 
 To Fli'siiing, via Green Point and Newtown, 
 — I'roceed in Broadway to No. 7Rt, and east in 
 Tenth street to the river; cross the ferry, and 
 proceed east along the plank road. 
 
 To Paterson, via Hoboken. — Proceed to 
 either No. 227, 417, or 7«tl Broadway, and west 
 through Barclay, Canal, or Ninth and Christo- 
 pher streets to the river, and cross the ferry- 
 taking the plank road to the west. 
 
 OBJECTS OF ISTEHEST. 
 
 Hion Bridge, (over Harlem River.)— Drive 
 out Broadway and Bloomingdale road, and into 
 the yth avenue beyond Bloomingdale— or take a 
 car to Harlem, from 4tli avenue and 27th street, 
 and then take stages west from Harlem, (See 
 engraving.) 
 
 DisTRinuTiNn Reservoir, (5th avenue and 
 42d .street.)— Take a Broadway and 42d street, 
 or a 5th avenue stage, or a (ith avenue car from 
 Broadway and Vesey or Canal street, to 42d 
 street. 
 
 Receiving Reservoir, (86th street,)— Take a 
 2(1, .Id or 4th avenue car to 86th street, and pro- 
 ceed west. 
 
 Greenwood Cemetery, (South Brooklyn.)— 
 Proceed to 20S Broadway, and east in Fulton 
 street to the Kast River; cross the ferry, and 
 take the Court street cars, which go to the 
 Cemetery gate. 
 
 HonoKEN AND Elysian Fi ELDS. —Proceed to 
 either 227, 417, or 7ii'.t Broadway, and west 
 through Barclay, Canal, or Ninth and Christo- 
 pher streets to the river, and cross the ferry, 
 
 IIoW TO LEAVE NEW VOUK. 
 
 For PiiiLADBLPniA, via New Jersey Railroad 
 Depot at Jersey City.— Proceed to 171 Broad- 
 way, thence to the foot of Courtlandt street, and 
 cross the ferry. 
 
 For Philadelphia, via Camden and Aniboy 
 Railroad.- From Pier No. 1 North River. Pro- 
 coed to No. 1 Broadway, and west in Battery 
 Place to the river. 
 
 For Boston, via Stonington and Providence. 
 — Fiom I'ier .\o. 2 North River. I'roceed to 
 No. 1 Broadway, and west through Batteiy 
 Place to the river. 
 
 For Boston, via Fall Rivor and Newport.— 
 From I'ier No. .'i North River. I'roceed to No. 
 1 Broadway, and west through JJattery Place to 
 the river. 
 
 For Boston, via Norwich and Worcester. — 
 From foot of Courtlaiult street. I'roceed to No. 
 171 Broadway, and thence through Courtlandt 
 street to the river. 
 
 For Boston, via New Haven Railroad.— Depot 
 27th street and 4th avenue. Take a 4lh uveime 
 car, which starts from the Astor House, or a 
 Broadway and 4th avenue stage, north to 27th 
 street. 
 
 For Albany, via Hudson River Railroad.— 
 De|)ot, Warren street and College i'lace. Pro- 
 ceed to L'llO Broadway, and west in Warren 
 street to College Place! 
 
 For Alrany, via Harlem Railroad.— Depot 
 27th street, corner 4th avenue. Take a 4tli 
 avenue car, which starts from the Astor House, 
 or a Broadway and 4th avenue stage, north to 
 27th street. 
 
 For Albany, via People's Lino Steamboats.— 
 From foot of (;ourtlandt street. I'roceed in 
 Broadway to No. 171, and west in Conrtlandt 
 street to the river. 
 
 For Albany, via Merchants' Line Steam- 
 boats.— From foot of Robinson street. I'roceed 
 to No. 2.'i7 Broadway, and through Park Place 
 west to the river. 
 
 For Bi'ffalo or Dpnkirk, via New York and 
 Erie Railroad.— Dejiot, foot of Duaiie street. 
 Proceed in Broadway to No. 303, and west in 
 Duane street to 'he river. 
 
 For New Have.v, by steamboat.— From Peck 
 hlij). Proceed to ^os Broadway, and east in 
 Fulton street to the river; thence northeast 
 two blocks. 
 
% 
 
 HIGH BRIDGE, HARLEM. 
 
 41 
 
 S6th street.)— Take a 
 ; 86th street, and pro- 
 
 (SoMth 15r()oklvn.)— 
 • ami east in Fulton 
 l' cross tlic ferry, and 
 Irs, which go to the 
 
 f FiuLPS.— Proceed to 
 IJroiidwav, and west 
 or Ninth and Clinsto- 
 and cross the ferry. 
 
 3 NEW YOKK. 
 
 II New .Tersev Railroad 
 |>r()cec(l to in liroad- 
 1 Conrtlandt street, and 
 
 a Canulen and Aniboy 
 0. 1 North River. I'ro- 
 : and west in Battery 
 
 iii<'tiin and Providence. 
 itlT River. Proceed to 
 west through Battery 
 
 River and Newport.— 
 River. Proceed to No. 
 Iirough Battery Place to 
 
 •wich and Worcester.— 
 t street. Proceed to No. 
 nee tlirongh Courtlandt 
 
 Haven Railroad.— Depot 
 
 nne. Take a ttli avep.ue 
 
 llio Astor House, or a 
 
 lue stage, north to '27tli 
 
 idson River Railroad.— 
 nid folU'ue Place. Pro- 
 and west in Warren 
 
 arlcni Railroad.— Depot 
 avenne. Take a 4tli 
 Is from tlie Astor House, 
 1 avenue stage, nortli to 
 
 )ph''s Line Steamboats.— 
 
 mdt street. Proceed in 
 
 and west in Courtlandt 
 
 Merchants' Line Steam- 
 lobinson street. I'roceed 
 and through Park Place 
 
 •SKiHK, via New York and 
 )t, foot of Duane street, 
 to No. S03, and west in 
 ver. 
 
 IV steamboat.— From Peck 
 
 s Broadway, and east in 
 
 river; thence northeast 
 
 iv-^W-V^W \<vV« 
 
 THE HIGH BRIDGE, CROTON AQUEDUCT. 
 
 HifjH BninnE. — Connected with the water .sup- 
 plv of Now York, we give the above engraving 
 of the AcpuMhict, over wliichtlie water is bronglit 
 in pipes into tlic city to the great reservoir at Mith 
 St., from Croton River nearly -10 miles ott'. By 
 this means. New York is sujiplied by an abun- 
 dant, and nover-fiiiling stream of tlio best water 
 which can be do.sirea It is brought to a re- 
 ceiving reservoir, on York Hill, about P> miles 
 from the City Hall. Tlie quantity capable of 
 being supplied and distributed, is GO millionx af 
 (jaU'ins ill cue <l<i>/. 
 
 The Bridge, represented above, crosses the 
 Harlem Yalley and River, and is 14."i0 feet long. 
 There arc S arches, with a span of SO feet each, 
 springing from jiiors -JO feet wide, at the sjjring 
 line, wliicli 's fio feet above tlie surface of the 
 river, at high water. Tliere are several other 
 arches, sprniging from the ground, of 50 feet 
 each. 
 
 The whole works, in connection with bring- 
 inir the water bv this n-jans to the citv, has 
 cost upwards of ^l.'i,000,000 (£-2,400,000 stg.). 
 
 On the next page will be found illustrations 
 of one of the banking establishments of the 
 city, as well as of the celebrated billiard-table 
 rooms of M. Phelati, the largest establishment 
 of the kind, we believe, in the United States, 
 where thirty nuigniticent tables are fitted up 
 for play, alTthe numufacturo of Messrs. O'Con- 
 nor & CoUinder, of New York, the largest bil- 
 liard-table makers in the country. 
 
 BROOKLYN. 
 
 ACROS.S the East River is the suburban citv 
 of Brooklyn, where thousands of the New York 
 merchants, and others, reside. The ferry-boats 
 cross every three or four minutes. From Brook- 
 lyn "Heights," some of the finest views of New 
 York and neighbourhood are obtained. Brook- 
 lyn is governed by a mayor, and a board of 18 
 aldermen — publishes daily newspapers, and has 
 about it all the characteristics of a city, although 
 it forms, in reality, only a suburb of the great 
 "Ootham," with "which it i.s so closely allied. 
 The population is about ;is,000. 
 
 Strangers will find the Rev. H. W. Beecher's 
 church (named I'lvmouth Church) in Orange 
 street, between Hic'ka and Henry streets. Take 
 the ferry foot of Fulton street. 
 
 Brooklyn has nearly 80 churches in it, of all 
 denominations, and tlience has been styled the 
 "City of Churches." 
 
 Grkenwood Cemetery, the largest public 
 burial ground in the world, is situated on 
 (lowanus Heights, about 2i miles from South 
 Ferry. 
 
 The various avenues in the ground extend 
 for about 1.") miles— and, with its hills and dells, 
 forms a scene of great beanty, whilst the mag- 
 nificent monuments, and the eminent individ- 
 uals buried there, render it a place peculiarly 
 interesting. 
 
; 
 
 i;i 
 
 M. PHELAN'S BILLIABD-TABLK ROOMS, BROADWAY. 
 
 m 
 
NEW YORK STREETS — CORPORATION AND POLICE. 
 
 NEW YORK STREETS AND CORPORATION. 
 
 48 
 
 One of tlie wnMt things coniicotcd with New York, wliich strikes n strftiiger at once on 
 his coiniii<; oitiicr from Groat IJritaiii, or siioh a city as T'liilaJelpliia or Boston, is 
 tiio nbomiiialily disgraceful state wluoli tlie public streets are in, for the most part. It 
 matters not wlicliier it is fine a day or foul day, tiierc the gutters reek with stagnant water 
 and filth to such an extent, that we are only surprised that the mortality is not greater 
 tiian it is in New York, although, who can doubt but that that has something to do with 
 the great mortality whidi takes place among young children, compelled as tiiey are, to in- 
 hale the poisonous miasma from stagnant dirty water, etc., before the doors. Again, 
 in the paving of tlio streets, they are equally bad. With the exception of such as Broad- 
 way, there is scarcelj- a street in New York, but in driving along which you have to be 
 Very careful, or either the springs of your iiuiehine will snap, or you will be j)itched out, 
 owing to the ruts, ludes, and stones laying about. The condition of the public streets of 
 New York — as regards scavengeringand paving — are at present, and we believe long have 
 been, a standing memorial of an etl'ete, or disgracefully disregardless corporation. Ask any 
 one, high or low, rich or poor, as to why it is so, and you will gel the one universal answer 
 — " We are swindled out of tlie money which ought to keep the streets in better order. 
 Instead of paying to do that, it finds its way into the pockets of a corrui)t corporation." 
 We Could scarcely believe such to be possible, but " what every body says must be true." 
 We are so far glad, however, to be borne out in these remarks by a quotation which we 
 make from the New York Daili/ Herald, the editor of which paper (20th September, 1858) 
 np[)ears to be indignant, when, in referring to the enormous taxation of the city, he says: — 
 
 " In return for the vast expen<liture of 5110,000,000, the citizen gets comparatively little 
 advantage; over ii,000,(iO(> of it goes into the pockets of a set of thieving oificicls, small 
 politicians, rowdies, and fighting men ; filthy streets, with the germ of pestilence in every 
 gutter; schools so inadequate to the population, that lO.OOn children are refused admittance 
 in one week; a police department so grossly mismanaged that life is continually in danger, 
 and property almost wholly unprotected; a city goverimient more abominably corrupt and 
 inetHcii'Ut than any otlier on the face of the globe — these are the benefits which the citi- 
 zens of New York get for all the money tiiat is s(iuandercd and plundered every year. 
 And such conmients will remain true of th<' condition of this city until its government ia 
 taken out of the hands of dishonest politicians." 
 
 And again, talking of the taxpayers, says: — 
 
 " They are the sufferers from all our corporation corruptions — they are the parties who 
 are fleeced by the robbers and jobbers of all tiie rotten cliques and parties in the field ; and 
 the wrongs of the taxpaj-ers can only be riirhted by themselves. They can clean out our 
 treasurj- suckers if they will, and a half dozen men may put the ball in motion. Will no- 
 body take the hint, and move in this important matter of reducing the fees and perquisites 
 of our corporation sharks and jobbers to the extent of ^2,000,000 or j;i,000,000 a year ? Can 
 any man enumerate the loafers and vagabonds now subsisted out of tiie pockets of the tax- 
 payers, but who would be drivc'n to honest labour, or driven out of the city, if our corpo- 
 ration expenses were cut down to the extent of some 82,000,000 or $3,000,000 a year? 
 
 POLICE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 From what we have seen and heard of this body, their efficiency or discipline is very 
 questionable, when compared with the well-regulated system of any of the British cities. 
 
 The policeman of New York is apparently a very gentlemanly man, and will be found 
 now and then at corners of streets, etc., dressed up with blue frock coat, and white pants, 
 wilJi blue cloth cap (in sunmier). 
 
 If you ask him a question, regarding your way to any particular point, perhaps 
 
44 POLICE OF NEW YORK — DINING SALOONS. 
 
 he will with.lrftw tho cignr from ]m mouth, and give you a quiet, civil answer; or 
 lie will answer you with the ci-nr stuck in the corner of hi* mouth, as he stands enjoyint: 
 his " weed," and it may he, he answers not ov.t civilly, and rather carelessly. It is, how- 
 ever, in the catching of pickpockets, for example, where we have seen him shine, to p,.si 
 tive disadvantagc-when in having some " rowdy" pointed out to him to secure, lie would 
 (cigar in mouth) give chase, and j.ossibly run after his game for prohal.ly 100 yards— when, 
 either fancying it too much trouble, or from some other cause, he would give up the ehaso, 
 and bo laughed at by the by-standers, as well as by the scoundrel he was in pursuit of. 
 We need not say what the effect of such an exhibititm must be, upon the more vieioub 
 members of society, when they see such laxity in ap]irehension9. Compare this with the 
 determined vigilance, courage, and perseverance of a London policeman, who, in sueli cii^ 
 cumstances, would chase his man from Hammersmith to Bow, rather than be .hfcated, 
 once he had started in pursuit. The case wo have mentioned, as regards New York p(dicc- 
 men, is only what wo have borne witness to, (in what is termed the "mayor's sfpiad,") and 
 is a sample, from what we hear, of the etticiency of the protectors of the public saf.ty and 
 peace— who are elected to their situations, it is atflrmed, more to serve private or political 
 interest, than with an eye to the etticiency of the public service. 
 
 The inefficiency <if the police of New York cannot be better illustrated than by refereiiee 
 to the fact of murders, robberies, burglaries, assaults, etc., taking place, daily and nightly, 
 without the offenders being brought to justice — together with the fad, that almost tho 
 whole of the largo stores and factories are obliged to have private watchmen, during the 
 tdght, to protect their property. 
 
 Notwithstanding all the wealth, intelligence, and experience which exists in New York, 
 we are sur|irised that such a want of protection to person and property exists, in the sys- 
 tem, at present, which aBsimilales to that in e.\istence in Loudon 100 years ago. 
 
 DmiNG °ALOONS, ETC. 
 
 No city is better oflf than New York for the conveniences it affords for men of business 
 and the thousands of assistants of all kinds, as well as strangers, getting a good, comfort- 
 able, and economical dinner. Much as Manchester may boast of its " Merchant's," in Mar- 
 ket street; London, of its "Gresham," in Aldermanbnry ; (Jlasgow, of its " McLoary's" or 
 " Pippett's;" or Liverpool, of its " Anderson's" or the " Crooked Billet," tiie stranger, when 
 he becomes acquainted where to go, in New York, can dine better there, for less money, 
 than in any of tho cities referred to. The dining saloons are conducted on the same style 
 as those in Manchester, where the system of tickets are given by the waiter, stating the 
 amount you have to pay as you retire. There are printed Inlls of faro, and an immense 
 variety of eatables and edibles are there mentioned, with the price stated opposite each. 
 For example, you can have a plate of soup, roast mutton, potatoes, bread, butter, pickles, 
 and pudding for 29 cents, or Is. 2^(1 — information, perhaps, worth knowing by the stranger 
 who has not much money to s|)end. 
 
 Strangers, on arriving in New York, will do well to bear in mind, that it matters not 
 how finely furnished or expensive-looking the rrataurant or dining saloon maybe — such aru 
 as economical as the meanest places of the same sort. Emigrants, arriving in New York, 
 make a great mistake in that respect, by going to second and third-rate dining rooms — at 
 the request of interested parties — near the wharves, which are the most expensive and 
 most unsatisfactory of any. They should go to a first-class restaurant, or to a hotel (m the 
 European plan, and by going into the coffee room, they can liave what they want, of the 
 very best description, and at the most moderate charges. 
 
 Tho fittings of some of these dining saloons exceeds any thing of the kind we ever saw 
 in Groat Britain, and what with plate-glass all round the walls, rich and expensive drapery, 
 carving and gilding, with marble tables, all in a style of palatial magnificence nowhere 
 excelled, and yet, as we have said, the charges at such, are as low as at many very in 
 ferior places of the same kind. 
 
3. 
 
 •t, civil nnswer; or 
 ghcBtniulrteiijoyiiir 
 ■olos^ly. It is I'o^v- 
 .„ liiiu Mm\ to l'i)»i 
 1 to scfiiiro. lif woul.l 
 lylOO ynrils— wlieii. 
 Id give I'l' t''^' »^1"»*''' 
 lie was in i«ursuit of. 
 poll tilt' im.vi' vioiout> 
 .niiuiro tliis with tbn 
 nan, who, in sucli oir- 
 ler tlinn he .l.'f«ate(1, 
 irds Now York polioo- 
 'mayor's siiiiml,") and 
 the puMic «it.ty and 
 vc jirivftte or jMilitienl 
 
 uted than hy r.'f>'Voncc 
 ace, daily and ni^'litly, 
 ! fact, tliat almost tho 
 watchmen, durinij tho 
 
 di exist* in Now York, 
 lerty exist*, in the sys- 
 years ago. 
 
 rds for men of businphs 
 Tcttins 11 good, comfort- 
 
 " Merchant's," in Mar- 
 , of its " McLoary's" or 
 llet," tlie 8trani?cr, when 
 ■r there, for less money, 
 
 etcd on tlie same style 
 
 the wait.r, stating the 
 of fare, and an immense 
 ue stated opposite each. 
 
 , bread, butter, pieklcB, 
 snowing by the stranger 
 
 i,i<l, that it matters not 
 ealoon may be— sneh are 
 , arriving in New York, 
 •d-ratc dining rooms— at 
 the most expensive and 
 lant, or to a hotel on the 
 what they want, of the 
 
 of the kind we ever saw 
 di and expensive drapery, 
 al magnificence nowhere 
 low as at many very in 
 
 STOKES — STREET UAILUOADS. 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL STORES. 
 
 45 
 
 TiiK retail stores, in extent Bnd chnrncter, range from the ronghest and most primitive 
 " ijhaiity" to the most gorgeons marble palace situated in Uroadway. 
 
 The wholesale stores, in general, occupy only floors (called " flats," in Scotland). In one 
 block of building, from 30 to 40 feet wide and 200 feet long, there will be found 3 or 
 4 wholesale storekeepers. There are scarcely any colossal establishments, sueli as Morrison, 
 Dillon ifc ("o.'s. Cook. Sons & Co.'s, Leaf, Coles & Co.'s, of London; S. <t ,1. 'Watts', ][. IJnn- 
 nerman it S<ins', I, it X, IMiillips & Co.'s, or Potters & Norris, in Manchester; or J. ik W. 
 Campbells, Stewart & McDonald's, or Arthur & Frascr's, in Glasgow. There may be said 
 to be really no monster dry goods stores in New York, which can take rank with any 
 of the foreLfoing houses, excejiting A. T. Stewart & Co.'s, on Broadway — certainly the 
 largest concern of the kind in America. It is both wholesale and retail. There ore 
 smaller ostablishmeiits, more splendid in arehiteetural desij^n, and with more elaborately 
 carved marlde fronts, but not one of them can compare, as regards extent, or amount of 
 business turned over, with Messrs. Stewart's house. As regards the interior magniticenoe 
 of its retail departments, it can vie with any in London or Paris. 
 
 THE STREET CARS, OR RAILROADS. 
 
 As may be well known, some of the principal streets in New York, are laid with a doublo 
 line of rails, over wliieli are run railroad ears, each drawn by two horses. The car is a low- 
 set riiihvay carriage, with an entrance and a platform at each end. At one end stands tho 
 drivi T, with a brake at his sidi', whieh lie uses with one hand, and pulls the reins with the 
 other, whin he wishes to allow a passenger to get off or on. If you are in the car, you 
 have nu I'cly to jimII tlio stra|>, on the roof of the ear, and it rings a bell, on hearing whieh 
 tiie ibivrr pidls up. There is a conductor who takes the fares, and it is astonishing with 
 what eiii^li -<'\ rd simrpness he detects a fresh passenger, who may have jumped oi' whilst 
 the car was in motion, ami mixed amongst a crowd, most probably. 
 
 These ears are seated for about 24, but on the platform, there is standing room for 10 or 
 12 at each end, so that in tlie morning and evenings they will be seen howling along with 
 a load of, sometimes, as many '-.s fr-mi 40 to 50 people, the centre of the car inside being 
 lined with passengers sta.iding. Tluy are very wide and roomy, well cushioned, and easy 
 to riile in. They vum the full distance from jioint to point, whieh is about ."i miles, for 5 
 cents, (or 21'/. stg.,) going at the rate of fully ti miles per hour. NotwithstandiiiLr that tho 
 ordinary street omnibuses run on the same lines, and that they, as well as carts and vehicles 
 of uU sorts, cross and re-eorss the rails, there is never any accident with them. Attached 
 to the liorsi's are small bells, whieh warn all of their approach, and with tho powerful drag 
 in the hands of th>' driver, a collision can be promptly prevented. 
 
 There are several eompanies interested in these cars. Each one has a sepanite route, 
 and ki'eps to its own, runninir baek and forwards, day after day, every day in tho week. 
 Tin' iMiii who are eoii<luetors and drivers are employeil 1.") to 10 hour.-' ]ier day, and are 
 reipiired to ki'cp their time to a minute, in arriving and ileparting from each terniiiius, 
 whieli they do every 2 minutes. The horses are employed only about '4 hours per day, 
 running in that time 18 to 2o miles per day. On the ringing of the bell, tiiey are so train- 
 ed, that they understand to jmll up and start, as the case may be. 
 
 One line of these cars belongs chiefly to one of the most celebrated men in New York, 
 au .\meriean by lirth, named (ieorge Law, the son of a Scotchman, who is said to be one 
 of tho most successful s])eculators in the United States, and a man who has always work- 
 ed, like many of his countrymen, more with his head, than his hands. To see the stables 
 belonging to him, where the horses belonging to his line are housed, is one of the sights 
 of New York. There nearly 800 horses are to be seen, all well cared for and made 
 comfortable. The feed for them is laid in, on the best terms, and machinery assists ia 
 cutting and bruising it to render it as profitable as possible. 
 
46 
 
 NEW YORK: STREET RAILROADS. 
 
 fl^ 
 
 We fnncj' that Wilson, of the "Favourite" linu of Iuimor in London ; firconwiioil .t Tur- 
 ner's, of ManchrBtcr, with tlidr 3 liontc nl)r('8i»t Scofoli Ihish; or Androw Mt'nzii>8, of OIiih- 
 gow, cnn flcnrcoly honst of iloiii).' this |mrti«'iilar hrnni'li of city trade, on no cxtciifivo u 
 st'MJi', as that now doflorilicd, far less oonvcyini,' iMissciiLtcrs ."i iiiilcs lur 'JJ(/. 
 
 We understand tiial each ear niaiies \i> journeys per day, and earries on an average, nliout 
 30 pas.tentjers eaeh trip. TJiere an^ al)out 7<t ours on one line, U'vini; notnethinj,' like tii« 
 following; result; — Total nuniiier of cars, 7o, Running,' e(|iial to ri.Jfiu miles, and carrvinif 
 Uli.tiod passeiiifers per day. Income at fi cents each, >>l.(;sii, or t'lliitl, st;;., in one day, or 
 iill,7()ii i)er Week, or in one year Soil.ri'io, {£l\l-l,i')i'>,) on one line of streets alone ! Tho 
 line of Gcorf(« Law's, it is said, pays at le-.:,^ 12 per cent dividend, l)esides lionuses. 
 
 A new desci'iption of one horse railroad car was started in New York last .Autrust, and 
 a most conifortalile car it is. Connected with it, there is no eouiiuelor, 'I'lie driver pulls 
 up^yon enter — jmt the amount of j-onr fare ilown a slip near the roof, and it drops into 
 a !;las.s case. AVhen the driver, who sees through the jrlass that the amount is cornet, he 
 touches a s])i'inir, and the coin falls down into a lockiil drawer nndernealh ; ijic mourv 
 never heini; touclied hy the driver, and heyond his reach. If you have no chanife, the 
 driver will ^^ive you full chanife, throUi.'h a lude in tin top of the omnilms. On enlerin" 
 the car you deposit tho projier amount of fare oa stati'cl. The door is openeil and shut l>v 
 a strap in the hands of the driver, attache<l to the iloor. 
 
 In the city oninihuses, (called stajjes) the only attendant is the driver, who attends to 
 its manaifcnicut in the same manner as abovf deserilied. 
 
T>S. 
 
 I,(maon; Ort'onwo.ul A Tiir- 
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 •ity triiac, on co txtfiifivi- n 
 
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 to r>,'.i'Jo iniU'x, mill I'lin-yi'ii; 
 , or .i'AM. "»!.'■. >» ""« ''">'• "'' 
 line of stiv.'tr. iilonr ! Tlio 
 U'lul, Ih'/kK''* lioiiu^'t ^ 
 , N.w York li>i*t Au^'imt, iiii.l 
 ...ii.hwtor. Tl..- ar\v..r pul\-. 
 ,ar the ro..f. un.l it -Iroi.s into 
 tlmt tlic luiioiiiit \* c'orrt'ct, lie 
 aw.rim.Krn.iitli; tlio inoiu'y 
 If yoii l'i'^<' "" «'l""'i-'*'. '''" 
 ,,f ili,. (.lunilnii*. <•" fnt''!''"!-' 
 „. .liM.r i-* «\n'W<\ iiii.l sliiit I'y 
 
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 CENTRAL 
 
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 FROM 
 
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 PHILADELPHIA TO PnTSBimO, 
 
 AND THENCE BY CONNECTING RAILB0AD9 TO 
 
 l¥hccllaff, 
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 AND ALL OTHER POINTS IN THE GREAT WEST. 
 
 Tlio completion of tho Western connection of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad to Chicago makes this the shortest line between the East and 
 tJie Great NortJnoest. 
 
 Close connections are made with this railroad line at Philadelphia 
 by all the passenger lines running westward from Boston and New 
 York. The rates of faro are always as low, tho time as short, and 
 accommodations at least equal to any other route. 
 
 Tliis company also maintains an Emigrant Accommodation Line, by 
 which parties emigrating westward enjoy a cheap and comfortable 
 ! mode of conveyance. 
 
 The rates of freight to any point in tho west by the Pennsylvania 
 j Railroad are at all times as favorable as are charged by other railroad 
 j comjianies, and for speed and safety this line is not excelled by any in , 
 ' the United States. 
 
mim 
 
 A 
 
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 KJSriOKEHBOCKEIl ]N/I.A.a--A.ZITTE. 
 
 THIRTY THIRD VOLUME bcRlnnlng with the January Number, 18M. Lor.rf (Uyi-okd Ci.ark and Dr. 
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 variety of talent that have ever been enlisted '"-"^ -«8- - '" •'^, ™" /^. 
 
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 CITY OF WASHINGTON. 47 
 
 CITY OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 " Wasiiinotov, the Capital of the United States, is benutifully and conveniently situated on 
 the nortli bank of the River I'otoniae, I)istfict of Columbia. Tlie city is nearly surrounded 
 by a fine ampliitiieatre of liills of moderate elevation, covered with trees and slirubbery, 
 and conimandin;^ from many points picturesque scenery, and extensive vi.!\vs of the " River 
 of Swans," which, descending front the Alleghany Mountains, and winding its waj- for 
 nearly 400 miles through a fertile and most attractive country, expands into Ciiesapeake 
 Bay. Tiie environs of tiie city alioiiiid in elegant villas and country seats. 
 "Lat. 38° 5.5' 48" north, and long. 77° 1' 30 " west from Greenwich. It is the first meri- 
 dian of American geographers. 
 
 " The site lias a g<'iitly undiiliiting surface. Tiie city extends X. W. and S. E. about 
 4i miles, and E. to S. about 2^ miles. The ptiblic buildings occupy the most elevated 
 situations. The slreets run \. and S., and E. and W., crossing each other at right angles, 
 with the exception of l.i, whicli point to tiie States, of wliicli they severally bear the 
 iinnies. Tlie Capitol commands the streets called Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania 
 avenues ; the President's House, Pennsylvania, Vermont, New York, and Connecticut 
 avenues, and all tiieso dill'erent intersections form 1170 squares. Pennsylvania avenue, 
 which stretches in a direct line from Georgetown to the Eastern Brancli, passing the Presi- 
 <lent's House to tlie Capitol, is 4 miles in length, and 1(50 feet wide between those edifices, 
 and iieytind tliem 130 feet. The streets are from 70 to lOt) feet wide. Tiie whole area of 
 tlie city is about 301(5 acres, and its jteripliery about 14 miles. 
 
 "Tiie city was founded, and the coriior-stoneof the Capitol was laid, with masonic honours, 
 on tlio 18tli Sept., 17'.i.'i, and tlie city was first occupied as tlie seat of government in 1800. 
 "The pul>lie buildings of AVashington are the Capitol, the Executive Mansion, the State 
 OtHces, Treasury UiiiKiings, AVar Ofliccs, Navy Ottices, Offices of the Secretary of the Inte- 
 rior, Patent Office, Post-office, Otfieo of the Attorney-general, National Observatory, the 
 .Arsenal, .Navy Yard, Smiilisoiiia'. Institute, Nation.'d Medical College, Colunibian College, 
 Coast Survey Office, City Hall, National Institute, numerous churches, tlie hotels, and many 
 others devoted to a variety of useful, literary, nnd benevolent purposes. 
 " I'rm-ii- ScjiAitKs AM) Parks. — We condense the following from Miss Lyncli'o ucscrif)tion 
 of Washington : " The open waste lying between the Capitol, the President's House, and the 
 Potomac, is about to be converted into a national pork, upon a plan proposed by the 
 lamented A. J. Downing. The area contains about 150 acres, and the principal entrance 
 is to be tlii'oiigh a superb marble gateway, in the form of a triumphal arch, which is to 
 .-tand at the -wcste-" side of Pennsylvania avenue. From this gateway a series of corriage 
 drives, forty feet wide, crossing the canal by a suspension bridge, will lead in gracefully 
 curved lines beneath lofty shade-trees, forming a carriage drive between 5 or 6 miles in 
 circuit. The grounds will include tiie Sniitlisonian Institute nnd Washington's monument. 
 The porks round tlie President's House and the Capitol hove already been mentioned. 
 Lafayette Park, on tlie north side of Pennsylvania avenue, in front of the executive mansion, 
 is laid out and planted with shrubbery, etc., and contains, as we have elsewhere stated, a 
 bronze equestrian statue of President Jackson. To avoid the unpleasant angularity, caused 
 by th'» peculiar intersection of the streets, open spaces ore to bo left at these points, which 
 are to be laid out and planted with trees, etc. There are extensive grounds around the 
 City Hall, called Judiciary Square." 
 
 " Objects of Interest in the Vicinity. — Fifteen miles south of Wastiington, on the Poto- 
 mac, is Mount Vernon, once the home, and now the tomb of AVashiugton. Thirteen miles 
 above Georgetown are the Great Falls of the Potomac, thought by many to equal, in wild- 
 ness and picturesque interest, any in the country. The Little Falls, which descend 15 fed; 
 perpendicularly, are only 3 miles above Georgetown. The latter was a favourite fishing 
 resort of Daniel AVebster. Measures are being taken to supply AVusliington with water 
 from one of these falls. 
 
™e capito. of the unitep states. 
 
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CITY OF WASHINGTON. 
 
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 somely laid out, niiJ planted with trees niid shrubbery, presenting, during the spring and 
 guininer, n scene of exquisite beauty. The extensions will comprehend two wings, 288 by 
 140 feet, which are to be surrounded on throe sides by colonnades, and to communicate on 
 the fourth by corridors 44 feet long, and 5f) wide, with the main building. The whole will 
 be 7.')1 feet long, and cover an area of S^ acres. The grounds around tiieCapitol embrace 
 from 23 to 30 acres, forming an oblong on three sides, and a semicircle on the west. 
 '•TiiK ruKsiDKNTs ]\Iansion lias a front of 170 feet by 80 feet deep, is 2 stories high, and 
 built of freestone, painted white, hence, we presume, it is named the " White House." The 
 north front has a portico orinuucnted with 4 Ionic columns facing Pennsylvania avenue, 
 and ,'! at the sides; under this, carriages drive to deposit their visitors. The Potomac 
 fi-iMit has a circular coloninide of (i Ionic columns. In the same enclosure with tlie Exe- 
 cutive ilansion arc the edifices ajipropriated to the State, Treasurj-, War, and Navy De- 
 piiitiiii'iits. The .State and Treasury buildings ar« directly east of the President's House, 
 and those of War and \avy west of it. 
 
 '"The State Depautmknt is a plain, brick structure, 160 feet long, 55 wide, and 2 stories 
 high, iu which are employed lit clerks, 2 messengers, and 5 watchmen. The department 
 contains a largo liljrary of books, maps, charts, etc., and in tlie cojiyright bureau are de- 
 posited from 10,000 to 12,000 volumes of works copyrighted in the United States. Imme- 
 diately soutli of the State Department is 
 
 "Tin: TiiKAsniY Dki'aiitmknt, oecu]iying an imposing edifice of stone, 340 feet long, and 
 170 wide, and, when eom|)leted, will be 457 in length. The east front (on the north bend 
 of Pennsylvania avenue, caused by tlie interru])tion from tlie park around the President's 
 House) has a colonnade of Ionic columns, 300 feet long, and, when the north and south 
 wiii^s arc added, will number 42 columns. The north and south ends of the building will 
 alsii have priijccting porticos. Tliis edifice has about 150 apartments, in which are em- 
 ipliiycd. l)e^i(l<•s tlie seoretary and his assistant, 3 auditors, 2 treasurers, 1 register, 1 com- 
 missioner of customs, about 3imi clerks, and pei'ha|)S 30 other employees. The building of 
 "TiiK Wau 1'i:i"A1!TMi:nt is precisely similar to that of the State, and is the headquarters 
 of I he iiiiiiy otli'crs. In it are om|iloyed, besides oftieers, '.fj elerks, and other employees, 
 "Tin: .Navv 1)i:i'aiitmi:nt, in the rear of the War, employs more tiian 40 clerks, besides 
 messeiigirs, etc. The Indian Hureau is also in this buiUling. 
 
 "TiiK Pknsion Oki'iik is a very large but |>lain structure, immediately west of the Navy 
 Deparlnieiit, About halfway lielwcen the Capitol and President's House, north from Penn- 
 sylvania avenue, fronting VI street, is the structure occupied by 
 
 "TuK (inNKHAL PosT-oKKioE, oiio of tlio fiucst cdificcs lU Washington. It is of white mar- 
 ble, 204 feet long, and 102 dee|>, contains over 80 rooms, and employs, besides the postnins- 
 ter-general, his 3 assistants, more than 50 clerks, and the sixth auditor, with over 100 
 clerks. ()ccu])yiiig the sipuire between 8th, Oth, and F aiid (1 streets, is the building of 
 the Hepartment of the Interior, or Homo Department, generally called (from one of its 
 bureaus) the Patent Office. (See Engraving.) 
 
 ".Siutli from Pennsylvania avenue, west of the Capitol, and south-east from the Presi- 
 dent's House, on a gently rising ground, in the midst of the new park now being laid out, 
 stands 
 
 "TiiK Smithsonian Instititk, one of the noblest institutions and finest structures in Wash- 
 ington. The I'difiee is 4r)0 feet long by 140 wide, is built of red sandstone, iu the Roman- 
 escpie or .NoriMan style, eiiibellished by 9 towers of from 75 to 150 feet in height, and when 
 viewed from Ca])itol Ilill, has an im])osing etfect. In the building will be provided a lec- 
 ture room, sutliciently ea])acioiis to seat from 1200 to 2000 person;", a museum for objects of 
 natural liisto'.y, 200 feet long, one of tiie best supplied laboratories in the United States, 
 a gallery, lor paintings and statuary, 120 feet long, and a room capable of containing a lib- 
 rary of 100,000 volumes, and actually numbering 21,701, in 1853; of which 4539 were 
 cojiyright works. This institution was endowed by James Smithson, Esq., an Englishman, 
 who left to the United States .f olo.KiO, (according to the W(U'ds of the will,) " to found at 
 Washington an establishi'-.oiii for the increase and difi'usion of knowledge among men." 
 
 1 
 
bo 
 
 WASHINGTON AND MOUNT VERNON. 
 
 Sraithson died in 1829, nnd in 1846 wna commenced the structure which has been built by 
 the interest accumulated up to that time, viz., $242,129. The fund yields an annuol in- 
 come of more than $30,000. The will makes no restriction as to (he kind of knowledge to 
 be jiromulgnted. Works on etiinology and antiquities have already been published by the 
 institution. 
 
 " TiiK National OBSERVATORy, one of the institutions mo.'it creditable to the government, 
 occupies a commanding site on the banks of the Potomac, south-west from the President's 
 House. The Observatory is under tlie direction of Lieutenant JInury, of the Navy. ]k'- 
 sidcs the astronomical observations constantly made here, chrommioters, for the use of the 
 navy, are thoroughly tested, researches made as to tides, currents, etc., and longitudes de- 
 termined witli greater accuracy by the aid of the electric telegrnph. 
 
 "The Arsenal, on Greenleafs Point, at the junction of the Eastern Branch with the Poto- 
 mac, is one of the principal arsenals of construction in the United States. 
 "About IJ miles north-east from tlie arsenal, and the same distance south-east of the cap- 
 itol, on tlie East Branch, is 
 
 " The Navy Yard, which covers about 20 acres, enclosed by a wall. This is one of the 
 most extensive yards in the Union, and employs more than 400 liands in the manufacture 
 of anchors, chain-cables, steam-engines, and boilers, pyrotechnics, in brass nnd iron foun- 
 dries, etc., etc. 
 
 "TnE National Cemetery, or Congressional Burying-grouiid, is situated about 1 mile east 
 of the capitol, on an elevation conmianding tine views of tlie surrounding eountiy, which 
 is beautified with trees and shrubbery. Here have been deposited, for a short time at 
 least, tiie remains of some of the most distinguished men in the nation, and here are erected 
 cenotaphs to all members of Congress dying while in office. 
 
 "Tlie buildings of the Coast Survey do not, in themselve?, deserve any notice, but the 
 operations carried on here, under the superintendence of Professor A. 1). liaehe, a name 
 well known to science, are of the most im]Tortant nature. 
 
 "The resident population of the city is about 55,000, but much more when r()ngres,s is sit- 
 ting, by a large influx of strangers and others connected with the national atlairs." 
 
 PROM THE EAST TO WASHINGTON AND MOUNT VERNON. 
 
 Passengers destined for the tomb of the immortjil hero of Independence— Washington- 
 take the cars at the Camden Station at Baltimore, and proceed direct to Washinirton City. 
 Next, proceed in a steamer bound for Jlount Vernon, passing on the way the Washinirton 
 Navy Yard : in about an hour and a half reaching the wharf of Mount Vernon. From 
 there any one will point out the roid to the tomb, which is close at hand. 
 
 Mount Vernon, once the home, but now the tomb, of Washington, is 15 miles south from 
 the City of Washington, on the Hiver Potomac. 
 
 The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad has a branch from the city to Baltimore, and connect- 
 ing with all points north and east. 
 
PATKNT OFFICE, WASHIXGTON, 
 
 51 
 
 vhich lins been built by 
 a yields an unnnal in- 
 10 kind of knowledge to 
 y been published by the 
 
 ble to the government, 
 ,ost from the Tresident's 
 tury, of the Navy. Be- 
 leters, for the use of the 
 , etc., and longitudes de- 
 
 I. 
 
 •u Branch with the Toto- 
 
 il States. 
 
 ,ee south-east of the eap- 
 
 .•ftll. This is one of the 
 lands in the manufacture 
 , ill brass and iron foun- 
 
 iituated about 1 mile cast 
 rnninding oounti-y, which 
 led, for a short time at 
 ilioii, and here arc erected 
 
 iserve any notice, but the 
 essor A. D. Bach.', a name 
 
 ■novo when Congress is sit- 
 e national affairs." 
 
 VERNON. 
 
 epcndenee— Washington- 
 direct to Washington City, 
 the way the Wasldngton 
 ■ of Mount Yernon. From 
 ic at hand. 
 ;ton, is 15 miles south from 
 
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62 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CITY OF PIIILADELPIIIA. 
 
 The city of Pliilnd.lpliiii ranks seeoiid in importance as a city, in tlie United States. But 
 as a mining and maniifaotnrini,' cciitns jiroKaMy liold^ tlio first ].oMlion. 
 
 It is situated on a poninsula soMRthiuf,' liiie wJiat New Y<-rii is, l.nt lu'twoon tlie Dela- 
 ware and Soliuylkill liivers. Tlie former extending its course of MO miles, to the sea, and 
 all the way affords d.'i.lh of water suftieient to float the larg.'st shi]is at its wharve:»; the 
 Schuylkill, on the other hand, afi'ording excellent water communieiition witli the mining 
 regions of Pennsylvaiiia. 
 
 The population of the city by the last census, was 423,(100, being an increase of 83,055 
 over that of 1850— .showing a jiopulation of 2f)l,-t7] greater than that of Boston, and of 
 200,1)04 less than that of Xew York. In thi' latter estimate, however, it ought to be liorne 
 in mind, that the populati<m of >"ew York is nnich more of a migratory and unsettled— 
 therefore, unproductive character, than that of probably any city in the States— but par- 
 ticularly so in comparison with the character of the p()])ulation of Philadelphia, which is 
 of a much more permanent and productive chanicter. The nundier of Irish alone in New 
 York, engaged in domestic employment — consequently, unproductive labour — is 175,375. 
 Since the last census was taken, the jKipulation of Pliiladi'lphia has increased to neai'ly 
 600,000. 
 
 Ap])roacliing Philadelphia from New York, you arrive nmst ])robably jier rail from Am- 
 boy, at Camden station. From there you cross the River Delaware in the ferry steamer 
 wliieh hinds you at Walnut Street Wiiarf. Appniaehiiig the city from the west or north 
 you arrive at the station on the western side of the Seliuylkill Kiver, where the loecuiiiitive 
 will leave the train. Your carriage will be drawn by six or seven mules for tibinil 1 1 miles 
 into the centre of the city, at which you will find ''O carriages of the piineipiil hotels 
 waiting, as well as calis, and ]ilenty of coloured p-.ners. 
 
 The stranger, on visiting Philadelphia, cannot but be struck with the vast dimeiisidus <if 
 the citj- — its immense manufacturing productive powers — its spacious streets, laid out with 
 the mathematical precision of the foot-rule — its ])ublic and juivate palatial buildings — its 
 vast wholesale and magnificent retail .stores — its gaily dressed holies — all eombining to u|)- 
 set our previous conceptions of a "Quaker city" — not presenting in its external character, 
 almost any thing akin to the quiet staidness of the worthy representatives of its fdunder, 
 Quaker 'William Penn. 
 
 Friends in the east would have us to believe that Philadelphia was a eity, no\vh«'re — that 
 as much business was done in New York in one day, as was done in Philadelphia in one 
 year — that the people of Philadelphia were asleep — behind the age — and, as Londoners 
 would say, (when they talk of such cities as Manchester, Liverpool, and lilasgow) a place 
 " in the country" — conveying the idea of some suburban town. 
 
 Our visit to Philadelphia, then, was an agreeable surprise in every i-espeet. 
 
 We visited some of the streets where the stores are located, and found in them, every 
 one busier than another — nailing up boxes, hauling them out on trucks, and into wagons 
 at the doors. Dry goods salesmen we found neck deep in mazes of prints and calicoes, 
 displaying them to western customers, and these nuirking their jMirchases; hanlware men 
 quoting the lowest for some of Sheflield's best productions; gmeers and their customers, 
 buried beliind huge piles of boxes of tea, whilst tfisting their samples ; ]iublishing houses 
 crammed full of books of all sorts and sizes, from "Jack the riiant Killer" to Lipjien- 
 cott's ponderous " Gazetteer," — with their floors jammed full of cases being packed to si'ud 
 ott' to enlighten the natives as well as foreigners, in all quarters of this mighty continent. 
 Young men would be seen labelling immense cases of goods for the chief cities in the 
 west and south, ond even east, as far as Boston ; carters loading and unloading every con- 
 ceivable kind of package, all betokening an amount of business, despatch, ami bustle, wliich 
 made us begin to consider whetlier we were in New York or Philadelphia. 
 
 Entering some of the immense factories in iron work, the large letter-press printing es- 
 
PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 69 
 
 he United States. But 
 
 iiiii. 
 
 lUtbftwoen tlio l>fli'- 
 ) miles, to tl»e sen, niul 
 il.Aiit itH wlmrve:*; the 
 iiticii witli the iiiiniii!,' 
 
 r nil ineveasc of 83,055 
 that of Boston, ami of 
 .r, it oiii;ht to lie liorne 
 initory and unsettled — 
 in the States— but par- 
 r Philadelphia, whieh is 
 ■r of Irish alone in New 
 tive hiliour— is l';r.,;57."). 
 las inereased to nearly 
 
 liiilily i«'r mil fnun Ani- 
 ,iu-i' in the ferry steamer 
 tVom the weM or north 
 ,.,., where the loeoiiiotive 
 mill, s for ahout U mih's 
 I (if tlie i.rineipal hotels 
 
 h the vast dimensions of 
 10119 streets, laid out with 
 te palatial l.\iildin:_'s— its 
 ,^_all eomhiniuLT to up- 
 11 its external eharaeter, 
 jsentatives of its founder. 
 
 .vasaeity.nowh.'re— that 
 ic in I'hila.h'lpliia in one 
 n,^ro— and, as Londoners 
 ,ol, and (;lasi;ow)a plaee 
 
 evy respeet. 
 1,1,1 f.innd in them, every 
 
 trneks, and into vva^'ons 
 ■s of prints and ealieoes, 
 mrelmses ; hardware men 
 ,eers and their customers, 
 imples; puhlishing houses 
 
 (liant Killer" to Lipl'en- 
 eas.'Hheint; packed to send 
 )f this mit;hty continent, 
 for the chi.'f cities in the 
 
 and nidoading every con- 
 h'spateh, and hustle, which 
 
 iladelphia. 
 
 ;e letter-press printint; es- 
 
 M 
 
 tnblislimenfs, both book nnd newspajuT — aeeini,' them throwintr olf their dnillos by their 
 lens of tiiousands, as fast and as eiieap as human skill can accomplish — the immense bind- 
 eries, ami many other lar^o and busy hives of industry — we found the same naignitude of 
 •■Derations i^owj^ on, all clearly h'ttiiii,' us know that we were in one of the largest manu- 
 facturing cities in tills country — ([uestioning if it was not likely some day to rival its more 
 populous neighbour — New York — in manufacturing enterprise. If the stranger should 
 ha]i]ien to visit Philadelphia about the time we ditl, (August) or, in fact, at any time du- 
 ring the summer moiitiis, he will find the scene We iiave endeavoured to portray. 
 
 Where tliere are so many spacious streets in the city, tilled with elegant stores of all 
 kinds, it is difriciill to mention any one in ]>i rlicular ; but t'iiestnut street appears to be the 
 principal main street, and forms the " Itroi dway" of the city — in which some retail stores 
 ore situated, which, for size and elegance, arc not, we believe, excelled by any city in the 
 world. Tiie streets generally are clean and in good order, and in that res|)cet forms a 
 ])leasing contrast to those cesspools of tilth which characterize the streets of the " Empire 
 City." Tiie houses in many of the streets in the city arc neat, compact, brick houses, re- 
 sembling very much those to be seen in the neighbourhood of London and ilanchester — but 
 instead of being built in rows all joined together, many in Philadelphia are detnched along 
 with a iiiece of ground, and all jiarticularly clean and tidy in appearance. 
 
 The suburbs of I'iiiladelphia are studded with neat cottages, villas and stately mansions, 
 beautifully situated, surrouiuled by pleasure-grounds, and inhabited, for the most part, by 
 the manufacturers, merchants, and eonnnereial classes who ire engaged in business in tiiocity. 
 
 From " Lip|icncotl's (!a/cteer" we <piote the following information. 
 
 " There is but one park (Independence S(juare, in the rear of the State House) or public 
 s(iuai'i' in the dense part of the city (bcsidis the five enumerated in the general plan) of 
 much importance. In the immediate vicinity of Fairmount water-works (themselves form- 
 ing a fine promenade, with an extensive view from tiie basin) is Lemon Hill, formerly 
 Pratt's Garden, and once the resilience of Robert Morris, of Revolutionary fame. These 
 grounds are very e.\tensive, covered with fine old trees, possess great variety of surface, and 
 deseeiul on the west nnd soutii-west by steep banks to the Schuylkill River. The squares 
 within tiie city cover caeii an extent of from 5 to 7 acres, are enclosed by tasteful iron rail- 
 ings, are beautifully laid out, and planted witli a great variety of trees. Squirrels, pea- 
 fowls, anil deei' are domeslieated in tliem. Five of these sipiares are named Wasliington, 
 Rittenhonse, I'eiin, Logan, and Franklin. Tlie latter has a tine fountain nnd basin, with 
 40 jets of water." 
 
 In ]inblie buildings, the city can lioast of some unsurpassed in eleganoe and in historical 
 interest. 
 
 Ini>i;i'KM)i:n(K Hai.i., t'liestnnt street, sho\ild be visited by every stranirer. In that vener- 
 able editice was held the Convention which framed the Declaration of Independence, and 
 also the Constitution of the United States — the veritalile desk and chair of Washington 
 and Franklin standing as they did on those menu)rahle days; tiie old bell, with its procla- 
 mation of liberty upon it — " Proclaim liberty throughout tliis land, to all the iuliabitants 
 tiiereof," and the steps from wiiieh the Declaration was signed, on the 4th of Julv, 177ii, from 
 wiiicli Wasliington delivered Ids " Farewell Address," on his retirement from public life. 
 From the top of tlie steeple, a most magniticeiit view of the city is obtained, giving a 
 stranger the most adequate conception of tiie magnitude nnd importance of tiie cit\'. 
 
 GiUAun Cin.i.Kci:. — I'hiladelphia possesses in Ciranl College, situated about 2 miles nortii- 
 west from the State House, the linest specimen of (irecian architecture in the United States, 
 if not of modern times. It is in the Corintliian style of arciiitceture. Tlie entire cost of 
 buildings, wall, and embellishments of the grounds was .f l,it?,:!,8'21.78, or iffiCODO less than 
 was donated by Stephen (iirard for tiio erection and eiidownieiit of the institution. Sir. 
 Girard, wlio made this magnificent bc(iuest, was a native of France, wlio came poor and 
 friendless to Philadeljiliia in lioyhood, and by industry and good management accumulated 
 n fortune of several millions, the greater portion of which he left to tiie city for the erection 
 nnd endowment of Girard College for Orphans, and for improving the city in various ways. 
 
-♦'♦ I. ■ 
 
 54 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 The Custom House, on Cliestnut street, is a niiignifii'ent marble buililinj?, in iniiUition of 
 the I'lirtlieiion of /.thens, and a sploiiditl sample of tlie Ihino style of nirliitecliire. 
 
 TiiEMKitciiANis' E. ilANfiK, trout iiii,' Wiilnut, Doek, and Tlii 'il streets, is also u iimrblo 
 buildiii!,', of tiiK' jiroportioiLS villi ii cciiii eiletiliir poi-tico of ...tiiiaii eohiimis. 
 
 Tin; U.MTKi) ST.vrts Mint, in Chest luit street, is a liuiKlsome editiee of brieii faeed with 
 marble, in imitation of a tirceian temple of tlie lonio order. 
 
 Our sj)aee prevents ii from noticini,' imre of the many otiier magnificent buildings in 
 tlie city. 
 
 I'liiladelphia appeals tcj be well supplied with cliurehes— tliere being upwards of 230 iu 
 the city — embracing all deuominationi'. The city long preserved great simplicity in her 
 churcli ariliiteetiire; i'Ut of late a gradual eliange Inn talien ])Iaee in the style of the relig- 
 ioi as W'll i.s of tlie prival.' . diliees of tin' eity. Iteteiilly, a number of costly and highly 
 ornnmented cliurchcs have been, and are now being, erected. 
 
 Ckmeteuies. — The environs of I'hiladelphia abound in places of sepulture, anion;,' wliich, 
 for lieauty of position, are tlie two prinei]ial eciiieteries of No-tli and South Laiiicl Hill, 
 situi ted on the Schuylkill river, l miles north-west from the State lloiisi'. 
 
 Wateh WoiiKs. — lairniount Water Works, situated in tlie district of Spring Garden, ou 
 the Schuylkill Uiv.r, about 2 miles north-west of the State House, were, previous to tlie 
 erection of tlie t'roion Wurks in New York, the envy of tlie other cities of tlie Union — Phil- 
 adelphia having been for a long time the only city in tlie United Stales sujiplied with water 
 in this way — and are still justly tlie pride and boast of I'hiladelpliiii, not more for tlieir 
 utility than for the j)ietures(|ne attractions of the jdaee. It w^oiild, perhajis, be difficult to 
 point out anywhere a spot concentrating in liie same space so muny elements of tlie lieiiiiti- 
 ful and picturesque. 
 
 LiuiiAiiii-s, Colleges, Scimoi,*, and LiTEaABV Institutes. — I'hiladelphia had long the hon- 
 our of possessing the largest libniry in the Uiiitei' Mates. Itiit now the I'hiladelpliiu 
 Library, to which we allude, is surpassed in this respect by the library of Harvard College, 
 and tlie Astor Library in New York. It occupies a plain biick edifice in Fifth street below 
 Chestnut, and was founded, through the iiitluence of Dr. I'ranklin, (whose statue adorns a 
 iiiclie in front,) in 173^. The rhiladelj)hia and l>oi,'aiiian Libraries are in tin same buildi'iir. 
 and owned by, and l./aned to, the same lockliolders. They hu ■, united, about ';o,ihiu 
 vdumes. The income of the library is Sti,.jiMi. Strang"rs are allowed the use of bi\)ks 
 while in tli" building, but they are nit to be taken out except by stockholdci-s, or on deposit 
 of their value. 
 
 Among a host of other libraries, may be mentioned tlie AthcnaBuni Library and Reading 
 Room, occupying a beautiful biiiidiiig of light sandstone, in the lulian style, on Si.xtli street, 
 opposite Washington sijuare. It has about 12,i)U0 voluni' .» on its slielves, and is i.'Xtensively 
 supplied wUh maps, charts, and periodicals. « 
 
 The Mercantile Library, situated in Tif h street, opposite Independence square, was es- 
 tablished in 1821, for the lienelit of merchants' clerks and oilier young men. 
 
 The Apprentices' Library 'lus over 14,(iU(i volumes; loaned in 1852 to UK7 boys and 670 
 giris. 
 
 The Friends Lave an extensive iibrary in Arch street above Third, and one in Race below 
 Fifth. 
 
 The Academy of Natural Sciences, located on Lond street, near Chestnut, has the largest 
 museum of natural history in America. Professor Agassiz pronounced this institution the 
 best out of Europe in its collections of subjects of natural historv. 
 
 The Franklin Iii.stitute, for the pronioti.jii of manufactures and the useful arts, occiijiies i> 
 large building with a marble front, in Seventh street, above Chestnut. It holds an annual 
 exhibition of American manufactures. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, locaied in Chestnut street, is the oldest institu- 
 tion of the kind in the United States, and was established in i8()7. 
 
 The Art l^nion, an association for the promotio i of art. ha-, rooms open to the public, 
 where are exhibited annually ibout 1,000 paiutingi. 
 
PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 66 
 
 il.Unj;, ill iniitiiti'i" *>' 
 
 f arehltoctui'f. 
 
 eots, is also ii marble 
 
 liau columns. 
 
 ;o lit" brick fucoJ with 
 
 l^r|,ificl■llt buiblins^s lu 
 
 ■iiiif viinvavJs of 230 iu 
 irivat Miiiplicity in lier 
 nili.'styl.'ofUiorclig- 
 
 itr of costly ami liigbly 
 
 ■pulture, anionic which, 
 mil South Uuiril Hill, 
 House. 
 
 It of Spring OarJon, on 
 u, were, previous to the 
 ties of the Union— Phil- 
 lies supplicil with water 
 |iliia, not more for their 
 , p.'rhaps, be <liffioult to 
 y elements of the beauti- 
 
 •Ijihia had lonir the lion- 
 t now the I'hila.Klpliia 
 rary of Hurvunl College, 
 (tiee in Fiflli street below 
 (whose statue adorns it 
 nreinthi sameiiuihlinir. 
 , uniloil, about ';i),i»)i» 
 owed ine use of bivjks 
 .■khohlei-s, or on deposit 
 
 m Library and Ueading 
 lum style, on Sixth street, 
 lioUes, and is oxteusivcly 
 
 ■ndence squRre, wiis es- 
 DUiv^ men. 
 [85-2to«37 boys and 670 
 
 il. and one iu Uace below 
 
 hestnut, has the largest 
 imccd this institution the 
 
 llu' useful arts, occupies o 
 inut. It holds an annual 
 
 treet, is the oldest institu- 
 
 (oms open to the public, 
 
 ■:f- 
 
 In mcdicnl science, Philadelphia stands first of the cities of Anicricn, and hermedical 
 
 school" are attended by students froMi not only every portion of the Union, l)ilt even from 
 Canada, Mexico, and South America. Tliere is a homtnopathie hospital, at which the stu- 
 dents attend clinical lectures. The I'Vniale Medical College of Pennsylvania, founded in 
 I84".t, has luid a very prosperous conuneni^ement — .12 students attended the class of 1851-2. 
 
 Pnu.K; Sdiooi.s. — The number of buildings oecu|)ied for schools — many tif which are fine 
 structures, and built with e.'pocial reference to complete adajitation for places of instruction 
 — is ISd, of which 7;t belong to the comptrollers, and 107 are rented. 
 
 Philadilphia aliounds also iu private schools of a high character. 
 
 History. — PliiJadelphia was planned and settled by William IVnii and a colony of English 
 Frieiiils, or (/Makers, in ir>S2, after a regular imrchase from the Iiulians. ratified by treaty 
 in due form under an elm-tree in the present district of Kensington. The natnc of Phila- 
 delphia (lirollurly love) was giv<'n by I'enii, both in reference to the ancient eity of that 
 name in Asia Minor, and from its embodying prini'iples he had so much at heart. 
 
 Philadelphia supports from 12 to 1,5 daily ncwspa])ers — one of which, we believe, has the 
 largi'st eiriMilatiou of any newspaper in the United States. 
 
 If lurther evid<'ne<' Is wanting to give evidence of the commercial im|)ortance of this 
 city, we append a list of tlie railroads centrinir in Philadelphia, showing ahso the cost of 
 these: — 
 
 IIAII.HOADS CENTIllNU IX IMIILADEI.rHIA. 
 
 .Miles Cost. 
 
 HiNiilinir '.<■■ i?r.»,0(i4,lS0 
 
 !$;iltiiiiiirc US r,'.i7li,4ni! 
 
 <'iihuiil)iii SO f>,'.i77,'.i7.S 
 
 Me<lia . . . . : I". «0(i,oiiO 
 
 Moiiistiiwn 17 4,7!tl,.">48 
 
 (i, rrniintown 7 l,71'.1,81ii 
 
 Niirlli I'ciinsvlvania i!4 .'i,10r.,.U2 
 
 Kodiest.'r 33 ;?1,34S,S12 
 
 Miles. Cost. 
 
 ('amden and Amboy i!3 ^.'>,(t.')0,.")'.i2 
 
 Pliiladelpliia and Trenton. 30 1,000,000 
 
 West .Icrsev- 200,000 
 
 Cumpdcn and Atlantic . . .DO 1,73h,171 
 
 Total. 
 
 .■)rt7 ?i,')3,71(),201 
 
 Stg. £10,743,200 4». 
 
 Whilst Xew York eonstriU'ted only 34 miles of road during 1850, Philadelphia shows an 
 incna^i' iu 1856, of 426 miles, and in 1857, fully 5011 miles. The cost of carriage of a bar- 
 rel of flour from Elinira to Philadeljihia is 5o cts., whilst it is 09 ets. from Elmii'a to Xew 
 York, sliowiiig a large margin in favoiu- of Philadelphia as u port for the disposal of that 
 article from the lake ports, wliieh are the chief feeders of such as New York and other 
 citie.< on the seaboard. The eanal navigation iu connection with Pliiladdphia amounts to 
 ;i;)0 mill's, in dill'erent tlireetions, and was formed at a cost of ;S24,i)imi,ii()0. (,£t"i,00O,00O.) 
 
 Every year, hut ))ar1ieularly of late, have the capitalists of the city been wid<'ning the 
 facilities afVordeil I'y its natural position, so as to .-secure a much greater ainiuint of traffic 
 with the lake cities ihan ever it has enjoyed, and there aj)pears great probability, from the 
 new routes opened and eonnectious formed with the west, that they will succeed in accom- 
 plishing their <d>ject. 
 
 The tiankiiig capital of Philadelphia is $12,000,01 lO — n comparatively small amount when 
 com|)arcd with the city of Xew York, with its ca|iital of $56,000,000. So long as Phila- 
 delpiiia is thus luiuipered with such small means for carrying on — far less enlarging — a 
 trade, for which she forms naturally so favourable a nucleus, together with her rate of in- 
 terest being one percer,'. lower than Xew York — by which means large amounts of money 
 find their way thither instead of to Phihi(lel|(liia — it seems reasonable to suppose, that the 
 Qn ker City never will attain that commercial position for wealth, commerce, and every 
 thing that conduces to the greatness or jirosperity of a large city, till she adopts a different 
 line of commercial polie\-, and enl.irg's the sphere of her banking institutions. Judging 
 from the character of her manufacturers and merchants, we shall be surprised if such an 
 alteration i not .'ft'ectcd before long. 
 
 To Philadel|)liia belongs the credit of making the first move for the abolition of the absurd 
 and hypocriti<'al working usury laws. In the State of Pennsylvania, parties can borrow 
 and lend money u]ion r.ny terms or rate of interest agreed upon between borrower and 
 lender, and certaiidy the only rational plan. 
 
'il 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 56 
 
 BOSTON. 
 
 CITY OF BOSTON. 
 
 TiiK city of Rostoii U tlif tliinl In commorpial ini|Mirtaiu-o iiiiioiiKst tlio lomliiig oitius of 
 the Uiiiti'd SliitoB. 
 
 It consists, properly 8penliin«, of tliree .llvi^ions— vi/. : lio'toii I'r.-p.r. I'Jisl Ho-lnn. nu>\ 
 
 South Boston. 
 
 " Tiio strwtrt of lioston wore ori(tinnlly laid out upon no synteinHlie pliin, iiii.I Iwin!? ne- 
 eoiiitnoclalcil to the unevenness of tlie Mirface, nian_\ of tlietii ar.' rn.olv.Ml ami njirn.w ; l.ut 
 tiitse defect.^ have of late lieen remeilicd to a eon^idrralile oxi.iit, «. that now tlie priii.'i- 
 ])al tlioroutflifareB nro convcHient nnd spacious. Wahhinpton and Trcniont streets are tho 
 fasliionahle promenades. Altiunii.'h Itoslon I'roper is eireumserilied in its limits, il eontains 
 one of the linest puMie parlis— the l"onimon— that is to li<' found in any city of America. 
 Known to the earliest settlers liy the name of "Tower Fields," nnd occupied afterwards as 
 
 a town cow-pasture, lioston Common has since hecn set apart, orini iiled, and curefidly 
 
 pr.'served for the common hcnetit of the citizens in all eomin;v time. iNearly fii* iieres nro 
 included within its lioundaries, endira<ini,' almost every variety of surfiiee, from the level 
 plat to the ^'entle sh)pe and alirnpt ascent. Towerinj,' elms, some of whi(di are a hiindred 
 years old, enclose the borders, while within, graded walks, lieautifilUy siiaded, intersect 
 each other in every ilireetion. Near the cenli'e is a small pond, where a founlain of Coeliit- 
 uate sends u|) its crystal stream, whirlin;; and ^parklin^'. tin or 7ii feet into the air. The en- 
 tire grounds are surrounded by ii costly in ii fence, 1911 yards in len^rth. The northern 
 portion of tlie Cciiiinnni, occn|iyir.i,' the soutlorn declivity of Heacon Hill, atfonis a fine 
 view of Charles Uiver, and tiuM'ountry in ti at direction. The space towards the west, 
 between the Common nnd Charles Kiver, is i'i<'upied l)y a botanic pirden, eovcriiii; about 
 25 acres. Other public f,'ronnds have been l.-.id out in the newer portions of tiie city, soiuf- 
 of which are beautifully ornamented, and li;.ve fountains in the centre. 
 "Hoston liarliour op>'ns to the sea Ixtwcen two points iKMirly l mib's distant from each 
 other — I'oint .Mderton on Nantasket, and I oint Shirley in Ciielsea. It is sheltered from 
 the ocean by the peiiinsidas of which these two [loints are tiie extremities, and a hir;;o 
 number of islands, lietween wliieli are iiree entrances. Tlie main passau'e, whieii is about 
 3 miles f^. E. from the navj' yard, and s. narrow as scarcely to admit two vessids to pass 
 abreast, lies between Castle and Governor's islands, and is defended by Foil Itidepeiidencf 
 nnd Fort AVarren. A passai;e north of (Ji vernor's Island is also protected by Fort War- 
 ren. A new fortress, of great .size nii'l stieiiirth, now nearly completed, on (li'or;re's 
 Island, guards the entrance to the outward or lower harbour. The entire surface 
 inciided within I'oint Alderton and Voint Shirley is estimated at ",5 s(pinre inil(>s, about 
 lialf I*' which affords good anchor. ge ground for vessels of the largest class. Jt is ejisy of 
 access, ti"e from sand-bars, and seldom obstructed witli ice. The v.hole is thicklv sludilcd 
 with island;;; and is t'.e reservoir of several small streams, among which are the .Mvstic, 
 Charles, Ifeponr.r^, ..nd the ilanaiiiiuot Rivers. 
 
 Among the public buildings, the State House, fmni its position, is the most conspicuous. 
 It stands on the summit of Beacon Ilill, fronting the Coimnon. The view whicdi is atbirdecl 
 from the cupola is unsurpassed by any thing in the United States, if not in the world. On 
 the north towers Bunker Hill monument, markint; the place where the tirst u'reat battle of 
 the Revolution was fought. On the entrance-floor stands ii tine slalue of Wash'ugton, by 
 Chnntrey. The representatives' hall is in the centre on llu> piimipal floor, the senuto- 
 chamberin the east, and the governor's and council eliandur in the west win«r. The old 
 State House is still standing at Mi,. u]iper end of State street, on the site ocen]iied as the 
 seat of government in Ma.«sachusetts 140 years. Fanetiil Hall, the "Cradle of Lib.rty," 
 as it is called, is an object of much interest, as being the place wher.' the orator- in the 
 days of Hancock and Adams roused the people to resistance against British oppression. 
 Faneuil Hall Market, immediately cast of Fanenil Hall, on Dock street, was at the time 
 of its erection the handsomest market house in the United States. It is upwards of 500 
 
CITY OF BOSTON'. 
 
 w 
 
 ^t tlic IciMUrig t'ili<'« »( 
 
 optT, ¥a\»1 H<«I<"i. nr\'\ 
 
 lie pliiii. »'"' I" ''"'- '"'■ 
 H.k.'d iilid niiii'ciw ; iMlt 
 witlmt now tlH' i.riiM'i- 
 •niii.mt slivct:' lire tin' 
 ill iis liiiiitr', it i-ontiiiim 
 n any I'ity ff Aini'i-'u'ii. 
 ofcni>i<iliit't''''wii>''l-' »•* 
 muu'iitiil, iinil ciirifiilly 
 P. NcMi-ly 50 lU'i-ft* art" 
 f unrfiio', tV"ni lli>' l''^«'' 
 (if wliioli iirr u liiiMilr>il 
 ililiiUy sliiuletl, iiitorsect 
 ,.i-i' a fiiniUiiincf ("t'l'liit- 
 rt iiitci (lie nil'. Tllf «'Il- 
 II l.n^'tli. Till' northern 
 icon Hill, atl'.inlrt ii fine 
 .jiaco tl>^vanl^* tlif wt-st, 
 ; i^iirdon, otivcrini? Hlmut 
 ...rtionsof tho ••ity, soiiU! 
 
 •litre. 
 
 IniiU'S distant tVoin cncli 
 ,.«. It is sli.lt.rcMl from 
 oxtri'mities, and a lai-i.'u 
 I iiMssasjri', wliifli in almiit 
 limit two v.SM-lsto |iasx 
 rd liy Foit Ind.'iK'iiili'nof 
 |)rutfctcil l>y I'oi't ^^»''- 
 com|ilft<'d, on (!<■orLr^■■^^ 
 m: The futiri' surface 
 at 75 8(|uarc miles, aliout 
 rucst elasft. It is easy of 
 .vii'ile i» lliiekly slmldcd 
 ir wldoli are the My^li^'. 
 
 is the most conspii-nous. 
 lie view whieh is atl'orded 
 if not in the world. t>ii 
 clhetirst irreal Uallle of 
 statue of \Vash'n:,'ton, hy 
 liiieipal floor, the senatc- 
 Ihr west winu'. The old 
 ill,- liite oeeU|)ied as the 
 the "Cradle of l.iherly," 
 where the orator- in the 
 rainst British npiiression. 
 ■k Pireet, was at the time 
 tea. It is upwards of 500 
 
 feet lonu', 5" fi't'l- wide, and two stories high, with a dtmio. The second story, called 
 Quiney Hall, i« so oonstriictod timt it can h« oeeuplcd m (ii'vernl npartment.i, or thrown 
 
 into one, as oeeasion may ri'inilre. The huildinj; wan erected in lH'2(i, at a cost of aliout 
 *ifto,(iou. There are several other markets in the city, hesides those at Ijist Uii>ton and 
 South Uoston. Tlio Cni»ti>iii lloiiso i« near the head of [,on;^ Wharf, frontinij hotii on (.'oni- 
 meree utreot u.id on tho harhour. It is hiillf. of j^ranite, in the form of u cross, and ntir- 
 moiintcd hv " 'loine, the top of whieh is tut feet from the ground. The foundation restH 
 tipoli HOOO piles. Its length is 14(1 feet; width, inehldiiij,' the projections of the cross, 1)6 
 feet. Knoll front has a portico of six Doric columns — each a sinLcle stone, costing ahout 
 .'Jt,'),(H»(). The entire cost of tho hiiildint,' was upwar<ls of 1j!1,(mi(i,()im». The Merchants' Ex- 
 change is a magnitiecnt tire-proof liiiildiiii;, situated oii tlu^ south side of State street. It 
 1ms 7tl feet froi't, anil extends hack '.iSO feet to 1-indall street, covering ll},0()0 feel of ground. 
 The front is composed of tiuincy granite, with four jiilastcrs, each u Blnglo stono 45 feet 
 hitrh, and weigliing ahout 55 tons. The roof is of wronght-iron, covered with galvanized 
 .-heet-iron. The great, central hall, 8ii feet liy 5S, is occupied as the Merchants' K.\ehange 
 and reailing-rooiii. In iho bnseiueiit. is tho city postofHee. The hiiilding was finished in 
 IHI'J, and cost, exclii;ive of the ground, )|ll7fi,<H;M». Tlie City Hall, a granite hullding, con- 
 sisting of an oeliigoii centre with wings, is located on a plat of ground hetweeii Court 
 square and School street. Tiie Court House, also of graivtc, is in Court square hetwecn 
 the Citv Hall and Court street. It coittains tho rooms of the city, county, and lliiitod 
 States courts. The Cily Prison, consisting of il centre huildiiig in the form of an octagon, 
 with four wings extending in opposite directions, is near the foot of Camhridge street. 
 Masonic Tem|ile, in which the Freemasons liave n lodge, is on Treinoiit street, fronting the 
 Common. The new Tremoiit Temple, erected on the site of the one hurnt in 1K52, is on 
 Treniont street, op]iosite the Trcinont House. The lioston Music Hall, completed in 1S52, 
 fronts lioth on Winter street and on lUuiistead I'liice. The length of tho central hall is IBO 
 feet; width, 80 feet ; height, (15 feet. 
 
 •' In lioston there are m iirly a hundred churches of the various denominations. 
 
 ''The wharves and warihouses of Iio>tun are on a scale of magnitude and grandeur sur- 
 jiassed liy no other city •>( e(jlial population. The norlli and east sides of (lid Boston are 
 lined with wharves and docks, whicii, taken together make up an aggregate length of over 
 5 miles. 
 
 " Instititions. — lioston eoiitaiiis a great ntnnlier of literary, Bcientific, and educational in- 
 stitutions, among which may lie mentioned the Itoston Atheincum, incorporated in 18()7, 
 situated on Inacon street. The Massachusetts Hi.-toriciil Society, organized in IT'.IO, pos- 
 sesses a lilirary of TOdO hound volumes, and ahout 450 volumes of manuscripts, together 
 with an extensive collection of jianiphlets, ma]>s, charts, coins, and other relies. The Bos- 
 ton Lilirary Society, founded in 17'.ili, have a hull in the Tontine Imildings, and a lihrary 
 of over 12,000 vtdiiines. Tho American Academy of Arts and Sciences has a lilirary of 
 80(10 volumes. Excepting the American I'hilosojihical Society at riiiladelphia, this is the 
 oldest organization of the kind in tlio United States, having been founded in 1780. The 
 
 Mercantile Library Association, instituted in ISiio, has a collection of upwards of 1.3,000 
 volumes. Tho first Mechanics' Apprentices' Library Association ever organized was estab- 
 lished in Boston in 1820. Tho origin of this class of institutions ir: traced to Dr. Franklin. 
 Etforts arc now being made to establish a Free City Lilirary, toward which the contribu- 
 tions have hni) cry liberal. The Lowell Institute was establishud by John Lowell, jun., 
 
 who lieipu'athed io it a legac; of ^250,000. The bequest provides for regular courses of 
 fi'cc leeturi's, to bo givii, .qmn natural and ri-vealed religion, jihysics and chemistry in their 
 aiiplication to the arts, and numerous other iinporlant subjects. There are also many other 
 similar societies, such as the New England Historical and Genealogical Society, the Boston 
 Society of Natural History, the American Oriental Society, the American Statistical As- 
 sociation, the Boston Lyceum, the Handel and ILiydu Society, the Musical Educational 
 Society, and the Boston Academy of Music. 
 
 " Closely identified with tho history of Boston is Iter system of public instruction. Ever 
 
 
08 
 
 CITV OF BOSTON. 
 
 ohcrUlu'il with nmtoriml cftiv, lifi' nuliooU have Lpii^j tifoii oinniiniiU to tlie eily, iiml tliu 
 priili! of New Kiiffliiml. A* I'liily a» 1H35, the town rcoonU ln'iir »«vi<liiic'<' to llu' »>«tiib- 
 lUlirix'iit of u " frc'o Kchool," mid from timt hour to ihi' procolit, no iiilcn'Mt Imn roiTivcd 
 iiiorc ciiriicct iitliiition than tli<> Milji^ct of t(hiciilioii, Thi' hyHtnii i'oin|ii'iH.'i» four uriiiloH — 
 prlnmry, sraiiiiiiiir, hii;h, and l,alin KchooLs. Th<iv are uIkjuI I'jii jiriniary, and 21 i;raiii- 
 mar hcIiooIh. Tlio hij;h and iMiii schools are exchisivfly for hoy*. Tlic Bchool conniiitluv 
 conhirti.i of the mayor of tlii; city, thu proohlont of thu voiuimdii ooiincil, and 'i4 other per- 
 gons fho^i'n for the ]iur]"wt'. 
 
 "Tlio bcnt'volfnt institutions of IJu.-ton are numerous an<l well enilowed. The MiiHKaclui- 
 tetts General IIoKpital occiipieg a plot uf four aere^ of iKroiind in the western part of thu 
 city, on the ri^'iit batik of Charles Kiver. The Imildiiii,' in eonslrneti'd of Chehnaford >fran- 
 ite, \l~il feet lonj;, and .>l wide. Thirty thousand dollars have lieeii eonlriluiled sinee iHlIi 
 fur thu Bujiport of thi« Inxtitutlun, hy u einglu individual, thu Hon. William Appleton of 
 Boston. The MeLean Asylum I'eeelvi'd its name from John MuLean, K<n., of lioston, u lih- 
 eral beiiefiietor of the (iemral llo>pilal. 'J"ho Perkins Institulinii and Maswiehuselts Asy- 
 lum for the Jiliiid occu|>ie9 tlie tine Imildiui; formerly known as iIk' .Mount ASii'-hinirtoii 
 house, in South Boston. Jn uddilioii to oilier eontriljutions, it receives JJflllDiM) annually fmni 
 thu Slate. The avernge number of pupils is about 100. There are also located in South 
 Boston, the lioston Lunatic Ilosjiilal and the Houses of Industry and Ueformalioii. In the 
 western porliou of the city is the IJostun Kye and I'jjr Inliriiiiiry, and in the Miutheni part 
 the New Kiij^land Female JIe<lieal Colletfe. 
 
 "Tliero are issued in Itoston about loo jieriodical publicatioii-i, tieaiiiiL,' of almost every 
 Bubject, whether of news, art, literature, or sciein'e. Of these, more than twelvu are dai- 
 lies. Among the others, are comprised sevi nil of the most distinguished literary and sci- 
 entific journals in the United States. 
 
 "CoMMKiiiK. J'lNANCK, CTc. — In conuiicreial importance, Ijostoii is aiiioni,' the tirst cities of 
 America. Her foreign commerce has always been great, and extends to almost ever\- na- 
 tion on the globe. Her const trade is always immense. Along the wharves, in everv di 
 ruction, and at all times, may be seen forests of musts, and vessels from all jiailsof the 
 world. 
 
 "There were, in December, ]85t), !!0 bunks in Boston, witli an aggregate cajiital of 
 $24,000,000. Several other banks have since gone into operation. Theru were, also, In 
 insurance companies. 
 
 "The want of river advantages is supplied to Boston by railroads, of which seven great 
 lines terminate in this city. There are lines of railway, recently completed, openin:.' com- 
 munication with the St. Lawrence Hiver at Ogdensburg in New Y(.rk, and La I'niiriu in 
 Canada, and another through JIaiiie, to.'Moiilreal. 
 
 "The peninsula on which Boston is situated furnishes large quantities of excellent water. 
 
 "The first blood shed in defence of American liberty was shed in lioston. and throughout 
 
 the entire war no pcojile contributed more largely towards its sui)port. BoMoli continued 
 
 a town until its population liud increased to nearly 45,000. In 1855, the popuhuion was 
 
 102,029." 
 
BALTIMOHK. 
 
 59 
 
 utR lo tiie city, lui.l tlio 
 P evliUiit-'f to 111.' •■''t"l>- 
 „ Intiri'tl lin» roctivt'd 
 nimiu-l*'''' fi""" «l'llilci— 
 liiiiimry, iiii'l '^1 «'■"«"•■ 
 Tlic Bchool euiniuittuc 
 „„„il, uii.l '24 other p«r- 
 
 (lowiil. Thf Miinxachu- 
 the wt'«toni jmrt of thu 
 ,t,.,l i.fCliflinsfor.l ^ruii- 
 II ,..illlrililltr(l Mill'!' iHlii 
 .111. WiUmiu Ai.pl.loii of 
 III, I'>|., "f lio^ton, Ik lib- 
 I iiii'l MiixsaoliiincttH A«y- 
 IS til.' M.iiiiil Wii>li\m;t.i" 
 iv.'s. ijlVM)'"" aiinimlly fr.mi 
 u'c al!*o l(H'at«'(l ill South 
 mil U.t'onnalioii. 1" tlu' 
 and in the euuili.'rii i>ai-l 
 
 ir.atiiii; of almost cvtry 
 loro lliaii tw.'lvu ar.' .lai- 
 iiijuixhi'd literary mi'l "^'i- 
 
 ^aiiiont; till' tii'ft I'ili.-^ "f 
 teiulit to almost every iin- 
 the wharven, in every di 
 sel.-t from all parts of tlie 
 
 an au'trrepite capital ot 
 nil. There were, also, IK 
 
 ds, of whieh sev.-li 1,'real 
 oinpk'ted, openinir com- 
 Y.irk, aii.l La I'niiriu in 
 
 titles of excellent water. 
 11 Uostoii, and tlironijhoul 
 ipiiort. ]'ii)>ton continued 
 
 is,")."!, the population was 
 
 CrTY OP BALTIMORR. 
 
 Baltimoiik, the " Monuiiieiilul City" of the United htntnn, ranks nnion^nl liie most ini- 
 noi'tant comiiierelal cities In l)ie Union. 
 
 " The city is adniiralily situated hotli for foreifjn nnd internal conimorce. Tiio hny nroun.l 
 wliluli it is liiiill, atl'oi'ils a secure itn.l spacious harhour, and it has eoniinunieation hy rail- 
 way not only with l'hiladel|ihla and Wagliinnton, hut with Winchester, Annaji.ilis, Cum- 
 lierland, Kred.'riek t'ily, York, I-anciist.'r, and llarrishuri;. The limits of the city coinprisB 
 aljout |(i,(Miii a.'res of land, e.vteiidinj,' almi'.t four miles an.l a h.ilf from east to west, ami 
 three anil u half from north to south. It eonsi.sted originally of more than tifly elevations 
 or hills, Hcparated hy al)ru|>t valleys, or ruvines, and, in a few instances, hy formidahle 
 niiirshes, while, nearly in the eentr.', it is divided hy a ra]iid stream of water known au 
 " .liiiH's's Falls." This stream has s.'veral times oveillowcd its hanks, eaiisinn loss of life, as 
 wtll as oeeasioiiing a great danioge to properly. The city autliorities have in conse.iueiiee 
 lieeii at ^(r.'at pains to remove all ohstructions from its hcd, ond have taken care that tlu' 
 nimu'riiiis liridi;.'H hy whieh the stream is cr.)ssed, slmuhl he const rueted with a siiii;le ari'h. 
 and of such a heiitht as to remove all further danger from this source. The city cost, of 
 Jones's Falls is divided into two iiarln — Fell's Point nnd the Old Town. The I'oiiil is tl. 
 mo>t easterly iiortioii .if Jtaltimore, and has the advantage of greater depth of wttt.'r at the 
 wharves than the up|u'r harhour coiilalns. It is tliv resort of seamen ami immigrants, ami 
 the place wln're th.' gr.'ater part of the sliiphuilding ami manufactures of the city are car 
 ried on. Old Town lies north and west of this, and is principally inhahited hy meclianics 
 and laiiourer-'. Tin' portion west of" t'w Falls" is lik.'wiso divided into tw.i purls, the t'ily 
 Proper and Spring (ianh'ii section. The former is the centre of trade, and contains most 
 of the residences of tlic! more w.althy citizens. Spring Garden section is the extreme 
 sontii-we-t<rn (piarter, and is inhahited chiefly hy mochanies and lahourers, Fr.un the 
 nuiiiliir ami jiroininenee of its mollnment.^ iiidlimore has lieeii denominated the Monu- 
 mcnlal city. The most remnrkahle of these is the Wasliington Monument, wliieh stands on 
 I'll emiiii'iu'e at the intersection of Charles and Monument streets, nhout l.")(l feet ahov.^ high 
 water mark, lis has.', 'li> f.'il high ami ."lU feet sijuari'. supports a Uorie column 1(17 feet in 
 height, surmounted hy a statue of Washington 13 feet high. The shaft, 'JO feel sijuare at 
 the hase and 14 at the top, is ascended hy means of a winding stairway within. The whole 
 is composed of while marhle, and cost $-2()0,(M)i», lis summit commands a heautiful and 
 varied prospect. 
 
 " Uatilk Mo.mmknt, at the corner of Calvert and Fayelte streets was erected in Isl.'), to 
 the memory of those who fell while defending the city from the attack of the liritish, Scp- 
 teiiiher I'J, 1S14. 
 
 "TiiK AiiMisTKAi" MoNUMKNT, a heautlful specimen of sculpture, near the city fountain, was 
 eroded to the memory of Colonel George Arniistead, the commander of Fort Mcllenry, 
 when homhardcd hy a British fleet, in Septemher, 1814. 
 
 " Among the jiuhlic edifices of Baltimore, may he named the City Hall, oi: Holiday street, 
 occupied hy the city council and puhlic offices. The Court House, a commodious edifice at 
 the corner of Woshington ond Lexington streets, contains the rooms of the city and county 
 courts. The State I'enitentiary, at the corner of Madison and Forrest sireels, consists of 
 three sejiarate Iniildiiigs hesides the workshops. A short distance from the Penitentiary 
 stands the County Prison, a handsome huilding, surmounted l.y a cupola, and ornamented 
 with a lower at each end in the form of an octagon. The Exeliange, in Gay strett, near 
 Water, is a spacious struelure, -J-JS feet in front, 141 in depth, ami three stories high ahove 
 the has.'inent. The south wing, fronting on Lomhard street, and entered from Water street, 
 is occupied as a Custom House. Among the first ohjects 'hat strike the attention of one 
 a])|)roaeliing the city, are the shot towers, one of which — the Merchants' Shot Tower, is the 
 highest in the world, having an elevation of 250 feet. The most imposing church edifice 
 in Baltimore is the Roman Catholic cathedral, on Mulherry street, hctween Charles and 
 
NTHJ 
 
 1.^ 
 
 ♦•<. 
 
 V Ml 
 j J I 
 
 l!| I' 
 
 
 \ir. I; 
 
 ii 
 
^K^ 
 
 m 
 
 ''^mw^i\ 
 
 ^^M 
 
 It' 
 
 WM. ORANGE & CO., 
 
 Shipping & Commission Merchants^ 
 
 3 Exchange Place, Baltimore. 
 
 Superior Rye Whisky, French and Domestic 
 Brandies, Gins, Wines, Cider and Wlilte Wine Vine- 
 gar, Cigars, E^jnc Dust, superb Phosphate of Lime, 
 Guano, Ac, constantly on hand at lowest prices. 
 
 " JA^ES H. BOsiiEY, 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANT, 
 134 & 130 North St., Baltimore, 
 
 Solicits consignments of all kinds of Country Produce. 
 
 C APBON ^ CO^i 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
 08 South Gay St., Baltimore. 
 
 ADAM 8NIVELV. 8. W. COOKB. 
 
 SNIVEIiY A COOKE, 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
 
 5 Commerce Street, Baltimore. 
 
 pTsAUERWEIN & SONJ 
 
 Flour and General Commission Merchants, 
 
 101 North Howard St., Baltimore. 
 
 BROTHERS BONINGER, 
 
 OFFER FOR gAI,E FOREIGN EXdlANOES ON 
 all the Principal Cities of Germany, on Paris, 
 and on Amsterdam, 22 GERMAN STREET, upstairs. 
 
 PIIIL.IP OOYER & CO., 
 
 CUHNKK UF 
 
 Baltimore ft Harrison Sti., Baltimore. 
 
 QEO. M. RU9SDM. TIIOS. H. KKMP, JB. 
 
 RUSSUM & KEMP, 
 ATTORNEYS AT LAW, 
 
 DENTON, MARYLAND, 
 
 Will practice in Caroline, Talbot, and Queen Anne 
 Counties, and will give special and prompt attention 
 to the Collection of Claims. 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Freeland, Chase & Co., 
 WiiiTELY Bros. A Stone, 
 Mitchell, Sears & Co., 
 
 DDVALL & lOLEUARO', 
 
 J. C. Sellman & Son. 
 
 DowELL * Cochran, 
 
 FiCKEY & Son, 
 
 II DUST & Co., 
 
 T. T. Martin & Bbo., 
 
 £. M. BOSLKY 
 
 HOWARD FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
 OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, 
 
 Make Insurance of every Description of Prop- 
 erty within the limits of the City. 
 
 OFFICE— SOUTHEAST COR. HOWARD & CLAY STS. 
 »ljrDMtEfT REESHf President. 
 
 DIRECTORS: 
 
 James M. Ponder, 
 Charles W. George, 
 Samuel K. Smith, 
 
 William Orlwlne, 
 Aaron Fenton, 
 George P. Thomas, 
 
 Charles HoiTman, 
 II. J. Werdebaugh, 
 Augustus Shriver, 
 
 Matthias Benzlnger, 
 Win. G. Power, 
 Elisha II. Perkins. 
 
 OEOBGE HABLAN WILLIAMS, Secretary. 
 
 CHARLES D. DEFORD & CO., 
 
 Tobacco Commission Merchaats, 
 
 And Importers of Havana Cigars and Leaf Tobacco, 
 37 South Gay Street, Baltimore. 
 
 j6sHijjr~^VA]LKlEBi 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANT, 
 110 North Howard Street, Baltimore. 
 
 Dealer in Flour, Feed, Hay, 4c. 
 
 BROWN BROTHERS & CO., 
 152 Baltimore St., Baltimore, 
 
 ISSUE CREDITS FOR COMMERCIAL AND 
 
 TRAVELLINQ PURPOSES, 
 
 JvatlabU in any Part of the W^rltlt 
 
 WM. W. LAWRA80N. CIIA8. P. SMITH, 
 
 LAWRASON & SMITH, 
 
 STOCK AND BILL BUOKEUS, No. 8 FRANKLIN 
 Buildings, North Street, Baltimore. 
 
 J. B. m'oinn, j. k. p. boulden- 
 
 nicOIIVlV dc BOl;XDE]V, 
 
 STOCK AND BILL BROKEHS, No. 6 FRANKLIN 
 Butldingi, North Street, Baltimore. 
 
 NOAH WALKER & CO., 
 
 CLOTHIERS, WASHINGTON BUILDINGS, BAL- 
 tlmore Street, between Light & Calvert Streets, 
 Baltimore, Maryland. 
 
 ARMSTRONO, CATOR & C0~ 
 
 237 BALTIMORE ST., 
 BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 RIBBONS, 
 BONNET MATERIALS, 
 
 PLUMES, RUCHES, 
 STRAW BONNETS, &c., 
 
 Comprising » complete stock of MILLINERY 
 GOODS. A verj large stock of New Goods now on 
 exhibition. 
 
 F. W. BBVNE dc SONS, 
 
 MARYLAND STEAM SUGAR REFINING COM- 
 pany, O'Donnell's Wharf, Baltimore, Manufac- 
 ture all kinds of Retined 8ug.tr and Syrup, 
 
WM. B. BLANEY. WM. C. BORDLET, JB. 
 
 WM. B. BLANEY & CO., 
 Commission Merchants, 
 
 BALTIMORE. 
 
 nEFEREN'CES : 
 
 Messrs. M. FieUl, Fowler & Co., Boston. 
 Messrs, Win. Giilager <t Bro., riiiladel. 
 B. H. Field, Esq., New York. 
 Messrs. W. F. Vredenburgh & Co., New 
 
 Orleans. 
 Messrs. Kankin & Martin, Wilmington, N.C. 
 Messrs. Penii & Jlitehell, Baltimore. 
 
 J. FRANK WIIEATLKT. D. L. MDHIII.S.IN. 
 
 WHEATLEY & MORRISON, 
 Commission Merchants, 
 
 59 COMMERCE STREET, 
 
 BALTIMORE, MD. 
 
 Beftr to 
 
 Chauncc.v Brooks, Esq., President of the B. k 0. 11. R. 
 
 Co., Biid Western Bank, Baltimore. 
 Daniel Miller A Co., Dry (ioods .Merchant, Baltimore. 
 John Coates, Ksq.. Lumber Merchiint, Baltimore. 
 Godfrey Koontz, Ksq., Cashier of Central Bank, 
 
 Kreilerick City, Md. 
 A. 11. llerr, R«q., Harper's Ferry, Virginia. 
 Hon. Edward Ball, Zanesville, Ohio. 
 
 Consignments Solicited. 
 
 Thos. Kelso, 
 Wm. Kennedy, 
 Henry Rieman, 
 
 FRANCIS A. 
 
 James Frazler, 
 Chas, R. Cirroil, 
 Austin Jenkins, 
 CROOK, Treasurer. 
 
 Benj. Deford, 
 Samuel Kirby, 
 Michael Warner, 
 
 Daniel Dall, 
 Roliert A. Dobbin, 
 Daniel Warlkld. 
 
 HUGH B. JONE.«, .Secretary/. 
 
 IW. ROBERTS, 
 
 PRODUCE AND COMMISSION MERCHANT, 
 No. fi3 CALVERT STREET, 
 
 (One door from Pratt street,) 
 
 BALTIMORE. 
 
 An experience of 20 years, as City and County 
 Merchant, oilers to country Dealers and Farmers un- 
 surpassed advantages in the supi)Iy of their wants. 
 
 TIIURSTOIV A FRIE, 
 
 CtOMjnS.«ION MERCHANTS, I'Olt THE .«AT-E 
 J of .Straw (ionds, Wool and Fur Hats, Hat 'Iriin- 
 niings, Artillclal Flowers, &c., 11 South Charles Street, 
 Baltimore. 
 
 GERIS1I & FREIVCII, 
 
 ClOMMKS'ilON MKUCIIANTS and Dealers in Mack- 
 ' erel. Codfish, Herring, 4c., '22 Commerce Street, 
 i Baltimore. 
 
 EQXnTA.BriB riRE I3SrSXTIlA3SrOE 003VII»A.N-"5r. 
 J-'oHitileil 1704. t'ltarler Ptrpfliinl. OOire, J\'o, 10 South Slrett, 
 
 THE BALTIMORE EQUITABLE SOCIETY will Insure Houses and Furniture from Loss or Damage by 
 Fire, at very cheap rates, on the Mutual or Beneficial plan, and grant Carpenters' Risks, on pleasing 
 terms. Owners of property Insured In the Equitable Odice, (on the mutual principle) have no fuitlicr re- 
 sponsibility than the amount of their deposits, and on the expiration of policies, they are entitled to receive 
 a cash dividend of twenty-eight per cent. The public are respectfully invited to call at the olllce, No. 19 
 South Street, where tlie princii)le8 on which the Company insure will be fully e.xplained. 
 
 DIRECTORS, 
 
 BALTIMORE STOVE HOUSE. 
 
 BIBB & CO., 
 AT THE OLD STAil^D, 30 LIGHT STREET, 
 
 BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 
 
 "Vl/^E are now prcparod to prosont fji-oatiT attractions iiiid iiKluceiiionts to 
 ~ ' purchasers than this estabHsliineiit ever ollercd before, basing the tis- 
 sertion upon the following facts : 
 
 1st. The variety, beauty and excellence of our patterns. 
 2d. The Unsurpassed smoothness of our castings. 
 3d. The thorough manner in which our Stoves are mounted. 
 4th. The quality of metal used in their construction. 
 
 5th. Our idjility to supply old castings, to repair any stovo ever made in this 
 establishment. 
 
 6th. Our determination to recommend nothing but what has been tested 
 and found good. .. 
 
 Tth. The cheapness of our goods as compared with their (piality. 
 We name in part our various excellent and handsome patterns : 
 R(>-Iniprovo<l Old Doiniiiion, Gas Cookini; & Ilrntiiii^ Slov«s, 
 IlatliawuyN niid oilier Cook Stoves. 
 Also, a Larnre Assortiiioiit of Agricultural Boilers, I 
 
 Scott's Little Giant €orn A Cob Mill.s, X Williams's "Patent" 
 Carriage Check Springs. 
 
D. L. MOHIUSdN. 
 
 MORBISON, 
 Merchants, 
 
 STREET, 
 
 E, MD. 
 
 "nt of the B. & 0. R. H. 
 
 liiltlmore. 
 
 8 Mercl.iint, lialtimore. 
 
 erchiint, Hiiltlmore 
 
 ler of Central bunk, 
 
 rry, Virginia. 
 , Ohio. 
 
 Solicited. 
 
 th Strtelt 
 
 ■nm I-o!'!' Of nan>nK<-' hy 
 liters' Kisk?, on pUaslnK 
 nle) have lU) fiii-tlnr n- 
 ly. are cntitle.l to rro^.ve 
 call at the office, No. IJ 
 lied. 
 
 Panicl Ball, 
 Robert A. Dot.lmi, 
 Daniel Warlluhl. 
 J, SecreUinj. _ 
 
 ^NTP, FOK TlIK PAl-K 
 aii.lVnr Hats, Hat Tilm- 
 !., 11 South Charles Street, 
 
 BALTIMORE. 
 
 Gl 
 
 FRENril, 
 
 NTS and Dealers In Mack- 
 " Ac, 22 Commerce Street, ^ 
 
 ouseT' 
 
 STREET, 
 
 ND. 
 
 (1 iiiiliu'oinonts ti) 
 ore, busing tin- as- 
 
 itod. 
 
 i»'c ever made in this 
 
 lilt has been tested 
 
 quality. 
 iittiTiis : 
 lloatinff Stoves, 
 
 ,'<»S. 
 
 uiiis's "Patent" 
 
 CiitlicJrnl streets. It is n mnsgive grnnite slructtire, 190 feet long, 177 lu'oiiJ, ami 1'27 from 
 tbe groiiml to iho top of the cross sunnoun'ting the iloine. The Unitnrian C'lmrch, at the 
 corner of Franklin an<l Charles streets, is niueh admired for its architecture. It is 108 feet 
 loriif and 7iS wide, witli a dome 55 feet in diameter, sup[)orted by 4 nrclies, each 33 feet 
 span. It is 8(t feet from tlie groiv.id to tiu; summit of tjie elipola. St. raid's, an Episcopal 
 chiireli on tlie corner of Sarotoga and Charles stieeUs, liic First I'resliyterian Chnreli, corner 
 of Xortii and Fayette streets, the First Unptist Cluirch, nt tlie corner of Lombard and Sharp 
 stretts, and tin' (ioinian llefornied Church, in Second, between Gay and IJelvidere streets, 
 are all distinguished cither for elegance or their style of architecture. At the last census, 
 Baltimore contained U9 churches of the various denominations. 
 
 " IxsiTiiTioNs. — The edueational, literary, and benevolent institutions of Balliniore are nu- 
 mcniMs. The .Medical School of the L'nivi'rsity of Maryland was founded in lSi)7. AVash- 
 ington Medical College was founded in 1827, and has 25 students and six jirofessors. The 
 University of Maryland, founded in 1812, is situated on Lombard street, between Green 
 and i'aca streets: connected with it is the ISaltimore Eye and Ear Infirmary, where stu- 
 dents h...e an ()]iportunity of attending lectures and witnessing ojierations. The Maryland 
 Institute occupies a suite of rooms ui '.he Aihenieum, at the corner of Lexington and St. 
 I'aid streets. Its object is, the dilfusi' ii of useful knowledge and the promotion of the me- 
 chanie arts. It possesses an <'xtensiv< chemical laboratory, and a very complete philosoph- 
 ical apparatus. The buildiii'i is a noble brick editiee, 112 teet by 50, and (iO in height. It 
 was com> ".. 'cd in 1848, at a cost of over $28,(I0(». The various apartments, besides those 
 appropriated to the use of the Institute, are occu])ied by the Mercantile Asjoeialion, who 
 have a well-selected library- of 8(1(10 Volumes, and an ainjile supply of the choicest 
 'naL'nziiies and |)apers of the day; the IJaltimore Library Cc;nipany, po.ssessing a valualile 
 libiarv of 1 l,(i(Mi vohmii's; ami the American Historical Society, whose lil)rarj' numbers 
 aliout 15,000 volumes, consisting, for the most part, of statistical and historieal works. The 
 City Library, designed for the use of the stockholders, the Ap]irentiees' Library, a.id the 
 lAchange Reading-room, are all imjiortant inslilulions. The Exchange llcading-rootn is 
 supported by subscription. Strangers and masters of ve.»sels, however, have access to the 
 jiri-iiidieals and newspaiiers, free of expense. The lialtiinore ibwpiial, in the north-western 
 suliurb iif the eity, eoiifists of a centre building, four stories high, tlanked with wings that 
 connect witli two other biiihlings, which form the ends of tlio vast pile. The entire struc- 
 tio'e I'ost !j!15(l,ooo. It occupies a coiiimaniling elevation, overlooking the city, the bay, 
 and a wide extent of country. The interior arrangements are upon the most approved 
 jilaii. Tin' .Miiisi.ouse is on the Fr.iiiklin road, about 2 miles N. \V. from the city: the 
 buildiiiir, consisting of a centre and two wings, has ;')75 feet front, and is surrovinded with 
 si>aeio\is griinnds. The IJallimore Manual l..jibour School for Indigciit l?oys has connected 
 wilii it a ti-''i'( of land, on which, between the hours of study, the p ipils are occupied in 
 labour, thu- comliiniiig useful employment with healthfid exercise. The IJaltimore Associa- 
 tion tor linpi'ovinn the Condition of the Poor is under the direction of those whoso duty it 
 is to vi>it and inipiire into the circumstances and character of the persons relieved, with a 
 view to discourage indiscriminate and injudicious alms-giving. The other prominent ben- 
 evolent institutions are, the City I)i>])i'iisary, corner of Holiday street and Orange alley, 
 the luislcrn liispcnsary, corner of Market st --ct and Hartford Run avenue, two Orphan 
 Asylums, and the Indigent Sick Society, composed of ladies, who visit the poor and minis- 
 ter to their comforts in sickness. 
 
 "EnccATioN. — Tiie system of public instruction in lialtimore has, within a few years past, 
 bee.i mu.li im]iroved, and is now ra[n<lly increasing in ]mblie favour. 
 
 "CoMMKUcE, FiN.vN(i:s, KTc. — lu Commercial importance, Haltimore ranks among the first 
 cities in the United States. Its position is such as to render it a great centre of trade. Sit- 
 uated near tlie iK'ad of Chesa]ieake Itay, it enjoys superior advantages for foreign commerce, 
 while the nnini rous lines of railway, that here have their termination, invite to it the ng- 
 ricultm-al and mineral wealth of a vast interior. The recent eomplelion of the Baltimore 
 and Ohio railroad to 'Wheeling, is a most important event, and destined to exert an immense 
 
ill 
 
 62 
 
 BALTIMOKE. 
 
 influence on the comniereiftl nctivity of tliia great eniiiorium. In the eloquent langungo of 
 one of her citizens, " We have readied the thre8hol<l and stepping-stone of our true ooin- 
 rnereial greatness, and tliere is notiiing now that can turn us bade. The wide and far West 
 has opened licr ample arms to receive us, and bids us God-ppeed in our efforts to secure the 
 prize ■wliieh nature has so long and so patiently held out to us." There were, January 3d, 
 1853, 12 banks in Baltimore, with an aggregate cajiital of $7,21)1, 115, and a circulation of 
 $2,074,587; 2 other banks have since been cliartered ; 1 health an<l lu fire and marine in- 
 surance companies, besides nianj' insurance agencies. 
 
 "Baltimore enjoys superior advantages for nianufacturts. Jones's Falls and Patapsco 
 River afford immense water-power, which is extensivelj- employed for flouring-niills, of 
 which there are over GO within 20 miles of tiie city. Ivunierous cotton and other manu- 
 factories are also in operation. 
 
 " This city has an abundant supply of pure water, both from Springs and from Jones's Falls, 
 These springs, or fountains, are in different parts of the city, and enclosed with circular iron 
 railings. Over them are small open temples, consisting of a dome supported by jiillars. 
 The water from Jones's Falls is brought by means of an aqueduct, about half a mile long, 
 to a reservoir in Calvert street, and from thence is conducted through distributing pijtes to 
 the various parts of the city. The more elevated portions, however, are sujiplicd t'roni ;i 
 reservoir rejilenished by forcing-pumps on an eminence in Charles strict, near Washiuiiton 
 Monument. On Federal Hill is un observatory, which serves, in connection with another 
 at Bodkin Point, to announce the approach of vessels. In this waj-, a marine telcirrapli is 
 established, by which information is conveyed in a few minutes from the inoufli of the Pa- 
 tapsco to an observatory' in the E.vchonge. 
 
 " About 25 newspapers are issued in Baltimore, of which G or 7 are dailies. Population, 
 about 200,000." 
 
NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 63 
 
 (liiilies. Population, 
 
 NEW ORLEANS, (THE CRESCENT CITY.) 
 
 The city of Now Orleans forma the great cominerciul cnpitol of tlio southern states, und 
 occupies the position of the greatest cotton market in the world. 
 
 "Tiie city is built around n bend in the river, from which circumstance it bus V»een de- 
 nominated the ' Crescent City.' Tlio fite inclines gently from the margin of the Mississippi 
 towards the marshy ground in the rear, nni .i from 2 to feet below the level of tlio river 
 at the usiuil spring freshets. To prevent inHndatio''9, an embankment or levee, about 15 
 feet wide and (> foot high has boon raised, extending 120 miles above the city, and to Port 
 I'loquemino, 4!i miles below it. This forms a deli!;iitful promenade. In consequence of tlie 
 change in the course of the river opposite Now Oilcans, large quantities of alluvium, swept 
 from the north and held in suspension by the current, are here deposited. New formations 
 from this cause, in front of tlint portion of the quoy most used for the purposes of com- 
 merce, have been so rapid that it has been necessary, within a few years, to bnild piled 
 wharves jutting out from 50 to 100 foot into the Mississippi. The levee here has also been 
 gradually widened, so tliat an additional block of warehouses has boon erected between 
 the city and the river during the past year. 
 
 " Hero may be soon what New Orleans was before the application of steam to navigation. 
 Hundreds of long, narrow, black, dirty -looking, crocadilo-like rafts lie sluggishly, without 
 moorings, njion the soft batture, and [lour out tlieir contents upon the quay — a heterogeneous 
 compound of the products of the Upper Mississippi and its tributaries. There are rafts, or 
 flat-boats, as they are technically called, each frequently carrying cargoes valued at from 
 •l-SjOOO to $15,000. Twontj- years ago, and these were the only craft on the river 1 nor 
 has their number been decreased since the introduction of the steamboat. Not less charac- 
 teristic of New Orleans is tlio landing of the latter class of craft. The quay is here all ac- 
 tion, and the very water is covered with life. Huge vessels float upon its bosom, which 
 acknowledge none of the powers of air, and wait no tide. One is weighed down to the guards 
 with cotton, a freight of 3,000 bales— f 180,000 ! Twenty more lie side by side laden with the 
 same commodity. Hugo piles, bale upon bale, story above story, cover the levee. Pork 
 williDUt end, as if the Ohio had emptied its lap at the door of New Orleans; and flour by 
 the thousand barrels rolled out upon tlie quay and heaped up — a large area is covered with 
 those two products of the up-country, and still appears seemingly undiminished, although 
 the seller, the buyer, and drayman arc busy in the midst of it. Here is a boat freighted 
 with lead from (iaiona, and another brings furs and peltry from tlio head waters of the 
 Missouri, o,0(iO miles to the north-west! The Illinois, the Ohio, the Missouri, the Arkansas, 
 and Red River, all are tributaries to this commercial depot, and send down to its wharves 
 nieroliantable material of the annual value of $100,000,000, more or less. Nearly 20,000 
 miles of inland navigation is tributary to this city. The quay appropriated to the foreign 
 ami Coastwise shipping presents another and a dilt'ereiit scone. Here the cotton bale, 
 tobacco hogshead, pork and flour barrel, and the whisky cask, yield to bales of foreign and 
 doniestio maiiufactures, pipes of wine, and crates of wares. Tiie shipping stretches away 
 as far as the eye can reach, two miles or more in extent, three tiers deep, with their heads 
 to the cHiTont curving with the river — a beautiful crescent. The English, the French, the 
 Spanish, the Dane, the Russian, the Swede, the Hollander, etc., are here commingled, and 
 compote for the commerce of the teeming West. The old city proper, originally laid out by 
 the French, is in the form of a parallelogram, 1320 yards long and 700 yards wide. Above 
 this are what wore formerly the faubourgs of St. Mary, Annunciation, and La Course; be- 
 low, Marigny, l)oiinois, and Declouot ; and in the rear, Treme and St, John's. Lafayette, 
 till recently under a separate government, is immediately above the city. In 1836, Now 
 Orleans was divided into three munieipalities by act of the assembly, each with distinct 
 municipal powers. Again in Ajtril, 1852, these and Lafayette, with the faubourgs and 
 other dependencies, extending from 6 to 7 miles along the river, and about 5 miles back to 
 Lake Pontclmrtrain, were consolidated under one chorter, the city assuming the debta. 
 
TJU: FUENCH CATHEDRAL, NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 65 
 
 il^ 
 
 
 U3 
 
 -3 
 
 I: ^'^• 
 
 K -3 
 
 y 
 
 Till: FRENTII CATHEDRAL, NEW OIILKANS. 
 
 Tin? Mrooi.i of New Orleans sire of convenient l)rciultli, well paved, and nsnally intersect 
 eiU'h otlier at riirlit nn'.'le-s. Canal street, (of wliieii we ijivo an illustration,) is the broadest 
 street in tlie city, lieini^ over 1(H) feet in wi.ltli, with a tirass plot in the centre ahout 
 2.'> feel wide, exkMKlini,' thnunihout its entire length. Host of tlu! l>uildin!j;s are con- 
 strncticl .if Ijrirk, and are irenerally low, except in the business portion, where they 
 ar.' u-iially .' or il ilori.s hiirh. Many of the dwellings in the subnrbs, jiartieu- 
 l.irly in Lifiycile. are sui'r.>nii<li>d with spae'ons yards, beaiilifully dreorated with 
 the oranu'i', hnion. marrnolla, anil other ornaineniiil Iri'i'S, A bas.niciit about ll feet high 
 eonslilnti's ihe only I'i'llar. as none are sunk bel.iw the surface on aeconnt of the niiirshy 
 charai'tcr of the groun.l. In diiVrri'nt scetioi s of llie eity are several public squares, 
 anionir wiiieh niav be inentioueil .liiekson Sciuare, fornierlv I'iaee d'Arnie: 
 
 eeupying the 
 
 centre of the rivir front of the old town jilol, now tlie I'irst District. It is ornamented 
 with sIk'11 walks, shrubbery, sliilui-tti's, etc., anil is nuieh freipiented for recreation. La- 
 fayette Sipiare, in (he Second Distri<'t, is tinely laid out, and adorned with a profusion of 
 sliacle trees. Coiuro Square, in the rear of the city, is also a handsome enclosure. 
 
 '■ rnii.ii' r.ni.iiiNos. — The T'nited Stati-s Ciistoni llon-(>, now in process (if erection at New 
 Or'leans, when completed, will be the largest building in the I'niled States, with the excep- 
 tion tif the Ca])itol at Washington, covering an area of 87,2;!:} superficial feet. The nmtc- 
 I'ial is from the (inincy (piarries of ^Massachusetts. The United States Branch Mint in New 
 Orleans, is at the corner of Esplanade and New Levee streets, near the river. The Muni- 
 eipal Hall, jit the corner of St. Charles and Hevia streets, opposite Lafayette Square, is a 
 lieautiful marble cditice in the (irecian style of architecture. It is principally occnpieJ 
 with public othces,.anu)ng which arc several of the city government. The Odd Fellows' 
 Hall, creeled in 1S,")1, on Camp street, opposite Lafayette Square, and the Merchants' Ex- 
 
66 
 
 NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 f 
 
 chnnge, on Roynl str >et, .car Cnnnl, iiro both cxtoiixivc Ixiildin!,'.., clii. fly u •.•«.;.c<l tu piibliu 
 use. T Intter <■ ■ 'na t e City I'ds' oftico luid M.'ivliiuith' Itondiiit; Hontii. 
 
 " >Inj ' ■•• th' ■ Ji, a ftlargoni.acdi'lly ftnic'Hirf!'. Tho (.'huri'lidf St. I.ouis, opposito 
 Jackaoi. .- . ^ ^ , :•■ .« . j lendid etlifioe, iuloriic(i with li Kifty tower on cither »iile of tlie main 
 entrn.'ce. '.ri" I'ui'.inii^ was erected in 1850, on the »ite of the oUl eliureli, wliich wn» 
 pulhMi ih.wn. c eiii,'! .:'.) Il wns oriLriniilly foiuulcd in 1702, l>y Don Audrt', on the 
 
 condition tliat niaMes be i , <. ' every Saturday eveniiiir Am- the njiose of ids Boid, and the 
 tolling of thebell at sunset on that day still proclaims the observance of the euatoiii. On 
 the right and left of tiiis edifice are two Imndsoine buiidinifs in the Tuscan and Doric 
 orders, devoted to various purposes of the city government. The .Icwisli Synagogue, 
 formerly the Canal Street Ejiiscopal Ciiurcli.is ornamented in front with a liandsonic colon- 
 nade. Tiie Presbyterian Ciuireh, o].i)o?ile Lafayette S<piarc, the new Episcopal church, 
 on Caiml street, and St. Patrick's Church, on Camp street, are elegant edifices, each 
 adorned with a graceful spire. Tiie latter is a conspicuous object to one approaching the 
 city from the river. Of the 'M chiirclies in tiie city, in 1853, It! arc Roman Catliolie, 7 
 Episcopal, 6 Presbyterian, 5 Methodist, 3 Lutheran, 2 Baptist, and 3 Jewish synagogues. 
 
 "The hotels of New Orleans arc conducted upon a scale of magnitude scarcely erpuilled 
 in any city of the Union. The city contains 4 or 5 llicatres, the principal of wiiich are the 
 St. Ciiarlcs, the Orleans, or Fnncli Theatre, and the American. At the Orleans Tiieatro the 
 dramatic representations arc i' ■•h. Among the most remarkable bank edifices may be 
 
 mentioned the City Bank, on Toih. .use street ; Canal Bank, on Magazine street; and llio 
 Bank of Louisiana. Several of tlie market-houses are <leserving of notice. St. Mary's 
 Market, in the Second District, is 480 feet h<u>x, and 42 feet wide. The Jlent Market, on 
 the Levee, and AVashington Ma'ket. iu the 'Ihird District, are also extensive buildings. 
 The cotton presses of New Orleans, al)out 2(' in number, arc objects of nmch interest, each 
 of which usually occupies an entire block. The centre building of the New Orleans cot- 
 ton press is three stories high, and suriULUnted by a dome, the summit of which commands 
 a fine view of the city. Not less than 150,(iiiO bales of cotton, on an average, ore annunlly 
 pressed at this establishment. 
 
 " Institutions. — The benevolent institutions of New Orleans are among the mo.st extensive 
 and best conducted in the United States. The literary and educational institutions, many 
 of which have been recently established, are for the most ]iart in a higl'lv iirosjicrous 
 condition. 
 
 " Tlie number of school-houses in the city (as appears from the mayor's message) is 40, at- 
 tended by 10,886 pujiils. The increase in the number of ]ni|iils for the lust 12 months has 
 been 20'J4, eipial to 23.9 per cent. Number of teachers, 2I(i. Of the 30 scliool-hi>uses, 17 
 belong to the city, and 23 are rented. The amount appro[iriated for school purposes the 
 past year was $188,020. 
 
 " About 20 newspapers are published in the city, i) or 10 of wluoii are dailies. Several are 
 printed in the French language. 
 
 " CoMMF-ncE.— New Orleans possessses unrivalled natural advantages for internal tr.ide. 
 The Mississippi River and its tributaries afford not less than 1."),(i(mi miles of naviirable wa- 
 ters, communicating with a vast extent of country, illimitalile in its resources, exhaustlesa 
 in fertility, and emhracing nearly every variety of climate. Every descri])tion of craft is 
 employed in transporting the rich products of the upper regions of the " Father of Waters" 
 to this great southern emporium. At (uie portion of iis levee may bo seen hundreds of 
 flat-boats grounded on the " batture," and filled, some with fat cattle, horses, mules, hog«. 
 and sheep; others with liay, corn, potatoes, butler, cheese, apples, and eider. The quay 
 here is piled with lumber, pork, flour, and every variety of agiieultural produce, ns if the 
 Great Valley had emptied its treasures at the door of New Oilcans. 
 
 "The total value of Ainerican produce exported fn.m New Orleans during the year, ac- 
 cording to the custom-house records, was $()(!,344,5«9, of which amount, f 48,»7c'l«)7 was 
 to foreign countries, and $28,208,327 coastwise. The value of foreign merchandise e.t- 
 ported during the same period, was $44,780, making a sum total of $70,389,349. 
 
 ! 
 
CEMETRRY, NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 fi7 
 
 ' "Itvolt'd to public 
 oni. 
 
 St. Louis, opposite 
 1' niili' of the iiinin 
 liurcli, wliiuh was 
 )on Audrii, on the 
 f Irifl soul, anil the 
 till? ousturn. On 
 'usoiin nml Doric 
 wish Syniigotfue, 
 haiiiisoiiif eolon- 
 ipisfiopal church, 
 lit eilificcs, each 
 iifiproaoliinir the 
 oMian Cadiolic, 7 
 h syuagoi^iii's. 
 carcely equalled 
 I'f which are the 
 •ans Theatre the 
 edifices may he 
 Htreet ; and the 
 iL'e. St. Jlary's 
 leat llftrket, on 
 if^ive buildinifs. 
 Ii interest, each 
 iw Orleans cot- 
 iiicli commands 
 e, ore annually 
 
 most extensive 
 itutions, many 
 orosperoua 
 
 sage) is .JO, at- 
 •J iiiontlis has 
 ool-hoiiscs, 17 
 purposes the 
 
 Several are 
 
 iternal Iraile. 
 iiiviLrahlc wa- 
 ', exhaustlesa 
 i>n of craft is 
 'r of Wat.'rs" 
 hundreds of 
 "lUles, hug«. 
 
 The quay 
 •ce, as if the 
 
 he year, ac- 
 i»70,l!)7 was 
 handisu ex- 
 119. 
 
 moHi —PA rremsnN.sc. 
 
 AVE.NLE IN THE CEMKTERY, NEW ORLEANS, 
 
 WITH SEPULCUUE8 ABOVK GIIOL'ND. 
 
 " Any ilescriptioii of New Orleans would be i loomplcte without somo notice of its ceme- 
 teries, nianj- of which are unique in plan and method of interment. ' Each is enclosed 
 with a brick wall of arched cavities, (or ovens, as tbey are hero called, > made just lartte 
 riiough to admit u single cotfin, and raised tier upon tier, to a Jieight of about twelve feet, 
 with a tliickuess of ten. The whole inclosure is divided into plats, with gravelled paths, 
 intersecting each other at right angles, and is densely covered with tombs built wliollv 
 above groiind, and from one to three stories high. This method of pe])ul(uro is adoplii! 
 from necessity, and burial under ground is never attempted, excepting in the " I'otti rV 
 Field," where the stranger without friends and the poor ■without money find an uncertain 
 rest ; the water with which the soil is always saturated, often forcing the cotfin ami its con- 
 tents out of its narrow and shallow cell, to rot with no other covering than the arch of 
 heaven.' 
 
 Aliove wi' give an illustration <>f one" of lin' avenues in the (^emetery, enirravi^d from ii 
 photograiib tai-.cn there last year, showing ttu' si'pulidires above ground. 
 
 "Algiers, a flourishing village, or rather suburb of New Orleans, is silualed opposite to 
 the city, with, which it is connected by a ferry. It has several ship yards and uianufactur- 
 ing establishments. 
 
 " Gas was first employed to light the city in ls;i 1 ; and during tlie s.-inie year, water was 
 introduced from the Mississippi. It is raised from the rivir by steam to an eUvated res- 
 ervoir, whenci 'H-e or six millions of gallons are daily distributed to variou.-? jiarts of the 
 
 «ty. 
 
 " From , -t 'tiuition and warm climate. New Orleans is subject to annual visitations 
 
 I 
 
 \^ 
 
68 
 
 NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 of tlio yellow ftver, which hnve liml the effect of grently retarding the growtli niul pron- 
 ))erity of tlie jiliioe. Stiitistioal tiiMes kIiow timt of tlio^te who are liorii Mini niiri'd in the 
 city, ns large 11 i)n)iiorl ion live to old age us of the inlial)ilantn of otiier places tliat are 
 ffenerally deemed healtliy. Jiut the yellow fever 1« particularly fatal to the uiiaccliinated, 
 and e.speeially ho to those who have heen from infancy accustomed to a northern elinnite. 
 This cireumstanee o]ierates as a formidable cheek on the influx of Blrangers, to wliieli our 
 great commercial cities owe so large n proportion of their population and activity. Du- 
 ring the winter aid spring, New Orleans may he regarded ax a healthful residence for all, 
 whetlier natives or striiiigers; and liii|ies were eiilerlaiiied that with the iiM|iroveiiii'iils in 
 the sanitary regulations, there would lie a gradual and steady a<lvanee in the hi'alth of the 
 city during the warm months i liut the ]mst year has disappointed those hopes, the epi- 
 demic having appi^ared in n form as malignant as it is in general. Its introduelion, how- 
 ever, it is said can lie traced to nii infected vessel from South America, where a fever of an 
 unusnally fatal character has prevailed. 
 
 " Pcrliiips no city of the Union is go diversified in its population. The sunny isles of tlie 
 Antilles, Mexico, Central America and South .Vmerica, France, and S|iaiii, and the other 
 States of Knrope, and the sister States northward, have eaeli representatives iiiiiipiii; tlic in- 
 liid)ilaiils, Tlie colored races, however, preponderate, and ulavo or free make up one half 
 at lear.t. Of the wiiite races, the Aniericaii, rreiieh, and Spanish con.-titute I he larLjer por- 
 tion, and in these classes are found what may lie denoiiiinated the aristoeraev. The Irisli 
 here, as in other quarters, though forming a large class, are hut " the hewers of wood and 
 drawers of water" — the laborers and levee-men, respectable only on cleelion day, and 
 among themselves. The Knglish and Scotch are few in proportion, and are chiellv con- 
 nected with the foreign commerce, as mereliaiits or factors, seldom reniainiiii.' longer in the 
 city than is necessary for the transaction of their particular Imsiness; or remainin;,' only 
 during the healthy months ofsining and winter. Tliisadini.\tureof races is in some deinve 
 emliarrassing; so many languages, various eiistoiiis and iimiiiurs, and in habits so dilfereiit, 
 no thorough amalgamation can take place; and it is ev.'U necessary to sujiport newspapers 
 and periodicals of ditlercnt languages, each of which, in its opiiiicms and ideas, is at variance 
 witli the other. 
 
 " New Orleans is famous in liistory as the place designated to become the seat of tlie nion 
 archy intended to have been established by the treason of Aaron Hnrr. During the iii..nth 
 of January, 18()-1, the citizens were in a state of continual alarm: volunteer companies and 
 other troops constantly patrolled the streets, ready to suppress the tirst attempt at Iiimii- 
 rection. That year it was made a port of ,.nlry, and the next (18t)6) Now Orleans was .in- 
 corporated as a city. The population is estimated at IT.^IKJO. 
 
 " Distance from New Orleans to the mouth of the MisMssipjii. hm miles Southwe-I from 
 Now Y.,rk, 1003 miles. Southwest, from Wasiiin-ton, M:i7 miles. .Southwest bv west from 
 Charleston, 779 miles. South soutluvesi from I'ittslmrg, 2(12.5 miles. Smth bv west from 
 Chicago, 102S miles. South from St. Louis, 1200 miles. South by oast from St". Anthony's 
 Falls, Mmnesota, 2000 miles." '' 
 
 J 
 
 
rowtli niul pi'iiit- 
 iiil ri'iircil ill the 
 • jiliico* tliiu are 
 
 l(> IIIIIK'l'lllllllttMl, 
 
 oi'llicrii I'liiiiiUf. 
 I'fi, to wliioli our 
 1 activity. Du 
 •I'widciici' for all. 
 riipi'ovi'iiicnls ill 
 ho liwiltli of the 
 
 llO|llM, llu> I'pi- 
 
 rodiiclioii, liow- 
 'I'o a fcvt'i- of an 
 
 iiiiiy isltMof till- 
 ami the otlier 
 !« aiiioiiir tile in- 
 iko up oiiL'-hulf 
 tlio liififcr por- 
 icy. Tlio Irish 
 rs of wood ami 
 •lion (lay, aii.l 
 ri' c'hioily ooii- 
 g longer in tlie 
 (■Miainiiii; only 
 111 Solllc (irgi'i'e 
 its soditfcl'elit, 
 >rt iiow»i)apt'i's 
 " at variance 
 
 at of the inon- 
 ing the month 
 onipaiiii's and 
 ■iii|it at ins-ur- 
 'k'aim waHrlii- 
 
 >utli\vcst tVoni 
 liy west from 
 l)y w.'si from 
 St. Andiony'a 
 
 u 
 
70 
 
 WIIKKMNO, VIIIOINIA. 
 
 .~- ■■■^J^^ 
 
 • tSW. j- 
 
 WIIEi:iJN(;, A-IUfJINIA. 
 
 \% 
 
 TiiK view ifivoii nhovp represents oiu' of the nimierous busy nnd enforprisini.' towns Mtii- 
 ntnl in tlio heart »if u l>eautiful eounlry. 
 
 Wlu'ilini; forms an imiiortiuit junction for several railways tliveririiii; to anil from it in 
 ill! clireotions. Tlie eiiief oljeet of attnietion aliont the town is tlie mai,'nitieent Stispension 
 r.riilire — tlio larirest of tlio kind in the United States, and oni' of the laririst in the world, 
 ereoted at a eost of ^210,(100: lenjrtli of s|)an, lull) fi'ef ; Ini^'ht altove low-wati'r murk, 
 11" feet; heii;ht of towera on Wheeling t^A^•, Vi'A feet: supported hy 12 wire cables laid in 
 jiairs — 3 pairs, 1 each side of the tlooring, each of which is 4 inches in diameter — composed 
 of iioi) strands of 1380 feet lontr. It hiis a earriaiie-way of Vi feet broad, with a sidewalk 
 of 3^ feet on each side. (See enf^'ravinj; on preeedint; paiie.) 
 
 Various branches of maimfacturo arc carried on — such ns fjlass, stones, nails, all kinds of 
 iron manufactures, sonu; woollen and cotton i;oods, with one silk mill. 
 
 The hills in the innnediate vicinity contain inexhaustible supplies of coal, which supply 
 tiiel at a small cost to the various manufacturinLf cstnblishments in Wheelim;. 
 
 The city is approached by the Ohio I'iver from Pittsbnri; and (^ineiinwiti, whilst rail 
 way, communication is to be had from all points to it — from the west as well as seaboard 
 — forming as it docs, one of the leadinir junctions. 
 
 Wheeling is one of the termini of the IJaltimore and Ohio Railroad, 380 miles long, 
 and tinislu'd in 18.'):!. Distant fi'om Wheeling, '.i2 miles; Cincinnati, 3(1.') miles; ami 3")(» 
 miles north-west of Richmond, Va. 
 
 liesides the county building, there are some 15 churches, several academies, 2 banks and 
 several newspapers. Popidation, in 1S.'>0, 11,301. Location — cajtitnl of Ohio County, Va. : 
 l.it. 4n" 7' N; Ion. 80' 12' W. It is situated on a high bunk of the UiviM- Ohio, along 
 which it stretches for about 2 miles. 
 
' i]|MV I , ,11' ' ■ ' ■Ti-j»!|:fiji,|y...ii||ipisnii| 
 
 i.ii.'i, III', 
 
 ; towns Mtu- 
 iil from it in 
 
 Sus|i('lisinii 
 
 tiic wurld. 
 
 lUiT iimrk, 
 
 liiir* liiid in 
 
 — <'iini|i<iii'(l 
 
 II siili'walk 
 
 nil kinds of 
 licli sii|p|ily 
 
 wliilsl I'iii! 
 
 IIS sciiliiuird 
 
 mill's Icini;, 
 s; and ;'i.'ii> 
 
 liiinks luid 
 'unty, All, : 
 )irui, alciui; 
 
 ; 
 
 1 ( 
 
 m 
 
72 
 
 PITTSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 V 
 
 CITY OF PITTSBURG, 
 
 The traveller acquninted with the neigh oourhood of the "Black Country," between 
 Birminghnin and Walsall and Dudley, in .Staffordshire, (England,) will, on his visit to tho 
 City of Pittsburg, at once discover tho striking resemblance, in many respects, to the dis- 
 tricts alluded to. There are the same red brick houses and workshops, the same smoke, 
 the same uneven streets— from the heavy weights drawn ovi-r them — and nt night, the glare 
 of the iron furnaces at work. The picture is, in many respects, comjilete, even to tlic poor 
 soil of the hilly country around each — a peculiarity observable in all surfaces where un- 
 derneath is rich in minerals. 
 
 On the stranger's tirst visit to Pittsburg, therefore, after visiting either tiie cities on tho 
 seaboard, or, perhaps, the "Queen City of the V.^-st," "tlie Forest City," or tho "City of 
 the Lakes," where not a vestige of smoke scarcely is to be seen — he may be disappointed 
 at the first sigiit of Pittsburg. 
 
 Viewed from the hill oppo.Mte Pittsburg Proper — exactly opposite the Jlonongahela 
 House — the city is seen to greatest advantage — with its 5 bridges (and new one building) 
 stretching across tho Alleghany and Monongahela — which togetlier at this j)oint form tlic 
 Ohio — whilst it can be seen wending its waj' down tlie beautiful vnlloy vliich bears its 
 name. Either from Alleghany City, or tlie point mentioned, an excellent view is obtained 
 — being far higher than the city on the Pittsburg side of tho river. Tlie houses in Pitts- 
 burgand Alleghany City are built close up to the very tops of the hillsides, and presenting 
 something of the appearance which the old town of Edinburgh does when viewed from 
 off either the Calton Hill or Arthur's Sent there. 
 
 Three of the most important suburbs arv Allegharij Citj', Birmingham, and Manchester. 
 To quote from a notice of this city, the writer says : — 
 
 "The site of the city is a natural amphitheatre, l)eing environed on all sides by beauti- 
 ful hills, rising from 400 to 500 feet al'Dve the level of the Ohio, and filled with coal, iron, 
 and limestone, tho working of which into articles of utility constitutes the chief occupa- 
 tion of the inhabitants. These I. ills arc not, except in a few instances, precipitous, and 
 from their slopes and peaks, afford a series of rich and varied landscapes. 
 
 " Pittsburg and its suburbs contain about 90 churches, of which upwards of 50 are in 
 the city proper. Many of these are choice specimens of architectural beauty. 
 
 "The nianufaetuns of Pittsburg are inuneuse, and capable of being extended almost in- 
 definitely. Indeed there is no known limits to the elements necessai-j' to their augmenta- 
 tion. Wood, coal, ores, and agricidtural resources, all abound in the utmost ]irofusi(<n and 
 at the greatcjt possible convenience. 
 
 " The annual produce consists of bar, rod, hoop, b.iiler, and sheet iron, sheet steel, bar 
 steel, nails, spikes, rod;', shafts, anchors, and axles. All the works for these are operated 
 by steam power." 
 
 There are also in Pittsburg, large foundries, manufactories of glassware, white lead fac- 
 tories, large citton lac*ories, copper-rolling mill, copper-smelting erfablishment, vial fur- 
 naces, manufactories of locks, coffee mills, scales, etc., and several for the production of 
 various articles of steel nuniufacture, sucli as springs, saws, axes, anvils, and vices; and 
 others for making gun-barrels and agricu'tural utensils. 
 
 Gas, manufactured from bituminous coal, is furnished at a comparatively trifling cost, 
 foi lighting the city. The Alleghany Cemetery, on the Alleghany Kiver, 2 miles above 
 Pittsburg, is one of tho most beautiful places of the kind in the world. It comprises 110 
 acres, tastefully adorned, and enclosed by a wall of stone masonry. 
 
 As may be well known, Pittsburg was named in honour of the celebrated Britisli prime 
 minister, William Pitt. It was founded in 1105. 
 
 The 8ub>n-ban districts of Birmingham together with Alleghany City, form tho large 
 and rapidly-increasing city of Pittsburg. In 1853, the population of city and suburbs 
 was 110,241, although it must be considerably increased since then. 
 
ST, LOUIS, MISSOURI. 
 
 78 
 
 ry," between 
 \A visit to tho 
 ts, to tlie dis- 
 snnio smoke, 
 gilt, tho glnre 
 n to the poor 
 OS where uri- 
 
 citios on tho 
 tho " City of 
 ilisnppointeJ 
 
 Monongahela 
 one building) 
 oint form the 
 ifli liciirs its 
 iV is (ibtiiined 
 uses in Pitts- 
 ul jM-eseiiting 
 viewed from 
 
 1 Jliinehostor. 
 
 s by beiiiiti- 
 ith eoiil, iron, 
 ;hief occupii- 
 cipitous, and 
 
 I of oO are in 
 
 ed almost in- 
 ir atignienta- 
 n-ofuMun and 
 
 ?et steel, bar 
 are opprnt<'<l 
 
 lite lead fac- 
 cnt, vial fnr- 
 •oduction of 
 1 viecs ; ami 
 
 trifling cost, 
 miles above 
 nnjirises 110 
 
 Iritish prime 
 
 rn the large 
 ind suburba 
 
 CITY OF ST. LOUIS. 
 
 St. Louis occupies the first place amongst the western cities situated on the Mississippi — 
 the great " Father of Waters" — and from its central position, the inexhaustible supply of 
 mineral wealtli within easy distance, the iinportont railroad connections already opened up 
 to the east, and the last greatest transportation triumph achieved only last October — viz. : 
 opening of the great I'acific mail route from St. Louis to San Francisco, thus joining the 
 Mississippi with the I'acific Ocean by overland jo\irney — will all contribute to advance the 
 interests and commercial importance of St. Louis to an incalculable extent. 
 
 "The site of St. Louis rises from the river by two plateau.x of limestone formation, the first 
 20 and the other 00 feet above the floods of tlie Missipsipjii. The ascent to the fiist plat- 
 eau, or bottoir?, as it may be termed, is somewhat abrupt ; the second rises more gradu- 
 oUy, and spreads out into an extensive plain, affording fine views of the city and river. St. 
 Louis extends, in all, nearly 7 miles by the curve of the Mississippi, and about 3 miles back ; 
 the thickly-settled portion, however, is oidy 2 or 2^ miles in length, following the river, 
 and about \^ miles in breadth. The city is well laid out, the streets being, for the most 
 part, tiO feet wide, and, with but few exceptions, intersect each other at right angles. Front 
 street, extending along the levee, is upwards of 100 feet wide, and built up on tlie side fac- 
 ing the river with a range of massive stone warehouses, which make an imposing appear- 
 ance as the city is opproached by water. Front, Main, and Second streets, parallel to each 
 other and to the river, are the seat of the principal wholesale business. The latter is occu- 
 pied with iieavy groc(>ry, iron, receiving and shipping houses. Fourth street, the fashion- 
 able promena<le, contains the finest retail stores. The streets parallel to Front and Main 
 streets are designated S('cond street. Third, Fourth, Fifth, and so on ; and those on the right 
 and left of Market street, extending at right angles with the river, are mostly named from 
 various forest trees, similar to the streets of l'liiladel]iliia. Large expenditures have been 
 made from t';iie to time in grading and otherwise ini])roving the streets and alleys of St. Louis. 
 
 "St. Louis is handsomely built, especially the new portion of the city: the principal ma- 
 terial is brick, though limestone is employed to some extent. 
 
 " it may be doubted whether any city of the Union has improved more rapidly than this 
 in the style of its public buildings. 
 
 " iN'TrriTioNs. — Among the benevolent institutions may be mentioned the City Hospital, 
 the Marine Hospital, 15 miles below St. Louis, the Sisters' Hospital, the Home for the Friend- 
 less, and the Orphan Asylums, The Home for tho Friendless, designed for the benefit of 
 aged indigent females, and opened C)ctober tth, 18515, is situated on the Carondelet road, 
 about 4iiiiles fro;n the einirt house. The edifice, formerly " Swiss College," consists of a 
 stone centre, 75 feet in length, and two frame wings, each from 3i> to 40 feet in length — the 
 whole two stories high. The premises comprise about 8 acres of ground, variously diversi- 
 fied with walks and shade-trees. About !|-10,0(io have been raised for the support of the 
 institution. The City llosjiital has long been distinguished for tho excellent aceomuioda- 
 tions which it affords to the sick, but of late has been found inadequate to the wants of the 
 raiii<lly-inci'easing po]iulntion. A new edifice, intended as a House of Refuge, has been 
 comi>leted. The building formerly occupied as the " Smallpox Hospital," situated on land 
 in the St. Louis Conmion. known as the Old County Farm, has been fitted up for the recep- 
 tion of a juvenile reform schwil. 
 
 "The literary and educational institutions of St. Louis, have, considering their recent ori- 
 gin, attaired a high degree of excellence. 
 
 "St. Louis has about 25 publication offices, issuing newspapers and other periodicals. 
 Seven or eight ncwsjwpers are published daily, tri-weekly, and weekly. Four or five are 
 printed in the Geri.ian language. The press is gt'nerally clmracterized by ability, and sev- 
 eral of its issues have a wide circulation. 
 
 "The water-works, which in 1521) were of very inconsiderable importance, now embraco 
 35^ miles of pipe. 
 

 I 
 
 74 
 
 ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. 
 
 "The Levee, which, twenty years ago, was a mere mud bank, with transverse ways to the 
 water's edge, has since undergone very important changes. Grent expenditures Iiave been 
 made in tilling up and otiierwise improving it directly in front of tiie city. 
 " Snirri.NO, Commeiice, etc. — Each stream whicii contributes to the commerce of St. Louis 
 has its regular packets, and, for the most part, a separate place of landing. Tiie Missouri, 
 the Illinois, and tlie Upper Mississippi have as tine craft as float on the Western waters, 
 while the down-river, or New Orleans traders, are scarcely excelled in size, equipment, 
 speed, and construction. The St. Louis boats also visit tlie Ohio, the Wabash, the Tennes- 
 see, and other streams. With such an innnense inland navigation, the commerce of the 
 port reijuires a large number of stecnicrs, and its tonnage in this respect exceeds that of 
 every other wesiern city. 
 
 •' The imiiortations of dry goods for the year were estimated at $7,000,000, (an increase 
 of nearly one million over the previous year,) and the sales at $8,500,000. This, however, 
 only has reference to the wholesale business. Including the retail trade of the city, the 
 entire imports were estimated at $10,500,000, and the sales at $13,000,000. The business 
 of the heaviest wholesale houses amounts to from half a million to eight hundred thousand 
 dollars annually. 
 
 " The manufactures of St. Louis, though in their infancy, are hardly less important than 
 her commerce. The flouring business is carried on here more extensively than in any city 
 of the West. The manufacture of different kinds of clieniieals and oils is extensively car- 
 ried on. There are in St, Louis 10 establishments for the manufacture of tobaeeo, several 
 of which are on a largo scale. The manufacture of hemp into bale-rope and bagging, and 
 the distilling of whisky, also employ a large amount of ca])ilal. J5ut however imiwrtant 
 these several interests may be in themselves, they can hardly be regarded as the most im- 
 portant to St. Louis. Indeed, there can be no doubt that the development of the vast, min- 
 eral resources of the region tributary to her; is destined to exert a controlling influence 
 upon the future of this metropolis. Iler manufactures of in i already exceed those of any 
 other city on the Mississipjii, if not in the west. Nunierv foundries annually turu out 
 stoves and other castings to a large amount. Hailing, machinery, and steam-.'>ngine8 are 
 extensively manufactured. Mining operations have already been connneneed at Iron iloun- 
 tain. (See Engraving.) 
 
 ''Tiie Bank of the State of Missouri is the only t'lartercd banking institution in St. Louis 
 or in Missouri. It has five branches, viz. ; one at layette, one at Jackson, one at Lexing- 
 ton, one at Palmyra, and one at Springfield. 
 
 "Tlie natural advantages which St Louis enjoys, a . a commercial emporium, are probably 
 not surpassed by those of any inland port in thr world. Situated midway between two 
 oceans, and near the geographical centre of the finest agricultural region on the globe, al- 
 most at the verj- focus towards which converge the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Ohio, and 
 the Illinois Rivers, there can be no doubt that she is destined, at no distant period, to become 
 the great receiving and distributing depot of most of the vast region drained by these 
 streams. Having already reached an enviable position among her sister cities, she is look- 
 ing westward, with a system of railways intended not only to bring to her nnxrkets the 
 agricultural and mineral treasures of the Missouri basin, liut eventually to extend bey>,.id 
 the Rocky Mountains to the valley of the Great Salt Lake, and finally to tin; golden sli()r<!S 
 of the Pacific Ocean. Her connection with the Atlantic cities, through Cincinnati and Chi- 
 cago, is already secured beyond contingency. The construction of railroads penetrating 
 various sections of her own state, designed ultimately to communicate with New Orleans, 
 are also about to be undertaken. The opening of these various railways, and others pro- 
 posed, will give St. Louis ready access to innnense deposites of iron, coal, lead, and eop])er 
 ores, within a circuit of 90 miles, equal to the wants of the whole Mississipjn valley for 
 centuries to come, and which have not to this time been brought into use, simply because 
 of the diflic\dty and expense of reaching a market. 
 " The population of St. Louis is upwards of 100,<)00." 
 
i^erso ways to the 
 itures Jiave beoii 
 
 ei'ce of St. Louis 
 . The Missouri, 
 
 Western wutcrs, 
 
 size, ofjui|)iiient, 
 liish, the Tennes- 
 couiiiieree of tlie 
 
 exceeds that of 
 
 )00, (an increase 
 
 Tills, however, 
 
 i of tlie city, tlio 
 
 Tlie Inisiness 
 
 iniilrej tliousaud 
 
 important tlian 
 tlian in any city 
 
 extensively car- 
 
 toljiiceo, several 
 nJ liaggini;, and 
 vever important 
 1 as the most ini- 
 
 of the vast, niin- 
 rolliiii^ influence 
 eed those of any 
 nnually turn out 
 teain-.'niiines are 
 L'd at Iron Jloun- 
 
 ition in St. Louis 
 II, one at Lexlng- 
 
 jm, are prohahly 
 ay between two 
 on the globe, al- 
 ri, the Ohio, and 
 )erioil, to become 
 Irained by these 
 ities, she is look- 
 her markets the 
 o extend heyi ..d 
 he golden sliores 
 icinnati and Clii- 
 )ads penetrating 
 th New Orleans, 
 and others pro- 
 lead, and copper 
 issipjii valley for 
 I, simjjly becouse 
 
 CINCINNATI BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 
 
 Architect— 
 
 J. W. JIcLaughlin, corner of Walnut and 
 Third sts. [See advertisement.] 
 
 Attorneys at Lrw— 
 
 Walter M. Bateman, 30 West Fourth st. 
 
 AunAM Brower, Jr., Trust Co.'s Build- 
 ing, Tliird St. 
 
 Nicholas Bird, Manchester Building, 
 corner of Third and Sycamore sts. 
 
 CoRWiNE & Hayes, (Jl. M. Corwine and 
 II. B. Hayes,) Selves' Buildiug, south 
 side ThirH st. 
 
 Joseph Cox ^ Wm. H. Kerr, 3 Apollo 
 Building, corner Fifth and Walnut sts. 
 
 A. R. DuTTON, 8 East Third st. 
 
 Fox «fe Fox, corner of Third and Syca- 
 more BtS. 
 
 Jon:< A. Jeffers, 3 Trust Co.'s Building, 
 corner of Main and Third sts. 
 
 Johnston & Carroll, Trust Co.'s Build- 
 ing, 
 
 Jones & Burnet, Trust Co.'s Building. 
 
 Parker & Parker, Manchester Building, 
 corner of Third and Sycamore sts. 
 
 W. B. Prodosco, Fourth st. 
 
 Charles Loomis, 1 Trust Co.'s Building. 
 
 Snow & Bradstreet, Trust Co.'s Building, 
 
 Tiu ;?soN & Nesmith, 25 West Third st. 
 [See advertisement.] 
 
 Worthington & Matthews, (V. Wortfi- 
 ington, Jas. T. Worthington, Stp-rley 
 Matthews,) Third st. between Main 
 ond Walnut sts. 
 
 Attorneys at Law & Not<«ry8 Public— 
 
 Flam EN Ball, Jr., 8 East Third st. 
 Samuel S. Carpenter, 23 West Third st. 
 
 [See advertisement.] 
 Ben. J. Ilorton, 6 Manchester Building, 
 
 corner of Third and Sycamore sts. 
 Wm. H. Kelsey, 80 West Third st. [See 
 
 advertisement.] 
 
 Attorneys and Counsellors at Law— 
 
 Bates & Scaruobouoh, Third st., opposite 
 Henrie House. 
 
 King & Thompson, (Rufus King, Samuel 
 J. Thompson,) Third st., between Main 
 and Walnut sts. 
 
 Walter S. Strau'i, 12 Manchester Build- 
 ing, corner of Third and Sycamore sts. 
 
 Bedding Manufacturers- 
 
 Wm. Morehouse it Co., corner of Fifth 
 and Plum sts. [See advertisement.] 
 
 Bellows Manufacturer— 
 
 W. G. IIyndman, 41 Second st. [See ad- 
 vertisement.] 
 
 Billiard Table Manufacturers- 
 
 J. M. Brunswick & Brother, 8 Sixth st. 
 [See odvertisement.] 
 
 Blacksmiths— 
 
 Charles Graham & Brother, 211 Weat 
 Front St. [See advertisement] 
 Booksellers and Publishers— 
 
 Anderson, Gates & WiiUiiiT, 112 Main St. 
 
 [See advertisement.] 
 Robert Clarke & Co., 55 West Fourth at, 
 
 [See advertisement.] 
 
 Boot and Shoe Manufacturer — 
 
 W. G. Rogers, 25 East Pearl st. 
 Brass Works— 
 
 >Vm. Powell & Co., 247 and 249 Fifth sU 
 
 [See advertisement.] 
 Miles Greenwood, Eagle Foundry, 394 
 
 Walnut st. [See advertisement.] 
 
 Car Wheels— 
 
 John Nash, 243 and 245 East Pearl st 
 [See advertisement.] 
 Clothing and Dry Goods— 
 
 Menderson & Pboiiman, 23 Pearl st. 
 Amburoh Brothers, 46 and 48 Pearl st. 
 
 Commercial Colleges— 
 
 R. M. Bartlett, corner of Third and 
 
 Walnut sts. [See advertisement.] 
 John Gunury, corner of Fifth and Wal- 
 nut sts. [See advertisement] 
 Cooper Ware— 
 
 Peter N. Jonte, 484 Race st [See ad- 
 vertisement] 
 Dry Goods Merchants— 
 
 John W. Ellis & Co., 11 Pearl st 
 Jones Brothers & Co., 19 Pearl st 
 Mayn'rd & Sweetser, 88 <fe 90 Pearl st 
 
 Exchange Office— 
 
 E. N. Slocum, 97 Main st [See adver- 
 tisement] 
 
 Express Company— 
 
 Valentine's, Third st [See advertise- 
 ment] 
 Flour Mill Manufacturers— 
 
 J. IT. Burrows <fe Co., Second st, between 
 Elm and Plum. [See advertisement] 
 
 W. AV. Hamer & Co., corner of Second 
 st and Western Row. [See adver 
 tisement] 
 
 Foundries and Machine Shops— 
 
 W. II. DuNLAP & Co., corner of Front and 
 Lawrence sts. [See advertisement.] 
 
 J. & E. Greenwald, 190 East Pearl st 
 [See advertisement] 
 
 MiLF.s Greenwood, Eagle Foundry, 394 
 Walnut St. [See advertisement] 
 
 J. A. Fay <fe Co., cor. of Front & John sts. 
 
 Gold Pen Manufacturer— 
 
 Wm. Lundy, 15 Apollo Building, corner 
 of Fifth and Walnut sts. 
 
 
CINCINNATI BUSINESS DIHECTOUT. 
 
 Grist Mill ^Uannfacturers— 
 
 J. T' BinuownA Co., Second st, between 
 Kim mid I'liini sts. [See advt.] 
 
 W. W. IIameu it Co., comer of Second 
 8t. nnd Western Row. [See adver.] 
 
 Grocers and Commission Merchants— 
 
 CI.AUU <fe Carh, 2i) Walnut st. 
 
 Wm. Glenn & Sons, corner of Walnut nnd 
 Colunibin sts. [See advertisement] 
 
 TRAHEn ife AuBERo, 7 Public Landing. 
 
 Tweed i'. Siiilev, (I'roduce and Commis- 
 sion,) 40 Walnut st. 
 
 West & McDoloall, 23 Walnut st. [See 
 advertisement.] 
 
 Hardware Merchants— 
 
 ]Iai'.ser & Merna, 192 Slain st. 
 
 Latlmeu, Colhlrn & Lui'TON, 74 Main »t. 
 
 Tyler, Davidson & Co., 140 and 142 
 Slain St. 
 
 J. L. Wayne <t Son, 124 Main st. and 23 
 Hammond st. [See advertisement.] 
 
 Josei-ji W. Wayne & Co., 196 Main st. 
 [See advertisement] 
 Hotel- 
 
 Madison House, Main st,, between Co- 
 lumbia and Front sts. [See adver.] 
 
 Jewellery Establishment- 
 
 Di'MME <k Co., corner of Fourth and 
 Walnut sts, [See advertisement.] 
 
 Kitchen Ranges— 
 
 E. B. Blunt, 224 Main st. [See ftdver.] 
 Van it BARRiN(iKn, 197 Main st. [See 
 advertisement.] 
 
 Lithographers— 
 
 EiiRQoiT <fe FonnRiGER, Carlisle's Block, 
 corner of Fourth and Walnut sts. [See 
 advertisement.] 
 
 Machinery— 
 
 W. R. DuNLAP & Co., corner of Front and 
 
 Laurence sts. [See advertis.nieiit.] 
 J. & E. Greenwald, 190 East Pearl st. 
 
 [See advertisement.] 
 Miles Greenwood, Eagle Foundry, 394 
 
 Walnut St., corner of Canal st, [See 
 
 advertisement.] 
 J. A. Fay & Co., cor. of Front <fe John sts. 
 TuoMAs Smith, 216 West Second st. [See 
 
 advertisemen ] 
 
 Oj'lor Depot 
 
 A. S. STEWAur, 166 Vine st, above Post- 
 offie,'. 
 
 Photographer - 
 
 ..; C. Hawkins, 106 Fourth st [See ad- 
 ■.ertisenient.] 
 
 Plough Manufactory— 
 
 (iARUKiT it Cottman, 9 Sevcnth st 
 Railroad Companies— 
 
 Lirn,E SIiAMi PiAiLROAD, Cincinnati to 
 Coluinbii", & East [See adver.l 
 
 Ohio and Mississipw Railroad, Ci'ncin- 
 nati to St : ?'^ and West [See ad- 
 vert) ' ] 
 
 Real Estate Broker— 
 
 Samuel A. Sakoent, 8 Apollo Buildings. 
 [See advertisement] 
 
 Saw Manufacturers- 
 
 W<i(iDR(iu(iii it McParlin, 15 Walnut st. 
 Works at Hamilton, Ohio. [Sec adv.] 
 
 Scale Manufacturers— 
 
 John Kistner, 394 Vine st [See ad" 
 
 vertiseiiient.] 
 J. W. Wright A Co., 10 West Second st 
 
 [See advertisement] 
 
 Shirt Warehouse— 
 
 Jamks Rii'iiARDsoN, 100 West Fourtli si; 
 [See advertisement] 
 
 Show Cases— 
 
 SiiiMiTT it Brothers, 77 West Third st 
 [Sue advertisement] 
 
 Stereotype Foundries— 
 
 Franklin Foundry, 168 Vine st., R. Al. 
 
 li>(iii. Superintendent. [See ndver- 
 
 tiseiiient.j 
 IIiLLs, O'Driscoll ife Co., 141 Main st 
 
 [See adverlisenuMit.] 
 
 Stock and Note Brokers— 
 
 Bradley it Kelsev, 80 West Tiiird st. 
 [See advertisement] 
 
 Stove Manufacturers— 
 
 SIiLEs Greenwood, ;{94 Walnut st., Englo 
 Iron Works. [Sec advertisfineiit. ] 
 
 E. B. Bunt, 224 Main st [See adver- 
 tisement] 
 
 Dr. Muscrave, Gas Cooking, 272 Sixth 
 fit. [See advertisement] 
 
 Van a Barrinoer, 197 Main st [See 
 advertisement.] 
 
 Theatre— 
 
 National Theatre, John Bates, Proprie- 
 tor ; Louis Baker, Lessee; Win. Rey- 
 nolds, Acting and Stage Manager ; 
 Syeamoro st. 
 
 Venetian Blinds— 
 
 W. H. Hkssii.er, 147 Sycamore n. [See 
 advertisement.] 
 
 Watch Cases— 
 
 Francis Doll, Corner of Fourth nnd 
 Walnut sts. [See advertisement] 
 Wire Cloth <;oods— 
 
 S. G. BiRNirrr it Co., 27 Walnut st [See 
 
 advertiseiiieiit,] 
 Bromwei.l it Mellisii, 181 Walnut st 
 Writing Fluid— 
 
 James .1. Bitler, 39 Vine st. corner of 
 
 Commeree st. [See ndvertiscnient.] 
 J. C. I 'ark ifc Co., 554 and 556 West 
 
 Fifth St. 
 
 Wood Engravers- 
 
 Davem'ort it Thomvson, corner of Fourth 
 mid Walnut sts. [Sec advertiseiiieiit] 
 George Stillm. ..n-, 25 West Fourth st 
 
\pollo Buildings. 
 
 IN. 15 W'nlnut st. 
 IJliio. [See adv.] 
 
 ne St. [See ud- 
 ) West Second st. 
 
 West Fourth st, 
 
 77 West Third st. 
 ] 
 
 8 Vine st., R. Al- 
 lit. [See nJvcr- 
 
 C'c, 141 Main st. 
 
 1 
 
 rs— 
 
 10 West Tiiird st. 
 ] 
 
 i Walnut St., Eagle 
 iidvertiseinent.] 
 
 11 st. [See udvcr- 
 
 looking, 272 Sixth 
 
 nent.] 
 
 97 !Muin st. [See 
 
 )hn Bates, Proprie- 
 
 Lesseo; Win. R<\v- 
 
 Stngc Manager ; 
 
 sycamore bu [See 
 
 or of Fonrtli and 
 ndvertiseiiient.] 
 
 27 Walnut St. [See 
 1, 181 Walnut st. 
 
 Vine st. corner of 
 ■c advertiseiiu'iit.] 
 551 and 550 West 
 
 n\, oorncr of Fourth 
 ■^('c advcrti^'enient.] 
 \V«!st Fourth st. 
 
 GENEKAL FUKXISJIING EMPORILM. 
 JAMES RICHARDSON, 
 
 MAM KACnilKIt OF 
 
 Sh-irts, Stocks <Sz> XJiider Grarments, 
 
 FOJi LADIEf^, GENTLEMEN ,(• ClIILDIiEN, 
 
 AM) IlKAI.KU IN 
 
 LACE, EMBROIDERIES, TRIMMINGS, CORSETS, AND 
 
 1' A N < ; Y A 11 r I <: ■ r. v, s . 
 
 READY-MADE LINEN AND BABY LINEN WAREHOUSE. 
 
 OUTriTTLN'G AM) WKDDLVU OUDEiy EXEC'fTEl) AT SHORT NOTICE. 
 
 JAMES ItlCIIARDISOlV, 100 Wvst Foiirlli St., 
 
 Opposilf lite foiil-oHlrff ClnrinnaH, Olilo, 
 
 E. A. THOMPSON 
 
 -A. TsT r) C O X. r. E O T I O IT 
 
 T. K. NISMIIII. 
 
 OFFICE 
 
 THOMPSON &, NESMITH, 
 
 ^T T O R^ISTE: YS ^T L^-W, 
 
 25 West Third Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 HIJ'KKKXC'KS : 
 
 .T. li. JiifTrav A Sons .\,ie IV*- ("linv, MiKinn.'v .(: C... . 
 
 rlic Ips, lUi-:- \ ( 
 A. .Iimriiritv, ,Ir.,iV Co. . . 
 (■I;.|.|., Ki-I.l ti llrrkli-y.. 
 Cimv. H"\v;iril \ Siuim'r 
 Kr.'.l'. Hiitl.ilirl,!, Ksn.... 
 
 .Miiw.ii llr. 
 
 Smilti A I'liytif 
 
 K. S. WiiiHliui, Km] 
 
 S. lion >n ,(c <■„ 
 
 .1. M. ll,-.-hf .\c C. 
 
 T. .V K. Ilulrli..lli.r A Co. 
 Co. hnilK', Kiliihiill A Hill 
 
 ri.r.v llros. ii liiiii.li-i, 
 ' Aiiiciii Cliillln. K«i| 
 
 Ihivwiin). Hun-li^t<'itil tinil 
 ' M.-I.iilir 
 
 W.lliliL', C.tliii \ C.. 
 
 M..rri, I,, lliillow.-ll & C. 
 
 \V I. llii.oii .V Co 
 
 .loliM II. Illowii.d Co 
 
 i rillinuliiKl & I'ullM.l 
 
 [ Di'Coiinioy, I.itfoiircHiIc A Co. . 
 
 h'liniliiiiii, Kirkhiiin A Ci 
 
 Mii-oii .^ Co 
 
 K«s»itl fi Co 
 
 Alr.x. .Miir.lo.k A Co.. 
 liiiiirs A Huilvv 
 
 . PI,!/, 
 ..Hull 
 
 ] Kinu'. Corwhi A Co. 
 " I (iiilron Hurloii, Kwj. 
 
 Vl,tla,l,li,hhi K. (i. WVbMrr A ( . 
 " i Joiu'j* Unjs. A Co . 
 
 " I Jlio. Slinpltin^oi ' 
 
 " i ,1. A J. Sl.-vlii 
 
 " Sliiuv, lliiill .^ 
 
 ' I. W. KIP- • 
 
 I'lrlpliia 
 iitiir,' 
 
 iitiali 
 
 l)|ivi.Miin 
 
 Itmhm 
 
 ■k'.'.'.'.'.' '• 
 
 Collections made throughout the U. S. Drafts and maturing paper coll> at Bankers' 
 
 E. .\. T. is \()tarv I'lililic, niid CoKiiiiiwioniT for nil (he itrlnin :•'. rotates. 
 
 CLAIMS I'lKiVKD. ACKNOW l.lllKiMK.N - AMI lllj'i i-ITK iNS (Al V TAKKS. 
 
 Wll. II. KEI.SEY, 
 
 ;:^ttornfii at Xi\\\i ^ Mm ilublic. 
 
 MiisliM- ('(iiiiniissiotici' cif tlio Siiin-i-iiii- Cmirt. 
 
 COLLECTIONS ATTENDED TO PKOMPTLY. 
 
 OFFICIO, 80 WEST THIKl) STKFFT, 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 (-AI.V1.\ Ilium. KY. 
 
 W. II. KKl.SKV. 
 
 BRADLEY & KELSEY, 
 
 Sidi'k liiiil .\(ilc l!riiL('r.< iinil (iciicnil Aifciils. 
 
 I!E.\I, I-:ST.\TK IKirilHT iS.- SOLD. 
 
 Money Loaned and Collections Made. 
 
 80 WKS'P '111! I! I) sritl'.KT, 
 
 CINCINNATI, O. 
 
 JOHN KISTNEB, 
 
 .Maiiufiic'lurer 
 
 OK AM. KINDS OK 
 
 SCALES, 
 
 'Mt ViiM'St., 
 
 IlKT. CVNAI. ,ii I'JrU, 
 
 Oincinn.-iti, 0. 
 
 SAMUEL S iPENTER, 
 
 ATT0I1\KV AT ' \0T.\I1V PI lillf. 
 
 Also. COMMISSIt Ej for DEEDS, DEPO- 
 SITIONS, and iiFF. DAVITS for every 
 STATE lu -ne UNION. 
 
 N. n.— ConnnUsiolis lo tiiko lo>t iiioiiy f.TiTiilo.l uitli pnMniitnfss 
 1111(1 iK-i'uriu-y. 
 
 Offics, 23 West Third Street, Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 SAMIKL A. SARIJKNT, 
 
 REAL ESTATE &, STOCK BROKER, 
 
 8 APOLLO "UILDINGS, 
 Corner of rilth aid Walnut Streets, 
 
 CINCINN \n. o. 
 
 TlloS. W. WlUliHT. 
 
 Jll.irs T"iss.> 
 
 I T.W.WRIGHT 8l CO., 
 
 M AMI A' .11 nr.K.-i "K Al.l, KINDS nK 
 
 I SCALES, 
 
 ' BEAMS, TRUCKS 3c HOISTING- •.iTHEELS, 
 I 10 West Second Street, Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
un 
 
 I 
 
 TYPE, STEREOTYPE, & ELECTROTYPE FOUNDRY. 
 
 AND PRINTERS' FURNISHING WAREHOUSE. 
 
 We desire to inform Printers JJookscUei-s, and others, tiiat we are no>y prepared to 
 furnish every thinp used in, or in any way connected with i)nntin!;, m any of its 
 branches: our Moulds, Matrices, and Machinery, are all duplicates of those ol L. John- 
 son & Co, Philadelphia, the most extensive Type Fouuders in Aiiicrica; and we a-ssure 
 the trade that the quality and admixture of our metals will at all tunes he of the best 
 materials, and our manufacture of them in the hi-thest style of the art. It will be our 
 aim under all circumstances, to compete with the very best Foundries in the country, 
 both iu stvle r.nd finish. Having recently made large additions to our stock ot Moul<ls 
 aP(l Jlatrices, we arc now prepared to furnish, in any (juantity, the most approved 
 liuvs of J5ook, News, and .Job Type, and fit out Printing Offices of any si/.e on the 
 shortest notice. Our Composing; Kooms are well stocked with the latest and most ap- 
 prove<l styles of Book and Job Type, of all sizes, and we Stereotype or Klectrotype 
 Books, :.Iusic, Jobs, Medicine LabJls, etc., etc., on short notice, and at Rastem Prices. 
 Pattern and Urand Lettei-s of various sizes and styles always on hand. Type that 
 ha> ))een used in Stereotyping for sale at Keduced Prices. Agi'iits for Hoe & Co., 
 Adams, Gordon, and Kugglcs' Presses. American and English Inks constantly on 
 hand. Also, Printers' Glue of a superior quality. 
 
 168 Vn«E STREET, (bet. Fototh & Fifth Sts.) CINCINNATI, 0. 
 
 D. IIILI.H A cn. 
 
 f. r. o'Dni»f<iLL. 
 
 STEREOTYPE ANB ELECTROTYPE FOUNDRY, 
 
 KTO. 14:1 T^A-XlSr STIiEET, CITsraiISr3Sr-A.TI, OHIO. 
 
 HILLS. ()'DUl!S(JOLL &i CO., 
 
 STKIJEOTYPERS S- EI.ECTROTYPERS, 
 
 Who, (li.'n'crs in Type nnd Printini; MJitciKii , i.'iMiiTiillv. l.ciiils, fuses. Oullrys, Brnss ami Mitnl Rnlfis, Qwciins. 
 Funiitiiri', etc., always on liiiiid. Slt'rc(itv|jinL' "fall kinds. Hmiks. .Mnsio. PaiiipUlels. anil .Icilis nl uvcri iluscnptum 
 liuiii: at short notice u'uil in tlie bust inaiiuur. Ek'-clrolyimii; of Cuts, Ji'bs, etc., done on sliort iioli(X". 
 
 J. W. BALB. 
 
 nOUGRT CLARKE. 
 
 R. D. BARNEV. 
 
 ROBERT CLARKE & CO., Successors to H. W. Derby & Co., 
 
 Law Publishers & Booksellers, Stationers, Importers & Dealers in Theological, Scientific, School 
 and Miscellaneous Books, No. 66 West Fourth Street, Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 The nttentinn of the legal profession and tlie trade is iniited to the following valuable Law Books, pub- 
 lUlieil by tbein: 
 
 itcnoXAMl's TrEATISK, 1 vol. 
 
 Nash's I'i.kadixi! ami Practick, 1 vol. 
 Nash's DiiiKsr of Ohio Ukimmits, 1 vol. 
 
 (iWVSXK ON ShKIUKFS & CoRONKRS, 1 Vol. 
 IIoLCOMRK's KyllTY JirRISl'RIDKNCK, 1 Vol. 
 
 IX I^giiTV, 1 V i|. 
 
 Tlieh* nssorlment of peiieral Law Hooks is lar^'e and variou.s, and their facilitiei^ for i>rrK'urin;j the pnbli- 
 catioas of other liouses are such, lliat IIr.v can sell at llie lowest Kaslcrn rates. 
 
 The Theoloplcal and .Miscellaneous Depart nunls will be found suiiplicd, in addition to recent Kn).'Iisli and 
 American jiubllcations, with a cl.oice slock of old, rare and valuable works, seldiuu lui-t willi in this conntr.v. 
 
 Foreijjn Hooks, old and oew, in an.v lanjiuape, imported with the utmost care and di^^iiatcb, their busins'^s 
 connections in London and Kiiinbur^di bei"'^ such, as to alford preat facilities for the ndlei. -n of old rare 
 woi'ks, and such modern books as are " out of print.*' Subscriii;ions received for forei>;n periotlicals. 
 
 The publications of the following !iou?es kept constantly on band : — Warper A Bros., Derby & .lackson, 
 Itobert Carter & Dro., New Vork ; (i. Uoulleil(.'e & Co., T. Nel-on ,4 Son. II. Ibiilliere, London; lilackie .V 
 Son, Olasgow; T. & T. Clark, Kdinburgh, ,tc., ic. Trade supidied wilh Harper's .Magazine an<l Weekly. 
 
 Omio Hki'orts, 20 vols. 
 McLkan's €. V. Uei'orts, i> vols. 
 .Johnson's Chancerv Rei'outs, 7 vols, in '6. 
 Shan's St.vtctes of Ohio, 1 vol. 
 Swan's New Treatise, 1 vol. 
 
 Barton's Siit 
 
 VALENTIIVE FKEICillT EXPRESS t:OMF.4I^V. 
 
 CIXriNNATI OFFICE, No. .j KAST TIlIRl) sritr.KT. .John S. Duhlop. Sn|it. K, H. Vnloulnic Asst Suja. 
 (ioo. It. Coopirr, Pn.'s,, SI. l.cnus. Mo. Timir Contracts L'iveu lor SIi1|miiiiiI of Frciu'bt from .N'cw Vork. lliislon. 
 Plubulelpbia and Baltimore tii St. l.ouis, Cincinnati. Clncauo. and all points Wist 'rhronuh Kict jpis lmvoo Io ail 
 purls of indnuni, Illmois, Iowa, Wiscousni and Minnesota, and to all points on the ;\livsonn Hiv. r. For Co'itracts call 
 
 at our oiiicn. £ !_ HULL, Agent. 
 
 .Vark uooiiH fahnUnr ijnr. No. STIast Third Street, Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 WILLIAM MOREIIOIME & CO., 
 
 S. E, cor, of Fifth & Plum Sta„ Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 Superior Spiral-SpnnL' and Curli'd Mair .MitIIri'^s''s. 
 Ff atlier Hcds, and all otloT articles in the line, in store i 
 au.l made to onler al short notice. 
 
 N'. B.— Curtains and Carpets made up. Church Pews 
 lined, etc. I 
 
 l:i>r{Klir ioi.uiAM. 
 
 CHAS. GRAHAM & BRO., 
 
 MACHINE BLACKSMITHS, 
 
 277 West Front Street, Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 3fii»)i/tiituren of Hrii/(/f-/Jii/f., (Ok' all ihidn of 
 
 W:li-KKIIlitIihl{l. 
 
f 
 
 fe C. HAWKINS, 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHIST, 
 
 106 WEST FOURTH STREET, 
 
 CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 PATENTEE OF THE PATENT HELIOGRAPHS. 
 
 EIGHTS FOE SALE & INSTEL 'iONS GIVEN. 
 
 :mmw. 
 
 ^^^S3s.^cfe <#, 
 
 J. n. DAVKNI'OKT. 
 
 J. THOMSON. 
 
 DAVENPORT & THOMSON, 
 
 Sttc€fsHO»'s to Ml. C. Grost'cnor, 
 
 k 
 
 i 
 
 ^ N.E. CORNER OF FOURTH & WALNUT STS., 
 
 '^\ CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 
 ALL ORDERS P^XECUTED WITH NEA.T>rESS AND DISPATCH. 
 
 M^^'^-'i^s:S^^SS^:."^:sn^SS3?S.'^^S^^:sl*i 
 
 h 
 [4 
 
 m 
 
 ANDERSON, GATES &. WRIGHT, 
 
 WIIOI.KHALE AND HETAIL 
 
 B00KS3LL3P. S AHD STATIOITBIIS, 
 
 PRINTERS, AND MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 S U I^ E III O R 13 I^ A N K BOOKS. 
 112 Main Street, bet. Third and Fourth, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
n 
 
 
 
 *! 
 
 lows (Uiil Irii 
 ManiirH'ltiry, 
 Clorliniali. 
 
 W. a. IIYMI>IA.\, 
 
 S. II. HRmilt-.nl iimmifii.'hir.-r nf nin'kRriillli'ii Bel- 
 provwl I'l.rtiiM.' For;:!', (l'iit»-iM.-.i Nov.nil'fr, IHft7.) 
 41 Second Ktruut, betwewti Syriimoru and Jiromlwiiy, 
 
 PETER SMITH, 
 
 IMI'dUIKIl AMI IlKAl.KIt IN 
 
 DAGUERREOTYPE, 
 
 AMDIiOTYrJi & .MKI.AINOTYl'E STOCK, 
 
 ircntl) rtiib "^mcvicdu plates, 
 
 PLATE GLASS, 
 
 FHAMKS, ClIKMICALS AND CASES. 
 
 German and American Cameras. 
 
 (iiiK i;il .Aiiciit Inr ilii> Mipply nl' 
 DnuiH'rri'Olviu' and Ainhrulvrt' Aiii'nralut, 
 
 AMI MAirilMl. ciK KIKIIV HKSCIII I' IION. 
 
 No. 36 WEST FIFTH STREET, 
 
 SmmihI Dcnir Kast I'roiii WmItiuI Slni-I, 
 
 OINOINNATI, O. 
 
 /feffllsi 
 
 4% 
 
 'M'^'-A 
 
 
 
 :;r:>;i;;;,.|i. 
 
 -. / 
 
WITH, 
 
 HM.KU IN 
 
 SOTYPE, 
 
 XOTYI'E STOCK, 
 
 dcnu pintcB, 
 
 LASS, 
 
 S AND CASES, 
 Ban Cameras, 
 ic Mipi'ly "f 
 irolyp*' ApimruliH, 
 
 V IIKSCIIII'TIIIN. 
 
 TH STREET, 
 
 \V;ilMUl SIri'i'l. 
 OINOINNATI, O. 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 Musiiiiwrs (i\s 
 
 AI'I'AIIATIS. 
 
 pkti<:r i\. jOi^TE, 
 
 fTJ' 'r* 
 
 manufactiiiibh of Ljl ' 't -^ 
 
 OF ALL SORTS AND SIZES, 
 
 m ItAtE ST. k 151 POPLAIl ST., 
 
 CINCINNATI, 0. 
 
 -.^i^ 
 
 Tlii-* rt'irtiifiil* liv.- Si-.v-i-* cii iin i:\riiK MAiiixiitANv STANr>, 
 
 (■»n:il.I.'.ifl.fiii-rt.t*,,I, n'-u.l.liiik' u '■'Mil M Itiinnii. Kh-'Ii Sl.ivt- 
 
 l>< iiiu' i>"l'-|<<'i<'l<'Mi of ihf "iliiT, 11-4 iitaii>' timy lpe iiM'il iit mi" tliiu' 
 II- \vMi.-,i. Tliin innuiiHlii'* i« fiipiiM)' iif (■(Mikinjf for ii r'jtinHy nl' 
 tM.uU |i.r-'iii-. 'I'll'- liriii' !■* ^7'), liirlinlliiit iili'iiit "fl'i wrlli '»!' 
 .iinkiriL' ul.ii-iN. Til'- saiii.' Miili'.dnvnv Sttui.l witli lliri"- St..vr^ 
 witlm-it <-.i..kin;r nl-'H-'il'. i* $■'>". Thr ''t.innn'ii St.uf wan- will .lo. 
 Tin- (till iiiRs ♦'iiiilil'' iiir-K'Hs tn s'I.nI mi,! onltT w!mt tlifv wi^Ii. 
 V"r turlliiT iiil"riiinti«'ii ml'lri'itH llie I'lttciitt*.'. 
 
 A HiriL'li- Si'jvi' will iht v\vty viirli-ty lUi'I kiti'l of cft'iklni:. scvi'ral 
 M-ill mivt'liiiii', twi" KT llin-.' St''i%-i-!i f"!' I'.mr "r liv p'T-titi-i. It titki-a 
 iih'iiit llif sniin- iiiimimt of ^m t'l mok on thr'-i- or 1i»iir Stnvci »» one, 
 ii Ucini; iu ]iro[n.ritiiii ru ili<- niii'iniil '•i>->ki'<l; m\>\ mtt n'l lialtlf t<» 
 
 wa>iji;:.-, tiH w I fu.l. Wli'T. u'ti-* i* ♦2.r.n p.-r l,iiiHi I'.vt. it <o^l« 
 
 (ilioiii iwo HK'I cme-Iiall" .■ifiu it'T iluy for t'lirli jifrMin. A man iiii'i 
 wiff .-MTi 'ivok for tivf .■.-nt^ u ilay, iiinl ti\t' rciils ti wfck for in-ninu'. 
 
 Till* StMVf. will work on a loiiinioti wn-slistjiiul, tuMf, or slit-lf in 
 
 nn> '' "" '^|Y^'^>i| I, MisUKWK, rinclniiall. O, 
 
 Or r;tll at No. 'JT'.' Sixth Street. 
 
 BUM'S ORICilWL 
 
 Keeps cnnstuntly (in liiiml u vnnety nf Wnml mid In-ii 
 Htmiul KeKR, sneh as (J, ](i tint) 20 (:nl!ims; iilsn, will lill 
 all nrtltjfs (iir Twiu Wtirk at i>liiirtest notice. All nt' my 
 Wiirk IS wrirranteil to lie et' llie best ijuallly. 
 
 UNION lUlASS WOllKS. 
 
 WM. I'OWF.I I. t ri),. MiiiniiiicliirirM.rilmis Fiiii- 
 ri'ts. StclUM mimI Cms (■..rks. !ii- , No- :.'n (^ L'I'I l-'lllll St., 
 iK-'twocii I'luiii ami Wii. U..W, C im :i.\.\,v 1 1, Ouiii. 
 
 
 ■V-' I'nis« Work.lM-pt 
 , I'l'il^n (.'ll^tilt:.'S iliul 
 
 All M7.I";. Iroiii :i f.'i'l to -.'11 f.'i-t. M'liiii iiihl li'il wntiT snjijilh''! 
 Willi itny -ir.- if rn|i!in-.l. Mimutin tiiiv.I l.y K. H. lilnut, l'-J4 Miihi 
 Stn-il, ri\ciNN\u. 1 imo. Wtirmnl' .1 Uy 'Xiw Niii-lii'tioii, 
 
 J. W. CAIMUSD.V, F. P. CAHILL, 
 
 Oil f;lol),.^ ( til Ciipv (''.upitn-s iin.i I'i 
 
 ronstiiiilly mi InuhI nt l!iist. in ril"-. 
 iiiitl iVU'lion Mt-tiil nui'l"' lo «jr-iiT. 
 
 S. G. BUKNET *fc C0.7 
 
 M.VNi;t'AtTII!Kl!S OP 
 
 Sieves, Riddles, 
 
 WOODEN k JAPAWEl) lillll) CACES, 
 
 CHEESE & MEAT SAFES, ^:f. 
 a 7 IVAIi^VUT STREET. 
 
 CINCINNATI, O. 
 
 MERCAN'TILE, KFXOIM) & COPYING 
 
 MADISON HOUSE, Excelsior Fluid Inks! 
 
 (iAl^HlSON & CAHILL, 
 I rnoPKiKTORs. 
 
 lVl-A.I3Sr STItEET, 
 
 BETWKEN rOI.rMniA >fc FKOXT STREKTS, 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 .MAMbA( nUKI) UV 
 
 JAMES J. BUTLER, 
 
 a(;e\t. 
 
 39 V I 3Sr E STK,EET, 
 
 COH. IIF roMMKIlCK, CIXCIXXATI, (). 
 
 Ill Use b.v 10,nO(l Meichant.s and Hankers of the 
 East, Sonthaiiil West. Kcii- sale l>,v .'Miit leading Sta- 
 tioners and Merchants cif the Smith and West. 
 
 
JONGPII W. WAYME, 
 
 TlKAl.KIl IN 
 
 TRUNK-MAKERS' STOCK, 
 
 SIIKKT /IN' , UN I'l.All:, Willi:, llool' IUhN, I'lMl" 
 (ll.MN AM) FIXn KM, AMI 
 
 GENERAL HARDWARE. 
 
 IHO M\n KT.. ri\( l.\V\TI, o. 
 
 ""j7l. WAYNE & SON, 
 
 IIKALKR8 IN 
 
 Fltuh, Hair Cloth, Sofa Spring!, 
 IXJOKING-GLASS PLATES, 
 
 MANlIFACTURKItS OP 
 
 PLANES AND EDGE TOOLS. 
 
 121 Main & 23 Hammond Streets, 
 
 CIXCINNATI, OIlIl). 
 
 J08. WOODROL'"!!. MICH*L M'PAllLIN'. HENRY 0. DUNN. 
 
 WOODROIT.II & M'PAIiLlX, 
 SAW MANUFACTURERS, 
 
 Patent Ground Circular Saws. 
 
 (works at HAMILTON, O. ) 
 
 IWavehouse, 15 W*alaut Street, 
 
 CINCINNATTI, 0. 
 
 Costingi of all kind* made to order. 
 
 JOHN NASH, 
 
 MANI KACri IlKIl UK 
 
 CAR W II K K li « , 
 
 213 <fe 245 KAST I'K.MU, STUKKT, 
 
 OINOINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 WHEELS WAR1)ANTED. 
 
 THOMAS S. SMITH, 
 
 Iron Perforating Establishnicnl, 
 
 216 WKST Sia;()M> STUKKT, 
 
 DKT. PLUM AND WIi>IKRN HOW, 
 
 l/an alww/K OH hand, and makes to oriltr 
 
 Ivl^LT KiLisrs, 
 
 For all cort jf (liuln. 
 
 Com Shaken, Sm'.t Uachines, Screens 
 and W'iidow Guards. 
 
 Mftlo's to onipr. flinl liim Hlwnva on luin.l, nil I'i'i'* nf Wnmirlit 
 Iron W,i»liiT«, lliirrn Hn<l Hlv.-liiiK Itlof". wlioliiwlo nn.l mhII, 
 
 Tin 1 Wii.lo'M for IHH .n.l llo«.-; I.iilli. I'lmiii I.Ink* of nil iil;,.«-, 
 
 ."^lov,. iirifl olIuT .iniill .^ nt»; K. R , S. II.. Ilriilui- mol llnfuuKe 
 tliwln; I'orforatnl Iron T ve Hoiw, iiiid Kuniy Howci K'nelliif. 
 
 t'tHfiinaH, OMo, 
 
 MAiC ORtlNWALO, 
 
 K/HA tJIIKKNWAIJ 
 
 I. & E. G!lEENWALO, 
 
 Foundry and Mncliino Shop, 
 
 steam Engines & Mil.' Hachinery. 
 
 No. UtO EAST I'KA l\. STRKET, 
 
 {Neor Miami Cii.iil,) 
 
 OINOINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 JAMES W. McLAUGIILI.Y, 
 ^IICHITECT, 
 
 ODD FEL.L0 1VS' BVIL.S^I]VC}, 
 
 Corner of Walnut and Third Streets, 
 
 CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 EHRGOTT & FORBRIGER, 
 
 PRACTICAL LITHOGRAPHERS, 
 
 Carlisle's Block, S. W. cor. of 4th & Walnut Sts., 
 
 ROOM No. 2, THIRD FLOOR. 
 CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 Every kind of work in tlioir lino, such as ^laps, Bonds, Drafts, Notes, 
 Checks, Diph)mas, Landscapes, Portraits, Show Cards, etc., in Black and in 
 Colors, will be executed with the greatest promptness, and in the very best 
 style. 
 
LITTLE MIAMI & COLUMBUS & XENIA RAILIIOAD, 
 
 Exclusively a Through Route. 
 THREE DAILY T 11 A I N S . 
 
 IHrert I'uitnerUont art made^ ifM 
 
 t'KKVKIjAIVn -With t.nkc Slinrr, Niw Yurk iiikI Km. iiml Nnw Yiirk fciilral HliUrimdii, to ami friPiii Hipiniln, 
 Dunkirk, Alhanv, llii«l(iii, New Vnrk. I'Ic. 
 
 t'llKHTHIVK-Willi I'liuiisylviiuiu llMllrcmd lit Pittslmrn;, touiiil Iniiii ll:irrir.|iurH, l'liiliiilel|iliiii, Nuw Yurk, 
 BoNtnti, lite. 
 
 HTEI'IIE.\VIM<K -Willi I'l.iiiinylviiiiia Hiiilnmil nt Pittslmn,-, toiiml frmn lliirriiilmri;, I'liiladDlphia, Nfw Yurk, 
 
 UtistdH, <'ic, 
 
 \VIIKKIJ\4i Willi lliiltiiiiiiri' mill Oliiii nnd I'liiiiisylvniiln Hiiilnmils iil Wlii-iiliiiif anil l■llt^l)ll^l[, to Bnil irom 
 IJiiltiiiiori', Wii!.liim;t"ii City, Kii'hinniiil, WiIimiii,'I"Ii, N. I'., I'liiliulclphm, Nuw York, Hoiitmi, i-lc, olr. 
 
 Miikns rlnw) (■uiiiiii'Iiimik iii Xriiiii fur all i- iiiln West ami NnrlliwiiNi. ; also nt Ciiioiiiuatl for all points Weit nnil 
 Soulliwuiit. To mill Iruiii Cli'vi^liiiiil, I'lttnliiir!:, iiml Wlioisliiiii, without (•liaiutii iil('ar». 
 
 Tifkcls for Sale at aJl tk 
 
 dNCIKNATI HACHIITE WORKS, 
 
 .Winutot turf Stdlinnunj nriil Pordihle 
 
 STEAM ENGIINES, 
 
 OF ALL SIZES, 
 
 CYLINDER, FLUE AND TUBULAR BOILERS, 
 
 All KlndH iif Mill Miii-hliM-rv, 
 
 Portable Floiiriii!,' Mills, «illi liolts. Elevators, 
 
 AND ALI, TIIK M.VriirXKIlV COMI'I.KTK. 
 
 nam, n.illlnu Clolln, Siiiiil Mill-., Ilniii 1).i>I.t«, Klniiiiin Cil..- 
 lirnleil Klmir I'lirkiT, .Miilriy, Sii«li, lui.l rir.iilar Siiw Mill", I'lirknr 
 WiiliT-Wlif.-lM, Kiiriilmm'H IVml.l.' A. liiiu' Lift iiiul K.'ri-ii I'liiiipa, 
 llydratillc Ittuiifl, Jtl.U..li'« Pul.-nl (J.iv.'rii.ir Viilvu. 
 
 Ornameiitnl Cnst-Iron Foiiiitnins, 
 
 IlltASS * IltllX CASTlNdS (iK.NKIlAI.LV. 
 
 ■V7. R. DUNLAP 8c CO., 
 Oor. Front & Lawrence Sts,, Oincinnati, O. 
 
 rinfipal llaiiroad OlTices in tlie East and West. 
 J. DU RAi\P, Miipt. 
 
 llammoth Steaiii|)(iwer Uillianl Talile llaiiiifaftory 
 
 OF J, M. BRUNSWICK ft BRO. 
 
 Mnmif/M-lDrv -SIhifttttil on N. K, ri.rtu'r of Kim k ChiihI Stn'(>l«. 
 omi'i' HN.I \Vun>)i'iiiw-No. H Sixth St., bvl. Miiiii lui.l Wiilniit M". 
 CiririniiBl!, (). lii'Ht i'limblimtioii i'uteut t'uhliu.ii ttvt-r Invtiit.-il. 
 rm.'ni nlitnlm-ii Dt'ci'inlM-r H, IN.-.!. 
 
 All IliH innili'm Iinfiriivi>tiiunt)t In tylo nml Im>h| nmtlu'inntlfiil w- 
 nirucy of workinntiAlilp, untMiiialltil " iiiiy 'llitr Itiiii^u' t-i|l>. r In tlio 
 I'lilii-il SlnltfA or Kun>|>u. Our lnti-At « '••iii'liliiiilii'n rittt-nt < 'usliiunit, 
 wlilrh iirt! uiH'qiiiillfil In t'luHllritv »ti<l inrriv'tiii'SH it) niiultii, liiivx 
 mTJv.'d Ihf kfri'utcst (ilU'iiIion of illl tlo* uri.-utltlc Hillmrif I'liiji-nt, 
 mill tflvfiinur Ttililt'it tlii-trn-tit<'>t ncH'tH-linn nowlni^xUtciiiu. lic>l,\iiit; 
 upon A priK'tli'Hl knowluit(;» nii<I cxptrirtnc of iniinv vi'nrii In'iliU 
 Imiih'li uf bnsliii'st, nntl hiivInK umilitil nil the tH-niH<'iiil iiiA(>l)hH>rlM 
 fur (ttiuini-iMjwi'r, we cnll i'hJm'cIuI ntt«*ntloii of Hotel or Siiloon Ki'up- 
 cri*, In ^fiMTiil, to fiiriiUli tlifir nutina with onr Knl-ilitBH Hilllanl 
 TuliliM, iniitlH of HoMiwuml or MhIio^iuiv, tiilu'T wlili Mitrljlo, StiUi*, 
 or Wooden I*»"ls, iH'intiw w« tiru ttniilil*'"! In otter our yools iit rt- 
 diirml prii'ed, from 'JO lu 25 per ci-nt., aii<l iia wi- po-^cvi iimjilii 
 mi'jins, wo otft'r also tho nioi»l Bultnblo it'rma for niiy numlx'r or 
 qiKtlily nf Tublt-a. 
 
 K^in'cin! attention will \»' iriven Tt n-pnirlnir nnd nH-n»liIi'iiinir ol.l 
 TnbU'o witli our nuw <\>nil)lniition i'utL'nt Cusliiima of »iii<t-vU>r vlna- 
 lioltv ariit rorrt'ctn<'« jd nntflt^«. 
 
 Itemtmher, Tivtlve tiUliard Tahiti Manut'aehired wftkf;/. 
 
 Ait<>nta for th« above are (Jeo, \V. ItllHinrn, St. (.< iii«, Mo. ; 
 K. Urnnswlck, 191 Ramlolph Sta'wt, (.'hlrniio, 111. ; A. W. Merrliun, 
 New Orleans, La, ; J. B. Harper, L<iuIhvi11«, Ky. 
 
 J. H. nunnows. 
 
 A. kimhaix. 
 
 PATENT 
 Ij O XJ n. 
 
 A.NU 
 
 PI,Al\TATIOJ\ 
 
 b CORN MILL. 
 
 ^m Ot'tU't's should he *i:ddV€SH€d to J. 11. BUitlKin^S Sf Co., 
 Sccoittl Street bet. PJm S! Plum, Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Proprit'toi'.s of tlie Coliinibia Foundry, and Manufactiu'crs of Steam Eiiijines and 
 Macliiiiery, for (iri.st and Saw Mills, J)i.'*tillcries, Tanneries, etc. Also, French Burr 
 Mill Stones, of all sizes; Montgomeric's Double (Irindinj; IJark Mill and Corn Crush- 
 ers ; Ilaviland & 'J'uttle's Saw-Mill Water- AVheels, and Castings of every description. 
 Also, dealers in Bolting Cloths, Plaster of Paris, etc. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 A 
 
 ^ 
 
 "%- 
 
 
 
 :/. 
 
 % 
 
 ,^^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 1.1 
 
 |iO "^^ 
 
 us 1^ 122 
 
 :^ ii£ 12.0 
 
 IL25 i 1.4 
 
 I: 
 I 
 
 1.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 •^ 
 
 v 
 
 \\ 
 
 '» 
 
 ^. ^A. '^N 
 
 
 23 WIST MAIN STMIT 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716)S72-4S03 
 
 '^ 
 

 %£o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
GUNDRPS MERCANTILE COLLEGE, 
 
 N. W. COR. OF FIFTH AND WALNUT STKEETS, 
 Oinoinnati, Ohio. 
 
 A THOROUGH AND PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE OF 
 BOOK-KEEPING, PENMANSHIP, &c., 
 
 Jfav be obtained during the Evenin*; Wintkr Coiuse, tiie same facilities for instruc- 
 tion lM?ing afforded as in the day time. Those wishing to attend shoidd make applica- 
 tion without delay. 
 
 The large number of Students of this Institution occupying the first positions as 
 Business Men and j\ccountants in this cit}', is deemed sutHcient recommendation of 
 its merits. 
 
 TER.HS FOR FULL COrRSE FORTY DOLLARS. 
 
 JOIIX GUXDIiY, Pkix( ii'AL. 
 
 COMMERCIAL COLLEGE, 
 
 Corner Third and Walnut, Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 ID" One tiiiH! is us good ns atiotlitT to coiniiicrice. 
 [L/'For pailiouliii-.s, cull, or address tlie CoUcrc. 
 
 •:.ntered Recording to Act of Caii^ro,*. in (lR.v..„r is.-.s.|,v R, M 11 \KTI I'TT In .l,n n ,1-. <,m ,, .. • 
 
 L_ 
 
jiE) 
 
 REETS, 
 
 ; OF 
 
 for instnic- 
 liike npplica- 
 
 pnsitions as 
 icndtition of 
 
 GE, 
 
 i,0. 
 
 B 
 
 sr 
 
 »fl\te of tho Diatrioti 
 
 «!' 
 
 CO 
 
 3 1 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ V. r: 
 
 s 
 s 
 
 
 ?0 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 09 
 
 n 
 
5*; 
 
 i 
 
 I)i iiMK A Co., S. \V. coinor of Fomth ninl Wiilmit Sticct, CiiiiMniiiiti, Oliid, riiipditcrs, 
 ulidlfsiilc ami retail doalors in tiiio Watclies and Jewflrv of every description, Silver and Silvei- 
 Plated Ware. 
 
 Watch Tools and Materials for the Trade. 
 
 GOLD PEN MANUFACTURER, 
 
 ROOM 15, Al'oM.o nrn.DIXt;. 
 Cor. of mtb and Walnut Sts., Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 Mr. I.iinily wiirrnnu lib IVin lo 1... u» i..i„.|, if ,iol siip.Ti.)r lo nnv 
 Mliurs Mm,l,. Kn.si „r W.-l. Cl.rks iiii.l lln.,k-k.-.'i,,A wli.i liiivV 
 u-'.l. nii.l lire dill iisini; liii IViis, «iii ll•^lifv lo llisir miiiiTiuritv ovur 
 all .iihtr.>. ' ' 
 
 ' Pens Repaired to Order. 
 
 W. H. HESSELER, 
 
 VENETIAN BLIND MANUFACTURER, 
 
 1 17 Sycamore Street, 
 
 iiiiT\vi;K\ Korinri .wii nfTir, wkst side. 
 CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 Kwps iilwnv! on liiuul iiii.l iiiiik,-. lo or.l,.r, Voivllnn niiiids of 
 cu-ry ,l.-s,Tii.limi, 1.1 low |,ri.« fur oasli. DM Ulinils repainlej and 
 IrininiLiI l<» look t'ciual lo n.'w. 
 
 FRAVIS DOLL, 
 
 Manufacturer of finlil & t<llvor Watdi Cases. Ordors 
 from all pnrfsof the cininlry attenilcil to with prnni|it- 
 nes.s. t'oiner of 4tl) and Walnut St.s., over Duhiue's 
 Jenelr.v .><tore, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 W.M. IJI.KN.N-. .IAS. M. i:|,k\\. It. DV.MOMI, Jll. O. T. ULK.SN. 
 
 WM. GlKm & SONS, 
 
 Wholesale Grocers, 
 
 NOKTII-K.V.ST IIHIXER OF 
 
 WALNl'T .fe niLl'.MBIA SIS. 
 OINOINNATI, O. 
 
 ISAAC E. WK!tT. 
 
 < MAS. H. MCnOUOAL. 
 
 
 SHOW CASES. 
 
 ■\ L.XRGE .^SSOnTMEN'T OK 
 
 Silver Plated, German Silver, Rose- 
 wood, Mahogany, Black Walnut, 
 Satin, and Pinewood, at 
 
 SCH3IITT & BROTHERS, 
 
 77 WEST THIED ST., CINCIKNATI, 
 
 AND 
 
 5 \ortli William Street, IVew York. 
 
 WEST &, McDOUGAL, 
 
 a II O C K Ti s 
 AND C-Ux>IMIS.SION MERCHANTS, 
 
 No. 23 WALNUT STREET, 
 
 CINCI.NNATI, OHIO. 
 
 QUEEN CITY 
 
 BANKING AND EXCHANGE OFFICE, 
 
 DKAIj^ IN- 
 
 UNCURUEXT BA.VK NOTIIS, GOLD & SILVER. 
 97 JL\L\ STREET, 
 
 TrtiHt Companff BuUdlnfr, t'lnrtnnatt, O. 
 
 B. N. SLOCUM, Agent. 
 
CIN'CINXATI. 
 
 75 
 
 »1 
 
 CINCINNATI, THE QUEEN CITY OF THE WEST. 
 
 Aftku li'iiviiiir 1ln> sell I ion I'd, iin city in the I'liiti'il Stntci* i:^ likely to surpi'i:'e tlio strniiger 
 Ro iiiui'li lis ( iMriiiiiiiii. I'i'iiiii nil iici'oiiiit of \h: Cliiirii's .MiicktiyV visit to it liiPf y>iii', wo 
 i'Xiu'cIimI to tiiiil ill it iiiiotliiT rittsiKii'ii; (I'liiiisyiviiiiin) or Maiicln'stti' (ijiv'hiinl) for 
 snioki': mill on jn'ociiiliiiir from tlic " For.'st City" (ClrVflMinl) wo lookcil forward to timl- 
 iiiLT Ciiiciiiniiti iiiul'ra clouil, witii the iintici|iiitioii of iiM|il<'iiKiiiit odours from its fiiiiicd 
 ]ioik-kiliimr c-iiilpii-lnin ii|s. On our nitorim.' liic city, liy tlo' l.illli' Miami ViilK'y r.iilroiiil, 
 tin' liiauly of that iiiu' was only iximIIciI iiy llio cliiiriiiiiiLr viow iircsontiil as llir train i i-ipt 
 round tiu' nirvis, o|M'ninir to view llio cxiiiiisitcly liiautiful scciiiry of llic Oliio, Imtli on 
 till' Kentucky and dliio ~iilc of tlic i'i\cr. Our visit lo ( iiiciiniali, tlicrcforc, in July last, 
 was one of iiiiMiintrli'd |il«nsuralilc disa]i|)oiiiiiMcnt ; witii n lila/inir sun overhead, all 
 vi'iietalion in its iravest atlire. ami not a particle of smoke to lie seen, exceptimr from a 
 solitary steamer, |Mrliaps, u'eltiiiir riiidy for its voyaL'e to Louisville or the .Mis>issippi, 
 
 AseeiidiiiLr to the top of Mount Ailaiiis, to iir\ a view of the city and surroumlini; count I'V, 
 We In. iked ill vilill for smoke; so that should the trifled author of " ^^li^■es tVom till' 
 Crowil" |i:iy his friend Nicholas Loii'_'woith another visit at Cincinnati, and that any tinm 
 iliiriiiiT the sprinir or summer mouths, he will. v\ c think, leave it with a ditl'ercnt inipros- 
 sioii. and similar to what he ixperii'iK-eil in the cities visited, where the total ahseiicc from 
 smoke formed one of the peeuliarilies of American city lil'c. 
 
 A- may lie well kiiou ii, ( 'incinnati is the most populous city of the Western Stiiles, aiul 
 the tiflli in size and im|iortaiici' tliroii;;hoiit the union. It is lieautiriilly situated in a valley 
 of aliont 1;; miles in I'ircumference. with the Ohio Uiver iiitersecliiii; it from the State of 
 Kenlui'ky. environed liy a raiiL'e of hills, thus t'ormini: a Keautiful hnsin vvitli one portion 
 of the city in the icntre. hut tln' Lrreater part of it ri-inir hy terraces, on which Third and 
 F'lurlh streets fiirm twoofthe most prominent. For :! miles, at hast, the city extcndsaloni^- 
 side of the liver, that portion heinir lined, for the most part, with stores and shippin^- 
 jilaces of liusincss. and wlu-re from ;>i> to Id steamers may lie seen I'liLriiircd in the river 
 tralHc, sailiiur up the river to Pitlsluiri.', UU> miles, and down to jiorts on the Jlississippi, 
 C50 miles ili-iant, earryinu', for the most ]inrt, f,'oods, but that only wlioii the state of the 
 river pi'rmils, and luisincss nlford-s siiflicient trnttic. ]}olli in the city and in the vicinity 
 some eh-;;ant |irivate residences are lo he seen, hut more particularly in the suhurhs of 
 Rich as Mount Auliurn, where iIu'I'c are some heautiful country sials, with vineries in the 
 ojieti air attache<l to each. 
 
 One of the tiiiest ]iulilie huildiiiirs of Cincinnati is the Court House, an immense lilock of 
 liuildiiiL's liiiilt of while marlile, hut, to a certain extent, oliscured from hciiii; seen to i;reat 
 udvaiitai;c, on account of the other liuildin.';s heiiii,' huilt in too clost' jiroxiinity with it. 
 
 In churches Cincinnati can hoast of havinj.; as fine samples as are to lie found in the 
 West. 
 
 Its literary, educational. s<'ientitic, ami nieilical collciTi'S and institutions, rank with any 
 tliintt in the I'liiti'd States; in fact, from the pulilic school up to the most ailvanced literary 
 ami scieiilitie association, Cincinnati is excelled, we lielieve, hy no other city. 
 
 The Mi'clianics' Institute, for exanijile, occupies a prominent jdace amoniisi the many valu- 
 able institutions with which Cincinnati has great cause to be proud of. It is a large, square, 
 tnassive building, built in the ICIizabelhnn style, on the oorner of Sixlli and Vine streets. 
 Its library eontains l.'i.iidii volumes, bedsides having, in an adjoining department, an excel- 
 lent selection of news]>apers and periodicals. It is under the management of the Centrnl 
 lioard of the Trustees and Visitors of Common S(duiols, two delegates from each ward in 
 the city being jiart of the inanageiiient. Rufus King, Esq., a name well known in America, 
 is president. 
 
 At present it numbers 4;V23 members. Average delivery of books during the last 7 
 months, over (5500 volumes per month. Total circulation for 7 months, .3.5,1 iOi» volumes. 
 At the Inst time when the books were culled in for revision, only 8 volumes were wanting 
 
 i i 
 
m 
 
 76 
 
 JtEClIANICS' INSTITUTE AND MERCANTILE LIBRARY. 
 
 out of B total circulation of 37,000 voliimos, a fact wl.ich epeaks well for both members 
 and mnnngement Even this gmali number missing was mode up by tiie parties who had 
 become security for those who had got out the book*. All young men under age, and not 
 known, are required to get a giiarnntoe from a known citizen, wlio becomes responsible 
 for any loss the institution may sustain, by giving out books to such party applying for 
 them. 
 
 The library is made up of the books formerly belonging to the Public School Librory 
 and Mecimnics' Institution, now joined into one librarj-. From the State, it now— from its 
 connection with the Public School Library— receives fiSOOO annually. 
 
 The terms of ndinission to nil are — free. 
 
 It may appear almost invidious to mention the name of any one donor to tins nolde in- 
 stitution, but we think that Mr. Greenwood's beneficence should be well known, if for no 
 other reason, than that others in different parts, may imitate his example. Ik'sides many 
 subscriptions to the in-titutinn, and all aloni,' takini; an active ]mrt in its establishment and 
 welfare, he was, we believe, tlie principal means of preventing tlie institution from g<iing 
 down. Amongst its diHiculties, it was due Mr. Creenwood no less a sum than $18,000 
 (£;),f)Ui) 8tg.) for material he liad sni>plied to the building, etc., fnmi his fouiuhy. T/iat 
 entire nwti he made them a present o/", from wliich date, the institution has spread its l)eiutit9 
 all around, and engraven the name of Miles Greenwood indelibly in connection with its 
 history, and that of the welfare of the working classes. 
 
 Again, we may notice nnotlier of the reading-rooms and libraries in the city, worthy of 
 all commendation, viz.: the Young Men's Mercantile Library and Reading-room, in Wabiut 
 street On one floor of a building 140 feet long, by 100 wide, there will l)e found a lilirary 
 of 19,000 volumes, in all the departments of literature, occupying fully one-half of the 
 apartment In the other end of it there will be found the best assortment of newspapers, 
 magazines, and periodicals we have seen anywhere. The natives of almost any ]>nrt of tlie 
 world will there find the paper of his own neighbourhood. Of course the Thunderer of 
 Printing-llouse square (Loudon) will be found there on regular file. ( In tlie ojiposite frames — 
 the Scot.ima7i — the worthy representative of " Auld Keekie," (Edinlmrgh, Scot.,) and the 
 Dublin Evening Post awA Nation, of Ireland, take their stand; the Welshmen are repre- 
 sented in the Carnarvon Herald; the Frenchmen, with tlie Journal des Debuts, La Prcnne, 
 Charivari, L' Illustration, and Oaliynani; the Germans, with Zeitungs plenty; the Austra- 
 lian, with the Melbourne Argus ; whilst the United States is represented with sheets of all 
 sorts and sizes, from Maine to California, and not forgetting the well-printed sheet of the 
 Pioneer and Democrat, all the way from St. Paul, Minnesota. Canada p!i]iers an- also found 
 in abundance. In going over this room, and seeing such a host of London weekly papers, 
 and monthly magazines and quarterly reviews from England, Scotland, and Ireland, a 
 stranger from Great Britain is apt to fancy himself in some of the E.\eliange reading rooms 
 of Liverpool, Manchester, or Glasgow, or the Waterloo Xews Rooms in Edinburgh, nitliei 
 than on the banks of the Ohio. 
 
 The quarto and imperial weekly sheets are secured to tables ocross the room, at which 
 parties may sit and read, some of the most popular London weekly papers showing good 
 evidence of being well perused. The tattered and torn appearance which the Illnstrated 
 London News, and that philosophic, philanthropic, and stinging little sinner J'lineh pre- 
 sented, showed that they afford as great a treat to the numerous readers there, os these 
 two publications do in enriching the coffers of some American publishers, who depend largely 
 upon them for their excellent illustrations, as, no sooner do they reach this side of the At- 
 lantic, than they are reproduced without the slightest acknowledgment os to their source, 
 far less in a pecuniary respect. 
 
 The magazines are nil numbered, and can be taken and read in any part of the building. 
 After perusal they ore returned to their proper pigeon-holes in the desk, where they re- 
 main open for perusal. 
 
 The library contains 19,000 volumes. The reading-room, 240 different newspapers, and 
 120 magazines and reviews are received aa soon as possible after publication. 
 
THIRD STREET, CINCINNATI. 
 
 77 
 
 The terms of entry are only $3 (Via. stg.), with $1 entry-money. 
 
 At iirosont it nuiiihors 300O nii'mbors. 
 
 Thii readint; room is most comt'ortiibly littoil up. On the floor, for example, there is u 
 mii^niHecnt tapestry carpet, ami the newspapers mounted on elegant iron frames of chaaie 
 ilc^i^ii. Altogclhfr, it appears a model institutiim of the kind, and we eongratuUitu the 
 Young Men's Mercantile Lilirary Assoeiatioii in having such an institute. 
 
 We had ft)rgot to mention, that tlie library is adorned with a beautiful marble statue of 
 " Sabrina," and another of '• Kve listening to the Voice," as well ns busts of some of Amer- 
 ica's most acconipli>iicd iiublic men. 
 
 In one respect, this insiitiilioii ditl'ers from any of the kind wi' have seen in liritain, viz., 
 that of ladies visiting the reading-room, and perusing the books, ne\vs|)apers, and periodi- 
 cals, with a|)pareiitly great interest, besides forming a large proportion of the visitors to 
 the Yoitiiij JIcn'» Library, for books. 
 
 6-1 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 X 
 
 Thk finest wholesiilo stores in the city are situated on Pearl street, where they arrest at- 
 lontiim, from tlicir solid stone built nppi'arnnee, and geni'ivil excellent design. The other 
 principal streets for the wholesale tracle, are. AValnut street, JIain street, and Public land- 
 ing, from which tens of thousands of dollars' worth of goods change hands weekly. 
 
 ■>-• L* 
 
78 
 
 NEW MASONIC TEMPLE, CINCINNATI. 
 
 Tlnnl street form« nUo one of the finest street* of the city. At the corner of TInrd ami 
 Walnut strc't. the Mft«mic T.-.n|.lo will stftn.l, when e..n,i,h-t..a («.■.■ our .ni^mvinf,' of the 
 Kinne) In 'I'hird BtroH. nre nitu.itoa the preat.T proportion of the banking house* nnd 
 cffioes of the exchange broker, a.ul lawyer, in the city. The l.uil.ling. there nl»o being 
 characterized by that solid rnngnifieonce. which well cut and ta.tef.dly des.gne.l architec 
 ture always portray*.. t)ur view of Third street, as given in the preceding page, repre- 
 eents some of the fine-t buildings in the street, the first one on the left hand, being the 
 preinines built and occupied by the celebrated Ohio Life and Trust Company, a banking 
 institution, which failed in 1857. 
 
 ■■"'"■:;••" ""nrm 
 
 Tins splendid structure, an engraving of which we present, is one of the most striking 
 liuildings yet erected, we believe, in the United States, and will show more strongly, than per- 
 haps any other we could have selected, the amazing rnjiidity of growth of the western cities 
 of America. On the site where this Masonic temple rears its cdnimanding form, among other 
 costly and palatial stone edifices, in the iiusiness centre of the "queen city" of the West, 
 men, still in the vigour of life, assure astonished strangers that they can reiiiemlier when, 
 on the very spot occupied by these palaces, the primitive log-huts of the first settlers wore 
 embedded in the forest ! 
 
 The Nova Cesaria Harmony Lodge, No. 2, under whose auspices this temple is being 
 erected, was instituted in 17i)-l, and is the oldest lodge in Cincinnati. The ground was 
 
iriuT of Third and 
 ir ciii^rnviii),' of tli« 
 iiiikin^r hoiiHfd mid 
 ;s tliiTi' iiImi ))i'iiij{ 
 <K'sii;ni'd (iri'liilfc- 
 (•(lint; jinifc, rt'pre- 
 ft Imiul, Ixini,' tlic 
 oinjiiiiiy, a liankiiig 
 
 
 
 Ppft 
 
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 >f the most striking 
 i! slronf^ly, tlian per- 
 if tlio wt'Btci'n fitifs 
 ;; form, aiiioiit,' otluT 
 I oily" of tlic W.'st, 
 in roinonibcr wlim, 
 le first ^Cillers were 
 
 lis ti'Diplo is l)eing 
 i. Tiie ground was 
 
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 GRINDING & BOLTING FLOUR MILL, 
 
 HOT 11 
 
 riMM:il AND INDKPv RUNNK15S. 
 
 A coiniik'te .Mill is fiiriiislicil for ^700, Tliis comprises 3 foot French Burr Stones, 
 IJoltin;! ("liest (i feet liiiili anil '20 feet li)ii|i, witli an improvement for adjusting the Reel, 
 which is ;5 feet in diiimeter and '2t) feet lonfr, with {lenninc Dutch Anker Bolting Cloth fitted to 
 it; two paii-s of ('(Poling Conveyers; two sets of F^levators, with gearing, helting, i^c, all 
 ready to attach to jjower. The Mill is si> arrange<l that any portion of middlings or fine 
 flour can he returned to the eye of the Hun-s, and reground, or can be rebolted, without 
 any rehandling. 
 
 ' We also huild smaller size<l Flniu- Mills, Holts, itc, all complete. A 24 inch Burr and 
 in f(.(.t Hiilt, iisH.')!! ; yd inch Bin-r and Bolt, HI feet long, |.J50. 
 
 The $"0(1 .Mill we guarantee to grind nnd holt 00 harrcls of flour per day, making the 
 hest extra flour, and a yield e(iual to the hest and most costly Mills in u.se. They have 
 been gotten up with a view of meeting the wants of the people. As to economy of 
 expense, power, and space, and in diu'ahility, simplicity, efficiency, they are unrivalled. 
 They can he set to running in any kind of building where power is used, or in Saw 
 Mills. 
 
 Our Corn and Feed Mills are also put up in strong Iron Frames, (cast solid). A 
 24 inch Mill, ready to attach to jiower, costs ^130; 2^ feet, §175 ; 3 feet, f225. 
 
 Smut Machines, Flour Packers, Corn Shellers, 
 W. W. HAMER &, CO., 
 
 S()LI<: MANUFACTURERS, 
 IV. Fi. €or. ol* l^ecoiiil Nt. niul ^V^^tcrn Ro^v, 
 
 CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
 
 WK .tI,SO J'^l HJ>'ISH TO OHIfKR 
 
 Povtablo Jk Sintioiiury Eii^^iiK'N & Boilers of all si'/.os, Circular, 
 IVIuley and SnsU Snws &. ITIill Orariii^ of all kinds. 
 
 CONSTANTLY ON HAND MILL PICKS, HOISTING SCREWS, GRAIN SCALES, &C,, 8iC, 
 
 (ii'iiiiinc lliilfli .\iikpr Brand Itolliii!,' Clotli at lowest Prices, leather k India Rubber Helting. 
 
 N. B. — We have 3 Mills constantly ruiming at our Factory, grinding flour, corn, 
 meal and feed. Persons wishing to purchase can thus determine the superiority of our 
 Mills. Cii'culars, giving particulars, sent upon application with postage stamp. 
 
 t 
 

 
 MILES GREENWOOD'S WORKS, 
 
 EAGLE FOUNDRY, CINCINNATI. 
 
NKW MASONH' TKMI'I.K ASI» FnCltTH STItKKT, flXdlNSATI. 
 
 70 
 
 
 CKS, 
 
 f 
 
 'I' 1 
 
 (loimti'il li_v Win. McMilliiii — now iIccchhiiI. S* a ImililinK ili-Miifnt'il cxpfoniily for Mn»<>nlfl 
 uiO'K, It Ik n ijiii'i'tiiiii, if, nut only In Aini'iicii )int In Kuropc, any l>'iii|>li> of the kinil Iiiim 
 licri'tofoi-i' lii'i'n I'i'i'clcil inor<> compli'li' iin>l coiivi'nli'nt In I;h arran^fcnit'iit^, or rii'lu'i- in 
 ^rafi'fnl ami Kyinliolli- aivhitcctnri', tluin tin' ono now nmltT notlfo. 
 
 It i-< lirlnj,' ii-frti'd .■niiri'ly of thr Im iinlit'nl I'l ^ll , for wliic'li Clni'lnnnti \* ("o ci'li'lirutid, 
 
 ami stanils on llu- iiorlli-rast I'oriici' of Tliiril and Walnul ^.tmlr', oiTuipyini; a frontnt''' on 
 Third ftrcft of 'Jiiii fiMt.nnd Km fi it on Walnnl Hlr«<t, Tlif -lyli' in llyzaiilinf, cxIilMtinu' 
 Hironifly tluwi! liold and niaM-.iv<' fi'atuf<-» «> rliiii'ai'liii«tii' of many of the \>v*\ liuildint'M of 
 noi'thirn Italy. It will lie I Ktorirn liiijli, with a haKi'iiicnt, and (lankcd hy tliroc lofty tow- 
 iix ; tin- onf at the cointf of Thinl and Walnut ulri't'tK \>v\\\^ Wi fcit wniari' nt tho hai'o, and 
 is.'i f.i I from tlu' lia^f to tin' mui.'. 1m thr <'<'iitri' of thl^ tower, on the third jitory.aiid fac- 
 
 iiii; 'I'liii-d ^ll.■l■t, i-i a nii'ln' dr«i:,'iiid to r. ivi- a lifi' A/v niatnc of W. .MrMiilan, llir lihif.il 
 
 donor (if tln' pfo|n'i-ly. Till' ni'p'T |>orlion of the tower will have a lar^ji- town clook, with 
 
 1 illnmlnatcil diiiN 7 fr.t diatmti'r, whiidi will ho vlHihlc on caidi fai f tin- tower from a 
 
 L'ri at di-tancc. TIk' lir-it llooi', as will i\* hascment, will In- iisimI for hanking lionsis and 
 iM'lirtnit'' hrokern, the (>eeonil tloor for liiiMne*!* olllee!», while the third and fouilh llooi'!* are 
 ilevoted exclusively to MaxonM and Manonlc ineetini;^. On the third tloor, whieli \* 18 
 f.it r> inches hii;li, are the (di.ipler room, tlip lihrary, (lit hy H projcctiiif^ Oriel wimlow,) 
 ro\'al anil select conneil room, a spacious l>ani|net room, an encampment asyl'.im. a myal 
 arch eliapler room, and a I'.r-iaii conrt, all for tin.' use of tho knii,'lits and templars. At 
 the wesii-rn jMirtion of lliis il.M.r. and facinir Third and Waltiiit nfreets, a eoininodioii* miito 
 of rooms form the residence of the janitor, isolated from the remiiiider of the hnildini,', Imt 
 in convenient jiixlaposilion. The I'onilh story, which is '22 feet \\'\\i\\, is sniidivided into ;t 
 -plciidid lodu'e riioms f,.r the entered apprentices, fellow-cmfts, and iiaister-masoiis of N. 
 (". Ihirmoiiy l.odu'e, No. 'J, and a trrand lodu'e room desii;neil for use oidy on cxiraordinary 
 occii~ioiis. This till,, room is 7i' feet lontr. 1- feel I inches wide, and 2s feet in lieiLrht, lit 
 hy tile larire and luantiful rose window which forms ho eoiispiciioiw a feature on the Wal- 
 nut street elevation. The attitude of the temple will he S.') feet from tllO |)avemeilt to the 
 cornice. 111,"! feet to the ridLTc of the roof, and 112 feet to the cornico of the f;reaf tower. 
 The roof is a Mansard shape, tertninated where visihio, hy n rich iron railinir, and havini; 
 its surface relieved hy seven picturesque dormer windows. The entire cost is estimated at 
 !jll.'io,oiiii (t';tii,iHii) stLT.). 
 
 The architects of this huildinir — which reflects the hiLthest credit ufHin their artistic taste 
 and skill — arc Messrs. Hamilton and .McLauirhlin, whosi' cards will he found ilsewhere. 
 Mr. Mel,aui;liliii is still a resident of Cincinmiti, hnl .Mr. Hamilton (formerly of London) has 
 receiiilv removed to Xcw York. The enirravin'_', t;iven in another paife, has hceii exe- 
 cuteil for this work, liy two youm^ and very promisin;; wikhI c'ni;ravei's in I'iricinnati, 
 .Messrs. ]>avcn|)<)rt and Thompson, mid we have only to refer to this ppocinion of their 
 work, to show what they can do, I'or them to lie entrusted with drawini;9 of the most 
 intricate character, as the foreiroini; view was ciii;ravod from the architect's drawiii<5, and 
 I lie manner in which they have preserved every detail correctly, reflects jjreat credit upon 
 their aliilily as tirst-class eni^ravers. 
 
 In our eiiiriMviuirof Kourth street, will he seen a re|iresent!ition of some of the finest hlocks 
 in the city, .iiid amoiiLT the many splendid stores with which it alxninds, none show to more 
 iidviintnLre than the mairnitieeut jewellerv estalplishiiieiit of Messrs. r)uliiuc it Co., situated 
 in CiU'li-le Illoi'k, corner of Pourtli and Walnut streets (the tirst larirc Mock to the left in 
 tile eMirravinir on the next paire.) This cstahlishiiient rivals, in that particular dcpart- 
 iiietil, any thinu' in New York, or any where else, we helieve, in the I'liited States, and 
 stands ^ire-cmineiit as the Hunt it lioskills (T.ondoii) of Western America. The visitor there 
 will lie struck with the lar^;c amount of valnahle stock which is to he seen, coiisistiiiiJt of 
 the manutacttircs of some of the hest makers in Hiiirland, l-'rance, and Switzerland. 
 
 Ill the same hlock stands, also, one of the finest, if not the finest, hookstore in the city, 
 viz., .Messrs. Holiert Clarke it Co.'s (late Derby it Co). Tills store is hiindsomcly fitted up, 
 and tilled with a lary;e stock of rare and valuahle works in all departments of literature 
 
 I 1 
 
H 
 
 
 80 
 
 FOURTH STREET, CINCINNATI. 
 
 and science. Besides being pul.lishcrs of scvernl works, Messrs. Clurke & Co. import direct 
 from the publisliing houses in England imd Scotland. 
 
 In the siinic street (Fourtli street) a little further west, is now completing u very nuigni- 
 ficent Mock, intended as tlie opera liouse for the queen city. AVhen finished, it will lorui 
 probably, the finest block in the street, if not in the whole city. Its proportions and de- 
 sign are elegant 
 
 
 73 
 
 c 
 
 Still further west, in Fourth street, stands the new iiost-office, custom house, and otiier 
 govenimont offices, all in one building, of n very chaste design and classic chaiiicter. The 
 oidy regret is, tiiat so fine a building should have been obscured .ir buried in a])pearanee. 
 alongside of the high towering stores built close to the westward of il. Only the front 
 jjortion of the jiost-otliee will bo seen in the aliove engraving, with the national Hag 
 waving from the foj) of it. On the ojiposite side of Fourlli street stand some very elegant 
 st<ires also, and a visit to Mr. Richardson's outfitting establishment, opposite llie post-oftice, 
 will give an idea of their internal extent and migniticence. 
 
 Wo should say that Fourth street bids fair to be the street of streets in this beautifid and 
 wonderful city, and that a few years will see it lined, from end to end, witli buildings of 
 the same palatial character. 
 
import direct 
 
 , it will tonii 
 tions aiui ilt- 
 
 
 C 
 
 A "J 
 
 c, mill other 
 motor. Tlio 
 
 a]i[ioaranot'. 
 
 ly tlio front 
 
 lalioiial tla:; 
 
 vory <'lo£raiit 
 
 ]iost-oHioe, 
 
 'aiilifiil and 
 Imildings of 
 
 NATIONAL TIIEATItE, CINCINNATI. 
 
 81 
 
 Amongst the many handsome buildings in the city, few show a finer exterior or more 
 sul>st«ntial niipcnrnnce than the National Theatre, on Sycamore street, built by Mr. John 
 Hates. It [iresonts, as will bo seen by our entrrnving of it, a very liiind.wme exterior, 
 ornamented with f^onie very finely-executed 8culi)tor work. Whilst the exterior shows to 
 such great advarilago, the interior is tastefully decorated and fitted up. After the old 
 theatre was burned down, we understand a company was formed to build a new one, but 
 
 as sometimes " too many cooks spoil the brotli," it was likoly to prove so in this instance, 
 when Mr. Jiates stopped forward, and single-handed, provided the citizens with as comfort- 
 able and elegant a theatre as will be found in the United States. The house is built in the 
 most substantial manner, and in that respect, ns well as regards ventilation, is every thing 
 that, is possible to attain. It is seated for 3000 people, and stands on a lot 100 feet front 
 nnd 2U0 feet deep; height of house 00 feet. The architect is Mr. Hamilton, who is also 
 
n 
 
 THE PORK TRADE— THE EAGLE IRON WORKS. 
 
 
 nrchitect of the Masonic Temple, a view of which will be found on another page. Tlio thea- 
 tre W08 built under the personal superintendence of Mr. Bates, who watched its progress from 
 the digging of the foundation to lighting up tlie gas on the opening night, on 4th July last 
 Under tlie lessecship of Mr. Baker, the house, on our visit, was certainly " dr.iwing" well 
 Every thing was put on the stage promptly and creditably, making the stranger forget, ol- 
 mo3t, that he was witnessing " La Traviata" on the banks of the Ohio. 
 
 There is scarcely any brnncli of manufactures but what is carried on, more or less, 
 extensively in Cincinnati. Its r/nat trade, however, consists in the article of I'ork. So 
 much so, is tins the case, that the city is pretty well known as the roRKorous of Amer- 
 ica. In the winter season droves of pigs may be seen, being driven along the streets on 
 their way to the killing and packing-houses, where they are killed, plotted, cut up, pickled, 
 and packed, with a rapidity that is scarcely conceivable. Along the i-oads, the animals 
 are to be seen reaching the city from neighbouring villages, whilst the railroad vans are 
 loaded with them from all parts of the west. To Cincinnati the pork and provision 
 dealers in Belfast (Ireland) find their way once a year, to make purchases and contracts 
 for their supplies, and to there, as well as jwrts in England, immense shipments are 
 made during the course of the year. Besides what is killed in the city, Cincinnati finds 
 a market for a large amount of pork and bacon — in bulk. Thus we find, in one year, the 
 quantity to be over 450,0(J0 hogs, 17,000,000 bbls. of pork in bulk, and 11,000 hogsheads of 
 bacon, as received into the city. Tlie total amount of wiiich was estimated at $5,500,000, 
 or £1,100,000 sterling. In connection with the manufactures of the city, lard and oil forms 
 important articles. In the articles shipped from tlie city, a large proportion is in pork, 
 bocon, oil, lard, whiskey, wine, furniture, and mnciiinery. 
 
 Amongst the large manufacturing establisiimcnts connected with the city, the Eagle 
 Foundry of Miles Greenwood, must toke the first place. It is one of the largest of its 
 kind in the United States, and an establishment, where, probably, a greater vanety of 
 articles are manufactured under one roof, than can be named in any other city. There 
 will be found articles varying in size and weight, from 300 pieces in a lb., to 10 tons 
 for one piece, verifying, almost, the popular saying, of every tiling from " a needle, to an 
 anchor." In the manufacture of one article alone — that of stoves — no less than 2500 ton;* 
 of iron are used annually. Butt hinges are made in enormous quantities, and witii a stock 
 on hand, apparentlj-, sufficient to hinge all the doors in the States. Until the munufavturc 
 of this article by Mr. Greenwood, America was dependent upon Great Britain for them. 
 There is scarcely an article in the iron or hardware trade but what is, or can be manufac- 
 tured at this establishment, extending, even, to music, and other sorts of stools; hat-stands, 
 tables, etc., of tasteful design and finish, and even articles ot delicate manufacture — such as 
 planetariums — are manufactured, as we noticed. Tiie establishment is divided into several 
 departments — eacli under efficient superintendence — twoof the principal departments being 
 under the management of Mr. Folger, and Mr. Yates, wlio are associated as partners witli 
 Mr. Greenwood in what pertains to their own departments. 
 
 Amongst the heavier description of work turned out, are those of basement-fronts for 
 stores, as Well as for entire fronts of stores and houses. The beautiful front with Corin- 
 thian pillars, on Carlisle's block in 4th street, are from Mr, Greenwood's establishment, al- 
 though now that they are painted and sanded over, it is impossible, almost, to tell the dif- 
 ference between them and the stone of which the upper part is built. Mr, Greenwood is 
 an excellent example of the many self-made men with which this country abounds, and we 
 are cnly paying a well-earned tribute, when we say, that for ])ublic spirit, energy of 
 character, and large hcaricdness, we ,, .estion if tlie queen city has his mutch. The read- 
 er is referred to our notices of the fire-engine establishment, and mechanics' institution for a 
 few practical samples of Mr. Greenwood's character. At ]iresent, wiieii trade is dull every 
 where, there are only about 400 men employed at the works. In ordinary good times, 
 fully 500 are employed. One of the most gratifying facts connected with tliis establish- 
 ment is that during the long period of 20 years, it lias never stood idle for a single day— 
 although nearly the whole concern was burned down in 1845. 
 
WINE GROWING AND TRADE OF CINCINNATI. 
 
 88 
 
 ;e, Tlio thea- 
 i progress from 
 4tli July Inst 
 rawing" well, 
 ger forget, ol- 
 
 more or less, 
 of I'onK. So 
 1LI8 of Amer- 
 tlie streets on 
 It up, pickled, 
 i, the aniniiils 
 ■ond vnns nre 
 md provision 
 nnd contracts 
 hipnients are 
 icinnati finds 
 one year, tlie 
 liogslieads of 
 t $5,500,0111), 
 nnd oil forn)8 
 L)n is in pork, 
 
 y, the Eagle 
 
 largest of its 
 
 er vanety of 
 
 city. There 
 
 b., to 10 tons 
 
 needle, to an 
 
 lan 2500 tons 
 
 with a stock 
 
 manufacture 
 
 lin for them. 
 
 be manufac- 
 
 ; lint-stnnds, 
 
 ure — such as 
 
 into several 
 
 tments being 
 
 artners with 
 
 'ntfronts for 
 
 with Corin- 
 
 lishnient, al- 
 
 tell the dif- 
 
 rcenwood is 
 
 inds, and we 
 
 I, energy of 
 
 The rcad- 
 
 itution for u 
 
 s dull every 
 
 good times, 
 
 is cstahlish- 
 
 ingle day — 
 
 , 
 
 Strangers in the queen city will be much gratified with a visit to this mammoth estab- 
 lishment, where they will be most courteously received, nnd shown over the premises. 
 
 In the single article of grist mills, large quantities nre mnnufactured, two of the princi- 
 pal houses engaged therein, being Messrs. W. W. Ilamer & Co., nnd J. IL Burrows & Ca 
 
 As is well known, Cincinnati has already earned a world-wide notoriety for its wines — 
 and judging from the rapid increase in the cultivation of the grape, and manufacture of 
 wine, there is every likelihood of its becoming a rival even to the trade in pork, in ita 
 immensity. 
 
 In connection with the wine manufacture, one of the most notable things connected with 
 this city, is the establishment of Mr. N. Longworth, the celebrated wine-grower. A visit 
 to his wine cellars will astonish the stranger. There will be found upwards of 300,000 
 dozens of bottles of the Catawba wine, maturing till ready to be sent out. The cellars 
 consist of two vaults, 90 by 120 feet, in two tiers, the lower one being 25 feet below ground. 
 One cask, alone there, holds 4,675 gallons of wine. Mr. Longworth has spent many years 
 nnd a large amount of money, in bringing the Catawba grape to its present state of per- 
 fection. In this respect he may be considered the father of the wine trade, there, as well as 
 one of the " City Fathers." His wines find their way all over the United States, to Eng- 
 land, Mexico, Brazil, Russia, etc. The " Sparkling Catawba" is very like champagne, and 
 the uninitiated in such articles would scarcely know the difference. The wine made there 
 contains about 11 to 12 per cent of alcohol. 
 
 As long as Cincinnati lasts the name of Nicolas Longworth will be intimately associated 
 with it, and hundreds of the very lowest and most degraded of the population will, some 
 day, miss his extraordinary benevolence — which reaches in one form alone, in seasons of 
 distros:i — the free distribution of from 300 to 500 loaves of bread every week to the most 
 necessitous poor. In the distribution of his charity he is peculiar, if not eccentric. Many 
 stories are told of him in this respect. As one wliich we have not seen published, and to 
 give an idea of the man, we may mention, that when lately called upon by a deputation 
 for his subscription to assist the " Lord's poor," his reply was, that he had enough to do in 
 taking care of, and looking after, the " Devil's poor," it being, as we have said, the most 
 degraded whom Mr. Longworth makes hin peculiar choice. He not only gives away 
 largely in bread, etc., but provides houses actually free of rent, to many who are not able 
 to pay for them, and yet such tenants are more trouble to him than those who pay rent. 
 He is, altogether, a self-made man. He commenced his career in a very humble capacity, 
 and now, although said to be the millionare of the city, has, apparentlj', not a particle of 
 pride about him. His house is a princely dwelling, adorned with some gems of art in 
 sculpture and painting, of great beauty and value. For example, in his drawing-room is 
 to be seen the first specimen of sculpture ever executed by the celebrated Hiram Powers, 
 and a gem it is. 
 
 The turn-out of wine in Mr. Longworth's establishment is about 150,000 bottles per an- 
 num. 
 
 Other firms in the city are now engaged in the manufacture of wine. A large German 
 population, now inhabiting the hills around the city, as well as parties on the Kentucky 
 side of the river, are engaged in the cultivation of the vine, and scarcely an inch of ground 
 is to be seen on the hill-sides but what is covered with vines, growing. 
 
 The population of Cincinnati is about 200,000. 
 
 One of the finest views of Cincinnati is to be got from off the top of one of the hills on 
 the Kentucky side of the river, especially any of those a little further west than the city. 
 
u 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 Cleveland, one of the most impi^rtant cilies of the west, is situated on an elevated 
 ploteou, 70 feot nl.ove the level of Lake Erie, and forms one of the cities on that lake. It 
 is decidedly one of the most beautiful cities in the States, and remarkable for its line pub- 
 lic and private buildings. 
 
 It is built upon a gravelly plain, and from it a magnificent view of the lake is seen. 
 
 The chief business streets are Superior street, Water street. Bank street, and River street 
 The three former are situated on the l.i-her part of the city, whilst River street is 
 between Cleveland proper, and what was formerly termed Ohio City, (on western side of 
 the River Cuyahoga,) but which is now incorporated with Cleveland. 
 
 Next to Cincinnati, it is the most important comi> 'veiol town in Ohio, and, from its nat- 
 ural po3ili,.n on tiie lake, forms an important centre for business to all points, and from its 
 manufacturing and commercial enterprise and establishments, it seems destined always to 
 hold a high position amongst the cities of the Union. 
 
 From the quantity of trees and shrubbery growing in all parts of the city, giving its 
 streets the appearance of groves rather than any thing else, and the garden-jilots around 
 the private dwellings, it has been very appropriately termed the " Forest City." 
 
 To the stranger, who enters it for the first time, he will be forcibly struck with its re- 
 markable beauty, and spacious streets, averaging as they do, about 120 feet wi<le. 
 
 As an entrepot of commerce, it is one of great importance. A large direct trade with the 
 western cities is kept up by railroad and steamers. The latter ply, during the summer sea- 
 son, up as far as Lake Superior, touching at the most northerly ports of that immense 
 mining region. Fron' thence, iron and copper are bi-ought in great abundance, and at 
 Cleveland these meet with the coal of Ohio and Pennsylvania, and transported by canal 
 and railroad to Pittsburg, Philadelphia, and other cities on the seaboard. 
 
 Two very handsome and substantial freestone buildings are in course of erection at the 
 north side of the public square, one of them the United States Government buildings, is in- 
 tended for custom house, post-office, etc. — erecting at a cost of obout $125,000 (.£25,00(J), 
 60 feet by 100 feet, 62 feet elevation being three stories high. Builder, Mr. W. J. Warner. 
 Government architect, Mr. A. B. Young. At another corner — on same side of square — is 
 erecting the County Court House, at the expense of the State of Ohio. Builders, Messrs. 
 Smith <fe Pannell. Architect, Mr. J. J. Husband. When finished, these will form two of 
 the most imjwrtant and beautiful buildings in the city. Freestone, of which these two 
 public buildings, and many of the private houses are built, is found in great abundance at 
 Amherst, Lorain County, Ohio, and also at Independence, 12 miles from Cleveland. 
 
 The chief street, for handsome mansions ami villas, is named Euclid street, and contains 
 mony equal, in magnificence, to those in the suburbs of London, Manchester (Eng.), or 
 Edinburgh or Glasgow (Scot.). All of them are surrounded V)y beautifully laid out gar- 
 dens, with the houses placed from 30 to 40 yards from the road-side, and altogether form a 
 continuation of private dwelling.*, which, for beauty of design, substantiality, and elegance, 
 are scarcely to be surpassed. 
 
 Ab regards health, Cleveland is considered remarkably favourable. Situated as it is, the 
 atmosphere, in summer, is delightfully cooled by the breezes from Lake Erie, so that, even 
 the hottest days of July are tempered by refreshing winds, experienced in few other, 
 excepting lake, cities. 
 
 Altogether, Cleveland possesses within itself all the elements, not only of progressing 
 towards being a much greater city, but all the conveniences, comforts, and luxuries of life. 
 In educational matters, its public schools are large and airy — (and, of course, all free) — 
 whilst it possesses private academies and high schools for the higher branches of educa- 
 tion. 
 
 Of colleges, it possesses both allopathic and homoeopathic — whilst it has 2 or 3 celebrated 
 water-cure establishments. 
 
 i 
 
CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
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86 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 J. Tail). There is no mechanics' institution in the city, but this ostablishniont nnswera 
 much the enme purpose. Here, for $2.00 a yenr, young moti can enjoy tlie advantages of 
 a library of 6000 volumes, (and fast increasing,) besides newspapers, periodicals, etc. 
 
 The public square occupies about 10 acres of gmund, fenced off for public recreation. 
 Foot-paths cross in all directions. In the centre a graceful fountain plays all day, forming 
 n beautiful object. On certain evenings of the week, a very fir.«t-rate brass band plays on 
 a raised platform, gratuitously, for several lioui-s, during which time (in the evening) 
 a large turn out of the inhabitants is to be seen, some sitting on the numerous seats pro- 
 vided, and some promenading about. This square, and its appropriate " fi.xings," is one of 
 the most attractive features of the city, and reflects no small credit on the inhabitants who 
 secured it for its present purpose. 
 
 On the west side of the river, are situated a most eflieient system of water works. Two 
 immense stationary engines pump the water up from the lake to a large reservoir, from 
 which the city is plentifully supplied. 
 
 On same side of the river, a very large population is scattered over a great surface of 
 ground, consisting in part of several very neat cottages. A large proportion of the work- 
 ing-classes live on that side of the river; and a stranger cannot but be struck, in summer 
 time, with the neat and comfortable oppearance of the dwellings, the most of them being 
 ftll o'vned by the inhabitants, and the grapes growing in profui^ion in the open air, every 
 one being living proofs, in reality, of " sitting under his own vine, and none daring to make 
 him afraid." 
 
 A large trade is done in wool, bought by the Cleveland merchants, and sent by them to 
 all parts where woollen goods are made. The wholesale and retail warehouses (or stores), 
 are, for the most part, spacious buildings — running lOO to 200 feet back ; and in the retail 
 stores — in every description of trade almost — goods of the most superb and costly charac- 
 ter, as well as the most useful and plain, are to be seen. 
 
 Property now rents very high in Cleveland, so much so, that many are of the opinion 
 that but for the high rates demanded bj' land-owners, the city would have made greater 
 progress than it has done, and so long as the present high prices are demanded, it >i..ist 
 materially affect the progress of tl'e city in its manufacturing and commercial prosperity. 
 
 Omnibus Line. — An excellent line of omnibuses is established at Cleveland, by which 
 passengers, arriving per rail, can be set down at any address in town, including luggage, 
 for 25 cents (1*. stg.). Mr. Stevens, the proprietor, has upwards of 50 horses employed on 
 it, and, altogether, conducts it in a very satisfactory manner. His " busses" call at the 
 hotels for passengers, before the departure of the trains. The baggage is conveyed in a 
 separate conveyance, thus avoiding all trouble and annoj-ance with it. 
 
 Previous to the arrival of the troins at Cleveland, passengers will be waited upon by 
 the baggage-agent, who passes through the cars; by giving him their baggage cheeks 
 and 25 cents, he, in return, will give them on omnibus ticket, which will entitle them to 
 one seat in the omnibus, and the conveyance of one or two trunks to any part of the city. 
 
 This line of omnibuses ply to different parts of the city as a city line, on the same plan 
 as the omnibuses in New York, By purchasing tickets at the office, residents get con- 
 veyed, from one point to another, for about 6i cents each trip. 
 
 Present population of Cleveland is estimated ot about 60,000. 
 
lisliniont nnswcra 
 he RJvniitRgcA of 
 iodioah, etc. 
 piil)lio recreation. 
 i all day, forming 
 a88 band plaj's on 
 (in the evenint;) 
 iinerous seats pro- 
 fixings," is one of 
 inlutbitiinta who 
 
 Iter works. Two 
 ^e reservoir, from 
 
 [» great surfoco of 
 tion of the work- 
 struck, in Bunimer 
 )st of them being 
 le open air, every 
 ne daring to make 
 
 il sent by them to 
 houses (or stores), 
 J ond in the retail 
 and costly charac- 
 
 ire of the opinion 
 avc made greater 
 demanded, it ii.>ist 
 Tiercial prosperity, 
 iveland, by which 
 including luggage, 
 orses employed on 
 )U9se8" cull at the 
 i is conveyed in a 
 
 )e waited upon by 
 ir baggage checks 
 kill entitle them to 
 ' part of the city. 
 , on the same plan 
 residents get con- 
 
 CLEVELAND BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 
 
 Banks and Bankers— 
 
 CoMMKiti'iAL UitANX'u, Statc Bank of Ohio- 
 
 WiM.iAM A. Otis, President; T. P. Handyi 
 Cashier; E. L. Jones, Assistant Cashier. 
 
 IIkrdman k Co., 11 Water street. [See 
 atlveitiscment.] 
 
 Mahklanu & Co., River street. [See ad- 
 vertisement. ] 
 
 Whitman, Standabt & Co., Superior street. 
 
 Booksellers — 
 
 Coun, J. t'. A Co., Superior street. 
 iNiiUAM & liitAGo, Superior street. [Sec 
 advertisement.] 
 
 Boot and Shoe Store— 
 
 MAsruv, UoLK & Co., 23 Water street. [See 
 advertiaeniont.] 
 
 Boiler Manufacturer— 
 
 SIcGakrv, T. J., Centre street. 
 
 China and Glass Store— 
 
 Tago, Knswouth & Co., Importers of China, 
 Glass and Earthenware, corner of Su- 
 perior and Seneca streets. 
 
 Coflec and Spice Itlerchants— 
 
 Fuishy & Stephens, Manufacturers and 
 Wliolesule Dealers in Coflee, Spices, etc., 
 Hewitt's Steam liluck. 
 
 [See advertise- 
 [Scc 
 
 Commission Merchants- 
 
 tiATEs, II. N., River street 
 meiit.] 
 
 RoiiKitTs & Enswokth, River street, 
 advortiscmcnt.] 
 
 Scott, M. li., River street. [See advertise- 
 ment.] 
 
 SritA(;iE, George, Commission Merchant 
 and (irocer, 4 and .') Oviatt's Exchange. 
 
 Walton, Thomas A., River street. 
 
 Clothing Stores— 
 
 Daviks, (!. A. & Co., 34,') Water street. 
 Isaacs, J. A., corner Superior and Union 
 
 stioots. |Soo advertisement.] 
 RouiNsoN, W. S., 88 Superior street. [See 
 
 advertisement.] 
 SoNNEiioHN, J. & Co., 150 Superior street. 
 
 [.See advertisement.] 
 
 Coal Merchants— 
 
 I'rick, Ckawforo & Morris, Government 
 pier. [See advertisement.] 
 
 Dry Goods Store— 
 
 Ai.coTT & llouToN, 21 Water street. [See 
 advertisement.] 
 
 Drug Kstablishmcnt— 
 
 JIackkn/.ie, C. S., U4 Superior street. [See 
 advertisement.] 
 
 Foundries— 
 
 Gardner, G. S. & Co., Union Foundry, 
 West street. 
 
 Hardware Merchant— 
 
 WoiiTHiNOTON, George & Co., corner Su- 
 perior and Water streets, 
 
 Dentists & Teeth Manufacturers— M. L. Wright & Co. 
 
 Hotels— 
 
 American, Superior street. [See advertise- 
 ment.]^ 
 
 Anqier House. [See advertisement.] 
 
 CoHMERCiAL HoTf.L, Scucca Street. 
 
 Johnson House, Superior street. [See ad« 
 vertisement.] 
 
 Union Hotel, H. L. Coon, corner of Water 
 and Johnson streets. 
 
 Insurance Agents— 
 
 Urayton ii Mason. [Sco advertisement.] 
 CoE, S. S., No. 1 Oviatt's Exchange, foot of 
 Superior street. 
 
 Iron Works— 
 
 Blish, Oarlick & Co., River street. [See 
 advertisement.] 
 
 Loan Office— 
 
 Wagner, W., No. 3 Water street. [See ad- 
 vertisement.] 
 
 Machinist and Engineer— 
 
 Manning, Thomas, West street. 
 
 Newspaper Offices— 
 
 Herald Office, Bank street. 
 liEADER Office, Superior street. 
 Plaindealer Office, Building foot of Su- 
 perior street. 
 Review Office, Water street. 
 
 Plumbing Establishment— 
 
 Born, C. P., 41 Water street. [See adver- 
 tisement.] 
 
 Photographers— 
 
 C. N. Stimpson, 253 Superior street. 
 W. C. NoiiTU, Superior street. 
 
 Saddlers— 
 
 WniTELAW & Marshall, Superior street- 
 [See advertisement.] 
 
 Sash and Door Manufacturers— 
 
 Ransom, Coub & Co., Corner Columbus and 
 Centre streets. [See advertisement.] 
 
 Stave Dealer— 
 
 IIarbeck, John S. 
 
 Stove Manufacturers— 
 
 WooLsoN, Hitchcock & Carter. [See ad- 
 vertisement.] 
 
 Stove Dealer— 
 
 Whitaker, S., No. 33 Water street. [See 
 odvertisement.] 
 
 Vinegar Manufacturers— 
 
 Roberts & Enswoutu, River street. [See 
 advertisement.] 
 
 Wool Merchants— 
 
 Goodale a Co., Nos. .'57 and 39 Bank street. 
 
 [See advertisement.] 
 Sexton, I). B., No. 43 Bank street. [See 
 
 advertisement.] 
 
 Wine and Liquor Dealers— 
 
 Brackktt, Rkminqton & Co., No. 52 Water 
 street. [See advertisement,] 
 
I ! 
 
 ALCOTT. B. W. UOKTON. 
 
 ALCOTT & HORTON, 
 
 WIIOLESALK DKALKH8 IN 
 
 ' STAPLE & FANCY DRY GOODS, 
 
 YASKKK NOTIONS, Ac. 
 21 WATER STREET, OLBVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 Particular nltentlon paid to Merchant Tailors' 
 Goods and Trimmings. 
 
 JOSCPH HASURV. WM. A. DOLE. L. W. PUOUTV. 
 
 MASURY, DOLE & CO., 
 
 U'/wltMle Ikitlen in 
 
 BOOTS, SHOES & RUBBEBS, 
 
 23 WATER STREET. 
 Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 BKAYTON & MASON, 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 Agents for some of the best New 
 Tork and New England 
 
 INSURANCE COMPANIES. 
 
 Jlio— 
 
 Agents for Black Star, and Black Ball Lines, 
 Liverpool I'uekets, and New York und Liver- 
 pool Screw Steamsliip Company. 
 
 Sight drafts on England, Ireland, Scotland 
 and Continental Euiiipe sold, and Passage 
 Tickets from Liverpool to Cleveland. 
 
 Also, General Agents for the Western States 
 of responsible Fire and Life Insnranco Compa- 
 nies. 
 
 INGHAM & BRAGG, 
 
 PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS, 
 
 AND 
 
 STATIONERS, 
 
 67 SUPERIOR STREET, CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 V'^olesale Dealers in all kinds of School 
 Books. Special Agents for I'elton's Outline 
 Maps, and the Publications of llickling, Swan 
 & Brewer ; Crosby, Nichols & Co. ; Little, 
 Brown & Co., Boston. D. Annleton & Co. ; 
 Methodist Book Concern ; Shelaon, Blakeman 
 & Co., New York. H. Cowperthwait & Co. ; 
 Sower & Barnes ; Sunday School Union, Phila. 
 
 Publiahere of llillard'i Readers, Worcealer'n Dic- 
 tionaries, Payiion dt Dunton'i Writing Books, 
 and Parley's Histuries. 
 
 MAUKIIAM & CO., 
 
 Succetiori to l/artneu, I/ill <t Co., 
 
 B -A. IST K E Pt S , 
 
 CLEVELAJfD, OHIO. 
 
 PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO COLLECTIONS. 
 
 MtUrtHCtt ! 
 
 3. I,. Evrrltl, CiuliiiT Urowlwny Itank, New York ; T. P. Ilnn.ly, 
 tUu., fiulilcr Cciin'l Hrlli.li Hunk, nrnlmid ; Mpiur«. Cnr|i.iit.i .V 
 Veriiillve, ll«nkiTi. Now York ; .Mi>«ir». Snndfcpnl A Co., llHiik.ri, 
 lliill'iilu', N. v.; .Mi'mrl. I'lin), llnwnnl A Saiiicr, .Murrliniila, 
 N v.: .Miwri. (irtwri * Sfwcll, (l«iiker«, N, Y.; Mi««ri.tiwvniie A 
 Dnv, Hnnkir*. N Y.; M™ri. II. 1.. A J. 11. .Stovfcii, N. V.; 
 Me'urii. I'cHik A SniRpnt, lliiiikir*, Dnvnimirt, Iowk; .Mp««ri. Mar- 
 (hiill »iul IWev, ll«nk«ri, Mllwoukw, \V|». ; Mcmr.. Huffniaii A 
 (Jilpcke, Balikcn, t'liU«KO, III. i ,Meur». rhillpi, Siini|iioii A Co, 
 UoBton. 
 
 Euroiwan Eiohange for Ml., on I-ondon, P»rl», etc., In lunii of 
 jC5 and iipwnrill. 
 
 J. HERDMAN & CO., 
 
 11 Water Street, near Superior, Cleveland, 0. 
 
 Dealers In Gold nml Silver Cuiii, Kxclmnife, Uneiirrent 
 Mimey nml Land Wurriuits. C'dIIiiIioiis iiimle nml re- 
 mitted fcir nl Current riUus ( :f KxclinnL'e. Inl<'rest allow- 
 ed (in (lepiisi'8. Drafts (in (iorniany. Franee. (Jreat Hnt- 
 Hin niul Ireland. f(ir Inrire "r small »nni». Hassnee cnn lio 
 senired liy tlio rnKular Parket Sliips and Steamers Irum 
 Grent Hrilniii, France, and Gorninny. 
 
 CLEVELAND WOOL DEPOT, 
 
 For Receiving, Grading, and Selling 
 
 •WOOL. 
 
 Our ftradra are S, X.\, X, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. S, rep- 
 resents finest ; No. .S, coarest. 
 
 Liberal Advances made on Consignments. 
 
 GOODALE & CO., 
 
 37 <c ?9 BANK STREET, CLEVELAND, O- 
 
 WAGNER'S LOAN OFFICE, 
 
 (EntahlinheU 1S,M.) 
 3 Water Street, (corner Superior,) 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 Mone.v loaned on Watches, Diamonds, Jewelry, etc. 
 Also, oii Kcal F.state. Wntclies and Jewelry con- 
 stantly on hand and for sale at great Bargains. 
 
 J. C. WAGNER, Sujif. WM. WAtJNKK, Prap'r- 
 
 H. L. WUITMAN. 
 
 N. M. STAKnAUT. 
 
 €. P. BORIV, 
 
 41 Water Street, (south of Post-office,) 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 PLUMBING ESTABLISHMENT, 
 
 Deader In all kinds of Stoves, and Manufacturer of 
 all kinds of Tin, Sheet Iron, and Copper work. 
 
 C. W. STANUAllT. 
 
 WHITMAN, STANDART & CO., 
 
 B^lSTKEPtS, 
 
 AND DEALERS IN FOREIGN & DOMESTIC EXCHANGE, 
 
 No. 7 Superior Street, Cleveland, Ohio, IT. S. A. 
 
 We draw direct on London, and can give sight or time drafts for any amount that may be desired, paya- 
 ble at all the principal points in England, Ireland, Scotland, France, and Germany. 
 
 RKFER 'JO 
 
 Commerriftl Rmnoh Bjink, Merchantu' Ilranoh Dank, ('itr Hnnk an.I Hunkers, ^enernllv, Clevelnmi ; Vnn Vleck, Rpud A Pfxt-I, 
 KiuaHi dc THvIor, K.'n.i A Lttilirop, Clnrk»', Dotlge &. fo.. (iiwiTs' Bunk, Shot- iiml Lcntlier Dniik. K. A N. Dhh, MeCnlhiii), Hriiik. r 
 hoff an<l Brewster, Jolin H. Drtlkc A Co., Wlilttj, Morrin A Co., Klrtli'inl A Co., New York ; Dreji-l A Co., PliilailellihlH ; S. A. KIuli I., r, 
 F'.«l., IiniianttiM)Ii8, Ind. ; J.C. Brorkt'nliroiiKJi, Hnq., Cftaliit-r, .Sm-ars. Pclrce A Co., l.nfayette, Intl.; fMllBburp Tnist Co., Pilt«liiirir, 
 Pii. ; ('ltt|>p, VuHcr A Browno, Clark, r.'lit'ncy A Co., Spencer, Villa A Cc, O. Diittnn, Ksq*, Honlon ; Marine Bank, (leo. B. Ja^tmiu, 
 Eiq., Provfiienoe, R. I. ; Hotlnian A (ielpoke, Cliiratfo; Abraham B«ll'» Sons, New York; RorhesU'r Bank, Rocht'ster, N. Y'. ; Aiil.urn 
 Exchanpe Bank, Auburn, N. V.; Manohester A Rich, Pann A Burtin. Buflhlo, N. Y. j J. R. Morton A C"., G»h). S. Wriulit A Co.. Cin- 
 cinnati, O; Durkee A Bullock, St. Louis, Mo.; Wrlelit A Bro., 1,. B. Otis A Co., CliUapo, 111.; Alex. II. i>.'y. C. A A. Ives. Hetroit, 
 Mich.; City Bank, Tolwlo, O. ; Michiffon Ins. Co., Detroit; Sweony, Rltteuhouse, Faiit A Co., Waahiii^iion, D. C. ; Julm and Kdwani 
 Corderoy, 34 Tooley Street, Londou, England.' 
 
W. W. RUBBKTM. 
 
 J, BNKWuHTII. 
 
 BOBEBTS ft ENSWOBTH, 
 
 COMMISSION MBROHANTS, 
 
 ANI> MANIKACTIUKUS OK Tl'IlK VINP.dAK, 
 
 Ciller Vlni-iTftr, nod I'lcklen. Kvi-ry vnrii-tv of IMrkli'tt, In jnrt, bnr- 
 n'U, hikI tiiiir hitrrt'lit, (-oiiKlniilly nti Iminl. Otir fai-iliiii*s nra iin- 
 i^pitilliMl liy tlM>M> (>f Hiiy oiljvr 'I'AtHtillittitiit-nt In i\w L'liitv*! Slalft. 
 L'Hp'K'liy I'f viii<-){iir a|i|i'HrAliia, \U,iHH) tmrrvli fwr ycur. 
 
 No. 176 (Merchant!* Block) Hirer Street, 
 
 t'LKVKI.AM), OHIO. 
 
 RiKiRiNCM.— T. r. Unmly.Ciuhler Com. British Bank ; Mark- 
 hnni A ('"!., Hunkers; Win. HIm(;)uiiii A <'o., Hen Wiirtlilnirlon k 
 Vv.', (iothmiA. Aljilni BrncUmrn A VU\m\ HInliop U<.m A Co.; 
 K.lw«r.l>A M.lliiK*; I-. A. PUr.*., <Ji*ii'l Ajc't M. C U. K- ; W, W. 
 ChamlU'r. liei.'l Kr't Ajf't ('. A I*. It. K. ; A. IIIIU, (ii-nM Kr't 
 A«'t f. f. A <-'. It. U.; Iludwy A Mrllri.l*; A. 1». Winnldw, 
 Aiiierli-an Moum; S. Mrrcluini, Ati^fler Iloiiwi (ivo. !'■ Hom, 
 U'i-<MuU lloutf, ClevclHiid, Ohlu; lUitckIfy & Vilas, Corn. Mur- 
 chanU, CtiU'ago, llllnoii. 
 
 CtRVKLANn Mm. Cnr.i.KOB, lif July, 1»6S. 
 
 I hav« made a tliomiitfli ('lii-iiiirnl exiuninallon of vin«*t{Hr, manii- 
 facturetl by McMrt. HoWrts A Knsworlh, am) find It entirely free 
 from niincral BiUI* and all di'lHurloui niuileri— containlntf fnnn I'J 
 to 16 pt-r lent, arfllc arid, iM-lriK 9 to 10 jht rent, more Uian Com- 
 mercial Vlnf^ar, conu-qtiently allowing of larf{« dilution with 
 w«t*?r. 
 
 Thflr apparatun planned an<l ereftwl hy E. C. Stt-pheni, operated 
 un ■ri«nlUi<' prini't|ile«, and la well adapted fur obtaining a purv and 
 healthy vinegar. 
 
 J. L. CASSKLS, M. D., Pwf. of Chemistry. 
 
 M. B. SCOIT, 
 
 Doalor in Pr<i«luco, Salt. Fish Wfitrr Lime, otr. Sprrifil 
 attiMitttm uivfii to ('iiiisit:iiiiipniR and purchase of Grain 
 aiul Frodiico generally, Ci.bvkland, Ohio, 
 
 Firr-Frm)f Warehouse and Steam Elevators. Insur- 
 nncH twu-thtrdK U-sk than any otlinr Ctrain WarehouKO in 
 the city. Liberal cash advances un produce lu hand. 
 
 HN. GATES, Storage, Forwanling and Commltalon Merchant, 
 • ie<'ond Wnrfhniixe Wluw fuot of SCI'KHIOR STKEKT, 
 fK>ntlng on Itlver and Klver Sin-ets, Ci.kvrlanp, Ohio. 
 
 Dealer hi FariniTB* l'ro<ltico uf all kinds, Suit FUh, Snn<luiiky 
 Water Unit*, Whliu Lime in barreU, I'ltisler, Ben'a, Uvrea, Jr., anil 
 Independence (irlndtt^'nes, at Wtudesale and Retail. 
 
 BIIIIIA C. RLIRII. 
 
 BDWARD C. OAHI.ICK. 
 
 WOOLSON, HITCHCOCK & CARTER, 
 
 Maniifactiini's cf all Hmh of 
 
 STOVES. 
 
 office: junction of vinkvaud and ciiam- 
 i'lain 8theet9, 
 
 rievclnnd, Ohio. 
 
 WltMAM I. PRICI. LKMUBL CRAWFORD. DAVID UURRIV. 
 
 FBICE, CRAWFORD & MORRIS, 
 
 (SutceMor. lo CRAWFORD, PRICE k CO.,) 
 IJKAI.EIIS IN 
 
 Briar Hill, Mineral Bidge, and Chippewa Coal, 
 
 By the Cargo. Office : Government Pier, 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 D. B. SEXTON, 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANT, 
 
 For the Purchase and Sale of 
 
 WOOL, HIDES AND PELTS. 
 
 Orders for the purchase of the above articles solic- 
 ited. Cash advanced on consignments. 
 
 43 BANK STREET, CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 CLEVELAND IRON WORKS. 
 BUSH, GARLICK & CO, 
 
 Manufacturers of Marine, iilallonery, and Portable 
 Kniilnes nnil Uollers, Stoves and llollowware, (ias and 
 ''■'iler Pipe, llulldInK «"<> Oencral Casllngii, Tin, 
 
 |i| er and Sheet Ironware. 
 
 WoKKs— On Meadow Street, opposite Oas Worl<s. 
 
 Okkicb and Sai.k»h(«>m— Cor. lllver and Ughthouaa 
 Streets. «"LKVKL\\I>, OHIO. 
 
 THOMAS MANNING^ 
 MACHINIST ^^ ENGINEER, 
 
 Anil Manurm-turer of Sl«»m KnitlnM anil Marliln.ry of pvery 
 cleKTliitlon 1 ulw Jnrk Sirewi, B.illi for UrIdgiM and oilier uim. 
 Iron (irallnK »"il Mlni'liiniillilnK ^vnemlly. 
 
 i\cM. S and 6 lirwlll'i Block, Wrat 8ti««t, 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 Serand-linnd Enitinn tnkon In Eichanu. for new work, or lold 
 on roininlulon. Jobbing and R4*palrlnir promptly aUendetl to. 
 
 S. WHITAKER, 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 Cook, Parlor, &. Flato Stoves, 
 
 Manufacturer of Copper, Tin, and Sheet Iron Ware. 
 
 Agent for the sale of Cornelius & Baker's Chande- 
 liers, Pendants, Brackets, etc., etc. Also, Plain and 
 Ornamental Oas Fitters. 
 
 33 Water Street, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 BRACKETT, REMINGTON & CO, 
 
 HOP, — ■ - 
 
 (/ w 
 
 & 
 
 (Suciewon to HISIlOP, REMINIJTON A CO.,) 
 Importers and Wholesale Dentens in 
 
 LiqUORS. 
 
 69 Pearl Street, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 62 Water Street, 
 
 CLEVELAND, O. 
 
 S. O. Uemlngton, II. Rogers, William K. Adams, 
 Cleveland ; Jumes Brackett, New York. 
 
 RANSOM, C0I3B tfe"ca; 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 PLANED LUMBER, WINDOW SASH, 
 
 Blinds, Doors, Fence Pickets, Lath, and Packing 
 
 Boxes. 
 
 Centre Block, corner Columbus and Centre Streets. 
 
 Cleveland, Ohlu. 
 
 THOMAS J. McGARRT, 
 
 (Successor to H. C. MORRIS,) 
 Miinufacturer of all kinds of 
 
 STEAM BOILERS. 
 
 SHEET IRON WORK, &c. 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 I^* Repairing also promptly attended to. 
 
 C. S. MACKENZIE, 
 
 Wholesale and RetAJl Dealer In 
 
 DRUGS, MEDICINES, 
 
 FRENCH, ENGLISH, AND AMERICAN CHEMICALS, 
 
 Ferfamery, Toilet Articles, etc. 
 34 SUPEBIOB STREET, CLEVELAin), OHIO. 
 
 CLEVELANrWHifE LEAD WORKS. 
 
 HEWITT'S BLOCK, 
 a. GARY & CO., 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 OKO. WIIITRLAW. 
 
 GEO. F. MARSHALL. 
 
 WIIITELAW & MARSHALL, 
 SADDLES, BRIDLES, HARNESS, TRUMS, 
 
 AND SADDLERY HARDWARE, 
 
 20 Superior Street, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
f 
 
 YOUNG AMERICA 
 
 CLOTHING HOUSE, 
 
 J. SONNEBORN & CO., 
 
 Wliuloiale Ucatcrtt in 
 
 eady-Made Clothing, 
 
 ETC., ETC, 
 156 Superior Street, Cleveland, O. 
 
 \¥. N. KOIII^OIV, 
 
 Manufacturer and Wholenale and lletatl Veahr In 
 
 READY-MADE CLOTHING 
 And Gents' Furnishing Goods. 
 
 88 SUPinilOK sriiKi<:T, 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 ISAACS^ 
 
 GEO. A. DAVIS & CO., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS & JOBBERS OF CLOTHING, 
 345 Water St, ft 22 ft 24 Superior St., 
 
 CI.HVEI.ANK, OHIO. 
 
 Eit«hll.linl In IN4T. Till, la m» ft iIih Inrin-.t >fanuAi<'liirlri|r and 
 Joltliinif ('l.itlilnif ll()iiM>. In Ilit* t:n>iit U'f.t, It. hit.InHU U'llig Ur,{itly 
 ttxtt'iKli-tl tlirmi^fliout lliu Wi-Nli-rri Sliitt. niitl Culiihln. 
 uio. A, iiAvii. u, p. .rMKorri). r. rxixriTTii. 
 
 A. P. WmSLOW, Proprietor. 
 
 CLEVELAND, O. 
 
 ANGIER HOUSE, 
 SILAS MERCHANT, 
 
 PROPRIETOR, 
 
 CLEVELAND, O. 
 
 JaoHufaeturer and IteaUr in 
 
 Rcady-inade Clofliingr, 
 
 AND FURNISHING GOODS, 
 
 Importer a^d Jobber of Cloths, Cnssimercs, 
 
 Vestings ft Tailors' Trimmings, 
 
 UNION HALL, 
 
 Cor. of Superior and Union Streets, 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
 JOHNSON HOUSE, 
 JOHN R. SURBRUG, 
 
 PIIOPIITKI'OU, 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO> 
 Terms, #1.50 per tiay. 
 
 COMMERCIAL HOUSE, 
 
 2i, 26, k 2$ SE\ECA ST.. SOUTH, 
 
 CLEVELAND, O. 
 
 LEWIS FRENCH, Proprietor. 
 
 linnril, Oiir Dollnr |ht liny. 
 
 The lent Stahleit and Yard in the Citij, 
 
 FAIRBANKSr BENEDICT k^, 
 
 to BAIVK STREET, 
 
 (Ojiponite Weddetl HouM,) 
 
 Printers, Bookbinders, 
 
 AND STATIONERS, 
 
 AM> Pfloi'lMF-TonH OK TEIE 
 
 CLEVELAND DAILY HERALD. 
 
 Arpjirnpared. wllh every hrllily, tn ,|n nil khul/i nf Frinlinii and 
 Ulnclinj; iiwd by CominiTolnl Men, ItiillromI nnj lusunuioo C'tiu- 
 pHnles, Jlniikji, efr. 
 
 W'n are runnlri): wren nriHUM by Rt«ain, and have a Inrge oaaort- 
 nn*nt of Stot'l. ntnl Mntcriiil.. 
 
 Till) lltrald la i>n<i ()f the olilejl papera In Oliln, anil has the Inrg. 
 est cirnihitlon of uny paper In tliU KctiuD, uukhit( U a deMrabld 
 meilitini for advertlwrn. 
 Cln-elaiul, Ohio, Jul), 18J8. 
 
i & CO., 
 
 S OF CLOTHING, 
 I Superior St., 
 
 riTfBt AfAniifii''hirliitr nml 
 
 the CHtt/. 
 
 T & CO., 
 
 ET, 
 
 inders, 
 
 SERALD. 
 
 U of Frintinc iin<i 
 111 Iiiauumre Com- 
 
 liove a ]nr(f(! fti«ort- 
 
 \ Bnd has the Ian 
 ling it a de^irabl 
 
 U^ 
 
 IMPROVEMENT IN DENTISTRY. 
 
 M. L. WRIGHT & CO., 
 
 ARR MANUKAITURINU 
 
 Partial Sets, Half Sets, and Whole Sets of 
 
 Superiority of their Method of Producing Artificial Teeth over any other known Method. 
 
 Int. MnipllcUv.— Oriii imrc chi'iiiinilly iinitoil iii nil it* piirtu, niul of llic wiini' riuiility of mntoniil. 
 
 2d. Hollilllv. - Thiit ciiiiiikU iinturo Ui udnpt hursolf to the nunlol <if hcT own iiiiprnaslun. Thin adaptation once 
 attniiifil— ciiiurort iiiiil ulilily ivrr iilUr 
 
 3<i. I'urilV'.— Tin' ''iitirt' Hliiti' Mini Troth nrn iniporvioim to the action of any known nriil ; niid hoiiro, in dinriwe 
 or hcallh, prout iit{uiiiiit Iho ctirroitivu and oHuiinivu HocretioiiH of tho iiiuutli. comnion to Gold Plate work, and other 
 known iiicthmlK, 
 
 <llh' l^lur.— Hnsht. livelr, »nd a rihhI imitation of nnturo. 
 
 N. 11— Aiiv iiii'th(Hl of prcHlocniii Situ of Artilii-inl Tooth, chomicalljr nnitod in one ploco, that will not pais tho 
 onliinl of this diKimt, is u roimtorlrit of trun Hori'oliiiii. 
 
 Palronage.— Siiiro A|iril, 1I),M, wo hiivo nistrtiil Sovon Hundred Cimos. Of this numhcr. One Hiindrod and 
 Sixtv-one porNoi)!! wtio tiuvu iiM-d uold pliitn koIh, have laid Iheni aHide, and ffivcn preference to the porcelain. 
 
 Termi.— Aroordimt to tho nature of llio rase, and mvon after examination. 
 
 I'synienl.— Upon receipt of tho order, or on delivery. Hersona having Uold Plato can apply their plate in part 
 paynifMit. 
 
 (Juaranlv.— Satisfartion ; provided tho trnuR of payment and apeclal inatrucllons have been complied with,— 
 Persons wuntiiiK inl^nnatioii, reference will lie Kiven to those in constant use of our work. 
 
 TESTIHONIAIS KSD BEFEBEHCE8. 
 
 I have ohsorved with much Intop'Nt, fi>r the last two years, tho alwvo method of producing Artificial Tooth, and 
 believe tho atatements of tins Circular correct. T. (JAKI.ICK. 
 
 I have inveatinated with care, in the Inst three yoors, tho ohove moth<xl of making and applyimt Artiticml Tooth 
 in tho LalMiratory of IJr. Wricht, and also in use. and can say, with confideucc, that his plan is ttie best one. and en- 
 tirely successful when made unilor his o|jsor%aliou. The superiority of this kind of dental work over (?old or any 
 kind of metallic plate, cannot he <ine»tii>ned, and tho statement in Dr Wright's Circular of tho number of cn.ses where 
 his work has taken the place of cold pinle, is true. Much of this Roid ploto has been furnished by tho best dcntisti 
 in the country, I oin not conversant with tho success of Porcelain work in the hands of others thnn Dr. WriKht. 
 
 H, A. ACKI4EY, late Profossor of Surgery, Cleveland Medical College. 
 
 Prof. H. Cowi,KS, Obcrlin, 
 Prof. S. B. Hunt. Kd, Buir. 
 
 Medical Journal, 
 Tlios. Brown, Ed. of Ohio 
 Farmer, 
 
 Dan. p. Rhodes, 
 F.i-Mayor Ca»ti-I!, 
 K, T. Stubtevant, 
 Kev. Mr. Mctill.I., Cleveland, 
 ALEX. Clark, "Kd. Visitor," 
 Cleveland 
 
 M. ,Iackson, 
 H. L. Whitman, 
 
 ,1. K. ClBTlSS, 
 
 Prof. Dascomb. Oborlin, 
 Prof J. P. Kirtland, 
 
 Prof. (iATCHELL, 
 
 Wm. W. Kiciiards. 
 
 THE SEMI-WEEKLY REVIEW, 
 
 AND 
 
 Independent Journal, 
 
 rVBUSIIED EVERY Tl'ESDAY A FRIDAY, 
 
 At 15 Water St., Cleveland, 0. 
 
 Contiiining — 
 
 THE NEWS, THE L.\TKST TKI.KOUAPHIO BEl'ORTS, 
 
 TIIE MARKET QUOTATIONS, AM) OTHER 
 
 INTKIIESTI.NO .MAITER, AT 
 
 OJ>'K nor.l^JlR PKR VKJR! 
 
 And in Oluhs of 25 at 80 Gents per Tear, 
 Tlie Cheapest Paper puhlUhed in the West. 
 
 Address E, A. MUNSON ft CO., 
 
 CLEVELAND, O. 
 
 OXiB"VBIiA.Krr> 
 
 PLAIN DEALER, 
 
 Published 
 
 Daily, Tri-Weekly & Weekly. 
 
 THE MOST WIDELY-tilRCULATBD AND POPULAR 
 NEWSPAPER IN TOB WEST, 
 
 PUBLISHED AT CLEVELAND, O. 
 
 J. 1¥. OKAY, Editor &, Prop'r. 
 
 Terms -.—Daily, |C.OO; Tri-Weekly, $3.00 J 
 Weekly, $2.00 per annum. 
 
 STIMPSON'S 
 
 SPHEREOTYPES. 
 
 No. 253 SUPERIOR STREET, 
 
 CLEVKL.VXI), 
 
 Is the only place In the city whore you can 
 obtain these beautiful Pictures. 
 
 i From thr PhotOQrnphtr nnd Fine Art Journal. 
 
 ! "Tbe Pphereotype, nil exquisite style of coUodium 
 
 ! picture on (,'liiss, Is (laliiini; ground very rapidly. 
 
 I Tliere Is an lurliil softness anil delicacy about these 
 
 1 pictures that Is exceedingly plenshiK and beautiful, 
 
 ] and must claim a liberal share of public favoi-r." 
 
 I Ambrotypes, Fapertypes, and all other Son 
 
 j Pictures tsiken on reasonable terms. 
 
 C. W. STIMPSON. 
 
 ^^ The most extensive Steam Job Printing 
 Office in the Northwest is attached to the Plain 
 Dealer establishment. 
 
 w. c. north7 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHER, 
 
 SUPERIOR ST., 
 
 CLEVELAND, OHIO. 
 
BUFFALO. 
 
 87 
 
 CITY (JF lUIFFALO. 
 
 TiiH \» one (if the iiKwt important oitlfs wost of Now York. It U sitimtfil In F-iu County, 
 Stiito of New Yt«rk, lit tlic I'lmtern extrenilly of Ijikfl Kiic, about » niiU-n from llio com- 
 in. neuntent of tlif MiiK'nrii UiviT. Liilitu.K), 42' 6)1' N., LMiiKltudo, IH' fi/i' W. 
 
 Tlie site of tlio city griuhmlly rinos from the wiitrr's fil^c, for iiliout 2 nillon, till It beeoinM 
 iitiout 60 feet nl)ove the level of the luke, tlum oHoriHiit}, in the higher portion of the town, 
 exteiixlve niiil licaiitifiil views ull nrouiul. 
 
 The lower portion of the town Is oeeupleJ with nierehunts' stores, innnufMctories, etc., 
 and U InterKeeled In dilFerent jiarts by canalu. ro«»e»8ed of a liarbour, formed by HutTalo 
 C;reek, an it U ealled, vesnelu drawing? from 12 to 16 feet of water can lay at aiiehor and 
 di«ehiiri;(^ ami load oar^'oe!*, whieh Id done with aittonlshiiig rajiidity by the steam elevator* 
 ill operation alolig»ide of the creek. 
 
 The thief business street is Main street, runnlim In a 9traij,'lit line for almut 2 miles, and 
 coiiipo!<ed for the most jiart of Hpaeious and lofty business stores, of every description. 
 Lookiiif? from the foot of the street, upward, Main street presents one of the finest com- 
 iiiereial streets we have ever se.'iu It is 120 feet wide, and there beiiij; a gra<lual osceut 
 nil tlie way up, it U seen to ^reat advunta^e. Home of the stores in .Main street, such as 
 l)e Wilt C. Weed it Co.'s liardware store, Woodward's fancy silk waruhouse, ond Harnum's 
 variety store, are ecjiial In point of elejfanee and size to many of those In the .Strand or Re- 
 gent street, Lonilon, Hold street, Liverj)ool, (Eiig)., or Buchanan street, Glasgow, (Scot). 
 
 The streets where the ])rlvate dwelllni^s of the upper classes are situated, are of a palatial 
 ehuraeter, more particularly those of Delaware ami Niagara s'.reets. Such streets as these 
 run from 1 t<i 2 miles, in a straight line, 120 feet wide, with pavement 1.^ to 2u feet wide, 
 with trees alongside, forining an extensive and beautiful view from either end, whilst a 
 walk along sueli as l)clawnre street arrests the attention of the stranger in the inagniticence 
 of the dwellings ami grounds attached, whieh are almost all owned by their occupants. 
 There are ;t public squares — Niagara, Franklin, and Washington. At Niagara Sciuare, no 
 less than eight streets all meet, forming n magiiltieent " Eight Dials," each street running 
 otf, from this centre, having Its trees on each side, and forming a fine vista in every 
 direction. 
 
 The commerce of IJutl'alo is immense, although not so great as it was before the passenger 
 eteaniboat tratlie, on the lake, ceased. At present. It Is the greatest grain and flovr entre- 
 pot on the lake, through which the productions of the great west pass. Here the grain 
 from Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, etc., orrives in vessels carrying from 15,000 to 18,000 
 bushels each, and Is ti'ansli\])ped, by means of the elevators. Into canal boats and railroad 
 cars, and sent to all parts of the States, but eliiefly to New York. Conse.iueiitly, as a 
 grain market, liulValo stands as amongst the most ]iromlnent In the States. 
 
 The natural position which Builalo occupies must, of necessity, render it an important 
 commercial city. About 25 miles ofl", j>or rail, is Canada. A large Cniiadiun trade is done, 
 whilst the railways from Hufl'alo, in all directions, render it a convenient centre for business 
 to any particular section of the country. 
 
 The mai'ut'actures of Bull'alo are iiup.jrtant; and some large concerns in the manufactur- 
 ing of stoves, agricultural implements, machinery of every description, besides foundries, 
 tanneries, etc., etc. 
 
 Several daily and weekly newspapers are published, amongst which are The Dailji Ex- 
 fireax, Jhiili/ Courier, Daily liijuiblic and 7'iiiics, and Advertiser, all having job-printing 
 olliees attached, and turning out some of the best speclmeiu of tyi>i>grapliy we have seen 
 in the States. A large amount of j>rliitlng for the railway companies is done in the course 
 of the year — whilst the specimens of wood engraving, executed by such as Mr. Wightnian, 
 are equal to any thing we have seen anywhere. 
 
 The station of the New York Central Railroad, at TafTalo, contrasts very favourably with 
 those of New York and other large cities — more resembling the spacious station at New 
 
I 
 
 II'' lll'l I <l|l.. K.Ci' 
 
 i'!':l!'l!'l'l'iil: 
 
 • li,!''''.' 
 
 |i.ii : -1 ,;:r:::ii!;:i, 
 
 Fii, ii'iijiliiir '■"' 
 
 'i .'liF'l' 
 
 i!|»!'lii|il ;i|i!iii:ii 
 
 '"''i '!" I'M'' 
 
 |!|f l!'!'iiPI!iii!| lii, 
 
 iiii 
 
 !|liiil!li 
 
 'PlHi 
 
 iili.r.'.'LvVlrni.' 
 
 r''- '■;:.'i;'i''|!t'':l'' 
 
 t: ■'■ • 
 
 ■;l,■'||^:'|■ 
 
 lij',' ^■f,.^^■; I 
 
 .■II:', ri 
 
 !::i--::v:i:Eii 
 
 
 il!|l!!;i'i'ii'!i:''i'i:M;|;:|j 
 |iS!|||i! 
 
 [ 
 
Illf.i 
 
90 
 
 CITY OF BUFFALO. 
 
 ■'■* 
 
 ,1 
 
 street, Birmingham, (Eng.,) than any we have seen elsewhere. Waiting rooms, and every 
 convenience, with spacious suites of offices, are attaclied. 
 
 The station for the Falls, Canada, etc., is situated in the lower part of the town, whilst 
 tliot for Xew York, and the Lake Shore Road, to Cleveland, Cincinnati, etc., is situated 
 in Exchange street, off Main street. 
 
 As regards health, Buffalo stands pre-eminent, on account of the general good sewerage 
 tliroughout the town, the breezes enjoyed from off the lake, in the heat of summer, gene- 
 ral cleanliness of the streets, and the excellent water supplied to the town. 
 
 Tiie public free schools of Buffalo have long been distinguished for their excellence and 
 efficiency, and from a visit we paid to one of them, (No. 8, under the management of Mr. 
 Slade,) we can bear testimony to the very excellent arrangements, and system, and the 
 decorum which prevailed througliout — specimens of writing, etc., of girls and boys 7 years 
 of age, we saw, and difficult questions in mental arithmetic we iieard answered, in such a 
 manner, as sliowed the superiority of tlie system pursued, and the adeptness of the scholars, 
 very pleasing to a stranger, more particularly wlien so excellent an education is (ipon to 
 all, free of charge. For tlie support of public schools, of wiiich tiiere are oli, IJutfalo spends 
 $108,000 per annum; of that, i|'iG,000 is drawn from tlie State; the n-rnaindor, from taxes 
 imposed fur that purpose. Tiiere are several other educational establishments, of a higher 
 order, besides literary and benevolent institutions, and excellent public libraries. 
 
 The transportation trade of Buffalo has lately suffered, in its passenger traffic to the 
 west, the magnificent line of steamers, which was wont to run to the ports on the western 
 lakes, being now withdrawn. A few emigrants still go with the f'reiglit projiellcrs, but the 
 majority of emigrants and others, bound west, from the seaboard, go via the Suspension 
 Bridge, or via Dunkirk and Cleveland. 
 
 The establishment of railways, therefore, has interfered materially with the passenger 
 traffic through Buffalo, as formerly it was the route through whicii most passed westward. 
 The conveyance of grain and provisions, which forms so large an item in the trade of Ittif- 
 falo, from the west to the east, and south-east cities and towns, was also in daiiijer, from 
 the railways being likely to monopolize the trade, by carrying it friim Chicago anif Detroit, 
 via Toledo, Cleveland, and the Lake Shore Itailroad, direct to Xew York and the east. 
 
 The ingenuity and enterprise of the " Buffalo boys," however, was at once set to work t(^ 
 secuiv and maintain their city as the chief entrepot for grain, in its passage from west to 
 east, by establishing a line of screw propellers on the stupendous canal^' wliieli extends 
 from Buffalo to Albany, getting that canal deepened, and carrying ijraiii and provisions at 
 such low rates, as to beat the railroads out of the field. At the time we write, the fiist 
 experiment has been tried on the canal with great success. In a future edition,' we shall 
 chronicle the further development of this gi-eat undertiikiii". 
 
 During the- year 1858. from the opening of the trade to the 1,5th of .Tune, we find the 
 imports of some of the leading articles to be as follows, whicli will give some idea of the 
 large trade done at this port : — 
 
 Flour, bbls. 
 Pork, " 
 liect; " 
 Ashes, casks. 
 Whisky, " 
 Bacon, lbs. 
 Lnrd, " 
 Wheat, bushels. 
 Indian Corn " 
 
 Lake opened, .May 13. 
 
 IIS.MS 
 
 12,149 
 
 l(5,r)14 
 
 718 
 
 8,tHt2 
 
 3,408,46,5 
 
 21 .",,200 
 
 1,010,(1,50 
 
 781,772 
 
 :s,5S. 
 
 April ■), 
 
 42.5,n:;i» 
 
 L5,Tiio 
 
 14,',ioi) 
 
 1,.524 
 
 20,401 
 
 3,noo,;;(io 
 
 2,4fi2,loo 
 
 2,.ho1,-j74 
 
 8riO,0,52 
 
 1-^.57. 
 
 Lake opened, Jlay 1:3 
 
 Oats, bushels 
 
 liailev. " 
 
 Rye, 
 
 Luniber, feet. 
 Staves, " 
 Wdol, bales. 
 Hogs, number. 
 Slieep, 
 Cattle, " 
 
 21S3S1 
 
 2"i2 
 
 7,'-o,5 
 
 ll,ln4,.-,:a 
 
 4,4',iO,4;i() 
 
 4s4 
 
 14,4.53 
 
 4,.'!i;2 
 
 3,2,5tf 
 
 1«.5S. 
 
 April .5. 
 
 834,502 
 
 H7,420 
 
 2l,3>) 
 
 0,4o>_',sl4 
 
 3,ti(.N,4ii:i 
 
 015 
 
 43,250 
 
 7,117 
 
 8,4!i7 
 
 Reducing flour to its equivalent in wheat, and classing all kinds of grain in one we find 
 ? ,^ f I'-'^r''?*^, '" .Tune 15, of 6,692,778 bushels this season, against 1,619,000 last— beinsr 
 4,117.1,7 < 8 bushels more than the previous season. o , . ;, 
 
 In the other articles, a corresponding increase will be observed 
 
 From the ports on Lake JIiehigan,'^the receipts were, up to above date: flour 166 4R6 
 
 S,'37!64rbu;he1s.'''' ' ^"'^'"" '"'"' •"'''''" ^"'''^'^' ""^^' ^^S-^l bushels; iiar 
 
 ..™T'"i^'i°° ^'"^'^ Erie-flour, 259,193 bbls.; wheat, 664..S16 bushels; Indian corn 
 428,302 bushes; oats 386,331 bushels; barley, l...,776 bushels; rye, 21,385 bushe 
 1-rom Canada— lumber, 3,816,178 feet; staves, 59 (lOO ,-^,-oo ui.snti.. 
 
 clel'enumerater ''""" ^'"""' '^""■'"'" ^'"^'' '" '"''' "' "'"•'''* *'"^ ''^"'^'' "^ t''« °*''«r '^^1- 
 I'opulation of Buffalo was, by last census, 74,214. 
 
 I 
 
^ 
 
 !, and every 
 
 own, whilst 
 , is situated 
 
 3d sewerage 
 nmer, geue- 
 
 cllence and 
 nout of ilr. 
 •ra, and tlie 
 )oy3 7 years 
 (1, in siieii a 
 lie scholars, 
 n is o))on to 
 ffilld s^pL'uds 
 
 , fmni taxes 
 of a higher 
 
 'S. 
 
 ■affic to the 
 
 the western 
 
 lers, liut the 
 
 Suspension 
 
 passenger 
 
 1 westward. 
 Hide of liuf- 
 langer, from 
 and Detroit, 
 he east. 
 
 t to wurk to 
 ;'(ini Wi'st to 
 lieh extendi 
 irovisiiiiis at 
 lie, the tirst 
 un, we shall 
 
 «e find the 
 idea of the 
 
 l>*:.s. 
 .Vpril .-.. 
 s;M,:.ii2 
 
 9,4o-j,vi4 
 3,'J0S,l'i',i 
 
 4.1,u'.'iO 
 7,117 
 K,l!l7 
 
 ne, we find 
 ,ast — being 
 
 ur, lfir.,4»fl 
 hels; liar- 
 
 idian corn, 
 els. 
 
 other arti- 
 
 BUFFALO BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 
 
 Agricultural Warehouse— 
 
 Geo. F. Needuam, iiUt* Main si. See adv't. 
 
 Bankers— 
 
 Manx-iiester & Ricn, corner of Main and 
 Henecii streets. See udvertisement. 
 
 Booksellers and Publishers— 
 
 I'liiNNEY & Co., Main street. 
 
 llrewer and Distiller— 
 
 High Hoyle, (Star Brewery,) St. Paul st. 
 
 Chemist— 
 
 KicHAKn .Tenner, 4.'38 Main street. 
 
 City Steam Turning Works— 
 
 Joseph Si'oh, Meclianic street. See odver. 
 
 Civil and .Submarine Engineers— 
 
 I'aiikinson it .Smith, 7 lirown's liuildings. 
 See advertisement. 
 
 Counsellor at Law— 
 
 W. H. Mkbch, corner of Pearl & Tuppersts. 
 
 Engraver on Wood — | 
 
 (i. I). Wic.HTMAN, l.'>t) Main street. See ad't. 
 We have niuoti jilensure In recomnicnilinR Mr. 
 Wiglitman to Uie notice of all who require wood en- 
 graving <lone. The work which he has done for ud — 
 as seen in llie views of the City of Toronto— are sudi- 
 rlerit proof, were any uantin);, of his ability In lii^ 
 profession ; besides, we luive found him jiroiiij/t. 
 
 Gas Fitters and Plumbers— 
 
 IIakt, Uai.i. a Hakt, 'J.'i7 Main st. See ad't. 
 IIaiiiiikeh &. Toy, corner Kanle and Main 
 
 streets. .See ailvertiseineiit. 
 Doi.AX it .Ski.i'ekt, corner of Pearl and 
 
 .Seneca streets. See advertisement. 
 
 Glasgow House — 
 
 ItoxAi.n .McDoiT.AL, 17 East Seneca street. 
 
 Hams, Shoulders, Bacon, &c<— 
 
 Joii Ai.iiKuoKii, cor. Terrace and Franklin 
 streets. See advertisement. 
 
 Hair-cutting Saloon— 
 
 i;i(iKXE \V. Smith, l East Seneca st. See ad't 
 
 Hard^nrare — 
 
 1)K Witt C. Weko A Co., 222 Main street. 
 See advertisement. 
 
 Hotels— 
 
 Iteiiiiet Temperance Hotel, 8.5 Main street. 
 
 .See iiilvertisemeiit. 
 Clarendon Hotel, .Main street. See adver. 
 Mcliitvre House, corner of Exchange and 
 
 Heak streets. See advertisement. 
 New Eni;lan(l Hotel, corner of Canal and 
 
 Michigan streets. Roiieht Silly. 
 Luvejoy House, cor. of I'earl and Terrace 
 
 street.s. See advertisement. 
 Western Hotel, corner of Pearl and Terrace 
 
 streets. See advertisement. 
 
 Insurance Agents — 
 
 I'n KKKixii it Otto. See advertisement. 
 •loiiN A. (Jaudxek, Merchant's Exchange. 
 Harvky Hitchiss, 4 West Genesee street. 
 Davis W. Axnais, 1 Harvey's Uuilding, 
 corner of .Swan and Main streets. 
 
 Iron Railing Works— 
 
 (iKoiKiK .loNEs, cor. of Tcrrucc iSc Ilenry sts. 
 
 Marble, Slate, &c. — 
 
 Gko. 0. Vail it Co., Wholesale Dealers in 
 American and Italian Marble and Hoofing 
 Slate, Washington Dock, foot of Chicago, 
 street. i 
 
 Mechanics* Tools, &c.— 
 
 L. & I. J. White, 82 Ohio sti-ect. See ad- 
 vertisement. 
 
 Melodeous — 
 
 G. A. 1'rince & Co., ManufaetnrciS of Iha 
 Improved Patent Melodeons, Uutl'ulo, New 
 York, and Chicago. 
 
 Native Wine Manufacturers— 
 
 GiHiioxs & Hai;e», 07 Exchange street. 
 
 See advertisement. 
 TiiKNKH Hrotheiis, at New York, BufTalo, 
 
 and .San Francisco. 
 
 Ne'V7spapers — 
 
 Biijt'tiU) Courier, 192 Washington street, 
 James H. .Sandford, Proprietor. See ad- 
 vertisement. 
 
 Biiffaki RepuMic and Timen, 182 Washing- 
 ton street, C. C. Uhistol, Editor and 
 Manager. .See advertisement. 
 
 Ihif'ahi Monting Exprets, Main street, A. M. 
 t LAPP <fe Co., Proprietors. See adver. 
 
 Land Agent & Intelligence 0£Bce— 
 
 John A hams, 2.') East .Seneca street. 
 
 Lard, Oil, and Candle Factory — 
 
 II. V. MoKEY, Caroline strn i. 
 
 Oil Manufacturer — 
 
 F. .S. Pe.\se, 01 JIain street. 
 
 Oysters, Fruits, &c.— 
 
 W. UowE, llt7 Alaiu street. See advertise- 
 ment. 
 
 Physician — 
 
 Dr. E. H. Mclntyre, corner of Beak and Ex- 
 change streets. Cancers successfully 
 treated. Cures warranted. 
 
 Produce Commission Merchants— 
 
 Coan it Co., (C. Cobb & A. Cobb,) 20 and 
 
 21 Prime street. 
 Whiting k Annin, (D. W. Whiting A J. V. 
 
 W. Annin,) 'J Central Wharf. 
 
 Shipping and Insurance Agents— 
 
 Pkkerixo it Otto. See advertisement. 
 
 Storage, Produce, and Coals— 
 
 Chas. W. Evans. The Evans' Ship Canal. 
 See advertisement. 
 
 Straw Goods and Millinery— 
 
 W. H. WooDWARn, 287 and 289 Main street. 
 See advertisement. 
 
 Tea and Coffee Dealers— 
 
 ItuAUEOHn k Chase, '271 Main street. 
 
 Tin, Copper, and Iron Ware— 
 
 F. C. Hill, 2()9 Main street. See adver. 
 
 Variety Store, Fancy Goods— 
 
 S. O. Uakxlm, 211 Main street. See adver- 
 tisement. 
 
 Wholesale Grocers— 
 
 JoH^• it Thomas Si'lly, 42 Main street. 
 
 Wliolesale and Retail Grocer — 
 
 Alexander Sloan, 82 Main street. 
 
 Wines and Liquors— 
 
 .MiHRAY & HitoTHKR, 7 Tcrrace street. See 
 lulvertLsenient. 
 
 Woolen and Clothing Store— 
 
 Altman k Co., 40 Pearl street. 
 
BARNUM'S GREAT VARIETY STORE, 
 
 211 Main St., Buffalo, N. Y., 
 
 ImixirtiT micl Doalor in ForciRu niul Doniostio Fancy 
 
 OiHiils, Fisliini; Tncklo, Toys, Berlin Worsted, Silks, 
 
 Thn'Hcls, Ndodlos, Mcorsliauni Pipes, Military and Koi?a- 
 
 !ia TriMiiiiiniis, Dress TrimminRs, Hiitloiis, Corsets, skirts, 
 
 l,eatlii;r Drossirm' Cases, 4^c^ llaskels. Fans, Indian 
 
 j (J lods, Ciiiios, Willow and Wooden Ware, Cnllery, For- 
 
 • funurv, Hiibbor and Outta Fcrclia Goods, and Yankee 
 
 I Noiions, Sic^ S. O. BARNIIM. 
 
 WM. H. WOODWARD, 
 
 nVioUnale if Hflall Mfraltr *»• 
 
 Straw Goods, ArtiOcial Flowers, 
 
 j BIBBONS, SILKS, SATINS, 
 
 j VELVETS & MILLINERY GOODS, 
 
 I 287 & S89 MAIN ST., BUFFALO. 
 I Corner of Kaffltm 
 
 OLrHARDWARE STORE, 
 
 Established in 1818. 
 
 DE WITT C. WEED & CO., 
 
 j aaa lUnin street, corner Swan, 
 
 I (At the Siyn o/ihe Mill Saw,) 
 
 I 
 
 [ sxjffjA-lo, isr. "ST., 
 
 I DKAl.Ens IN EVEIIY VAUIETY OK 
 
 ' AMERICAN, GERMAN & ENGLISH 
 HARDWARE. 
 
 DK WITT C. WKED, GKO. nK.M.S, WM. A. ANDERSON. 
 
 "buffalo MECIIAMCS' TOOL WORKS^ 
 
 TDCE 
 
 TOOLSA 
 
 V '^'2 CHIOS'^ : 
 
 CORNER INDIANA, 
 
 Manufacture Warranted 
 
 COOPERS', CARPENTERS', 
 
 SHIF-BTJILIDEnS' 
 
 AND 
 
 JOINERS' TOOLS; 
 
 Planing, Tobaced, Shingle, and 
 Machine Knives, 
 
 With a pnictkal experience of over 32 years. 
 
 LKDNAItl) WHITE. I. JEWETT WHITE. 
 
 GIBBONS &, HAGER, 
 
 MANrFACTl'IlEnS OP 
 
 GINGER WINE, NATIVE WINES, 
 
 LEMON SYRUP, SARSAPAIULLA SODA, 
 
 M»o a atntral ^atorlment of Syrupg, 
 
 57 Exchange St., Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 Orders rcsi«H-t fully solicited and pniinptly attendiMl to. 
 
 T. MURRAY. II. .Ml-RRAY. 
 
 MURRAY 8l BROTHER, 
 
 Imiiorlerii <C Wholesale Dealers in 
 
 \¥l^EH AI¥D I.I<trORf!i, 
 
 ISrO. 7 TERHA-OE, 
 
 (BctwoDn Main H Fiarl »ts ) 
 
 Muffalo, jy\ t*. 
 
 Also, Airents for Turner's Oineer Wine, Syrups, &c. 
 r^ OrdiTs promptly attended to. 
 
 (FOHMEIII.Y KOWE AND CO..) 
 
 Wholesale & Retail Dealer in 
 
 OYSTERS, 
 
 FOREIC^IV FRUIT, 
 
 Sardines, Sauces, Pickles, 
 HERMETICALLY SEALED GOODS, 
 
 tec, jcc, 
 
 197 inain St., BuflTalo, IV. Y. 
 JOB ALBERGER, 
 
 Wholesale cC- Iletail Dealer in 
 
 HAMS, SHOILDERS, BAfON, 
 
 Drieil ISimM', T.anl, I'ork, Hief, Tallow and (iroesi'i also, 
 all kinds of Fresh .Mrats. 
 
 Cor. Terrace & Franklin Sts., 
 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 iraLO'CITrSTEAM TlRMMi WORKS. 
 JONEI'H SI OR, 
 
 Turner & Manuf:icturer of all kinds of Mahog> 
 any, Aosewood, Walnut and Cherry 
 
 NEWEL POSTS, 
 
 ]TIE€IIA]VIC STREET, 
 
 {.\V((;' the corner of 7'errae<\) 
 
 BXJFF-A.aL,0, 3Sr."2'. 
 
 Newel Posts, liaiiiiisters, Teiiplii Halls and Pins 
 constantly on liaiiil, or made to order. Als<i, all kinds 
 of licavy Turiiliiv, Windlasses, ic, for limit work. 
 .Ml work done in tlic neatest manner and warranted. 
 
 EUGENE W. SMITH, 
 
 Shaving, Hair Gutting, 
 
 AM) 
 
 BATHING ROOMS; 
 
 .#/.*«, tltnllrmtn^* fumiKMnif UoodH, 
 
 4 EAST SENEOA ST., BTTFFALO. 
 
NEW SEED AND AGRICULTURAL HOUSE 
 FIELB, GARDEN & FLOWER SEEDS 
 
 Of choice, fresh American and Imported Varieties. (Src Cutdloffues.) 
 A-GmiOTTIiTTTH-A-Ij <te HOHTIOXTriTXTR-A-Ij TOOLS 
 
 Of the latest and most approved styles. (Catdloi/iicKfurjiiiihccl) 
 
 Trees, Plants, Fertilizers, "Wire-Work, Agricultural Boots, Drain Tiles, &c., 
 Every thing in my line of business, in any quantity. 
 
 25 Packets of choice Flower Seeds for ?!l.OO, Inj moil post-paid. 
 SCOVILL'S ROTARY SIB-SOIL ATTACHMENT TO COMMON PLOUGHS, 
 
 By the n^e of which one-third is added to the crop. The great invention of the age. 
 
 JC^*" (I'lrdi'iii'r-i itni! Iteiih'rx will ita wi'll to ftroiir )ne with tlitir urilers. Liberal adccncfments 
 tnaac on conxii/inin'iiti (if (loiiu-itir ntfil-t. 
 
 GEO. F. NEEDIIAJVI, Buffalo, N. Y., 209 main Street. 
 
 ENGRAVING 
 
 G. D. WIGHTMAN, 
 
 156 Main St., (Up-stairs,) 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 o Book Illustrations, Drawing: and 
 EuM:ravingr Portraits, liuudscapes, 
 Views of Hotels, Stores, Steam- 
 boats, Machinery, Societies' 
 Seals, Business Cards, 
 
 ORNAMENTAL BILL HEADS, CERTIFICATES, 
 
 I..MKJE OR SM.M.I., 
 
 Show Bills, in Colours, Engraved to order. 
 
 ^ STEREOTYPES OR ELECTROTYPES FURNISHED, IF REQUIRED. 
 
 Oriln;t fhnn a Distance mud be accompanied by Drawinijn or a Dague rreoty pe n fthe object r equired. 
 
CLARENDON, 
 
 MAIN STREET, 
 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 E. RICKCOHDS, Proprietor, 
 
 BEIViVET 
 
 TE3IPERANCE HOUSE, 
 
 85 MAIN STREET, 
 
 BUFFAIO, NEW YORK. 
 
 The SuliJoriber, havini,' loused tlie njxtvo 
 house for a teriii of years, ami newly fitted 
 and furnished the same, is prepared to ac- 
 commodate all who may favour him with a 
 call on the most reasonalde terms. 
 
 This house is conveniently located, bcintf 
 between the Eastern and Western depots, and 
 convenient to the Steamboat landing. Our 
 beds are of the liesi, quality. Rooms airy 
 and light. Teuns, ^\M0 \nr day. 
 
 N. B. THORP, Proprietor. 
 
 IMMNTYRE HOUSE, 
 
 Cor. Exchange & Beak Sts., 
 
 Ten rods from the Great Union Kuilroud Depot, 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 J. L. BATKS, I'noPR. 
 
 F. O. HILL, 
 
 MANl'FACrrKEIl OK 
 
 TIN, COPPER & SHEET IRONWARE. 
 
 DEiI.EB IN 
 
 Stoves, Hollow and Britannia Ware, 
 
 OISTERN-PUMPS, <cc. 
 
 AOKST FOR 
 
 IIot-Wa(«r, Hot-Air, k Vontiljifinsf Fiimafe;!, 
 
 J'ortiilile FiiriKicei, ffedeiilmri/ lleit^frn, Fiiniiire 
 I/ej/hterK, l'eiiti/<iti>rn, fdoi-iiiy/iiiiiyi'n, iC-c. 
 Piirliciilar iiitiMiliim piiiil to Wiiriiiiiiu' iiciil Vi'iitiluiiuu' 
 Priviilc nnd Hnlilii- lliillilincs. (i;ilniin/,i'il (lilltrrs, ('(ir- 
 iiiriis, iinil all kinds cil' .Inh wurk iiiiuli' fn i.rilcr. 
 
 see i^-A.i3sr street, 
 
 orrosrrK the ciiiik iiks, 
 
 BuiraBo, Mew York. 
 
 WESTERN HOTEL, 
 Cor. Pearl Street & Terrace, 
 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 I). B. HULL, Pkop'r. 
 Tertns, $1.35 ptr day. 
 
 LCTVEvJ O Y HO USE, 
 
 ISAAC K. PUTMAN, Prop'r, 
 Cor. Pearl &. Terrace Streets, 
 
 Aear the I)epiit ami Steamhnat LaiuHiiff, 
 
 BUI- FAI.O, N. Y. 
 Board, One Dollar per Dav. 
 
 HART, BALL & HART, 
 
 MAM'FACTURERS OP PLI'MIIERS' GOODS, 
 
 Hot-Air & Hot-Water Furnaces, 
 257 Main Street, Buffalo, N. T. 
 
 HARDIKER & TOY, 
 
 PLUMBERS, GAS & STEAM FITTERS, 
 
 Furnaces Imllt and repaired, Tin, Copper, and 
 i>lieet Iron Work. All tmrk- iidniiiitnl, 
 
 COUNKR i:.\GLK AM) MAIX STKKKTS, 
 
 Under St. James's Hotel, 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. _ 
 
 BANKING IK )rSE 
 
 OP 
 
 MANCHESTER 8c RICH, 
 
 Cor. Main & Seneca Sts., 
 
 BROWN'S BUILDINGS, BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 Sti)ci-K, /liiiiilx, ("itij iinil Conilji (>rilei;i, Xoti'f, 
 /.mill \l'(i rrd II ti, mill nt/ier ni'riirilirH iifgiilititeil. 
 
 /Irii/ti fiir Kiile (in tlie jirincijiiil ( 'itim u/ the 
 Unittil .siiiten iiiiil Knnijie. 
 
 ('orreHiMindenlfl. 
 
 I.nnilnn — The (Jenenil Itank of Hnitzerland. 
 I'lirin — The (ieneral Hank of .''wllzerland. 
 l>iihliii—y\es<>n. David I.a Toui'lie & I o. 
 Belj'iiHt—}.\t. Herbert Dale. 
 
 GAS & WATER. 
 
 The I'mlevsidiieil, hnriim iiiivchamil the Iiiterent 
 of T. S. HAMl'TOX, ill the iihl eKtuhtixheil 
 
 GAS FITT1.\G AND PLUMDI\G BISIMSS, ': 
 
 ON TI(K CnilNKK OF , 
 
 Pearl & Seneca Streets, Buffalo, | 
 
 Bef? leiivo to rull tlif* MttrntKMi of tlnir frii'mls and 
 piilrons, iiml the luihhr t'cycnillv. In tlii'irs[ili'iulul ussurt- I 
 liKMit of (Jiis Kixttiri.s. lit IIm,' htlcst, uiul iimsr 'ippnivrd 
 styles and piitttTiis, wliicli tiny will m'II ut twenty |kt 
 cent, lower than any otlicr cstahlislinicMt m tnwn. 
 
 Wc would also hue It'uve to call iitti iitiim to oiir snpo- 1 
 rior advantages for douiir Hhiinhnm wurk. in all its ' 
 brariohes. Heinir pracljral intThanics (nirsclvcs, and ! 
 eniphivinff sonio of the ln"<t wnrivon-n ni town, we will 
 warrant all work done hy us ONK YKAU. We would 
 most respectfully soliril a share of pnhlic pitlronai;e. 
 
 DOLAN & SELFERT, 
 
 (Snccenmrn to T. S. Iliimpton.) 
 
 BEN. D. PAUKINXiV. 
 
 l.r. W S hMITlI 
 
 PARKINSON & SMITH, 
 CIVIL & SUBMARINE ENGINEERS, 
 
 No. 7 Brown's Buildings, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 W»' hold unrMdvcs hi readiness at all limes to mvf im- 
 tneilnitd atlcntioii to all kinds of Hailroad and Cinial I'li- 
 irineerinir, and to the removal of sunken vc-ssels and rocks 
 hy the liitrst anil most apprnved inelhtHls. 
 
 CHARLES W. EVANS, 
 Storage, Produce, & Coal Merchant, 
 
 Ovait, Eleintor, uiul H'lirilioiixen till the 
 fSfini'H Shi/> I'll lull, 
 
 BUFFAIX), N. Y. 
 
 AttcntioTi ttivcii to Ihi' inircliiisi' ami ^liirnnriit iif craiii. 
 and to kiiiipniK diHi'ruiit c|\i:iliUis llicrnir sriiaratr; and 
 to the drynii.' of wet or damp CTani ; also to screunniu' and 
 cleanniKKrain. 
 
iON WARE, 
 inia Ware, 
 
 EC. 
 
 isf Fiirnafos, 
 
 ii^fru, FiiriKife 
 ''iiiiffi-n, ,(■■(•. 
 
 iiri<l Vi-ntiliilitii; 
 cil (JiiltiTs, Ciir- 
 
 (inicr, 
 
 >rk. 
 HART," 
 
 3, 
 
 m GOODS. 
 
 -naces, 
 lo, N. Y. 
 
 OY, 
 
 1 FITTERS, 
 
 Copper, and 
 (irriiiitfil, 
 
 S STKKKTS, 
 itel, 
 . Y, 
 
 USE 
 (, RICH, 
 
 L Sts., 
 
 FALO, N. Y. 
 
 'leu tiegiithited. 
 il < itiin (</' the 
 
 'nilzeilaml. I 
 
 ilzfrliind. 
 
 le & I 0. 
 
 I.e. W. S. SMITH. 
 
 ITH, 
 
 NGINEERS, 
 
 falo, N. Y. 
 
 liiiH's ti) uivt' iin- 
 i<t unci CiiiKil I'li- 
 vi-ss(ils uiid rncks 
 
 Merchant, 
 
 uaen on the 
 Y. 
 
 lupinrnt of cmin, 
 "ul srpnriitf ; :iimI 
 I) to fccruunuiu niul 
 
 PICKERING &, OTTO, 
 
 Shipping, Insurance & General Commission Agents, 
 
 IJrokors for tlie Purchase and Sale of Honds and Mortgages, Stocks, Land Warrants, and Real 
 Estiitf, in tliis and in all the Western rftutea. Houses rented, Money securely inrested, Loans, 
 and Foreign and Domestic Exeliangc negotiated. Gold and Silver bought and sold. 
 
 Keniittunces made to England, Ireland, Scotland, and the Continent of Europe. 
 
 Agents for the "(jiasgow and New York Steamship Com])any." 
 
 Collections made throughout the United States and the Canadas. 
 our core shall receive prompt attention. 
 
 All business entrusted to 
 
 EDOAB F. PICKERING & JOHN OTTO, Buffalo, N. T. 
 
 REFERENCES; 
 
 JASPER CORNINO b SON, Bankers, New. York. 
 KinVAHD CORNINO & CO,. Imixirtors, Now Yiirk. 
 TIIO.S OTIS LKROV & CO., Merchants, New York. 
 ANDREW J. RICH, President Bank of Attica, BulTttlo. 
 
 JOHN S. GANSON, Pres. New York & Erie Bk. Buflnlo. 
 JOHN L. KIMBEHLY, Pres. BulFalo City Bk., BulTalo. 
 H. HOWARD, Esq., Scc'y BulTalo Savings Bk., Bufl'alo. 
 ROBINSON & CO., Bankers, Buiralo. 
 
 THE BUFFALO DAILY REPUBLIC & TIMES 
 PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT 
 
 Invite the attention of Railroad Superintendents, Steamboat and Vessel Owners, Express 
 Companies, Korworder.s, Rankers, Lawyers, Mechanics, Business Men, to the facilities offered 
 ill the lino of I'rinting, Ruling, Rinding, and every thing pertaining to the Printing and Pub- 
 lishing business. It has one of the 
 
 LARGEST JOB OFFICES 
 
 In the State, superintended by competent mechanics, and is enabled to execute oil manner of 
 PI.A1IV, FAIVCY, & OKIVAHIENTAL. PKIIVTINO, 
 
 Railroad Circulars, Cards, Posters, Coupon and Locid Tickets, Trip Sheets, Embellished and 
 Embossed Show Rills, I'rogramines, Rills of Fare, and all and every manner of Printing, in a 
 style e<)uol to any establishment in the State. 
 
 The Daily " Rkiuiblic and Times," is published at the same office, and delivered to mail sub- 
 scribers, at Six Dollars per year, {'Us. sfg.) payment in advance. 
 
 C. C. BRISTOIi, Editor and Manager, 
 
 Republic Buildings, 182 Washington Street, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 A. M. CLAPP & CO., PUBLISHERS & PROPRIETORS 
 
 Ofthefullowing leading XewKpapera in. Western Kew York : 
 
 BUFFALO MORNING EXPRESS; 
 
 Daily, at JO. 00 per annum. Having the largest circulation of any Daily West of New York, 
 it offers the best medium for advertising of any Paper in the city. 
 
 BUFFALO TRI-WEEKLY EXPRESS; 
 
 $3.00 per annum. Gives all the Rending matter of the Daily, and has a large country circula- 
 tion. All JS'eiv AiU'ertintiiients puUished in the Ikiily are iiinerted in the Tri- Wceliy without charge. 
 
 BXJFFA-LO -WEEKLTT EXI>I*ESS, 
 
 $1.00 per annum. This Paper has u veiy large and increasing circulation in this and adjoin- 
 ing counties, and in the Western States. 
 
 JAMES H. SANDFORD, Proprietor, 
 Office, 192 Washington St., Bu£Falo, N. Y. 
 
 The Daihi Courier., . . $G.OO per annum, in advance. 
 The Tri-'Weekbi Courier, $3.00 
 The Weekly Courier, . $1.00 
 
 There is oonnected with the Publishing Oflice, an extensive BOOK AND 
 JOB PRINTIIVO OFFICE. All orders addressed to the Proprietor 
 will receive immediate attention. 
 
 JAMES H. SANDFORD, Buffalo, N. T. 
 
 (i 
 
[Pll 
 
 DuBiNo the winter f 
 
 and Moutruftl. via tl« 
 
 between Great Britai 
 
 gera and cargo arc la 
 
 It having been dec 
 
 England, we annex t 
 
 rortland— althoug 
 
 most easterly State i 
 
 situated upon a pen 
 
 about '200 feet al.o 
 
 natural, safe, and sj 
 
 at the entrance, wh 
 
 defended by two ai 
 
 in width, two for v 
 
 and Brandiall UiH 
 
 nificent views, esp 
 
 BurroundiPg count 
 
 "White Mountains 
 
 azure depths of th 
 
 16 schools, in adO 
 parties, have beei 
 
 ary amount of ai 
 
 jnarble-fronted li 
 
 several other elc 
 
 trcal Ocean Stea 
 
 evly direction, ai 
 
 Trunk Railway 
 
 sengers and frei 
 
 traffic Bouthwai 
 
 the " Leviathai 
 
 pected to sail 1 
 
 undoubtedly c< 
 
 nearly doublet 
 
 ■was only 1 in 
 
 tributed to th 
 
 ^ay, for the 
 
 be found witl 
 
 omit to add t 
 
 a reduction c 
 
 extend their 
 
 Population S 
 
91 
 
 POBTLAND, MAINE. 
 CITY OF PORTLAND, (MAINE.) 
 
 „ost easterly 8Ute m t^ U. on. a ,,,Uhern and ^-^l^^^^^^ ^ay. ^vhich forms a 
 Bituatcd upon a P«=""«^J;;" "^^ „f a.e sea. and «""°""^'^'\^f„2 ^Iv land-locked, except 
 about '200 feet f'"-.^":;!;, for the largest sWpP">g.-"^ i. only 
 
 natural, safe, and ^^!^'^;ZX^n^' -^oo^^"^ °"' ^^ ' " ;«) Promenades 160 feet 
 at the entrance, wlueh »"^; ^^ ^^^^^ J, called Preble and » '^^^^^i^jes of Mount Joy 
 aefended by two art.fie- foj^^ii- ^^^^^ ^^^. riding run rount^-^^^ ^^ ^^^, „ „„ 
 in width, two f°^. ;'* "f^ ,i„g splendid opportumUes fo"- J^"" ,i,i ping, islands, and 
 
 and Brandmll Ui", f"^ , ^ tie Observatory of the town, ha.bou l i ^^ ^j^^ 
 
 nifieent views, ^^P-^'^^y ^^^.^ Ud, stretching right ^-^y^^Jr rigM onwards into the 
 surrounding ^^^^^^^t^l, carrying the eye of ^;;P-f; ^^.a, ,4 churches aud 
 White Mountain n the we .^ ^,^^ J^ JbUc associations and prxv=.te 
 
 trcal Ocean S^eamslnp Company s ^^^ ^^ .^^^^^_ ^^ ^,^^^, '^r ansportation both of pas- 
 
 evly directum, '^^^^^^'^'^JZ'lo^^^^^-' ^^ ''"^ '"^^f " '': el of railroad carries the 
 Trunk Railway Depot st nd co ^^^^^^_ ^^^^^,^ ^v " rea" y been appropriated to 
 
 ,,„gers and ^-ig^^t ^o U^^er ". ^^^^^ ^^.,^ ^^.tre't Easter n," which is ex- 
 
 traffic southwards to Boston a aesignatcd the Great ^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^^ 
 
 the " Leviathan," or, as it has oce . ^^^ Portland, and the arr ^^^^ 
 
 peetedtosailhetween-;^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 undoubtedly -f \^f^ "Ji^^, ,ast U y<^--. ^''^T^^t'^afet which is generally at- 
 nearly doubled itself within tuc . ^^^,3 to 1 m 44-a lact ^ ^^^.^. 
 
 Z Inly 1 in 70 fi^^X" ^i -s since the estabU^h-n ^l^^^^L^M scarcely 
 tributed to the great ^"^-"^^^^ ^^„„aucivc to the health of its^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^, „ot 
 
 ^ay •. for the site of - ^-"j"^,^ ^^e^ean Continent, in ev d -^ ^^^. ,,^ ^^^, ,, 
 
 Population 28,000. r*" 
 
 1 
 
 EINUE, 
 
 SON. 
 
 -» 
 
 EET, 
 
 t. 
 
 '.clor. 
 
 inr the 
 itiiiiino- 
 I'liore 
 til this 
 es c!tU 
 fill ul- 
 
 ioh. 
 
 , Hny 
 
 IT Ilt- 
 'Jdlll- 
 
 :lioiit 
 
 IfCt- 
 
 :s, 
 
 tch 
 roil 
 
 nil 
 
', I 
 
 92 
 
 DETROIT, MICHIGAN. 
 
 CITY OF DETROIT. (MICHIGAN.) 
 
 [Dlstttnl from QucU*, 104 j New York, 6H) ; SiiniH'inlon Urt J|re, 55» i Milwuukuu, 335 j CliloRp., SfU mllpi.] 
 
 " Detroit, a flourisliing city nnd port of entry of the St«tp of Mifliitrnn, nnd icat of jus- 
 tice of Wayne County, <m Detroit Kiver, 18 inilei* niiovo the liend of Lake Eric It is 
 beautifully situated on the AV. bank of the river, whioh is here ahout half a mile uide, 
 and fonns one of the finest harbours in the United States. The jiart of the eity eontifju- 
 ou9 to the river ia built on n rectnnu;ular plan, extending 12fiO feet baek from the i^horc ; 
 the ppaco beyond this is divided into trianirular sections by n number nf avenues, which 
 converge to an open area called the Grand Circus. These avenues vary in width from 120 
 to 200 feet. The principal buildings and public offices are situated on .Jefferson andAVood- 
 ward avenues. Tlie city is adorned with several public square.-, one of which is named 
 the Campus Martins. Jefferson nvenue, one of the finest streets in the eity, is well ]iaved, 
 •with brick and stone sidewalks. Woodward avenue, crossing the first at right angles, 
 is the principal business street. Congress street is also distinguished for its fine ap|iear- 
 nnce. Among the remarkable edifices may be mentioned the old State House, a commodi- 
 ous brick building, 90 feet by fiO, with a dome and steejile 110 feet high, which eonunands 
 ftn extensive view, embracing the eity with its environs. Lake St. Clair and the Caniidian 
 shore; the City Hall, which is a brick building 100 feet by 60, nnd the J^ank of Michignn, 
 a substantial structure of stone, in the Grecian stvle, which cost al out !ftl(i,('ii(i, Detroit 
 has a well-organized system of public schools. It contains 2;i ehurches, 4 banks, a muse- 
 um, theatre, and two orphan asylums. Tlic railroad company liave a large brick freight 
 house, about 600 feet long bj- lOit feet wide. Ten or eleven newspapers are jMiblished in 
 Detroit, three of them daily, and the others tri-weekly, or weekly. The eity is lighted 
 with gas, and also supplied with water of the purest quality from Detroit liiver. 
 
 "Detroit is admirai)ly situated for commerce, nnd its importance is greatly eidianeed by 
 its intimate and extensive lelations with a region towards which a prodigious tide of (mi- 
 gration is flowing. By its position on the great chain of lakes, and by means of the con- 
 necting rivers and canals, it lias a ready communication with the principal centres of trade. 
 
 "The manufactures of the city are extensive and important, consisting of steam-engines 
 nnd various other kinds of machinery, mill-irons, stoves, ploughs, "cabinet warei <fce. 
 Brewing and tanning are also carried on to a considerable extent. At the different steam 
 saw mills here in operation, obout 10,000,000 feet of luniber are annually turned out. 
 
 " The trade of Detroit is immense. Population about 00,000. ' 
 
 H 
 
 f 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 .*. 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 KIpW IK K(V(il|l. 1 
 
 j ■' " ' Ni('il()LS <(- LKrAVOUll, 
 
 BOOi>i sl siiof:»4, 
 
 166 JEFFERSON AVENUE, 
 
 4th Door West of Woodward, Detroit, Mich, 
 
 OLIVKII r.OKliKK, 
 
 Impoiter of 
 
 TEAS, COFFEES, SEGARS, 
 nraiidies, Hiiirs & Liquors, 
 
 \'4'i .li:i"Ii:i{S()N AVl^NHK, 
 
 WM. T. WHEELER & 00.7 " 
 
 IJIDDLK IIOl SK, 
 
 COR. OF JEFFERSON AVENUE, 
 
 AND RANDOLPH STREET, 
 
 Bv OKVILLK H. DIHIU.K & SON. 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 WESTERN HOTEU~ 
 178 & 182 WOODBRIDQE STREET, 
 
 Cor. Ml llunl at Mirliuuii (Vmtnil H. Diput. 
 
 AIJ:\\:>{1IKR LK\nilK\rKR, IVoprlrlor. 
 
 This iilil-r.><tiih';i:.liri| Hulil ik iMiiiH>ilml<'lv nnir tliti 
 Stciiinliixit KiiriduiL'K. !t is Inniislit'il with nil nccinniiiu- 
 ihilloris lll;^'^)^Mt^v In ttin ctiiiirurt nf thn InivcUiT, Tht'n; 
 IH n<i htHtiT sdihtmi; Uciii thiit iii cninuMMinn v/ith thtK 
 llHtcl. All Ihu clly ummhusfs mid stmri) rniirhi'S r:ill 
 iluily for imssiMiKcrs,' Thfi portrrH )»l' thi.s housu will al- 
 wiiyh ttt; fnurid iiltrativi! iiiitl truNtwnrthy. 
 
 FRANCIS 'CMUWF( )RT);"~ 
 
 Commission Merchants, land and TAX AGENT, 
 
 s .„„■ MM.i <; M.s w;,r.. .,; vvhMi. v,i. , v,.nn« wm, Office over 168 Jefferson Av., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 iirniliiMl I'iii hilars AlMi, Aui'ils liir Kh;i;'|''» I'aliul :iii<l Will liiiv :illil s-c II l.uiliK. Cily l.iits. Coppur StiicUs. I'ay 
 
 K' ro>iiii' l,iiiii;i'-. KfTiiMiH iiiicl < 'm Ii.mi (tiN. ,Vc Tavi's. Mmiiihiic I iI U's, l.nan !\Ii)iii'V. *i.'. I'liriictiliir al- 
 
 no TT'T7X'T7'DCmff 4 WT'WTT'P Iciilloii |,aiil In Hnvliii; anil SiMIiml' ( 'mip|"T Slucks cil' ('.iiii- 
 
 aO J XiX JC Ei AOUJN AVXirlUXi, . paiinslucaiicl m D'inm.ariil nl Wilil l.aiulH tliriMiulioiit 
 
 t .1 "iMi. ii'i' \t 1. •! I tilt' Stat.', anil ^M II (In u (ioiK.-rul Cniiiini.'«Mnii aii.l Culk'rt- 
 
 I'l'.l K< )1 1 , .Mil II. iiij; llllMMl^S. 
 
 B. G. STIaMSO?^, 'DETROIT WIRE WORKS, 
 
 PRODUCE, COMMISSION & SHIPPING 102 Wood\var<1 Avenue. 
 
 lk<EEI^CHA.I>TT, WII.I.IAM SNOW, rilnniiraiturtT and D.-aUr in Urnsu 
 
 Warehouse on Dock foot of Bates St., ^„,„„r „„u,nL. cinuts, r.^u-.. Bn,»s, st,...i a„,i m,,, 
 
 I >l'',ri;i »rl'. MICII. Wir.'.Hl.lJU's, sieves Wnnclaninm C'tr^.'s, Sand S.'ni.ns 
 
 l.thiTiil Acliinii'.'s mail.' .m i.rii.hn'c I'nr Salf in tlusnr mnl Chcisn SalVs. Wiiiilnw (inar.N amlWin^ Work .'fall 
 
 i;a»li'rn .Maikt't^. 
 
 lli'SCrilitlnlis, 11111(1.' l(( (.llltT. 
 
 DAVID IMIKSTUN &i iO., liWklMlS & RR()KI:R8, 
 
 1S7 JEFFERSO:i>3- -A.-VE3NrTJE, IDETROIT, IvUCH:. 
 
 I^Klnblliiltrit, 'Unif, I H't'i. Onirr Uourn I'rom S •/. .?*. to 't I'. .71, 
 
 All clii^^i's nt" Hank Nnt.'s. Ann 1 ii'an ami I''nri'mn ti .1.1 aiul Silvr Cmns i-nrcha^ril at niir (inntt'd rates. 
 CDl.l.KCrlONS.-- \Vr :,v |ii. ].aii'il in maki' cnlh.'tlni.-, m cm ry |.arl nl' the riiUcil SLalns anil in llni Canailas, 
 
 THE U. S. BANK-NOTE AND COMMERCIAL REPORTEK, 
 
 Is piililishcd scnii-iiMiiihly I v |)\\ id I'kks ion N: ( 'n , at i iM', Ik il.l, Ali iht \. :.r. in aiUaacc, Cniii C'liurt iiirludi'il. 
 
 Ushihllshrtl in .f<?jir, 1n;15. 
 
 Detroit Daily, Weekly & Semi-Weekly 
 
 A. IJ V K li TIBER, 
 
 212 .IKl FI:RS0\ AVKMK, DETROIT, MIIH. 
 
 Tin; i.i.iiKsi' A.\i> i.\K(ii;-:T 
 
 P R T N T I N (I E S T A l'> 1. 1 S II :\[ E N T 
 
 I!V THE IVORTII-MEST. 
 
 i;vi;iiv VAr.n;iv ok 
 
 BOOK ANI3 JO 33 PRINTING 
 Mionr on thf Shorlrst .Voiice, 
 
 T E I^ IvO: S : 
 
 iJdilij A(Ivrr(i.wr, to Midi Sii/mcfiftcrH, $6.00 per annum.. 
 
 Jhiihi A(lvcrtmi\ to Oiti/ Subscribers, I2ic. per week, or 6.00 " " 
 
 Semi- Wt'cl-hi Adrertiscr, 2.00 " " 
 
 Weelh/ Adrcrtmr, 1.00 " 
 
DETROIT, MICHIGAN. 
 
 JOHN H ANNA. I. I'- FAHNNWORTII, 
 WholcHHln TobllccoillKt, WIioI.huIi- imd U.'lail Dcalrri in IIoi.Ih Shoes, 
 112 W..o,lwur,l Avunu... i '""' •■'•"""•'' Kiii.linKs, <;■• W Iwiml Av. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. 
 
 CRAWFtHtlJ & NON, 
 
 WHOI,KSAI,K IKON, NAII. * HTKKI, MKIK HANTS, 
 11 South Wellii, Uolililin' Iron lllock. 
 
 WM. SCOTT STEWAET, 
 COMMISSION MHUC II ANT. 
 
 !i4 lllvfr Slifi't. 
 
 JOHN H.WEBER &. CO., 
 
 WHOLESALK UKALKKH IN HATS, l'AI>8, 4c., 
 2t1fl nnil 2(17 South Water flrctt. 
 
 CHELES H. 8CBIVEN, 
 
 A I) V K KT 1 S 1 N (i A (J V. NT, 
 
 \ fid Dearlinrn Street. 
 
 LAIIMAN, AIKEN A CO., 
 \VHOr/i;SAI.1', (JROCKRS, 
 
 Ul South Water Street. 
 
 ~ MOREY & STUART, 
 
 ProHuft Cummtmlon ^Tltrrhnnt; 
 
 8 Doll'ii lIulldliiK. <-<>i'. nf Clark and South Water St«. 
 
 THEODORE M. DOGOETT, 
 fAtivyrr, 
 
 U Sonth Clark .Street. 
 
 STEVENS & BROTHER, 
 
 C M MISSION M E R (• H A N T S , 
 
 1H2 Kenzli! Street. 
 
 CiKO, M. HAWKS, 
 ARCHITECT, 
 
 63 Dcarhorii Street. 
 
 Gookins, Thonian & Hobcrts, 
 
 ATTORNEYS A COUNSKIJ.OHS AT LAW, 
 
 89 null 01 DeiirWorn .Street. 
 
 O. -W. •Y.-EIiB"5r, 
 
 DEALKK IN LANDS AND LOOATINU LANDS, 
 
 82 Dciirhorii Street. 
 
 ALHERT S. EVANS, 
 BANKER, 30 CLARK STREET. 
 
 MORFORD BRDTIIKRS, 
 Banker a. 
 
 Corner of Clark Hiui Lake StreetH. 
 
 CHARLES E. HAAS, 
 
 Til l^oulh (lark Street. 
 
 W. B. C ''EABODY, 
 »/it'chHect, 
 
 112 liearhorn Street. I 
 
 .1. 15. V. RUSSELL. 
 Land ARcnt and Notary Public, 
 
 lU Dearborn Street. 
 
 ~ I-' AY S: CO., I 
 PRODUCE COMMISSION MERCHANTS, ' 
 
 14 .South Clark Street. 
 
 W. U. TUCKEB ft J. SCUO£NEWALD, 
 ATTORNEY AT LAW, 
 
 54 South Wells Street. 
 
 MARSH, llAKWOOK A (X)., 
 
 Sft South Water Street. 
 
 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. 
 
 Downer, La Due & Jenkins, 
 
 ATTOUNEVS A S () M (' IT O RS, 
 
 r(inieri)f Kiist W;i'eriiii(l Wiscoii'-iii SIrrii'ts. 
 
 WILLIAM YOUNG, 
 
 Produce, I'fovision, & Coiiiniis.sioii .Moi'cliant, 
 Soiilli Wii'er SlruL'l. 
 
 W. IIKNRV HOLLAND. 1 
 
 General Insurance Agent, 
 
 12 Ncwlmll Iliinsr. 
 
 HENRY L. (;AR1)INER, 
 LTJlvIBER aS/EERCKA-lSrT, j 
 
 West W;itiT street 
 
 SAMUEL BISHOP, 
 
 ATTORNEY AT LAW, 171 E,\st Watku St. 
 
 BUTLER, MARTIN 8t GIFFORD, 
 E.aui}/frs, 
 
 I.ui][liM<;t()irs nlerk. 
 
 G. VON DEUTRCH, 
 Lawyer, 22 li EastWater Street, 
 
 BUTLER, BUTTRICK & COTTRILL, 
 Attorneys, Luddington's Block. 
 
 KMiL si'an(;i;ni5KI{(;, 
 
 Lawyer, and Consul of PrusBia. Hesse 
 
 Darmstadt, Baden and Oldenburg. j 
 
 NICHOLS, KIM'IT k CO.. \ 
 Pfoduec, Storaye tO Coiiiiiiis.iii/u MarfniHtii, 
 
 Ceatral Wharf, eor. ul South Wiiter 4: Ferry ,Sts. \ 
 
 I'ALMER .t STARK, ' 
 ATTORNEYS &, COUNSELLORS, 
 
 Cor of Kast Water Sc MicliiKuu Slroils. 
 
 SMALL & COGSWKLL, 
 Attorneys and CounscllorN, 
 
 1 ('(irner nfVInst Water itiid ■Mirliiijrin Stn^cts. 
 
 V. U. MILKS ,t CO.. , 
 I'rodin'c, Slofatjr ((' (^ij]iiiiiisxioji Mcrchantt, 
 
 Kric Strr''t, Foot of Maui. i 
 
Til, 
 
 Hoottt, Hliocs, 
 ilwanl Av. 
 
 J K N T , 
 
 f'O., 
 XJKliS, 
 
 It, 
 
 ith Water Ht«. 
 
 lETT, ! 
 
 I 
 
 HER, 
 
 H ANTS, 
 
 Iv S , 
 
 LI,, 
 Public, 
 
 tCHANTS, 
 
 I). 
 
 Agent, 
 
 ;r, 
 :A.3srT, 
 
 ia, Hesse 
 
 burg. 
 )., 
 
 MervlntntK, 
 
 'crry Sts. 
 
 LLORS, 
 
 "•ts. 
 
 Merchanta, 
 
 I 
 
 AKKIJS vV WAUNKU, 
 Produce Commission Itlercliants, 
 
 101 KENZIE ST., CHICAOO, ILL. 
 
 Ml'NN, SCOTT & CO., 
 
 Commission Merchants 
 
 AM) (iUAIN HI.KVATOKS, 
 ilMO Wat4>i' Ntroot, f'liiciiKO, 111. 
 
 W. W. McLEAN &. CO., 
 
 I'lioDii'E AM) nnniissiiiN meiiciiams, 
 
 'IVA SOUTH WATKR STllKET, 
 Chicago. 111. 
 I'lirtiniliir itttLMillmi given to tlie purcliueof Oraln, 
 
 I'lmir, SiC. 
 
 BKFKH TO 
 
 Mi'Ksrii. (irny k (IIuhhcII, New Vnrk. 
 
 " Hiirvi'V.SciiilcliT .t t'"., llii.Htnn. 
 
 " (illiliH,'(irtlllM k Co., CliiciiK'i, III. 
 
 " Miiiit!('r& .\riiiciiir, CIiIimho, III. 
 
 " Caiiriiiii k Miillliiws, llalllinnrf, Miiryliind. 
 
 " llu(lmiiiiii,.liiliiis.t riiurcli, Diivuuport, low*. 
 J. .1. Newciiiiil), lliiftiiri. 
 Will. ."^I. .Idliii, MiiMi-ulIni', Inwn. 
 11.(1. VIckii-v, V,*i\., (Iliiu,) ■■• CiiMoni t'o.)Biilt., Md. 
 K. K. HoiIki'V!-, Kmi,, Ciili'iH!", III. 
 i:. W. Ziiiiiiieriiiaii, K3(|., C lilcaKu, 111. 
 
 K. McCHESNKY, 
 
 Commission Merchant, 
 
 IHI SOLTll WATKll STUlUiT, 
 
 (IN STKKI.'s lll.dfK,) 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL., 
 
 will fSw iiiTsiiiial altcMiliiin 'n tlii> ))urolinsc and 
 iilil|iiiicnt iif all kliiils "f I'riiiliice. Will nlaii utteiid 
 1(1 |ii'cii'iiriii(t Kr>l)(lil fur Vl'k.«cU. 
 
 Cash ailvaiicc'8 iiiadu on produce for sale In Eastern 
 Marki'ls. 
 
 GEO. STMEL & CO., 
 
 General Conuiiissioii Merchants, 
 
 AND 
 
 PROVISIOX CORNERS, 
 
 ClIKAdd, Il.l.I.NOlS. 
 
 Hrrtr to 
 
 Messrs. fleo. Smllli k Co., Hankers, Oilcago, III. 
 
 " Hklianl Irvlii k Co., New Vork. 
 Hon. .Tolin Voiiiig, .Montreal. 
 
 BLACK BAIilTliNE, 
 
 LIVERPOOL PACKETS. 
 
 MASON tt CX)., A(ii:xTs, 
 
 .Sell Si^ht Drnfls on 
 
 ENGLAND, IRET.AND, 
 AND MOTLi.l^D, 
 
 And Passage Tickets li'oin Liverpool to fliicago. 
 o F r I o E, 
 
 150 SOUTH WATEIl ST., CHICAGO. 
 
 A. T. SIIKKMAN .V CO., 
 BANKKRH k VAm\mV. BROKIMIS, 
 
 46 CLARK ST., CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 WM. 0. ft SAML. J. KIMBALL, 
 
 FLOIIII MERCHANTS, 
 191 South Water St., Chicago, IlL 
 
 ALONZO ItlClIMOND, 
 
 182 South Water Street, Chicago, 111. 
 
 B. a-. HA-LXi ac oo., 
 IRON, NAILS, STEEL, & HEAVY HARDWARE, 
 
 WASIIINC.TOX STRHirr, 
 
 (Bet. Wells & Krunklln,) 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. 
 
 CIIAKLES STAURE'lT, 
 
 PATENT RIGHT OFFICE, 
 
 211 & 213 South Water Street, 
 
 CHICAOO, ILLINOIS. 
 
 GEO. A. rillNCE & CO., 
 
 MaiHifaclun'rs of the 
 
 r»A.TE]srT is,a:EijOi>EOisr, 
 
 110 Lake Street, Clilcago, III. ; nulTalo, N. Y. ; and 
 New York City. 
 
 "barker house, 
 
 (t'OIlMliULY DOTY's nOTKL,) 
 
 Capt. CHAS. W. BARKER, Frop'r, 
 
 80 RANDOLrU STREET, 
 (Bet. State & Denrborn,) 
 
 CHICAOO, ir.r.TNois. 
 
 This House, having heen newly fitted up and fur- 
 nbhed, Is now open for the reception of (iuests. 
 Being centrally located, the Proprietor linjies, by 
 every attention being shown to (luests, to receive 
 from the public his share of jiatronage. 
 
 Board, $1.50 per Day. 
 
 rOST-OFFICE uox, 41(11. 
 
 TIIOIVIAS p. JACK, 
 
 ENGLISH HOTEL, 
 
 201 Kenzle St., Chicago, 111. 
 
 A. WRIGHT TURNER, 
 
 Sole Agent for 
 NEW YORK OIL COMPANY, 
 
 5Iaiiufacturers of 
 
 LIBRICATIXG & LARD OIL 
 
 For all kind of Machinery. Warranted not to con- 
 geal in cold weather. .Mso, Healers in Sperm, Whale, 
 Fish, Linseed & Tanners' Oil, 4S Water Street, N. Y. 
 
 Office, No. 241 South Water Street, 
 
 (Corner Franklin Street,) 
 C H I GAG O, ILLINOIS. 
 
fmmm 
 
 'ii-'!'i:%i;\i'1i'll!:riill''i'ii;i'|i!iM|V',\i|;.i 
 
 ■■ri:i '; 
 
 
 mk 
 
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. 
 
 93 
 
 CITY OF CHICAGO, (ILLINOIS.) 
 
 [nutaiit from St. Paul, 468 ; Nuw York, Ubi ; MonlreoJ, 839 ; Milwaukee, «5 nilla.] 
 
 PiiEviors to 1831, this great commercial emporium of the north-west, was a mere trad- 
 int; jiost amidst the wigwams of the Indians, since which time it has reached a population 
 of upwards of 130,000, having doubled itself every 4 j-ears. The city is situated on the 
 south-western side of Lake Michigan, and is intersected into 3 divisions, by the River Chi- 
 cago, up wiiich trading vessels ascend for nearly 5 miles. 
 
 To its central position, with the most extensive means of communication by land and 
 water — having been continued all the way to Liverpool, (Eng.,) without transhipment, via 
 the Welland Canal and Uiver St. Lawrence — may be attributed one great cause for its 
 rapid rise and progress. 
 
 The ground on which the city stands is an extremely level plain, sufficiently elevated to 
 prevent inundation, and extending many miles towards the south and west* Tlie adjacent 
 country cciisists of beautiful and fertile prairies, interspersed with groves, and diversified 
 by gentle slopes. From a recent published account of this citj" we quote : — 
 
 " The city is laid out in rectangular blocks, with streets extending nearly north and south, 
 Biid east and west. Tiie shore of the lake, and the northern parts of the city, are occupied 
 with tlie finest residences, but the principal business is transacted on the south side of the 
 river, the banks of the south branch being lined with docks and large warehouses. Manj' 
 of the streets are paved with planks and lighted with gas. Michigan avenue, which is, 
 porliaps, the most beautiful street in the city, extends along the shore of the lake, and is 
 bordered with shade-trees. Kext to, and parallel with this, is Wabash avenue, adorned 
 with double rows of tret '. 
 
 " The most remarkable public buildings are the new Court House, the Merchants' Exchange, 
 the Marine Hospital, tiie Medical College, and the Second Ih-esbyterian Church. Tiie 
 Court House is a splendid edifice of Lockport limestone, having a prison on the first floor, 
 the county offices on the second, and a court room and town hall on the third, with a cu- 
 pola and roof of galvanized iron. The Marine Hospital is a spacious and handsome build- 
 ing, of Milwaukee brick. The Second Presbyterian Church, at the corner of Wabash and 
 Washington streets, in the Gothic style, with a steeple about 2(H> feet high, is perhaps the 
 most beautiful edifice of itr, class west of New York. It is built of a kind of pitchy stone, 
 in which black and white are mingled, and presents a singular and striking appearance. 
 Chicago contains several banks, and about 30 printing offices, from which numerous daily 
 and weekly journals are issued. Tiie public schools are well organized, and are accommo- 
 dated with excellent buildings." 
 
 Regarding the population and valuation of property in the city, during the last 5 years, 
 we annex the following table : — 
 
 POPULATION AND VALl' \TION OF CHICAGO. 
 
 Kenl Estate, Personal Piopcrty, 
 
 Yenra Valuatidu of. Valuation of. Total. 
 
 IS.-iS r,0,fi,52 13,130,677 8,711,154 16,841,831 
 
 ISiH 6r),s7-j 1(*,790,744 .5,401,495 24,394,239 
 
 IS.V) K3,.-)09 21,901,204 5,.521,000 27,422,204 
 
 ls.')6 110,000 25,771,1X1 5,717,9.59 31,489,140 
 
 1857. . . 130,000 29,013,196 7,243,053 36,256,249 
 
 To quote ;'rom a writer on the commercial progress of Chicago: — 
 " Tlu; influence of railroads upon the development of business, has been direct and im- 
 portant. The amount of money expended iii Illinois, and the neighbouring States, has 
 been about $180,000,000, the disbursement of which has aided in settling, stocking, and 
 wi ruing a vast extent of country, the products of which are carried over these roads, more 
 or less directly, to Cliieago. 
 
 " Tlierc has been put in operation 1,500 miles of roads, which have extended the area of 
 country that pours its wealth into Chicago. The projected connections of these roads ex- 
 tend over four thousand niles more, making 8,000, and their ultimate ramifications em- 
 
 1 i 
 
 is 
 
u 
 
 CHICAGO, 
 
 brace every section of the Union. Every extension of railroads forms a centre, embracing 
 
 the breadth of land which feeds that centre, as the square of the distance 
 
 Fri.~ . . wi-y point of the compass these lengthening roads run from Cliicago over the most 
 fertile country. It is therefore not to be wondered at that Chicago is the greatest grain 
 depot in the world." 
 
 In the year 1838, only 78 bushels of wheat was exported from Chicago. The following 
 table will give some idea of its extent during the lost 5 years : — 
 
 8UIP3IENTS OF GRAIN FBOM CHICAGO FOE FIVE YEARS. 
 
 Wheat. Corn, Otits, Barlov, Hve, Total, 
 
 Years. biisliols. bnshcls, bnsliols. bushels. biifihols. bushels. 
 
 1853.... 1,G80,998 2,780,253 1,748,493 120,275 82,102 6,412,181 
 1854.... 2,044,800 0,837,899 8,239,987 148,421 41,153 12,932,320 
 1855.... 7,115,270 7,517,078 1,888,533 92,032 20,132 10,033,700 
 
 .1856.... 9,419,365 11,129,668 1,014,547 19,051 590 21,583,221 
 
 1857.... 10,783,292 6,814,615 416,778 17,993 .... 18,032,678 
 
 Regarding the prices of grain and flour for the some periods, we find them to be as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 AVERAGE PRICES OF ORAIN AND FLOUR. 
 
 Winter Sptins 
 
 Wlieat, Wheal. Corn Oats, 
 
 Years. Per Bushel. Per Bushel. Flour per Barrel. Per P.aiiel. Per Uusshel. 
 
 1858 85 00 3 75 a 5 25 47 33 
 
 1854 180* 109 6 98 a 7 48 48* 30 
 
 1855 155 131 7 12* a 8 14* 62 33* 
 
 1856 1 27i 1 05* 4 91 a 6 20 36 28* 
 
 1857 117* 93 5 05* 53 39* 
 
 " With the year 1857 commenced not only a marked revival in the foreign trade for 
 grain, mostly wheat, but a large expenditure of money, amounting since to $180,000,000 
 for the construction of those railroads which have drained the surrounding grain country 
 into Chicago, and have also aided its sales. In Chicago, during the last five years ending 
 with 1850, when there were no railroads to bring wheat into Uie city, wheat averaged 75 
 cents per bushel. In the last five years it has averaged $1.23 per bushel. Corn has aver- 
 aged 50 cents, against 83 cents at former periods. The effect of these prices has been the 
 immense increase in the grain supplies, particularly corn. The $180,000,000 which has 
 been spent in the last-named period for the construction of railroads has, to a large extent, 
 become capital in the hands of cultivators who have produced the grain. The value of 
 'he wheat and corn brought to market at these two periods was as follows : — 
 
 , Five years to 1851. , , Five years to 1850. , 
 
 Bushels, Price, Value. Bushels. Price, Value. 
 
 Wheat 9,703,611 75 $7,278,709 31,043,785 $123 $39,554,731 
 
 Corn 1,524,936 83 508,212 35,080,113 50 17,540,056 
 
 Total 11,228,247 .. $7,780,921 07,723,898 .. $57,094,787 
 
 " Thus the v ilue of these two grains alone, received at Chicago, has been equal to an in- 
 crease of nearly $50,000,000, or $10,000,000 per annum. This trade has been developed 
 during the season of high prices abroad, and while the railroads have not operated fully. 
 The corn has been received one-half by the canal, and the remainder by the railroads 
 The wheat has come to hand nearly altogether by railroads. The teams in the last year 
 brought in about 200,000 bushels, and the canal 880,000 bushels, together 10 per cent of 
 the whole. 
 
 " It is obvious that the business of Chicago has been based on a solid foundation ; that 
 the natural products of an area of at least 200 miles diameter, intersected at every 
 poitt by railroads, has been drawn into her warehouses, and the fast-settlinor country 
 has required merchandise in return. The operations for a moment has encou.tered a 
 check, but cannot be lasting. Prices of grain may decline for the moment, but the general 
 trade cannot but increase. The whole machinery is now in operation. If railroad expen* 
 
 h 
 
 1. 1 
 
CHICAGO. 
 
 95 
 
 '« 
 
 
 diturc is less, the attractions of tlie land are greater, and vast tracts still invite settlers to 
 add to the future resources of Chicaijo. 
 
 " At this moment, the machinery of production and transportation, iu ond around Clii- 
 cago, indicates that it is just now entering upon its career. The prices for grain for the 
 moment are dull, owing to good harvests abroad, but the AVestern country can now sell 
 and deliver cheaper than ever. The raih-oad expenditure is to be run down for the present ; 
 but it follows that the local demand for food is also less in proportion ; that while the whole 
 industry of the section is turned to production, it depends upon the foreign market only for 
 the sale of its surplus. The earnings of the railroads indicate the immense development 
 of business they have occasioned." 
 
 The number of vessels which arrived at Chicago during 1857 was 7,557, with a tonnage 
 of 1,753,413. 
 
 " Chicago, as a lumber market, has for many years stood pre-eminent. Its rise and pro- 
 gress is only equalled by the rapid development of the city as a centre of the territory 
 west of the great lakes ; and, in importance, this branch of its commerce is second perhaps 
 to no other. The river banks are lined for miles and miles with the immense piles of lum- 
 ber which is shipped to Chicago from the pineries of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Canada, 
 and it is perhaps the best criterion that could be adopted to comprehend the magnitude of 
 the trade. The capital invested in the lumber business is immense. Not to speak of t)ie 
 property owned by merchants in mills and woodlands, the wealth which is invested in 
 stock, in docks, and in real estate in that city, cannot l)e less tlian ten or a dozen million 
 dollars. The fleet of lumber vessels alone did not cost less than a million and p half of 
 dollars; and the number of hands employed in the business, one way and another, cannot 
 fall short of ten thousand. 
 
 " With these leading features of the lorgc commerce which is carried o.i in Ciiicago, in 
 receiving the produce of the fast-settling prairies, and supplying them w.th lumber and 
 goods, a large monufactiiring business has grown up in the city. The capital and hands 
 employed are as follows: — 
 
 MANTFAOTURES OF cniCAOO. 
 
 Valuo of 
 
 rapital. Hands. Manulaotures. 
 
 Iron works, steam-engines, 4c §1,7'i:1,',m)0 L',silt3 $3,>'8",08i 
 
 Stoves ls"),000 TO :J;!8,000 
 
 Aj;iiciiltural inii)leniiMits 0117,000 575 l,l;vi,.'iuO 
 
 liriiss and tin wiire, &c 2."i7,000 351 471,000 
 
 Carrinije;', wagons, &c 30il,000 881 li-iS,lC0 
 
 High wines, beer, ale, &c 497,000 Ifio 1,1.")0,320 
 
 Soap, candles, lard, <&c 2i)(!,000 100 528,021 
 
 Furniture 854,000 504 54.'i,000 
 
 Stone, marble, Ac 017,0."i0 843 890,775 
 
 I'laiiing mills, siislies, doors, Ac 445,ik)0 554 1,092,397 
 
 Slusical instruments 13,200 31 37,000 
 
 Leather 332,0(iO 128 432,000 
 
 Uarrt'ls, wooden ware, Ac 178,7ii0 171 357,250 
 
 Urick 300,000 500 712,000 
 
 Flour 825,000 73 C3(i,500 
 
 Chemicals 15,ou0 15 32,000 
 
 Harness, saddles, Ac 82,900 220 271,000 
 
 Sheet and bar lead 25,000 75 100,000 
 
 Glue and neat's-fbot oil 20,000 15 25,000 
 
 Starch (estimated) 15,000 25 75,000 
 
 Haguerreot_v|K's, ainbrotypcs 75,000 75 100,000 
 
 Engraving.Ac .' 11,000 30 29,500 
 
 Cii;ars 8,000 20 10,800 
 
 White lead 50,000 10 7,200 
 
 Types, Ac 20 
 
 boots, shoes, clothing, A other manuf's, est. 500,000 1,750 750,000 
 
 Miscellaneous (reported) 439,700 502 1,044,097 
 
 Total «:7,759,400 10,573 J15,51 5,003 
 
 £1,551,880 stg. £3,103,012 stg. 
 
 ■I 
 
96 
 
 MILWAUKEE, STATE OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 CITY OF MILWAUKEE, O^ISCONSIN.) 
 
 [DUtMit from MoDlreal, 787 i Now York, 1040 ; Chicago, 85 ; SI. Paul, 431 mUci.] 
 
 " MiLWAUKEs, the largest and most important city in the State, and, after Chicago, the 
 most flourishing on the lakes, is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan, and on both 
 aides of Milwaukee Rivdr. It is pleasantly located, partly on the flats bordering the ri vur, 
 and on the bluffs rising abruptly from the lake to the height of some 100 feet. The river, 
 running nearly parallel to the lake in a southerly direction, is navigable for the largest 
 steamboats over two miles from its mouth. 
 
 " As the commercial capital of Wisconsin, its situation demands particular attention. 
 The laws which govern trade and travel are, by the improvements and spirit of the age, 
 reduced to two: — 1st. The shortest route to market ; 2d. The quickest and clmipest mode 
 of transportation. The products of the Northwest seek a market upon the Atlantic coast. 
 Heretofore, New York and Boston have monopolized the trade of tliis region. They will 
 always retain a large share of it ; but the recent improvements in the Canadas, and those 
 projected, are rapidly diverting trade to the valley of the St. Lawrence. Business rela- 
 tions are being established between the cities of Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, and Hamilton, 
 on the one hand, and the Western Lake ports on the other. As regards New York and 
 Boston, Milwaukee holds the most favourable position of any port on the western shore of 
 Lake Michigan. Taking Buffalo as a common point on all the lines of trade between these 
 ports and those markets, it will be seen : 1st. Tliat Milwaukee, by :vater communication, 
 has the advantoge for time and distance over any j '.ace at the south 2d. For the most 
 direct route to Buffalo, either by land or water carriage, Milwaukee (;o soon as the direct 
 communication by the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad is opened) presents tlie most natu- 
 ral centre for all the trade and travel between the Northwest and tlie East. 
 
 " As the general direction of Northwestern trade and travel is coincident witl» the pa 
 rallels of latitude instead of those of longitude, and as Milwaukee is in the same degree as 
 the great Eastern markets, it can be easily seen that all the contemplated and progressing 
 improvements must make it the natural centre or most available common point in the 
 Northwest, whether by the semi-inland route, through Jlichigan and Canada, or around 
 the Lakes. The advantages of this position will be very strongly developed, so soon as 
 the direct route east, via Grand Haven and Detroit or Port Huron, is opened, and our sys- 
 tem of railroads to the Mississippi completed. Its business radius will then extend from 
 below Savanna, 111., in the Mississippi valley, to the extreme Northwest, sweeping in the 
 trade of Northwestern Illinois, Iowa, ond Nebroska, in addition to that of our own State. 
 
 " The harbour of Milwaukee is one of the best on the Great Lakes. Tiio river widens 
 at its mouth into a semi-circular bay, 6 2-33 miles from point to point, and 2 1-32 miles 
 across. At the point of approach to the lake, an artificial channel is in progress of con- 
 struction. 
 
 " This new harbour entrance is 260 feet in width, and will soon be excavated to a suffi- 
 cient depth to accommodate the heaviest tonnage of the Lakes, and, when completed, Avill 
 make it the most accessible and capacious on Lake Michigan. The facilities presented by 
 
 the old harbour— in improving which the United States expended, in 1844-5, ^oO.ODO 
 
 will still be preserved. For over five-eighths of a mile between tl ese two entrances, the 
 river is both wide and deep. Nothing but the grossest and most ruinous neglect, on the 
 part of the city and of the United States Government, will ever permit tiiisold harbour to 
 fill up or become useless. 
 
 " Milwaukee contains 1 public schools — and for educational purposes, spent about $15,000 
 last year ; in addition to which it has a University and Female College in successful opera- 
 tion. 
 
 " Built upon the high bluff:* of Lake Michigan, and the picturesque slopes of the Mil- 
 waukee River, this city is unrivalled in beauty of location by any other in the Northwest. 
 It is a rore circumstance to hear of a person of delicate health leaving it on account of 
 
 i.. 
 
ter Chicago, the 
 III, and on both 
 cring the rivur, 
 eet. Tlie river, 
 for tlie largest 
 
 2ular attentiou. 
 irit of the age, 
 ' clieapent mode 
 I Atlantic coast, 
 ion. They will 
 !idas, and those 
 Business relu- 
 , and Iluniilton, 
 New York and 
 estern shore of 
 ; between these 
 eomniuniention, 
 ]. For the most 
 m as tiio direct 
 the most natu- 
 
 nt with the pa 
 same degree as 
 nd jirogressing 
 point iu the 
 rtda, or around 
 ped, so soon as 
 and our sys- 
 extend from 
 t^ecping in tlie 
 ur own State. 
 river widens 
 2 1-32 miles 
 ogress of con- 
 ted to a siiffi- 
 imideted, will 
 presented by 
 5, $5i),0(J0— 
 ntrances, the 
 gleet, on the 
 1 harbour to 
 
 bout $15,00(1 
 sessful opera- 
 is of the Mil- 
 Northwest, 
 n account of 
 
 BRIDGE BROTHERS, 
 
 Exchange and Banking Office, 
 
 160 EAST WATER STREET, 
 Cor. of Michigan, (under State Bank,) 
 
 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. 
 
 PRICE, FARMER Sc CO., 
 BANKERS, 
 
 AND 
 
 DEALERS Vfi EXCHANGE, 
 
 No. 10 MICHIGAN STREET, 
 
 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. 
 
 C. SOHIiEY, 
 
 Land & Money Agent, 
 
 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, 
 
 Dcr'or in City Property, FamiR, Wild Land, Land Wnr- 
 riint.s, Hondx, Murtgniriw, Kailnmd Stocks, Bonds and 
 Farm Murteoges, Sic. Taxes paid for non-rcsidcnts, and 
 tlioir interests protcctoil. City Property and Lands ex- 
 changed fur Kailroad Securities. 
 
 CIIAELES S. BELL, 
 Civil Eng^ineer, ISiirveyor 
 
 AND 
 
 HEAL ESTATE AGENT, 
 
 ROOM No. 8, LAND'S BLOCK, 
 
 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. 
 
 CHARLES LORENZEN, 
 GENERAL LAND AGENT 
 
 AND 
 
 COMMISSIONER, 
 
 Notary Public, &c., 
 
 MADISON, WISCONSIN. 
 
 LAW^& LAND OFFICE 
 
 WILLIAM McT^AIR, 
 
 STEVENS'S POINT, WISCONSIN, 
 
 Will Practice in the Courts of the 7th .Judicial Circuit, 
 niiiku Collectuuis and secure Claims. Will give prompt 
 attention to the sale of Heal Kstate, Investment of money 
 in (iov'fmment Lands or otherwise; will loc.ito Land 
 Warrants on selected lands, Pay Taxes, attenu lo Pre- 
 emption Claims and all other business with the United 
 Status Lnnil Office. Also, Land Warrants for sale for 
 cash or un time. 
 
 Reference*. 
 
 Gen. A. ELLIS, Receiver, Stevens's Point Land Office. 
 
 }Ion. A. BKAWLEY, Heiri.stor, 
 
 Messrs. HU YSSEN & SCHEFFEH, Bankers, Stevens's 
 Point. 
 
 lion. M. M. STRONG, Milwaukee. 
 
 V. n. BENSON & Co., Chicaso. 
 
 AMERICAN HOUSE, 
 
 p. KANE & SON, Prop'ra, 
 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. 
 
 This House having been lately rebnilt and refurnished 
 throughout, the public may bo assured that the accom- 
 inodations of the American shall not be surpassed by any 
 house in the city. This is the most convenient House to 
 tlie Post-offices, Business Houses, and Railroad Depots. 
 
 Eagle Steam Foundry, 
 
 Nos. 294, 296, 298, 300, 302, & 304 
 WEST WATER STREET, 
 
 MILW.WKEE, WISCONSIN. 
 
 The Oldest Establishment in the City 
 
 EEAN & BICE, Proprietors. 
 
 The Largest and most elegant House in the Northwest. 
 
 Transient Onests, $2.00 per day. 
 JOHN W. LEDYARD, 
 
 on O OER, 
 161 EAST WATER STREET. 
 
 I am daily in receipt from New York, of every thing in 
 the way of fine Family Groceries, which will always bo 
 offered at Wholesale and Retail, at reasonable prices, and 
 sent to any part of the city free of charge. 
 
 WM. H. PABTVrAT.TlF! & CO., 
 
 DEALERS IN CHOICE 
 
 Family Groceries, 
 
 31 WISCONSIN STREET, 
 
 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. 
 
 JOHN PLANKINTON & CO., 
 
 MANUPACTUREnS OP 
 
 SOAP & CANDLES, 
 
 WEST WATER STREET, 
 
 (Near the M. It M. R. R. Depot,) 
 MILWAUKEE. 
 
 JOHN OOI^EN, 
 
 Mitn ufatfurer and Dealer in 
 
 CARRIAGES 
 
 OF ALL KINDS, 
 Repository on Springs IStreet, 
 
 (Between 2d and 8d streets,) 
 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. 
 
 J. O'ORIEN. 0. LB DROIT. 
 
 JAMES O'BRIEN, 
 ORGAIV BVII.DER, 
 
 CORNER OF 
 
 Milwaukee & Michigan Sts., 
 
 MILWAnEBE, WIS. 
 
■s 
 
 m 
 
 P9 
 
 
 
 !t 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 '1 
 
 i 
 
98 
 
 MILWAUKEE. 
 
 difficulty of ncc'limntion. On the other hnn.l, iiistniiocs are iiiiincrous of p.-oplo coming 
 here with tendency to diseases of vnrioiis kinds, wlio have, after a ffW years' reMdence, en- 
 tirely recovered. In summer it is not si; 'ct to tiie excessively hot and sultry weather of 
 low towns, and in winter there is not the same intensity of cold — the lake being colder 
 than the atmosphere in summer and warmer in winter. 
 
 "The pttpulation in 1853 was 25,000; 1855, 32,000; ond in 1857, 46,000. 
 " During the yenr 1857, buildings to the value of |500,000, (£100,000, sig.,) were 
 erected. 
 
 " Milwaukee is celebrated for the manufacture of a peculiar kind of briek, of n delicate 
 cream or straw colour, agreeable to the eye, and unaffected by the action of the elements. 
 The appearance of the houses, chiefly built of this material, is very striking, and to a 
 • stranger visiting the place for the first time, presents an admirable and renmrkalde Dight. 
 Few cities in the country (if, indeed, there are any) have the materials for building more 
 at hand, or of finer quality, than this. Not only quarries of beautiful, light-coloured 
 stone, within the limits of the city, and adjacent to the railroads, but also lime in abun- 
 dance for home consumption and exportation. 
 
 "As to lumber, the pineries of the nortii supply the city with 100,000,000 feet annuolly, 
 " From the same authority we find it statcil that tlie receipts and exports at this |)lacc, 
 the present season, exceed those of Chicago, and there is no reason to show why they may 
 not for the future. 
 
 " Milwaukee is one of the largest grain-markets in the world. Probably nine-tenths of 
 the surplus wheat (the staple) of the State, is 8hip])ed from lier port. So liigh has Wis- 
 consin wheat stood at the Eastern and European markets, that its mcreliants have been 
 able to sell it for tight to ten cents per bushel above the prices for Illinois and more south- 
 ern States. Tills fact has turned the attentinn of farmers to raising it, to the exclnsi<pn of 
 other grains; and, while the wheat crop, since 1850, has increased at the ratio of fifty per 
 cent, per annum, the crops of rye, oats, barley, and corn, have remained stationary, or ad- 
 vanced only with the home demand." 
 
 The number of arrivals and departures of vessels during the year las'? were 4,720, 
 with an aggregate tonnage of 2,009,826. The tonnage of Milwaukee in 1850, waa 
 21,497.50. 
 
 The manufactures of Milwaukee, are, comparativelj- speaking, in their infancy — although 
 it shows signs of great extension in several departments. 
 
 In 1856, there were 26 breweries in operation, brewing chiefly lager beer — to 8U]iply the 
 German population in the city and country. Of tiie 75,000 barrels manufactured, about 
 80,000 were sent out of tlie city. 
 
 In the manufacture of its celebrated bricks, fully 300 ore employed regularly. 
 Flour mills, beef-packing establishments, boot and shoe making, clothing and ship-build- 
 ing, make up, for the most, the list of manufactures at present, 
 
 " Milwaukee is connected by railroads with every section of the Union. Tlie Milwaukee 
 and Mississippi, the Milwaukee and Watertown, east and west, connecting the lakes and 
 the Mississijipi River. The La Crosse and Milwaukee, and the Chicago, St. Paul, and Fond 
 dii Lac Railroads, each connecting her witii Lake Superior. Tiie railroad from Green Hay, 
 through Milwaiilirc, to Chicago, commonly called the (Michigan) Lake Shore Road, is to her 
 whot the Hudson River railway is to Troy and Albany, in the State of New York." 
 
 The foregoing notice of Milwaukee is copied, for tlie most part, from " Wisconsin as it is," 
 by F. Gerhard. 
 
 ] 
 
 I 
 
iS')//;tf^V^\ak; 
 
 mild- 
 
 llllSitli ; j'i: I, 
 
 ■ llllllli lilil 
 
100 
 
 MADISON. — CAPITAL OF STATE OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 h 
 
 MADISON.-CAPITAL OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 '• Madmon, the cnpltftl of Wisconsin, nnd seat of justice of Dane, the hir(,'est nml most 
 l)i'o(liictive county in tlie Stnto, is xituiiteil on a risin)» ground, between two lovely liiiies, 
 and is tlie most ningnitieent site of nny inliind town in tlie United States. On llie nortii- 
 west is Liiko Mendotn, nine niilos long and six wide; on the east Monona, five iiiili's long 
 and tliree wide. Tiie oily is celebrated for the beauty, health, and pleasantness of its loca- 
 tion ; eoninianding, as it does, a view of nearly every ciiaracteristie of country jieculiar to 
 the West — tlie praino, oak opening, mound, hike and woodland. The surface t>f the 
 ground is somewiuit uneven, but in no place too abru|)t for building purposes. The ■-•;.,«'« 
 between these lakes is a n)ile in width, rising gently as it leaves their banks •■; an altitude 
 of about seventy feet, and is then alternately depressed and elevated, nuiking the site of 
 tlie city a L..''ie9 of gently undulating swells. On the most elevated ground is liie State 
 House, in the centre of one ot Nature's Parks of fifteen acres, overlooking the ' Four Lakes' 
 and the surrounding city. From this the streets diverge in every direction, with a gradu- 
 al descent on all aides. 
 
 " To the west, about a mile distant, is the State University, in the midst of a park of -{n 
 acres, crowning a beautiful eminence. On the south side of Lake Monona is a spacious 
 Water-Cure establishment, surrounded by an extensive grove, and presenting a very strik- 
 ing appearance on approaching the city. Around Madison, in every direction, is a well- 
 cultivated, undulating couiitrj*, which is fast being occupied by pleasant homes." 
 
 Bayard Taylor, in an account of a visit to the west, thus writes, regarding Madison : — 
 
 " For natural beauty of situation, Madison nurpoKWH any Western town I have seen. It 
 is built on a narrow isthmus, between tlie Third and Fourth Lakes. On the summit of a 
 mound stands the State House, in the centre of a hau<lsome scpiare of fourteen acres, from 
 which broad, smooth streets diverge, with a gradual descent on all sides. To the west, 
 and about a mile distant, stands the University, on the summit of a hill, or mound, of 
 about equal height. The Madisonians count seven hills, but I could not make them all out 
 distinctly, nor do I think it necessary to the beauty of the jdace that it slionld have a 
 forced resemblance to Home. In one respect it is e(iual — in a soft, beautiful, cream-colour- 
 ed stone, which furnishes the noblest building material. Many of the business blocks and 
 private houses display architectural taste." 
 
 The real estate and personal property is estimated at ^8,000,000. 
 
 " There are twenty-five wagon-roads, seventeen dilferent mail stage routes, diverging in 
 every direction from Madison. Over seven hundred loaded teams have arrived here in a 
 single day, bringing from ten to fifteen thousand bushels of wheat to market, with large 
 quantities of other produce. Nearly 700,000 bushels of wheat alone were marketed here 
 in a single year. 
 
 " It is, pre-eminently, the great railroad centre of AVisconsin, and enjoys, in an enviable 
 degree, all those peeuliarlj favourable advantages. Four great lines diverge here; the 
 Milwaukee and Mississippi ; the Milwaukee, Watertown, and Madison ; East and West, con- 
 necting the lakes with the Mississipjji River ; and the I^a Crosse and Land-(irand Roads, 
 running from Madison to Lake St. Croix and the City of Superior, at the head of the lake. 
 
 " The system connects with the Chicago, Fond du Lne, ajid Superior Road, on the east 
 and north, and the Beloit and Madison Road on the south. 
 
 " An abundant su])]ily of building-material is found here. The most beautiful stone, easi- 
 ly quarried and cut, abounds in its immediate vicinity. Bricks may be had to an unlimit- 
 ed extent, and timber of all kinds can be commanded whenever needed for use." 
 
 In the public libraries of iladison, there are 18,000 vohuiies. 
 
 A sum of $400,000 was estimated to be expended on ])ublie liuildings last year. Ati)re- 
 sent it possesses a university endowed with an income of 1^30,000, besides fully organized 
 colleges, schools, and literary institutions. 
 
 Population about 13,000. 
 
 # 
 
 i'' 
 
4, 
 
 GRAND UAIMI 
 
 IIUMillONS 
 
 Ai'conntont mid (Ji'iuthI Afit'iit for (Jriuid 
 
 Uivcr Sti'iirnliiiiit Co. — Zciiuh (i. Wiiisor, 
 
 oorner Wii^liiiii,'!!!!! ami .li-IIVrmiii nl" els. 
 Altoriicys-al I.iiw iiikI IjuuI Ai^ji'iits. — I?all A 
 
 Mi'Kfi', .Miinroi' Mtrcct. 
 Attonu'ys anil CoiiiiHclIorK-nt-Ijiw, and Hoi- 
 
 icitois in I'liiini'i'ry. — Holmes it Kol>inHon, 
 
 Monroi! (•tri'i't. 
 Atlornivs-at l,a\v and Solicitors in Clmiicfi'y. 
 
 — raltiTson it Snow, Canal slpi'ct. 
 AttniMicvaml ('ounr>cllor-at-Liiw. — I'"nincla D. 
 
 liniirdniiin, Moni'oc KtiTct. 
 Atturncy and Counsclior at Law, and Soliid- 
 
 tor in Chunccry. — K, S. M^'j^lcston, (,'anid 
 
 Stl'l'l't, 
 
 Attorney, Notary i'liblic, OeniTal Lund and 
 Insurant! Ai^ftit. — I'di r Uoeli, Canal »t. 
 
 Attorney and Coiincrlliir at-Law. — .lames 
 Miller, Canal street. 
 
 )S, MK'IIUJAN. 
 Diret;tory. 
 
 Attorney and Coiinsellor-atLuw, — Sidoiiion 
 
 I/. Wfthey, 'lu Canal htreet. 
 Attorney-al-Law and Ileal Iv-itute Agent. — 
 
 Tlionnis 1). Worrall, Cainil street, 
 liookseller and Stationer. — .lulni Tcrliune, 
 
 Jr., Lneas Hloek, Monroe street. 
 Uridf,'e Street llon^-e, ((iermaii Hotel,) Clott- 
 
 lieli Christ, |iro|irietor, IJridjfe street. 
 Jini/iiircr (iiid //iriild. — A. 10. (iordoii, Editor, 
 
 Caiuil ^treet. 
 Grand liiijiHU Kinjlf, (Daily and Weekly.) — 
 
 Aaron It. Tnriier, Ivlitor ami I'lildisher, 
 
 Canal stri'et. 
 Land Tax and Loan Ai?ont. — John C. Tryon, 
 
 1(1 Canal street. 
 Ueal Iv-tale ami Iiisiiranee Atfeiits. — IJaxtcr 
 
 it Van Biiren, Monroe street. 
 Wholesale and Iletail (iroeers. — Randall & 
 
 Co., '.JO Caiuil street. 
 
 KALAMAZOO, MICIIKiAN. 
 
 ]Sii!>iiii<!s»i Dii'4'ctory. 
 
 Attoniey-ut-Lftw, Insuranec and Land Aj;ent. ' A'ttlama.wo Unzette. — V. Ilascall, Editor oud 
 
 — ('.Clement Weiih, corner .Main and l!nr- I'roprietor, Main street. 
 
 diek streets. j Judnniaroo 7'il<\i/rnp/i. — H. G. Hascnll, Editor 
 
 Hurdiek Honsi'. — T. L. Acker it Son, I'roprie- ; and l'id)lisher. Main street. 
 
 tors, Main street. (Sec card.) ! Keal Estate Agent and Conveyancer, — Frod- 
 
 Homieo])atliic I'll v.-ician and Snri,'eon. — (Jeo. ' eriek Buoher, Wolverine Lxcimnge, Main 
 
 W. Park, M. D.,\'or. Main it Uiirdick sts. | street. 
 
 T. 
 
 BURDIOK HOUSE, 
 
 KALAMAZOO, MICHIGAN. 
 
 L. ACKER Se SON, Proprietors. 
 
 NILES, MICHIGAN. 
 
 Niles Enquirer. — Bryant Dewey, Editor and I Physician and Surgeon. — It. D. Reynolds. 
 Proprietor. I 
 
 D. w. rni;NsoM. 
 
 A. C. LEWIS. 
 
 DANA wmrE. CHAS. W. WOdlXKY. 
 
 A. c. miIN>. 
 
 BRUNSON, LEWIS & WHITE, 
 
 (Successors to J. W. Hubs & Co., I 
 
 STORAGE, FORWARDING AND COMMISSION 
 MERCHANTS, 
 
 SAIXT PAUL, MINNKSOTA. 
 
 Steanihoiit Agents. Agents for Muiiny's Keapers 
 luid Mowers. 
 
 Mark rackages "Care o/B., L. & 11'., St. Paul." 
 
 CHAS. W. WOOLLEY & CO., 
 
 (."iucce-isors to C'lms. W. Woolley,) 
 
 COMMISSION, STORAGE, RECEIVING AND 
 
 KOKWAKDINCt MKKCIIANTS, 
 LOWER LEVEE, ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA. 
 
 Goods Stored at reaeoiml)le rates, and forwarded 
 with despatcli. 
 Mlierai advances made on conslKnnu'nts. 
 Mark packages " (JIIAS. W. WOOLLKY & CO., 
 For St. I'aul." 
 
 F- U L L E n HiOUSE, 
 
 S. ILOjyrii^ Superiutendfut, 
 COR. OF SEVEIWTII & JACKSOIV STS., ST. PA1JI., MIN. 
 
 MOISTDELL HOUSE, 
 
 E. W. MONDELIj, Proprietor, 
 PRAIRIE DU CH I EN, Wl SCONSIN. 
 
 '"f^IIIS IIOUSK has liecn newly erocteil ami furnislii'd cnniplete, ami offers, to tlie traveller or resident, a 
 X (piict house, with every convenience and lii.\ury to lie fimiid at any lirst-class house in the west. 
 
 J^jS'" Tills lloii.-ie has accouiuioilation for 'J.')!) guests. The Bar, llilliard-ltoonis, and general ajipurtenanccs 
 to a lirst-class house, will be found comiiiete. Attendance, supervision, and Information at all times readily 
 given concerning all points West. 
 
ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA. 
 
 II W Hill \'4(1N A. (■ I.MMS. 1>VN\ WIIITK. CIIAS. W. W .I.K» . A, C RMIMl. 
 
 BRUN80N, LEWIS & WHITE. CHAS. W. WOOLLEY & CO., 
 
 , , ... II,,.. ic, 1 (Siucc'ni'iiiK li) Cliu". W. Wdiillry,) 
 
 (Hiii'(t'»Kiir« to J. » Ilium * I o.,) V • .• ■■ ' 
 
 STORAGE, FORWARDING AND COMMISSION COMMISSION, STORAGE, RECEIVING AND 
 
 MKHrilWTS /y>/.'l(MA7'/.\V/ .l//.7.T//.(.\/;s', 
 
 '"''"' . ', , lAtWKU m;vkk. h-r. i-ah.. >ii\\h>oT\. 
 
 SAINT I'Al'I,, illNNKSCtTA. ii,incl» hlund m rriiM.iinlili' rnlin. nml r..r«nriliil Willi 
 
 .itoiiiiilxmt AKfiits. AkdiiIh for Miiiiiiy'H IIi'Iiihth "|'','|'jl,,n,'| mK,,, « iniiilf on cniiMiti iil" 
 
 mill Mowers. ^,^^^|^ |„„kiwiH " ((IAS. W Wonl.l.r.V it CO. 
 
 Kor- 
 
 ■Si, I'liiil." 
 
 .V(ir/i' /'ilriili/i'x "(\lrr o/Jt., /.. ,(■ II'., St. /•mil: 
 
 F-ULLEPt HOUSE, 
 
 S. #>f>.»'C.', Supn'hilrmlritt, 
 CORNER OF SEVENTH AND JACKSON STREETS, ST. PAUL, MIN 
 
 lire JO PK'i'zoi.i), 
 
 .\TTiiii\nv A.M) mmm ,\t l\w, 
 
 THIRD STRE.'JT, 
 
 iV(j'< ti> < 'iiiicift //all lliiililiiiij. 
 
 JOHN A. W. JONES, 
 
 MALTUV, \Vi:i5|} CO., 
 Attorneys at Law, 
 
 Tiii/ii) sT/i/':/-:T. 
 
 V. K. KOITT, 
 GENERAL STEAMBOAT AGENT, ^y^Qj^j^^y AT LAW 
 
 AND COMMISSION MERCHANT, ' 
 
 liOWi'i' Lcvrc Street. 
 
 IIENllY S. FAIllClllLl), 
 
 l\l}irf irif/i Jii/iii .Wliiitjn; /:sij. 
 
 WILLIAM ('. GRAY, 
 
 REAL ESTATE & MONEY BROKER, RKVL KSTATE & WONEV BROKKIl, 
 
 JACKSON STIIKKT. 
 DANA & WHITE, 
 
 THIRD ST/i /■:/■:'!'. 
 "C A L DWELL k CO., 
 
 Third Street. 
 
 JACOJi MATXZKR, 
 
 Justice of the Peace & Notary Public, 
 
 Tiiii;i) sTi!i:i:i'. 
 
 MARWUOl) IXCLKHAKT, 
 BAEEIIS AM) m\m 1\ EXCIIAMJE, ATTOR\HV AM) REAL ESTATE AI]E\T, 
 
 Cor. Third k IJol.eit Slieets. rillUD STRKKT. 
 
 BO II UP ^: OAKE^rl GEORCE rLl-sKiaTT" 
 
 « . »,,r..-rK... Attorney at Law, 
 
 Merchants' Hotel, Third St. ^ ' 
 
 J. JAY KXOX & CO.,! IIENJIV ,\. HORN, 
 
 T-, , ATTORNEY & COUNSELLOR 
 
 Bankers, 
 
 PHCENIX BLOCK, THIRD S.rf?F.ET. 
 
 MP:YER & WILLLVMS, 
 
 BANKERS, 
 
 And Dealers in Foreign Exchange, 
 
 NO. 1 ROGKlis' BLOCK, Tlllltl) STRKET. 
 
 T/tinl ni'iir Exclutnijc Strcft. 
 
 ~ JORMAN cV: FECJvllAM, 
 ATTORNEY & COUNSELLOR 
 
 At Law, 
 
 BANK now, Tlllllll STUKKT. 
 
STATE OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 101 
 
 A. r HiilMi. 
 
 { & CO., 
 
 CEIVING AND 
 7/.l.\'/\ 
 .>ll\\l->OT\. 
 
 Ill iMrwanlril with 
 
 llll.I.K.V ti CO.. 
 
 ,>;t. Piiiii." 
 
 AUL. MIN. 
 
 il.l), 
 
 111 AT LAW. 
 
 ttiltlintf. 
 
 INES, 
 
 ■ LAW, 
 
 KAV, 
 V RItOkKU, 
 
 s' z i^kT^ 
 
 tary Public, 
 
 r. 
 
 JI.AKT, 
 
 'ATE A(]};\T, 
 •7; 
 
 IvKlT, 
 
 Law, 
 
 NSELLOR 
 
 Street. 
 
 )K1IAM, 
 NSELLOR 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Ili.in<iih, one of the Wostorn United State*. U lunindiMl on the N. l)y Wldeonnln ; E. hy I^ke 
 Mii'hifjnn mid Iiidiiinii, from tins Inut of whioh It l« jmrtly fio[)(init('(l hy tlie Wuhu^h River; 
 S. Iiy thr Ohio Itlvcr, wlikdi (i<'|mrftti'» It from Kentucky ; iin<l S. W. nnd W. hy Mlmourl 
 and lowu, fniMi wlilch It if* «o|i!iriUed liy llie Mi»f«lKsi|)|)i lUvcr. It IIch lit-twcen it7" nnd 
 42" 'M)' N. hit., iind lictween 87° !)()' imd lU" in' W. hm., heini? nliout liKO inilt-H In extreme 
 h'njrtli from N. to S., nml iiliout '2(n» in ltd >,'rci\test, and nlmut 140 miles in its average 
 breadth, iiicliidiiif^ .I."), 40.') i>(|nare mile», or 35,4fi'.t.'JOO ocreK, of whieh only 5,1715,173 acres 
 weri' improved in iHTiO, ohowiiif? an imnien!<e eapaeity for Inereane of pupulation in tills ex- 
 uliorantly fertile .State, wliieii has scareely any noil nnenltlvable. 
 
 I'dmlation.— There were in Illinois 12,'J82 mlmhltants In 1810; (58,211 In 1820; 167,446 
 in 1830; 47ii,18:i In 1840, nnd 8B1,470 In l^.n, of whom 446,044 were white ninles, 400,460 
 females; 275(1 eo'ored males, and 201o females. 
 
 CiTiia* AND Towns. — Illinois has a number of thriving towns, and so rapidly do they In- 
 crease, that the census of 1850 will be in ninny cases far below the trutli ; but, for want of 
 other reliable informal inn, we miiHt ndlicre to it. I'iiieago is the largest eity, population 
 130,000; (ininey. (V.iol ; (ialeiia, tUio4 ; IVorla. S.'itri ; Springfield, 4.533, and Alton, 3H75; 
 besides Peru, Uii'jit Island, liridge I'rairle, Waukegan, Ilelleville, Jacksonville, JoUel, Elgin, 
 yt. C'harK's, and many otiier flourishing villag<s. 
 
 Fack ok tiik Cointhv. — Illinois is generally a table-land, elevnted from 350 to 800 feet 
 above the levcd of the (Julf of Mexico, with a general inclination from N. to H, as Indicated 
 by the course of the rivers. This state, generally speaking, may be characterized as level, 
 though there are elevated blufl's on the Illinois Ulver, nnd still higher ones on the Missis- 
 sippi. Tiiere is a small tract of hilly country In the S,, nnd In the N. W. Is a good deal of 
 broken land. Many of the prairies ore quite small, but others ore very large; among the 
 latter is (iraiid I'rairle, extending from .Faekson County, In ft N. E. direction, to Iroquois 
 County, and varying in width from 1 to 12 miles, and even more. This is probobly the 
 highest land between the Mississippi and the Wabash. The prairie is everywhere skirted 
 with wood, and on lt.s border Is n circle of settlements, which have been here located on 
 aecouiit of the timber. The iirniries nre Interspersed with groups of trees, but the timber 
 is generally sparse on them, which, however, seems not to arise from any thing unfavour- 
 able in tlio soil, but from the annual burning of the prairie grass; for where this Is pre- 
 vented, a forest of young trees speedily springs up, and farmers are thus enabled to proceed 
 Inward with settlements, as it were, tier after tier. The prairies are not generally flat, but 
 gracefully undulating, nnd profusely decked with the greatest vnrlety of beautiful wild 
 flowers of every hue, which ravish the beholder with delight. 
 
 MiNKRALS. — Illinois has within her limits a large portion of the great lead region, which 
 she shares with Iowa nnd Wisconsin. Galenn, In the ^. W. part of the stnte, Is nlinost 
 wholly supported by trade in this mineral. Bituminous coal occurs in almost every 
 county, and may be often obtained without excavation. Vast beds are found in the bluffs 
 adjacent to the American IJottom. Copper abounds in the N. part on Plum Creek, and on 
 the Peckatonica River. It has also been found in Jackson and Monroe Counties. Iron is 
 found in the southern part, and is said to be abundant in the north. Lime, zinc, some 
 silver, marble of a fine quality, freestone, gypsum, and quartz crystals are the other min- 
 erals. There are salt springs in Gallatin, Jackson, and Vermilion Counties, leased by the 
 State. Medicinal springs, chiefly sulphur and chalybeate, are found In various parts, and 
 one especially, In Jefferson County, Is much resorted to. In the southern part of the State 
 is one strongly impregnated with Epsom salts. Others of medicinal properties are found 
 between Ottawa and Peru. 
 
 Though Illinois presents but few bold or very striking features to the view of the 
 traveller, she' is not without her objects of interest to the lover of nature. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Pbohuctioss. — Illinois, extending through more than 6° of longitude. 
 
102 
 
 STATE OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 lias consklernble variety of climate. Though somewhat milder than the Atlantic States in 
 the same parallel;! of Intitmle, there is great irregularity in the seasons. Generally there 
 will not fall six inches of sno v at one time, which does not lie more than a few days, but at 
 distant intervals the rivers are frozen for iwo or three months, and the snow lies for as long 
 a period. The summers are hot, but mitigated by the fresh breezes from the prairies. 
 During 1.5 years, peach-trees blossomed from March 25tli to April 20th, and apple-trees 
 friiiri April Ist to May 3d. In the same period the earliest frost was September 17th, but 
 sometimes there is nond till near the end of October. The southern part, of course, lias a 
 milder climate than the northern. Cattle often arj unhoused during the whole winter. 
 
 In agricultural capabilities Illinois is unsurpassed, if equalled, by any state in the 
 American confederaej-. In some of her river bottoms the soil is 25 feet deep, and the up- 
 land prairies are but little inferior in fertility. The Great American Bottom, lying on the 
 Mississippi, between the mouths of the Kaskaskia ...id the Missouri Rivers, is of exceeding 
 fertility, and has been cultivated for 100 years without apparent deterioration. This bot- 
 bom is about 80 miles in length, covering an area of 288,000 acres. On the river side is a 
 strip of heavy timber, with dense underwood, which extends for 2 or 3 miles. The rest is 
 mostly prairie to the eastern limit, which is terminated by a chain of sandy or rocky bluffs 
 from iiO to 200 feet high. This fine region is, however, not healthy, though jirobably 
 capable of being made so by drainage. The Rock River country is another highly fertile 
 district on the Rock River and its branches. Of the same character are the regions nbout 
 the Sangamon, Kaskaskia, and other rivers. Other regions of Illinois are fertile ; but those 
 mentioned pre-eminently si, producing not unfrequently 40 bushels of wheat and 100 of 
 Indian corn to the acre. Tiiis is cspccinlly true of the narrow river bottoms ininiediatciy 
 adjacent to their banks. The prairies of this State are peculiarly favourable to the raising 
 of stock :i;id the productions of the dairy. Illinois stands third in the absolute ainou.it of 
 Indian ccni raised m the states of the Union; but, first if we regard population an(." the 
 number ot i ires under cultivition. Tlie other agricultural staples are wheat, oats, Irish 
 potatoes, hay, butter, and cheese. Besides these, large quantities of rye, wool, beans, 
 peas, barley, buckwheat, fruits, garden vegetables, and some tobacco, sweet potatoes, wine, 
 grass-seeds, hops, hemp, flax, silk, maple sugar, and molasses, beeswax and honej% an 1 tlie 
 castor bean are produced. Of indigenous fruits there are a variety of berries, plums, 
 grapes, crabapples, wild cherries, persimmons, and the papaw (a sweet pulpy fruit, some- 
 what like the banana.) Of orchard fruits, the apple and peach flourish best, but pears and 
 quinces art cultivated with facility. Of nuts, the shellbark or hickory, walnut, buturnut, 
 a white walnut, and pecan, abound. 
 
 FoiiEST Trees. — Illinois would not be wanting in timber if it were more equally difFus^nl. 
 The occupation of the country will, however, remedy this deficiency (oven in parts wiiere 
 there is now a scarcity) by protecting the young trees from (ho ravages of the prairie fires. 
 The bottom lands have a rich growth of black and white walnut, ash, hackhcr'-y, elm, 
 sugar-maple, honey-locust, buckeye, catalpr., sycamore, (of a size unknown in tiio Atlantic 
 States.) Cottonwood, pecan, hickory, and oak of various species; and of underwood, rod- 
 bud, papaw, grape-vine, eglantine, dogwood, spicebush, hazel, green-brier, etc, On the 
 Uplands are post-oak (very valuable for fencingi and other species of oak, blackjack, (use- 
 less except for fuel,) hickory, black and white walnut, linn or basswood, cherry, etc. The 
 ■white and yellow poplar are found in the southern part of tlie State, and the cypress on 
 the Ohio bottom*. 
 
 Commer<:e. — Illinois is most favourably situated for internal commerce, being able to com- 
 municate with the western, southern, and central parts of the Mississippi valley, by means 
 of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers, and with the Northern and li^stern States by 
 way of the great lakes. 
 
 Education. — On the formation of the State, one section in each township was appro- 
 priated for the support of schools, and afterwards an additional income of 3 per cent, on 
 the actual proceeds from the sale of public lands within the limit of the State. One-sixth 
 of these proceeds is appropriated to colleges. 
 
STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 103 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 i 
 
 Iowa, a recently-formed State, west of the Mississippi, is bounded north by Minnesota 
 Territory, east by the Mississippi, which sejiarates it from tlie States of Wiscoiisin and Illi- 
 nois, south by Missouri, and west by the Indian Territory and Minnesota, from the former of 
 which it is separated by the Missouri, and from the latter by the Great Sioux River. It 
 lies (with the exception of a small projection in the south-east, between the Des Moines and 
 Mississippi Kivers) betv/een 40° 30' and 43" 30' north latitude, and between 90° and 97° 
 west longitude, being about 300 miles in extreme length from east to west, and about 208 
 in breadth, including an area of 50,914 square miles, or 32,584,960 acres, of which only 
 824,682 were improved in 1850. 
 
 Population. — Ijwa had 43,112 inhabitants in 1840, and 192,214 in 1850, of whom 100,- 
 885 were wiiite inales, 90,994 white females, 168 coloured males, and 167 coloured females. 
 By a State census in 1852, the population was 230,u00. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — At the census of 1850, Burlington was the largest town in the State; 
 population, 4081. Dubuque, Keokuk, Muscatine, and Davenport have populations varying 
 from 2000 to 6000. Iowa City had a population of 1250. 
 
 Face ok tue Country. — The surface of Iowa is generally composed of rolling prairies, 
 having nothing within its limits which approaches a mountain in elevation. The highest 
 ground in the State is a plateau in the north-west, called " Coteau des Prairies," which en- 
 ters the State from Minnesota. A small portion in the north-east, on the Mississippi, is 
 rugged and rocky, and Table Mound, a conical elevation with a flat suranat, 3 or 4 miles 
 from Dubuque, is, perhaps, 500 feet high. The State, however, may be generally described 
 as a rolling prairie, crossed by rivei-s whose banks are skirted with wood. Tiiere are said 
 to be some swamps in the north-west portion of the State. The prairies, though sometimes 
 20 miles across, are rarely more than 5 or 10. 
 
 MiNEBAis. — Iowa is rich in mineral resources. A portion of the great lead region of Illi- 
 nois and AViscousin extends into this State. The ore is abundant, but lies deeper than on 
 the east side of the river. Lead mines have been opened in Dubuque and Clayton Coun- 
 ties. Zinc and copper are also found in the same localities, and in connection with the lead. 
 The great bituminous coal-field of Iowa and Missouri has an extent of near 200 miles from 
 east to west, and 140 from north to south, within the former State, and occupying most of 
 the central and southern portions. Copper has been recently discovered in Cedar County 
 in considerable quantities. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Tourists. — The principal claim of this new, and as yet scarcely 
 "xplored State, on the attention of travellers, must chiefly rest upon the beauty of its un- 
 dulating prairies, or its picturosnue laii(''»''apo8. Tliere are, however, a few objects which 
 may be classed among natural curiosities, of which the following are the most prominent. 
 Numerous siiiks or circular depressions in the surface of the ground, from 10 to 20 feet 
 across, are found in different places, and particularly on Turkey River, in the north j)art of 
 the State. Small mounds, from 3 to 6 feet high, and sometimes 10 or 12 in a row, are 
 found on the same stream, within 10 or 15 miles of its mouth. A cave, several rods in ex- 
 tent, exists in Jackson County, from which flows a stream large enough to turn a mill. 
 The Upper Iowa and Makoqueta Rivers have worn their channels through magnesian lime- 
 stone rocks, leaving, on their southern banks, cliffs worn by the rain, frost, and winds into 
 resemblances of castles, forts, etc. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Puoductions. — The peach-tree blossoms in April, fall wheat ripens in 
 July, spring wheat in August, and Indian corn in October. The rivers are frozen over 
 from 2 to 3 months on an average each winter. The soil of Iowa is generally excellent, 
 and of easy cultivation, with prairie and woodland intermingled. The valleys of the Red 
 Cedar, Iowa, and Des Moines (we quote Owen's Geological Report), as high as lat. 42° or 
 42° 31', presents a body of arable land, which, taken as a whole, for richness in organic 
 elements, for amount of saline matter, and due admixture of earthy silicates, affords a com- 
 
104 
 
 STATES OF IOWA AND WISCONSIN. 
 
 bination that belongs only to the most fertile upland plains. After passing lat. 42° 30' 
 north, ii'iar the confines of the Coteau des Prairies, a desolate, knobby country commences, 
 the highlands being covered with gravel, and supporting a scanty vegetation, while the 
 low grounds are either wet or marshy, or filled witli numerous ponds or lakes, and where 
 the eye roves in vain in search of timber. North of 41° 30', and between tlie head waters 
 of the Grand, Nodaway, and Nishnabotona Rivers, the soil is inferior in qnality to that 
 south of the same parallel. The staples of this State are Indian corn, wheat, and live stock, 
 besides considerable quantities of oats, rye, buckwheat, barley, Irish potatoes, butter, clieese, 
 hay, wool, maple sugar, beeswax, and honey ; and wme rice, tobacco, beans, peas, sweet 
 potatoes, orchard fruits, wine, grass seeds, hops, fla.\, and silk are produced. 
 
 Forest Trees, Fruit, etc. — Iowa is, in many places, destitute of timber ; along the rivers, 
 however, it is well wooded, except near their sources. On the int<^rval8 between the 
 rivei-s there are often prairies of from 15 to i? iniles, without i o much 3s a bush higher 
 than the wild indigo and compass plant. The greatest scarcity of trees is north of 42°. 
 Ash, elm, sugar, and white mnple grow in alluvion belts of from one-fourth to one mile in 
 width, on the river banks. Tlie other forest trees are poplar, various species of oak, black 
 and white walnut, hickory, locust, ironwood, cottonwood, lime or basswood, and some pine 
 in the northern parts of the State. Oak constitutes the larger part of the timber of the 
 State. Tlie peach gi-ows too luxuriantly, and blooms too soon to admit of its being culti- 
 vated to advantage. The grape, gooseberry, and wild plum are indigenous. 
 
 Manufactures. — As a newly-sottled State, Iowa can, of cou.se, have made as yet but lit- 
 tle progress in manufactures; though she has within her limits two important elements of 
 man"'....Uu"ig industry, viz., abundance of coal and water-power. 
 
 Commerce. — Iowa has no foreign trade, but is very favourably located for internal traflic, 
 washed as it is by the Missouri on the west, the Mississippi on the east, and its interior 
 traversed by the Des Moines, Iowa, Cedar, and other rivers. The principal articles of ex- 
 port are grain, flour, lead, and pork. 
 
 Education. — All lands granted by Congress, all escheated estates, and wliatever percen- 
 tage Congress may allow on the public lands sold within the State, are to constitute a fund, 
 the interest of which, and the rent of unsold lands, together with military and court fines, 
 are to form an api)ropriation for the support of public schools in Iowa. 
 
 '^' 
 
 t 
 
 m 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 AViscoNSiN, one of the recently-settled states of the American confederacy, is bounded 
 on the N. by Minnesota, Lake Supei'ior, and llie nortliorn peninsula of Micliigan, (from 
 which it is separated in part bj' the Menomonee and Montreal rivers,) on the E. by Lake 
 Michigan, S. by Illinois, and W. by Iowa and Minnesota Territory, from the former of which 
 it is separated by the Mississippi, and from the latter (in part) by the St. Croix River. It 
 lies between 42° 30' and 46° 65' N. lat,, (if we exclude some small islands belonging to the 
 State in Lake Superior,) and between 87° and 92° 50' AV. Ion., being about 285 miles in ex- 
 treme length from N. to S., and about 255 in its greatest breadth from E. to AV., includ- 
 ing an area of about 63,924 square milcs, or 34,511,360 acres, of which 1,046,499 were im- 
 proved in 1860. 
 
 PopuL.\TiON. — This flourishing scion of the West has had a growth unexampled even in 
 that thriving region, having increased from 30,945 in 1840, to a population of 805,391 in 
 1850; of whom 104,221 were white males; 140,344 white females ; 365 free coloured males ; 
 and 216 free coloured females. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — Towns are springing up in AVisconsin as if by magic, and a region 
 that but a few years ago was mostly an Indian hunting ground, is now dotted over with 
 them. The principal of these are Milwaukee, population, 20,061 ; Racine, 5111 ; Kenosha, 
 8455 ; Janesville, 3461 ; Waukesha, 2313 ; Platteville, 219'7, and Fond du Lac, 2014. Be- 
 sides these there are Beloit, Madison, Green Bay, Ozaukee, Mineral Point, Oshkosh, Water- 
 town, Sheboygan, and Manitoowoc, liaving populations of from 2000 to 4000 each. 
 
STATE OF WISCONSIN. 
 
 105 
 
 Face of the Country. — Wisconsin may be described generally as an elevated rolling 
 prairie, from 600 to 1200 feet above the level of the sea. This State has no mouhtainB, 
 properly so called. 
 
 Minerals. — Part of the great lead region extending from Illinois and Iowa is included in 
 the S. W. part of Wisconsin, and is no less rich in the quantity and quality of its ore than 
 in the other states where it lies. The lead is here intermingled with copper and zinc in 
 considerable quantities, together with some silver. In Lapointe, Chippewa, St. Croix, and 
 Iowa Counties, copper is found ; in Dodge County, and on the Black River and other branches 
 of the Mississippi, good iron ore occurs, Tlie other metallic substances are magnetic iron, 
 jron pyrites, and graphite or plumbago. Facts do not justify any expectation of great de- 
 posits of copper in the N. W. part of the State. A great bed of magnetic iron ore lies south 
 of Lake Superior, near Tyler's J'oik of the Bad River, in strata of metamorphic slate. In 
 1850, 509,921 pigs of lead were shipped from Dubuque and Mineral Point; but, 778,460 in 
 1845. Beautiful varieties of marble have been recently discovered, or made known to the 
 public in the N. jiart of Wisconsin. Others are blue and dove-coloured, beautifully veined. 
 These are susceptible of a fine polish, and some on the Menomonee are within navigable 
 distance from New York. 
 
 Ob.iect9 of Interest to Tovrists. — This State abounds in picturesque objects, in water- 
 falls, ropids, bluffs, and beautiful lakes, with clear water and gravelly bottoms. 
 
 Climate — Tiiis thriving State, which has surpassed every other, except California, in the 
 unexampled rapidity of its growth, is the theme of almost unmingled praise of the tourist 
 and the emigrant from every part of Europe and America. Its beautiful lakes, rolling prai- 
 ries, swelling uplands, and " oiik openings," (j. e. lands covered with a scattered growth of 
 oak,) fertile soil, its fine angling, abundance of game, and healthy climate, tempt thither 
 alike the permanent settler, the sportsman, and the lover of the picturesque. The climate, 
 though severe, and the winters long, is more regular and more free from those frequent and 
 unhealthy changes that prevail farther south. The lakes, too, exert a mitigating influence, 
 the temperature being 6-^° higher on the lake than on the Mississippi side. The lake shore 
 is also more moist, but the State generally is drier than in the same parallels further east. 
 The diseases consequent upon clearing lands are less frequent, it is said, in this thai, other 
 new states, owing to the open nature of the country in the oak openings. 
 
 Soil and Pbohuctions. — The countrj^ south of the middle is a fine agricultural region. In 
 the mineral district, W. of the Pekatonica, the cc-'ntry is broken, but, what is unusual in 
 mining tracts, generally well adapted to farming, and especially grazing. But probably 
 the best agricultural section is that E. of the Pekatonica, which has more prairie land, 
 though even here is a considerable portion of timbered land on the rivers and streams. 
 The agricultural capabilities of the northern part of the State, around the head waters of 
 the Black and Chippewa Rivers, and the sources of the rivers emptying into Lake Superior, 
 are small, the surface in part being covered with drift and boulders, and partly with ponds 
 and marshes. The agricultural staples of this State are wheat, Indian corn, oats, Irish po- 
 tatoes, butter, and live stock, besides considerable quantities of rye, wool, beans, peas, bar- 
 ley, buckwheat, maple sugar, beeswax, honey, cheese, and hay, with some sweet potatoes, 
 tobacco, fruits, wine, grass-seeds, hops, flax, and hemp. 
 
 Forest Trees. — Tliere are vast forests of pine on the Upper Wisconsin, the Wolf river, and 
 the tributaries of the Mississippi, N. of the Wisconsin. The other forest trees are spruce, 
 tnnvirac, cedar, oak of different species, birch, aspen, basswood, hickory, elm, ash, hemlock, 
 poplar, sycamore, and sugar-maple. The oak openings already described, form a pleasing 
 feature in the landscapes of Wisconsin. 
 
 MANi'FAi-n'REs. — The numerous "ivers and streams of Wisconsin, with their frequent 
 rapids and falls, afford great facilities for mill sites of every sort, and her forests and iron 
 for ship and steamboat buildirg. Mr. Hunt, in his Gazetteer, estimates the manufacture of 
 pine lumber at 400,000,000 ioet, besides which, large quantities of oak and basswood are 
 sawed into scantling, plank, lath, etc. He also gives the number of barrels of flour manu- 
 
106 
 
 STATES OF WISCONSIN AND MICKIGAN. 
 
 fuctured at 100,000, (independent of kinds of mill stuffs in abundance,) of paper, 300,000 
 pounds, and of shot, 100,000 pounds annually. 
 
 Education.— There were in August, 1852, in the State, 2763 school districts, in which 
 were ]CC4 scliool houses, mostly frame or log, and valued at $261,986.32. The capital of 
 the school fund in December, 1852, was $819,200.50. It is expected that ere long the lands 
 appropriated for the support of schools will form a fund of about $3,000,000. Public in- 
 struction is under the charge of a State superintendent, receiving $1000 per annum. There 
 have been granted for the support of a State university, 46,080 acres of land. There are 
 also other colleges and academies supported by private subscriptions, which are promising 
 institutions. 
 
 History.— Wisconsin was formed into a territory in 1836, and admitted into the Union 
 as an independent State in 1848. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Michigan, one of the more recently settled of the north-western States, occupies two 
 peninsulas, the southern one lying between Lakes Erie, St. Clair, and Huron on the east, 
 and Lake Michigan on the west ; and the northern between Lakes Michigan and Huron on 
 tiie south, and Lake Superior on the north. Tlie whole is bounded north by Liikc Supe- 
 rior, east by tlie Straits of St. Mary, Lake Huron, St. Clair River and Lake, Detroit River, 
 and Lake Erie (nil which separate it from Canoda West), on the south by Oliio and Indiana, 
 and on the west by Lakes Michigan and Wisconsin, from the latter of which it is partlj 
 separated by the Menomonee and Montreal Rivers. Michigan lies between 41° 40' and 
 47° 30' north latitude (if we exclude Isle Royale, a dependency of this State), and between 
 82° 12' and 90° 30' west longitude. The northern peninsula is about 320 miles in extreme 
 length from south-east to north-west, and 130 in its greatest breadth, and the southern 
 about 283 from north to south, and 210 from enst to west, in its greatest width. Tlie joint 
 area of the two peninsulas is 56,243 square miles, or 35,595,520 aeri.9, of which only 1,923,- 
 682 were improved in 1850. About two-fifths of the area is included in the northern pe- 
 ninsula. 
 
 PoruLATio.y. — ^Though originally settled by the French, the great bulk of the population 
 is from the New England and Middle States. A large portion of the latter is of New Eng- 
 land descent. The number of inhabitants in Micliigan, in 1810, was 4762; 8896 in 1820; 
 31,639 in 1830 ; 212,267 in 1840 ; and 397,654 in 18.^0, of whom 208,471 were white males, 
 186,626 white females; 1412 coloured males, and 1145 coloured females. 
 
 Cities and Towns. — The towns of this State exhibit the same rapid growth which is so 
 wonderful a characteristic of the Western States generally. Detroit, the largest town in 
 the State, had, in 1850, a population of 21,019. The other principal towns are Ann Ar- 
 bor, population, 4868; Jackson, 4147; Flint, 3304; Grand Rapids, .^147; Ypsilante, 
 3051; Adrian, 3006; Marshall, 2822; Pontiac, 2820; Monroe City, 2813; Teeumseh, 
 2679; Kalamazoo, 2507 ; Cold water, 2166 ; and Clinton, 2130. These populations, as in 
 New England, sometimes include the townships. 
 
 Face ok the Cou.ntry, Geology, and Minerals. — The southern peninsula of Michigan, so 
 interesting in its agricultural and economical aspects, '.s rather tame in its topographical 
 features, as there is no considerable elevation (compared with the country inmiediately 
 around it) within its whole extent, though the ridge which divides the waters flowing into 
 Lakes Huron and Erie from those flowing into Lake Michigan, is 300 feet above the level 
 of the lakes, and about 1000 above the sea. Tiie country, however, may be generally char- 
 acterized as a vast undulating plain, seldom becoming rough or broken. There are occa- 
 sional conical elevations of from 150 to 200 feet in heiglit, but generally much less. The 
 shores of Lake Huron are often steep, forming bluffs ; while those of Lake Michigan are 
 coasted by shifting sand-hills of from 100 to 200 feet in heiglit. In the southern part are 
 those natural parks, thinly scattered over with trees, called, in the parlance of the country, 
 "oak openings;" and in the south-west are rich prairie lands. The northern peninsula 
 
 i 
 
 >i^ 
 
STATE OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 107 
 
 exhibits a striking contrast, both in soil ond surface, to the southern. Wliile the latter is 
 level or inoilorately undulating, and luxuriantly fertile, the former is picturesque, rugged, 
 and even mountainous, witli streams abounding in rapids and watei'-falls — rich in minerals, 
 but rigoiirous in climate, and sterile in soil. The Wisconsin or Porcupine Mountains which 
 form the watei-shed between Lakes Michigan and Superior, are much nearer the latter 
 than the former, and attain an elevation of about 2000 feet in the north-west portion of the 
 peninsula. Tiio east part of this division of the State is undulating and picturesque, but 
 tlie central hilly, and composed of table-land. The shores of Lake Superior are composed 
 of a sandstone rock, which, in many places, is worn by the action of tl»e wind and waves 
 into fancied resemblances of castles, etc., forming the celebrated Pictured Rocks; while the 
 shores of Lake Michigan are composed of a limestone rock. The streams on the northern 
 slope of the Porcupine Mountain have a rapid descent, and abound in picturesque falls and 
 rapids. Tiie north peninsula is primitive, and the southern secondary; but primitive 
 rocks are scattered over the plains of the latter of more than 100 tons weight, most abund- 
 ant on the borders of the great lakes, on the flanks of valleys, and where traces of recent 
 floods are apparent. 
 
 Michigan, in its northern peninsula, possesses, probably, the richest copper mines in the 
 world, A block of almost pure copper, weighing some tons, and bearing the arms of the 
 State, rests imbedded in the walls of the National Monument at Washiiigton. The region 
 from which this block was taken lies on the shores of Lake Superior, near the mouth of 
 the Ontonagon River. The same mineral abounds in Isle Royale, near the north shore of 
 Lake Superior. Iron, said to be of a very superior quality, is found in a district about 00 
 miles soutli-i ast of tiie great copper region, as well as in some other parts of Michigan. 
 The other minerals known to exist in this State, whose mineral resources are very imper- 
 fectly developed as yet, are lead, gypsum, peat, limestone, marl, and some coal. An ex- 
 cellent sand for the manufacture of the finer kinds of glass-ware is found on the shores of 
 Liike Michigan, as well as Lake Erie. Tlie copper mines in the northern peninsula are es- 
 timated to have produced within the past year (March, 1853) nearly 4000 tons of copper, 
 worth, on the seaboard, $1,500,000. Great activity prevails in the mining region this 
 year ; new discoveries are being made, an increased number of hands employed, and addi- 
 tional machinery erected. A mass of copper, weighing 5072 pounds, sent from Michigan, 
 was exliibited at the World's Fair in New York. 
 
 Objects of Ixtehest to Toubists. — The Island of Mackinaw, in the straits of the same 
 name, already visited for its picturestjue beauty, maj', probably, become the future New- 
 port of the north-western States. In addition to its bold shores, rising to a height of near- 
 ly 200 feet jierpendieularly above the water, and the charm of its picturesque views and 
 cool breezes, it has the accompaniment of fine fishing in its vicinity ; and the pleasant ex- 
 cursions to Sault St. Mary, to angle for the far-famed white fish, to tempt the sportsman 
 and epicure to while away a summer vacation in this vicinity. About 60 miles west of the 
 entrance of the Strait St. Marie, are the celebrated " Pictured Rocks," composed of sand- 
 stone of various colours, and worn by the action of the wind and waves into resemblances 
 of ruined temples, castles, etc. One peculiarly :',. iking object, called the Doric Rock, is a 
 colonnade of 4 round pillars, of from about 3 to 7 feet in diameter, and 40 feet in height, 
 supporting an entablature 8 feet thick, and 30 feet across. These rocks extend for about 
 12 miles, and rise about 300 feet above the water. Sometimes cascades shoot over the 
 precipice, so that \ essels can sail between them and the natural wall of rock. On laying 
 out the track for a railway across the State from Detroit, tlie engineers encountered a sin- 
 gular lake, covered with an accumulation of vegetable matter — the growth of ages — but 
 concealing beneath a deep and dangerous, though not extensive lake, which made it neces- 
 sary to make a detour from the road. 
 
 Climate, Soil, and Puoductions. — Notwithstanding the severity of the climate in Michi- 
 gan, it is moderated by its proximity to the lakes; yet ihe temperature of the northern 
 peninsula is quite rigourous. The northern peninsula is favourable to winter grains, but 
 not to Indian corn ; while the southern produces maize, as well as the winter grains, abund- 
 
108 
 
 STATE OP MICHIGAN. 
 
 BDtly. The prevailing diseases nre bilious fevers, ague, and dysentery: consumption is 
 
 rare. 
 
 Great fertility is tlie characteristic of most of tlie soil in the middle and south of the 
 lower peninsula ; mostly free from stone, and of a doep, dark sandy loam, often minified 
 with gravel and clay. Tlie nortlicrn peninsula has a large portion of rugged and poor soil, 
 but its agricultural capabilities are not yet well developed. Portions of it are well tim- 
 bered with white pine, sj)ruce, hemlock, birch, oak, aspen, maple, ash, and elm. As the 
 wants of the advancing settlements increase the demand, this region can furnish large sup- 
 plies of lumber from its forests of pine, spruce, etc., manufactured at the fine mill-sites af- 
 forded by the rapid streams on the Superior slope of the Porcupine Mountain. Much 
 of southern Michigan is occupied by those beautiful and fertile natural lawns, called ook 
 openings, covered with scattered trees, and free from underwood. Another portion is 
 prairie, and yet another timbered land, covered with black and white walnut, sugar maple, 
 different species of oaks, hickory, ash, basswood, soft maple, elm, linden, locust, dogwood, 
 poplar, beech, aspen, sycamore, Cottonwood, cherry, pine, hemlock, spruce, tamarack, cy- 
 press, cedar, chestnut, papaw, etc. Tlie prairies are small, and divided into wet and dry— 
 the latter, of course, being somewhat elevated. The north-west of the lower peninsula is 
 but little known, but recent letters from that region represent it as well timbered, well 
 watered, and fertile; it, however, has an uninviting aspect from the lakes. On the shores 
 of Lake Huron, near Saginaw Bay, is a marsliy district. Michigan is eminently an agri- 
 cultural State ; the staple products being wheat, Indian corn, oats, Irish potatoes (for 
 which it is espeoially favourable), butter, haj', maple sugar, wool, and live stock, with large 
 quantities of buckwheat, rye, peas, beans, barley, fruits, cheese, beeswax, and honey ; and 
 some tobacco, sweet potatoes, wine, grass seeds, hops, fla.v, silk, and molasses. 
 
 MANUFACTUP.ra. — In common with the other more recently-settled States, Michigan has 
 not yet had leisure to give much attention to the development of her manufacturing re- 
 sources. In 1850, there were in the State 1979 manufacturing establishments -• '; pro- 
 ducing $500 and upwards annually, of which 15 were engaged in woollen mai..iiaeturc3, 
 employing $94,000 capital, and 78 male and 51 female hands, consuming raw material 
 worth $-13,402, and producing 141,570 yards of stuffs worth 'S90,'242 ; (U forges, furnaces, 
 etc., employing $210,450 capital, and 362 male hands, consuming raw material worth 
 $105,865, and producing 5430 tons of castings, pig iron, etc., valued at S'iW.GO? ; $139,425 
 capitjil and 98 hands were emploj-ed in the manufacture of 10,320 barrels of ale, porter, 
 etc., and 890,900 gallons of whisky, wine, etc. ; and 00 tanneries, employing $286,000 
 capital, consuming raw material worth $203,450, and producing manufactured leather 
 valued at $363,980; domestic manufactures were fabricated worth $354,936. 
 
 CoMMEBCE. — Michigan, surrounded as it is by inland seas, is most favourably situated for 
 internal trade, and trade with British America. Her foreign commerce is, however, small, 
 and only amounted, in 1851-2, in imports, to $191,976, and exports, $145,152; tonnoge 
 entered for the same year, 66,041 ; cleared, 69,981 ; owned, 46,318.12, of which 24,681.73 
 was steam tonnage ; number of vessels built, 16, with a tonnage of 2039.00. In tlie spring 
 of 1853, there were owned at Detroit and Mackinaw, 60 steamers, with a tonnage of 17,925. 
 The lake trade of 1851 has been stated at, imports, $5,330,609, and exports, $5,790,860. 
 Wheat and other grain, flour, pork, live stock, wool, and copper are among the leading ar- 
 ticles of export 
 
 Education. — On the subject of education, Michigan is largely imbued with the opinion of 
 New England (from whence so many of her sons derive their origin), that republican gov- 
 ernment and common-school education must proceed or fall together. Ilor school fund, 
 in 1852, was $575,668 ; in addition to which, is a fund culled the University Fund, of 
 $100,000. 
 
STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 109 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Missouri, one of tlie largest of the United Stiites, and the first formed wholly W. of the 
 Mississippi River, is bounded on the N. Iiy Iowa, (from wliich it is Boparnted for about 30 
 miles on the N. K. by the Des Moines River,) on the E. by the Mississippi River, wliieh di- 
 vides it from Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee; on the S. by the Arkansas, and on the W. 
 by the Indian Territory, from which it is partly separated by the Missouri River. This State 
 lies (with the exception of u small projection between the St, Francis and the Mississippi 
 River, which extends to ;it)°) between 3(5° 30', and 40° 30' N. hit., and 89° 10' and «.)./ W. 
 Ion., being about 285 miles in its greatest length from E. to W., and 280 in width from N. 
 to S., including an area of 07,380 square miles, or 43,123,200 acr(3, only 2,938,425 acres 
 vd of which were improved in 1850. 
 
 I'oi'LL.VTioN. — ^Though originally settled by tlie French, less than one-third of one per 
 cent, of the present inhabitants of Missouri are of that extraction. The population amounted 
 to (50,58(5 in 1820; 140,145 in 183(1; 383,'702 in 184(», and 082,244 in 1850; of whom 
 312,987 were white males, and 279,017 females; 1301 free coloured males, and 1257 fe- 
 males; 43,484 male slaves, and 43,938 female. 
 
 CniKA ANi> Towns. — St. Louis is the largest city in Slissouri, population, 77,800, (by a local 
 census in 1853, 88,(t(iO;) the other jirineipal towns are Hannibal, population in 1850, 2557 ; 
 Lexington, 2459; Castor, 2084; Weston, 1915; Palmyra, 1284; and St. Genevieve, 958. 
 Capital, Jefferson City. 
 
 Fauk ok thi-: Coixtuy. — This great State is mostly level or undulating N, of the Missouri 
 River, while S. of this river (much the larger portion of the State) exhibits a much greater 
 variety. In the S. E. part, near the Mississippi River, and S. of Cape Girardeau, is an ex- 
 tensive marsh, reaching beyond the Strte into Arkansas, and occupying an area of about 3000 
 square miles. The remainder of this portion, between the ilississippi and the Osage Rivers, 
 is rolling, gradually rising into a hilly and mountainous district, forming the outskirts of 
 the Ozark Mt>untnins. Beyond the Osage River, at some distance, commences a vast ex- 
 panse of prairie land, which stretches awaj^ to the Rocky Mountains. The ridges forming 
 the Ozaik ohiiin, which probably in no place reach an elevation of 2000 feet, extends in a 
 N. E. and S, W. direction, separating the waters that flow N. E. into Missouri River from 
 those that flow S. E. into the JIississip])i River. The geological features of this Slate are 
 very interesting. One of the richest coal fields perhaps in the world occupies the greater 
 part of Missouri N. of the Osage River, and extends nearly to the N. boundary of Iowa. A 
 carbonifi-rous limestone, which comes to the surface on the E. and W. borders of the State, 
 forms a rini from 5 to 40 miles in breadth. The lower magncsian limestone crops out on 
 the Missouri Kiver, from 25 miles above Jefferson City to within 35 miles of its mouth, with 
 occasional obtrusions of sandstone. Schoolcraft thus speaks of the Ozark Mountains : " The 
 Ozark is a term applii-d to a broad, elevated district of highlands, running from N. to S. 
 centrally through the States of Missouri and Arkansas. It has on the E. the striking and 
 deejt alluvial tract of the Jlississippi River, and on its W. the woodless plains or deserts 
 which stretch below the Rocky Mountains." 
 
 !Mim:uals. — Missouri is particularly rich in minerals, and a vast region in the neighbour- 
 liood of Iron ]SIountain is, perhaps, unsurpassed in the globe for proiluetiveness in iron of 
 the best (piality. Though existing in the greatest abundance and purity in this locality, 
 this mineral is found scattered throughout tlie State. In the eastern counties S. of the IMis- 
 Bouri River, large quantities of lead, sometimes mixed with zinc, are found. Copper exists 
 throughout the mineral region, (n tract of 17,000,000 or 18,000,000 acres,) but is most abun- 
 dant near the La ilotto mines. It is found combined with nickel, manganese, iron, cobalt, 
 and lead, and these often yield 34 per cent, of the pure metal. Of the other metals named, 
 all except nickel are found in considerable quantities. Silver exists in the lead ore, 350 
 pounds of pure silver having been obtained from 1,000,000 pounds of lead. Tin has been 
 found in small quantities. Of the non-metallic minerals, limestone abounds N. of the Mis- 
 
110 
 
 STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Bouri River, mid forms n good building stone. Miirliles boiiutifiilly voined nnd cryRtnlHne 
 nro found in parts of tlie Stiitc ; nlso gypsum, -uindstones, red and wliitc, jiorjiliyrius, sienite, 
 BiUtpetre, sulplinte of biirytn, Ijiiolin, nnd inferior clays. The red nandstono is of too coarse 
 and loose a texture for nrehitecturnl purposos, hut the white, found "car St. (ienevieve, 
 innkes superior gloss. Porphyries of a red groMiid iitorspcrsed with crystals, adndtting -^^ 
 ft high polish, arc found 1*. of the Missouri River. 
 
 CoAU— J5i'i'>ninou8 eonl, !ni;eh of it cannel eoal, exists in vast beds in the N. of ihe State, 
 and has also been lound 40 m;|.-3 up the Osnge River. The great eonnel e<ial-lie.l in Cal- 
 laway County confists, in one place, of a solid stratum 24 feet, and in another 75 fit t in 
 thickness, nnd is believed to be the largest body of eannel coal known. 
 
 RiVKns. — Misso-iri enjoys the navigation of the tvo ijreatest rivers in tlie I idted States, 
 if not in the world. By nienns of the Mississippi River, which coasts her entire eastern 
 boundary, she cnn hold comnicreinl intercourse with tli ■ most northern territory of the 
 Union, with the whole of the v 'ley of the Ohio, with some of the .\tlnntie States, and 
 with ihe Gulf of Mexico. By menus of the Missouri, her other great river, she mny ex- 
 tend her internal commerce to the Rocky Mountains, besides rcceivitig the products that 
 mny be furnished in future times by its iniillitiide of tributaries. The Mis-xiui-i iliver coasts 
 the N. W. of the State for about iiod miles, (following its windings,) and th.'n darts across 
 die State in a direction a little S. of R, dividing it into two portions, df which about n 
 t'lird is N.. a'ld the remainder S. of that river. 
 
 Objects of Interest to Toihists, — W. shall hardly be able to do justice to Mis-^duri in this 
 respect, in the present state of our knowledge of the interior, as there an- doubtless, in her 
 mountain recesses, gorges, wntcrfnlls, ind cnvea whose fame has not yet reaeiw'd us. To 
 the geologist the State already possesses ample inducements for a visit ; while the lnver of 
 line scenery will find much to interest him in the wild bluffs Imth of the Missouri and Mis- 
 sissippi Rivers, which rise to an elevation varying from 50 to ;^((0 feet. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Missouri is ver}' variable : in the winter the tlurtnometer sinks 
 below zero, and the rivers are frozen so ns to odniit the passage of hciivily laden vehicles. 
 The summers are excessively hot, but the air dry nnd pure. In the autumns, bilious and 
 remittent fevers are common on the river bottoins. I'ulmonary complaints, however, to 
 such a degree ns to terminate in consumpt' m, arc infrequent. 
 
 Soil and I'roui'ctions. — The soil of Misfouri, speaking g'^ncrallj', is gord, nnd of trreat 
 agricultural cnpnbilities; but the most fertile jiorfions nre in the river bot' -iiis, which, are 
 a rich nlluvion, (in ionie cases, however, mixed ivitli si'.nd.) nnd in that portioi. N. of the 
 Missouri River, except in the E., where n siuidy soil prevails. South ot ihe Missouii there, 
 is a greater variety in the soil, but much of it ij fertile, nnd even in the mountains and 
 mineral districts thero are rich valleys, nnd nbout the sources of the AVhito, Eleven Points, 
 Current, nnd Big Black Rivers, the soil, though unproductive, nirnishes a valuable irrow'h 
 of yellow pine. The marshy district of the S. E, pnrt will, when 'lie population shall Iniv 
 become sufficiently dense to justify the expense of drainage, be prconbly < ne of the most 
 fertile poriions of tho State. The gr^ at staple of Misiouri i* Indian corn, and more hemp 
 is produced than in any State except Kentucky ; the other great products ni'i- v. iieat, oats 
 tobacco, wool, p'>ns, benns, Irish nnd sweet potntoes, fruits, butter, chense, pork, hny, fiftx, 
 honej', nnd beeswax ; considerable rye, buckwheat, market pro''ucts, grass-seeds, mnple 
 augnr; nnd some rice, barley, wine, hops, silk, and molasses, 
 
 FouEiiT AND FnuiT Trees. — "Tlu! river bottoms nre covered with a Iiix:iriiiiit ^jrowth of 
 oak, elm, nsh, hickory, coltonwood, linn, nnd white nnd black wnlnuf. In the more bnrren 
 districts nre found white nnd pin onk, nnd sometimes forests of yellow pine. The crnb- 
 npple, pnpnw, nnc. persimmon nre abundant; ns also the hazel and pecan." There are 
 three species of wiid grnpr ■. nnd apples, pcnrs, peaches, .ipricots. nnd nect^arines yield well. 
 
 Commerce. — St. Lou's is the great centre of internol coiamerce of the Mississippi nnd its 
 tributaries, which ini,.';t greatly increase as the settlements on those great rivers extena 
 themselves. T.ie exports of this State consist mainly of lead, pork, Hour, wheat, tol>acoo, 
 
 ll 
 
MISSOURI, OB NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ed niid erystnlline 
 orphj-rk's, Bionite, 
 lu! is of too conrse 
 ■nr St. (iciu'viove, 
 itnls, ndniittiiig -^^ 
 
 lie N. of tlifStnte, 
 1 conl-l)('i] in Cul- 
 luitiicr 7.") f(( t in 
 
 and live stock. Missouri has long been the principal scat of an active caravan trade with 
 Bonta F6. 
 
 Education, — Misaouri Ims a school fund (in 1852) of $575,668, and anothor fund of 
 $100,000, called the seminary fund. Tlic interest of the former is distrihuted aiiinni,' the 
 counties in proportion to the number of sciiolars in eoch. In 1850 there were 59,927 chil- 
 dren in the State, of whom 3'.t,983 were in tiio schools. Annual expenditure for school pup- 
 poses, $88,124; niuubcr of volumes in school libraries, (i'200. Every sixtceutli section of 
 public lands is devoted to common schools. 
 
 the I nitcd Stales, 
 ler entire eastern 
 11 tiM'rilory of the 
 liiiitie Stiiles, and 
 •ivcr, slic may ex- 
 tiie ]irodiiets that 
 -•'iiuri I'ivcr eoasis 
 1 then iliirls iiero;'8 
 iif wliicli about a 
 
 ■til Missouri in this 
 e doubtless, in her 
 >t reiieiied u^. ■ To 
 wliiie the lover of 
 Jlissouri iiml .Mis- 
 
 tliermometer sinks 
 ilv-iaden vehicles, 
 tinnns, bilious and 
 aiiits, however, to 
 
 ^d, and of ^reat 
 t' -las', which are 
 jiortioi. X. of the 
 lie Missouri tliere 
 
 mountains and 
 
 , i'lleven I'oints, 
 valuabl<' irvowMi 
 lation sliiill liavr 
 I lie of tlie most 
 
 anil more hemp 
 are v. lieat, oats 
 
 pork, hay, flax, 
 rass-seeds, maple 
 
 iriiiut growth of 
 the more barren 
 lunr. The crab- 
 ■an." Tliere are 
 irines yield well. 
 lississippi and its 
 at riveis extenu 
 wheat, toliaceo. 
 
 MISSOURI, OR NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. 
 
 Missouri, or NoBrri-WEST Tkrritory, an unorganized territory occupying the vast region 
 lying between the White Earth and Missouri Rivers on the E., and the Rocky Mountains 
 on the W., and (with the exception of a small tract in the S. E., belonging to the Indian 
 Territory) between the Platte River on the S., and British America on the X. It lies be- 
 tween about 40" 30' and 19° N. hit., and between abouf 97° 45' and 113" W. Ion., covering 
 an I'stiniated area of about o87,5ti4 scpiarf miles, or 8[iacc enough for live States larger than 
 Illinois. This vast tract would include the proposed territory of Nebraska. 
 
 I'opui.ATioy. — We have no census returns from this wild region, which has been appro- 
 priated as the abode of ditTerent Indian t"ibes, among which may be mentioned the Crowa, 
 Blackfeet, (a very warlike and cruel tribe,) Minnetarees, Ricearees, Puncahs, and Pawneesi, 
 
 Fapk or Till-; Cot ntuv. — The greater part <if this territory, as far as is known, seems to 
 consist of a higli prairie land. A chain of highlands,. called the Black Hills, I'uns from 
 wear the Platte River in a N. E. direction to the Missouri River, which they approach in 
 about 102° of W, longitude, dividing the waters running into the Yellow.sfone from those 
 flowing into the .Missouri below its great south-eastern bend. On the W., the Rocky 
 Mountains rear their lofty sununits, in some instances above the snow line, and send out 
 spurs into Mis.souri. Fremont's Peak, the loftiest known in this chain in the United States, 
 is on the S. AV. border of this territory. 
 
 r.ivKii.s AND Lakks. — This exteusivo tract is traversed by the Missouri, one of the moLt 
 important rivers in the world, which rises near its south-western border, runs for about 
 1000 miles in a N. E. direction, to 48° 20' N, latitude, receiving a large number of afflu- 
 ents from the X., one of which, the Yellowstone, is 980 miles in length, and a multitude of 
 snb-triliutaries from the S. From il.r> latitude named above, it flows off to the S. E., form- 
 ing the eastern boundary for perhaps loOO miles. In about latitude 43° 30' the Missouri 
 makes a grand detour, called the Great Bend, " where the river makes a circuit of 30 
 miles in advancing 2000 yards in a direct course." A number of important streams flow 
 into the Mis,<ouri, within this territory, below the bend alluded to, so that this region is 
 well watered, and gives promise of being more suitable for settlement than the country 
 below I'lntte River. There are some small lakes in the S, W., and perhaps others yet to 
 be discovered and described. 
 
 OiuKcrs or Intkiust to Toirists. — The Great Falls of the Misso.iri, and the gorge below, 
 enclosed witli perpendicular rocks 1200 feet high, claim the first place among the striking 
 natural objects of this territory. 
 
 ANI.MAI.S. — Tliis country is the paradise of the hunter and trapper. Vast herds of bufia- 
 lo roam over its prairies, though now rapidly diminishing in numbers. Lewis and Clark 
 have stated that at times the Missouri was backed i;p as liy a dam, by the multitude of 
 these animal;- "••issing. The gi'izzly bear, Rocky Mountain goat, sheep, and antelope in- 
 fest the slopes of the Rocky Mountains ; and the b«aver in former times existed in great 
 numbers, though the trappers are now fast thinning them out. Panthers were met with 
 by Lewis and Clark ; also black bears, elks, aiul wolves. 
 
 Commerce. — ^Ihe fur and peltry trade constitute the commerce of this vast region. 
 Steamboats ascend the Missouri above the \ ellowstone, and up the latter river 300 miles. 
 
112 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 MiNNtiiOTA, ft territory of the United StiitfH, u bouinlcd on the N. I>y Urllii'li Atncricft, E, 
 by Liilif Superior and tiio Stiite of Wist'oimin, S. i>y Iowa iunl Mii<:<oiMi Territory, imd W. liy 
 Mii^ouri Territory. The Ijike of tlio Woodn, with ii cliain of Kniull lalics and their outlets, 
 form a part of the Nortiiern Imundary ; the St. Croix and Mi.-<;<i!<si|>pi a part of tlie eastern, 
 and tlie Missouri and Wliite Kartli Rivers the western lioundary. It liea l)etween 42" 80' 
 and 4!)° N. lat., and l)etween aliout 89° H(t' and 103° 3u' W. Ion., l>eing nl)out (loO miles iu 
 extreme leni,'th from E. to W., and 4:)() from N. to S., ineludin;,' an areft of nearly 100,000 
 square miles, or 100,240,000 acres. 
 
 Fack of TnE Coti.NTRY. — Thonj^li there are no mountains in Minnesota, it is the most 
 elevated tract of l-ii-.d between the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's Hay, and from its central 
 hei^iita sends its waters to every point of the compass, hut mostly to the N. and S. The 
 position from which the Ked Uiver of the North alid the St. I'eter's take their opposite 
 courses is almost exactly in the centre of the territory, and elevated al)ont '20(M) feet above 
 the Gulf of Mexico. A plateau, called the " Coteau des Prairies," or " I'rairie IIeif,'hts," 
 about 200 miles in length, and from 15 to 40 iu lireadth, runs tlirouirh the middle of the 
 southern part of Minnesota. Its /[greatest elevation is about I'.tltj feet above the levd of the 
 sea, and its average height about 1450 feet. The northern ])ortion, which is the highest, is 
 about 890 feet abovi Bi -stone Lake, which lies in its vicinity. Passing the St. Peter's or 
 MinnesotJi Iliver, we come u|.on another range of heights, known as the "Coteau dii Grand 
 Bois," or the AVoodcd Ileiglits, which extend for more than 100 miles nearly parallel with 
 the "Coteau des Prairies." This ridge is mostly covered with an extensive forest of hard 
 wood. Through the middle of the triangle which occupies the N. E. portion of the ter- 
 ritory, runs a third range of heights, called the " Ilautt'urs de Terre," or " lliifhlands," 
 whicli extend W. l)y S. aijout .SCO miles, and form a dividing ridge, wlienee ilow the waters 
 that seek Lake Superior and the Mississip|)i in one direction, and Hudson's Bay in the 
 other. A range of less altitude than the " Coteau des Prairies," but continuing in the same 
 direction, forms the watershed of the streams flowing into the ilissonri on the AV., and those 
 flowing into the Red Itiver on tlie E. The rest of the country generally alternates Ixtween 
 sandhills and swamps, and river liottoms and prairies. In the N., on the Ueil Kiver, are 
 extensive Savannas, level ao >. floor, while th<^ central region and the , ortion between that 
 and Lake Superior is nnieli of it occupied with marshes, se])arated by hiMs of drift. We-st 
 of the Coteau des Prairies, and Red River, the country has been l>ut li.tle explored; but 
 that portion of it between the Riviiire i\ Jacijues and the Missouri is .'eprcsented as com- 
 posed of high rolling prairies. 
 
 MiNEHALs. — The indications, froi;' geological survoj's of Minnesota, '".o no* favour the liopes 
 of great metallic wealth w ithin its Norders. Copper has been f mid, Init in most instances 
 it is not "in place," but appears to li've been carried thith.r by the drift and boulders. 
 Tlie probability is that, of richer metallic ores than 'rou, this territory will not atl'ord (I'X- 
 cept near Lake Superior) s\ifKeient (piantity i,' ''ejay the labours of the miner; for if they 
 exist at all, they probaldy lie at great depths. The indications are eqiuilly unfavourable to 
 there being any large deposits of coal. A lea<l v<'in, 4 inches in thickness, was discovered 
 on the Waraju liiver, by the geological corps of I'rot'essor Owen. The most remarkable 
 mineral in this territory is the red pipestone, of which the Indians make their pipes, and 
 which is believed to be peculiar to the region of the Coteau des Prairies. Salt is n'ported 
 to exist in vast quantities between 47° and 49° N. lat,, and 97° and 99° W. Ion. 
 
 Lakks and Rivi;ns. — Minnesota is, perhaps, even more deserving than Jliehigan of the 
 appellation of the " Lake State," as it abounds in lacustrine waters of every size, from lakes 
 of 40 miles in extent, to small ponds of less than a mile in circuit. These beautiful sheets 
 of water give origin to rivers flowing K, S., and E. ; some finding their way to the Atlantic 
 through the mighty Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico ; others through the great lakes, 
 Niagara, and the St. Lawrence ; and others, again, pass oft' to the N., and seek the ocean 
 
MINNESOTA. 
 
 118 
 
 throuijli Hudson's fifty nnJ Strnits. Tlie lftrf?e«t of tlieso liikea, wltli the oxcoptlon of Lake 
 fiuiuTior, iiiv tint Liiki) of ilm WooiIh, Rainy Liiko, Red, Miniii-Wiikim or Devil Luke, 
 Leech, iind Miile Liie, or Spirit \j\ke. The^te ijeiieriilly Imve clear, jiel.My iiottoinst, nnd are 
 well stocked with fish, riniong which nro the white fish, ])ike, pickerel, nmskelonjje, sucker, 
 perch and trout. Wild rice urows on the Itonlers of nniny of them, especially at the North. 
 Devil Lake, which in on the ISth pariiUcl of N, lat., in tiie N. \V. of Minnesota, is uhout 10 
 niUei* in leni^th, by IB In hrendth, and its waters, which are hrackish, have no visihlc 
 outlet. Red Lake, on the same parallel, E. of Red River, with which it communicates, is 
 divided into two portions, united liy a strait of 2 ndles in wiiltli, an<l covers ahoiit the same 
 area as Devil Lake. Lake of the Woods, and Rainy Lake, (the former a Inr^fe sheet of 
 water, jierhaps IdO miles in circuit,) are hoth on the N. li houndary of the territory. 
 Lake I'epin, a beautiful sheet of water, Is a mere expansion of the Mississippi in the S. E. 
 of this territory. The rivtrs and larne streams of Minnesota are almost as iiunu'rous as its 
 lakes. Tlu^ far famed Mississipjii takes its hmnlih^ oriifin from Itasca Ijiko, from wIiosh 
 pellucid waters it is.sues ft rivulet of hut ft few feet in width, and first meandering in ft N. E. 
 direction throui,'h a number of small lakes, to receive their tril)Ut-, it turns to the S., and 
 pursues its lordly way U> its far distant exH in the (Julf of Mexico, lavini; in its eour-e the 
 shores of nine States nnd one territory. About 800 miles of its leni^h are included within 
 Minnesota, of which 5(10 are navij^alde, 200 b -low the t'alls of St. Anthonj-, and 'Mn) aliove. 
 The Rum and St. Croix, *ril)iitaries of the Miss"; -iipo', drain the S. li. portion of the tcrri 
 torv, and flie Red River the northern, [)assin^' olf into Hudson's Bay. It is the o\itlet of 
 Traverse, Ottcrtail, Red, and several smaller laki'S. It has a course of about 500 miles 
 williin Miiinisota, thoUi,'h it does not fiow directly north more than 2o0 miles in that dis- 
 tance. The Lake Sujierior slii]ie is jirinoipalty drained by the St. Louis and its lii'iin<'lics, 
 and by the oulhts nf that scries of small lakes that form the \. E. lioundary of Minnesota. 
 The ffrcat valley fnrnied by the slopes of the Coteau des Prairies and the Coteau du Hois 
 is drained by the St. Peter's and its tributaries. This river runs first in a S. E., and then 
 in a N. Iv course, with a total lenjL,'th of from 400 t o 5oo miles, and is navii,'able for 
 Bteamers, during higli Wftter, 50 miles above its mouth in the Mississippi, and G(i farther 
 for keel-boats. Its principal branch is the Blue Earth or Mankota River. Tlie St. Peter's, 
 with the Crow Wing and Crow R'vers, are thf principal tributaries of the Mississippi from 
 the West. The Kivit^re i\ .lacijues (ret) ve-oir' ah zhak) and the Sioux are the priiu'ipal 
 ntfluents of the Missouri from tins territorj*. They both have an almost directly S. course, 
 the forn!cr being about (ioo, nnd the latter 3.50 miles long. Nearly the whole western 
 boundary is washed by the Missouri, which ojtens the western part of tlie territory to the 
 eoinmerce of the great Mississip|(i valley. The rivers of Minnesota abound in small falls 
 ami rajiids, which, while they interrupt navigation, furnish extensive water-power. 
 
 OujKcTs OK Intkuest TO TofuisTs. — If wc cxccpt cataracts of the first magintude nnd high 
 mountains, Minnesota jiresents as great a variety of natural objects of interest as any por- 
 tion of our widely extended domain. 
 
 Minnesota shares with AVisconsin in the falls and rapids of the St. Louis River, another 
 piclurcsijue and romantic display of nature's works. Tie rivers of Minnesota are filled 
 with jiicturesque rapids and small falls, and often bordered with perpendicular bluffs of 
 lime and sandstone, or gently sloping hills that gracefulh* recede from the water. This 
 region is the ]iai'adise of the hunter: its prairies and forests are tlie home of many wiM 
 animals, ami in its rivers and lakes swim great varieties offish. 
 
 Ci.iMATK. — The climate of this territ. v is severe, especially in the northern part. At the 
 Pcniliiiia seltlcnient, under the 4'.)th paraliel of laliude, the cold is freijuently so great fts 
 to freeze quicksilver. ^Minnesota, in some pans, is t )0 severe for Indian eorn, but the dry- 
 ness and steadiness of the cold favour wheat and other winter grains. 
 
 Soil and Puo»uctions. — The soil of Jlinnesota varies greatly. In the valleys of the 
 rivers it is mostly excellent, especially in those of the St. Peter's, nnd of the Mississippi and 
 its tributaries in the south-east of the territory. Above the Falls of St. Anthony, with the 
 exception of the river alluvions and some j)rairie land, the country is generally covered 
 
114 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 with drift, intorcpcri'od wltli iimmlu'd, too wet for onltivnlioii ; l>iit tliti oli'vntotl iiortlnn ii 
 often iniipli of it of tolorulilf fertility, tli()iij,'h itif<nor to tlio cnleiireoux IuiuIh of llio river 
 
 liotti 
 
 oiii!', mid not iinfii<|uen 
 
 tiy 
 
 'd with ilwurf llnilier. 
 
 FouKsr TitiiKs. — I'nrt^of Minnenotii nro densely tiniliered with |iiiie fore-<tt', and the rid^e* 
 of tho drift distriets with Bnmll pine, bireli, HHpen, inii|ile, Msli, elm, hemlock, tirn, jioplur, 
 and husawood. In tho awninps hetweon tho rld^eH, tlio tiunnraek, codiir, nnd cypress nro 
 found; wiiile the river tiottonin fiirni»h n good f^rowth of oiik, ii^pen, soft mnple, Imnswood, 
 ash, hireli, whito walnut, linden, imd elm. Mueh of this tindier on the poorer riili{es, nnd 
 in some of the innrsliea. Is rather of a dwarf chnrncter. On the Kiini, St. Croix, and Pino 
 Uivers there are extensive forests of pine, of ffood, hut not of the! lari;est growth, Aeeord- 
 Uif( to I'rofessor Owen, "a belt of forest crosses Minnesota in hit. -11 ' I!(i', which is reunirk' 
 able for its uniisiiid body of timber, in n ooiintry otherwise but scantily timbered." Taken 
 as a wlioh', thei-efore, llinncsota can scarcely bo called a well-wooded country. IJut here, 
 as in other parts of the West, when the prairies are protected from lire, a !j;rowlh of youii)^ 
 tindjcr soon springs up. 
 
 ANIMAL8. — .Minnesota has always been a favourite hunling-groiind of the Indians, and 
 vast herds of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope, and otlier game still roam over llie |dain» west 
 of the Coteau des I'rairies and the Ue<l liiver. I)eer, bhu'k bear, antelope, wolverine, otter, 
 miiskrat, mink, martin, wolf, and raccoon abound, and the moose and gri/yly bear aro 
 occasionally met with. Tho prairies are fre((nented l)y grouse, |ilicasants, and jwrtridges, 
 and the streams by wild ducks and geese. The other birds are liawks, bu/zards, harriers, 
 owls, ([uails, plovers, larks, and a great variety of snniU birds. Among th(! water fowl are 
 the pelican, tern, liooded slieldrako, bustard, broadbill, rullle-hended duck, wond duck, 
 fenl. wild goose, and loon, lioth the golden and bald cnirle are occasionally met with. 
 The rivers and hikes abound in tine tish, among which are the bass, cap, suntish, pickerel, 
 jiike, catfish, whitefish, sucker, maskelonge, and trout. 
 
 Maxi'kactiiiks. — There aro great capabilities in the inmuncrablo rivers of Minnesnta, witii 
 their falls and rapids, for manufacturing e>laMi-liinents. ,\l present the convtMsion of her 
 j)in(! forests into boards, scantling, etc., constitutes the principal manufaclurc of this new 
 and tlourisliing territorj'. 
 
 Tho best lands of Minnesota arc on her two great navigable rivers, tho Mississippi and 
 St. Peter's; and the lirst acts of internal improvement neecled by this territory will be the 
 removal of some obstructions in these streams. It is among the [)robabilities that the great 
 racifie railway may traverse this region, as engineers aro now examining tho feasibilities 
 of a northern route. 
 
 CoMMKKCi;. — Miimesota lias tho advantage of two outlets for her proiluclions ; one bv 
 way of the Mississippi, to every portion of the Mississippi valley; and the other by way of 
 Lak(- Superior, with the Lake States and with tho East. The great export of this territory 
 is her lumber. 
 
 EiiicATiox. — Minnesota has a public system of free schools, whieli are nnder tho general 
 direction of a superintendent of common schocds, and the local supervision of trustees. 
 Every township containing not less than five families is considered a school district. "An 
 act to incorporate tho University of Minnesota," was passed February 25, 1851. This insti- 
 tution consists of five departments, namely, of science, literature, and art; of laws; of 
 medicine; of agriculture; and of elementary instruction. Twelve regents, apjiointed by 
 tho legislature, manage its affairs. It is located at St. Anthony. The proceeds of all 
 lands granted by the United States go to form a perpetual fund for the sujiport of the 
 university. 
 
 The information contained in the notice of the State of AVisconsin is copied from "Wis- 
 consin as it is," by F. Gerhard, and that pertaining to tho other States, from "Liiipincott's 
 Gazetteer. In aTntnro edition the information -will be brought down to a later period, in 
 articles now preparing specially for this work. 
 
 "W,. 
 
|)art ^tmiii. 
 
 SCENES AND SCENEEY. 
 
 ..5'..' 
 
CONTENTS OF PART II. 
 
 s 
 
 PAQB 
 
 Albany, Scenery between New York and 64 
 
 Alleglmny Mountains, The 7 
 
 Altumount, Alleghanies 13 
 
 Avon Springs 6'2 
 
 Bnllston Spa 01 
 
 Baltimore to Cincinnati 7 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 22 
 
 Beaiiharnois, St. Lawrence 45 
 
 Bottom lands in Missouri 28 
 
 Breezes on the prairies 2!) 
 
 Burning Springs, Niagara 77 
 
 Canadian boat-song 79 
 
 Canandaigua Lake 02 
 
 Cape May 48 
 
 Cassidy's Uidgc 15 
 
 Catskill Mountains 5:* 
 
 Caughnawuuga, St. Lawrence 45 
 
 Cedar Rapids, St. Lawrence 45 
 
 Crooked Lake 52 
 
 Chaudorie Fulls, Ottawa 82 
 
 Cheat River and Valley 13 
 
 Cincinnati to Columbus — Scenery 1!) 
 
 Clarksburg 17 
 
 Clifton Springs 51 
 
 Climate of Missouri Valley 2U 
 
 Colioes Falls 48 
 
 Columbia Bridge, Susquehanna 23 
 
 Columbia Springs (32 
 
 Columbus to Cincinnati 19 
 
 Columbus to Baltimore 21 
 
 Columbus to Philadelphia 21 
 
 Columbus to New York 21 
 
 Cranberry Summit 13 
 
 Cumberland, Alleghanies 12 
 
 Davenport, Iow;^ 30 
 
 Descending the Rapids 43 
 
 Falls of the Chnuderie 82 
 
 Falls of tlie Rideau 82 
 
 Falls, Little 02 
 
 Falls of Cohoes 48 
 
 Falls of Genesee 60 
 
 Falls of Kauter.^kill 55 
 
 Falls of Minnehaha 39 
 
 Falls of Montmorenci 87 
 
 Falls of Niagara 72 
 
 Falls of the Passaic dl 
 
 Falls of St. Anthony 37 
 
 F lis of Trenton 40 
 
 Ge. dsee Falls 00 
 
 Gen va Lake 02 
 
 Grafton .Tunction 15 
 
 Great Columbia Bridge 23 
 
 Harper's Ferry, Virginia 10 
 
 Hudson River 04 
 
 Indian Lake 62 
 
 PAGR 
 
 Indian Mouud, Moundsville 17 
 
 Irofi Bridge — the largest in America. . . 10 
 
 Iron Mountain, Missouri 25 
 
 Islands, the Thousand 43 
 
 Jefferson's Rock 10 
 
 Junction to Wheeling and I'arkersburg. 15 
 
 Juniata, Scenery of the 23 
 
 Kansas and Nebraska 27 
 
 Kauterskill Falls 55 
 
 Kingwood Tunnel 15 
 
 La C'lunj, St. Lawrence 45 
 
 Lake Canandaigua 62 
 
 Lake George 51 
 
 Lake Mahopac 62 
 
 Lake of the Thousand Island? 43 
 
 Lake of the Two Mountains 80 
 
 Lake Pepin, Mississippi 35 
 
 Lake Pleasant and Crooked Lake 52 
 
 Lake Saranacs. 62 
 
 Lakes Geneva and Seneca 02 
 
 Lake St. Frai'cis 45 
 
 Lake Superior 40 
 
 Lake Sylvan, Catskill Mountains 54 
 
 Lake Winnipiseogee 50 
 
 Lebanon Springs 61 
 
 Little Falls. 62 
 
 Little Miami River and Valley 19 
 
 liong Sault Rapids 43 
 
 Lumber in Missouri 29 
 
 Maiden Rock, Mississippi 35 
 
 Mammoth Cave, Kentucky 48 
 
 Miami Valley and River 19 
 
 Minnehaha Falls, 39 
 
 Mississippi Bridge, Rock Island 30 
 
 Mississippi, Trip on the Upper 31 
 
 Missouri, Mineral Resources of 25 
 
 Missouri, Vallej' of the 27 
 
 Monongahela and Tygart's Valley Rivers 16 
 
 Montmorenci Falls 87 
 
 Montreal to Ottawa per Rail 83 
 
 Montreal to Ottawa per River 79 
 
 Mountain, The Iron 25 
 
 Mount Vernon 49 
 
 Nahant 49 
 
 Nebraska and Kansas 29 
 
 New Lebanon Springs 61 
 
 Newport, Rhode Island 52 
 
 New York to Albany 04 
 
 Niagara Burning Springs 77 
 
 Niagara Falls 72 
 
 Niagara Falls, Routes to 78 
 
 Niagara Suspension Bridge 70 
 
 Niagara to the Thousand Islands 46 
 
 Ottawa River, Trip up the 79 
 
 Parkersburg 18 
 

 CONTKNTS OF PART II. 
 
 In i 
 
 PAQK 
 
 Passaic Falls 61 
 
 Patnpsco lUver, Sccnerv of the 8 
 
 Piiiladelpiiia to Pittsburg 23 
 
 Pictured Rocks, Lake Superior 40 
 
 Piedmont, Alleghany Mountains 12 
 
 Pittsburg to Philadelphia 21 
 
 Platte U'iver and Valley 28 
 
 Plymouth Kock 49 
 
 I'o'iut of Rocks 9 
 
 Potomac Valley and River Scenery 10 
 
 Prairies, IJreezes on the 29 
 
 Prairies in Missouri 28 
 
 River Hudson, Scenery of the 65 
 
 River Hudson, Source of the 03 
 
 River Juniata, Pennsylvania 24 
 
 River Mississippi 31 
 
 River Jlissouri 27 
 
 River Ottawa 79 
 
 River Passaic 61 
 
 River I'atapsco 7 
 
 River Platte, Missouri 28 
 
 River Potomac lo 
 
 River Saguenay 85 
 
 River St. Lawrence and Rapids 42 
 
 River Susquehanna, Pennsylvania 23 
 
 River (Ujiper) Ottawa 84 
 
 Rochester 46 
 
 Rockawny IJeach 49 
 
 Rock Island Bridge, Mississippi 30 
 
 Rondout Creek 09 
 
 Raguenay River 85 
 
 Saratoga Springs 49 
 
 Scenery of the Alleghany Mountains ... 7 
 
 Seenery of tlie Catskill Mountains 53 
 
 Scenery of the Potomac 9 
 
 Scenery of the White Mountains 57 
 
 Scenes and Scenery 5 
 
 Scottish and American Scenery 7 
 
 Sharon Springs 50 
 
 Shooting the Rapids of the St. Lawrence 43 
 
 Sleepy Hollow, Catskill Mountains 66 
 
 Soil of the Missouri Valley 27 
 
 Source of the Hudson 03 
 
 Springs and Watering Places 48 
 
 St. Anthony, Minnesota 37 
 
 Steaming up the Jlississi[)pi 31 
 
 Steaming up the Missouri 28 
 
 St. Francis' Lake 45 
 
 St. Lawrence River, Rapids of 42 
 
 St, Paul, Jlinnesotft 35 
 
 St. Paul to St. Anthony's Falls 37 
 
 Superior Lake 40 
 
 Susquehanna River 23 
 
 Sylvan Lake, Catskill Slountains 54 
 
 Tip-Top House, White Mountains 59 
 
 Trenton Falls 40 
 
 Trip up the Ottawa 79 
 
 Tri|> up the Saguenay 85 
 
 Trip tlirough tlie Thousand Islands 43 
 
 Tri|( up the Upper Mississippi 31 
 
 Tuppcr's Lake 02 
 
 Turk's Face, on the Hudson 08 
 
 Upper JIississip|ii River 31 
 
 Upper Ottawa River 84 
 
 Valley of the Missouri 27 
 
 AVatering Places 48 
 
 White Jlountains 57 
 
 White Sulphur Springs 50 
 
 Willey House, AVhite Mountains 58 
 
 Wiiinipiseogee Lake 50 
 
 iFllustrations. 
 
 I'AOK 
 
 Alleohant Mocntais.s. 
 
 viaduct across tlie Palapsco H 
 
 Scenery at Kllysville and Iron Ilridpe 7 
 
 Harper's Ferry in 
 
 Point of Uocks !l 
 
 Mountai.i View, Cranberry (irade ]■'! 
 
 Grand I'oloniac Valley View 11 
 
 fcenerv on the Potomac 11 
 
 The Clieat Kiver (irade 14 
 
 Cheat Kiver Valley 14 
 
 Grafton Junction and Iron Hrldpc 15 
 
 Piedmont--" Foot of the Mountain" li 
 
 Tyfrart's Valley and Mononijaliela llivers Iti 
 
 Indian Mound, Moundsville 17 
 
 Catskhx MnuNTAixs. 
 
 ycene In the Mountains M 
 
 The Kautcrskill Falls .% 
 
 View down i-ieepy Hollow BO 
 
 Sylvan Lake 54 
 
 CiTT or St. Pacl, Minnesota 86 
 
 Clifton Springs Watkii Ccrk 51 
 
 Gknksek Falls 60 
 
 Juniata, Scene on the 24 
 
 Lake Scperior. 
 
 The Pictured Rocks 41 
 
 LiTTLR Miami Hiver and Valley. 
 
 View near Fort Ancient 19 
 
 MiamlviUe 20 
 
 Minnehaha Falls 88 
 
 Montmorenci Falls 87 
 
 Newport, Ruodb Island 52 
 
 PA(iB 
 
 Niagara Falls. 
 
 .Sus[iension Hrid;<e, full view 70 
 
 Itailroad Track on Suspension Hridpe 72 
 
 The American and llorse-Shoe Falls 73 
 
 Terrapin Tower 7.*) 
 
 Talile Kock 75 
 
 liurninK SprinRS 77 
 
 Passaic Falls, New Jersey CI 
 
 Kiver IIcdsdn. 
 
 Source of the Hudson 08 
 
 The Palisades fi4 
 
 The Turk's Face fiS 
 
 Hondout t'reek 09 
 
 Iiderior of Hudson .^'leanier 05 
 
 RiVKR Mississippi. 
 
 Steaminn up the Mississippi 81 
 
 View hetween Lake Pepin and St. Paul 34 
 
 The Maiden Kock 3!J 
 
 DridKe across the Mississippi 8d 
 
 River St Lawhexce. 
 
 Descending the Rapids 44 
 
 Shoolini; the Loii){ Sault Rai)id8 4'i 
 
 The Thousand Islands 48 
 
 Steamino fP THE .Ml.s.SOUlll 2S 
 
 St. Anthony's Falls ;iS 
 
 Sisgi'EiiANNA, View on the 23 
 
 The Iron Mointain, .Missouri 26 
 
 Trentun Falls. 
 
 The High Falls 4T 
 
 The Cascades 47 
 
 White Mountains. 
 
 Tip-Top House fig 
 
 The Willey House 5>j 
 
PAQI 
 
 57 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 50 
 
 rence 43 
 
 66 
 
 27 
 
 (>» 
 
 48 
 
 37 
 
 31 
 
 28 
 
 45 
 
 42 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 23 
 
 54 
 
 69 
 
 46 
 
 79 
 
 85 
 
 ^ 43 
 
 31 
 
 62 
 
 68 
 
 31 
 
 84 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 57 
 
 50 
 
 58 
 
 50 
 
 PACR 
 
 70 
 
 T'J 
 
 7^! 
 
 7.1 
 
 75 
 
 77 
 
 61 
 
 08 
 
 64 
 
 fiS 
 
 09 
 
 M 
 
 Ml 
 
 111 34 
 
 3!J 
 
 i!» 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 4.1 
 
 28 
 
 ;w 
 
 n 
 
 26 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 f)i» 
 
 6S 
 
 SCEN^ES AXD SCENEllY. 
 
 Did 
 
 henr th' 
 
 ;ciote of the Italian and tlic Ame 
 
 anecdote ot tiie Italian ana me American, wiio were discussing 
 the merits of flie scenery of tlie Old and New World, in the vicinity of Niagara Falls? 
 N'Importe. The Italian wound up his animated description of the beauty and variety of 
 European landscapes with the climax: "An eruption of Mount Vesuvius, with the Bay of 
 Naples in the dirtnnce, forms the most brilliant Sj.^'ctiiclc in the universe!" "Fetch it 
 here, sir,'' said the American, with that sanrffroUl ch'iracteristic of one of Uncle Sam's fam- 
 ilv, " and I'll /)»< it out in five miiiutos!" That retort reveals the general contrast that 
 cliaraetcrizi's the scenes ..nd scenery of t!ie Old and New World — the eclipse which is thrown 
 on the former by the latlci', by their natural vastness, grandeur, and sublimity, as might 
 easy be illustrated by a detailed study of their pliysical ge()gia|ihy. 
 
 The surface of Europe is partitioned, by ranges of lofty mountains, into petty nationalities, 
 decorated with pretty gems of beautiful landscapes; the vast basin of the ^Mississippi forms 
 an iniinense theatre, walled round by the Rocky Mountains and Alleghanies, fringed with 
 nodding pines, for the reception of nn universal brotherhood of humanity. 
 
 The cities of Europe are centres of civilization, art, science, and architectural beauty. 
 The cities of America are rather foci of commerce, sites of extensive depots, stores, and 
 hotels, periodically wrapt in flames, and rising, like the Pliu-nix, more stately and beauti- 
 ful from their ashes. 
 
 The rivers of Europe drain their surplus waters in their rocky channels, and bear a few 
 liijht craft upon their swelling bosoms, frmn the ocean. Floating palaces, the commercial 
 navies and merchandise of the wide wm'ld, ure borne thousands of miles into the interior 
 of America by the great Father of Waters." 
 
 The lochs and lakes of Europe sink into insignificant pleasure ponds beside the "Inland 
 Seas" that form the Mediterranean highwaj' between Canada and the United States. 
 
 The very grass is grazed to European cattle with difficulty ; whereas, herds of wild buf- 
 faloes scamper the waving prairie grass like leviathans through the " vasty deep." 
 
 Bands of plantations, clumps of trees, and roads wind" g their devious ways over hill 
 and dale, variegate the European landscape ; not so throughout the length and breadth of 
 the boundless Continent of America. Roads run right away in interminable straight lines, 
 crossing each oti.er :;'„ right angles. You may wander for miles, with cultivated fields on 
 each side ; but the primeval forest, for the most part, forms the perpetual horizon, and you 
 are compelled to dive into it, on foot, railcar, or buggy, and emerge, not always dry-shod, 
 from its lofty wooden waDs. Tiike your passage on board a steamer, at the mouth of the 
 Mississippi, you will sail through all the zones of climate and vegetation between the trop- 
 
 railroad car, from New York, you will steam right away, 
 
 pole 
 
 I'y 
 
I' ! 
 
 6 
 
 SCENES AND SCENERY. 
 
 thousands of miles, through bush ond prairie, over lake and river, and find, on your arrival 
 at St. Louis, engineers going ahead towards the Pacific. 
 
 The traveller accustomed to enjoying the mountain scenery of Groat Britain and Ireland, 
 and finding so much of it within the " Sea-girt Isle," is apt to feel disappointed in travelling 
 over perhaps thousands of miles in America, that ho does not find a proportionate amount 
 of scenery of the some character, and that in many long journeys in particular sections 
 of the country, the scenery becomes monotonous, yet we have failed to meet with the 
 traveller who cannot find within the limits of the American Continent, a variety and extent 
 of scenery sufficient to satisfy the greatest reveller in tlie beautiful and grand in nature, 
 and her works. 
 
 Variety forms the characteristic of the scenery of the New, as well as of the Old World — 
 although variety arising from the existence of different climates within the vast extent of 
 the North American Continent. Take up your position on tlie Grampians, in Scotland ; 
 behind you frow.o the bleak and barren summits of the Highland hills; before you gleams 
 the lovely and fertile Carse of Gowrie, extending towards the German Ocean, all within 
 the circle of a few miles in circumference. Perch yourself upon the Rocky Mountains, the 
 blue waters of the Pacific mirror the blue expanse of heaven towards the fur west. There, 
 your eye will wander right across an intervening continent of numberless hills and valleys, 
 all richly clothed in their coronation robes of summer, only to be changed for others more 
 variegated, but none the less beautiful, -when tipped with the first touch of the approaching 
 winter's blast : wliilst again, from off some of tlie highest points in the AUeglmuies, the 
 eye rests witli unmingled satisfaction as it stretclies down the cultivated green swards 
 and waving corn-fields of Pennsylvania, along the charming scenery of tlie Potomac, and 
 the Susquehanna — on towards the suburbs of the great cities on the eastern seaboard — or 
 on the other hand, again, as you turn towards the mighty west, and there catch the first 
 glimpse of that great western world, as it lies teeming with life, on and beyond the Oliio — 
 about to take another start, ere long, in its extraordinary career — in tlie progress of its 
 development. 
 
 And be it remembered, when we speak of North America, we mean our remarks t-> bear 
 equal reference to Upper and Lower Canada, which claims the better half of the sublimest 
 scene exhibited to the spectator upon tlie American Continent, viz., the Falls of Niagara. 
 
 The American boasts of the sail to Staten Island and the Bay of New York, and up the 
 Hudson River; the Canadian, of the sail down the St Lawrence, threading the Tliousnnd 
 Islands — shooting the Rapids, and up the Ottawa, outrivalling Lomond's silver loch, stud- 
 ded with its islet groves; but both stand, in union, dumb with awe, in silent admiration 
 and contemplation of the perpetual motion of the watery avalanche that has continued to 
 shoot the lofty Rapids, from time immemorial, and will continue to proclaim to the whole 
 world, with Its voice of many waters, the unity in variety of the great stream of life that 
 has been incessantly coming out of, and going into, the depths of eternity. 
 
 In the following pages of tliis section of the work, we have availed ourselves of a few of 
 some of the choicest scenes in the country, for illustration, ond hope that they may some- 
 what assist to convey to readers at a distance from such scenes some idea of their beauty 
 and chorocter, which we have no hesitation in saying have only to be visited to be highly 
 enjoyed and appreciated. 
 
ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS. 
 
 THE SCENERY OF THE ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Route from Bnltbnore to Cincinnati, via Marietta. — If evidence were wanting to con- 
 vince the most sceptical, as to tlie beauty and grandeur of the scenery in America, we 
 tliink we have only to refer to the engravings in the following pages — of a few views of 
 some of the wildest and most romantic mountain scenery — which it has been our fortune 
 to witness, anywhere. 
 
 The tourist who lias probobly climbed Ben Lomond and other ; '>int8 of Scotia's charm- 
 ing scenery, will find in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia a great similarity — only, 
 that tlie eye in reaching to the top of the mountains in that porl ion of the United States — 
 the iiills will be founded densely wooded to their very suniniit. In the summer time 
 therefore, it may easily be imagined the great difference in looking up toward the tops of 
 those hills on the Susquehanna and Potomac, and how much more agreeable to the senses 
 the effect must be, than gazing on ttie snow-copped summit of Ben Nevis — or Ben Mac- 
 dliui (Scotland). We candidly confess that our previous ideas of Scottish glen and moun- 
 tain scenery which stood par excellanee in our estimation has somewhat been upset — when 
 visiting the route in question, and that the scenery of old Scotia must take its rank only 
 alongside that of the Susquehanna and the Potomac. On that account, therefore, we have 
 devoted a greater amount of space than we originally intended to this region of the 
 "mountain and the flood," simply to induce if possible, tourists in search of nature's 
 grandest works, to pay these districts a visit — before they return home. By their not 
 doing so, they will lose a great treat, and bo, comparatively speaking, ignorant of the 
 beauties of American scenery — a matter on which we fear there is a considerable amount 
 of ignorance and error amongst niany who consider themselves even great travellers in 
 tlie "old country" — as well as many even in America. 
 
 These districts now being thoroughly opened up — the tourist — the painter — and the 
 sjiortsman, has every facility (accompanied with moderate expenditure) for enjoying them- 
 sel'-es — to their hearts content — without let or hindrance, and the sportsman without be- 
 ing obliged to have his game license — and pay smartly for "liberty to shoot over the 
 grounds." 
 
 Leaving Baltimore, you proceed on for 9 miles to Washington Junction, at which there 
 is a handsome and substantial stone bridge. (See engraving.) Near to this point, the 
 Patapsco breaks through the rocky gorge, ond finds its way to the Chesapeake — whilst the 
 hill-sidea in the vicinity are studded with the country seats of the Baltimore merchants. 
 
 VIEW OF THE IRON BRIDGE AND SCENERY AT ELLYSVILLK, 
 
 TWKNTT-OXB MILKS PROM BALTIMORE. 
 
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SCENEKY ON THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. 
 
 9 
 
 A few miles on, you cross the river at the Ilchestor Mill, in a very rugged part of the vnl- 
 li.y — crossing the Patterson viaduct, and shortly reach the town of Ellicott'a Mills — situated 
 prettily on the face of the liills. Five miles further on, you arrive at Ellysville, where 
 there is an iron bridge, 340 feet long, which spans the river. (See engraving of it — and 
 scenery in the neighborhood.) Further on, you cross the I'atapsco by another iron 
 bridge of 50 feet span — dash through a tunnel 100 feet long. Passing the pretty village 
 of Sykesville, you are now in the heart of the mineral region. After that, the train pro- 
 ceeds past Parr's Uidge — from the top of which a magnificent view is obtained. Through 
 the Jilonocacy valley, you cross the famous " Carroll Manor" land, between the Catoctin and 
 Sugar Loaf, on towards the " Point of Rocks," of which we give a view. Tiie marble — 
 
 POINT OF ROCKS, 
 
 WITH THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILUOAD AND CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAI.- 
 
 FUOM BALTIUORE. 
 
 fl'll 
 
 -SEVENTY HILE3 
 
 of w^hich the variegated columns of the old National Legislative Halls nt "Washington are 
 built — is found in a cut which you pass on approaching this spot. Passing the Potomac, ond 
 along the base of the hills, you pass the villages of Berlin and Knoxville, and the " Wever- 
 ton" factories in the pass of South Mountain — shortly reaching the far-famed scenery of 
 " Harper's Ferry," of which the renowned Thomas Jefferson said, that the passage of the 
 Potomac through the Blue Ridge was "one of the most stupendous scenes in nature, and 
 well worth a voyage across the Atlantic to witness." Here the beautiful River Shenandoah 
 joins the Potomac immediately below the bridge. (See our engraving of Harper's Ferry.) 
 
10 
 
 hakpp:rs fepry, vtrginia. 
 
 HARPER'S FERRV. 
 
 PROM THE MARYLAND 8IDE OF THE POTOM\C AT THE CONFLl'ENCB OF THAT RIVER WITH 
 
 THE 8UE.VANU0AU. 
 
 The bridge which you here cross is 900 feet long — of 6 arches of 130 feet — one of 75 foet 
 over the river, and one of 100 feet span over the canal. 
 
 The national armories are located here — and occupying so much ground, the inhaliitan. 
 are obliged to build their dwellings high up on the face of the hill. Tlie beauty of the 
 ecenery here is of the finest order — language failing to give an adecpiate idea of it. One 
 of the chief points is that of Jefferson Rock — a great, overhanging clitF — so balanced as if 
 threatening to fall down — like some destructive avalanche. (See engraving.) 
 
 Leaving Harper's Ferr^', and the Potomac River, you pass up the ravine of the Elkbranch 
 — arriving shortly at the rolling table-land of the "Valley of Virginia." Pn^^ing onwards, 
 the crossing of the " Opequan" Creek — the open valley of Tuscarora Creek, yo,- arrive at 
 Martinsburg. Leaving there, you cross Rack Creek, opening up again the valley of the 
 Potomac, with magnificent views of the North Mountain and Sideling Hill. Passing Fort 
 Frederick, of 1755 history, you reach Hancock, the station for Berkley Springs — a favorite 
 watering resort. Proceeding westward, you shortly enter a tunnel 1200 feet long — passing 
 along the base of the Warm Spring Ridge — and the termination of the Cacapon Mountain, 
 opposite to a remarkable eminence called the " Round Top." You then cross the (!reat 
 Cacapon River, over a bridge 300 feet long. Passing olong, you enter the trap of Sideling 
 Hill — until the tunnel at Doe Gully is entered, and from there to Little Cacapon Creek, 
 2^ miles from Cumberland — at which point some very fine views are obtained. (See en- 
 graving of Potomac scenery — between Berkley Springs and Cumberland.) 
 
 Passing on through some of the richest bottom land on tiie river — and through some ex- 
 quisite mountain scenery — you reach Patterson's Creek. Shortly after whioh, you cross 
 the Potomac again, by an iron bridge, 700 feet long, carrying you out of Virginia into 
 Maryland, which you left at Horper's Ferry. The "Mountoin City" of Cumberland is 
 
 I 
 
 Si 
 
 1 
 
■'!«|- 
 
 [VER WITH 
 
 •one of "75 foft 
 
 he inhnliitftii. 
 beauty of the 
 lea of it. One 
 bnlimoed ns if 
 
 the Elkliranch 
 L^ng oiiwanli', 
 , yoi; arrive at 
 le valley of the 
 Tas^inf? Fort 
 mg? — a favorite 
 t long— passing 
 apon Mountain, 
 cross the (>reat 
 
 gap of Sideling 
 Caoapon Creek, 
 aineJ. (See en- 
 
 iirongh some ex- 
 
 khich, you crose 
 
 of Virginia into 
 
 Cumberland is 
 
 I 
 
 '. -.i 
 
 GRAND POTOMAC VALLKY VIEW. 
 
 FROM THE CELEDRATED JEFPERSOX ROCK- EIGIITY-ONB MILES FROM BALTIMORE. 
 
 
 
 
 SCENERY O; !)*{. 'OTOMAC — between beuklet springs and Cumberland. 
 
12 
 
 PIEDMONT, "FOOT OF THE MOUNTAIN. 
 
 ronclicd, nftor which j-oii proceed on through some of the most jilcturesquo scenery towards 
 
 llodiiioiit, 28 miles distant. 
 
 Cinnberlftnd in situoted most beautifully in o perfect omplilthcatre, formed by tlio sur- 
 rounding mountains which there seem to have expanded tlicmHelves into extended curves, 
 witli tlio view of giving room, in tlieir lnj>, for tlio town, rc'|uired for tlio great coal trade 
 naturally centering tlicrc. 
 
 From Cundjcrlnnd to Piedmont, (28 miles,) the scenery is renmrknbly j)ieturcsi|ue, and 
 elicits many enthusiastic expressions of wonder and delight, as you skim over the gni<lually 
 ascending level along the North J5raneh of the I'otomae, liet ween the western slope of 
 Knobly and the eastern feet of Dan's and AVills' Mouiil.iins. One of the finest of the many 
 views is had near the crossing of the I'otomae, 21 miles from Cumberland, where the rail- 
 road, after passing through a long and deep excavation, spans the river l)y a bridge of iron 
 and timber, on stono abutments and a pier. The view from this point, up and down the 
 river, is well worth attention. For the last 6 miles before you reach Piedmont, the river 
 courses its woy by a deep chasm, cut by its own torrent, througli the mountain bose. After 
 crossing the bridge, the road wound, l>y easy curves, tlirough romantic scenery, passing 
 (Jueen's Cliff, Thunder Hill, and Dan's Mountjiin, until you reach the " f(S)t of the nuiun- 
 tain" at Piedmont (See Engraving.) This remote town lies upon a flat of limited extent 
 on the Virginia side, opjwsite the ancient Maryland village of Western Port, at the mouth 
 
 
 
 
 PIEDMONT, "FOOT OF THE MOUNTAIX." 
 
 0.V THE BALTIMORB AND OHIO RAILROAD, 207 MILES FROM DALTIMORB. 
 
 of George's Creek. It is a thriving and prosperous town already, although created simply 
 by the necessities of the Railroad Co., who found an engine-station here desirable. It con- 
 tains extensive engine-houses, each one being arranged to hold 16 locomotives. Here, too, 
 ore located very extensive shops for the repair of engines, cottages for workmen, etc. Pied- 
 mont is the dividing station between the second and third working divisions of the road, 
 being 208 miles from Baltimore, and 108 from Martinsburg. 
 
 I 
 
MOUNTAIN SCENKHV. 
 
 18 
 
 
 I'riicecdiiijf "II iiikI windliij^ your wiiy ruuiul ciirvcs — unit pachiiijf thron«li, nn it wirr, 
 'mi|ii'ii(tnilili' ]iii»"'i-i — yim (■i'(p>!* tin' rivldiiiiic iif;iiiii, iit lJlci(iiiilnj.'tiiii, wlicri' tlu' Siivnui' 
 Itivii' lidils, in nil its fury, ilowii tlic west mi slidiildrr iit'Snvii;^<' Mduiitaiii, tiiuliii;; its level 
 'ilKI fi'et lielow tlie rnilri)llcl line. Ymii tllen |i:iss nil to tlie liuMltli of ('ral)-troe Civek — 
 reili'll Alliiniollt, "i.d'jn feet lliljll, the trreiltesi elevation on tile route, anil llie liii,'lie4 lioilit 
 
 of the Alle;;lwiniei'. This region is famous for excellent Imlter, imitlon, aliuiiihinl veiiivon 
 iind other j{aiiie — innuiuorulile trout. ctreaiiiH, alive with spotted lioautics. You jirooeed on 
 to the " 1,'lildes," or natural meadows, till yoiirearli Oaivland — nestled in thceentrcof thi'se — 
 T^'J, miles from linltimoi'e. l.eavini; then', you jiass the ti lis of the Snowy Creek, and 
 nhortly arrive at Craiiherry Summit, \lj>iii) feet hiudi, and enter ujmui the ^'rades, to descend 
 the western slopes, towards tho Oliio, gettint{ the first f,dimj)so of the "west tii world," and 
 iMiine of the finest view* of mountain seeuory, as you pass along. W« give an engravin;: 
 
 
 DISTANT JIOUXTAIN VIEW. 
 
 FHOM TUK CUAMIKIiaV (illAnK, TWO IIlNDREn AND TlUlEB MILES rROSI BALTIMORE. 
 
 m 
 
 of one of these, from the " Criinlierry Cnide." llesecndini; for 11 miles, you arrive ai 
 the eeleliiated Cheat Kiver; see enirraviiiiTs of this wonderful vet^ion — "View. on the Cheat 
 Itiver (irade," and "Sketeli of th.' Cheat Uivor Valley." 
 
 Kor a deseription of the remainini; part of this route, we eaiinot do hotter than (pioti' 
 rrom a work liy Mr. W. 1'. Smith, an intellia;ent otlieer of the Ualtiniore and Ohio llailroad, 
 
 "Cheat Hiver is a ra|iid iiiountMin stream, of a dark coffco-ooloured water, whicli is sup- 
 posed to take its hue from the forests of laurel, hemlock, and Mack spruce in wliicli it has 
 its rise. The road erosses the streiiin at the foot of Cranlierry Grade by a viaduct. This is 
 eoniposed of two iiolile spans of iron, roofed in on nliutments, and a jiier of solid freestone 
 taken from a neifrliliourint; fpiarry. Arrived at this point, you enter the 'Cheat Kiver 
 \'alley,' wliicli |>resents liy far the L'randest and most boldly picturesque scenery to be 
 found on the line of this road, and one of the finest series of railroad views on this conti- 
 nent. For several miles you run along tho steep mountain-side, clinging, as it were, to the 
 gigantic cliffs, the ears like great eaires suspended — though upon the safest and most solid 
 of beds — midway, as it were, between heaven and earth. At one moment the view is 
 confined to the immediate locality, hemmed in on every side by the towering mountain 
 spui-s. At the next, a slight curve in the road opens to view fine stretches of the deep 
 
ft 
 
 'S 
 
 14 
 
 SCENERY ON THE CHEAT KIVKH. 
 
 vnlloy, wltli the diirk river tlowliiij iilonir it* Iwttoiii, mitl ^lorlou* vlown o tlu' forort- 
 ■■ovcreJ ulopei* doHocMiliiijj; iVoiu liu' ijcalis to tlio wntt'r's ci\gv. 
 
 VIKW OX TlIK "CllIOAT KIVKK (iltADi:," 
 
 AT TUB TUAY RUN lUON ANU STONK VIAIIITT, TWO III Nllllt:!) AXI> FIFTV-SKVK.N MILKS 
 
 KllOM llALTIMOltK, 
 
 Tlie engineering difficulties overconie in the ])art of tlie nmd, witliin llw fii-st few iiiiles 
 west of Client Uiver bridge, must huve been very great, Imt the rouirh pliiees have been 
 made smooth as the prairie levels'. After crossing the river itself at IJowlesljurg, the next 
 
 SKETCH OF THE CHEAT RIVER VALLEY. 
 
 THE POINT WHERE TUB RAIL LEAVES THE RIVEIl AX» PROCEEDS ON TOWARDS KINOWOOI) Tl NXEU 
 
SCKNKUY AT TIJK (III.M'TON JUNCTION. 
 
 16 
 
 o till- fori'st- 
 
 till- tii-st ft'W iiiilp« 
 wlcsiburg, tlif iifxt 
 
 I 
 
 piiliit U to nspcnd iiloiij{ ilA luitik:* lln! "Clu'iU Uivir Illll." Tlic rnvino of Kyor's Uiin, ii 
 mill' fmiii tlio liridj,'!', 7ti feci (lci'|i, U i'ros»i;il l)y u soliil (.'iiiliunkiiuiit. 'i'lini, ufur boMly 
 cutllni? iiliiii){ the stt'i'p rocky liill cliK', you rcai'li Huckoyu Hollow, which I* lU8 feet l)elow 
 tlie riiail level, iirnl tinully entile lo'l'niy Ituii, wiiieli is eru-^id iit n lieiijlil of l.'j(t feet iibovu 
 
 itH original lied liy ll !-|>leliiiid viudllet, I'lllO feet liill^, founded on li liia!<>i\(' liltse of lllltHonry 
 
 piled ii|Mm thti Kolld rock below. Thece viiidiict* ui'e of iron, and oi'o exceedingly graceful, 
 n» Well MS \ei'y Hiilprttantiiil strneture^. 
 
 The view fi'iifii thin "Illll, both of the ecencry and grand ptrucltu'o wliieh bo splendidly 
 B|ian8 the IniiiienHe niountniii ravine, U nioitt ini'iiiring. Knini the great elevatiim the 
 «t renin appoars to be alnio.^t beneath your feet. 
 
 I'a'/iiii,' two great clefts in the iiKHintain, you pans upward ncrocs Jiuekliorn Hranch.and 
 half a mill' further left, the deelivitiemif Cheat Itiver, whieli lllean^ler^< off to the iKirth, and 
 (if whieh i* obtained a last glimpse, through a tall arch ol fore^la, reposing in n* wealth uf 
 wilderness colitude far, far bilow. 
 
 At Cassiily's Itidge, nearly a mile from the river, and 8n miles from t'nmberlaiicl, you 
 enter the great western coal lield ol the Alleghany range. Here again the rcnid tinds a 
 threatening barrier to itu further progress, I5y bursting through the wall of the vast 
 jiiison-house alone eaii you hope for an ontlrt. For awhile, before the entire enmjiletion 
 of the road, a track was laid across this steep suimiiil, with an ascent of ,0110 IVel to the 
 mile, over which iron for the track westward was hauled by n locomotive engine, which 
 propelleil a single ear at a time, weighing with its load eighteen tons, at a speed of 111 
 miles ail hour, or more. This plane, however, was not available for trade and travel ; ond 
 80 the last westward wall of the Alleglianies was pierced by the Kingwood Tunnel, 
 throtigh whieh you pass. This subterranean passage, 4,ln(> feet in length — not including 
 its " ajiproMoh cuts" — was made. The entire cost of the tunnel, in all its elements, has ex- 
 ceeded ."Si 1,(11 Ml, (II Ml! F-ike all the other tumii'ls on this road it is now enduringly arched. 
 
 lAiiving Kingwood Tunnel, the line for 5 miles descends along a steep hillside to the 
 flats of Uaeeoon Creek, at Newburg Station, 8H miles from Cuniberland, and 2t'itJ from Hal- 
 tiniore. Two miles west of the Kiiigwoml Tunnel, is Murray's 'J'niiiiel, 'ioO feet long, a 
 regular and beautiful semicircular arch eut out of a line scilid sandstone rock, overlaying a 
 Vein of coal (i feet thick which is seen on the floor of the tunnel. From Newburg, weat- 
 wanl, the route pursue- ho valleys of Raccoon and Three Forks' t'reek, which present no 
 
 ins KINUWOOI) Tl NNEl- 
 
 GRAFTOX, 
 
 JUNCTION OF BALTIMORE AND OHIO WITH XORTUWESTERN VIRGINIA RAILROAD, 
 27U MILKS FROM BALTIMORK. 
 
 The Road to WhcelinR is seen In the foroKroimil, wliilo the Road to Partiorslmrg crosses the Tygart's Val- 
 ley Itivcr by the uew Iron Uridge, The Road Workshopa and the new Hotel are seen In the forks. 
 
 It! I 
 
16 
 
 SCENERY ON THE MONONGAHELA AND TYGART's VALLEY. 
 
 features of difficulty, to the mouth of the latter, 101 miles from Cumberland, nt the Ty- 
 gart'8 Valley River, at Grafton, the junction of the Baltimor'! and Ohio with the North- 
 western Virginia Road, the newly-completed branch line to I'arkcrsburg on the Ohio. 
 
 Proceeding on along the main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, you now pro- 
 ceed on to Wheeling, and thence per Central Ohio Railroad to Columbus, and from there 
 along one of the best made lines in the country, as well as through the beautiful valley of 
 the Little Miami River, till you reach Cincinnati. Leaving, therefore, Grafton, you now 
 proceed on to Fetterman, where the Turnpike to Parkersburg and Jlarietta crosses the river. 
 The route from Fetterman to Fairmount has but one very striking feature. The Tygart's 
 Valley River, whose margin it follows, is a beautiful and winding stream, of gentle current, 
 except at the Falls, where the river descends, principally by 3 or 4 perpendicular pitches, 
 sonic 70 feet in about a mile. A mile and a half above Fairmount, the Tygart's Valley 
 Iliver and the West Fork River unite to form the Monongahela — the first being the larger 
 of the two confluents. 
 
 A quarter of a mile below their junction, the railroad crosses the Mohongahela, upon a 
 viaduct G50 feet long, and 39 feet above low water surface. The lofty and massive abut- 
 ments of this bridge support an iron superstructure of 3 arches of 200 feet span each, and 
 which forms the largest iron bridge in America. 
 
 The road, a mile and a half below Fairmount, leaves the valley of the beautiful Mor.on- 
 gahela and ascends the winding and picturesque ravine of Buffalo Creek, a stream some 26 
 miles in length. The creek is first crossed 5 miles west of Fairmount, and again at two 
 points a short distance apart, and about 9 miles further west. About 11 miles beyond 
 Fairmount we pass the small hamlet of Famiington, and 7 or 8 miles further is the thriving 
 village of " Mannington," at the mouth of Piles' Fork of BufFn^D — thence to the head of 
 Piles' Fork. Numerous tributaries open out f)retty vistas on either hand. This part of the 
 
 i \ 
 
 JUNCTION OF TUE MONONGAHELA AND TYG.^RT'S VALLEY RIVERS, 
 
 WITH THE OREAT IRON BRIDGE CROSSING THE FORMER. 
 
 valley, in its summer dress, is sii/gularly beautiful. After reaching its head at Glover's 
 Gap, 28 miles beyond Fairmount, the road passes the ridge by deep cuts, and a tunnel 350 
 feet long, of curious shape, forming a sort of Moorish arch in its roof. From tliis summit, 
 (which divides the waters of '.lie Monongahela from th<.?o of the Ohio,) the line descends 
 by Church's Fork of Fish Creek— a valley of the same general features with the one just 
 passed on the eastern side of the ridge. Passing the " Burton" station, the route continues 
 down stream to the crossing of a tributary called " Cappo Fork," 4 miles from Glover's Gap. 
 The road now becomes winding, and in the next 4 miles you cross tho creek 8 times ; 
 
.LEY. 
 
 SCENERY ON THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. 
 
 k1, at the Ty- 
 th tlic North- 
 ;he Ohio, 
 you now pro- 
 ud from there 
 tiful vuHey of 
 fton, you now 
 osses the river. 
 Tlie Tygavt'9 
 gentle current, 
 liculnr pitches, 
 L'ygart's Valley 
 leing the larger 
 
 igahela, upon a 
 (1 massive abut- 
 , span each, and 
 
 )eautiful Mor.on- 
 i stream some 25 
 mil again at two 
 11 miles beyom! 
 ,p is the thriving 
 3 to the head of 
 This part of the 
 
 EY RIVEBS, 
 
 s head at Glover's 
 :9, and a tunnel 350 
 . rom this summit, 
 ,,) the line descends 
 IS with the one just 
 ♦he route continues 
 3 from Glover's Gap. 
 s tho creek 8 times ; 
 
 ■1 
 
 also, Sole's Tunnel, 112 f;et; Eaton's Tunnel, 370 feet; and Martin's Tunnel, 180 feet long, 
 
 the first a low-browed opening, wliich looks as if it would knock off the smoke-pipe of 
 
 the engine; the next, a regular arched roof; and the third, a tall narrow slit in tlie rock, 
 lined with timbers lofty enougli to be taken for part of a church steeple. Shortly after, 
 the route turns up tlie ravine of " Board Tree Run," after passing through a high spur at 
 its mouth by o formidable cut more than 60 feet deep through slate rock. Tlienee it as- 
 cends the eastern bank of the run just named, cutting and tilling heavily along a precipi- 
 tous hill side, until it reaches the point 43 miles west of Fairmount, where the temporary 
 road leaves the permanent grade. Leaving Board Tree Tunnel, the line descends along 
 the hill side of the North Fork of Fish Creek, crossing ravines and spurs by deep fillings 
 and cuttings, and reaching the level of tho flats bordering the creek at Bell's Mill ; soon 
 after which it crosses the creek and ascends Hart's Run and Four Mile Run to the Wellingr 
 Tunnel, 50 miles west of Falrriiount, and 28 from Wheeling. From tlie Welling Tunnel the 
 line pursues tlie valley of Grave Creek, 1/ miles to its mouth at the Flats of Grave Creel: 
 on the Ohio River, 11 miles below Wheeling. 
 
 The approach to the bank of the ( )hio River, at the village of Moundsville, is very beau- 
 tiful. The line emerging from the defile of Grave Creek, passes straight over the " flats" 
 which border the river, and forms a vast rolling plain, in the middle of which looms up tho 
 great " Indian mound," 80 feet high and 2iiO feet broad at its base. Tliero is also the sepa 
 rate village of Elizabethtown. half a mile from the river bank, the mound standing between 
 two towns and looking down upon them both. The " tlats" embrace an area of some 
 4liO(t acres, about three-fourths of which lie on the '"^irginia, and the remaining fourth 
 on the Ohio side of the river. Tiio soil is fertile and well cultivated, and the spot possesses 
 great interest, whether for its agricultural richness, its historic monuments of past ages, 
 
 or the beautj' of its shape and position 
 as the site for a large city. About 3 
 miles up the river from Moundsville, 
 the " flats" terminate, and the road passes 
 for a mile along rocky narrows washed 
 by the river, after which it runs over 
 wide, rich, and beautiful bottom lands 
 all the way to Wheeling. (See Wheel- 
 i >!(/.) Tiie whole length of the road to 
 Wheeling is^S miles from Fairmount, 201 
 miles from Cumberland, and 380 miles 
 
 TUB (JRKAT INDIAN MOtTNI), MOINDSVILLE. ffolll Baltimore. 
 
 From Wheeling proceed per the Central Ohio Railroad to Columbus, thence per Little 
 Miami River Railroad from Columbus to Cincinnati. Passengers from Baltiiiore and 
 Wheeling going direct to Niagara Falls, proceed on from Columbus via Cleveland to Buf- 
 falo, and from there to the Falls. But no one who has not visited Cincinnati, should neg- 
 lect the opportunitj- of doing so when at Columlius. Travellers who prefer the more south- 
 ern route may diverge from the main stem o€the Baltimore and Ohio Road at Grafton, and 
 take its North-western Virginia Branch to Parkersbiirg. Should the tourist prefer that 
 route, we annex the following particular.^ : — 
 
 From Grafton you now proceed to Parkersburg, 104 miles off, Grafton is pleasantly 
 situated amid some picturesque scenery at the three forks of the Tygart's Valley River, one 
 of the main branches of the Monongahela River — of which we give an en^^raving where 
 the two join near Fairmount — the great gas-coal region. 
 
 Clarksburg, Va., 22 mi'es from Grafton, prettily located in a more open country, is the 
 centre of a grazing district, from which Baltimore obtains a considerable installment of her 
 finest beef. The county town of Harrison, is one of the richest portions of the State. An 
 immense business is d( ne on the line of the road in staves, of which you wil! see enough, 
 apparently, to barrel the Mississippi ; or. if that figure is not strong enough, coop up all 
 
 ■ iJ ( 
 
 
 h 
 
 m 
 
 ! ip 
 
I' I 
 
 18 
 
 PARKERSBURG — THE KANAWHA RIVER. 
 
 the whisky which floats down the " father of ■waters" and its tributaries. Tlio country 
 traversed by the road is exceedingly rich in minerals. Of coal, its supplies arc inexhaustible. 
 Ten miles east of Parkersburg, you strike the bonk of the Little Kanawha River, and 
 bowl down its quiet valley to the Ohio terminus of the North-western Virginia Road, 
 883 miles from Baltimore. Tlie depot at this place is one of the largest in the United 
 States, being over 800 feet in length. It will safely enclose 16 of the largest class cars — 
 bus storage-room for 1 0,000 barrels of flour — and, altogether, is one of the most fitly arranged 
 railroad stations to be met with. It fronts its entire length on the Kanawha River, and 
 is only about 100 yards from the Ohio. 
 
 The town of Parkersburg is advantageously located on a high bluff at the junction of 
 the Ohio with the Kanawha. Though civilization has somewhat modified and tuiiiod the 
 natural ajipcarance of the locality, it yet presents much to remind one of the still current 
 legends of the trials and struggles of which it was the scene in the early history of West- 
 ern Virginia. There is scarce a point in sight which has not connected with it some tale 
 of bloody massacre, or thrilling hair-breadth escape, or undying deed of bravery in re- 
 sistance to savage outrage. 
 
 Tlie town presents on every side abundant evidence of vigorous growth and extra- 
 ordinarj' prosj)erity. The town contains six niodcrn-biiilt church eilificc.>*, occupioil by as 
 man}' different denominations. It also boasts a sound bank, two daily papers, a number 
 of steam flour and saw mills, and several nianufaetorios. One of (he latter, a wooden- 
 ware establishment, uses up every particle of wood brought within its walls, turning out 
 every thing in the shape of wooden ware, from a whisky barrel to a match box. 
 
 Standing upon the bluff in front of the town is had n fine view of Blaimerhasset Island, 
 a little way down the Ohio River, with its wild and natural beauties. 
 
 After a brief stay at Parkersburg, you proceed on board the steamers which are lying in 
 wait at the levee to convey you to Marietta. 
 
 Swinging out into the stream, the vessel proceeds leisurely uj) the river tow i .'d Marietta, 
 some eleven miles distant. From Marietta you proceed by rail to Cincinnao 
 
 The preceding as well as following account of route to Cincinnati is taken, for the most 
 part, from a work treating on those districts by Mr. W. P, Smi'ii, of Baltimore. 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
SCENKKY IIKTWKKN CULUMllUS AX J) (,■1^X'INNATI. 
 
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 fc. '- . — 
 
 
 
 ROUTE FROM COLUMBUS TO THE SEABOARD. 
 
 21 
 
 the river, until it finally reaches the far-famed " Queen City of the West." (See Cincinnati.) 
 Omnibuses wait there upon the arrival of every train, to convey passengers and bag 
 gage to any address in the city. 
 
 COLUMIJUS TO BALTIMORE, nilLADELPIIIA, AND NEW YOKK. 
 
 Passenoeks desirous of leaving Columbus for either of these cities, can do so by various 
 routes, as can be seen by our Table of Distanoes, etc., in connection with Columbus. 
 
 rri>suiniiig you wish to go to IJaltiMioro, you proceed via the Central Ohio Itailroad, which 
 extends to JS'cwark, through a ])artially cleared country, with no features of particular 
 interest. 
 
 Tliirly-three miles distant you reach Newark. The Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark 
 Ilaih'oiid, running from Sandusky City, on Lake Erie, here intersects the Central Ohio Kail- 
 road, iind gives it a connection with north-west Ohio and beyond. The Steubenville and 
 Indiiiiiri I'liilroad also terminates here, and connects at Steubenville with the Ohio River 
 Road to rittsl)urg. From Newark, 20 miles' j)rogress brings the train to Zauesville, the 
 county seat of iluskingum, one of the richest counties in Oliio, embracing in its area the 
 valleys of the Muskingum and Licking Ttivers, which have their confluence at that point, 
 and atjouiid with niinoral and agricultural advantages. The city has a population of about 
 18,0(i(t, and is a neat, well built, and prosperous place. 
 
 An hom-'s ride from Zauesville, through the fertile l^eatherhead valley, brings the train 
 to the ancient town of Cambridge, situated at the crossing of the old National Turnpike 
 Road, over Wills' Creek. For many miles on each side of Cambridge, the Central Railroad 
 runs close to, and parallel witli, tlie National Road. From Cambridge the Central Ohio Itoad 
 continues its course for fifty miles through a rich, rolling country, tiie agricultural fe r ires 
 of which, its lichtiess iif soil, abundance of heavy timber, and large herds of stock. ;il- 
 
 ways arrest and gratify tlie eye of the traveller, until ycui reach Rellaire. 
 
 At I'lellaire you ))roeeed by steamer on the Uiver Ohio across to Benwood in ^ iiia. 
 Starti'd in tlie cars from there, you pr<iceed swiftly past Moundsville, Cameron, Willing 
 Tunnel, and other ]ilaces of interest, and finally approach the western slope of Alle- 
 
 glianies You soon iipjiroiieh to the Monongaliela Uiver, above the beautiful us of 
 
 FairuMunt and I'alatiiie, with 'he pieturescpie wire suspension bridge uniting < The 
 
 great t'liid foot iron bridge, too, by wliieh the railroad crosses the JIunongahel. , .le east 
 of Fairinount, stands out as a rennirkably strong and beautiful structure. The \ lews along 
 the Tygart's Valley Uiver, between the Monongaliela and Grafton, for twenty miles, with 
 the "Valley River Falls," are among the objects most admired, so far, \ipon this ri'Ute. 
 
 Passengers for l'ittsl)urg go by rail from Ifjllaire to Steubenville, and thence to 1 ttsburg. 
 
 Passengers for Wheeling go by rail from Pcuwood thence. 
 
 After leaving Benwood Station you reacli (jrafton, thence proceed on to Cumberland, 
 ]\lartinsburg, Harper's Ferry, on to Baltimore. 
 
 J'assengers from Cincinnati or Columbus, for Philadelphia or New York direct, nnd de- 
 sirous of seeing the scenerj- of tlie Alleglmnies, and Susquehanna River, proceed vi i .v'heel- 
 ing 'ir Pittsburg, tlieiiee to Pliiladelphia and New York direct. The journey from Pitts- 
 burg to i'hiladelphia should by all means, if possible, be made by daylight. 
 
 A deserlption of the route from (Jrafton to Baltimore, and views of scenery on the line, 
 will be t'diuiil Lfiveii elsewhere, in connection with the trip on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road from Baltimore to Cincinnati via Marietta. 
 
 m 
 
 
 \m 
 
 ) ' i' 
 
 111 
 
 H V ^ 
 
i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 ; 
 
 22 THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD, 
 
 THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. 
 
 TiiK Baltimore nnd Ohio Railroad was tlio first line wliicli was o]>oii»'(l for goods and 
 pttsscniu'crs in the United States, and eonscqneiitly niny be termed the I'ather of niilroads 
 in this country. It has proved also a sort of nursery for rearing railway as>i-tants, for 
 nil the other roads in the country. 
 
 It extends from Baltimore (Maryland) to T'arkersliurL,' on tlie banks of the Ohio — hence 
 the name Baltimore and (>hio liaiiniad. We euljuin a few particulars respeeting tiiis line 
 of road, which may he found interesting : 
 
 E.VTKNT AND OliNliHAL fllAR.WTEnlKrirS OF TUE IIOAI). 
 
 Lenyth nf Line. Miles. 
 
 Main line of roa.l— Tl.'iltlmnre to '', liecliiit; itT9 
 
 Wasliinntoii .Tiriclion (nine luilet. fniin llMjliniore) to \Vasliiri(!ton Cily 30 
 
 Blount C'lu e .Jnnotioii to l.ntnist IN'iiit Sliippio^^ .^tutioti, iit Itilltinioru ii 
 
 Monocucy .'^tiition, nn the Mum ."^tein, to Kreilerick (.'il.v .'J 
 
 Grafton, ou the Mai.: Stem, Ili79 miles from liiiltlmcre) to I'arkershuri,', on the Ohio Itiver 104 
 
 Total Iciitrth of first (rack TilO 
 
 I.i'iif,'th of seoonil nack lincluili]!;.' I'.lfi siilini.'sl on tins Main i'tem 212 
 
 yecoml track in ^i(iinp' upitn the 'Vashirijfton Itranch 7 
 
 Second truck In sidings upon the Nortlnvcstern Virginia Koad 7 
 
 Total length of track owned and worked Iiy the IJaltlinore and Ohio Itallroad Company 745 
 
 To this add the fiiliowitig e.\elll^iv■' Irilititiii'les — 
 
 Winchester and Potomac Itaihvnv from Ilarnci's Ferr> . on the Main Ptem, to Winchester, Va .32 
 
 The several lateral roads traversing the coal regions, :unl uniting with tlie .Main Stem at Cumberland 
 and I'ledmont 45 
 
 Total lengtli of road 8'J2 
 
 Heaviest permanent grade per mile 11G feet. 
 
 Heaviest tem|iorary grade, worked witli locomotive ,VJil " 
 
 Longest continuous grade, (from I'iedmnnt to Altanenit,) 17 miles. 
 
 Greatest altilmle of rnad-lied aliovc tide water '.'.O'JII feel, 
 
 Weight of rail per lineal yard, on m '.-,' and seeoml traii< .'>.'> to "■.') llis. 
 
 Numljer of locomotive engine-liouses and shops .'>7 
 
 Aggregate nunilier of stalls for locomotive engines 2.'tO 
 
 Numher of machinery and car repair stations 12 
 
 Number of repair shops , ,'W 
 
 Number of water stations, (on the Main Stem, 70; on the Northwestern Virginia Koad, II; on the Wash- 
 
 ingt-M Hranch, 4,) 94 
 
 Nundie. - f telegraph stations .'!0 
 
 Number of freight -.nd passenger statiiuis, (Main Slum, 02 ; Washingluu llranch, S ; Northneslern Vir- 
 ginia Itoad, I.M _ S,-) 
 
 Number of tunnels between llaltimore and Wheeling ' 14 
 
 Total length of tunnelling I'J.liill feet. 
 
 1-ength of tunnelling solidly areheil with stone, iron or brick, iL'.lint " 
 
 Number of bridges lietween llaltimore and Wheeling ISO 
 
 Total length of briilging l.\OsS feet. 
 
 Length of new ircui railroail bridges completeil, moslly with double track M.TIO " 
 
 Length of stone bridges completed .'i.'.'IO " 
 
 Length of wooden bridges ciunpleted , d,!!!!"* " 
 
 Nundier of tons of freight hauled In IS'iT Ml."i,4l)l 
 
 Nundier of tons of freight hauled one miu' in ls,"i7 20'J,'-.">2,4ill 
 
 Number of ollicers and employees 4 tlOO 
 
 ." 
 
 ^/f'":-'^«»^%5ft 
 
SCKXPMIY IN PEXNSYLVAXIA. 
 
 28 
 
 r goods nnil 
 of niilroiidH 
 •»i^taIlt^', for 
 
 )liio — lioiico 
 iiii' this Hue 
 
 MUCH. 
 
 ;t70 
 
 80 
 
 !! 
 
 I! 
 
 104 
 
 M!) 
 
 'iVi 
 
 7 
 
 T 
 
 745 
 
 «2 
 
 iiiI'Li'laiii) 
 45 
 
 S22 
 
 ... no feet. 
 ... WM " 
 
 17 miles. 
 
 ...'.'.(i'JO ri>et. 
 . .,,''j.'> to <> ll'«- 
 
 f)T 
 
 2;!0 
 
 12 
 
 !!)» 
 
 the Wiish- 
 
 94 
 
 30 
 
 ivesloru Vir- 
 
 .... ^.-i 
 
 '14 
 
 12,tlii I feet. 
 V.'.CiiU " 
 
 ISO 
 
 , ]r,,Os-ifeet. 
 , .M.71i> " 
 . ,%.2lil " 
 , -l,!!:'.-* " 
 ,siiri,40t 
 .202,<i2,lill 
 4 WO 
 
 THE SUSQUEIIANXA AND JUNIATA 
 
 lloCTi; FROM 1'II1L.\I>IX1'IIIA TO riTTSDfnO, AND Tllli Wi:<T. 
 
 Tni'. imturo of tlio country aloiit; this roiid' is similar^ in soiuo respects, to the ]ifi'C((Vn\g 
 one, a |iorlioii of llio soencry jx'rlaiiiiiijj; to tho same raiiL,'i' of iiioiiiitaitis, viz., tUo .Mhijlm- 
 iiics. rhroughoiit the entire roiito, howovi-r, tulccn as a wliolo, tlio scenery on the IVnnsyl- 
 vania line, is iniioh nioi'o snlxlncil in charaolcr, and docs not [irosoiit so liiri,'e a projiortioii 
 of wild, romantic scenery, ns is to lie seen on the Jialtiniove and Ohio lload. 
 
 The Pennsylvaniii route is one of the groat hii^hwnys, from the Atlantic seaboiird to tho 
 Western States, and is one of the liest manisrod, and best »(f«^i3 lines in the country. 
 
 Tlie scenery pertains chiefly to tlio Ijeaulifid llivers Snsipichanna and Jnniala.and their 
 trilmtarios, whilst along their hanks, ns well ns in the Wyoming,' district, views of the 
 wildest mountain, and tinest landscape and river scenery, are to bo mot with. 
 
 The Suscpiehannu is the largest river in Pennsylvania, rising in Otseg- I ..iki State of 
 New York, and runs through the entire breadth, rroiii iu)rth to south, oi '• msjlvania, 
 through the windings of the valleys of the Alk'ghaiiie.s, and tho coal districts, uu:il it 
 reaches tho ocean, in all about iiOO miles long. 
 
 THE GREAT COLUMBIA BRIDGE ACROSS THE SUStJUEIIAXNA. 
 
 It is impossible, in our limits, to do any thing like juslieo to tho beautiful seonery of this 
 route. To represent such, wo have selected a view of the magnificent Columbia Bridge, 
 which crosses tho Snsipulianna, near Columbia village. This liridgo, which is more than a 
 mile long, crosses the river at a spot where tho scenery is particularly pleasing. The, river 
 there is studded with nmnorous island.*, reposing, as it wore, in a magnificent basin, which, 
 with the lofty hills wooded to their tojis, pri'sontsa scene of great beauty. 
 
 Throui;h u ])oi'tion of the same district, Hows the beautiful Juniata, an engraving of which 
 we give from a drawing by Jesse Talbot, an American artist. 
 
 Few rivers in tho States afford a finer field for tho toi'.rist, or artist, than tho Jnniata. 
 This river is about 200 mih's in length, and takes its rise at tho foot of tho Alleghany 
 Mountains, and flowing for about II miles, falls into tho Susquehanna at Ilarrisburg, Penn- 
 sylvania. The country through which it runs, is diver.sitied by limestone valleys, and 
 mountain ridges, in which iron and coal are abundant. Tiie scenery along its course, is in 
 tho highest degree picturesque. 
 
 
 I* if 
 
 ■ SI'S 
 
 t^. 
 
24 
 
 SCENE ON THE JUNIATA. 
 
 SCENE i»N THE JUXIATA. 
 
 From nil wo hoar, tlio Vioautifiil scin.rv in tlic Sfnto of Ponii?yIvniiia, nm], in fnot, tli.' 
 vliolo i)i()\iiitain range of iho Alli'irlianio.'', and tlio rivors travorsiiiif tin; valleys, arc, ('diii- 
 paralivcly sponkinir, unknown. Now, liowivor, that tlio c'oniinnnica(i<iii to and from thosi' 
 distriffs is so froqucnt am] on?y, ami that accotnino<la(ioii for tourists is ovory year in- 
 
 croasiniT, avo liavo little doubt Imt that si ■•uos, ns above represent cd, will b<! more than 
 
 ever visited by all in peareh of the h< .• in nature. ISayanl Taylor, tlu^ eehbrated 
 
 Aineriean traveller and riliT, thus sp. .rJing the seenery of llie Juniata: — 
 
 "At the commenee; of June, \v len the loaves are fully expanded and retain 
 
 their fresh and benutifu, . eeii, the -wuri 'h, briLrhtncss, and richness of the landscapes of 
 this region are the very on liodiment of 'I spirit of suinnici'. The forests are |)iled inapses 
 of gorgeous foil. .ire, now ^lr■ ' hing li! a rani|iart over the hills, now foll(,\ving ponio 
 winding wator-eours' and n>'\ broken into proves ami clinnps, dotting the undidalions of 
 the grain and grass t -Ids. ' the t nu nml lareful beauty of Englaml, and the broad gar- 
 den of the lihine pi.dn, » ecs ip"thinif . 'is jjrodigalily of Llooui and foliage — ^^this 
 luxury of nature." 
 
 ^'i 
 
MINERAL KESOURCES IN STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 26 
 
 
 rP 
 
 m^"' 
 
 
 am], ill I'iK't, th.' 
 
 Vlllli'VS, lll'c, ('"III- 
 
 II iiiid fniiu llu'sc 
 is cvi-ry ycur iii- 
 vUt 1).' iiwirc tlum 
 r, llic iM'lctinUed 
 hiiiiiita: — 
 
 iiilnl mul I'flnin 
 till' laiid^cniies of 
 ■! ari' pilcil iiiiipses 
 V fi)lli.wiii!; ?onio 
 li.> (iiitliil'.iiions of 
 lid ilio liroad ^'iir- 
 and foliage— tills 
 
 MINERAL PvESOUUCES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The Iron Mountain, of wliioli w« tfivo a sketch, nffords one of the most imposini;,' siunples 
 of till' iniiicral wt'allli of tlii' Stato of Missuiiri wliicli we oould posriihly ]iri'S('iit. 
 
 Iron Mountain in siliiatcd in St. Francois County, in tlu; coutli-fai-t part of Mis.*oun, a few 
 miles from I'otosi, where viilualde lend mines nro situated, the ore yieldiii',' 70 to 80 per 
 cent, of metal. It is aliout llo foet high, and 1| inih'S lonir. The yid.l of ore is fii) 
 jxT cent, of \)\g, of u ipiality said to he superior to Xor\ve!,'ian or Swedish iron. Dr. 
 Feuehtwanger estimates that hetween Iron Mountain and I'ilot Knob — another such mine 
 of wealth in the same state — there nro (iO(i,{i(i(»,()(io tons of iron ore. Regarding the Iron 
 Slountain it is said "its whole to]) is u solid mass of iron, and one sees nolhing hut iron 
 lumjis, as far as the eye can reach." 
 
 A plank road e.vtends from Iron Mountain, a distance of 12 miles, to St. Genevieve, a port 
 on the Mississiitpi, 01 miles below St. Louis, to which the manufactured ore is shipp<d from 
 the wiirks at Iron Mouiitain. \ railroad is in progress of heing laid, wliicii will form the 
 connecting link lutweenSt. Louis and Iron Mountain. 
 
 Regarding the geiical mineral resources of Missouri, we may here ijuote from a writer 
 on this siihject ; — 
 
 "The miller, il region of Missouri oceu]iies an area of aliout IH.dud.OOi) acres. As iiirlv 
 ns 1718 it was described in a French chart as 'an pays pleiu de mines.' It extends from 
 the head waters of the St. Francis to the Maramec Itiver, a ilistance of about 7o miles in 
 leiigtli, and from the Missi:-sippi, in a south-westerly iliredion, about 00 miles. The eleva- 
 tion of the district above the sea level varies from OiiO to 1,'ioi) feet. The climate is 
 equable and salulirious, and the superincumbent soil moderately fm-tile. No one of the 
 milling districts of Kiirojx' enjoys such facilities of su]i])oi'ting a large ]Hipuhition. Except- 
 ing L,'old and jilatina, most of the important and useful metals and ores are known to exist 
 ill Missouri. The following tiiiiierals, metiiHie and noii-nieliillie, arranged here according 
 te their intrinsic value, have' been found witliiii its limits — lead, iron, cop|)er, cobalt, silver, 
 nickel, zinc and ealamiiie, manganese iind wadd, coal, rock salt, liarytes, siind and ([iiartz, 
 caibi'iiatc and -.ulphale of liiiie, aliiniiiie and potter's clay, fuller's earth, variei:iit<d marble 
 and oolite, salt|)itre, antiiiioiiy, tin, tiiiiirstiite of iron and lead, diamonds, chalcedony and 
 f>,ds]iar, and soiiii' others I'f perhaps a minor iiiiportanee, 
 
 'The lead mines have beiii wroii'ilit since tlie first settlenunt of the country. The ore is 
 in the form of sulpliiiret and carlioiiale, and in the upper mines at I'otosi it is found mixed 
 witli calamine aii<l blende. Tlie lead r<'gion extends over the counties of Madison, St. 
 Francois, St, Louis, Washiiiirton, etc. Formerly tlu' carbonate was considered as worthless, 
 but it is now reduced in bbir-t furnaces, and yields 7 2 |ier cent, Tiie suliihuret yields from 
 00 to Sii ]pcr cent,, and contaiiis abiuit jier cent, of silver. Iron in tlie form of hematite, 
 and the oehrey, the micaeeoiis and red oxydes, are fouiiil in the trreati-st abundance. The 
 ores exist tliroiigliout the mineral reirioii, and extend even into the coal formation, which 
 oceii)iies so liir^e a surface, .Muuidant, easily iiianiit'actiiri'(l, and the treiisportation easy, 
 this is es-eiillMlly the staple of Missouri, Tlie mines of copper are chietly found in the 
 
 south ami west |iortions of the mineral reirion, but exist in otlur parts, Tl re is of every 
 
 variety, and usually vi'i'v ri<di. It is found in coiiibiniition with lead aiul iron, i're<|iientlj" 
 with maii'j'anese, cobalt, and niekel, and oeeasionally with silver. It is generally pyritous, 
 but oxeyiles and <'ai-boiiatcs are fre(iueiitly t'oiind. The ores appi'iir as a cement uniting 
 aiiLruhir Iragiiients of liiiie rock, I'oniiiiig a breccia, and inueli of it is ca.-ily removed by u 
 ]>iekaxe alone, Asa general thing llic yield is about ;it per cent, of nietiil. The coji])er 
 mines of Missouri ai'c said to be mori' valuable than even those of Lake Su[ierior, The 
 several metals tcuiiid in combination with the above, namely, silver, /inc. manganese, 
 cobalt, nickel, etc., give an a<l<litional value to the iiiines; and as tin has lieeii fo'iiid near 
 Caledonia, it may be siiid of Missouri, that no other slate or county is richer in nntallic 
 Wealth, or has i'etter ]irospects of future prosperity." 
 
 Another writer says: "(ieologists say that the rock m the west side of the mountain he- 
 longs to the lower silnrian limestone era. The boring of IJeleher's .\rtesian V.'ell, tells us 
 that this same bed of rock, which forms the surface of the country on the west .side "f the 
 mountain, is in the well 2,0(iO feet below the bed of the Mississippi Itiver, a ilip of 2,8iiO 
 feet from the mountain to St, Louis, (ieologists say that this dip was neeissary to form 
 the great basins which contain coal in the eentrnl part of Illinois. On the east side of the 
 Dmunlain a granite country is found." 
 
 M 
 
 
 I 
 
• l1 
 
 ! ill 
 
KANSAS AND NKUIIASKA. 
 
 27 
 
 Tin: VALLEY OF TIIK MlSSoriil. 
 
 m 
 
 iPt 
 
 ;i-. 
 
 n^ 
 
 :ir. 
 
 ¥' 
 / 
 W 
 
 ¥^ 
 
 
 .Sc-v'! 
 
 AQ: 
 
 fcd r 
 
 
 In our (l('son|ilii)ii nf llio \m -imi |)or- 
 tloii of the Stiili'!', wi' liiivi' iMiiii'ludcd for 
 tiie liri'Hi'lit not to rxlriid tin' liiniU of o\ii- 
 liiforiiiiitioii fiirtlicr wi^'l tliaii thai of tlic 
 Missouri Nulli'V — iiixl »lllioiii;li Ni'lp|M>kii 
 niiil Kaiir^ai I'ihiihiI iid |iiii'l in tlio oiii,'iiml 
 iilaii, ill tio' imlilii'iiiioii of tiio work, y<'l, 
 hviii lilt' f;i'<'iit (•luijjriition niovciiicnl in tliat 
 (liroL'tioii, of late, wo liavo tlio\iL'lil il lolvisi- 
 l)li! to u'ive till' I'ollowiMi,' details of that won- 
 derful rct^'loii, HlthoUL;h not from our own 
 ex|»'i'ifnc'c, not hii\ ini; i\* _v>'t hud an oppor- 
 
 tiiiiily of ]icnitraliiit,' mi far wi-i. In si 
 
 future edition of this work, we niiiy •"• aide 
 to presiMit siudi, from our ov ii ohservatioii — 
 ineaiitiini', we eoni|iiio fi'oi'i wliil appears to 
 iirt to Ije u relial)le notice of this territory, 
 whieh ajipeiired in Iho Xnrl/i Aiinrirtiii It't - 
 r'liir, for .Inly, iSoS, in a leview, in that 
 iournal, of two works lately piildislied on 
 that part of tlie Inion. 
 
 After deseriliiiii,' that portion of tlu mi- 
 
 trv we>t of Nehraska and Kansiis, whieh is 
 co'risideri'd to 1)0 \ind siralde as a tiehl for 
 finiLTration, the writer asks; — 
 
 " What ell'eel will the important fact have 
 on these yoiiiif,' territories themselves, as well 
 fts on the eountry at lar^'e'.' Neliiaska and 
 Kanwi^i will, in that case, he tlii' shores at 
 wliii'h will teiminali; u vast, ocean desi'rt, 
 nearly limo miles in hreadtli. To the west, 
 of that lie Californiii and Oreiroii, irreat pro 
 diiein;;, and yet not capahle of liecomiiii; 
 great, inaMiifacliirim; count ries, 
 
 "On the eastern coast of this trreat, desert 
 BO!i will lie Kansas and Nehra-ka, of all coun- 
 tries the best suited for the .sites of vast nian- 
 ufai'lories. There run rivers whose descents, 
 mill whoso oiipaeiousness adii])t them as well 
 to turn the wheel ns t<i irriu'nlc the land. 
 There, miderdeath a soil which can support 
 ft million of workmen, are spread layers of 
 coal which will foiiii the find for tons of 
 thoii-ands of square miles. There i:< the iron 
 which is to form lioth tho eni.'iiie iiiid the 
 staple — the arm that strikes, as well as the 
 material which is struck. ller«', in fad, are 
 the f^real fiirnishiiii; warerooms, wln^'i' the 
 people of t'i'.Ufi>rnia will e.\chani;e their ,i,'old 
 ftnd (pii(disilver, and those of OrcLCon their 
 fish and lumljer, for the hardware, tlo- cloths, 
 and the furniture which the manufactories of 
 the Missouri N'allcy will proiluce, . , . I'reiirht 
 aniouiitiiii; to live ilollars per liiii weiLrht will 
 bo a sullicieul, protection to force the liuuiil- 
 factories of the Missouri \'alley at once into 
 enortietie action." If maiiul'acluriMl there, 
 heavy floods will lie aide to he sohl "Jo per 
 CPnt, less than those broutjht from the facto- 
 ries in Connectici,! oi' I'eiiupylvnnia, 
 
 " When tho time oonies for the inland 
 transportation of the floods of India and 
 China from the I'aoitlc to the .Mlanlic, il wil 
 
 nesn— nt IcHsl, for iiea\ y i,'oods — will t'linhle 
 It to outbid all eonipet'itors.". . . , "The t'o- 
 liimbia Itivcr, while it forms one vast and 
 naviirable stream from the oceantotlie centre 
 of the < (rej^ou plains, Hares out at the hitter 
 point into tlircc forks, each of which olbrs a 
 pass, and the only ]m-ses Inri' accessible 
 lliroue;h I'le Itockv Mountains. It is the Co- 
 lumbia a l.iiie that In diln tlu' keys to the passes 
 of the mountains, from whiidi.on the eastern- 
 mo>t side, run the Iriluitaries of the I'lattc. 
 Tho forks of the Columbia will, therefore, 
 have one side of them the only navij^able 
 waters leadiiii^ to the I'acitic, and on tho 
 otiur the only liiixhways throii^'h whoso 
 mountaiii piles the locomotive cm course to 
 the' Mis-oiiri Valley." That tho I'latto and 
 the Kansas are incapable of iiaviL;atioii, wo 
 think is abundantly jiroved ; but it is eipially 
 clear that the valleys throiiiih whiili they 
 run are the natural courses thrcunrh w hicli 
 till' canal inii-t be o|ien('d and the railway 
 laid. Thus there will pour into the i^nal 
 depots which these fronlici' Stall's will pre- 
 sent, not, only tho prodiicls of Liistern and 
 Western America, luit those of China and 
 India. 
 
 The corn and wheat prairies of Nebraska, 
 Iowa, and Kansas, stand on the banks of that 
 1,'reat river (Missouii) whieh, with a volume, 
 a I'orcc, and throuijh an extent of territory no 
 other stream can equal, shoots down the 
 freiirlit eoiiimittiMl to it on the vast corn- 
 cousumint; plains of tho Soiithern Mississippi. 
 .... Mever was there such an avenue for 
 such ft freiiiht. I'Vir oiii) miles these iiiaifiiiti- 
 ceiit prairies slope npwai'd from the I'ivor 
 banks. For loiiii miles il dashes down, with 
 a velocity which enables oven the .'ilowor 
 class of steamboats to make the deseont in 
 from l.j to 20 miles per hour. It is hero that 
 the Missouri has the irreiit advanta<jo over 
 the Mis>is>ippi. The prairie country is scarce- 
 ly I'caclicd by the latter river — so far as con- 
 tinuous navitration is concerned Tho 
 
 navie;arion of the Missmiri, on the other hand, 
 contimii's nearly lnim miles beyond where 
 that of the Mississi]ipi stops It is on ac- 
 count of the cheapness and rapidity which 
 transportation in such a cliannel gives that 
 we think the market of tho trulf country will 
 be supplied from tlu^ valley of the Missouri — 
 not froi I that of tho Mississipjii. 
 
 Tin; '^XTKNT AM> CuAllArTKi; or TIlK Son.. — 
 "The bitloin lands, of whieh the base of this 
 seam (th' Missouri) is composed, form a plain 
 extendiii!.' from .'> to -J,") miles in Ijreadth, and 
 aceompaii\ 'iml; the river throuirh nearly its 
 whole course.'' T'lie soil is of a very shifting 
 ualure, ami the coiirso of the river very cir- 
 cuitous. " It doiibles and curves, for instance, 
 to such an extent arouiid a line of l(ii> miles, 
 
 tween Leavenworth and Nebraska City, as 
 
 1 tl 
 
 m 
 
 $ 
 
 i ■. . i 
 
 lli 
 
 WWHSaSL.^ 
 
 be found that there is one route whoso choaj)- to nmke that ItiU miks into 200. What is 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 //^.**i^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 Ui|2£ |25 
 ■^ I2ii 12.2 
 LS 12.0 
 
 lU 
 
 u 
 
 In: 
 
 1^ 
 
 U 111.6 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Siiences 
 
 Corporalion 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STKEET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 145S0 
 
 (716)I72-4S03 
 
 \ 
 
 qv 
 
 <^^ 
 
 SJ 
 
 s> 
 
 
 '^% 
 
 -^^ 
 
 ^ 
 

 ids 
 
 Ci^ 
 
28 
 
 THE VALLEY OF THE MISSOURI. 
 
 STEAMING UP THE RIVER MISSUURL 
 
 ( i 
 
 popularly called the 'weBtern bank,' is, by 
 turnR, the southern and the eastorn." For 
 farming purposes, therefore, the lands of that 
 nature are very uncertain and precarious. 
 
 In its course, however, it leaves, on the 
 one side or the other, a rich bottom, which, 
 for immediate productiveness, has probahly 
 no superior in the world. " To this are add- 
 ed uniform belts of forest trees, interposing 
 themselves between the bottom and the bluft's, 
 which, along the States of Iowa and Missouri, 
 and the opposite shores, develop themselves 
 in great beauty. These trees, in cunneetion 
 with the stone with which tlio blulTs are often 
 filled, give building materials to the settler in 
 the richest abundance. 
 
 In Nebraska, the fertile bottom lands on 
 the Missouri River begin near the mouth of 
 the Vermilion River, on the '.iTih meridian, 
 about 60 miles from Sioux City, and about 
 1000 miles on the river-course from the Mis- 
 sissippi. Tlie trees on the river bottoms are 
 immense and lu.xuriant. AVest of Sioux City, 
 the bottom lands become narrow and irregu- 
 lar, and give only an uncertain prospect of 
 support. Tlie soil on the table prairie lands, 
 which lie back from the blnll's, is not suscep- 
 tible of much cultivation — degenerating into 
 a cold and desolate moor. The exception lo 
 this is ft patch, fiO miles above the Rig Sioux, 
 nt tlie month of the Eau-fiui-Court, which 
 there runs into the Missouri. No point be- 
 yond the Vemilion can be relied on to raise 
 corn. 
 The Pl.\tte River Valley. — Tlie valley of 
 
 the Pliitte is sodded with firm, and yet nutri- 
 tious grass, wliicii affords a road for wagons, 
 and food for the oxen or mules by wliich the 
 wagons are drawn. Along this great high- 
 way, the emigration from the Atlantic to the 
 Pacitre will puss. 
 
 In the bottom lands of the Plnlte, cotton- 
 \vui>,l of excellent (junlity is to be found ; and 
 above an<l around the forks, cedar in consid- 
 erable (junntily is \o be seen. 
 
 The width of the I'lutte is, genernlly, one 
 mile; and, when full, is six feet deep, but 
 rarelj' is so: eonse(iuently, is considered of 
 no use for iwivigiition purposes. 
 
 The arable jmiiries that arise from the 
 bliilTs by wliieli tlie I'latte is hemmed, do not 
 spread to any considerable extent after the 
 first l.'iO miles of its course are jmssed. 
 
 Tlie region south of tlie I'latte presents a 
 much wider swoi p for agricultural enterprise. 
 There, a cliiiiatc not yet infected with the 
 parching heat of the low country, is united 
 with ft soil of eminent fruitfuliiess; and, as 
 the arable lands begin to widen, they disclose 
 one of the loveliest regions in the world. 
 TIio arable lands extend from 150 to 200 
 miles from the river liauks. 
 
 TiIeCoMI'OSITION and PlioDlCTIVENESS OF THE 
 
 Soiu — Tlie general character of the bottom 
 lands — not only of tlie Missouri, but of the 
 Kansas, the Yellowstone, and the Platte — is 
 of sand and clay, richly im|)regnated and 
 saturated with carbon, and with the vast 
 nuantities of decayed vegetable matter which 
 tne rivers are constantly precipitating. 
 
CLIMATE OF KANSAS AND NEBRASKA. 
 
 29 
 
 from the 
 ni'd, do not 
 \ nfler the 
 
 prcsentB a 
 (■iiU'ri)n!<e. 
 1 with the 
 •, is united 
 >s; and, as 
 loy disclose 
 the world. 
 150 to 200 
 
 
 i 
 
 Not unusually, Indian corn to the amount 
 of 150 busht'lfl to tho acre are produced, with 
 pcurccly any more jireparation than tlie ordi- 
 nary turning over, which is easily done by 
 the plough. From the river basin, rii-e ter- 
 rnccH, or aul>si<liary bottom, at an average of 
 50 feet from the nvcr level, and sloping and 
 sweeping away till Ihoy reach, sometimes, the 
 prairies tiiemsclves. 
 
 For |K'rmaneney, depth, richness, and ex- 
 tent, the prairie soil can find nothing in tlie 
 world, to say the least, to excel it — many 
 parties declaring tiiat tiiere is notliing to 
 c(jual it. 
 
 ITnlike the bottom lands, which are soft 
 and pliable, the prairie lands of the Missouri 
 are tough and tenacious. In Nebraska and 
 Kansas, as many as six or eight yoke of oxen 
 are employed at a single ])lough in breaking 
 the ground for the tirst time. When once 
 upturned, however, the sod rots in a single 
 summer, after wiiicli it may be ploughed liy 
 a single yoke. Indian corn and potatoes 
 grow upon it after the first ])loughing ; 
 wiieat not until after tlie second. 
 
 Tlie present appearances of tiie prairies of 
 the Missouri show clear evidence of having, 
 some centuries ago, been under cultivation, 
 tln! fields, etc., being clearly traced. Tliey 
 are found in the best-watered and richest sec- 
 tions, and extend from one to tiiree huiulred 
 acres in area. 
 
 LuMUKR. — In respect to forests, south-east- 
 ern Nebraska and Eastern Kansas have a 
 great advantage over Illiiuus and Iowa. In 
 the latter States we may travel for miles with- 
 out seeing a single tree within sight. In the 
 central valley of tiie Missouri, the cotton- 
 wood, willow, and poplar spread tliem- 
 selves in great abundance and beauty along 
 the bottom lands, and on the bluffs are found 
 tlie oak, elm, cedar, and the black walnut, 
 llius jiroviding abundant material on tiie spot 
 for building and fencing. 
 
 ri.iMATK, — Hi'tween tlie Missouri Valley 
 and the same range of latitude towanls the 
 I'ast, tlie advantages, so far as evenness of 
 teinj)crature is concerned, are witli the latter. 
 Both in Kansas and Xeliraska the tlicrniom- 
 eter ranges from 15 degrees higher in sum- 
 mer, and 1,") degrees lower in winter, tiian in 
 Virginia or I'ennsylvauia. It is not unconi- 
 iniui for the mercury to sink to :<0 degrees 
 below zero in the oue season, and to keep 
 steady in the other, even as far north as 
 
 Omaha City, at 110, It is an error to seek 
 tlie causes of these extremes in the as yet un- 
 settled conilition of the country. They result 
 from the fact, tiiat as we recede furtlior from 
 the sea-coast, both heat and cold l)eeonie, in 
 tlieir degree, greater, as can be explained on 
 pliilosopiiic grounds. 
 
 Two features, however, tend greatly to 
 soften these extremes. The winter is relieved 
 by the crisp dryness of the air, as compared 
 with tho piercing sharpness of the Atlantic 
 seaboard, or the raw, damj), cold atmosphere 
 of (ireat liritain. 
 
 The Bukezes on the Prairiks. — Tlio sum- 
 mer — to those wiio can take refuge in the 
 siiade — has nearly all its terrors removed by 
 the cool and powerful breezes by which the 
 prairies are incessantly swept. 
 
 It is in tiu'se bveezes, in fact, that consists 
 one of the main charms of prairie life. In 
 their uniformity, tlieir bracing purity, their 
 vigour, they rival those of the sea. Tliey arc 
 greatly preferable, in these respects, to those 
 that traverse the eastern Alleghany slopes. 
 There, the wind is fractured into puffs, or slit 
 into threads by the forests, gorges, mountain 
 crags, and ravines, through which it passes. 
 liut the breezes of the prairies pass onward 
 in one grand and unbroken sheet. They 
 blow with the evenness and continuity of the 
 eastern trade winds, which may always be 
 relied on, and in summer, at least, is as far 
 from sinking at one time into a calm, as from 
 rising into n hurricane. In winter the wind 
 then covers the prairies with a cold and 
 heavy weight, whose very uniformity aggra- 
 vates its severity. Hut in the summer, the 
 delicious coolness and the unfailing regular- 
 ity of the prairie winds are blessings to which 
 all travellers will boar a grateful testimony. 
 
 In connection with this subject, we quote 
 from a writer in Cnlhiirn'ii New Monthlij Jfng- 
 nzinc for Julv, 1838, who, on an excursion to 
 the " Great West," and close to the Missouri, 
 says : — 
 
 "Tho west of America must be a healthy 
 country, except wliere the land is low or near 
 sluggisii mud-banked rivers, for there inter- 
 mittent fevers prevail as well as elsewhere. 
 There seemed in the midst of the excessive 
 heat, a power of exertion, a springiness, not 
 at all like the faint, relaxing sensation of a 
 very hot English summer's day. I speak of 
 tho dry prairies of the west* Tlie air was 
 olways clear, dry, exhilarating beyond idea." 
 
 I 
 
80 
 
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 MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD BRIDGE, IOWA. 
 
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 TRIP ON THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI, 
 
 FHOM I'KAIUtK DP ClIIEN AND 8T. PAUL. 
 
 A counE8roNM>EXT, who ninde tliis trip Inst summer, has furnislied us with tlie following 
 notes, which wn have illustrnted with severnl sketclies of some of the most importnnt 
 plncos mill olijt'cts of intiivst on tlie route. He tlius writes: — 
 
 It mny l)e as well to siiy, that toiu'ists, bent on this trip, can take the railway cars from 
 either ("liirasro, Milwaukee, Madison, or any of the principal points of rail terminating at 
 Prairie du Chien. 
 
 At 11. HO, A. M., therefore, we left Milwaukee (^Wisconsin) l>y the train, on a most lovely 
 day, n fre.sh breeze tempering the blazing heat of old Sol, which rendered his rays more 
 agrc'Hble. 
 
 After wliirlinir along pretty rapidly and sniootldy, we found ourselves at a station called 
 the Y station, a little beyond the town of Milton, and the junction of the line from Chica- 
 go, where the tourists and travellers, going to Prairie du Chien and North, meet with those 
 from Milwaukee. 
 
 Started from tliis point, we bowled along over the beautiful sward of what is considered 
 up there the unrivalled roek-prairie. Gliding swiftly along, we in course of time, (4, p. 
 M.,) reaelifd Madison, the capital of Wisconsin. (See Madison.) Started from Madison, 
 we pursiieil our journey down the valley of the Black Earth — named so, we presume, from 
 the rich, black soil of the valley — whose richness, some say. will never wear out, and 
 never reipiire manure. After passing through the ever-varying landscape of that beau- 
 tiful valley, we soon reach Maz<.>maine — where there is an excellent refreshment saloon. 
 
82 
 
 UPPER MISSISSIPPI— SUNSET. 
 
 
 From this ptoppinp-plnco, wo jirooeedod on, willi the shiidos of cveiiinff beginning to close 
 upon us, till we ri'iu'hcd the viilloy of flio Wisconsin, iiiul tliroufih wonio neat viiliiffCH which 
 the rail has called into existence. The Wiseonsin, which flown hci-c — the earn crossing it 8 
 times — is stmicthing of the character of tiie Missouri, rather shifting in its course, render- 
 ing, by its sand banks, the navigation rather difficult. By and by, we arrived, at about 9, v. 
 M., at Prairie du C'hien. (See Prairie du t'hien.) 
 
 Having alighted from the cors, we soon found ourselves on the bank of the mighty Mis- 
 sissipiti. 
 
 Arrived, therefore, nt Prairie du Chien, the tourist will find liis way on board the " Mil- 
 waukee," or some other steamer in waiting — unless it be that some of hist year's steamers 
 have "gone up in a cloud of smoke," or down into the " fearful abyss," in a determined 
 heat with some opposition boat, since last .lulj-. 
 
 On board the " Milwaukee," however, we fouml ourselves, a little after 9, i-. m., bound for 
 the " Far West," still scarcely realizing any thing particular, but that we were embarking 
 on board at Gravesend on a trip up the Tlianus to London, only that the splendid steamer, 
 and her comforts, (unknown in river navigaiion in Great Hritain,) brought us to our recol- 
 lection that we were, as some Americans would say, "consideralile" from home, being at 
 Prairie du Chien, about 1300 miles from New York, and some 4800 miles from London, 
 (Eng.,) and with other 300 miles up the Misfis:i])pi before we reached St. I'aul. 
 
 First thing to do, was to secure a stateroom for the night, which being done, we soon 
 found ourselves in the upper part of the vessel, seeing what we could all "by moonlight 
 alone." Nothing, however, was to be seen but the mighty river stretching far iii front 
 and behind us. As we were not to start till next morning, we were soon conipelled to 
 seek the retirement of our state room for tlie i.iglit, 
 
 Next morning found us at an early and •xeellent breakfast, after which we were on 
 deck. At 9, a. m., the night mail train, from Milwaukee anil the East, brought up the nniils 
 and j)assengers, which, after being all safely on bonrd, we started otV on our way north. 
 Having formed the ae(piaintanee of some phii^ant eoiiipaiiy, on board, we soon fouTid our- 
 selves sometimes playing at draughts, heoring music, or admiring the Vjeauties of the river 
 scenery, and so morning, noon, and evening, passed away. The scenery on the river is 
 truly fine ; in some parts the little islands forming, with their green-clad vegetation, u 
 miniature " Thousand Islands." 
 
 Tlie sides of the river were covered, for the most part, with theirsummer attire of shrub- 
 bery, the high blutl's siiowiiig fortii in bold relief. 
 
 By-and-by we reach La t'rosse and \Vi'non;i. two of the liest looking, and busiest towns 
 on the Upper Mississippi. Between these two towns and Treinpeleau, the sceni'ry became 
 very fine, and what, with a beautiful sunset, (sunsets scarcely known in Britain,) beamed 
 forth a perfect blaze of rich crimson light, tinting the islets on the river, and the tops 
 of the bluffs on each side, altogether forming a panorama beyond our powers of de- 
 scri[(tion. Gradually the sun departed in the western horizon, and witlnlrawing with 
 him the glorious scene before us — till at length it disappeared — leaving us only the 
 verj' short interval of twilight, before we again found ourselves in the saloons, all 
 lighted for the enjoyment of the night. Any one who has the good fortune to see such u 
 sunset on the Mississippi will never forget it. It is different from the sunsets, even in 
 Canada, New York, and on Lake Erie, but still more diHerent, from what may be seen 
 from off llampstead Heath, when the loud hum of the day's bustle in London, (Eng.,) 
 is dying away toward the close of the day — from off Edinburgh Castle, when the sun 
 is receding behind the hills in Stirlingshire, sending his lurid glare of light down the 
 Firth of Forth, till it touches the Inchkeith Lighthouse, and lighting up the whole of the 
 new town of Modern Athens, (Edinburgh, Scot.,) and gilding, with his rays, the tops of the 
 hills in Fifeshire, Perthshire, and other portions of the highlands of Scotland — or when he 
 would be bidding farewell to the day, ns he tinted up the lops of the high hills, between 
 Taymouth Castle, and the pass of Killiecrankie, sending a flood of light down the glens 
 and valleys of Loch Tay, and Kinloch Rannoch. Sublime as these sunsets arc, the tourist 
 
g to close 
 ;eH which 
 iseiiig it 8 
 0, rciider- 
 ihoiit 9, p. 
 
 frhty Mi»- 
 
 the " Mll- 
 
 t fttoiiniors 
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 ir ill front 
 miclloil to 
 
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 |) tho mails 
 way iiorlli. 
 
 foiiiul our- 
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 lie rivor U 
 i;i'tatioii, 11 
 
 :e of shriit)- 
 
 isii'st towns 
 ry lieonine 
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 vers of (lo- 
 wiiift with 
 IS only the 
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 ) soe such 11 
 ets, even in 
 nv lie seen 
 lion, (.Eni;.,) 
 len tiie sun 
 t down the 
 hole of the 
 > tops of the 
 -or when he 
 Us, lietweon 
 'n the glens 
 , the tourist 
 
 
THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI — ST. PAUL — MINNESOTA. 
 
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 will fiiul in tlio Biinst'ts of the "far wost" n i^rciitor rii'linoss nnd vividiiPCB of colouring— 
 mid luiiifr ovtT n diircrint cliniiu'ttr of eoutitrj- — tliu widc-Kweppitig i)rnii'ie on the one hand, 
 iind the liliitV* on the river on the other — such us cnnnot full to strike hlni lit once with 
 udinirntion ub to their extent niul heuuty. 
 
 Tiint evcidng we went up the Mississippi ; there wns a very gay and happy conijinny on 
 lioiird, BO towards evening, the music brought some of the company to their feet to dance, 
 till at last It ended in a regular ball. The time flew rapidly past, as may bo supposed, 
 amidst such excitement and hilarity, till at length the " wee short hour" on the other side 
 of 12 announced it was bedtime. Some of the party Bat up on the upper deck all night, 
 to enjoy the scenery of Lake Pepin (which we had now approached) by moonlight. 
 
 Lake Pepin is 36 miles long, a to 5 miles wide, and from 50 to 100 feet deep. Sometimes 
 it blows hard on this lake, so much so, that the river-boats, not being constructed to 
 stand cither a " aou'-wester" or a " nor'-wester," sometimes lay-to all night, till it is safe for 
 them to venture further. On this occasion, it was a beautiful night, so we went a-head on 
 its placid waters. About 2, a. m., we passed the " Maiden Rock," on the lake, and shortly 
 afterwords we were again on the river, the lake forming a large expanse of the river, 
 similar to the lakes on the River Ottawa, C. AV., forming in Buccession as they do that 
 beautiful river. 
 
 The town of I'rescott was next reached. Situated at the mouth of the St, Croix Kiver, it 
 is the most north-westerly town of Wisconsin. The location is a very pretty one, and we 
 understood it contimies to be a fast rising town. By-anJ-lty, about 9, a. m., we descried 
 the "city" of St. Paul "looming In the distance." After jiassing the business portion of 
 the town, we landed at the wharf there, and set foot on the terrritory of the far-famed 
 Minnesota, and in its ca|)ital, St, I'aul. 
 
 ST. PAUL 
 
 On our visit, St. Paul, like every other place, was affected with the prevailing epidemic, 
 of " hard times," which had checked the ardour of some of her speculative citizens quite as 
 much as it had done those of older cities. Consequently the town was'dull, and also most 
 of the people In it. All, however, with plenty of pluck, confident, that ere long, the little 
 north-wesfc city must of necessity go a-head again, and not stop till she is up sides with 
 some of her south and easterly sister cities. Unlike most American towns, the streets of 
 St. Paul are narrow, which we fancy will be regretted ere long. Tlie streets, moreover, like 
 those of New York, were dirty, and In bad order, but no doubt that in time will be rec- 
 tified. The suburbs of St Paul, however, are very beautiful, and many of the private resi- 
 dences, on the higher parts of the town, are very handsome and attractive. The population 
 of St. Paul is variously estimated at from ten to tirioen thousand, of which a large propor- 
 tion — probably a third — are foreigners ; it contains a capitol and other public buildings, 
 seven or eight churches, among which are two Episcopal, two Roman Catholic, two Pres- 
 byterion, and one or two Methodist and Baptist. The Romanists are also putting up a fine 
 college, decidedly the handsomest public building in the place. The limestone, with which 
 the whole town is underloid, affords an admirable building stone, being very durable, hand- 
 some, and distributed in laj'ers so as to be most conveniently worked. 
 
 There are three dally and three weekly papers published, which seem to have a large 
 circulation, and to be ably conducted. Tliere are also two German and a Norwegian 
 paper, and one or two other small publications. 
 
 The principal street fronts the river for about two miles, and is lined with large stores 
 of all kinds, to supply the increasing trade of that north-westerly region. The principal 
 hotel is the Fuller House — a magnificent house, erected at a cost of $100,000, and fitted up 
 with every modern comfort and convenience. 
 
 There are five railroads In this State, just commencing, or In course of cnmpletion: the 
 Minnesota and Pacific — running from St. Paul to a point on the Missouri River; the 
 North-western — from St. Paul to Lake Superior; the Cedar Valley and Minneapolis— 
 
SUSPENSION BKIDOE AT ST. ANTHONY's FALLS. 
 
 87 
 
 SI 
 
 31 
 
 i 
 
 from MlnncnpolU to lowu lino; tlio Tniii^it niul Uoot lUvor — ooniliiR from Prnirio du 
 ("liieii; mill tliu olhcr from Lii t!ro!!!<t', uiiiliiij; at Uiu'lioMiT, and then oiiitiiiiiing to St, 
 I'aiil. Tlu'!<i' mmU art' all in proj^ro^'K, ami MiMiicMita will Koon have liiT nt'lwork of rail- 
 ways, wliii'h will (li'V<'lo|it' her resources, ami h\k<; licr a proiiil |)(i.'»ilioii anionjf licr »\*\tT 
 Stale*, (f^ee Vii'w of St. I'ntil, mxt piiu'c. ) 
 
 i,'n pnnKdiit, we may nieiilion, llial !>onie ol the iiicrehants of St. I'aul, who import their 
 ifoodK from Kritain, do ho direct from Liverpool via New Orleann, thence perstennieron tlio 
 Mis/i-'-'ippi. The siivini; i-i I'licli, ihal llie whole cost o' ranr-porlalion from Liverpool to 
 St, I'aul i^^ very little mori' than llie nu're char;.'!':* of tranr^hippitii; nl .\iw Vnrk, and the 
 freii^ht from tfinr to St. I'anl. We have no donhl Tniiiiy imporli'rs on the other jiorts on 
 the .Mir'>i>>ippi and the Mi-soin'i will he fullowini,' tlic cxiiniple of the St. I'aul nierclianls, 
 the iidand earriat;e from the Atlantic ncaboard being extremely heavy on ^oodn bound for 
 tlio west and north-west provinces. 
 
 
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88 
 
 FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY AND MINNKILVHA. 
 
 ST. PAUL TO 8T. ANTHONY AND FALLS OF MINNEHAHA. 
 
 Enuaoino a liorau nnd btii^iry nt tlio Fuller Huii!i*> Hotel, wo aoon fouii<I oiiraflvvR on route 
 for llif fulls, fiml li iiiK^t <lcli(.'lilfiil (Irivf if I*, over fine rollltiif ii|i1iiiiiN, covtTt'd with the 
 iiri'i'iouK Kliitl" of lift', mill wnvint,' ami i*iiri,'iii^ uihIit the ffi'iillc lircfzc, ri|iriiing for f lie 
 mower, and then to lie Bvnt nbroiid, pcrlm|H tlioiiMindH of iiiilen, to foi'd the liun^^ryin xoine 
 of the cities in the en!<t, or t'von (irciit Itrilain. On hoth Kidon of the roiid the landi*on|id 
 is beautiful, now nnd then showini; (»liiii|i!ies of the Mi!*!*!?"!-!!)!)! in the distanee, At length 
 we reached St. Anthonj'. Much a» we have heard of the nituation of St. Antlniny, a» the 
 nite for a mnniifacturiii); city, we did not expect to »eo ho jfood a location for that purpose, 
 and were, therefore, aureealily tli^iappointed. The water-power is uniiniiled and inex- 
 hau!<tible — the great dedidcrntuiii for a Tiianufaeturiiig city. Tlie surrounding country i» 
 very fertile nnd the climate i'alid)ri<iU!', in fact, similar to the more northerly portions of 
 Cnnadn West, with hot summers, tenijiered by the breezes from the west, with a very cold 
 but dry atmosphere in winter. 
 
 MINNEHAHA FALLS "THE LAUGHING WATER.' 
 
FALLS OF 8T. ANTHONY AND MINNEHAHA. 
 
 89 
 
 At St. Antliony, tlio MlfHlti-lpiii Iuim n prrpcndloiilar full of 18 fvet— tin- first wlilch occun 
 in nwciKliriK ttio riviT. 
 
 Tlu' Hit« i)f llio villii){f U on nn i-lfvntod pliiln, ami oomninndu n fiiif viflw of tlie Falls, 
 mul U <listiint iiImiuI h iniltH liy liiml from St, I'aiil, 
 
 Tlio Knlvfrhity of .Mimicootu in cHtat.li-licil iil St. Antliony, licnidti wliicli, it cotitiiins 6 
 or tl churi'lii'M, iilioiit 'M) MtorcH, '2 ncwKpnpcr otllccH, iiml m'vcral Kiiw-niill!*, and otliiT i. iiiu- 
 factiirin^' cKtaliliHlinu'ntB. Tlii' po»t-o(lic'i' in niiMU'd St. Anthony's FuU-i, ropulatioii, aliont 
 
 Oppimltn to the town of St. Anthony, Ik Mlnncnpolin, on tlii' opjwdlte «ido of tho rivor. 
 
 At niijht we Bttty<'d at St. Anthony. Nt'Xt day wu But ont on n vinlt to Fort SncUing 
 nnd Miniu'linhn. After crotftinff tlu- MnFpcnclon lirld^jf, wo hooii found oiimclvoH in Minnn- 
 niHili^'. iiiid at tlKM'fU'liratt'il Falls of Minnohahii — "tln^ lnii^'hini< water" — " tho Hinilt! of tliu 
 groat Hpirit" — which will Ixi foiind the prt'ttiest little fall iniaginiiMe, eonipleteinnll its parts. 
 A clear, sparlilini^ stream eomos rushinj? nlon^; the j)rairie, until it suddenly takes a leap of 
 t)(i fi'et oviT the precipiep, and is lost in a deep dell, the sides of whieh are eovered with 
 ghrulihery of luxurious jrniwth. Thi- roek over whieh the stream leaps, has lieeii worn 
 into an areh, and one ean pass to and fro uiuK-rneath, between tho falls and the rook, with 
 little or no ineoiiveiiienoe. 
 
 The reeecs liehind the full extends back nearly 50 feet, and, from that point, on extraor- 
 dinary beautil'id view of tho fall is ohtaincd, na the sun shines on the outsi<Ie of it. Tile tou- 
 rist can j)ass in at one side heliitid tho fall, and find oj^ress at the other side, 
 
 Fi"om the world-wide known Indian poem of Hiawatha, by Longfellow, we aiiiiex a few 
 Verges, descriptive of the scene now under notice: — 
 
 " Only once hti pace he alnclcened, 
 
 Oiil.v (iiice tic iiaimucl or Imllcil — 
 I'linscil 111 iJiirclmxe liciids of iiriows 
 Of Itiu uiic'k'iit iirniwiiinkvr, 
 III tlic laiiil of III)' Itiicotulia, 
 Where tlie Fallii of Mlnncliuiia 
 Kliir'li mill Kicaiii aiiioiiK tlie onk treea, 
 Laui,'li anil lca|i into tlic valley. 
 
 " There the ancient arrow-maker 
 MakcH Ilia arron-liead.i of nandstone, 
 Arrowlieail!! of chalceilony. 
 Arrow-heads of Hint and jasper, 
 Ciiiootlieil and sharpened at the edgea, 
 Hard and puliahed, keen and costly. 
 
 " With him dwelt Ills dark-eyed daughter, 
 Wayward us the Minnehaha, 
 With lier iiiouds of shade and sunshine; 
 Kyps that smiled and frowned alternate, 
 Feet as rapid us the river, 
 
 And aa mualcal ns lauKhter ; 
 And he named her fiom the river, 
 Kroiii the waterlall he imiiicd her 
 Minnehaha, Luughliig Water,. 
 
 " Was It here for heads of arrows. 
 Arrow-heads of elialcedoiiy, 
 Arrow-heads of Hint and Jasper, 
 That my Hiawatha halteil 
 In the lund of the Dacotahsf 
 
 " Was It not to see the maiden. 
 See the face of I.aiighlnK Water, 
 IVeping from liehind the curtain ; 
 Hear the rustling of her garments 
 Prom behind the wuving curtain, 
 Aa we see the Minnehaha 
 Gleaming, glancing through the hranchea, 
 As one hears the Laughing Water 
 From beliind its screen and brunches?" 
 
 Altogether, It is a beoutiful sight, in a most romantic spot, and should not be neglected 
 by the tourist when at St. Paul. About 2 miles from the Falls, is situated Fort Snelling, 
 sitting on the crest of a bold promontory, between the Mississippi and Minnesota Kivers. 
 (See Fort Snelling.) 
 
 Before leaving St Paul, the tourist will find a cave about 2 miles from the town, worthy 
 of a visit, It is a subterranean curiosity in its way. Through it flows a stream of woter, 
 pure as crystal. The roek overhead is quite soft. To penetrate it, one or two guides are 
 necessary with lights. Near the further end of it, there is said to be a small waterfall, and 
 all in search of the wonderful underground should visit it to its utmost extremity. Start- 
 ing from Milwaukee on Tuesday forenoon, we thus spent that night on board at Prairie du 
 Chien, Wednesday night on board on Lake Pepin, and landed in St Paul on Thursday 
 morning at 9 o'clock. Saw all about St Paul on Thursday ; went to see the Ff "Is and Fort 
 Snelling on Friday, and returned to St Paul on Saturday ; Sunday, went to a neat little 
 church there (Ei)isoojial). On Monday afternoon, at 4 o'clock, wo started on our return 
 trip, accomplishing the distance from St Paul to Prairie du Chien, 802 miles, in 17 hours, 
 being fully 7 hours less time than we took to go up — the stream, of course, being against 
 us on our upward trip. 
 
40 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR AND PICTURED BOCKS. 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR 
 
 One of the trips now enjoyed by hundred!? every year, from different parts of tlie Uni- 
 ted Staffs and Canada, iti that made by tlie sjib'ndidly appointed steamers wliicli sail from 
 Cleveland (t)luo) to the head of Lake Superior — toticliini; at Detroit and Mackinaw. 
 Passengers will also fiiid steamers from Chicago for same |>oints. Tlie distance for the 
 whole trip round is about 2(KI0 miles. Time occupied about 8 days. Fare, ^44 (£8 111.-., 
 Btg.,) including the very best accommodation and meals. 
 
 In the summer season, it is one of the most delightful and invigorating trips which can 
 be taken. 
 
 Tlie commerce i.f the Lake Superior districts, as is well known, consists eliiefly in copper 
 and iron, from tlie mines situated in different parts. 
 
 The value of copper shipped in one year, from Ontonagon — the largest mining dejiot, 
 and second town in size on the lake— exceeded ?!l,nO(i,0(iO (.€200,000, . r<r.). 
 
 From Marquette, it was expected that 2(M(,0(li( tons of iron would lie hipped last year. 
 The other mining establishments are at the towns of Eagle Hiver, Kagle ]lar1>our, C'ojiper 
 Harbour, JJayfield, Lapoint, JJay City, Ashland, (Jrand island City, I)u Liitli, etc., etc. 
 
 The City of Superior, situated on the Bay of Superior and Nemadji liiver, at the head 
 of the lake, is the most iiii]>(irtaiit town. It was laid out in IHTili. The jiopulation in 
 January, 1S;)7, was over l,,')(lO — with !! 10 Ikiuscs. In addition to tieiiiir ajiproaehed from 
 Cleveland and Chicago, it 's also reached from St. Paul, Minnesota, via the St. Croix and 
 Bruht Itivers, per canoes. 
 
 With regard to the climate of the Lake Superior country, many erroneous inijiressious 
 are entertained. 
 
 Professor David Dale Owen, the government geologist, in his re|v>rt, says: — 
 
 "The health, even of the more niar,*liy ]H)rtioiis of this district, seems better than, from 
 its appearance, one might expect. The long, bracing winters of these northern latitudes 
 exchule many of the diseases which, under the prolonged heat of a southern cliuiate, tlie 
 miasm of the swamp engendei's. At the Pembina settlement (in latitude 41t ), owned by 
 the Hudson's Bay Cmupany, to a population of five thousand then' was but a single [iliy- 
 sieinn, and he told me, that without an additional salary allowed him by the Comjiany, 
 the diseases of the settlement would not alford him a living." 
 
 Another writer says: — " Xone of the American lakes can compare with Lake Superior 
 in healthfulness of climate during the summer months, and there is no place so well ealcii- 
 laled to restore pressing miasms of the fever-breeding soil of the Southwestern States. 
 This oiiinion is fast gaining ground among meilieal men. who are now reeoitimending to 
 their patients the healthful climate of this favoured lake, in preference to sending tliem to 
 die in enervating soutliern latitudes. 
 
 "The waters of this vast inland sea, covering an area of over 32,OtiO miles, exercise a 
 powerful influence in modifying the two extremes of heat and cold. The uniformity of 
 temperature thus produced is highly favourable to animal and vegetabie life. The wo.il 
 delicate fruits and ■plant » are raised vil/iout injiiri/, while four or f\ve degrees further south 
 they are destroyed by the early frosts," 
 
 Amongst the exports from there, we find " 10 tons of Raspberry Jam," consigned to a, 
 party in Cleveland, 
 
 THE PICTURED ROCKS, LAKE SUPERIOR. 
 
 The subject of the sketch on the next page, is one of the most extraordinary natural cu- 
 riosities which the region of the far north districts of America present. 
 
 The " Pictured Rocks" are situated on the eastern shore of Lake Superior at its outlet at 
 St. Mary's lUver. The author of " Wisconsin na it is," in his description of Lake Superior, 
 says: — 
 
 " But its greatest attraction is the ' Pictured Rocks,' which commence at this point and 
 extend east about ten miles, and arc so called from the varions forms atid colours presented 
 by the rocks forming the shore of the lake. These rocks are of fine laminated sandstone, 
 rising from 150 to 300 feet above the water level, and received the name of ' Pictured' 
 from the brilliant colon: s formed from the oxides and sulphurets of metals, and vegetable 
 fungi, which, by combination, form the most various )iictures, and whicli, by the least 
 imagination, assume the forms of ancient temples, religious iirocessioiis, jirairies, liuffalo 
 hunts, portraits, humorous scenes, until one is almost persuaded he is looking upon the 
 magnificent masters, ond not of nature. Among these, cataracts, falls and rivulets ara 
 pitching down in mighty volume, or dissipating their torrents into smoky mist." 
 
42 
 
 DESCENT OF THE BAPIDS OF THE ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 DESCENT OF THE RAPIDS ON THE ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 One of the most exciting trips, we believe, to be enjoyed in America, is the descent 
 of the rapids of the St. Lavrence, in one of the steamers wliich now ply between To- 
 ronto, Kingston, and Montreal, affording a treat of no ordinary description, so far as 
 the rapids are concerned — even in themselves — but doubly so, when, in the same trip, 
 the far-famed scenery of the Lake of the Thousand Islands may be seen to great ad- 
 vantage, as the steamers, which descend the rapids, pass through them. For a descrip- 
 tion of a descent of the rapids we copy the following from Ilunter's Guide to tiie St 
 Lawrence: — 
 
 
 at 
 
 Q 
 
 P- 
 
 B > 
 
 < 
 
 CD 
 
 o " 
 
 H ^ 
 m 
 
 o g 
 S it 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 00 
 

 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 2 
 
 O H 
 
 « 
 PS 
 
 H 
 OQ 
 U 
 
 a 
 
 •< 
 u 
 
 M 
 
Lake of the thousand islands and rapids. 
 
 43 
 
 LAKE OF THE THOUSAND ISLANDS. 
 
 The steamer, after leaving Kingston, C. W., or Cape St. Vincent, on the American 
 side eliortly after ajiproftehes the fur-fumed Lake of the Thousand Islands. These 
 islands oppear so thickly studded that the appearuncc to tlie spectator, on approaching 
 them, is as if the vessel steered her course towards the head of a londloeked bay which 
 barred all furtlier j)rogre!<s — coining nearer, a small break in the line of shore opens up, 
 and ho enters between what he now discovers to be islands, and islands which are innum- 
 erable — now he sails in a wide channel between more distant shores, again he enters into 
 a strait so narrow that the large puddle boxes of the steamer almost sweep the foliage on 
 either side os she pursues her devious course — now the islands are miles in circumference, 
 and again he passes some which are very small, shaded by a single tiny tree occupying the 
 handful of pnrth which represents the " dry land." On all, the trees grow to the water's 
 edge, and dip their outer brandies in the clear blue lake. Sometimes the mirage throws 
 its air of enchantment on the whole, and the more distant islands seem floating in mid- 
 heaven — only descending into the lake as a nearer approach dispels the illusion, and when 
 the rushing steamer breaks tlie fair surface of the water, in which oil this loveliness is re- 
 flected as in a mirror — to quote the words of Warburton, " the eye does not weary to see, 
 but ihe head aches in even writing the one word — beauty — wherever you steer over this 
 sweet scene beauty — beauty still." To see and really enjoj' and appreciate the charms of 
 the Lake of the Thousand Isles, one ought to visit it in a small boat, ond spend many days 
 amid its labyrinths; but we are on board a steamer, and must be content with the passing 
 glance whieii her rapid and noisy course affords. An hour, or less even, and wo are 
 through, — the Islands and the mighty Ontario are left beliind, and we now emerge into 
 the majestic river, though not to disappointment, for all is grand and beautiful still. 
 
 As the steamer proceeds onwards the traveller, as he looks on the river from time to 
 time, will soon remark that the current gains strength, eddies begin to sweep round in 
 wide circles, and the upheaving surges, gently at first but angrily as you proceed, boil and 
 roar around and beneath your vessel — on slie goes, faster and still faster — look ahead, the 
 white-crested breakers meet your eye; while you look, you are in the midst of them, and 
 again you are out into smoother but still rapid water. In this way you puss down the 
 upper rapids — the Galops, Point I'-oquois, and some others which do not strike you as any 
 thing remarkable. But now the water becomes again agitated, and boils and roars as it 
 rusiies down the Long Sault. 
 
 LONG SAULT RAPID, ON THE ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 Tliis is a continuous rapid of nine miles, divided in the centre by an island. The 
 usual passage for ."teamers is on the south side. The channel on the north side was 
 formerly considered unsafe and dangerous ; but examinations have been made, and it is 
 now descended with safety. Ti\e passage in the southern channel is very narrow, and 
 such is the velocity of the current, that a raft, it is said, will drift the nine miles in 
 40 minutes. 
 
 SHOOTING THE LONG SAULT. 
 
 This is the most exciting part of the whole passage of the St. Lawrence. The rapids 
 of the " Long Sault" rush along at the rate of something like twenty miles an hour. When 
 the vessel enters within their influence, the steam is shut off, and she is carried onward 
 by the force of the stream alone. Tiio surging waters present uU the angry appearance 
 of the ocean in a storm ; the noble bout strains and labors; but, unlike the ordinary pitch- 
 ing and tossing at sea, this going down hill, by water, produces a highly novel sensation, 
 and is, in fact, a service of some danger, the imminence of which is enhanced to the ima- 
 gination by tiie tremendous rour of the headlong, boiling current. Great nerve, and force, 
 and precision are here required in piloting, so as to keep the vessel's head straight with 
 the course of the rapid ; for if she diverged in the least, presenting her aide to the cur- 
 
u 
 
 DESCENDING RAPIDS OF ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 rent, or " broached to," an the nniifical phrnso is, she would be instantly enpBieed and 
 submerged. Hence tlie necessity for enormous power over lier rudder ; and for tliis pur- 
 pose the mode of steering affords grent fiicility, for the wliocl Hint governs tlie rudder is 
 placed ahead, and, by means of chain and pulley, sways it But, in descending the ra- 
 
 f 
 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 50 
 
 a 
 
 » 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 Q 
 
 
 pids, a tiller is placed abtern to the rudder itself, so that the tiller can be maimed as well 
 as the wheel. Some idea may be entertained of the peril of descending a rnjud, when 
 it requires four iiieii at the wheel, and two at the tiller, to insure sJife steering. Here 
 is the region of the daring raftsmen, at whose hands are demanded infinite courage and 
 skill J and, despite of both, loss of life frequently occurs. 
 
 Large steamers, drawing seven feet water, with passengers and the mails, leave the 
 foot of lake Ontario in the morning, and reach the wharves at Montreal by daylight, with- 
 
ROUTE ON THE ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 45 
 
 out passing through a single loclc. At some of the rnpiils there ftre obstacles preventing 
 the descent of deeply-laden criift; but tlie government are al)out to give the main chan- 
 nel in all the rapids a depth of ten feet ■water, when the whole descending trade by steam 
 will keep the river, leaving the canals to the ascending craft. 
 
 After passing Cornwall (which is the boundary line between United States and Canada) 
 and the Indian village of St. Regis opposite, tli'j slianitr approaches Lake St. Fiaucis. 
 
 LAKE ST. FRANCIS. 
 
 This is the name of that expansion of the St. Lawrence which begins near Cornwall and 
 St. Regis, and extends to Coteau du Lac, a distance of 4i) miles. The surface of this lake 
 is interspersed with a great number of small islands. Tlie village of Lancaster is bituated 
 on the northern side, about midway, of this lake. 
 
 CoTEAL- vv Lac is a small village, situated at the foot of Lake St. Francis. The name, as 
 well as the style of the buildings, denotes its French origin. Just below the village are 
 the Coteau Rapids. 
 
 Ckdar"*. — This village presents the same marks of French origin as Coteau du Lac. In 
 the expedition of Gen. Amherst, a detachment of three hundred men that were sent to at- 
 tack Montreal, were lost in the rapids near this place. The passage through tiicsc ra- 
 pids is very exciting. Tiiore is a peculiar motion of the vessel, which, in descending, seems 
 like settling down, as she glides from one ledge to another. In passing the ra[iiils of the 
 Si)lit Rock, a pers<jn, unacquainted with the navigation of these rapids, will almost invol- 
 untarily hold his breath until this ledge of rocks, which is distinctly seen from the deck 
 of the steamer, is passed. At one time the vessel seems to be running directly upon it, 
 and you feel certain that she will strike; but a skilful hand is at the helm, and in an in- 
 stant more it is passed in safety. 
 
 IJKAtniAiixois is a small village at the foot of the Cascades, on the south bank of the river. 
 Hero vessels enter the Bcauliarnois Canal — witl> 9 locks — and pass around the rapids of the 
 Cascades, Cedars, and Coteau, into Lake St. Francis, a distance of 14 miles. On the north 
 bank, a brancii of the Ottawa enters into the St. Lawrence. The river again widens into a 
 lake called St. Louis, 24 miles long. From tiiis place a view is had of Montreal Mountain, 
 several miles distant. In tliis lake is Xun's Island, wl;ich is beautifully cultivated, and be- 
 longs to the Gray Nunnery at Montreal. There arc many islands in the vicinity of Montreal, 
 belonging to the different nunneries, and from which they derive large revenues. 
 
 La Chine. — This village is 9 miles from Montreal, with w'\ich it is connected bj' railroad. 
 The La Chine Ra|.ids begin just below the town. The current is here so swift and wild, 
 that to avoid it, a canal has been cut around these rapids. This canal is a stupendous 
 work, and reflects much credit upon the energy and enterprise of the people of Montreal. 
 
 At La Chine is the residence of Sir George Simpson, Governor of the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 ]>any, and of the officers of this, the chief post of that corporation. It is from this point 
 that the orders from head-quarters in London are sent to all the many posts through- 
 out the vast territory of the company; and near the end of April each year a body of 
 trained voi/affenrx set out hence in large canoes, called inaitrcs canots, with packages and 
 goods for the various posts in the wilderness. Two centuries ago, the companions of the 
 explorer Cnrtier on arriving here, thought they had discovered a route to China, and ex- 
 ])ressed their joy in the exclamation of La Chine! Hence, the present name, or so at least 
 says tradition. 
 
 Caugiinawaoa. — This is an Indian village, lying on the south bank of the river, near the 
 entrance of the La Chine Rapids. It derived its name from the Indians that had been con- 
 verted by the Jesuits, who were called " Caiighnawagas" or " praying Indians." This was 
 probably a misnomer, for they were distinguished for their predatory incursions upon their 
 neighbours iu the New England provinces. The bell that now hangs i vheir church, was 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
46 
 
 ROUTE ON ST. LAWRENCE — TRENTON FALLS. 
 
 the " proceeds" of one of these excursionB. The Indians ut Cnuglinawnga, subsist eliiofly by 
 navigating barges ami rafts down to Montreal, and in winter l)y a trade in n'oocasins, snow- 
 shoes, etc. They are mostly Konian Catholios and possfi^s an ek'gant ehiiroh. The village 
 of La Prairie is some seven miles below Caugliuawnga, or Village of tlie Ka|>id!<, after wliicli 
 tlie steamer sails on for a few miles, and reaches tlie city of Montreal. (See Montreal.) 
 
 . ! 
 
 i 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS TO THE LAKE OF THE THOUSAND ISLANDS. 
 
 BY STEAMEK ON AMEKICAN SIDE OF ST. LAWKESCE. 
 
 FnoM the outlet of tlio Niagara at the Fort of tliat name U> iho boundary line 45', the 
 entire littoral is in the State of New York, and comprises in succession ttie countii's of Ni- 
 agara, Orleans, Monroe, Waj-ne, the nortliern corner of Cayuga, Oswego, JclTcrson, and St. 
 Lawrence. The last, olong its entire western frontier, and a half of .li'lferson county, are 
 bounded by the river. From Fort Niagara to tlie mouth of the Genesee lliver, in ilunrue 
 county, a distance of about 85 miles, the coast presents an almost undeviating level under 
 the primeval brush-wood, relieve<l by a few scattered clearances. 
 
 Should the tourist, on ascending tiie Genesee to Carthage, which is the port of lloehcster, 
 resolve upon visiting this city, he will find enough to engage and gratify his curiosity till 
 he resumes his journey by tlie next steamer. This large conunereial and manufacturing 
 town owes its greatness mainly to the " water privileges" which the proprietois on the 
 banks of tlie Genesee here possess. For a considerable way above the Uiijier Falls, the 
 banks are on both sides surmounted bj- a great variety of mills. Its proximity to Lake 
 Ontario, and the passage of the Erie Canal through its principal streets, contribute ma- 
 terially to its prosperity. 
 
 Oswego, the principal commercial port on the American side of the lake, is pleasantly 
 situated at tlie mouth of the river of that name. The principal part of the town is on the 
 western bank, and has a neat and stirring appearance. On the opposite bank are some 
 large mills, ond here terminates the Oswego Canal from Syracuse, distant about 'M miles, 
 And the railway from the same place. About half-way betwixt Carthage and Oswego is 
 Great Sodns IJay. At the eastern extremity of the lake, on the south side of I5laek River 
 Bay, lies, in a very sheltered situation, Sacket's Harbour. This was the naval station of 
 the United States on the lake during the last war with Great Britain. After reaching Cape 
 St. Vincent and proceeding onwards, for about 20 miles, the steamer reaches French Creek, 
 after which the vessel will stop at Clayton, and Alexandria, from which points excellent 
 views of the "Thousand Islands" will be obtained. (See Lake of the Thousand Islands.) 
 
 TRENTON FALLS, STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 The tourist proceeding from New York, by the New York Central Railroad from Albany 
 on his way to Niagara, will find liimself well paid by a visit to the Falls of Trenton, 
 which are situated on the Utica nnd Black River Railroad, and 15 miles N. by K, of the 
 Town of Utica, in the County of Oneida. Trenton Fulls consist of a series of ti falls within 
 the distar'oe of two miles, with an aggregate fall of 312 feet, and present a sight more re- 
 markable for the wild and romantic situation in whiqh they are, tlian for their great vol- 
 ume of water. 
 
 The name of the stream on which these falls are, is known as West Canada Creek, which 
 flows through a densely-wooded country — particularly near the falls — of which no sign is 
 to be seen till the tourist comes upon them at the edge of the gorge where they are situat- 
 ed, and down which the water rushes with great violence, as it conies from the falls, only 
 to be lost to sight in the dark recesses of the wooded ravine. In one place, the height of 
 the embankment is. 140 feet perpendicular. 
 
 At the upper falls the descent is 20 feet, from which the water rushes on to the second 
 falls, called the Cascades. (See engraving.) 
 
 The third fall is named the Mill-dam, and, a little below, are the High Falls, which has 
 a pernendicular fall of 109 feet. (See engraving.) Sherman's Foils — named so after Rev. 
 Mr. Sherman, who lost his life there — form the fifth fall, witli a descent of about 40 feet, un- 
 til the last of this exquisite series of falls is reached, named Conrad's Falls. 
 
'-* i? « ^i 
 
 m 
 
 THE HIGH FALLS, TRENTON FALLS. 
 
 
 
 THE CASCADES, TRENTON FALLS. 
 
48 
 
 HPUINOS AND WATEUlNQ-r LACES. 
 
 SPRINGS, AND WATEUTNG-PLACES. 
 
 Fon t)>c infominflon of tourii^ts wo niinex pnrticulars of a fow of tlio most cclnhrnto.l siim- 
 inor resort?, oompiltd from cxtrnots derivod from tli«< morti, rt'linliU- sources, to wliicli \vc 
 havo nddeJ gucli iiiforiimtion 08 wo jioggcM from our own ne«|imiiilniioe with tlio viirioiw 
 looiilitlog nnd routf< wliich, toijcthcr with Mi»; views presented, nently entrriived from 
 |ihoto^riii)hB taken last year, will, we trnst, l>o of some assistanee to the stranirer wiio 
 wishes to become acquainted with some of tlic most celeljruted lociilitiea in America. 
 
 " CAPE MAY, X. .!.— This ).laee, situated 
 at the moutti of Dilaware Hay, on the X. 
 E. side, has, for a tiumher of years pa^t. lie- 
 come an attraetive waterinu'-phu'e, niueli fre- 
 (juented liy the eili/.ens of l'liiliidcl|ihia and 
 others. Duriiifj the summer season, a steam 
 l)ont runs from the eity to the t'lipe, and at" 
 fords a ])leasant triii. The lieach is uiisur- 
 nassed as a liathini;-|ilaee, and the aeeonmio- 
 dations for the entertainment of visitors are 
 of tlie first order. Distance from riiiladcl- 
 phia, lii2 rTiiles." 
 
 ("OilOl-y. [-'ArXS are situated on the 
 River Mohawk (State of Xev Vork,)alMiut •! 
 miles from its mouth, and (do-e to the rail- 
 roiiil from 'I'roy, passim; aloiiir whieli a 
 lilaiiee can he had of them, pourins^ down a 
 perpemlieuiar rock "<• feet ilecp. 
 
 "MAMMOTH CAVi:, KV.— This Mupen- 
 dous wonder of naturi! is situated in I'Miiion- 
 son county, ahout ".Ml miles S. from ivouisville, 
 and ahout C(piallv distant, in a X. \\ direc- 
 tion, from Xasliville, Tenn. Tlie tourist, leaves 
 the stage road nliout ti miles from the en- 
 trance to the cave, and passes throui;h some 
 of the most romantic and benutil'ul scenery. 
 It is only within a few years that this cave 
 has been very extensively explored; and it is 
 still supposeJl that l)ut a' small part of it, in 
 comparison with the whole, has ever been 
 trodden by the foot of man. Tt has been es- 
 timated that the length of nil tlie different 
 avenues and brnnclies, when, added togetlier, 
 wonld make more than 600 miles. As far 
 as known, there arc in the cave 24(( avenues, 
 47 domes, 8 cataracts, and 23 pits. The 
 darkness, deeper than that of the Idnckost 
 midnight, whicli pervades these subterrane- 
 an recesses, and which is little more than 
 rendered visible by the torches which the 
 visitors carry with them, renders it ditficult 
 for the spectator to form any thing like an 
 adequate idea of its vast dimensions, its 
 great heights and depths in the different 
 apartments, nnd of the singularity and beau- 
 ty of the natural decorations they contain. 
 ' " It is a curious fact that fish without eyes 
 have been caught In the rivers of this cave. 
 They have been dissected by skilfid anato- 
 mists, it is said, who declare that they are 
 without the slightest indication of an organ 
 similar to the eve, and also that they pos- 
 sess other anomalies in their organization in- 
 
 teresting to the mituralist. These fishes are 
 from !i to (i inelies in length. 
 
 "The waters of the cave are of the purest 
 kind ; and, besides the s|iriiigs and streams 
 of fresh watir, there are one or two sulphur 
 spriniTs. ThiM'e are streams, laki'S, and wa- 
 terfalls of sutheieiit wi lib and depth to eoni- 
 pan- with the world aliove ground. Some 
 of these rivirs, as thev are called, are navi- 
 u'ated by boats of sufheient size to carry 12 
 persons; and one of them, called the Kelio, 
 is said to be broad and deep enoULch, at all 
 tiine.^ to float the largest steannr.s. The 
 rivers of the Mamniotli Cave were never 
 erossed till IM'i. Some of them flow in 
 ileep channel*, the sides of wliieli risi' liiLili 
 above their cu'dinary level. .\fler lu'avy 
 rains, they are sometimes swollen so as to 
 I'ise more than .")ii feet. At such times the 
 ■streams, and especially the cataracts, of tin! 
 I'.'iVe, exhibit a most terrific appearance, 
 (ireat exertions have been made to diseover 
 I the sources of these streams, and wheri' they 
 find tlieir outlets: yet they still remain, in 
 this respect, as mucli a mystery as ever. 
 
 " It would be impossible, within the limits 
 of this article, to describe in detail the many 
 objects of curiosity and scenes of grandeur 
 which are to be foimd in the apparently in- 
 terminable recesses of the Mammoth Cave. 
 The names of some of the principal apart- 
 ments, are (liant's Coffin, the Labyrinth, the 
 Cascade, Gorin's Dome, the Bottondess Pit, 
 the Winding Way, the Bandit's Hall, Great 
 Relief Hall, River Hall and Dead Sea, Na- 
 tural Bridge over the River Styx, (80 feet 
 high,) Pass of El-Ghor. Crogan's Hall, City 
 of the Tombs, Saint Cecilia's Grotto, Silli- 
 man's Avenue, Great AVestern Vestibule, 
 Martha's Viiu'yard, Snowball Room, the Ho- 
 ly Sepulchre. Cleveland's Cabinet, Serena's 
 Harbor, Fairy Grotto, Paradise, and others 
 of a hardly less remarkable character. 
 
 "To select only from this list of Avonders 
 for the conclusion of our descriptions, we 
 would offer the remarks of an intelligent 
 clergyman, who lately paid a visit to the 
 cave, U]ion that splendid hall known by the 
 name of ClevelamVs Cabinet. "The most 
 imaginative poet," says this gentleman, 
 " never conceived or jminteil a pala jo of such 
 exquisite beautj- and loveliness as Cleve- 
 land's Cabinet. Were the wealth of princes 
 
 i 
 
SPRINGS AND WATEHIXO-PLACES. 
 
 49 
 
 hrnti'il suin- 
 ,() wliit'li we 
 tlio viiridua 
 ;nive(l from 
 runner wlio 
 .iinricu. 
 
 !0 lUlu's nre 
 
 f till' purest 
 iiikI sti'eaina 
 two siilpluir 
 »(•!<, mill \va- 
 ■plli to POIll- 
 mml. Soino 
 ■d. lire iiiivi- 
 t(i ciirrv 12 
 .1 tiie Keho, 
 
 Kiuirli, lit nil 
 liners. The 
 Were never 
 lelll llow in 
 I'll rise lii^'li 
 Al'lir heavy 
 lell Sii as ti) 
 
 eh times the 
 miets, of the 
 
 llppeaniliee. 
 • ti> ili^eDver 
 1 wliere thoy 
 reiimin, in 
 as over, 
 in the linuts 
 ail the iiiany 
 of ifranilcur 
 ipareiitly in- 
 iiiiolh Cave, 
 icipal npart- 
 l)yrinth, the 
 toinli'ss I'it, 
 Hall, Croat 
 •ad Soil, Nii- 
 yx, (80 feet 
 ■s Hall, City 
 rotto, Silli- 
 Vostihule, 
 tin, the Ho- 
 ot, Serena's 
 and others 
 •aett'r. 
 of wonders 
 riptions, we 
 intollisont 
 visit to the 
 lowu by the 
 " Tho most 
 i;entlonian, 
 ilii .'0 of such 
 as CI e ve- 
 il of princes 
 
 bestowed on the most skilful lapidnrios, with 
 n viowof rivallini^ tho splondoiirH of this sin- 
 (jle elminher, tho attempt would lie vain. 
 The Caliinetwas diseoverod hyMr. I'atten of 
 Louisville and Mr. Crai^ of riiiladelphia, ae- 
 eoinpaiiieil liy Stoiihon, the nuide, and ex- 
 tends in nearly a itiroot lino nlmut 1^ miles, 
 (the iriiides say '2 miles). It is a perfoot areh, 
 of rtd feet span, and of an avora;,'o hiis;lit of 
 1(1 feet ill the ooiitre — just liiffli onouifh to 
 he viewed with ease in all its piirts. The 
 liiise of the whole is earhoiiate (siiliihiito) of 
 lime, in part of a dii/.xlin^ whiteness and jier- 
 feeily smooth, and in |iart ovystalli/ed, sous 
 to i;liltir like ilianniiids in the liLtlit. (!i'ow- 
 iiif,' from this, in oiiilles>|y diversitied forms, 
 is a siilistaiieo rosemlilint; seleiiile, tninshi- 
 eeiit and iiiiperfeetly laininated. Some of 
 the erystals lioar a strikini,' resemlilanee to : 
 lii'iiiiehes of celery ; others, a foot or more in 
 leiiL'th, have the oolour and appearaneo of 
 vanilla oreimi oaiidy; others are set in sul- 
 plialo of liiiie in the foriii of a rose; and 
 othiM-s roll out from the Imse in forms ro- 
 deiiililiiiL; the iiriiaments of a Coriiitiiian col- 
 umn. Some of tho ineriistrations aru mas- 
 sive and splendid, others are as delioato as' 
 the lily, or iis faiiey work of shell or wax. 
 Think of traver-ini; an iirehed way like this 
 fur a mile and a liiiif ; and all the wonders of 
 tho tales of youth — Aratiiiin Niirhls, and all 
 — s,.,.iii tame, eoiiiparod with the liviiijr, 
 f;i'(iwiii;r reality. Hero and there, throiiirh 
 the wliolo extent, you will find opoiiin^s in 
 the sides, into which you may thrust a jier- 
 soii, and often stand erect, in little p-ottoes, 
 ])erfeetly iiicrusted with a delicate, white 
 suhstance, rotlectin!;; the light from a thous- 
 and ditferoiit points." 
 
 " It is (piito impossilile to give in n lirief 
 notice such as this, any thing like an ado- 
 auate idea of this, one of the greatest won- 
 ders of the World. It must be vistod to be 
 appreciated. 
 
 " The route from Louisville, Kentucky, is 
 by rail to Mumfordsville, and tlienco per stage 
 for 21 miles. Time from Louisville to the 
 cave, 15^^ hours. The train at Mumfords- 
 ville connects also with the railroad to Nash- 
 ville. Superior hotel accommodations is to 
 be found close to the cave, with guides, etc. 
 The charges are very moderate. 
 
 " MOUNT VEIlNOX,VA.— This venerated 
 spot, whore onco resided tho father of his 
 country, and where his ashes now repose, is 
 universally regarded with a sacred interest. 
 It is on the W. bank of the Potomac, 15 
 miles S. from the city of Washington, and 8 
 from Alexandria. General Washington's 
 mansion is still in a good state of preserva- 
 tion. Tho now tomb into which his remains 
 were removed in 1830, and subsequently 
 placed in a marble sarcophagus, is in a re- 
 tired situation n short distance from the 
 house. It is a plain but substantial structure 
 of brick, with an iron gate at the sarcophagi 
 of white marble, in which slumber, side by 
 
 side, tho mortal remalnii of that 'gront and 
 good man and of his amiable consort, 
 
 "The old tomb, in which the remains of 
 Washington were first deposited, and which 
 is now going to decay, is upon an elevation 
 in full view from theriver. 
 
 " A glimpse of this interesting spot may be 
 had from the I'otomiic steamer, on its way 
 from Washington to the railroad torminuBat 
 Acfjuia ("reek. Hut to visit the place, it is 
 noci.'ssary to stop at Aloxandria, and take a 
 jirivate eonvoyaiico to Mount Vernon, The 
 grounds are open to the pulilie." 
 
 NAIIA.NT, MS.— Tliisis one of the olde-t 
 and most eelelpratod watoring-plaees in New 
 Hiii;lanil, and a place to which ninny of the 
 wealthy citizens of Hoston, having provided 
 thoiiisolvos with |)leiisaiit cottau'es, resort in 
 the summer nioiiths with their families. 
 
 " It is only lo miles X. E. from Hoston, by 
 tho steamboats continually plying in summer 
 months. At this place are good tishing and 
 fowling, and oxoellonl aoeominodalions; the 
 ocean scenery is exceedingly lioautifiilin fair 
 weatlior, and truly siililiiiie in a storm." 
 
 I'LYMOUTH KOCK, MS.— One of the 
 most interesting spots connected with tho 
 history of .America, being tho jioint in New 
 Kiigliind where the I'ilgrim Fathers landed 
 from tho >hiytlowor in tlie year lli'JO. The 
 Rook is denoiiiinatod " Korefathers' Itock,' is 
 now buried under a warehouse with wharves 
 around it. The town of I'lyniouth, in wliich 
 till- Kook is, is :i7 miles from lioston bv rail. 
 
 "UOCKAWAYHE.UII, L()N(i ISLAND, 
 N'. Y. — This fashionable watering-place is on 
 the Atlantie shore of Long Island, about 20 
 miles from Now Y''ork. The principal hotel 
 is the Marino I'avilion, which is a splendid 
 establishment, erected in 1834, upon the 
 beach, only a short distance from the ocean. 
 There is also another hotel, which is well 
 kept, and several boarding-houses, where the 
 visitor or the invalid may enjoy the invigor- 
 ating ocean Ijreezos with less of cost and dis- 
 ]daj- than at the hotels. The most eonveiii- 
 ent route to Uoekaway is by the Long Island 
 Railroad to Jamaica, 12 miles from New 
 York, and thence 8 miles by sUige to the 
 beach." 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS, N. Y.— This cele- 
 brated watering-placo and summer resort, 
 occupies tho same position in America, as 
 Ilarrowgato does in England, whilst the 
 characteristics of both places are alike, in 
 many respects. 
 
 I'hoyare the most celebrated springs in 
 the United States, and the annual resort of 
 visitors — from all parts of the world — who 
 tlock there in search of health, pleasure, and 
 o.vcitement. 
 
 " Large and splendid accommodations are 
 provided in the various hotels and boarding- 
 houses, which, in the season of company, are 
 often thronged with visitors, presenting an 
 animated scene of gravity, luxury, and dis- 
 play. 
 
60 
 
 8PUIN08 AND WATKIUNO-rLACKS. 
 
 " Tlie vnifl«c, which I* In t!io N. nnrt of tin- 
 t<i\vii!«hi|) III' Sariitonii, U iplciiKiinlly xitiiiitfil 
 1)11 II Kiiiiily pliiiii, 111 |iiii't Hiii'i'iiiiiiili'd liy u 
 licaiiiit'iil (Vfovo of |iim'«, liiiviiiK ili priiu'l- 
 pill htrccl ii|><>ii till' \V. iniii-f{iii (if 11 iiui'i'ow 
 Mile in wliicli tlu' f*|iriiii{i< ur« fuiitid. Tin- 
 iiotrl:* lire iiirf,"' mill iniiiifi'oiix. 
 
 " rii(isciif.'i'ri« for Saniii>i;ii frmii New Ynrk, 
 tiiki- citlit'i' tlic llii<l?<iiii Kivi'i- or lliirliin 
 Itiiili'diiil:*, or (III! dtciinilMiiil III Alliiiny or 
 Ti'oy ; t'l'oiii Alliiiiiy, \iii Alluiny, Vrniiuni uihI 
 l.'iiiiiiiiii Itiiilwiiv; from Ti'ov. via Kciisscliifr 
 ami Sanitoir" llailwiiy. t'nmi ilo-'toii tin- 
 traveller taken the Western Kiiilwiiy to 
 Alliaiiy, Troy niul Siiriitoi;a. I'liHseiiirers 
 from the West hy the I'eiilriil lliiilway st.iii 
 at Sehelieetaily. The route from the Norl.ii 
 is via Lake Chamiilaiii, ami Whitehall v.i 
 Saratottii Itailwav. 
 
 "SlIAKOX sI'lUNtiS, N. Y.. are in the 
 town of Sharon, in Seholiarie eouiily, ahoiit 
 45 miles west of Alhany hy tlie Cherry \'al- 
 ley Turii|iike. They are also reiieheil hy 
 Dta^es from Canajoharie, on the I'tiea an<l 
 Seheneotjiiiy Riiiiroiiil, from which place they 
 are distant' alioiit I'J miles in n S. W. ilirec- 
 tion, They are jmro ami clear, ami have 
 been found to lie highly ethcaeious in eutiine- 
 oiis, ilyspeptiu, and I'heumatic complaints. 
 They have an cxiiilaratin)^ ellVet upon the 
 spirits, invit;orating the system, and piirify- 
 iiii^ the complexion, and in some respects 
 possesses iiiedicinal and healing; properties 
 unsuriwissed hy any in the I'luinlry. 
 
 "The prospect from the Pavilion House to- 
 wards the X. is almost unlimiti'd, and hy 
 many oonsidered harly inferior to that from 
 the i'litskill >h)Uiitain House. Its elevated 
 situation, nlways seciirini,' a imre and lirac- 
 ini; atmosphere, conspires with the use of 
 the waters to render the residence of vis- 
 itors hero in liot weather delightfully sulu- 
 brious and refresliim^. I 
 
 "Tourists proceed from Alhany via New; 
 York Central Railway to I'alatine Ilridiie, do 
 miles, thence per stai;e for 1(» miles over ' 
 plank road. ' 
 
 " WHITE SULPHUR SPRIN'tiS, VA.— 
 These are •ho most celebrated and most gen- 
 erally visited of nil the mineral springs of 
 Virginia, and are to the south what Sarato- 
 ga is to the north. They are situated on a 
 branch of the (Jrcenbrier River, in the coun- 
 ty of the same name, on the western declivi- 
 ty of the Alleghany ridge, some (i or 8 miles 
 from the summit of the mountains. They 
 
 are III an clevatod ami beautifully nictiir- 
 est|iiti valley, hemmed in hy iiiouiilains on 
 every side. Thousands resort to them annu- 
 ally "either to enjoy thi- heiietit of llu' wa- 
 ters, or in |iursiiii of leeiealion and amuse- 
 lllelit. 
 
 "There are nuiiu'rou* routes to the Vlr;;liita 
 springs, all of which within a few years 
 have been greiilly improved. One of the 
 plcMisanlesI and ino.sl exipedilioiis routes from 
 Italiimori- is by the railroad thence to Har- 
 per's Kerry ; thence by railroad to Winches- 
 ter to (Josheii. Prom Staunton there are 
 two lollies, one directlyacross til ' inoimiains, 
 to the vviirni and hot springs; the other, viu 
 Lexington, to the Natural Itriilge, ami theneo 
 to the While Sulphur Springs. Thesi' springs 
 are Iliil miles W. of ISallimore. 
 
 " Parlies from the Soulli proceed to Wil- 
 mington, North Carolina, to Itiehmoiid, pro- 
 ceeding from Richmond to Lynchburg and 
 thence hy >lni.'e. 
 
 " WINNTPlSKotiLK LAKK, N. 11.— This 
 lake |ii>ssi'sses simriiliir chiirnis. However 
 romanlie and lieiiiitil'ul Luke (ieorire, the 
 chiiriner of all travellers, a|ipears in ils ele- 
 vation, the purity <if its waters, its depth, its 
 riipiil outlet, ils ItCi.'i islands which be^pangle 
 its lio-oiii, its mountain scenery, ils tish, its 
 mineralogy, still, in all hut its historic faiiie, 
 it has a rival at the east, in the Winnipisi'O- 
 gee of New Hampshire. 
 
 " The lake is in the counties of Helknnp and 
 Cnrrol. Its form is very irregular. At the 
 West end it is divided into three large bays; 
 on the north is a fourth ; and at tlw east end 
 there are three others. Its general couise is 
 from north-west to northeast ; ils length is 
 about 'J.'i miles, and it varies in width from 
 one lo 111 miles. 
 
 "The waters of this lake not only serve as 
 a lovidy orniiment to the scenery of this re- 
 gion, and as a means of recreation and amuse- 
 ment to the mullitmle who ]mss and repass 
 upon tluni, but answer an iin|iortant purpose 
 as a great reservoir of power for the exten- 
 sive manufacturing establishments at .Man- 
 chester, Lowell, and other jilaces which are 
 located on Merrimac River, ils outlet to the 
 sea. Till- fall of this immense body of wa- 
 ter, in its jiassage to the ocean, is so great 
 that its ])ower for manufacturing ])urposes 
 can hardly be computed. 
 
 " The Indian name of Winiiipisoogee, signi- 
 fies 'The smile of the (Jrcat Siiirit.' " (See 
 
 ""Vhile Jlouutaiiis.j 
 
 fl 
 
CLIFTON Sl'RINOS AND LAKE GEOHOK. 
 
 51 
 
 
 h 
 
 WATEKCURE ESTAllLISHMEXT, CLIFTON SPRINGS. 
 
 Aboit linlfwiiy between Lnke» Gcnovft nnd Cnnnndnigua is cltiinted tlio cololjrntcil 
 Cliftcm Spritiijs, wliicli nre nuioh ri'sortrd to, fDriniiif; ns tliry do one of the most pli'iismit 
 1111(1 ictiri'd wiitoriiii^-iilaeoiii, within easy dir^tance of soiao of the fiii'^st Beonery in tlie 
 Xorthcrn States. 
 
 Sitiiatcil at lliosft springs is flio eelolirated water-eure establishment of Dr. Forstor. Tlio 
 iioiise, although a viry lari;<' one, yet is t;<'neral]y filled witli patients, one of the best 
 proofs of Its excellent standing. The charge for board varies from $7 to ijill per week. 
 
 "L.\KR fJEORGE, soMCTivfs callkp 
 LAKE IIDUICO.V.— This lov.'ly sheet of 
 wiiti'r, husking in the rays of the sun, rippled 
 hy the breeze, or reelining in the shadows of 
 twilight, still presenting a lovely aspeet — 
 famed in song and story, and its eounterpart 
 oeeupying a space in innninerable annuals 
 and Imoks of travel — is 2:50 feet above the 
 llinUon Iliver, lying partly in Warren .nd 
 Wasiiington Counties, having its outlet into 
 L;ike CliaMi|>lain. Its shore contains the re- 
 mains of several old forts, memorable in the 
 French and Revolutionary wars. This beau- 
 tiful mountain lake of New York is 3(1 miles 
 in length, varying in breadth from J- to 4 
 miles. The water is remarkably transparent, 
 and in some places is mort! than 4iM» feet 
 deep. Scarcely any thing can be imagined 
 more beautiful or y)ictures(pio than the 
 scenery along its banks. The romantic effect 
 of the prospect is greatly enhanced by the 
 multitude of islands of various forms and 
 sizes, which meet the gaze on ■' e ^ry side. 
 A popular notion prevoils that tb.-u' number 
 corresponds with that of the days of the 
 year. Twelve miles from the south-west ex- 
 
 tremity of the lake there is an island of about 
 201) acres, called, from its position. Twelve 
 .Mile Island. A mile further north there is a 
 high point, or tongue of land, called Tongue 
 .Mountain, west of which j)rojccts a small 
 arm of the lake called North-west I5ay. 
 Mere the narrowest part oi the lake com- 
 mences, and continues 7 or 8 miles. Near 
 the west end of the Narrows, on the eastern 
 side of the lake, is Black Mountain, the sum 
 mit of which is the highest point in the im- 
 mediate vicinity of the lake, having an ele- 
 vation of 2,200 feet above its surface. About 
 12 miles beyond Black Mountain there is a 
 rock about 200 feet high, rising almost per- 
 pendicularly from the surface of the water. 
 During the French war, Major Rogers, being 
 closely pursued by the Indians, slid down 
 this deep declivity, and safely landed on the 
 ice, leaving his pursuers petrified with aston- 
 ishment at the daring exploit they had wit- 
 nessed. From this circumstance the rock has 
 been named Rogers' Slide. Just beyond is 
 Lord Howe's Point, where the division of 
 the English army under Lord Howe landed 
 previous to his attack on Ticonderoga." 
 
 I- 
 
r 
 
 t 
 
 5^ 
 
 NEWPORT, LAKE PLEASANT AND CROOKED LAKE. 
 
 
 ■ 7-"-ft.T,-rffl«ltii — =- 
 
 NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 The al)ove sketch roprofoiits iirolial)ly llic 
 iii'fiivst upproncli, both in iippciiriiiicc niul 
 siluiiliiui, toScarhoroiiifh, (I'^iiiiliiiul.) of iiny 
 ^<•;l-l>!^thilll5 (luai'tor in tin; ruitccl Stutcs 
 Newport is h)oatO(l on llio S. W. side of tiic 
 ru'ii and fertile State of lUuxle Island, lyinj,' 
 within the month of Xarmi^ansct Hay, 5 miles 
 fi'om the ocean. " Ilsiiai'liour, one oft he finest 
 in the woi'ld, spreads W. liefore the town, 
 which is huilt on a gentle declivity to the 
 shore, and a]ipears beaufifnl as it is ap- 
 proached upon tlio water. Its insidar situa- 
 tion gives to Newport the advantage of a 
 cool, refreshing sea-uree/.e fi'oni almost every 
 point of the compass; bo that in all the hot 
 
 months it is one of the most comfortahle places 
 of resi<leiice any where to he found. On this 
 account it has long heeii a favourite jilace of 
 fashionalile resort, esjiecially for visitors from 
 the south, Witliina few years past, a iiumher 
 of huge and splendid hotels have Keen erect 
 ed, allordinir the hest, aceommo(lations that 
 coiilil lie desired for all who come; so that, 
 in this respect, Newport is now the rival of 
 Saratoga itself." 
 
 Steamers \Ay daily, during the summer 
 seasfui, hetweeu Newport and ProvidiiuM — 
 with which the communication hy railroad 
 aiul steamers is fre(iuent. 157 miles from 
 New York — 7<) miles from Boston. 
 
 " LAKE PLEASANT,— Thissmnll but love- 
 ly lake, is ft favourite unil enchanting resort 
 for the disciples of the angle and the gun, 
 the waters teeming with trout, etc., ami deer 
 and other game are abundant in the forest*. 
 It is a delightful summer home for tin,- stu- 
 dent, and may be pleasantly and satisfactori- 
 ly visited by ladies. The wild laixls and 
 waters here are a part of the lake region of 
 northern New York. The Saraiuic region is 
 connected with Lake Pleasant by interme- 
 diate waters and portages. To reach Lake 
 Pleasant, and the ailjoining waters of liotind, 
 Pisced, and Louis Lakes, favourite summer 
 resorts, take the Central Railroad from Al- 
 bany to Amsterdam; thence by stage to 
 Holmes' Hotel on Lake Pleasant, 30 miles.'" 
 
 " CROOKED LAKE, situated in the west- 
 ern pi'.rt of New York, is included in the 
 limits of Steuben and Yates Counties, is 18 
 miles long, and 1^ miles at its greatest 
 breadth. At the north end it is divided 
 into two forks or branches, one of which is 
 u and the other !) miles long. Its surface is 
 ■1S7 feet above Lake Ontario, and 718 feet 
 above tlio level of the Atlantic, it usually 
 freezes over in the winter; at other seasons 
 a steamboat leaves Penn Yan, at its N. N. K. 
 extremity, for Ilammondsport, at its S. W. 
 extremity. The scenery along the shore is 
 extremely picturesque and beautiful. The 
 outlet wliich flows into Seneca Lake has a 
 descent of 271 feet in 7 miles, affording valu- 
 able water power." 
 
 
 tl 
 r' 
 
 St 
 CI 
 
 . ^. .u.UllBBa 
 
SCENERY OF THE CATSKILL MOUNTAIKi 
 
 58 
 
 SCENE IN THE CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. 
 
 One of the most ogreeablo trips for the tourii-t, when at New York, is for liim to visit 
 tlie fiiTiious soonerj- of the Cntckill. There, ii variety of wood, river, and mountain scene- 
 ry will he enjoyed, not to be met with in most places. 
 
 The trip there and back, can be made in 3 or 4 days from New York, and at not much 
 expense. 
 
 The charge at the Mountain House is $2.50 (or 10«., stg.,) per day — although cheaper 
 accommodation is to be had as well. 
 
 Near the Mountain House is said to be the pite where Mr. AVasliington Irving located the 
 I'cene of liis celebrated novel of " Rip Van Winkle." 
 
 Few places of summer resort are more frequented by tourists, whether as artists in 
 sonreh of some charming scenery to study, the invalid in quest of l)racing air, or the gen- 
 eral traveller in search of all the " lions" in America. 
 
54 
 
 SYLVAN LAKE, CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 A good, general view of these mountuins is obtained from Ihe deck of the steamers 
 which pass up and down upon the Hudson. 
 
 Strangers take cither the Albany steamer, from New York, or Albany, to Cutskill, on the 
 Hudson, (111 miles from New York) or tlie Hudson River Railroad to Oakhill StJition, 
 thence per feiry across. From Catskill Village, passengers are conveyed per staifo to the 
 Mountain House, 12 miles distont, but the road being very steep, it takes 4 hours to go 
 that distance. 
 
 The first view we present, "Scene in the Catskill Mountains," is from a painliii;; by J. 
 F. Kensett, an American artist, the only objection to which wo have is, the introdiietioii of 
 two of the aborigines — of the district, we presume — a fault rather common, we think, 
 amongst American artists, to give effect in pictures, whilst such figures can now only be 
 introduced with truth in such districts as Minnesota, or the Red River. 
 
 THE UPPER OR SYLVAN LAKE-CATSKILL MOUNTAIN'S. 
 
 The other engravings which follow are without any such additions, being from photo- 
 graphs, taken last year of the scenes represented. To quote from a writer who has visited 
 this locality : — 
 
 "The ride to the foot of the mountain is not speeially interesting; but the ascent, by n 
 very circuitous route, from every successive opening and turn of which some new and 
 more extensive vista is presented to the eye eontinunlly, is in a high degree inspiring and 
 delightful. And when at length the lofty eminence is reached, there opens, from the fnmt 
 of the noble edifice, a prospect of vast extent and beauty; embracing an apparently end- 
 less succession of woods and waters, farms and villages, towns and cities, spre.id out as In 
 a boundless panorama, over which all ineqiujlities of surface are overlooked, The beauti- 
 ful Hudson appears narrowed in the distance, with numerous vessels scattered along its sil- 
 
 IL 
 
KAUTERSKILL FALLS, CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. 
 
 66 
 
 very line, discerned as far as the eye can reach, by their canvas gleaming in the Bun, and 
 with tlie trailing cloud of smoke from steamlwuts almost constaiiily in sigiit. 
 
 " The view embraces an area of about 70 miles north and south. Fur in tlie eastern out- 
 line rise the Taglianic Mountains, and tlie higltlands of Connecticut and Mafsachiisctts. 
 To the left are seen the (Jreen Mountains of Vermont, stretching p-way in the north till their 
 blue summits are lilended with the sky. At other times nil the prospect below is enveloped 
 in a rolling sea of mist and cloud, surging with tlie wind, and presenting over new and fan- 
 ciful forms to the sight. Tliunder storms are luit unfrcqueiitly seen passing below the 
 spectator, wliile the atmosphere is delightfully clear and cool around liim." 
 
 Tiie preceding engraving represents one of two lakes of great beauty, Avhich lie close to- 
 gether, overlooked from tlic nortli mountain, ami a short way from tlie Mountain House 
 Hotel. All who are acquainted with this beautiful sheet of water, will at once recognize 
 it in the above sketch, which we have had engraved from one of the series of pliotograplis 
 taken there last year. For a pleasant walk alongside its sliores, a row on its waters, or 
 for practising the " gentle art" with tishing-rod and line, few spots present greater attrac- 
 tions. 
 
 VA 
 
 m 
 
 ne=eent, by a 
 ie new and 
 spiring and 
 om the front 
 arently end- 
 >nd out ai In 
 The boauti- 
 along its sil- 
 
 KAUTERSKILL FALLS. 
 
 The Sylvan Liik", nlreadv alluded to, is the source from which proceed the beautiful 
 K,iuter«kiU FalN represented above, as also the source of the Kauterskill River, which 
 finds its way into the Hudson, at Catskill Village. The falls are situated about 2 miles 
 
50 
 
 SLEEPY UOLLOW, CATSKILL MOUXTAINS. 
 
 from llio Mountain House. Cooper, the novelist, in liis novel of tlio " Pioneer," thus men- 
 lions thoni : — 
 
 " Tito wiitor conios croaking and windins? among the roolcs, first, so slow tliat a trout 
 miglit swim into it, then starting and running liiie any creature tiuit wanted to make a 
 fair spring, till it gets to where the mountain divides, like the cleft foot of a deer, leaving a 
 deep hollow for the Ijrook to tumble into. The first pitch is nigh 2Ul) feet, and the water 
 looks like flukes of snow before it touches tiie bottom, and then gathers itself togetiier 
 again for a new start ; and maybe flutters over 5U feet of flat rock before it falls for another 
 l(tO feet, when it jumps from shelf to shelf, first running tiiis way and that way, striving 
 to get out of the hollow, till it finally gets to the plain." 
 
 I 
 
 VIEW DOWN SLEEPY HOLLOW-CATSKILL MOUNTAUrat 
 
 As another view of one of the cascades, we present one taken from the ledge of rocks 
 over which the water rushes silently but swiftly over the precipice, down into the beauti- 
 ful gorge of "Sleepy Hollow." 
 
THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 WHITE MOUNTAINS, NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 57 
 
 Thk accomplished author of " Amcricn and 
 the AriierifiiiiH" thus writes regnrdiiig thia 
 portion of llie United States; — "This is one 
 of tlie wilih'st regions in tlie United States. 
 From tlie top of the 8tai;e we luive a wide 
 prospect over forests, pastoral valleys, ravines, 
 and diiiiflcs; Mount Ijifuyette rising betore 
 us in soieniii majesty, and behind us, far as 
 the eye can reach, an undulating country, 
 strcteliing away towards tiie frontiers of 
 Canada. For tlie first 3 miles the drive lies 
 througli a tangled wood, and up an ascent 
 8o steep that our team occasionally pauses. 
 The roail is so narrow that the trees touch 
 tiie carriage on both sides at the same time, 
 an<l so rough that jiassengers hold on firmly 
 for tiieir lives; yet tiie eoaclinian drives his 
 Bi.\ in haTid wilh the utmost ease and skill." 
 
 During nine or ten months of tlie year, 
 the sinmnits of the mountiiiiis are covered 
 witli snow and ice, giving them a bright and 
 diiz/ling appeiiranee. Un every side are 
 long and winding gullies, deepening in their 
 descent to tlie |ilain behiw. 
 
 Tiicse mountains are situated in the county 
 of Coos, in tiie X. part of the State. Tlie'y 
 extend about 20 miles, from S. W. to N. K,, 
 and are tlie more elevated parts of a range 
 extending many. miles in that direction. 
 Tiieir base is about lo miles broad, and are 
 the highest in >ii'W I'iMu'land ; and, if we ex- 
 cept tiie lloeky Moiinliiiiis, niul one or two 
 fienks in Nortli Carolina, tliey are the most 
 ofty of any in the United States. 
 
 .Vitl.oMtrli tliese mountains are (i5 miles dis- 
 tant IVoiii till' iiecan, tlic^ir snow-wliite sum- 
 mits are distinelly visible, in good weather, 
 more tlian OD miles from sIkhv'. Their ap- 
 pearance, at that ilistanee, is tiiat of a sil- 
 very cloud skirting the liorizon. 
 
 'I'lie names here given are those generally 
 a]i]M'o])riated to the different summits: Mniint 
 Wuxhhuiton is known liy its sujierior eleva- 
 tion, an<l by its being tlie southern of the 
 three highest peaks. Mount Adams is known 
 by its sharp, terininating peak, and being 
 the north of Washiniilon, Jeffemon is situ- 
 ated between these two. Aindhon is the 
 eastern peak of the range. Monroe is the 
 first to the soiitli of Wasliington. Ffnuklin 
 is the second south, and is known by its levt'l 
 surface. Lafai/iltf is known by its conieal 
 shape, and tieing the third south of Wash- 
 ington. The ascent to the summits of these 
 mountains, thouirii fatiguing, is not danger- 
 ous ; anil the visitant is richly rewarded for 
 his labour and curiosity. In passing from 
 the Notch to the liighest summit, the travel- 
 ler crosses the summits of Mounts Lafayette, 
 Franklin, and Monroe, In accomplishing 
 
 this, he must pass through a forest, and cross 
 several ravines. These are neither wide nor 
 dee]), nor are they diseovered at a great dis- 
 tance; for the trees fill tliem up exactly oven 
 with the niountain on each side, and their 
 branches interlock witli each other in such a 
 manner that it is very difficult to pasa 
 through them, and they are so stiff and 
 thick as almost to support a man's weight 
 After crossing Mount Franklin, you pass over 
 the eastern |iinimele of Blount Monroe, and 
 soon find yourself on a plain of some extent, 
 at the foot of Mount AVashington. Here is 
 a fill" resting-j)laee, on me margin of a benu- 
 tiful sheet of water, of an oval form, cover- 
 ing about three-fourths of an acre. The 
 waters are jileasaiit to the tasle, and <lecp. 
 Not a livinir creature is to be seen in the 
 waters at this licitrlit on the hills; nor does 
 vegetation grow in or around tlicm, to ob- 
 scure the clear rocky or gravelly bottom on 
 wliieh they rest. A small spring discharges 
 itself into this pond, at its south-east an;jle. 
 Another pond, of about two-thirds its size, 
 lies north-west of tir.s. Directly before you, 
 the pinnacle of .Mount Washington rises 
 with majestic grandeur, like an immense 
 ])yramid, or some vast krenilin, in this mag- 
 nificent eity of monnlaiiis. The iiiiiiiaele is 
 elevated about l.'idii feet above the ]!lain, 
 and is eomjiosed jiriiieipally of luii;<' I'ot'ks 
 of granite and gneiss, piled logetlier, ])re- 
 senting u variety of colours and forms. The 
 ascent is made on horseback. 
 
 In ascending, you must pass enormous 
 masses of loose stone: but a ride of half an 
 hour will generally carry you to the suniiiiit. 
 The view from this point is wonderl'ully 
 gi'and and [)ictures(pie. lnmin,<'rable moun- 
 tains, lakes, ])onds, rivi'rs, towns, and vil- 
 lages meet the delighted eye, and the dim 
 Atlantic stretches its waters along tlie east- 
 ern horizon. To the north is seen the lofty 
 summits of Adams and Jetterson ; and to the 
 east, a little delaehed from the range, sup- 
 ported on the north by a high ridge, which 
 extends to Mount Jeftcrson ; on the north- 
 east by a lorge grassy plain, terminating in 
 a vast spur, extending far away in that di- 
 rection ; east, by a promontory, which breaks 
 off aliruptly at St. Anthony's Nose; south 
 and south-east by a grassy ]dain, in summer, 
 of more than 40 acres. At the south-eastern 
 extremity of this ]ihiin a ridge coniiiieiices, 
 which slopes gracefully away towards tlie 
 vale of tlie Saco, upon which, at short dis- 
 tances from each other, arise rocks, resem- 
 bling in some places, towers; in others, rep- 
 resenting the various orders of arcliitec- 
 tare. 
 
 i 
 
 !:•! 
 
 i 
 
 
 l»8 
 
 
 I 
 
58 
 
 WILLEY HOUSE, WHITE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 THE WILLKY HOUSE, WHITE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 The nhove house staiuls upon iv spot wliirli 
 will ever rLMiuiiu iiiciuoralilt; in tlio liisiorv 
 of llie Wiiilc! Mountiiiiis, as liavini; licon tlio 
 ccom- of a foarful ('alaiiiity wliidi overt ooli u 
 family iianu'il Willcy, rcsi'liiii^ tlicrc, wiio 
 Were all buriod benoath an avalandio, or 
 i^li'lo, from tlio mountain, vliicli oocurrcil 
 (luring till! year \H'1C>, h year ivtniirkablo for 
 ii groat Hooil in tlicsL- uiountain rciiions. 
 
 Leaving Willoy IIousi', ilu; tourist, who is 
 tli>sirous of ascending higher, will tind liiin- 
 Rclf in the vieinitv of the "Notch,"' as it is 
 called. 
 
 " The Xotch of the Wluh'. ^[oHnt(lillx is n 
 phrase ajiproprialed to a very narrow defile, 
 extending two miles in length, between two 
 huge elilfs, apparently rent asunder by some 
 vast coiividsion of nature, probably that of 
 the deluge. 
 
 " The seenery nt this |)laoe is pxcoeilingly 
 beautiful and grand. About, half n luile 
 from the eiitraneo of the ehasm is seen a 
 most beautiful easeade, i-isuing fVom a moun- 
 tain on the right, about Will) feet aliovc tlu^ 
 subjacent valley, and about two miles dis- 
 tant. The stream ])as>'es over u serirs of 
 rooks, almost porpendieular, with a course 
 so little broken as to preserve the appear- 
 ance of a uniform eurriMit, and yet so far 
 disturbed ns to be ]ierfeotly white. This 
 beautiful strcaia, which passes down a stu- 
 
 ]iendous preoijiice, is called by Dwiirht (ho 
 Si/ivr ('•txciuh'." It i> jrol ably nue of Iho 
 most beautiful in the world, ami has been 
 thus described : — 
 
 " The stream is scanty, but its oourso from 
 among the deep fore.-l, whence its sprinirs is- 
 sue into light, is one of singular beauty. 
 r.uri<'(l beneath the lofty proeipii'o of the 
 gorge, after aseiiiding throuirh J'ii//iit Rock, 
 by the side of the turbulent torrent of the 
 ^a^■o, the ear issudihnly salulo<l by the soft 
 dashings of the sweetent of cascades; ami a 
 glance n|)ward reveals its silver streams issu- 
 ing from the loltiest crests of the mounlain, 
 and leaping from eriiir to crag. It isii beau- 
 tiful vi>i(in in tin; midst of the wildest and 
 mo.'t <lreary scenery." 
 
 Miiiuit Wiishiifiton IfoHxe, capalde of ac- 
 coimuodaliiiir luil guests, is s-itualeil about -1 
 miles from the Xnlili. 
 
 'J'lic yulch lliiiixf is at the heiel of llie Sa- 
 eo River, and about ',) miles from the top of 
 >h)unt Wasliingt(ui. 
 
 The U'il/ri/ lldimc, alluded to above, is 
 about 2 miles below the Nolell. 
 
 The Cnnef'onl llditsc, in tin' valley of the 
 Snco, is about 8 miles below the Notch, 
 these, togetlu-r with the 
 
 (Ihn IloHse, will be foumlin i v( I'y res|ioct 
 desirable, for stopjiing at. I'articulars of 
 Tip-Top IltjUKC will be found on next piigo. 
 
TIP-TOP HOUSE, WHITE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 59 
 
 I 
 
 TIP-TOP HOUSE, WHITE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 1^ 
 
 As nlrendy expliiinod, Mount Wn?liinittoii 
 fi>nns tlie liii,'liost of tlic niiij^u of tlio White 
 Alountain-j, O'jy-l fi'ot above tiie sen. 
 
 AVe prorioiit ii1)ove, a pkch'li iiin<le from 
 a ]ili(iloi:i'!i])h taken of tlie liii;liest point of 
 Mount WiisliiiiL'ton, known l>y tiiivelli-rs a? 
 "Tip-To|) Ilonse," to attain to wliieli is tlie 
 ainliition of all toui'ij^ls who make tlie at- 
 tempt to crnuli to the apex of the iiighest of 
 the raniCt? m this I'fj^ion of "the mountain 
 anil ihc llooil." 
 
 'rip-To]) Ilonse is a rude Imilt inn erected 
 \iiiilcr mo>t ililiii'ull ciivniiislanoes, and not 
 without iriiat li-k of life luid jn'opcfty. 
 
 In Tip 'I'l'i) House, tourists ean tie aeeom- 
 modateil all nii;lil, so that any who are de- 
 sirous of w itiicssinir the scllintr of the sun, 
 and Ih'Iiiu; np in time for suiui.-e next nioni- 
 inir, ean aeeompli-h lioili, hy ascciKlini^ in 
 the aftcrnoiui, slayiiiLT there all iiii^iit, and 
 ri'tnrninij; next nioriiimr. Tiiose who trythe 
 expcrituiiit, if favounil willi a elear morn- 
 in;j, will Ik^ errtaiii to he rrpaid for their 
 trouhle. 
 
 1I<'L,M1 iliuir the view t'roni the sunnnit of 
 this ilizzy luiirht, we (piolc: — 
 
 "If the day lie tdcar, a view is aflbrded 
 mie(piallid pi'i'liajis on the eastern side of the 
 North American eoiitiuent. Around you are 
 confused masses of nionnlains, lieariiiif the 
 appearanee of a sea of molten lava suddenly 
 cooled whilst its ponderous waves were yet in 
 commotion. On the S. E. liorizo.i gleams a 
 rim of silver liirlit — it is the Atlantic Ocean, 
 65 miles distant, laviiii' the siiorea of Maine. 
 
 Lakes of all sizes, from Lake Winnipiseogce 
 to mere mountain jtonds, and mountains he- 
 neatli you, s;leam misty and wide. Far ott' in 
 the N. E. is Mount Katalidin. In the western 
 iKU'izon are the (ireeii Mountains of A'ermont, 
 while the space is tilled «]i wiih every kind 
 of landscape — mountain and hill, plain and 
 valh'V, lake aiul river." 
 
 It would he vain in us to atteni]it a descrip- 
 tion of the varied woiuh rs w hieh here as- 
 tonish and deliirht the liehohhr. To those 
 who have vi>ited these mountains, our de- 
 scri|ition woulil he taun> and unhiterestiiiir ; 
 and he who has never ascended their hoary 
 summits caiuiot realize the extent and iiiag- 
 nitieeiice of the scene. These mountains are 
 decidedly of primitive formation. Nothini; 
 of volcanic oriniu has ever yet heeii di.-cover- 
 ed, on the most dilii^eiit resi'arch. They 
 have forages, prohalily, <'xhil ited the same 
 unvarying aspect. No minerals are here 
 found of much rarity or value. The rock 
 which most ahounds is si.histnsc, intermixed 
 with greenstone, mica, granite, and gneiss. 
 
 There are several routes to this highland 
 district; ninongst the ]irincipal, and those 
 which will please the tourist liest, we name 
 from Portland, Elaine, per I'vastern Railroad, 
 or from Boston to Plymouth, thence per 
 coach to tliii I'lume House, thence through 
 Franconia Notch — ahout ITii) miles. Another 
 route, ami said to he the finest, is via Lake 
 Winnipiseogee, 180 miles. Proceed from 
 Ik)stoii |ier I'oston and Maine and Coebeco 
 Railroad. (See Winiiipiseogee Lake, N. H.) 
 
 tt" 
 
60 
 
 GENESEE FALLS, NEW YORK. 
 
 VIEW OF GENESEE FALLS, NEAR PORTAGE, 
 
 STATE OF NEW YOUK. 
 
 Tiin imme of Oonesee is ono of the Iioiisfliold wonl^^ of Oront Rritftin ns well as Americn. 
 From tlio nenosoe district tliousaiuU of Imrrols of flour, made from its world-ronowncd 
 wheat, finds its way to Encfland every year, tlio host proof of tlip well-known richness of 
 tlie soil of tlie Genesee Valley, of whioli the above engraving represents one of its most 
 striking features. 
 
 Tlie Railroad Bridge, seen in the backsround, is ft mngnifieent structure, for the purpose 
 of enahlini; the r.tiffalo & New York City Railroad to cross the valley. Situated about ft 
 mile from the villaije of Oenesee Falls, this bridge spans the valley by its entire length of 
 800 feet, with a height, from the bed of the river, of 2154 feet. Tiie precipices in the vicin- 
 ity are, in some jilaces, 400 feet higli. 
 
 Genesee Falls consist of a series of falls situated at different point;. Near Rochester, 
 they are about 100 fc.^t hi^'h. Whilst another fall is about tlie same heiiiht over the mouth 
 of the river. The point, we have selected for engraving from a photograjdi, represents 
 one of the series of falls — from one of the most picturesque spots in the fJenesee Valley — 
 viz., above tlie saw mill, near Portage. 
 
 Genesee Falls are much visited by tourists every year. 
 
 Rochester is one of the leading stations, leading from New York to Suspension Bridge 
 and Niasara Falls, so that tourists can easily visit the Falls of the Genesee on their way to 
 the Falls, par excellence. 
 
THE PASSAIC, BALLSTOX SPA AND LEBANON SPRINGS. 61 
 
 I . 
 
 THE PASSAIC, AT PATERSON, NEW JERSEY. 
 
 The aluivc cntiraving ropiv^oiits one of the most picturesque sconca in the State of New 
 .IiTsey. Tlie Falls of the I'a.-saic are Mfuated near the town of Paterson, which owes its 
 siijniticaiice to the water-power affonled lij' the river, and these falls, which fall 7li feet 
 pcrpemliculnrly over the rocks, forininij, when the river is full, a very iniposinsf sii^lit, in a 
 most romantic situation. Tlie Passaic River rises in Morris County, is l(ii) miles in length, 
 and enters Newark l>ay, ;? miles helow Newark. I'aterson is reached by rail from New 
 York, from wiiich it is 17 miles distant, on the New York it Ev'iti Railroad. 
 
 " ISALLSTON SPA, acharminf; village, and 
 capital of Saratoga County, New York, on 
 the Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad, 8(» 
 miles N. of Albany. 7 miles \V. of Saratoga 
 Springs, and 175 miles N. of City Ihili, New 
 York; enjoying a wide-spread eelehrily on 
 account of the excellence of its mineral 
 waters. From inelination.and also from the 
 overflowing of the Saratoga hotels, the Spa, 
 during the summer solstice, is constantly 
 tlu'onged with visitors. There are several 
 delightful promenades and drives in the 
 neighbourhood, and a ]icrson may verj- de- 
 lightfully jiass awaj'a month or more in par- 
 taking of the waters, and enjoying the fresh, 
 pure country air. The Spa is readied from 
 Troy by the Troy and Schenectady Railroad." 
 
 I " NEW LEBANON SPRINC.S VILLAOE. 
 I — A beautiful village of Columbia County, 
 New York, 25 miles S. E. of Albany, mucii 
 fre(piented on account of the medicinal j)rop- 
 ei'ties of its waters. The hotel accommodn- 
 , tions are ample ; and the place also contains 
 ' a Water-cure Establishment, pleasantly lo- 
 I cated on a hill slope, overlooking a beautiful 
 i valley. The celebrated Shaker Settlement 
 ] and New Lebanon Village are within 2 miles 
 ' of the Springs. Reached from New York 
 j by the Hudson River Railroad to the City of 
 Hudson, thence by the Hudson and Berk- 
 shire, and the Albany and Boston Railroads, 
 or by the Harlem Railroad, and its connec- 
 tions Avith the above routes, or per steamer 
 from New York to Hudson, thence by rail," 
 
 1^1 
 
62 
 
 SPRINGS AND WATERING PLACES. 
 
 
 " AVON SriUXCS, I.ivin^'Htoll( '..iiiity. N.'W 
 Yoi'k,(l.'lii,'litl'iiliyKilimtr(l on lli«' ri^'lit Imnk 
 of till! (iiMii'rtfe Itivir, i>M ail oli'vattMl tiTracf 
 1(11) fi'ct alxivu till! wattT, (.•uiiiiiuiiiiliii;,' a 
 licaiiiifiil and varicil prortpcct. In tln' iiii- 
 iiuiliatf virinily an' Iwd cclfliratid iiiiiHTal 
 I'lirini,':', wliifli ari' tlu' resiirt of tluiiisanils 
 •liiriiii; llic siiinnicr si'ii-soii. Tlio waters aiv 
 t'stoi'incd I'rticacidws in iMitaiicoiis atfccti nis, 
 rliciiniulisiii, and iiiclii;''<lioii. TIk' iiIiioocdii- 
 lains sovfi'al cxctliciit hotels, four eliiiielies, 
 and a niiiiilier <il' faelories. lleaelied liy Ceii- 
 ti'al Kaili'oail fnnii Albany to ISuf'alo, via 
 Itoi'lieslef, from which city they are distant 
 Un miles. 
 
 " (.( )LUM1JI A SI'iUNCS have of late years 
 <;r:)\vii into popular favour. They are easy of 
 access, lyiiiii; t luileii from tlio City o( Hudson, 
 and within the town of Stockport, t'olnmbia 
 County, New York. The view and ;;roinids 
 are hii,'lilv pictnres(|Ue and varied, strclch- 
 ini; dclinlil fully from hill to dale, from fonsl 
 tjleii to velvet liiwii. In tlic immi<liMte iieif;h- 
 liourhood there is a larice stream, otlVriiiir all 
 the country charms of hoalini; and tishiiiji;. 
 There h a well-kept liolcl at the Spring's, 
 and |)rices iiunjerate. Ueftched hy lliidsoii 
 Iliver llailroad 'n Ihiusoii, thence by ataj;e 
 or carriaife, 4 miles. 
 
 'LAKK MAHOl'AC lies in tlie western 
 part of the town of Carnicl, I'utiiam County, 
 New Yo:-k. It is one of the principal sources 
 of supplj- to tlio Croton. Its (piiet waters, 
 its pretty wooded islands, tlie romantic re- 
 sorts ill its vii'.ijiage, the tiirongs of ])lcasiire- 
 Bcekinj,' strantrers, the hoatiiif; and tishinir, 
 nml otiier rural sports, make it a delightful 
 place for either o visit or periiiaiieiil resi- 
 <leiice. There are two c.vcelleiit iiolils liere, 
 be^dcs good boai'ilin;;diouscs, should visitors 
 jirefer. Keached by llmleiu Railroad to 
 Croton Fails, -lit miles, fare jfll.liS ; thence by 
 slaifc, 5 miles, fare 2'i cents. 
 
 "CAXANDAKil'Al.AKi:.— Tliisb.fuiliful 
 lake, with a charmini? villiiL^e situated at it> 
 north end, is II miles loiiir, and from 1 to lA 
 miles wide, and, with its liiithly-ciiltivateil 
 shores, jiresents many tine views. The water 
 is remarkably clear, and abounds with excel- 
 lent fish, very eommuidcative with the aii- 
 t/'tr. Its outlet Hows into Flint Creek, then 
 iiiN) Clyde River, and thence into Seneca 
 River, the common outlet of a duster of 
 lakes. Caiiandaisjuu VilhiL^e, built with 
 neatness and taste, presentini; many desira- 
 ble situations, is the capital of'Ontario 
 County. The surface consists of ireiitle iiills, 
 beautiful [tlains, anil a fertile soil. Months 
 may be nleasantly i)assed at this jiopular 
 siimnier resort The railroad from Flmiia, 
 on the A'ew York and Erie route to Niagara 
 Falls, passes tlirout;h the village. 
 
 '• (JEXEVA ANi) SEXECA LAKE.— This 
 lovely village is beautifully situated in Seneca 
 
 Townshii>, Ontario Counlv, at the north ei.J 
 of Seiieea Lake, on the Auburn and Kochesler 
 
 1 
 r 
 
 Railroad, f)!! miles E. S. F,. of Rodiesier. It 
 is handsomely built, and eoiilains a nundier 
 of churches, a iiaiik, three iiews|iaper otliees, 
 and alioiit 50 stores, besides .-everal mills niid 
 otiier estaiilishniellts. The Episcopal ( 'hiiieh 
 is a tine (iothic e.lifiee; cost $-iri,ii[\l\. Here 
 is the Ilobart Free College, under the dirie- 
 lion of l\>t: Episco])alians, founded in IS'Jll; 
 in IHol it had T) professors, (')7 students, and 
 a library of jKiii volumes. The Medical In- 
 stitute of (ieiieva, founded in 18;(5, has (1 pro- 
 fessors am! about 80 students. The (ieneral 
 Union Seho(d is attended by alioiit lit id pupils. 
 Steamboats ply daily bctwei'ii (Jeiieva ami 
 ■letferson, at the head of the lake. The lake 
 abounds in tish.and the woods are alive with 
 ^laiiie, atVordiiig excellent sport for tlie loiter- 
 ing tourist. 
 
 '•• TLIM'ER'S LAKE, situated in the S. W. 
 part of Franklin County, Xew York, is (1 
 miles long and 2 wide. The shores, head- 
 lanils, and islands are especially liold and 
 |jiclures(pie. Deer abound in the forest, and 
 the laki^ is Hll"d with trout and otiu'r tish. 
 
 "SARANAC LAKRS.— These wonderful 
 links of the great chain of mountain waters 
 ill u]>per Xew York, are about u do/en in 
 number, large and small. These lakes lie 
 princi])ally in Franklin Comity, and may be 
 most readily reached by stage from Westport 
 or Keefville, about midway on the we^tern 
 shore of Lake Cliam|)lain. All tlicst^ lakes 
 abound in trout and (.ther tish; and the 
 forests, which are on the farthest bounds of 
 civi'izatioii within the State, are alive with 
 deer and featliered game. 
 
 " INOIAX LAKE lies in Hamilton County, 
 Xew York, surrounded by a wild and iiioiin- 
 tainous region, the peaks of which me from 
 l.')Oll to '2(1(1(1 feet above the Miri'oundiiig 
 I'oiintrv. It is 1 mill's loni; and- 1 wide, and 
 abounds with various kimls of tish. 
 
 •• LITTLE FALLS i- remarkable for a bold 
 pas>iige of the .Mohawk Kiveraiid Erie Canal 
 through a wild and most pietures(pie iiioiin- 
 laili detile, where the river .'.<'scends -12 feel 
 in 1 mile. Tln' scenery, with the river 
 rapids and ca.scades, the locks and windings 
 of the ea.iiil, the bridges, and the glim|ises 
 far away of the valley of the Mohawk, is 
 especially beautiful. The Falls are in Her- 
 kimer County, New York, l)y the side of the 
 Erie Canal ami Utica and Schenectady Rail- 
 road. The village is situated on both sides 
 of the Mohawk. Tln' i'",rie Canal lias a 
 feeder which crosses the river in a tine aipie- 
 duet '214 feet long and 1(1 wide, with walls 
 14 feet high, upheld by 1 arcll of 70 feet 
 span, and '2 others of 50 feet each. The 
 canal passes the brow of a mountain liere 
 which reaches to the border of the river." 
 
 Tl 
 West 
 higli 
 taiui 
 sont 
 The 
 
THE SOURCE OF TUK UIVKK HUDSON. 
 
 63 
 
 o 
 
 cl 
 90 
 
 n 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 w 
 
 -1 
 w 
 
 93 
 
 a 
 o 
 o 
 
 '-? 
 
 » 
 
 w 
 
 (> 
 
 o 
 
 W 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 ?1 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 Tlie view here pi esented is a scene in the Adirondack mountain?, in the vicinity of, and 
 west of Lnlte Champlain. Some of tlie pealcs of these mountains (Mount Marcy) rise as 
 high as 5-l6t feet above the level of tide water in the River Hudson. Up in that moun- 
 tainous region does that noble river take its rise. From tliere it proceeds almost due 
 south, for about 300 miles, until it enters the Atlantic, through the Lorbour of New York. 
 The Adirondacks are famous as a deer-hunting country. 
 
64 
 
 THE hlVKU IILDSOX. 
 
 THE HUDSON, NEW YOKK TO ALBANY. 
 
 As cxplftlneil pIhpwIuto IIih noMo rivor 
 tnki's Us riso nciirly 'T'"' mili'^ from Now 
 York, in tlio A'Tirondnrk Monnfniiii*. (See 
 cnirniviiit;, Soiiivo of tlii' lliiil^on.) 
 
 Tlio lltiil-oii forms ono of flio irroat 
 loadiiii; roiiti'-* for all clnsscs of friivi'UiTS 
 boiinil for tlio north or nortli-\vc!»t, alike 
 oilliiT fortlic tourist in nciircli <if plfiisiire, 
 tlio invali.l for lioaltli. nnd tlie omliirant 
 from tlio old worM in quost of ft home in 
 the now. Up tho Hudson the great stroani 
 of trnvoUors po; so that, for gonoral in- 
 formation, wo purpose nofioing tho chief 
 foatnros of (Ids inaLriufioont trip, whicli. if 
 made l>y a day liont, from citlior Xow Vol k 
 or AUiaiiy, oannot foil to astonish and de- 
 liixht the traveller. Tho trip is enjoyod, 
 also, hy many hy ni,i,'ht, startini; from 
 either terminus about 6, p. m. Tho time oeenpiod on the journey is from 8 to 10 hours. 
 Enii,i,'rants ^^onerally loavo New York hy tin- ni;;lit hoat. which starts ahout fi, v. m., arrivinir 
 in Albany in time for the trains via tho Xcw Vork Central, and other railroads for the 
 north and north-west, wliioh run in oonnootinn. For si/.o, comfortable accoinniodatitm, and 
 internal mai;nificonee, wo believe the New York and Albany steamers to be unequalled by 
 any river boats in the world. 
 
 Tourists cfiu have their bacrtfage cheeked on hoard the Albany steamers in tlio same 
 manner as on tho railroads, on application to the bas^'^ai^e-mastor on board. The fare to 
 Albany is from .fl to ,$1.,50, (4.1. to ~>s. sti;.). d.'pondin'jr upon Itio nccommodution required. 
 The meals supplied on board are most excellent and very moderate. 
 
TRIP UP THE IIIDSOX. 
 
 65 
 
 i 
 
 lUDSON. 
 
 I nolilo river 
 s (Vi)in Now 
 ntaiiis. (See 
 son.) 
 
 f tlip trroiit 
 of tnivclli'ra 
 li-woat, nlike 
 I (if ploiisure, 
 lie piiilirrant 
 )f ft lioiiio in 
 groftt ctronui 
 ■ f^'cticral in- 
 ng the cliii'f 
 •ip, wliicli, if 
 IT Ni'w Yi'ik 
 inisli ftiul <lo- 
 1 is onjoyeil, 
 iirtiiig from 
 to 10 ho\irs. 
 . M., nrriving 
 oads for tlie 
 lodation, and 
 noqunllcd by 
 
 in tlio same 
 
 Tiic faro to 
 
 ion required. 
 
 STATE-ROOM SALOON OF THE " ISAAC NEWTON." 
 
 The River Hudson has boon named after its 
 discoverer, Henry lliidson— an Kn^lislininn.tlien 
 in the service of tlie Dntcli— and wlio, in an ex- 
 ploring expedition, about 2.")ii years a^o, was tlie 
 first to discover this niai?nilicent river, and a •- 
 cended it as far as the village of Vorplnnck's 
 Point— in his ship called the " Hidf Moon." The 
 Indian name of the Hudson was the Shateniuck, 
 in later times it has been termed the River of 
 
 Mountains, the Great River, the North River, 
 and the Rhine of America. 
 
 In the year l^i", Robert Fulton, who con- 
 structed tlie first steamboat in America — if not 
 in the world — started the steamer " Clermont" 
 on the waters of the Hudson — from New York 
 to Albany. The engine wliicli worked the Clor- 
 ninnt, was brought from England for the pur- 
 pose. Although we have stated that the time 
 
 i 
 
 « 
 
 :l 
 
 i-^ 
 
 m 
 
 •v. 
 
 a- 
 
 
Ill 
 
 
 M 
 
 SCENERY OF THE HUDSON. 
 
 taken for this trip is from 8 to 10 hours, yet the 
 entire distance of ISO miles has been run in 
 hours and r>0 minutes. 
 
 As an illustration of the interior of a river 
 steamboat, we jjive the prefixed engraving of an 
 interior view of the state-room of tlie " Isaac 
 Newton," one of tlio nigiit boats which runs be- 
 tween New York and Albany. 
 
 Destined for u trip up the Hudson, we shall 
 brioUy notice a few of the chief points on the 
 route, although no description, whatever, can 
 convey to the reader a just idea of this trij) — 
 which should be made by all tourists— if at all 
 por>sible— as the scenery of the Hudson, for 
 river scenery, is not equalled by that of any 
 other river on the American Continent, which 
 we are acquainted with. 
 
 Started from the wharf at New york, the tirst 
 place we pass is 
 
 HoBOKEN, one of the hmgs of New York, 
 to which great numbers resort every Sunday to 
 enjoy a drink of wr.ter from the Sybil's Springs 
 there, and a walk through the pleasant Klysian 
 Fields, or from there to Wechawken, or llcrgen 
 Heights. 
 
 Passing on, the ucsi prominent point reach- 
 eu, is Fort Lee, which is the commencement of 
 the fur-famed Palisades. These bold pi'ecip- 
 itous rocks resemble, in some respects, the ap- 
 pearance of the Giant's Causeway in Ireland. 
 The height of the Palisades ranges from '20 to 
 600 feet, and being fringed with brushwood on 
 the top, and at their base, with some neat little 
 cottages at the water's edge, form a very tine 
 appearance as the steamer skims past them. 
 On the opposite side, will next be seen 
 
 Manuattanville, situated on the island on 
 which the City of New York stands, and prettily 
 embosomed amidst woods and hills. On a 
 height above the town is Clermont, once the 
 residence of Joseph Bonaparte, and other celeb- 
 rities. Manhattanville is also the resting- 
 place of Ai.dubon, the great natura'ist. 
 
 Fort Wasuisoton — celebrutjd .n the Ameri- 
 can Revolutionory annals — is now in sight. To 
 capture this fort, the British lost 1200 men, be- 
 sides having the ship " Mercury" so riddled 
 with shot, that she sunk. Spuyten Duyvel 
 Creek is about 2 miles further on — passing 
 which is 
 
 Y'o.vKERS, a thriving town on the cost bank 
 of the river — 17 m;,o° fro'- New York — in the 
 vicinity of which are several ueat villas, ond 
 fine panoramic scenery. Amongst otho'- resi- 
 dences may be seen Fonthill, once the residence 
 of Edwin Forrest, the celebrated tragedian. 
 
 Hastings, about 8 miles from Yonkers, is 
 next reached, und 2 iiiiles further on that of 
 Dobbs' Ferry, on the some side of the river. 
 On the opposite shore is Piermont, where the 
 New \''ork and Erie Uailroad commences. In 
 the immediate vicinity is 
 
 SuNNVSiDE— one of the most celebrated plucef 
 
 on the river— being the residence of Washmg- 
 ton Irving — a spot of great beauty, almost hid- 
 den from view by the dense shrubbery iv. which 
 it is enveloped. Sunnyside ought to be, one 
 would suppose, one of the quietest and most 
 retired nooks extant, but we fear that the 
 fame of the author of " Kip Van Winkle" is 
 such, together with the exquisite situation of 
 Sunnyside, that the intrusion of friends and 
 tourists are too frequent for him to secure that 
 retirement, which literary men, in the prosecu- 
 tion of their labours, require, and like to enjoy. 
 
 Further on is the village of Nyack — ilst di- 
 rectly opposite is 
 
 Tarkytow:j, a place replete with many at- 
 tractions of a pictorial and historical character, 
 and where some beautiful rosidences have been 
 erected by New York merchants. In the neigh- 
 bourhood is Sleepy Hollow, one of the most 
 beautiful dells in the whole route. Passing on- 
 ward, we reach the wharf for 
 
 Si.NG SiNO, 33 miles from the city, at one of 
 the Li'oadest points on the river. A(. Sing Sing 
 is the celebrated State Prison, an object of great 
 interest for visiting, with cells for upwards of 
 1000 prisoners. Almost 2 miles from Sing 
 Sing, the Croton River rises, from which water 
 is conveyed to New York. Opposite to Sing 
 Sing is Verdriteges' Hook, a high headland, be- 
 hind which, on the same height, 250 feet above 
 the river, is 
 
 Rockland Lake, from which the denizens of 
 New York receive their chief supply of ice — an 
 engraving of which will be found in another 
 portion of this work. The lake is about 4 miles 
 in circumference. Proceeding onward, we 
 come to 
 
 Haveustuaw Village, on the same side of 
 the river, 30 miles irom New York. Here are 
 the old forts Clinton and Montgomery — cele. 
 bratcd ir Revolutionary history. 
 
 On the opposite, or east side of the river, is 
 
 Vekplanck's Point, celebrated as being the 
 sjjot at which Henry Hudson anchored the ship 
 " Half Moon" on his lirst voyage up the Hud- 
 son. The surprise of the Indians in those days 
 may be imagined at seeing, for the first time, u 
 vessel of such proportions opposite their homos. 
 One writer records the following incident, 
 which followed that event : — 
 
 " Filled with wonder, they came flocking to 
 the ship in bouts, but their curiosity ended in a 
 tragedy. One of them, overcome by acquisi- 
 tiveness, crawled up the rudder, entered the 
 cabin window, and stole a pillow and a few arti- 
 cles of wearing apparel. The mate saw the 
 thief pulling his bark for land, and shot ut and 
 killed him. The ship's boat wos sent for tho 
 stolen articles, and when one of the natives, 
 who had leaped into the water, caught hold of 
 the side of the shallop, his band was cut otT by 
 a sword, and he was drowned. This was the 
 first blood shed by these voyagers. Intelligence 
 
 
SCENERY OF THE HUDSON. 
 
 6T 
 
 3 of Washing- 
 ty, aliiiu.st hid- 
 bbery in wiiidi 
 [lit to be, one 
 test ami must 
 fear tliat the 
 111 Wiiiiile" is 
 e situation of 
 )f friends and 
 to secure tliut 
 n tlie prosecu- 
 like to enjoy, 
 icic — list di- 
 
 ivith many at- 
 ical character, 
 ices have been 
 In the nci^h- 
 5 of tlie most 
 Passing on- 
 
 ;ity, nt one of 
 A( Sing Sing 
 object of great 
 jr upwards of 
 L's from Sing 
 11 which water 
 posite to Sing 
 headland, be- 
 250 feet above 
 
 le denizens of 
 
 ply of ice— an 
 
 id ill another 
 
 about 4 m\\a 
 
 onward, we 
 
 some side of 
 rk. Here are 
 goniery — cele. 
 
 the river, is 
 as being the 
 lored the »liip 
 up the llud- 
 in those days 
 le first time, u 
 e tlieiriiouies. 
 iig incident, 
 
 ic flocking to 
 ity ended in a 
 le by acquisi- 
 
 entored the 
 lud tt few arti- 
 iiato saw tlie 
 id shot at and 
 
 sent for llio 
 ' the natives, 
 night hold of 
 vas cut off by 
 This was the 
 
 Intclligenc** 
 
 
 of it spread over the country, and the Indians 
 hated the white man ever after." 
 
 Leaving Verplanck's Point, the river now nar- 
 rows considerably. On the opposite shore is 
 Stony Point, with a light-house upon it— once 
 the scene of a sharp engagement between the 
 British and Americans in IVTli, when the latter 
 took possession of it by storm. Ueyond this 
 point is Ilaverstraw Boy, where the celebroted 
 
 HirfHLAN'DS OP TUB HuDSDS commcnce. On 
 the east shore is the pretty little town of Peek- 
 skill, fronting Dunderberg, or Thunder Moun- 
 tain. At the foot of which lies Caldwell's 
 Landing. As the steamer proceeds up the 
 river, tlic tourist accustomed to sail up Loch 
 Lomond (Scotland) will be forcibly struck with 
 the similarity in appearance which the Hudson 
 here presents to it, as the steamer proceeds on- 
 wards. At one time, you will be sailing past 
 islands possessed of all the beauty of Ellen's 
 Isle on Loch Katrine (Scot.,) with high bills 
 wooded to their tops on each side, whilst pro- 
 ceeding onwards the channel of the river ap- 
 pears completely blocked up, till the steamer, 
 ill approaching, takes a turn round the base 
 of one of the hills, only to open up another 
 scene of great magnificence, and reveal the 
 Ilitrliland beauty of hill and dale, clothed in 
 til ir brightest summer foliage. The Highlands 
 —as they are well named — extend over an area 
 of about •_',') miles, along the course of the Hud- 
 son, and during the whole trip, no portion will 
 be better enjoyed till the steamer reaches about 
 the hist height near Xewburg. 
 
 On rounding Dunderberg Mountain, will be 
 seen 
 
 Anthony's Nose, 1128 feet high. Two miles 
 further on, Siitjar Lxif, 800 feet high — whilst on 
 the west side of the river Biiftfrmilk FulU will 
 be -seen descending over the face of the hill. In 
 some of these Highland passes, in the river, are 
 sometimes to be found numbers of wind-bound 
 vessels — taci.ing about — and forming, often, a 
 beautiful sight, as they are to be seen endeavour- 
 ing to get into a broader part of the river. 
 
 Wkst Point forms one of the stopping-places 
 for the steamer. Here i < situated the United 
 States Militory Academy, where cadets are edu- 
 cated. It is beautifully situated, and visited by 
 niimy tourists. 
 
 From there we proceed on to 
 
 CnoNKST, 142S feet high, of which the poet, 
 G. P. Morris, writes : — 
 
 " Where the Hudson's wave, o'ei "ilvery sands. 
 Winds through the liUls afiir. 
 And Cront'st, like ft monarch stands, 
 Crown'd v/ith a single scar !" 
 
 After p issing this romantic locality, we reach 
 Butter Hiii— or, as it has been re-christened by 
 Mr. N. P. Willis, 
 
 Storm Kino— l.'iOO feet high, and the last 
 high range of hills on that side of the river. 
 Cold Spriaig and UiukrcUff are now approached 
 
 — the latter where Mr. Morris resides. We are 
 now 54 miles from the City of New York— be- 
 yond which point is 
 
 Beacon Hill, 1088 feet high, from off which 
 some of the finest views may be had — pas.iing 
 which, we reach 
 
 CoiiNWALi, IjASDiNO^above which is the seat 
 of Mr. N. P. Willis— named Idlew'M — surround- 
 ed with all the natural romantic beauties which 
 we fancy any poet would delight to dwell 
 amongst. Shortly after leaving which, wo 
 reach the important town of 
 
 Newbi;iio — with its 12,000 population — nice- 
 ly situated on the face of the hill. To the 
 south of the town is the spot which once form- 
 ed the head-quarters of Washington, during 
 the stoy of his army at New Windsor, not far 
 off. 
 
 Opposite, on the other side of the river, is 
 
 Break-Neck Mountain, which was supposed 
 to have a resemblance to a Turk's Face, and can 
 be easily seen from the deck of the steamer 
 when approaching Pallopel's Island. 
 
 " The story goes, that some Irishmen were 
 quarrying for granite once, when one of them 
 put a blast of powder before the Turk's face, 
 saying he thought the old fellow would like to 
 have his nose blowed. And the nose was com- 
 pletely blown away; while the admirers of the 
 curious and beautiful tliink that the Irishman, 
 who was shortly after killed, was hurried from 
 the world for his barbarity to the works of Na- 
 ture." (See engraving.) Opposite to this spot 
 is 
 
 FisHKiLi., the scene of many of the incidents 
 related in Cooper's novel of " The Spy." Pro- 
 ceeding on, we reach New Hamburg, Mar- 
 borough, Barnegat ; and, passing which, the 
 pretty and retired town of 
 
 PoiroHKEEi'siE — 75 miles from New York — is 
 reached, and one of the largest towns between 
 New York and Albany. It has a population of 
 upwards of 15,000, and is the centre of a rich 
 agricultural district, which sends largo supjilies 
 of farm and dairy produce to New York. 
 Founded by the Dutch 150 years ago. Oppo- 
 site Poughkeepsio is New Paltz Landing. 
 
 HrnE Park and Placentia ore C miles be- 
 yond, situated on the east side of the river. 
 Placentia is the residence of the veteran author, 
 J. K. Poulding, ond from which is seen some 
 of the finest views of the river ond country 
 round obout, as for up as the Cotskill Moun- 
 toins. Passing Stootsburg, we shortly reach 
 the wharf for Kondout and Kingston. (See 
 engraving on page 69.) Kingston is a town 
 of consideroble importance, with a population 
 of 13,000, and, probably, tlie most important 
 town on the route. It was founded in 1003 by 
 the Dutch, and burned by the British in 1773. 
 There the first Constitution of New York was 
 framed. Vanderlyn, the eminent painter, was 
 born in Kingston, where he also died in 1853. As 
 
 -%■ 
 
68 
 
 SCENERY OF THE HUDSON. 
 
 m 
 
 VIEW OF THE TUllK'S FACE, ON THE HLTJSOX. 
 
 I 
 
 : 
 
 I 
 
 tlio stcanior pusses Siiiitri'i'tics, Tiviili, ami Ocr- 
 niiintDWii, llic I'atskill Mountains and Sliawan- 
 gunk raiif^c cif lulls aijpear in siiiht, and tour- 
 ists lor tliu Catskills may now ])ri'paro to '.!.-em- 
 bark at Catskill, (i|)|iosite to Uukbill, on tlio 
 lludbon Uivcr Uailioad. 
 
 Catskii.l, tlie point of debarkation for tlio 
 Mountains, HiJ tniles from Now York, and 40 
 from Albany, is at tlio nioutli of Catskill Creok. 
 For description and views of the Catskill Moun- 
 tains, s<'e ])recedinir pages in tliis part— or in- 
 dex. As tbe steamer passes the muutb of the 
 Creek, and onwards towards Hudson City, an 
 excellent distant view of the Catskills is ob- 
 tained, with the Mountain House, like a s|iee 
 on the fo|) of u ridj;e. The distance to the 
 Mountain House is about 10 miles from the 
 Creek. Time of staixe.s noinjj;, 4 hours — on ac- 
 ccuint of the ascent in the road. 
 
 HiD.soN, on tl.c other side of the river, is 
 about 4 miles furth >■ (ui, beautifully situated on 
 rising ground, and o])pnsite to the classically- 
 iiametl town of Atiikxs. A visit to Hudson 
 will repay the tourist. From it ii trip can be 
 
 made to Columbia Springs, ."i miles distant, 
 with the Claverack Falls some s miles oU". 
 
 Tourists destined for licbauon Springs (.'Hi 
 mdes oU') take the Hudson and IJerkshire cars. 
 
 Thk SilAKKit Vii.i.ACK, at New Lebanon, is 
 about I) miles from I^'banon Sjirings, and if the 
 tourist has time, a visit to the interesting vil- 
 lage of the .Society of (Juakers, will well repay 
 him for the e.\|)ense anil trouble. 
 
 At Hudson, you are now within 34 miles of 
 .Mbany. The route now begins to lose unieh of 
 its Highland character —but still, in many jilaces, 
 hilly. The ne.\t village, after .\tliens ami Hud- 
 son, is Stock|iort, 4 miles onwards; then Cox- 
 sackie, '! miles; Stnyvesant, :! miles, to Kinder- 
 hook lianding — a few miles from which is the 
 village of Kiiiderhook, the birth-place of Mar- 
 tin Van Ituren, E.\-presi(lent of the United 
 State 
 
 After a few mill's sailing, you reach Scho- 
 dack, 17 miles, and Castleton, 14 miles from Al- 
 bany, which will shortly appear in sight, and, 
 •soon after, you will reach the capital of the 
 State of New York— the City of Albany. 
 
SCENE ON THE KONDOUT. 
 
 69 
 
 ; rl 
 
 Jli 
 
 M 
 
 Jji 
 
 f il ] 
 
 SCENE ON KONDOUT CHEEK. STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Tim: nliovo view rupiv-^ents n scone on llic sniall stroain of l)ie Rondout, wliieli takes its 
 riso in Snllivan county, N. Y., nliout 100 miles from New York, and enier* tlio Hudson at 
 Eddyvillo, near Ilondout, ',)0 miles from New York. Tlie Delaware and Hudson CViial fol- 
 lows the stream all the way tliroudi tlie valley in wliieli tlie Rondout ilowi*. 
 
 Rondout, a village on tlic Hudson, takes its name from tlie crock, and is tlie stop]iinflr- 
 ]ilacc for tlio steamers liotween New York and .Mhany, for Kimrston, tliree mil 'S distant, 
 tiio most important town lietween those two eilies, 
 
 Tiic view iriveii aliove was enirraved from a ]iliotocrrapli liy 1>. nuntingdon, and portrays 
 a scene of great lieanty. 
 
 A writer on tliis scene says: — '• In it wo have tlie constituents of many pieluros wliioli 
 reproduee oi;r cliaraeteristie land-features, viz. : repose, trraee. rielmes-i of foliage, softness 
 of sky, gentle flow of water — all liarmonizipg to produce a very inspiriting sensation in 
 the mind." 
 
70 
 
 THE NIAGARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE. 
 
 W 
 
 O 
 
 Q 
 1— I 
 
 P^ 
 O 
 
 p-i 
 p 
 
 03 
 
 I— I 
 
 The nbovc sketch represents the ftrcat Internntionnl Bridge, which spans the Niagara, 
 anil joins the United States with Canada. Its length, from tower to tower, is 821 feet 4 
 inches. Erected at a cost of about $400,000 (£8 ),00() sfg.). The lower floor or road-way 
 is used for foot passengers, carriages, carts, etc., same as any ordinary road. The upper 
 floor is for railroad traflnc exclusively. Across this bridge, tlie trains of the Great Western 
 Railroad of Canada and the various railroads of New York State, travel, each train drown 
 very slowlj', by a light pilot engine. 
 
 From a report, liy Mr. lloebling. Engineer, on this gigantic structure, we copy the fol- 
 lowing particulars: — 
 
 "The base and towers on the New York side, contain 1350 cubic yards, which weigh 
 about .3,000 tons. Add to tliis weight of the superstructure of 1,000 tons, and we hove a 
 total of 4,000 tons, in a compact ond solid mass. 
 
 " There are 4 cables of 10 inches diameter, each composed of 3640 wires of small No. 9 
 
NIAGARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE. 
 
 71 
 
 I! 
 ■ 
 
 II; 
 
 gnuge, 60 wires forming one square inch of solid section ; making the solid section of ench 
 cubic 00.40 square inches, wrapping not included. 
 
 " Each of the four large cables is composed of seven smaller ones, which I call stramls. 
 Eiieli strand contains 520 wires. One of these forms the centre, tlie six others are placed 
 around it — the 520 wires forming one strand of endless wire, obtained by splicing a num- 
 ber of single wires. Tl\e ends of the strands are passed around and confined in cast-iron 
 shoos, which also receive the wrought-iron pin that forms a connection with tho anchor 
 chains. 
 
 " Tiie wire measures 18.31 feet per pound, and the strength, therefore, is equivalent to 
 1040 lbs. per single wire, or nearly 100,000 pounds per square inch. 
 
 " Assuniing the above average strength, the aggregate strength of the 14,560 wires com- 
 posing the four cables, will be 23,878,400 pounds. But their actual strength is greater, 
 because the above calculations are based upon a minimum strength of the imlividual 
 wires. AVe may assume their aggregate ultimate strength at 12,000 tons, of 2,000 pounds 
 each. 
 
 " Both ends of the bridge rest upon the cliffs, and are anchored to the rock. As far as 
 supported by the cables, I estimate its weight at less than 1000 tons, which includes the 
 weight of cables between the towers, and the pressure of the river stays below. 
 
 " Tliere are 624 suspenders, each capable of sustaining thirty tons, which makes their 
 united strength 18,720 tons. The ordinary weight they have to support is only 1000 tons. 
 A locomotive of thirty-four tons weight, including tender, spreads its weight, by means of 
 the girders and trusses, over a length of no less than 200 feet. Of course the greatest 
 pressure is under the engine, and is tiiere supported by no less than twenty suspenders. 
 If, by any accident, a sudden blow or jar should be produced, the strengtii of the suspenders 
 will be abundant to meet it. 
 
 " A change of temperature of 100° causes a difference in the level of the floor of two 
 feet tliree inches. The lower floor, or river stays have enough of slack, or deflection, to 
 iuljiist thonisclvcs under these changes. The only difference will be, that they arc tighter 
 in winter than in summer; consequently, that the equilibrium of the bridge will be less 
 atrectod by passing trains in cold weather than in warm. 
 
 •' Droves of cattle are, according to the regulations, to be divided off into troops of 20, no 
 more than three such bodies, or 60 in all, to be allowed on the bridge at one time. Each 
 troop is to be led by one person, who is to check their progress in case they should start 
 off on a trot. 
 
 '• In my opinion, a heavy train, running at a speed of 20 miles an hour, does less injury 
 to tlie structure, than is caused by 20 heavy cattle under a full trot. Public processions, 
 marching to the sound of music, or bodies of soldiers keeping regular step, will produce a 
 still more injurious effect." 
 
 Tiio charge for passing over the bridge, on foot, is 25 cents — going and returning. Car- 
 riage $1.00, with 25 cents for each passenger inside. 
 
 The promenade, during u hot day, on the foot-path of the bridge, is deliciously cool, 
 from the breeze wlucii generally blows up or down the gorge of the river. .The views 
 looking towards the Falls, from different points on the bridge, are also exceedingly good, 
 presenting to the stranger the picture of Niagara Falls, as they are represented in many 
 engravings wiiich are given of them, and even the best of thera, after all, only can give a 
 very faint idea of the great reality. 
 
 hi\] 
 
 fl 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
72 
 
 SUSPENSION BRIDGE, FALLS OF NIAGARA. 
 
 ;.»;■ - ft rf.;- 
 
 NIAGARA SUSPENSION DUIUOE — UAILUOAD TIIACK VIEW. 
 
 THE FALLS OF NIAGARA. 
 
 [nistnnl from N'ew York, 440 ; Quelw.', 535 ■, rliiladelphlB, 441 j liilUimon!, 632 ; Tnmnlo, «l ; Uuffiilo, 'i't nilliv] 
 
 To nttcinpt to convey tlic faintpst im])rcssion 
 (if the unspeakiiblo ma^fnitiulo ami inafrniliceTice 
 <it' the Falls of Niagara almost bonlers on ]ife- 
 sinnption. They have been clad with u brilliant 
 halo of imagination since we (list heard of their 
 existence, at school. The pen, the pencil, and 
 pliotograi)hy, have all been laid under contribu- 
 tion, for the purpose of describiuif and iilnstrat- 
 ini{ the mighty cataract. The powers of word- 
 painting have been wielded by the liternteur, 
 the preacher, and the poet, to furnish suitable 
 representations of the " world's wonder." Fu- 
 tility and failure have been written upon every 
 altcmjit. The thunder of waters is inexpressi- 
 bi. ' ,) liunnin lang\uige; but yet, to be admired 
 it needs only to be seen ; aiul the deep impres- 
 sion that is stamped ui)on the mind of every 
 spectator that stands before the stupendous scene 
 of Niagara, will never Ik? erased from the tablets 
 (d'menujry. Who shall ever forget that moment 
 when he leapt from the cars, bounded, with all 
 the impatience of n curiosity cherished from 
 earliest infancy, down the declivity, and the 
 sublime scene burst upon his astonished vision V 
 
 The eye wandered up and down "the Rapid-'," 
 rushing, for a mile aljove the Falls, in tiiii'.ultu- 
 ous nuidness, fretting and eddying, whirling and 
 twirling, rumbling and tumbling, pell-mell, in 
 precipitate confusion ; fell then up<in the pure, 
 pellucid waters, that soothed themselves into a 
 solemn sweep as thej' moved, with the majesty 
 of irresistible might over the lofly ])iecipice, 
 with the deafening roar of gratulation at their 
 safe descent ; and last, not least, u])on the beau- 
 teous bow that cap]ied and crowned the glowing 
 scene resplemlent with inagnilicence and re- 
 dolent of transcendent sublimity. 
 
 IJut instead of straining the capabilities of 
 lang\n\ge, by heaping nietai)hor on rMetajihor, 
 in a listless endeavour to describe the inde- 
 scribable, let <is act as chvrone to the tourist, 
 and leave him to drink inspiration from the 
 voice of the living waters themselves. 
 
 We may here notice that the Falls arc formed 
 by the United waters of Lake Superior, Lake 
 Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Erie, which 
 uU meet in the llivcr Niagara, at the eastern ex- 
 tremity of Luke Erie, from which it pursues its 
 
ill tiiir.iiltu- 
 wliirliiiLjiiiui 
 Iiell-iiicll, in 
 oil tlio pure, 
 st'lvL's into a 
 
 the iiiajosty 
 (y iiiecipice, 
 
 idii at their 
 on tlie beaii- 
 
 the friowing 
 lieu 1111(1 re- 
 
 piihilitics of 
 II tMeta))lior, 
 )o tlie iiide- 
 the tourist, 
 II from the 
 
 s nn? formed 
 x'rior, Lake 
 Erie, which 
 : eastern ex- 
 . pursues its 
 
 
 [I 
 
74 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 course for about 22 miles, where it is divided, 
 by Gont Island, in. «o falls— the one forming 
 a fall in a struight lint, culled the Ameiucas 
 Fall, us it fulls on the United Stntes side of the 
 Uiver, and the other in a sort of sonii-cireulnr 
 form, or, us it has been called, the IIorsk-Suoe 
 Fall, on the Canada side of the river. 
 
 The American Fall is about 9U0 feet wide, with 
 a descent, in one unbroken sheet, of 1C3 feet per- 
 pendiculur. 
 
 The Canndian or Horse-Shoe Fall is about 
 2000 feet wide, with a full of ir>8 feet. The total 
 descent of the water from Lake Erie to Lake 
 Ontario is 334 feet. Such is the great action of 
 the water upon the precipice over which it fulls 
 —as well us upon the embankments upon both 
 sides of the river— it is estimated that nbout one 
 foot is worn away annuully, ond that the falls 
 have receded during the Qourse of ages— es- 
 timated by geologists at 87,000 years— from 
 Qucenstown, 7 miles below, to where they are 
 at present. 
 
 With these preliminary remarks, we shall 
 proceed to describe the most important objects 
 of interest, addressing ourselves us if the reader 
 were on a visit there. 
 
 As one very common route for strangers who 
 wish to " do" the Fulls in the most methodical 
 and purticulur manner, we subjoin the follow- 
 inCT, which can be odoptcd, either in whole or in 
 part, by the tourist, us he may feel dis])osed. 
 
 Supposing:, then, that you are on the American 
 side of the river, you proceed to Goat Island, 
 In proceeding thither you cross the bridge of 3 
 arches, which spans the river, to Bath Islnnd, 
 from oft' which you get an excellent view of the 
 Rapids, us they come rushing along, us if bent on 
 sweeping away the bridge, and every thing on it, 
 before them down the stream und over the full. 
 Arrived ucross the bridge, you enter a cottage, 
 register your name, and pay a toll of 25 cents, 
 (Is. stg.,) which will admit you to cross and re- 
 cross during the whole season. Pa.ssing on, you 
 may observe, to your right hand, the paper 
 works which were burned down lust autumn. 
 Passing them, you cross another small bridge, 
 and then enter upon the beautiful grounds of 
 Goat Island. Turning to the right hand, you 
 proceed to the " Hog's Back," and across a 
 small bridge to " Luna Island," which divides a 
 small portion of the American Fall. An excel- 
 lent view is there obtained of the American Fall, 
 and scenery up and down the river. 
 
 After leaving Luna Island, yow proceed 
 through Goat Island, keeping on the walk 
 nearest the river, townrds the Canadian Full. 
 Before rpaching there, however, you descend 
 Biddle's Stairs (named after Mr. Biddle, of Phi- 
 ladelphia, who built them) to the Cave of the 
 Winds. 
 
 Cave of the Winds. — Reaching the bottom 
 of Biddle's Stairs you proceed by a narrow foot 
 path towards the American Fall, behind which 
 
 the Cave is situated. There you are provided 
 with a waterproof dross, und obtuin a mugiiiti- 
 cent view of the Full us it thunders down from 
 ubove and in front of you. Charge for loan of 
 dress, ?1.00(4«. stg.). The Cave is 130 feet high, 
 lUO feet wide, und 30 feet deep. 
 
 Retruciug your steps to Biddle's Stnirs, but be- 
 fore reuscending them, you can have un excel- 
 lent view of the Horse-Shoe Full, us seen from 
 the edge of the river. After regnining the to|) of 
 these stairs you may be disposeu to rest. Plenty 
 of seats are to be found close at hand, where you 
 may rest and admire the scene around and in 
 front of you. Proceeding from there, you now 
 follow the path towards the grandest point of 
 all, the Terrapin Bridge, (Terrapin signities 
 Turtle,) and Prospect Tower. (See engraving.) 
 Teriiapin Bridge, and Prospect Tower. — 
 Arrived at the edge of the river, as it sweeps 
 rapidly past, you i)roceed along the wooden 
 bridge, which extends to the base of the Tower. 
 At every step, you may be apt to pause und ud- 
 mire the grnndeur of the scene. From the bu.so 
 of the Tower a nmgniticent view of the river 
 and rapids are to be seen ; but you now ascend 
 to the top of Prospect Tower, up through a 
 narrow spirul sfuircase, o;id, once outside oa 
 the top, it is then and there, in our opinion, 
 that the true grandeur of the Horse-Shoe Fall 
 is to be seen, us its mighty volume of tJTo.oOO 
 tons of water comes rushing along every 
 minute, and falls with a continuous roar over 
 the n''"cipice of I'lH feet deep, down into the 
 gorge below, where the river has been estimated 
 to be 250 feet deep. The vast volume of wuter — 
 the magnificent view down the river to Suspen- 
 sion Bridge — the rupids coming down the cata- 
 ract behind you — together with the scenery on 
 every side— will all combine to entrance you-to 
 the spot with admiration und delight, and ren- 
 der you almost unwilling to leave a scene so 
 grand and inspiring. 
 
 Retracing your steps towards Goat Island, 
 you next proceed to the Three Sisters— three 
 islands which stand out in the river, und named, 
 respectively, " Moss Island," " Deer Island," and 
 " Allan's Island." Between the first of the Three 
 Sisters and Gout Isli.nd is the "Hermit's Cas- 
 cade," named after a religious hermit, who be- 
 came so enamoured with the s|)ot that he took 
 up his abode und lived there for some time, in 
 Robinson Crusoe fushion, till one duy he was 
 fton est, it being supposed he had ventured too 
 fur upon a particular log of wood, which cap- 
 sized him into a watery grave. 
 
 The walk around Goat Island will be highly 
 appreciated. Some charming nooks of great 
 beauty are there, whilst from the head of the 
 Island is to be seen, 2i miles up the river, 
 Chippewa; and, four miles from there. Navy 
 Island, belonging to Canada, which was occu- 
 pied by the Canadian patriots of 1837-8. From 
 there, also, the steamer Caroline which woa 
 
:' 
 
 V 
 
70 
 
 KIAOAKA FALLS. 
 
 oonreyInK prnviHions iind ninmunitioii to tlie 
 rcbi'ls, witH cut iidrit't and Hi'iit iilldiit down the 
 river, uiid over the Ilorse-Shoe Full. Near the 
 bend of the Ixlaiid the point may he Keen where 
 — before any hridnes eoiinected the Island with 
 tlio inalidan<l Stedinan, the oeenpier ut' the 
 Inland, eroNsed with IiIh guuts for pustule, hence 
 the nunu- (ioat Island. 
 
 Fort Sehlosser niny bo seen further up the 
 river, also on the American side, where La Salle, 
 the ;;reat explorer, llrst founded a trading post. 
 This fort has chunked hands, lirst frinii the 
 French to the Hritish, und ne.\t from the Hritish 
 to the Americans. About this sjpot the vessel, 
 (nan-ed the d'rijh'n,) which lirst navij;ated the 
 river and lakes, was huilt. A Fntlier Ilannepin 
 is said to have been the first white nuui who 
 visited Niaj^ura and saw the Falls, anil who, 
 like nuuiy who have succeeded him, |>ublisheil 
 a very e.\nfrtierated account of them. 
 
 In wanderinj{ round (iout Island you have 
 now reached the startini;-iioint on it, viz., the 
 Bridffe ut the Ha|)ids, which you re-cross, and 
 make direct for I'oint View. 
 
 Point Vikw is situated close to the edne of 
 the American Fall, und on the very brink of 
 the i)recipice. From this point you j;et nn 
 excellent view of both Falls, but more partic- 
 ularly a distant view of the Ilorse-Shoe Fall. 
 In the ferry-house at I'oint View there is u 
 railway, down jin incline of 1 in .Tl feet. The 
 cars are worked up and down by water i)ower, 
 and uro completely under the control of those 
 in charge. The fare for (joinj; up or down is 
 5 cents. At the bottom of the incline is the 
 river, where boats may bo hired to tnke you 
 acro.^s to the Canada side of the river for iiO 
 cent.s. Along.side of the railway incline, there 
 are steps, u]) and down which parties may go 
 free. The depth, to the edge of the water, is 260 
 feet— 2'.tl steps in all. 
 
 In the snnimer season a small steamer, called 
 the "New Maid of the Mist," sails from the foot 
 of the ferry stairs, up as near as jjossible to the 
 base of the Horse-Shoe Fall. On proceeding on 
 board you jjut on an oil-skin cloak and hood, 
 which envelo])es the whole person, excepting 
 the face; and, thus clad, you stand on deck, 
 viewing the Falls, as the steamer makes her 
 speedy trip, and as she rocks about amid the 
 agitated water. Certninly the view is excellent, 
 unless when the sun is shining out very strong, 
 then much of the sight is lost, owing to that and 
 the spray from the Falls fulling so thickly upon 
 the face and eyes. The sail is one only of a few 
 minutes, nevertheless we recommend all to take 
 a trip on board the little craft. Great vigilance 
 and care is necessary in steering round the base 
 of the Fall. When it bus reached the middle 
 of the Fall the steam is shut off, and then the 
 boat is swung round and carried down by the 
 current, when steam is j)Ht on, und she is turned 
 round to the landing-point, reudy to take on 
 
 board another lot of passengers. Faro for the 
 trip .'lO cents, c.'i. stg. I. 
 
 In the ferry-house a benntifully clear stream 
 of water, from the rock, is kept rnnning con- 
 tinually, with tumblers provided for the us" of 
 visitors. 
 
 The .Messrs. Porters, to whom the pidperty 
 belongs, have done much lately to improve the 
 appearance of the pluce all around, and added 
 greatlt to the comfort und convenience of visit- 
 ors, by ])roviding «• ats, etc., etc. 
 
 Ilavinu' "i-eiil some time at i'oint View, you 
 may now proceed down the incline we have 
 mentioned, cross the river in a smull boat, and 
 land on tlic Canadian side, near the Clifton 
 House, on your road to u curiosity in its wnv — 
 the Ituining Springs — shown to strangers by an 
 old native of Ahenleeushire, i Scotland i. 
 
 Del'ore reaching there, howi'ver, you w ill pass 
 Table Rock — a view from of.' which will inlcicst 
 you. 
 
 Taiii.e Kdck, of which we give an illnsti;ilion, 
 is situated on the Canadu side of the river, near 
 the angle where the Ilorse-Shoe Fall ]ioins over. 
 It is a crag, whicli ]iidjects over the edge ol ilie 
 |)recipice, and is about ItUl feet above the river. 
 It is now much smaller than in former years, 
 large ])ortions having fallen away (rom it at dif- 
 feient times. Near Table Kock there is another 
 staircase, which you may descend and get a 
 view from behind the great sheet of water which 
 falls over the Horse Shoe, from oil' u narrow 
 ledge of rock, called Termination Hock,* wljich, 
 together with the ground all uboiit it, shakes 
 with the immense jiower of the water pouring 
 down upon it. It is only, however, when the 
 water is not very full, that this sight can bo 
 seen. 
 
 A favourite time with many for visiting the 
 fidls is at sunset, about which time .some most 
 beautiful phenomena are to be seen. Again, the 
 view by moonlight is considered to he very line, 
 and p. esenling to'ally different features from 
 any thing to be seen during the day. In winter 
 time also, we understand, the Falls, together with 
 the scenery around them, present sights well 
 worth being seen by every tourist. 
 
 To reach Uuriiing Springs it is a considerable 
 walk round from the Clifton House, so that 
 most parties engage a conveyance thither. The 
 pedostriuu, however, will enjoy the walk very 
 much. The charge at the Hurning Sjjrings is 
 2') cents each. 
 
 Hi'iixiNO Si'HIXOS. — From the sketch we give, 
 readers at a distance will .see an exact represent- 
 ation of where the .Spring is exhibited, in an 
 old wooden "shanty," pitch dark, but lighted 
 up by the attendant, as he applies a light to the 
 
 ♦ fince this was written, wc understaml that Ter- 
 mination Hock lias l>oen wuslieil aniiy— tlius, we fear, 
 depriving all in future of obtaining tlie view here ul 
 hiduil to. 
 
NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 77 
 
 THE BURNING SPRINGS, NIAGARA, 
 
 pns, na if Imsium np throiijjh iin iron pipe fixed in 
 u bani'l, wliidi is placoil iiiiiidMf flii! water 3 or 
 4 feet uixleniealli. Tlie water, wliicli is cliarfjed 
 witli siilpliurated hydrogen jjas, rises in tlie rock 
 close at lian<l,and forces its way up tliroiit;ii tlie 
 bed of the stream, which is there. Sometimes 
 it hums niueh brighter than iit other times, tlie 
 water emitting a strong smell, similar to tl :t 
 of some mineral springs. When nt lUirniiig 
 Springs, another and dilferent view from any 
 hitherto seen, is presented of the River Niagara, 
 as it comes down from Lake Erie, and, in sum- 
 mer, the scenery in the neighbourhood of the 
 Springs is beautiful in the extreme. 
 
 Leaving the liurning Sjirings, you may now 
 proceed to the battle-ground of Lnndy's I,ane. 
 There a wooden tower is erected, for the benelit 
 of those who wish to ascend and obtain n mag- 
 nificent view of the country. On the top of this 
 tower one of the heroes of the Hnttle of Lundy's 
 Lane will be met with, in the shape of an at- 
 tendant, who will be glad to jioint out to you nil 
 the points of interest connected with the fight- 
 ing between the Americans and the British, on 
 those very fields you will there survey. If you 
 happen to be a British visitor, the faithful at- 
 tendant will not wound any initional prejudices 
 you may have regarding who was most success- 
 ful on particular occasions during the struggle, 
 but rather flatter them by leading you to under- 
 stand that, of course, the British came oft' vic- 
 torious. You will, however, perhaps, be in 
 some doubt, after all, as to that, if you toko the 
 ipse dixit of this inilitury chronicler, when you 
 
 learn that the American, who preceded or ful- 
 lowed you on j'our visit, was j)arte(l company 
 with on the same terins, and with an ei|ua1ly 
 Haltering account of how the Americans licked 
 the British, and, of course, also won the battle! 
 On the way to I,undy's Lane, you may pass 
 through the pretty little village of Drunnnond- 
 #ille, named after General Drununond, com- 
 mander of the British forces at the battle refer* 
 red to. From Lundy's Lane you may now 
 I)roceed on to the Susjiension Bridge and the 
 Whirlpool. I'artieuhirs respecting the Suspen- 
 sion Bridge will be found annexed, with illus- 
 trations of if. 
 
 The Whirlpool can be seen from the Canada 
 side of the river. When at the Suspension 
 Bridge you proceed along the top of the em- 
 bankment, through fields and brushwood, fol- 
 lowing the course of the river, till its course 
 turns at a right angle on towards Lake Ontario. 
 It is at this angle of the river where the whirl- 
 pool is. An excellent view of the river and 
 scenery along its banks, and around the whirl- 
 ])ool, is to bo had from the Canada side imme- 
 diately above it, and the beauty of the scene there 
 may tempt you to prolong your rest on the 
 wooden seat erected there for the wearied trav- 
 eller. 
 
 The visitor who expects to see an immense 
 whirlpool will, we think, be disappointed, as the 
 Whirlpool, so called, consi.sts of n series of eddies 
 in the rapid stream as it reaches the end of the 
 gorge nt the angle of the river — more remnrka- 
 ble for being raised up in the centre of the 
 
NIAGARA FALLS AND KOU IKS. 
 
 utreani, thnn for any great Rimilarity to nn im- 
 niciim' wliirlpool, wlik'li many I'xprct tii ni'c. 
 
 Till' Ijrst viow, lioweviT, lit" tlu' Wliii'l|io(il in to 
 be liail at tlio ciIku of tlu; livvr, on tliu Ainvriuan 
 Hi<U>, oxactly o|i|ii)sito to tliu point tiiontionvil 
 above, To rracli tliiTc, yoii procci'd aiTosH tbt; 
 Siitpi'iisiim lli'iilg(>, liii'ii lo yoi\r li'Ct, ami walk 
 alon;: tbu piililiu road till ymi rcacli Di'vaiix'N 
 Collect' wiiicli yon cannot but obncrvi,' a.s yon 
 p) aliin^t. Tlu'i'o yon turn from oH' llio pub- 
 lic road, and follow ii narrow road llirou^li a 
 dcuHc wood, until you reach a itniall wooden 
 bouNe, where you will tlud parties ready to j{ive 
 you all information re:4pcetin){ tbu path down 
 to the edne of the river below. V<ni there pay 
 ti") cents, whiuli goes to the support of Devanx's 
 C'ollejfe — a collcgo CHtablished, ot ii cost of 
 ljl,'il,oo0, by a Frenchman named Devaux, for 
 the free nniintenanco and education of loo boys. 
 You will, in all probability, be pleased with your 
 visit to the Whirlpool. Whilst then-, you may 
 |)rocee<l to tbo Devil's lloie, a short way down 
 the river, on the Hamu fiide, and which consists 
 of a chasm of about 'Joo feet deep on the bank 
 of the river. The snndl stream which pours 
 over the i>recii)ice above there, is called Hloody 
 Kun — nann'd so in coiise(|uenco of the cohnir 
 fjiven to it on one occasion by the blood of the 
 llrilisb troops nuxin^ with it, during an cn- 
 ^a^renient with some Indians and French dur- 
 ing the war there in K'i;!. 
 
 Ukock's Monumknt forms one of the "lions" 
 of Niagara, which tourists, in approaching from 
 Toronto, per steamer and rail, will observe to 
 great advantage, as they proceed in the cars from 
 the town of Niagara to Suspension Uridge. It 
 stands on Queenstown Heights (Canada side"). 
 Erected to the Itritish general, Sir Isaac Hrock,* 
 wh(j fell in the engagement fought there in \^l\>. 
 On the top stands the statue of the gallant ollicer. 
 Although a considerable distance from the Falls, 
 (about 7 miles,) yet if the tourist has time, the 
 visit to it will repay the time and trouble, as a 
 most magnificent view of the river, country 
 round about, unU Luke Ontario is there obtained. 
 
 Opposite (JuecnHtnwn, on the Ilivor Niagara, 
 is Lewiston —famous for its stupendous suspen- 
 sion bridge -even longer than tbu one further 
 up the river, being lot.") feet long. 
 
 NiAiiAHA Falls. — In aildilion to the mime of 
 the celebrated Falls, the town in the immediate 
 vicinily takes also the name of Niagara Falls - 
 situated in the Slate of New Viu'k. 
 
 As is well known, it is the fashionable resort 
 of all who <lesire to make their residence on the 
 American side of the river. The hotels are on 
 the largest scale, and characterized by great 
 magiiilleence and comfort. Trains ai'riv(> at 
 and dejiart from the station at the town, to and 
 from wbieb omnibuses run in connection with 
 the principal hotels. 
 
 The town on the American Hide, at Suspen- 
 sion liridgo, is known by the name of Niagara 
 City. 
 
 Travellers for tho Falls should check their 
 baggage to " Niagara Falls," if they intend resid- 
 ing on the American side ; and to " Suspension 
 llridge, Clifton," if on the Canadian side -on 
 which side there are excellent hotels also. 
 
 The large illustration of the Falls given in the 
 accompanying page, was taken from what is 
 considered the best point for seeing both the 
 American and Canadian (or Ilorse-Shoei Falls 
 together, viz., near the Cliflon House, on the 
 ('anadian side of the river. This view was 
 taken by photograph, by M. Haiiungel, I'lioto- 
 graphcr, llroadway, New York, last summer, 
 and is decidedly the best and most correct view 
 of tho Falls we ever saw on paper. To pre- 
 seive, as far as possible, in the process of en- 
 graving, all the (letails of the great original, we 
 have had M. llanungers ininienso photograph 
 re-photographed on a reduced scale on wood, 
 by Price's patent process, and engraved, so that 
 we can, with conddeiice, refer to the iiceompany- 
 iiig view of the Niagara Falls as correct in every 
 particular. 
 
 The other illustrations presented have also 
 been engraved from photogra|)lis taken there 
 last .summer. 
 
 FROM NEW ronK. 
 No. 3. Miles. ('ost. 
 
 New Vork anil Krie Knllroad to Klmlra.. 274 $6.00 
 
 Kail, from Kliuira to Niagara Kails lt!(l 4.10 
 
 ROUTES TO THE FALLS. 
 
 There are several routes from the Atlantic scabonnl, the best of wlilch we give, with the distances and fare, 
 a!< near as can be asceituinud ; as aUo uiie fruiii Quebec through Canada : — 
 
 rnoM NKW YORK. 
 
 No. 1. Miles. Cost. 
 
 l<U'iiiiier, from New York to Albany ^M . . .♦I..''i0 
 
 Kiill, frnm Albany to Uocbester.. ," '229 iM 
 
 Kali, froiu Kocliester to Niagara Falls. .. 70 i.ti'i 
 
 Total 4.W....|7.(iO 
 
 £1 lOi. (ill. stg, 
 Froi.i >>w York to Albany the Hud.son Klver Itall- 
 lOBil can be taken; distance, 144 miles; fare, i'iM. 
 
 No. 2, Miles. Cost. 
 
 N. York and Erie It. R. to Hornellsvllle. . 3»i. . . .♦«.7.') 
 
 Rail, from Hornellsvllle to HulTalo 91 ... 2.11) 
 
 Rail, from UulTalo to Niagara Falls . 22 O.GO 
 
 Total 446 ... . $9.4fi 
 
 £1 ls». sic 
 Or, per New York and Erie Railroad to Rochester 
 and UuQalo direct, 298 miles, thence as above. 
 
 Total. 
 
 .. 440. ..110.10 
 
 £2 0«. M. atg. 
 
 rROM qCEDEC. 
 
 No. 4. Miles. Cost. 
 
 Kail, to Montreal 171 |ti.oo 
 
 Rail, from Montreal to Toronto 8*) lO.lM) 
 
 Kail, from Toronto to Niagara Falls 81 1.88 
 
 Total BS.^. . . $17.88 
 
 £3 \U. 6</. stg. 
 
 From Toronto the steamer can be taken to Niagara, 
 
 (36 miles,) on Lake Ontario ; thence rail (U miles) to 
 
 Suspension Bridge. Total distance, from Toronto, 
 
 about 60 miles ; cost, (1.60 (C«. stg.). 
 
ivnr N'ia^nrii, 
 
 tlotIA ltllH|KMl- 
 
 3 one I'lirilicr 
 
 thu iiitino III 
 he iliillli'(li:ito 
 itfuiu Fiills - 
 
 (mal)li' ii'Hdil 
 idi'iK'f (111 till' 
 
 lliltl'l:* nil' i>l\ 
 
 /.u(l t)y uri'iit 
 inti uri'ivi! ut 
 I town, to ivml 
 iiiiection willi 
 
 \e, ftt Huspcn- 
 III' of Xiii^iini 
 
 (1 clii'i'k tlii'ir 
 •y iiiti'iicl rosiil- 
 
 > " SllHlll'ILsioIl 
 
 idiiiii siilf -oil 
 tols also. 
 IIh ^ivuii in tliu 
 iVoin wlmt in 
 L'l'inij Ixilli tlio 
 isi'-Slioi') Falt.H 
 House, on llie 
 riiis view was 
 
 lllUllgl'l, I'lioto- 
 
 , last hiiniini'i', 
 ist correct view 
 apcr. To lire- 
 iroccss of di- 
 al orijjinal, wc 
 IMO pliotogiiipli 
 scale on wood, 
 ijjraved, so that 
 till" ucconiiiuny- 
 correct in every 
 
 inted have also 
 Iks taken tlicro 
 
 stances anil fare, 
 
 Miles. t'ost. 
 ra.. •274....»6.(lO 
 .. Kit).... 4.11) 
 
 .. 441)... $10.10 
 £2 U8. 6d. atg. 
 
 Mile*. Cost. 
 . U1....»«00 
 .. 88iJ....10.l>0 
 .. 81.... 1.88 
 
 .... 5Sft...»lT.83 
 
 £S Uh. 6</. stR. 
 
 taken to Nlapara, 
 
 rail (14 miles) to 
 
 ;e, from Toronto, 
 
 R. M. GODDARB & CO., 
 BANKERS, 
 
 NIAGARA FAL.L$i, IV. Y. 
 
 R. II. OODDARD. DANISL UORRK. 
 
 KRrtR TO 
 
 Impnrtem' A Traders' Hank, New Yiirk, 
 KxchiiiiKe lliink, l.iu-kport, New York, 
 llrown A Keep, iluiikura, llulliilo, N"W York. 
 Depimlts recelveil ; Kxoli«iigi' on New York, Alliany 
 HTiil Udstiin ; Collections niaile at current rates, anil 
 proiiiptl.v remltte<l on day of payiaent. Uncarreiit 
 iMoiicy iiouKlit anil sold. Money remitted to (ireat 
 llrltain and all other parts of Kurope. hand War- 
 runts lioiiKlit and sold. Al.ii>, nKenU fur lliu sale of 
 Iiassaue llekets to and from tlie irlnclpal cities In 
 iurope. IW n. M. OODOAUl), ilary Public for 
 Niagara County. 
 
 The Six Nations Indian Store, 
 
 FALLS ST., NIAGARA FALLS, 
 
 (OI'I'UHITB INTERN ATIO.NAL HOTEL.) 
 
 Kept by 
 
 A large Aiiortment of 
 INDIAN BEAD WORK, 
 
 MOOSE HAIR it rOUCUPINE QUILLS, 
 
 r A. N- s. 
 
 And other Fancy Goods and Indian 
 Curiosities, 
 
 MANUFACTUnii:!) BY INDIANS ON TIIE PREMISEfl. 
 
 L. H. F. HAMIIjTON, 
 
 O-UIIDE, 
 
 WILL 
 
 CONDUCT PARTIES 
 
 ANO GIVE INFORMATION 
 
 CONCERNING ALL rolNTS OK INTEREST 
 
 Around rVia8:ara FallN. 
 
 Refers to tho OtHccrs of tho several Ilotols. 
 
 JANES DAVY & BROTHERS, 
 
 (forhkrlt nuiDEtt,) 
 HAVE ALWAYS IN READINESS 
 
 CARRIAGES, 
 
 TO CONVEY FARTIES TO ALL THE POINTS 
 OF INTEREST IN THE 
 
 VICINITY OF NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 N. B. — Bebi(j hriff residents of this place, can 
 give Hranijers all dtnired information. 
 
 Inquire nt the Six Nations Indian Store, 
 opposite Internationul Hotel, Falls Street, or 
 at the Niagara llouso. Main Street. 
 
 GREAT WESTERN HOTEL, 
 SUSPENSION BRIDGE, 
 
 CANADA SIDE. 
 
 I' 
 
 3VC. TS. .A. •\7- A. T^ J 
 
 PROPR I ETOR. 
 
 [ki. 
 
 fW Trains anive at, and depart from, the Kailroad Station 
 opposite the Hotel. 
 
 O ^.XiXlX ^.a-S S TO TXXS FA.XiIiS, 
 
 AND DRIVES IN TIIE VICTNITY. 
 
 I 
 
TRIP FROM MONTREAL TO OTTAWA. 
 
 79 
 
 MONTREAL TO OTTAWA, 0. W. 
 
 Tins beautiful route may be traversed either by rail from Montreal to Prescott Junction, 
 and th'jnce by rail to Ottawa, as described elsewhere ; or it may be taken by way of rail 
 to Lachine, steamer from Lachine to CaiTillon, rail from Carrillon to Grenville, and Gren- 
 ville to Ottawa by steamer again. By this route it will be seen that there are several 
 changes to be made, which cannot be avoided, on account of the rapids on the riTcr, which 
 cannot be " run" by the steamer. 
 
 This route is one so little known, that, notwithstanding the disadvantages which chong- 
 ing 80 often presents, we have thought it advisable to give a brief account of the trip to 
 Ottawa, as made by us last June, addressing ourselves as if the reader were going. Pro- 
 ceeding in cab or omnibus to Griffiniown — 1-J- miles from post-office, Montreal — you 
 arrive and book at the Lachine Railroad Depot ; fare through to Ottawa, first class, $3 ; 
 second class, $2. Strange to say, no baggage is " checked through," on this route as via 
 Grand Trunk railroad, or the other lines in the United States. 
 
 Started on the cars, therefore, with a string of tickets to and from the different points on 
 your way, you soon reach Lachine, nine miles off. At Lachine you change cars, and step 
 on boaid the steamer " Lady Simpson" 'n waiting, and once under weigh, you get a fine 
 view of the mighty St Lawrence, with Lake St. Louis close at hand. 
 
 Not long after the steamer starts, breakfast will be announced, which may be partaken 
 of, if you had not got it before you started from Montreal. An excellent breakfast for 
 U. lOid. currency, (Is. 6d. stg.,) or S'?-} cents. If a fine morning, you will be delighted 
 with the sail, as the steamer skims along the shore of the Island of Montreal, till she 
 reaches St. Anne's, at the extreme corner of that island. At St. Anne's, the steamer leaves 
 the St. Lawrence, and passes through the locks there, and is then on the bosom of the Ot- 
 tawa. You will scarcely be able to imagine it to be a river ; in reality, it forms the Lake 
 of the Two Mountains, being one of the numerous lakes which the Ottawa may be said 
 to be a succession of. 
 
 At St Anne's you will get an excell ot view of the substantial 8ton<5 bridge of the Grand 
 Trunk Roilway, which here crosses the Ottawa, and which foraw a striking contrast to the 
 mistaken policy of the railway companies in the United States in building so many 
 " rickety" wooden bridges — with their warnings up of fines of so much if you trot a horse 
 over them — and which in going over so many accidentt; have occurred. Here, possibly, 
 you moy observe, against one of the piers of this bridge, a portion of a large raft, which, in 
 " running" the rapids last season, became unmanageable and dashed up against the bridge 
 — scattering the raft in all directions — to the great loss of the proprietor of it Some of 
 the logs may be seen j v.!,, resting up against the pier of the bridge, as if trying to clear all 
 before them, and the gigantic pier standing up, in its mighty strength, as if bidding them 
 float quietly past 
 
 St Anne's is the spot where the poet Moore located the scene of his celebrated Canadian 
 Boat Song, 
 
 CANADIAN BOAT SONG. 
 
 BT TU0MA3 HOORE. 
 
 Faintly as tolls the evening chime, 
 Our voices keep tune and our oars keep time ; 
 Soon as the woods on shore look dim, 
 We'll sing at St. Anne's our parting hymn. 
 
 Bow, brothers, row, the stream runs fast, 
 
 The Rapids are near, and the daylight's past. 
 
 _ Why should we yet our sail unfurl ? 
 There is not a breath the blue wave to curl ; 
 But when the wind blows off the shore, 
 Oh I sweetly we'll rest our weary oar. 
 
 Blow, breezes, blow, the stream runs fast, 
 
 The Rapids are near, and the daylight's past. 
 
80 
 
 TRIP UP THE OTTAWA. 
 
 Ottawa's tide ! this trembling moon 
 Shalt see us float over thy surges soon. 
 Saint of this green Isle ! hear our prayers, 
 Oh ! grant us cool heavens and favoring airs. 
 
 Blow, breezes, blow, tlio stream runs fast. 
 
 The Rapids are near, and the daylight's past. 
 
 Started from St Anne's you shortly reach a beautiful expansion of the Ottawa — which 
 forma here what is called T^e Lake of the Two Mountains — named from the two moun- 
 tains which are seen to the north, rising four hundred to five hundred feet high. 
 
 After sailing a short time, and witli youi face to the bow of the steamer, you will ob- 
 serve, to the right, where this great river — coming slowly and silently along — is divided by 
 the Island of Montreal ; 'he one fork of the river which you observe to the north-oast, wind- 
 ing its way past the island, after which it makes its acquaintance with the St. Lawrence, 
 to the north-east of Montreal. The other fork, or division on which you have just started 
 from, at St. Anne's, meets the St. Lawrence there ; although, strange to say, the waters of 
 these two immense rivers — as if not relishing the mixture of each other, and thus forming 
 one — continue their separate and undivided distinctness for milos, -till they meet with such 
 rough treatment, from cither torrents, wind, or waves, that they join issue, and form at 
 last, one immense river in the St Lawrence, in which the beautiful but majestic Ottawa is 
 swallowed up. 
 
 In the last report on the Geological Survey of Canada, the following remarks on the com- 
 ponent parts, and other peculiarities, of the Ottawa and St Lawrence occur : — 
 
 " The water of the Ottawa, containing but little more than one-third as much solid mat- 
 ter as the St. Lawrence, is impregnated with a much larger portion of organic matter, 
 derived from the decomposition of vegetable remains, and a large amount of alkalies uncora- 
 bined with chlorine or sulphuric acid. Of the alkalies determined as clilorids, the chlorid 
 of potassium in the Ottawa water forms thirty-two per cent, and in that of the St Lawrence, 
 only sixteen per cent.; while in the former, the silicia equals thirty-four per cent., and in 
 the latter, twenty-three per cent, of the mineral matters. The Ottawa drains a region of 
 crystalline rocks, and receives from these by far the greater part of its -vaters; hence the 
 salts of potash, liberated by the decomposition of these rocks, are in large proportion. The 
 extensive vegetable decomposition, evidenced by the organic matters dissolved in the water, 
 will also have contributed a portion of potash. It will be recollected that the proportion 
 of potash salts in the chlorids of sea-water and saline waters, generally, does not equal more 
 than two or three per cent As to the St Lawrence, although the basin of Lake Superior, 
 in which the river takes its origin, is surrounded by ancient sandstones, and by crystalline 
 rocks, it afterwards flows through lakes whose basins are composed of palaeozoic strata, 
 which abound in limestones rich in gypsum and salt, and these rocks have given the waters 
 of this river that predominance of soda, chlorine, and sulphuric acid which distinguishes it 
 from the Ottawa. It is an interesting geographical feature of these two rivers, that they 
 each pass through a series of great lakes, in which the waters are enabled to deposit their 
 suspended impurities, and thus are rendered remarkably clear and transparent" 
 
 The two rivers thus not mixing at once, is owing, we presume, to the specific gravity of 
 the one being much heavier than that of the other. Tlie two are distinctly seen flowing 
 down together, by the diff'erence in their color. 
 
 The lake you are now upon — if a fine morning, and in summer — will be as calm as a mill- 
 pond, and, with its wooded islands, and nicely-wooded country round about, forms a scene 
 of the finest character. Each turn the steamer takes, it opens up with it new beauties. 
 Sometimes, however, the lake, now so placid and beautiful to look upon, is raised like a 
 raging sea, rendering its navigation not so easy, as many a poor raftsman has found to his 
 cost, whilst navigating his treasure of lumber to Quebec or Lachine. You niay, possibly, 
 see some of these rafts of lumber as you pass along. Nowhere in the whole of America, 
 we believe, will you see such magnificent and valuable rafts of lumber as on the Ottawa. 
 The rafts on the Delaware, Ohio, and Mississippi, which we have seen, are nothing to com- 
 
TRIP UP THE OTTAWA. 
 
 81 
 
 rks on the com- 
 
 pare to them— either in size or in the value of the wood of •which they are composed. (See 
 Lumber and Lumbermen,) 
 
 Passing onwards on the lake, you will ohserve Tire Indian Village, at the base of the 
 Two Mountains. There reside the remnants of two tribes, the Iroquois and Algonquins. 
 
 On the sandy soil behind the village, the Indians have their games, foot races, etc., etc. 
 
 After passing there, the steamer will probably stop at Vaudbeul, at the head of the Lake 
 of the Two Mountaius. Proceeding on from there, the steamer will steer for Point Anglais, 
 (English Point,) find from there cross over to the settlement of Eegald, and a hill of the 
 same name, on the river Le Graisse. 
 
 After enjoying the beauties of the scene on every side, you will shortly find yourself at 
 Carrillon. Opposite Carrillon is situated Point Fortune, the station which leads per stage 
 to the Caledonia Springs, unless passengers wish to go there from L'Original, which 
 you will reach, by-and-by. by taking the cars at Carrillon, the point you have now 
 reached. 
 
 At Carrillon you will leave the steamer, walk iip to the train which is in readiness to 
 convey you from there to Grenville. On alighting from the steamer, look after your bag- 
 gage — see it placed on the cart which is to convey it from there to the train — and then ses 
 it placed on the train. 
 
 You will have a few minutes to wait at Carrillon, during which time you can be survey- 
 ing the beauties of the scene around you — and get a peep of the rapids Avliich here pass 
 from Grenville to Carrillon, where you are. 
 
 " All aboard," as the conductor says ; the bell on the engine rings, and you are on the 
 high road to Grenville. 
 
 This road passes through farms in all stages of elearing — the numerous shanties betoken- 
 ing that they are held by their original proprietors, who are struggling to see them all 
 cleared some day, and present a very different scene from what they do at present. Pass- 
 ing through, therefore — dismal enough swamp — some good land — farms cleared and un- 
 cleared — you arrive at Chatham Station (C. E). You will remember that you are noAv in 
 Canada East — the ether side of the River Ottawa, all the way up, nearly to its source, being 
 Canada West ; you, no doubt, arc aware that Canada East is inhu liited chiefly by French 
 Canadians, (Roman Catholics,) and Canada West chiefly by British, or descendants of 
 such, (and mostly Protestants,) the Scotch people forming a large portion of the population 
 in Canada West. Passing Chath ni Station — and a good many cleared farms in its neighbor- 
 hood — you shortly reach Grenville, where the train stops, and you take the steamer 
 " Phoenix." Here again look after your baggage, and see it on board. 
 
 At Grenville, you cannot fail to be forcibly struck with the beauty of the scenery now 
 disclosed to your view. Not being of a poetical disposition, we regret our inability to do 
 it that justice, in our description of it, to which it is entitled. From this point, the steamer 
 turns round, to start on towards Ottawa, 58 miles off (6^ hours). To our mind, this is the 
 finest scene on the whole trip. Tlie Ottawa here forms a sort of bay, with exquisitely 
 beautiful scenery all round it— on one side a range of hills, stretching along as far as the 
 eye can carry, wooded to their tops. Tlie scenery reminds us of the vicinity of Ellen's Isle, 
 on Loch Katrine, (Scot.,) only, tliat on the Ottawa, at this point, the hills are wooded — 
 whilst those of the Scottish lake are barren — or covered only with pasture and heather. 
 
 Passing on from this charming point of view, the steamer now goes direct up the river 
 for Ottawa City, making several stops by the way : the first is Hartwick's old landing, next, 
 L'Original, with its excellent pier, and pretty, quiet little town in the distance. 
 
 Proceeding on, you will pass, on the right hand or north side of the river, the lands of 
 the Papincau Seigniory, belonging to L. J. Papincau, of 183*7 Canadian rebellion notoriety. 
 Tills gentleman, we believe, still strongly adheres to his republican opinions, and is not a 
 member in the Canadian legislature, at present. Before the rebellion alluded to, Mr. Papi- 
 ncau held the office of Speaker, and at the time of the rebellion, it is said government was 
 due him about $4,000, which, on the restoration of peace, etc., he received on his return 
 from exile, notwithstanding that he had been one of the leaders in that movement, in 1837. 
 
 , 
 
If 
 \ 
 
 fi 
 
 
 82 
 
 TRIP UP THE OTTAWA. 
 
 The seigniory extends for about 16 miles, and is considered one of the poorest in Canada. 
 As you pass on, you will observe the beautiful range of hills, to the north, which, from the 
 different sizes and shapes they assume, present, with their shrubbery, a beautiful fringe 
 work, to the scene all around. These hills form part of the chain, which range from 
 Labrador, all the way to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Passing the stopping point of Montebello, you will observe Mr. Papineau's residence, 
 embosomed amongst trees and shrubbery of beautiful foliage. It is called Papineau's Castle 
 — Cape St. Marie. At this point, the steamer turns to the left, leaving the hills referred 
 to, behind you. From Mr. Papineau's house, a most magnificent view of the river, and 
 surrounding country, must be had — occupying so prominent a position, at the bend of the 
 river, which there forms a sort of bay. 
 
 Proceeding on, you will now observe that the scenery assumes rather a different aspect, 
 but still beautiful in its character. You sail past little islands wooded all over, and on be- 
 tween the banks of the river — which in some places become very flat, with the river ex- 
 tending in amongst the forest. At a more advanced season of the year, the river is lower, 
 consequently, much of the water previously spread over a great portion of the country, re- 
 cedes during the summer months, and before the winter season sets in, a heavy crop of 
 hay is reaped. For nearly eight months in the yeor, however, the ground is thus covered 
 with the swelling of the river, and of course only fit for cultivation during the hot season 
 of about four months' duration. 
 
 You are now approaching to a ploce about twenty-eight miles of Ottawa — called Thurso 
 — which presents nothing particular but an immense yard full of sawn lumber, belonging 
 to the greatest lumbering estoblishment in the world — PoUok, Gilmour <t Co., of Glasgow, 
 (Scotland,) being one of the many stations which that firm have in Canada, for carrying on 
 their immense trade. From off immense tracts of land, which they hold from government 
 for u mere trifle — situated in diflferent districts on the Ottawa — they have the lumber 
 brought to wharves on the river, made into rofts and then floated down ; that intended for 
 the ports on the St. Lawrence and United States, to the west of Montreal, going via La- 
 chine, whilst the greater proportion goes via the route you have been travelling — over the 
 rapids and down to Lake St. Peter's, on the St. Lowrence, till it finally reaches Quebec. 
 There it is sold or shipped by them to ports in Great Britain, large quantities of it finding 
 its way to the Clyde (Scotland). Opposite to Thurso, will be observed what is called 
 Foxe's Point. An English family of that name have settled there, and to this day they 
 appear not to hove forgot their taste for neat, well-trimmed grounds, fences, etc., exhibit- 
 ing many of the characteristics of an Englishman's home. Passing on, you next stop at 
 probably the wharf for Buckingham, (C. E.,) 17 miles inland. Opposite to this landing is 
 Cumberland, (C. W.) ; passing wliich, you will shortly reach Gill's wharf, 6 miles from Ot- 
 tawa, and the last stopping-place previous to reaching there. 
 
 In half an hour or so, you will observe the bluffs of Ottawa in the distance, but no ap- 
 pearance of the city, it being situated on ground high above the level of the river, where 
 you land at. To the left you will notice the beautiful little waterfall of the Rideau — a 
 Niagara in miniature — with its Goat Island between the horse shoe and straight line fall. 
 It falls about 30 feet, and forms one of the prettiest little falls to be seen almost anywhere. 
 On the right hand, you will observe a cluster of wooden shanties, at the mouth of the river 
 Gatineau, which there joins the Ottawa, and, as you stand admiring the beauty of the 
 scenery before, behind, and around you, the steamer touches at the wharf of Ottawa City. 
 From the deck of the steamer, you will have an excellent view of the suspension bridge 
 and the Chauderie Falls in the distance, with the rapids and the falls, throwing up the 
 spray all around, forming a white cloud over the bridge. At the wharf you will find 
 vehicles waiting to convey you to any hotel or address you may wish to go to. On reach- 
 ing the top of the steep incline from the steamer, you will then obtain a first sight, per- 
 haps, of Ottawa City, which was to hove been the seat of the Canadian Government — and 
 wliich may be yet^ — should the whim or interest of tho members of the provincial parlia- 
 ment not decree otherv/ise. 
 
TRIP UP THE OTTAWA. 
 
 83 
 
 The steamer " Lady Simpson," from Lachine to Grenville, is partly owned by its captain — 
 Shcppard. 
 
 The steamer " Phosnix" — on board which you will find an excellent dinner for fifty cents, 
 (2». stg.,) — is commanded by a very civil and obliging Scotchman named McLachlan — who 
 will be glad to point out to you the beauties of the river. From Grenville to Ottawa — a 
 French-Canadian pilot takes charge of the steering of the vessel. 
 
 Parties who go to Ottawa City — by rail, via Prescott — as described elsewhere, can return 
 from Ottawa by the route now described, and we have no doubt they *ill be pleased with 
 one of the finest river trips we have experienced in America. The scenery of the Ottawa, 
 just described, is by no means so bold in character as that of the noble river Hudson, from 
 New York to Albany ond Troy — still, it is one which cannot fail to ofTord the highest satis- 
 faction to the tourist. 
 
 For bolder BceriCry, and the highlands of the Ottawa — see next page for account of 
 the Upper Ottawa — being a continuation of the same river from Ottawa — away north-west 
 extending to parts as yet untrod by few, if any, white men — far less by tourists. 
 
 MONTREAL TO OTTAWA, C. W. 
 
 VIA GRAND TBUNK RAILKOAD. 
 
 Take the cars on the Grand Trunk Railroad from station in Griffin Town, 1^ miles from 
 post-office, Montreal. Started from the station, you proceed, getting a fine view of the St. 
 Lawrence on the left, the mountain on the right, and the fine landscape stretching beyond, 
 till you reach Point Cloire — 1 5 miles. Leaving there, you proceed on through a beautiful 
 country till you reach the magnificent bridge which crosses the river Ottawa at St. Anne's, 
 going over which you got a hasty glance of the Ottawa stretching far beyond to the west, 
 assuming the appearance of a magnificent lake, situated in a basin, surrounded by finely- 
 wooded hills in the background, andr ichly- wooded country on every side of it. Immedi- 
 ately under this bridge you may observe the raj)id3 rushing along, and also the locks 
 where the steamer for the Ottawa River, from Lachine, passes through to avoid these 
 —called "St. Anne's rapids" — from the name of the village close by. 
 
 You pass on to Vaudreuil, 24 miles; Cedars, 29 miles; Coteau Landing, 37 miles; River 
 Beaudette, 44 miles; Lancaster, 54 miles; Summerstown, 60 miles; Cornwall, 68 miles; 
 Moulinette, 73 miles ; Dickinson Landing, 77 miles ; Aultsville, 84 miles ; WDliamsburg, 
 92 miles; Matilda, 99 miles; Edwardsburg, 104 miles, to Prescott Junction, 112 miles from 
 Montreal. 
 
 At Prescott Junction, you change cars, and take those on the line from Prescott to Ottawa, 
 54 miles distant, stopping at eight stations between these points. Tlie stranger, if 
 newly arrived, either via Quebec, or New York, from Great Britain, or continent of Eu- 
 rope, will, on this line, get the first glimpse, most likely, of " busli life," of " shanties," and 
 " cleared," or " partially cleared" lands. The line being a succession of dense forest, 
 swamp, and partially cleared farms, presents few or no interesting features to the tourist 
 farther than those mentioned. Between the last station (Glouccbter) and Ottawa (11 
 miles off) the country presents a much more cleared appearance, and a few well-cultivated 
 farms will be seen along the line of railroad, until it arrives at the station, close to New 
 Edinburgh, on the one side of the Rideau River, with Ottawa on the other side, about a 
 quarter of a mile off. 
 
 You will find vehicles in waiting, which will convey yourself and luggage to whatever 
 hotel you please. Campbell's Hotel, Ottawa, we can recommend. 
 
 For description of Ottawa, see elsewhere. 
 
 After you have visited Ottawa, its river above the town, etc., etc., you can return to 
 Montreal, via steamer on the River Ottawa, via Grenville, Lachine, etc., (see Montreal to 
 Ottawa, via Lachine and steamer,) or the way you cuiii'» 
 
 %\ 
 
I 
 
 ii 
 
 ! 
 
 84 
 
 THE UPPER OTTAWA AND TRIBUTARIES. 
 
 UNITED STATES TO OTTAWA, C. W. 
 
 Prescott Junction, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 112 niiles from Montreal, is the nearest 
 point for tourists and eniigi-ants from the United States. 
 
 Prescott is approached by steamer from Ogdeusburg, opposite side of the river. 
 
 Or via rail to Cape Vincent, thence steamer to Kingston, and rail to Prescott. 
 
 Or via steamer all the way, viz.. Cape Vincent, passing through the Thousand Islands, 
 past Brockville on to Prescott. 
 
 Or via steamer to Brockville, thence rail to Prescott Junction. 
 
 From Prescott to Ottawa proceed per rail, as mentioned in preceding route. See " Mon- 
 treal to Ottawo," per Grand Trunk Railroad. 
 
 From Suspension Bridge or Niagara Falls, per Great Western Rail to Toronto, and thence 
 Grand Trunk Railroad to Prescott Junction ; thence, rail. Or steamer from Lewiston or Nia- 
 gara to Toronto, and thence, steamer on Canada side, or by the American line of steamers 
 from Lewiston and Niagara direct to Brockville or Ogdensburg, 
 
 THE UPPER RIVER OTTAWA. 
 
 A DESCRiTTioN of the lower portion of the Ottawa we have given elsewhere, in a trip 
 from Montreal to Ottawo, leaving the river on reaching the town of Ottawa. 
 
 For an authentic description of the upper portion of this wonderful river, we annex par- 
 ticulars regarding it, from a report made to the House of Assemljly, some time ago. Tlie 
 description of the river which follows, commences at the source of the river, and proceeds 
 on towards Ottawa, till it reaches the point we left off at : 
 
 The length of the course of the Ottawa River is about 780 miles. From its source it 
 bends in a south-west course, and after receiving several tributaries from the height of 
 land separating its waters from the Hudson's Bay, it enters Lake Temiscaniing. From its 
 entrance into this lake downward the course of the Ottawa has been surveyed, and is well 
 known. 
 
 At the head of the lake the Blanch River falls in, coming about 90 miles from the north. 
 Tliirty-four miles farther down the lake it receives the Montreal R' .'er, coming 120 miles 
 from the north-west Six miles lower down on the east, or Lower Canada bank, it re- 
 ceives the Keepawasippi, a large river, Avhich has its origin in a lake of great size, hither- 
 to but partially explored, and known as Lake Keepawa. This lake is connected with an- 
 other chain of irregularly-shaped lakes, from one of which proceeds the River du Moine, 
 which enters the Ottawa about 100 miles below the mouth of the Keepawasippi, the 
 double discharge from the same chain of lakes in opposite directions, presents a, phenom- 
 enon similar to the connection between the Orinoco and Rio Negro in South America. 
 
 From the Long Sault at the foot of Lake Temiscaming, 233 miles above Bytown, and 
 360 miles from the mouth of the Ottawa, down to Deux Joachim Rapids, at the head of 
 the Deep River, that is for 89 miles, the Ottawa, with the exception of 17 miles below the 
 Long Sault, and some other intervals, is not at present navigable, except for canoes. Be- 
 sides other tributaries in the interval, at 197 miles from Ottawa, it receives on the west 
 side the Mattawan, which is the highway for canoes going to Lake Huron, by Lake Nipis- 
 sing. From the Mattawan the Ottawa flows east by south to the head of Deep River 
 Reach, 9 miles above which it receives the River Du Moine from the north. 
 
 From tlie head of Deep River — as this part of the Ottawa is called — to the foot of Upper 
 Allumette Lake, 2 miles below the village of Pembroke, is an uninterrupted reach of navi- 
 gable water, 43 miles in length. The general direction of the river, in this pBrt> is south- 
 east. The mountains along the north side of Deep River are upwards of \QQO feet in 
 height, and the many wooded islands of Allumette Lake render the scenery of this part of 
 the Ottawa magnificent and picturesque — even said to surpass the celebrated Lake of the 
 Thousand Islands on the St. Lawrence. 
 
THE UPPER OTTAWA— AND RIVER SAGUENAY. 
 
 86 
 
 is the nearest 
 
 e. See " Mon- 
 
 Passing the short rapid of Allumettcs, and turning northward, round the lower end of 
 Allumettes Island, whioh is 14 miles long, and 8 at its greatest width, and turning down 
 south-east through Coulonge Lake, and passing behind the nearly similar Islands of Calu- 
 met, to the head of the Calumet Falls, the Ottawo presents, with the exception of one 
 slight rajiid, a reach of 50 miles of navigable water. Tlie mountains on the north side of 
 Coulonge Lake, which rise apparently to the height of 1500 feet, add a degree of grandeur 
 to the scenery, which is, in other respects, beautiful and varied. In the Upper Allumettea 
 Lake, 1500 miles from Ottawa, the river receives from the west the Petawawee, one of its 
 largest tributaries. This river is 140 miles in length, and drains n area of 2,200 squore 
 miles. At Pembroke, 9 miles lower down on the lame side, an inferior stream, the Indian 
 River, also empties itself into the Ottawa. 
 
 At the head of I>ake Coulonge, the Ottawa receives from the north the Black River, 130 
 miles in length, draining an area of 1120 miles; and 9 miles lower, on the same side, the 
 River Coulonge, which is probably 160 miles in length, with a valley of 1800 square 
 miles. 
 
 From the head of the Calumet Falls, to Portage du Fort, the head of the steamboat nov- 
 igation, a distance of 80 miles, are impassible rapids. Fifty miles above the city the Otta- 
 wa receives on the west the Bonechere, 110 miles in length, draining an area of 980 
 miles. Eleven miles lower, it receives the Madawaska, one of its greatest feeders, a river 
 210 miles in length, and draining 4,100 square miles. 
 
 Tliirty-seven miles above Ottawa, there is an interruption in the navigation, caused by 
 3 miles of rapids and falls, to pass which a railroad has been made. At the foot of the 
 rapids, the Ottawa divides among islands. 
 
 Six miles above Ottawa begins the rapids, terminating in the Chaudiire Falls, Ottawa. 
 
 The greatest heifjht of the Chaudiire Falls is about 40 feet. 
 
 A TRIP TO THE RIVER SAGUENAY. 
 
 For about $12, a trip can be enjoyed to and from one of the most magnificent districts in 
 Canada — where nature appears in all her wild and secluded grandeur. 
 
 Tourists take the steamer from Quebec, which sails generally every Wednesday. 
 
 To quote from one who visited this district, " You leave in the morning, and passing 
 down the St Lawrence, put in at several places for [lassengers, which gives an opportunity 
 of seeing the habitatm, and the old-fashioned French settlements of St. Thomas, River 
 Ouelle, Kamouraska, and many others, together with Orleans Island, Crane luand. Goose 
 Island, and the Pilgrims. The north and south shores of the river are thickly studded with 
 parish churches, having spires of tin whicli glitter in the sun like shining silver ; these, and 
 the whitewashed farm-houses, form two objects characteristic of Lower Canada. By sunset 
 you arrive at River du Loup. The water is quite salt, and the river, expanding to the 
 breadth of 20 miles, gives it the appearance of an open sea; and it is much frequented as a 
 sea-bathing place. 
 
 " Here you remain all night on board, so as to be ready for an early start nt dawn, when 
 you stretch across for the north shore, steering for a great gap in the mountains. This is 
 the mouth of the Saguenay, one of the most singular rivers in the world ; not a common 
 river, with undulating banks and shelving shores, and populous villages: not a river pre- 
 cipitous on one side, and rolling land on the other, formed by the washing away of the 
 mountains for ages : this is not a river of that description. It is perfectly straight, with a 
 sheer ])recipico on each side, without any windings, or projecting bluffs, or sloping banks, 
 or sandy shores. It is as if the mountain range had been cleft asunder, leaving a horrid 
 gulf of 60 miles in length, and 4000 feet in depth, through the grey mica-schist, and still 
 looking new and fresh. 1500 feet of this is perpendicular cliff, often too steep and solid for 
 the hemlock or dwarf oak to find root ; in which case, being covered with coloured lichens 
 and moss, these fresh-looking fractures often look, in shape and colour, like painted fans, 
 oud are called the Pictured Rocks. But those parts, more slanting, are thickly covered with 
 
 !'■■ 
 
86 
 
 RIVER SAGUENAY. 
 
 Btunteil trees, spnioe and maple, ami birch, growing wherever they can find crevices to 
 extract nourislimcnt: and tlie bare roots of tlie oak, grnsplng the roclc, Iiavo a resemblance 
 to gigantic claws. The b ise of tliese cliffs lie far under water, to an unknown depth. For 
 many miles from its mouth, -lo soundings have been obtained witli ooo feet of line, and for 
 the entire distance of 0(/ miles, until you reach Ila-Iia Bay, the 1.. ,fiOst ships can sail with- 
 out obstruction from banks or shoals, and oa reaching tlie extremity of the bay, can drop 
 tlieir nnchor in 30 fathoms. 
 
 " The view up this river is ?'ngular In many respects ; hour after hour, as you sail along, 
 precipice after precipice unfolds itself to view, as in a moving panorama, and you some- 
 times forget the size and height of the objects you ore eo/itemplating, until reniiiuled by 
 seeing a ship of 1000 tons 1: ing like a small piiinnoc under the towering cliff to wliich »lic 
 is moored ; for, even in these rt;mote and desolate regions, industry is at work, and, although 
 you cannc* much discern it, saw-iuiils have been built on some of the tributarj- streams 
 which full into the Saguenay. But what strikes one most, is the ab.^ence of beach or strand ; 
 for except in a few places where mountain torrents, rushing through gloomy ravines, have 
 washed down the detritus of the hills, and formed some alluvial land at the mouth, no 
 coves, nor . reeks, nor projecting rocks are seen in whiel'. a bo.it could find shelter, or any 
 footing be obtained. The characteristic is a steep wijll of rock, rising abruptly from tho 
 water — a dark and desolo'e region, where all is cold and gloomy; the mountains hidden 
 with driving mist, the water black as Ink, and cold as Ice. No diieks nor sea-gulls sitting 
 on the water, or screaming for their prey ; no hawks nor engles soaring overhead, oltliough 
 tiiere is abundance of what might be called ' Eagle Cliffs ;' no deer coming <lown to drink 
 at the streams ; no pquirrels nor birds to be seen among the trees ; no fly on the water, nor 
 swallow skimming over the surface. It reminds you of 
 
 "That lake whose gloomy shore 
 Sky-lark never warl'led o'er.' 
 
 I 
 
 One living thing you may see, but It Is a cold-blooded animal ; you may see the cold seal, 
 spreading himself upon his rlommy rock, watching for his prey. And thi« is all you see 
 for the first 20 miles, save the ancient settlement of Tadousac at the entrance, and the 
 pretty cove of L'Ance a I'Eau, .vhicli is a fishing ' ntion. 
 
 "Now I on reach Cape Eternili'i, Cape Trinite, and ma.iy other overhanging cliffs, 
 remarkable for having such clean fractures, selilora equalled for boldness and effect, which 
 create constant apprehensions of danger, even In a calm ; bui, if you happen to be caught "n 
 a thunder-storm, tlie roar, and darkness, and flashes of lightning are perfectly nppailing- 
 At last you terminate your voyage at Ila-ha Bay, that Is, smiling or laughing buy in the 
 Indion language, for you are perfectly charmed and relieved ' i arrive at a b(>autifid spot 
 where you have sloping banks, a pebbly shore, 1 oats end wherries, and vessels ridini^ at 
 anchor, birds and animals, a village, a church, Frei.ch Canadians and Scottish Highlanders, 
 and In short, there Is nothing can remind one more of a scene In Argyleshlrc. 
 
 " The day is now half spent ; you ;' avc been ashore, looking th.ough the village, examin- 
 ing Into the aature of what appeals a very thiiving settkment; the Inhabitants seem to be 
 all French and Scotch, understanding eacn othc'/s language, and 11 vine; in perfect rniity. 
 You hear that Mr. Price, of Quebec, Is the gentlcniin to whom all this improvemrnt is due. 
 Tliat It Is he who lias opened up the Saguenay country, having erected many snw-mills, 
 each the nucleus of a village, and that a trade In saw^d luir.ber i.^ carried on to tho extent 
 of 100 ship loads in the season. The river Is navigable for ships as far as Chicoutlmi, about 
 •70 miles from Its mouth. An extensive lumbering establisliment is there, and tha timber 
 is collected in winter through all t'le neighbouring country, as far as Lake ^H. John, which 
 is 60 miles furthei,- up, and Is the grand source of the Saguenay. 
 
 " After having seen and heard all this, you get on board, weigh anchor, pasF again down 
 the river, reviewing fhe solemn scene, probiibly .neetinir neither vc^-sel, boat nor came, 
 through all the dreary way, and arrive at tlie mouth of tl o river iu time to cross to River 
 
THE FALLS OF MONTMORENOI. 
 
 87 
 
 dn Loup, where you again find a safe harbour for the night. Next day you again pass up 
 the St. Lawrence, stopping for a sliort time at Murray ]ky, a beautiful grassy vuUey on 
 the north shore, surrounded by wooded mountains, and much frequented by Quebec fam- 
 ilies, as a bathing place. You arrive at Quebec in the evening, thus taking just 3 Jays for 
 your excursion, at an expense of about $12." 
 
 FALLS OF MONTMORENCI, NEAR QUEBEC. 
 
 Few strangers visit Quebec without going to see the Falls of Montmorenc!. These Falls, which arc situated 
 In a beautlf.\l nook of the river, are higher than those of Niagara, being more than two hundred and fifty 
 feet ; but they are very narrow, being only some fifty feet wide. This place is a very celebrated focus of 
 winter amusements. During the frost, the spray from the Falls accumulates to such an extent as to form a 
 coiie of some eighty fet* high. There is also a second cone of In.'erlor altitude, and It is this of which visit- 
 ors make the most use, as I.cing less dangerous than the nigher one. They carry " toboggins," — long, thin 
 pieces of wood — and having arrived at the summit, place themselves on these and slide down with immense 
 velocity. Ladies and gentlemen both enter with equal spirit Into this amusement. It requires much skill to 
 avoid accidents ; but sometimes people do tumble heels over head to the bottom. They g( nerally drive to 
 this spot In sleighs, taking their wine and provisions with them ; and upon the pure white cloth which nature 
 has spread out for them, tliey partake of their dainty repast and enjoy a moitt agreeable pic-nlc. One does 
 not feel in the least cold, as the exercise so thoroughly warms and Invigorates the system. The distance of 
 these Falls from Quebec is eight miles. 
 
1 
 
|itrt C|ir^. 
 
 U P F E R 
 
 AND 
 
 LOWER CANADA 
 
 J 
 
CONTENTS OF PART III. 
 
 * PAOi 
 
 Addinpton Road, frco lands 37 
 
 Af?ricultu'ru of Ciinada 34 
 
 Alphabetical list of cities, towns aud vil- 
 lages 40 
 
 Banks in Canada and agents 42 
 
 l^anks in Oreot Britain and Ireland. ... 4'i 
 
 Canada, general information 81 
 
 Consuls at Montreal 10 
 
 Climate 34 
 
 Conditions of oeeupying free lands. ... 89 
 
 Crown land agents 89 
 
 Canadian banks and agents 42 
 
 Crops, rotation of 86 
 
 Distribution of intestate estates 45 
 
 Expense of supporting a family 30 
 
 Emigration government oificers 41 
 
 Free lands of government 37 
 
 Free lands, conditions of occupation. .. 89 
 
 Game of the country 37 
 
 Government free lands 87 
 
 Government land agents 89 
 
 Government emigration officers 41 
 
 Hamilton, C. W 26 
 
 Hastings Road, free lands 87 
 
 Income ond expenditure of province ... 88 
 
 FAoa 
 
 Kingston. C. W 28 
 
 Laws and Municipal Institutions 82 
 
 Log house, cost ot, 86 
 
 Land agents, government 89 
 
 Lands, wild, cost of clearing 86 
 
 Montreal, 0. E 11 
 
 Money-order office system 44 
 
 Naturalization 81 
 
 Ottawa, C. \V 17 
 
 Offices lield by settlers 80 
 
 Personal intestate estate 46 
 
 Postal regulations in Canada 45 
 
 Quebec 7 
 
 llideau canal and locks 21 
 
 Religion 84 
 
 Settlers, information for 85 
 
 Sale and occupation of lands 40 
 
 School lands for sale 41 
 
 Toronto, C. W 22 
 
 Trinity College 22 
 
 Tajces payable 80 
 
 Victoria Bridge 13 
 
 Wild beasts, if troublesome 37 
 
 Wages to agriculturists 86 
 
 Work during winter 36 
 
 jlfllnotrations. 
 
 PAOI 
 
 Quebec 7 
 
 Montreal.— The entire City 12 
 
 " Great Si James street 16 
 
 " Place d'Armes 15 
 
 " Beaver Hall 16 
 
 " Bonsecour's Market 15 
 
 " Victoria Bridge 14 
 
 Toronto.— The entire City 22 
 
 " St. Lu'vrence I'lall 22 
 
 " The Normal Academy 24 
 
 King Street 23 
 
 Trinity College 24 
 
 " Yonge Street 23 
 
 " Crown Lands' Office, and Me- 
 chanics' Institution 22 
 
 Ottawa. — Lower and Central Town. ... 18 
 
 PAOI 
 
 Ottawa. — Upper Town 19 
 
 " The Locks on the Rideau Canal 21 
 
 Kingston 28 
 
 London 27 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF CANADIAN SCENERY 
 
 Will be found, on reference, as follows: 
 
 Montmorenci Falls. Part II 87 
 
 Rapids of the St Lawrence. Part II. . . 44 
 
 The Thousand Islands. Part II 4« 
 
 Descending the Lost Channel. Part II. 42 
 
 Niagara Falls. Part II 78 
 
 Suspension Bridge. Part II 70 
 
 Burning Springs, Niagara Falls. Part IL 77 
 
i 
 
NOTES 
 
 UPPER AND LOWER CANADA. 
 
 Iv the followipg pages of this part, will be f und information an<3 illnstrations relating 
 to Canada, compiled from different sources of information, as well as from our own obser- 
 vations. 
 
 As a large amount of information bearing upon the present position of Canada, and the 
 inducements it presents for emigrants, together with sketches of Canadian life, appears in 
 other parts of this work, readers are referred to them, bo that they may form a proper 
 idea of what Canada is — in 1859. 
 
 We may here remark, that although Canada does not at present offer inducements 
 for almost any description of emigrants, excepting those of the agricultural class, and how- 
 ever much some parties have — through ignorance of the country and its requirements — 
 been disappointed by emigrating there, under circumstances like the present, it is impossi- 
 ble that it can be long bjfore Canada, like other sections of the world, will recover entire- 
 ly from the effects of the late panic, and present depressed state of things generally, and 
 offer as great inducements for emigrating thither, as ever as it has done heretofore. 
 
 In future editions of this work, we purpose adding considerably to the information 
 already given, and will then have opportunities of publishing, from time to time, the con- 
 dition of the country, and what inducements there may be for emigrating to what has 
 been termed, the "land of hope, not to be disappointed." 
 
QUEBEC. 
 
 .-■ CITY OF QUEBEC— CANADA EAST. 
 
 AfwociATBD as Quebec is with so many scenes of military glory, of success as well as defeat, 
 it must at all times possess a peculiar interest to almost every one. On its fields, and 
 
 around its bat- 
 tlements, som6 
 of the bravest 
 of the sons of 
 Great Britain 
 and Ireland, 
 America and 
 France, have 
 fall en, and 
 around its cita- 
 del, some of the 
 most daring ex- 
 ploits have taken 
 place. Standing 
 on a bold and 
 precipitous pro- 
 montory, Quebec 
 has not inappro- 
 priately been 
 called the " Gib- 
 raltar of Ameri- 
 ca," with which 
 the names of the 
 brave AVolfe, 
 Montcalm, and 
 Montgomery 
 must ever re- 
 main connected. 
 The citadel 
 stands on what 
 is called Cape 
 Diamond, 3 5 
 feet above the 
 level of the sea, 
 and includes 
 about 40 acres of 
 ground. The 
 view from off the 
 citadel is of the 
 most picturesque and grand character. There will be seen the majestic St. Lawrence, 
 wine"*;;! its course for about 40 miies, whilst the background of the panoramic scene is filled 
 up by extensive plains, running backwards to lofty mountains in the distance, witli Point 
 Levi opposite, and the Island of Orleans in the distance, whilst the junction of the River St, 
 Charles, and tl .. Great River, form that magnificent shoet of water, where numerous vessels 
 are to be seen nding at anchor during the summer season. 
 
 A walk around the ramparts of tlie citadel will well repay the stranger, by a magnifi- 
 cent change of scene at every turn he takes. The city itself bears all the resemblance of a 
 
8 
 
 QUEBEC, PLAINS OF ABRAHAM, ETC. 
 
 strongly fortified and ancient city, and, in tliat respect, bo very different from the newly 
 sprung-up cities, westward. The streets are generally narrow, and, in some parts, very 
 steep, in walking from Lower Town to Upper Town, more particularly. Lower Town is 
 where all the shipping business of the port is carried on, chiefly lumber — in export — and 
 every description of goods — in import. At Quebec, the greater portion of the immense 
 lumber-district of the Ottawa finds a market ; vessels coming to Quebec, in ballast and 
 cargo, return with the logs, staves, and deals of the up-eountry. The population of 
 Quebec is largely infused with French Canadians, and in passing along its streets, nothing, 
 olniost, but the French language is heard. 
 
 In the Quebec Exchange, there is an excellent reading-room, well supplied with British, 
 American, and Canadian papers, and whicli a stranger may visit for a short time, free of 
 charge. 
 
 Tlie tourist will find a cheap and useful littlo guide to Quebec, published by Mr. Sin- 
 clair, bookseller, there, in which he will find full details of all matters of interest worthy 
 of being visited in and around the city. From it we avail ourselves of the following 
 extract: — 
 
 " A morning's ramble to the Plains of Abraham will not fail to recall historical recollec- 
 tions and to gratify a taste for beautiful scenery. On leaving the St. Louis Gate, let the 
 traveller ascend the counterscarp on the left, that leads to the fflaciK of the citadel ; and 
 hence pursuing a direction to the right, let him approach one of the Martello Towers, 
 whence he may enjoy a beautiful view of the St. Lawrence. A little beyond let him ascend 
 the right bank, and he reaches the celebrated Plains of Abraham, near the spot where 
 General AVolfe fell. On the highest ground, surrounded by wooden fences, can clearly be 
 traced out the redoubt where he received the fatal wound. He was carried a few yards 
 in the rear, and placed against a rock till he expired. It has since been removed. Within 
 an enclosure lower down, and near to the road, is the stone well from which they brought 
 him water. The English right nearly faced this redoubt, and on this position the French 
 left rested. The French .irmy arrived on the Plains from the right of tliis position, as it 
 came from Beauport, and not from Quebec ; and, on being defeated, retired down the 
 heights by which it had ascended, and not into Quebec. In front of the Plains from this 
 position stands the house of Marchmont. It is erected on the sight of a French redoubt 
 that once defended the ascent from Wolfe's Cove. Here landed the British army under 
 Wolfe's command, and, on mounting the banks, carried this detached work. The troops 
 in the garrison are usually reviewed on the Plains. The to'.i-'st may farther enjoy a 
 beautiful ride. Let him leave by St. Louis Gate and pass the Plains, and he will arrive at 
 Marchmont, the property of John Gilmour, Esq. The former proprietor. Sir John Harvey, 
 went to considerable expense in laying out the grounds in a pleasing and tasteful manner. 
 His successor. Sir Thomas Noel Hill, also resided here, and duly appreciated its beauties. 
 The view in frort of the house is grand. Here the river widens, and assumes the appear- 
 ance of a lake, whose surface is enlivened by numerous merchant-ships at anchor, and im- 
 mense rafts of timber floating down. On leaving Marchmont he will pass some beautiful 
 v'Uas, whose park-like grounds remind one of England, and from some points in which are 
 commanded views worthy of a painter's study. Among these villas may be mentioned 
 Wolfesfield, Spencer W^ood, and Woodfield. The last was originally built by the Catholic 
 Bishop of Samos, and, from the several additions made by subsequent proprietors, had a 
 somewhat irregular, though picturesque appearance. It was burnt down, and rebuilt in a 
 fine regular style. It is now the residence of James Gibb, Esq. 
 
 " In this neighbourhood is situated ]^Iount Hermon Cemetery. It is about three miles from 
 Quebec, on the south side of the St. Lewis road, and slopes irregularly but beautifully 
 down the cliff which overhangs the St. Lowrence. It is thirty-two acres in extent, and the 
 grounds were tastefully laid out by the late Major Douglass, U. S. Engineers, whose taste 
 and skill had been previously shown in the arrangement of Greenwood Cemetery, near 
 New York." 
 
QUEBEC, LAKE ST. CHARLES, ETC. 
 
 9 
 
 Leaving this beautiful locality, the vralk continues to the woods, on the edge of the 
 banks rising from the shore. 
 
 The tourist, instead of returning by a road conducting through a wood into St. Louis 
 Road for Quebec, would do better by continuing his ride to the Church of St Foy, from 
 which is seen below the St. Charles, gliding smoothly through a lovely valley, whose sides 
 rise gradually to the mountains, and are literally covered with habilationa. The villages 
 of Lorette and Charlesbourg are conspicuous objects. Before entering the suburb of St 
 John, on the banks of tlie St Charles stai.'is the Uenerol Hospital, designed, as the name 
 implies, for the disabled and sick of every description. 
 
 A day's excursion to Indian Lorette and Lake St Charles would gratify, we doubt not, 
 many a tourist It will be necessary to leave b; 6 o'clock, a. m., and to take provisions for 
 the trip. After leaving the Palace Gate, the site of the former intendant's palace ie 
 passed. Mr. Bigot was the last intendant who resided in it 
 
 The most pleasant road to Lorette is along the banks of the St Charles. On arriving at 
 the village, the best view is on the opposite bank. The fall is in the foreground, and the 
 church and village behind. The villagers claim to be descended from those Ilurons, to 
 whom the French monarch, in 1651, gave the seigniory of Sillery. In the wars between 
 the French and English, the Ilurons contributed much to the success of the former, as they 
 were one of the most warlike tribes among the aborigines of this continent At present, 
 they are a harmless, quiet set of people, drawing only part of their subsistence from fishing 
 and liunting. A missionary is maintained by government for their religious instruction, 
 and the schoolmaster belongs to the tribe. Here may be purchased bows and arrows, and 
 moccasins very neatly ornamented by the squaws. 
 
 On arriving at Lake St Charles, by embarking in a double canoe, the tourist will have 
 his taste for picturesque mountain scenery gratified in a high degree. The lake is four 
 miles long, and one broad, and is divided into two parts by projecting ledges. The lake 
 abounds in trout, so that the angling tourist may find this spot doubly inviting. On the 
 route back to the city, the village of Charlesbourg is passed. It is one of the oldest and 
 most interesting settlements in Canada. It has two churches, one of which is the centre 
 of the surrounding farms, whence they all radiate. The reason for this singular disposal 
 of the Allotments, arose from the absolute necessity of creating a neighbourhood. For this 
 purpose, each farm was permitted to occupy only u space of three acres in front by thirty 
 in depth. The population was in these days scanty, and labourers were difficult to be pro- 
 cured. By th's arrangement, a road was more equally kept up in front of each farm, and 
 it was the duty of every proprietor to preserve such road. Another advantage was the 
 proximity of the church, whence the bell sounded the tocsin of alarm, whenever hostile 
 attempts were made by the Indians, and where the inhabitants rallied in defence of their 
 possessions. 
 
 Within the citadel are the various magazines, store-houses, and other buildings required 
 for the accommodation of a numerous garrison ; and immediately overhanging the precipice 
 to the south, in a most picturesque situation, looking perpendicularly downwards, on the 
 river, stands a beautiful row of buildings, containing the mess rooms and barracks for the 
 oflicers, their stables, and spacious kitchens. The fortifications, which are continued round 
 the whole of the Upper Town, consist of bastions connected by lofty curtains of solid 
 masonry, and ramparts from 25 to 35 feet in height, and about the same in thickness, 
 bristling with heavy cannon, round towers, loophole wnl's, and massive gates recurring at 
 certain distances. On the summit of the ramparts, from Cape Diamond to the Artillery 
 Barracks, is a broad covered way, or walk, used as a place of recreation by the inhabitants, 
 and commanding a most agreeable view of the country towards the west This passes 
 over the top of St. John's ond St Louis Gate, where there is stationed a sergeant's guard. 
 Above St. John's Gate, there is at sunset one of the most beautiful views imaginable. The 
 St Charles gambolling, as it were, in the rays of the departing luminary, the light still lin- 
 gering on the spires of Lorette and Charlesbourg, until it fades oway beyond the lofty 
 mountains of Bonhomme and Tiounonthuan, present au cvcDiog scene of gorgeous and eur- 
 
10 
 
 QUEBEC, FORTIFICATIONS, ETC. 
 
 passing splendour. The city, being defended on its land side by its ramparts, is protected 
 on tlie other sides by a lofty wall and pnropet, based on the cliff, and comnxenciiig near 
 the St. Charles at the Artillery Barracks. These form a very extensive range of buildings, 
 the part within the Artillery Gate being occupied aa barracks by the officers and men of 
 that distinguished corps, with a guard and mess room. The part without the gate S used 
 as magazines, store-houses, and offices for the ordnance department. 
 
 The circuit of the fortifications, enclosing the Upper Town, is tv/o miles and three-quarters; 
 the total circumference outside the ditches and space reserved ly government, on which no 
 house can be built on the west side, is about 8 miles. 
 
 Founded upon a rock, ond in its highest parts overlooking i great extent of country — 
 between 3li0 and 400 miles from the ocean — in the midst of a ^reat continent, and j-et dis- 
 playing fleets of foreign merchantmen in its fine capacious bay, ond showing all the bustle 
 of a crowded sea-port — its streets narrow, populous, and winding up and down almost 
 mcnntainous declivities — situated in the latitude of the finest parts of Europe — exliibitiiig 
 in iia environs the beauty of an European capital — and yet, in winter, smarting with the 
 cold of Siberia — governed by a people of different languoge and habits from tlie mass of 
 the population — opposed in religion, and yet leaving that population without taxes, and in 
 the full enjoyment of every privilege, civil and religious. Such are the prominent features 
 which strike a stranger in the City of Quebec 1" 
 
MONTREAL. 
 
 11 
 
 CITY OF MONTREAL, C. E. 
 
 The stranger, on appronching Montreal, either from Quebec by the stenmer, or croBsing 
 over from the opposite side of the river, in coming from the States, will at once be im- 
 pressed favorably witli the situation of the city, the business-like appearance it presents, 
 and the picturesque scenery by -which it is surrounded. 
 
 Montreal is the most populous city in Canada, and in cverj' respect must take the first 
 rank in the province. It is situated on the Maud of Montreal — which is represented as the 
 garden of Canada, being the richest soil in the province — at the head of ocean steamship 
 navigation, and beyond which no large sailing vessels go, although smaller vessels pass on, 
 via the canals and St. Lawrence, to tiie west. 
 
 The city is built of a gray limestone, having very much the appearance of Aberdeen 
 granite, with buildings of great solidity and excellence in design. The chief business street 
 is that of Notre Dame, whilst Groat St. James street exceeds it in handsome buildings, be- 
 Bides being much broader. (See engraving.) 
 
 The wholesale stores are situated on the wlmrves alongside the river, and streets running 
 parallel therewith. 
 
 Montreal is the port at which arrives the great bulk of the importations from Great 
 Britain and other places abroad, being there either re-sold or transhipped to all parts of 
 Canada East and West ; consequently a large wholesale trade is carried on at Montreal in all 
 descriptions of goods^ 
 
 In the conglomerate mass of buildings there concentrated, are stores, churches, groceries, 
 and nunneries, nil intermixed with each other, whilst in the streets may be seen the manu- 
 facturer's cart driving alongside of the Catholic priest in his " buggy," the merchant's clerk 
 hurrying on past a sister of charity or nun at large, and Frenchmen, Scotchmen, Germans, 
 and Americans, all elbowing each other in the busy streets of the city par excellence. No 
 lietter somple of this heterogeneous gathering is to be seen than by paying a visit to the 
 Uue Notre Dame, or Bonsecours Market, where, on a Saturday night, a mixture of English, 
 French, Gorman, and broad Scotch, will fall upon the ear with peculiar effect. 
 
 Alt' ougli one of the finest views of the city is obtained from off the mountain, undoubt- 
 edly the most extensive one is to bo had fioni the top of the Catholic cathedral, in the Place 
 d'Arnies. By paying l.t. stg. you will be conducted to the top, and, if a fine day, the view 
 is such as will well repay the ascent. 
 
 There are some very handsome churches in Montreal. At Beaver Hall, St. Andrew's 
 Church (Presbyterian), and the Unitarian Church there, form two of the most prominent 
 in the city, situated os thoj' are on a considerable elevation, on rising ground. The public 
 buildings of Montreal are substantial and eleg int, and consist of — 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 The New Court House, on Notre Dame street, and directly opposite to Nelson's Monu- 
 ment, is of elegant cut stone, in the Grecian Ionic style. Tlie ground plan is SOO feet by 
 125 feet ; height, 76 feet. 
 
 The New Post-okfice, on Great St, James street, is a beautiful cut stone building. 
 
 The Meuciiants' Excuaxce BEAorxo Room, situated on St. Sacrament street. 
 
 The Mechanic.V Institute, a very fine building, situated on Groat St. James street, of 
 cut stone, 3 stories high, built in the Italian style. The Lecture Room is 60 by 80 feet, 
 height 18 feet, neatly and tastefully finished. 
 
 The Meucantile Luuiauy Association, Odd Fellows' Hall, opposite the above. 
 
 The Bank ok Montkeal, Place d'Armos, St. James street, opposite the Cathedral, an 
 elegant out stone building of the Corinthian order. (See engraving.) 
 
 TirE Criv Bank, next to tlie above, in the Grecian style, of cut stone and worthy of note. 
 
 The Bank of Britlsii North America, Great St. James street, next the Post-ofiice, is a 
 handsome building of cut stone, and built in the composite style of architecture. 
 
o 
 
 H 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 VICTORIA BRIDGE. 
 
 TiiK lioNSEcouRs Market, on St fuul and Water streets, ia a magnificent edifice. (See 
 eiij^raving.) 
 
 TiiK St. Anx's Mahket, opposite the Drey Nunnery, 
 
 TiiK (iuEY Nl'N.nery is situoted on Foundling street, designed for the care of foundlings 
 find infirm. 
 
 The Hotei. Dieu Nunnery, on St. Josepli nnd St. Paul streets, df / ' f<>r f-iek and dis- 
 eased persons. 
 
 The Ciinvext ok the Sisters <ik the Sacred Heart is situate -t St. ncnt de Paul, 
 9 miles from Slontreol. 
 
 Academy ok the Sisters of the Congregation de Notre T) , no 'laria Villa, a))out 
 3 miles from Montreal, was fonncrlj' the ri'sideneo of Ihe (lovernor ■'■ ■nl. 
 
 The Mcfiii.L College. — This is an institution of very high ri pute, .ouiiiied by the ilini. 
 James lIcGill, who heciueathed a valuable estate and £10/' for i*s endowment. Tlic 
 buildings for the Faculty of Arts are delightfully situated at ti y, e of the mountain, ami 
 command on extensive view. 
 
 The Mustx'M ok the Natiral IIlstory ok Montreal, is situated in Little St. James street, 
 and is free to strangers. 
 
 The New City W.atkr Works. — These works tap the St, Lawrence at the Lnehine 
 Hnpids, some ('> miles above the city, nnd will cost, when fully completed, nearly $1,(100,000. 
 The 2 receiving reservoirs, for supplying the city are about 200 feet above the level of the 
 river, and hold 20,000,000 gallons. 
 
 The Jail. — This is a substantial stone building, surrounded by a high wall, and is worthy 
 of a visit. It has recently been erected, at an expense of $120,000. 
 
 The General IIosimtal, on Dorchester street, is a fine cut stone building, and is one of 
 the niony prominent institutions of the city. 
 
 The St. Patrick's IIosi-ital, at the west end of the same street, is an elegant structure, 
 and occupies a commanding position. 
 
 The Protestant OiiriiAN Asvum, situated in Catherine street, is a well-conducted charity, 
 sustained by the benevolence of ])i'ivafe individuals. 
 
 The Ladie.s' Benevolent Ixsthttion, for the relief of widows and half orphans, is a 
 largo three-story building in Berthelot street. It is managed solely by a committee 
 of ladies. 
 
 Nelson's Monument, Jacrpies Cartier sijuare, Notre Dame street. 
 
 The Lachine Canal is among the public works worthy of note. 
 
 Place d'Armes is a handsome sipiaro, between Notre Dame and Great St. James streets, 
 opposite the French Cathedral. 
 
 As a place of beauty and pleasure, the ride from the city to Mount Royal will attract 
 the traveller at all times. The distance around it is 9 miles, commanding one of the finest 
 views of l)eautiful landscape to be found in North America ; and in returning, entering the 
 city, a view of the St. Lawrence and of Montreal, both comprehensive and extended, that 
 well repays tlic time and expense. 
 
 Mount Royal Cemetery, about 2 miles from the city, on the mountain, is one of the 
 places of interest about the city which many parties visit. 
 
 The Champ de Mars is a public parade ground, situated in Gabriel street, off Notre 
 Dame, l.i the evenings, sometimes, the military bands play there, to a large concourse of 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 THE VICTORIA BRIDGE. 
 
 This gigantic undertaking forms one of the most interesting and wonderful features con- 
 nected with the city, at Point St. Cliarles. 
 
 It is being built for the purpose of enabling the Grand Trunk Railway to form a contin- 
 uous railn ' coninuinication witli the railroads of the United States, instead of passengers 
 being ->',.■,,!! to cross the river in steamers, as at present. 
 
 The ^vil!l.U uf tlie river where the bridge is being built is very nearly 2 miles. 
 
 i.I 1 1 
 
CITY OF MONTREAL. 
 
 SOUTH SIDK OP ORKAT ST. JAMKS' STUEKT. 
 
 The first bullilliiK on left side of the street 1^ the Oen- 
 ei-nl I'oct-onice— M by 100 feet— hiillt In the Italiiin 
 style. The third hulhllni? In view U the Unnk of Ilrlt- 
 Isii Niirlh Aiiierlcn— whk'h, with the I'list-ofllce, fi>rtns 
 two of the llnest huildlnK« in the street. t>till further 
 oil, iH the MechanlcH' Ml^niry, ii siihtiintiiil, plain, 
 S(|ii»re hiock, with an excellent reudlng-rooni, lihrury, 
 and Imll for lectures, etc. 
 
 NOllTII SIDE OP GHEAT ST. JAMES' STREET. 
 
 The hulldlnpwlth the beautiful fluted columns of the 
 rorinthlan order, represented al>0Te, Is the Bank of 
 .Montreal— one of (he finest bulidinRs in the city. The 
 next building to it is the Cily Hank of Montreal, 
 un estabilslinient with a much plainer e.tterlor, In the 
 (ivecliiii style. Still further on, are some very elegant 
 stores, with the Wesleyan Ohttpel In the distance, near- 
 er the far end of the street. 
 
 liONSECOURS MARKET. 
 
 This Is the largest, and one of the finest buildings in 
 the city. Erected at a cost of |'ii>i7,iiU0. Used as a 
 public market for the iiicist part, where are sold an ex- 
 traordinary ([uantity i<( provisions, vegetables, fruit, 
 fish, besides clothing, " Yankee Notions," and an «m- 
 niitiH gutherum of almost every thing required for 
 domestic purposes. One iiortion of tlie building is used 
 as a police station, as well as oHices connected with the 
 municipal government. It is situated close to the river 
 side liuilt ia the Ureclan-Vorlc style of architecture. 
 
 IIAYMAUKET AND BEAVER HAIJ,. 
 
 The above view represents the Ilnymarket, with 
 Beaver Hall in the back rising ground, which, in Its 
 nundier of handsome churches, presents one of the 
 finest views in the cily— more particularly In summer— 
 with the mountain rising up behind, and filling up the 
 background of the picture with the luxuriant foliage of 
 Its shrubbery. The church with the highest spire In 
 the above engraving, is that of St. Andrew's (Church 
 of Scotland). The one seen In the corner to the right, 
 is a very handsome church, now completing tor tha 
 Unitarian congregation. 
 
 «l 
 
 n 
 
 11 
 
 ' 11 
 
16 
 
 MONTHEAL, VICTOlilA HUID(}K, ETC. 
 
 Tljo current of the river Is vory rnpld — with a depth of from l to 10 foct, excepting In 
 the main olinnnol, where it ia iVi'iii ao to ;i(5 fiut (let p. 
 
 In tlio winter, tiie ico ia funned into a ({rent thieltnesn, iind freipiently inituonne pijiig 
 accuninliite — us hi^ii iih ao to 40 feet. Thus jiiled uji in liujjo lioulders, tlie water rush(« 
 througli tlieni nt ii fctu-ful rate, driving,' (lie Moelcs of iee iiiim^', and eru»liing ull before tiiern. 
 
 Tlio bridj^e will eonstist of 24 utrong piertt, utiindiuf; 'J12 fift iipiirt, fxeeptlnj; the eentre 
 span, which is 831) feet wide. They ore all perpendicular on three Bidea, and nlopct down 
 to the water-edge against the current, bo att to withstand tlio force and action of the float- 
 ing mnsges of ice, on its breaking up. Each pier U egtiinated to witlistanJ Iho force of 
 70,000 tons of ice nt one time, 
 
 Resting on these piers, and running from abutment to abutment, U the bridge, which 
 consists of a liollow iron tube, 22 feet liigh, and in feet wide. 
 
 The centre span is to bo 60 feet above the average level of the water, thence sinking to- 
 words each end 1 foot in 130, thus making the height of the abutments about 37 feet. 
 
 The estimated cost is about £1,260,000 stg. The weight of the iron in the tubes will bo 
 8,000 tons, ond the contents of the masonry will bo about 3,000,000 cul)ic feet. The whole 
 ■will be completed in the autumn of 1859 or fpring of 18(10. As is well known, the engineer 
 of this greatest bridge in the world is Mr. Ilobort Stephenson of Xewcastle-upon-Tyne. 
 
 The whole of the views of Montreal, as given in tlie accompanying pages, were taken fnp 
 this work by Mr. Notmnn, photographer, Mimtreal, and the clear and sborp photo^'riiplis 
 supplied by him for the purpose of engraving from, affords the best evidence of his being a 
 first-class artist. 
 
 The two illustrations given of Montreal embrace the entire city, and presents a bird's-eye 
 view of it as seen from the mountain. Ueing engraved from photographs, wo iiave every 
 confidence in saying that they faillifidly repn sent Montreal as it is in 1859. To understand 
 the position of the city as it is, the stranger will cast his eye to the left-hand corner of the 
 upper engraving in the page, and jiass on to the right. Tlie lower engraving forms u con- 
 tinuation of the upper, continuing from left to right. 
 
 THE FOREIOK CONSULB AT MONTREAL. 
 
 For Belgium — Jesse .Joseph. For United States — ('. Dorwin. For Denmark — Thomas 
 Ryan. For Sardinio, Hanover, Sjiain, and Prussia — Henry t'hapnian. Vice-Consul for 
 Norway and Sweden — II. Cimpman. Vice-Consul to the Orientol Uepubllc of the Uru- 
 guay — J. M. Grant. 
 
 NATIONAL SOCIETIES AT MONTREAL. 
 
 The St. George's Society. — H. Bulmer, president ; U. IJirks, treasurer. 
 
 St. Andrew's Society.— Willinm Murray, president; (ieorge Templeton, treosurer. 
 
 Thistle Society. — Ale.vander Smith, president ; William Ueid, treasurer. 
 
 Caledonian Society. — John Fletcher, president; .1. Craig, treasurer. 
 
 St Patrick's Society. — Dr. Howord, President; J. E. Mullin, treasurer. 
 
 St. Jean Baptiste Society. — lion. J. B. Meilleur, president. 
 
 German Society. — Ernest Idler, president; G. Rheinhardt, treasurer. 
 
 New England Society. — H. Stepnens, president ; P. D. Brown, treasurer. 
 
PHOTOGRAPHY. 
 ysT. NOTM.JVN, A.11TIST, 
 
 11 DE BLEURT STREET, MONTREAL. 
 Fh'tii Prise for Phoioyt'nphH. Fh'Ht I'rlte for *tmbrotype». 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHS, UNTOUCHED OR COLORED, IN OIL, WATER COLORS, OR CRAYONS, 
 
 FIIOM KULL-LENOTIt LIFE 8IZB TO TIIK SMALLEST PRODUCED. 
 
 Ainlirofypt'fl Colored for Frninca or ("iidfs. MiniiitiireR of pvory ilisoriptioii for Locket*, 
 Hrooclips, or Uiiij^M. Dai^iicrrcotyiion uiid I'liiiiliii^ra copied in uil tiie vurlous gtylos, and 
 incri'iised or rt'duocd to any size reipiired. Stereoaeopic I'ortruiU nnil (iroiii)s, in oiiscs or 
 iiaper Nli<le»t. Views StereoBcoped, and otlierwlsc, to order, rorlrulls tiilten and tini«hed 
 in Oiii* or Wftter Color without the nid of the caniern, if required. Artists and Anmteura 
 supplied witli Stock and ApparuluH, and the Art taught. 
 
 Specimens to be leen at Mr. Notman's Studio, 11 De Bleury Street. 
 
 JJp" Obierve the Addrem ; no Specimen* exhibited otiUide. 
 
 BOOKSELLERS A]\D STATIOIVERS, 
 
 GREAT ST. JAMES STREET, DIONTREAL. 
 
 J^MES STA.RKE & CO., 
 
 ST. FRANCIS XAVIER STREET, MONTREAL. 
 
 EDWIN H. LONGMAN, 
 
 LOisriDoisr, o. ■w^. 
 
 ARTIST AND PROFESSOR OF MUSIC, 
 
 Organ, Piano Forte, Flute, Violin, and Singing; 
 
 ALSO, DRAWING AND PAINTING. 
 
 Photographic Views and Portraits taken in every variety of style ; and every branch of 
 the Art taught on reasonable terms. A variety of Views of the city constantly on hand 
 for sale. 
 
 TAYLOR & WILSON, 
 BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS, 
 
 LONDON, O. W. 
 
 f 'J 
 
 i: 
 
 :\ 
 
OTTAWA. 
 
 OTTAWA, CANADA WEST. 
 
 17 
 
 The notoriety which this city, in t'nil)ryo, hns received lately, first as being fixed upon 
 as the seat of government for Canada, and then decided against as such by the provincial 
 legislature, — although it had been acquiesced in by Ilor Majesty as the most advisable 
 locality — has invested it with a significance which, otherwise, it would not, in oil proba- 
 bility, have obtained. 
 
 Ottawa is the new name given to the town of Bytown, by which it has long been 
 known, as the centre of the immense lumber district of the River Ottawa. It is situated 
 on that river, where the Rivers Ridea and Gatineau, and the Rideau Canal, all meet. 
 
 The town is intersected by the Rideau Canal and l)ridgc, and forms three districts, viz. : 
 that of Low ':■ Town, on the cast; Central Town, on the west; and Upper Town, on the 
 north-west; all of which, however, ai-e on the south side of the River Ottawa, and iu 
 Canada West, the River Ottawa, as is well known, forming the boundary line between 
 Canada East, and Canada West. The town was laid out under the command of Colonel By 
 of the Royal Engineers, who constructed, also, the Rideau Canal. Hence the original 
 name of the town being called Bytown — although now called Ottawa, after the inagnifi- 
 oent river on which it stands. 
 
 The streets are all wide and regularly laid out, and, so far, reflects great credit on the 
 engineering skill employed. Lower Town is the most important portion of the town, and, 
 in all probability, will become the chic'" business part, as the population and business in- 
 creases. The two principal streets of Lower Town are Rideau street and Sussex street. 
 In Rideau street there are several substantial, stone-built stores and dwellings. In Sussex 
 street there are also a few ; the majority, however, are wooden erections, both old and 
 new. In Central Town the buildings are almost all of stone, presenting one excellent 
 street, called Spark street; whilst Upper Town exhibits a mixture of both stone and 
 wooden bu.idings in its Wellington street All the buildings in the town are exceedingly 
 plain, but Bubstantially built, and, being built of gray limestone, resemble very imich in ap- 
 pearance some of the streets of Montreal, as well as in the granite city of Aberdeen (Scot- 
 land). On " Barrack Hill," the highest elevation of the town, are situated what are termed 
 the government buildings — the remains, however, we should say, rather than of actual 
 buildings. There are a few small out-houses and offices — wiiich certainly do not deserve 
 the name of government buildings — with sundry small cannon, taking tlieir ease on the 
 ground alongside of carriages, which have evidently seen service of some sort. These are the 
 "dogs of war," which are intended, wo presume, to protect the town against all invaders. 
 On Barrack Hill is, however, also the residence of tlie chief inilitary authority of the place. 
 The " location" of these buildings and the " gua battery" alluded to, is certainly one of the 
 finest we have seen any where, either in Canada or the United States — e(|ual, in some 
 respects, even to the famous citadel of (Juebec. In the rear is Central Town, whilst Upper 
 and Lower Town are completely commanded by it on each side, whilst in front is a pre- 
 cipitous eraVjankment running down, almost perpendicular, to the river, several hundred 
 feet, thus completely sweeping the river and opposite shore, north, cast, and west; so that, 
 in a military point of view, Ottawa certainly occupies one of the finest natural ])ositi()ns auy 
 where in Canada; and, in that respect, is the key to .in inimenso territory of back country, 
 valuable for its wood and minerals. 
 
 The stranger, on visiting Ottawa for the first time, is opt to be disappointed thot he 
 does not find a larger " city," and one more advanced, in many respects; but it must be 
 recollected that it has been forced into public notice from the cause we have already al- 
 luded to, and otitained a publicity, with which parties at a distance are apt to connect 
 wrong or exaggerated ideas; raid i! the town is not larger than it is, the fault rests ns 
 much in Ji-.' imaginations of individuals, as with the inlinbitants, gend-ally, of the town 
 itself, who, in the short time, since Bytown became o place of note, have been doing their 
 utmost to moke it "go o-head." In the desire to do so, however, some of the landholders 
 there, we fear, by putting very high prices on their h ts, and landlords refusing to give 
 
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 20 
 
 CHAUDIERE FALLS — RIDEAU FALLS, ETC. 
 
 leases nt ronsonablc rotes, hnve only tended to defeat the very object which they, and nil 
 the inl'aliitants ought to have in view, viz., giving every facility in their power, and offer- 
 ing every inducement they can, for j)artiesat a distance to locate amongst them. In fact, 
 the idea that Ottawa was selected as the headcjuarters of the government, has had any 
 thing but a beneficial effect so far, in some respects, upon the town; but there is the conso- 
 lation, that whether it is to be the scat of government or not, tliere is no doubt, that of 
 necessity, it is destined to become — it may be gradually — the centre of a much moro exten- 
 sive trade, a town of much greater importance than it is at present, and the point, round 
 which radiate a numy)er of other towns, and extensive agricultural districts, of which Ot- 
 tawa in the capital and centre, and, in all liumiin probability, always likely to remain eo. 
 From it, a large wholesale and reliiil trade is, and must always, be done — with the districts 
 round about ; whilst, as is well known, it is the centre of o district, which, for extensive 
 forests of fine lumber, has no superior in America. 
 
 The scenery around Ottawa is far beyond what we had any idea of, and the view from 
 the Barrack Hill, is one of surpassing grandeur and extent, combining in it a tjinity of 
 river, landscape, and fall scenery, whicii few places can boast of. 
 
 Looking to tlie west — (see engraving) — at the west end of the town ore situated, the 
 celebrated Cliaudibre Falls, whicli fall about 40 feet, and the spray of which may be seen 
 a long way off, ascending in the air. 
 
 In tiie early part of the season, (say in May,) these falls are not seen to so much advan- 
 tage, tiie river then being, generally, so much swollen with the immense volume of water 
 from the upper lakes and the tributaries of the Ottawa. Then they par'ake, in some rc- 
 specls, more of the character of huge rapids. Farther on in the season, however, they ap- 
 pear more in their real character of " falls," and are u sight worth seeing, although thoy 
 are being very much encroached upon, bj' lumber establishments. An excellent view of 
 the falls, as well as of the rapids, is got from off the sus])ension bridge, which crosses the 
 river quite close to then). At the eastern suburb of Ottawa, again, called New Edin- 
 burgli, there is a little Niagara, in miniature, in the Rideau Falls, and one of the prettiest 
 little falls to be seen any where. Although only of 30 feet fall, they present features 
 of interest and great beauty. 
 
 The town of Ottawa is supplied, in many parts, with gas. Its markets afford an excel- 
 lent supply of cheap provisions, whilst the purity of the air, from its elevated position, 
 riuiders it one of the healthiest towns in Canada. 
 
 Emigrants, in looking to Ottawa, will do well to remember, that it is only the agricul- 
 tural labourer, or farmer with capital, to whom its locality offers inducements at prcHcnt. 
 
 Amongst the schemes for connecting Canada East with tiie Western States, is the (H- 
 tawa Ship Canal, via the Ottawa and French Rivers to Lake Huron, which, if niccessful in 
 being established, will render Ottawa, more than ever, one of the great entrepots of that 
 route and traffic. 
 
 The communication between Ottawa and Montreal, is by rail via Prescott; also by river, 
 j er steamer to 'irenville, rail from Grenville to Carrillon; thence, steamer to Lachine ; 
 1 ci >nce, roil t< • ilontreol. To Canada West, on the St.. Ln wrence, via rail. To Ogdensburg, 
 via rail to Prescott, and steamer across the St. Lawrence. Distances : — from Montreal, I'iC) 
 miles; Quci-c, 290 miles; Toronto, 223 miles; Kingston, 95 miles; Prescott, 55 miles; 
 N 'W York, i50 miles; Boston, 485 miles. Population, about 12,000. 
 
 ">r the information of emigrants ])roceeding to the newly-opened districts, where free 
 lands are to be hod, full information regarding these, with routes and fares, will bo found 
 m another portion of this work. 
 
 The views of Upper Town, and Lower and Central Town, as given elsewhere, are from 
 pencil drawings made for this work, by Mr. Eastman, artist, of Ottawa. All who know 
 Ottawa will be able to attest to the very faithful manner in whicli they are done, and that 
 the engravers hnve preserved all the truthfulness in detail, in enabling us to present, for the 
 first tin: ■ Ik ve, complete and accurate views of Ottawrv, Canada West. 
 
sy, and nil 
 and offer- 
 In faet, 
 s had nnj' 
 the conso- 
 bt, that of 
 lore exton- 
 i)iut, round 
 whicli Otr 
 reniain eo. 
 he distriets 
 )r extensive 
 
 view from 
 a tj'inity of 
 
 iitiiated, the 
 iny be seen 
 
 luoh advan- 
 ne of water 
 in some rc- 
 rer, they ap- 
 hougli they 
 lent view of 
 1 crosses the 
 1 New Edin- 
 tlie prettiest 
 sent features 
 
 )rd an excel- 
 ted position, 
 
 ' the agrieul- 
 
 I at present. 
 .e«, is the ( H- 
 
 "uccessful in 
 spots of that 
 
 ilso by river, 
 to Lacliine ; 
 Ogdensburg, 
 ilontreal, 126 
 itt, 55 miles ; 
 
 s, where free 
 will bo found 
 
 lere, nro from 
 
 II who know 
 one, and that 
 resent, for the 
 
 OTTAWA BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 
 
 Agricultural Implements. 
 Hay, George, Sparks street. 
 
 Attorneys and Barristers, 
 Cleoo, William, llideau street. 
 Marsan, J. B. C, Rideau st. (See adv't.) 
 Ring & O'Connor, Sussex street. 
 
 Bookseller. 
 RrrciiiE, James, Sparks street. (See adv't). 
 
 Builder and Carpenter. 
 Lang, Edward, Sparks street. Central (See 
 advertisement). 
 
 Commission Merchants. 
 Heudach, George, Rideau street. 
 Makett, Frederick, Rideau street. 
 
 Confectioner and Baker. 
 Scott, Alexander, Sparks street. 
 
 Dry Goods. 
 Cunningham, Barclay & Lindsay, Mains' 
 
 Buildings, Rideau street. 
 HuNTON, Tiios. and Wm., Sparks street. 
 
 Drug Store. 
 Van Felson & Co., Sussex street. (See adv't). 
 
 Orocers. 
 HuNTON, Tiios. and Wm., Sparks street. 
 Marett, Frederick, Rideau street. 
 Patterson, Thomas, Rideau street. 
 
 Hardware Merchants. 
 Workman & Griffin, Rideau and Wellington. 
 
 streets. 
 
 Hotel. 
 Campbell's Hotel, Sparks street. (See adv't). 
 
 Land Agents. 
 Austin, W. A., Central Town. (See adv't). 
 O'Connor, C. J., Wellington St. (See adv't). 
 Preston, G. H., Rideau street. (See adv't). 
 
 Milliner and Dressmaker. 
 Humphreys, Mrs., Wellington street. 
 
 Tohacco7iist. 
 Wilcock, Thomas, Sparks street 
 
 CAMPBELL'S HOTEL, 
 SPARKS STREET, 
 
 OTTAWA, 
 J. L. CtlMrBEI.1., Proper. 
 
 JAMES RITCHIE, 
 
 Bookseller & Stationer, 
 
 SPARKS STREET, 
 
 OTTAWA CITY, CANADA WEST. 
 
 Agent for American and English Periodicals. 
 VAN FEIiSONr&r~C0L7 
 
 WHOLESALE AND Itf;TAIL DEALERS IN 
 
 DRUGS, CHEMICALS, PERFUMERY, PAIXTS, 
 
 A.T<n=> OlliS- 
 
 SUSSEX STREET, opposite York St., 
 
 OTTAWA. 
 
 J. B. C. marsan; ~ 
 ATTORNEY AT LAW, 
 
 fto,, fto., 
 
 RIDEAU STREET, 
 
 OTTAWA. 
 
 EDWARD LANG, 
 
 Carpenter & Builder, 
 
 SPARKS STREET, 
 CENTRAL OTTAWA. 
 
 City of Oilawa, Canada. 
 
 G. H. PRESTON, 
 LAND & GENERAL AGENT, 
 
 BROKER c., 
 
 AUCTIONEER AND COMr JION MERCHANT. 
 
 OMce an*' Rooms, 
 
 OTTAWA lAKD AGENCY. 
 
 The Subscriber, l)eing commissioned by 
 most of the heavy landholders of the City 
 of Ottawa and vicinity, offers for sale every 
 description of 
 
 having on hand evury variety of Town, 
 Villa, and Village lots, Farming and un- 
 cleared land, Mill Sites, &c., &c. ' 
 High Percentage to T'oney Lenders on Un> 
 doubted Becori ,,' f Beal Estate. 
 
 Monty litnl on Uj,prated Stcurtty, 
 W. A. AUSTIN, 
 
 PROVINCIAL LAND SURVEYOR, CIVIL ENGINEER, 
 ARCHITECT, ETC. 
 
 CENTRAL TOWN, OTTAWA. 
 
 ^CHAS^'O'COINNOR, " 
 
 liAIVB AGENT, &c., 
 
 WELLINGTON RTREET, 
 OTTAWA. 
 
 ItU 
 
m 
 
LOCKS ON RIDEAU CANAL, OTTAWA. 
 
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22 
 
 TORONTO, CANADA WEST. 
 
 
 
 ^:~:' ■-"spC-,-^*:^'^''-^; 
 
 :,4 
 
 CITY OF TORONTO, W. 
 
 Toronto forms tho Metropolis of Fppor Ciinadn, (or Cniinda AVcst,) tlie spcond city in 
 coninitToiul iiuportanei; in tlic entirp j)roviiK'e, and at j)roticiit is tlio poat of llic j)rovin<iul 
 logisluture. It is plfa^intly situatid on the west shore of I.alie Ontario, and has i> imudi 
 more prepossessing appearance wlien viewed from a stcaincr on the lalie, llian wluii n])- 
 proaclied bj' railway. Fro!n tlie large quantity of trees and shruldnTv intcrsjiersed througli 
 many of the streets, it may wi'll lay claim to the title of the Forest City of Canada. Sit- 
 uated as the city is, on almost a dead level, it presents no particular features further than 
 being plentifully studded with graceful spires, which, with the wooded hills situated in the 
 background, completes the picture uf a beautiful city. 
 
 The street along side of tiie shore of the lake — recently verymucli improved — is termed 
 the Esplanade, along which the Grand Trunk Railroad runs, and wlicre it has its terminus. 
 
 rnowN LANDS OFncE a- 
 
 IANIC8 INSTITUTE. 
 
 In •>n«- "ortion of - i. ve building nre 
 the ottic -» of the Crown-lnnd Department, 
 ■where all business ■ .>nnoeted witli the 
 "Woods an ^ Fore' are conducted. In 
 an' her por >n ' the excellent Mechanics' 
 In'^rituti' f th- city, w*'mted at the cor- 
 ner of C 'i nni" AdeUiu .'•eets. 
 
 ST. LAWRKNCK HALL. 
 
 The above forms one of the most imposing 
 buildings in the city. The basem.'Ut and 
 first floors ore occupied as stores, whilst up- 
 stairs there Is a large, well-lighted, ond 
 neatly done-up public hall, where meetings, 
 concerts, etc., are lield. St. Lawrener; Hall 
 is situated at the east end of King street. 
 
 '. -4 
 
TOUONTO, CANADA WEST. 
 
 28 
 
 KlM.i bllltEl (\V1;sT). 
 
 King street is the principnl thoroughfnro 
 ill tlu; oity. It is fully 2 miles in length, and 
 with its many handsonin stores niul builil- 
 iiiijs, forms the chief promenade. Two of 
 the largest liuihlings in tlic eity are in King 
 street, viz., St. Lawrenee Hall, and the Rossin 
 House. 
 
 VO.NCiE STUKET (noKTII). 
 
 Yongc street rivals King street, in its busy 
 bustling appeaniuee, and although the stores 
 arc not so elegant ns some in King street, yet 
 a large amount of retail business is trans- 
 acted iu tlie Bection presented above. 
 
 As in most cities in tin' United Slates, the streets of Toronto are long and spacious, and laid 
 out at rigiit angles to each other. 
 
 The principal streets for wholesale stores are the lower end of Vonge street and Wel- 
 lington street, wiiilst Upper Yonge street and King stri'et are the clriif streets for retail 
 business of all sorts. 
 
 We may mention that, witli the exception of spaces here and there, the pa ements in 
 all the streets are of wood — planks laid across, and nailed down to sleepers. 
 
 The Provincial Legislature holds its mt etings in Toronto, in the government Imildings, n 
 cluster of red brick buildings situate<l at the west end of the city, close to which is the 
 residence of the (Jovernor-General, Sir Edmun<l Walker Head, Bart., representative of Her 
 Majesty in Canada. 
 
 Tlie public buildings of Toronto are ninnerous, and some of them verj- handsome. We 
 have engraved, from photographs, four of tlie i)rincipal buildings, viz.: St. Lawrence Hall, 
 Trinity College, the Normal School, and Crown-lands Office, iu which building is also 
 situated the Mechanics' Institute. Osgooile Ilall, in Queen street, Aviien completed will form 
 one of the finest buildings in the eity. There the Superior Courts of Law and Ecpiity are 
 held. Besides those named, the other public buildings of any note are the Post-ofTice, the 
 now General Hospital and the Lunatic Asylum — the latter an immense building at the 
 western extremity of the eity. 
 
 Toronto may well boast as being the eity of churches in Canada, from the number of 
 elegant structures it contains, of all denominations. The two largest are the English Ca- 
 thcilnil and tlie Roman Catholic, Cathedral, but botti, being without spires iis yet, do not 
 present that graceful appearance which even some of the smaller chtirches do, although 
 none, we should suppose, exceed the rich and handsome interior or comfortable accommo- 
 dation of the English Cathedral, as a place of worship. 
 
 Toronto has several manufneturing establishments, some of them extensive, and which, in 
 ordinary good times, turn over a In go amount of business; the city, from its central posi- 
 tion, and the ready means of land and water carriage, now e.vt ended almost in every direc- 
 tion, afTording great facilities for manufactures as well us merchandise finding their way 
 all over the country. 
 
 \ 
 
 im ;i 
 
 fm 
 
 ly 
 
 I 
 
24 
 
 TORONTO AND HAMILTON', CANADA WEST. 
 
 TIII.MTY COLLEOE. 
 
 The nliove buildini; i^ one of the most iiii- 
 portnnt in the city, wlu'thcr m reijanls its 
 chamcter ns an educational institution, or 
 the nini;nificent style of the editioe, which, 
 when completed, will certainl}' be one of the 
 finest in the city. 
 
 Til'. NORMAL AND MODEL BCIIUOIJ). 
 
 The diove hulldinp, in the Italian style o 
 architetture, is devoted to tiie. c.^talilii^linKiit 
 known .s the Normal and Jh>del Schools, 
 and whic'i forms the lieail of that invahiahlo 
 system of iiiildic education pervadini; tlio 
 whole provii'ce. 
 
 As we have said, Toronto forms the second commercial ci'y in Canada, and, until the 
 panic of 1857 set in, enjoyed a larife and steadily increasing; tn de. Its merchants were of 
 the morst enterprisini;, active, and " go a-head" character ; eon!C(juently prohalily no cily 
 in America lias experienced the efVects of the panic more than T ironto. With tlie treneral 
 revival of business, wc have no doubt, it will assume its wonted letivity, although it may 
 be gr;idually. 
 
 The railwHj-s centring in Toronto are: — Tlv Great Western, ti Hamilton; Supension 
 Bridge, (Niagara,) and Windsor, op])osite DeVoit, (Michigan). 
 
 The Grand Trunk, to Montreal and Quebi e, (east,) and to Stratford, 'west). 
 
 The Ontario, Simcoe, oud Huron, (now eallwJ t!:v ^'"Hheru Railroad,; to CoUingwood. 
 
l!i 
 
 
 

 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 124 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
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 23 WEST V *m STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.'. 14580 
 
 (716)i7a-4503 
 
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2(5 
 
 LONDON". 
 
 LONDON, CANADA WEST. 
 
 Like its nnmesake, the great Babylon of Englond, London, C. W., is in the County of 
 Miihlloscx, mid also on the River Tiianios, witli streets and bridijes named after those of tiie 
 f;roal city. There, however, tlie siinihirity ends. It possesses some excellent public build- 
 ings and churelies, and is situated in the centre cif an extensive and rieli agricultural dis- 
 trict, which furnishes it with a large amount of trade in grain and otiier agricultural pro- 
 duce. I'revious to tiie late conunercial ]ianic, few places showed greater signs of progress 
 than London ; in fact it went ahead too fast, like nniny other cities and towns, consequently 
 it has felt the revulsion all the more — and every department of business, nearly, has 
 Buttered — to revive again, we hope, when business becomes more buoyant generally. The 
 town is lighted with gas, and supports as many as six newspapers, and five bank agencies. 
 The streets are wide, and laid off at right angles. London is one of the jtrineipal stations 
 on the Great AVestern Railroad of Canada, on the section from Hamilton to Windsor, with 
 a branch to port Stanley, on Lake Erie, from which there is a regular steam communica- 
 tion with Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 The soil in the inunediale vicinity of London, it is true, is sandy, and the country almost 
 a dead level, as far as Windsor ; but you cannot travel many miles in a northern or south- 
 ern direction, until you meet with an undulating country, and productive farms, whose 
 proprietors, of coui-se, betake themselves to London for sale and purchase — for mart and 
 market. 
 
 Our representation of London is from one of several j)holograph8, supplied to us by 
 Mr. E. n. Longman, of London, C. AV., and, from the excellent manner in which they are 
 executed, we feel pleasure and confidence in sjiying, that the pliotograj)hic art is well re- 
 presented there by Mr Longman — judging from the 8j)ecimeu8 he has supplied to us. 
 
 
 IIAinLTON, C. W. 
 
 IIamiltom, one of the cities of Canada AVest, is situated at the south-western extremity of 
 Burlington Bay, an iidet at the head of l^ake Ontario, and termimis of lake navigation. 
 The site on which Hamilton is built, occupies gradually rising ground for ab(Uit a mile and 
 ft half from the shore of the lake to the base of the hill, called the Mountain, which rises ii|i 
 in the background. It was laid out in 18i:i, and has B])read with wonderful rapidity — faster 
 tlian almost any other town in Canada. In 1841 the population was only about U500, while 
 in 1850 it had increased to l(t,;il'.J, and now has reached to nearly yo.odo. 
 
 Hamilton is the centre of one of the nujst extensive and best agricultural portions of 
 Canada, and in its vicinity are to be seen some of the best cultivated farms, not long re- 
 claimed from the primeval forest. 
 
 As in most American cities, the streets are laid out at right angles, and present a fine, 
 spacious ap])earance. The ]iublic buildings, banks, churches and hotels, whieli are amongst 
 the finest in the |irovinee, are built of stone and brick. Some of the merchants' stores excel 
 any thing of the .*ame sort in Toronto, or even Montreal, and are carried on by some of 
 the largest importers in Canada, who do an extensive business throughout the country. 
 
 The chief business streets — named King, John, James, York, aiul McNab streets — are 
 situated a considerable distance back from the shore. 
 
 The Gore Bank of Canada has its head-quarters in Hamilton, in addition to which there 
 are five or six other Bank agencies. 
 
 The finest and certainly most extensive view of the city is to be had from the Mountain. 
 
County of 
 hose of the 
 l)lic Idiild- 
 iltiiral (lis- 
 iltural pro- 
 )f proiri'osH 
 iisciiuoiilly 
 iciu-ly, lias 
 ally. Tiie 
 k ngonc'ies. 
 )al gtations 
 iJsor, with 
 ominunica- 
 
 itry nlnidsi 
 II or i-oiit li- 
 nns, whose 
 • ninvt and 
 
 (1 to us by 
 ;h they are 
 t ia well re- 
 ;o u^. 
 
 [tremity of 
 nnviiiatioii. 
 ft niilc luiil 
 ■ti rises ii|i 
 ity — faster 
 ycbo, while 
 
 portions cif 
 not long re- 
 
 jscnt ft fine, 
 e ninonfisl 
 
 storoa oxeel 
 l)y some of 
 luntry. 
 reels — are 
 
 ,liieh tlicre 
 
 3 Mountain. 
 
 DRUGS. 
 
 J WISER A CO., Importers and Wholesale Druggists, receive constantly, illrect from the sources 
 • of growth ancl manufiicture, nil the staple Drugs, Chemicals, Perfumery, Toilet S<iap8, llrushis. 
 Combs, Surgical anil l>ontiil Instruments, (ilassware, etc., etc. Paints, Oils, Varnishes, Naval ^'lorcs, !)ye- 
 stulfs, Spices, etc., etc. J. Winer & Co. are proj)rletor8 of Mott's Febrifuge Wine anil Oarilcn's Worm Tea, 
 and also keep all other Patent Mciliclnes in Btocit, at manufacturers' prices. 
 Particular attention paid to keeping articles of first quality. 
 
 Honey Broker, Insurance, and General Agent, 
 
 KING STREET, HAMILTON, C. W. 
 
 m. ir. ITARTlflAlV, D. D. S., 
 
 CORNER OF KING & JOHN STREETS, 
 
 HAMILTOV, C. W. 
 
 HILTON BROTHERS, 
 HARDWARE MERCHANTS, 
 
 KING STREET, HAMILTON, C. W. 
 
 JAME8 CAHILL, 
 BARRISTER, SOLICITOR, &c., 
 
 KING ST., (East,) HAMILTON, C. W. 
 
 GEORGE BARNES Sl CO., 
 BOOKSELLERS & STATIONERS, 
 
 HAMILTON, C. W. 
 
 JONATHAN H. VAN NOBMAN, U. D., 
 
 Eclectic Physician, Accoucheur, and Surgeon, 
 
 COR. OF KING & BOWERY STREET, 
 
 HAMILTON, C. W. BOX, 478. 
 
 99 
 
 A POLITICAL, COMMERCIAL Sl GENERAL NEWSPAPER, 
 
 is Published at Hamilton, C. IK, bt/ the Proprietors, 
 
 WILLIAM GILLESPY & ALEXANDER ROBERTSON. 
 
 It is isiued DAILY, SEHI-WEEKLT & WEEBXT, and has the largest Circulation of any 
 Canadian Newspaper West of Toronto. 
 
 From the particular attention palil to Commercial Intelligence, the •'spectator has acquired a reputation 
 for reliability, which has secured for it the patronage of the Mercantile Community of Western Canada. 
 The geographical position of the City of Hamilton, with its superior railway connection, alTiirdH great 
 facility for the speedy transmission of the Diiili/ Spectator to the numerous thriving Towns and Villages 
 between the Niagara and Octroit Rivers, — an advantage of which the proprietors have not failed to avail 
 themselves. The .SVmi- Weekly and Weekly editions, (made up from the reading matter in the Daily,) con- 
 taining a great amount of news, at an extremely low price, enjoy a large and e.\tendc<l circulation among 
 the agricultural classes, and those not Immediately engrossed with the cares of politics or commerce, to 
 whom the stimulus of a dally paper is not a necessity. 
 
 The Spectator (Daily, Semi-Weekly and Weekly) Is therefore an excellent medium for advertising. The 
 rates charged are the same as the pul)iished rates generally adopted by the Canadian press ; except for the 
 weekly edition, for which double the usual rate is charged, on account of its large circulation being confined, 
 almost exclusively, to the farming community, thereby admitting only the profitable publication, in its 
 colu mns , of advertisements suited to this particular class. 
 
 f^T" The Kates of Subscription payable, in advance, are — 
 
 l)aH;i per annum, J5.0U per copi/. Semi- Weekli/, in clubs of 5 or 
 
 Semi- Weekly 
 Weehh/ 
 
 3.00 
 1.60 
 
 more $2.00 per cop\j. 
 
 Weekly, in clubs of 10 or more l.OO " 
 
 XSf Parties resident in Oreat Britain or Ireland, may order through Messrs. Algar & Street, No. 11 
 I Clement's Lane, Lonibard Street, London, Kngland. 
 
 i The Publishers of the Spectator also beg to direct public attention to the other branches of business 
 , carried on by them at the " l*l»KCT.\l'«R" E>>T.\liLISIIMK.>;T, which Is one of the largest and most 
 j complete of the kind in Canada — comprising the following Departments, viz : — 
 
 ' Hook anp Job PniNTiNo, including the publication of the national series of School Hooks, as well as the 
 I execution of every variety of plain and fancy letterpress printing; Uookbindixii, (this department carried 
 j olTtlie first prize at the Provincial Fair in IS.'iT,) including Blank Rook manufacturing, and ruling and paging 
 I by the most improved machinery ; LiTiionRAPiilNQ and Coppkb-Platk K.ngiiaviso and PHiNriS(i, embracing ; 
 Invoices, Cards, Maps, Plans, Autographs, &c., Ac, with every variety of Mercantile and Hank Forms; 
 j Sta tionk ry, embracing a select and varied Stock of Ilrltlsh, American, and Canadian made papers, &c., &c. 
 IS'" Orders In the above departments executed on the shortest notice, and at reasonable charges. 
 
 Spkctator Offick, I GUIjLESnr <Ss HOBERTSOU", 
 
 Hamilton, C. W. ) Publltlurt K eroprUtort, 
 
 THE ST. OATKBRIITB'B OOITSTIT'O'TIOITAL, 
 
 An Indopciidcnt TVcckly €onscrvativc Journal, 
 
 Is published every Wednesilay, at the Proprietor's Offlce, St. Paul Street, at the low price of iH a year, in 
 advance. Having a large and Inlluentlal circulation. Business Men will flnil it a most desirable H<lver- 
 tlslng medium. Plain and Fancy JOB PKINTINd, of every description, executed in the best style of the 
 Art, at the cheapest rates, and on the shortest notice. Superior facilities for Book, Handbill, Circular and 
 Card Printing. 
 
 JAMES SEYMOUR, Editor & Proprietor, St. Catherine's, C. W. 
 
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 KIXGSTOX, CANADA WEST. 
 
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 KINGSTON, CANADA WEST. 
 
 2!> 
 
 view (if the Biirrouii<ling country is obtained. These Imildings, besides the immense Hull, 
 wliiili is used on nil public ocensions, and for conoerts, etc., oontaiii the eomiuoii council 
 chiiiiiberj, city otliccs, commercial news room, ngeiicy of the bank of British North Ameri- 
 ca, temiiorary ])ost-ortiee, wholesale stores and wareliouses, together with numerous either 
 otlicts, etc., which w ill give some idea of its proportions. Its average cost was one hundred 
 and twenty thousand dollars. The new "Court House and Jnil," now comjileted, stands 
 next in order, and is, indeed, an ornament to the city, the front clevalion, with itssix niag- 
 niticent jiillar.'', bi-ing in Creeiari Ionic style, and the design extremely chaste and elegant. 
 Its li'iigtli is'iiiH feet, widili f>i feet. The average outlay in its construction was nearly 
 ninrty tlmusand dollars. The hiwer story is designed fur jnililic otKces, above which iir'o 
 (he court and council rooms, emisisting of the assizes and county court, the divisiim court, 
 and county council rocniis, etc. In rear are the .hiil and jailer's dwdlinir, formingan extensive 
 wiiii; to tlie main building. The nther buildings of note arc, the Koman Catluilic t'atln'- 
 dral, and llciriopolis C'olleire; the (Jcnerul Hospital, (Queen's College, the (iraminur 
 Schodl ; St. (ieorg<''s, St. Paul's, and St. .hiines's Protestant Churches; St. Andrew's Church, 
 Iri^li I'rci' Church, Chalnii'r's Church, AVesleyan and Primitive Methodist Clmrches, Cim- 
 greirational Chureli, l{a|itist Church, Anostolic, Cliurch, and the old Krench Itouian Catho- 
 lic Cliuri'h, now usimI as a nunnery. The new Custom House and Post-otiice, recently com- 
 pleted, would be an ornament to any city. The chief ]iutilic institutions are, the Ccncral 
 Hospital, House of Indu-^try, Hotel Dieu, ^b■ellanies' Institute, etc. There are two daily 
 n.wspaper! — 'The British Wliig," the tirst daily published in Cana<la West, and "The 
 News;" oni' tri-weekly in the Honian Catholie interest, the "Herald;" and four weeklies, 
 the "Clironich' and News," the " British Whig," the " Commercial Advertiser," and the 
 "Ti'ilMUie." One tliiiit; must not be overlooked in mentioning tiie lions of the city — the 
 Public I'ark, which, in a fi'W years, will be a chief source of healthful recreation to the 
 citizens. 
 
 KiuL'ston has long been known for its safe and capacious harbour, which is well 
 adapted to shelter a lariTi' flci't of vessels, besides having over twenty wharves, some of 
 them vii'v extensive, and furnished with capacious warehouses and accoinmodations for 
 the fiirwaidiuL.' trade. The shijiping tradi' has long been a chief feature of the place. In 
 addition in the ship yards at (Jiirden Island, npiiosite, ami at Portsmouth, at the extreme 
 West end of tlu' city, there is the noted Marine Railway <if John Counter, Ks((,, fnim all of 
 wiiii'li have lieen launched the greatest nnmlier and largest tonnage of Canadian vessels in 
 CaTiada West. Kiiig>tou, in this partie\dar, being only second to (Quebec. 
 
 A branch railroad has lately bei'u made across a portion of the bay below the Catara- 
 fpii l>ridi;e. to connect with the eity from the main depot, coming in at the foot of Onta- 
 rio >tieit. at the Tete (111 Pont barracks, and |>assinLt thence along the harbour to Shaw's 
 wliiuf, where the branch or city depot is to lie establisiied. Kingston has, also, her Crys- 
 tal Palace, at tlie outskirts of the city, in which the County Airricidtiiral, Horticultural, 
 and otlnr shows are lieM, and in which will be held tlu' Provincial Association's great An- 
 nual Show t'or lS,")'.t. This is a large, hauilsoine, ami connnodious liuilding, which speaks 
 favo\n-alily for the ]niblie eiiterpriM' of the Kingstonese, and the yeomein'y of the county 
 of I'l'onlenac. Not the b'ast ri'iuarkable evidence of the prosperity of the farming eom- 
 nninity, is the lai-LTe markets in Kingston — larger, perhaps, than any others in Canada, and 
 atle-ting i,'reatly in favour of the superiority of tlie land in the vicinity. 
 
 Kingston is well ilefeiided, judging from her martello towers, market battery, and ex- 
 tensivi' and commanding fortifications at Fort Henry and Point Frederick. Towanls the 
 West end of the city arc numerous handsome private residences, fronting on Lake Ontario. 
 Still further <in is tin' private Insam' Asylum, at " Pockwood."' The Penitentiary, sitiuited 
 on the laki' shore, is a great attraction to straHLters visiting Kingston. It is surrounded 
 with walls :iii fei't lii;_'li, with flanking towers, the whole covering an area of about twen- 
 ty aeres. Iimidethe walls, tin' first building seen is of a cruciform shape, in one wing of 
 wldeli is the hospital; in anotlu'r, the dining-hall ; above these, the chapel; and under- 
 neath, the a-:yhnn for the iiisaiu'. The north )iart is the dwelling-house of tlie Warden 
 and other otlieers, with a beautiful ijarden attached ; the reimiinder being occujned as cells 
 for the convicts, who are all well eared for, and have, with their own hands, erected the 
 walls, workslio]is, sheds, cells, etc. At the back, and next the lake side, are ranges of 
 workshops, when' the surplus lalninr is let to contractors. 
 
 On the whole, Kingston seems to keep the even teiiour of her way amongst the cities of 
 Canada West, with a crcditabh' steadiness and perseverance; is said to be one of the most 
 healthy localities in the ]irovince; with a population of aliout 13,(iii(i. Kingston is repre- 
 sented in tlie rpper House by the Honourable Alexander Campbell, and in the Lower 
 Hou~e by the Honourable .bilin A. Mac(louald, the ex-Premier; the member for the county 
 beinirthe Honourable Hi'iirv Smith, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. 
 
 The station of the (Jrand Trunk Railroad is about 2 miles from the city. Omnibuses 
 ply to and from it, in connection with the hotels. 
 
 ?- J 
 
 rv! 
 
 If 
 
 8: 
 
I 
 
UPPER AND LOWETl CANADA. 
 
 TiiK following iiiforniation is compiled from the niithorizcJ publications of the Cana<linii 
 govcruiucnt, official documents, and private information received : — 
 
 OEonnAPniCAL Positiov akd Extbxt.— The province of Canada embraces about S.IO.OOO square 
 miles of territory, in(le|)en(lently of its nortli-westorn possessions, not yet open for settlement : 
 it is, consequently, more than one-third hirjter than France, nearly three times as larjrc as (Jreat 
 Britain and Ireland, and more than three times as largo as Trussia. The iidiabited, or settled 
 portion, covers at least 40,000 square miles, and is nearly twice as largo as Denmark, three 
 times as large an Switzerland, a third greater than Scotland, and nu>i.' than a third the >\n! "i' 
 Prussia. 
 
 Prior to the year 1840, Canada was divided into two distinct provinces, known as Upper and 
 Lower ("auada, ])Ossessing separate legislative bodies, or parliaments, for the local government 
 of each. In 1S40 these provinces were united, although, for some purposes, the old territorial 
 divisions still exist. Upper Canada is that part of the now united provinces which lies to the 
 west of the River Ottawa ; Lower Canada embraces the country to the east of that river. 
 
 This extensive province is hounded on the north by the Uritish possessions, at present in the 
 occupation, or guardianship, of the Hudson's Bay Company; on the south and east, by the states 
 of the American Union, and the Uritish province of \ew Hrunswick. The western boundary of 
 Canada, west of Lake Winnipeg, is yet undefined. The River St. Lawrence, and Lakes Untario, 
 Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Superior, with their connecting rivers, form the division between 
 Canada and the United States. 
 
 FouM OK GovEKXMEXT. — Canada is a colony of Great Britain, hut is as free and unfettered as 
 an iu(le])eniK'nt nation. The mother cou'.try has entrusted to the Canadians the maiuigement of 
 their own affairs. The (!overiu)r of Canada, who is also Governor-general of Uritish North Amer- 
 ica, is appointed by the Uritish Crown, and is its representative in the colony. He nominates an 
 executive council, who are his advisers on all matter . There arc two legislative bodies, called 
 the House of Assend)ly and the Legislative Council, the members of which are elected by tho 
 people. The Legislative Council was formerly filled by the nominees of the crown. 
 
 Tho system of government is that of legislative majorities and responsibility to electors, in 
 iniitation of, and as similar as possible, to that which exists in Great Uritain. All public oflicea 
 and seats in the legislature are open to any candidate possessing the confidence of the people, 
 and holding a certain limited amount of property, and being, at the time, a British subject. Tho 
 elective franchise is nearly universal. Every num paying an annual household rental of 30 dol- 
 lars, (tt) stg.) in the cities and towns, and '20 dollars, (£4: stg.) in the rural districts, is entitled 
 to vote. 
 
 NATriiALizATioK OP A1.IENS. — Under the provisions of the 12 Vict. cap. 197, sect 4, as amended 
 by tlie IS Vict. cap. 0, foreigners can become naturalized ofter a residcnccof_/!cc //(<(»•« in Can- 
 ada, by taking an oath as to such residence, and the oath of allegiance, before any Justice of 
 the Peace of the place of his residence, and afterwards obtiuuing a certificate of residence from 
 such Justice of the Peace, and causing it to be presented and recorded in any one of the courts 
 mentioned in the sixth section of the 12 Vict. cap. Itt7, upon which a certificate of naturalization 
 will bo granted by such court. 
 
 Before they ore naturolized, we are informed that foreigners can hold and transmit real estate 
 the same as natural-born subjects; that they have a vote at municipal elections, although not at 
 elections for members of the provincial legislature. 
 
 The Uritish government maintains a small force in Canada and the neighboring provinces, for 
 protection against foreign invasion, and for tho maintenance and preservation of the fortifica- 
 tions of Quebec, Kingston, and other places, in the event of a foreign war. 
 
 Chauactkb op the PoiM'LATioN'. — Canada was once a French colony, and, until it was ceded 
 to the Uritish, possessed, exclusively, a French population. In that part of the province whioh 
 lies to the east of the Ottawa River, and which is called Lower Canada, the people arc chiefly of 
 French extraction. West of the Ottawa, or Upper Canada, is essentially British. Ttfie popida- 
 tion of the province now exceeds '2,000,000. In some parts of Upper Canada there are large 
 colonies of Germans and Dutch, and it is probable that not less than 30,000 Germans and Dutch 
 are settled in different parts of the upper or western half of the province. 
 
 '■! i1 
 
82 
 
 POPULATIOX — LAWS AND MUNICIPAI, IN'.STITUTIONS. 
 
 POPULATION or CANADA FOR 1850-1857. 
 
 I , 
 
 Namei of Countlei. 
 
 Total catlinatcil Pop- 
 ulation up to Jnn. 1. 
 
 is:>n, I 1S17. I 
 
 Namea nf rountlei 
 aiiU cuius. 
 
 Total esllniatecl Pon- 
 ulalloii up to Jan. 1. 
 
 Brant .... 
 
 KifTin 
 
 Prencott. . 
 Kuaiiull . . 
 Lamhton . 
 Stonnont 
 Dunilua . . 
 Olennary . 
 Cark'lun . 
 Leed:) .... 
 Grenvllle . 
 Norfnlk... 
 Lanark . . 
 Ilenfrew . 
 Froiitenac 
 I.ei'.nox. .. 
 AclilhiKton 
 lla^iliii);*. . 
 
 Prlnoo KilwartI 
 
 Ilaldlmanil 
 
 Norlhuinbcrlanil.. I 
 
 Durham f 
 
 Peterlioroud'h. 
 Victoria 
 
 'ill 
 
 ;;;;;;[] 
 
 H 
 
 2fi,>t7a 
 
 .SO,416 
 U,(r.'S 
 
 17,T0a 
 
 u.-m 
 
 !t<»,Wl) 
 
 .sa.niM 
 
 2ll,4.')fl 
 'i7,SH4 
 •js,s'24 
 1H,«S4 
 1>1,BS4 
 !),14S 
 IH.IWS 
 41, lilt! 
 
 '2\,i<M 
 
 ( 3l\,l'24 
 
 ) !{s,4,'>ti 
 
 2ll,'.JiB 
 
 l«,7.Vi 
 
 2».n%7 
 t)»,4AI 
 l\4ti 
 O.SII'i 
 1«,B«9 
 
 nfiU 
 'J.\119 
 8!i,f)94 
 42,970 
 29,101 
 HO,672 
 Hl,70« 
 14,st4 
 23,S')2 
 10,1102 
 2o,.V)« 
 4.\777 
 24,921 
 2H,N2ll 
 119,i;W 
 42,Hill 
 22,H03 
 1>I,427 
 
 llrnniftil forward 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Vork I 
 
 Peel f 
 
 !<lnu'oc 
 
 Wentworth 
 
 Ilallon 
 
 Orey 
 
 U'elllnKton 
 
 Huron I 
 
 Ilruce f 
 
 Perth 
 
 Waterloo 
 
 Lincoln I 
 
 Wellanil j 
 
 Oxford 
 
 I .Middlesex . 
 
 Kent 
 Kssex 
 
 City of Toronto. . 
 City of ilanillton 
 City of Kinpitnn. 
 
 I City of Ottawa . . 
 
 I City of Loudon .. 
 
 ISM. 
 
 ftfl,ft82 
 8fl,52n 
 fll,A72 
 27,NH 
 
 8a,7ia 
 
 «I,M4 
 21,592 
 
 1 lO.nsn 
 1 ;i4,f>'i4 
 
 i 82,IW 
 
 1 H.llOO 
 
 2«,.V>2 
 
 .'t4,'K4 
 
 ( !«,7lH) 
 
 \ 21,060 
 
 40,!MW 
 
 4o,ini 
 2;i,si)0 
 2n,(m) 
 
 4ll,.'>00 
 20,4iM) 
 1«,1.')0 
 ll,l).')0 
 
 i;i,()O0 
 
 l'«7. 
 
 B2,oon 
 
 40,172 
 07,729 
 80,H24 
 89,2S'; 
 IM,B9S 
 2.t,7.M 
 1S,2.'« 
 
 asorts 
 
 a'i,942 
 9,24<) 
 29,207 
 !t7,7.'>« 
 97,070 
 'A 100 
 44,'.I9S 
 44,lfl7 
 
 2li,lM) 
 
 2s,(m 
 .'il,0<M) 
 22,44(1 
 17,7.'i9 
 12,1.\"> 
 14,9t'K) 
 
 Carrlcdup ' .')fi,.'>;i2 f>2,0ii« l| ri,22>*,123 ll,8,')0,92;t 
 
 Total estimated pnimlatiun of Lower Canada, adding one-seven-i I 
 
 tcentli for one year's Increase I,1.')2,70S ll,220,.')14 
 
 Total population of Canada in ISM and In 1S67 2,8s(),sn 12,571, 487 _| 
 
 Law» AMD MtTNiciPAL lNSTiTL'Tio!t.s. — Tlio Iftws of Eii|rl!in(l wtTo introcluctMl itito Upper Can- 
 ada ill IT'.'l, and ]>revail, subject to the viirious iiltefatioiis nutde, IVotn time to time, by tlie local 
 purlutinetit. The laws of Fi'iince, as tlicy existed at tlio conqtiest ol" Camidu, by Urituiii, prevail 
 in Lower Canada, subject also to tlie ivlterations ellected by tlie local pai-Iianient. Tlie ei-iiuinal 
 and coinnieiciid laws of Eni^Iund prevail there, us in Upper Canada. Tlie pailiunieiit of Canada 
 have, and exercise, entire control over the province; the ini))erial (;overnnient never interfere 
 now, unless (which .scarcely ever occurs) some >;reat national interest is involved. 
 
 The municipal system of Upper Canada is admirably adapted to the cxijjencies of a younjj and 
 rigorous country ; its success has been coini)lele. In order to comprehend it, it is necessary to 
 state, that Upper Canada is divided into counties, forty-two in nutnher; each county is divided 
 into townships; so that, on un average, each township is about ten miles S(piare. The inliabit- 
 ontsof n township elect live "couneillers," the councillors elect, out of this nuiidjcr. u presiding 
 oflicer, who is designated the " town reeve ;" the town reeves of the difl'erent townships, form 
 the " county council," this Council elect their presiding olliccr, who is styled the " Warden." The 
 town council and county council are municipal corporations, possessing the power to raise 
 money for municipal purposes, such os making public improvements, opening an<l rei)airing 
 roads and bridges. Repayment is secured by a tax on all the property in tlic township or county 
 where the debt is incurred; but no by-law for raising money can be enforced, unless it has been 
 previously submitted to the electors or people. Each corporation jiossesses the power of suing, 
 and is liable to be sued, and their by-laws, if illegal, are subject to be annulled by the Superior 
 Courts of the province, at the instance of any elector. 
 
 Each township council has the power to ])rovido for the support of common schools under 
 the provisions of the school law ; to construct roads, bridges, water-courses, etc., to appoint 
 path-masters or rood-insi)ectors, etc. The county councils are charged with the construction and 
 repairs of goals, and court-houses, roads and bridges, houses of correction, and grammar seliouls, 
 under the provisions of the school-law ; to grant money, by loan, to public woiks, teixling to the 
 improvement of the country, and to levy taxes for the redemption of the debts incurred, subject 
 to the proviso before mentioned, namely, the vote of the jjoople. Villages not having a i)opula- 
 tion over 1000, ore governed by a board of police, and are styled police villages ; possessing over 
 1000 inhabitants, they become incorporated villages, and arc governed by a council of live, whose 
 reeve is a member of the county council, ex officio ; as soon as a village acquires a population 
 exceeding three thousand, it becomes a town governed by a mayor and council, and is represented 
 in the county council by a town reeve, and deputy town reeve. When the number of inhabit- 
 
 
CAXADA — IKCOME AND EXl'ENDITUKE — EDUCATION. 
 
 88 
 
 \x 
 
 onts I'xoi'udM lii,(KHi, it tuny bo creattMl u city, anil is k"*''''''1''I by a miiyor, nUlornian, nnil coun- 
 filiiieu. All town rui'ves, wul'deua, niuyora, und uldi^rniun, ure, I'x oj/irin, justices of tlio pcuce, 
 
 KEVENl'E AND EZPENOITL'ItE rOK 1850. 
 
 m 
 
 •-'9 
 .>4 
 
 s.' , 
 1!W 
 M 
 <M 
 ms 
 
 )4'i 
 M<t 
 JOT 
 
 r.'xi 
 
 1170 
 
 ion 
 
 ',I!H 
 
 ini 
 i-«o 
 ,(m 
 
 ^IHHI 
 ,44<l 
 
 ,:.'>!) 
 
 ,1M"|0 
 
 o,r>i4 
 
 1,4»7 
 
 to Upper Cun- 
 10, by tbe local 
 Irituin, prevail 
 Tbo criminul 
 |ieiit ot' Canadii 
 levLT interfere 
 
 of tt youn); und 
 is necessary to 
 unty is divided 
 Tbo inbabit- 
 )cr. a presiding 
 mvnsbips, form 
 Warden." The 
 power to raise 
 and repairing 
 isbip or county 
 less it has been 
 [(ower of suing, 
 jy the Superior 
 
 n schools under 
 etc., to appoint 
 ■oiistruction and 
 ■amnuir scliools, 
 tending to the 
 ncurred, subject 
 laving u popula- 
 possessing over 
 cil of live, whose 
 ■es a population 
 id is represented 
 mber of inhabit- 
 
 Revenue, 18M. |i Expenatture, ISM). 
 
 £ *. d. 
 
 rnatnma 1 .fl2>>.9'V5 9 '2 
 
 1! ». (/• 
 
 Inlcrest on Putille Debt 2•.'.^,•J■2.S 1ft 7 
 
 (MviMiiiverniiii'iil ft(i a'tO 10 JJ 
 
 KxcLie vio.rilW H H 
 
 Ittveiiue from ruUlc Works, ftl.'li.") 7 .') 
 
 Terrlli>riiil !i,'),ti.-,i! tl U 
 
 Itiiiik Iiiii.oHla I!.', 14.' 14 •.' 
 
 I'udiiiLl ItHvenue S9.(J(M 12 7 
 
 Adiiiiiiisliiilloii (if Justice.. . 1M,'J.'4 S B 
 
 i'niviiuiiil I'eulleiitlary l:t,!i:l« 11 2 
 
 1,1'itislHlurc 117,414 17 4 
 
 Kclui'iilliin 97, .M4 1 fl 
 
 .\({ri('iilluriil Socletli'H 17 ll.Vi 1:1 B 
 
 
 y 
 
 lln.spliiiN hikI other Clmiillea Hs.T.'Ml Is 10 
 
 I'lililio Works Ih.',7s7 Hi tt 
 
 Mliiliii !Kl,lo7 14 a 
 
 Maliitonancc of M){litlii>u.4t'S 27,'.)'.l( 4 1 
 Kiuifrratlon )i Jis;< Is 7 
 
 Pensions ... 9 s'*o 8 
 
 y^ 
 
 Iiiilhiii annuities s 7,^,^ o 
 
 < Total Currency £1,23j»,060 13 4 
 
 
 
 .sitikihK l"'!!!))!, &c do s4s 14 ,^ 
 
 r.MlaL'elluneous 1'.'0,->'J7 Oil 
 
 Total Currency £l,ofiO,7l4 13 
 
 Eiiic.vTioxAi. IxsTiTi'Tioxs. — L'ppcr and Lower Canada enjoy separate school laws, adapted to 
 the religious elements prevailing in either. Kaeli township in lJp|)er Canada is divided into sev- 
 eral school sections, according to the iei|uirenieiitsof the inhabitants. The common schools arc 
 supported partly by governmeni, and partly by local, self-imposed taxation, and occasionally, by 
 the pavnient of a small monthly fee from each scholar. The total amount expended on educa- 
 tional purposes in Canada, during l^.'iO, was t'.C.'iM l.i. il'/., currency. In long-settled rural dis- 
 tricts, each school section is now dislinguished by a handsome brick school-house, furnished with 
 nia]is, aiilluuized school books, and elementary philosophical apjiaratus. The salaries of teachers 
 vary from tl.'io stg. to t4o stg. in country parts, and from £l'sU stg. to tV.') stg. in cities und 
 towns. All common-school teachers must pass an examination before a county board of educa- 
 tion, or receive a license from tlie provincial normal .school, empi/wering them to teach, before 
 tlii'V can claim the government allowance. 
 
 The provincial normal .scIkjoI is a highly ed'ective and useful in.+titution, for the training of 
 teachers, and annually sends forth IVoin loi) to l.")ii young men and women, who, having been 
 uniformly instructed in the art of conducting a school and communicating knowledge, are grad- 
 ually establishing, in Upper Canada, a system of cominon-scbool education of great promise. 
 
 The free .school system is gaining ground in many parts of Canada ; the principle it involves 
 implies the supjiort of commcm schools, open to all, by a general ta.\, and the non-exaction of 
 fees. Any sclmol section may adopt it by tbe vote of the majority of its inhabitants. Separate 
 schools for Uoman Catludics are sanctioned under certain regulations. 
 
 The grammar schools are li.'i in number, with .'!T;iii pujiils. They are intended to form a con- 
 necting link between tbe common schools und the univeisitios. Teachers must be graduates of 
 some university; they receive an allowance from government in addition to fees. The umonut 
 raised for grammar-school purposes, in IS.')'), wus £12,000 sterling. 
 
 Hesides a richly-endowed provincial nniversity, supplied with a comidete stall' of highly com- 
 petent professors and lecturers, there ui'e several other universities and colleges in Upper Can- 
 ada, in connection w itii dill'erent religions denoiuinations. The standard of education adopted 
 in some of the Canadian universities, assimilates, as closely as possible, to that established in 
 the time-bimonred institutions of Great Britain and Ireland, and the ranks of the professorial 
 stall's are generally sujiidied from the same unfailing sources. All the expenses of a full uni- 
 versity course in Toronto need not exceed tOo sterling jier annum, board and tuition included. 
 To the I'rovincial University, and to the University of Trinity College in connection with the 
 Clnirch of Knglaiid, scholarships are attached, which vary in value, from £ls stg. to £40 stg. 
 per annum. These are awarded (at annual examinations; to successful candidates competing 
 for them. 
 
 In Lower Canada a system of education in some respects similar to that which has just been 
 described exists, and is rapidly obtaining favour among tbe people. The superior schools there, 
 Iiuwever, are of a very high order, and many of t'ue seniinaries attached to religious houses are 
 well endowed, and amply provided with cfUcicit professors and teachers. 
 
Hi 
 
 RELIGION— AOKICL'LTITHE—CMMATK. 
 
 Ukliiiion. AmoiiK ('nniidiium llioro in perfect toleriitioii in ri'li({i()in multiT^. While, how- 
 ovt'j', nil reliniiiiiH are respecled by linv anil \ty llie |ieiip|e, lliere are »trict ili-ilinelii)n» jealously 
 preserved lieluerr. I'lmrelies of dillerenl deninninalions, 
 
 Tlie prevailing reli^jicms deiioniiinilinns may lie llins ehHiilleil, aeenrdini; to tlie een»n» nf 
 IS.M, friini wliieli an idi'a nniy lie lornieil cpf llie prcMiil »li<'n;;lli uleaeli leading reli)^i(ni.< Imdy : 
 — Clinreh 111' Kn^tland, '.'•I'', Mil' ; Clinreli ol'Sentland, V'l,^'"? ; Clnireli id' Kmne, iM I,.'pTI ; Krei' I'les 
 bylerians, ',i;i,."i^."> ; (ilher Presbyterians, >l',T:',;! ; Wi'sleyan Melhudlsis, II I.Ml'.i; Mpisenpal Melliii- 
 dislH, -('.i.-W.'! ; all oilier Mellicidisl-4, ,"i'.',»4'J ; Hiiplisis, lli,"*!'! ; Lutherans, l'.',lii7, i.ti'.,eti.'. In I'pper 
 Canada the Kinnan ('atholies torni about one-sixth <d' the whole population, and in I.otver Ciui- 
 ada about live-sixths. 
 
 Aiiitiiii.Ti u.»i. ('AeAiiii.iTiKs (IK TFiK ,Si)fi„ III tile Valleys of some of the larger rivers of 
 L'pper Canada wheal lias been urown alter wlii'al for thirty years; the litsl eidps yielded »n 
 average ol to biishels lo the aere, but, under the Ihoniihlb'ss s\ slem of lMi?<baiidiy then puismd, 
 the yu'ld diminished lo I'J bushels lo Ihe acre, and eiuiipelled a elian;it' of crop, which soon h.id 
 the etlect nf restoring the land to ils original ferlilily. Hut this sysleni of hiisbanilry Iimh i |- 
 focted ils own cure, and led In the iiitroiluelidn ( fa more ralional inelhod of eultivatini; Ihe soil. 
 Years njjo, when roads were bad, and faeililies for coinmuiiiealiii;; with niarkels few ami far be- 
 tween, wheat was Ihe only saleable produce of ihe farm, so that no ell'orl was siiared to cullivale 
 tliut cereal to the utmost exienl. Now, since i.iilroads, niaeadami^ed roads, and plaiil> roads 
 have opened up Ihe eounlry, and ai;i icidtuial so' ielies have succeeded in dissemimitiii^ mniji 
 u.seful instriiclion and iiiforniatioii, husbandry has improved in all ilireclioiis, and the natui.d 
 fertility of the soil of the old seltlcmenis is, in (treat part, restored. 
 
 The averajie yield of wheat in some townships oxeoeds '.';i bushels lo Ihe acre, and where the 
 least approach to );ood farming prevails the yi'hl rises to thirty, and oflen forty biislii'ls lo ihe 
 acre. On new land tifly bushels is not at all uucomnion ; audit must not be forgollin, that 
 Canadian wheal, grown near Ihe city of Toron: i, won a tirst prize at llii' Paris e\hibition. It 
 may truly be said, Ihal Ihe '(oil of what may be lernied Ihe agricullural portion of Canada, which 
 comprises four-lifths ot the inliahiled poitioii, ;.nd a vast area still in the hamis of the govern- 
 ineiit uiul now open tu setllcment, is unexceptionable ; and when deteriiiatioii takes place, il is 
 the fault of the fanner, anil not of Ihe soil. In l'pper Canada the yield of wheat one year con- 
 siderably exceeded 'Ji^diio,!"!!! bushels; and llw ipialily of Canadian wheat is so superior, that 
 the American millers buy il hir the jiurpose o! nii.xing with grain grown in Ihe I'niled Stales, 
 in order to improve the i|ualily of Iheir Hour. 
 
 The most erroneous opinions have prevailed abroad respceling the climate of Canada. The 
 so-called rigour of Camiilian winters is often advanced as a serious objcclion lo Ihe couiiliy, by 
 many who have not the courage to encounter them, — who prefer sleet and fog, to brilliant skies 
 and bracing cold, and who have yet to learn the value and exlcntof the blessings confeiiTil upon 
 Canada by her world-renowned "snows." 
 
 It will scarcely be believed by many who shudder at the idea of the I' ermonieler falling lo 
 zero, that Ihe gradual annual diniinution in the fall of snow, in eerlain loeidilies, is a subjiet ol 
 lamentation to the farmer in Western Canada. Their desire is for Ihe old-fashinncd winters, willi 
 sleighing for four inonlhs, and spring bursting upon them with marvellous beauty ut the begin- 
 ning of April. A boiinliful fall of snow, with hard frost, is ei|uivalent to the construction of 
 the best nuicadamized roads all over the eounliy. The absence of a sullicient i|uanlily of snow 
 in winter for sleighing, is a calamity as much lo be feared and deplored, as the want of rain in 
 spring. Happily, neither of these deprivations is of freiiuent occurrence. 
 
 The climate of (^'anada is in some measure exceptional, especially lh;it of the peninsular por- 
 tion. The inlluence of the great lakes is very strikingly fell, in the elevation of winter lem|)er- 
 atiires, and in the reduction of summer heats. Kast and west of Canada, beyond the inllueme 
 of the lakes, the greatest extremes prevail, -intense cold in winter, intense heat in summer, and 
 to these fcalures may be addeil their usual atlendant, drought. 
 
 Perhaps the ]iopular slaiiilard of the adaplalion of climate to the piirpo-es of agriculture, is 
 more suitable for the |iiesent occasion, than a reference to monthly ami annual means of teiu- 
 
 peratur 
 
 Much infornialion is conveyed in the simple narration of facts bearing u|ioii friiil cid 
 
 lure. Krom the head of Lake Ontario, round by the N'iagara frontier, and all along the ('amulian 
 shores of Lake Erie, the grape and jieacli grow with luxuriance, and ripen to perfection in the 
 open air, without the slightest artilicial aid. The island of .Montreal is distinguished every 
 
 where for the tine quality of its ajiples, and the island of Or 
 
 below liuebec, is c(|iially cele- 
 
 brated for its plums. Over the whole of (Simula, the melon and tomato aci|uire large diniensions, 
 and ripen fully in the open air, the seeds being planted in the soil towards the latter end of 
 
 gl« 
 
 i'l 
 
 cli 
 
 ceil 
 
 vej 
 
 tli(| 
 
 liii 
 
Ir. hi>w- 
 
 oulouiily 
 
 \\i^ Imily : 
 ri'i- I'li'^ 
 111 Mcilid- 
 
 III I'lUxT 
 
 )\\i'r Cau- 
 
 ii\ I'ln lit" 
 ii'lilid mi 
 1 )mi'<iu'il, 
 
 I ?>(Miii liail 
 
 II V lias rt'- 
 
 lir till' Sllil. 
 
 Mill I'ar !»'• 
 II ciillivalo 
 luiiU riiails 
 ilinU iiiiuli 
 llii' iiatuial 
 
 1 wlll'll' till' 
 
 nlirls In tin- 
 h;iiI|i'11, tlml 
 liliitinll. It 
 liaila, wliirli 
 till- fiiivi'in- 
 s |i\ai'i', it H 
 111' yrar cnli- 
 ipi'linf, llial 
 liiti'tl Stati's, 
 
 aiiaila. Tlio 
 uiiitiy, l>.v 
 liiiiil >Ki<-* 
 ll rnd iii"ii> 
 
 ■r rnUiiij: ti) 
 a siiliji'it 111 
 illllTS, «ill> 
 at till' lii'-'iii- 
 istnirtiiiii 111 
 ity lit' siiHVV 
 ml lit' rain i" 
 
 linsular |ioi- 
 inter ti'inlifi' 
 tlio iiitlin'"'''' 
 
 SlllllllU'T', uii'l 
 
 iirrifiiltiin'i '■< 
 iu'nii« i)f ti''i>- 
 i|.iiii fruit cul- 
 thc CaiHuliaii 
 it'irliiiii ill 'l"-' 
 Xiii^lii'd I'vi'i-y 
 is fiiually I'l''*^' 
 ic ilimi'iisionM, 
 latter cml of 
 
 GENKHAL INFOIIMATION FOU SKTrLEHS. 
 
 86 
 
 April, mill llie fniit nutliiTfil In Scpti'inlHT. I'iiiii|ikins iiiiil Ripia»tiO!4 utiain ){i){iintio diinciiHloiiii; 
 tli<-\ liaru fXCi'i'iU'il :;.'>ii puiiiiilH In w('i){lit in tlif iiciKliliunrliuuil iif Tiiriiiitu. Iiiiliuii corn, liopH, 
 mill tiiburi'ii uro ouniniiin criips, unil yit'ld lar^o rolling. lIiMiip nml flux uro imll)(ciiuiM pluiitu, 
 mill can lie iMillivatoil tii any I'xli'iit in many pails of llii> piuvimi-. 
 
 Till' most HlrikinK illustration of till- iiilliii'iii'u nf tin' ^loat lakes in anieliorutin); the climate 
 of Caiiaila, especially of the western peniiisiila, is lo lie foimil In the iiutnral limits to which certain 
 trees are restricteil hy cliliiale. That valimhle wiioil, the black waliiiil, for which (.'anu.la is «u 
 cclehrateil, coascH to ki'ow north of latitniletr on the Atlantic coast, but, iinilcr the iiiUiieiico of 
 the comparatively inihl lakc-clliiialu of peninsula Canaila, it is foiinil in the ^reulcst profusion, 
 unil nf Ihe largest (limeiisions, as far north as latlliiile ■['■','. 
 
 The fiilliiwiiii{ infnriiiaiion is tVnm llie |ieii of .Mr. I). WiiMer, ('oinnii«8ioner of tlie Ciiiuda 
 Coiiil'auy, "I'll will lie fiiuiul to cniilaiii miiio inl'iiriMiitioii of interest and utility lo 
 
 SIXrr.KHS AND SMALL FAltMKUS. 
 
 Thick ok C';.KAiiiN(i Wii.n Lanhs, and iiiiw Ci.kauki). The <7ii(c/«;/ of wihl liuiil is ulwayg to 
 be uiiilerstooit as doariii;;, fencing, uiiil leaviiifj; it reaily for it crop, in teii-acro iiclils, the stunipu 
 anil roots of the trees alone beinn left (o ciicinnber the operations of the fanner. The price va- 
 ries {ireally, aecorilinn to circumstaiiees, hut may be i|uoteil at present, as t'.'i cy., per acre. The 
 piivinent Is always uiiilerslooil to he maile In cash, except a special written baij;aiu to the con- 
 trarv is entereil into. Timber is now bcconiiii); scarce ami vahiahle in some Incations, anil 
 near the railway, the value of the timber Is eipial to the cost of clearing the laml. 
 
 KoTATio.s' iiK (JUKI'S, KTC. — As wlicat (the boast of Camilla) succecils best on a new fallow, 
 (newly deareil anil burnt laml beinj; 80 called,) it is always thu first grain crop. Farmers with 
 capital, seeil the fallow ilown with (grasses, anil wait live or six years; but the fanner wllli liin- 
 iteil means, puts the laml into crop the next year, cither with polatoi's or spriiij; grain; then 
 follows wheat again, every alternate year, until he has power to clear enough new lunil for his 
 wheat crop each yar, • when the olil laml is laid down In meadow, and otherwise cropped, with- 
 out much altentli'ii to the usual general rules of good farming, until the stumps rot sutlicleiitly 
 to admit of the free use of the plough. The best English and Scotch farmers then adopt the 
 customary three or four Held system, or otherwise wheat, and winter onil summer fallow, each 
 iilternate year. The lirst crops are always put in w ith the harrow alone. It Is, however, almost 
 Inipos.-ible to speak positively in regard to this i|iiestioii, as it seems to be i|iilte a matter of con- 
 venience, or peihaps, ca|>rice, as lo the manner in which the cultivation shall proceed. We have 
 fanners frnm all parl^ of (Ireat liritaln, Ireland, Europe, and the United .States, and ciich person 
 assiniilales his practice, us much as possible, to the customs to which he has been used — or thinks 
 best for the country. 
 
 I'noni'CK OK Chops.- The produce, per acre, of all crops varies much from year to year in 
 Canada, owing to the late and early frosts. It Is, hov.ever, generally considered, that the follow- 
 ing is a fair average of ten years, on all tolerably cultivated farms : -Wheat, '_'"i bushels ; barley, 
 CO bushels; oats, In bushels; rye, J'.o bushels; potatoes, ;i."iO bushels per acre. Swedish turnips, 
 mangel wurtzcl, and other roots of a similar kind, are not generally .*ullicienlly cultivated to en- 
 able un average yield lo be given ; but it may very safely bo said, that, with similar care, culture 
 and attention, the produce will not be less ]ier acre than in England. Flax and hemp arc now 
 coining rapidly into notice, as an additional resource to the agriculturist, — the i|uality of both 
 nrtldes is excellent, and the quantity obtained aH'ords a prolitable return — the climate and soil 
 being well adapted for their growth. Tobacco has also been raised in coiis'Jderable quantities, 
 particularly In the western extremities of the province. 
 
 Land CAiiiiiAiiK. — That is, the hire of u team of two horses, wagon and driver, which will 
 take 18 cwt. of load, may generally bo reckoned at hJ, per mile, to the journey's end — supposing 
 the team to come back empty ; cheaper land travelling than this, can, however, often be obtained 
 by making u bargain. 
 
 Loo lIorsK, on Siiantv.— A comfortable log house, 16 feet by 2-f, with two floors, with shin- 
 gled roof, i'lS; log barn, \ii feet by 10, £1.5; frame house, same dimensions, tsO ; do. burn, 
 £100, suitable sheds, etc., £40. Tables, 10». to 17». 6(/; stump bedsteads, lOd to 20». each; 
 chairs, per dozen, £1 lis. Hollers, saucepans, kettles, knives and forks, etc., etc., about 50 per 
 cent over the usual sterling retail prices in England. It must be borne in mind, that the settler 
 very .seldom spends inomt/ in erecting his buildings, they being generally built by himself, with 
 the assistance of his neighbours, and added to, as his wants and increasing prosperity may fron 
 time to time require. The cost of household furniture, or rather the quantity required, varies 
 
36 WORK DURING WINTER — PRODUCE — WAGES — FOXES, ETC. 
 
 with the ideas of almost every tamily. In most cases, the househoUi furniture of a new settler 
 will not be found to exceed in value .filS; sometimes, not half that suuj ; and is often manuliie- 
 turcd by the settler himself. 
 
 FnosT— wiiE.v IT CoMKS AND GoES. — Thc time of the setting in of the frost, and of its depart- 
 ure, varies in Canada extremely in different years. Hut no prudent man ouglit to calculate ou 
 beinp able t ■ do any tiling; in tlie open field after the middle of Xovember, or much before the 
 first d"y of Ajjril. Fodder must be provided for cattle suthcient to last till the middle of .May, 
 as although a surplus may be lefl, owing to the early setting in of spring, yet cases liave been 
 known of great distress prevailing from want of proper attention on this head. 
 
 Faeimeus' Avocatioxs Dunixn WiNXEn.— The new settler's avocations during thc winterniontlia 
 are generally confined to taking care of his cattle and chopping, — that is, felling and cutting up 
 the trees ready for burning in the spring. The underbrush must be cleared off before thc snow 
 fulls. The family, when industrious, find their time fully employed in spinning, and oIIrt 
 female occupations; and, when it is :onsi<lered, that In the newest settlements ahnost every ar- 
 ticle of convenience or luxury must be nuule at home, or dispensed with, by poor settlers, it may 
 easily be imagined that the duties of a fiirnier's wife and grown-up daughters are numerous and 
 unceasing — for in proportion to their industry and abilities will be their domestic comfort and 
 happiness. In the summer, from the scarcity of labour, all assist in the fields — the child of even 
 five years old being usefully and healthily employed in some occn])ation befitting his age and 
 strength. Amongst too many Canadian farmers, however, the winter is a season of idleness and 
 enjoyment — a great portion of it being spent in amusement and visiting, to the manifest neglect 
 of their farms and impoverishment of themselves and families. 
 
 The Desckii'tigns oe Fiuit Axn Gaeioen I'iiodixe in Caxaua West. — All the fruits gencnilly 
 found in England thrive remarkably well in Canada ; but the i)lnm, apple, strawberry, rasp- 
 berry, and melon, attain a luxuriance of growth and i)erfection uiikiujwn in England. Tlie 
 melon, planted in the ojien ground, in most years produces excellent crops. In many places 
 vines prosper well. Peaches are indigenous sciutli of the parallel of 4H°, or, if not absuhitely 
 indigenous, grow rapidly from the stone, and bear fruit within a few years; <?!though good and 
 rich Uavoured, grajjcs and peaches are seldom met with, owing to their culture being neglected. 
 The same observations apply to all garden produce, which will attain a degree of luxuriance un- 
 known, perhaps, in liritaln, with far less care and culture. 
 
 Wages oe -Male and Female Seiivants, ano Prices op .Ion Wouk, sich as Carpexteiis and 
 OTHER TuAi)KS.MEN. — Tlicsc bave Varied considerably, but the average wages are as follows: — 
 Farm servants per month, with board, £f ; ditto, without boanl, £.'i. Female servants, t'l and 
 £1 t>s. per month. Day labourers, iti. to "i*. — in harvest, lOs. without b.iard. The wages of car- 
 penters and other tradesmen vary considerably according to the ability of the workmen; they 
 all range, however, between tl*. iV/. and !;;.<. (»/. per day — taking these as the lowest and highest 
 prices. These are the rates of wages to servants and workmen who are experienced In the work 
 of the country. Newly-nrrivcd emigrants do not get so much.* 
 
 Taxes pavable bt the Settlers, and Offices thev are liaiile to he called on to serve. — 
 Great alterations have lately been made in the laws relating to assessments — the power being 
 now vested In the municipal councils, elected by the ])eo])le, to impose what rates they please. 
 Each county, township, town, or incorporated village, i lects its own council, and may, therefore, 
 be said to tax itself. All the taxes raised by the council are expended within the several Ideal- 
 ities. There Is a small tax for the provincial lunatic asylum, and some other public buildings, 
 imposed by the legislature. It is, perhaps, useless to go into particulars, as almost every mu- 
 nicipality varies in the amount of taxes imposed. The ofiices which settlers are liable to l)u 
 called on to serve are numerous, but are nuich sought after, as they are considered to confer 
 distinction, and frequently emolument on the holders, who may be said to be members of a loi'al 
 government, in which is vested the levying of faxes, and administering the moneys collected from 
 the settlers, for all purposes connected with their welfare, viz., the roads, bridges, schools, and 
 improvements, and its other municipal affairs. In none of which does the i)rovinclal governinent 
 now interfere. 
 
 The i>ROBAnLE Expense of si'pportino a Family of five ou six (srowx Persons, tntil tiikv 
 covLn fiET siffk'ient FROM THE Lani) TO siPPORT TiiEMSELVES. — hd'ormatlou from several per- 
 sons has been received on this head ; the amount must necessarily vary aoeordiug to the wants 
 and usages of the family. Many iiersons will do with one-half of what others recpiire; and it i,s 
 
 NoTK.— Tlie wnires, at prenenf, (Septenil)er, l^.W,) are only al)out one lialf of tlie above rates, on account 
 of ttie general depression In commerce, and ttic low prices oWalned l)y farmers for grain.— Ed. 
 
 i I 
 
CANADA — THE GOVERNMENT FREE LANDS. 
 
 87 
 
 !\v settler 
 inauuliie- 
 
 ts depart- 
 kviliitc ou 
 bet'uie the 
 \e of Muy, 
 Imvo beeu 
 
 ter montlis 
 cvittini; up 
 -e tlic snow 
 ami other 
 st every ar- 
 U'vs, it iir.iy 
 imcrous ami 
 coiiitoil niid 
 ■hilil of even 
 his Bjje ami 
 idleness ami 
 lifi'st neglect 
 
 lits nenerally 
 wherry, rasp- 
 nj;himl. The 
 I many \ilaccs 
 Hit absolutely 
 (i^h jjiioil and 
 ■mn neiilected. 
 luxurianee un- 
 
 \UrKXTEUS ASU 
 
 as follows :— 
 vants, tl and 
 
 wafies of car- 
 (irknu'n; they 
 
 t and hiizhest 
 ed in the work 
 
 he 
 
 ON TO SKRVE.— 
 
 power beint! 
 es they please, 
 nniy, therefore, 
 lie several local- 
 ,d)lie bnildiuiis, 
 most every urn- 
 are liable to he 
 ilered to eoufer 
 embers of a lo''al 
 ys coUeeted from 
 [r,.s, schools, and 
 iieial government 
 
 (SONS, fNTII. TllKY 
 
 ;Vc>m several per- 
 aini; to the wants 
 
 re<iuire 
 
 mid it 1* 
 
 ve rates, on account 
 -Ed. 
 
 impossible, therefore, to give any decided information on this point ;— the prices of produce and 
 provisions given, will enable eoch individual to judge for liimsclf. Sui)port for a family israrely 
 required for more than twelve months, in which time, an industrious family should be able to 
 raise a crop for themselves. 
 
 Are Wild Beasts TRornLESOMB to New Settlers? — No. Some severe seasons, wolves in 
 remote settlements, may annoy the fanner, but to a small extent. Sheep arc, however, in the 
 more settled districts, generally protected by a fold; and the farmer may, now and tlien, lose a 
 stray hog by the bears — but niony men have been settled for ten years in the province, without 
 seeing either wolf or bear. All wild animals are getting scarcer every year, as the country be- 
 comes settled. 
 
 The common Game op the Country. — The game in some parts is plentiful, and consists oi 
 deer, wood grouse, (called partridges,) quails, rabbits, (called hares,) and a great variety of wdd 
 ducks and geese. Wild turkeys are numerous in the western section of Canada. Fish are also 
 most abundant in all the lakes and rivers, and excellent of their kind ; but an observation made 
 by an old farmer and wealthy settler, may be added to the answer, as it is a very true one, viz : 
 That a new settler can earn a quarter of beef, iu the time which it takes him to hunt for u quar- 
 ter of venison. 
 
 GOVEKNMENT FREE LANDS. 
 
 Tlie following information is compiled from a circular issued by the Canadian govern- 
 ment, as -well ns from a pamphlet issued by Mr. F. P. French, the government land agent, 
 on the Opeongo Road : — 
 
 The Provincial Oovernment have recently opened out THREE GREAT LINES OP ROAD, now in course 
 of completion, and have surveyed and laid out for settlement the lands, through, and in the vicinity of wlilch 
 those roails i>a.«s. 
 
 The roads, as adveillsed by the agents of the government — appointed to the respective localities to afford 
 Information to tlie settler— are known as "THE OTTAWA AND Ol'EO.NOO ROAD, "THE ADDIXGTON 
 ROAD," and "THE HASTINGS ROAD." 
 
 THE OTTAWA AND OPEONGO ROAD 
 Commences at a point on the Ottawa Ulver, known as " Ferrall's," a little above the mouth of the Bonchere 
 River, and runs In a westerly direction, passing through the northerly part of the County of Renfrew. 
 
 Tills road, and the country through which It passes, nuw open for settlement, is easily accessible, and the 
 agent for the granting of lands in this district, is Mr. F. P. French, who resides at Mount St. Patrick, near 
 Renfrew, on the Opeongo Road, a few miles from the lands v.hlch are to be granted. To reach the section 
 of the country under Mr. French's charge, the settler must go from MONTREAL up to the Ottawa Klver, to 
 a place called Bonchere Point, and thence by land some twenty-five or thirty miles westward to the township 
 of Orattan, In which Mount St. Patrick is situated. 
 
 The distance from Ferrall's handing to the village of Renfrew is but 7 miles, and a stage is on this road in 
 summer, which conveys passengers for about lit, M. each. Thus, from Quebec to Renfrew, a distance of 807 
 miles, may be travelle<I at a cost of £1 '2«. M. sterling. At Renfrew, the emigrant Is within 16 miles of this 
 agency, (Mr. French's,) and he will have no dllHculty in procuring a mode of conveyance to take him there, 
 and hence along the Opeongo Road, should he be unable or unwilling to walk. The tlrst of the free lots is iid 
 miles from the Ottawa River, and as the entire length of the Opeongo Road is 99 miles, it thus leaves 79 miles 
 upon which free grants are being given. This road commences at Ferrall's Landing, on the Ottawa, crosses 
 the Bonchere at Renfrew, and then taking a north-westerly course, it runs midway between the Bon- 
 chere and Madawaska Rivers on to Lake Opeongo. It is intended to connect this with a projected line of 
 road known as " Bell's Line," leading to the Lake Muskako, and Lake Huron, by a branch which will diverge 
 from the Opeongo Road, in the township of Urudenell, at a distance of about ,W miles from the River Ottawa, 
 forming, with " Bell's Line," a great leading road, or base line, from the Ottawa to Lake Muskako, 171 miles 
 In length, passing through the heart of the Ottawa and Huron territory, and opening up for settlement a vast 
 extent of rich and valuable land. 
 
 The Bonchere and Madawaska Rivers— between which this road runs — are important tributaries to the 
 Ottawa, and contribute a large quota of the very best timber that annually passes down that river to the 
 Quebec market. Over 40 miles of the road are now good for wagons, and as the remaining portion will be 
 repaired next spring, settlers can easily take in their families and supplies at all periods of the year. For 
 some years past, settlers have been occasionally locating themselves ou the wild lands of the Crow,,, in the 
 nciirhbourhood of this road, and as there are besides over 120 of the free lots at present conceded, those who 
 come in future will experience no dilliculty in obtaining prompt gratuitous assistance to erect their shan- 
 ties, and temporary accommodation while they are being put up. Twelve men can build a good shanty in a 
 day — the timber of which it is constructed being always to be had on the spot. The best possible feeling 
 prevails among the settlers, and no kindness that any one of them can render is ever denied to the stranger, 
 no matter from what country he hails, or at what altar he kneels. Settlers are permitted to select their own 
 lots, those coming first having first choice. The lots are all posted and numbered. 
 
 VH': 
 
 mi' 
 
 I 
 
88 
 
 THE ADDINGTON AND HASTINGS ROAD FllEE LANDS. 
 
 As yet, the nearest villages to the road are Uenfrcw, Douglas, and Kganville. Renfrew Is distant 13 niles 
 from the first free lot on the east end. Some 13 miles further up — that is liO miles west of Uenfrew — Douglas 
 la within 12 miles; and again, 14 miles farther west, Eganville is sixteen miles from the road. At each of 
 these villages there is a posl-ofilte, and also mills and stores, where all necessary supplies can he obtained. 
 In Renfrew, there is a Catholic church, a kirk, and a free church, (I'leshyterian,) in each of which there is 
 service once a fortnight. In Douglas, a Methodist minister resides, and he has prayers there and at Kgan- 
 ville each alternate Sunday. There Is also a Catholic church two miles from Douglas, an<l another at Kgan- 
 ville ; in the former the clergyman ofiiciatcs once a month, and I't the latter twice a month during the suiu- 
 mer, and once a month during the winter. At .Mount St. Patrick, and 3 miles from the east end of the road, 
 there is also a post-ofiice and a Catholic church : a clergyman attends once a month. 
 
 The iVee lots on the east end of the road, for Vi miles, lie within the recently organized township of Grat- 
 tan, whieli is alrea<ly pretty well settled. No schools have as yet been established on the road, but there ia 
 no doubt that, ere long, churches will be erected, and school sections delined. In this province, the " Volun- 
 tary System' obtains in regard to all churches, hut the schools are liberally aided by the government. 
 
 ¥' 
 
 TIIK ADDINGTON ROAD, 
 
 Commencing In the town.nhip of Anglcsca, In the northern part of the county of Addlngton, near the village 
 of Klint's Mills, in Kaladar, runs almost due north to the River .Madawaska — a distance of 3j miles— and is to 
 be continueil thence for the distance of 25 miles, till it intersects the tawa and Opeongo Roail. 
 
 The agent for the gianting of the land in this district is Mr. K. Perry, who, for that purpose, is now resi- 
 dent at the village of Fl.I.NT'ri .MIL!..'*. The outlines of five townships of very superior land are already 
 surveyed and ready for settlement within the limits of the agency lying north of lake Ma.ssanoka, and be- 
 tween it and ihe River JIadawaska. The townships are called, respectively, Abinger, Denbigh, Ashley, Klling- 
 ham, Anglesea, and liarrie. 
 
 The direct route to this section is by way of KINGSTON, Canada West, thence to NAPANKE, either by 
 rail or steamboat, and thence north to the township of Kaladar, and the village of FLINT'S MILLS, where 
 Mr. Perry resides. 
 
 THE HASTINGS ROAD. 
 
 Tlie govornmont ngent \n il. P. Iliiyes, who rosiJos nt the village of SlaJoc, ffom wlioni 
 wo have rccoivej the following piirticiilars respecting the district : — 
 
 The Hastings Free Grant Road commences on the northern boundary line of the townships of Madoc, 13 
 miles from the village of the same name where my office Is. The latter is distant from llelleville, Sii miles; 
 the road is good between these points, and there is a stage carrying the mail each way, daily. Fare |1. UO. 
 The stage leaves lielleville every morning at 8 o'clock, and arrives at Madoc at 4 in the afternoon. 
 
 The tract of country through which the first forty miles of the Hastings Koad runs, presents a very varied 
 aspect. It is, in general, hilly and stony, with patches of good level at Intervals. The soil is a sandy loam 
 mixed with clay in some places, and in others with vegetable mould of more or less richness. Tliis |)or;ion 
 of the road is now pretty well settled, and a, large number of Ihe lots in the tonnship, on both sides of the 
 road, are being taken up Ijy actual settlers. The crops of the present season were most excellent all along 
 the road, the wheat having, so far, in these back settlements, escaped the ravages of the " weevil," wliioh 
 has of late been eo destructive to that crop in other townships. Contiiming along the Hastings Koad in a 
 northerly direction, through the tract of rough land to which I have just referre<I, we have a fine level, or 
 rather, gently undulating country, between the branches of the Madawaska River, emptying into the Ottawa. 
 This tract of good land extends for a breadth of 18 or 'JO miles in a north and south direction, and extends 
 east and west to a considerable distance. The timber, chiefly hard wood, is large, straight, and thrifty. The 
 soil is a mixture of vegetable deposit with sandy loam, and the crops, of every descrijitlon, have been satis- 
 factory for the last two seasons. This tract is intersected also by a new line of road, openeil by the govern- 
 ment '■ ;ing the present season, and connecting the Hastings Roail, at the Junction of tlie townships of Wick- 
 low and Montcagle, with the Opeongo Koad, a distance of 40 miles. 
 
 The climate of this part of Canada Is decidedly healthy, probably the most so of any part of the conti- 
 nent of America, and this consideration should enter very largely into the account on a comparison with 
 other territoi-ics. 
 
 Tlie country is rapidly filling up with a good class of settlers, and In the ordinary course, the lands which 
 are given free this year, will be worth four or five dollars an acre in the course of four or five years. 
 
 In addition to the free grants on the Hastings Road, the government is ojieuing a range of townshi|is, 
 fourteen in all, namely seven at each side of the road. These townships are ten miles 8(piare, and contain 
 each about GOO lots of 100 acres. Two townships arc already open for sale at eight cents per acre, and llie 
 remainder will be brought into the market very soon. 
 
 Emigrants should put themselves Immediately In communication with the government agent. From hlni 
 they will always receive valuable and reliable advice. 
 
 In order to facilitate the settlement of the country, and provide for keeping In repair the roads thus 
 opened, the government has authorized free grants of land along these roads, not to exceed in each case, 
 ONE HUNDRED ACRES, upon application to the local agents, and upon the following conditions :— 
 
 Sin 
 PrJ 
 
 C.'ll 
 
 1,;m 
 
 it.' 
 
 I.e. 
 
 V<; 
 
 Hal 
 
 I'ril 
 
 N(i 
 
 Pell 
 
 VoJ 
 
 Sinf 
 
CONDITIONS OF GRANTING FREE LANDS IN CANADA. 
 
 39 
 
 nt 13 r dies 
 ( — Douglas 
 At each of 
 e obtained, 
 ich there \i 
 tl at Ktnn- 
 er lit Kgaii- 
 iig the sum- 
 af the road, 
 
 hip of Urat- 
 but there la 
 tlK- " Volun- 
 imenl. 
 
 ir the village 
 
 lea — aud Is to 
 
 d. 
 
 -, Is no\s- resi- 
 
 d are already 
 
 iioka, and be- 
 
 \shlej-, Kffing- 
 
 [EE, either by 
 MILLS, where 
 
 from whom 
 
 g of Madoc, 13 
 iviUe, 30 miles ; 
 y. Fare 11.00. 
 noon. 
 
 a a very varied 
 a a sandy loam 
 . This jiorlion 
 lolh sides of the 
 client all along 
 ' weevil," which 
 stings Road in a 
 rt tine level, or 
 into the Ottawa, 
 jn, and extends 
 md thrifty. The 
 have been sutis- 
 ,1 by the govcrn- 
 wnships of Wick- 
 
 ,art of the contl- 
 cotniiarison will' 
 
 ., the lands which 
 ve years, 
 ige of townships, 
 nave, and contain 
 per acre, and the 
 
 igenl. From him 
 
 ^Ir the roads thus 
 ceed in each case, 
 jnditlons : — 
 
 CONDITIONS. 
 
 That the settler he eighteen years of age. 
 
 That he take posseB.<ion of the land allotted to hlra witliin one month, and put in a state of cultivation, at 
 least twelve acres of the laml in the course of four years— build a house, (at least 2il by 23 feet,) and reside 
 on the lot until the conditions of settlement are duly performed ; after which accomplishnie.a only shall the 
 settler have the right of obtaining a title to the projierty. Kainilies, comprising several settlers, entitled to 
 land?, preferring to reside on a single lot, will be exempted from the obligation of huililing and of residence, 
 (except upon the lot on which they live,) provided that the required clearing of the land be made on each 
 pit. The nonaecomplishment of these conchtions will cause the immediate loss of the assigned lot of land, 
 wliich w'll be sold or given to another. 
 
 The road liaving been opened by the government, the settlers are required to keep it In repair. 
 
 The local agents, whose names and jjlaces of abode have already been given, will furnish every Informa- 
 tion to the intending settler. 
 
 The U)(iHOL'!<E re(iuired by the government to be built. Is of such a description as can be put ui> In four 
 d.iys by five men. The neighbours generally help to build the log-cabin for newly-arrived settlers, without 
 charge, and when this is done, the cost of the erection is small, the roof can be covered with bark, and the 
 spaces between the logs plastered with clay and whitewashed. It then becomes a neat dwelling, and warm 
 as a stone house. 
 
 The lands thus opened up, and offered for settlement, are, in sections of Canada West, capable, both as to 
 soil and climate, of producing al)undant crops of winter wheat, of excellent quality and full weight, and also, 
 crops of every other description or farm produce, grown in the best and longest cultivated districts of that 
 portion of the province, and fully as good. 
 
 There are, of course. In such a large extent of country as that referred to, great varieties in the character 
 and quality of land— some lots being much superior to otliers ; but there is an abundance of the very best 
 land for farming purposes. The lands in the neighbourhood of these three roads will he found to be very 
 similar in (piality and character, and covered witli every variety of timber — some with hard wood, and some 
 with heavy pine. 
 
 Water for domestic use Is every where abundant ; and there arc, throughout, numerous streams and falls 
 of water, capable of being used for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 Tlie heavy-timbered land is almost always the best, anil of it the aslies of three acres— well taken care 
 of, and covered from wet — will produce a barrel of jiotash, north from £0 to £7 currency. The capital re- 
 quired to manufacture potash is very small, and the process is very simple and easily understood. 
 
 'ilie expense of clearing and enclosing heavily-timbered lands, valuing the labour of the settler at the 
 higliest rate, is about FOL'U POUNDS currency per acre, which the first wheat crop, if an average one, will 
 nearly repay. The best timber for fencing is to be had in abundance. 
 
 CANADIAN GOVEUN.MENT AGENTS AND LANDS. 
 
 Emigrants desirous of purchasing any of the Crown lands in Upper or Lower Canada, may obtain the full- 
 est information, as to tlie price and (juality of the lands for sale, in their respective counties, by applying 
 to the imdermentioned Crown Land Agents, viz. : — 
 
 I'rices of Lands range from Is. to lOs, per acre. 
 
 CItOWN LAND AtiEXT.S IN UPPEK (WESTEUN) CAXADA. 
 
 Countien. Agents. Residences. 
 
 Ptorniont, Dundas and Glengary, Samuel Hart Cornwall. 
 
 Tre-eoti and Uussell N. Stewart VankleekhiU. 
 
 Carielon lohn Durie Ottawa. 
 
 Lanark <1. Kerr Perth. 
 
 Kenfrew William Harris Renfrew. 
 
 Leeds and (irenville W. J. Scott Prcscolt. 
 
 Fninlenae, Lenox and Addington Allan Mel'herson Kingston. 
 
 Ilasling-i Francis Mc.Vnnany Itelleville. 
 
 Prince Edward N. Ilallard Picton. 
 
 Northmnlierland and Durham Vacant Port Ilojje. 
 
 Pelerboro' and Victoria Walter Crawford Peterboro'. 
 
 York, Peel and Ontario Vacant Toronto. 
 
 Siiiicoe lohn Alexander Ilarrie. 
 
 Waterloo II. S. Holier lierlin. 
 
 Mellington Amlrevv Oeiides Eiora. 
 
 Grey William .lackson Durham, (Hentlnck P. 0.) 
 
 Wentworth . . .T. A. Amiiridge Hamilton. 
 
 Halton Vacant Milton. 
 
 Lincoln, Haldenninil and Welland. ..llemy Smilh Smithville. 
 
 Oxfonl lohn Carrol Heachville. 
 
 Norfolk Duncan Campbell Simcoe. 
 
 Middlesex and Elgin lohn 1). Askin London. 
 
 Essex D. Moynahan Samlwich, 
 
 Kent and Lambton I. H. Brooke Kaleigh. 
 
 Huron Widder (ioderich. 
 
 Perth John Sliarman Stratford. 
 
 llruce Alexander McNab Saugeen. 
 
 8 
 
 t 
 
 n 
 
 '1 ! 
 
40 
 
 CANADIAN GOVERNMENT — LAND AGENTS, ETC. 
 
 Agents. 
 
 CBOWN LAND AQENTS IN LOWER (EASTERN) CANADA. 
 NORTH OF RIVER OTTAWA. 
 
 Heni{/eiice. 
 
 Count)/. 
 
 Fohn Lynch Allumettes Isliiml Part of County of Ottawa. 
 
 Franf o!b .X. Ilaatien Oriind Calumet Island Do, do, 
 
 6. M. Judgson CliirtMidoii Do. 
 
 A!m6 Lafoiitaine Ayliiier Uo. 
 
 Donald McLean Locliaher Do. 
 
 E. \V. Murray Hucklnt!liaiu Do. 
 
 <ieo. Kaines Grenvllle Two Mountains. 
 
 Thonia-s Barron Arf,'enteuil Do. do. 
 
 Andro B. Lavallie St. Jiroiue Tonebonne. 
 
 [,.. 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 6(1. per acre. 
 
 NORTH OK HlVKIl ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 Alexander Daly Rawdon Leinster. 
 
 William Morrison Bertiiler Henhior. 
 
 Vacant Tlirce Itlvers ft. .Maurice. 
 
 Amable Bochet St. Anne La I'erade l'arl.'< of Cliamplaln and Portneuf. 
 
 Ignace P. D(5ry St. Hayinond Part of Portneuf. 
 
 McLean Stewart (Jueliec tjuebec. 
 
 Ed. Tremblay -Murray Bay Part of Saguenay. " 
 
 John Kane Grand Bale Do. 
 
 ■ \s. per Acre 
 
 SOUTH Of RIVER ST. LAWRENCE AND WEST OK RIVER ClIArniERE AND KENNEDEC ROAD, 
 
 Joshua 9. Lewis HuntinRdon Beauharnola. 
 
 Wm. Fleming Babyville Hiintiiit,'don. [Stansteail 
 
 Orin J. Kemp Kreliglmhurg Shetl'onl and part of Mls.iisiiuoi and 
 
 John Felton Sherbrooke Part of Slierl)rook(:, Drunimcmil ami 
 
 Charles C. Sheppard M'endover Part of Drummond. [Stansteail. 
 
 N. A. Beaudet Arthnbasxa Do. 
 
 George A. Bourgeois St. Or^-golre Do 
 
 J. T. LeBel : . . .Oarthbay Part of Sherbrooke and Drummond. 
 
 F. X. I'ratte Stanfold . .Part of Drummond and XicoJet. 
 
 John Hume Leeds Part of .Megantic. 
 
 Jean O. C. Ai-caud St. Joseph ile la llcauce Do. 
 
 Cy|)rien Blanchct St. Fran^'ois Do. l>o. 
 
 Andrew Uoss Frampton Do. and Dorcliester. 
 
 SOLTH OF RIVER ST. LAWRENCE AND EAST OK RIVER CIIAl'DIERE. 
 
 Andrew Ross Frampton Part of Megantic, Dorchester A Belle- 
 
 S. V. Larue .St. Chiirles, River Boyer K. Buyer & part Bellecluisse. [chasae. 
 
 Francois T*tu St. Thomas L'Islel and part of Itellechasse. 
 
 Florence Deguise .stc. .\nne La Pocatifcre Part of Kamouraska. 
 
 J. B. Lepage Rimouski Part of Kamouraska and Gaspd. 
 
 Louis N. tiauvreau Isle Verte Part of RlmouskL 
 
 Jos. A. Le Bel New Carlisle Bonaventure. I , , 
 
 John Eden Gaspe Basin Part of Gasp6. f "• ^" "'^'^''• 
 
 TERMS OK SALE AND OCCUPATION. 
 
 VrOTICE is hereby given that future sales of Crown lands will be at the prices and on the terms specified 
 ■'■^ in the respective localities mentioned below : — 
 
 West of the counties of Durham anil Victoria, at seven shillings and sl.xpence per acre, payable In ten an- 
 nual Instalments with interest, one tenth at the time of sale. 
 
 East of the county of Ontario, within Upper Canada, four shillings per acre. 
 
 In the county of Ottawa, three sliillings i ;r acre. 
 
 From thence, north of the St. Lawrence to the county of Saginaw, and south of the St. Lawrence in the 
 district of Quebec, east of the ChauiliiSre Iliver and Kennebec Road, one shilling and sixpence per acre. 
 
 In the district of Quebec, west of the River Chaudiere and Kennebec Itoad, two shillings per acre. 
 
 In the district of Three Rivers, St. Francis, and Montreal, south of the St. Lawrence, three shillinga per 
 acre. 
 
 In the district of Ga-'pfi and county of Saguenay, one .shilling per acre. 
 
 In all cases payable in five annual instalments, with Interest, one-fifth at the time of sale. 
 
 For lands enhanced in value by special circumstances, such extra price may be tt.xed as His ExcKLLKNcy 
 THE GovkrnorGknkral In Council may direct. 
 
 Actual occupation to be immediate and continuous, the land to be cleared at the rate of five acres annu- 
 ally for every hundred acres during live years, and a dwelling house erected not less than eighteen feet by 
 twenty -six feet. 
 
 The timber to be subject to any general timber duty that may be Imposed. 
 
 The sale to become null and void In case of neglect or violation of the conditions. 
 
 The settler to be entitled to obtain a patent upon complying with all the conditions. 
 
 Not more than two hundred acres to be sold to any one person. 
 
 K 
 
 T( 
 
CANADA LANDS FOR SALE — EMIGRATION OFFICES. 
 
 n 
 
 SCHOOL LAVD9 FOR 9ALB. 
 
 9 
 
 meuf. 
 
 \cre 
 
 The iOchool lands In the counties of Bruce, Orey, and Huron, are now open for sale to actual settler* on 
 the followlnt? terms, viz. ;— 
 
 The price to be tei. slillllnKS per acre, payable In ten equal annual Instalments, with interest : the first In 
 stalment lo be paid upon receiving aulliorily to enter upon the land. Actual occui)ation to be immediate 
 and continuous ; the land to be cleared at the rate of five acres annually for every hundred acres during the 
 first five years; a dwelling house, at least eighteen feet by twenty-six, to be erected; the timber to be re- 
 served until the land has been paid for in full and patented, and to be subj'ct to any general timber duty 
 thereafter; a license of occupation, not assignable witliout permission, to be granted; the sale and the li- 
 cense of occupation to become null and void in case of neglect or violation of any of the condillims ; the 
 settler to be entitled lo obtain a patent upon complying wltli all the conditions ; not more than two hundred 
 acres to be sold lo any one person on these terms. 
 
 All emigrants who require information as to the best routes and ch».ipest rates of conveyance, to any part 
 of Canada, should apply to the emigrant agents stationed at Quebec, Montreal, or Toronto, who will aUo 
 direct emigrants, in want of employment, to places where they may obtain it. The agents will also give 
 settlers Information as to the best and safest mode of remitting money to their relations or friends residing 
 In any part of Great Itrltaln or Ireland. 
 
 V 1 
 
 KOUTE TO THE tJOVEKNMENT FKEE LANDS ON THE OPEONOO ROAD. 
 
 lanstead 
 (pioi and 
 inllil anil 1 n 
 lanstead. V ^ 
 
 \immond. 
 ;olel. 
 
 ihester. 
 
 ,.r A Helle- 
 
 [chasse, 
 
 iisse. 
 
 aspd. 
 Acre. 
 
 terms specified 
 able In ten an- 
 
 ,awrence in the 
 :e per acre, 
 ler acre, 
 ■ee shillings per 
 
 lis EXCKLLRNCT 
 
 five acres annu- 
 L'igliteen feet by 
 
 FROM. 
 
 WnKKE TO. 
 
 CONVEVANCB. 
 
 MILES. 
 
 STQ. 
 
 DOLLARS. 
 
 
 Ottawa City, 1 
 
 (Lake llytnwn.) ( 
 
 Grand Trunk Railway . . 
 Steamer and K.illway . . . 
 
 181 
 It 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 30 
 40 
 41 
 45 
 BO 
 b'i 
 60 
 05 
 
 Sn. 
 
 6«. 
 
 2». 
 
 2«. 
 
 !l». 
 
 4*. 
 
 4*. 6(7. 
 
 48. 6rf. 
 
 &«. 
 
 5«. 
 
 68. 
 
 5.?. 
 
 $2.00 
 
 1.50 
 0.50 
 0.50 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 
 (I 
 
 Kll7.rov 
 
 Do . . .. 
 
 
 Do 
 
 1.00 
 
 i.m 
 i.m 
 
 1.25 
 
 II 
 
 Ib-istiil .. 
 
 Do. ... . . . . 
 
 11 Sand P"int 
 
 Do 
 
 '1 Iloncliere Point 
 
 Do 
 
 II 
 
 Kerrall's handing 
 
 Portage du I'ort 
 
 Pembroke 
 
 Do 
 
 1.25 
 
 II 
 
 Do 
 
 1 50 
 
 11 
 
 Do. and Stage 
 
 1.28 
 
 Portage du Fort. 
 
 Fltzroy and A-nprlor. 
 
 Bonchere Point, or Ferrall's 
 Lauding, 
 
 To Townships of Onslow, Bristol, and Clarendon Land at Onslow, 
 
 " Lltchtiuld and upper townships on tlio north side of the I 
 
 Ottawa ( 
 
 " Fltzroy, lluntly, Packenham, Ramsay, McNab, Renfrew, i 
 
 Bromley f 
 
 " llorton, llagot, .\dmaston, or to Mount St. Patrick, in 
 
 the town.ihip of (iratlan, the residence of .Mr. Fnnch, 
 
 the agent for the Opeongo Road, 28 miles from Fer- 
 
 rall's Landing 
 
 The newly-surveyed townships of Sebastopol, Brudenell, Algona, and Rolph, each 10 miles square, are now 
 open for settlement, distance about 2ll miles from Mount St. Patrick. Emigrants proceeding to any of the 
 above i)laces, will receive every Information respecting the lands open for sale in these respective localities, 
 from the following Crown Land Agents : — At 
 
 CLARENDON MR. F. B. HEATH. 
 
 CALUMETTE " F. X. BASTIEN. 
 
 ALt.'METTE " JOHN LYNCH. 
 
 RENFREW " W.M. HAUUI8. 
 
 MT. ST. PATRICK " T. P. FRENCH. 
 
 GOVERNMENT EMIGRATION OFFICERS IN CANADA. 
 
 QUEBEC A. C. BUCHANAN, Chief Agent. 
 
 MOSTKEAL A. CONLAN. 
 
 OTTAWA CITY FRANCIS CLEMOW. 
 
 KINGSTON ALLAN McPlIERSON, Crown Land Agent. 
 
 TORONTO A. B. HAWKE, Chief Emigrant Agent, Upper Canada. 
 
 HAMILTON T. C. DIXON. 
 
 Who will furnish emigrants, on application, with advice as to the routes, distances, and rates of convey- 
 ance, also respecting the crown and other lauds for sale, and will direct emigrants In want of employment 
 to where It may be procured. 
 
 P-IS; 
 
42 
 
 BANKS IN GREAT BRITAIN, IRELAND, AND CANADA. 
 
 BANKS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 
 With thoir agents in Canada, upon wliom they draw, and grant letters of credit. 
 JiiiiiirrH in liritain. Draw and yire lettem of credit iijum 
 
 London, Gljn, Mills A Co Bank of Upper Canada and agents. 
 
 " City Hank Bank of Toronto and agentst. 
 
 " Joint Stock Hank Commercial Hank and agents. 
 
 " Union Hank Jlontreal Hank and agent.s. 
 
 " Glyn, Mills & Co Quebec Hank and agents. 
 
 " " " " City Hank of Montreal and agents. 
 
 " " " " (iore Hank and agents. 
 
 " Bosanquet & Co Niagara District Hank and ogents. 
 
 " Glyn, Mills & Co Hank dn l'eni)le, Monti lal, and ogents. 
 
 " " " " Ontario Hank and agents. 
 
 " British North America Own branches and agents. 
 
 Liverpool, Hank of Liverpool Montreal Hank and agents. 
 
 Edinburgh, British Linen Company Hank of Upper Canada and agents. 
 
 " " " " Montreal Hank and agents. 
 
 " Commercial Hank Coniinereial Hank of (.'anuda and agents. 
 
 " Union Hank Gore Hank and agents. 
 
 Glasgow, British Linen Com])any Montreal Hank and agents. 
 
 " Clydesdale Hank Commercial bank of Canada and agents. 
 
 Dublin, Boyle, Low, I'ini k Co " " " " 
 
 " National Hank of Ireland City Hank of Montreal and agents. 
 
 Ry reference to the above, and also to the List of Hanks in Canada with their Agencies, itwill 
 at once be seen with whom the banks in Great Hritain and Ireland have corre.->i)ondents, in dil- 
 f'ereiit ])arts of Canada, and througli whom money can be remitted or received. 
 
 |! 
 
 BANKS IN CANADA, WITH TIIEIR AGENCIES. 
 
 For Banks in Great SriUiin and Ireland, who are agenln/or the following, see List of Banks in Great 
 
 Britain and Ireland, preceding this. 
 
 Mi 
 
 hi 
 
 ! ti 
 
 PLACES. NAMKS OK BANKS. OFFIl'KIIS. 
 
 Barrie rpper Ciinuda K. T.iilly, A(;ont. 
 
 " Toronto Aiiftus Hussi'll,ABt. 
 
 Bellerille UpiiurCaniKlii K. lloldon, .Xttfut. 
 
 " CoimniTcial A. Tlionipsnn, M'r. 
 
 " MontifMl (J. McNiiler, M'r. 
 
 Berlin Upper Canada (i. Daviilson, A),'t. 
 
 Bmcmantille Ontakio I). Kislicr, Casliler. 
 
 " Upiier Canada <i. .Mi'iirns, Apoiit. 
 
 " Monlrual Ci. Dvi.lt, Manager. 
 
 Bradford City Hank A. MeMaster, Ajit. 
 
 Braiitford II. N. Aiiierlca.I. C. (ledde.s, M'r. 
 
 " Upper Canada T. H. ><lioitt, Apent. 
 
 " Slontreiil A. drier, Manajjer. 
 
 Broclrille UpperCiinada U. K. Cliureli, A^t. 
 
 " Coininereial .J. li.'iiionift, M'r, 
 
 " Moiitre.il F. M. Holme?, M'r. 
 
 i.'hatham Upper Canada (i. Tlioiiiii.'*, Ciisli'r. 
 
 " Coiniiiercial T. MeCrae, .Vpiil. 
 
 " (lore A. Cliarteris,A(.'eiit. 
 
 I'/iippeira Upper Canada.!. Maokleni, A).'ent. 
 
 ilolioitrg Montreal C. II. Morgan, M'r. 
 
 " Toronto ,1. S. Walliiee, Agt, 
 
 Cornwall l.'pper Canada. I. K. Priiigle, Agt. 
 
 " Montreal W. Mattiee, Agent. 
 
 Dinidas B. N. America Win. Lii.^li. Agent. 
 
 Elijiii 7.i.mmi:kman's ,I. W. Dunklee, Ca. 
 
 Gait (jore J. Davidson, Agt. 
 
 " Commercial W.Cooke, Manag'r. 
 
 Goderich Upper Canada. I. .MeDonald, Agt. 
 
 " Montreal II. MeCutelioii, Ag. 
 
 Ouelph Gore T. Saiiclilaiids, Agt. 
 
 " Montreal li. M. .Moore, Agt. 
 
 Hamilton CinuB W. (i. Crawford, C. 
 
 " Upper Canada A. Plow, Cashier. 
 
 " It. N. America (1. II. Taylor, M'r. 
 
 " Montreal A. Milrov, Maiiiig. 
 
 " Commercial AV. U. I'urk, M'r. 
 
 PLACES. NAMKSOKBANK.S. OFKICKRS. 
 
 Iiigersull Commercial W. M. Sage, .\gent. 
 
 " Niagara DIsl't. C. K. Cliadwlck, Ag. 
 
 Kingnton Ccimmkuciai. C. .«. Koss, Casliicr. 
 
 " U|>iierCiiniida W. (i. Hinds, C;i^h. 
 
 " 11. .N. America.S. Taylor, Miimig. 
 
 " Montreal A. Dnnnmond, .Mr. 
 
 f.ind»inj Upper Canada .1. McKiblioii, .\gl. 
 
 I.diidoti Upper Canada . I. IlMinllton, Ciisli. 
 
 1). N. America T. Clillstian, M'r. 
 " Commercial J. (i. Ilarjier, .M'r. 
 
 " Montreal W. Dnnii, Malinger. 
 
 " (iore C. Monsarralt, Ag. 
 
 Montreal M<isthf\l I). Itavidson, C:isli. 
 
 " City Hank F. McCallocli, Ci. 
 
 " l)r I'Ktii.K II. H. I.emoine, Ca. 
 
 " >Ioi.so.\'s W. Siidie, Ca.sliier. 
 
 " Upper Canada K. T. Tiivlor, M'r. 
 
 " II. N. Aiiieiica H. Ciissels, Man.ig. 
 
 " Commercial T. Klrliv, .Mnmigcr. 
 
 " Qneliec Hank dii I'enple, A, 
 
 " rroviiiciiil .1. II. \ulter,ii.-Co..A. 
 
 Xfiroanlle Toronto S. Wilmot, Agent. 
 
 Xiaiiara Upper Canada T. Jlcl'onnick, Ag. 
 
 Xiciilet Queliec L. M. Cresse, Agt. 
 
 Oakrille Toronto J. T. M. Hunislde, A 
 
 (hlitiud (Mitario ,1. It. Warren, M'r. 
 
 Ottawa Upper Canada It. .". ('a.^^sels, Agt. 
 
 " H. N. America A. C. Kellv, Ag.iit. 
 
 " Montreal 1'. 1'. Harris, M'r. 
 
 " Quebec II. V. Noel, Agent. 
 
 Pariti Gore J. Ximiiii>, Agent. 
 
 I'erth Commercial A. Leslie, Agent. 
 
 " Montreal J. Mclnlyre, Agent. 
 
 Peferhrn' Commercial W. Clnxton, Agent. 
 
 " Toronto Jaine.s Hall, Agent, 
 
 " Montreal H. N'icliolls, Agei4 
 
 Picton Moutroitl J. Gray, Agent. 
 
BANKERS IN CANADA— POSTAL REGULATIONS. 
 
 48 
 
 PLACES. NAMES OF BASKS. OFFrCKRS. 
 
 Piwt Hope Tpper Ciiniida J. Pinart, Agent. 
 
 " Tnrnntc) J. K. Walsli, Agent, 
 
 " Cnniniiri'lal W. F. Iliirjiur, .M'r. 
 
 " Alrinlreiil It. UlcliurilMon, Ag. 
 
 " Wolsiin's 1). Siiiint, Agent. 
 
 I'ort SUinley ('"uiinerclnl K. K. Warrcu, Agt. 
 
 J'riKiott ,riininiercliil J. I'littcm, Agent. 
 
 QlU'heC (JIKllM^ t'. (iellliligs, t'lisll. 
 
 " Ipper Canada ,1. V. llradshan', M. 
 
 " H. N. Anieiicu F. \V. Wdiid, .M'r, 
 
 •' Montreal J. !<teven,si>n, .M'r, 
 
 " Ci>Minierelal ■ 
 
 " City Hank 
 
 " 1)11 I'euple Quebec ll'k, Agts, 
 
 (So/vii'i/ rpper Canada 
 
 " Cmninerelal (1. W. 'I'lKinias.Agt, 
 
 Iviult t<te Marie ..H. N. America J. liallenden, Agl. 
 
 Slieihroiike City Hank W. Kilclde, .\gent. 
 
 Sinwoe (lore I). Campbell, ,\gt. 
 
 " Mnntreal H, Head, Agent, 
 
 Siiit/iitiii/itoii. ,,. rpper Canada A. Me.Niibli, Agent. 
 
 .'ilfiii-^tcKl Pno\ ixciAT. J. \V. Peterson, Ca. 
 
 .V. i'tit/iiifiiii'n . . ..NiAUAiiA DisT. ,1. S^mart, Cashier. 
 " rpper Camilla T. li. llelllwell, Ca. 
 
 St, JA(»'.v'« Ccinnnerelal T. I). Timms, Agent. 
 
 St. Thiiiiiiln C(i. Ki.diN B'k. K. Krmatinger, M'r. 
 
 Montreal K. M. Varwdod,M'r. 
 
 Striitjhrd rpper Camilla .1. C. W. IJaly, Agt. 
 
 " tlommerelal V. C. I,ee, Agent. 
 
 Three /livem I'pper Canada — l)e Moulin, Agt. 
 
 " 11. N. America W. Seougall, Agt. 
 
 " Montreal M. Htevenson, Agt. 
 
 " (Jneliec J. .McDougall, Agt. 
 
 Toronto l>i'KK(,'ANAnAT. (i. Itiilout, Cash. 
 
 " TdUd.sTo A. Cameron, Cash. 
 
 " It. N. America W. (i. Cassels, M'r. 
 
 " Commercial C. .). Campbell, M'r. 
 
 " Montreal II. C. Ilarwiek, .M'r. 
 
 " City Hank T. Woodside, .M'r. 
 
 " (Jnebec W, \V. Hansom, M. 
 
 " l)u I'eujile K. K, Whittemore.A 
 
 " .Molson's ,1, (ilass. Agent, 
 
 Tri'iitoii .Montreal .1. Cnimiiing, .\gt. 
 
 Whitliij Montreal T. Dow, Agent. 
 
 Wooilstot'k (ictre J. Ingersoj, Agent. 
 
 " Montreal W. 1'. .<lreet, Agt. 
 
 Vt'iiuUor I "pper Canada T. K. Trew, Agent. 
 
 Foreign Ageiiia, 
 
 AGKSTS. I'LACKS. AGENTS FOB. 
 
 Head (Hlice. Loiiitoii (i.'ng,) H. N. America 
 
 Olyn, Mills & Co. " " rpi)er Canada 
 
 City H'k uf l,(mdon. " " Toronto 
 
 l.on. Joint St'k It'k. " " Conmierclal 
 
 fnlon H'k uf l.ond. " " Montreal 
 
 (ilyn. Mills ,fc Co. " " Quebec 
 
 (llyn. Mills & Co. " " Ci(\ Hank 
 
 (ilyn, .Mills & Co. " " (ioie 
 
 HosaiKpiet iKranks " " Niagara Oist. 
 
 (ilyn, .Mills & Co. " " Du I'euple 
 
 (ilyn. Mills & Co. " " Ontario Hank 
 
 Hank of Liverpool. /,(»'<';y)oo? (ffjif/.) .Jlontnal 
 Hritlsh l.inen Co. £iliii'iurg/i (.s'i-()?.)l'pper Caiuidtt 
 Hritish Mnen Co. " " .Mmitreal 
 
 Com. Hank ort<cot. " " Commercial 
 
 Unicui Hank. " " (lore 
 
 Hritish Mnen Co. Glttunow (Sfot.). . . Montreal 
 Clydsdale It'k'gCo. " " Commercial 
 
 Hoyle, i,ow & ['U»./>iilitiii (//■W((H(/.)('ommereial 
 National H'k IreI'd, " " City Hank 
 
 J, (i. King & Sons, Xiir York rpi>erCanada 
 
 Hank of ('oTumerce, " Toronto 
 
 H, Hell, F, II, drain, " U. N. America 
 
 AC. F. Smith, Ag'Is. 
 
 .Merchants' Hank. " Commercial 
 
 Hank of Commerce. " Montreal 
 
 .Maitland & I'helps. " {(uebec 
 
 U'koftlieKepulilic. " Citv Hank 
 
 Ward & Co., and " liore 
 
 Merchants' Hank. 
 
 B'koftheltepulilic. " Pu I'euple 
 
 U'koftheliepublic. " Ontario Hank 
 
 Merchants' Hank. Bonton Montreal 
 
 HIake, llnare A Co. " I'pper Canada 
 
 Merchants' Hank. " Commercial 
 
 N. Y. State Hank. Alliiiiuj I'pper Canada 
 
 N. Y. Stale Hank. " Counnercial 
 
 N. Y. State Hank. " Core 
 
 ly. Wright's Hank. Omrego I'pperCanada 
 
 li. Wright's Hank. " ConMuercial 
 
 L. Wright's Hank. " Toronto 
 
 Kochester Citv ll'k. Riif/ii'nter I'pperCanada 
 
 H'k of H, N, Anier,.s7, ,Mtii (.V. li.) ..H. N. America 
 Com. Hank, N. H. " " ({uebec 
 
 H'k of H. N. Amer. ffiili far (.Y. K)...]i. N. America 
 H'k of H. N. Anau-.^y. Jo/iii (X. /■'.) ..H. N. America 
 Central Hank. J''ri:ileriuiu>i{X.£).^l\iii:hca 
 
 POSTAL REGULATIONS IN CANADA. 
 
 I'oKtdge Jiiile.s ok Liitern. 
 
 Between any two places in Canada, Hd. per ^ oz. — 
 
 I'rep.iyment optional. 
 On letters depositeil at an nfllce for dellver.v In the 
 same jdace, called Drop or Hox Letters the rate 
 Is \ll. 
 From Canada to I'nited States, Cut. — Prejiav't op'iuil, 
 " California !•</, 'do. 
 
 " Oregon !>(/. do. 
 
 I.OWEH niOVI.VCKS. 
 
 QiicIm'i* and 
 lliilinix. 
 
 Via I Via 
 
 Ponliuiil nntl llost'ti i\i IPx 
 
 St. John. i'uniinl St'r. 
 
 New Hrnnswick . . . ! Hi/. 
 
 Nova Scotia ' :ti/. 
 
 Prince Kd. Islai^d. \\il. 
 
 Newfoundhiud . . . "\il. 
 
 Payment optional. Letters to he forwarded by 
 Ilritl<h steamer, from Huston or New Y'ork, must be 
 specially so aililres.>^ed. 
 
 Stain|is of the denondnatlon of \\il.,'M., ful., 7^'/., 
 ami Wil., for the prepayment of letters, can be pur- 
 chased at the principal ollii-es. 
 
 To tl;e priir.'ipal railway mall trains throughout 
 the I'rovince are attached po>t-:>!lite cars, carrying 
 railway nuiil clerks, and at these "Travelling Post- 
 ollices" can be posted at e.ich st.-.tinn such corres- 
 poiulence as may be too late for mailing in tlie ordin- 
 ary manner. Letters, however, miiilevl in the jiosl- 
 olllce car can be prepaid oidy by using postage 
 stampa, no railway mall clerk being permitted to 
 cvillect postage, ur to receive prepayment In money. 
 
 Great Britain and Iretand. 
 
 By Hritish (Cunard) mail .steamers, from New York 
 or Hoston, lUi/. oirreiu'y {*<(f. sterling). 
 
 Hy Canadian mail steamers, from IJuebec (in sum- 
 mer), Til/. .'urreiH'y (lii/. sterling). 
 
 When letters are sent liy the mails for Kngland. 
 ria the I'nited States, whetlier for a Hritish or Cana- 
 dian packet, a Crnted States transit rate of '.'i</. cur- 
 rency peri ouiu'e is chargeable In addition. 
 
 (Letters to be sent ria Marseilles must be so ad- 
 dressed.) 
 
 Beg int ration of Lettem, 
 
 Persons transmitting letters which they desire 
 sboidd puss thriuigh the post as "registered let- 
 ters," UMist observe that no record is taken of any 
 letter unless specially handed in for registriition at 
 ' the time of posting. I'pon all such letters, with the 
 I exception of those addressed to the I'niteil States, 
 |i/. nuist be pre|)aiil,as a registration charge. If ad- 
 1 dressed to the rnited States, the ordinary postage 
 rate on the letter to that country jntijit t'v /irejtaifl^ 
 and In adilltiiui a registratiim charge of :\i/. ]ier let- 
 I ter. The registry thus eirecte<l in Camida will be car- 
 I ried on by the I'ulted States post-ollice, until the let- 
 ter arrives at its destination. 
 
 In like uianiu'r, letters addressed to Canada may 
 be registered at the place of posting In the t'nited 
 States, and the registry made there will accompany 
 the letter to the place of delivery in Canada. 
 
 A certilicate of regLstration will be given by a 
 postmaster, if reipiired. 
 It must be dlatlnctly understood by parties who 
 
 1 
 
44 
 
 POSTAL AND MONEY-OUDER REGULATIONS. 
 
 \' 
 
 13(»>k Pout wit/i Engldml. 
 
 The nitos ami ri'friilatinns arc as follows : — 
 
 A I k packft iiia.v contain any innnluT of separate 
 
 books, |>iil)lli'atii>ns, works of lileraliire or art, alnian- 
 Bfs, maps, prints, or jirhiti'il letters, ami any quaii- 
 tlt,v of paper, vellnin, or parelniieiit (to the exelnsion 
 of written letters wliether si'aleil or open), anil the 
 liooks, nnips, etc., may either he written, printed, or 
 plain, or any mixture of the three, ami maybe either 
 Ihitisli, eolonial, or foreign. 
 The rates uf postage oil sueli book paeketa arc: — 
 
 St'l, Citr, 
 
 H. '(/. H. (I. 
 
 " " i 11). 
 
 " " I Ih. " 
 
 " " Ullis- " 
 
 " " •_' U.S. " 
 
 " " L'ilhS. " ..lo,. ., w .., :, 
 
 — anfl so on. inereasinp Cttf. sterling; for every a<l(lition- 
 al half ponncl or fraction of half a pounil. 
 
 The follouin^eonilitions nnist he carefully observed, 
 as prescribed by the ini|>erial po^^t-olliee ;— 
 
 Kvery book packet mnst be either without a cover, 
 or In a cover open at the en<ls or sides. 
 
 It nnist not contain any written letter, open or seal- 
 ed or any sealed endosm'e whatever. 
 
 No packet must ixceed two feet in length, breadth, 
 or width. 
 
 The postage of book jiackets nnist bo paid in ad- 
 vance, by postage stamp. 
 
 Shonid a book |iacket be posted nnpaiil, or with a 
 prepayment of le.ss tJian three peiii'e, or be enclosed 
 in a cover not open at the emls or sides, or should it 
 exceed the dimensions specilied, such j.acket canm.t 
 be forwarded. 
 
 All book jiost njatter, Intended to be sent to the 
 
 weight (1 
 
 fl -.() 4 
 
 'Kilb. II 
 
 «=.(» 7 
 
 1 lb. 1 
 
 1) -^ 1 3 
 
 Ulbs. 1 
 
 «™l 111 
 
 2lb.s. -i 
 
 II -2 (i 
 
 lijlbs. •_> 
 
 tl -, 11 1 
 
 Mlbs. 8 
 
 (1 . !i il 
 
 All newspapers print' d and published within this 
 Vroviiu'e, tiiiif tnhlressftt f'ntni tlti- f^ffire uf i>ithU- 
 fittiim, are transtnilted frtun the post-ollice wheri! 
 mailed by the pubdsber, to any olhi'r posl-otllce in 
 Canada, or to the I'niteil Kingdom, or to any llritlsh 
 I)rovlnce, colony, or possession, or to France, or the 
 I'ldted .states, free of I'liiidiliiiii /inKtiif/e. 
 
 Newspapers received from the I'nited Slate.i are 
 charged one halfpemiy inch on delivery in Canaila, 
 nlth the exception only of t\i'fhiiinli' jm/urK, ad- 
 dressed to the editors or iiublisliers of Canadian 
 papers, which pass free. 
 
 Kngland to Canaila (Cunaril line), lil. on delivery; 
 Ir/. also to be prcgialil in Kngland. 
 
 Knglanil to Canada (Canadian line), Ir/., to be pre- 
 paid in Kngland. 
 
 To foreign countries, at rates of charge prescribed 
 b.v Imperial post-ollice. 
 
 Transient newspapers posteil in Canada, (inchiding 
 all newspapers not sent from the ollice of )>ublication 
 to regular subscribers,) when addressed to any jdace 
 in Canada or llritlsh North America, the I'nitecl 
 Kingdom, the I'niteil States, or elsewhere, must in ail 
 cases be /iri/mii/ lii/ jKMliiyi' xliiiii/i, otherwise tliey 
 cannot be forwarded. 
 
 Transient newspapers for any place in Canada, 
 Ilritish Niu'th Ameriea. tin' rniteil Kingdom, France, 
 or I'lilted States, f. each. 
 
 Transient iieriodieals for any idai'e in Canada, 
 liritisii North America, or tlie I'nited Stales, if not 
 overiloz. in weiglit, i<f. each ; if overM oz. in wt'iglit, 
 •2(1. each— to be prepaid by postage sliliip. 
 
 Printed circulars, prices current, or handbills, and 
 other printed matter of a like description, and books, 
 bound or nidiound, are charged at a rate of J*/, per 
 oz., or fraction of an ounce, whether sent singly or 
 ill packets to one address. 
 
 MOXFA' ORDER SYSTEM ]\ CANADA. 
 
 Ill Cimiula, Moiipy-Ordev Offieos nro cIiipscmI iiiid ooinhiott'd ns follows: — 
 
 1. Money-order post-clTices are divided Into first 
 and second class. 
 
 2. liolh classes may draw for any sum on one order 
 up to £11111 upon first-class oflices, and for any sum I 
 up to £M on one order, upon second-class odices. | 
 
 3. When money orders exceeding £l'i In aggregate 
 amount are issued in one day, and to the same per- , 
 son, b.v one or more ollicers, upon a second-class 
 oflice, tile postmaster of the ollice drawn upon will 
 be at liberty to defer the payment of such orders for - 
 three days. [ 
 
 4. The mone.v orders shall be made out njion forms 
 8Ui>plieil b.v the head oflice, (///'/ no onft-r trill fn' 
 valid (ir /iiii/tilile, uiileim yiccn upon the nyidur 
 pi'iiititl fiiriiin. 
 
 f). Persons applying for mone.v orders will be re- 
 quired to state the iiarticnlars upon a form of ajipli- 
 cation iirovided for that )iur|.'ose. 
 
 0. If in consei)uenceof error or misapprehension in 
 giving the name of the place of payment of a money 
 order, the |inrcliaser should desire to have the same 
 changed, the Issuing postmaster will take back the 
 first order and issue another, for which be will charge 
 commission, as on a new transaction. 
 
 7. When a mistake in the name of the payee, or 
 person who is to receive the mone.v, has been made 
 by the applicant for a money order, the erroneous 
 order may also be taken back, and a new one granted, ! 
 for which a second commission will likewise be 
 exacted. I 
 
 6. Parties procuring money orders will please to 
 examine theiu carefully, to bee that they are projierly 
 
 filled u|) and stamjied. This caution will apiiearsuf- 
 ndently important when il is understood that an 
 order, defeclive in any important respect, will tlirow 
 dilliculties in the way of its payment. 
 
 it. Wlien a money order is presented for |>aynient 
 at the ollice on wliich it is drawn, the postmaster, or 
 clerk employed, \\\\\ use all [iroper means to assure 
 himself tliat the applicant is the part.v named and 
 intended in tlie advice, and, U|>on payment of the 
 order, will be careful to obtain tlie signature of the 
 payee to the receipt al foot. 
 
 111. When through illness or other insuperable dilli- 
 cully, the payee is prevented from presenting the 
 order in person, the postmaster will be at liberty to 
 accept a written order on the back, in favour of a 
 second person, |)roviiled always that sucli written 
 order Is sali^facloriiy proved to be genuine. 
 
 11. Any iiioney -order |)ost-oli;ce may repa.v an 
 order isMied by itself, but only to the party who 
 obtained it. The charge or commissimi, however, 
 shall not in any case be refunded. 
 
 12. Tne charges or commissions for orders will be as 
 follows : — 
 
 I'lider and up to X,i II). 
 Over £-1 lli.v. not e! 
 
 •tl 111". 
 .t'lO n.«. 
 £12 Mn. 
 
 iin o«. 
 
 £17 10«. 
 
 ,v . . 
 
 ii.il. 
 II !t 
 
 ling tri ()>< . . , . 
 
 .... 6 
 
 £7 1 tl'S 
 
 !) 
 
 £|l) |).v 
 
 1 1) 
 
 £12 lii.v 
 
 .... 1 3 
 
 £1,') tw 
 
 16 
 
 £17 lo< 
 
 1 9 
 
 £•20 US 
 
 2 
 
 t IH. 
 
LAWS BEGAUDINO THE PROPEUTY OF INTESTATES. 
 
 40 
 
 I. 
 
 Over £20 n«. not exceeding £22 lOo a 
 
 " £..'2 111*. " i^f) (Id <i 
 
 » Jtl'S Ud. " £;l» 0« 8 
 
 " £;<u (W. " il't.'i »* a 
 
 «' £;« tp*. " £J0 «« 4 
 
 " £40 U». " iM 0« 4 
 
 tl. I. d. 
 
 8 I Over £ 15 O/i. not oxceecllnjt £.in 0« 5 
 
 6 I Thus far for orders on llrst iind mvoudcliiaH ofllces, 
 j anil liy udditloniil comi"' dons of (!</. Ixjtween every 
 £•'> from £<%() up to XIUO orders ou flret-clius olUeeii 
 j only. 
 C ' N. B. No lmir-|ionco to be Introduced In the ordem. 
 
 DISTIUIJUTION OF PERSONAL ESTATE OF LNTEsTATES. 
 
 [ACCORmNQ TO TUB LAW! Or CANADA WK8T.] 
 
 If the Intestate die, lenvhiK wife luid clilld, or children— liis personal representiillves take thus ; One- 
 third to wife, rest to child or children : if chilihen dead, then to their representalive.-i, (tlial is, their lineal de- 
 ■cendants,) except such cliilil or children (not heirs ut law) who had es^tate by settlement of intestate, Id his 
 lifetime, eipial to the other shares. 
 
 Wife only — half to wife, rest to next of kin In equal degrees to Intestate or their legal representatives 
 
 No wife or clilid— all to next of kin and to their legal representatives. 
 
 Cliiid, cliildren, or their representatives— all to him, her, or them. 
 
 Children hy two wives— eipially to all. 
 
 If no cliild, children, or re|)resentatives— ail to next of kin in equal degree to Intestate. 
 
 Child or grandchild -half to cliild, half to grandchild. 
 
 lliishand— whole to hlin. 
 
 Father and brother, or sister— whole to fallier. 
 
 Mother and brother, or sister — whide to them ei|ually. 
 
 Wife, niotlier, brother, sisters, and nieces— half to wife, residue to mother, brother, sisters, and nleoes. 
 
 Wife, motlier, nephews, and nieces — two-fourtiis to wife, one fourth to inotlier, anil one-fourth to nephews 
 and nieces. 
 
 Wife, liriitliers or sisters, and mother— lialf to wife, (under statute of Car. II.) half to brothers and sisters, 
 and mother. 
 
 Mother oid.v — the whole (it being then out of the statute). 
 
 Wife and mother — half to wife, and half to mother. 
 
 Brother or sister of whole blood, and limlher or >lster of half blood — equally to both. 
 
 Posthumous brother or sister, ami niollier — equally to both. 
 
 Posthumous brother, or sister and brother, or sister born in lifetime of father — equally to both. 
 
 Father's father and mother's mother — equally to both. 
 
 I'nclea' or aunts' chililren, and brother or sister's grandchildren — equally to all. 
 
 tlrandmotlier, uncle, or aunt— all to grandmother. 
 
 Two aunts, nephew, and inece— equally to all. 
 
 I'licle and deceased uncle's child— all to uncle. 
 
 Incle by mother's side, and deceased uncle or aunt's child — all to uncle. 
 
 Nephew by brother, and nephew by half-sister — equally per cdjjitil. 
 
 Nephew by deceased brother, and nephews and nieces by ileccased sister — each In equal shares per ca/pUa, 
 and not /x /■ stirjtts. 
 
 Brother and grandfather— whole to brother. 
 
 Brotlier's grandson, and brother or sister's daughter — to daughter. 
 
 Brother atid two aunts— to brotlier. 
 
 Ilrotlier and wife— half to brother, half to wife. 
 
 Mother and brother— equally. 
 
 Wife, motlier, and cliildren of a deceased brother (or sister; — half to wife, one-fourth to mother, one-fourth 
 per stirpi's to deceased brother or sister's children. 
 
 Wife, brother or sister, and children of a deceased brother or sister — half to wife, one-fourth to mother, or 
 sister jier vitjiitd, one-fimrth to deceased brother or sister's child j>er xtirjien. 
 
 Brother or sister, and children of a deceased brother or sister — half to brother or aiatec per capita, half to 
 cliildren of deceased brother or sister jier ntlrpes. 
 
 Grandfather and brother— all to brother. 
 
 N(*TK.- l',>rs«mal prniM-rty Is li.I.l t)ynmii Hint wlf>' in rominon. Tills comnmnltyoxlsld tiy law, iinlMui Iheni he a niarrfaiiio contract, exociitMl 
 l^-for.- tlif injirrinu'ts wliicli exiireiiily eUjiiilHttts tliiit tliurn hJiall bo no rommunily,— TVcii/ije on the Law of ilarriai/e in Loxcer Canada, b$ 
 Ji/nct Arintlronij, 
 
 ^v. 
 
 ■s will be as 
 
46 
 
 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES, 
 
 IN Uri'EU AND LOWEU CANADA, 
 
 Alplinbcticnlly arraiigod, with imino of Town or Villnge first, tlien the County (Co.) It U 
 In, followed liy thu imino of Township (T|).). Thun, for fxiuiiple :— 
 ■' Abiukovlg, C. \V., Co. Wellington, Tp. I'uslineh." 
 
 J3S" C. K. denotes Canada East. 
 C. W. " Canada West. 
 
 Co. " ColNTY. 
 
 Tp. " TowNsMir. 
 
 G. T. R. " Okank TiirsK RAiLnoAO. 
 
 G. W. K. " (illKAT WkSTKKN UaILUOAD. 
 
 Towns having MoNKV Okdkr Officm may he known by their names being printed in 
 black letter thus, ALLANSVILLE. 
 
 All the places mentioned have Po.st-okfice*, unless where mentioned to the contrary. 
 
 In addressing letters to parties in any town or village, they should be addressed — 
 
 Ist. Christian and Surnauio in full. 
 
 2d. Name of Township. 
 
 8d. Name of County. 
 
 4th. " Canada West," or " Canada East," which is, of course, rynunymous with "Upper 
 Canada" and " Lower Canada." 
 
 For rates of postage to and from Canada, see elsewhere in this work, headed " Postal 
 Regulations." 
 
 1^" To find out the distance of any one ])lnce fiom another, on the lines of the (J. T. 1!. 
 (Grand Trunk Railroad), G. W. II. ((ireat Western Railroad), Huflalo and Dil. ■ Huron, 
 and Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Railroads, see the Distance Tables of these lines, given 
 elsewhere. 
 
 A. 
 
 ABBOTT'S CORNKR, C. E., Co. Sfisslsinioi. Stake for 
 "Coinpton" on tlie (i. T. It. I'opulalioii ahoiit l(Ki. 
 
 ABBUTTSFOIU), C. K., Co. Hoiivillc, .<t. llilliiiie on 
 tlie 0, T. 11. is tlie !<tiitloii l)est iivalliil)le. Popula- 
 tion about 1(11). 
 
 ABEKCKOMItll';, see P(. Adflf. 
 
 AHEIICOUN, C. E., Co. llrouir, Coniiiton on the fi. T. 
 U. is the neure-Ht station. I'ojiulation Hl)Out M. 
 
 AHEUDEEN, see Rapliles iles .loaeliiins. 
 
 ABEUKOYLE, 0. W., Co. WelllnKlon, Tp. I'uslliu'li. 
 ()o to Ouelpli, a main Station on llie (i. T. U. Top- 
 ulatlon about liHl. 
 
 ABINODOX, C. W., Co. I.liieoln, Tp. Calstor. Be- 
 tween the Great Western ami tlie llullalo and I.nke 
 Huron Kailwiiys ; for the (). W. It. route take (irlnis- 
 bv Station on the Ilaiiiillon and Niagara Section, 
 or "Canfleld" Station on the Buiralo and Lake Hu- 
 ron Line. Population about .'jll. 
 
 ACTON, C. E. (alias Acton Vale), Co. Bagot. A Tele- 
 graph Station on the ti. T. 11. 
 
 ACTOX, C. W., Co. Hallon, Tp. Esqueslng. A Station 
 on the (i. T. K. Population al)out .MMI. 
 
 ADAMSVILI.E, C. E., Co. llrouie. Make for " Conip- 
 ton" Station on the tl. T. U. Population about Ktll. 
 
 ADAUE, C. W., Co. Huron, Tj). itiddulidi. Go to 
 "Stratford" on the 0. T. It. Population about ."iO. 
 
 ADDINtiTON UOAI), C. W. See Free Grants of Land. 
 
 ADDLSON, C. W.,Co. Leeds, Tp. Elizabethtown, close 
 to Brockviile, a main Station on the G. T, U. Pop- 
 ulation about IfXJ. 
 
 ADEL.VIDE Tp., C. W., Co. Middlesex. Go to " Mount 
 Brydges" on the G. W. K. 
 
 ADJALA Tp., see Athlone, Baiiyroy, and Keenans- 
 viUe, Villages and Post-olliees within that Township. 
 
 ADMASTOX Tp., C. W., Co. Kenfrew. Steamer from 
 Aylmer on the Ottawa, nearest Station Ottawa City, 
 connected at Prescott with the 0. T. K. 
 
 ABOLPHUSTOWN Tp., Co. Lennox. Station Einest- 
 towu on the U. T. U. Also Kiugstuu or Believiile 
 
 for Hay of Qulnli'' Sloamcr plying both to and from 
 Ailolpinistown in sunnncr. 
 
 ALHION Tp., C. \V., Co. Peel. Go to Brampton, a 
 niiiiri Station on (i. T. It. 
 
 ALIiHOItOfGlI Tp., C. W., Co. Elgin. Go to Ne\f- 
 burv Statinn on the G. AV. It. 
 
 AI.DEItSllOTT.C. \V.,Co. Wentnortli, Tp. Flanilioro'. 
 Go to Dundas, (i. W. It. Population aliout Sil. 
 
 ALE.XANDItlA, C. W., Co. Glengary, Tp. Lochiel. 
 .Make for Lancaster on O. T. K. Population about 
 711(1. 
 
 ALFItEI) Tp.. C, W., Co. Prescott. On South Shore 
 of Loner Ottawa. Lancaster Is the nearest <!. T. It. 
 Station, and Steamers toucli at Original and llawkes- 
 bury on Ottawa for Ottawa City and .Montreal. 
 
 .\LGt)N.\. .See Crown Lands for sale. 
 
 ALI.ANItlltG, C. W., Co. VVeUand, Tp. Thorold 
 Go to Thorold on the G. W. H., or to Port Dalhousie 
 for Steamer to Toronto and all other parts East. 
 
 ALLAN PARK, Co, Grey, Tp. Hentick. Make for 
 "Guelph," thence oy Stage to Owen's Soinid. Or 
 forCollingwood liythe Northern Rail from Toronto, 
 and Steamer Canailian to Owen's Sound and down 
 by .xtage. 
 
 ALLAN'S COItNEItf', C. E., Co. Chateauiiuay, T)). 
 Durliam. Go to Montreal, and thi'iice by ('l\ain- 
 plain and St. Lawrence Itailway. Population about 
 (ill. 
 
 ALLANSVILLE. C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Ped. 
 I Go to " Guelpli" on G. T. It. 
 
 ALI.ISONVJI.LE, C. W., Co. Prince E.lward, Tp. Ame- 
 liasliurg. Steamers ply (Ion ii fnoii Trenton and 
 Belleville, both Stations on the G. T. It. l'|i from 
 Kingston and Mrnitreal on the same Kaihvirv Sec- 
 tion. F(M' liuiil journey go to " llriglitoii or Tren- 
 ton" St.itions on G. T. It., and thence to Carrying 
 Place. Tp. .Murray. Population about ,')0. 
 
 ALLl'METTE ISLAND, C. W., Tp. Kenfrew. An 
 Island on Upper Ottawa River near Tcruiiuus of 
 
CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAOKS. 
 
 47 
 
 Ernjeetcd Brock vlllc nnil Arnprlor Knllway. Miiy 
 e ri'iiclifil friiiii AyliuiT, ('. K. On tlir Nurlli flinre 
 
 of Ottiiwii lllvrr l>y titi'iiincr In icimiiiilnti wllli 
 
 HlaKi'H f'lf •Mtinvii Itullwiiy, »lili-li JnliH lliu (1. T. K. 
 
 lit I'riacott. Also callid Ailuuw. 
 AI.MA, C. W., Co. WillliiK'loii, Til. I'f.'l. do to 
 
 (liii'Ipli, lieu Allunsvllli'. i'o|iiiliilloii jilmiit il). 
 AMNA, C. \V., Co. Ilnic'u, T|i. Iliiroii. 'Jft mllva from 
 
 (lodiTli'li. ropiiliillon iilMint .')!). 
 AI'.MIItA, 0. \V'., I'o. Vcirk, I'li. IVil. do to Scarl>oro" 
 
 ^(|lltllm on till' d. T. It. Or Toronto, wlii'nco ftiiK'' 
 
 iliiil.v. I'opiiliilloii iiliont (in. 
 ALNWK'K Tp., i'. \V., to. Nortliunilicrlanil. Make 
 
 for liarw I, a ."Station on Hit' t'olioiir); ami Petcr- 
 
 lionMiK'li l.lni', ivlilili eonncits wllli the (i. T. U. at 
 
 t'nllolir|{. 
 
 ALTON, ('. W., Co. I'ecl, Tp. CaliMlon. do to di'orKf- 
 town, u tltatioii on tliu CI. T. i(. I'opiilalloii abont 
 lioii. 
 ALTOXA, t'. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. IMikiolii)?. " I'ort 
 Union or Kn'iiiliuian'.s ll.iy" are nrarc^l Klu(j Stii- 
 tlohd, lint Wlillliy main Station may lir pnriialilf, 
 nil on till' d. T. It. l>opnlatioii iiIhiiiI 'Jiiii. 
 ALVl.NSTON, C. \V., Co. l-ainlitnn, Tp. Hrookc. (io 
 to "dliMi'oi'," on till.' d. \V. It., Ilamllioiiunci Wliid- 
 gor Sti'lion. I'opiilation about III). 
 AMKI.IACUCltd Tp., C. W., Co. IMIncf Kilwanl. 
 Ually .■^li'iiTiitr ilowii from llilluvllk', ami up from 
 KliiK>t»ii, liolh StatioiiH on tliu d. T. U, I'opulatlon 
 about toil. 
 
 AMHERSTBURG, C. W., Co. Kss.'v, Tp. Maldon. 
 On l.aki' Krii'. Mako fcir Wlmlior Ti'rminu.< of tln' 
 d. W. It., ami procui'd by llivir or Road, i'opula- 
 tlon about 'i'lon. 
 
 A.MIiKUST I.'JI-AND, Tp., C. \V., Co. AddliiKlon. 
 Cro.s.t Hay of (Julnto from Krm'>.t.iii, or taki' Slram- 
 cr from KliiK^ton. Itotli " Knii^tun" and Kingston 
 art' Slatlon.s on tbe (>. T U. I'"pulatli>ii abnut lim. 
 
 AMIHN:', C. \V., Co. .MiiMlfsi'x, Tp. l,obo. Taku 
 tiikit for " Konioka" on the ti. \V. K. 
 
 ANCIKNNK LOIlUi'TTK, C. K., Co. (Jucbt'C. On tlic 
 Norlli r^hore of t*t. Lawri'iit'L'. " Point Levi" Sta- 
 tion, on the ti T. It. to (Jiii'bir, is on tlio oppo.'illi.' 
 BliorL'. Population cldi'llv Huron Indians. 
 
 ANCA.STKK Tp., C. \V., Co. Wcntwoitli, Takelioki't 
 for Diimlas d. VV. K. Ilainllloii Section, and go on 
 by daily Stage. 
 
 ANtlLIS, C. \V., Co. SImcoe, Tp. Vma. Kssa is a 
 Station on Hie Ontario, Siineoe and Huron Hallway. 
 Population ul)out llio. 
 
 APPl.KltV, C. \V., Co. Ilalloii, Tp. Xclson. .Make 
 for Wellington Scpiare, a Slation on d. \V. It. 
 
 Al'TO, C. W., Co. Simeoe, Tp. Vespra. Take ticket 
 for Sunnidale Slation on Ontario, Sinicoe and Huron 
 Kaiiwav from Toronto. Popui.ition about 'J.'i. 
 
 AKIdNd'i'O.N, C. W., Co. Sinu'oe, Tp. Adjaia. Try 
 Mailoii Station, on d. T. It., Toronto and Slrutrord 
 Section, am) litage thence to .Mcuio .Mills and to 
 Mono Centre. Poptilalioii about ^o. 
 
 AliNPIilOK, C.W.,Co.Ueiifrew, I'p, MeNab. Steamer 
 from Ayliner in eonneeti<in witli ridlway to anil from 
 Ottawa City, connected again at Prescott witli d. T. 
 It. Also connected liy slajie witli Urockvllle Stalion 
 on the same railway seciion. via Perth, and Sinith'.s 
 Falls. Popiilalloii about 'JTo. 
 
 AKIIAN, C. W., Co. llruce, Tp. Arnin. CtO to Col- 
 linttwood by Ontario, Sinicoe and Huron Itailway, 
 fiom Toronto, thence by Steamer Canadian to 
 Owen's Sound. Or by dueljih on the d. T. U., and 
 thence liv stage. 
 
 AKTK.MKS'lA, Tp., C. W., Co. drey. Make for Sunni- 
 dale Station on the Ontario, Sinicoe and Huron 
 Itaiiwav, and (hence go we^t. 
 
 AltTIIAIlASK A, C. K. A Telegiapli Slation on the ti. 
 T. It. Populalion about l.'io. 
 
 AUTHl'li, Tp., C. \V., Co. Wellington. (}o to duelph 
 bv d. T. U., and thence north bv stage. 
 
 AllVA, C. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. London, do to 
 Loniloii, a main Station uii the (i. W. It. Popula- 
 tion aljout '.Mill. 
 
 ASlllllKN, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Whitby, do to 
 W hiiby main Station on d. T. 11. Population about 
 '200. 
 
 ASHKIKLI), Tp., C. W., Co. Huron, do to Stratford 
 by {-. T. It., and thence bv doderich Stage. 
 
 ASH .ItOVK, C. W., Co. llalton, T|). Ksriuesing. Pro- 
 ceed from deorgetown, a Station on d. T. U. Pop- 
 ulation about 611. 
 
 ASPUOUKL, Tp., C. W., Peterborougli. Make for 
 
 rohonrir, on O. T. n. Thence for PelerborouKh bjr 
 the Junction Itailway, and Pittisagu Iloat on Ulua 
 Lake. 
 
 ATHI'.I.STON, C. K., Co. Huntingdon. Itouse'n Poliil 
 is (he nearest Hallway Slalloii oil the South, aiij 
 Montreal on the North. It lies between Lake St. 
 Krani'is and the Champlain and St. Lawrence Kail- 
 way. Populalion abiiut mi. 
 
 ATIIKHI.KV, C. W., Cm. Onhirlo, Tp. Mara. Ibiok by 
 Ontario, Sinicoe and Huron Itaiiw av for llelie Kwart, 
 and on by steamer, direct. In w inter, go to Ibirrie, 
 and thence by stage In (h'lllla. Population about 70, 
 
 ATIILONK, C. W., to. Sinicoe, Tp. Adjaia. Try 
 .Malton Slation, (1. T. U., ami on by stage to .Mono. 
 Popuialion about il'JII. 
 
 ATHOL, C. W., Co. dlengarry. do to Lancaster Sta- 
 tion, on d. T. H. Populalion about Inn. 
 
 AlMllKN, 0. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Colb.one. do to 
 SIratford on d. T. K. Also on the llulValoand Luka 
 Huron, and go on by doderlcli Stage. 
 
 AIDLKV, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Piikerlng. " Port 
 Huron," and " Krenchman's Hay," on (i. T. It., are 
 nearly ei|ui-diatant Stations. 
 
 ACdllHIM, C. W., Co. Lambton, Tp. Kuphciiila. 
 Hook for dleiicue Station, on d. W. II. Populaliou 
 about 'J.'). 
 
 AI'LTSVILLK, C. \V., Co. Stormont, Tp. Osnabiuck. 
 .Make for " Dickenson's Landing," a Stalion on the 
 d. T. li. Population aliout l.'ili. 
 
 AURORA, ( . W., Co. York, Tp. Mhitcliurcli. A 
 Telegraph Station on the Ontario, Sliucoe and Hu- 
 ron itaiiwav. Piipulalion about 4.'>tl. 
 
 AVON, C. W., Co. .Middlesex, Tp. N. IJorchestcr. Go 
 to " Kdwaidsburg," a Station on the d. W. U. 
 Population about i^il. 
 
 AVON HANK, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Downle. Get to 
 Slralford Juncllon Slation of tlie (i. T. It., and 
 Hiilfaio and Lake Huron Uailway. 
 
 AYLMER EAST, C. K., t ... Ottawa, Tp. Hull. On 
 north shore of Hiver Ottiiwa, connecting point for 
 Ippcr Ottawa IJislrict with Oltiiwa City. Take 
 ticliet for Ottawa City, connected at Prescott with 
 d. T. H., and tlieiice on by stage to Ayliner. Pop- 
 ulation about irillll. 
 
 AVLMKIt WK.<T, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Malahide. On 
 London and Port Stanley Itaiiwav, connected at 
 
 1 don, C. W., with tlie d. W. U. Population 
 
 about liOil. 
 
 AYLWIN, Tp., C. K., Co. Ottawa. North of Ottawa 
 Hiver ; Steamer direct from .Montreal. Population 
 about 1(10. 
 
 AVll, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Dunifrlc.s. Go to 
 "dalt," now connected by lirancli Hallway with 
 (i. W. It., and HuH'alo ami Lake Huron Uailways at 
 Paris— which see. Populalion about l(l(K». 
 
 AVTON, C. W., Co. drey, Tp. Normanby. do to 
 duelph, and on by Stage tlirongli Fergus, Klora, 
 .Mount Forest, dueipli Is on the d. T. U. 
 
 B 
 
 HAHV'S POINT, C. VV., Co. Lambton, Tp. Somhra. 
 Keacheil from Chathain Station, on the d. VV It. 
 
 HAHVVILLK, C. K., Co. NaplerviUe, Tp. Sherrington. 
 Which Is a Station on the .Montreal anil Plattsburg 
 Hailwav, *2 miles from .Montreal. 
 
 IiAl)KN,C. W., Co, Waterloo, South Hiding, Tp. Wll- 
 mot. In the same township as Petersburg. Station 
 on the d. T. K. 
 
 ItAdOT, C. W., Tp. In Co. Renfrew. North of Perth, 
 on lineof Didckville and Arnnrior Kxtensioii. Pres- 
 ent nearest Station, Ottawa City, on Hraiich Hail- 
 wav, connected at Prescott with the d. T. U. 
 
 IIAdOT, C. K. See drande Haie. 
 
 HAdOTVILLK, C. K. Near Chicoutiml, on the Sague- 
 nay H. Cro by Steamer Saguenay, from (Jiiebeo, 
 or S(. Thomas^ 0. K., the Kastern Terminus of the 
 d. T. H., below (Juebec, thence by same Steamer. 
 
 HALLlNAFAl), C. W., Co. Wellington, South Hiding, 
 Tp. Krin. do to flenrgetown Slation on the d. T. H. 
 
 BALLVCHOV, C. W. See Athlone, both being In Tp. 
 of .Vdja'.a. 
 
 HALMOHAL, C. W., Co IlaUllmand, Tp. Walpoie. 
 Near Cook's Station, on the UulVaio and Lake Huron 
 Hailwav. 
 
 BALTIMORE, C. VV., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Ham- 
 Utou. A Station on the Cobourg and Peterborough 
 
 y^ 
 
48 
 
 CANADA: CITIKS, TOWNS, AND VILLA(JK.S. 
 
 Ilnilway, U'lilrli |h i'iiiiiii'cIimI iit I'oliiiurK witli tlii> ' BELLEVILLE, I'. W., Cn. Iliinlliiiri, T|>. Tliiirlnw. 
 
 a. T. U. !t Iliilt-H fl'nill rntiiilir^, 
 
 IIAMKIN, ('. W., ( <>. Iliiniii. IV. IIiilN'll, (io li> 
 
 firuiriinl, l>y tin' lliill'.iln jiikI l.akc lliuuii, or (I. 
 
 T. II. 
 UAllKoim, f. K. ^iM.fiMiilc.jdk. 
 UAKNKTT, <•. W., C,,. WflllriKloii, T|i. Nlohol. (lo to 
 
 (iiii'lpli, cm llic <). T. I'. 
 Il.MtNSTdN, C. K. A 'I'ti. '.Ii Co. HliilHlejiil. Ncur 
 
 I uiiil k t^liitiiiri, (III thf (I. T. IC, liurcli rliiK mi 
 
 \l'l'lllnllt HlUtl'. 
 
 IIAIIIIIK, I' W, A T|). In ('". Kroiilc'iiiic. Niiinvt 
 
 ('<Miiil,\ ToHii. yiiAn mill Ti'|i')(i'<i|>li ^'lllllllll mi O. 
 T. It. .>'>ri|mi. '.'Jii iiilliN rrniii Mmitri'iil, uiiil ||:i 
 fi'mii 'I'm-milii. I'n|<iihil|i>ii iilmiil TmHl. 
 
 IIKl.l, KWAIir, ('. W., »'.,. ."Ill Tp. liiiiMII. A 
 
 .'^lalimi III llii' (liiliirlii, Miiinii', mill lliirnii lliillwa.v, 
 mill fur liii' l.iikc t'iiiii'iii' llmilii. fH) iiilU'ii fruiii To- 
 rmilii. I'lipiiliitloii iilioiil liiHi. 
 
 IIKI.I.'.x ('(llt.NKItS, »'ii. Ciirlilmi, Tp. Nrpi'Hii. Try 
 "liliKliT," nr Ullii»ii .»iallmi» mi llii' Itiiilnay 
 
 llr^ Ii Irmii PiiHcotl, mi ilu' (i. T. I(. ropiilailuii 
 
 iilimil Til. 
 
 I'M^tnllli'i' III Kiiluiliii, III!' iiil.ii<iiiliiKT<>»n»liip. TIiIh IIKI.MU.NT, V. \V., Co. KIkIii. Tp. Smitli Dnri'licrtlir, 
 
 TiiH'ii.-'liip l» iiiiu lii'liiitni'Mli'il. It l.slii'si iippriiach. ; (in In Kilitanlilnir),', a Stallmi mi tin' <i. \V. 11. 
 
 I'll finiii Napaih'i', a .'<latli>ii mi llii' (i. T. It . .Mmi ' IIKLMilltK, C. W ., Cn. Iliii'mi. Tp. I'liriilu'iry. (into 
 
 trial anil Tnniiil.i i^i'cllmi. Tlii'pili flln' lamlU Stralfm'.l, prr^inl TiTiiiliiiis nfll. T. It. iiiiil lliillalo 
 
 •l"^ jii'r in'ri'. .Sit ( 'niivii I.iindi for Sali'. ] ami l.aki' iliirmi llallttay. I'npnlallmi iilimit I In. 
 
 BARRIE, C. W., Co. .xjiii , T|i. Visprii. Cmiiily 
 
 ToHii anil Main .><lalimi on Dnlario. .''Iiiii , ami 
 
 Iliirmi ItaUniiy frmii Tormilo to CollliiK»oiiii. (til 
 nlill'^< frmii Tormilo. I'opiilallmi alimil '.'.'iiKI. 
 
 IIAIITON, C. \V. 
 
 IIAKTIINVll.l.K, C. \V., Co. WiiilHorlli, Tii. Ilurtoii. 
 .Ni'iir Ontario Slatloii mi tin' (I. \V. It. 
 
 BATH, C. \V.,Co. AililiiiKtmi.Tp. Kriii'sloHn. Wlilili 
 i^< 11 Sliitimi mi till' Ii. T. It. I'nimlation alimil I'lOii. 
 
 llA.><TAltl), C. W., Co. l.i'i'iN, lonlainliiK tin' VlliiiK''« 
 anil I'ost-oDiri'H, Dilla, Forlar, I'liilip^viilt', uliiili 
 i*i'i' rt'.-ipt'i'tlvi'h'. 
 
 UATI.'^CA.N, C. k. A Tp., Co. Climiiplain. On 111.' 
 ItiviT St. Maurice, wliirli liisi'its tlir f^t. Maiirici' 
 Territory frmii its I'milliii'in'i' willi llie ."I. Lawrmii 
 
 IIKI.iKII., C. K , Co. V.riliiri'H. On rioiilli !<liori' of 
 ■«l. I.awri'iiri', Try l.mi>.'iilil or !'t. Uyarinlliu fta- 
 llmiH on till' Ii. T. It. I'opiilalinii aliout :MIII. 
 
 lIKNMIM.KIt. C. VV. Sii' Aiil.iirii. 
 
 JIKNNIK'S COltNKItS, C. «., Co. Lanark. T|i. Itani- 
 Hay. Try Norlli liowrr HIatimi, mi oltaHii iiinl 
 I'r'i'icolt llrmii'li rrom the Ii. T. It. i'opiiiallon 
 ulimll 7."i. 
 
 BENTINCK, C. \V. A Tp. In Co. Ore.v. (lo to fo|. 
 llii);»ooi| liy till' Ontario, ,><luii iie. ami llnriiii Hall- 
 Hay, anil llienei' hy I'anailian Meaimr to Owin'.i 
 Soiinil. ami ilowii hy .""tane; or to liiniph, on tlie 
 (I. T. It., ami lip liv .■^laiji' for Owen'." ."'miml. 
 
 DKItKKI.KY, C. \V., Co. lirey, Tp. Ilollaml. Kor 
 
 Itollle M'e llelltinek. 
 
 Iielinv Lake ."t. Peter at Three Itivern, at wliieli Port BERLIN, C. \V., Co. Waterloo, Norlli llliliii(f, Tp. 
 
 tlie ,"<t. I.anrenee Steamer.'* eall. The lloveriinieiit 
 have fornieil a roinl from Three Klver" to the liranil 
 Piles, on the .''I. .Mauriee Itiver, wlieiiee ."'teamei's 
 |ihfor the I'pper ."'t. Mauili'e,toiieliiii;! at llatiscmi. 
 
 IIATISCAN llltlllliK. Iligliur up the Hi. .Maurlcu tliiiii 
 ItatL'-emi, wliieli >ee. 
 
 IlATTKItSKA. C. \V., Co. Kinntemie, Tji. Stori'lii(.'lon. 
 Try l\lii;;-lmi City, as neare-t Main Stalimi. or 
 Kiii|,'ston .Mills ami limianoipK', all on the II. T. It. 
 Piipillalloii ahmit liHI. 
 
 BAYFIELD, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Stanley. Ilo to 
 .'^tralforil Station of lliillalo ami l.aku Iluriiii ami 
 Ii. T. It. PopiilatioM ahmil llliil. 
 
 HAYIIAM, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Kitiiii, mi the slioreof 
 Lake Krie. (lo to Port Stanley, I'oniieeted liy Hail 
 Hiiv Ilramli with Ii. W. It. at Lomloii, C. W. 
 
 BEA'CHVILLE, C. W., Co.Oxfor.l, West Killing, Tp. 
 Oxforcl West. A Station on the Ii. W. 11. M miles 
 west of llaiiiilton Citv. Population ahoiit I'liKI. 
 
 BEAMSVILLE, C. W., Co. Lim'oln. Tp. I lintmi. A 
 Station on the (i. W. U. 'J'.' miles fr Mauara. 
 
 ilKAIl llltOOK, Co. Itiis-'i'll, Til. C'.iiiiliiriaml. (ioto 
 liloster Station on the Ottawa Kaiiway, wiileli emi- 
 neets with the Ii. T. K. at Preseott. 
 
 IIKACIIAKNOIS, C. K. An Kleetoral llislriet on the 
 .Soitli .<liore of the St. Lawrenee, nearly oppo-lle 
 the eonlliieiiee of the Ottawa Itiver ami the Cedars 
 Station, on the Ii. T. It. 
 
 UKALMONT, C. K., Co. llellechasse, on the Smith 
 ,*<liorf of the St. Lawrenee, opposite the Isle of Or- 
 leans, lielow (<iiel)OC. Nearest Station, Point Levi, 
 on the (i. T. H. 
 
 IlKAl'l'OUT, C. K, Co. QuelM'C. Kast of (Jiieliee City. 
 Nearest Station, Point Levi, on llie .'Soutli Shore of 
 the St. Lawi'enee, Teriiiinus of the Ii. T. It. 
 
 lIKAVKItTON, C. W"., Co. Ontario, Tp. Tliorah. Co 
 to Itelle Kwart, on Ontario, Shiieoe, and Iliirmi 
 llailroail, from Toronto, ami theme hy Steamer on 
 Lake Simeoe. In Winter hy Hallway frmii Port 
 Hope to Limlsay, tt lilch connect.^ at Port Hope with 
 (i. T. U. 
 
 ItKCANCOL'K, C. E., Co. Nioolet. On South Slinreof 
 the St. Lawrence, op|ioslte Throe Itlvera, which is 
 tlie i:earest ,Stemii Packet Station. 
 
 BKCKWITII, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Lanark, Smitli 
 HiiliiiK. Sue Carlcton Place and Kranklown 
 
 Wiitirioo North. A Ti iejrrapli Station on the Ii T. 
 
 It. lit miles I'rmii Toronto. 
 IIKHTIIILH KN II AS. C. K, Co. Mmilmaany. A Sta- 
 tion on the Ii. T. II., linehee mill St, Tlimiias Sec- 
 tion. 42 inlleH below IJiieliec. I'npiilalloli ahmil 
 
 1,'ilKI. 
 BERTHIER EN HAUT. C K., Co. Merthii r. On 
 
 the Nnrlli Shore of St. Lawn'tiee, at head of Lake 
 
 SI. Peter. Heached hy Uneloc mid .Montreal 
 
 Steamers. 
 lll-iliWK K, C. W., Co. Stor it. Tp. I'lnch. do to 
 
 Diekin^'iirs Landlii;.'. a Station on (i. T. It. I'l'pii- 
 
 lalioii ahmit llin. 
 IlKHI'IK. See Kort Lrie. 
 
 IlKHMl':, C. W.,( o. llr ,Tp. Kiiieardlne. whlrii see. 
 
 IIKVKHI.KV, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Weiilw.irtli, cmi- 
 
 taininn ( opetown, Hockton, Sliellielil Milages and 
 
 Po-tolllees, whicli see. 
 Itp.WDLKV, C. W.. Co. Nortliiin-lierlaml, Tp. Haiiiil- 
 
 tmi. (ill to Port Hope, a Main Slatloii mi the Ii. T. 
 
 H. ; also a Lake Port, frcipiented hy llie Steamers. 
 
 population ahmit Inn. 
 lilC, C. K., Co. Hiinoiiskl. A Port mi the Lower St. 
 
 Lawi'i'iiei', on the South Shore, opposite Island of 
 
 St. Cecile. Population ahmil :)IIIHI. 
 Iliniil LPII. See Allare. 
 DINIIHOOK. C. W. A Tp. In Co. Wentwortli, near to 
 
 the .Ionian Station on the Ii. Vi. K., Haiiilllon ami 
 
 Niapira llistrlct. 
 lllHMINlillAM, C. W.. Co. Krmitenac, Tp. Pittshiirn. 
 
 KiiiKston City and Kinii-tmi Mills are the Slatimis, 
 
 the latter only a Fla^ .>-latioii, hotli mi the Ii. T. Ii. 
 
 Popiilatimi alioiit 'Jihi. 
 IllSIIOP'S .MILLS. C. W., Co. Ilrenville, Tp. Oxford. 
 
 till to Oxhird.a Station on the Ottawa and Preseott 
 
 llranch of the II. T. H. 
 IILAINS ILLK TKHHKIKlNNK, C. K. See St. Thercse 
 
 lie lllainville. 
 BLACK ( HKKK.C. W.,Co. Welland,Tp. Willi. mihliy. 
 
 (io to Hid),','wav on the lliillalo and Lake lliirmi 
 
 Haiiwiiv. 
 IILANDFOIII), C. W., Co. Oxford. See W'ooii.^tock, 
 
 Halho, etc. 
 ItLANIiKOHl), C. K., Tp. In Arthaliaskii Co. (io to 
 
 So'iierset Station on the (i. T. It. 
 liLANSHAHl), C. W. See Fish Creek, St. Mary's, 
 
 UKIIFOHI), C. K., Co. Missisqnoi, Tp. Staiilirid);i', I lllanshard. 
 .Make for Hiver Ulcliellcu hy Steamer from .Mont re- IILKSSINIITON, C. W.,Co. llastln(.'s, Tp. Tycmllmiiia, 
 al. If liy Hall hy Kuuse's Point on the Cliamiilain where there is a Stallmi of the (i. T. H. 
 
 ami St. Lawrence K. 
 HF^LFAST, C. W. See Ashfield. 
 BKLFOUNTAIN, C. W. See Caledon 
 HF:LLAMV'8 MILLS, (!. W. See llam.sav. 
 
 IILOO.MFIKLI), C. W., Co. Prime F.ciward, Tp. Hallo- 
 well. Situate on Hay of (ioiiite, and reached hy 
 Steamer daily from Kinj;ston and llellevilk', both 
 Stations on tlie (i. T. It. 
 
 III! 
 
 N. 
 
 lie 
 
 it 
 
 Oxf 
 
 IIKLLK KIVIEKF;, C. E., Co. Two .Mountains. Near llLOOMSHIHIi, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Townscml. 
 contlueiiee of Ottawa Hiver with the St. Lawrence. (lo to Onond,i(,'a or Paris, lioth Stations on the lluf- 
 Oo by Ottawa Steumer from Montreal, i falo and Lake Huron Hallway. 
 
CANADA: CITIKS, TOWNH, AXI) V1LLA0K8. 
 
 49 
 
 lll.VTIlK, «'. W,, Co. lliiron. Niirtli of Htrntforil Ter- llltlTONVII.I.I';, I'. K.,('i). ArKi'iilcull.Tp. Morlii. On 
 
 I'nliiiH "f <l. T. II. .Niirlli fli..ir nl l.iiwir (Itlawii, rciicliuil liy (tttamcr 
 liKlir VVtiKlt.N, ('. W., »'i). Vlcliirlii, T|>. Vcniliini. fr M.>iitr.;il. 
 
 ll„ t.i I'.irl II"!"', "II til- <1. T. II., iiikI IIhmhu liy IllllSI'dl,.)', i:. .\T|., ,('.., I'lmtlup. On N"rtliShnr» 
 
 llniiK'h liallnii.v I" l.lii'l^ii.v. I'ij|iiiIiiI1"|| itliuut 'ilHt, i>rilit:inii iiIhiv" A.\ liiicr Kajit, (whlrli »i'i',)ri'iic'lii'it 
 
 Itul/I'IIN, «' W. ' ,Xi r SmiiIIi IImIIihi. ' Ip.v riipi r (MliiHii ••'I iiiT». I'"|jiiIu11"I| iili"iil ;U(. 
 
 llilKMIN, »'. VV, t'". lliir I'll. M'lirU. NCrlli ivikI llllHt.'K, I'. W. \ [{<. «'... (»nl:irl.i. KMnl-ilUtiint 
 
 "f .''irairord Malluii, mi lliu (1. T. II. I'"|>iiliitl"ii fi'Hiii U. I'. It. ill Whiili.v, iiml lt<m llraiironl iiml 
 
 III,,, lit Mil. Il"lliiiiil l.:iiiiMii)( 111! till' ()marln,.>'liiK'"u mill llurnit 
 
 liiiMVNTlIN •' W., ('". NiirlliuinlMiliitiil, T|i. Hum- Itiillwiiv. 
 
 Ill, ,11. )l" I" l'"rl lln| II tlif li. I', K ,1111(11!" Ill !■ IIIKKK'."* CIII'IKK, P. W , Co. KIisIm, T|>. Aldborouxh. 
 
 In l.iii'Niiv ICallrtiiv, "pi'ii I" tliiii'iiicf. (in I" NiiilMiiv "ii II. \V. It. 
 
 JIu'Mi IIKAli, C. W., ( ". riliiM"", .Xniilli lllilliiK, Tji. ; DROCKVILUE, C, W., C... I,it,I«, Tp. Kll7.al.flli- 
 
 'I'l'iMiiiixli. <■" I" lli'iiiiriinl "II till' Oiiliirl", .»Im1' ' t"»M. ('"iiiilv 'l',>»ii. A .Milii .»latl'iii iiii (I. T. K. 
 
 uikI Huron Uallway rnmi Tormitn. r"|iiilati"ri l'.".i mllii lion'i Moiiinal. I',i|iiilall"n iilniut 'mhi). 
 
 ,il„,'iil •j.Vi. IIIIIIMK, C, !■:. An Kl.il.iial DlvNI.iii .Nciirvst 8U- 
 
 mini \ltl)'^ CmtNKIl."', C. \V., Cn. Prln.,. Kihviiril, iImik, Am"I ami !'li.ilir,i..ki', li, I'. II. 
 
 i|, M,ii'\~l.inv, nri lla\ "Itjiilnl". Tiikc tli,' StiMiii.r lllli IMI.KV, C, VV. A Tp , C. U.iifnn . Sri- Douiiliui. 
 
 fi'.Mi KiiiK-l"n "r llilii WM ill. T. It. I'..piilull"n IIIIUMl'jON K M.I, S AMI IIIK I.M I'll I.N, C. \V., Co. 
 
 alMMil W. Itli'liiiiniMl. Stall 1 111.' (i. T. II. TliU Is tli» 
 
 JIOS^NIJIKT, C. W. A T|i. In C". I.anililon. (in t" ,«latl.iii l"i' St. Kraiii'li Mills. I'..i,iilatl..n alj"iu »il. 
 
 SlralfMiil "11 (I. T. 11. IIIIIIN'IK, C. \V., C... ||all,.n. Tp. Tiafiilnir. A SU- 
 
 nilSI'lHIKI,. C. K. C". Slii'll'onl. Tp. Kl.v. li" I" liiir- tloii mi llii' (1. VV. It, 111 nilka rroiii ilaiuUliin. 
 
 Iiaiii Station "ii llii' li. T. II. l'Mpiiliiil"n ali"iil l"i>. ! l'"tMilatl"ii iili"iit ,'ihii. 
 IIIISTIIN, C. \V. .V VlllaK.' Ill Tonn-.iiil T"»ii»lilp, llltnilKK, C. \V. A Tp., Co. Laiiililnn. (In to (ilun- 
 
 N,,rr"lkl'". Si'i' III i-l"ii'K. I'opiil :itl"niil>"iit tM. < mi (i. \V. It. 
 
 IIDTIIWKI.I., I . W., I ,1. K. Ill, Tp. /."!"•. A Slatl"n BROOKLIN, C. \V., C... Oiilarl", Tp. Wliltliy. (In 
 
 m Ihi' II. W. II., IIuimIII"Ii ami WImUor Si'illmi, I" Wlillliy <>r (Miiiwit uiiCi. T. II. I'"piilall"ii iiliout 
 
 al I in iiilli's »i'st "f I."ml"ii, C. W. I'opuliitlon linn. 
 
 Ill t .• . IlltnnillAM, C. \V., Co. (Inlarlo, T|). I'li-kiTlnc (»o 
 
 DiillllKIIMM.K, I'. K., C". I'liiiinlily. do to I,mi- : I" Unlliii's I rick or Wliiiliy (as tlir main Slallmi)on 
 
 L'liiU Station "11 tlic (i. T. It., I'losi' to .Monlrml. ' tlic (I. T. It. I'"pnlall"ii alioiit |.">o. 
 
 Popnlalloii It -on. I lllKll (lll.\M, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Iteiifrcw. ScO 
 
 1101 ltd l.iillS, ('. K., ('". I'"rtii"iif. On North' Moiiiit St. I'alrlik. 
 
 Sh..r.' of St l.awrmirc no iifarcr Stiill"n lliiiii llltnl (illTON, C. K. A Tp., Co. Mi'i."iiilli\ Co to 
 
 I'oint l.ivi. Ill" l)ml T.TinlniH "f tlic (1. T. II. ; S iiMt on llir li. T. II. I'oiiiilallmi iiliiiiil NMI. 
 
 iiiiiv !"• riMili,.! liy Mmitr.al mill (Jiul SttiinnrH lllinU NSIIlIKi, C. K , I". AririnliiiU. On North 
 
 lit i'mtiiiiif.mi 111" Itlvir Si. I.a»riiii'c'. I'upnlalimi Sinn f l.ow.r llllav^.■l. .Mav \if ri'.ii'ln'il from 
 
 III, I, lit liio, ! Mmiii'.iil liv St,'iini,T. I'lipiilallmi alimil Inn. 
 
 IIOWKN, (' W., Co. LmimK, Tp. Illiliinmiil. (io to ', llltnW.N'S CIUINKUS, C. K. A Postollict; In I'lckcr- 
 
 Vapam II llm li. T. II. Population iilimit 'J."iil. Iiik' Tp., wliiili s,". 
 
 BOWMANVILLE, i . W., d. Iinrliaiii. I'p. Ilarlliitf- , IlltoWNSN ll.l.K, C. \V., Co. Oxforil, Tp. ncrehnm. 
 
 loll. .\ Main station mi (1. T. It. I-I iiiilis frmn To- lio to In(,'i.Trt"ll liy tlic (1. W. It, I'opuliilloii iilioiit 
 
 r.,nlo. Popiilillon alioiil Innn. l.'io. 
 
 IliiWMOItK. S,,' Noilawasa«a. ItltlCK, C. W. A Tp. In Cminty of siiinc name, tlo 
 
 BRADFORD, C W., Co. Siiiiro", Tp. W. (IhIIHiii- to (Imlpli. thmiiT North l,y Statfi' from (iiul. Ii Hta- 
 
 l.iirv. A .Main Stall i tin' Untario. Slinroo ami tlmi li. T. It. for Saiii;,i-ii lll.strlct. 
 
 Unroll ItallH av I'rmn Tm to. IJ iiiiks Iroiii T'.i- milCKI'lKl.li, C. W., C,i. lliirmi, Tii. StaiiKy. Near 
 
 roiiio, {'opiilalimi alimit lion. | (Imlrrli'li. Ilo to Stratforil Teriiiliim of (i. T. K. 
 
 BRAMPTON, C. \V., C". I'l.l, Tp. CliliiKiiin-onsy— I I'opnlallmi uliont 'Jiid. 
 
 Coiinly To»ii. A .Main Station on li. I'. It. •" , llltl'IK MINKS. C. W. On i,ak" Huron. Tlii'iv Is a 
 
 mill- IroMi Tm to, I'opiilallon alimil •.'nnil. | l',i-l oili,,-, ami in SnijiimT a SlraiinT Irmii Cnlllii);- 
 
 lilt ANI'iri'ilN,!'. W., C". Drant.Tp. iiiiiiilrii>,(^Miiitli.V wouil from tlir Toniiinns nl' tin.' Ontario, Siiueoe 
 
 li" to I'.iris liy 111" li. W. It., or lliillalo ami l,aki' | ami Huron itailway, frmii Tormito fur tlie tiuull 
 
 Huron liaihv.iv. Population alimit Inn. : Si. Mario. Population alimil ,'iOn. 
 
 llltANT. An liilaml Cmintv in Caiia.la W.st, iiitrr- lit CKlN(ill.\.M, C. K. A T|p. on North .«lioro of Ot- 
 
 si-ili'il li,\ 111" II. \V. It. anil 111" lliill'.ilo anil l.aki' lawa liivir. Co. Otlawa. Ni'ari-st Slallmi, uitawii 
 
 Hiirmi Kaiirtay. Tim li. U'. li. skirt* it mi tli" j City. I'oiini'rli'il liy llr.itii'Ii Itailway frmii Pristott 
 
 Nm'lli.aml tin' llnll'alo ami l,.ik,' Huron lii>",'t.s intu i willi (i. T. It. Alsn a lamrin^' mi llitawa Itiver. IT 
 
 marly iiinil liaUis. Wiiilvvmlli Cmiiity limimls ' iiiili's frmn lamlinj,'. Appr"aclii.'il liy Stt-'anitr. Pop- 
 
 It "ii'thi' l''.i-l, IKI'm'il mi tin' \V«-t, Wali'rl iml ' nlatimi alimil 'J.'iO. 
 
 Ovfonl on till.' Nm'lli, anil Niirfolk anil Haldlnniml I BURFORD, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Itraiit. Goto 
 
 mi till' Smilli. Priiii'i'lmi, a Station on tlie li. \V. It. About T 
 
 lilt \NT, C. W. Tp. In Co. Hriir". tin I" (iiidpli liv I tiiilis wi-l of Paris. 
 
 II. I". It., Tmonlo ami Slralfonl Si'ilimi, ilaniCL- liy ; III ltllK.<SVII,l.l':, C. W., Co. I).sr.,i',l, Tp. Nonvlch. 
 
 Sta^'l'. i Trv Wooilslock mi tin' (i. \V. It. 
 
 lllt.^NTKOIlD KAST, C. \V. Hue Cainsvillc anil Koae- III KNIlltAK, r. \V., Co. Nmtliiiiiil.irlanil, Tp. Sov 
 
 hank. 
 
 BRANTFORD, C. W. A Tp in ( 
 
 nr.'iiit. A Main 
 
 Station "II Itnll.ilo ami L.ik" Iliirmi Railway. ■< 
 
 lull,- from Paris .Inmllmi of llif li. W. It. Popii- 
 
 lalimi aliiint Minn. 
 
 IIKKSI.AW, C. \V., Co. Wali'iloo, Tp. Watirloo. do 
 
 to llrrlill "11 till' d. T. It. 
 
 llltKWKIfS .MILLS. C. \V., Co. Krmiti-nai', Tp. Pllts- 
 lini';^. Kiii^'-Ioii ^Iiil> Station lij nrart'st Kln>.'ston 
 lily, ami tlio iiiosi fri'iiut'iiteil. lloth on d. T. It. 
 Piipnlalioii alimit L'lil. 
 
 liKKWSTKlt, C. \V. A Post-ollioe In Bruce Co. See 
 llav. 
 
 llltllidKNilUTII. C. \V., Co. Pftcrliiiro', Tp. Sinllli. 
 A litlli' Nortli "f Pi'lirliormi^'li. lin to Ciilimn'),'mi 
 111" li. T. It., ami tlii'iii'" liy Itailway to Pelcrlio- 
 rmigh. Population alioni ."m. 
 
 lIltllldKPimi', C. W. A ViiiaK'i' in WiitiTloo Co. 
 I'l' Pi'ti'rsliiiri;. Population aliout .'iilo. 
 
 iiimir. Nurlli of llelleville, ii .Main Station on 0. 
 T. It. 
 
 ItniNSTOWN, C. \V., Co. Iti'nfrtnv, Tp. McNal). 
 Ileiu'lit'il liy Otlawa t Ity, whirh in i-oniu'ctcil with 
 It. T. It., at Prt'si'olt, liy way of Ipper Ottawa 
 Sli'auK'i's from .\yliiuM' Hast, wliirli sue. 
 
 mitltri'T'S ItAPins, C. W., i,,. l arltlon, Tp. Marl- 
 lim'ou(,'li. do to Oxford, a Station on Hie Prescotl 
 and Ottawa ilrainli Itailway, from the d. T. 11., at 
 Prescoit, or Kin).'slmi, thence by the Ulile.'Ui Canal 
 Steaniers tliron^'ii Suiitli's Falls, etc. 
 
 Ill' II V, C. K. A Tp. In Coinpton. Kor rost-oOlce, 
 etc., see llohinson. 
 
 lltrTK, C. K., Co. Mcdanllc, Tp. .'Joiner.set. Oo to Som- 
 erset on d. T. K. Popnlalion almut 100. 
 
 Ill TTONVII.LK, ('. AV. See .Markhaiu. Population 
 iilimit ,MI. 
 
 Ill \TOX, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Italei^'h. Oo to Chat- 
 hain on the U. W. It. Pir. ' ion about .WO. 
 
 5 
 
 BRIGHTON, C. \V., Co. Nmllmiiili.'rland, Tp. Mur- ' ItVltUN, C. W., Co. .Middlist.v, Tp. Weatminster. Go 
 rav. A Station on the d. T. 11. Population aliont to London on the d. \V. U. 
 lOUO. ' 
 
 :f • 
 
 i- 
 
50 
 
 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 O 
 
 CACOrXA, C. K., Co. Tenilscouatn. On Houlh Shove 
 of Lower t<(. liiiwrenee. The Sapueiiiiy SteaiiiiMS 
 toiieh here ilurint,' suinmi'r, to and from (Jiiebec, (*t, 
 ThornaH ; tlie Kaslern Teniiinns of the (I. T. It., 
 below (Jiielu'C, is the nearest Kailwav iioiiit. 
 
 C'(Kt<Al{KA, C. \V., Co. Durliaiii, Tp. Cartwrit.'lit. 
 North of liownmnville. (Jo to Itowiiianville on the 
 ft. T. R., Montreal anil Toronto Seetion. 
 
 CAIN.SVILLK, ('. \V., (.'o. llrant, Tp. Kast Hrnntforil. 
 A Station on the IJulfalo and lyake Huron Kalhvay, 
 9 miles from Paris Junction. 
 
 CAIXTOWN, C. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. Yon.L'e. (in to 
 Mallory Town on U. T. U., Jlontreal and Toronto 
 Section. 
 
 CAL-^TOli, P. W. ; CAISTOUVILLK, C. W.. Co. Lin- 
 coln, Tp. Caistor. (lo to Heamsville on the (1. W. 
 R., Hamilton and Niagara Kistriet, or to Cook's 
 Station, on the Hulfalo and Lake Huron Kailwav. 
 
 CALAlKKilK, f. \V.,Co. Uenfrew. A new I'ost-oltiec. 
 
 CALKDOX, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Peel, tio to Itramp- ^ 
 ton or (ieortretown, both Stations on the (r. T. li., ' 
 Toronto ami Stratford Seetion. i 
 
 CALKUOX FAST, C. W. A village in Ciiledon town- ' 
 sliip, which see. 
 
 CALKDDXIA, C. W. A Station on the ItulTalo and 
 Lake Huron Itaihvay, '^4 miles from Paris Junction. , 
 See CanlKtro'. I 
 
 CALKDONIA FL.VTS, C. W. CALKDONIA SPltlXOS, 
 C. W., Co. Prc-colt, Tp. Caledonia, (lo lo Laneas- I 
 ter Station on 0. T. It., Montreal and Toronto Sec- 
 tion. I 
 
 CAI.IMKT ISLAND, C. K., Co. I'ontiac. An Island j 
 on I'pper Ottawa River. See Aylmer Kast, for 
 Hallway and Steamer connection. ! 
 
 CAMIdtAY, C. \V., Co. Victoria, Tp. Fention. Oo to 
 Port Hope l>y (i. T. It., Montreal and Toronto Sec- 
 tion, and thence ti' Lindf^av, by way of Omeiuee. 
 
 CAMll'tlDCK. See Ca.sseiman. 
 
 CAMDKN KAST. C. W. A Tp. in Co. Addinpton. Go 
 to aiiaiiee, a Station on the (J. T. It., .Montreal and 
 Torontii Seetion. 
 
 CAMPliKLLKOItl), C. W., Co. Northumberland. Tp. 
 Seymour, lio tr) Helleville, (Ui the (i. T. It., or to 
 Trenton, on sauie Railway Section. Population 
 about 17."). 
 
 CAMPIIKI.L'S CROSS, a Tj). of ChiiiK'nacousy, Co. 
 Peel, near Ilramptun, which see. Poi)uIation about 
 2ill». 
 
 CAMPIiKLLVILLK, C. W., Co. Ilalton, Tp. Nassapa- 
 wt a. (io to Rockwood on tlie tl. T. It. Poiiula- 
 tion about •200. 
 
 CANIiOltO, C. W. A Tp. in Ilablimand. OotoCale- 
 donia, a ."'tation on the DuU'alo and Lake Huron 
 Kailwav, j 
 
 CANFIKLI), C. W., Co. Kaldimand, Tp. Cayufra. 
 Station on tlie Ibill'alo and Lake Huron Railway, 
 for the Town of Cayuua. aliioit Mli miles from Paris ; 
 Junction. Population about .')0. 
 
 CANK.ST(J(iA, C. \V., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Woolwidi. 
 (i(tto Ilerlin on the (i. T. It. 
 
 CANXIFTOX, C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. Thurlow. 
 .Make for Ilelleviile on the (i. T. It. Po|)ulalion ! 
 abou-. '.liiO. 
 
 CANNIXC, <J. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Ilienheim. Co to I 
 Princeton or Paris on tlie (r. W. It. Population i 
 about '.'.">it. 
 
 CAXNIX(iTO\,C.W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Ilroek. Xorth ' 
 of any Railway Station ; Whitby on the (i. T. It. is 
 the nearest point atjiresent. Population abiuit l.'io. j 
 
 CAXTON, ('. W., Co. Diirh.im, Tp. Hope. Omen ! 
 
 on the Port. Ilojie and I-itidsa,\', eonU"'i"ted with the ! 
 (l.T. It. at Port Hope, the nearest Railway poinl. I 
 Population alioiit 'Jilii. | 
 
 CAPK COVK, ('. K. ( o. (i,is|)e, Tp. Perc(>. On tlie Fu- 
 trance of the (juif of St. Lawrence, below (iaspe 
 Jlay, reached by trading vessels. Populatbui about 
 4110. 
 
 CAPK RICH, C. W., Co. (irey, T]!. St. Vincent. The 
 Steamer from Collingwooil ^wlibdi see) tonehes there 
 dailv. Population aliont lull. 
 
 CAPK ST. IliNACK, C. K,, Co. Montmairny. (io to 
 St. TliomasoiithetK T. IL.iiresent Kartern Terminus 
 (Jnebec. Population aliout '.'miii. 
 
 CAPK SANTK, C. K., Co. Portneuf, Vp. I'ortneuf. 
 Below Three Rivers on the north sliore of St. Law- 
 
 rence River, between Montreal nml (Jiubec, and 
 rencheil bv Steamers on tli;tt route. 
 
 CARILLON,' C. K., Co. Argenteuil, Tp. Cliatliam, on 
 the Kast shore of Lower Ottawa River, reacle'd l,y 
 Steamer from Montreal anil Ottawa City. Popula- 
 tion .about '-'.'m. 
 
 CARLK'I'ON, C. K., Co. ll.uiaventure. Tp. Carb'ton. 
 (hi the Hay of Clialb'urs, oppositi' New UniiiMvi.k 
 ( o.ist ; trailers from tjuebcc. Popiil.ilion abciut loin 
 
 CARI.KTON PLACK, C. W.. ( o. Lanark, Tp. Iie(kl 
 with, will be bisei'ted by jb'oekville and Aniprinr 
 
 Railway, (lo to Perth, connected witli Iti kville, 
 
 a Main Station on the (t. T. It. Population abmit 
 til II I. 
 
 CARLIN(lFORl), C. W., Co. Pertii.Tp. Fiill.irloii. (ir, 
 to Stratford Terminus of tiled. T. It. Population 
 about ."ill. 
 
 CARLISLK. C. W., Co. Weutw.irtli, Tli. Kast Klaiu- 
 boro. Flamboro is a Station on the (1. W. R.. near 
 Hamilton. H.imilton and Windsor ISectlon. Popu- 
 lation about l.'iii. 
 
 CARLOW, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Colborne. (lo lo 
 Stratford Teriiiiinis of tlie (1. T. R. Population 
 aliout inn. 
 
 CARLCKK. C. W.. Co. Weiitworlh, Tp. Alicaster. 
 (lo lo Dundas lui the 0. W. It. 
 
 CARRADOC. C. W. A Tp. in Mirldlesex Co. See 
 Mount St. Ilryiljfes and Slratlimy. etc. 
 
 CARP, C. W., Co. CarUton. Tp. Huntley, near south 
 shore of River Ottawa, above Ottawa City. Popu- 
 lation aliout ion. 
 
 CARRONHROOKK, V. \V., Co. Perth, Tp. Lopin, nn 
 line of Hull'alo .and Lake Huron Kxleiision to 
 (loderieii. Population about Ion. 
 
 CAItTHAdK, C. W.. Co. Perth Tp. MoniiuL'ton. 
 Lies iiorlli-east of Stratford, wliieli may b,' rr.ic-liid 
 bv Hull'alo and L.ike Huron Raiiwav, or (1. T, R. 
 
 CAitTWRKlHT, C. W. A Ip. in Co.' Durliain. Situ- 
 ate n.irtli of liouiu.'inville on the (1. T. I!., Montreal 
 and Toronto Section. 
 
 CASHKL, C. W.. Co. York, Tp. Markh.ini. ileaelieil 
 
 b,v Stage from Searlmro' Stall on tlo- II. 'I'. I!,, or 
 
 bv Stage tVoin Toronto dailv. Po|iulation aluoit so. 
 
 C.\SllMKItK, C. W., Co. Middlesex. Tp. Mo-:, (1,, t,, 
 (llencoe on the (1. W. It. Also ealii'il Caiilon. 
 Populalion about lilil. 
 
 CASSFLMAN, C. W,, Co. Russell, Tp. Cambridge, (lo 
 to Hiekinsou's Landing, on theO.T. It. Caiubridge 
 Towii<liip lii-s north. 
 
 CASTLK H.Mt, C. K, Co. Arthabaska. Oo to Artha- 
 baska, on the (1. T. It. Popul.ition about Inn. 
 
 CASTLKKORIt, C. W. Co. Renfrew, Tp. Ilorton, on 
 tlie south shore i>f I'pper Ottawa River, in neigli- 
 bourhood of OtI.awa ami Opeongo Road. See .\yl- 
 mer Kast, for best route. 
 
 CASTLFMORK, C. W.. Co. Peel. Tp. (lore of Toronto. 
 (In to Westim or Malton, on the (1. T. It. (first Sla- 
 lioiis out of Tiirontoi. 
 
 CASTLKTON. C. W., Co. Northtimlieri.ind, Tp, Cram- 
 ahe. do t(, Itrighton, (in tlie (1. T. It. Popuiatiou 
 about (lull. 
 
 CACdllNAWAdA, C. K., Co. Laoialrie. Tp Salt St. 
 Louis, on >outh shore of St. I,a\vri-iiee. o|i|Mi<itf Mon- 
 treal, ne.ir Terminus of Cli.iuiplain and St. Law- 
 rence Raiittay. An Indian Village, !l miles from 
 Montreal. Population .•dioiit I-Jho. 
 
 CATCHC.VRT, C. \\., Co. llrant, Tp. Hiirford. do to 
 Hranlford, on tie- llullalo and Lake Iliiroji, or 
 Prineelou, on tin d. W. R. 
 
 CAVAdNOIL, C, K , Co. Vandreull. (in to V.indreuil 
 Station, on (1. T. I!. Populalion about .'iim, 
 
 CAVAN, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Iliirh.ani, north of Port 
 Hope, on line of Lindsay Railway, eonniri.-d at 
 Port Hope with (1. T. R. Population idioiii •.'."lO. 
 
 CAYUGA, C. W. A Tp. in Co. ILildimMiel. (an- 
 lieldistlie Station freipiented. on the lliiilalo and 
 Lake Huron R.iihvav. Populati<in ab.oit Ton. 
 
 CKD.VRtlROVK. C. W., Co. Vork, Tp. Markiiam. do 
 to Scarborough, on tlie (I. T. It. Populalion about 
 Inn. 
 
 CFNTRK ACdCSTA. See Augusta. 
 
 CKNTKKVILLK, C. W., Co. Addiiiglon, Tp. Camden 
 
 Fast, do to Napa , oiilheli.T. It. Population 
 
 about :iuil. 
 
 CIIAMIILV, C. K , Co. Chamlily. Tp. West Chambly, 
 near I.ougueil, Hie C.inadii Terminus of Hie (i. T. It. 
 Population about liilil. 
 
 CHAMPLAIN, C. K, Co. and Tp. at the 1 d i f I.aki! 
 
 Chainplain, near the Ibiniidary. do to Moer'a 
 
CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 51 
 
 (Jiu'licc, niid 
 
 . ('Iiiitliaiii, oil 
 T, rracli-'il by 
 L'ity. l'i>imlu- 
 
 Tp. riirli'l.m. 
 \'W Hruii'iwifk 
 'loll nlimil liiii'.i. 
 m-k, Tp. lii-ik- 
 
 Mii'l .\rii|ii-ii>r 
 itii 111 kxill.', 
 
 pllliltinll alinut 
 
 Fiillarl'iii. do 
 It. I'.iinilalioii 
 
 I'll. V,:i<\ I'liiiii- 
 (i. W. 11., iiiiir 
 Suction. I'npu- 
 
 lluinit'. (in to 
 It. I'opilllltinn 
 
 'I'll. .\in'asliT. 
 
 Ilfsox Co. Pee 
 
 tc. 
 
 It'V, near south 
 
 \ a' lily. I'opii- 
 
 , Tp. I.opiti, on 
 
 I i;\liii>ioM to 
 
 ']!. Morn'mL'ton. 
 inav 1m' nai'liL'd 
 V, .'.r(l. T, 11. 
 Diirliaui. Situ- 
 . T. I!., .Montreal 
 
 iliam. Iti'aclioil 
 
 II ilicfi.T. 11. or 
 
 iilatinn al.oiit sii. 
 
 I'p. Mo-a- tlo to 
 
 tall'Ml I'antoii. 
 
 riiTnlir'nij-'o. (io 
 . U. Cainl'iiiltje 
 
 , (io to .\rlliu- 
 oIhoiI Iiio. 
 Tp. llort.in, on 
 liiv.r, in ni'it!li- 
 Kua.l, SooAyl- 
 
 1' of 'ri>roiito. 
 T. U. (Ili-st f-lil- 
 
 rlanil, Tp, Cram- 
 U. Population 
 
 lirio. Tp. S.alt St. 
 oppo.^iloMon- 
 aiii aiol St. l.aiv- 
 );o, ',1 iiiili--< from 
 
 liurfoi-.i. (ioto 
 l.ako Huron, or 
 
 Co IO Vainlri'uil 
 llioul ooii, 
 iiu, iiorlli of Tort 
 :iv. oonnr.l-il at 
 ion alioul '.'."in. 
 iMiniaii'l. Caii- 
 tho llMlValo anil 
 n aliout Tun. 
 p. Markhani. ('•'> 
 I'opnlalion alioiil 
 
 Utoii, Tp. Caind.n 
 T. It. Population 
 
 n West Cluiiulily, 
 „i,sortlnMi.T. II. 
 
 t tlic liead of l,aki) 
 do to .Moer'B 
 
 Junction, 47 miles from Montreal, on the llontreal ' 
 anil I'allsliuri; Line of Uuil. Population about 
 
 Cll \l!l.i:Sli(JL'l!(i, 0. K., ('o. Qui'bec, on North Hhore | 
 of St l.attri'Ufc. do by St. l.awreiiee t-teaiui-rs to 
 yuelifi-. or liy Kail to I'oiut Levi, on tiie G. T. It. 
 Population aliout 'Jomi. 
 
 ('ll.VliliKSTON', ('. \V., L'o., Leeds, Tp. Kscott. do to _ 
 l.and.-downe, by d. T. U. ' 
 
 Cll Mil.KVll.l.K, Co. (ireiiville, Tp. .\UKU.<ta. (io to 
 Prio'olt, on the d. T. It. Population about Inn. 
 
 I'll Utl.D'I'TKMlL'ltd, C. W. .\ T|i. in dhiiKaiy (-'o., | 
 hut not a I'o.^t-olliee, skirleil by the d. T. H., and 
 rontaiuin); Suniiueistown, .Marliiitown, and St. Ka- ' 
 phael West, Villaiies with I'orit-olliees, whieh see. 
 
 nji.viii.d'rrKviid.i';, c. \v. a Tp.in N.u-r.dk co.,iuit 
 
 not a l'o>t-oirK'e, on Lake Krie, ivilli Forrestville, 
 Noriuandale, and Silver Hill Villages, and I'o.st- 
 ollioes within it. Uefer to eitlier. 
 CII.\Tl''..\l'ti' -^^'i C. K. .V Co.(ui South Shore of St. 
 I.aivrenee, bisected by Hie Chauiplaln and St. Law- 
 rence Itailway. Goto Montreal. INijiulation about 
 (inn. 
 Cll.V'l'KAL' RICIIKH, C. K., Co. Montimuend, on 
 North Shore of SI. I.awrence, within the Islaiul of 
 Orleans, (io to (Juebec by Steamer, or by Kail from 
 I'ciiut Levi, d. T. li. Population aliont l:lim. 
 C11.\TI1.VM K.VST, ('. K., ( o. .Xrireuteiiil. Iln North- 
 east Shore of Lower llltaiva. it. -iiclied by Steamers 
 from Montri'al and Vandreuil, liolh Stations on the 
 (1 T U I'opidation aliout :ini"i. 
 
 CHA-THAM WEST, C W., Co. Kent, Tp. Kale'iKh, 
 „u tlie (i. \V. K. Population al> oil I'liinn. 
 
 CIl.VTSWdlM'll.C. \V.,Co. drey,l'p. Holland, (ioto 
 ColliiiKwood liy Ontario. Simeoe, and Huron Kail- 
 wav from Tonuito, ami tlienee to Owen's Sound by 
 Ciiiiadiaii Steamer, or to duelph, on the Ci. T. 1!., 
 and thence by Sta).'c north. 
 
 C11KLSK.\. C. V,., to. Ottawa, Tji. Hull. See Ayliner 
 Last. Population about ;tnn. 
 
 CIII:LTI;M1.\M. C. W.. Co. PccI, Tp. ('hiii),'uacoii.sy. 
 .Situated norlli between Hramipton anil deornetown, 
 both on tliC d. T. 11. Lillier will do. Population 
 about 'Jno. 
 
 CIIKltUV CItKKK, C. W., (.'o. Simeoe, Tp. Iniiisfil, 
 Craijtvaie, or Itelle Lwart, are the nearest Slatimis 
 
 on the Ontario, Sin e, and Huron Itailwa^. The 
 
 latter preferable. Population about f.'."). 
 
 CUKKTSKV, C. K. \ Tp. in Co. Montealni. On 
 North shore of SI. L.iwrence. on the Uiver dii lac 
 Oiiilriau, about 4n miles north. This Uivir unites 
 with the Uivierc L'.\ssniuplion. which Hows into the 
 (i|. Lawrence a littb- east of the I^le of .Montreal. 
 do to Montreal. Population aliout son. 
 
 Clllv-^rKliriKLl), C. W., Co. Oxiord, Tp. lUenheim. 
 (io to Drumbo' Station, on the HulValo and Lake 
 Huron. Or to I'aris, the junction point of thi.t 
 Itail'vav I'lid the d. \V. li. 
 
 ClllClli'.STKK, C. K. A Tp. in Co. Pontiac. On 
 North-Hi-t shore of liivcr Ottawa. Hilbin Alinnetle 
 Island. See Ayliuer Last, route to Cjipcr Ottawa. 
 
 ClHCOiriMl, C. K. District of the Sa^'uenay, i'.^ 
 miles above the conllueiiee of that Uiver with the 
 H. Lawrence, and the larthest point of steam com- 
 munication up the Satruenay. The Steamer plica 
 from Ifiieliec. Population .about limu. 
 
 ClIlN'il A( (ll'SV. A Tp. in Co. Peel, comprlsinK 
 the town of Hrampton, CampbeU's Cross, Cliellcn- 
 hain, which see. 
 
 CHIPPAWA, C. \V., Co. Welland, Tp. Stamford. Is 
 the Tenuinus of the Krie and Ontario Kailway, con- 
 iiecttd at Nianaru with the d. W. It. Population 
 about I'Jnn. 
 
 ClllIK IIVILLK, ('. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto, do 
 
 to Miiiiii ■ Port Credit Stations, on the d. W. H., 
 
 also liy Stane from deneral Wolfe Inn, Toronto City 
 via Kt'obieoke, etc. Population about '.'."ill. 
 
 CLAlil-',.''!ONT, C. \V., Co. Onlario.Tp. Pickerintr. (io 
 to Port Cnion, on d. T. It., .Montreal and Toronto 
 Sei'lion. 
 
 CLAltKNCK, C. W. A Tp. In Co, liiisuell, in South 
 shore of Ottawa, below Ottawa City, reached by 
 Steamer from Ottawa and Montreal, Se ; also 
 Prescott. 
 
 CLAKKNCKVILLK, C. E., Co. Iberville. On Kast 
 sliorc of Kivcr Kiclielieu. St. Hillairc, on the (L T. 
 IL, the nearest Station. Population about '.'ilil. 
 
 t'LAUKMION, C. K. and Clarendon Centre, aTp. and 
 Village in Co. Poutiuc, uu North Shore of Upper 
 
 Ottawa. For steamboat, see Aylmer East. Popu- 
 lation about I5l> 
 CLAKKVIKW, C W., Co. Addington, Tp. Shellield. 
 North of Napanee; choose that Station or Kingston 
 Citv, both on the (i. T. U. Population about 7t). 
 CLAIIKK, ('. W. A Tp. in tlie ( o. of Durham, in 
 
 which is Newcastle, a .Satioii on the d. T. K. 
 ('1,A11)K, C. \V., Co. Peel. 
 
 CLKAIt CItKKK, C. \V., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Houghton. 
 
 On North Shore of Lake Krie, Port Stanley is the 
 
 nearest Station now connected at London, 0. W. 
 
 with d. W. It. 
 
 CLKAllVILLK, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. 0.\ford. (io to 
 
 Itolhwell d. \V. U. Population about Hit). 
 
 CLIKKOKI), ( . W., Co. WelUngton, Tp. .Minto. do 
 to duelph, on the (j. T. K, Stage comiuunication 
 from (iuelpli. 
 CLIKTON, C. VV., Co. 'VVelland, Tp. Stamford. Go to 
 Clifton House Station, on ilie Krie and Ontario 
 Itailway, connecting with llied. W. U. at Suspension 
 Hriilge. Population about Inuil. 
 CLINTON, C. \V., a Tp. in Lincoln Co., but no Post- 
 
 ollice, for which see lleamsville. 
 CLINTON, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Tnckersniith. Go 
 to Stratford by the liulfalo and Lake Huron, on G. 
 T. U. Section, and take Goderich stage, which 
 passes near. 
 CLO\ KU HILL, Cc. Simeoe, Tp. Kssa. See EssaWest. 
 CLLNAS, C. W., Co. Klgin, Tp. Dorclicster, South, 
 do to I^ondon or liigersoll, as the best frecpiented 
 Stations, if not the nearest, both on the (i. \V. U. 
 COATEICOOK, C. E., to. Slanstead; a Telegraph 
 
 Station on the d. T. U. Popiilalion about WW. 
 COUDKN, C. \V., Co. lienfrew, Tp. Koss. On sout' 
 bank of I'pper Ottawa Uiver. (jn line of Broekvillt 
 and Arnprior Extension. See Aylmer East for 
 I'pper Oltawa route. Population about 75. 
 COBOURG, C. \V., Co. Northamberland, Tp. Ham- 
 ilton. A large town, and main and Telegraiih Sta- 
 tion, on (1. T. K., connecting point t'or Peterborough 
 Hrani-h Uailwav. Population about Tono. 
 ('01il!IN(iT0N, ■('. \V., Co. Northumberland, Tii. 
 llrigliton. (ill to llrighton, a Station on the G. T. 
 U. Population about 7."i. 
 COLIiOUNK, a Tp. in the Co. of Huron, but no Post- 
 ollice, coiiiprising the following villages, with Post- 
 ollices, which see, viz. : .\ulinrn. llenmnller, Carlow. 
 COLIIOUNK, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Crama- 
 lie. A Station on the (i. T. 1!., 14 miles east of 
 Cobonrg. Po|iulation about I Inn. 
 CtlLCllh>TKU, C. W., a Tp. in Essex Co., on the 
 shore of Lake Krie. Hy way of Detroit Uiver, the 
 Terminus of the G. \V. It., at Windsor, may be 
 reaililv rcac' eil. 
 e'OLDSPUlNl.S, C, W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. 
 Hamilton, (io to Cobonrg on the G. T. K., and 
 thence by the Peterborough Branch. Population 
 about l'.;iil). 
 C0LD.<1'I!K.VM, C. W.. Co. Middlesex, Tp. Echo, in 
 
 which is Kouioka, a Station of the (i. W. U. 
 COLDWA'l'KIt, C. W., Co. Simeoe, Tp. .Medonte. In 
 summer go to Melle Knart, and thence by Steamer 
 to (h'illia, II miles distant. In winter go to llarrie; 
 Helle Ewart and liarrie are on the Ontario, SimvOw 
 and Huron Uail, from Toronto. 
 COI.KIIUOOK, ( . W., Co. Addington, Tp. Camden 
 Kast; the Uailwav Station is Napanee, on the G. T. 
 It. Population about I'Jo. 
 COLKUAINK, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto Gore. Go 
 to .Mimico or Port Credit, ou the li. W. K. Popula- 
 tion about .'itl. 
 COLINVILLK, ('. W'.,Co. Lambton, Tp. Moore, in the 
 Port Sarnia District, London being the nearest Uail 
 Station on the (i. W. It. 
 COLLINdWOOl), C. W., Co. Simeoe, Tp. Nottawasa- 
 ga. Terminus of the Ontario, Siuicoe and Huron 
 Uailway,'.i7 miles from Toronto. Population about 
 •Jnnii. 
 COLLINdWOOl), C. W. A Tp. in Simeoe Co., west 
 of Nottawasaga. Not a i'ost-ollice of itself, but 
 comiirisiiig Craigleith, which see. 
 COLLIN'S HAY. C. W.. Co. Frontenac, Tp. Kingston. 
 A Station on the (i. T. It., 7 miles west of Kingston. 
 Po|iulalion about Intl. 
 j COLCMlllS, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Whitby. Go to 
 Whilliv on the G. T. U. Po]iulation about 'WO. 
 CO.MllKU, C. W., Co. lis.sex, Tp. Tilbury West. Go 
 to Haptiste Creek, on the G. W. K. PopulalioQ 
 about &U. 
 
62 
 
 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 M 
 
 COMER'S MILLS, C. W., Co. AddinKton, Tp. Ernes- 
 town, do to ICriie«town or Na|mnee, oii the H. T. 
 R. I'opuliitioii iiliout •-'(111. 
 
 COMPTON, ('. E. .\ Tp. nnd Electnnil Division, 
 and main I£ail«ay Station on tlie (i. T. R., 110 miles 
 from Montreal. Population aliout Soil. 
 
 C0\(0R1>, (.'. \V., Co. York, Tp. Vaujrhan. Go to 
 Tliornliill .-itation, on the Ontario, Siincoe and Huron 
 Rallwav, from Toronto. 
 
 CON'RY, C. W., td. I'ertli, T]). Downie. Go to Strat- 
 ford on the Ci. T. R. 
 
 COXSECOX, C. W., Co. Prince Edward, Tp. Ilillier, 
 on Lalie (intario. Go to .^lurray Carrying Place. 
 Nearest Station, Ilritihton, on the G. T. R., with 
 which .sfaf-'ea connect. I'opulalion aliout ritlii. 
 
 CONST.WI E, I'. \V., Co. Huron, Tp. llullctt. Go to 
 Stratfnrd on tlie G. T. R., and also the Terniiinis of 
 the ItulValo ami Lake Huron Rail, whence the ex- 
 tension to Goderich through this townsliip will 
 shortly he completed. 
 
 CONTRKt'dUR, C. E. A Tp. In Co. Vereheres. On 
 the south t-liore of the St. Lawrence, just below 
 Montreal, where pi hv Rail or Steamer. 
 
 COOKSHIRE, C. E., Co! Comptori, Tp. Eaton. Go to 
 Sherlirooke on the G. T. R. Population ahout 'Jnil, 
 
 COOKSTOWX, C. W., Co. Siuuvpe, T)!. Tecumseth. 
 Go to H(dlanil Landini;, on the Ontario, Simcoe and 
 Huron Rail, from Toronti>. Pi'pulalioii ahout l.'i". 
 
 COOKSMLLE, ('. W.. Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto. Dally 
 .stage from (ieiieral Wolfe Inn, City of Toronto, 
 through Eloliicoke; also sla);e from Port Credit Sta- 
 tion, (i. W. It. Population ahout *HI. 
 
 COPKTOW.N, C. W., Co. Wenlnorth, Tp. Reverley. 
 A Station on (i. \V. R., 11 miles west of llaniilto'n. 
 Population aliout '.'nil. 
 
 CORNWALL, C. W. County Town of Storm.uit. A 
 main Station of (!. T. It., lis miles from .Montreal. 
 I'opulation aliout 'i.'iod. 
 
 COItl".S\.\, C. \V., Co. I.amliton, Tp. Moore. In Port 
 Sarnia District, on St. Clair River. Present, nearest 
 Station, Lonilcni, on the G. W. R. Population 
 ahout M). 
 
 COTE.Vl' DU ;..\C, C. E.. Co. Soulanpes. On north 
 shore of St. Lawrence. See Coteau Laiiiling. Popu- 
 lation aliout (inn. 
 
 COTEAt; LANDING, C. E., Co. Soulan^es. A Station 
 on the (i. T. It. 
 
 COTE DKS NEIGE,"*, C. E., Co. IIochehiKa. On the 
 Lsland of .Montreal. To which city go liy Rail or 
 Steamer. Population ahout Hod. 
 
 COntVAL, C. E. A Tp. in Co. Vamaska. For Posl- 
 ollice and route see St. Zephiriin. 
 
 COVEV HILL, C. E., Co. Ilnntinpdon, Tp. Ilem- 
 minfford. On south shore of St. Lawrence, (Lake 
 St. Erancis,) nearly oiiiiosilc G. T. R. Station, R. 
 Ileaudette. 
 
 C(J.\, C. E. A Tp. in Bonaventurc. For Post-olllce, 
 etc., see .New Carlisle. 
 
 COWANSVILLE, C. E., Co. Missis.pioi, Tp. Durham. 
 In whidi is the Durliam Station of the G. T. It. 
 Population ahout '.'.'mi. 
 
 CRAIGLEITII, C. \V., Co. (!rey, Tp. Colllngwood. 
 See ('ollini.'Wood. Population ahout rill. 
 
 CRAIGVALE, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Innisfll. A 
 Station on tlie Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway. 
 For Post-ollice see Innislil. 
 
 CltANBOI'RNE, C. E. A Tp. in Co. Dorchester, 
 some ;in miles south of the G. T. It. Population 
 ahout .'Mill. 
 
 CRAMAIIE, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Northumherland. 
 For Post-oHices, see Castleton. For Rail Station, 
 see Ihi)!htiin. 
 
 CREDIT, C. W.. Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto. Go to Pm-t 
 Creilit, on the G. W. It. 
 
 CREEK RANK, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. AVo.dwicli. 
 Go to Schiintz, cm the G. T. It , Toronto and Strat- 
 ford Section. Pnpuiatinn ahout so. 
 
 CREEMORE MILLS, C. W., c„. , simcoe, Tp. N.ittawa- 
 satta. See Notlawasatra. Pupulation ahout "ill. 
 
 CROMAUTV, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Illhliert. Go to 
 Stratford, G. T. It. Terminus. 
 
 CUOSIIY'S CORNERS, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Mark- 
 ham. Go to Thornhill, liy daily Sta^i from Yonjre 
 Street, Toronto, or by (Jntario, Simcoe, and Huron 
 Railway. 
 CltOSSlIlLL, ('. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Welle.sley. 
 Go to Petersburg, on the G. T. It. Population 
 about (in. 
 CROSS POINT, C. E., Co. Bonayentuie, Tp. Uestl- 
 
 gonche. On borders of New Brunswick, near Bay 
 
 of Chalenrs. On the proposed line of Rail con- 
 
 neelint; the Grand Trunk Rail with Halifax. Poiiu- 
 
 l.ition ahout .'ton. 
 CROTON, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Camden. 20 ndles 
 
 from Chatham, on the G. W. It. .Also called Juhu- 
 
 ston's Corners. Population about .'lO. 
 CROTON, C. W., Co. N.irfolk, Tp. .Middleton. ]•> 
 
 miles from Simcoe, !ind :17 miles from Brant ford 
 (ROWLAND, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Welland. Go to 
 
 Port Colborne, on the Buil'alo and Lake Humu 
 
 Railway. 
 CROWN LANDS. See Government Lands for Sale 
 CROYDON, C. W., Co. AddiiiKton, Tp. Caniilen East, 
 
 (io to .Napanee, on the G. T. It. Populalinn about 
 
 loo. 
 Cri.ltOSS. A Tp. in Co. Bruce. For Post-onice.s, 
 
 etc., see Teeswaler. 
 Cn.LODEN, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Dereham. Go 
 
 to Ingersoll. on the (i. W. It. Population about l.lii. 
 CCMUKRLAND. a Tp. in Co. Russell. For Po.st- 
 
 ollice, etc., see Bear Ilrook. 
 CIMMINSVILLE, ('. W.,( ci. Ilalton, Tp. Nelson. Go 
 
 to Widliimton Si|uare, on tlie (1. W. It. Population 
 
 about l.'io. 
 < TMNOCK, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Nicliol. Co 
 
 to (Inelph, on the (i. T. R. 
 CIMIIERLAM). C. W., Co. Russell. 17 miles inland 
 
 from lauding of same name on Ottawa River, where 
 
 Steamer calls. Population about 'JoO. 
 
 D. 
 
 DAILLEIIOCT, C. E.. Co. .loillette, Tp. De Rains.ay. 
 On North Sliore of St. Lawrence, in the SI, .Maurice 
 District, near tin' lieiid of the .Vssumpliiin River, 
 which llnws into llje St. Lawrence, lo'ar the l-ic of 
 Monlreai. Go {•: .Muiitre.al. P<ipiilaliuii abioit |siio. 
 
 DAM. I, EMI, LE, C. E., Co. Argeolroil, Rear of 
 Challiam Tp. (Mi Lower Ottawa Di-lriet. Nnrtli- 
 east Shore of tliat Ri\tr. Steamers frnm Montreal 
 touch at front of Chatham. Pnpulatiun abniit pio. 
 
 DALHOISIE, C. W. A Tp. in C". Lanark. Ki.rP.ist- 
 ollice, ^'tc, see McDonald's Corners. 
 
 DALIIOISIK .MILLS, C. \V., Co. Glenjr.iry. Tp. 
 Lochiel. Go to Lancaster, on t!.T. It. Population 
 aliout l.'iii. 
 
 DAWILI.i:, C. E., Co. Richmond, Tp. Sliiplnn. 
 Richmoim Juiielion of the G. T. R. is in Sliiptun 
 T"\vnslii|i. Popnlati'in about 'i'lO. 
 
 DARLING, C. W. A Ip. in Co. Lanark. For Post- 
 ollice, etc., see Tatl'M-k. 
 
 DARLINGTON, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Durli.im. For 
 Pnst-ollice anil Railway Sl.ilion, see Bow luanville. 
 
 DARTKOIID, >:. W., C... N.irthunilierland, Tp. Percy, 
 (io to llarwood or (lore's Landing, on Pet.'rliornii;:h 
 Branch from Cubnurg, on the ii. T. It., thence by 
 Passage Boat on itice Lake to Uarlford. Popula- 
 tiiiii .aliout T.i. 
 
 DAWN, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Lanihton. For Post- 
 olliee atid Station, see Crot'in. 
 
 DAWN .MILLS, C. W., ( o. Kent, Tp. Gore of Cam- 
 den. Try Thamesville, on the G. W. It. Popula- 
 tion about '.'no. 
 
 DEAITKl'IL, C. E. A Tji. In Co. Portnenf. For 
 Post-ollice, see Eciireuils. 
 
 DKALTOAN, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Ral.igh. Go to 
 Chath.iin. on the G. W. It. P.ipnhninn aliout .'lO. 
 
 DECEWSVILLE, C. W,. C... ILildimaiol. Tp, Cayuga, 
 (io to Canlield, on the Bullalo and Lake Huron K. 
 Population about loo. 
 
 DELAWARE,, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Miildlesex. Lon- 
 don is the main point, or Kouioka, both on the G. 
 W. It. i'npiiialiiin about •J.'iii. 
 
 DELTA, C. W,,( o. Leeds, Tp. Bastard. Goto Lanils- 
 downe, on the (1. T. It. Pupnialion about '.'."lO. 
 
 DELHI, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Middldon. Lies 
 South of the (i. W. It., Brantlord and London are 
 about eipii-disiant. 
 
 DEI.EItV. A Tp, on River Richelieu. See Napler- 
 villc for Post-.illice, etc, 
 
 DKMOUKSTVILLi;, C. W., Co. Prince Edward, Tp. 
 Sophi.i^liurg. Siluateil on the It.iy «( (Juiul-. 
 Kingsliin from the East, and Belleville from the 
 West, are th" nearest Stations, both on the (i.T. It. 
 Till' ll.iy of Ijidnte Steamers touch d;iily at all 
 Ports witliin the Bay. Pnpuiatinn ahoul :ioo. 
 
 DEMSTON, C. W., Co. Fronteuae, Tp. Ilincliinhrooke. 
 
CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES 
 
 58 
 
 wick, nenr Bay 
 le nf Ituil cnii- 
 llalifax. I'oini- 
 
 iidcn. 20 iiillea 
 Iso calk'il Joliu- 
 i". 
 
 Midilk'ton. Vi 
 m nniiitfnnl. 
 ^-.llaiKl. (in In 
 1(1 Lake llurn]i 
 
 I.aiiils fnr ?alc. 
 1, Cainili'ii Kant, 
 o|iulatinii aliout 
 
 For I'nsl-oniccs, 
 
 I. rtonliam. (io 
 lalloii alHiiit l"iii. 
 isell. Knr I'nsl- 
 
 Tp. Nclsnn. (io 
 . K. I'ninilation 
 
 Tp. Nu'lml. do 
 
 IT mill's Inland 
 awa llivir, wlurc 
 
 . Tp. I'l' Itanisav. 
 ill llii- .»!. MaMii''e 
 i~siiniplinii Itiv.r, 
 ,., niNir tlic l>li- "f 
 ilalinii aliniit 1-"!'. 
 lilrnil. Hi'ar nf 
 1 Di-irii-t. Nnrtli- 
 
 ITS IrnlM Mnlltrrill 
 
 iiilalinn al'nai 1m". 
 Lanark. Knr l'"-l- 
 fi-s. 
 
 .1. (ik'iiiTiiry, Tp. 
 T. 11. ropuli'''"" 
 
 mil, Tp. Sl.ii.tnn. 
 '. K. is ill ^^llilll"" 
 I). 
 
 ark. Knr I'n.-t- 
 
 Co. Duiliam. l'<'r 
 
 ..,• liiiHiiianvilli.'. 
 
 rlaii.l, Tp. I'.ri y. 
 
 ,nii Pit.rlpnrniit:h 
 
 T. It , lllI'lH'l' 'i.v 
 
 liartlnrd. I'npulu- 
 
 nitilnn. For I'nst- 
 Tp. (inre nf ('ain- 
 
 (i. W. U. I'npill.l- 
 
 Co. I'ortneuf. For 
 
 •p. Kali-it-'li. (;n to 
 iiilalinii almiil .Vi. 
 liiiaml. Tp. ('mviil':!. 
 ,iiil l.aki' lliirnii K. 
 
 . Mi.liilnscx. I.'";- 
 lUa, linlli on llie C 
 
 • inl. (In tn l.aiiils- 
 ili,.ii almiil -."ill. 
 
 Miilillntnll. l.iiS 
 
 ril anil l.on-.lmi arf 
 L'lk'U. Hoe NapliT- 
 
 'riiu-i' I'.iUvanl, Tp. 
 
 :„. l(:iv nf Hiiinl". 
 l),-llivilln frniii tlio 
 ,,„.|, "iilliiMi.T. U. 
 
 , Inlll-ll ililily lit ii" 
 
 li.ii aliniil lion. 
 
 ,Tp. Uinchiulirooke. 
 
 ."Ituatcd North above Portland. Oo to Kingston, i 
 on tlie U. T. II. At wliicli also uU Lake Ontario 
 and f-t. Lawrence Steamers touch. 
 
 I)K1I.\.MS.VV, C. K. A Tp. in bagot Co, See St. 
 fiiinnii lie Vaniaska. j 
 
 DKKA.Mr'.VV, 0. K., Co. .loliette. See Dallleliout. 
 
 DKuilV, C. \V. A Tp. in Co. Urey. See Kilsyth, for 
 i'n.st-ollice, etc. 
 
 DEREHAM. A Tp. in Co. O.xford, C. W., South of 
 Iim'ersnll, a Stalinn on the (I. \V. K. 
 
 DKltUV WKST, C, \V., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto. Try 
 Port Credit, nii the (i. \V. K. Popnlalion about lllil. 
 
 UKSClIAMItAULT, C. K. Tp. in Co. Portneuf. On 
 the North Shore of St. Lawrence. See Ue Auteull 
 or Les Kciireuils. Population about IMKI. 
 
 DKVON, (". W., Co. Huron, Tp. L'sborne. Go to 
 Slratforil, on the 0. T. K. 
 
 DEWITTVILLK, C. K., Co. Huntingdon. On the 
 Soutli Shore of SI. Lawrence, opposite t'oteau 
 Landing, a Station on tlie G. T. U. Population 
 aliout '.iiiii. 
 
 DICKENSON'S LANDlNCr, C. W., Co. Stormnnt, Tp. 
 Osnaliruck. A Station on the (i. T. 11. 77 miles 
 from .Montreal. Population aliout .'illO, 
 
 DlNdLK, C. W., Co. llruee, Tp. Huron, (io to Strat- 
 ford, from thence the liulValn and Lake Huron E.\- 
 tension to linderich will assist. 
 
 DLVON'S C<JUNEUS, C. W., Co. Bundas, Tp. Matilda, 
 in wliich is .Matilda Station, on the Ct. T. It. 
 
 DONKIiAL, I'. \V., Co. Perth, Tp. Elina. Go to 
 Stratford Terniiims of the G. T. K. 
 
 DOON, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Waterloo. Go to 
 IVteishiirg, on the (1. T. U. 
 
 DOKCIIKSTKK NOKTII, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Middle- 
 sex. Go to Edward^liurg, on the (1. W. K. 
 
 DOltCili;.-<TKK SOCTll, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Elgin. 
 For Posl-ollicea, etc., see Helmnnt, Clunas, etc. 
 
 DOUtillEKTV, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. N. E. Hope. Go 
 tn Stratford Terminus nf the (i. T. It. 
 
 DOl'GLAS, 0. W., Cn. Ueiifrew, Tp. Itromley. On 
 Ottawa Upper District, on Smith Slinre of the 
 liiver. See Ayliuer East. Pnpulation alioul l'.ili. 
 
 DOL'GLAS, (.'. E. See Douglas Town, fnr Pnst-ollice, 
 etc. Poiiulation almut :ill». 
 
 DOUGLAS TOWN. C. E.. Co. Gaspe, Tp. Douglas, 
 on South Shore nf St. Lav, rence, as it Hows into the 
 (iulf— cnmmunicalinn by trading vessels. Popula- 
 tion about noil. 
 
 DOWNKVVILLE, C. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. Emily. Go 
 to I'nrt Hope, on the (i. T. It., and thence by Port 
 Hope and Lindsay Kail, now open as far as Ouiemee. 
 Population about lllll. 
 
 DOWNIE, 0. W. A Tp. in Co. Perth. For Post- 
 oflice, see Avon Hank, Sebriiigville. 
 
 DUAYTON, 0. W., Cn. Wellington, Tp. Peel. Go to 
 Giielph, on the G. T. It. Population about 15(1. 
 
 DRESDEN, 0. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Gore of Camden. 
 Go tn Thamesville, on the U. W. U. Population 
 about lliiil. 
 
 DREW'S .MILLS, C. E., Co. Stanstead. Go to Coati- 
 cook In same Township, a Station on the G. T. U. 
 Pnpiiiatinn about 5ll. 
 
 Dltl'.MUO, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. lUenheim, A Sta- 
 tion on the DulTalo and Lake Huron Itailway, 9 
 miles north-west of Paris Junction. 
 
 DItC.M.MOND, C. W. A Tp. in Lanark Co. See Perth 
 for Post-ollice, etc. 
 
 DllU.MMONDVILLE EAS'l', C. E., Co. Druminond, Tp. 
 Granthaai. Go to Acinn nr Upton, on G. T. 11. 
 Pnpiilalinn ahiiiil iCiil. 
 
 DRUMMONDVILLE, WEST, C. W., Co. WelL-ind, 
 Tp. Stamford, (io to Stamford, on the Erie and 
 Lake Ontario Itailway, from Suspension llridge on 
 G. W. U, Population about 7il0. 
 
 DUAltT, C. W., Co. Kent. A new PostolTlce. 
 
 DUDSW ELL, C. E. A Tp. in Wolfe Co. (io to Wind- 
 sor, nn the G. T. R. Pnpulalinii abniit lilU. 
 
 Dl'.MONTlElt, C. E. A Tp. nn North Shnre of Lake 
 .**(. Peter. For Pnst-ollice, etc., see SI. Leon. 
 
 DU.MMEH,C, W. A Tp. in Peterboro' Co. For Post- 
 nllice. see AV'arsaw. 
 
 UU.MKltlES NORTH, C. W. A Tp. in Co. lirant. For 
 Villiiges, Towns, and Pnst-ollices within it, see Ayr, 
 (iall, (ileiimorris, Itonville. 
 
 DUMFRIES SOUTH, C. W. A Tp. in East Itlding of 
 Co. lirant. For Tow ns, '"ost-ollices, etc., see liraiich- 
 towii, llarrisburg, Paris, St. George, lirant. 
 
 DUNANY, C. E., Co. Argenteull, Tp. Wentwortli. On 
 
 North-east Shore of Lower Ottawa River, Steamers 
 pa.ss from Montreal. 
 
 Dl NIIAR, C. W., Co. Dundas, Tp. Williamsburg. Go 
 to W illiamsburg. Station on the G. T. It Popuhi- 
 tlnn abnllt IIKI. 
 
 DUNIIARTON, 0. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Pickering. 
 Try Frenchman's Hay, on G. T. U. Population 
 about Til. 
 
 DUNDALK, V. W., Co. Grey, Tp. Melancthnn. 
 Kramptnii, on the (i. T. It., is the most frei|uented 
 Station in that District. Poinilatinn about lllll. 
 
 DUNDAS, C. W.,Co, Wentwortli, Tp. West Flamboro. 
 A Station on tlie (t. W. It., miles from Hamilton. 
 Population about 'iMlll. 
 
 DUNDEE, C E., Co. Huntingdon, Tp. Godmanches- 
 ter. On South Shore nf River St. Lawrence, opjin- 
 slte Coteau Landing, on the G. T. R. Population 
 about 1'25. 
 
 DUNHAM, ('.E. ATp.lnCo. Misslsquoi. TryCoatl- 
 cnok, on the G. T. it., other Stations may be equi- 
 distant, sudi as Acton, Durham, etc., to the north- 
 waril. 
 
 DUNNVILLE.C. W.,Co. Haldimand,Tp.Moulton. A 
 Stallniion IhifTalo and Lake Huron Itailway, 4.'! miles 
 snntli of Paris Juncliun. Population about loiiO. 
 
 DUNWICH, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Elgin. For Post- 
 ollices. Villages, etc., see lona, Largie, Port Talbot- 
 ville, Tvrconnel. 
 
 DURHA.M, C. E., Co. Drummond. A Station on the 
 G. T. It., Ill miles from Uichiuond Junction. Popu- 
 lation about 'ZM. 
 
 E 
 
 EARDLEY, C. E. A Tp. in Ottawa Co. ; fronting the 
 North Shore of River Ottawa, above Hull Tp. See 
 .\vlmer East. 
 
 EAST I LIFTON, C. E. A Tp. in Co. Conipton. Go 
 to Conipton Station, G. T. R. 
 
 EAST FARNHAM, V. K. A Tp. in Co. Brome. As- 
 cntt and Conipton Stations of the G. T. K. are equl- 
 dislant. 
 
 EAST FRAMPTON, C. E. A Tp. in Co. Dorchester. 
 Hecancour Station on the O. T. R. is nearest Rail 
 jinint. 
 
 EAST GLENEt.O, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Grey. Go to 
 (iuelph on the G. T. R., thence by stage on Owen 
 Sound route. 
 
 EAST HAW KESllURG, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Prescott, 
 fronting the South Shore of River Ottawa, and jiassed 
 by steamers between Montreal and Ottawa. 
 
 EAST HEREFORD, C. E. A Tp. in Conipton. Go to 
 Coaticook on the G. T. R. 
 
 EAST HOLLAND, C. W., Co. Grey, Tp. Holland. Go 
 to Collingwood by Ontario, Simcne and Hinnn Rail 
 from Toronto, and thence to Owen Sound by Cana- 
 dian Steamer. 
 
 EASTON'S CORNERS, C. W., Co. Grenville, Tp. Wol- 
 ford. Go to Hrockville on the G. T. It., and thence 
 bv stage on Perth route. Population about Kill. 
 
 EAST NISSOURI, C. W. A Tp. in Co. O.xford. For 
 Post-ollice, etc., see Lakeside. 
 
 EAST 0110, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Oro, fronting 
 West Shore of Lake Simcoe. Go to litirrie by tlie 
 Ontario, Sinicoe and Huron Itailwav from Toronto. 
 
 EAST WlLLIA.MSllURG, C. W., Co. Dundas. A Tp. 
 and Station on tlie G. T. It. Usually called Wil- 
 liamsburg — which see. 
 
 EAST WOOD, C. W., Vo. Oxford, Tp. South Oxford. 
 .Go to Ingersoll on the G. W. It. 
 
 EATON, C. E. A Tp. In Conipton. Go to Lennox- 
 ville or Waterville on the G. T. It. 
 
 EDEN, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Uayliam, fronting L.ike 
 Eric. Port Stanley, which see, is tlie nearest Itail- 
 way point. 
 
 EDEN MILLS, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Eiamosa. 
 (io to Itockwood on the G. T. R. 
 
 EDMONTON, C. W., Co, Peel, Tp. Chlnguacousy. Go 
 to llranipton on the G. T. It. 
 
 EDWAltDSllURG, C. W. A Station on the G. W. R., 
 (not a Post oltice,) It) miles east of London, C. W. 
 Populalinn almut lillll. 
 EDWARDSHURG, ('. W. A Tp. in Co. Grenville. A 
 Station on the G. T. R., ti^ miles cast of Kingston, 
 C. W. 
 EGANVILLi;, C. W., Co. Renfrew, Tp. Orattan. A 
 back Township. The Brockville and Arupilor ex- 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
64 
 
 caxada: cities, toavns, and villages. 
 
 
 tension will come witliln 14 miles ; proceed liy I'p- 
 per Otiiiwa SleiiiiRi-s— for w lileli see Ayliiiei- Kast. 
 Popultillon about U."). 
 
 EULINCiTOX, ('. W , ( o. York, Tp. York. Klvc miles 
 from 'IVnunlo C'ily, uj) Voiijie street. Go liy Tliorn- 
 liill or '.M Toll (iate Oiniiibiis. 
 
 K(iM()NUVII,I,K, ('. W.,t'o. Huron, Tp. Tuckersmllli. 
 (io to Stratford .lunclion of the UulTalo and Luke 
 Huron anil (i. 'V. U. 
 
 KUKK.MON r, (,'. W. A Tp. In Co. Orey. Go to Guelpli 
 on tlie G. T. U., and tlienee by .Stage on Owen 
 Sounil Road. 
 
 EKKUll), C. \V., Co. Middlese.\. A Tp., and Station, 
 anil I'ost-ollice on the G. W. It., ii) miles west of 
 London. 
 
 f,LI)i:USI,Ii;, C. \\: a Tp. in Co. Ilmce. I'ostollice, 
 I'aisley— wliioli see for route, etc. 
 
 El, DON, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Victoria. Go to Port 
 Hope on the (1. T. 1{., ami thence by Lindsay Draneh 
 Hailwtiy, iiartlv ojien. 
 
 EI.GI.N, C, \V., Co. Leeds, Tp. Sou'h Crosby. <io Io 
 Kin(.'ston City on the G. T. K. ropidiitiirri aliout Ml. 
 
 tLtilNlUlUi, C. W., Co. Frontenac, Tp. Khigston. 
 See Kl).'in. Population about 1*1. 
 
 ELIZAIII;THT0\VN, C. W. a Tp. in Co. Leeds. For 
 Towns and Post-ollices, see linu kvllle, .\ddison, etc. 
 
 ELLKfS.MKItK, C. \V., Co. York, Tji. Scarlioro'. Go to 
 .Soarboro' Station, on the (i. T. K. 
 
 ELLICK, C. \V. A Tp. in Co. Perth. For Post-oOicc, 
 etc., see KInkora. 
 
 ELMA, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Perth. Go to Stratford 
 Junctinn of the lluiralo and Lake Huron andli. T. It. 
 
 ELMCiUOVK, C. U'., Co. Siincoe, Tp. Kssii. Go to i:»sa 
 Station, (Ml Ontario. Siiucoe, and Huron Itailwaw 
 
 ELORA, C. \V., Co. WilliuKton, T|i. I'iikinnton. " (Io 
 to Guelpli by the G. T. It., ivheuce Stages dally con- 
 nect. Poj)n!atlon about 1'2IMI. 
 
 ELY, C. K. A Tp. in .^helVord. Divided into North 
 and South Klv, which sre ; also see Hoscobel. 
 
 EMIlItO, C. \V.', 0.\ford Co., Tp. West Zorra. (io to 
 Woodstock, on the G. \V. 11. Population about f>lll). 
 
 ELZKVIlt, C. Vi\ A Tp. in Co. Hastings. For Post- 
 ollices, etc., see Queeusboro. 
 
 EMILY, C. AV. A Tp. in Co. Victoria. See Lindsay. 
 
 ENXIS, C. \V., Co. Lanibton, Tp. Enniskillen. Go to 
 Thainesville, on the G. W. It. 
 
 EN.NISKII.LEN WEST, C. W. See Ennis. 
 
 ENNISKILLEN EAST, C. W., ( o. Durham, Tp. Dar- 
 lington. Go to llowinanville, on G. T. It. Pojiula- 
 tiun about 'Jilil. 
 
 EXTEKPUISE, C. W., Co. Addinpton, Tp. Camden 
 East. Go to Napanee, on the G. T. It. Po|>ulalion 
 about 200. 
 
 EPSOM, C. W. A Post-office in Tp. Ileacli, Ontario 
 Co., which see. Populati'm about l.'iu. 
 
 EltAMOSA, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Wellington. Go to 
 Itockwood, a Station on the G. T. It. 
 
 EltIN, ('. W. A Tp. in Co. V.'cirMigtoii, GotoGueljdi, 
 on the G. T. It. Population about :iou. 
 
 EltNKSTOWN, C. W. [tor Postollice, see Path.] A 
 Tp. in Co. .Vdilington, and a Station on the G. T. It. 
 See also Comer's Mills and SHitzerville, In same 
 Township. 
 
 EltltOL, C. W,, Co. Lambton, Tp. Plyinpton, near 
 Port Sarnla. Present nearest liailway point, Lnii- 
 don, (Ui the G. W. It., and Stratford, on the IliilValo 
 and Lake Huron and G. T. It. i'opulation about .''ill. 
 
 ESHKIt, C. E. A Tp. ou North Shore of Ottawa 
 liiver, Co. Pontiac. For Post-olhce, see Fort Wil- 
 liam. 
 
 ES(Jl'l-;''INCr, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Halton. Go to 
 Georgetown, on the G. T. It. 
 
 ESS.V, C. W. .\ Tp. in Co. SImcoc. A Railway Sta- 
 tion on Ontario, Sinicoe, and Huron Kail from To- 
 ronto, with the following Posl-olliees and Villages, 
 which see : — .\ngus, ( loverhill, West Essa, aiui Elm- 
 grove. 
 
 ETOBICOKE, C. W. A i'l). in Co. York. Daily 
 Stage from Toronto. Go to Mimico Station, on the 
 (I. W. It. 
 
 ECI'IIRASIA, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Grey. Go to 
 CoUingwood by the Ontario, Sinieoe, and Huron 
 Itailwav from Torouto. 
 
 EVEIITON, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Eramosa. Oo 
 to Koekwood.on the G.T. It. Poin.latloii about Iml. 
 
 EXKTKli, C. W., Co. Itruee, T)!. Stephen, frontiiifr 
 Lake Huron, adjoining Saugeen. Steam from 
 Godeiicli, Detroit, and Windsor by Plougbboy, or 
 cross by land from Owen Souiul, for Steamer for 
 
 I Coliingwooil Terminus, on Ont.irlo, SLueoc, and 
 Huron Rail for Toronto. Population about (iUU, 
 
 F. 
 
 KAIRVIEW, C. AV., Co. Oxford, Tp. Zorra. Go to 
 WooiMi.ck, oil the G. W. It. 
 
 FALKIItK, C. W., Co. Middiese.v, Tp. Williams. Lon- 
 don, on the G. W. R. is the present nearest lt,iilH:iy 
 
 point. The K\teii>i if the G. T. U. to Purl Sar- 
 
 nia will bisect the Tp. of Williams. 
 
 FAR.MEI!SVlLLi;, C. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. Yonge. Lyn 
 or Mallory Tiiwn, on the G. T. It., are the neari.st 
 Stations. Popiilatiou about Mini. 
 
 FARNIIAM, C. E. .See East Farnham, Adainsville, 
 etc., for Piist-otlices. 
 
 F'ARNHAM CENTItK. See East Farnham. Farnhaui 
 Centre has a Post-nlhee. Populatinn about liiti, 
 
 FENKLON, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Victoria. For Post- 
 olhces, see Camlirav, Feuelnn Falls. 
 
 FENELON FALLS, C. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. Fenelon. 
 Go to Port Hope, on G. T. It., thence make fur 
 Lindsay by Railway, partly open as far as Onieince. 
 Population abiiut I."i0. 
 
 FENWICK, C. W., C,i. Well.ind, Tp. Pelham. Go to 
 Jiirdan, on the G W. It. 
 
 FERGUS, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Nicliol. D.dly 
 Stage to and from Guelpli, a main Station on tlie 
 ti. T. R. Population about 1 i. 
 
 FKRGCSON'S FALLS, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Dmni- 
 u.ond. (ill to Perth. Daily Stage frmo Hmckvillc, 
 
 a in (1. T. It. Station. F;xtension Itailway in 
 
 progress. 
 
 FEltRALLS LANDING, C. W. On the South Slmre 
 of River Ottawa, near the mouth of River Hon- 
 chere. This is reached by Steamer from .Ayhner 
 East, and is the Point for the Ottawa and Opeiuigo 
 Road Settlement. See Mount .<t. Patrick. Popula- 
 tion about .''SI. 
 
 FERMOY, C. AV., Co. Frontenac, Tp. lledforil. Go to 
 Kingston Citv, on the G. T. It. 
 
 FINCH, C, AV. A Tp. in Stormont Co. For Post- 
 oflice, etc., see Rerwick. 
 
 FINGAL, C. AV., Co. Klgiii, Tp. Southwold. Go to 
 Port Stanley, on Lake Erie, connected with Lmi- 
 don by Ilranch to the G. AA'. K. Population about 
 .Sou. 
 
 FISH C'tFEK, C. AV., Co. Perth, Tp. Itlanshard. Go 
 to Stratford (i. T. It. 
 
 FITCH HAY, C. E., Co. Stansteail. Go to Coaticook, 
 on the (i. T. It. 
 
 FITZ.ALAN, C. E., Co. Argentenll, Tp. Arnndell. Ou 
 North .'<hore (ft Lower Ottawa, near .Alontreal, which 
 see. 
 
 FITZItOY HAUnOCR, C. W., Co. Carleton, Tp. Fit7.- 
 riiy. On I'pper Ottawa. See Ayhner East, whence 
 Sleiimers plv to and fro. 
 
 FLA.AIDOKO FAST, C. AV. A Tp. in AVentworth Co. 
 For Post-iiHice. see Carlisle. 
 
 FLAMItORO AVFST, C. AV. A T|.. in Co. AVentworlh. 
 For Piisl-iillice, etc., see Strabaue. 
 
 FLINT, C. W., Co. Adilington, Tji. Kaladar. The 
 Post-ollice under this name, in this newly-settled 
 I>i>triet, has been iHscontlnued. iNapanee is the 
 Statiiiii on the G. T. It. Montreal and Tnronto Dis- 
 trict by wliicb this jilace is reached tbrough New- 
 loirg. 7 miles. Kelliir's Corners 11 miles, Caniileii and 
 Shellield Riiad 1 mile, Tamwortb •> miles, which is 
 abniit l( miles from Kaladar Township, Where the 
 Adilington Road Free (irants of Land commence. 
 
 FLORKNl E. C. W., Co. Lambton, Tp. Eupheinia. Go 
 to Ilothwell, oil the (i. W. It. 
 
 FLOS, C. AV. A Tp. In .•<imciie Co. Go to Darrie or 
 Suni.idale, both Stations on the Ontario, Siincoe, 
 and Huron Rail i'rom Toronlo. 
 
 FONTIIILL. A Post-oll'ice In Pelham Tp., Co. AVel- 
 land. See Fi'iiwick. 
 
 FOItCA.'*TLK, C. AV., Co. Ontario, Tp. Tliorah. Make 
 for lieaverton by Heiie Ewart, on the Ontario, Sim- 
 coe. and Huron Itailwav, and thence bv Steamer. 
 
 FORK.STEIfS FALLS, C. AV., Co. Renfrew, Tp. Ross. 
 On L'pper Ottawa River. For Steamer, see Ayhner 
 East. I'opnlation aliout '2.''). 
 
 FOIIK.STVILLK, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Charlotteville. 
 On shore of Lake Erie. No Railway Station can be 
 named as adjacent. Try Port Mailland on the 
 llulfalo and l..ake Huron Line. I'opulation about 
 101). 
 
lo, Piiicoe, and 
 on about (iUO. 
 
 Zorni. Go to 
 
 Williams. Lnn. 
 nciiri'St Uailu^iy 
 |{. to I'orl Sar- 
 
 Tji. Yoiigf. h.vn 
 uri' tliu neuri'st 
 
 am, A'lliitiisvllle, 
 
 iliaiii. Fnrnhniii 
 II alioiit Inn. 
 Ilia, for l'o8t- 
 
 ia, Tp. Kt'iieloii. 
 lii-ncL' make fur 
 1 far as OniL'tiu'e. 
 
 I'elliam. Go to 
 
 p. NIclioI. Dally 
 Jilalioii on tlie 
 
 mark, Tp. Driiiii- 
 frniii IIrtM*k\illo, 
 i>loii Itailway in 
 
 tlie Soiitli Slmre 
 I of Itlvir Hon- 
 uT from Aylnur 
 ;wa and <lpfniij:() 
 trick. I'opiiia- 
 
 . Bedforil. Go to 
 
 it Co. I'or I'ost- 
 
 ntliwolil. Go to 
 IH-l'tl'il with l.nll- 
 INipiilation ubiiiit 
 
 I. lUansliaril. Go 
 
 Go to Coatioook, 
 
 i'p. .Srnnili'll. On 
 r .Montreal, wliiili 
 
 'arli'ton, Tp. Fiiz- 
 iiiiT Kast, whence 
 
 in Wcntwortli (}o. 
 
 n Co. Wentwortli. 
 
 I. Kalailar. The 
 tills newly-setlle,! 
 Najianee is the 
 I and Toronto Kis- 
 led throntrh Ncw- 
 ntles, (.'aniileti itiid 
 1 .') miles, which is 
 ivnship, «liere the 
 .and cunimence. 
 I'p. Kupheinia. Go 
 
 Oo to Jlarrie or 
 Ontario, Siincoc, 
 
 lara Tp., Co. AVel- 
 
 p. Thorah. Make 
 I till' (liitario, Siiii- 
 .'iice hy ?*teaiiu'r. 
 tenfie'w, Tp. Koss. 
 L-amer, see Ayhiier 
 
 Tp. Charlotteville. 
 
 vay Station can he 
 
 Mailland on the 
 
 I'opulaUon about 
 
 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 55 
 
 FORF.\R, C. W., Co. I,eeds, Tp. Dastard. Hack of GKOUGINA, C. \V. A Tp. in Cn. York, frontinKl„ike 
 
 Lansdowne, which is a Station on the G.T. K. Pop- Siincoe. Go to Hollanil i.aniliii); on the Oiilarin, 
 
 uhition alioiit .'ill. Slmcoe, and lliiroii Kail from Toronto. 
 
 FOllT ('l)ri'II.N'GK, ('. i:.,<'o. I'onliao, Tp. Mansnehl. GII.liKltTS MIIJ.S, ('. \V., Co. Prime Kdward Tp. 
 
 On .North Shore of Ottawa, above ('aloniet Islan.l. Si>phiasbiir).'. (io to Helieville for down and to 
 
 See Ayliner lOast. Population about 7.">. Kingston for up, Steamers plvinn on the' Day of 
 
 KOilT KlIIK, C. \V., Co. Welland, Tp. Ilertic. The (iiiinle. llcllevilh' and Kins;sioii are both Stations 
 
 Canadian reriiiimis of the llull'alo and hake Huron on llic (i. T. It., .Montri'al and Toronto Section. 
 
 Kail, oppoiite, and :l miles from, lliillalo by Steamer. GLAN'rolil), C. W. A Tp. In Co Wentwortli. Go lo 
 
 FOliT WlbblAM. Kn route for iludson's Day Terri- Onondafa, on the Ibillalo and Lake Huron, or to 
 
 torv, aliove Saiilt St. .Marie. ! Ontario, on the G. \\ . It. 
 
 FOKT Wlld.l.VM, C. K., Co. Pontiac, Tp. Ksher. On I GI.KNCOK, C. \V., Co. Middlese.v, T|i. Kkfrid, A Sta- 
 
 North Shore of Cpper Ottawa, fronting the river. " 
 
 For 
 FOIK.M 
 
 (io to Cornwall on the O. T. K. Population about 
 
 ,. iiii.,.1.',, ',. J.., ' --. , .MivKii , 1 1>. L.^iici. i/ii I T.i-i.-n wi., y , n ., 1 o. .uuioiese.v, I] I. r.Kirni, A Ma- 
 th Shore of Cpper Ottawa, fronting the river, j tion on the G. W. K. Population about IM. 
 route, see Ayliiii'r Kast. GLKNKI.G, C. \V. A Tp. in Co. Grev. GotoGiielph, 
 .MKIt, C. \V., Co. I'rescolt, Tp. PlantaKenet. i on the G. T. U., Toronto and Stratfiu-d Section, 
 
 Kin. 
 FO.X UIVKK, C. E., Co. Oaspe. Flows Into Gaspe 
 
 Hay, near Gulf of St. Lawrence. Trading vessels 
 
 from ijoehee. I'opulation about -lilil. 
 FOSS.VMII.\CLT. A Tp. in Portneuf District. On 
 
 .\ irili Shore of St. Lawrence, about '.'0 miles west 
 
 ..I (Jiiebce. See St. Catherine's, C. K. 
 FKAMPTtJ.V, C. K. A Tp. in Dorcliester Co. Go to 
 
 Craig's Koad on the G. T. K. 
 FKANKKOItl), C. W., Co. llastinf.'S, Tp. Sidney. Go 
 
 to Helleville on the (f. T. K. Population about ll.'iil. 
 FKA.NIilOWN, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Deekwith. 
 
 Hack from Perth, On the line of the Hrockville 
 
 K.vteiisii'ii to .\riiprior. See I'ertli and Drockville. 
 
 Population about loll, 
 FKA.VKVIM.i:, C. W., Co. Leeds and Grenville, Tp. 
 
 Killev. See Franklow II, Poioilalion about loo. 
 lUKUKUH KSllCKG, C. \V,. Co. Norfolk, A T|). 
 
 For Post-ollice, etc., see \N'iiidliam. 
 FKi:i)KI!lCKSI!lKG, C. W., Co. Lennox. A Tp. and 
 
 Po.M-ollice. (io to KrnestMwn on the G. T. K. 
 FREE GRANTS OF LAND, C. W. See Govern- 
 
 iiiiMil Free Land and Koiite-i. 
 FKKKl.TON.C. \V.,Co. Wentworlli, Tp. W. Flainboro'. 
 
 Go to Diindas on the G. \V. K. Population about 
 
 l.'.'i. 
 FltKlDlMtG, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. AVateiioo. Go 
 
 to Heiliii on the G. T. K. Po]iiilalion about 101). 
 FltKLUillSllCKG, C. Iv, Co. .Mi.ssis.pioi, Tp. St. Ar- 
 
 iiiands. Near the boundary line of tlie States. No 
 
 ailjaceiit Station can be named. See Coatieook as 
 
 ap|iro\iiiiate. Population about ''too. 
 FItLNCll VlLLA(iK, C. K., Co. liruminond, Tp. King- 
 
 thence by (J'.Neil s Owen Simiid Stages 
 
 GLKNLOVI), C. K., Co. Megantic, Tp. Iiiverne..=s. (io 
 to Somerset, on tlie G. T. K. 
 
 GLKNI.VON, C. W., Co. Dnice, Tp. Carrick. Go to 
 Guel|ili as for Gleiielg, which see, Population 
 about 40. 
 
 GLKN MORRIS, C. W., Co. Drant.Tp. Dumfries. Go 
 to Paris .liiiieliini of (ialt and Preston (i. \V. K., 
 and Diillalo and Lake llurmi Railway. Population 
 about Inn. 
 
 GL1:N WILLIAM, C. W., Co, Ilalton, Tp, Kstpiesing. 
 Go to Georgetown, on the G. T. R, Population 
 about :;."iO. 
 
 GLOCCI:sTI:R, C, W, a Tp. in Co, CarUton. (Xol 
 a Post-ollice,) A Station near Ottawa City, on the 
 Ottawa and I'rescolt Railwav. 
 
 tiOlfl.K'S CORNKRS, C, W,, "Co, O\fonl, Tp, Blen- 
 heim. Go to Iirimibo, on the Diifalo and Lake 
 Huron, or Paris .liinction of G. W, R, 
 
 GODERICH, C, W, A Tp. in Co, Huron. See no- 
 tice elsewhere. Population about -lillio. 
 
 GOD.MANI IIK.<Ti;it. ( . K. A Tp. in Huntingdon, 
 fronting South Shore of tlo- St. Law reiiee. In and 
 near which are tlie bdloning Villages and Post- 
 ollices, viz. : Dundee, .\niset, Huntingdon, and La 
 (iiierre, which see. 
 
 (iOLIILN CRKKlv, C, W., Co. Lambton, Tp. Bosan- 
 (|mt, fronting Lake Huron. In Port Sariiia Dis- 
 tri'i. At present go lo Stratfiu'd bv (1. T. K. 
 
 GOODWOOD, C, W,, Co, (liit.irio, Tii. Uxbridge, Go 
 to Sloulfville by Stage from Toronto City dailv, at 
 '.' P. .M., cu- to Scarboro', on the G, T, It., Montreal 
 and Toronto Section. Piipuiation about 100. 
 
 GOltl':, C, K, A Tp, In Argenlcnil. (,Xot a Post- 
 
 fcv. Go to Danville on the G. T. It. Populalioii ollh'e.) See Laketield, Population about loiio. 
 alioiit J.'iO, ! GORi; OF TORONTO, C, W, A I'p, in Co, Peel, See 
 
 FROST VILLAGI-:, C, L., in Tp, and Co, ShelTord. Go ' Castlemore, Coleralne, Rieiiview, and Tull.iinore, 
 
 to liichiiioiid on tile (i, T, I!., .lunctiou of two S 
 tioiis. Population ,-ilioiit l.'iii, 
 Ffl.LARl'ilN, C. W,, a T|i, in Perth Co. Go to Strat- 
 ford on the (i. T. K. Population about loo. 
 
 (iOliKS L.\ND1NG, C, W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. 
 Hamiltioi, A Station on the Cohiuirg and Peter- 
 Imum' Railway, From Cobmirg on the ti. T. R, 
 Popnl.iliou alioiit oil. 
 
 J'LLTON, C, W,, to, Liiicidn, Tp, Caistor. Go to GOR.MLKVS, C. W., Co. York,T|i. Markliain. Goby 
 
 .xtoullvillu Stage from Toronto City daily, at 2.ai) 
 
 P. M. 
 GORKIK, C. W., Co. Huron. A new Post-offlce. 
 GOSFIKLl), C. W. A Tp. in Co.Kssex, frinitingLake 
 Krie. (io by (i. W. R. to Dapiiste Creek. 
 A Tp. In Cn. Lincoln, but no GOSPORT, ('. W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Adolpliustown, 
 
 t.riiii~by on the (i. W. R. 
 
 a 
 
 GATNSDOROCGII. 
 
 Po^tollice under that title. See St. .Vim's, Lincoln. 
 GALT, C. W.. Co. Waterloo, Tp. Dumfries. A Sta- 
 tion nil the Gait and Presl lunctiou of the G. W. 
 
 R, joining llie main line at Paris, G. W. It. Popu- 
 
 laliiui alioot Siinii. 
 GANANOiaUE, C. W.,Co. Leeds, Tp, Leeds, A .«ta- 
 
 tion on the G. T. R., is miles east of Kingston, Pop- 
 
 ui.ilion, about I, .'mo, 
 GARAKIiAXA, C. W, A Tp, in Co. WelUngton. Go 
 
 to (iiielph oil the (i. T, R, 
 GAKlllllV, (, K, A Tp, ill Wolfe, Go to Danville 
 
 on the G, T, R, 
 
 fronting Day of (iuiiite. (io to Fj'nestown, on the 
 
 (i. T. R, 
 GOII.DIRN, A Tp, in Co, Carleton. For Posl- 
 
 olliee. etc-, see Ashtoii. 
 (lOl'LD. C. i:., ( o. Conipton, Tp. Lingwiek. Go In 
 
 Windsor or Slierbrooke, on the li. T. U. Poiiula- 
 
 tioii about 100. 
 GOl ROCK, ('. W,, Co. Wellington, Tp, Guelpli, 
 
 Guelpli is a Main Station on tlie G. T. It, 
 (iOWKlt POINT, C. W,, ( o, Renfrew, Tji, Westinealh, 
 
 fronting Cpper Ottaw a Shore. For Route see Ayl- 
 iner Fast. 
 
 OASPK ll.VSIN, ('. !•;. On Sonth.^boreof IheSt, Law- GKAllA.MSVILLK, (', W,, Co, Peel, Tp. Chingua- 
 reiiee, near tlie Gulf. Traders from (iuebec. Pop- ] coiisy. In whlidi is Drampton, a Main Station on 
 niaiion about ;"mO. I the (i. T. It. Population alioiit l,"iii. 
 
 GFNl'll.l.V, C. K. A Tp. in Nicolet, Fronting the 
 South Shore of the SI, Lawrence, about .'i miles be- 
 low Three Ki\ers, (mi the opposite shore,) where 
 theljiieliec and .Montreal Steamers touch. Po|iula- 
 tioii about lion, 
 
 GEORGETOWN, C, W,, Co. Ilalton, Tp. Ksipiesing. 
 
 GRANBY,C,K, In < o. Shelhird, In Southern por- 
 tion id ShelViu-d, Try Cptoii, on the G, T, It, Pop- 
 ulation about loo. 
 
 GKANDF, HAIE, C, K,, Co, Chlcoutinil, Tp. Bagot, U 
 reached in Summer by Steamers from tjuehec. Pop- 
 ulalioii about 7."iO. 
 
 A Station (Ui tiled. T. K, Population about |ooo, , GKANII GRF.VF,, C, K,, Co, Gaspe, Within Gaspe 
 GKOIKiKVILLF, C, K, \ Tp, in Staiistead, Go to | Day, .Steamers to Shediac and Traders from (Jiie> 
 
 Colli, ke 10- Conipton, on the G, T, R. On the [ bee alTord means of transit. 
 
 Magog Lake witii Steamer plying to Newport. Pop- j GRANDK LlGNIi, (', K. tiuery, ou Ijiike St, John's, 
 Illation about 2oO. above Chicoutiml. 
 
 ■i 3 
 
 i 
 3 
 
 
66 
 
 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 ORAN'D niVER, C. E., Co. Oiispe. Near St. MIrlicl. 
 
 On (iiilf of l>t. IjiiwriMice, Into which It flows. 
 
 (.lives n.inifs to II I'lisl-iillicu iiikI St'ttlcnient. INjp- 
 
 uliilloii alidiit 1 t:>ii. 
 (!U.\.NT1I.\M. .\ T|>. In Llnroln Co. For Towns, 
 
 Vlllajjes, anil l'i>sl-onior.'<, are l)i'iMnuion<lvlllc, Port 
 
 K.UIioii^U', .ind .<t. ('alliiirini''s, West. 
 (il!.\rr.\N, ('. W. A Tp. In Co. Iteiiliew, For I'ost- 
 
 olllees, see I);.'.iMville, Iluadvllle ; see also Crown 
 
 Lands and Free (Irants. 
 tllii:i;NUANK, C. \V., Co. (Jnlarlo.Tp. Reach. Go to 
 
 Whitli.v, on the (i. T. It. 
 GUKKNlU'.xll, Co. Leeds. A Post-oflice. 8f e Brock- 
 
 vllle. Population aliont Td. 
 IIKKKXOCK, C. \V. A Tp. in Co. nnicp. Go to 
 
 (iiu'li>li, thence Ijv i^angeeu Uoad. Guelph Is on (i. 
 
 T. K. 
 GKKKX POINT, C. W., Co. Prince Kilwaril. See So- 
 
 phiashurt,'. 
 GKKEXSVII.I.K, C. W., Co. Wcntworlh, Tp. West 
 
 Flanilmr.i'. (io to Diinilas, on the <i. \V. R. 
 OltKKNWdOl), C. \V.. Co. Oidario, Tp. Pickering, 
 
 which see. I'opidation almnt :!nil. 
 ORKNVII.M:, C. K. a Tp. in Arg: nteidl. On Lower 
 
 Ottawa Uiver, near Junction wilh St. Lawrence. 
 
 (!o to Vandreuil, on the (1. T. It. Section, or to 
 
 Montreal City for Steamer, Population al)out 7dd. 
 GUKV, C. \V. A Tp. in Co. Huron. For Route, see 
 
 (iroenock atiove. 
 GRIKRSVILLK, C. W., Co. Grey, Tp. St. Vincent. Go 
 
 to Mcafnrd liy Canailian Steamer from Colllnt,'- 
 
 wood, by Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Railway from 
 
 Toronto. Population al)om M. 
 GRIMSBY, C. \V., C.I. I.inndn. A Tp. and Ptiition 
 
 on the (1. \V. It. Section. Population aluuit Idllo. 
 GUONUINKS, C. K. A Tp. in Co. Portneuf. On 
 
 .North Shore of Si. Lawrence, iK'tween Three Itlvers 
 
 and (Juelicc, at which tlie Steamers and Traders 
 
 touch. Population aliont lllHI. 
 GliOVKSKNl), C. W., Co. Kljiin, Tp. Malahiile, front- 
 
 in),' Lake Kric. Go to London and to Port Stanley 
 
 hv llranch liailwav. Lonilon is on G. \V. R. 
 GUELPH, C. W., to. Wellington. A Towti, Town- 
 ship, and Main Station, with Teh graph, on G. T. It. 
 
 Toronto and Stratford Section. From Toronto -17, 
 
 and llamilt m ;iil miles. Population ahont .^Don. 
 GUYSItOltO", C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Ilouchlcui, 
 
 fronting Lake F.rie. Port Sarni:-. i-; nearest Itallway 
 
 point widi'h iBConnecteil witli G. VV. It. at London. 
 OWILLIMIUHV WKST, C. W. A Tp. In Slnicoe 
 
 (South). See llradforl. 
 GWILLI.MHIKV KASI', C. W. A T|) in York. ,See 
 
 Holland Landing, .Newland, (Jueensville, and Sha- 
 ron. 
 GWILLIMBIUY NORTH, ('. W. A Tp. in York, 
 
 fronting Lake Simcoe. See Keswick. 
 
 H. 
 
 HAGERSVILLK, C. W., Co. Haldlmand, Tp. Oneida. 
 
 Try Middl'iiort, on tlie Rull'alo and Lake Huron 
 
 liailwav. 
 HALDIMAND, C. W., Co. Northmnherland. A Tp. 
 
 in which is (Irafton. a Statiiui rui the G. T. R. 
 HALIKA.X, C. K, A Tp. in .Megantic, Go to Arlha- 
 
 haska, <in the G. T. R. 
 HALLOWKLL. A Tp. fronting the Hay of fjuinte. 
 
 For principal Village and Post-ollice, see llloom- 
 
 fiehl. 
 HALL'S JULLS, C. W., ( o. Middlesex, Tp. Westmin- 
 ster. See London. 
 HA.M, C. K. A Tp. in Wolfe. Goto Danville, G. T. R. 
 HAMItURti, C. W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Kreilericks- 
 
 hurg. Go to Napanee, on the G. T. It. 
 HAMILTON, C. W. A City in the Tp. of Harton 
 
 and Co. of Wentworlli. The Main Station ami 
 
 Chief onice of the Great Western Railway to and 
 
 from Toronto, Suspension liriilge, and Windsor from 
 
 the West. 
 HA.MILTON, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Northmnherland, 
 
 for which see Cotionrg, l)allimi>re, Hewdley, (\ild- 
 
 springs, and Harwoods. Towns, Villages, and Post- 
 
 olliccs sitiuileil within it. 
 HA.MPTON, C. W., Co. Durliam, Tp. Darlington. Go 
 
 to Bowinunvllle, on the O. T. R. Population about 
 
 BiK). 
 UANNON, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Glanford, which 
 
 see. 
 
 HAN'OVF.R, C. W., Co. Grey, Tp. Bcntlnck, which 
 
 see. Population al>out KHI. 
 IIARLKM.C. W.,Co. I.eeils, Tp. Ilastard. (io to Mal- 
 
 lorv Town, on G. T. It. Pojiuiation about I.'iO. 
 HAlt'pritllKV,C.W., Co. Huron, Tp.McKillop. (Jnto 
 
 Stratfmd, by G. T. It., or llull'alo and Lake Huron, 
 
 thence bv (ioderlch Stage. Piipul.itlon aliout ■Joo. 
 HAItltirrSVlLLF, C. W., Co. Middlesex, Ip. Dor 
 
 Chester. (!o to Kdwardsburg or Londiui, on G. \V 
 
 R. Population aliout luii. 
 HARRINGTON KA.-<I'. C. K. A Tp. in Argenteull. 
 
 On .North Sliore of liower Ottawa, near eonllui'ucu 
 
 wilh St. Lawrence. Go to .Montreal. Population 
 
 about 'J.'iii. 
 ' HARItlNGTON WKST, 0. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. West 
 
 Zorra. (io to Woodstock, on the (i, W. it. Popu- 
 lation about W). 
 HAItltlSJilltG, C.W., Co. nranl,Tp. South Dumfries. 
 
 A Station on the (i. W. It., anil .lunction of Preston 
 
 and Gait liailwav. Population about Moo. 
 HARRISTON, C. W., Co. WeUiiiBtoi;, Tp. .Minto. Go 
 
 to (iuelpb, on the G. T. it., and tliencu by Stage 
 ' jiortli. 
 
 llAlil!OUSMITII,C. W.,Co. Frontenac.Tp. Portland. 
 ; Go to N.'ipauee, on G. T. R. Poiiulatlon about |:!il, 
 ' HARTFOItl), C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Townsend. See 
 1 Waterford. 
 
 HARROW, Co. Kssex. A new Post-ollice. 
 HARWICH, C. W. A Tp. in Kent, (io to Ciuitimm, 
 
 on the 11. W. R. 
 I HARWdOl), C. W., Co. N<irlhumberland, Tp. Ilamil- 
 I ton. (id to lliltimore, on Cobourg and Peterbo- 
 rough Railwav from Cobourg, on (i. T. It. 
 HASTINGS. See Madoc. 
 IIASTINtiS. ( . W., Co. Peterboro, Tp. Asphodel. Go 
 
 to I'eierlioro Terminus of ilrancii from (i. T. It. 
 
 Population aliout 'Jon. 
 HATLEY, C. K. A Tp. in Stanstcad. (io to Couip- 
 
 ton, on tlie (i. T. It. 
 HAWIvKSUl l!V, C. W.,Co. Prescott. A Tp. fronting 
 
 Sliore of Lower Ottawa River, Station for Ottawa 
 
 Steamer froiu .Montreal. Population abuul 1500. 
 IIAWKSTONK, V. W., ( o, ^iimcoe, T|i. Oro. On 
 
 North Shore of Lake Simcoe, above iiarrie. (io to 
 
 liarrle, wlilcli see. Poimlation aliout loo. 
 HAWKSVILLK, C. W., ( o. Waterloo, Tp. Wellesley. 
 
 (ill to Petersburg, on the (i. T. R. l'ii|iulation about 
 
 IJ.-i. 
 HAY, C. W. Tp. liK'o. Huron, fronting Lake Huron. 
 
 (ill to Stratford. 
 HAVSVILLK. C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Wilimit, in 
 
 wliich Is Petersliurg Station on the G. T. R. Popu- 
 
 ialion aliout :iiio. 
 IIKADFORD, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Markham, wliich 
 
 see. Population about To. 
 HKADVILLK, C. K., Co. Druminond, Tp. (irantham. 
 
 (ill to Acton, on the (1. T. R. Population about lod. 
 HKCKS ( ORNEIt.s, C. W., Co. Grenville, Tp. South 
 
 Gower, which see. 
 HKIDKLIiritli, C. W.. Co. Waterloo, Tp. Woolnicli. 
 
 (io to Iterlln. on tlie li. T. It. Populatlnii about L'To. 
 llKM.MIN(iKORI), C. K. A Tp. ill llunlingdou. A 
 
 .><tation on the Plattsburg Railway, 41 miles from 
 
 Montreal. Population about Ton. 
 HKNIIKRSON'S C0RN1:K.S, C. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. 
 
 F.iiiilv, which see. 
 HKNItVVILLi:, C. K., Co. Iberville, T|i. Sabrevois. 
 
 (io to Rouse's Point. This Village lies east of 
 
 River Riclielieu. Population about (ion. 
 HKItD.MANS CtJItNLRS, C. K., Co. Huntingdon, Tp. 
 
 Hincirmbrooke, between St. Lawrence and River 
 
 Riclielieu. Sec l)eni.«ton. 
 HKItKFORD, C. K. A Tp. in Compton. Go to Coatl- 
 I cook, on the G. T. It. 
 lllllllKltT. See Croniarlv. 
 
 HKillLAND CRKLK, ( . W., Co. York, Tp. Scarbo- 
 I rough, in which is Scarborough Station, on the G. T. 
 ' It. I'lipulation aliout '.'.'ill. 
 HILLIKR, C. W. A Tp. in Prince Kilward. Go to 
 
 Trenton, on tlie (i. T. It. Pupnlation about |;iO. 
 HILI.SHOItO, C. W.,Co. Lambton.Tp. Plympton, near 
 
 Port S.irnla, connected wPh G. T. It. at Stratford, 
 i to which place ]iroceeil. Populallon about UK). 
 ' HlLI.SIintG, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Kriu. Go 
 
 to Acton, on the G. T. It. i'opuialion about Kill. 
 I HILTON, C. W., (.'o. Nortliumbcrlanil, Tp. Brighton, 
 I in which is a Station (Uriglib.nl, on the G. T. It. 
 
 Pojiuhition about lin. 
 I HINCHINUROOKK, C. E. A Tp. in Huntingdon. For 
 
CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 67 
 
 Bcntlnck, wlilcb 
 
 call, (io to (^(iinp- 
 
 )nling Lake Huron. 
 
 I. Maikliam, which 
 
 ., Co. Victoria, Tp. 
 
 ipton. Go to Coati- 
 
 i Ilmitiiigdoii. For 
 
 Post-offlces, Vlllapcs, etc., sec Alhelsfon, Dcnlaton, 
 
 Ilcriliiiairn t'oriuTs. 
 1I0I,I,.\M), t . W. A Tp. in tlie Co. of (irey. I'or 
 
 riMili', sec (iKiri Soiiiid, Herkde.v, ami L'liat.'in'nrlh, 
 
 aUo Piisl-iplliecs in Tp. 
 HOLLAND LANDING, Co. V.irk, Tp. Kast thvll- 
 
 liiiil)iiry. A Station on the Ontario, Slincoe, and 
 
 Huron ]!ail«av from Toronto, iU luilcH from To- 
 ronto, rop\ilation aliout :MH\. 
 HOI.LKN, l' ^^-i ''"• Wi'llinntnn, Tp. Maryliorough. 
 
 (io to (iuelpli, on (I. T. It., and thence hy triage. 
 II()l,MK,-<\ IM.i:, Hce (Jochricli, 
 ilOliVliOlIK, C, W,, Co, Bruce, Tp, Kinloss, near 
 
 Lake HiM-oii, Alioi'.t 'JOndles from (ioderich, which 
 
 see. 
 HOI'K, C. W., Co, Durham. A Tp. in which are Can- 
 ton, I'errytciwn, and Kll/.ahethvllle, [Villages and 
 
 I'o.'it-ofllceB,] which see. 
 HOl'KTOWN, C. \V., Co. Lanark. A Tp. near South 
 
 fhoru of L'pper Ottawa, near Fitzroy. See Ayhuer 
 
 Kast, fcir route. I'opulalion aliout Ion. 
 HOUNIIV, C. W., Co. llallon, Tp. Kscpicsing. Go to 
 
 Acliui, on (i. T. K. I'opulalicui ahout 100. 
 UOitTO.V, C. \V. A Tp. fronting South Shore of 
 
 KiverOllawa, in which are Itenfrew au<l Castleford, 
 
 I'osl-ollices, whii'h Bee, 
 JI0r(illTO.N, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Norfolk, fronting 
 
 Lake Krie. I'ort Stanley la the nearest Hallway 
 
 Station, tthlcrh see. 
 IIUWAHI), <'. W., Co. Kent. A Tp, la which is 
 
 Ihidgetown, which see. 
 HOWR'K, C. K., Co, Chateauguay. Go to Niipier- 
 
 ville, on the I'lattshurg and St. Lawrence Railroad, 
 
 Population ahcuit 15tl, 
 HOWICK, C, \V., Co. Huron, A Tp, in which is 
 
 a rn-tollii'e, l.isadell, which see. 
 linilll'.l.l.'S FALLS, Co. Carletcui. See Aylmer Fast. 
 HILL, C. K. A Tp. and I'ost-ollicc of itself, in Co. 
 
 Ottawa, on the opposite side of the Uiver ut Otta- 
 wa, C, \V. I'opulation ahout L'."iO, 
 IH'I.LKI'T, C. \V. A Tp. in Co. Huron, in which are 
 
 llrandon and Constance, as I'ost-ollices, etc., which 
 
 sie. 
 IIII.LSVILLF, C. W., Co. Haldiinand, Tp. Walpole. 
 
 (io to ( anhoro on liull'alo and Lake Huron Hall- 
 
 wav. 
 Ill'MliFIt, C. \V., Co. York, Tp. Ktohlcoke. Go to 
 
 .Mirnico on G. W. 1!., also Cooksville stage from 
 
 Wolfe Inn, Torruito. 
 HCMltFI!.<T().SK, C. W. A Tp. in Wellainl Co. near 
 
 Welland Canal. Go to Itidgewuy on UulTaro and 
 
 Lake Huron It.iilway, 
 lU'NTFIt.-^TOWN, C. K. A Tp. In Maskinonge. On 
 
 North Shore of Lake St. Peter, (,<t. Lawrence,) be- 
 tween -Moulreal and Three Hivers, reached hy 
 
 Fteatuers. Si'e SI. .Maurice District. 
 HUNTINGDON, C. K, on South .^lore of Lake St. 
 
 Francis, nearly opposite the Coteau Lainling Station 
 
 of tlie G. T. It'. I'opulalion ahout 7(m. 
 IIINTINGDON', ('. \V. A T|). in Co. Hastings. For 
 
 Post-oflice, etc., see Ivaidjoe. 
 HUNTlNtiVlLLK, C. K., Co. Hichmond, Tp. Ascott, 
 
 which is a station on the (i. T. It. Poiuilation ahout 
 
 loo. 
 IR'NTLFY, C. \V. A Tp. In Co. Ciirleton. Go to Ot- 
 tawa t ity by ih'anch liailway, from Prescott, on the 
 
 G. T. It.' Population ahout loo, 
 lU'STUN, C. \V., Co. WelliriKlon, Tp. Maryborough 
 
 Uo to Guelpli on the G. T. It. I'opulation about 75. 
 
 INDIANA, C. W., Co. HaUlimand, Tp. Seneca. Go 
 
 to Middlcpnrt on liulTalo and Luke Huron Itailway. 
 
 Population ahiiiit :!oil. 
 INDIAN HKSKKVK, Co. filengary. The name of a 
 
 Tp., of which Athol is the Village and Post-ollice, 
 
 which see. 
 INDIAN KKSKRVKS. See Mum, Rania, etc., on L.ake 
 
 Siiocoe, Tyendlnaga, on Hie (J. T. R., etc. The In- 
 
 diiin Department liave an ollice in Toronto. 
 INDCSTHY, C. K., in County Jolliet, on North Slio-e 
 
 of St. Lawrence, on Itlviere L'Assmnption, which 
 
 flows Into the St. Lawrence near Isle Jesus. Go to 
 
 Montreal. Poiinlation aliout L^IHI. 
 INGtRSOLL, C. W., Co. 0.\ford, Tp, North O.xford. 
 
 Po]Hiliition about 'J8l)0, See elsewhere for further 
 
 particulars. 
 
 INKFIIMAN, C. W., Co. Dundns, Tp. Mountain. Go 
 to .Matilda on Hie G. T. U. Population ahout 500. 
 
 INNFIIKIP, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Kast /orrn. Go 
 to Woodstock or Princeton, both Stations on the (i. 
 \V. I!. 
 
 INNI.^FIL, C. W. A Township In Co. SImcoc, bisected 
 by the Ontario, Siuicoe, and Huron Hail from Tor- 
 onto, (io Io Lefioy, llelle Kwarl, and CniigviUe 
 Stations on that line within the Township. Popula- 
 tion about Ion. 
 
 INNISVILLK, C. \V., Co. Lanark, Tp. Druinmon(L 
 Above the town of Perth. Go to Hrockville by O. 
 T. It., and thence by Stage direct to Perth. 
 
 INVKItlllltON, C. \V.,Co. llriice,Tp. liruce, fronting 
 Lake Huron, (io to Owen Sound, which see. Pop- 
 ulation aliout Till. 
 
 INVKKNKSS, C. K. A Tp. In Megantic. Go to Som- 
 erset or Slanfold on the G. T. It. Population about 
 160. 
 
 IONA,C.M'.,Co. F.igin.Tp. Dunwlch. fiotoF.kfrldon 
 <i. W. It., and thence South. Population about 'iUO. 
 
 IltKLAND, C. K. A Tp. In Megantic. For Post-olliceg 
 and Villages, see .Maple Grove, New Ireland. 
 
 IltONIlILL, C. K., Co. Hronie. Ascott on the G. T. U. 
 appears to be the nearest Station. 
 
 ISLAND OF .MONTItKAL, C. K. On the St. Lawrence. 
 See also Post-ollices and Villages within It. Long 
 Point, Au.\ Trembles, St. Ann, anil .Montreal City. 
 
 ISL.VV, C. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. Fenelon. See Lind- 
 say. 
 
 ISLK OF Oltl.KANS, C. E. On St. Lawrence, below 
 (Quebec, to which go by .Steamer, or to Point Levi 
 on G. T. R. 
 
 ISLK Al'.V COUDRE,*, C. E. On the St. Lawrence, 
 (io to (Juebec, and thence by Steamer Saguenay. 
 Population about find. 
 
 ISLK AIX GltL'KS,C.E.,Co.Lilet. Go to St. Thomas, 
 Tcrniiiius of the G. T. it., and thence by vessel. 
 Poiiulallon about (lull. 
 
 ISLE AC.V NOl.X, 0. E., Iberville Co. Go by River 
 liiclielleu Steamers. 
 
 ISLK .lESUS, C. K. On the St. Lawrence, opposite 
 .Montreal. Ciii off from main land, (Terrebonne 
 Co.) by trihulary from the Ottawa llivrr and ."^t 
 Lawrence. Go to Montreal. See also St. Martin and 
 St. Viiicent du Paul, Villages and Post-ollices with- 
 in it. 
 
 ISLE PERIiOT, C. E. On Lower Ottawa. GotoVan- 
 dreuil on the (t. T. R, 
 
 ISLE VKRTK, C. E,, Co. Temiscouata. On South of 
 .St. Lawrence, nearly opposite continence of the Sa- 
 guenav. Go to yuebec, anil thence bv Steamer. 
 
 IVANHOE, C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. Huntingdon. 
 North of lielleville, to which go by G. T. R. 
 
 JARRATT'S CORNERS, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Oro 
 (io to llarrie by the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron 
 Rail from Toronto, and thence to Gilbraith's by 
 Stage, and some six miles on by road. Population 
 about 'Joii. 
 
 .lAKVlS, C. W., Co. Ilaldimand, Tp. Walpole. Go to 
 Caledonia on the lluiralu and Lake Huron RaU. 
 Population about Hill. 
 
 JEltSEV, (llivlere Chaudiere,) C. V.., Co. Reauce. At 
 the head of the River Chaudiere, wliidi Hows into 
 the St. Lawrence nearly opposite liucbec. .lersey 
 lies east of the Grand Trunk, on the conllncs of the 
 State of Maine. No Station is near. 
 
 JERSEVVILLE, C. W., Co. Wentworlh, Tp. Ancaster 
 Go to DundasonthetJ. W. R. Popuhillon about ViO. 
 
 JOHNSON, C. W., Co. Grey, Tp. Sydenham. Go to 
 Owen's Sound by Ontario,' Simcoe, and Huron Rail 
 to Collingwood, and thence bv Steamer. 
 
 JOHNSON'S CORNKIt.s, C. K., Tp. llemmingrord. A 
 Station on Plattsburg and .Montreal Rail, 3G miles 
 from Montreal. 
 
 JOIINVILI.E, C. E., Co. Compton. Tp. Eaton. Go to 
 Lennoxvllle on the G. T. R. Population ahout IliO. 
 
 JORDAN, C. W., Co. Lincoln, Tp. Louth. A Station 
 on the G. W. R. Poiiulatlon about yuO. 
 
 K 
 
 KALADAR, C. W. A Tp. in Addington. Go to Na- 
 pauee on the G. T. R. See also Crown Luuda. 
 
 * 
 
58 
 
 CANADA: CITIKS, TOWN'S, AND VILLAGKS. 
 
 ,. 
 
 I ' 
 
 '!■ 
 
 KAMOURASKA, C. K. An Klfcloral DNiilcl luicl 
 
 Tmm. Tin; town Is sItiiHled iio.ir the ."'until SIidiu 
 
 of till' SI. I.awieliei', liL'twutii (fui'lu'C ami tlii> tnimlli 
 
 of till' S:i;.'iK'll.'iy. (ii) ti) St. TliiMli.is, tlu' TiTlllllills 
 
 of lliu (I. T. U., as liclng llic uearcsl ilail jiiiliit. 
 
 P.>|iiilalion alidUt 'J."iiiii. 
 KAllS, ('. \V., Ci). Carlctdii, T|i. Nurtli (Iniver. (in to 
 
 Kt'Mi|>l villi' III' ()s;^oiiilc III) tilt' llltawa l!ai'.i\a,v, I'l'ii- 
 
 IR'i'ti.'il Willi I'l-u.-'i'iitt uii thu (1. T. It. I'nimlalioii 
 
 aliiiiil ."ill. 
 KAIi;~\ II.I.K, C. \V.,r(i. Middlesex, Tp. Aili'lalilc, nil 
 
 till' llni' iif ilio llailwa.v l'!\li'ii>iiiii tii I'mt ."^aiiiia. 
 
 At |Mi-.-i'iil (III to V.kU'iA 111- to MiMir.l liryilges, (i. W. 
 
 li. I'n|i>ilaliiiii alioiit l.'iii. 
 KI:I:N.\N.''^VII,I.I':, C. W., C'o.,Sliiicoe, Tp. Adjala. Try 
 
 .Million nil till' (I. T. U., and tlicia'i- by .Miniii silagt'. 
 
 I>ii|iiilatinii aliiiiit inn. 
 KKllll, ('. \V., (11. I.ainlitini, Tp. Dawn. Cio In 
 
 llnlliivill 1.1' Tliaiiiu.-vihi' 1111 (i. W. i;. 
 KKI.\ ll.l.K, •'. W-, t 11. Iliaiit, Tp. DurfiiI'd. (io to 
 
 I'riiii'.iiiii on till' (i. W . 11. 
 KEMPTVILLE. 0. W., Cn. (iri'nville, Tp. (l.-irnrd. 
 
 A Slalliin and Town on the Ottawa llaihvay, cnii- 
 
 iii'i'trd witli the 11. T. U. at I'l-uscott. rnimlatloii 
 
 aliiiiit |:!."iil. 
 KK.NII.WOKTII, ('. W., Tn. Wellington, Tp. Arthur. 
 
 (Jo to (liH'Iph on tlie (1. T. It., and thence hy Stiifie. 
 KKNMdUK, (.'. \V., ( o. Itiissill, Tp. Ospnide. (into 
 
 ()s(.'iiiidi' on the (Itt.'iwa liailway, from I'lescott on 
 
 Hie (i. T. It. ropniatlon iili.nit ,"iil. 
 KKSSKIlKi', (', \V., Co. I'riint.iiai'. A Tp adjacent 
 
 In Freedrants and (inwii Lands fur sale, which see. 
 KKNVON, C. W., Co. (ileiiKary. A Tp. iiiiitli-we9t of 
 
 I,ani'a>ter, to nliii-h ^o hy (1. T. It. 
 KKI'I'I:L. See Indian l,.iiids. 
 KKUTCII, ('. W., Co. I.aiiilitiiii, Tp. riyinidnn. (In to 
 
 London on the (1. W. It., or Stratford, heiiii; on the 
 
 I'lM'l Saniia Si'elioii. 
 KKS\VKK,('. \V.,»'o. Sinicoe, Tji. North Gwilliinhiiry. 
 
 (ill to llradford or Holland Landiii),', on the Ontario, 
 
 Siiiieoe and Huron Itailway Iroin Tomnln, 
 KLITLKIIV MILLS, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Kin^-. Oo 
 
 to Xewin.irket on Ontario, Sinicoe, and Huron Hail- 
 
 wa'.'. 
 KlLllltlDK, C. W., Co. Halton, Tp. Nelson. (In to 
 
 Ihonie or Oakville on the (1. \V. It. Population 
 
 ahont l.'iii. 
 KlLD.Uil':, C. K. A To. in .Toilette, on North Shore 
 
 (if St. Lawrence. See St. -Maurice District. I'opu- 
 
 l.'ition almut '.i.'jOit. 
 KILLAKNKY, (,'. W. On North Shore of Lake Huron. 
 
 No reKiilar coniinunicutlon. 
 KILKK.V.NV, ('. K. A Tp. in Montcalm, on North 
 
 Shore of St. Lawreiiee. (in to Mniitreal. See St. 
 
 Maurice district. I'opnlatinn ahnut MHK 
 KILMAIiNOCK, C. W., Cn. Lanark, Tp. MontaKue, 
 
 near Ilidciui Canal, do to Smith's Kalis from Ih'ock- 
 
 ville on (1. T. It. 
 KILSVTII, C. W., Co. drey, Tp. Derby, do to Col- 
 
 liii(,'Wiiod by Ontario, ."^iiiicoe, and Huron liaihvay 
 
 friim Tnrontn, and tiience by Steamer to Owen's 
 
 Sound. 
 KILWOUTH, V. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Delaware. 
 
 do to Koinoka on the (1. W. II. 
 KINIilKN, C. W., Co. Carleton, Tp. Kilzroy. Pnjiu- 
 
 latinn about Ml. 
 KINCARDINE C.W. A Tp. in liruce. A Money 
 
 Order Ollice, (formerly I'enetanKore,) frontiiij; Lake 
 
 Huron, (io to duelph, aiiil thence make for Saii- 
 
 (leen. diielph Is on d. T. It. 
 KING, C. W. A Tp. in York, do Io King on Ontario, 
 
 Sinicoe, and Huron Hail from Toronto. 
 KINdSKY, C. K. A T|i. in Druminoiiil Co. (io to 
 
 Danville on d. T. It. Seclioii. 
 KINtiSKY KALLS. A I'ost-ollice In Kingscy, winch 
 
 see. 
 KINGSTON, ( '. W. A City, the Caiiital of Kronlcnao. 
 
 do to Kinjxston by (1. T. It., or by Steamers frnin 
 
 Mnnlreal, Hamillnn, Tnrontn, and Hay of (Juiiile, 
 
 and llide.iii Canal ; also from Cape Vincent on 
 
 L'nitcd Slates side. Population about l:!oiin. 
 KlNdSTON .MILI S, C. ;V.,Co. Frontenac. A Station 
 
 on tlie (I. T. It. (near Kingston City). Population 
 
 about l.''iil. 
 Kl.NdSVILLK, ('. \V., Co. Kssex, Tp. dosflekl. Go to 
 
 Hapliste Creel; or Itelle Itiver on (1. \\. It. 
 KIMCOltA, ('. W., Co. Perlh, Tji. Kllice. Go to Strat- 
 ford by the G. T. It., or by liull'alo an(i Lake Uurou 
 
 Uuilivays. Populutiou about &U. 
 
 KINLOSS, C. \V., Co. Ilruce. A Tp. about 2rt miles 
 north of (ioilerich. do Io Stratford, .^ec Kinkora. 
 
 KINSALK, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Pickering. Go to 
 Port I'nion or Krcnchman's Hay on (I. T. It. 
 
 KINTAIL, C. W., ( 11. Unroll, Tp. A-.|inilil. Fronting 
 Lake Ilnron. do In Stratford, as before. See Kin- 
 kora. Pnpiilallnn abnllt .'ill. 
 
 KIPI'KN, C. \V., ( n. Ilni'iin, Tp. Tnckersinlth. do to 
 Slratford bv (1. T. It., theiici' bv (indcrii'li Stage. 
 
 KIIIKTON, C. \\\, Cn. llnrnn, Ip. IMiorne. .Sear 
 lllaiicliard, St. Marv'.s. (in In Strall'ord on (1. T. It. 
 
 KIUK'.V.M.L, ('. \V., Cn. Wentwnrtb, Tp, llevc rley. 
 dn tn Ilarrlsburg on the (1. W. It. Po|iiilalioa 
 aliiiiit 7ii. 
 
 KIILFV, C. \V. A Tp. in Leeds and drenville, For 
 I'n^Inlllces and Villages, see Frankvilh', Tnlcdn, etc. 
 
 KLINKIilKli, C. \V., Co York, Tp. VauHban. dn to 
 Kicbiiiond Hill on the Ontarin, Siiiicne, and Huron 
 Itail fi 1 Tnrniilo. Pnpiilaliiiii iibnul :(nn. 
 
 KNOWLTON, ('. K., (11. Ihnme. (in tn Compton on 
 d. T. II., .Montreal and Porlland Secllon as nearest 
 Station, but the distance i.s considerably e:uit of 
 llroiiii-. Population alioiit '.'nn. 
 
 KNOWLTON FALLS. A Post-olllce in lasl-menlinned 
 Tp. 
 
 KO.MOKA, C. W., Co. Middle-e\, Tp. Lobo. A Sta- 
 tion on the d. W. It. Population about TOn. 
 
 LA HAIK, C. E. A Tp. in Vamnska, on South Shore 
 of Lake SI. Peter, (St. Lawrence,) near cniilluence 
 nf the Itiver SI. Fraiii'N wilb St. Lawrence, which 
 Hows from Itli'hiiinnil, Ihe duerging point of the d. 
 T. It. In (Jiiibii', ea'^l, and Mnnlreal, west, froiii 
 Portland in Ihe south, do by Steamers between 
 Montreal and (Quebec. Popnl.'ilion alionl .'mil. 
 
 LA ItKAll K, C. F;., Tp. S'. .Marie, <n. Deauie. On 
 liiver Chandiere. (in In Iti'caiii'onr nn the (1. T. It. 
 
 L'AC.VDIF, C. K. A District in St. John's, nn Itichel- 
 ieu Kiver ; alsn, a Stalinn L^ miles fnim Mniitreal nn 
 the Champlain and St. Lawrence liailwav. 
 
 LACHINE, C. K., Cn. .Licipies Carlier. ' The first 
 Stalinn by Montrcil and I'lait^biirg Itailway, !» miles 
 from Montreal. Pupiilaiion alioiii '.'.'ion. 
 
 LACHUTE, C. K. A Tp. in Argenteiiil, nn Xnrtli- 
 east Shore nf Lower Oltawa. (In by Steamers froia 
 Montreal, or friiin Vandrcidl on d. T. It. Poimla- 
 tion about fxin. 
 
 LACOLLE, C. K., Co. >-'t. .Inhn's. A Stalinn on the 
 ( hamplain and St. Lawrence Itailway, U:j miles from 
 Monlrial. Population about liilK. 
 
 ' .\< OIINI':, C. K., ( o. 'I'crrebonne. On North Shore 
 of St. L.'iwreiii'e, opposiie Isle of Jesus. See .Maurice 
 Districl. do to Montreal. 
 
 L.\FON T.MNK, C. \\. Co. Siiiieoe, Tp. Tiny, on east 
 coast of Notiawasaga Hay, north of Harrie, to which 
 go by Ontarin, Slincoe, and Ilnron Itailway, and 
 Ihi'iii'e to White Corners for Peiielangnishcne i!o,ul. 
 
 LA dl KIIHK, C. K., Co. Huntingdon, Tp. doiliiian- 
 cbe-iter. On South Sliore of SI. Lawrence, ojiiuisite 
 Coteau Landing on the d. T. It. 
 
 LAKKFILI.D, C. W., Co. Argentenil. Hack Township 
 from east shore of Lower Ottawa Itiver. do to 
 Montreal. 
 
 L.\KI-;siIiF, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Fast NLssouri. do 
 to Kdwardslmri' on tlie d. W. It. 
 
 L'.VMAltm \, C. W., Co. York, Tp. York. TnrnnIn 
 City is the must convenient Railway Point for gen- 
 eral Iravellers. 
 
 LAMHKTII, C. W'., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Wcstniinster. 
 do Io London, on (1. ^V. It. Population almnt 'J.'m. 
 
 LA.MHl'ON, C. K., Co. Heaiice. Situ.iled greatly east 
 of (iiiebic and Itichnionil Section nf d.T. It. War- 
 wick and Danville may be naineil as nearest Sta- 
 tions. Population about TOO. 
 
 LANARK, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Lanark. North "f 
 Perth, to which go by Hrockville Stage from the (1. 
 T. It., Monlri'al and Toronto Section. Hrockville 
 and .\riiprior Kxleiision will come within a few 
 mill's of thisTp. Population almul ;!."iii. 
 
 I/ANCASTFIt, C. W. A Tp. in Co. dlengary, and a 
 Stalinn nn the d. T. It., -Mntitreal and Tnronlc Sec- 
 tion. It miles e.'ist of Cornwall, anil f>l west of 
 Montreal. Pnpulatlnii ahont •"»iii. 
 
 LANOIt.UK, C. F. In llertbier.on Norlli ,«hore of St. 
 Lawrence. See St. Maurice District. Population 
 about ^4iJU. 
 
 1^ 
 
CANADA: CITIKS, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 59 
 
 lusMiieiitioncd 
 
 LANDSDOWNE, ('. W. A Tp. In Co. locdK, ami a i LINDSAY, C. W., Cn. VUtnrla Tp Opi Tlie Ter- 
 tiliitli.ii "II till' ((. T. It. ropiiliitloii iil)oul liiil. iiiliius cif till' I'.ivl lliipi. anil l.liiiN.iv Uulhviiv ii,n- 
 
 MO PKTITIO IU\ Ii;i!K, C. K., Ht. Kranil.s Cliurli.volx, | nciiiil willi tliu tl. T. U. at INut lli.pu. Pciiulallon 
 
 iip|Mi>ili' Isle (Ic C'lHiilri'.i, III! Norlli Shores iif .<t 
 
 l.awrciicu liilinv (liicljue, tu wlikli (,'"1 ai"' tln'iu'c 
 
 hv .'<tfaiiii'i' .Xii(,",iciia.v. 
 I'KiKllNII'.ltK, »'. K. Ill Naiiit'rvlllo. A i^lnllim on 
 
 .Miintival anil I'lattsburg Kail, 'M nilk'n fiimi Mmi- 
 
 tri'iil. 
 LAPRAIRIE, C. E. OnHmitli Slinrcnf SI. I.awrinci', 
 
 ii|i|iii!^iti' .Monlrral. (I" tu .liinriinn, nn Cliiiinplaln 
 
 ami SI. Ifiiihvav, II nillrs fnuii Mmili'ial. 
 I,.\ I'KK.-^KNT-VTION, C. K. In .''t. Ilyarlnllio. (Into 
 
 St. Ilyai'intlif, uii tlie (i. T. It., :ii( iiillus from .Miin- 
 
 iri'.'il. 
 I.AlKili:, ('. W., Co. Klgln, Tp. Dunwicli. (io to Kk- 
 
 frlil, nn (I. W. It. 
 I,A SAI,. »'. K. SiH' I/a I'l(.'i'"niiTi' anil St. lifinl. 
 1,'ASSIMI'TION, »'. K., Tp. St. Snlpirr. In Klci-tiiral 
 
 I)i^ll■il■t nf l.'Assiniiplinn, un Ni.rlli Slmri' nf St. 
 
 I.awri'ni'i', Inlow .Munlrual. (in Id .Miintnal Cil.v, 
 
 anil tluiu-o liy Steamer or Trailer. I'opnlatlini 
 
 aliDiit .'liiiiil. 
 I, A TKItltlKlM-;, C. K. In Clilenutlnil, on the Sagne- 
 
 na.v Itivir. (In In < liicimtiiul friim IJueliec li,v 
 
 Saj^iit-nav Steamer. 
 I.ATTA'S SlII.LS, C. W., Ci). Ildstlngg, Tp. Tlmrlow. 
 
 {•„, til Belleville, nn (i. T. It. 
 I.AVAI,. ('. K. In .Miintnioreni-I. A few miles lielmv, 
 
 ami In the rear nf Ijiiehuc. Ilo In Pnint Levi, "ii- 
 
 pn.-iti' (luehec, on tliu (1. T. It., anil eioss tlie St. 
 
 I.au renee. 
 1,A\ AI,TI1IK,('. E. In llerlliier. On North Slu.re of 
 
 St. Lawrence, lielween .Montre.il anil Three llivers. 
 
 (io 111 .Montreal or (Juehee, anil Ihenee liy Steamer. 
 I.Ar/.ilN. ('. K. See .New Liverpool, St. Henri, anil 
 
 point Levi- Villa(,'e.s anil I'ost-olliees llierein— also, 
 
 St. .lean Chry.-ostom anil St. Lamliert. 
 L'.VVKNill, ('. 1:., Co. llrnnnnonil, Tl). Durham, do 
 
 to Ihnh.im. on the (i. T. It. 
 LAWItLM i;\ ILI.E, ('. Iv, Co. Sheiroril, Tp. .Smith 
 
 Klv. See L'Avenir, for Itailwav Station. 
 1,1;.\'KI:sI>AL1';, (.'. \V., Cu. Unlario, Tp. Seott. No 
 
 hear Kiiilv. ay. (Io to llollaml Lanilinj:. on Ontario, 
 
 Simeoe, anil Huron Itailway from Toronto. I'lipu- 
 
 lalloii ahoiit Inn. 
 LKAMIXIiTON, C. W.,('o. Kssex, Tp. Mersca. (io tn 
 
 Kaptisle t'reek, on (i. \V. It. I'opnIation aluuit 70. 
 L'KPIIMIANV, ('. K. SeeSt.SnIpieeanil L' Assumption. 
 l.K.WKNS, ('. W., Co. drey, Tp. SI. Vincent, (io to 
 
 CnHin^'wooil hv the CIntario, Siincoe, anil Huron 
 
 Itail from Toronto. 
 I.KKIIS, (West.) C. W. A Tp. in Co. LeuiKs. For 
 
 Post-olliees, Towns, etc., see dananoipie, Seelv's 
 
 Hay. 
 I.KKD.S, (East.) C. E. A T|). in Meganlie. do to 
 
 Somerset, on the d. T. It. I'opnIation alioiit Kill. 
 I.E rillLON, C. \V., Co. I'rescoli, Tp. Ilawkeshnry. 
 
 (In South siiore of Lower Ottawa, do (o Montreal, 
 
 anil theneo hy Steamer, 
 
 pe. I'opulallon 
 ahont r.llO. 
 
 LINdWICK, C. E. A Tp. in Conipton. For I'ost- 
 
 iilliee, see doiilil. do to Complon, on (i. T. It. 
 LII'I'E.NCOTT, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Vork. do to To- 
 
 ronto. 
 LISADEL, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Ilonlek. do I,, 
 
 SIralloril .Innelloii of llulValo ami Lake Huron ami 
 
 d. T. I!. Population ahont .'ill. 
 LISliO.V, C. W., Co. p,.,|ii, Tp. North Easthope. do 
 
 to Stratfor.l as for Lisailel. which see. 
 L'ISLEI', C. E. An Electoral DIatrlct anil Town on 
 
 South Shore of SI. Lawrence, a few miles e.ist of 
 
 SI. Thomas, Tenniuns of d. T. It. 
 l.l.STOWEI.L, C. W., Co. I'erth, Tfi. Elma. do to 
 
 Stratforil Juiietioii of Itulfalo anil Laku Huron ami 
 
 d. T. It. 
 LICHKIEI.I), C. E. A Tp. in Ponliac Co. nn Nortli 
 
 Shore of I'pper Ottawa ; for route, see Avlmer East. 
 LITTLE IHtlTAIN.C. W.. Co. \ ietoria, Tp'. .Mariposa. 
 
 do to Limlsay hy llranch Itailwav from roit Hope, 
 
 on the d. T. It. I'oi.nlatiou ahoiit inn. 
 LITTLE ItlDEAC, C. W., Co. Prescott, Tp. Ilawkes- 
 
 Imry hy .Montreal ami Ottiiwii Steamers. Popula- 
 tion aliout 'Jun. 
 LLOYDTOWN, C. \V., Co. York, Tp. KinR. do to 
 
 King or Newmarket, on the Ontario, Siiucne, ami 
 
 Huron Itailwav from Toronto. 
 LOliO, C. \Y., Co. .Miilillese.x. A Tp. in which la Ko- 
 
 iiioka Station, on the (i. \V. It. 
 LOCllAllElt, C. E, Co. Ottawa. A Tp. fronting the 
 
 North Shore of Ottawa, do by Steamers between 
 
 Ottawa City ami .Montreal. 
 LOCIIIEL, C. W., Co. dleiiKary. A Tp. North of 
 
 Lancaster, on the d. T. It. 
 LOCKTON, C. W., ( o. I'ecl, Tp. Allilon. do to 
 
 Iln'mpton.oii the (i. T. It. 
 L(Ki; N, C. \V., Co. I'erth. A Tp. in wliicli are I'ost- 
 
 oaices anil Villages, (,'arrunhrooke, ami Mitchell, 
 
 'ihicli see. 
 LONDON, C. VV., capital of MliMlesex, on the (i. 
 
 W. It., also .liinction of Lonilon ami Port St.mley 
 
 Itail, 111 miles west of Toronto. For View of Loii. 
 
 lion anil I'iiiIIht information, see ju'eceiling pages. 
 LONd ISLAMI l.()( KS, C. \V., ( o. Carlelon, Tp. 
 
 .Nepeaii. do to (lloucester or North 0,-gnoile, on 
 
 the Oltawa Itailway, connecleil with tlie d. T. It. at 
 
 rrescott. 
 LONd POINT, ('. E. In Isle of Montreal (Ilochela- 
 
 gal. do to Mcuitreal by d. T. It. or Steamer. I'op- 
 
 ul.ation ahont Inuil. 
 LONGUEIL, C. E. In Cliambley. The Station of 
 
 the d. T. It., oil South Shore of SI. Lawrence for 
 
 (Jueliec anil PorJlaml, '.i miles from City, to be united 
 
 hy Victoria Ihiilge with North Shore of tt. Law- 
 rence. I'opuhnion ahont Uniiii. 
 LONdl'EIL, C. E. See St. .lohn's ami St. Luc, on 
 ' Cliamplain iiml St. Lawrence Itailway. 
 
 LEl'ltOV, C. \V., Co. Siuicoc, Tp. Innislll. A Station LONSDALE, C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. Tyenilinaga, 
 
 on the Ontario, Simeoe, und Huron Itailway. Pop- ■ wliicli is a Station on d.T. It. Popnlalion about l:t.>. 
 
 Illation about , 'id. LOltETTE, ('. K. See Ancieiiue Lorrelte. 
 
 LEITII, C. W., Co. drey, Tp. Sydenham. do to L'OltldlNAL, C. W., Co. Prescott, Tp. Alfred. Assize 
 
 Owen Sound by Steamer, from Colliiigwood, on On- Town. On South Shore of Oltawa. do liy Oltawa 
 
 tai'io, Siincoe, and Huron Kail from Toronto. Pop- ami Montreal Steamers. I'ojiulation aboiit Toll. 
 
 illation about To. LOItllAINE, C. \V., Co. Simcie, Tp. .Mono, (io to 
 
 LEMONVIl.LE, C. \V., Co. York, Tp. Whiti-liurcli. Malton, on the d, T. It., and thence by Stage to 
 
 do to Aurora or Newmarket, on the Ontario, Sim- Mono Mills. 
 
 coe, and Huron Kail from Toronto. Population LOSKV, ('. \V., Co. York, Tp. King, which see. 
 
 aliout -Jnil. LOTIlINIEItE, C. E. A Town and Electoral District, 
 
 LKNNO.X, C. W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Frederickshurg. fronting llie South Shore of St. Lawrence, opposite 
 
 do to Napanee, on d. T\ It. Portneuf, between Three Itivers and (iueljec. do 
 
 LENNOX VI LLc, C. E. A Town of Sherbrnoke Dis- by Steamer from .Montre.il or (Juebec. 
 
 Irict. A Station Olid. T. It., '.Ill miles from Montreal. LOl"(illIi(;it(), C. \V. A Tp. in Frontenac. do to 
 
 l'o|inlation about 2,'>iK Kingston Citv, on the (i. T. It. 
 
 LES EltOCLE.MENS, C. E., in Cliarlevoi.x. On North LOCISVILLE, C. W., Co. Kent. A Village in Cliat- 
 
 Shore of St. Lawrence below (Juebec, opposite Isle ham Tii.,in wliich is Ch.'itliam Station, on the (j. \V. 
 
 of Conilres. Steamers occasionallv .'all. It. Population ahont 'Jnil. 
 
 LES ECCKEILS, ('. E., Co. Portneuf, Tp. D'Auteuil. LOl'Tll, ('. W. A Tj). in Co. Lincoln. See .Jordan, a 
 
 Oil North Shore of St. Lawrence above (iuehcc, 
 
 where go. 
 LES ESCOUMAINS, C. E., Saguenay. On North 
 
 Shore of St. Lawrence, below (Jnebec, tn which go. 
 l.ESKAltl), C. \V., Co. Durham, Tp. Clarke, do to 
 
 Village and Station on the (i. \V. It., in this Town- 
 ship. 'Jii miles from Hamilton, C. \V. 
 LOW, C. E. A Tp. in Ottawa Co. On tlie datinoau 
 Kiver, North of Itivcr Ottawa, do to Oltawa City 
 bv Kail from Prescott, on the (t. T. K. 
 Newcastle, on (i. T. K., iO miles from Toronto. LOUEIt lltELAND, C. E. In Meganlic. (io to War- 
 I'opnlation about 'J,')il. wick, on thed. T. It. (Jnebec and Kichmond .Section, 
 
 Lll't'Oltl), C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. Jlanvcrs. do to 'J4 miles Nortli-east of Kichmond .Iiinction. 
 Newcastle as for Leskard, whicli see. LOWVILLE, C. \V., Co. lUUon, Tp. Nelsoa. Go to 
 
 •4' i 
 
 1! 
 
i 
 
 a 
 
 ! ■ ! 
 
 .60 
 
 CANADA: CITIKH, TOWNS, AND VILIAOES. 
 
 WelllnRton S(iimro, on tlie (1. W. U. I'lipuliilloii SIANITOWAMNd, ('. \V. On llic (Iri'nt Maiilt.itilln 
 
 M'l'ON, f. \V.. Co. Klfflii. A m\y I'nst-.imi-f. 
 LYN, r. \V., ( n. I.i.mN, T|i. KliziilMtliluwii. A Slii- 
 
 hliiiiil uM I. like lliinm. Sliiiiiii'i's In Siiiiimi'r fn 
 
 Cnllllll 
 
 uhlrli 
 
 All IikIImii 
 
 •111 
 
 I ttlcllHMit, 
 
 tlnii anil Mdiiivv Drik-r (Mlii' 
 
 villi I'.'.lil.nt MliiMrr ..f tin- Cliiirrli .,t KiikLiimI. 
 
 nil llicCi. T. It., n.iir .MANMMIMI.I.K, C. K , Cu. Iliiiilln):.l..ii. (;„ to 
 
 lli'i.('k\illi', I iiilk'H wi'st III' lli'iic'kvlllo. Piipiilalliiii ll<'iiMiilii|.'l'ur.l mi llii' Mi>iitr<'al iiml I'lMil.-lniri; Hull- 
 
 aliniit liiii. na\. II iiilirs fi'iMii .Mniitrral. I'<'|miI.i||oii ii|ii>n| 'jihi, 
 
 I.VMIKN, ('. \V., Cn. Wiiilwnitli, Tp. Ilivnlcy. A .M.WSnKI.II, ( . K. A Tp. In Cm. l'..ullaf. Fur I'ml- 
 
 Sliilloii iin till' (i. W. It., Ill iiiiUs wisl iif llaiiillldii 
 
 I itv. I'npiilallnn iiliuiil M,'>ii. 
 l,V.M>lllll,-<i', C. W., Cu. I..I.1H. In I.ansiliiwne, In 
 
 ulil.li Tcuviislilp Is I.aiiKil.iKiie Stiilloii, (ill llii'll. T. 
 
 nllii 
 
 il rnllli' 
 
 Kurl I ..lllnlil 
 
 MANVKIt.x, C. \V. A Ip. in liiii liiiin < ii, near II f 
 
 IJiiihiiv, lliaiK'li fniin I'liil llcpc. In mIiIiIi gii li\ (J 
 T. It. 
 
 MAI'M:, C «'., C(.. Vnik, Tp. VaiiKliaii. (In to lilch- 
 moiiil Hill liy (liilai'iu, Slnicue, anil Huron Kail fruiii 
 
 Turnllln. 
 
 I'aii-i, Mil iiR. Iliimilu anil Lakr lliiinii ; Mil' lall.r i- .MAPI.K CItOVK, C. K., C.i. Menaiitlo. Tp. Inland. 
 
 It. I'npiilaliiiii aliiiiit Til. 
 
 i.v.\i:ii()( II, ( . \v. 
 
 (Ill 1.1 
 
 thi'lii 
 
 Niirfiilk, Tm. Cliai-liiltovlllf 
 
 by 
 
 -ta>,'>' 
 
 til llraiiirnril nr 
 
 llif Ji'mliiin I'oiiil iif tiiat ami (In at Wv-lirn Itail- 
 wavs mill (iaii Ilniiirli. I'upiilatinii aliniit I'lll. 
 LVO.NS, ('. W., Co. Kl|;iii, Tp. Suiitli Kmi'lii^^ter, Cio 
 to Ingt'i'sull ur Kilwarilslmrg, on 11, \\ . U. 
 
 M 
 
 M'DOXAI.D'S COUNKIIS, C. 'iV., Co. Lanark, Tp. Dal- 
 
 lious 
 
 (ill to llnickvillf liy (1. r. It., tliiiico by 
 
 !<la),'o to PiTtli. '.'11 iiilii-s fr I'lTlh. 
 
 M'dll.l.lVKAV, C. W. A Tp. In Huron Cn., nlilili 
 tho Port Sarnia Hallway froio .Xlralfonl nr ."^l. 
 
 .1 unci inn ut tliu 
 
 Mary's «ill l.l.-ii'l. (io to SIra, 
 
 Ililll'alii 
 
 111 I.aki' llii 
 
 ami (i. 1. Hallways. 
 
 MWAH, I'. \V. A Tp. In Itriilri'W Ci 
 
 Knr I'ost- 
 
 nllii' 
 
 .Vrnprinr ami lliiriislinni. 
 
 MACVI 1,1,1-:, ('. W., Cn. P.-il, Tp. Allilnn. (in to 
 llraiiiplon nr .Maltoii, on tin.' li. T. it. I'o|iulatinii 
 alioiil ."ill. 
 
 MAI llHIIK, C. K. On the St. Maurice Ul.ftrlct. flee 
 Vaiiii. hiclu'. 
 
 SIADlIC, C. \V., Co. IlastlnjiM, Tp. Mailoc. {In In 
 Itclii-.lilf liy till' (I. T. It., .Montreal anil Toronlo 
 Sectliin, ami tlieiicc liy Daily Stage. Mailoe U llie 
 nearest Town to the free (iraiit Setlleinent on the 
 Ilasliiigs Uoail. 
 
 MAD ItlVDll .MILLS, C. \V., Ci<. (iroy, Tp. Ospny. 
 (in to Nnttawasaga nr Suiiniilale, hotli on the On- 
 
 tario 
 
 Siiiiine, ami Huron Itail frniii Tnrnntn. 
 
 MAtiD.M.KN ISLANDS, C. K., ( 
 
 South Shore 
 
 i>f till 
 
 (ia.-^pi 
 
 Si. Lawrence at Cape Magila- 
 
 lene, liefore entering on the (julL Tniilers from 
 
 (Jueliec. 
 MAtiod, C. E. A Tp. In Stansteail. Try Coal Icnnk 
 
 nr Cniiiptnn, on the U. T. K. See tieorg'vilh'. 
 
 I'opiil::llon aliiiut ■.'.'ill. 
 JIAIDSI'OSK, C. \V. A Tp. In E.ise.v Co. do to 
 
 Wlmlsnr nr I'ue 
 
 .MAITL.iND, C. W., Ci 
 
 the (1. \V. H. 
 
 iville, Tp. Augusta. A 
 Slaliniiniithed.T. 11., between Broekville anil I'res- 
 ei.tt. I'npulatinii alioiit l.'ill. 
 M.VL.\llli)i;. ('. W. A Tp. in Co. Elgin. In wlilih U 
 
 .\vlllier Wot, which .sei 
 
 al>' 
 
 Thomas West. 
 
 MAI.AKOKK, C. \V., Co. C.irlilon. A Post-olhco in 
 Marllioro Tp. See P'lrritt's Itapi.ls, ailjiccnt to 
 Itiileaii Canal, ami near Ki-nipt\'llie, on the Ottawii 
 .liinclion from Prescott, on tin- d. T. It. 
 
 MAI. DEN, C. W. A Tp. in Esse.\. For Posl-onUe, 
 etc., sec .Vniliersthurg. 
 
 MAL UAIE, C. E. For I'list-nllice, se. I'niiit St. 
 I'etcr, which illviiles dasjie ami .Mai Dale, iieardulf 
 «>f St. Lawrence. 
 
 MALLOItV TOWN, C. \V., Co. Leeils, Tp. Vnnge. A 
 Station on the (l. T. It. Population alioiit 'Joil. 
 
 MALTA, C. W., Cn. Priice, Tp. Itriice, fronting Lak. 
 
 do to Warwick on the (i. 1. It. 
 MAI'LETON, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Varinniitli. (ip 
 
 I.nnilnn ami Port Stanley Ilrancli from Lnmlon on 
 
 d. W. It. 
 MAIIA, ( . W., ( n Oiitariii. A Tp. usually cmipleil 
 
 Willi Kama as Indian Territory, (iel In Urillla (from 
 
 Ilarrie hy Ontario, Sim 
 
 theme liy Stage direct. 
 
 mil llmon Hallway), und 
 
 •Orllll; 
 
 .MAIIIILETON, I'. K,, ( o. Wolfe, Tp. Dudswell. do to 
 
 SherbrooUc on the d. T. H. 
 .MAItlPOSA, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Victoria. For Post- 
 
 nlVices, route, etc., see Little llrltalii, Manilla, and 
 
 Oakwnnd. 
 >IAIt( II, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Carh ton, fronting South 
 
 Shore of Itiver Ottawa, opposite Ayliuer Eu.>it, which 
 population about 'ii>. 
 
 MARKHAM, 
 
 W. 
 
 Cn York. (In by SloulTviile 
 
 Daily Stage fioni Toronto, or by d. T. It. from 
 
 hornugh, and thence by Stage. Pn)>ulation about 
 
 liillii. 
 .MAItbllOltOrdll, C. \\. A Tp. in Co. Carlton. See 
 
 Iliirritl's HupiiU and MalakolV for Post-otliees und 
 
 route. 
 MAItLOW, C. E. A T|i. In Ilcauce at tlie very extreme 
 
 of tl 
 Maim 
 
 le pr 
 
 on the coiilines of the Stale of 
 
 It tl.e head of lliver ( liamlii 
 
 In a direct lii 
 
 In Ihi 
 
 St. Lawrem 
 
 thii'li llnwii 
 I haiiiliere 
 
 .liinciinn and Cliamliere mi the (1. T. II. IJiiebec 
 
 and Uiebmmid may be named as Stations, hut are 
 
 about (',;< miles distant. 
 .MAItMollA, C. W'., ( n. Haslin.;s. A Tp. in which are 
 
 tlie Irnn Wmks. mirth of Ilellevilli', In whi'-li go by 
 
 (i. T. It. I'opiilalion about Inn. 
 MAIISHVILLE, C. W'., ( o. Wellaml, Tp. Wainllcd, in 
 
 which is 11 Station of the llullalo and Lake Huron 
 
 Hail. 
 MAHTINTOWN, C. W., Co. (ileiigary, Tp. Charlntten- 
 
 burg, ill which is Siimmer.'tow n on the (i. T. 11., ^ 
 
 mile 
 
 ■ast of Cornwall, and i;o frmn Montreal. 
 
 MAItTlNVlLLE,( E, ( 
 
 iiptoii, Tp. difion. do 
 
 to ( oiiiploii on the (i. T. li. Population about 1.'' 
 
 .MAItYSllI hi;, C. W. A Ip in Prince Eilward ( o. 
 
 For Villages, Towns, ami Po-l ollices, see I'ieton, 
 
 Hoiigard's Corijcrs, and Port .Milb rd. 
 
 MAHVS\ ILLE, C. W ., ( n. Hastings, Tp. Tyemllnaga, 
 
 in which is it Station of the d. T. It. I'opulaliou 
 
 about inii. 
 
 MAItVliOllO, C. W'. A Til. in Wellington Co. See 
 
 Huston. 
 MASCOI.'CIIE, C. E. A Tp. in L'Assuiiiplion, on North 
 Sliore of St. Lawrence, just belo,v .Montreal, 'c 
 which go. 
 MASKINilNdE, A Postollice Village, and also name 
 of Eleitm.il Di-lrii-l mi Norlh Shore of St. Lawrence 
 in Si. Maurice Disliici, siiiiate about 2" miles west 
 of Three Hivers. Pnpiilalion about tiiiio. 
 Huron, det'tn .<yileiiliaiiM()wen's Soiindlby On- : MAS.-AV\ ll'I'l, C. E , I o. Stansteail, Tp. West llatley. 
 tarin, Siiiicne, and lliirnn Itailway to Colliiigwood, do Io Complon on the (1. T. II. Population about 
 and thence liy Sleaiiier, nr go byliiielph, mi ihe d. I 'Jilii. 
 
 T. It., ami th'ei by O'Neill's Owen Sound Stage. MAT.\NE, C. E. A Tp. in Itiinnuskl, on Soulli Shore 
 
 Poiiiiiatimi about ."m. I of St. Lawrence, fronting the Hiver lielow the nioulh 
 
 MALTON, C. W., Co. Peel. Tp. T.,ronto. A Station of the Saguenay, reached by vessels froiu tjuebeo. 
 onlheli.T I!., Ill miles from Toronto. Pu|iula'.ion ' Pii|iulation about l.'niii. 
 
 about ."mo. I MATILDA, C. W. A Tp. in Diindas Co i;ml Station 
 
 MALVEHN, C. W'., Co. York, Tp. Sciiiiioro. do by \ of the same name on the d. T. H., i' miles east of 
 
 Sloiill'ville Stage from Toronto daily, or by d. T. li. Prc.-c ill .liiiictimi, and lot from Monlreai. 
 
 from Searlioro Station. Population about 1'.'."). i MA'I'TAWA. on a Hiver which runs into tlie Ottawa 
 
 JlANCllESTEH, C. \V., Co. Ontario, Tp. Iteacli. do , about im miles above reiiibroke, near Lake Nipis- 
 
 to Whitby, on the d. T. H. i sing. Pembroke is reached by Cpper Ottawa 
 
 M.\NILL.\, C. W'., Co. Victoria, Tp. Mariposa, det Steamers from .\vliiier East, which see. 
 
 to Llnds.iy from Port Hope, on the (i. T. K., thence MAVFI1:LD, C. W., ( o. Peel, Tp. Chingiiacoiisy. do 
 
 a Itrancli Hailway to Lindsay is open to Oiueiuee. to Ihamptnn on the d. T. H. Population about fill. 
 
 I'opulatiou about -450. JIAVNE, C. VV., Co. Perth, Tp. WuUuce. (Jo to Ful- 
 
 hi 1*' 
 
rent Miinltoiilln 
 in Suinmi-r frnm 
 llaii Si tlli'ini'iit, 
 I'll i>r KiiKlaml. 
 
 Il|,''l'<ll. Iln to 
 
 l'l;n|.liurt!KMll- 
 
 il^itlMiiHliiiiii'jni. 
 
 ulliic. Kiir I'ml- 
 
 (ii., near line nf 
 n wlilili go li) U. 
 
 Mil. llMtulIU'h' 
 Huron Kail fiuni 
 
 li-. Tp. Iifhuiil. 
 
 Vainiiiiitli. On 
 fi uiii Liimluu oil 
 
 usually oiiii|ik'il 
 L'l tiiUrllltii (fi'iiiu 
 (III Kailnuy), und 
 I, 
 liuiUnell, (io to 
 
 •loila. Kor I'ost- 
 liii, Munlllu, and 
 
 111, fiiinlinH Snull) 
 I, liia-r Kiist, wliich 
 
 {i> liy SloulTville 
 . T. 11. fnini Siar- 
 l'i>|iulalluii about 
 
 Co. t'arltnn. Pee 
 
 r l'o»t-iink'i'.< anil 
 
 tlie virv exlicine 
 (,r till' stall' of 
 ilifif, nliii'li llovvs 
 I'tu'e. 1 hamlitTu 
 (1. T. II. l)iii'lii'C 
 Stations, Ijut art' 
 
 \ Tp. in which are 
 (', III whii'h go by 
 
 , Tp. Wainlli'vt, in 
 and I.aku Huron 
 
 v,Tp. Cliai'lollcn- 
 'ill th.' ti. '1'. It.,'' 
 
 Mniitrt'i'.l. 
 . I'p. ( lifimi. Cio 
 iliilion alioiit l.'i. 
 iiu'o Kilrtaril to. 
 lii'fs, si'c I'icton, 
 
 d. 
 . 'I'p. T.vi'nilina(;a, 
 1'. II. I'opiilalion 
 
 UiiiHton Co. Si'c 
 
 iinptlon,nn North 
 lo.v Montreal, .: 
 
 iZt}, anil also name 
 of SI. l.awreiK'e 
 t '.'II iiiilus west 
 
 It tllOll. 
 
 Tp. West Ilatley. 
 I'opiilation about 
 
 ii, nn South Shore 
 below llie iiionlh 
 .'Is from tjuebec. 
 
 s Co and Station 
 
 I., 1* miles east of 
 
 loiilreal. 
 
 s into the Ottawa 
 
 near Lake .Vipis- 
 y I'pper Ottawa 
 
 I .-ee. 
 hint'iiaeousy. Oo 
 
 .ulalioii about fid. 
 ilace. Cio to l''ul- 
 
 ;*! 
 
 CANADA: CITIKS, TOWNS, AND VILLAIJKS. 61 
 
 Urlon, midway between Stratford and llodurleli, by i do to llrnekvllle, on (1. T. It., 'Jll nillen from Mlrlok- 
 
 SlatJi 
 
 Siratforil .liiiii'lion, II. T. It. 
 
 vllle 
 
 l'o|iUlat|oii iiboiit liiilil. 
 
 .MK\l)il« V.\I,K, C. W., to. I'l'i'l, 'I'p. Toronto. Five I MITCHELL, ('. W., Co. Perth, Tp. I.onaii, between 
 
 nub'.' from Ibaiiiplon. I'opiilaliou abruil III I. 
 MKDO.NTI':, I . W. .\ T| ' 
 
 111 .^lliK'oe 
 
 bi'iwei'ii llrlllia 
 
 Stratford and (ioderleh. 
 
 to Stratford .lunetlon 
 
 of the lliiilalo and Lake lliiron and (i. T. Itailwa.vi. 
 
 I 1 nblwater. IJo by Coldwaler Sla^-e fioiii (Iril- 1 Population about lunii. 
 
 ii.i, »liii'b Is leaihed by Ontario, .-iimoe, and Huron , MISSIStJl ol II.W, ( . K. Conneets with l.iike Cham- 
 Jlailway from loroiilo, llelle Kwart, and llieiiee by |ilaiii. (iolo Ibmse's I'idiil, Cliauiplain and St. Law- 
 .'>i,'. liner. In winl>r, co by ."^liigi' from llarrie to | renee Hail frcnii .Monlri'.il. 
 
 .Ml.sSlStlldl, ('. K. Kor Towns herein, nee IMiillps- 
 
 (bil'.ia, wliieb 
 
 iil-o I'oidwaler. 
 
 .MI'il.'VNt TIlO.N, C \y. \ I'p. in Co. (irey. tin to j biii'K, lleiUord, Stanbrld|/.' KasI, and Cowaiu 111 
 lliadford, and by road, west. In .Mi, no, if Onlario, MOH.WVK, C. W., ( o. llraiil. Tp. West llranlforil. 
 and Huron liailw y Is Used, or by Stage to , (io to llrantforil, on the llulhilo and Lake lliiroo 
 
 M.iiii, from Million on the li. T. I{. 
 
 Itallu 
 
 (ill to Itiehiiiond on d, T. I 
 
 MELBOURNE, (. K. A I'p. In lliehmoiid, willi I .MOIUA. C. W., Co. Hastings, T|i. Ilunllngdon. North 
 of llelleville, to whiell go by (i. T. It. ropillalioD 
 
 about l.'iu. 
 .MOI.KSWOItTH, C. \V., Co. Huron, Tp. (irev. Nortli 
 of Stratlord. l,o In Stnill'ord by (1. I'. It., or by 
 llulV.ilo and Lake llnroii Kail, r/ipiilatlon about , Ml. 
 
 Money Order OIlie 
 
 I'opiiialion about '.'.'iil. 
 MKLIIOSK, C W. .V village in Tyei'dliinga, Hasllngs 
 
 Co. TyendliiaKa is a Station on II. T. II., LI miles 
 
 fioiii llelleville on II. T. It. To]. illation about 70. 
 MKLMLLK, C. W. A Village in Hillier Tp., ( o. I'rinec .MO.NO, C. «, .V I'p. in ( 
 
 Kdwanl. li 
 
 I to Treiiloii on Ihe li. T. It. 
 
 MERRICKVILLE.C. » , Co. ilniuille. T|i. Wolford. : .Mo 
 
 Siiiie 
 .MONO CKNTIIK, I'. W., Co. Mmi 
 
 .Mills 
 
 Tp. Mo 
 
 ' .Mono MilU. 
 
 See 
 
 .Maillainl or llroekville on (i. T. II., or to 
 Oliana and I'reseotl Uruucli, from 
 
 do Io 
 Keuililville 
 Presei.ll .111 
 MKItlll I'SVII.LK, C. W., Co. WuilamI, Tp. Crowland. 
 
 elion. 
 
 Ilo to Chippewa 
 
 on Ihu Kile and Ontario itailway. 
 
 Populalion about lOil. 
 MKltSLA, (J. W. A I'p. in K.^sex C'o. (Jo to ( halhani 
 
 on Ihe 11. W. It. 
 .MKItTO.S, C. \V., Co. Halloii, Tp. Nelson, do Io Wel- 
 
 liiigloii Sipiare, (in same 'I'ownslilp,) oil the d. \V. 
 
 it. Populalion aboui ],i>. 
 .MHTCALK, C. \V. A I'p. in Middlesex Co. I'or I'ost- 
 
 ollii'r, ell'., see -Napier, ropiilalion aboiil 'J."iil. 
 MKilS, C. K. .\ Tp. in liiiiioiiski, on .-oiilli ."bore of 
 
 MONO MILLS, C. W., Ci 
 
 oe, T|i. Mono. (In to 
 
 Malton by (i. T. It., and theiiee by fstage. Popula> 
 A Tp. in Itoiiville. See Mount 
 
 ti ibont I.Ml. 
 
 .■MONOIlt, C. 
 
 Johnson, SI. Ilrlghle 
 MONI'AltVILLi:, C. K. In Chamblv. See St. llniiio. 
 .MONTI AL.M, I . K. A T"«ii In Ip. of llawdon, Co. 
 
 .Moiiti'aim. On North Sloire id SI. Lawrenee, in the 
 
 SI. .Ma iriie lli>triet. do lo Mniiinal. 
 .MON TK IILLLO, C. l':.,('o. Oilawa, Tp. I'l'iite Nation. 
 
 On Norlh Shore of lilver Ottiwa, in 
 
 dreii villa. 
 
 (ill by Ottawa and .Montreal Sti aiiiers. I'opulatiiin 
 about inn. 
 MONTMOItKXCI, C. K. See Chateau Itli'her. 
 
 .■"I. Lawrence, on the projected extension of (iraiid ; .MO.N r.MoKKNCl K.VLLS, C. K. Miiiles below (Juebeo. 
 
 Ti aiik to Nova .'i.oiia. do by vessel from tluebec. | do to Ouebee by d. T. It. from llii'liniond and .Moii- 
 
 I'lipiilation about llnil. tr.'al, or by Stciiiiers Iroiii l'|ipi'r Canada and .Mon- 
 
 MKVKIiSLritd, Co. .Northiimberlaiid, Tp. Seymour, j (rial, lliein'e across the SI. Charles Itiver by road 
 
 On pinjic'ed exlciision from llelleville, to which go MONTREAL, C. K. Kor Virus and full iiiloriiiation, 
 
 bv d. r. II. I'opulalion about I.'mI. j see precediii); pnrtion id' this mu'k. 
 
 MlilMLKI'OlM', C W., is a Stalion on the llulTalo and .MONTItOSK, C. \V., ( o. Welland.Tp. Stratford, which 
 
 Lake Huron ll.iiiway, beiweeii Cali'doiiia and Oiion- : is a Slalioii on tlie Krle and Onlario Kail (Niagara 
 
 dai-'a, (rosl-ollice, Tiiscarora,) In miles south of to Chinpewal. 
 
 Ilianlford, ami li of I'aris .lunetion. I'opuiation .MON I' •• i'. HlLLAIItl';, C. K., Co. Itoiiville, Tp. St, 
 
 about Inn. liillaire, nliicli is a Slalioii IT miles from .Montreal, 
 
 .'MiDll.llVII.I.K, C. M'., C„. Lanark. Tp. Lanark, do on the d. T. It. 
 
 to IVrlh from ll'ockvilie by Slage from d. T. It. .MOOIII':, ( . \V. A Tp. in Lainbton Co., in Port Sar- 
 
 Mll.roilll, C. W., Co. I'rince l-'.dward, I'p. Maiysliurg, , niti Distrli't, fronting the SI. Clair Itiver. do to 
 
 on Hay of (Jiiinle. do lo llelleville from the west, Windsor b.\ the d. W. It., and llience by Steamers 
 
 and Kingston fi'oiii the east by steamer Hay of or lioal. I'opulalion about '.'on. 
 
 (iiiinle. Ilotli llelleville and Kingston are Stations .MOItllANTlliNN. C. W., C.i. Wiiiinglon, Tp. Krin. 
 
 I'll ilie d. T. II. ' do to d -getown, on Ihe (1. T. It. I'liiiulation 
 
 MII.IIASK, C. W., Co. I'erlh, Tp. .Morninglon, north al loo, 
 
 of Stratlord. do to Stratford by lliillalo and Lake IMOItIS, C. K. In Argenteiiil. See Itritonviiie. Pop- 
 
 llui'on or d. T. Kallwa\s. nbilion aloait loo. 
 
 .MIl.l.llltOOK. C. W.,Co.'llurliaiii, Tp. Cavan. (iolo .MOItMNdH.M.i: MILLS. C. W., Co. I'erlh, Tp. Morn- 
 
 I'ori ll'ipe by 11. T. It., and thence by Lindsay Kail. iiiglon. d.i to Slran'ord, on tlie (!. T. I!., or by Iluf- 
 
 Po|iulation about loiio. falo and Lake Huron Kail. Pojiiilalion about' Ino. 
 
 MILI.KS ISLKS, C. !•;. In Argenteuil, on North Shore .MOItSIMiTON. A Tp. in I'eith Co. For Post- 
 
 of Lower OtIawa, near Vandreuil, on the (i. T. It. ollics. etc., see Cartilage, Milbank, West Corners, 
 
 Sleaiiiers from .Montreal. and Moriiiiigdaie .Mills. 
 
 .MILI.I-:.'^ VACHKS, C. L. In .Saguenay Co., nortli of MORPtTH, C. W., ( o. Kent, Tp. Howard, do In 
 
 Si. Lawrence, near conlineiice of Saguena.v and St. Tliaiiies\ iih*, on the (i. W. it, I'opiiialion about .'i.'i;i. 
 
 Lawrence Itivers. Sleauiers from O'lebec. MOltUIS. .\ Tp. in lliiriin Co. For Tp., see llodnilii 
 
 MILL dltOVK, C. W., Co, U eiitworlli, fp. We.-t Flam- and .Morri-bunk. 
 
 boro. do to Dundas on (1. W. It. .MOltltlSHANK, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Morris. Oo to 
 
 MILL IIAVKN, C. \V., Co. Addinglon, Tp. Krnestown, Stratford by (1. T. It., and tlience by road, or by 
 
 which is a Station on tlie d. T. It. l-lutValo and Lake Huron ILiilwav. 
 
 MILL i'OlM', C. W.,('o. Lennox, Tp. Uichmond. do MORRISBURG, C. W., Co. Dundas, Tp. Matilda, in 
 
 to Napanee on (1. T. It. wliidi is a (1. T. It. Stalion. Population about lilK). 
 
 MILM:.-VILLI':, i . W., C. York, Tp. Markham. do MOUUISDAI.K. C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. drey. (io its 
 
 bv Stage to Tliornli'iil from Toronto, or to Tliornliill for .Morri-baiik. Population about ."in. 
 
 siation by Onlario, Situi , ami Huron Kail from MOIlitlSTON, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Puslineli. 
 
 Toronto.' Population about loil. do to diiclph, on the (i. T. It. Population about I'lii. 
 
 MILTON I';a.->T, C. F., ( o. Shellord. do to Aclon on MOIlTIMFIt. C. W., Co. drey, Tp. Osprey. do to 
 
 Ilieli.T. It. Population about loll. i Nollawasaga, on the Ontario, Simeoe, und Huron 
 
 MILTON WFST, C. W., Co. Ilaiton. Tp. Trafalgar. ! Kail from Toronto. 
 
 do to Oakville, on tlie d. W. It. Population about MOIITON, C. W.,('o. Leeds, Tp. South Crosb.v. (io to 
 
 l.ioo. i danaiioi|iie, on the (i. T. It. Popul.-ition about 'J.")!!. 
 
 MlMiCO, C. W., Co. Yolk, Tp. Ktobicoke. (in by MOICVFN, C. W., Co. Addington, Tp. Krnestown, 
 
 .''Irectsiillc Stage from Tcironto daily al '-', P. .M., wliicli is a Station on the (i. T. K. Population about 
 
 froai llo' deiicr.ii Wolfe, in (liurcli .^'ircel, or by d. Inn. 
 
 W. It. lo Mimico Station. Population about .'ilMI. 
 MINTi), I . W., Co. Weliiugtoii. See Clillord, llarr 
 Ion. i'l'viot.lale 
 
 MOSA, C. W. A Tp. in Middlesex, formerly a .«tatioii 
 on the d. W It., but I'hanged to Newbury. For 
 Vill iges and Post-ollices. see Newbury, Cashmere, 
 
 k 
 
 
 MIltKlvVlLLI';, 0. \V., Co. Cirenvlile, Tp. Wolford. Ward.sville, and Str.itlibiun, all in the Townsiilp. 
 
CAXAUA: C'll'IKH, TOWNS, AM) VI l,l,A(JKrt. 
 
 i: ! 
 
 \ I i 
 
 MOSCOW, C. W., P'l AdcllriRtfri, Tp. KnsI Caiiiil.'n. NKW CAKMSI.K, ('. K. (tii Soiilli i.f (;,,-im', finnll 
 
 iltt to Niipiini 
 
 M(»ri,i.\Krn:, i . w.. i 
 
 1 Ih.' (1, T. II. l'(ip. nil Mit ■-'III 
 
 Sioi'inont, I'll. C'lriiuiitl. 
 
 tiM' ii;i,v i.r riiiiii'iii'i, III Cos 'I'p. 
 
 l((llrl„ 
 
 ■ ■.ipllllltliill III I .'Mill. 
 
 Il» 
 
 ipiriit Iraclirn 
 
 \ ftiili"! III.' (i. T. I(. l"..piilallnn aliiiiil. liiii. I NKW (•.VI(1,I.-<I.H, ('. K. .\ Tp. In M. Maurin' Trrrl- 
 
 MlUl.Td.S, (' W. .\ I'll, ill c.i. KaMhiiiinl. Ci-i 
 
 Illllllivilll' 
 
 llallHii 
 
 N..I a I'l.-l-iillic' 
 
 SI. M.iiirli'i' 'rriTJIiiiv. 
 
 latliiii <ai till' lliiDahi ami i NEWCASTLE, <'. W., Cn. IHirliiiiii, Tp. ( larkr 
 
 l.akt' lliiriin, nilli I'.inl ullii.' nlllilii IIh' T"»ihIiI| 
 
 i'liitloii on Mil' II. T. It. plrr preci'illiiK paxi's 
 
 M(li:.NT.UN, f. W. A Tp. Ill Diiiiilaa Co. do In .Ma- NKW t IIKMOItK, «'. W. I*i o Nollawa^HKi. 'f wlil .li 
 
 lllila, on till' <l 
 
 It 
 
 Tp. N.' 
 
 ■ Is a Po.l.oiri, 
 
 Mtll'NT AI.IIKIN, C. \V.,('ii. WinlHorlli.Tp. Ilarlon. I NKW IHNIlKK, (' W, Co. Wiiliiloo, Tp. U 11 i, j,, 
 
 <io to Ontario, (III tlui (i. \V. It. I'opiilalion alii 
 inn. 
 
 Mtii;XT IlllVli(iK..'<, ('. W., Co. .Ml.l,ll,...i'v, T|i. Cara- 
 iloi'. A .station on tliu (i. \V. It. I'opiilalUiii alioiit 
 I. -11. 
 
 MdlNT KI.IilN, C. W., t 
 
 o. Oxforil, Tp. IhTi'lmiii. 
 
 Uo tu Inijur.iolj on tlio (I. \V. It. I'opulalliiii iiliuut 
 
 l.-rtl. 
 MOl.NT FdltllKUT, 0. W., Co. WillliiKton, Tp. Ar 
 
 lliiir. (Ill to (liulpli, on Ihu ti. T. It., ami tin ncii liv 
 
 !<t.ip'. 
 MOINT IIKDKKV, C. \V.,Cn. llalilJMiaml.Tp. Diii'Ma. 
 
 Try Miil.lli|M.ii, mi ll,,' IliilValo ami l.ako Huron 
 
 Kail. l'o|iiilalloiiiiliiiiit Inn. 
 MOl NT .KIIIN.SIN, C. R, Co. Itoiivilli-, Tp. Moiiolr. 
 
 Trv .■^l. Illllalri', on tin' (1. T. It, 
 
 «lilcli 'l'o«n«lil|i ll III.' I'lti'r^l.iii'K Elation .,f il„. (1. 
 
 T. It. I'oronto ami Mniironl trillion. I'opiilatlnn 
 
 alioni l.'iil. 
 NKW mitllAM, C W., Co. llnint, Tp. Ilnrfonl. do 
 
 to I'rlm'i'ton.oii ih.' (I. W. It. Pupiilailon aliimi l'j,\ 
 NKW KIIINIillllKIII, Co, C. Ml. 'Ion, Tp, Clon.vsi.r. 
 
 A Milan.' "!• •■^iil'inli to (lila«a, C, \S . llii il,o 
 
 I'ri'-i'nli ami lltlaiia Itailroa.l. of »lik'li It in Ihu 
 
 Ti'rinlnii«. 
 
 ripiilatloti alioiit .' 
 
 NKW (il.A.xilllW, C. K Norlli of l-l.'.l,. 
 .Moiilri'iil, to ttliicli (fo, c'lili.'r li\ Sir 
 
 "pp.' Ite 
 iiiiiK- 
 
 ili'ii.ihiir^ or Kinn-toii, or liy llio *i. T. It. I'lipiila- 
 llon aliont I'miii. 
 NKW lil.,\Sll(l\V, C. W., Cn. KIkIii. Tp. AlilclioroiiKh. 
 rroiii Morpi'ili l.'i, l.omloii :',.'i, I liatliain :IT iiil|."i. 
 
 NKW ll.Ullllltti. C. W , Co. Walcrloo, 111. Wlliii.'t, 
 MOINT .MCltltAV, C. K. In Cliarli'Vol.\. Hci' Miir In wlil.li T"un>lilp N I'.t.rslinri; .>'talloii of tlo (i. 
 
 ray llav, Port an I'l-r-ill, 
 
 II. P..|>iilaliiiii :ii"'iit linn. 
 
 MOINT IM.KASANT, '.'. W., Co. Dnrham. yeoCavan. NKW lliiPK.C. U.,i 
 
 Popnlali'in aliont .'inn. 
 
 at.rloo, Tp. Xorlli Wiiti'Ho 
 
 (iotoi;ii..p|,lior lli'ilni.onli.T. II. : iiN.i to linlt ami 
 
 MOCNT t*T. I.OL'IH, C. W'., I'o. tiliiicoc. A IK'W 1'oi.t Pr.M.m loi'.lnmlion llail'v av. P..|inlalloii alioiii ;ini. 
 
 nllii'i'. 
 
 MOINT .«T. I'ATIilCK, C. W . 
 
 ; NKW lUKI.ANI), C, K. In .Mi'tjaiitii'. Co to Artlii 
 Iti'iifrt'iv, Tp. ' li.iska, on 111.' C. T. It. I'oinilalloii aliont '.'on. 
 HroiiKliaiii. S.I' Kroi' Driiiit l.amK. , NKW LAND, C. W., ( o. Vork, Tp. Ka<l 0« illiinlnirv, 
 
 MOINT' \KllNON, C. W., Co. llraiit, Tp. Ilrantroril. In Hliiili K tlio llolhiml l.amliiiK Slalioi tin' o'n. 
 
 (in to Itrantlonl, on tin' Hniralo ami K.iki' liii 
 Itailwav. I'opiiiatlon aliont 'Jim. 
 Mi;i,MCit, C. W. A I'll, in Co, Sliino,.. do to liar 
 
 tano, Sinn 
 
 ami Unroll llaipvay from Toronin 
 
 NKW MVKItl'ool,. C K. In l.i'\l I 
 
 ■I, Tp, Law- 
 
 rii' Station, 
 
 till' Ontario, Sliiu'of, iiinl llun 
 
 Itailwav from Toronto 
 MI:NCKV, C. W., Co. .MiiMI.'Si'X, Tp, Curriidoc, In 
 
 wliicli is .Mount llryiln.'s Station, 
 Ml'N.SKI,, 
 
 zoii. II. 1 to Point l,.'vl (opposlt.' ()i, I.I .1. Mic TtT- 
 ini'iiH of 111.' (i. T. II. Popiilatioi alM.ni l-iiii. 
 NEWMARKET, C. W.. i o. V..rk, Tp. W l.ii.lmrili. 
 A .'^talioii on till' Ontario, .^liin'oi', ami llinoii Kail- 
 i\ from T.iroiitii 
 
 W., Co, dri'iivilli', Tp. Wolforil, (Into NKWPollI', C. K. A Tp. In Cnmiiton, do to c,,ii,|i. 
 
 Ilroi'kvilli' or Maillaml, on tin' d. T. It. 
 MUltltAV, C. W, A Tp. in N'O'tlnnnliirlainl Co., In 
 wliii'li is till' Town ami Stiition of Trenton, on tin 
 
 t.iii Station, on lln' 11. T. It., Montrnil ami Pn.ll.iml 
 
 (lion. For l^l^t-ollil 
 
 ami aililri 
 
 d. T. It. Population nlioiit 'Jim. 
 
 villi' 
 
 Ml'ltllAY IIAV, C. K. Ill 
 
 liarli'voix. On Nnrtli 
 
 NKH I'OIIT, C. W., Co. Drant, Tp. llriintfonl. In 
 I'll I- till' Main Station of llraiitfonl, on tin' liiif- 
 
 yiiori' of till' St. Kawri'in'O, liolow (Jiii'lii'C, sn mill's falo ami l.aki' Huron Hall. 
 
 NKW IIHTIMONI), C. K. A Tp. In Ilonavi'iiliin', 
 Soiilli da-p.', fronliiii; tliu Hay of Cliali'nrs. Tra- 
 (li'i's li'om i^iu'lioc. 
 
 NKW KV. C. W., Co. Dnrliain, Tp. .Manvors. do to 
 
 Ni'wi'.istli' 
 
 on till' d 
 
 It. 
 
 NKW SAItCM, C. W., Co. Klfjin, Tp. Yarinoiitl,. In 
 
 vliii'li is till' V.'iriiioiilli Sl;,|i,,|, ,if III, 
 
 omion ami 
 
 ilowii. do liy Sanni.'iiav Stvainrr from ijiii'lioi'. 
 MUIIVAI.K, C. W., Co. Kr.iiitiiiai', Tp. I'oitlanil. d. 
 tu Kniustonn, uii the d. T. It. I'opulatiun aljout I'.'.*! 
 
 N 
 
 NANTICOKK, C, W., Co. II.iMiinaml, Tp. Walpoli' 
 
 do to Cainsvilie, un tln.> Iliillalo ami Lake Ilin'oi 
 
 Itiiihvay. 
 NAPANEE, •\ W., Co, I.i-nnoy, Tp. Iliilnnonil, A ! dinlpli, on tlii' (1, T. It, anil lliincu liy Owl'ii ; 
 
 Ti'U'Krapli Station ami .Moni'y Orilur OIIIcl', on tin' i Sta({.-. 
 
 d. T, It., '2ii mill's west of Ko^y'^toii. fee preceilltlg ; NKW lOWN IIOIlINSON, ('. \V, A VilliiKi' "illi I'osl- 
 
 |iaj.'i'S for fnrtlier infoniiation, 
 NAS.SAdAWKVA, C, W. A Tp. in Ilalton Ci 
 
 Port Slanli'y Hallway, ivliiili I'.inm-.ts ultli tliu (I. 
 
 ^V. II. at I Ion. I'opiilalion alioiit .'.ii. 
 
 Tp. Norinanliy. do tn 
 
 NKWSTAUT, C. W., C, 
 
 111 
 
 ollii'i', in C' 
 
 Tp. Ti'i'iinisi'tli. do to llrail- 
 
 Itot'kwooil, on till' d. T. It.. Toroniii 
 
 mill .'-Iralforil 
 
 Si'i'lion, or to Wi'llinnlnii Sipiari', on Hie d. W. It. 
 
 NKI.SON, C. W. A Tp. in Ilalton Co., in wliiili is 
 Wi'llin).'toii Si|iian', ii Station on the d. W. It. Pop- 
 ulation aliont '.'nil. 
 
 NKI'KAN, C. W. A Tp. in Carli'lon Co, For Post- 
 ollii'i's ami Villagi'S, see Dell'.s Corners, Long Islaml 
 l.oeks, eti', 
 
 NKW AliKIIDKKN, C, W., Co. Waterloo, Tp, Water- 
 loo, do to Uerliii, oil the U. T. it. I'ojmlatlon 
 aliont 'jno. 
 
 NKWAHK, C. W., Co. Oxfnril, Tp. Nnrwieh. do to 
 Wooil.stoek or I'riiu'i'toii, on the d. W. It. 
 
 NKW liMSS, C. W., Co. I,eeils ami drenville, Tp. 
 Kitlcv. do to Ilroekville, on the d. T. It. 
 
 NEWBORO, C. W., Co. I.eeils, Tp. North Crosliy. 
 A .Money Onler Olhee on the Itiileaii. do to Kinjrs- 
 ton, and thence by Steainer.s or the Itiileaii Can 
 
 111 
 
 fnril .ir Ni'wiiiarkit, on the Onlarin 
 lluroi, Hail from Toronto. Popnlatinn alimit Hm 
 NIAGARA, C. W., Co. Lincoln. Separateil liy the 
 Nianara Hiver from the Stale of New Vork. dohy 
 Sti'.im.'rs froin Toronto, or d. W, It. via llaiiiillon. 
 NICOLET, ( . K. A Town in Hlslriit of Nicolet, 
 (ikirliiif.' tin' Sonlli Shore of the St. l.au ri'iice, n.'arly 
 opposil.' Three Hlvers, to which ^-o hy Montreal ami 
 liiiehec Steamers. The nearest ."station appears to 
 he Arthahaska, on the d. T. II., (Imhec ami Hleli- 
 nioml Section. Popiilalion aliont tiiiill. 
 NICIIOh, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Uillingloii. For Po,-t- 
 
 olliees ami \illa^'es, see llaCnet ami Ciimniick. 
 NII.KSTOWN, C. W, Co. .Miilillcsex, Tp. Huri'liester, 
 
 North, do to Kilwarilslinrfr, on the d. W. It. 
 NISSorill, C. W., Co. Mi.l.Ucscx, Tp. Nissoiiri West. 
 Sitnateil on the .liinction of the d. W, It., Iietweeii 
 I.omlon anil St. .Marv, lilaii.slianl. do to l.omloii 
 hy the d. W. It. 
 or to dananniine. Iloth Kingston anil dananoiine NITHItnid, C. W., Co. I'ertli. Tp. North Kasthope. 
 are Stations on the (J. T. It. | do to Shakespere as the nearest, hut to Stratfoiil 
 
 NEWBURG, C. W., Co. AiIilin!.'ton, Tp. Camilen ' .liincti.ni as the most convenient Station, hoth on 
 Kiist. do to N'apanee, on the (r. T. U. See preceil- ; the d, T. It. 
 
 Ini? paRes. Population ahoiit !KIO. ' NOlll.KTON, ('. W., Co. York, Tp. Kiiif,'. In which l3 
 
 NKWliUltY, C. W., Co. Jliddlesex, Tp. Mosa. A I KiiiK Station of Ontario, Slmeoe, and Huron Hall 
 Station on the U. W, K. i from Toronto. 
 
MllllVlTS. do to 
 
 CANADA: (UTIKS, TOWNS, AND VILLAOKS. 
 
 68 
 
 NOItllAM, V. W., C<i. Northiiiii)ii'rlmicl, Tp. I'lTcy. I tlmi. Cohourg U on Ihu (i. T. It. I'oiiulutlon about 
 (jo |o Iti'll'vllli', on till' I). T. !(., or lo llrlKliloii, nil { r>iMI. 
 
 NOItWOOII, ('. W. \ Vllliitte nil iIr. KliiRMton Kniirt, 
 '* i'.."l "f llo' I'lty of Turuiilo, III York 
 
 lllf KilMll' 
 
 Uiillivay 
 
 rllo 
 
 1)11 till 
 
 llllnlll M 
 
 NOIIMAMIV, I'. W. A T|>. I" <lf'y < 
 (lu'lpli iui>l .".itlKi I'll Itoiiil. liM to (liii'lpli oil till' ' Tovvi>lil|i, No I'liHlollli'v 
 
 (I. r. It., mill iio'iii''' iiy ''111 
 
 Ndll.MANDAI.K, '' 
 
 \V. 
 
 i;; 
 
 rfo 
 
 vllk' 
 
 (III 111'' !<liori' of l.aki' Kri''. li'i I'l I'arlt or 
 
 SiiriA«A, ( . \V. rill' I'oit-ollli'e In NotliiWHKiinii. 
 'I'p, Charlotti'- ! Tp. iiiolrr llili iihmiu U now ciillfil lli.wuiure, »hk'li 
 
 I'opiihitioii iilioiil :loii. 
 
 Iliaiilforil, lliiiu'u !*liiKi' to Miiicoi', uiiil on liy lilri'il NOI'TAW ASA(i A. I . \V. \ I'p In Slini'or Co., itnil u 
 
 I'oim-yMiicr. 
 
 ^>lulloll i.n till' ()nliirlo,.'^lioi' 
 
 NOKM.VN'I'dN, ('. W., To. Ilrurc, T|i. Hiiiigi'cn. do iilioiil s.^ mil,., rmni Toi'mii 
 
 mill Unroll Uitllwuy, 
 
 toOiiilpli.miil Ihi'iii'i' liy .xiiiKo, or to Ulmhor Trr- NOI'ltK DA.MK 1)1' i>ult l Aiih), c. K. Near llif Itlver 
 
 llllnlll 
 
 if till- li. W. It., anil lliriii'i.' Iiy Sti'iiiiiiT illri'it. 
 
 Ndimi AIUAI.A, t'. H'., ( ' 
 
 fill 
 
 Tp. Ailjiilii 
 
 MailawaxI'H, hoiiIIi of tlii' ,>'t. 
 
 ..ittri'iii'i', lii'loiv ft. 
 
 riioiiiiiH, ttlili'li U now till- Ti'riiiliiiii of ilio <1. T. It., 
 ml on iIh' pioji'i'iiil rxli-ii-loii to TihIh I'MoIi". for 
 
 (ill to .Million, on till.' 11. T. It., Toi'iuito iiinl Clr.il- 
 
 foril Si'i'tlon, aii'l lln'i lo .M Iiy Slai,"', or to I Ni'W llnin^Hlrk ami the llrilUli .■'I'lilmaiil. I'opulu 
 
 llnnlforil Hlulloii, on till' (Intarlo, .>*|iiK'iii', anil llii ' "' ' 
 
 run Itallivay from Toi to 
 
 lion aliuiit Iniiu, 
 
 NiMtTII AltTlirit. Sii' Kiiilhvortli. 
 
 NllltTII AIMir.XTA, (.'. W,, C. 
 
 I iivllli', Tp. AiiK" 
 
 ta. do lo rri'ii'ott, on tin' li. T. It., Moiitnal an. I 
 
 o 
 
 r.o-oiito 
 
 I'lloii, uhlrli Is III till' -ami' ToniMlilp, ami 
 
 nl-io .liiiii'tloii of lltlawa Itall. I'ojiiilatlon alioiil '.'>i). 
 NOItril CltdSIIV, 0. W. A I'll, ill I'll. I,i't'ilit. Fop 
 
 Pnlt-ollil- 
 
 Town, I'll'., Hi'i' Ni'Wlioro 
 
 NDIt'l'll DDIltd, r. \V.,C'ii. I'lti-'rlioi Kli.Tp. D.iiro. 
 
 (ill to I'ltiilioro', tin' TiTiiiliiui "f Mil' .liimliiin 
 
 Itailrtiiy fi 1 Colioiii-;,', on III.' (1. 
 
 It. 
 
 NdltTII KI.IMIS, C. \V.,('o. \kt,.iia,Tp KPIoii. do 
 
 OAKLAND, C, \V. A Tp. In Ilrant Co, do to l'arl< 
 or llrantloril on ilii^ lliiirulo ami l.nkv lluruu Ititll, 
 I'lipulatlon alioiit '.'no. 
 
 OAKIlllMiK.'^, c, W., Co. York, Tp. Wlilti-linri-ti, In 
 wlili'li Towii>lil|i are Aiii-ora ami Nnviiiiiiki'i, lioili 
 
 Slalloii'i on tliu lliitarlo 
 
 Sim 
 
 . ami Unroll Hail, 
 
 ri'^pi'i'iiviiy ilislaiit ••in ami :it iiiili't from Toninto. 
 
 OAKVILLt, I'. W. 
 
 to l.linl-ay from I'ort lln 
 llopi' ami Mmhay Itailway 
 
 on till' d.T. It., Iiy I'.irt 
 
 llalloii, Tp. Trafalnar. A 
 
 NOitfll KL.MSI.KY. A I'p. In Lanark, In wlilili U 
 Sniilli's l''all*, wliii'li *<■•■ for I'li-l-iiltii' 
 
 , roiit", L'ti'. 
 
 Town ami .■<lalion on tin; (i. W. It., Ill milt's from 
 Toronto. .x«« iirecfillng paKi'S. I'opulation about 
 '.'nnii. 
 OAKWOOIt, C. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. Maripiv.ii. (lo 
 to l.lmlsay Iiy Kail from Port llo|n.' im ||ie U. T. U. 
 
 Null I'll KLV, C. K., Co. .xiii'llonl. do to Diirliiini, on 
 till' d.T. II. I'opiilatioii aliniil liiii. I'opiilatioii alioiit 
 
 Ndltl'll (iKoltdKI'inVN, ('. K., ( o. Cliati'miK.iay. OlIAN, I'. \V. Si'i' I'ivmplon. I'opiiliition nlioiil ftO. 
 Ill lli'anliarmil.'i I'ari-li, On Soiilli ItUnn oi St. 01)KS."<.\, C. \V., Co. Aiiiliiij;loii, Tp. Lini'-lown, In 
 l„iwr.'m'i', op|io«ili'.'^l. Aniii''n.'<l.ill mllii'd. T. It. wliii'li is KniL'StoHii Station on U. T. K. I'opulation 
 
 NdilTIl dLANKOltl),C. W.,l'o. W -iiiwoiili,'l'|i. diuii- alioiit liilii. 
 fiinl. do to .Mlililli'port on tin; liiill'ilo ami Laku i OI.DKN, V. W, A now To«n.slilp. Si'e Crown Lunils 
 lliiniii Itallwav. for sak'. 
 
 NDIITIJ dOWLIt, C. \V., Co. Cark'ton, T|i. Soulli I OM AdII, C. W, Co. Ilalt.n, Tp. Tiafalt;ar. For Itail- 
 diiwcr. do lo Kt'inptvillu or Osnooili; on I'ri'-n'ott I way, .leu Oakvilk'. 
 
 anil Oltuwa Itailway from I'rvscott Junction of lliu ! ONKlllA, C. \V. A I'p. In Ilalilliiiaml. (io to Cale 
 (1. T. It. iloiila on the lliillalo ami l.aki.' Iliiion Itailway. 
 
 NOItTII MONAdllAN, C. \V. A Tp. in I'l'tirlioroiiKli I'opiilatioii akoiit '.'oil. 
 Co,, in whii'li in Ike town of I'eli'iboniUKli, wliiili .iNOMiAdA, C. \V. A Tp, in lliaiil C.i., ami n Itail- 
 si'e for I'osl-olllien, roiili', rli'. wav Station on tin' lliiiralo ami Lake llnroii Itail- 
 
 Xoit'l'll I'I'il.llA.M, C, \V,, Co, Wi'llami, Tp, I'elliaiii, way. I'lipiiialioii akont :;iiii. 
 till lo SI. Catlioi-ine's, on the (i. W. It. ONSLOW, C. !•:. A Tp. in Ottawa Co., on North Shore 
 
 NOItTII roifl', C W,,Co. I'riiiri' Kilwanl.Tp, Supliiai- ; of Uiver Ottawa, aliovo Ayiiiier Ka,'>t, wliiclisef for 
 Imr;;, A Port at wliirli ilio Hay of IJiiiiiti' SloamiTs \ Sli'ami'rs ami roiili', 
 
 touch daily, to ami fiom Iklieviili' ami Kintf.ilon, ' ONTAItlO, C, \V,, Co. Wentworth, Tp, Saltlk'et, .\ 
 liiilh Slalioiis on the d, 'I', It, I'opiilalion ubont ' Station on the li, \V. it., Hi inile.s froiii llainilton. 
 Ifil. I l'o|iiilation alioiit l.'iil. 
 
 NOItTII STANIIIilKlil';, C. K., Co. MisrilMpiol, Tp. OI'S, C. \V. .\ Tp, in Victoria Co. For. Post-offlce, 
 Slaiiliriilj.'e, east of till' Hiver Itiiln'lieii, do to St, elc,, nee Liinls.iv. 
 
 Johns, C, K , hy the ( haioplain ami St, Lawrini'i- ORANGEVILLE, C. W,, Co, Wclllnston, Tp. G»ra- 
 ltallw;iy, ami eio-s Uiver Itii'lielieii, or pi ky Itichel- frasa, on the darafia\a Itoail from (liielph, to which 
 leu Steamers wlik'li ply to ami from .'\IiiiitreaL I'op- I (.'o ky d. T. It., ami thence ky Stage. I'opuhition 
 iilalioii akinit ."lO. akont .''lOn. 
 
 NOItTII STIKKLV, C. K., Co. Slii'd'.inl, Tp. Stnkely. OUCIIll.L, C. W., Co, Huron, Tp. Moiiis. do to Slrat- 
 do to llii'limoml on the (I, T. It., where the d. T. it. , font Itailway .liiiii'lion ky d. I'. 11,, nr ky the Itiiiralo 
 diveiv'i's to liiieliei' on the norik-east, ,Moiiti'cal on i ami Lake Huron Itailway, anil thence ky lioilericli 
 the mirlli-west, anil to I'ortlaiiil on the sonlh-ciint. Slaire to .Mitchell. 
 I'opiilalioii akont l-.',"i, I OltKOItl), C. \V., a Tp. in Kent Co. For I'ost-ollicc, 
 
 NOItTII sri'TON, C. I-:,, Co. Ili'ome, Tp. Sutton, do i Itailway route, etc., see Clearviile. 
 to Coinpt.in or C..alicook on tin- (i. I'. II. I ORILLIA, C. W., Co. Siiiicoe, Tp. Orillia, i'^ miles 
 
 Ndltl'll WALSINdllA.M, C, W,, Co, Norf.iik, Tp, Wai- ] from It.irrie, to which j,'o ky Ontario, Simcoe and 
 sinjrhain. do to Paris on ihe li. W. It., or llr.'iiil- ■ lliiroii Itailway from I'orrinro, anil llieiicc ky StiiKCi 
 font on lliin'aloanil Lake Huron Itailway, ami thence ! or in siimnier ky same Itailway to llelle Kwart, and 
 to Simcoe kv Sta);e. ! tlience hv Steamer. Popiijjitioii ahoiit .''lOii. 
 
 NOItTII WAI'KltLOO, C. \V. A Tp. in Waterloo Co. | OltMSTOWN, C. K , Co. Chati'aii),'uay, Tp. Ileauhar- 
 Fiir Viilafjes ami Posl-ollice, see New Hope. iiois, opposite Cellars ami St. .\niie's Stations on the 
 
 NdllTII WlLI.IAMSItCltli, C. W., Co. liiimlaH, Tp. d. T. 11., (keiiiB on Ihe South .Shore of Ihe ,st. Law- 
 Williamskiir),', in which is Ihe U iilianisknr),' Tele- reiiee). 
 
 urapli Stalion, on the d. T. It, Population ukoiil Olto, C. W. A Tp. in Simcoe Co. For route, see 
 •-'."lO. I Orillia. 
 
 Nolfl'dN CltKKK,C. K.,ro. I!eauliarin>l9. On South j OUONo, C W., Co. Durham, Tp. Clarke; In which 
 ."^liore of the St. Lawrence, opposite Ihe St. Anne's Town-hip is Newcastle !<latlon on the d. T. It. Pop- 
 Station of the (1. T. It. I'opiilalion akont 5(1. I illation akont SiKI. 
 
 NdltVAL, C. W., Co. llalton, Tp. KsquesiiiK. Oo to OKWKl.L, (roriiieriy Temperanccvllle,') C. AV., Co. Kl- 
 deorf;etow-ii, in same 'I'p., a Station on the fl. T. It. (tin, Tp. Varmoiith. do lo Loniloii on the d. W. It., 
 Population akont ;i."i(i. i ami then liv Lomloii anil Port Stai-ley Junction. 
 
 NORWICH, C. W. A Tp. (ami Villai,'e with Monev ' Populalion akont linn. 
 Oi-iler Ollice) ill Co. 0.>croril. (in lo Iiu-ei-soii or OSllOltNK, C. W., Co. Itusscll. A Tp. frontinR South 
 Wooil-loek on the (I. W. It. l'o|iulalioii akont TOO. Shore of Oltawa Itiver. flo to Ottawa bv Junction 
 
 NOItWOOD, C. W., Co. PelerkoriiiiKh, Tp. Asplioilil. | from Prescott on the (i. T. It. Population about 
 do lo I'obourg, ami tlieiice by Peterborouj^li Juno- ; InO. 
 
 Mi 
 
 i'l 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 41 1] 
 
64 
 
 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 It 
 
 OSROODE, r. \V. A Tp. ill Caiktoii Co., on the f)t- 
 tawii and I'le-cott Uaihvav, ID iiiik's from Ollawa. 
 
 OSHAWA, I '. \\. A Town in Co. Ontario, 'li). Wliit- 
 by. A station on tlie (i. T. it., 'V-i miles from 
 Toronto. Si't prcceilinj,' pages. I'upuiulioii about 
 Bono. 
 
 Oi*l'l!KV, C". W. A Tp. in Orcy Co. Go to Notlawa- 
 sai:a ."'lation on tlie Ontario, Simcoe, anil Huron 
 Itail. *^^ miles from Toronto. 
 
 O.-^I'lilNtii:, C. W., Co. WellioKton, Tp. Krin. Oo to 
 (leoiKetown on the (}. T. , ail miles from Toronto. 
 I'opiil'ition alioiit L'."i. 
 
 OTONABEE, C. \V. A Town in Townsliip of same 
 iiaiiK'. in the Co. of I'eterhorongli. See Peterlxj- 
 rouph. 
 
 OTTAWA, C. W. Tlie Capital of Carleton Co., 
 about .M miles by .lunetioii Railway from the il. T. 
 U. at I'reseott ; also eominuiiieittion by Steamer 
 from Miintreal, anil also from Pembroke. For fur- 
 ther partieulars, see elsewliere. 
 
 OTTKKVII.Li:, i;. W., Co. O.xforil, Tp. Norwich. 
 Wliieh see. 
 
 OCl.-iKAl", C. K, Co. I'ontiac. On North Shore of 
 Cpper Ottawa, above Allumelte Island. For route, 
 see .\vliiier Kast. 
 
 OUNtiAll, C. \V., Co. Kent, T)). < liatham. In which 
 is the Ihatham Station of the <i. W. U. 
 
 OWEN SOUND, (;. W., ( <>. (irey, Tp. Sydenham. 
 Itoute by Itail from Toronto to CoHinnwood '.17 
 miles, (Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Uaihvay.) and : 
 thence by Canadian Steamer, or Stajre in Winter, ' 
 or (fo to Cnelph, on the (1. T. K., Toronto ami 
 Stratford Section, and thence by Stajje throni;li 
 Ferfrns, Miniiit Forest, i-tc. l'o))ulation about 'Jooii. 
 
 O.XFOKI). C. W..Co. (irenville. A Tp. and Station on 
 the Ottawa and I'reseott Railway, ITniil"s from I'res- 
 eott .Innction on the (i. T. R. ; oio I'ost-olliee under 
 that n.ame, 1 but see Kemptville ami llisliop's .Mills. 
 
 O.XFORl) Ci:\ IRK, C. W. In Township last noticed, 
 and for whicli it is the I'ost-olliee address. i 
 
 0.\l''(ll!l) MII.I.S. C. W. For route and situation, see 
 jireceilini; noliee. A I'o^t-otliee is attached, and is 
 witliin Oxford Township. Population ab.iut lull. 
 
 O.XKORI) SOCTIl, C. W., Co. O.xford. A distinct 
 Townsbiii, in which is Fastwood, wiiicli see. 
 
 0\KO|{l) .MlitTII, C. W., Co. O.vford. A ilistinct ■ 
 ToHiiship. in wldcli is liijiersoU, a Tow n and Station , 
 on the (i. \V. R., which see. 
 
 O.XFORK \\ FST. C. \V., Co. O.sfonl. A Tp. in wliich 
 is the Heaeiiville Station of the (i. W. R. and Swea- 
 bur).', which see, for routes and I'ost-olhces. 
 
 OS.NAItliCCK, C. \V. A Tp. ill Stonnont Co. Anils- i 
 \"ille and Dickenson's Landing are both Stations on 
 the (J. T. 1!., and are situate in this Townshiji. 
 They are also Post-olVices, as is Osnaliruck Centre. 
 Uiekeiison's Landing is the |ireferable Station. 
 
 P 
 
 PAISl.lOV, C. AV., Co. l!niee,Ti). Fblerslie. A Tp. ad- 
 johiiii^ ':iugeeii. (Jo to (iuelpli, on ti. T. R., and j 
 thence to Owen's Soiiiul by Stagi.'. Population 
 about I.")il. 
 
 PAKENHAM, C. W. A Tp. in Lanark. .«outh of 
 the River Ottawa. <lo to Fitzroy Harbour. Sec , 
 .\vlmer Kast. for rinite, i'opulalion about Si.")l). 
 
 PALERMO, C. W., Co. Ilalton, Tp. Trafalgar. Go i 
 to O.ikville.ou the 11. \V. R. Population about '2011. 
 
 rAI'INKArVII.I.K, C, K., Ottawa l O. In Petite Na- 
 tion Tp., fronting the .N'mtli Shore of the (Jtlawa, 
 between (Irenville and (.'arrillon. (io to Montreal 
 fur Steamer to (irenville. Population about ITiil. 
 
 PARIS, < . \V., Co. Rrant, Tp. Dumfries, South. The 
 Station where the (f. W. It., and the Hutl'alo and 
 Lake Huron Railways intersect. See preceding 
 |iages. I'opulalion about 'Jniiii. 
 
 PAR.MA, C. \V., Co. Leniio.v, Tp. Fredericksburg, do 
 to .N.ijianee, mi the (i. T. R. , 
 
 PASliKlllAC, C. K., Co. Homiventure. South of the 
 (iaspe District, on tlie llay of Chaleurs. Traders 
 from (iuebec. I'o|inlation about '2110. j 
 
 I'KKL, C. W. A Tp. in Wellington Co. For Towns, 
 Itoute, Villages, and I'ost-olhees, see Allansvlile, i 
 Alma, and Dravton. i 
 
 I'KKFKRLAW, C. W,, Co. York. Tp. Georglna. On 
 South Shore of Lake Simioe. do to Holland Land- 
 ing, on Oularh), Slii.i , and Huron Railway from 
 
 Toronto City. X'opulatlou about lUO. 
 
 PKLHAM, C. ■»•., Co. AVelland. A Tp. For Post- 
 otlices, route, etc., see Fenwlck, Fonthill, and I'el- 
 hani t'nion. 
 
 PKLHAM rSION, C. W., Co. Welland, Tp. Pelliam. 
 do to Port Dalhousie by Steamer from Toronto, („■ 
 by (i. W. R. to St. Catharine's or Jordan, Ilamlltiin 
 and Niagara Sectiiui. 
 
 PEMBROKE, C. W., Co. Renfrew. Proposed Tcr- 
 lohius of Hrockville and Arnprior Itailwav. On 
 the South Shore of the Ottawa, about IKI miles' above 
 Ottawa ( ily. For Steam route, see Aylnier Last, 
 population about Too. 
 
 PENETANQUISHENE, C. W. An old British Fort, 
 on South-east Shore of the (ieorgian Pay. do to 
 Harrie, on Ontario, Siiiicoe, ami Lake Huron Rail- 
 way from Toronto, ami thence by Stage aliout !Ji| 
 inlles, or to Collliigwood, the Terminus of the same 
 Rail, and thence by Trading Schooner. Pojiuiatlon 
 about :i,'>il. 
 
 PKNVILI.K, C. W.. Co. Siincoe, Tp. Tecumselh. do 
 to -Newmarket or Hradfmd, on Ontario, Sinieoe, ami 
 Huron Rail fnuii Toronto. 
 
 PKKCK, C. K. A Tp. in daspe District. On the Snulh 
 Shore of the St. Lawrence, facing the diilf of St. 
 Lawrence. Traders from (Juebec. Po|iulatloii 
 about l.'iiill. 
 
 PKRCV, C. W. A T)). ill Northuniberbind Co. For 
 Post-ollice, ete.,see Norham. Populatii>ii about loo. 
 
 PKRRYTOWN, C. \V., C.i. Durham, I'p. Hope, do to 
 Piut llojie, on the d. T. R. Populati(Ui about liiii. 
 
 PERTH, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Driimim ad. A 
 County and .\ssize Town. On the Hrockville anil 
 
 Arnprior Railway now forming, do to l>i kville, 
 
 on the d. T. R., Montreal and 'I'oroiito Section, ami 
 then •.. by Stage thrcmgli Smith Falls, about -l-l 
 miles gooii road. Population about •J."iiiil. 
 
 PETERBOROUGH, C. W., Co. Peterlnoough, Tp. 
 North .Monaghaii. The County and .\s^i/.e Town of 
 Peterborough Counly. do to Cobourg, on the (i. T. 
 1!., and Iheiiee by llranch Railway to i'e!erl"0'ougli. 
 See preceding jiages. Population about lollii. 
 
 PKTKRSlU'ltd, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Wibuot. A 
 Sl.ilion (01 the (J. T. R., iW miles from Toronto. 
 PopnlatiiUi about o.*))!. 
 
 PKiri'K NATION, C. K. .\ Tp. in Ottawa Co., be- 
 tween (Irenville and (arrillon. For Villages. I'ost- 
 olhees, and route, >ee .Montibello, Papiueauville, 
 St. .\iidre .Vvcliii. and St. .\ngelhpie. 
 
 PHILLIPSBURG EAST, C. K, Co. Missisipir i, T|.. 
 St. .Vriuand. (hi the boundary separating I an.nla 
 from the State of Vi'i'iuont. St. .Iidin's on the 
 we.~l sidi-of tlie Richelieu River appears to be Ihu 
 nearest llaihvav I'oint. Popidaliiui about .'i"ii. 
 
 PlIll.LIPSIURd, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Wilinot. 
 do to Peti'rsbiirg (in tlie same township) by the d. 
 T. R. Population about li'iU. 
 
 PlIILl IPSMLI.K, ('. U..Co. Leeds, Tp. llastard. do 
 to l.vii, on the (i. T. R., and thence bv road North. 
 
 PICKERING, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Ontario, with 
 Post-ollice and .Money Order of the same name, and 
 in which are the f<dlovviiig Stations of the d. T. R. : 
 Port I uion, 17 miles from Toronto, and French- 
 ini; iS Day, 'Jl miles. 
 
 PICTON, C. W. The County and Assize Town of 
 Prince Kdward's Co. do to lleileville from the west 
 and l\ing>ton fnuu the east, both Stations on thed. 
 T. R., and from either Station by Ray of llninte 
 Steamer. See preceding pages. Population about 
 'Jill II I. 
 
 PlKRCKVll.l.K, C. K. A Tp. in Vainaska, on the 
 iSnitli Shore of Lake .*t. Peter, on the River St. Law- 
 rence. .No Railway can be named as near, do to 
 (Juebec or .Montreal, and thence bv Steamer. 
 
 PIdKON HILL, C. K. In .Mis.-isi|iioi,Tp. SI. Ainmnil, 
 on the bc.iiiidary of the Slat • of Vermont. .Nearest 
 Railway, Point L.ieolle Station, Hs miles from ..lon- 
 treal, on Rouse's Point Railway. 
 
 PILKINdTON, C. W. A Tp. in Wellington Co. For 
 Town, Route, and I'ost-olliee, see Flora. 
 
 PIKE RIVER. C. K., Co. .Missisijiiol, Tp. Slanbridge. 
 do by .Montreal and Rouse's I'oint Railway tu 1 a- 
 eolle, :')Si miles frinn .Montreal. 
 
 PINK ORCHARD, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Whitcliureb, 
 in which I'ownship are .Vurora and Newmarket, 
 both Staticuis on the Ontario, Slincoe, and lluniii 
 Rail from Toronto. 
 
 PINK Rl\ Kit, C. W ., Co. linice, Tp. Huron, froiiling 
 Lake Huron, do to doderieh, 41 iiiile> from sliat- 
 furd, the Juucliuu of the Toronto uuU Slrulford sec- 
 
 ; 
 
I 
 
 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 65 
 
 tion of the G. T. U. and of the HulTalo and Lake 
 Huron Kail. 
 
 I'll TSllLltli, C. W. A Tp. in Fiontcnac Co. Kor 
 llipiilc, I'ost-oltici's, and Vilhiges, see Ui'ewt'r's Mills, 
 IliniiiiiKliaui, and I'ilt's Fcn-y. 
 
 ]'l..\Ni.\''l'.-M' '. •-'■ ^^ ■ -^ 'P- '" I'lccott, North of 
 ('(.rri\v:ill, to wliicli go tiy the (i. T. K. 
 
 ri..\TT.-'\ Il.l.K, I'. \V., (-0. O.xforil, Tp. lilenheini, i.4 a 
 ^^lali'in nil lliL' ihill'alo and Lal>e Moron ItaiUvay, lo 
 \M\i- fnii[i l'ari.< .lurietion. I'opnlalion aliont OOP. 
 
 I'l.V.Ml'Ttl.N', ('. \V. A Tp. in l.ainljton Ci). l''oi' 
 liuiiti', ViliaKea, and I'ost-olhces, see KrroU and 
 Ilili,-:>oroii(.'li. 
 
 I'Ul.NT AHl.NO, C'. W., Co. Welland, Tp. liectie. Go 
 III l''(irt Krie on Iliill'alo and Lake Huron Itailway. 
 
 I'OI.NT Al K.X.VMIKI!, ('. \V., Co. Ileufrcnv, Tp. Itoss, 
 on llie Mill fcliore of L'liper Ottawa, f-ee Ayhner 
 iOa-t. 
 
 ruiNT AU t'llKXK, C. K., Co. Aigenteuil, on N'oiili- 
 eiKt Shore of Lower Ottawa. Go to St. Anne's on 
 tlieti. T. U. 
 
 PdlNT ALX ANdLAIP, C. E., Co. Two Mountains, 
 near tlie conlluence of tlie Itivers Ottawa and St. 
 I,awrence. (io to St. Anne's on tlie li. T. U., or 
 Piiiiit Claire, IT) miles from Mn I real. 
 
 I'tllNT .\l X TUK.Mlil.KS, C. K., ( o. Hochelaga, in 
 Isk of .M(Uilreal. V.n to Montreal, 
 
 I'Ol.N'l' Af.V I'l'.KMHI.KS, ('. K., Co. Portneiif, near 
 (ape Saute, on ll"' North Shore of the St. I,a\vrence, 
 abiiul '-'0 miles above tjneliec. 
 
 POIX'. t.">AIKi;, C. K., to. .laeipies ('artier. A Sta- 
 tion on the (i. T. U., L") miles from .Montreal, (To- 
 ronto Section). 
 
 POINT ])i; I.AC, ('. V... Co. St. Maurice, on the North 
 Shore of the St. Lawrence, at the east end of Lake 
 SI. I'eter, near the Three Hivers, at which the (Jue- 
 hec ami Montreal Steamers call. 
 
 POINT KOIfl'I'NK, C. 10., Co. Vauilreuil, in Itigaud, 
 im the Soiilh-west Shore of Hie Ottawa. Go o Van- 
 (h-euil l>y the (I. T. U., '^4 niile.s from .Muntreiii. Poii- 
 iilatioii alioiit L'llt. 
 
 I'UINT LKVI, C. Iv, Co. Levi, Tp. Lawzon. The Ter- 
 iiiimis of the (1. T. If., opposite the City of Quebec. 
 Population about 4.'iOi). 
 
 I'dlNT L;;VI K.VSI, C. K. see Point Levi. 
 
 PdlNT I'L.VTON, C. K., Co. Lotbinerc, Tp, St. Croix. 
 Oil Smith Sliore of the St. Lawrence, nearly op]Hisite 
 Three liivers, at wliicli the .Montreal and Quebec 
 Steamers call. 
 
 PdlNI' sr. I'KTKIt, ('. K., Co. Gaspe, Tp. Malbaie a 
 jioiiit (lividini; (ias)ie from Mai liay un the Lower 
 St. Lawrence, near the Gulf. 
 
 PdNTI.VC .MILLS, C. K,, Co. Pontine, Tp. Onslow, on 
 North Shore of Ottawa liiver. lio to Ottawa City 
 hy the Itailway from Preseort .lunction of tlie G. T. 
 It., .111.1 thence bv Stage to ,\\ Imer Last. 
 
 PdKI'.Vi.L DC l-'OKT, C. I-:., Co. I'.mtiac, Tp, Liteh- 
 licM, north of the (iraiid Caluiiii't Island on the 
 Cpi'cr Ottawa. I'or ruiile, see A\ Imer Last. 
 
 Plllil' .\LHLi;i', C, \V,,Co. Huron, Tp. Ashlichl, front- 
 ing Lake llurnii, (io to (lodnich, U miles from 
 Slraiford, the .hiiielion of the liull'alo and Lake 
 IIiiiiiii and (i, T, Uaiin.ivs, 
 
 POItr AC PLIISIL, C, K,, Co, Charlevoix, Tp. .Mount 
 .Murray, on North Shore of the St. Lawrence, about 
 80 miles below Quebec, near .Murray Hay, wliere the 
 Lower St. Lawrence Steamers call. 
 
 PtllM' lllill'K, C. \V., Co, Klgin, Tp, Miilahide. Go 
 to Port Stanley, now connected with the G. \V. K. 
 hy Ihanch itailway to London. Population about 
 'JOO, 
 
 pour llCliWI'I.L, C, \V,, Co. (Olgin, Tp, Hayhani, ad- 
 joining Township to .Malal ide. See Port Ih'uce for 
 roiue. I'.ipiilalion about 'Mm, 
 
 POrtT COLBORNt.C, V , C,:, Welland, Tp, Hiim- 
 lier>loiie, .V Station fronting Lake iOrle on llutValo 
 ami Lake lliii'on Uaihvay, lit miles frotii Paris .tniie- 
 tion of the G. \V. I!., and M miles from Stratford 
 .Imiclioii of the G. I'. It. Poiiulation about son. 
 
 POUT ( liLIIIl', C. \V., Co. York, Tp. Klohicoke. A 
 Station, 1J| iiiile.< from Toronto V ily, on (1. W. U. 
 I'Mpiilaiion ale.iit hill. 
 
 PORT DALHOUSIE, C. \V., Co. Lincoln, Tp. Gran- 
 thtiiii. .\ Poll nil North Sh.ire of Lake Ontario, op- 
 I)i)>ite Toronto, now ennnecled by :■ Hallway Itraiieh 
 with the G. NV, K, Population about Mill. 
 
 PORT D.VNIKL, C. K. A Tp. in Honaventiire, at en- 
 trance of the Hay of Chaleiirs from the Culf of St. 
 Lawrence. Tradera from (|uebec. 
 
 PORT DOVER, C. \V.,Cn. Norfolk, Tp. Woodhouse. 
 A Port on North Shore of Lake Krie. Go to Siineoe 
 hy Stage from Hraiitford, and thence on. Popula- 
 tion about '.tilll, 
 
 POUT KI..M-LKV, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Elmsley. 
 (io to Kingston by the G. T. U,, and thence by Uid- 
 eau Canal Sleaiiiers, through Smith Falls, or to 
 Hroekville hy same section of the G. T. It., and ou 
 by Smith Falls' Stage. 
 
 POUT IIOOVLU, C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. Cartwright. 
 (io to Jiowmanville on the (i. T. It., 4;J miles from 
 Toronto. Population about Ittl). 
 
 PORT HOPE, C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. Hope. A 
 main and Telegraph Station on the G. T. U., 6i 
 miles from Toronto; a leading Port on Lake On- 
 tario, at which the lioyal .Mail Steamers regularly 
 call daily; also Steamers for Rochester, N. Y. 
 Draneh Itailway from hence to Lindsay. See pre- 
 ceding pages. Population about t>{\m. 
 
 POKTLAND, C. AV. A Tp. in Frontenac Co. For 
 Route, Villages, and Post-olhces, see llarrowsinith 
 and Mnrvtde. 
 
 PORTLAND, C. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. Dastard. Go to 
 Landsdowne on the G. T. K., IM miles from Mon- 
 treal. I'opulation about l."iU. 
 
 POUT AIAITLAND, C. W., Co. Hahlimand, Tp. Sher- 
 brooke, a port on Lake Erie. Go to Dunnville Sta- 
 tion on the liull'alo and Lake Huron liail, I.') miles 
 from Paris Junction of the G. W. R., and 77 miles 
 from Stratford Junction of the G. T. U. Population 
 about .^0. 
 
 PORT .MILFOIiD, C. W., Co. Prince Edward, Tp. 
 .Marysburg. .Milf.ird fronts Lake Ontario ; but the 
 Steamers call at Picton, on Hay of (iuinte. See Pic- 
 ton for direct route, 
 
 POR'l' NELSON, C. W., Co. ILilton, Tp. Nelson. A 
 Port on Lake Ontario. Go to Wellington Square, a 
 Slalinii of the G. W. U., in the same Township, 7 
 miles from Hamilton. 
 
 PORTNEIF, C, E, A Port in Co. Portneuf, on North 
 Shore of St. Lawrence, aliout :lo miles above l)ue- 
 bec. Steamers pass near Ca\ie Sante. I'opulation 
 about 750. 
 
 I'OKT i'ERRY, C. \V., Co, Ontario, Tp. Ueach. Go 
 to Wliitliy, on tlie (i. T. iv., about yo miles from 
 Toronto, 
 
 PORT ROBINSON, C. W,, Co. AVelland, Tp. Tho- 
 rold. A tliriviiig business place. .Money Order 
 Ollice. Go In Thnridd, a Station on the G. \V. it., 
 about :!l miles froi-.i Hamilton ( itv. 
 
 PORT ROWAN, C. \V,, Co, Norfolk, Tp, Walsing- 
 liain, A Port on L;ike Erie, Go to Sinieoe by 
 Ibantford Stage from Hraiitho-d Station of the iiuf- 
 falo and Lake Huron Itailwav. Population about 
 4,")lt. 
 
 W., Co, Norfolk, Tp. IValsingham. 
 
 POUT ItOVAL, C. 
 
 See Port Hnwiili 
 
 PORT ItVERSK, ( 
 
 A Pnrt nil Lake 
 
 Town, tci which | 
 
 , M",, Co. Norfolk, Tp. Woodhouse. 
 Erie, South of Sinicoc, tlie County 
 o by Stage from Hrantford Statior, 
 11 the llullalo and Lake Huron Uailwav. 
 
 I'ORTSMOC I'll, C. U"., Co. Frontenac, Tp. Kingston. 
 A Suburb of the City of Kingston w'Ah daily Stage 
 connection, (io to Kingston (,'ity by Steamers from 
 Montreal, Toronto, uiid Cape Vincent, or by G. T. 
 H. I'opul.'ition about lihtl. 
 
 PORT ST. FRANCIS, C. E. In Nicolet. A Port on 
 the South Shore of St. Lawrence, at the East end 
 of Lake St. I'eter, S-', miles below Montreal, a usual 
 place of call for the (Jiiehec and Montreal Steam- 
 ers, about 'Jo miles distant from Arthahaska, on the 
 G. T. K. 
 
 PORT SARNIA, C, \V,, Co. Lambton, Tp. Sariiia. 
 Till- i'ort on Lake Huron, ilcstined as tlie 'i'erminus 
 of the G. T. R. am' Vr. \V. R. Go to Stratford by 
 the iiutlalo and l.ak.- Huron, or by the (K T. II., 
 Toronto and Stratford Section. A Branch of St. 
 Mary's from London, on the G. \V. it., is near coiu- 
 jilelion. 
 
 PORT STANLEY, CM',, Co, FOlgin, Tp, Y'armoulh. 
 A leading Cani.diaii I'ort on Lake Erie for the City 
 of Lnndnii, with which it is now cnnneeted Ijy 
 liranch Railway. Go t.i Lomloii by G, W. K. 
 Steamer from here to Cleveland, Oliio, 3 times 
 weekly. 
 
 PORT UNION. A Station on the O. T. U., 17 mliea 
 frtiiii Toronto City, between Searborougli East and 
 i'ickering. (.No Post-olUce under that name,) Pop- 
 uiation about 'Si), 
 
 k 
 
I i 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 
 It i 
 
 66 
 
 CANADA: CITIES, TOAVNS, AXI) VILLAGES. 
 
 PORT TALDOT, C. W., Co. Klgin, Tp. Duinvich. Oo 
 to Kkfiid, on the U. \V. li., ubout \)o luika from 
 Hiiiniltoii ^uv. 
 
 POTTON, (J. K. A Tp. In Drome Co. See South 
 Potton, 
 
 PRESCOTT, C. K., Co. C.ronville, Tp. Atigii.^ta. A 
 Mnin and Telcgi-apli !<tiitiiiii of Hio (i. T. H. ami 
 Juiictioii of the Ottawa Uailwa.v, M milos friiiii Ot- 
 tawa Cit.v, 'J'l.'j miles from Montreal, ami 'J'.iii mill's 
 from Toronto, oppo.^ite Ogilcji.'^liiirf.', wliieli is the 
 Terminus of the Northern Kailway from House's 
 Point; also Port on ft. 1/awrenee, at whieli all 
 Caiiacliaii Steamers call. See preeeding pages. 
 Poi)uliition about 4h0l). 
 
 PRESTON, C. \Y.,Vo. Waterloo, Tp. Wat.rloo. fio 
 to Paris by the ([. \V. It., or by the llullalo and 
 Lake Huron, anil thence liy (i. \V. K. Ilraneh for 
 Preston an<l Oalt. Poiiulation about iNKi. 
 
 P1UC'KVII,I,K, 0. W., Co. (ircy, Tp. Arteme.sia. In 
 the centre of the North-west District or line of pro- 
 posed Central Uailway from Toronto to Owen's 
 Sound. No Station at present adjacent, but Col- 
 lingwood or Nottawasaga, both on the Ontario, 
 Simcoe, and Huron Uailway from Toronto, woulii 
 prove most eligilile. 
 
 PKINCETON, C. W., Co. O.xford, Tp. lilenlieim, A 
 t't.'\'ion on the (K W. K., about 7 miles friini I'aris 
 .luncli ui of (i. W. It. and Dull'alo and Lake Huron 
 Uailna\. 
 
 PUO.-<l'KL" ", C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Ileckwith. (io to 
 Smith's Tails by Itideau Steamers from Kingston, 
 C W,, or .ly Stage from Droekville, on the ti. T. U. 
 Popidation ubout 75. 
 
 PHOTON, C. ,V. A Tp. in (irey. (In to Ouelpli, on 
 tile (f. T. .",., anil thence by Stage .North. 
 
 PUSLINCII, C. W. A Tp. in \Vellington, close to 
 (iuelph, to which go by G. T. It. 
 
 Q 
 
 QUEBEC, 0. R For description, see elsewhere. 
 
 QUKIiKC COCNTY, C. E., witli Quebec City as the 
 Capital — fronts the St. Lawrence on the South — is 
 bounded on the .North by Chicoutimi, and the un- 
 settled district of l.,ake Quimpiumaclisis, on the 
 West by Count.v Portneuf, and on the Kast by 
 County .Montnioreud. 
 
 QUKENSDOIlOLHiH, C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. Elze- 
 vir, (io to .Mailoc by Stage from lirlleville, wliiih 
 is a Main Station on the ti. T, It. Section, U'.'O miles 
 from Montreal. 
 
 QUEENSTON, C. W., Co. Welland, Tp. Niaiiara. Oo 
 to Niagara by fi. W. It., about 48 miles from llaiii- 
 Uton, and thence by Erie and Ontario Itailway Io 
 Q' 'nston, S miles, or go by Steamer Zimmerman 
 fro,. I Toronto. 
 
 QL'EEXSVILLE, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Eastflwiinm- 
 bury. (io to Holland Landing, which is a Station 
 li the same Township on the Ontario, Simcoe, and 
 liuiop Uailway from Toronto. 
 
 R 
 
 RAGLAN, C. AV., Co. Ontario. In Whitbv Township, 
 in which is the Port Whitby Station of the (i. T. It. 
 I'opulation abopt "" I. 
 
 UAILTON, C. W., Co. Frontenac. fio to Kingston 
 by the (i. T. It., Montreal and Toronto Section, or 
 b.v Steamers from East and West, and across from 
 Cape Vincent. Population about loo. 
 
 RAINHAM AND UAINIIAM CENTllE, C. W„ Co. 
 Ilaldimand, both in It.iinham Tp., fronting Lake 
 Erie, (io to Cainville or Dunnville by the Ihill'alo 
 and Lake Huron Itailwav. Po|mlation about 200. 
 
 UAPIDKS DKS .!OIA( IILSiS, C. E., ( o. Pontiac, Tp. 
 Aberdeen, .\bove Pembroke, with comuuniication 
 from .Vyliiier East (wliicli see), liy the Upper Otta- 
 wa L'nion Forwarding Coinpanv. Population about 
 CO. 
 
 UATHO, C. W., Co, Oxford, Tp. Hl,imlfonI. Oo to 
 Princetoi, on the (i. W. I!., or to Plattsville, on the 
 liulfalo and Lake Huron Itaihvav. 
 
 RAVENSWOOI), ('. W., Co. Lamliton,Tp. Ilosanipu't, 
 fronting Lake Huron, in Port Sarnia District. Itail- 
 way Ineomidete. See St. Mary's, Blansliard, or 
 Stratford. 
 
 RAWUON, 0. E. A Tp. In Jloatcalm, on North Shore 
 
 of St. Lawrence, In St. Maurice District, do to 
 Montreal by (i. T. It., or Steamers from tjuebec and 
 Toronto. Population about •.',-)iiil. 
 
 UEACH, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Ontario. Oo to Port 
 Whilhv, on the (i. T. U. 
 
 ltE.\UIN(i, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. (iarafrax.i. 
 (io to Itoekwood, on the (i. \\. It., or to (iuelph' 
 and thence by Oarafraxa (iravel lioad. Pnpula- 
 tion anout 'Jo. 
 
 IlEAIt OF CHATHAM, C. E. A Tp. in Arg.nteuil. 
 For route, etc , see Dalesville. 
 
 UEDNEItSVILLE, C. W., Co. Prince Edward. In the 
 Tp. of Ameliasburg, which see. Population about 
 Dili. 
 
 RENFREW, C. W., Co, Itenfrew. A rising Village 
 in a ncw-settliil District, with .Money Onlir Oilice, 
 etc, in the Townslii|i of llortun. (io lo FeiraH's 
 Landing or lioinie (here Point coi 1, ppir Oiiaw.-i. 
 For route, see .Vylmer East ; si'c also •• Free (irant 
 Jjinils, named as tlie Capital Town fur the ( nuuty 
 Itenfrew. Population almut I.Ml. 
 
 UEPENTKiNV, C, E, In L'Assumiitinn. On North 
 Shore of the SI. Luwrence, near .Montreal, to which 
 RO. 
 
 ItESTIIiOrCIIE, C. E. At the upper end of the Hay 
 of Chaleurs, For Post-ollice, etc., see Cro.ss Point 
 
 UK FVILLE, C. W., Co. PrescotI, Tp. Plantageiiet, 
 wbic' see. Population about Ion. 
 
 UlCH -^OND, C. W. A Tp. in Lennox. For principal 
 Town and Itailway ^^talion. see .Napanee ; also, fur 
 Posl-ollices, see ,'toblin, Selby, and iiowen. Popu- 
 lation alioul L"Jiiu. 
 
 RICHMOND HILL, C. W,. Co, York,Tp, Vanglian. 
 On the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Hail, Sfiigcs 
 also run from Toronto daily, exceiit Sunday.s. P.ip. 
 idatlon about IMio. 
 
 UK ll.MOND WESr, C. W., Co. Carlelon, Tp. (ioul- 
 horne. (io to Kelly's Station or Nortli Osgnnde by 
 the Ottawa and Prescott Itailway, from the (I. T. It. 
 at Preseott, or by Itioeau C.iii.il Meaniers that ply 
 between Kingston, Smith's Falls, and Ottawa, Pup- 
 nlation about (ion. 
 
 UK IIVIEW, C. W.. Co, Peel, T|i, Toronto Cor,'. (!o 
 to .Malton by the 0. T. It,, T.ironto .and SliatfiTd 
 Section, or to .Mimieo, on llie (i. W. It. Tlie Towii- 
 sliip lieing in the vicioily of Toronto City, betwe -n 
 the two Itailwavs mentioned. Population abciul Io. 
 
 ItK'invO(M), C. 'W,, Co. Oxfnril, North Hilling. T|i. 
 llhnheim. (io to Dnniibo. nn the llnlValo ami Lake 
 Huron Hallway, 11 miles Irom tlie Pai'is .liiuetion of 
 that Itailway iinil the (r W. It. i'oiiulali.in about 
 l."»0, 
 
 UIDdETDWN, 0. AV., Co. Kent, Tji, Howard, (io to 
 Thamesville, on the li. T. It. Populatiun abi.ut :!iio, 
 
 RIGAUD, <'. E. A Tp, in Vandreuil, between the 
 Ottawa and St, Lawrence Hivers. (lo to Vandreuil, 
 on the (i. T. It. Population aliout .'inn. 
 
 RIMOUSKI, C. E. A lown and Tp. in Co. Itimou- 
 ski, fronting the St. Lawrence, below the conllueiice 
 of the Saguenay, on tlie prnposed eonlinualioii uf 
 the. (i. T. It. from St. Thomas to Nova Scotia. Ves- 
 sels from (luebec. Populati ... about .'iiioo, 
 
 ItlN(iWOlll), C, W., Co. Whitehincli,Tp. Whitchurch. 
 In which are Aurora, Newmarket, lioth Stations on 
 the Ontario, Simcoe, .and Huron Itailway linm To- 
 ronto. Pii|iiilation about 'Joii. 
 
 UlVEIt DAVID, C. E. A Postollice in Yaiiiask'i. 
 Near a Tributary to the Itiver SI, Francis, nhich 
 Hows into Lake SI, Peter tSt, Lawrence), belweeii 
 Montreal and Three Itivers, Population aliout ."iiloil. 
 
 ItlVEIt DESEItT, C. E, Co. Ottawa. On llie North 
 Shore of Ottawa Liver, (io to Petite Nation by 
 Steamer from Mniitreal, 
 
 HlVLIt ST. LOIIS. C, E. In St. Louis, Co. Ileauhar- 
 nois. On the Smilli Shore nf the St. Lawrence a 
 little above .Montreal, opposite St. -inn's, to which 
 go bv (I. T. It. 
 
 UIVKItSDALE, C. W., Co. I!riiee. Tp. (Ireenuck. 
 Near Saiigeeii. (ill to (iiielpli liy the (i, T, It., ami 
 tlieuee North bv Stage. Population about .'lo. 
 
 ItlVIEHE Al .\ (' ANAKD.'^, «. K. in ( harlevoix. 
 On the North Shore of the SI. LaMri'iice. near the 
 conllueiice of the l-aguenay, about '."I iiiili ■ ,'elow 
 Ouebec. Steamers pass. 
 
 UIVIEHK DES PH.\IHIi;S, C, E, In Isle of Montreal. 
 On the St. Lawrence, dividing the Isle of .lesns from 
 Isle of Montreal, do to .Munlreal bv Steamer or 
 (i. T. H. Population about fiod. 
 
 RIVIERE DU LOUP, en has, C. E. A favourite 
 
 I 
 
 SB 
 
CANADA: CITIES, TOWXS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 67 
 
 i-io. Cio to I'ort 
 
 p. in Arg.'iiteuil. 
 
 K. A favourite 
 
 Wntcring Place on the goiitli Shore of the St. Liiw- 
 renee, In Teniiscduula ; where the Klver is '.ill miles 
 in wiillh, lu'ini,' neiirly iippiisite the inmilh of llie 
 Sagiien:iy, liin miles below linel)ee. (io li.v the 
 gii"iiena.v iinil Lower St. hiiwrenee. Steamers from 
 Qiieliec. This is the present Terminus (jf Kleelric 
 Telegraph eonnmmieallon, from whence the arrival 
 of llie Canailian .Mail Steamers is aniioiniced, as 
 tliee arrive from l,iver|iool. Population about 'iunil. 
 
 RlVlfellK I)U I.OLl' KN HALT, C. E. In Maskin- 
 onge llistriet. On the Nortli Shore of tlie St. Law- 
 rence, forminR part of the St. Maurice Seclion of 
 the cimnlr.v, froiillui,' Lake St. Peter, aliout 'J miles 
 above Three Kiver.s; a INu't for the (Juebee and 
 Jliinlri'al Steamers, which usually call there. 
 
 RIVIKKK IIUKLI.K, (.'. K. In Kainouraska, On the 
 South Shore of the St. Lawrence, about Ml miles 
 below St. Thomas, the Kastern Terminus of the tl. 
 T. If. from Huebec. I'opulatiou aliout 'J^iOO. 
 
 ROUINSON, V. K., Vc. ('(Unpton, Tp. liur.v. do to 
 the Kastof Sherlirooke, which Station on thetl. T. U. 
 afforils best counuunication. I'opul.ition about lOII. 
 
 UOHLIX, C. \V., I'o. Lenno.y, Tp. Itiehmond. CJo to 
 Napanee, on the (i. T. U. 
 
 nOClllOSTKI!, C. \V. A Tp. in Kssex Co. <io to 
 I'uci , on the (1. W. I!., about 1:1 miles fnuu the Ter- 
 minus at Wliulsor. 
 
 ROl'Kl'OKI), C. \V., Co. Niu-folk, Tp. Townsend. (Jo 
 to Itraiilford, on the ItulValo ami Lake Huron Itail- 
 wav, and thence by Simcoe Slat;e. 
 
 ROCKTON, C. VV., Co. Wentworlh, Tp. lieverlev. (io 
 to Daiidas, on tlu' (i. T. I!., IJ miles from the City 
 of Hamilton. Population about l.")ii. 
 
 ROCKU'(Mll), C. W., Co. Welliutilon, Tp. I'.ramosa. 
 A Staii.in lui the (r. T. 11., 42 miles from Toronto, 
 and •> miles from tluelph. Population about 40(1. 
 
 ROI.PII, V. W. A Tp. in Ueufrew Co. I'or I'ost- 
 ollicc, ronti', etc., see Point .Mexauder. 
 
 HOI. I'll. C. \V., Co. Norfolk, Tp. .Middleton. Lying 
 Soiilh of the (i. \V. U. some -'H miles. Try Inger- 
 soll Stali<in on that U.ailway, 111 miles east of Lon- 
 don, anil 'J'.l West of Paris Junction. 
 
 ROCKI'OliT, C. W., C). Leeils, Tji. Escott. Go to 
 Mallorv Town, on the (i. T. U. 
 
 ROMNKY, C. W, A Tp. in Kent Co., fronting Lake 
 Krie. (io to lielle Itiver or liaptiste Creek, both 
 Stations ou the (1. W. K.. near Wimlsor. 
 
 RO.NDKAr, C. \V., Co. Kent, Tp. Harwich. Cio to 
 I hatham, on the (i. W. I{. 
 
 RilSi:i!.\NK, C. W., Co. lirant, Tp. Hrantford. fioto 
 Kr.'iutford, on the llun'alo and Lake Huron Railway. 
 
 ROSKI'TA, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. L.in.irk. do to 
 llruckville, on the d. T. U., and by Stage to Perth. 
 I'cipulalimi about lid. 
 
 ROSKVI.LK, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Soutli Kidinp. Tji. 
 Sfirlli Dumfries. (In to I'aris .lunclion of the Buf- 
 falo and Lake Huron and (.J. \V. Railways. Pojui- 
 latiini about 7."i. 
 
 ROSl.l.S. C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. Thurlow. Go to 
 Il.dlcville, on the d. T. I{. 
 
 ROSS, ('. \V. A Tp. iu Renfrew Co. On the Scuith 
 Shore of the I'pper Ottawa, on the projected line 
 of Railway from Arnprior to Peudiroke. i'or 
 jirescnt route, see .\vhner Kast. 
 
 ROTIIS.W, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp.AIaryhorough. 
 (Jo to duelpli, on the (1. T. R., and thence by 
 O'N'eirs Stages for all jilaces North-west. 
 
 ROl'dL HILL, C. W., Co. Oidario, Tp. Pickering, 
 (io to Krendunan's Hay, '.'1 miles from Toronto, on 
 the (J. T. It. Popidalion ab(nit ,'iO. 
 
 UOCdK.MONT, C. K., Co. It.uiville, Tp. St. Ca'saire. 
 do te St. Hillaire, on the d. T. 1{. Population 
 about 'J.'iO. 
 
 ROUVILLK, C. K. See Ahbidsford, Rougemont, and 
 SI. Ca'salre. Villages and Post-ollices in the Dis- 
 trict elsewhere noticed. 
 
 ROW.VN MILLS, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Walsing- 
 hani. Near Lake Krie, South of any Railway, do 
 to lirantford, on the linllalo and Lake Huron, and 
 thence bv Stage to .-'imcoe. Population abiuit PiO. 
 
 RO.XllOliOl'dllANl) RO.XHOIiOl'dll WKST. Two 
 adjoining Townships in Co. Stormont. do to Corn- 
 w.ill. on the d. T. R. Populallon about 'A'jllil. 
 
 RO.VTON, C. K., connnoniy called South Ro.Kton, 
 which see. 
 
 RO.XTON FALLS, C. F.., Co. ShelTord, Tp. Roxton. 
 do to Aclcul, on (he (1. T. R , 4'J miles from Mon- 
 treal. Population about .Mill. 
 RUSSKLL, C. W. A Tp. in Co. RusscU. Go to Dick- 
 
 enson's Landing or Cornwall, both Stations on the 
 
 G. T. R. 
 ULSSKLL TOWN, C. E.. Co. Chateauguay. Go to 
 
 Sherrington Slaiion,;W miles from Montreal, ou the 
 
 .Montreal and Platlsburg Rail. 
 RYCKMANS COUNLItS, C. \V., Co. Mentv.orth, Tp. 
 
 dianford. do (o .Middlejiort, on the Bullalo and 
 
 Lake Huron Railway. 
 
 s 
 
 ST. ADELK, C. E., Co. T. rrebonne, Tp. Ahercromble. 
 North of Isle .lesus, opposite MontreaL Go to 
 I Miuitreal by Steamer or d.T.R. Population about 
 1 1400. 
 
 ST. AdATHA, 0. W., Co. Waterloo, South Riding, Tp. 
 Wilmot. (io to Petersburg, ou the G. T. R. Pop- 
 ulation about "all. 
 
 ST. AIME, C. E,, Co. Riclielieu. Go to Sorcl, on the 
 St. Lawrence, at the coulluence of River Richelieu 
 and St. Lawrence, by the Steamers that ply between 
 Montreal and (Juebee. Population about .'lUD. 
 
 Sr. ALE.XANDRE, C. E., Co. Kamouraska. Ou South 
 Shore of St. Lawrence, below (Juebee about 70 
 miles. St. Thomas Station, 44 miles below (Juebee, 
 on the (J. T. R., is the nearest Railway point. Pop- 
 ulaliim about lllllll. 
 
 ST. AI.E.XANDRE, C. E., Co. Iberville. Go to St. 
 John's, on opposite Shore of River Richelieu, on 
 the Chamjilain and St. Lawrence Railway, 21 miles 
 fnuu Montreal. Population about 'Jud. 
 
 ST. ALE.XIS, C. E., Co. Miuitcahn, Tp. St. Sulpice. 
 In the St. Maurice Seclion, North of the St. Law- 
 rence, nearly opposite .Montreal, and near Assump- 
 tion, to which go. Population about l."HIII. 
 
 ST. ALPHONSE, C. E., Co. Joliette, North of St. Law- 
 rence, in the St. .Maurice district, at the back of 
 llerlhier en haul, which see. Poimlatliui aliout 1700. 
 
 ST. .\N1)RE, Co. Kamcnu'aska, fronting South Shore 
 of the St. Lawrence, ojiposite .Murray l!ay, to 
 which go by Steamers from (Juebee. Steamers 
 nsuallv call at Kamouraska. 
 
 ST. ANDRE A\ KLIN, C. E., Co. Ottawa, Tp. Petite 
 .Nation. (Jn North-east Shore of Lower Ottawa, 
 do by Steamers from JlontreaL Population 'ibout 
 1 •-'.•!. 
 
 ST. ANDREW'S EAST, C. E., Co. Argenteuil 
 Railway projected. On North-east Shore of Itiver 
 Ottawa, near e(Uilluence with the St. Lawrence. 
 Steamers touch on the way to ami from MontreaL 
 Populalhui about I'.'.'ill. 
 
 ST. ANDREW'S WEST, C. W., Co. Stormont, Tp. 
 Cornwall, do to Cornwall, on the (t. T. R., 03 
 miles from Mmdreal, T miles from Cornwall. 
 
 ST. ANdELHJlE, C. E., Co. Oltawa, T|). Petite Na- 
 tion. On Norlli-east Shore of Ottawa River. Go 
 by Ste.aiuer fr:mi Montreal. 
 
 ST. .VNICET", C. E., Co. Huntingdon, in Godmanches- 
 tcr, which see. 
 
 ST. ANNE HOCT DE L'ISLE, C. E. In Jacques Car- 
 tier, Isle of Montreal, ou the St. Lawrence. A Sta- 
 tion on I'.ie (J. T. R., '.'1 miles from tlie City. 
 
 ST. ANNK DE L.\ PARADE, C. E. In Champlain. 
 do !o Mooer's Junction, on Moidreal and Platls- 
 burg Kail, 47 miles from Montreal. 
 
 ST. ANN DES .MONTES, C. E. A Settlement. In 
 Gaspe(U' Cape St. Anne, on South Shore of St. Law- 
 rence, neai Cape Chatts. do by Steamers or Tra- 
 ders from (Juebee, about 170 miles. Population 
 about l;illlin. 
 
 ST. ANN DES PLAINES, ('. E. In Terrebonne, on 
 N<uth Shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite Isle Je- 
 sus, do to .Mcmtreai by Steamer or (J. T. R. Pop- 
 ulation about '2111111. 
 
 ST. ANNE LA POCATIKRE, ('. E. In St. Anne's 
 Ray, in Kamcmraska. A SeUlemcnt on (he South 
 Shore of the l<t. Lawrence. Steamers touch at 
 Kamouraska, and oceashinally at St. Anne, from 
 (Juebee ; and St. Thcuuas Station of t'.ie U. 'V. U. is 
 about '.'.') miles distant. 
 
 ST. ANNE'S, C. W., ( o. Lincoln, T|). Gainsborough, 
 do to lieamsvillc, on the G. W. H. Population 
 abcuit l.MI. 
 
 ST. ANSELME, C. E. In Dorchester Co. Go to 
 Cralg'« Road .'Station of the G. T. R., l.") miles from 
 Point Levi. Population about Hlllll). 
 
 ST. ANTOINE LOTRINIKRE, C. E. In Lotblniere, 
 ou South Shore of St. Lawrence, 16 miles above 
 
 i! 
 
I 
 
 li 
 
 
 68 
 
 CANADA: CITIES, TOWN'S, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 Quebec, to wliioh ro l>y Steamer or by fr. T. U., to j Tp. Wellesle;'. Oo to I'ctcrsburj,', on tbe G. T. R. 
 
 Craig's Unail ^^t;llillIl, V< milrs froiri I'niiil I<i.'vl. | I'oimliitioii about 1(H(. 
 
 ST. ANTOIM:, lilVKIt ItlCIlKI.IKi:, ('. i:., Co. Vcr- ! ST. ( I.KI', V. K. In VaTidreiill. (io to Van.liuiiil 
 
 eliurcs. On tbo SmuIM of SI. liawreriee, bi'low .^latimj, on tbu (1. T. I!., '.'l uiilt'? wi'.'it of Mmitii'iil 
 
 Montreal, (io Io St. Ilillairc by tlio (J. T. It., 17 ST. COMMllIN, C. ]■'.. Iji Two .Monnlains, fi ling 
 
 miles from Moiilicil. the eonllnenee of tbe Ottawa and SI. I.awrinci! 
 
 ST. AUM.iND CKNTUK, ('. K. In Slls.sisquol, on llie Kiver.s. tio to St. .Vinie'.s >as iieari'.«t Station) on 
 
 borders of the Stale of Vermont, do to Conii Icni, tlie (J. T. It., '.'l miles west of Monlreal. 
 
 on tlie t). T. It., Montreal and Portland Seetioii, .ST. ( O.NST.VNT, (,'. K. In l,a|n.iiiie Co. Oo to June- 
 
 110 miles from .Montnal, tbenee to ( barlestipii .') (inn Slali"ri, on tbi' ('bam|dain and St. hiiwrencci 
 
 miles, to Slanstead I'laln U miles. Itailm.id, 1 1 miles sonib ot .Montii^al. 
 
 ST. .\U.\I.V.\1)'S. See I'relieksbnrg and St. Armand ST. CltOl.N, ' . H In l.otbioiere. On (be Itiver St. 
 
 lentre. I'opnladon about lllil. i l.awrenee. "p|iosite C.ipe Saiite. Illaek liiver Sla- 
 
 ST. AKSKNK, C. K. In Temiseouatil Co., near Ca- tion, 'Jll miles below I'oinI Levi, is llie nearest Hail- 
 
 coumi, nbere tbe Steamers toiieb from ijueliee, ami w.i.v point. I'opnl.ition about 'J.lon. 
 
 wbere there is aeeoiumodalion. Population of ,'ST. CI' I'llllKKT, ('. Iv In Ibrthier, nearly ojipnsitu 
 
 Parish about 'jridii. Sorel. On the SI. l.awrenee, a Port for tlie IJuel.n! 
 
 ST. ATIIAXASK, C.K. A Tp. in Iberville, (io to St. and .Montreal Ste.amers. At Ihe baelv of liiTiliier 
 
 ■lobn's Station, on Ibe Cliam]daiii and ,St. Lawrenee, 
 '21 miles from .Montreal, ami cross Itiver Uichelieil. 
 Populali ilioul IMio. 
 
 ST. AllilSTIN, ( . K. In Pnrtneuf, on Shore of St. 
 Lawrence, It) miles above tinebec. 
 
 ST. ALillSl'IN TWO .MOINTAINS, C. E., Two 
 .Moinitaius Co. On Lower Ottawa, near coidluenee 
 Willi St. Liiwrenee. (io (o Montreal or St. Ainu;'s, 
 on the (i. T. K., Montreal ami Toronto Section. 
 
 ST. ItAKNADK, C. K. A Tp. in St. .Maurice. On 
 N(n-th Shore i^f the St. I.awrem'c. (io to Three 
 Itivers as tbe nearest Port at which Steamers l(mi'li 
 
 Village, for wiLieh make. Piipul.ition .'ibmil ■-'."iiiii 
 
 ST. CVIULLK, C. K. In L'lslrt, nn Sootli Slioie of 
 tbe SI. LawriMu'e. (io (o SI. Tliomas TmuiriiK nf 
 (i. T. It., IJuebec ami St. Tliom.is Di.-iricl, and tlu^n 
 about 1'.' mih's distance. Popolalion al"iul .'lOO. 
 
 ST. 1>.\MASL, C. K. In St. Ilyaeintlie Co. (In Io 
 SI. Ilyacintbe Stalimi, fiii tlie (i. T. It., :iil iiiili..3 
 from .Mnntreal. Popnlalioii about I'^o. 
 
 ST. DAVIICS, ('. W, Co. Li >ln, Tp. Niagara, do 
 
 In Niag.M'a bv the (i. W. II. Pnpni.-itinii about .'inii 
 
 ST. ItKSIS, C. I-:. (Ml Itiver l!ic|n.li,.u, in St. Ilja- 
 ciruhe. wliieli s.'c. Pn|ml,itio,n abnut Too. 
 
 between Jlontreal and liueliec. Pni)ulation about ST. liKNIS UK LA liOl I'lLLI i;i!K, C. K. In Kaninu- 
 
 Itioo. ra-ka, on the .-ioutli Sliore of tlie St. Lawrence, 
 
 ST. IIAUN'ABK, C. K. On liiver Yaniaske, in St. Ilya- ^ about In miles below SI. Tliom.is Tmiiiiius of (i, T. 
 
 cinllie Co. (io to St. Ilillaire, on the (i. T. It., Mon- - K. from (Jiiebee. Popiil.'itioii alioiit '.'noo. 
 
 treat and Porllaml Section, alimit IT miles from ' ST. HID.VCI), C. K. In L.--andiere |Ma>kiiioii|'e \>U. 
 
 Montreal. Population alioiit do. | iricli, nii Norlh Sbm'e of SI. Lawrence, i |),io.ile 
 
 ST. HAIITIIKLA.MK IN IlKKTIII Kit, C. E. On the I Sorel, it niil.s east of Herlliier, wliicli see. I' .pala- 
 
 North Shore of the SI. Lawrence, opposite Sorel, I linn alioiit loon. 
 
 at which Port the (incbee and .Moiilreal Steiimers ST. IIOMINIIJI'L, C. V„ In Co. l!,-ignt. (in b. .\cl,,ii 
 
 touch. Population abnul •.'."iiin. nn tbe (I. T. I{. ' 
 
 ST. liAZILK, C. !■:. In Pmineiif, nn Nnrlh Shore of ] ST. KIIOI'.Mtl), C. K. In N.ipierville. (in I.. Shir- 
 
 St. Lawrence, between (Juebec and 'lliree Itivers, I riiiglon, .'tj iiiilo snoili nf .Mnntre:il. A Sliitinn nii 
 
 at which i'ort the .Montreal ami (Juebec Steamers I tin- Mnntreiil ,-ind Platlsbiirg Itailw.ay. Popid.itinii 
 
 call. Pn|iulatinn abmit loon. almul u'.'iO. 
 
 ST. liENOlT, C. K. In Two Mountains, fronting the i ST. KLIZAIiETII, C. K, In Jnlicttc Cn. (hi Itiver 
 
 cnntUieiice of the Olt.iwa and SI. Lawrence, op]i 
 site I>le of ,lesns. do to .Montreal by Steamer and 
 Kail. Po|iulatioii aliont llillll. 
 
 Ilayonne. (io In Hirlliier, on ilic Nnrlh Shore nf 
 St. Lawrenee, np]in>ii,' Snrcl, at the head of Lake 
 SI. Peter. Popiilalinii abnut -J.")!!. 
 
 ST. UKUNAKI), C. E. in Co. Dnrcliester. (io to SI', KLI.I, C. Iv In Temise.uiala, on the Snutli Slinre 
 Craig's Jtoad Station, on the (i. T. U. Population i of the St. Lawrence, opposite tlie mnutli nf iliu 
 abnut l."iMn. Saguenav. (in to l!i\ iere dii Loini, wbicli see. 
 
 ST. liltldlDE, C. E., Co. Iberville, Tp. Monoir. do ' ST. EI.ZL.M!, ('. L., Co. Heauce. do to ISlack liiver 
 to St. Ilillaire, on the d.T. It. Population about To. i or Craig's lioad Slatinns, nn tlie (Juebec and Hide 
 
 ST. liltCNO, C. E. In Co. Chamliley. do to Lon- 
 
 geuil, on tlie (i. T. It. Terminus. 
 ST. CASIMIK, C. E. In Co. Portneuf. See St. Itazile 
 ST. CATllAKINES EAST, C. E. In Co. P.irtiieuf, Tp. 
 
 moiidSnctions of tin' d. T. K. Popidatinii abmil '.'."■no. 
 "P. ESPItIT, C. E., Cn. Mnritcaliii. (Mi Nnrlh Shore 
 of the St. Lawrence, below .Monlreal. do to .Mnn- 
 treal by Steamer or Kail. 
 
 Kossambault. On River .laccpies ('artier, about '.I ST. ETIENNK, C. E. In St. Maurli'e. On Itiver 
 miles from Les Ecuriels (the Port at the eonllnenee i Haliscaii, alimil id miles Imlnw Three Itivers, to 
 of that Itiver and llie SI. Lawrencel, which is '.',') : wliicb gn by the Steamers tliat piv li.lween .Moii- 
 niiles abnve (Juebec. Popnlalioii al.ont .'iii. treal and (Juebec. popn'nilinn almul oouo 
 
 ST. CATHARINES WEST, C. W.Co. Lincoln, I ST. EUSTACHE, C. E. In Two .M,„intains. A 
 Tj). (Iranlhani. A Steamer from Toronto, or the (1. j con-iderable Lmiiber Station on prnjeeted Line of 
 W. It. frnui Hamilton and Niagara to St. Callia- Monlreal iind (niawa Kailway. (io In St. Ann's, 
 vine's Station, llj miles from Niagara, and 82 from on tlie ii. T. It., or to .Mniilmal. Pnp. abnnl i"iMO. 
 Hamilton. See preceding pages. ST. KAHIKN, C. E. In Kimmiski, a few miles wcsl nf 
 
 ST. CELESTIN, C. E. In Nicniet Co., frnntlng the j Hie, on the Smith Shore "f the St. Lawrence. See 
 ist. Lawrence, on llie South Slim-", npim^iie Three I Hie. Pupulatimi ab.oil llnO. 
 
 Kivers, wbere the (Juebec and .Montreal Sleameis ' ST. FAMII.LE, C. E. In tlm Isle of Orleans, in MomI- 
 call. Population about l:Joil. niorenci Co., on the Itiver St. Lawnoice, bil.o- 
 
 ST. C.HSAIItE, C. E. In Co. Uoiiville. (io to St. (Juebec. (io to (Jiubi'c by (he (i. T. It. or Sleam- 
 Ilillaire Station of the (i. T. It. Population about ers. Popnlalinri abnut lloo' 
 ISW- ST. FEI.I.V 1»K VAI.Ol.-i, ( . E, In Jnl .tie. See Ilu 
 
 ST. CIIAItLES (on Itiver Itiehelieu), C. E., Co. St.' Uanisay. I'npulatinn about lilliio. 
 
 Hyacinthe, Tp. St. Charles, (io to St. Ilillaire, on ' ST. KEItEOL, C. E. In Mniitmnrenci Co. On North 
 the (i. T. It. Population about 4im. ' Shore nf St. Lawrence, below (Juebec. do to (Jmbu-. 
 
 ST. CIIAItLES (Itiver lloyerl, C. E. In Hidlechasse. .ST. FLAVIE. (. E. Ilin M. (io to liic, which 
 
 A . "Station on the SI. Thomas Sectimi of llie (1. T. si'c. Pn|mlitinn abniil '.'oon. 
 
 U.,2.') miles below tjiiebee. Populalinti abmit '.'M.-iU. ST. KOV, C, E.. i'n. (Jinlice, near Cilv of (Juebec, to 
 
 ST. CHItlSTOPIIE(L'Artliabaska), C. E. In Co. Ar- which gn by Steamer nr (i. T. It. frnlii .Mnntreal and 
 
 tbabaska. do to Arthal>aska Stall on the (i. T. Pmllaiid. 
 
 It., (Juebec and Iticlimond Seeliroi, .'l-J miles nortli ST. Eli.Wi IS, C. E., Co, V.am.aska. On llie Itiver 
 of Itichmonil .lunclion, and M miles from (Juebec , St. Francis, whiih unites \\ ilii the St Law r.'iice at 
 (Point Levil. Pnpidati.ui abnut '.'.Ml. Uie head of Lake St. Peter. St.'.ininis Iroin Mnii- 
 
 ST. CLAIKE, C. K. A Tp. in Dnndiesler Co. Chan- treal tnu.di. I'npnl:itinn abnut :ioo. 
 
 ditVe Junction and Craig's lioad an' tlie Stalimis .<T. FI!.\NCIS MILLS, ( '. E. Some of the largest 
 
 on the (Juebec and Iticlimmid Seclinii of the (i. T. and most i pbde in Canada, on the St Francis, 
 
 U. for Co. Dorchester. Populali. in alioiil '.'."joO. near the lirompion Fall's SI itinn of the d. T. ll.,'JO 
 
 BT. CLEMENT'S, C. W., Co. Waterloo, North lliiiing, , miles from .Montreal. 
 
CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES, 
 
 69 
 
 ST. FIIAN^'OIS (MontmiiKiil'), C. E. In Mnntniapnl 
 Co. ()(> t(i t<t. Tlioinas 'rt'rniiniis of the (i. T. It., 
 +t inik'.i below Quubec. I'upuliitiun of I'ari.^li iiboiit 
 
 iidOIP. 
 
 ST. Klt.VNCf'S D'ORI.KANT', C. ¥.. On Isle of Or- 
 leans, In Montmoreui'i Co., on the i*t. Lawrence, 
 just below (luebee. Cio to Queliec by Steamer or 
 Kail. 
 
 ST. KK.VNX'OI.'' (BeauceX C. E. In Iteauce Co. No 
 Station can be naineil lis the nearest. Try lilack 
 Itiver, on the (1. T. It., (Jiiebee and Itlehinund Sec- 
 tion, anil (,'o south-east. 
 
 ST. (I.MiitlKI- (lie lirainlon), ('. K. In llertbler. A 
 T|). in Hertbier, near Lake Maskinonpe, at Ibe 
 source of the Itivcr llayonne, which eni|itle.s into 
 the St. Lawrence near Hertbier, whicb see. Popu- 
 lation of Parish aliout HiliMl. 
 
 ST. (IKNKVIKVE, ('. K. In .Jacques Cartier (Mon- 
 treal Islanil). (io to Hlue Itoiinels or Point Clair, 
 the llrst two Stations of the U. T. it., from Mon- 
 treal. 
 
 ST. (IKOItllK, C. E. A Tp. in Iteaiu'o Co., near 
 River Cbaudiere, which Hows into the St. Lawrence, 
 opposite (Quebec, do to ( haudiere Junction or 
 I liaudiire Station, about !• miles from (Juebec 
 (Point Levi). Population about l.'xio. 
 
 ST. GEORGE, illranti, C. W,, Co. Itraid, East Rid- 
 inf.'. Tp. South Dumfries. (Jo to Paris .luru'tion of 
 (1. \V. It. anil Hull'alo an'! Lake Huron Hallways. 
 Population about MMI. 
 
 ST. (IKOIttiK illastiiigs), C. W. See Ivanhoe. New 
 Posti.llice. 
 
 ST. (lEKTItl'DE, C. E. A Tp. In Nicolct, fronting 
 the South Shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite 
 Thri'e Itivcrs, where (Juebec and Montreal Steam- 
 ers touch. Population aliout LSiKI. 
 
 ST. (lEIlVAIS, C. E. A Tp, in liellechasse. f!o to 
 Clmuilierc, on the (l.T. It., !t miles from Point I,evi, 
 opjiosite (iuelicc. Population abo\it ;MWI). 
 
 ST. (ilLE.S C. E. A Tp, in Lotbiiiicre. (in to the 
 Ulack Itivcr Station, on the (i. T. It., (iuebce and 
 Itichinonil Section, '.Ml miles from Point Levi, oppo- 
 site ((uebec. Poiinlation about llud. 
 
 ST, <il!K(l()IIIE, C, E. A Tp, in Nicolct, frnntinp the 
 Soulb Shore of the ."t. Lawrence, op]iosite 'i'liree 
 Rivers, where the (luebee and Montreal Steiunera 
 call. Population about MCillll. 
 
 ST. llf;LI^;NE, C. E. In Kamouraska. See Kamour- 
 Hska. 
 
 ST. IIELENE, (1)E nAOOT,) C. E„ Co. Dapot. Co to 
 Cpton on the (i. T. It. Population of parish about 
 •Jim, 
 
 ST. IlKLEN'S, C, W., Co. Huron, Tp. Wawanosh, Co 
 to Strat ford .1 unction of the Buffalo and Lake Huron 
 and (i. T, It., Toronto and Stratford Section, and 
 tlience by Slape to (ioderich, 44 miles. 
 
 ST. llftNEDINE, C. E,, in Co, Dorchester, do to 
 Chaudierc, S miles from Point Levi Terminus of 
 (Juebec and llichmond Railway. Population of 
 parish about LtiKI. 
 
 ST. HENRI, C. E,, In Lauzon, Co. Levi. Go to Point 
 Levi Station, opposite (Juebec, and thence to St. 
 Henri, a Station on the (L T. It., (Juebec and St. 
 Thomas Section. Population of Parish about IKdO. 
 
 ST. IIKRMAS, C. E.,in Two Mountains, opposite Mon- 
 treal, on North Shore of St. Lawrence, near con- 
 (lueiice of Ottawa and St. Lawrence, (io to Point 
 Claire on (i. T. It., 15 miles K^m Montreal. Popu- 
 lation about l.^lln. 
 
 ST. HILAIItE, C. E., in Co. Rouville, a Tp. am! a Sta- 
 tion on the (I. T. It., IT miles from .Montreal. Pop- 
 ulation about lliml. 
 
 ST. liCdCKS, C. E., Co. Itapot. Oo to ITpton on the 
 (i.T. ll.,4;( miles from Montreal. Population about 
 ■l.'iO. 
 
 ST. HYACINTHE, C. E. A Town In St, llyaclnthe 
 Co., and a Main and Telepraph Station on thed. T. 
 It., :!0 miles from Montreal, I'opulation about 501111. 
 
 ST, IRENEK, C, E. In Charlevoix, on the North 
 Shore of the St. Lawrence, in Murray Pay, Xf) miles 
 below (Juebee. Go by Lower .•<(. Lawrence Steam- 
 ers from (Juebec, now a favourite place of summer 
 resort. Population about idii. 
 
 ST. ISIDORE (DOKCllhXrER), C. E. Go to Chau- 
 diire on the d, T. It., (Juebec and Richmond Sec- 
 tion. Population of parish about 'ilMMl. 
 
 ST, L-^IDORE (I.APRAIRIE), C. E., Co. Lapralrle. A 
 Station oil the Montreal and Plattsburp Railway, '.'1 
 uiiie.i from .Montreal Population about 2(10. 
 
 ST. IVES, C. W., Co. :MiddlescJC, Tp. West Ml.ssourl. 
 do to St. .Mary's, lilaiishard, by Stage from London 
 on the (1, W, R., (Railway Hraiich now forminp,) or 
 by Stape from Stratford Terminus of the (1. T. R., 
 Toronto and Stratford Section, and of the llull'alo 
 and Lake Huron Railway. 
 
 ST. .lACOH'S, C. W., Co. Waterloo, North Riilinp, Tp. 
 Woolwich, (io to Berlin on the 0. T. It. Popula- 
 tion about 4IIII. 
 
 ST. .lACtJlJKS, C. E., Co. L'Assumption, Tp. St. Sul- 
 pice, on North Shore of St. Lawrence, below .Mon- 
 treal. Go to Montreal, and thence bv Steamer or 
 Trader. Population of parish about ;iiioii. 
 
 ST. .lACiJl'ES LE .MINEI:R, C. E,,Co. Laprairie. do 
 to St. Isidore on the .Montreal and Plattsburg Rail- 
 way. Population about 'J.')!). 
 
 ST. JANVIER, C. E., Co. Terrebonne, Tp. I)e Blain- 
 ville. do to Montreal by Steamer or Railwav, and 
 cross from Isle Jesus to opposite shore. Population 
 of parish about liiilil. 
 
 ST. JEAN BAPTIST!:, C, E., Co. Rouville. Go to St. 
 Ililaire on the (1. T. R. 
 
 ST. JEAN CIIRVSOSTOME (CHATEACGUAVI, C. E., 
 Chateaupuay. (io to St. Isidore Station on the Mon- 
 treal niid Plattsburp Railway, '21 miles South of 
 Montreal. Population about t;oi). 
 
 ST. JEAN CIIRVSOSTOME (LEVI), C. E., Co. Levi, 
 Tp. Lau7.on. do to Point Levi, the (i. T. R. Ter- 
 minus of (Juelicc and Richmond Section fortjuehec. 
 Population of parish about ISdU. 
 
 ST. JEAN IJES ClIILLONS, C. E., Co. I.otbinifcre. 
 (io to Somerset on the (i. T. R., (Juebec and Rich- 
 mond Railway, 49 miles from (Juebec, and 47 from 
 Iticbmond Junction. 
 
 ST. JEAN D'ORLEANS, C. E. Isle of Orlean.s, on the 
 River St. Lawrence, just below the City of (Juebec, 
 to which po. 
 
 ST. JEAN, PORT JOLI, C. E., Co. L'Islet. Go to St. 
 Thoma.s Terminus of the G. T. It., 4!) miles east of 
 Point Levi, and then a distance of '.'ii miles by road ; 
 or by Steamers from Quebec, It beinp a Port on the 
 South Shore of the St. Lawrence, at which they 
 usually call. Poimlation of parish about :Mki. 
 
 ST. JEROME, C. E,, Co. Terrebonne. Opposite Isle 
 Jesus, North o." Montreal, to which po by Steamer 
 or Rail. Pojiulatlon of parish about 1,'iiiir. 
 
 ST. JOHNS EAST, C. E„ Co. .«t. John's. Go by 
 Chainplain and i^l. Lawrence Railway to St. John's 
 Station, '.'1 miles from Montreal, situated on the 
 West side of the River Richelieu. Population about 
 45(W>. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S WEST, C. W., Co. Welland, Tp. Pelham. 
 Go toThorold on tlieG. W. It. Population about MS{\. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH, C. E. A Tp. in Beauce. do to Somer- 
 set on the G. T. R., and then by Road east about 22 
 miles. The Chaudliire River (lows throuph the Tp., 
 and Chandii^re Junction Station, on the same Sec- 
 tion, is about 'J5 miles distant. Population of par- 
 ish about itiiiiil. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH DC LAC (TWO .MOCNTAINS), C. E., 
 near the coiilluence of the Ottawa and St. L.awrence 
 Rivers, (io to Montreal or St. Anne's on by G. T. 
 R. Population of parish about I'i'iii. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH'S ISLAND, C. W. Lyinp in St. Mary's 
 Straits, on Lake Huron, 10 miles above Point de 
 Tour, running east and west '20 miles, and about 15 
 miles wide. Steamers call from i^aulte St. .Marie 
 and Collin .wood, 97 miles from Toronto, on the 
 ,«iincoe, Huron, and Ontario Railway. 
 
 ST. JUDE, C. E., in Co. St. llyaclnthe. Go to Hya- 
 I cinthe on the G. T. R. Population about '.'5il. 
 
 ST. JULIK, C. E., Co. Vereheres. See Beloceil. 
 
 ST, JULIENNE, C. E., Co. Montcalm. See Itawdon, 
 I Chertsev, etc. Population of parish about ISilO. 
 
 ST. LAJIDERT, C. E., Co. Levi, Tp. Lauzon. Go to 
 I Point Levi on G. T. R. Population of parish about 
 ' lino. 
 
 ST. LAl'RENT D'ORLEANS, Co. Montmorenci. On 
 the Island of Orleans on the St. Lawrence, just be- 
 low (Juebec, to which po by i<teanier or G. T. It. 
 Population of Parish about 1000. 
 
 ST. LACRENT, C. E., Montreal, Co. Hochelnpa, on 
 the Isle of Montreal, do to Montreal by Steamer 
 or Railwav. Population of parish about *IO(l. 
 
 ST. LAZARE, ('. E., Co. Bellecbasse. do to St. Henri 
 from ('handii''re on the Junction, a Station on tbu 
 (Juebec and St. Thomas Railway, 17 miles from Point 
 Levi. Population of luirlsh about l"^oo. 
 
 ST, LEON, C. E., Co. Maskenonge Dumontler. On 
 
 Vi 
 
 i! 
 
 f 
 
70 
 
 CANADA: CITIKS, TOWNS, AND VILLAGKS. 
 
 I J 
 
 North Slioru of SI. Lawri'iici-, J.iikf .St. IV'ter). Hcc 
 ](ivl6i'e (111 Iaiu]) I'll limit, whicli Uo»'8 tliroiigli T|i. 
 Duiiioiilier. 
 
 ST. LKiOUKI, C. K., Moiilciilm. On North Shore of 
 .*t. Liiwrence. t^-iu L'Assuiiiptloii uiul St. Maiiiict; 
 Territory. 
 
 ST. 1,1 N. See I/.^ssumplion, 
 
 ST. l.OIJIS, See liivir St. l-oiils. 
 
 ST. LDUIS l)K (iOUZAOL'K, C. K,, In Ilcaiihacois, 
 fi'oiitiiij^ the South Slioie of llie St, I.avvieiK'e, o|i- 
 pn.site Ceiliir. (io to t)e(l:ir's Koail Stiition, 'JU iiiiles 
 nc<t of .Morilreiil, OM the (i. T. It. 
 
 ST. l.lll', V. K., ill St. Joliii'.-i. See St. Jolm's Kiist. 
 
 ST. lA'l'K, C. K., Co. Itiiiioiisld, which fronts tlie South 
 Sliore of till' St. hiittreiice lielow the eontlueiice of 
 theSiiKueiiav, a port heloiv Kic, anil on the extendeil 
 (iranil Trunk K.\ten:<ion. I'opiilation of jiaiish 
 alioiit '.MiMi. 
 
 ST. .M.^ItC, v.. K A Tp. in Vercherefl, lielow Mon- 
 treal, on South Shore of the St. Lawrence. (Jo to 
 Montreal. 
 
 ST. .MAItCKI,, C. E , Co. Uiclielieu, on Sontli Shore of 
 St. hawrence. Go to William Henri Sorel', whieh 
 
 ST. .MAtiUKItlTK, C. K., Tp. l>ortlie.«le.-. See (.'hau- 
 
 (liiire. 
 ST. .MA It IK. See Ln lleauce. 
 ST. .MAKIK DK .MOMIM!, ('. E., in Uouville. Go to 
 
 St. Ililaire mi the ti. T. It. 
 ST. .MAKTIIE, V. E., Co. Viunlreuil, Tp. ItiKiluil, on 
 
 Soutli-we.st Itaiik of JiOwer (Jtlawa. Go to Van- 
 
 (Ireuil on (1. T. U. 
 ST. MAIi:i.\, 0. E. Wo Jesu.s (Eaval Se<lioiO. Oo 
 
 to Point Claire, on (i. T. U., 1!) miles on llie (i. T. U. 
 
 from .Montreal, ami thence to St. Martin, North. 
 ST. .MAHTINK, C. K. In ( hatean^'lla.v. (io to Sher- 
 rington, on the .Montreal anil I'latt.iburK Mne, ii'l 
 
 miles from Montreal. 
 ST. MARYS, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Itlansliaiil. 
 
 Population ahoiit 'JJOO. 
 ST. .MATlllAS, t:. E. Ill H.iuviiie. do to St. Ililaire, 
 
 on the G. T. U., 17 mile" from .Montreal. 
 ST. .MU'IIEI,, 0. E. Upiio.sile t'aii),'hnawaj;a. Go to 
 
 l.achine hy .Montreal anil Plattsliurg Kailway, on 
 
 Isle of .Montreal. Not a Post-ollico. 
 ST. MICllEh, 0. E. A Tp. in liellechasse. On the 
 
 South Shore of the St. Lawrence, (io to St. Henri, 
 
 on the (i. T. It., (Juehcc and St. Tluuiias Section. 
 ST. MOUESTE, C. E., Co. Temiscouala, Tp. Whil- 
 
 wortli, near Trois Pistoles, proposed Termimis of 
 
 St. Andrew's (New ISrunsnick! and (Quebec Kailway 
 
 and .Iiinclion wltli the (i. T. II. 
 ST. MONIliL'E, C. E. In NicoKt, fronting the St. 
 
 Lawrence, opposite Three Uivei's, to which ^o. 
 ST. N.VIICISSE, C. E. t'liamplain. do to Champlain. 
 
 4 miles from Rouse's Point N. V. ), on the N<^rlherii 
 
 U'lilroad from OKdeiishiirj; ,N. Y.). 
 ST. NICHOLAS, C. E. Levi. Go to Point Levi, on 
 
 the (i. T. It. 
 ST. NOKIIEKT, C. E. In liertliier. See Ik-rthier. 
 ST. OUItS, (,'. E. On Uichelieu Iti.er, (io liy Steamer 
 
 to anil from Henry William, or Sorel from .Montreal 
 
 f'nd the Kiclidieii lliver. 
 ."ST. PACOME, I'. E. Kamouraska. pee Kamouraska. 
 ST. PAS(,'HAL, C. E. See Kamouraska. 
 ST. PAUL ' LNDUSTUIE, C. E., J.iliette Co. See In- 
 
 dustrv. 
 ST. PALL'S HAY, C. E., Co. Cliarlevolx. On Nortli 
 
 Shore rf the St, Lawrence, oppusite the Isle .\iix 
 
 Condres, about Ij't miles belnw tiiielo'c, the Hrst 
 
 landing-place of Jacques Cartier. Go by Steamers 
 
 from tiuebec. 
 ST. PHILLIPI'E, C. K. In Lapraiiie. (io to St. 
 
 Lambert, on Junction on .^lontreal and Kousu's 
 
 Point. 
 ST. PHII.OMENE, 0. E. In niatea,.n..ay. Go to.^t. 
 
 Isidore, on tlie .Montreal and Plattsluirg Itall. 
 ST. PIE, U, E,, Co, lliinot. Go to SI. Ilvaciiitlie, on 
 
 tlie G. T. K., Montreal and Portland S.M-tion. 
 ST. PIEKUE H'OULE.VNS. See Isle .,f Oilrans, 
 ST, PIEKKE, C, E, ,M"ntmai,'ni. Go to St. Tliomaa, 
 
 on the (i. T. It,, III miles Iroin (Jiiebic. 
 ST. PIEKKE Li;.- MECQl'ETS. See Nicolet. 
 ST. PLACIDE, S,e Two .Mountains. 
 ST. POLYCAKP, C. E. In SoiilanK'es. (io to Cedars 
 
 Iload Station, 2'.t miles from Moiitre il, on the (i. T. It. 
 ST. PKOSPElt, C. E., Cliamplaiii Co, (io to Cliaiii- 
 
 plain, on House's Point and ttgdensburg K.iilway, 
 4 milen from House's Point. 
 
 ST. RAPHAEL WEST, C. W., Co. Glengary,Tp. Char- 
 
 lolteiilmrg. Go to Lancaster Station, 54 miles from 
 
 .Montreal, on the (1. T. R. 
 
 •ST. RAPHAEL EAST, ('. E., liellechasse Co. Go to 
 
 St. Henri, on the St. Tlionias Section of tlie G T l{ 
 
 ST. RAYMliNI), t;. E. See Portneiif. 
 
 .>iT. ROIiERT, C. E., Io. Richelien. (io to St. IliilaIre 
 
 on the G. T. It, ' 
 
 ST. ROCHES DES Al'NAIS, ('. E,, Co. L'Islet. See 
 
 Port Jolic. 
 
 .ST. KOCILM.IE, C. K. In St. Hyaeintlie. Go to St. 
 
 Hvaeintlie, on the G. T. K.,.'Jti iiiiies from .Montreal 
 
 on the G. T. 11. ' 
 
 ST. ROCH L'ACHIGAN. See L'A,ssumplion. 
 
 ST. ROSE, t . E. Ill Isle Jesus tLaval). Go to Slon- 
 
 treal. 
 ST. SACVEUR, C. E., Co. Terrebonne, Tp. Ahercroiii- 
 hie. North of New Carli.-ie, on Nortli Shore of St. 
 Lawrence. See St. .\dele and St, .Maiirlee Territory 
 ■ ST. SCIIOLASTKU'E, C. E, See Two Mountains. 
 ' ST, SIMON I)E Y,\MASKA, ('. E., Co. llagot, I'l,, De 
 I Ramsay, on Si. nth Shore of Lake St. Peter, Go to 
 I SI, Eramis (^Yaiiiaska). Steamers toucli from (Jue- 
 I bcc and .Montreal, 
 
 ' .ST. SL'MON l)E RIMOCSKI, f. E.,Co. Rimouski. On 
 j the .■^oiilli Slmre of .-1. Lawrence. A Port between 
 ! Trois Pistoles and Hie, wliieli see. 
 ; ST. SOPHIE, C. E,, Co. .Mcgaiitie, Tp. Halifax. Goto 
 { Stanfold or Artbabaska, <oi the G. T. It. 
 St. STANISLAS, C. E. See Cliamplaln. 
 ST. SLLPICE, C. E., .Montcalm Co. See Alexis. .No 
 I Post-.tliee, 
 
 ST. SLLPICE, C. E. L' Assumption. See L'Assiiiiip- 
 ; lion, '01 River L'.\.ssuiiiption, wliicli Hows into H. 
 
 Lawrejice below the Island of Montreal, 
 ; ST. SYLVESTER, C. E., Co. Lotbliilere. Go to Recall- 
 I emir, 55 miles from llieliuiond Junction, on the U. 
 
 T. K. 
 I .ST. SYLVE.XTER EAST, C. E, See St. Sylvestci, 
 ST. THERESE DE BLANVILLE, ( . E.,Co, T. r- 
 rilionne, Tji, lllainvllle. Opposite Isle Jesus, on 
 River St. Lawrence. Projected .Montreal and (II- 
 tawa Railway will toucli at St. Eustaehe. Montreal 
 is the nearest Railway point. 
 ST. niO.MAS (lieithierj, C. E., Co. liertliier. See 
 
 liertliier. 
 ST. THOMAS, ('. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Vannoull;. 
 On the London and Port Stanley Ilrandi of the II. 
 W. R. Go to London, on the G. W. U. Populaliua 
 about :iooil. 
 ST. THOMAS, (Montniagni), C. E., Co. Moiitniiiv- 
 ni. The present Tenniniis of tlie (i. T. It., east nf 
 (ineliec 411 miles, fronting the South Shore of llic .'■t. 
 Lawrence. 
 ST, TIMOTHIE, C. E., Ileauharnois Co., fronting the 
 
 St. Lawrence, opposite Vandrenil, on G. T, K, 
 ST. ri!li.\IN, C, E.,Co. Chateaugnav. See St. l.-i.l.nc, 
 ST, riiSlLE, C, E,, Co. .Maskinonge. In llic M. 
 .M.inriee T'rritory, in I'ief St. Jean, on the .Noilli 
 Slmre of the SI. Lawrence, which see. 
 ST. VALENTINE, C. E. See St. J. din's East. 
 ST. VAI.LIER, C. E,, Co, liellechasse, Tp. St. Vallicr. 
 On South Shore of the St. Lawrence. Go to ."^t 
 ILoiri. on tlie G. T. It. 
 .ST, Vl( TolliE, C. E., Co. Richelieu. Go to St. Ilya 
 
 cintlie, on theti. T. R. 
 ST. VINCENT, C, \V. A Tp. in C.i. Grey, fronting 
 the Nnttawasaga Hay. Steamer fnuii CoUIo.u'woimI 
 touches at Cape Rich and .Meaford ill nuili Im 
 Owen Sound. Road Stages in Winter, (in t.. Cil- 
 lingwood by the Ontario, Sioicoe, and Huron hiiil, 
 yT miles from Toronto. Popnialimi about ooo. 
 ST. VINCENT DE PAIL. In Isle Jesus, which sc, 
 ST. ZEI'HIHIM, C. E., Co, Yamaska, Tp. ( ourval, 
 near tlie St. Francis River, Go to Port St, Eraio-is, 
 on Lake St, Peter, liy ((iiebee and .Montreal Stcaiii 
 ers, ^:i miles below .Montreal. 
 ST. ZOTl(<l'E, C. E. In Soulanges. On Ni.rtli Shore 
 of St, Lawrence. Go to Cedars Road Station, 'Jit 
 miles West of .Mmitre.il, on the G. T. It. 
 SAIIREVOIS, C. E„ Co. Iberville. For I'ost-ollice, 
 see llenryvillc, on East Shore of River Iticliilicu. 
 Slolt's Station on liie wi'st side of Hie River Cliiiia- 
 |dain and St. Lawrence Railway is the nearest point. 
 SAGl'EN.'.Y DISTRICT, (\ E, This is readied by 
 Steamer " Sagiienay" from (Jiiebec and Tadousac, 
 on the North-west Shore of the St. Lawrence, 14a 
 mill's tielow tjuebec. 
 SALE.M, C'. W,, (.0. Oxford, Tp. Malalilde. Go to St 
 
 Pi 
 
 SCIl.^ 
 
 A 
 
 no 
 
 SCOT 
 
 Go 
 
 (i. 
 
 SCOT 
 
 Pi 
 
 anil 
 SCOT 
 ll'i 
 ship 
 Hill 
 Lan 
 SERA 
 Aug 
 Gni 
 SEHRl 
 twei 
 Illai 
 the 
 G, 
 SEELl 
 the 
 (pie. 
 Kin 
 SELlii 
 Nap 
 U„ 
 SELK 
 to 
 
 P'lp 
 
 SENT 
 
 Grai 
 
 Lak 
 
 SEY.M 
 
 Seyi 
 
 thei 
 
 811 A K 
 
 Tp. 
 
CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES, 
 
 71 
 
 igixi-y, Tp. CImr- 
 n, 54 niilfs from 
 
 S!*e Co. (id ti> 
 II of tliu (i. T. 11. 
 
 oti) St. Ililluirc, 
 
 ). l.'lslut. Sue 
 
 illic. (!o ti> St. 
 from .Moiitruiil, 
 
 mililloii. 
 
 1). Go to Mon- 
 
 ", Tp. A))i'ri'niiii. 
 rtli Sli.iri' of St, 
 uirloc 'rcrritory. 
 I .Moiiiitiiiii-. 
 1. lliip't. Tp. De 
 
 t. I'lttT, do to 
 
 toiicli from (Juc- 
 
 ). Itimouskl. On 
 A I'orl liutwifii 
 
 I. lliilifax. (iutu 
 T. 1!. 
 111. 
 Sec Alexis. Xo 
 
 Pee li'Assuiiii)- 
 :li llowa into St. 
 itreiil. 
 
 L'. (iO to licOlUi- 
 
 iictioii, on the U. 
 
 *t. Pylvestei. 
 E, C. K.,Co.T.r- 
 e Isle Jcjiis, .1)1 
 loMtreiil iiii'l (II- 
 ;aelie. Jlontreal 
 
 1. liertliier. Set' 
 
 , Tp. Yarnioutli. 
 liraiicli of tln-(l. 
 '. U. I'opiilativpii 
 
 E., Co. Montniiij!- 
 (i. T. It., ea>l .if 
 li Shore of tlie St. 
 
 Co., fronting the 
 
 , on (i.T. K. 
 
 y. See St. l.-^iilore. 
 
 ■(,'u. In the St. 
 
 an, on the North 
 
 see. 
 
 Ill's Kast. 
 
 e, T)!. SI. Vallier. 
 
 •ence. tio to St 
 
 1. Go to St. Iljii 
 
 o. Grey, fronting 
 from Collliii-'wooil 
 oril fii. I'uiili- loi 
 inter. Go tn Col- 
 anil Huron Kuil, 
 on ahoiit r.illl. 
 .lesus, whieh see. 
 'kii, Tp. Conrval, 
 (1 Port St. Kraiu-is, 
 1 Montreal Steam 
 
 , On Xortli Shore 
 Itoail Station, 'JH 
 
 . T. It. 
 
 Kor I'ost-oflice, 
 
 f Itiver Kiclulieu. 
 
 r the lUver Chiiiii- 
 
 ithe nearest poiiil. 
 
 his is reiielieil hy 
 
 lee and Tailonsiio, 
 St. liawrence, 140 
 
 ilahlile. Go to St 
 
 Thomas, on the Loniloii ami Port Stanley Uallwiiy, 
 whleh eonneets with the G. W. K. at London, I'op- 
 ulallon aliout 4IHI. 
 
 BAhKdUli, G. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. nereham. Go to 
 IngeiMili, on the G. \V. It. Population ahout JKIII. 
 
 gAl.^l''l'^■^•''^ C. \V., Co. Wentworlh. A 'l'|i. For 
 Post-otliee, see Ontario, wlilcli is a Station in siiiiie 
 Township, uu the U. W. It., lii inilea from Hamil- 
 ton Cllv. 
 
 SAXIXllhl', ('. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Alhloii. Go to >Ial- 
 ton 111 miles, or Dranipton, W miles from Toronto, 
 on the G. T. It. Popiilalloii ahoiit l.jll. 
 
 SANOI'OINT, C. \V., Co. Itenfrew, Tp. MeNiih. On 
 Upper Ottawa, South Shore. Go to Filzroy Uar- 
 hour. For I'jiper Ottawa Steamers and route, see 
 Aviiiier Kast. 
 
 SANDWICH, C. W., Co. Essex. A Tp. fronting the 
 St. Claire Itiver, !) miles helow Detroit, Miehigan. 
 Stages from Windsor, on the G. W. It. ; also Steam- 
 ers from Windsor and Detroit. Papulation ahout 
 lliill. 
 
 SAltNlA, C. AV., Co. Lanihton, Tp. of Sarnla. Situ- 
 ated at the upper end of Hiver St. Clair, near its 
 junction with l.aUe Huron. I'opnhition ahout |:iiiii. 
 
 SAUGEEN,C. W. A Tp. in llruce Co. A Port and 
 ilarhour of Lake Huron. There are one or more 
 projected Hallways to conneet it with Toronto. At 
 iireseiit go loGiielph, a .Main Station ontheG.T. It., 
 ,')il miles trom Toronto, and thenee hy Stage through 
 Flora, Fergus, .Mount Forest, Durham, etc. 
 
 SACLT Ai; ItKCOLLKT, C. K. On the Isle of Mon- 
 treal, (io to Montreal. Population ahout 'A'liUl. 
 
 SAUI.T STK MAItIK, C. W. Ahout '.'."> miles from 
 Lake Suiierior. A Steaiuhoat Landing iiiid jihice 
 of Summer resort on St. .Mary's Itiver or Straits. 
 The Americans have a Ship Canal, connecting 
 Lakes Huron and Sujieiior. Go to Ccdiingwiioil, ',17 
 miles from Toronto, hy the Ontario, Simcoe, and 
 Huron Kail, and thence hy Stemiier. Population 
 ahout 4IIII. 
 
 SAULT ST. LOL'IS, C. E. In Laiirairie. Go to 
 Caughuawaga Station, l.'i mile> from .Montreal, on 
 the .Montreal and Plattshurg Itallway. 
 
 SAWVKItVILI.K, C. E., ( o. Compton, Tp. Newport. 
 Go to Compton, on the G. T. It. Population ahout 
 Kill. 
 
 gCAItltOIlOI'GII, C. W. A Tp. In Co. York. A Sta- 
 tion on the G. T. It., Li miles cast of Toronto. 
 Piipiilation ahout (iO. 
 
 SCIIANTZ, C. W. In Co. Waterloo, North Hiding. 
 A Station hetween Guelph and Ilerlin, !>1 miles 
 north-west of Toronto, on the G. T. It. 
 
 SCOTCH IILOCK, C. \V., Co. llallon, T)). Esquesing. 
 Go to Georgetown, 110 miles from Toronto, on the 
 G. T. It. Population ahout .So. 
 
 SCOTLAND, C. \V., Co. Itrant, Tp. ikland. Go to 
 Paris Juncilon of the G. \V. It., and of the Biilliilo 
 and Lake Huron Itallway. 
 
 SCOTT, I'. W. A Tp. in Ontario Co., North Itlding 
 iPost-ollice discontinued, Aug., 1n")7). This Town- 
 ship is hest reached from the Ontario, Simcoe, and 
 Huron Hail from Toronto, either from Holland 
 Landing or Newmarket Stations. 
 
 8EIIAST0P0L, 0. \V. A new Township, north of 
 Anglesea and Ilarrie, in F'ronlenae Co. See Free 
 Grants. Population ahout lIMI. 
 
 SEltltlNGVlLLE, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Downie. He- 
 tween ami adjacent to Stratford and St. Mary's 
 lllanchard. Go to Stratford hy the (1. T. It., or hy 
 the Ilutfalo and Lake Huron, whi h unites with the 
 G. \\. It. at Paris. Population ahout l'2i». 
 
 SEKLEY'S HAY, C. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. LeeiLs. On 
 the St. Lawrence, near Gananoipie. Goto (ianaiio- 
 qiie, a Station on the O. T. It., 11 miles east of 
 Kingston, on the G. T. 11. 
 
 SEI.IIY, C. W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Iticlimond. Go to 
 Najianee, ill same Towiishi|i, a Station on the (i. T. 
 It., 1!) miles west of Kingston. Population ahout I^ill. 
 
 SELKIItK, C. W., Co. Ilahlimand, Tp. Walpole. Go 
 to Canfleld, on liulfalo and Lake Huron Itallway. 
 Population ahout 'Joll. 
 
 SENECA, C. W'., Co. Ilahlimand. A Tp. on the 
 Grand Itiver. Go to Middleport, on UuU'alu and 
 Lake Huron Rail. 
 
 8EYM0CK EAST, C. ^V., Co. Norlhumherland, Tp. 
 Seymour. Go to Hellevllle, on the G. T. It., and 
 thence north hv Stage. Pojiulation ahout llR), 
 
 SIlAKSPEAItE (late Bell's Corners), C. W., Co. Perth, 
 Tp. South EasthoiJB. Go to Stratford by the Buf- 
 
 falo and Lake Huron (with Junction at Paris wltti 
 the G. W. 11.), or hy the G. T. It. Population ahout 
 
 r>iHi. 
 
 SHANNONVILLE, C. W. A Tp. In Tvendinaga, Co. 
 Hastings, South Itlding. A Station on the G. T. K., 
 7 miles east of ikileville. Po|iulatlon ahout Kllld. 
 
 SHAItoN, ( W.,Co. York.Tp. Kast Gwilllmhury. Go 
 to Newmarket, H4 miles from Toronto, lui the Onta- 
 rio, Simcoe, and Huron Itailway. Population ahout 
 '.a I. 
 
 SIIKEN, C. E,, Co. Pontiac. A Tp. on North Shore 
 of Upper Ottawa, fronting the Itiver. See Ouiseau 
 for Post-olliec, and Ayliner East for Ljiper Ottawa 
 route. 
 
 SHAWEXEtiAN, C. E. On the Itiver Sliawencgan, 
 ahove (irand Piles, In the St. Maurice Territory, 
 wliich see. 
 
 SI./-:KFIKLD, C. \\., Co. Aihllngton. A Tp. For 
 Itoiitc, Post-olhees, and Villages, sec Clareview, 
 Erinsvllle, and Tamworlh. lias no Post-oQice 
 under head of "Shellield." 
 
 SHKFFIELD, C. \V., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Beverley. A 
 Post-othce and Village. Go to Copetown, a Station 
 of the G. \V. H., in Heverlev Tp. 
 
 SHKFroitl) AND SHEFFOltD .MOUNTAIN, C. W. 
 Go to Sherhrooke, on the G. T. It., Eastern Town- 
 ships, ill! miles from Montreal, and l'.il from Queliec, 
 
 SHEItHltOOKE WKST, C. W. A Tp. in llaldimand 
 Co. For Post-olliccs, see Port JIaitland. Go to 
 AVainlleet.on the Biill'alo and Lake Huron Railway. 
 
 SHERBROOKE, C. E. In Ascot. Go to Sherhrooke. 
 on the G. T. It., Montreal and Portland Section, I'il 
 miles from (Juehec, and Uli from Montreal. Steam- 
 ers to Lake .Memphramugog ply all the Summer. 
 Population ahout 3II0II. 
 
 SlIKItlDAN, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto. The Tp. 
 of Toronto is the western vicinity of tlic City. Pop- 
 ulation aliout lull. 
 
 SIIEItltlNtiTON, C. E. A Tp. in Napierville, and a 
 Itailway Station on the Montreal and Plattshurg 
 Hail, ;i:i miles from Montreal. Population ahout LMl. 
 
 SlIIPTON, C. K. A Ti). in llichmond. See Dannvlllc 
 for Post-olhce, also for Daiinville Station, on tlicG. 
 T. It., S miles from Iticlimond, on Quebec and Iticli- 
 mond Line. 
 
 SILLSVILI.E, C. V,'., Co Lennox, Tj). Fredericksburg. 
 Go to Eriiestown Station, s miles west of Kingston 
 Citv, on the G. T. K. 
 
 SIDNEY, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Hastings. For Post- 
 olhce, see Frankford. Go to Belleville, on the G. 
 T. It. 
 
 SILVElt CHEEK, C. \V., Co. Ilalton, Tp. Esipieslng. 
 Go to Georgetown, on the G. T. It. Pojiulation 
 about .'jll. 
 
 SILVElt HILL, C. AV., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Charlotte- 
 ville, near the Shore of Lake Erie. Go to Brant- 
 ford, on the BulValo and Lake Huron Itailway, 8 
 miles frou! the Paris .lunction with the G. W. It., 
 and thence by Stage to Simcoe dally. 
 
 SIMCOE, C. W"., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Woodhouse.. 
 Daily connection by Stage with Paris and Brant- 
 ford. Go to Brant ford by the Buffalo and Lake 
 Huron Hail. Population about '2(100. 
 
 SINCLAIHVILLE, C. \V., Co. llaldimand, Tp. Seneca, 
 which see. 
 
 SLIGO, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. C.iledon. Go to Bramp- 
 ton, on the G. T. It., 'Ji miles from Toronto. I'opu- 
 lation about 50. 
 
 SMITH, t'. \V. A Tp. in Peterborough Co., joining 
 Cavan and North Otonabee Townships on tlie South, 
 and surrounded by the Otonaliee and triliutary 
 Itivers wbicli separate it from Ennismore on the 
 West, llarve.v on the North, and Douro on the 
 East. For Village and Post-olhce, see Bridgenorth. 
 
 SMITHFIKLD, C. W., Co. Northumberland. In 
 Brighton Tp., which is on the (i. T. It., '22 miles 
 west of Belleville. Population about 40(1. 
 
 SMITH'S COHNKHS, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. 
 .Murray. Go to Trenton or Belleville, on the G. T. It. 
 SMITHS FALLS, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. North 
 Elmsley. On the Itiver Itideau, with steam com- 
 munication from Ottawa ami Kingston liy the Hl- 
 deau Canal Steamer-, and by Stage t*2 miles) direct 
 from Brockvllle, on the G. T. It. Population ahout 
 l.'jilO. 
 SMITHVILLE, C. W. (Hastings), Co. Hastings, Tp. 
 Thurlow, Go by Belleville, on the G. T. K. Pop- 
 ulation about U)0. 
 SMITHVILLE (Lincoln), C. AV., Co. Lincoln, Tp. 
 
 '^ 
 
 11 
 
72 
 
 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, ANIJ VILLAGES. 
 
 Grimsby, fjrlmsby Ptatlon on the O. W. K., 17 
 mlk's i'outli-L'ii^t <>r lluinlltdii, (rii Luke Untaiio. 
 Poiniliitloii aliout iV>il, 
 
 SUMllltA, C. \V. A T|). In Lamliton Co., fronllnR 
 ItlviT St. (lair, bftHien Itlver St. (lair and Lakf 
 lluniii, about 'JD uAWn Norlli-Wfst of Cliiitliain, a 
 Station on the (). \V. 11. Population almut Kin. 
 
 SOMKItSKT, C. K. A Town ami Township In Mfgan- 
 tic Co. and a Station on tin' (i. T. U., (juidifc and 
 Itichuiond Section, 47 miles from Iticliuiund Junc- 
 tion. 
 
 SOl'IIIASllUUd, C. W., Co. Prince Kdward. One of 
 tlie loinclpal Townships in this County, two sides 
 of wldcli are surrounded by the Hay of (Juinte. It 
 contains some of the llnest land in Camilla, and is 
 exceedingly prosperous. The Steamers from Helle- 
 ville from the West, and Kingston on the Kast — 
 (both Kingston anil llellevllle are .''tations on the 
 G. T. li., Montreal and Toronto Section)— touch at 
 Nnrtliport daily. For Villages and Post -ollices, see 
 Demore^tviile,"(llibert's Mills, and Xorthport. 
 
 SOKAHA, C. i;., Co. Ilagiit, Tp. Ciiton. Uo to Cpton, 
 on tlie (i. T. It., 4:1 miles from .Montreal. Popula- 
 tion aliout It'll). 
 
 SOUEL, C. E. See William Henri. Population about 
 4(1(1(1. 
 
 SOUI-ANfiES, C. E. A District fronting Nortli Shore 
 of the St. l^awrence, adjoining (lleiigary In (^anada 
 West. In Soulanges is the Cedars lioail Station of 
 the (r. T. K., 'J9 miles from Montreal. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON, C. W., Co. llruee, Tp. Saugeen. 
 Soulliampton forms as yet only the nucleus of a 
 town, situated at the mouth of the Uher Saugeen. 
 Two or three Iiolels and stores, surrounded by 
 several line houses have been jilanted uiion the 
 sandy slope, still .sludiled Willi slumps, rising gently 
 from the shore of the lake. The sand, however, 
 disajipears before a richer soil, as you retire into 
 the interior of the country. A Flour Mill and two 
 Saw Mills stand upon the banks of the river. The 
 Fisheries furnish lucrative emidoyment for several 
 boats' crews, particularly during the fall of the 
 year. Heyond the river lies an " Indian Ueserve," 
 and an Indian Village, consisting of a few frame 
 houses, inhabited by a reiiinaiit of " mildeyed and 
 melancholy" Iteil Indians, pensioned by Oovern- 
 meiit, and monopolising a crescent eminence upon 
 tlie liaiiks of the meandering Saugeen, wilh roman- 
 tic dells and sylvan scenery scarcely surpassed even 
 by "winsome Varrow." (>iiposlte the town, and 
 about a mile distant from the shore, lies Chantry 
 Island, or rather Islet, on whicli a Lighthouse has 
 lately been erected, and In the lee of which miglit 
 be constructed a harbour of refuge for a whole 
 nav.v, a scheme which rumour sa.vs, has been jiro- 
 jeeted in conneclion with a new line of railroad 
 from (iiielph, and urgently deiuaiideil l>y the inac- 
 cessibility of tills north-nest corner of the province. 
 But eonshlcring the dangerous nature of (he navi- 
 gation through tile (ieorgian Ha.v, there cannot be 
 the least iloiibt lliat it will withdraw the trallic, at 
 least, to the West from the Northern liailroad to 
 t'olliiigwood, and conduce, tlierefore, to the pros- 
 perity of " The Morning Star," as Southampton 
 may lie designated from its position. 7(1 miles north 
 of (iodcrlcii, H'Ji miles from (Jwen Sound. Stage 
 dailv to Owen Sound. Population aliout li.MI. 
 
 SOUTH 1101/rON, C. E. Co. Ilrowne, Tji. Ilolton. 
 licave tlie train at Comptoii, (I. T. U. ()o through 
 Charleston ainlStanstead Plain — in which isOeorge- 
 tjllc cross by Steam Ferry to lioKon, shore of 
 Miigog Ijake, ami go by .■•tage to Itoltoii. one of the 
 Eastern Townships, proverliial for ferlility of soil, 
 salubrity of climate, and the singular beauty of 
 their seeiierv. 
 
 HOUTH (.'AVUOA, C. W., Co. Haldim.ind, Tp. South 
 ('lIUIUil ('" toCaiitield Station, on the lliiiralo and 
 Luke llillon Hailwav. Population about Inn 
 
 SOUTH CItOSltV, C.'W. a Tp. in Leeds Co. For 
 Post-ollices, Iloute, and Villages, see Elgin and 
 Morton. 
 
 SOUTH DOUItO, C. W., Co. Peterborough. Tp. Douro. 
 Go to Peterborough liy Hallway from Cobourg, on 
 the (1. T. H. Population about .Ml. 
 
 SOUTH in IIIH.M, C. S., Co Drummoml, Tp. Dur- 
 ham, (io to Durham Station, on the (). T. R., (il 
 miles south-east of Montreal. Population about liMl. 
 
 SOUTH EA.STHOPE, C. W. A Tji. in Co. I'crth. In 
 the vicinity of the Stratford Junction Station of 
 
 the IliilTiiIo nnrt Lnko Huron Rnilirny nnd O. T. U. 
 
 I I'ost-olllce, see Sliakspeare. 
 
 SOI .il EL.MSLEV, C. W. A Tp. in Leeds Co. On 
 the liideau HIvcr. Goto llrockvllle,(ui thetJ.T. H,, 
 anil thence by Smith's Falls Stage. Population 
 about Till. 
 
 SOUTH ELY, C. E. See Ely. A Tp. In ShelTord. In 
 the vicinity of tlie Jiichiiiond Junction of the G. T. 
 It. Population about Inn. 
 
 SOUTH FINCH, U. W., Co. Storniont, Tp. Flndi. do 
 to Dlckensiui's Liindlng. on the G. T. It., a Stiitlon 
 !l iiillea West of Cornwall, the County Town. pop. 
 ulaticn about HKI. 
 
 SOU'I'H GLOUCESTEH, C. W., Co. Cnrleton, Tp. 
 Gloucester, (io to Gloucester, a Station II inilis 
 from Ottawa, on tin' Prescott Ilranch from the (i. 
 T. U. lit Prescott Junction. 
 
 SOUTH GOWEIt, C. W. A Tp. ill Nortli Hiding of 
 Co. GrenvHIe. Go to Kelly's or Osgoode Statinii, 
 on the (Ktawa Ilranch from the Prescott Juncliou 
 of theG. T. H. 
 
 SOUTH (illANBV, C. E. A Post-ollicp for (iraiiliy 
 Tp., Co. Sliclford. Go to Acton, on the G. T. it. 
 Population about inil. 
 
 SOUTH HINCHlMiltOOKE, C. E., Co. Hiinlingdon, 
 Tp. Iliiichinbrooke. Go to llciiiliigford. 41 iniirs 
 from .Moiilreiil, a Station on tlie .Montreal ami 
 Plattsburg Hailwav. 
 
 SOUTH .M AHCH, ( •." W. A Post-oirice in March Tp., 
 Co. Carlelon. (In South Shore of Ottawa Hivir, 
 opposite Aviiiier East. Go to Ottawa Citv fniiu 
 Prescott Junction of the G. T. It., by (Xtaw'a Hail- 
 wav. 
 
 SOUTH .MONAGHAN, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Xorthum- 
 herland. West Hiding. Go to Trenton on the G. T, 
 It. 
 
 SOUTH MOUNTAIN, C. W. A Posl-otrico in Moun- 
 tain Tp., Diindas Co. Go to Matilda Stathui on the 
 G. T. H., '.I miles west of Kingston and 104 east of 
 Montreal. Population about Inn. 
 
 SOUTH I'OTTON, C. E., Co. Ilronie, Tp. Potion. For 
 route from Complon Station of tlie G. T. It. See 
 South Ilolton. 
 
 SOUTH HO.XTON, C. E., Co. SlielTord, Tp. Hoxton. 
 Go to Acton on the G. T. It., 411 miles from Mon- 
 treal. 
 
 SOUTH WEPTMEATH, C. VV., Co. Henfrew, Tp. 
 Weslmeatli, fronting the Hiver Ottawa, South Shore, 
 adjacent to Pembroke. The Pembroke and bnick- 
 ville Hallway will Intersect the Tp. Go (o Ayiiner 
 East, and see Avimer East for route 
 
 SOCTHWOLD, C. W., Co. Elgin. A Tp. skirted on Ilia 
 west by the London and Port Stanley Itailway, and 
 fronting Lake Erie on thesoulli. Go to St. Tlioiiiiis 
 WesI, which see. For Post-ollices within tlie T|i., 
 see Fingal and Talbotvllle Itoval. 
 
 SOUTH ZdltltA, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Zorra. (io 
 to Wooilstock on the (i. W. 11., about 47 miles west 
 of Hamilton City. 
 
 SPARTA, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Yarmouth. In the 
 vicinity of London and Port Stanley Uranch Hail- 
 wav from London, G. W. It. Go to St. Thomas 
 West. 
 
 SPENCEIt COVE, C. E., Co. (Juebec, in vicinity of the 
 City. Go (o Point Levi Terminus of the G. T. H. 
 Population about 'Jniiii. 
 
 SPENCEItVILLE, C. W. A Village and Post-idlice in 
 Edwnrdsliurg, Co. Grein'ille. Go to Edwardshurg 
 Station on the tr. T. It., 11 miles east of Preseuti. 
 Junction. Population about l.'iii. 
 
 SPIKE'S COHNEHS. See llarrowsinith. 
 
 Sl'HING AHIIOUH, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Wal>ing- 
 liani, on Lake Eric. Go to Simcoe. See Simcoe, ('. 
 \\'.. for route. Population about :tnn. 
 
 SPHINGFOHD, C. W.. Co. Oxford, Tji. Norwich, (io 
 to Wooilstock on the G. W. H. 
 
 SPHINGVILLE, C. W., Co. Durliam, Tp. Cavan. Go 
 to Port Hoiie on the G. T. It,, iVl miles west of To- 
 ronto, and thence by Port Hope and Lindsay Hail- 
 way, partially open to Oiiiemee. Popiilalioii aliout 
 Inii. 
 
 STAFFOltD, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Henfrew, adjacent 
 to Pembroke, on Upjier Ottawa, South Shore. See 
 .\yliner East for route. The Itailway to Pembroke 
 will pass very near this Towiisliip. 
 
 STAMFOllD, C. W., Co. Wellaiid. Co. Town and Tp, 
 in Niagara District. A Station on the Drancli Hail- 
 way from Niagara to Chippewa, 10 miles from Niag- 
 ara, and 7 from Chippewa. 
 
CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 78 
 
 BTANIIKIDIIK KAST, <'. K.,(o. .Mlssl<i|iinl, T|i. Sliui- 
 
 lirid|.'f. (ii) I" t'i>ni|il(iii, ('. K., (Ill li. T. IC, Mini- 
 
 il< <■(>. On trisil mill I'orlliinil fivMimi, or in St. .InlmV mi tliu 
 
 1 tlii'd. T. It., ( li.'iiiipluiii mill St. I.invn-iiff Uiiilnay, liftHini 
 
 l'ii|iiiliitliin Mlili'li t«o StiUliiiin llu'i-i.' in It line of Mii(,'i',< llirui' 
 
 liiiii'^ » wvek tliriniKli flmiliriilKf, Diuiliiiiii, llniiiie, 
 lliilloii, mill lii'iirf:t'vlllL'. I*n|iiiliiili>ii iiliMiii 'J.'iii. 
 UTASIIIIllXiK, «'. K. Sue Sliiiil)iiil|,'t; i;a»t mill Uuil- 
 
 fiji'.l ill saiiK' Tp. 
 STAM'IIN, C. K. a T|i. Ill DmrliPsliT, on Kii^t Siioie 
 iif llif CliHiiiliiTf llivi'i-, li.iriliTJiin llfilcelias-i' I'u. 
 The Cliiiiiilii'ie .liiiiclinii nil (1, T. Ii. Is iilimit .'iii 
 
 lllili'< ili-lalll. I'nplllalinll lllinlll 'Jill. 
 
 gTAM-'Ol.D, ('. K. A T|i. In Arlliatiaskii; ii Stallmi 
 on llii' (i. T. It.. 'i'< miles finiii I'niiit Levi ((Juebee), 
 ami M miles frniii Itieliiiiniiil .liinellnii. 
 
 STAM.KV, r. W. A T|i. in i'x. lliiinii. iif wlileli Ilay- 
 (ielil is the piiiieliiiil l'o«l-ulllee and Villaxe. Sec 
 alsn Dnii-efielil. 
 
 PTA.M.KVS .MILLS, C. W., Co. I'eel, Tp. Cliliipia- 
 omi-v. (In In Hi'uiiiptim uii llie 11. T. II. I'npula- 
 ti.iii'aliMiit l.'ill. 
 
 STANSTEAD, C K. A Tp. ami Town in Cn. of 
 saiii'' name, ooiitaiiiiiiK llatle.v. Ilai'ii'-tnii. ami Maii- 
 stiail. nil (he llnrilers nf (he Stale nf ViTiiinnt, three 
 nf Hie hesl 'i'nwii-liips ill the Kasli'in Pioviiiee. (in 
 (n Cniiiptnii nil the (i. T. It., llil miles .smith-east of 
 .Mmilival. 
 
 ■STKl'IIK.S, (!. \V. A Tp. in Miiniii, frniitiii(! I.aka 
 lliirmi. The IJmlerieh Slaui' frmii l.nnilmi, ('. W. ; 
 llaiiiillnii anil Winilsnr Line, anil the St. .Mar.v's 
 lllaii-hanl, whieli Hee, nlTef the lie^t innile nf emii- 
 iiiMiiieatinii. I'm' I'nst-ntlii'i', see K\eter. 
 
 STK\ LNSM I.LK, ('. \\., Cn. Wellaml, I'p. Ileitle, near 
 shmenf L.ike Krie. (in to rm-t Kiie, Canadian Ter- 
 minus nf the lliitrali) anil Lake lliii'ii Railway. 
 I',p|>i.;:;timi alimit l."ill. 
 
 STIRLING, C. \V., ( n. Iliislinns, Tp. Itawilon. Co 
 to llelh'ville nil the C. T. It., II:! miles east nf To- 
 I'ciiitn anil '.':in we-t nf Mnnireal, ami tlieiioe liy ' 
 Stace. SliiKC also fruiii .Mailue. I'n|iulatimi ulioul j 
 I mill. 
 
 STITTSVII.LK, V. W., Cn. Cailelmi, Tp. (inulhiirn. j 
 North Osjinnile, nil Hie Ottawa aiiil I'resentt .lime- j 
 tloii, HI miles frmii (lllawa City, appears In lie the ; 
 neare^( Station. (In tn I'resentt .liiiu'tinn (fnr Ot- 
 tawa Itailwav) on the (>. T. It. I'opulation aliuiit 
 .'ill. 
 
 STOCO, C. W., Co. Ilasliniis, North Itiilini;, Tp. llun- 
 gerfnril. North of Napanee ami Tyemlnnafra nii 
 the (i. T. It., .Montreal anil Tornntn Seetion. Nap- 
 anee most ellKihle lor Sta^e coiineetimi. I'upiila- 
 timi ahoiit ,'ili. 
 
 PTONKIIA.M, C. K. A Tp. in tliiebec Co., norlli-eaiit 
 of (he City about IS niUcn. Uo to Point Levi on the 
 (i. T. It. I 
 
 STONEY CREEK, C. W., Co. W,nt«ortli, Tp. Salt- 
 ll.ei, 101 Lake Ontario, tin to Ontarin Station, i 
 alimit 11^ miles smith-west nf llamllton, mi Hie (i. 
 W. It. I'opiilaiiou alioiit 'J(l;i. 
 
 gTOItNOW.W, C. K., i'o. Cmiipton, Tp. Winslow, I 
 about il."i mile^ east of Itielimmnl .liiiietinii of the (1. ! 
 T. It. Sherbrnnke is the most ,-lii;ilile Station for 
 Stai;i nneelimi. I'npuhitimi about Ion. 
 
 STOlilllMlTON, C. \V., Co. Krniiteiiae. A Tp. north 
 of I'lattsbiiri;. (in tn Kiiifrston City on the (i. T. It., ; 
 ami thi'iiee bv Itiileaul anal Steamers or riallslnii'i.' 
 Slatre. 
 .STOTTVILLK, C. K., St. Jolin's. Try SI. .Inliir.s, l'1 ; 
 miles fi'fini Montreal, mi ( 'haiii|ilaiii and St. l^aw- 
 
 relK'e l!;iihva\-. l'o|Hll;ilinn about .'ill. 
 
 STOUFFVILLE, C. W., ( o. Vork, Tp. Whitebiireh. 
 do hy Slatre frniii 'I'nrmitn City, at L'| 1'. «. daily, 
 from lilack Horse Inn, front st., or by Sta^'e frmii 
 I'^earboro Station at If. Stmill'viUe is also williin I'.' 
 miles east nf the (Inlarin, Siiiiene, and lliirnn Kail- 
 way. Aurora. Kin;.:, or Newmarket Stations. I'opn- 
 lalimi about .'iilil. 
 
 STRABANE, C. W., Co, Wentwortli, North Uiilinjr, 
 Tp. Klainborn West, (in tn llaiiiiltnn mi tlietl. \\'. 
 It. I'npiilatinn abmit '.'ml. 
 
 STItAhKOltKVILLK, I . W., Co. Kl-in, Tp. Ilayliam. 
 Near Lake Krie, about '.'II miles \ve^t of St. Tiiniuas 
 West, nil Lnndon and I'nrt Stanley .liinclinn nf the 
 (i. \V. It., emineeliiii,' at London, C. W. I'opulation 
 abmit 4011. 
 
 STRATFORD, C. \V., Co. Perlli, Tp. .^outll Kaslliope. 
 The Teriuiinis nf tlie (i. T. It., ^!l miles north-west 
 of Toronto, 'M miles from the I'aris Station, on the 
 
 d. \V. It., an well us on the Ilullalo and Lake Huron 
 Kail. Slane eoiineelluu with duderich, St. .Mary's, 
 and London, C. \V. 
 
 STltATillllltN, C. W., Co. Middlesex, West IlidlnK, 
 I'p. .Mo.,a. (in to Kkfrid Station on tliu d. \\. It., 
 •in miles West, C. W. 
 
 STltATllltOY, C. W, Cn. Middlesex, Tp. Carradoe. 
 tin tn .Mniiiit lli'.\ ilges in same Tuwnshlp, a Stallou 
 mi the (i. W. It., l,-i miles west of London, 'J. W. 
 Population about Inn, 
 
 STREETSVILLE, C. W., Co. I'eel, Tp. Toronto. 
 (in by Sta^'e ilireel frniii Tnronio City ideneral 
 
 Wolfe Inn) dally, at 'J 1'. .M., or by Stajie fi i I'nrt 
 
 Credit Statimi, on the (1. W. II., I'J miles west of 
 Tnrmitn. I'opulatimi about J.'ioil. 
 
 STL'KKLV, C. K. A Tp. In .Xhenbrd. About 1'.' miles 
 West of Sherbronke Statimi, on the d. T. It., •& 
 miles sonlh of Itlehmnnd .liiiietinii. 
 
 SILLIVAN, C. W. A Tp, in r,,. (ire.v. dn tn Col- 
 liiiKwnnd by the Ontarin, Siiiiene, and lliirmi Hall- 
 way frmii Tnrmitn, and tlienee by Canadiiiii Steamer 
 In Owen Snuiid, and tlieiiee by Sta^e aliont I'.' 
 miles south-west. 
 
 Sl'.M.MKltSTOWN. C. W., Co. dlennary, Tp. Char- 
 Inlteiiburi,'. A Slatinii mi the (i. T. 11., ■< miles east 
 nf Cnrnwall, and tJO from MotitreaL I'oimlation 
 about .'ill. 
 
 SlMMKItVILLK. C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Tnrmilo. In 
 Hie vieiiiity nfTnrmito City, (in tn Port Credit, I'i 
 mill's on the llaiiiiltnn and Tormiln Seellmi nf d. 
 W. It., or by Cnnksville Sta;;e, daily from Toronto. 
 Popiilatinii about Inn. 
 
 Sl'NMD.^I.K, C. W. A Tp. and Statimi on tlic Sim- 
 ene, Ontarin, and Ilurmi Hallway, ?J miles from 
 T.pronln. 
 
 SlTIIKllLAND'S ( OltNKItS, C. W., Cn. Lamlitnn, T|). 
 Kiiphemia. (in tn Newlmry, <ui the (1. W. It., Ham- 
 lltmi and Winilsnr Seetion, about iilj miles west of 
 London, C. W. 
 
 SII'TON, C. K. \ Tp. in limine. Stages run frnm 
 Coinptmi, mi Hie (i. T. It., by way of deoryeville. 
 I'opulatimi about 15(1. 
 
 SWK.Mil ltd, C. W., Co. Oxford, North Itldiii);, T|i. 
 ' est Oxfnr.l. (in (n IiiKersoll, on the (i. W It., 
 llaiiiiltnn and SVindsnr Seetinii, alunit 'Js miles west 
 nf I'aris .lunelion of ti. W. It. and Ilullalo and Lake 
 lliirmi. 
 
 SWKKTSIil'Itd, C. W., Co. Jlissisipioi, Tp. Dimliam. 
 (io by the same StatJe route from Cmnplnii, nn the 
 d.T. It., .Montreal and Toronto Seetimi, by way nf 
 (ieni'iii-viile, as for llnlton, Suttmi, Ib'nme, ete. 
 
 SWir/KltVILLK,*'. W., Co, .\ddiiiKtoii, Tp. Kriusloii. 
 do to Krnestnii, on the (i. T. it., I."i niilus west of 
 Kiiif;ston Citv. Poinilati'". about Inn. 
 
 SVltKNIIAM, C. W, A I'p. in drey 'n,, in wliieli Is 
 Owen's Sound, the p.''liieipal Tnwn, P. "t, and Post- 
 olliee of li,.„ 1ms. ?'b' . (in hy Ontario, ; imene, and 
 Huron llailway to Cnllin^'wood from Tnronto, and 
 tlienee b.\ Canadian Steamer, or by (iuelph, on the 
 d, T. It,,' and tlienee bv .'^tiij.'es, 
 
 SYllKNll AM. C, W. A 'I'p. in Iteiifrew, on the .South 
 Shore of the I'pper Ottawa Itiver, near Pembroke. 
 For mule, see .\vliiier Kast. iN'nt a Post-nlliee.) 
 
 SVDKMIA.M I'L.U K, C. K., Co. Ilriinimoiol, Tp. 
 Kin;.'sey. do to Daiinville, on the d. T. lt.,(Jiiebee 
 and Ilielimond Seetion, I'J miles from Itielimond 
 .hiiielioii. 
 
 SYLVAN, C. W., Co. Mi.ldlesex, West ItidiiiK, Tp. 
 Williains. In Port Sarnia Distriet, West of Strut- 
 ford, on intendeil (1. T. 11. Kxteiisimi at iireseiil. 
 (io tn l.niidmi, ('. W., by the d. W. II., and abmii 
 lii tn IS miles nortli-we=t by Iluad. Poimlatioii 
 about Oil. 
 
 T 
 
 TADorSAC, C E. In Tadousae Co. On North-oust 
 lioiiit o[ (he eonllueiiee of the Itivers Sapiieniiy and 
 St, Lawreiiee, Mil miirs bilnw (Juebee. Tlie Sague- 
 n.iy Steamers usually eall. N"teil as a Station nf 
 the Hudson's li.iy Company, with its llaj; stalf and 
 eannmi. Nnted alsn fnr a " railinmless" hurbour, 
 wlicve the Fremli si|iiadi'oii found a seeure retreat 
 at the Sie(xe of iluebee under deneral Wotfe. Poji- 
 ulation about Inn. 
 
 TALHOTTVIl.LK ItOVAL, C. W., Co. Elgin, West 
 Itldinj,', T|). SouHiwidil. (i" tn St. Thomas (West), 
 on the London and I'nrt Stanley Kailnay, which 
 
 j I 
 
7-i 
 
 CANADA: CITIKS, TOWNS, AND VILLAGK9. 
 
 connects nt London with tlie (1, W. It. l'i>|mlutlon 
 Hliont .sun. 
 
 TAMAItACK.t'. K.,('(). M.Kiintli'. A ni'W I'okI iinicc. 
 
 TA.MWOUTll, »'. W., C.i. AdilliiKlon, Tp. Jiliflll.'lil. 
 yoe " Ki'fc (Jr;ints." Tmnworlli U iini' of llio 
 placc'i (III llie rnuii' Irnin Kiiin-'lnn to Napanvt', on 
 tilt' (i. T. K. Population iilMint ((Id. 
 
 TA.\XKi{Y WKST, C. K. On the Isle of .Montreal 
 (lloclielaKii Division), (io to .Montreal City liy (I. 
 T. H. or Steamer. 
 
 TAl'I.KYTOWN, ('. \V.,f'o. Went«dilli,Soiitli Uldlnn, 
 Tp. Saltlleet. (io to Dntarin, on thiMi. \V. ll.,aliont 
 11^ nilica froni llainllton City. I'upiilation ubuut 
 811. 
 
 TATMtCK, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Darllnof. Aliout 
 iiO miles nortli of I'erii, to whleli (;o liv Sta^e from 
 lln.ckvllle, on the (i. T. K. The Arnprlor Knilway 
 will open this (llstrlet, ami Is now In |iro(;ress. 
 
 TKir.M.XKTll, ('. \V. A Tp. In SlMieoe,S(.iilh Ithlln);, 
 nliont (i miles West of llradforil, to wlikh Station 
 Ko liy the Ontario, t^lincoe, and Huron Kail from 
 Toronto. 
 
 TKKSWATKIt, ('. W., Co. rtniee, Tp. Ciilross. (!o to 
 (liielph, on the (I.T. I(., Toronto and Slralforil See- 
 tion, andtheiiee liv (iarafraNa Ito.id North. 
 
 TKMI'I.KTON, ('. K. A Tp. In Ottawa Co. Opposite 
 the City of Ottawa, on the North Shore, near eon- 
 flnenec of (iatlneau and Ottawa lUvers. (In to 
 I'ri'seott .Innetion, on the 0. T. It., anil thence hy 
 Ottawa Itallwav. 
 
 TK.Ml'l,KTON, C. K. .lames Ilo),'an, Poslniaater, Inn- 
 keeper, and Trader, (iatiiiean Point. 
 
 TKOilAl'TA, C, K. In SeiKiiory of lieanharnols, on 
 iioiith Shore of St. I.awreiiee. (io to l.aelilne and 
 cross to ('aut;lina\va);a or lleanlianiois', is alnmt In 
 miles west of the Itailway (Montreal and Platts- 
 bnrn Mill'). 
 
 TERREBONNE, C. K. A Town and S.iKnory op- 
 poslte Isle of .lesiis, on North Shore of the St. Law- 
 rence, (io to .Montreal, and theiiee aliout 'jn miles. 
 Population alioiit 1-1(10. 
 
 TKTK IJf llori.K, C. K. A Moniitaln I'eak SOO feet 
 Iiliih, ahout one mile from railoiisae, from whence 
 may he seen one of the most wild and inaKiilllcent 
 vlew.s the Samienav affords. 
 
 TKVIOTDALK, C. w!, Co. Wellington, North Illdlii):, 
 Tp. Minto. (Io to (inelpli, on the (i. T. H., niiil 
 thence North liv Stajje. 
 
 TIIAMKSKOHP, C. W.,Co. Oxford, North liidhi^', Tp. 
 Kast Missouri, (io to Kdwanlslinr)?, on the (i. W. 
 It., 10 miles cast of London, C. W. I'opulation 
 aliout fion. 
 
 TIIAMKSVILLK, V. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Camden. A 
 Station on the (i. T. H., -1!) miles west of London, 
 0. W. Population aliont :!(in. 
 
 THISTLKTON, C. W., Co. York, Tp, Ktolilcokc. (io 
 to Weston, on the (i. T. U., !l miles nut of Toronln. 
 Toronto and Stratford Section, or hy Stape at '.' 
 daily, from Wolfe Inn, Chiireh street, which Koes 
 lliro'uj.'li Ktohlcoke. Population iiliout Inn. 
 
 TIIO.M.\SI!l'lt(i, C. W., Co. Hastings, Ninth ItidliiB, 
 Tp. Ilunperford. (io to Naiianee, on (i. T. K. 
 
 THOUAII, C. W., Co. Ontario. A Tp. in which are 
 lieavcrton and Korcastle, elsewhere referred to, 
 which see. 
 
 TllOKNIll'liY, C. W., Co. (ire.v,Tp. Cnlllncwood. (io 
 to Colllnjjwood, fin Ontario, Siniein', and Huron 
 HalUvav, ili") miles from Toronto. Population aliout 
 l.'))). 
 
 THORNHILL, C W., Co, York, Tp. Markham. 
 Dailv Stape from Toronto City, Best's Hay Horse, 
 Yonpe street, at '-^ P. M., also Hallway liy Ontario, 
 Slnicoe, and llnron. From Toronto 14 miles. Poji- 
 ulation aliout 7iM). 
 
 THOKNTON, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Innisfil. Lefrny 
 and Craipvale are hoth Stations in Innislll Tp., on 
 the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron ItaiUvi'.y. Popula- 
 tion aliout 7."). 
 
 THOROLO, C. W. A Town and Tp. In Welland Co. 
 A Station on the (i. W, It,, lij miles from Niagara, 
 and uhout Hi^ from Hamilton. Poiinlation ahont 
 20011. 
 
 THOItPVILLK, C. W., Co. AVellinpton, North Kldlng, 
 -"■;>. Nicol. (io to (inelpli on the (!. T. It. 
 
 THREE RIVERS, C. K. Nearly half-way lietween 
 Montreal and (Jnehec; a Town at the month of the 
 Pt. Maurice from the north, and the Itecancour on 
 the South, situated on the North Shore of the St. 
 Lawrence. A Tp., Corporate, and Electoral District. 
 
 Tills wag formerly the seat of government. The 
 Cataract of ShawlnncKamine Is ahout 'i.'i lulles up 
 the St. Maurice, and Is an oliject of preat liitere-t 
 as are the luiiilieiliip estaldlshnients spiuiip up of 
 late with the openliip of the .st, Maurice eoinitry. 
 (io hy Steamer from Uneliec or .Montreal. Popula- 
 tion alioni Tniiii. 
 
 TIHIll.OW, ( . W. A Tp. in llnsllngs Co. (In to 
 llellevllle on the (1. T. It. 
 
 TliritSO, C. K,, Co. Ottawa, Tp. Lochaher, mi the 
 North Shore of the Ottawa Illver, trontliip Ihe river, 
 aliont '.'II miles lielmv OllawaCity. (io liy Steamers 
 from Mnntreiil. .See also Ottawa City. Population 
 aliont '.'on. 
 
 TILIIII!*' KAST, C. W. A Tp. In Kent. Oo to Ilap. 
 tiste Creek on the (i. W. It,, Ml miles east of \Mijd. 
 sor. Population ahont •%o. 
 
 TILIintY WESr. C. W. A Tp. In Kssex ('■ . Kor 
 Postollici', route, etc, see Ciinilier and Tilhury 
 Kast, (adjolnlnp Township), 
 
 TINI)IICK,('. K, ATp, in Arthahaskn. (iol.i Dami- 
 ville on the (i. T. It., I'.' miles from lllclminiid. 
 
 TlilNti, C. W. A Tp, In North llidinp of Shiiciie Co,, 
 fronliiip tlietieorplan Hay. KorTowiis, I'lisl-ollii.'is, 
 and route, see Penetanpnishene and Lafonlalne, 
 
 TOLKDO, C. W,, Co, Leeds, Tp, Kitlev. (io to Urock- 
 vllle on the (i, T. It. Population ahont 17fi. 
 
 TOIiONI (» (iOltK, See (iore of Toronto. 
 
 TOItONTO, C. W,, Co. Peel, A Tp, In vicinity and 
 west of Toronto City, See Credit, Cooksville, Siiiii- 
 merville, Sireetsville, Sheridan, atid Derry West for 
 Post-iitlices, etc, 
 
 TORONTO, C, W,, Co, York, I'pper Canada, and 
 seat of povernment. For full information and views 
 of Tiironto, see elsewhere, 
 
 TOWN.^KNI), C, W, A Tp, In Norfolk Co. Fnr 
 Itoutes, Villapes, and I'ost-ollices, see llloom.-liinp, 
 Huston, C. W,, Hartford, Itockford, Villanova, and 
 Waterford. 
 
 THAKALOAIt, C, W. A Tp. In Halton Oo. do to 
 Hronte In the same Tp,, a Station on the (I. W. II., 
 l:!i mih'S from Hamilton Citv, 
 
 TItKCASTLK, C, W„ Co, Perth, Tp, Wallace, (io to 
 Stratford on the (J. T. K, Wallace Tji. lies about 
 T-i miles north. 
 
 TItKNIIol.M, C, K.Co. I)rummonil,Tp. Klnpsey. Go 
 to lluiinville on li. T, II, 
 
 TRENTON, C, W„ Co. Northiimlierland, T|i. Mur- 
 ray. A Station on the (i. T. It,, (near the iiioulh of 
 the Itiver Trent,) 1'.' miles west of lielleville and lill 
 oast of Toronto, 
 
 TlilNti, C, K. A Tp, In Heauce, ahont 'A'l miles east 
 of ,\rlliali.'iska Station on the Ci. T. It,ii2 miles from 
 liii'hmond .Innetion, 
 
 TICOIS PISTOLKS, C, K. A Tp. In Teinlscouata. A 
 Port on South Shore of ,st. Lawrence, aliout 110 
 miles helow St. Thomas Kast. The Inteiideil Teriui- 
 iinsof the St, Andrew's (New llruiiswlck) and Wood- 
 stock Itailwiiy, forniliip a direct line li.v connection 
 with the (i. f. II,, from (Jueliec to the'Atlaiilic. en- 
 tirely tlirouph Hritish Territory. Popnlatio.. almut 
 Slniio. 
 
 TltOLS SADMONS, C. K., Co. L'Islet. See St. .lean 
 Port .loll. 
 
 TItoV, C, W., Co. Wentwnrtli, Tp. Hcverley. do to 
 Copetowii Station, on the (i, W. It., IS miles west 
 of Hamilton ( itv. Population aliout 'JOO, 
 
 TCLLAMOItK, C,'W,, Co, Peel, Tp, Toronto (iore. 
 (ill to Weston or Malton, on the (i. T. It, I'opnia- . 
 tloii aliont inn. 
 
 TlltNHKUltY, ('. W. A Tp. In Huron Co. In which 
 Is Helmure Post-olllce. do to Mitchell hy Stape 
 from tlie Stratford .Innetion of the d. T. It., and 
 Hnll'alo and Lake Huron Hall, and thence north 
 tlirouph Lopan and (ir"y, or to duelpli, on the d. 
 T. It,, Toronto and Stratford Section, anil thence 
 tlirouph Arthur, Mount Forest, etc, liy Stupe, 
 
 Tl'SCAltOItA, C, W,, Co, Hrant, Kast Itldiiip, Tp. On- 
 ondapa. do to Onoiidapa Station, on the llnlfalo 
 and Lake Huron Kail, 1(1 miles south of Paris Jnnc- 
 tiiin. 
 
 TWKKD, C. W., Co. Ilastinps, North Itldlnp, Tp. 
 Ilunperford, do to Napanee or Tyenilinapa, on 
 the (i T. It., and then north. Popuhithin ahout 
 IfllO. 
 
 TWO MOUNTAINS, C. K, Opposite the Isle of Mon- 
 treal, on the St. Lawrence. In which are Point 
 aiix Anplais, ,st. Henoit, and 8t, .loseph du Lac. 
 
 TYENDONACJA, C. W. A Tp. in Hastings Co., in 
 
CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 75 
 
 i 
 
 wlili-li »re llli'snltiKtiin, Mnrysvlllp, iin<l Mclrnno 
 VllliiKi'H, with I'lisl-ollli'is, whli'h »i'i.'. 'I'.vi'iiillniiKii 
 In ji i^lMlliili "ti the (1. T. It., !IJ mill's went of Kliigi- 
 (Mii mill lit iiill''^ I'l'"' "f llclli'vllli'. 
 
 TVUi'oNNKI,!., t'. W., ('". Kl(,'lii, Wist Illillni.', Tp. 
 Iluiiivli'li. A Vllliixe ami I'lirt mi l.aki' Krii', aliuiit 
 U miUvt west uf I'nrt Slaiili'.v, U, wliUli k" I'.V Hh' 
 d' \\. It. Ill l/Kiiiloii, ami lliiMii'u liy lliaiicli Hall 
 (Uri'il. i'"|iiilaliiin uli"nt 'Mt. 
 
 TVItdXK, •'. W., t'li. Kiirliaiii, Wi'st Itlilliii?, T|). Dar- 
 |iii);loii.' (ill ti) ll>>» iiiaiivilU', Oi> xaim.' T|>.), a .Main 
 Siailoii "I t'. ''. "'< '''' ■>>il>^> <:u'*t. uf Turoiitii. 
 l'<i|iulatl<>ii aliiiut 'iM, 
 
 UNION, ('. W., To. Eluln, T|>. Yarmnulli. (in to Si. 
 
 TIl'iUKH Wl'St 111 sailU' T|l. (ill tip {..illilnll, 1)11 tllr (i. 
 
 \V. II., ami lliriK'i' li.v l.iiiiiliiii ami I'urt t'taiili'y Line, 
 
 riiiinliiiliiM aliiiiit :iliil. 
 INIONVIM.K, «'. \V., Cc). York, East ItlilliiK, T|i. 
 
 Mi.ikliaiii. (1" I>,v StiHilI'vlIlL' Stage from 'riiruiito. 
 
 tiiM' Maikliam. 
 fl'TdN, (.'. K., < 11. lliiKot. For I'ost-nllii'i', see Soralia. 
 
 A Slatlon oil tlie U. T, K., 4a miles soulli-east of 
 
 Mmitreal. 
 I'SllOltNE, •'. W. A Tp. In Co, IlnrciM. For Posl- 
 
 (lilici-, si'i' Pi'ioii. flo 111 SIratfiiril, mi llic (i, T. U., 
 
 or liv till' lliiiralii anil l.akr Ilurmi Itiiilwa.s'. 
 t TIC.V, <'. \V., (11. Oiilailii, 'I'll. Itituli. Alioiit 20 
 
 mill's' imrtli of Wliilliy ami (Isliana, linlli Statimis 
 
 nil liii' <1. T. It. I'opiiialioii aluiut .'ill. 
 I'.MlKIDtiK, ('. \V. A Tp. ill (liiliiriii t'o. Nnrlli of 
 
 I'iiki'riiiK- <■" '" '"'"'t Wliitliy.'JU mill's euat of To- 
 ronto. I'opiilatioii Hliout .Mill. 
 
 VAIiCAItTIKK, C. E. A Tp. In Quoliec Co. (io to 
 I'oiiil I,i'\ i, tiuflife, (1. T. It., on finitli Shore of St. 
 
 VAU.KNTVNE, C. E.,('ii.()ntiliii<, Tp. Hrock. Alioiil ;V> 
 mill's iiiirlli uf I'm-t Wliilliy, to wliU'li pi liy (1. T. It, 
 
 VAI.l.KYKlKM), C, E, In lleiiiiliarmils, (io to 
 CaiinlinattaKa. npposlti' l.ai'liini', liy .Montreal ami 
 I'liitlsliiirt; Kallway, ami Ferry, llieiice west. I'op- 
 iihitlon aliiHit4iKl, 
 
 VANKLEEK HILL.O. W„Co, l'resi-..ll,T|i. Ilawkis- 
 Imry. On Smith tiliore of Lower Ollawii Uiver. (io 
 liy Steamer to anil from Uttiiwu anil Montreal. 
 Population alimit M\. 
 
 YAKEXNES, C. E. In YerehereK, On Smilli Shore 
 of St. Lawrence, (io to St. Ililairi', mi tlieti.T. It., 
 1" miles from .Montreal. I'lipiilalimi alimit IdilH. 
 
 VAXDUEL'IL, C. E. A Distriet liiiiimleil liy !<oii- 
 laii^es on the west, anil liy llie Kheis Ottawa ami 
 SI. Lawreni'e at their emilliiinee. In wliieh is Vaii- 
 ili'eiiil,(i. T. It. Slalliin, Mmilreal ami Tormitn See- 
 tloii, '.'1 mill's nest of Mmilreal, I'np, ahoiit .'mo, 
 
 YEKILA.M, C, W., Co, Vielmia. A Tp, north of 
 Emily, do to Limlsayhy I'mt Hope Uailway, from 
 Port lliipe l'i'.i miles west of Toroiilii, on (i. T. U. 
 Fur Pnslortiee, ete., see llolii'ay^v'mi. 
 
 YEKNONVILLK, C. W., Co. .Niirlhiiiiilierlanil, Tp. 
 Ilalilimaml. (io to (iraftoii. mi the (i. T. I(., 7 
 miles east of Colioiirn. Pnpiilatimi alioiit TH. 
 
 YESPKA, C. W. A Tp. in Simeoe, in which is the Co, 
 Town uf llarrie ami Aptoii Post-olllce. Clo to llar- 
 rie, which see. 
 
 VICTOItIA COU\EI{S,C,\Y,, Co, Ontario. T|i,Iteacli, 
 (io to Wliilliy, on (i, T, K., '.",1 miles east of I'lirmilo, 
 Pupulalimi ahmit I'lll, 
 
 Yl( rolllA Slit:AI!E, C, W,, Co, York,Ti>, .Markimm, 
 which see, Piipiiliilion alioiit '.'Oil, 
 
 VIENNA, Co, ElK'iii, East Itiiliiit;, Tp, Ilayhaiii, near 
 Shore of Lake Erie, (In to Paris .liini'tion liy (1, W, 
 It., or Itiilfalo ami Lake Huron, ami thence liy mail 
 to Norwich, Popiilatlmi alioiit Hull, 
 
 VILLANOVA. C, W„ Co. Norfolk, Tp. Tiiwnseml. Go 
 to llraiitforil, on the lliill'alo ainl l.ike Huron Itall- 
 wav. Population aliout Inn, 
 
 VITTORIA, C, W„ Co, Norfolk, Tp, Chtirlotteville, 
 (ill to Simeoe liy Sla(,'e from liraiitforil, on the Hiif- 
 falo anil Lake Huron, ami on liy mail, Populalimi 
 aliout .'"iilii, 
 
 VlidOM ANTON, C, W„ Co, Ontario, Tp, llrock. See 
 ilruck. Population about 5il. 
 
 A Tp, fwlth Marnhvllic 
 
 Post-olllces), lioriierliiK 
 
 w 
 
 WAINFLEET, Co. Wellnnil. 
 
 ami Walnlleel Centre foi 
 
 Lake Erie, ' iil a Statimi on Hie llulValo ami Lake 
 llui-mi Kallway, '.'li miles Norlh-west of lluiralo ami 
 Furl Erie, anil .V,l miles from Paris Junction. Popu- 
 lalimi ahoiil .'ill. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, C. E. A Tp. In Ottawa Co. On the 
 North Shore of llie Ollawii Itivir, near the (iailiieau 
 Itiver, ahmil 'Jil iiilles from Teiiipli'lmi, which see. 
 See also (lllawii for mute. Populalion ahmit lIHI, 
 
 WALLACE, C. W, A Tp. in Co. Peilli. (io In (iuelpli, 
 on the (i. T, K., ami thence hy (larafraxa Itoail— 
 lays on the left of Arlliur Tp., aliout .'id miles north 
 of (iuelpli. 
 
 WALLAt Eliritd, C. W., Co. Lainliton, Tp, Somhra, 
 Chalham or Ihe (i. W, 11. is llm lu'iirest Itailwav 
 Slutimi, The Village is silnateil on the "Clieiiail 
 Ecarle," the iiaiiie ^'Iveii to the Channel which 
 separates the Walpnii' Isliiml frnm the main lliver 
 at the .Mouth of the St. Clair Itiver, at tlie lieail of 
 St. (lair Lake. Population ahmil .'mil. 
 
 WALMElt, C. W., (.'... WellluKlmi, Tp. Peel, (io to 
 (iuelpli, on the (i. T. It. Population aliout ","i. 
 
 WALI'OLE, C. W. A Tp. In llalillimiml ( o., In h hicli 
 are llalmural, Naiiticiike, ami Selkirk VilhiKcs ami 
 Post-oHiees, which see. 
 
 W'ALSINIillAM, t . W. A Tp. In Co. Norfolk, (into 
 ."liiicoe hy Stajfe from Paris or llraiitforil, on the 
 lluHalo ami Lake Huron Itailway. 
 
 WALTEU'S FALLS, C. W., ( o. (irey, Tp. Ilollaml. 
 (ill to Owen's Souml liy Steamer ('Miiailiaii, or 
 Sla^e from ColUiigwooil, on Ontario, Simeoe, anil 
 Huron liailway, Ho miles fi'iiiii Toronto. Popula- 
 timi ahmit lin. 
 
 WAROSVILLE, C. W., Co, Miilillesex, Tp, Mosn, 
 (ill to Newliury 111 same Tp, A Slation on (1, W. It,, 
 iili miles west of Lmnloii, C, W, 
 
 ^VAU^WOUTII, Co, Nortliuiuherlanil, A new Post- 
 olliuu, 
 
 WAUNEIl, C. \V., Co. Lincoln, Tp. Caistor. Ititwecn 
 the (i. W. K. ami Ihill'alu ami Lake Huron Itailwavs, 
 Try (iriiiisliy, mi the (i. W. 11., Hamilton ami Ni- 
 iiKara Seclimi, ami Canllelil, on the llull'aio anil 
 Lake Huron Itailwav. 
 
 WAItSAW, C. W.. Co. Peterhorouiih, Tp. Diiiiimer. 
 North-west of Pclerlioroiij.'h Termiiiiis of llranch 
 Itailway from (i. T. It, at Cnhmirj,', hy which go. 
 Pii|iiilaiimi ahmit l.'iil, 
 
 WAItWICK, C, E, A Tp, in Arlhalia 'la, anil a Sta- 
 tion on the O. T. I!., '.'4 miles from l!i limmiil .luiiC'- 
 timi. 
 
 WARWICK, C. W. A Tp. in Lamhton, on Ihe Lon- 
 ilon ami Port Sarniii Extension, (io to Lomliin liy 
 the (1. W. It. Pii|iiilatiiiii ahmit :liiil. 
 
 WASHINIiTON, C. W.,(;o.().\foril, North Riillntr, Tp. 
 Illeiihehii. (Io to Driimlio, a Slatimi of the Iluiralo 
 ami Lake Huron Uailway in same Tp., aliout '.I 
 miles rroiii Paris .luiiction. Population ahoiit inn. 
 
 WATERDOWN, C. W., (.'o, Weiitworth, Tp, Flain- 
 tiiimunh East, Waterilown is l mili'S ea.»t of Ham- 
 ilton, A Station on tliu (I, W, It. Population about 
 llliiii. 
 
 WATERFORD, C, W,, Co, Norfolk, Tp, Townscml. 
 (ill to Paris or llraiitforil by Ihe lluiralo ami Lake 
 llurmi Itailway, ami Iheiice by Stages, which pass 
 through. This place beiii); half way between 
 HraiiMmil ami Simeoe, the County Town, Popuhi- 
 latimi about mhi, 
 
 WATERLOO, C. E., Co, ShelTmil, Co to Aelon,on 
 the (I, T, It,, Montreal ami Pmtlami Se.limi, 49 
 miles from ,Mmitreal, Populalion about 'Joo. 
 
 WATEULOO, C, W,, Co, Wiiterloo, North liiiliiitr, Tp. 
 Nmlh Waterloo, (io to llerliii, on the (i. T, It,, (J4 
 miles from Toronto, Popiilatimi about l.'mil, 
 
 \YATEULOO SOITII, C. W, See Preston, C, AV, 
 
 WATEULOO (KinptmO, C, W,, Co, Fiontenae, In 
 the vicinity of Kingston, (io to Kingston, on the 
 (1, T, It, Populalion about 'J.'iil, 
 
 AYATEltVILLE, C, E, A Tp, in Co, Compton. A 
 .Salion on the (1, T, It,, liKi miles from Montreal. 
 Population alimit ^llll, 
 
 WATFOUl), C, W,, Co. Lamhton. See Warwick. 
 Pnpiilatimi about ."hi, 
 
 WATSON'S COUNEItS, 
 Itiiling, Tp, Dalhmisie, 
 llrockviUe, on (j. T, U. 
 
 i« 
 
 I 
 
 C, W„ Co, Lanark, North 
 (ill to Perth by Stage from 
 Populalimi about 5(1. 
 
76 
 
 CANADA: CITIKS, TUW'NM, ANM) VILLAOKS. 
 
 WAUIirSO, ('. \V. A f<liill.iii (11(1 Pi.st-Mlllii') Kii IIh 
 (I. W. II., IIjiimIIImii uikI W lii.hor .S.'li.iii, In MI'I 
 
 (lll'Sl'X {'i 
 
 :>i inll<' 
 
 ^1 iif I.oihIoii, C. \V. 
 
 J I'i 
 
 WAWANUSII, ('. W. A Tp. ill lliirnn Cu., mirlli i)f 
 (inili'iirli, 1. 1 nlilili K" ''> I^tiip' fKiiii r'li'uirnnl 
 
 Jiiiiiiliiii, III' iiv lliilliilii 
 
 III l.iiki' lliiriiii Kiiiln 
 
 WKKlKtN, r. K A T|i.lii\V(iiri'(ii. AliMUl •.'iliiill.H 
 ciisl of lilt' .liihi'tliiii Sliitlnii at Uli'hiiiiiiiil, (I. T. It., 
 ({iirlii'i' anil llli'liiniiiiil .Xri'lli>ii. 
 
 WKIMAK, ('. \V., (II. Wuliiliiii, T|i. WCIIi'.l.'.v. do 
 III III rllii, I'lt mill's ri'iiiii Tiiniiilii, mi llii' (I. I'. It. 
 
 WKM..\.M> I'DItT, »'. \V., tu. I.liii'iilii, Tp. <iiiliHli"- 
 
 I'iiIIKIi. lio I" llcalllHMlli', III! till' (i. \V. It., Illinllt 
 
 '.'M inili'M ri'iiiii Ihitiillluii I'ltv . l'ii|Miliilliiii aliiiiit 'Jim. 
 
 >VKI,l,Klf.-' II.VV, C. W. (liri.iikiOiiluilii. t<i.'(a'iiii- 
 Mi'cnii, I'rliii'c KilHiinl Cii,, ('. \V. 
 
 WKI.I.KSI.KV, t'. W. A Tp. In Wutcrlnn, North ItM- 
 li\IS. Ill whli'li Is .'■Itiiiili' III rllii, II .''tatiiiii of Hit' (i. 
 T. It.. I'll iiilli'.'t rniiii 'I'lii'iiiiiii ( Iiv. 
 
 WKI.M.NdTK.S, ('. \V., Cii. I'l'liiit' Kilnnril, Tp. Illl 
 lltr, tiontlnx l.akt' ilntailii. (io to llrl^'litoii, on llo' 
 (J. T. It., anil ll.t'iii'i' li) Unfit; to ('oiini.'('oii. I'npii- 
 latiiin alioiil iliiii. 
 
 WELLINGTON SQUARE, »'. \V., Co. Ilaltiiii/lp 
 Nt'l'xin, Sitiiati'il on the opoii Lako oiit.'>l<l(' Itiir- 
 liiiK'liiii Itii.v. Tills plari' forms tlir Wintor I'orl for 
 llaniillon ; It Is a Stallmi on llio II. \\. It., T iiilli'.s 
 friiiii Maiiillloii. I'lipiilaliiiii alioiit T.'iil. 
 
 MKIJ.MAN'.'^ C()llNl':i!,'<, C. \V., ( o. llastliiKs, Norlli 
 ItlilliiK, Tp. Itawilon. (Ill to lli'lli'vllli', on tin' (i. T. 
 It., anil llii'iit't' iiiirtli of i<|iliirv Tp. 
 
 \VK.-*r Altll.W, C. W., ( o. Ilriiii', T|i. .\rraii. Ailja- 
 t'l'iit to Siiiini'fii. (*t'i' Saiif.'1'i'n for rmilt'. 
 
 WKST JIOl.TO.V, C. K., Co. Ilroine. (d'u lloltoii for 
 roiiti'. Population alioiit |ou. 
 
 WKST;< CUIl.NKK^ C. W., Co. I'lilli, Tp. MorniiiK- 
 toll. .**t'L' .MoriiliiKtoii. 
 
 WK.><T UX.'^A, C. \V., Co. HInipoo, Soiitli ItidiiiK, T|i. 
 Kfisa. Rssa is a SliLtlmi on Ho' lliitario, .'''iiiicot', ami 
 Unroll Kailuav, 71 iiilits from Turoiito. 
 
 WK.-<T II ATI.KV, I ■. y.. (In Hit' .MassaH ippi I.ako, Co. 
 !<laii.«tt'iiil, Tp. llatii'.v. ( liarit.-toii In lliis Tp. is .'i 
 
 mill's fi I Ciunpton .^tatimi, on the (i. T. It., I In 
 
 mills fioiii Moiitrt'al. 
 
 WKST FAU.MIA.M, C. K., Co. Misslsipml, Tp. Kai'ii- 
 ham. Till.' Stai^o roiitt' troiii Coiiiptoii, on tlif (i. T. 
 it., .Moiitri'iil anil Toronto .'^ct'tioii tliroii^h Itromo, 
 lloltoii, ftf., to .>i|.,)olin's, (.'. K., alVorils I'ommiiniia- 
 tloii, Fariiliam Tp. Is alioiit A,') milts from Comp- 
 ton, anil l.'i inik'S from >St. John's, C. K. I'oiiuliitloii 
 Illinllt Tun. 
 
 ;VK.<l'lll':i,l), C. W., Co. lliiroii,Tp. WiiHunosh. i<i't,' 
 
 WEST FLAMBOROUGH, ('. W., Co. Wttilivorlh, 
 .North Killing', (to to Klamlioroii^li Station, on tin' 
 (;. \V. If., TJ miles West of llaiiiilton City, Pojni- 
 lalion ahoiit .'iilil. 
 
 VKST 111 NTl.\(il)OX, C. W., Co. Hastings. See 
 lliiiithi^'ilon. 
 
 WKST IIC.NTLKV, C. W., Co. Carletou, Tp. Ilunlle.v, 
 whivh si'i'. 
 
 UK-^T .M'dll.I.IVllAV, C. \V., Co. Huron. See M'dil- 
 livrav. I 
 
 WK.-^T.MKATII, ('. W. A Tp. In Co. Itenfrew. On the ! 
 South Shore of the Ottawa lliver, t'lose to Pem- 
 broke, oil the line of tlie Itailway K.xti'iision from 
 Ariiprior to Pemlirnke. for Cjiper (Mtawa, .see , 
 .Xvliiier Kast. 
 
 WK.'^T.MINSTKIt, C. W. A Tp. in Miililiese.x, South of 
 Loiiiloii City, on the llrani'li Hallway from l.onilon 
 to Port Sariiia, For Po.st-olliees, etc., see Ityroii 
 mill l.amlieth. 
 
 WESTON, C. \V., Co. York, West liiilinn, Tp. York. 
 lietween Hie (I. T It. anil the Ontario, Siiiiene, ami 
 Huron Itailway In the vieinity of Toronto. Thi' (i. 
 T. It. Station, Toronto ami Stratfonl Sei'lion, is il 
 miles from T'jronto, anil the Ontario, Sinicue, anil 
 Huron Station s miles. 
 
 AVKSroVKU, (;. W.. Cn. Wcntworlh, Tp. Deverley. 
 l.ynilen Station l.'ij miles ami west of Hamilt"" ' 
 city, on the (i. ^^ . It. is in the same Townsliip. ! 
 Population aliiiut lull. 
 
 \VKST OStiOODK, C. \V.,Co. Carleton. Sep OsRooile. 
 
 WfSr I'OItT, C. \V., Co. l.eeils, T|i. North Crosliy. 
 tio to Kingston, on the (i. T. I!., or to (iananoipie, 
 on same Itailway Section. Population ahoiit :illil. 
 
 WKST SlIKFFOlti), C.K. Set! Sbellonl. Population 
 about 15U. 
 
 WKST \VIN( lIFSTKIt, C. W. Hoe Wliidunler. Pop 
 
 nlatlmi alioiil I'.'n. 
 
 wyyy wooi.wicii, c. w. See Wooiwich. 
 
 WHITBY, C. W. A Tp. In Ontario C,,,, hi «|,|,|, |, 
 the I'oiMi anil Port of Whlthy, mi Lake Oiitarlo-it 
 
 Mail il Tehnr.iph Statimi of the tl. T. 11., Kl) 
 
 mill's east of Tiirmito CItv. 
 
 WIIITCHCItCII, C. W. A Tp. in Co. York, North 
 Itiillii).', skirti'il mi the Wist hy Ihe Ontario. Sliiii'ne 
 anil lliirmi Uailna.v.ln wlihli are the Towns ami 
 Uallway Slalimis ami Pnsl-olllees of Aurora anil 
 
 of Oak. 
 
 Newmarket; also PiisCiillli'i'S ami Ti 
 
 r|il),'rs anil Pine llUer ami SlmilMlli', wlilih se 
 
 WIIIIKIIAI.I., C. W. 
 
 Kent, Tp. Camileii. (in |a 
 
 llothni'll. In mill's ni.t ,,1 l.oinli.n, i,ii the II. \\, |t 
 
 WIHTF I.AKK, C. W., Co. Ileiifiew, Tp. .M'Nali. For 
 
 Ipper Ollawa route, see .\.N 1 r Fast Ihis place 
 
 liiliiK near Fltzrny Harliniir ami Arnprlor, the Ter- 
 minus of the Hallway imw In iii^ I'oiistriicteil fruiu 
 llroi'kvllle lhroii)(li Perth. Pii|iulatiiiii alioiit l.'m 
 
 WIIII'FIFI.K, (. W., Co. Slmeoe, .Xiiulh lllilhiK, Tp. 
 .Miiliiiur. which see. 
 
 WlllTWOItTII, C. F., Co. Teliilscouatii. For PoM- 
 tilliee, see St. Modt'sle ; for route, etc., m'O Tr«i« Pis- 
 toles. 
 
 WICK, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp Ilrock. See Iln.ok. 
 
 WIIHlFIt, C. W.,Cii. l.amhlmi.Tp. Ilii-iini|iii'l front. 
 iiiK the South Slime of Lake lliiion, mi line of (i. T. 
 It. Fxteiislmi to Port Sainla. (In to Stratfonl hy (1. 
 T. II. on IlulValo ami Lake Huron Hallway. Pupu- 
 laiioii alioiit lull. 
 
 \MI,KI':.-i|'OKT, C W.Co. l.ainlitmi.Tp, Smiilira. On 
 lliier St. ( laire, nmlh of the l.uke. See Wallace- 
 liiiri;. 
 
 WILLIAM HENRI or SOREL, C. R, Co. Ilichelieu. 
 On the ri».'lit hank of the Kuer Ilichelieu at Its cmi- 
 lliience with the St. Lawrence, In or I,"! miles hclnw 
 .Montreal. (Jo h_\- Steamers to aiul fioin (iiielicc anil 
 .Monireal. Ily means of a canal, navl).'alloii froiii 
 hence is unliilerriipleil to Lake ( Immplaln. Piipii- 
 lalimi aliout Iniiii. 
 
 WILLIAMS. A Tp. in Miilillesex, Mhlillesex Co., 
 West Iliiliiif:, ailjiilnlni; l.aiiihlmi. For riinte, nee 
 
 Ailehilile. See also l.onil C. W., which lij the 
 
 nearest nillwav point. 
 
 WIl.l.lA.MSIIfllli.C.W. ATp. in Co. OunihiH, wliirh 
 
 is the WiHianishiirK Stall f the (I. T. it., .Montreal 
 
 ami Toronto Seeiion, li'.i miles fniin .Mmiireai, ami 
 !ls miles west of Itrockville. For Post-ollices aiitl 
 Villages nilhiii il, see IMiiihar unil Fast Wllliaiiia- 
 tiiiri,'. Population aliout '.'on. 
 
 WIl.l.IAMSTOW N, Co. (ileiiK-ary, Tp. ( liarlottenliiir); 
 (ill to Siiiiiiiiei'sliiwii Station in the same Township 
 on the (I. T. II., ■< miles east of ( ornwall ami liU 
 miles from Montreal City. Popiilatimi aliout :Jilil. 
 
 WII.I.ISCIIOFT, C. W., Co. Ihuee, Tp. FItleisley. See 
 Paisk'V. 
 
 WII. LOCKS, C. W.,Co. VIelorln.Tp. Verolain. do to 
 Liiiilsay frmn Port Hope on the d. T. 11. by Branch 
 Itailway, and thence ubout I'i mllcii north. Popu- 
 lation aliout .'lO. 
 
 WlM.onmilV, C. W. A Tp. in Wellaml Co. For 
 Post-nnit'e, see lllack Creek. (Into Fort Frie on the 
 IliilValo ami Lake Iliirmi Kailway. 
 
 WII.I.OWIIALF, C. W., ( o. York, West llliliiip, Tp. 
 York, ((Jiiery Vaiichan,) in the vicinity of Toronto, 
 on the Voii)-!' Street lloail. Co liy Tliornhlll Stage 
 from Tormito. Popiilatimi aliout l.'iii. 
 
 WII, Mill', C. W, Co. Waterloo, Smith Killing. ATp. 
 in wliicli is the Peter-hurg Statimi of the (i. T. It., 
 Tormilo anil SliatfonI .s^eelion. To miles iiorlli-west 
 of Toronto. For Milages ami Post-ulllces, see 
 liaiieii, New Diinilee, New Ilaiiiliiirg, Philipshurg 
 West, Peterslmrg, anil St. Ag.itha. 
 
 WII.'I'ON, C. W., Co. Aililiiigtoii, I'p. Kriieslown. Co 
 to Friiestown on the d. T. It., •> miles west of Kings- 
 ton. 
 
 WINCIIKSTKIt, C. W. A Tp. ill Co. Diiiiilas. do to 
 Wiiliaiiisloirg on the (i. T. It., 'M miles from .Mon- 
 treal. Population aliout .'iiiil. 
 
 Wi:<I)IIA.M anil WINDHAM CKNTIIF, ( '. W. A Tp. 
 (Winilham ( eiitre liciiii; the Postotlieel in Co. Noi- 
 fiilk. do tu Paris or llraiilfortl on the llullalo ami 
 Lake Iliirmi Itailway, thence hy Sinicoe Stages 
 through Waterfoi'il. 
 
 WINIISOIt, I '. K. A Town in .''herhrooke District, anil 
 a Station on the (LT. U., 'J miles south of Itiehmouil 
 Junction. 
 
 M. 
 
CANADA: CITIKH, TOWNS, AND VILLAr.KH. 
 
 I t 
 
 • Wllli'liiatir. I'()|) 
 
 IV.MilHlih. 
 lii (''>., Ill nhl.h If 
 II l.iiki' (liitiiiio-it 
 r lliu II. T. IC, '.'« 
 
 1 C'l. V.irk, N„rlli 
 II' iinliirin. ^llMl >>(' 
 ,ri' till' '!'..« ii» iiiiil 
 I'H "f Aiimni iiriii 
 imI TiiHiis nf Oak- 
 
 IMIll', Wllll'llKl'l'. 
 |>. ClIlllili'M. (in III 
 .11, nil llnll. \\. II 
 
 w, T|i. M'Niili. ¥„r 
 
 T Ka.-I llll.. |,l,n-,. 
 
 Arninlnr, thr 'I'lr- 
 
 t i'nii>iriii'li'il frmu 
 
 llllllnll lllinlll l.'ill. 
 
 , ^'«lltll Itlilinit, T|>. 
 
 oiiiihi. Fur Piml. 
 , i'lf.,iioc Triib I'U- 
 
 M'k. Si'i' llinck. 
 i. Iln.iuii|lli'l finlil. 
 nri, nil liiii: nf (i. T. 
 
 I tn Striilfnnl I'.v i: 
 ti IliiUwiiy. ro|.u 
 
 ti,T|i. fniiilira, (In 
 ukc, (•(;«; Wullaii; 
 
 '. K., To. IllcluOloii. 
 tlclU'lll'U nt ll» II. in 
 
 II nr -l.'i mill's tx'li.is 
 I.I fi'niii ({ui-Ik'c aii.l 
 il, iiavi),','illnii fi'i.iu 
 
 liarii|ilaiii. rnpu- 
 
 L'X, Mlililli'sex Co., 
 III. Fur rimli', »i't' 
 . \V., wlik'li is llie 
 
 t'li. HiiiulaH, wlilcli 
 (I.T. It,, .Mniilical 
 I'niii .Mniiiri'al, ami 
 or I'nsl.iilllci', ami 
 mil y.nsl WilliaiiiK. 
 
 I'll. Clhirlnltrnliur^'. 
 tlir >aiiiL* 'rnwitsliiji 
 r ( nriiwall anil i)0 
 ilatinii aliiiiil Uiiil. 
 I'll. Flilt'i'slfy. ."cc 
 
 {I. Vvruliiin. (io to 
 1). T. U. by Drancli 
 iiik'H north. I'liim- 
 
 Wrllaiiil Co. Fnr 
 tn Fni't Ki'k'oii till! 
 
 , West liiillnir, T|i. 
 ii'inilv (if Tiiniiilii, 
 liv Trinnihlll f^tapi 
 t l."iii. 
 
 alh Killing'. A T|i. 
 nil nf ihcti. T. li., 
 ■|| mill's iiiirlli-wi'sl 
 1 rn.s|-iiHii't'S, ..I'f 
 iiliiii'^', l'liili|i»lnirg 
 1. 
 
 |i. Kincstowii. (Ill 
 lik'.'* wt'.st iif Kiiiiis- 
 
 11. Iliiiiila.i. 111! til 
 I miles from .Mini* 
 
 I'lIK, ('. W. A Tp. 
 
 ■nllii'l'l ill Cn. Nnr- 
 
 nil till' iliill'aln anil 
 liy f'iiiK'iit' t-taKt'S 
 
 irooku Di.strirt, unil 
 south of Uiclaiiouil 
 
 WINDSOR, <'. W , Co. Kiwrx. Tp. fanilwlrh. The i 
 Caiiiiilliiii 'rniiiliiiix oflliii II \V. It , finiii lliimllinn 
 mill .MiiKiirii, wUh I'tniiii FiTiy to Ifi'Irnil, In iliii'it 
 Ciiiini'i'lloii with .Mli'liliiaii t'lnlial Italliva.v, IhIiik 
 
 Hlinllt I'^ll IlllIlK HI'"' of llallliltnll, '.".'I Hint nf Tn. 
 
 riiiilo city, mill 'iM rriiin MuKura. I>ii|iulatlnii 
 
 Hllllllt MiKlil. 
 
 WINItr't'lt Mil,!..*", f. K.,('o. ltk'hiiii)iiil,T|i. Wliiilsor, 
 
 (', K., ivlilrll lire. 
 WlNSI.llW, C, K., Co. Ciiiiiiitoii. For I'list iilllri-, nrv 
 fliiriiiiwiiy ill the »ami' T|i. (in to Hhi'i'liiiinkr, anil 
 Ihciu'i' fast aliiiiit l.'i iiillrit liy inail, ^'lll■l■ll|•nllkl! In 
 
 nil till' (I. 'I'. II.. Mnlltl't'lll ami Tnlnlltn ,»i'i'liiil|. 
 
 WI^*IIKAl II, C. >V , Co. l.iimlitoii, III Warwick T|i. 
 ttliii'h ^11'. 
 
 WdlllllN, C. W., Co. Viirk, Fiml Killing, T|i. .Xcar- 
 hnriiiiKli lio <o Si'iii'lioroiiKh •'.<tulliin on tliu (t. T, 
 It., IM mil'"' "I'"' o' Tiiiiinto, 
 
 Wdl.KK l^'l,AMl, C. W., di. Frmitriiac. (In the St. 
 I.awri'iii'i*. npiiiisltt' Klii^stnn City, tn w'lilrh k" h.V 
 Hli'iiiii»'rs I'li.st ami wrst, iiml arrnss frniii tin- .\iin.'rl- 
 can ulili', or liy 11. T. 11 , .Mniilnal ami 'rnronlo Sic- 
 tlnii, Kiii|.-li.i'i City lii'iiiK iMiiiillfs frniii .M..nlri'al, 
 ami li'io mlli'K rrmii T.irniitn. I>ii|iiilatliin aiiniit .'iliil. 
 
 Wdl.Fllltll, C. W., t 11. (Iriiivllli', .Ninth KMiiiif. A 
 
 Tp. In wlili'li In till' Town ami I'list-nllii f M'-rrii'k- 
 
 villi', .Mansll, anil Kaslon'M Conii'i's. (In to Ki'inpl. 
 \ilii', nil till' iiitawii ami i'mscutl l.liic, '.';l nilli'H 
 rrnlll till' .llllll'tinll nil tin' II. T. It. 
 
 Wlll.FSI'dWN, C. H. A 'I'll, ill Wnlf Co. Go (o 
 liiiiiivilli', I'.' mill's friiiii Uk'hniiinil, on tliu (I.T. II. 
 pnpiilallnnaliniit Inn. 
 
 Wdl.VKItTil.N, C. W., Co. Oxforil, North Itlillnc, Tp. 
 
 Illi'lllli'llll. (ill to l>rilllllin. 111 sailiii Tnwilslllp, nil 
 
 tilt' IliiHalo ami l.aki.' Huron llall»ay,',i miles iiurtli 
 i.f I'arls.li lion. 
 
 WOODBRIDOE, C. W., Co. Vork, West ItliUnK, Tp. 
 VaiiKliaii. (io to Itlehiminil Hill, In same Township, 
 
 n t<latinn nil the Ontarln, ^iim , anil Huron lluil- 
 
 wiiv, I-* mill's friiiii Tomntii i ilj. 
 
 WOODIll'ltN, C. W.,('ii. Wentwnrlli, Nnrth Killing, 
 Tp. Ilinliriiok. See llinlirook. 
 
 Wdiinill'IlN, C. W., Co, l.uinhlon, 'I'li. llnsaiinuet, 
 wliii'h see. 
 
 WDIIDIIIU'.-'K, 0. W. A Tp. In Norfolk Co., in wlikh 
 Is Siiiieoe, till' County Town, anil I'nrt Ityerse ami 
 Port Dover, which see. (io to I'arls.on the llulValo 
 mill Lake Huron Itallway, iiiiil tlieiicu hy islincou 
 Stages, alioiii Vi miles. 
 
 WCltliKOIll), C. W., Co. (!rey, Tp. Hyilenhain. do 
 tn CiilliiiKWoii'l (In sumo Township) the Terminus 
 of the Ontario, tilmcue, ami Hui-on Itallway, li7 
 miles friiii Toronto. 
 
 W(l(»Ii.«iIIlK, C. K,,, CV. Megantle, Tp. Halifax, (io 
 to Arthaliaska, oa thu (>. 'f. It., li^t miles Irniu ({iie- 
 liei' (Point Levi). Populatinii al.out .'m. 
 
 WOODSTOCK, C. W., {'•<. (Ixfi.nl, Nnrlh KliliiiK. 
 Tp. Itlamlfnrd—ii Main ami Ti legrapli .■station o'.i 
 llie (i. W. It., iihoiit 47 miles west of Haiiilltoii. 
 
 WdllOVII.I.K, 0. W., Co. Vli'toria, I'p. Kliloi.. (io i„ 
 l.lmlsay from I'ort Hope, on the li. T. U. Popula- 
 tion about Dill). 
 
 WOOLWICH, C. W. A Tp. In Waterloo, North Ulil- 
 hig. Go to Uerlln, M miles froni Toronto, on the 
 (I. T. R. 
 
 WOTTON, C. E. A Tp. in Wolfe Co. Go tn Dann- 
 vlllc, on the (1. T. It., I'i miles from Itiehiuonil. 
 
 WYTON, C. W.,('o. Miihliesex, Fast lliiiliig,Tp. West 
 .Mi.ssourl. Between London and ft. Mary's, on line 
 
 nf .Iiincllnn Itallvny nearly cnmpli'leil. Go tn 
 Lniidon, on the G, W . It. Pi.pulatlnii ulmut 7.\ 
 
 VAMACHIDK, C. F., Co. Ht. Maurice. On North 
 Shore nf l.aki' St, I'l'tir iltlver SI, l.awr.nei", a 
 little east of Itlvlere ilii l.iiup (11 haiit, on the Itlver 
 Mai'hiiie, Huu St. Muurlcu Territory. I'opulathin 
 aliiiiil liiiiil, 
 
 VA.MASKA, ('. K. A Town nml District on South 
 Shore of Lake St. I'lter, near Port Fnincls. The 
 Itlvr Fnimls divlilis Vamaska liiln marlv eipial 
 porlioiis. See St. /iphirlm, St. Aiilnlne and I'nrl 
 St. Fraiii'is. I'.ipulalinii alimil 4iiii. 
 
 YAltMOCril, C. W., ( n. FIgin. A Tp. friiiitlng Laku 
 Frie, on Liiiidon ami Port Stanley Line. Fnr Pnst- 
 ollices, Towns, and Itallway Slallniis within it, seo 
 .Mapletnii, New Sarin Port Stu:iley, Sparta, St. 
 Thomas West, and I n. 
 
 YONGF, C. W. A Ip 111 Leeds Cnmilv, Skirted mi 
 I Ihe snlilli by Ihe (1. T. It., ill wlileli Is MallnrMiiWll 
 I Station on the li. T. It., .Mmitreal and Tnrniito Sec- 
 tion, i'J miles west of llrockvllle. For I'lisl.nllicfH 
 and I'liwiis, see Mitllorytown, Calntuwn, Kscott, and 
 Farmersvllle, 
 
 YORK, C. W., Co. Ilalilliiiaiiil, Tp. Seneca. A Town 
 on (he llraiid lliver. (In In I aii'iiniilii, nn the lliif. 
 fain and Lake Hiirnii Itallwav. Pnp. abmit Inn. 
 
 YtHtK, C. W. A Tp. Ill (11. Vn'rk, In Ihe vicinity of 
 Tnriinto ( Ity. The Station of that name about li 
 mill's west of Tiirniito, near Daiifnrth, is closed. 
 Weslnii is ill this Township, with two Stations, one 
 on the li. T. It., Toronto and Slratfurd Section, and 
 the nlher on the (Northern) (Intarin, Siiiicoe, and 
 Iliiron Itallway. For I'list-nlhces, see L'Aiiiarnux, 
 Kgliiitnn (.'. iiiiies up Yoiige street), and Wiliowdalc 
 and York Mills. 
 
 YOltK .MILLS, C. W'., Co. Vork, foriiierlv Hogg's 
 I Hollow. (In by Thornhill Stage, ihillv at ;li P. M. 
 
 YdllKVll.LF, C. W. A Suburb of 'i'lirniitn, coiii- 
 nieiii'lng at the N'orlliern City llnumhiry, \i/..,tlie 
 north side of Ilioor street, about !( miles from 
 (Jiieen street. Ilmiiibus from King street every 
 even hour. I'oiiiilatlon about 'Jinm. 
 
 'A 
 
 /FTLAND, r. W., Co. Huron. A Post-offlce In Turn- 
 berrv, which see. I'npiilalion about .'ill. 
 
 ZIMMFItMAN, C. W., Co. llalt.ui.Tp. Nelson. Goto 
 Weliington Siiuare, on the (i. \V. It., 7 niilea west 
 of Hamilton. Pnpulatinn abnut lin. 
 
 ZONK, C. W. A Tp. In Kent ( o. (io to Ilothwell, on 
 the (1. W. I!., Ilaiiiiltoii ami Windsor Section, about 
 t'lll miles west of Lomlnii, C. W. 
 
 ZIHIKA WFSI', C. W. A Tp. In Co. Oxford, North 
 Itiiling, near Ihe line of tlie (1. W. It. For Uoute, 
 I'ost-ollU'e, etc,, see Kinbro, Falrvlew, and Harring- 
 ton West. 
 
 ZOItltA FAST, (\ W. A Tp. In Co. Oxford, North 
 Hilling, near the line of the (i. AV. U. For Uoute, 
 Post-oniees, etc., see liinerskip. 
 
 Zl'llICII, C. W., Co. Iliiriin, Tp. Hay. On Shore of 
 Lake Huron. Go to lllaiishard, St. Mary's, or 
 Stratford, by the G. W. 11., or Ituiralo and Laku 
 Huron Hallway, and thence by Stage. 
 
m 
 
BELLEVILLE AND BOWMANVILLE, C. W. 
 
 79 
 
 BELLEVILLE, C. W. 
 
 '■ A town in the Townslr.p of Tliurlow and County of Ilastingg, on the River Moira, whicli 
 debouches into the Hay of Quinte. It is :he chief town of the county, and a port of 
 entry, doing a considerable business in imports, and also in the export of lumber, flour, and 
 other agricultural produce, supplied by various manufacturing establishments in the neigh- 
 bourhood, and by a flourishing farming district. The county is divided Into north and 
 Boutii ridings, each returning one member to the Legislative Assembly. A steamer leaves 
 every morning for Kingston, distant 54 miles, fare |L50 and f 1, and returns the Bome 
 evening, calling also at Piclon and IJath. Two other steamers, plying between Trenton 
 and Montreal, call here on their passage up and down; fare to Montreal, $5 and $2.5t. 
 The town is on the line of the Grand Trunk Railway, There are two daily stages to Stir- 
 ling, 15 miles, fare 50 cents, the earliest of whiah meet stages from Marmora and Seymour ; 
 anotiier to llungorford, 25 miles, farr $1 ; and another daily to Madce, 25 miles, fare $1. 
 Distant from Montreal 220 miles, ard from Toronto 113 miles. Daily mails. Topulatiou 
 about 7000." 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 American Hotel. — D. Crysdale, Front at' 
 Ainbrotypist and I'hotographist. — Frank G. 
 
 Ludlow. 
 Attorney and Solicitor. — L. H. Henderson, 
 
 Front St. 
 Attornoy-at-law, Solicitor in Chancery, Con- 
 veyancer, etc. — Allan Springfield Mnc- 
 
 doncU, Front st 
 Barrister and Attorney. — James Fraser, Jr. 
 Barrister and Attorn ey-at-law.— George Eyre 
 
 Henderson, Front st. 
 Barrister and County Attorney. — J. 0. Hare. 
 Barristers, etc. — Ross & Bell, John Bell, W. 
 
 II. Ponton, Front st^ 
 Belleville Independent, — James W. Carman, 
 
 Front St. ^ 
 
 Belleville InteHigeiiHt. — M. Bowell, Editor 
 
 and Pabrwhe^i Cor. Front <fc Bridge sis. 
 Contractor.r— Oeorgc JTcilson, John st. 
 County Clttk lioA Notary Public. — Thomas 
 
 Willig, J. r. Shire iiai\ Church. 
 Dafoe House Hotel, — ^T. Warren, Bridge st. 
 
 [See Advtjl 
 Draper and Tailor. — John McAfee, Front st. 
 Dry Goods, Grocery, Crockery, and Liquors, 
 
 Victoria Buildings, Front st. 
 Fancy and Staple Li . Goods, and Groceries. 
 
 — W. Kelly. 
 
 Grocer and Provision Dealer.— Henry M. Par- 
 ker, Front St. 
 
 Grocers, AVine and Liquor Dealers. — Munroe 
 & Ralston, Front st. 
 
 Hardware Merchant. — John Lewis, Front si. 
 
 Jeweller. — Charles Brick, Front st. 
 
 Land and General Agent, Custom House 
 Brokei'. — Archibald Dunlop. 
 
 Law Clerk. — D. F. McVean, Bridge st^ 
 
 M. D.— P. V. Borland, Front st. 
 
 Merchant in Dry Goods, Groceries, etc.— John 
 Badcock, Front st. 
 
 Miller, Baker, and Grain Merchant. — Henry 
 Corby. 
 
 Paper Manufacturer — P. F. Canniff, Mill st. 
 
 Photographist. — John C. Short. 
 
 Publisher of Hastings Chronicle. — Elijah 
 Miles, corner Front ifc IIo.el sts. 
 
 Rifle Factory and General Jobbing Establish- 
 ment. — Charles A. Hector, Front st. 
 
 Tin and Sheet Iron AVare Manufacture — Wil- 
 liam White, Front st. 
 
 Watch and Clock Maker, Jeweller, etc.. 
 Front St., opposite Court House. 
 
 Wellington Hotel. — Francis Papineau, Fruiit 
 
 St. 
 
 Woollen Manufacturer. — S. Wheadon, Front 
 
 St. 
 
 DAFOE HOUSE, BELLEVHiLE, C. W., 
 
 BY T. WARREN, 
 
 Is now open for the reception of the Travelling Conmiunity, by the above-named Pro- 
 prietor, Lite of the Bay of Quinte Saloon. No pains or expense has been spared in fitting 
 up the estiiMishment us a First-class Hotel. The Proprietor solicits the patronage of his 
 numerous friends and the public generally. 
 JSett«»i«e,Jif«y27W,i868. T. WARREIV, Proinrietor. 
 
 tl 
 
 i f ! 
 
 BOWMANVILLE, 0. W, 
 
 "A town in the Township of Darlington and West Riding of the County of Durham. It 
 is hounded on the south by Lake Ontario, and is situated on the line of the Grand Trunk 
 Railroad. In 1850 the place was incorporated a village. Within the last ten years it has 
 increased and prospered rapidly, and it owes much of its present importance to the Hon. 
 J. Simpson, formerly of the firm of Bowman & Co, The town lias excellent water power 
 
80 
 
 BOWMAN VILLE, C. W., AND BRANTFORD, C. W. 
 
 ti! 
 
 'il 
 
 within aiiu mound it, na well as a capital wharf; nnd a first-rate harbour is now being 
 constructed. T!ie country around is unsurpassed for fertility and salubrity. Distant from 
 Toronto 43 miles, and from I'ort Hope 19 miles. Railway fare to Toronto, $1.60. Daily 
 mails. Population about 4000." 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Attorney at Law, Solicitor rnd Conveyancer. 
 
 — Robert Rnsscll Losconibe. 
 Alma Hotel. — John A. Mason, Market square. 
 Barrister at Law. — St. John U. Hutcheson, 
 
 notary public. 
 Barristers and Attorneys at Law. — Armour 
 
 & Bethune. 
 Bank of Montreal. — George Dyett, manager, 
 
 King street. 
 Baker, Confectioner and Grocer. — Alexander 
 
 Fletcher, Kinu; street. 
 Bookseller, Stationer and Artist. — Robert 
 
 O'llara. 
 Canadian Statesman. — J. M. ond W. R. Climie 
 
 & Co., publishers and booksellers. 
 Dry Goods, Grocery, and Crockery Merchant. 
 
 — W. McMurtry. 
 
 Farmers' Exchange, — Joseph Maynard, Kin" 
 
 street. 
 General Merchant, Miller and Agent. — Lewis 
 
 M. Squair, King street. 
 General Grocer, wholesale and retail. — Robt. 
 
 Forster, King street. 
 General tJrocers and Seed Merchants. — Mur- 
 
 vlock Brothers. 
 Hardwarp Alerchant, Carriage Builder and 
 
 Ironfounder, Jacob Jleads. 
 Ironfoundrj', Stove and I'lough Factory.— 
 
 Wm. I'orter, King street, east. 
 Miller and Distiller. — John Burk, King street, 
 Ontario Bank. — David Fisher, cashier, King 
 
 street. 
 Surgeon-Dentist. — J. A. Brown, King street 
 Waverley House Hotel. — A. Hindes, King st 
 
 BRANTFORD, C. W. 
 
 "An incorr^'.r-lod town, on the Grand River, at the head of navigation. It is the chief 
 town in the County of Brant. Brantford has direct coninuinication with Lake Ontario, and 
 with Xew York city l)y canals ; it is the most important station on the Buffalo and Lake 
 Huron Railroad ; and it is celebrated for its flour, iron, steam-engines, stoneware, lumber, 
 agricultural implements, stoves, etc. Tlie country in tiie neighbourhood of Brantford lias 
 been long known as an excellent agricultural section of the Western Province. Distant 
 from Hamilton, 25 miles; from Niagara Suspension Hriilge, CO miles: from Paris, 7 miles; 
 and from Buffalo, N. Y., 70 miles. Daily mails. Poi>ulation about 8000." 
 
 Business 
 
 Agent for Phoenix Assurance Company and 
 
 Life Association of Scotland. — M.W, I'ruyn. 
 Assurance agent, and proprietor of Kerby 
 
 House. — James Kerby. 
 Ale and porter brewers. — Spencer A Sons, 
 
 West Brantford Brewery. 
 Ale and beer brewers. — George Wliite & Co., 
 
 East Brantford Brewery. 
 Barristers, notaries, an<i conveyancers. — 
 
 Wood it Long, Colborne an<l Market sts. 
 Chemistsand druggists. — Hutchinson it Good, 
 
 corner of Colborne and King streets. 
 Chemist and druggist. — F. Brendon, Colborne 
 
 street. 
 Foundry. — B. G. Tisdale, Brittania Foundry, 
 
 manufacturer and dealer in stoves, ploughs, 
 
 etc., Colborne street. 
 Hardware merchants. — Cleghorn <Jt Co., Col- 
 borne street. 
 Hardware merchants. — A. Morton & Co., 
 
 Colborne street. 
 
 Directory. 
 
 HomcRopathist — Dr. Wm. H. Bacon, corner 
 
 of Colborne ond Queen streets. 
 Ilomicopathic physician. — Dr. Chas. H. Von 
 
 Tagen, Market street. 
 Ilotci.— A. C. File, Royal Exchange Hotel, 
 
 West street, near the railway station. 
 Insurance Co, — Allen Good, secretary Gore 
 
 District Mut\uil Fire Insurance Co. 
 Ij»nd agent, — Wm. H. Morgan, auctioneer, 
 
 broker, etc. 
 Mcrclumt. — Ignatius Cockshutt, Colborne 
 
 street. 
 Miller and distiller. — Alexander Bunnell, Col- 
 borne street. 
 New fine art gallery. — L. R. Smith iSe Co., 
 
 Colborne street, north side. 
 Railway refreshment house. — Fred'k. Walsh, 
 
 adjoining railway station. 
 Steam planing mills. — William Watt, sash 
 
 and f)lind factory, Waterloo street, near 
 
 depot. 
 
 BRANTFORD, CANADA WEST. 
 
 THE EXPOSITOR, Semi- Weekly and Weekly, 
 
 Published by €. E. STEIVART, Muriiet (Street, Brantford, 
 
 Is the beat advertising medium in the County of Brant. It also circulates in the adjoining 
 Counties of Oxford, Norfolk, Waterloo, and WenUvortli. 
 AUeertiaemenls inserted on t/ie most/avuurable terms. 
 
 Book and Job I'tlnllng— neat, cheap, and expedllioui. 
 
8 now being 
 Distant from 
 1.60. Daily 
 
 ynard, King 
 
 ;ent — Lewis 
 
 itail.— Robt. 
 
 lants. — Mur- 
 
 Huilder and 
 
 I Factory.— 
 
 , King street, 
 nshier, King 
 
 King street, 
 deu, Kingst 
 
 BRIGHTON, 0. W., BKOCKVILLE, C. W., AND COBOURG, C. W. 
 
 BRIGHTON, 0. W. 
 
 81 
 
 A village and port of entry on Presque Isle Bay, Lake Ontario, in the Township of 
 Brighton, and County of Northumberland. A steamer plies, for passengers and freight, 
 three times a week, to Colborne Harbour and Cobourg, and Oswego, New York. Fares to 
 Oswego, $2.50 and $1.75. A station of the Grand Trunk Railway is in the village. Dis- 
 tant from Belleville 22 miles, and from Toronto 91 miles. There is a daily stage to Picton 
 85 miles, fare f 2, via Consecon, 15 miles, fare 75c.; and one tri-weekly to Percy, 16 miles' 
 fare $1. Daily mails. Population about 1500. 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 British Flap. — Richai-d Spencer, proprietor 
 and publisher, Main street. 
 
 Boots and Shoes. — Robert Wynn, dealer and 
 manufacturer, Dundas street. 
 
 Baker, Confectioner and Grocer. — J. M. Wel- 
 lington, Main street. 
 
 Hardware Dealer. — Jas. Taylor, Main street. 
 
 Huffman House.— Peter Huffman, at railway 
 
 station. 
 Lumber Merchant— H. C. Betts. 
 Mansion House Hotel. — James White. 
 Prieur House Hotel.— Levit Prieur, Main 
 
 street 
 Saddler.— A. Z. Valleau, Main street 
 
 is the chief 
 Oiitiu'io, and 
 ilo and Lake 
 rare, lumber, 
 (rantford has 
 ice. Distant 
 aris, 7 miles; 
 
 }acon, corner 
 
 8. 
 
 Uhns. II. Von 
 
 hange Hotel, 
 ' station, 
 cretnry Gore 
 se Co. 
 1, auctioneer, 
 
 itt, Colborne 
 • Bunnell, Col- 
 Smith & Co., 
 'red'k. Walsh, 
 
 n Watt, sash 
 3 street, near 
 
 'antford, 
 
 1 the adjoining 
 
 BROCKVILLE, 0. W. 
 
 A busy, thriving town and port of entry in the ToVnship of Elizabethtown and County 
 of Leeds. It is pleasantly situated on the bank of the River St Lawrence, at.the foot of 
 the Tliousand Islands ; is the county town for the Counties of Leeds and Grenville, which 
 are united for judicial purposes. All the steamers plying between Montreal, Kingston, 
 Toronto, and Hamilton, and Lewiston, N. Y., stop daily. The Grand Trunk Railway passes 
 through the northern part of the town, and has a large station. The Brockville and Ottawa 
 Railway, from the shore of the St Lawrence, through the town, to Pembroke on the Ottawa, 
 is in course of construction. A steam ferry-boat plies ev ery half hour during summer be- 
 tween this place and Morristown, a village in the State of New York. There is a daily 
 stage, via Smith's Falls, distant 32 miles, fare $2 ; to Perth, distant 45 miles, fare $2,50 ; 
 one daily, via Farmersville, distant 16 miles, fare 75e. ; to Westport, distant 46 miles, fare 
 $2 ; and one tri-weekly to Mirickville, distant 28 miles, fare $1.50. The town, with the 
 Township of Elizabethtown, sends one member to the Legislative Assembly. Distant from 
 Montreal, 125 miles; from Kingston, 48 miles; and from Morristown, 1 mile. Daily mails. 
 Population about 6000. 
 
 BOOKS, STATIONERY & FRINTING. 
 
 The Subscrihors imve always on hand a full supply of the National School Books, Bibles, Testaments, Ouide 
 Books, and the newest books and papers published. 
 
 Wrapping, Writing, Printing, and Boom Paper, Wholesale and Betail. 
 
 HENDERSON & WYI.IE, Brockville, C. W. 
 
 N. B.—Mr, Wylie U Editor and Publisher qf thi " Srockville Recorder," puUished e^ery Thundau 
 morning, 
 
 COBOURG, 0. W. 
 
 A town in the Township of Hamilton and County of Northumberland. It is the chief 
 town of the county and is pleasantly situated on the north shore of Lake Ontario. There 
 is an excellent harbour, affording safe accommodRlion. A large trade in agricultural 
 produce and lumber is done. The proximity of Cobourg to Rochester, and other ports 
 on the American shore of Lake Ontario, renders it a first-class business settlement ; and 
 the fertile soil of the neighbourhood, with the advantages of a ready market and unsur- 
 passed water power, have raised Cobourg in 50 years to its present position. During the 
 season, steamers call daily from and en route to Toronto, Kiugstou, and Hamilton, and 
 

 82 
 
 COLBORNE, C. W. — CORNWALL, C. W. 
 
 to Rochester, New York. Cobourg is a station of the Grand Trunk Railway, and a ter- 
 minus of the Cobourg and Peterborough Railway. Distant from Toronto, 72 miles; from 
 Kingston, 103 miles ; and from Montreal, 260 miles. Daily mails. Poijulation about VOOO. 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Agent British and American Express Co. — 
 William II. Sanger, King street. 
 
 Anilirotypist and Photographist. — Alexander 
 Gerritt, Division street. 
 
 Bookseller, Stationer, and News Depot. — 
 Henry Allan, Division st. (near post-office). 
 
 Carriage Maker. — William De Lany, Divi- 
 sion street. 
 
 Cobowff Sun Newspaper. — Tlios. McNaugh- 
 ton, editor, King street, east. 
 
 Cohouni Star. — Clench & Floyd, Publishers 
 and Printers, King street. 
 
 Dry Goods Merchants. — McFarlane «fe Grant, 
 
 South side, King street. 
 Importer of Paper Han.^^ngs, Decorator, etc. 
 
 -—John Ilayden, King street, west. 
 jVIerclmnt Tailor. — David Ross, King street 
 Pauwels' Chop House. — Edward I'auwels, 
 
 Division street. 
 Saddle, Harness, and Trunk Manufacturer. 
 
 — ^Thomas Morrow, Union Block, King 
 
 street. 
 Wholesale and Retail Grocers, Wines ond 
 
 Spirits. — A. & D. McCallum, King street 
 
 COLBORKE, C. W. 
 
 A thriving village and port of entry on Lake Ontario, in the Townships of Cramah6 and 
 Haldimand, and County of Northumberland. A considerable trade is done in lumber, 
 and curing of whitefish and salmon trout, with which the lake aboimds. A steamer plies, 
 for passengers and freight, twice a week between this ond the other north shore ports and 
 Oswego, New York. There is also a tri-weekly steamer to Rochester, New York. Cabin 
 Bnd deck faves to Oswego and Rochester, $2.60 and $1.75. Colborno Harbour is near a 
 station of the Grand Ti-unk Railway. Distant from Cobourg, 16 miles ; from Montreal, 249 
 miles; and from Toronto, 84 miles. There is a tri-weekly stage to Norwood, 32 miles, 
 fare $2. Mail daily. Population about 300. 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Cabinet Maker. — 0. A. Chapin. 
 General Merchant. — G. ^\'. Webb. 
 Merchant. — J. Stuart Strong, King street. 
 Notary Pulilic and Conveyancer. — M. K. 
 
 Lockwood, King street 
 Physician, Surgeon, etc. — F. Pugh, King st 
 
 Town Clerk, Dry Goods, Grocery and Hard- 
 ware Merchant. — J. S. Scott 
 
 Tinsmith and Hardware Merchant — G. N. 
 Gordon. 
 
 Watchmaker and Jeweller. — F. H. Edwards. 
 
 COR^TWALL, 0. W. 
 
 An incorporated town and port of entry in the Township of the same name and County 
 of Stormont It is the County Town of the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas, and 
 Glengarry. The business of tlie registry office and of the circuit and principal law courts 
 arc transacted here. A station of the Grand Trunk Railway is contiguous. The boats of 
 the Canadian and American lines between Montreal and ilaniilton, and of the Montreal 
 and Kingston line, call daily ; and there is a line of steamers which start four days a week 
 for Montreal and intermediate ports. A considerable amount of flour is embarked at this 
 place for Montreal, which, by this route, is distant 85 miles. To avoid the Long Sault 
 Rapids, immediately above the port, a canal has been made to Dickinson's Landing, a dis- 
 tance of 12 miles, offording ample accommodation for the largely increased navigation on 
 the St Lawrence. Distant from Montreal 68 miles, and from Kingston 105 miles. Daily 
 mails, pepulatiou about 2500. 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Barrister and Attorney at Law. — Richard T. 
 Wilkinson. 
 
 Barrister and Attorney at Law. — J. F. Pringle. 
 Bookseller and Stationer. — Henry A. Sawyer. 
 
DUNDAS, C. W. 
 
 88 
 
 Cornwall Conntitntional. — ^Watson Litel, Pro- 
 
 Erictor and Editor, and issuer of Marriage 
 iccnses for County of Stormont. 
 
 Hotel, St. Nicholas. — A. C. McDonold, Pitt 
 street. 
 
 Hotel, British North American. — John Ken- 
 nedy, Second street. 
 
 notel,Chequered House. — Michael and Philip 
 Cnrpenter, Water street. 
 
 Merchant and Agent for Life Association of 
 Scotland. — William Cline, J. P., Pitt street. 
 
 Merchant and General Trader. — D. McMil- 
 lan, Pitt street. 
 
 Merchant and General Trader. — Alexander 
 
 McDougall, corner of Pitt and First sts. 
 Physician and Surgeon. — J. J. Dickenson, 
 
 South of Second street. 
 Painter.— Joseph Hitehins, Pitt street. 
 Tinsmith. — Jolm McPhee, Pitt i<treet. 
 Tanner and Shoemaker. — Robert Craig, Pitt 
 
 street and Second street. 
 Tailor. — AI. J. Smout, Second street. 
 Watchmaker and Jeweller. — J. S. Warner, 
 
 Pitt street. 
 Watchmaker, and Clerk of Division Court. — 
 
 Wm. Wilford Pack, iltt street. 
 
 DUNDAS, 0. W. 
 
 Dundas is an incorporated town, situated upon a small stream running into Lake Ontario, 
 with which it is connected by a canal about a mile in length, formed by a bay called 
 " Coote's Paradise." And though the supply of water fails during several months in the 
 summer, the stream is thronged with mills and factories from the western to the eastern 
 limits of the town: — two flour mills, two iron foundries, a woollen factory, a planing mill, 
 an agricultural implement maker, a pump maker, a last factory, a tannery, and a paper 
 mill. The sheds at the canal basin, it will be observed, present a deserted appearance, 
 owing, of course, to the Great Western Kailroad offering such facilities for the speedy 
 transportation of freight. 
 
 But the picturesque frame which nature has fixed round this bustling scene of art and 
 industry, deserves special attention from the tourist. Post yourself on the bold and lofty 
 escarpment that raises its head above the town towards the north, and one of the loveliest 
 londscapes in the Canadian province bursts upon your view. To the right lies a wooded 
 gorge, down which rushes the waters of the stream. The line of railroad runs right west, 
 toward the setting sun, ond loses itself in " the bush." Several hundred feet beneath your 
 point of observation lies the town itself; in the long, withdrawing valley, elegant mansions 
 top the summits of the neighbouring knolls. Ancaster peeps out from the wooded height 
 in front. Hamilton, with its numerous towers and spires, flanked by " the mountain," ap- 
 pears to the left. Round and round, the undulating country is clothed with luxuriant 
 foliage, and the blue waters of I^ko Ontario form the distant horizon to the admiring spec- 
 tator. Numerous sylvan sites, most appropriate for elegant villas, can be pointed out in 
 the suburbs ; accordingly, we have little doubt that Dundos will ultimately prove one of 
 the most attractive spots for permanent residence, as well as for pic-nics and holiday pleas- 
 ure parties. Population, about 3000. 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Auctioneer and General Agent. — George W, 
 Wright. 
 
 Barristers, etc. — Robertson & Wardell. (See 
 card.) 
 i Chemists and Druggists. — Thornton &, Fisher. 
 
 Dealer in Fancy and Staple Dry Goods. — R. 
 S. Brock. 
 
 Dry Goods and Clothing. — Gregson & Graf- 
 ton. 
 
 Dry Goods and Millinery. — Dickie & Breck- 
 bile. 
 
 Dundas Mills. — James Wales, Ogville street. 
 
 Bundas Free Banner. — Somerville &, Oliver, 
 
 Publishers. 
 Dundas Warden. — J. L. Spence, proprietor. 
 Engineer. — Walter Bastablc, Hart st. 
 Grocer. — McAffer, Market Square. 
 Grocer. — Wm. Wilson, King street. 
 Grocers, Wholesale and Retail. — Dickie &, 
 
 Watson. 
 Hotel and Livery Stables. — George F. Scace, 
 
 King st. 
 Importer of Hardware. — James S. Meredith. 
 North American Hotel. — Bernard Collins. 
 
 Barristers, Attorneys, Conveyancers, Notaries Public, dec, 
 
 DUNDAS AND HAMILTON, 0. W. 
 TllOMiS noDERTSON, Crown Attorney, County Wonlwurth. A. R. wardell. 
 
 if I 
 
 I 
 
 l< 
 
84 
 
 GALT, GODERICH, GUELPH, 0. W. 
 
 ^ 111 
 
 ill 
 
 Jl 
 
 
 GALT, 0. W. 
 
 An incorporated town in the Township of Dumfries and County of Waterloo. It is de- 
 lightfully situated on either side of the Grand Uiver, where it receives the waters of Jlill 
 Creek. The town possesses immense water power, which is fully employed driving the 
 niacliinery of numerous manufacturing establishments, flouring, and otlier mills. Distant 
 from Berlin, the county town, (with which it will bo soon connected by a railway leading 
 from Hamilton, through Gait and Preston,) 12 miles; from Hamilton, 25 miles; and from 
 Toronto, 70 miles. Daily mails. Population about 3000. 
 
 Business Directory* 
 
 Barrister and Attorncj-. — John Miller, North 
 AVater street. 
 
 Commission Merchant. — David W. Frazer. 
 
 Druggist, "Wliolesale and Kotail. — R. S. 
 Young, Main street. 
 
 Dry Goods, Millinery, etc. — J. S. Fisher, Com- 
 mercial Buildings. 
 
 Liim/rics Reformer. — James Yonng, Editor. 
 
 Ualt Reporter. — Jeffrey & Son, Publishers. 
 
 Grocers and Leatlier Merchants. — Fleming 
 <fe Robinson, Main street. 
 
 Grocery and Provision Dealer. — Peter Alison 
 Marshall, Main and Ainslie streets. 
 
 Homoeopathic Physician and Surgeon. — J. 
 J. Lancaster. 
 
 Iron Founders and Tin Smiths. — J. W. Davis 
 <fe Co., 
 
 Miller and Distiller. — John McXaughton. 
 
 Nursery and Seedsman, Operator and Ex- 
 press Agent. — J. G. Eraser. 
 
 I'ostmastcr and Agent for Gore Bank. — John 
 Davidson. 
 
 Railway Hotel Depot. — Benjamin Hobson. 
 
 Surgeon-Dentist. — Robert Reid. 
 
 Town Clerk and Treasurer. — Adam Ker, 
 (iueen street. 
 
 Union Hotel. — John Young, Main street. 
 
 GODERICH, C. W. 
 
 Goderich forms the terminus of the Buffalo and Huron Railway, and is situated at the 
 mouth of the River Maitland, upon an eminence 150 feet above tlie level of Lake Huron. 
 The plan of the town deserves particular notice : an elegant town hall graces the centre of 
 a large octagonal area, round which rise up, in stately dimensions, numerous stores and 
 hotels ; several churches rear their spires in the distance ; the grammar school adds another 
 * ornament to the architectural structures of the place ; on one side the primeval forests, and 
 on the other the mirrored surface of Huron's inland sea, form the horizon to the delighted 
 spectator. Altogether Goderich is a desirable residence; it is said to be unsurpassed for 
 the healthiness of its situation, the soil in its vicinity is remarkable for its fertility, the 
 fisheries yield excellent profits to the proprietors; it boasts of two newspapers and a light- 
 house ; a cockle-shell of a steamer, touching at Goderich and the intermediate ports, plies 
 at present, with regular irregularity and great discomfort to passengers, between Port Sar- 
 rica and Southampton, the old harbour, in the hands of tlie Canada Company, attesting the 
 mischievous consequences of monopolies, stands sadly in need of repair; but when the new 
 line of steamers has commenced to ply, in connection with the Buffalo and Huron Railway, 
 as well as with the Grand Trunk Railway from Toronto and Stratford to Milwaukee, Clii- 
 cago, and the "Far AYest," it will bo enlarged and improved. Wo have little hesitation, 
 therefore, in predicting an unprecedented progress for the Canadian " Queen of the West." 
 Populati(m 40U0. 70 miles north-west of Paris. 
 
 GUELPII, C. W. 
 
 An incorporated town on the River Speed. Chief town of the County of Wellington, and 
 station on the Grand Trunk Railway. It is the northern terminus of the Gait and Guelph 
 Railway, whir'.i connects with tlie (ireat Western; and the soutiiern terminus of the jiro- 
 posed Railway to Saugeen, the distance to wliieh is about 70 miles. From Guelph there 
 
 
GUELPII, C, W. 
 
 86 
 
 ore regular stngea to Owen Sound, through Fergus and Elora, and a regular mail to South- 
 ainptuu. Ik'ing the centre of a rich agricultural district, Guolph has a large retail country 
 trade; its oxi)orts are chiefly wheat and flour. Distant from Toronto, 47 miles, and from 
 Hamilton, 30 miles. Mail duilj-. l'oi)ulation about -irtOO. 
 
 Business 
 
 Ai^ent and Conveyancer. — Robert Thompson, 
 .St. tJeorge square. 
 
 ^(•tist. — Samuel Sliuw, AVyndlmm street. 
 
 Barristers and Attorneys. — Fergusson and 
 Kiiiijsmill. [See advertisement.] 
 
 Barrister's and Attorneys. — Leinon & Pater- 
 son. [See advertisement.] 
 
 Barrister at Law. — Thonuis II. Saunders. 
 
 l)rv (Joods, ClotiiiniT, etc. — Abraham Boice. 
 
 Great Wejitern Hotel. — Robert Matthews. 
 
 Groceries, Crockery, and Provisions. — C. 
 Meredith ife (,'o. 
 
 O'lic/jih Herald. — George Pirie, Editor. 
 
 Uudjih Advertiser. — Jonathan Wilkinson, 
 Eilitor. 
 
 Hardware Merchant. — John Keller. 
 
 Directory. 
 
 International Hotel. — J. K. Scriven, Propri- 
 etor. [Sec advertisement.] 
 
 Land and (Jencral Agent— James Webster. 
 
 Alerehant.— Geo. Draper, Wyndham street 
 
 Merchants.— Stewart & Tlioiiison, Wynd!iam 
 street 
 
 Notary Public, Insurance Agent etc — R. 
 Greet 
 
 Saddle, Harness, and Trunk Makers.— Smith 
 & Metcnlf. 
 
 Thori)'s New Hotel.— J. Thorp, Proprietor. 
 [See advertisement.] 
 
 ]Villiii;itijn Merciiri/. — Geo. M. Keeling, Pub- 
 lisher. 
 
 AVellington Hotel.- Jamea Lindsay, Proprie- 
 tor. [See advertisement] 
 
 INTERNATIONAL HOTEL, 
 
 C3-XJEX.I>I3:, o. ■w. 
 
 Within 50 Yards of the Bailway Passenger 
 Station. 
 
 •T. K. Sf'KIVKN hoKS most n'spcrll'.illy to iiitinmtc to 
 hisiiimii'niiis friiiuls niicl the Iravnlliiii; imiilic, Hint liis 
 ^vell-kno\vll llotol is fitted up in a itmiuior uiisur[iassi>(l 
 fttr at'cuiiKiiiKlatum liy any othur Huti'l m Town. His 
 Talilo will lie always sniiiilicd with all tlie prwurable 
 luxuries ul tilt) season. His 
 
 LIQUORS 
 
 Aro of tin' very best nuiiUtit's, iind every attontion and 
 rmirtosy will be extonued tn liis (jiKtsts, in order to render 
 tliiiin !is rtiiururlablf; as [Missible. His Stable will ho siip- 
 pliud at all times with tho best iiuality of Hay and Outs, 
 luid rui attoutive hostler will he alwavs in attoiulanro. In 
 fact, he eaa assure the public that lii.s House, iii all its 
 dupaitmoiits. will Im couduetnd with |)rnpnfly, ami de- 
 flerrolhcpatnmaiJte of his friends and iho puhlie ueucrally. 
 
 J. K. SCRIVEN. 
 
 Gudph, July 2, 1S57. 
 
 GREAT WESTERN HOTEL, 
 
 Wyndham St., Guelph. 
 
 The undersigned, liaving completed his large 
 and eonimodioua new stone building on tiie 
 site of tlie old "Farmer's Arms" Hotel, form- 
 ei'lv (iccui)iod by Mr. John Pipe, has opened the 
 siiid Establisiiinent tor the acconiinoihition of 
 tlie i)ubiic. Ho intends to keep His Uar con- 
 stiuilly suppUed witli tlie choicest litpiors, and 
 His Tahi.k willi tlie best viands of the season, 
 also guild stabling will be jirovided for horses ; 
 and no exertion will be spared to make the 
 Great Western Hotel worthy of the supiiort of 
 the asjtriciiltural conimunity in the county, and 
 the public generallv. 
 
 11. ITIATTIIEWIS. 
 
 t^P~ A ml! from hh old fnentls and patrons 
 renpeitfullij xdliriteil. 
 OuKi.Pii, Oct. 2Utli, 1S55. 
 
 WELLINGTON HOTEL, 
 
 WYIVDIIAM STREET, 
 
 OI'I'OSITK MO.VTIIE.VL UANK, 
 
 JAMES LINDSAY, 
 
 Proprittor, 
 
 The above new and cuninioilioiis hotel, lieiiiR situated iu 
 a central part of the town, and riinvenient to both the 
 Itailway Slalioiis, oilers iieeiiliar lulvantiit'es to the travol- 
 ini; public. Visitors will find the arrangeinents good, aiul 
 changes iiKxlcrate. 
 
 An excellent Lirery Stahle in attached to tht 
 Hotel, and trimty lioxtlem are alwayn in attendance. 
 
 Daily Stages to Jilora, Fergus, and Owen Soiuid. 
 
 An Oinnll)iig atlendH the CarM, and conveys tiucHtt 
 
 to and from the House free of Charge. 
 
 THORP'S NEW HOTEL, 
 
 GUEI.PH, C. W., 
 S. TMMOHP, PropHetor, 
 
 Is just opened for the accommodation of the public. Is 
 a tirst-cluss liouso. and the best in (iiiclpli. C'harees reas- 
 oiialilo. J^ivory at short notice. Staaes to and from all 
 parts. A free Uuss iu attendance at the .Slatiiins. 
 
 ANDREW LEMON. n. W. PETERSOS, JR. 
 
 MESSRS, LEMON & PETERSON, 
 
 Barristers and Attorneys at Law, 
 
 SOLICITORS IN CHANOERY, 
 NOTARIES PUBLIC, &c., 
 
 GUKLPII, C. W. 
 Agent for the Colonial Life Assurance Company. 
 
 A. J. FEROUSSON. 
 
 J. J, KINOSMILL. 
 
 FERGUS80N Sl KINGSMILL, 
 BARKISTERS AND ATTORNEYS AT LAW, 
 
 taOljMCITOHS IJ>' VH^.WKHV, HTC, JiTC, 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 
 !i 
 
 i! 
 
16 
 
 nULL — INGERSOLL — KINCARDINE, C. W. 
 
 HULL, C. E. 
 
 A villiiijc fitimicd on tlie River Ottiiwa, opposite to the U>v/u of Oltawn, to ^\llieh it ig 
 connected bj' a suspension bridge, nt tlie celebriit >i t'liau Jerio Fulls. A considerable trade 
 U dont in luiiiber, and in the niunufaUuring of axes, pails, etc. I'dpulation uVmut '250. 
 
 ANDREW LEAMY, 
 LVMBER IVIERCIIAIVT AIVD MUjI, 
 
 HULL T O -W InT S H I 3?, O. 
 
 OIVI^ER, 
 
 General Store. — J. J. Mnrston, Main street. 
 Hotel Keeper and Blacksmith. — I'atiick Mr, 
 Garr, Main street. 
 
 Lumber Jlercbnut.- 
 advertisement. J 
 
 -Andrew Leuniy. [See 
 
 INGERSOT.L, C. W. 
 
 An incorporated village, in the Ci.unty of < >.\ford, Township of North Oxford ; situated 
 on the Ri\i'r Thames, and a station on the Oreat Western Railway. Wheat and sawn 
 lumber form the piineipnl trade of tliis place and tlie surrounding country. The land 
 around is excellent, and the village is fust increasing in population and importance. ]»ia- 
 tant from Woodstock, 9 miles; from Hamilton, 57 miles; from London, 19 miles; from 
 Windsor, 129 miles; and from I'ort Burwell, on Lake Erie, 3'i miles. Daily mails. Popu- 
 lation about 3000. 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Attorney nt Jm.\v. — Richard Ollurd. General Merchunts. — J. McDonald & Bros. 
 
 Bookstore and News Depot. — E. II. Crysler. (fcnerul Mercliuiit. — Sunmel I'oole. 
 Chemist, Druggist and Stationer. — O. B. Cald- ; Iviirrsoll Cfirouicic — .1. S. ijarncld, Editor. 
 
 well. Royal E.xchango Hotel. — H. Henrn, I'ropri- 
 Chemist and Druggist. — John M. Chnpman. etor. [See advertisement.] 
 
 Conveyancer. — Jumes Berric, Thames street. Merchant und Atrciit for English and Aineri- 
 Dul}' House. — John I'utterson, proprietor. eun Newspapers. — li. A. Woodcock. 
 
 [See advertisement.] 
 
 DALY HOUSE, 
 nsro-ERsoLii, o- -ntv. 
 
 The Siibscnbor boss to inforni Ins fripiiils and tlic public 
 that he lt:is roniovcd to tiie uIhivo IIuuho, wliirii is new 
 oiul commodious, and furnislied in miKlern style. 
 
 Ily strict personal attention ho hopes to receive his 
 usual share \>T patronage. 
 
 A free Buss to and from the cars. 
 
 SaSS FATTEBSOH. 
 
 I ROYAL EXOH/INGE HOTEii. 
 
 AND (iEXKKVL 8T.>.(iK HOi;.<K, 
 
 Cor. of Thames & CharicK Sts., 
 
 H. HEARir, Proprietor. 
 
 Visitors will liiid tho nrranironient'-" ko<h1, and rliarcos 
 moderate. / p<iod I. iver>' Stable ntt.u lied Da'ly Sia^es 
 t.r Tilsni'.buiff, Vienna, and Port Itu'-well, a 1 tu Si. 
 Mary's Mondays, Widnesdays, and Krhiiys. 
 
 t^ An omiiibus to 'lud iVo'ii the rais free uf char,.u. 
 
 KINCARDINE, C. W., 
 
 Is n small town situated upon the sliore of Lake Huron, at the inotith of the River 
 Penetangorc, upon an acclivity extending, in a ridge of no great height, along the ben^jh "n 
 both directions. It occupies the centre of a beautiful buy, forming a crescent, tcrminuting 
 in northern and souther" pinepoints. The principal street, studded with respectable-look- 
 ing stores ;ind hotels, (the North American, so fur as regards attention und a good table, 
 will benr r'opipnrison with its nnme. ake in Toronto, minus tiie niggers,) runs puriiUel to the 
 shore for half a mile at least; und, like other towns siiiiutcl upon the eustern sliorc of tho 
 Jake, though minus a rf.ilroud at present, and possessed only of a quuy for lading und un 
 lading small schooners, it is competii^g for the honour of the principal port for the trans- 
 portation of jiassengers and the transshipment of freight across the li;ke to the " Far West." 
 Government iius voted £1,500 for the dredging "ud enlargement of the harbour, und as the 
 
LINDSAY AND MILL BROOK, C. W. 
 
 8T 
 
 diftnnd of the rivor forms n nntural bnsin, covered with shallow deposits of sand, Kin- 
 cnrdine will soon oft^r a safe Imrbournge to vessels of large dimeneions, and, therefore, bids 
 fair to prove no mean rival to Goderieh and Saugoon. 30 miles north of Goderieli. Popu- 
 lation about lOUy. 
 
 I 
 
 LINDSAY, W.. 
 
 Is oituated upon the hanks of the River Seugog, and is composed, as yet, of only a few 
 Mocks of frame houses, stores and hotels, grist and lumber mills, with the exception of 2 or 
 ?, liriek liouscs on each side of the river. The site of the town, according to the original 
 pliin, is extensive; but as individuals have selected spots for their houses in all different 
 directions, Lindsay presents a straggling appearance to an old-countrymon. But as it is 
 favoured with railroad communication to Port II()])e on the south, and stage to .Manilla and 
 Mariposa, one of tlic richest agricultural townships in the province, 8 miles to the west, and 
 by steamer to the Falls, liobcaygeon, etc., on tlie north, wo may reasonal>ly anticipate the 
 enhirgement of the town, as well as the increase of its trade, at no distant date. It is 
 worthy of special notice that an excellent reading-room is supplied not only witii the Pro- 
 vincial, but with American and British newspapers and mogazineo, as well as with the re- 
 prints of the ]>rincipal Britisli Quarterlies ; and, we may add, for the information of the 
 sportsman, (liat lisliing in the river and lakes, as well as deer shooting in the sui'rounding 
 busli, will at once recruit his hcaltli and amply repay his pleasing toils. Population $2000. 
 From Port Hope, 42 miles. Fare $1.25. 
 
 BuKin<><«s Directory. 
 
 Attorney at Law. — F. B Greene, ICont st, 
 Barrister and Xotary Public. — Anthony La 
 
 Course, Kent st. 
 Bookseller and Druggist. — W. J. Stoughton, 
 
 Kent St. 
 Barrister at Law. — T. A. Hudspeth, Kent st. 
 Boot and Shoe Maker. — .\ Bright, llidont st. 
 Cubiiiei Makers. — iiatthie & Anderson, Wil- 
 liam St. 
 Dry Goods and General Merchant. — Richard 
 
 Leary, K<>nt st. 
 Dry (ioods, Groceric;!, Boots, Shoes, etc. — S. 
 
 and (). Bigilow, Lindsay st. 
 Grocer and Confoctionor. — Wm. Alexander 
 
 Silverwodd, Kent st. 
 GoMcral Merchant. — Wm. Kewin, Kent st. 
 General Merchant — Jolin Kennedy, Kent st. 
 Gencrd Merehant'<. — Keenan <t Lenilmii. 
 Iinporler and (Joneral Merchant. — Thomas 8. 
 
 Leluinc, King at. 
 
 Jewett's Hotel. — B. Jewett, Proprietor, Kent 
 
 street. 
 Lindsay Flour Mills. — Dealer in Wheat, Flour, 
 
 etc., Robert Lang, Proprietor ; office, Kent 
 
 street. 
 Lindsay Tannery. — W. McNeil, William st. 
 IJtKUmj Advocate. — Edward D. Hand, Pub- 
 
 lisiier. 
 Merchant and Carriage Manufacturer. — John 
 
 Thirkhill, Kent st. 
 Martin's Hotel, (Inte Walsh's). — J. Martin, 
 
 i'r'iprietor, Kent st. 
 Mti'ctuint. — James Watson, William st. 
 Merchant — Charles Britton, Ridout st. 
 Staple and i'ancy Dry (Joods Merchant. — 
 
 Thus. Bronglmll, Knowlson's Block, Kent st. 
 Victoria Herald. — Henry John Waite, Editor, 
 
 Publisher, and Proprietor, William st. 
 Wateiimaker and Jeweller. — H. G. Clarke, 
 
 Kent st. 
 
 [!i 
 
 MILL BROOK, C. W. 
 
 A flourishing village, situated in the Township of Cavan, and County of Durham. Has 
 a local trade of some importance. A station on the Port Hope and Lindsn^, Railway is 
 lialf a mile from the village. Distant fro' \ Port Hope 13 miles. Daily mail. Population 
 about 1000. 
 
 Business 
 
 Clork of Division Court, Conv^ yancer, etc. — 
 
 James M. Brodie, Kell st. 
 Dispensing Chemist.-E. ( tregory, Railroad st. 
 Dry Goods Mereiiant and General Grocer. — 
 
 Samuel Jauies. Howell, 50 Mail st. 
 Dr\' Goods Merchant. — Richard Ilowden, 
 
 Railroad at. 
 
 Directory. 
 
 General Merchant. — James Kellj% Kell st. 
 Grocer, Baker, and Confectioner. — James A. 
 
 Johnston, Corner of Cavan & Kell st. 
 Mil/brook Me.tsenfjcr. — Alfred Edwin Hayter, 
 
 Editor and Pro|)rietor, Railroad st. 
 Wellington Hotel. — Granville Richardson, 
 
 Corner of Railroad & Mill ate. 
 
, H 
 
 .. » 
 
 88 NAPANEE, NEWCASTLE, AND OSIIAWA, C. \V. 
 
 NAPANEE, C. W. 
 
 Niipiiiioo is n pictty villHjjc, silimlod (in a river of tlic siinii> iianu', nnd wliirli may, nrohiililv, 
 be seloctt'il as the county town of Uicliniond Township. The river is niivi^'ahie by si'nall selioo'n- 
 ei's, and oilers (irstrate water iirivilene, in addition to tlie four saw-mills, which cut '.i,ooo,iiijo ft. 
 of lumber annually, two (lour mills, two fouixlries, a woollen factory, plaster factorv, cabinet fac- 
 tory, iilaiiing mill, brewery, tannery, etc., wbich stanil u])on its banks. Thednmd Trunk Railway 
 Station stands immediately to tho north of the vilhijje. Napanee is (lossessed of no ordinary 
 advantages, and is evidently destined to extend at the expense of other inland villa^^es. If tliu 
 traveller wishes a comfortable house, he should visit the Commercial Hotel, Napanee; and if tliu 
 sportsnnin is anxious to prime his " iiocket-pistol," by all means visit ilr. Johnston's distilleiy 
 at Clark's Mills, where a Hcotchnnin (listils " mountain dew" as pure imd spirit-stirring as any 
 that smells of "peut-rcek" nnd the llightuuds of Scotlund. I'opulution, liuuo. Distant from 
 Kingston, 25 miles; Toronto, tdi miles. 
 
 ISufiiness Directory. 
 
 Henry U. 
 
 Ambrotypist and Photographist 
 
 Carman, Dnndas st. 
 Amos 8. IJristol, M. D. 
 Uaker, Ac. — J. Worthington, Dundas st. 
 Barrister and Attorney, Notary Public. — 13. C. 
 
 Davy, Dnndas st. 
 Commercial Hotel.-— S. R. Shaw, Dundas st. 
 Druggist luid Dealer iu Paints, Oils, etc.— Jas. 
 
 C. Uufi'inan. 
 
 General Assurance Agent, Treasurer Mechanics' 
 Institute.— Robert Euston, Town Hall, Mar- 
 ket Siinarc. 
 
 Manufacturing Miller, Conveyancer, Ac— Jaa. 
 V. Uurtels. 
 
 y<tj>iini'c Stiiiidard. — Alex. Campbell, Editor and 
 Publisher. 
 
 Solicitor in Chancery, Attorney-at-law, Notary 
 Public— Robert S. Henderson, Dundas st. 
 
 .1- v'Uage on the Nnpanee River, in the Townsliip of Camden anil County of Addini^ton. 
 Distant from Kingston 215 miles, and from tlie Napanee Station of the (Irand Trunk Railway 
 &^ miles. Usual stage fare to Kingston 75 cents. Daily mail. Population about 900. 
 
 BiisinoiiiS Directory. 
 
 Carriage Builder. — ,Tohn Criehton, Main st. 
 Chemist and Druggist. — Joshua Hower, Main 
 
 street. 
 Dry Goods, Groceries, Boot and Shoe Shop, 
 
 etc. — Robert F. Hope <fc Son. 
 Druggist. — Allen Caton. 
 
 Emjiire House Hotel.— .Tames Power, Main,5t. 
 Newburg Carriage Factory. — Samuel Lake, 
 
 Main st. 
 Neifliitrf/ Index. — Allen Caton &, C, V, Price, 
 
 Editors and I'roprietors. 
 Soddler. — O. S. Koblin, Main st. 
 
 NEWCASTLE, C. W. 
 
 A town on Lake Ontario, in the Townsliip of Clarke and County of Durham, omI n Station 
 on the Grand Trunk Ilailwaj'. Tho trade of tho ]>laeo is considerable. Dis'ant f"om Co- 
 bourg 25 miles, and from Toronto 47 miles. Mail daily. Population about P250. 
 
 Business Diircctory. 
 
 Agent Montreal Telegraph Co., Fire and Life 
 
 insurance. — A. II. Hunter. 
 Barrister and Attorney-at-law. — Nealo Me 
 
 Neill, King st. 
 Dry Goods and General Merchant. — Samuel 
 
 McCoy, King st. 
 General Merchants. — Cashman & Wolcolt, 
 
 Foster's Buildings, King st. 
 General Merchants and Produce Dealers. — 
 
 Wilmot & Co., King st. 
 
 Ncwcaxi'^ 111' nrdo: — W. A. Powers, Printer 
 
 and Publisher. 
 Phvsieian.— tieorge M. Reid, M. D., M. R. C. 
 
 S. E., Mill St. 
 Principal Newcastle Academy. — W T. Boate. 
 (Jueen's Arms Hotel. — W. Couch, King st. 
 Veterinary Surgeon. — William A. Itose, R. 
 
 C. V. S." E., Chemist and Druggist. 
 Wellington House Hotel. — John Salisbury, 
 
 Stage Depot, King st. 
 
 OSIIAWA, C. W. 
 
 A flourishing incorporated village in the Township of Whitby and County of Ontario, 
 2-J miles from Sydenham Harbour, on Lake Ontario. A large business is done in the pro- 
 
OAKVILLE AND rETEIlBOllOUGlf, C. 
 
 W. 
 
 89 
 
 iiv, i)rnl)!il)Iv, 
 sriiall Kflidoh- 
 
 '.l,0i_»n,uuij Ct. 
 
 ■,fiil)iiu't flic, 
 ■link Uaihviiy 
 11(1 oiiliiiaiy 
 iiiKi's. If Ilia 
 ami if'tliu 
 'II s (listillciv 
 'liiiK lis any 
 Diatuut lium 
 
 •rMi'dianica' 
 n Hall, Mar- 
 
 1', Ac. —Jus. 
 
 11, Ivlitornnd 
 
 law, Xoiary 
 Duiidus St. 
 
 Acldini^ton. 
 ink Railway 
 JUt <J0(). 
 
 ivcr, Mniii,st. 
 imiiiol Lake, 
 
 C. Y. Trloc, 
 
 '■(1 n Station 
 lilt f'oin Co- 
 50. 
 
 ers, Printer 
 
 I)., M, ]{. V. 
 
 W T. Hoate. 
 
 , Kiiii,' St. 
 
 \. ]t(j^.>, R. 
 
 ?ist. 
 
 I Suil.-<bury, 
 
 of Ontario, 
 in tlie pro- 
 
 duce of the country, and tlie place is egpfecially oelebroted for flour. Several large fac- 
 toricsi, also, have been estiiblislied, niul the (lininl Trunk Uaihvny has a station hero, at 
 which all trains stop. Distant from Toronto .'!!! miles, on J fiimi Montreal aoo miles. A 
 daily stage, carrying the mail, runs north from Oshawa through l^olumbus, llaglun, I'rinco 
 Albert, Horelia, and Port Perry, to B.'ttvurtou, on Lake Sinicoe, distant 50 miles, fare fa.OO. 
 Dully mail. I'opulation about yuoo. 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Barristers and Atlornoys-at-law. — Hillings & 
 
 Wilson. 
 Clirialliiit Oiffri)ift and Osliawii Vindicator, 
 
 riiblisheil by L'like <t Orr. 
 Pniu'gist. — Mark Kobinson, King st. 
 General (Iroccrs and Pnivisiun Dealers, — 
 
 Luke (t Wood, 2 King st., Kiist. 
 Goiienil Grocers and Wine Merchants. — IJurk 
 
 (fc Me(!aw, King st. 
 Geni'rnl Merchants.— W. 11. (Hbbs & Co., 
 
 Kiiigst. 
 
 McKlroy's Hotel.— John McElroy, King st. 
 
 Oshawa Mills.— Johu Warren, ilerchant and 
 Projirielor. 
 
 Postmaster, Bookseller, and Stationer.— Gavin 
 liurns. 
 
 Produce Dealers. — (Jibb ifc Brother, South 
 Osliawit. 
 
 Scdieitor. — S. U. Fairbanks, King st. 
 
 Surgical and Mechanical Dentist, and Mon- 
 treal Telegra])h Agent. — C. N. Vars, Cor. 
 King & Simcou sts. 
 
 OAKVILLE, 0. W. 
 
 '■ An incorporated town in the Township of Trafalgar and County of Holton, on Lake On- 
 tario, at the mouth of the Sixtcen-ilile Creek, which forms an excellent and land-locked 
 harbour, of easy access. Ookville is advantageously situated for ship-building purposes, 
 and a number of first-class vessels are built here every year. It is the outlet for the ship- 
 ping of flour and other products to the American side, besides being the wheat market of 
 the County of Ilalton. The Station of the (Jreat Western Railway is on the outskirts of the 
 town. A daily line of stages runs to Stewarttown, through Postvillo, Ashgrove, ond Horn- 
 by. The steamers plying between Montreal, Hamilton, and other ports call here. Distant 
 from Toronto 25 miles, from Hamilton 20 miles, and from Milton, the County Town, 10 miles. 
 Fare to Milton Hl^ cents, to Hamilton 50 cents, to Toronto 50 cents. Daily mail. Popula- 
 tion about 2000." 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Canadian Hotel. — John Williams, Navy 
 
 street. 
 General Dealer in Groceries. Wines, Licpiors, 
 
 etc. — T. 1). Jidinstowii, Colborne st. 
 General Merehant and Insurance Agent. — 
 
 James llcid, Colborne st. 
 
 Hardware Merchants. — William Robertson 
 & Co., Colborne st. 
 
 POSTMASTKH, ClEUK DIVISION CoUllT, Com. IH 
 
 15. K., Town Clerk, Conveyancer, etc. — R. 
 Haliiicr, Navy st. 
 Tinsmiths. — D. Chisholm & Co., Colborne st 
 
 PETERBOROUGH, C. W. 
 
 " A flourishing town in the County of Peterborough, situated on the Otonabee River, in 
 the Towiishi|> of Monaghan. Lumber is the principal trade of the place. There is also a 
 considerable business in wheat and flour. A railway connects this town with Cobourg and 
 the (irand Trunk Railway, distant 150 miles, fare $1. Stage fare from Port llope, distant 
 30 miles, fare $1. Mail daily. Poiiulation about -10 ■." 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Alex. Harvey, M, D. and Coroner, Aylmer 
 
 street. 
 Attorney-at-law and Notary Public. — W. F. 
 
 L Vizard. 
 Bari'ister-at-law. —Charles Alexander Weller, 
 
 George st. 
 
 Cabinet Warerooms. — William T. Swayne, 
 
 George st. 
 Caisse's Hotel. — Leon Caisse, Cor. of Hunter 
 
 <k Water sts. 
 Commission and General ^Merchant in Wine, 
 
 Seed, etc. — Coupur «fc Ogilvy, George st. 
 
 
 li 
 
00 
 
 rAUIS AND PICTON, C. W. 
 
 ComraiMlon nnd Ooncral Mcrclmnt. — \Vm. B. 
 
 UpiiJ, (J('orj{(! Ht. 
 Dry uiiil Fimcy (ioods Importer, Grocer, etc, 
 
 — II. H. M(m)()iii;iiI, (it'orgw M, 
 Ocncrnl Provision Uoiilcr. — George Mitchell, 
 
 Hunter Ht. 
 Grocers, Iliirdwnre nnd Comtnlmtioii Mer- 
 
 clmutB, Corner of Hunter itc George »is. 
 
 Grocer, — AupfUHtuA rodotto, fJoorRc ct. 
 Miirlile MiiHonH — John Thonma Wiiltehcud 
 
 & Co., IJrocIt M. 
 J'etcrtxiro Kjeitiiiiurr. — A. HawyerH, I'ulj. 
 
 iislier. 
 I'eterboro' Review.— 1. & U. White, Tuhlish- 
 
 (TH. 
 
 Tailors nnd Clothier*. — A. Mercer & Sons. 
 
 II 
 
 PARIS, 0. W. 
 
 Taris is situntcd within a mile of the line of the Gront Western Uallroftd, on the lmnk» of 
 the Grand Ilivcr; und ns tliu country in undulating and rising in some places, even into 
 hills, the scenery is very picturesque ; the houses etand enilmwereil amongst wtxid, hero 
 tipon the slopes', nn<l there in the valli'y, reminding tlie eontinental tourist of the vine clad 
 slo[)e3 of Hcvrcs, between I'aris nnd Versailles. In addition to tlie flour atid luniiicr nilila 
 common to almost every town in the province, I'aris is provided with ft gyj)sum or |>iaster 
 mill. Tiio lofty railroad wooden liridge, which s[)anH (lie Grand Iliver, fiM'uis (ine of the 
 most ftttrnetive otyects of interest, and if th<.' traveller can allurd lime, he may (ill his Ims- 
 ket with fish, of all sorts nnd sizes, from tlio river. Notwithstanding these natural attrac- 
 tions nnd nd»j)tation9 of I'aris, both for pleasant residence ami manufuetures, the Great 
 Western linilroad has carried the trallic past, in both direetioiis, and thrown it, at least in 
 the mean time, into n state of comparative stagnation, to improve however, we hope, willi 
 the general return of "better times." Population 2i)(>0. Seventy-two miles from Susjicn- 
 Bion Bridge. 
 
 BiisincK!* Directory. 
 
 Chemist and Druggist, — Alex. C. Bell, River 
 
 street (Sec Advt.) 
 Commission Merchant nnd Assurance Agent 
 
 — Thomns Ilyall, Uailway Station. 
 Dnguerrean and I'hotogrnphic Artist — C. S. 
 
 German, River st. 
 General Dry (ioods nnd Groceries. — Wm. 
 
 Patcrson, River st. 
 
 Hotel, — .lames Currie, Anglo-American Hotel 
 
 Station. 
 Tavernlveeper. — Jnmes Loutit, Mechanics 
 
 street. 
 Tin and Coppersmith. — Willinm Rosebrugh, 
 
 Rivrr st. 
 Wholesale nnd Retail Merchant. — .lolm 
 
 Irwin, J. I',, Upper Town. 
 
 ALEX. C. BELL, CHEMIST & DRUOOIST, 
 
 WnOI.ESALK A.NI) HKTAII. DKAI.KH IN 
 
 Drugs, Patent Medicines, IlyestiilFs, Paints, Oils, Varnishes, Turpentine, Bnislies, Comb, 
 
 FANCY AllTlCJI.I^S, S:v.., 
 RIVER STREET, PARIS, C.W. 
 
 1 I . 
 
 PICTON, 0. W. 
 
 One of the most enterprising towns for its size, in the I'cgion of the beautiful Bay of 
 Quint6, noticed elsewhere. The County Town of the County of Prince Edward, nnd situ- 
 ated on the Bay of Quint6. Distant from Kingston 40 miles; stenmboat fare f 1, stage fare 
 $2. Distant from Belleville 22 miles ; stenmboat fare $1. Poj)ulation about 2000. 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Attorney-nt-lnw and Notary Public. — Lcm- 
 
 prierc Murray. 
 Bnrrister-nt-law. — Snmuel Merrill. 
 Barrister, nnd Attorney-nt-lnw, and Notary, 
 
 etc. — Philip Low. 
 Cnbinet nnd Chair Factory. — Gillespie &, 
 
 Southard, Main st 
 
 Carriage Manufacturers. — Fraliek <fe Brother. 
 Drnper, Tailor, and General Oultilter. — Robt 
 
 Mitchell, Union Buildings. 
 Eclectic Physician nnd Surgeon. — II. E. 
 
 Bowles, M! D., Elizabeth st. (Sec Advt.) 
 Flour, Plaster, and Woollen Mills. — James C. 
 
 Wilson, Lake on the Mountain. 
 
POUT HOPE, c. w. 
 
 01 
 
 ^vgo dt, 
 Wliitfhcad 
 
 ^yii'", I'lib- 
 
 il-', I'llliliuh- 
 <t Sons, 
 
 \u'. Lniiks of 
 s, even into 
 wood, hero 
 u' vinc-c|ii(! 
 iiiiiliiT rnilla 
 
 111! Ill' lilllsttT 
 olli' of llio 
 till Ills 1)118- 
 
 tiiral aUnic- 
 '■", tlio Cr.iit 
 t, at least ill 
 I' lio|i(', Willi 
 roiii Siis|iin- 
 
 lerioan Hotel 
 , ik'clmnica 
 1 Rosol)ruf,'li, 
 iiant, — John 
 
 , Comb, 
 
 itifiil Bay of 
 rd, and sitii- 
 1, stn^'o fare 
 2000. 
 
 : it TirotliiT. 
 IUt.— I'.obt. 
 
 on— 11. E. 
 (Seo Advt.) 
 . — James C. 
 
 Gliilic Hotel. — J. Bliiiiclmnl, Main itt. (See 
 
 AdviTlim'liH'llt.) 
 (;,.i„,,,|.. — Kdwaid F. Ke«iin, Hridi^o st. 
 liimiiani'"' and (ieiierul Affciit, Seed und Vro- 
 
 (llli'e Iteiili'l', etc. 
 
 Iron Foiiiiderit and StoamKiigino Manufuc- 
 
 tiin'r!<. — i;ii/.al)ctli M. 
 Miirlil"' Dealer. — S, A. Moore, 
 Meiodeou .Miniufucturers. — I'. W. A F. M. 
 
 Aiidrii^. 
 Menliaiit^. — dray A Co., Mnln st. 
 >'oi'tli Ainerieaii lloiid. — J. MultaHliud, Main 
 
 Kt,, near Steaiiilioiit, (iniiy. 
 riidto'jraiilii^t and AinltrotjpUt. — W. P. Uey- 
 
 iioMk, Main Kt. 
 
 Plii>to(n'aj>lilKt and Anilirotyper. — John A. 
 
 Slieriiir, Union Ituildint^H. 
 I'icton fAi.v«f.— Steplieii M. Conger, Editor 
 
 and I'mprii'tor. 
 I'idon Tiiiii'i. — Robert Moylc, Piiblinhor. 
 SiirneonDentirtt.— W. li, Gilbert, .Main nt 
 Surgeon and I'livHleiun. — Henry llentall 
 
 Kvans, M, I)., ^^. U. i;, S. R. .Main «l. 
 Tanner, I'ot Itarley, and Split I'ea Mill.— P. 
 
 F. MeCiidiK. 
 TinHiiiiili, — Henry M. Hponenborgh, Main 
 
 street. 
 
 Wateliniaker, Jeweller, etc. — Win. Jauie* 
 Porte, Main st. 
 
 Health Institute. 
 
 COlt. ELIZAUETII & KINU STN., 
 
 PIUTON, C. W. 
 
 Treatment— Fhyiiological Purely. 
 
 Dfvoldiiiiii? llie iiicritiil iiml pliyKiriil imliirn. Tlin imly 
 (nil! hii'IIiikI dl' tri'litiiiK Clirniiir iIikiinii unit ili'loniiity. 
 Locatluii tifulllty uuU pluiLsuiit. Uiuler thi^ euro of 
 
 H. E. BOWLES, M. D. 
 
 GLOBE HOTEL, 
 
 MAIN STREET, PICTON, C. W., 
 
 IJY J. B1.ANCIIAUD, 
 
 Till Fniprlntiir, In thiuikiiiu' tlm pulilic fur punt favnuric, 
 licuH tci iiKhuro tlic'wi tliut mitliiiiK nii lun piirt will tin wnnt- 
 iiiu til Kivo HuliBlui'tlim to tliiiKu Willi limy liivimr liim witli 
 tlinir piilriiimini. Mnll NtnKdn Imvn thiN hiiusu ilnily. 
 
 Ciirrmcis 111 iilti'iKliincii in nml iriiin tlm IiuiiIn fri.'O iif 
 churun. I.iviTy Sliililes attiu-liuil tii tlii' llntiil. 
 
 Termi Liberal. Josiah Blanohard. 
 
 JHclon, 28/A May, 186T. 
 
 roRT noPE, 0. w. 
 
 port Hope is bonutifiilly situated upon the western Klioro of Lake Ontario, on an accliv- 
 ity, the suiiiinit of which is capped with beach and pino, and clothed with villas, eml)ow- 
 ered ainoni?»t the trees. Tlio principal street runs from the harbour to the top of the hill, 
 and is crowded with large and lofty briek stores, houses, and hotels. Tlie Town Hall and 
 lliintreal IJank form prominent tibjects to a spcctJitor, placed upon the quay. And tho 
 graceful curve of the viaduct, resting on jiiers of solid masonry, over which tho Grand 
 Trunk Railway is carried, tends only to enhance the jiieturesquencss of the view. It is 
 Biirroundcd by a rich agricultural country, diveri^itied by hill and dale, wood and stream, 
 the evidence of which is the number of wagons cratnmed with quarters of beef, mutton, 
 and pork, turkeys, geese, chickens, eggs, butter, and vegetables, crowding the town-hall 
 square on Saturdays. Communication by railroad is already extended to Lindsay, 40 miles 
 to the north-west, as well as to Peterborough, to the north-east; and steanu's, moreover, 
 ply regularly, during summer, between Lindsay, Fellon Falls, and Bobcaygci n, 20 miles 
 further, in a northern direction, on Lake Sturgem. Distant from Cobourg 7 miles, from Tor- 
 onto C2 miles (faro $2.1li), from i*. ^ rborough 21) miles, from Lindsay 42 miles, from Eiug- 
 Bton 98 miles. Population about 8000. 
 
 Busiiics^i Directory. 
 
 Accountant and Commission Merchant, Con- 
 veyancer, House, Land, Insurance, and 
 General Agent. — II. Maxwell, south side of 
 Walton St. 
 
 Accountant and General Agent. — Robert 
 Davidson, Walton st. 
 
 Attorney and Solicitor. — George Brogdin 
 Walton Bt. 
 
 Barrister-at-law. — J. Forster Boulton, Wal- 
 ton St. 
 
 Barrister and Attorney-at-law. — Nesbitt Kir- 
 chafVer, Walton st. 
 
 Book and Job Printing Office. — Geo. A. Coul- 
 8on, Mill St. 
 
 Bookseller and Stationer. — Jos. C. Ansley, 
 AValton St. 
 
 Chemist and Druggist. — John S. Tomlinson, 
 Walton St. 
 
 Civil Engineer. — A. W. Sims, Elgin st. 
 
 Commission Mercliant.— F. Murpliy .Walton st. 
 
 Commission, Shipping, and Forwarding 
 Agents, Lumber Merchants, etc. — Albro & 
 Vindin, Walton st. 
 
 Contractor. — Ralph Jones, Mill st. 
 
 Dry Goods, Groceries, and Crockery. — J. G. 
 Lecronier, Walton st. 
 
 Dry Goods, Groceriesw — J. H. Delamore, Wal- 
 ton st. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
92 
 
 PRESCOTT AND TRENTON, C, W. 
 
 General Commission Aj^ont. — Robert O. Wil- 
 son, Walton st 
 
 Grocer, Liquor, and Provision Jilerclmnt. — 
 Robert Mclntyre, Walton at. 
 
 lloniceopntiiic Phyt^icinn and Surgeon. — Dr. 
 (leorgc Pyburn, Walton st 
 
 Importer of I^ry Goods and Millinery. — J. B. 
 Giilespia it Co., Wftlton st. 
 
 Manufacturer of Upholstery and Cabinet 
 VVare.— W. F. Russell, Walton st. 
 
 Port Hope Atlas. — Cliarles Rodfjers, Editor 
 
 and Publisher, Brogden's Buildings. 
 Port //ope Guide. — Hugh Crea, Publisher 
 
 and Editor, Walton st. 
 Produce and Connnission Merchant, and 
 
 Agent for British and American Express 
 
 Coiii])any. — Wui. Burnhani. 
 AVliolesalo and ]{etail Denier and Importer 
 
 of Dry Goods. — James Lang, Jr., Walton 
 
 street. 
 
 BJ 
 
 PRESCOTT, 0. W. 
 
 An inco'-porated town on the River St. Lawrence, in the Township of Augusta and Coun- 
 ty of Grenville. It is opposite the town of Ogdensburg, N. Y., and the traffic between tlie 
 two places is very considerable; requiring, during tlie season of navigation, the constant 
 employment of two ferry steamers. All the steamers i>lying between Montreal, Kingston, 
 and Hamilton stop here daily. The town is contiguous to a station of the Grand Trunk 
 Railway ; and the Ottawa and Prcscott Railway has a terminus on the river shore, and 
 ■within the limits of the town. There is a junction of the two roads at a short distance 
 from their respective stations. Tlie town, with the Townships of Augusta and Edwards- 
 burg, sends one member to the Provincial Parliament. Distant from Montrcol li;i miles, 
 from Toronto 220 miles, and from Ottawa 54 miles. Daily mail. Population about luuO. 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Agent for Royal Mail Line. — V. R. Covell, 
 
 Kinj^ st 
 Arcuitect. — Henry A. Sims, King st. 
 Baker, — Thomas Torr, King st. 
 Boot and Shoe Makers. — Belgard & Crowly, 
 
 King St. 
 Clieap Ticket Agent, Tickets all Points W^est. 
 
 — A. Scoit, Geralds, Nort Imp's Hotel. 
 CuEMriT. — Gcorgc Harding, Xing st. 
 Chemist, Diiuooist, and Coroner. — R. W. 
 
 Evans, King st. 
 Clerk of Second Di /ision Court* — ^Thos. Har- 
 rison, Esq. 
 Contractor of PuBLin AVorks, Brewer and 
 
 Distiller, Pre^dent of Mechanics' Institute 
 
 and County Agricultural Society.— Edward 
 
 & King sts. 
 Dealer in Hardware, Tin, Bar ond Sheet 
 
 Iron. — John Chambers, King st. 
 Dry Goods, Groceries, Hardware, Farm and 
 
 Garden Seed, Stationery, and Secretary of 
 
 Agriciilturul Society. — King st 
 Dry Goods, Groceries, and Liquors. — W. B. 
 
 Trainer, King st 
 Dry Goods, Groceries, and Provisions. — 
 
 James Mooney. 
 Dry Goods, Groceries, Provisions, Hardware, 
 
 etc. — John Ferguson, King st. 
 Drj' Goods, Hardware, Groceries, etc. — W. 
 
 S, Akin, King st 
 General Dealers in Dry Goods, Groceries, 
 
 Ran- 
 
 Ilardware, Crockery, etc. — Miller 
 
 kin, King st. 
 General Insurance and Emigration Agent, 
 
 Sight Drafts on Europe. — Mntthcw Dows- 
 
 ley, Post-ofliee lUiildings. 
 Golden Ball Hotel, and Distiller.— John Mor- 
 row, King st. 
 Grocer. — !•'. M. Adams, King st 
 (irocer. — John Bradley, King st 
 Groceries and Provision Store, — T. Methot 
 
 King st 
 Forwarder and General Steamboat Agent 
 
 — Roliort Gilpin, Water st 
 Forwarding Commission Merchant, U. H. 
 
 Consul Agent — J. S. Hawley, Watir st. 
 Hepburn House Hotel and Saloon. — Henry 
 
 S. Hepburn, Corner of Edward & Water 
 
 sts. 
 Kingston Ale Depot. — Tliomas Robinson, 
 
 Innkeeper, Dog ik Duck, Water st. 
 Merchant. Tailor. — Josepli I'eid, King st. 
 Printer. Publislier, and Editor nf Mia.siiir/er. 
 
 — C. J. Hyncs, King st Messenger only 
 
 i|l..^() a year, in advance. 
 Storekeeper. — John Ford, King st 
 Watch and Clock Maker, .Feweller. — John 
 
 Bnrnett, King st 
 Wliolesale and Retail Grocer, Forwarding 
 
 and Conmiissloii Merchant, Auctioneer and 
 
 Insurance Agent, — Isaac D. Purkiss, 1, 2, 
 
 «fe K, Brady's Block, Water st 
 
 TRENTON", 0. W. 
 
 An incorporated vil^'ge and port of entrj', prettily situated on both sides of the mouth 
 of the River Trent, at the head of the Bay of (iuinte, in tlie Townships of Murray and Sid- 
 
WINDSOR AND WHITBY, C. W. 
 
 93 
 
 ney, an<l Counties of Northumberland »nd Hastings. Two steamers start twice a week for 
 Moutrcal, fare $5 and $2.50, and is near a station of the Grand Trunk Railway. Distant 
 from Belleville 12 miles, and from Toronto 101 miles. There is a small isksd two miles 
 east of the village, called Mill Island, with two steam mills for lumbering purposes on it 
 Daily mails. I'opulation about ICOO, 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Attorney-at-law, Solicitor in Chancery, etc. 
 
 —Daniel R. Murphy, South Side Dundas 
 
 street. 
 Baker. — William Dickens. 
 Coroner.— J. P. Patrick Gilbert Fergus, M. D., 
 
 Surgeon. 
 Doctor of Medicine. — H. W. Spafford. 
 Dry (ioods. Groceries, -whartinger, etc. — 
 
 Jesse T. Ilendeison. 
 
 Druggist. — Albert D. C. Hawley, Bridge st. 
 Merchant. — David Roblin. 
 Merchant —John N. Thompson. 
 Merchant Tailor. — John Stuart, Water st 
 Railroad Hotel. — Lewis Cruickshank, Water 
 
 street 
 Saddler and Harness Maker. — J. R. Wert, 
 
 corner of Elgin & Water sts. 
 
 WINDSOR, 0. W. 
 
 Is situate.! at the western frontier of the Province of Upper Canada, upon the banks of 
 the River St. Clair, opposite to Detroit, in the State of Michigan. It forms the termiims of 
 tlie Great Western Railroad, the seat of a Custom-house, and the site, at least, of an embryo 
 city ; but as the steamer connects the Great AVestern with the Michigan Railroad, at the 
 otlier Hide of the ferry, which is only about a quarter of a mile broad, no great extension 
 can rcnsonftbly be anticipated for this frontier town, placed, moreover, as it is, in such close 
 proximity to the large and flouriaJiing town of Detroit Populatior about 3,000. 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Barristers, etc. — ^Macdonell, Stuart & Trew, I Vinegar Slanufactures.- 
 (See Card.) I (See Card.) 
 
 Windsor Saloon.— Wm. Stratton, Proprietor. 
 
 -Wm. C itagley. 
 
 MACDONELL, STUART, & TREW, 
 
 BARRISTERS, 
 
 Attorneys, Solicitors, Notwics PuMic, k., 
 
 WINDSOR, C. W. 
 
 8. 8. UACDONELL. J. STUART. N. M. TREW. 
 
 WM. C. BAGLEY, 
 
 Manufacturer and Wholesale Dealer in 
 PURE TABLE 
 
 WHITE WINE & CIDER VINEGAR, 
 
 \ 
 
 AVIIITBY, C. W. 
 
 An incorporated town in the Township of Whitby and South Riding of the County of 
 Ontario. It. is the chief town of the county, and a station on the Grand Trunk Railway. 
 Distant from Toronto 29 miles, fares f 1 and 75 cents. Daily mails. Population about 
 3500. 
 
 BtLsincss Directory. 
 
 Ambrotypist and Photographist. — James A. 
 
 Clark, Brock st 
 Barristorat-law. — A. G. Ham, Brock st. 
 Barristers and Attorneys.— Macdonell <t Dart- 
 
 nell, Court House. 
 Chomist, Druggist, and Perfumer. — Geo. A. 
 
 Bannister, Dundas st 
 Dealer in Dry Goods, Groceries, Stationery, 
 
 etc. — Joel Bigelow. 
 Dealer in Stoves, Copper, and Sheet Iron 
 
 Ware. — John Trotter. 
 
 Dry Goods, Rea'iy-made Clothing, and Gro- 
 ceries. — Robert Campbell. 
 
 General Dealer in Groceries, Provisions, etc. 
 — Joseph Mansfield. 
 
 Importers of Dry Goods, Groceries, and Seeds. 
 — Hamilton & Roberts. 
 
 Importers of Dt-y Goods, Groceries, Hard- 
 ware, etc. — Gibson & Yarnold. 
 
 Importers and General Dealers in Dry Goods, 
 Groceries, etc, — Lowes & Powell. 
 
 Ontario Time*. — Wra. McCabe, Publisher. 
 
94 
 
 WOODSTOCK, C. W. 
 
 >» i 
 
 \'i 
 
 stationery. — George Yule, Jr., Agent for 
 
 Telegraph Company. 
 Tin, Sheet, Iron, and Coppersmith. — John 
 
 Brj'nn, Bvock st. 
 Watch Maker and Jeweller.— Thos. Gallagher, 
 
 Brock St. 
 
 Whitby Chronicle. — W. H. Higgins, Editor. 
 
 Whitby Foundry. — Lynde & Post, Brock 
 street. 
 
 Wliitby House Hotel. — Thos. Nelson Strip- 
 true, Dundas st. 
 
 WOODSTOCK, C. W. 
 
 The chief town of the county of Oxford, situated between the North and South RiJings 
 and forming one of the municipalities of the latter. Its location is very healthy, being on 
 the lu'ight of land of the Western Peninsula, and surrounded by an exceedingly fertile 
 countrj-, renowned for wheat growing and cattle raising. The River Tlianios skirts tlic 
 northern limits, and Cedar Creek posses through the southern part of the town, supplyinij 
 2 grist mill water privileges. Its principal business is various manufactures and commerce, 
 especially the forwarding of wheat, etc. On tlie south side is a cliief station of the (ircat 
 Western Railway. The principal buildings are of brick. There are 3 first-elass hotels, 7 
 churches, 2 spacious school houses, and a county grammar school, and a substantial market- 
 place and town hall. A magniticcnt five-story steam grist mill was set in operation in 
 1856, at a cost of $40,000. The Canadian Literary Institute is in course of erection, at tin' 
 east end of the town, estimated to cost $30,000. Distant from Hamilton, 48 miles; from 
 London, 29 miles; from Niagara Suspension Bridge, 91 miles; and from Paris, 19 miles. 
 Daily mail east and west by railway, and north and south by stage. Two mails are made 
 up for England weekly. Popidatiou in 18.')2, 2,112, increasing in 1857 to 4,745. 
 
 Business Directory. 
 
 Attorney, Conveyancer, etc. — John Greig. 
 
 (See advertisement.) 
 Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemist. — 
 
 Robert Stack. 
 Barrister and Attorney. — Hugh Richardson. 
 
 (See advertisement.) 
 Bookseller, Stationer, and Bookbinder. — W. 
 
 Warwick. 
 Cabinetmakers and Upholsterers. — Gurnctt 
 
 & Piggott. 
 Dry Goods Merchant. — W. A. Woods. 
 Dry Goods Merchants. — Packer & Hood. 
 Grocer and General Merchant. — Edward 
 
 Blomely. 
 Groceries, Wines, Spirits, etc. — J. W. Hughes 
 
 &Co. 
 Groceries. — W. A. Reid & Co., Dundas st. 
 Iron Founder and Gener.ol JIanufacturer. — 
 
 Homer Pratt Brown. 
 
 Merchont. — ^Tliomas Oliver, West End. 
 
 Produce and Commission Merchant. — Jolin 
 Ferguson. 
 
 Pliysicians and Surgeons. — Drs. Turguand A 
 Cunyngluiiiie. 
 
 Railway Hotel— Robert Bickle. 
 
 Surgeon Dentist. — John G. Brown, Dundas st. 
 
 Slioeniakcr and Tanner. — Wni. Wilson. 
 
 Tin, Iron and Copperplate Worker and Stove 
 Dealer. — George Boditeh. 
 
 Telegraph Operator. — Henry Jozard, Jr. 
 
 Watchmaker. — John Dingwall. 
 
 Wine and Spirit Merchants. — Henry <t (Gor- 
 don. 
 
 Woofhtock Sentinel. — John W. Wliinnic & 
 Son, Proprietors. 
 
 Wondntoek TimrK. — Alex. RiggsMcCleneglian, 
 Editor and Publisher. 
 
 JOHN^ GREIG, 
 ATTORNEY, 
 
 Oonveyanoer, cS&o., 
 
 WOODSTOCK, C. W. 
 
 HUGH RICHARDSON, 
 
 BARRISTER & ATTORNEY AT LAW, 
 
 Notars Public, 
 
 CONVITSrANCER, &,c., 
 
 WOODSTOCK, C. W. 
 
 Ib one of 
 River Ni" 
 steamer wl 
 ing upon I) 
 out of uml 
 sive forts i 
 been looki 
 Bpectnble 
 passenger 
 
 decay : p'' 
 Potatoci 
 ments of 
 solitary 
 railroad c 
 the lofty 
 of Niogai 
 Fort Oi 
 yankee in 
 mounting 
 about 3,0 
 
rgins, Eilitor. 
 f I'oit, Brock 
 
 Nelson Sa-ip. 
 
 'outh Ridings 
 
 'tl'y, fioingon 
 
 '•Ji>'gly fertile 
 
 mes skirts the 
 
 'Vn, supplying 
 
 nJ coinniorce, 
 
 of tlie (iront 
 
 liiss hotels, 7 
 
 "tial ninrket- 
 
 operatidti in 
 
 eetion, at tiiy 
 
 miles; from 
 
 r's, 19 miles. 
 
 ails are made 
 
 St End. 
 •hant.— John 
 
 Turguand A 
 
 n.Dnmlasst. 
 
 iVilson. 
 
 «• mid Stove 
 
 zard, Jr. 
 
 enry <fe Gor- 
 
 AVliiiinic & 
 
 cCleneghan, 
 
 sonT 
 
 IT LAW, 
 
 &c., 
 
 TOWNS IN CANADA WEST. 
 
 NIAGARA, C. W., 
 
 Is one of the oldest towns in Canada, situated on a point formed by the mouth of the 
 River Niagara on the east, and Lake OnUirio on the north ; surveying it from the deck of the 
 steamer which plies between Toronto and Niagara, you would imagine that you were gaz- 
 ing upon one of the seaport towns in the south of England. Snow-white mansions peep 
 out of umbrageous woods; glittering spires reflect the beams of the setting sun, and mas- 
 sive forts raise their front to the storm; but step ashore, and you soon discover you have 
 been looking upon a " dissolving view." It is true, a few houses wear all the aspect of re- 
 spectable retirement, but they are lodges in a vast wilderness, the footfall of the solitary 
 passenger re-echoes in the deserted city : the frame buildings betray all the symptoms of 
 decay : pride and poverty dwell next door to each other. 
 
 Potatoes are planted in FortStGeorge ; Fort Massasauga is dismantled, the mud embank- 
 ments of which are washed away at the rate of 3 feet annually', and it is sentinelled by a 
 Bolitary old pensioner, and last, not least of the '.'As to which Kiagara is heir to, a modern 
 railroad carries the majority of travellers over the scenes of ancient bloodsl- V and past 
 the lofty memento of civil war — Brock's Monument — to the P'alls, 14 miles from the town 
 of Niagora. 
 
 Fort Ontario, on the American side, is maintained in n good state of preservation, but 
 yankee invention has transformed the warlike in) . a peaceful and useful structure, by sur- 
 mounting it with a light-house. Tempora imitantere, et nox mutmnus in illis ! Population 
 about 3,000. Distant from the Falls, 14 miles. 
 
 SUSPENSION BRIDGE, C. W. 
 
 Suspension Bridge is a station on the Great Western Railroad running from there 
 to Windsor, opposite Detroit, and also to Hamilton, C. W. Emigrantx, passing through to 
 the West, generally wait here 4 to 6 hours, and have baggage re-checked. There is an emi- 
 grant refreshment room within the station, conducted by a German, where good, whole- 
 some provisions, and tea and coffee are supplied at the lowest rates. The economicol Ger- 
 man emigrants, for the most part, patronize it. There is also another excellent refresh- 
 ment saloon at the station, where meols are to be had on the arrival of every train; 
 whilst for a respectable and comfortable hotel at the Bridge, we name the Great Western 
 hotel, kept by Mr. Kavanagh, who is very attentive to strangers. Parties passing through, 
 can leave their baggage at either the station, or hotel — have time to walk as far as the 
 Falls — fully one mile up the river side ; whilst parties who have time to stay, will find Sus- 
 pension Bridge convenient for arrival and depariure of trains to the West, or to Buffalo 
 and Lake Shore Railroad, or to New York and eastern cities. Distant from Buffalo, 22 
 miles; Windsor, C. AV., 229 miles; Hamilton, 43 miles; Toronto, 81 miles, via rail — and 
 about BO miles, via rail to Niagara, and thence steamer across Lake Ontario. 
 
 ST. CATHERINE'S, 0. W. 
 
 St. Cathahink's is celebrated for its mineral springs, to which great numbers resort every 
 summer. Hotels of the largest size, and ;, .'11 appointed, are established for accommodating 
 visitors; the larger', of which is the Stepehenson House, named after its proprietor, Mr. Ste- 
 phenson, who has done much to bring the virtues of St. Catherine's Springs prominently 
 before the public. St. Catherine's is situated on the Welland Canal, which connects Lake 
 Erie and Lake Ontario, in one of the best agricdtural districts in Canada West. It is a 
 station on the Great Western Railroad. Distant from Toronto, 75 miles ; Hamilton, 39 miles ; 
 and Niagara Falls 12 miles. 
 
 I 
 
TOWNS IN CANADA WEST. 
 
 IM 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON, C. W., 
 
 Forms, as yet, only the nucleus of a town, situated at the mouth of the River Snugcen, 
 Two or three hotels anil stores, surrouniled hy several frame houses have been planted up. 
 on the sandy slope still studded with stumps, rising gently from the sliore of the lake. 
 The sand, however, disappears before a richer soil as you retire into the interior of the 
 country. A flour mill and two saw mills stand upon the banks of the river. The fishtries 
 furnish lucrative employment for several boats' crews, particularly during the fall of the 
 j-car. Beyond the river lies an " Indian Reserve," and an Indian village, consisting of a 
 few frame houses iidiabited by a remnant of " mild-eyed and melancholy" red Indians, pen- 
 sioned by government, and monopolizing a crescent eminence upon the banks of the me- 
 andering Saugeen, with romantic dells, and sylvan scenery scarcely surpassed even by 
 " Winsome Yarrow." Opposite the turn, and about a mile distant from the shore, lies 
 Chantry Island, or rather islet, (m which a light-house has lately been erected, and on the 
 lee of which might be constr'snted a harbour of refuge for a whole navy — a seiieme, which, 
 rumour says, has been projected, in connection with a new line of .uilroad from fimlph, 
 and urgently demanded by the inaccessil)ility of tiiis northwest corner of the province. 
 But, considering the dangerous nature of the navigation through tiie (ieorgian liay, tiiere 
 cannot be the least doubt that it will ■withdraw the traflic, at lust, to the west from tho 
 Northern Railroad to Collingwood, and conduce, therefore, to the prosperity of "tho 
 Morning Star," as Southampton may be designated, from its jiosition. 
 
 P()p\dation about 650. 70 miles N. of Goderich — 32 miles from Owen Sound. Staga 
 daily to Owen Sound. 
 
 ST. MARY'S, C. W., 
 
 Twelve miles S. AV. of Stratford, is a town which has risen into existence witliin the 
 last few years, and is beautifully situated upon tlie banks of the River Thames. The 
 Grand Trunk Railway is carried across a valley on the north, and a branch to London oq 
 the east, on viaducts which adurn the town liy tho liglitness and elegance of their struc- 
 ture. The point of junction has been removed, on account of the intervening vaheys, 
 about two miles from the town, a distance wliich proves a serious inconvenience to the 
 trader as well as to tlie tourist; but the ra|)id progress which is evidently destined for St 
 Mary's, by its situation as a market town and its limestone quarries, midway between 
 Strafford and London, will probably overcome the natural obstacles bj- the extension of 
 its limits to the vicinity of tlie station. Stage connection witii Stratford, IngersoU, and 
 London daily. Population, 2,60(». 
 
 STRATFORD, C. W., 
 
 Forms the junction of the Grand Trunk Railway to I'ort Sarnia on the River St. 
 Clair, and the Buffalo an<l Huron Railway, and is situated upon the banks of the River 
 Avon. It is a straggling, irregular town, following the windiiiL's of the river, and tlie un- 
 dulations of the rolling country on which it is built. The intersection of tlie town, more- 
 over, by three lines of railway, the erection of two station-houses and sheds, the assuni|i- 
 tion of an eminence by several churches, not to sjieak of the dilajiidated state of several 
 tenements forsaken by their inmates, all adds to tho general disorder and confusion pre- 
 sented liy tiiis once flourishing town ; for since the railway has been carried throiigh to 
 Goderich it has been threatened — like si'veral other towns ]ilaeed in similar eireunit tances — 
 ■with a severe coUajise. Notwitlistnndiiig, Stratford lies in the centre of an I'Xteiisive dis- 
 trict of the " Huron tract," noted, as everybody knows, for its prodiietivoness, and will al- 
 ways, therefore, prove a steady, if not an increasing attraction to tlie farmers in the sur- 
 rounding country. PopidatioTi, n,5()0. Distant from Toronto, 89 miles ; Sarnia, 80 miles; 
 London, 39 miles ; Goderich, 45 iidles. 
 
 
• 
 
 ver Sniigeen, 
 n planted up- 
 of the lake, 
 itorior of the 
 The fishoi'ies 
 ho fall of tho 
 insisting of a 
 Indians, pen- 
 is of the me- 
 sed even hy 
 lie shore, lies 
 1, and on the 
 heme, which, 
 from Oiulph, 
 the province, 
 in Bay, there 
 •est from the 
 ?rity of "tho 
 
 ouiid. Stage 
 
 !e within the 
 'hunics. Tho 
 o London on 
 ' their Btruc- 
 ning valleys, 
 nienee to tho 
 atined for St» 
 way between 
 extension of 
 ngersoU, and 
 
 lie River St. 
 of the liiver 
 ', and tlie un- 
 town, iiiore- 
 , the nssunip- 
 te of several 
 infusion pre- 
 d tlii'o\igh to 
 ■umitanoes — 
 ?xten>ivo dis- 
 , niid will al- 
 s in the sur- 
 ia, 80 miles; 
 
 fart ioMi\, 
 
 THINGS AS THEY ARE 
 
 i:<r 
 
 18 5 9. 
 
 i 
 
 .1 
 
COIS^TEJN^TS OF PART lY. 
 
 ' 
 
 i 
 
 PAQE 
 
 Amoi'ienn Auction Rooms ao 
 
 Amcricnn Bank Xotes 23 
 
 Aiin'i'ioiin IJiinks nnil Hankini; 19 
 
 AmdMciin llofol-' 11 
 
 AiiiiTiLMn lU iisi'rt G6 
 
 American IVnplo, Doi^enoracy of the ... 02 
 
 Ainoriean Iliiilroad Cars 41 
 
 Annrican Unilroail Conductor 4.5 
 
 AiiuTioan li.iilroad Locomotive 43 
 
 American '(ailroads 40 
 
 Anuiscmcits and Sports 59 
 
 Attcndaiu'c at Ciiurcli 49 
 
 Auctiont vr, The American ... 31 
 
 Aiictiiiu Uooins in New York 30 
 
 Aiilonia on ( )vcn ^ . . , 33 
 
 ]5iiki'rie?, Mcdmnicul 33 
 
 ISiilliit \'oliiiL,' in America 70 
 
 ISaiik- Note l!o])orters 24 
 
 liiiiik N'oti's of America , 23 
 
 Baiikint; Literature, Curiosities of. 2.') 
 
 ISankinsr, Wild-Cat 21 
 
 I'.anks and Banking 19 
 
 Milliards and Ciioss 01 
 
 ]{(iiik>rllir, Tlio Railroad 45 
 
 booksellers' Trade Sales 31 
 
 Uroken Banks 28 
 
 Ciiiiiida, Trade with 32 
 
 Cars on .\inerican Railroads 41 
 
 Cars, Railroad Sleeping 48 
 
 Chiireh Attendance 49 
 
 Churches in America 49 
 
 Chnrdi I'salinody 50 
 
 Cil izcnsiiip 04 
 
 Clergymen in America 72 
 
 Clothing and Dress 49 
 
 Ci)niiiiercijil Agencies 17 
 
 Connncrcial Colleges 29 
 
 Comparative Time Indicatitr. 85 
 
 Consumption of Ice 40 
 
 Cnriosilies in P.anking Literature 25 
 
 CnltinL; Ice on Rockland Lake 38 
 
 ])el)t C.dlccting 19 
 
 Declaration of Intentions 04 
 
 Degeneracy of the American People 02 
 
 PAOB 
 
 Difference in Time in Canada 8(5 
 
 Ditfcrence in Time in United States .... 85 
 
 Domestic Servants 71 
 
 Dress and Clothing 49 
 
 Drinking Customs 3(J 
 
 Drinking. Water 3(J 
 
 Drinks, Refreshing . 38 
 
 Educational Institutions of America. ... 7-4 
 
 Elections in America 76 
 
 Exchange and E.\changc OHices. 22 
 
 Exemption Laws of the United States . . 83 
 
 Express 1 55 
 
 Express Companies 511 
 
 Extracts from liank-N'ole Reporters. ... 24 
 
 Farmers in Winter Time 58 
 
 Fire Engine Establishment 53 
 
 Fire l-lngine, Steam 55 
 
 Fruit, Prices of 70 
 
 Furnitnre Manufaetnriiig 82 
 
 Hoe it Co.'s Printing Machine 7 
 
 Hotels in America 11 
 
 Household Affairs 07 
 
 Housekeeping, Expenses of. 08 
 
 Ice Trade 38 
 
 Indicator, Time 86 
 
 Intentions, Declaration of 04 
 
 Interest, Legal 28 
 
 Laws, Exemption, of tlie Uniti'd States. 83 
 
 La \vs. Usury 28 
 
 Leviatlniu Printing Macliine 7 
 
 Locomotive, The American 43 
 
 Linnlier and Lumbermen 51 
 
 Meat, Prices of 70 
 
 Meclumical Bakeries 33 
 
 Mercantile Agencies 18 
 
 Newsman, The Railroad 45 
 
 New York Auction Rooms 80 
 
 Peter Funk Auction Rooms 32 
 
 Printing Machine of R. lloe it Co 7 
 
 Professional Men in America 71 
 
 Protection lo Trade 17 
 
 Psalmody in Churches 50 
 
 Pushing Trade on the Cars 4(1 
 
 Quaker Settlement, New Lebanon 79 
 
 l;f 
 
CONTENTS OF PART IV. 
 
 "J UK 
 
 Railroii". (American) Locomo; '-e .;i 
 
 Railroad Cars 
 
 Railroad Conductor 4c 
 
 Railroa^'i ilefrcsliment Stations 47 
 
 Railroad Sleeping Cars 48 
 
 Railroads in America 40 
 
 Railroad Travelling Newsraon 45 
 
 Rapids, Rafts running the 51 
 
 Refreshing Drinks 38 
 
 Refreshment Stations in America 47 
 
 Reporters, Bank Note 24 
 
 Shakers, The 79 
 
 Sleeping Cars on Railroads 48 
 
 Sleighing in Winter Time o7 
 
 Sports and Amusements. 5U 
 
 Steam Fire Engine 55 
 
 Th ! Shakers 7'J 
 
 Time Indicator 86 
 
 Ti'ir iu l.UDpe and America gj 
 
 'W.i'u -'rtles 31 
 
 '.(''■a'.i-i w'th Canada 32 
 
 .ladeP. ' ■•'on Societies ig 
 
 Trotting ".i.Ue es 59 
 
 " Two-Forty" co 
 
 Usury Laws of America 28 
 
 Vegetables, Prices of 70 
 
 Voting by Ballot ; 7fl 
 
 Water and V'ater Drinking 38 
 
 Wayhide Refreshment Statiim 48 
 
 Who are Yankees 7 35 
 
 Wild Cat Banking 21 
 
 Winter Evenings 58 
 
 Winter Time in America 57 
 
 Worthy of Credit 18 
 
 Yankees, Who are ? 35 
 
 ■., U 
 
 I ?1 
 
 JiUnstrations. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Amcricai Locomotive 44 
 
 American " Racker" at fully " Two-Forty" CO 
 
 American Railroad Car 42 
 
 Hoe & Co.'s Leviathan Printing Machine 6 
 Ice-cuttiug at Rockland Luke 39 
 
 fAQI 
 
 Running the Rapids of St. I^wrence ... 52 
 
 Shaker Costume 80 
 
 Shakers Dancing 81 
 
 Stonm Fire Engine 55 
 
 Time ludicatm' 80 
 
. 85 
 
 . 18 
 . 69 
 00 
 28 
 70 
 76 
 36 
 48 
 «5 
 21 
 58 
 57 
 18 
 36 
 
 PiOl 
 
 ence ... 52 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 "i,') 
 
 .... So 
 
 THINGS AS THEY ARE 
 
 IIST 1859. 
 
 Is the preceding pnrts wo Imvo endeavoured to present some of the physienl features of 
 America, and with the engravings illustrative of such, trust, that to some extent we have 
 (lone 60 successfully. 
 
 The articles contained in the following pages refer to the social habits, commerce, man- 
 ners, customs, ond, in fact, to the cvery-day life of the Americans, noticing, at the same 
 time, a few of the more remarkable inventions which illustrate the prosperity, comfort, ond 
 genius cf the peojile. 
 
 Some of the sulijects noticed, have already been treated by others with greater ability 
 than we lay claim to, ond, although perhaps known to many, we notice them here ns the 
 record of our own observations, to render the work as complete as possible, and by the in- 
 troduction of articles on subjects not generally noticed by writers on America, we trust, 
 that, taken as a whole, they may j)rove worthy of perusal. No particular arrangement 
 has been studied as to the order in which they appear, but on reference to the index pre- 
 fixed, any one of the subjects noticed will be found at once. 
 
--' 1 '1 W' 
 
 »l 
 
 HOE & CO.'S I.FA'IATIIAN PRINTTN'G MACHINE. 
 
 One of the greatcet Mi,'lit«, in our entimatiori, for the strnngpr who has never seon a 
 printirii,' iiincliiiit.' throwiiii< off ulifots nt tho riitu of 'iooiiii per lioiir, U for him to vi^it a 
 nmcliiric nHHii in one of tlie Daily N(ws|)ii|).t ollins, wliim tlicy aiv to he r<iiiiic1 woik- 
 iiijr. Then' nil' u'''in'ially cli-vntL'd points in tiiy iniicliinc Mdnis of micii, fi-iMn wliioli you 
 can coininaiid an exccllt'iit view of tliis womlcrfiil inaininot)i of ('ni.'ini'iTinj^ »liiil, Inisy at 
 work; llirowiiij,' off, and laying down of itxelf with niatlifnialical nit'i-ty, tlie sliccts un liicy 
 conu' from olf the oyiindtr, at tlio ralo of 2" oiio cciiics jier liour. On tliin niaoliinL' tluri! 
 are ten men feeding the i-lieets on, wiiilst, as we liave wiid, tlie " flyers" lay down the 
 ghectn, ready for folding — the machine working with less noise than Home single cylinder 
 maehiiies we have seen, when they were lal)ori ^ away at 1'2()() to 2(i("» per liour. 
 
 To deseriiie tiiis inaeliine so as to convey a proper idea of it to parlies not versed in 
 printing maeiiinery, is not, we fear, very eauy, and after all it must he seon at work to l)e 
 appreeiated. We shall, however, as far as possihle, deserihe its const ruction and operation, 
 and, with tlie engraving wliich we give in another page, the reader may have some idea of 
 it. You will, therefdri', try to conceive before you, a horizontal eyliiuler, of ahout four 
 and a iialf feet in diameter, mounted on a shaft, with appropriate bearings; about one- 
 fiiurtli of the circumference of this cylinder constitutes the "bed" of the jiress, which is 
 uJapled to receive the " foriTi" of types, the remainder is used as a cylindrical " distribut- 
 ing table." On this (able is dislribuled the printing ink, by means of rollers passing over 
 it. The diameter of this portion of the cylinder is less than that of the form of types, in 
 (irdcr that the distributiuir portion of it may Jiass the impression cylinders without touch- 
 ing. The ink is contained in a fountain, placed beneath the large cylinder, from whieh 
 it is taken by n "duetor" roller, and transferred, by a vilirating distributing roller, to the 
 cylindrical distriluiting table before alluded to. The founlain rtdler receives a slow and 
 continuous rolai'y motion, to carry up the ink from the fountain. 
 
 Tho large cyliiub'r being put in motion, the form of types thereon is, in succession, car- 
 ried to ten corresponding, Imri/ontal, impression cylinders, arranged at proper distances 
 around it, which give the impression to fen slieets, introduced, one at each impression 
 cylinder, by men who are termed " feeders." (See our engraving for the position they 
 occupy.) These ten men " feed" the machine with the sheets to be printed. 
 
 For each impr<'ssion cylinder there are two inking rollers, which vibrate on the distrib- 
 uting surface while taking n supply of ink, and at the proper time pass over tlie form, 
 when they again fall to the iiistributing surface. Each page is "locked up" upon a 
 detached segment of the large cylinder, called by the compositors a "turtle," and this con- 
 stitutes tho ' bed" and " chase." The rules seen on newspaper pages between the columns, 
 are termed "column rules." These "column rules" run parallel with the shafts of the 
 cylinder, and are conswpientlj- straight ; while the " head," that is, the title of tho j)aper, 
 advertising, and dash rules, are in the form of segments of a circle. A cross-section of 
 tlie column rules would present the form of a wedge, with the small end pointing to the 
 centre of theeylimler, so as to bind the types near the top. These wedge-shaped column 
 rules are held down to the bed or " turtle" by tongues, projecting at intervals along their 
 length, and sliding in rebated grooves cut crosswise in the face of tho bed, tho space in the 
 grooves, l)etwcen tho c(dumn rules, lieing filled with sliding blocks of metal, accurately 
 fitted, tho outer surface level with the surface of the bed, the ends next the cohmin rules 
 being cut away underneath to receive a projection on the sides of tho tongues, and screws 
 at the end and side of each jingo to " lock" tliom together, the types arc as secure on this 
 cylinder as they can be on the old flat bed, or, in other words, are so tightly fi.\ed on to 
 the cylinder with which they revolve ck wiasw, that they are as little liable to shifting from 
 their position, as if they formed a part of tho cylinder itself. 
 
 The stranger, on seeing this monster of printing power, yet exquisite in execution, at 
 work, is at once almost appalled, as ho catches the first glimpse of it in operation. The 
 great whir of wheels at work — rollers inking — men feeding on with clock-work exact- 
 
LKVIATIIAN PKINTINO MACHINK. 
 
 lill 
 
 ne«« — tlio pure white rIiccIii bolii)^ nlpp«(l Into the otnbrncpi of Iti intiTiml inaohlnory and 
 
 lirfurc you oiin count one, a ulict't \ui» rocoivod the iinprcfHion of tlu)U!<un<l« of letter* 
 and nftorwnriU unbosoini'd, an it were, nml liiid down with 'nullioiniitioitl cxnotncii^' 
 all toiji'tlipr, riveting tint uttcntion of the bclioldor u;* it IHch iilonjjf, whilnt In; utand* 
 trnnsfixt'd nlmoat, in umo/onii'iit find dtdiKlit. 
 
 J.ook at it as it " (?oos a head," throwing oil its throo liundrvd to four hundred Ah>i-u 
 every minute, continuously for days and nights in the large cities of this country, and in 
 mighty liondon and Manchester, in England. What is it, when wo think of it« jierfdrni- 
 ani'o every day In the civilized world, carrying, l>y its means — to millions of hearts nml 
 homes, in the mansion as well as the cottage, daily intelligence — to the gay as well a» 
 to the mourner — a giant mullum in u miniature parvo — the collected essence of the slates- 
 iiiun, pliilosopher, merchant, and sehoolniaster, in all ])artH of the world, in one t Jhil wlio 
 can calculate its powers? We pay it a humhle tribute, if we say it is a machine which i* 
 one of the most glorious triumphs of nu)dern meehnnieal skill, which is as yet the crowiiiiii; 
 glory of the jirinting profession all over the world ami — of the " fourth estate" of Itrilain— 
 a machine of wliich every printer ought to feel proud, and tin^ him with ambition to l>f 
 possessed of — that innchino which renders still more wicred the jiower it reposes in the 
 hands of tliose, who, by wielding it, control and g\iide — on both sides of the Atlantic— ilu' 
 destinies of the world. All honor to the noble craft, towering al)Ove all other profi'ssicm:!, 
 which wields tlint power. All honor to the men who have placed such a machine in their 
 hands. If Richard M. lloe and his brothers had never invented another machine buttliHi 
 one, it of itself would entitle their names to bo engraved on the pages of history as 
 amongst the greatest benefactors of their race. 
 
 The fact of these machines having free scope to scatter their millions of sheets weekly 
 broadcast over the world, from the presses of I5ritain and America, is of itself a powerful 
 Btunding rebuke to that power which has trampleil upon its liberty and gagged its jtowcr, 
 in one of the most refined cities of continental Europe. It will bo a glorious day fur 
 France when she is once more at liberty to erect such a machine as that, and regain tlie 
 footing it was about to j)lant on her soil, when its progress was arrested by a <]uestioiialili> 
 power. Had Louis l'hilij)j)e been on the throne of Franco to day, these presses would, in 
 all probability, have been sowing there also, seeds, the fruits of which umst follow 
 wherever the printing press has free liberty to work. 
 
 Our previous conception of this machine, before seeing it in operation, was, that from 
 the great increase of printing power and speed, it must be very complicated in its con- 
 struction, after seeing the old presses of Applegarths at work, with some of the sheets 
 placed in at the ceiling, wending their way down through tapes to the very bed of the 
 machine, and there receiving tlieir impressions, and from that, traveling up another set 
 of tapes to be emitted above, and there taken off by a " flyer," or person to take the 
 sheets off. This machine of lloe's, in construction, is totally different, and exceedingly 
 simple. Instead of the " forms" and types being placed upon a flat bed, and made to 
 traverse from one end of the machine to the other, in all about 15 feet, as referred to above, 
 they revolve round along with the cylinder, and the machine, as a whole, presents the 
 appearance of a single cylinder machine with ten feeders. The reader will observe in our 
 engraving, at each end of the machine, the sheets in the oct of being laid down by the 
 self-acting " flying," or taking off, process. 
 
 The engraving represents a press, with ten impression cylinders, capable of printing 25,000 
 impressions per hour. Ten persona are required to feed on the sheets, which arc thrown 
 out and laid in heaps by self-acting ilyers, instead of a man to take off for every one 
 feeding, — in that process alone, saving ten men in taking off the sheets. Similar machines, 
 with six cylinders, capable of printing 15,000 impressions per hour, also with four cylin- 
 ders, capable of printing 10,000 impressions per hour, are made by Iloe A Co. 
 
 We may mention, that the principal daily papers in America, are printed with these 
 machines. Without them, the publishers could no more print their papers, and supply 
 their thousands of impatient readers, many miles distont, every morning before breakfast, 
 
DKSCJKII'TION OF MKSHKS. HOK'S KHTAHI.IHIIMKNT. 
 
 9 
 
 iiiTy— nii,l 
 
 of IcttcM 
 
 cxnotni'iii ; 
 
 lit! StniKU 
 ll'<'<l ulu'l'tlt 
 
 ry, and in 
 
 t« iifrf,,ni|. 
 
 lii'iirU niicl 
 
 in Well an 
 
 llio slate*. 
 
 lint Ullll 
 
 n^ wliiiili U 
 
 frowning 
 
 if Itritaiii— 
 
 tlnll ^^, I,,. 
 
 oso!i ill the 
 tlantiL'— till' 
 
 profi'ssidiin, 
 
 lini? inthoir 
 
 iiit' liuttlmt 
 
 liistory as 
 
 lliaii tliry ooiiM lly to lln^ niooii. (Iri'at as tii.- AiiicrlraiiK nvf in many tilings, in notliiii(( 
 art' liny "-o Kiiiit, v/r tWwU.nn in lluir jiiintin)^ inacliin.Ty, ooiiiiiaifil with lliat of liritain. 
 Tlu'miKl'iy 'riiiiinli'i'' T <pf Trinlin^; lloiwc Sijiiarc, lia^liccii olilii,'iii loiiuiio Itu'co niirration 
 of Mi'sai'". 11"''. ''• I'foJiK'''. iimlcr the woikiiiaii^lii|) of M,^<^f,v«. Wiiilwortli, of Maniiu'ittiT, 
 two of tluw ati.tMjO por hour nmrvfl* for tlic Thiie«— whloh Hi in huvc modo one nlxo for the 
 Man<lif"liT Kxaininrr und Thiiih — wlilNt iiiacliiriiM havu hi't'n hliijipcd from hi ri' dirccl, 
 and t'llt'd iii'hy Aiiifrioaa vorknifn, in tlic (Hlalirirtliiiii'ntHof tliu lllustiati'<l l.omlon News. 
 I.loyd'H Weekly NeWd, iiiid Mamhenter (Juiirdiaii, to enublo theiio nowit|)Ui(fr« to print 
 tluir hn^e impressions in time for ilelivery. 
 
 One U apt to tliink, what tlie eonseiiueneo woidd he, now-a duyB, if nny potonfato wn» to 
 follow tlie liiijoted Kinj; Jamen the SeeondV example, in either liritain or Amerlea, and de- 
 cree to Htop the workinj{ of these mijjhty eivili/.ers of tln' world. Happily, we live in day* 
 more liheral — hut only lieeaiice, in a great measure, such niaehines as tln-se inive rendend 
 IheiM so. Ai,'ain, what if old t'axton, or lien Franklin, eonld look up and see a ten-eyliu- 
 der nuiehiue at work, would they lielieve tlieir own eyesijrht! Headers in I'jij^land may 
 see the lurj^e maehlncs at work ut the othceiS in Jiondon and Manehester, a* heforu stated ; 
 and in America, in several of the othees of the New York, I'hiludelphia, lioston, Cin- 
 einniiti, Hallimore, St. I.onis, and New Urleuns daily pa])ers. There tlo y form one of the 
 most interestiuf^ siglits in tliese cities. 
 
 Ihivini,' seen this wonderful maehiiu' workintf in Lonilon, and after fleelnif it ai;ain in 
 operation in New York, eurio>ity proiM|ited us to visit tlie estaldisiunent from whence this 
 lA'viatlum in the priiitiiif? world, and the world of mind, drew hreath ; eonse<juently, 
 we found our way to Messrs. U. Hoe A Co.'s works in (iold street, Now York — such an- 
 other street as ft person gi'opes his way throufjh wiion lie wishes to reach the Times ofiice, 
 in I'rlntinij-llouse Scpiare, London ; so that one lieiil on sueli an exeursioii must not lie too 
 ddioate either in his sense of smell, or sight; and must not turn hack because lie lias not 
 the hroad jiavementof Regent street or Uroadway, to walk upon. 
 
 Arrived at Messrs. Hoe's establishment, wo tiiid ft large eounting-houso, which, with i,ts 
 spacious and comfortable ajiidiances, stands out in strong relief to Gold street outside, just 
 |iiisscd tlirough. On expressing our desire to see their ostablishincnt, and, if possible, some 
 of their iiiftchiiiery at work, we were informed tliat they would have jdeasure in showing 
 us around — as llic>y will all strangers, and pin''cularly from (Jreat liritain ; but informed 
 us that we would have to go to the works in 'oonie street. "NVe thought that the works 
 we saw in the court-yard behind, were the woi , ; but wo were jiolitely told, these were 
 (inly the "jol)bing" works, and where tiie printers "furniture" was manufactured. Re- 
 ociving ft card with the address, we soon found i ■ way to the works in JJroome street. 
 We may here notice, that the works are about a mile olf ; but there is telegraphic commu- 
 nication between the two establishments — rather a novelty in its way, in a private manufac- 
 turing establishment — so that any strangi.'r going from Gold street to liroome-street works, 
 it is known at the latter works ns soon ns he lias left the counting-house in Gidd street. 
 
 The works oro situated on Uroomo, Sheriff, and Columbia Btreets, Before entering the 
 works, however, we had to go to the oftieo, where we were furnished with a ticket of 
 adniissioii — a safeguard perfectly necessary, when one recollects what was said of a certain 
 Scotcli machinist, who once got admittiince into the printing office of the London Times, 
 and l>rought away sucli drawings — said to be on his finger nails, and his meniorj' together, 
 as enabled him to produce similar machines as the Times was printed upon, for another 
 celebrated printing establishment in Scotland. With the variety of patterns laying about, 
 in Messrs Hoes' estaldisliment, the precaution is not an unnecessary or unreasonable one. 
 
 To describe all wo saw ond felt, would take up too much of our space. We may, there- 
 fore, briefly state, that the two principal articles manufactured here, are, hand printing 
 presses and steam cylinder printing machines, from the smallest card jobbing press to the 
 large ten-cylinder machine, and also hand and circular saws, of all sizes. 
 
 In oddition, however, to these, they also make lithographic and copperplate presses, 
 stereotype planing machiues, vertical stcara-engines, liydrostatic presses, screw presses. 
 
 li 
 
10 
 
 SAWS — KAILROAD-TICKET PRINTING PRESS. 
 
 • n 
 
 ruling mncliincs, nrniing presses for bookljinilcrs, pnpor-cutting mncliines, letter-copyinff 
 presses, etc. Tlie two great depnrtiiients, however, are the Printing Press nnd Saw 
 ninnufnctiiring departments. 
 
 In the saw-making department, we saw the " toothing" process, by wliieh tlie large 
 teeth are cut out of the plates of steel by machinery, as easily as if the knife was cutting 
 through a piece of cheese. They are afterwards taken to the ground floor, where we saw some 
 twelve or fifteen grindstones at work, grinding and tempering the plates, as well as polish- 
 ing the surface. 
 
 In the toothing-room, the saws, whether long or square, are all rendered true by care- 
 ful hammering and the use of the level. These .•aws are made in great quantities, and as 
 large as six feet in diameter in circular saws; and the long saws as much as ten feet in 
 length. It is by the use of these immense saws cutting through a log of wood, witli the 
 I ircular ones flying round at the rate of 1000 revolutions a minute, that the trees in the 
 vast forests of America are cut up, and constructed into " sawn lumber," fit for its various 
 uses afterwards. AVo wondered, to the heart of what solitary forest those we observed 
 making would ere long be transported, to perform their daily work, regardless of winter's 
 frost or summer's scoi-ching sun. One of these ten feet long saws will cut up 12,000 feet 
 of timber in one day. To see them, however, in all their fearful grandeur, is when two 
 and twenty of them are fixed in one frame, about one inch or so a])art, working \ip and 
 down with great rapiility, nnd walking through a log of '24 inches in diameter, witii all 
 the ea.se in the world — reducing the mighty " monarch of the forest" into twenty-four 
 striplings of deal boards at one operation. In a liunber establishment on the I'liver 
 Ottawa, Canada AVesf, wo saw this done at a rate, in which, l>y the united action of tlieg« 
 twenty-two saws in one frame, no less than G35 feet of timber was cut up in one minute! 
 
 In another part of the saw-room may be seen the beautiful s'/'ooth surluce put upon 
 them by means of machinery, altogether making one feel tlio extent of what that timber 
 trade must be, when one establishment alone turns out such quantifies of saws. In this 
 articb' of large, long and circular saws, we understand the makers of Great Britain 
 liave ^lO chance in competing with the American makers, such as Messrs. lloes, whilst in 
 small hand-saws again, the Kiiglish-madc article maintains its ground. Whi'ii Messrs. 
 Hoes first started saw making, tlicy had men from Shei.ield-— wlio went on in the way 
 they had been accu^^()med to do — till they found lit, that it did not compete successfully 
 witii Sheffield, and sc continued until machinery w,".s brought to assist them, and now, us 
 we have said, the English-made article in large saws has no chance with the American, 
 
 It is in the construction of their wonderful steam-printing machinery, however, which is 
 most interesting, and here in another department will be seen jirinting machines in oil 
 stages, from the rough-cast eylii.der, or malleable iron, or brass fittings, to the com])letcly 
 erected maihine ready for delivery. Having given a description of tiieir latest improve- 
 ment and gi'critost achievement in this department, we need iiot allude to printing presses 
 further than to say, that in one of their newly-invented card printing presses, a morvel of 
 ingenuity is there presented. This little machine not only cuts cards for itself, but prints 
 them at the rate of from 1,5,000 to 20,000 per hi.'.'r! We actually did not believe it, till 
 we saw it in operaC m. It not only does that, but counts them off in <juanfities of 20, 40, 
 60 or 100, or any quantity in fact, and prints consecutive numbers on tliem, same as the 
 paging of a ledger, up as higli as number 999,000. These are valuable machines, where 
 railroad passenger-tickets, or such, are wanted. One of the great difficulties for some 
 time was, how to print these tickets and nuniber tli-'in at the same time, and yet every 
 ticket to have a ditTcrent number. In this press (railroad-ticket printing ^-css) that is 
 accomplished, with the cards worked on to this little automaton mnohine in the sha[)c 
 of a roll of card-board. It thus enters at one end, and appears next, cut, printed, ciniiifed, 
 and every one numbered difTerenfly. What ■..ill machinery be doing next for us! Thii* 
 even beats the automaton oven and baking machine described elsewhere. 
 
 We had r.lraost forgot to say, that a large portion of the works arc connected with maim 
 facturing from Spanish cedar and cherry wood — the type cases, and the other wood work 
 
HOTELS IN AMERICA. 
 
 11 
 
 etter-copying 
 •C8S nnd Saw 
 
 ich the large 
 e wns ciiltiiig 
 3 we 811 w some 
 veil a? polish- 
 true liy oare- 
 rititics, and as 
 as ton feet in 
 ■00(1, with the 
 ic trees in the 
 for its various 
 ! we o\)servod 
 OSS of winter's 
 up 12,000 feet 
 , is when two 
 wking up and 
 noter, with all 
 o twenty-four 
 on the River 
 action of tlios" 
 n one minute! 
 pfiice put upon 
 lat that timber 
 fnws. In lliis 
 Groat Britain 
 loes, whilst in 
 "When M 'ssrs. 
 on in the way 
 L'te sHceessfully 
 m, and now, as 
 ' American, 
 ifevor, which is 
 iiaohincs in all 
 the eoniplotcly 
 latest improve- 
 )rinting presses 
 OS, a marvel of 
 tself, but i^rinta 
 believe it, till 
 titles of 20, 40, 
 ■m, same as the 
 laohines, where 
 ;ultio3 for sonic 
 , and yet every 
 r jn'css) that is 
 10 in the shape 
 rinted, counted, 
 ;t for us ! Thi.'* 
 
 !ted with manit- 
 her wood work 
 
 required by the printing profession. In fac, the Messrs. Hoe manufacture every thing 
 for a printer, exeepting types end ink. 
 
 Wo take pleasure here in stating, that Messrs. Hoc employ nothing but picked, firat- 
 class workmen in every department, to whom they pay the highest wages given by any 
 in similar works. Even the very laborers must be good at what they have to do, and each 
 and all men of undoubted steadiness, and respectability of character. They have first- 
 class workmen from England, Scotland, France and Germany, and at one time we have 
 heard, they had actually Turks and Armenians working. 
 
 When the works arc as busy as they can be, fully five hundred men are employed. At 
 the time of our visit, about three hundred and fifty were employed. 
 
 HOTELS IN AMERICA. 
 
 Hotels, in America are generally immense blocks of buildings — sometimes a square 
 brick or stone block — resembling a warehouse in London or Manchester (Eng.) ; at other 
 times rivalling, in exterior splendor, that of Buckingham palace. They vary in size, and 
 are fitted up to accommodate from one hundred to nearly one thousand guests, and are 
 conducted upon different systems. Some are exclusively upon the American plan, others 
 upon the European ; others, on the American and European combined — so that guests 
 may please themselves which to adopt. There are hotels almost exclusively frequented by 
 Germans, others by Frenchmen, whilst the principal hotels are all patronized by Ameri- 
 cans, British, and natives of all parts of the world. 
 
 liegarding the liotel conducted on the American y)lan, we may explain that there is a 
 large hall, used exclusively for taking meals. All the guests sit at the same table, unless 
 when two or three tables are necessary. These halls range from one hundred to two hun- 
 dred and fifty feet long, by about from fifty to one hundred feet broad. There will be 
 seen, say a magnificent set-out dinner-table for one hundred or more guests, with a line of 
 table-napkins, in upright fantastic form, stuck into every tumbler, which range along each 
 side of the table from end to end. The meals — all previously prepared and brought up— 
 are placed on side tables, and there delivered to the white or colored waiters, each one of 
 whom has four or six guests only to wait upon. 
 
 It is one of the most novel sights for a stranger to see in one of those immense dining-halls, 
 a whole regiment of Sambos waiting for the signal to uncover such of the dishes as are 
 placed on the tables before the guests. After all the company are seated, say twenty to 
 thirty of those waiters are ranged, one half on each side of the table, behind the guests, 
 in military line. At a given signal, each one reaches over his arm and takes hold of the 
 hondle of a dish. That is the first movement. There they all hold for a second or two, 
 when, at another signal, they all at the same moment lift the cover, all as if flying off at 
 one whoop, and with as great exactness as soldiers are expected to " shoulder arms." This 
 is the case in the $2.00 or $2.60 houses in tlie large cities. In the smaller or cheaper 
 houses, the same formality or order is not to be seen in that respect, nor are the dining- 
 halls, of course, so splendid. In almost all hotels, there are no carpets in the dining- 
 saloons, which rather detracts from the apparent comfort in the minds of those who have 
 always been accustomed to dine in rooms nicely carpeted. 
 
 In this largo hall, all meals are takon ; breakfast, dinner, and tea — or supper, os it is called. 
 The hours vory in difforent hotels. Generally, breakfast is at 7 or 8, a.m. ; dinner, 12 or l,i>. m.; 
 tea, or supper, at 5 to T p. m. Some of the large and most fashionable liousos have second 
 dinners, set out at 5 or (i, p. m. The meals, one and all, may be said to be " royal," in the fullest 
 sense of that word. Even in hotels, where the charge is only f 1 per day, or $3 or ^-t per 
 week, the sot-out is not to he despised. For the curii uf in such matters, we may state what 
 the meals consist of, at a house of that description — which will be found quite common all 
 over the States. 
 
 For breakfast, excellent tea, coffee, or cocoa ; beefsteaks, mutton chops, ham, fish, pota- 
 
 W 
 
 ifl 
 
! 1 
 
 .'SV 
 
 12 
 
 HOTELS IN AMERICA. 
 
 
 
 
 ■H 
 
 
 H 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 •1 
 
 
 i 
 
 toes, (roasted, boiled and fried) ; buck-wlicat cokes, Indian corn cnkes, (like pancakes,) 
 Indian corn bread, whcnten and brown bread, butter, and eggs; the latter, by the way, 
 broken and enijjtied into glasses, and supped with a spoon. 
 
 Dinner is regulated bj-, of course, what is in season. Wiiat is provided, may be said to 
 contain " all tlie delicacies of the season," and even a few which are unknown at the hotel 
 dinner tables in Great Britain. 
 
 In July last, we found at a $1 per day house, in a northern State, the following bill of 
 fare : — 
 
 Sour. — Maccaroni and vermicelli. 
 
 Fisn. — Mackerel, trout, and white fish. 
 
 Boiled Dishes. — Ham, tongue, and chickens. 
 
 Roast Dishes. — Beef and lamb. 
 
 Veh ETA iii.es. — Potatoes, (boiled and roasted,) turnips, green peas, cabbage, beetroot, let- 
 tuce, onions, French beans, squash, pickles, etc. 
 
 Pasthy. — Apple pie, rhubarb pie, Indian corn pudding, (like ground rice,) wheaten 
 bread pudding, floating island, sponge cake, cheese, biscuit, etc. 
 
 Tea — or supper, as it is called — consists of the same as at breakfast time, with an addition 
 of sponge coke, jellies, jams ond pastry, sufficient for the sweetest of teeth. 
 
 At every meal, there is universally set down a tumbler of cold water. In fact, tliat 
 accompanies every sort of meal in America. 
 
 Considering that tho foregoing fare is provided in hotels where you ore boarded and 
 lodged for $1 per day, you ask yourself the question. How is it done, and where in (Jreat 
 Britain could you get such fare, for any thing like double, the amount of money ? 
 
 In the $2 50 (or lO.f. stg.) per day houses, of course the meals are more sumptuous 
 still, there Ijeing magnificent desserts placed on the table after dinner, consisting of the 
 most tempting of home, as well as tropically grown, fruits. 
 
 In connection with the meals at American hotels, we confess we have failed, like Mr. W. 
 Chambers, to see much of that fast eating attributed to Americans. We have seen quite 
 as much of that in England, as a^ any hotel in America. At first-class houses, in the l.nrge 
 cities, we hove many limes considered them decidedly slow at meat. We have seen 
 instances of some finishing their meals quickly — but we have seen that excelled many a 
 score of times, in " coffee rooms" and " commercial rooms" of hotels in Engh.nd, where 
 either not being called in time — meals not ready when wanted or ordered — the un brtunate 
 traveler was often obliged to " bolt" them at a rate about as fast as the approacMng loco- 
 motive he was anxious to be in time for. 
 
 As a general rule, people here do not sit so long at their meals os they do a the tables 
 in the hotels in (ircat Britoin, greatly owing, we think, because the drinking customs are 
 not indulged in so much here. At table, there is not so much ceremony and formality, and 
 dining does not generally occupy so lonf* time — whilst i\t some tables, a proportion of tlie 
 guests may be men in busiiicss, who allow themselves only a ceHain time for meals, and as 
 soon as done, are desirous of perusing a newsj)aper, in the reading room, before returning 
 to business. 
 
 The bedrooms oi all hotels almost, in America, have one great advantoge — they ore lofty 
 and clean, as i general rule ; the first-class houses scrupulously clean. Tlie most gorgeous 
 apartments of lirst-closs hotels — or, as we may call them, the $2 or $2.50 (8.«. to lO.f.) per day, 
 houses — are '.he ladies' parlors, drawing-rooms, ond reception-rooms. 
 
 Visitors, on calling, are received in the reception-rooms, which are little drawing-rooms 
 of theniiclves. 
 
 Tiie Miblic sitting-rooms are really gorgeous apartments, and stioh, we fancy, os mony on 
 the British side of the Atlantic have little idea of Let the stranger enter one of tiicse 
 magnincent, lofty rooms, even although he has been accustomed to the (ireot Western at 
 Paddinglon, the Euston, or any of the fashionable hotels in St. James or Albenmrlo street, 
 London, (Eng.,) or Douglas's in Edinburgh, he will bo met with splendor he scarcely 
 reckoned on. On whatever point the eye rests, it is only to be dazzled or pleased. If tho 
 
 
HOTELS IN AMERICA. 
 
 13 
 
 dining-lialls were banqueting-lmlls, truly these are elysiums of ease and grandeur. Look 
 at the walls, and they are touched off with excellent taste, in white and gold, perhaps; 
 the cornices — the richest and most intricate efforts of the plasterer ; the windows — hung with 
 the rarest and most costly draperies of Tournay or Bradford ; the floors— covered with the 
 softest and most beautiful velvet-pile carpets of Bright, of Rochdale, or Crossley, of Halifax, 
 (Eng.,) which have found their way here, to add comfort and splendor to the apartment; 
 the exquisitely-carved rosewood furniture — sofas and easy chairs of all imaginaMe shapes, 
 for luxurious ense and elegance— and the superb gran il pianos, of America's best manufac- 
 ture; whilst the splendor of the mirrors, and the gas-fittings, and chandeliers — by tlieir 
 intricate workmanship ond beauty, finish off the gorgeous apartment. We are in sober 
 earnest in our remarks, as all will know who have seen these palatial residences. If the 
 Queen of the United Kingdom should visit those shores, neither Iler Majesty nor guardians 
 need fear the want of queenly accommodation, even in the every-day life of a first-class 
 American hotel. 
 
 The ladies' drawing-room is oppropriated for single ladies, or married ladies and children, 
 and for gentlemen who accompriny their wives, or sisters, and families. 
 
 Single gentlemen, travelling alone, will find a gentlemen's parlor for sitting in. Such, 
 however, are not much frequented in summer, generally. In fine weather, the gentlemen 
 prefer to sit about the doors, in die cool of the summer evening, or in the reading-room, 
 where the newspapers are. 
 
 Single gentlemen are frequently invited into the ladies' drawing-room by the proper 
 inmates of it, and sometimes strangers go in uninvited, by mistake. In such cases, full 
 allowance is made for the error, and, most probably, some of the ladies will open up a con- 
 versation, and thereby make the stranger feel at once at home. 
 
 The fastidious Englishman — when he enters a hotel on the American plan for the first 
 time — may turn up his nose at some things which he sees, simply owing to the difference of 
 system adopted here. If he has been a commercial traveller, for instance, who, as an old 
 stager on some favorite ground in Britain, and as well known as the village 'dock at every 
 crack house all along his route — where the chambermaid will be sure to put him into the 
 best bedroom — where the boots will be like to break his neck, and his back, too, in assisting 
 on his arrival — while the oily waiter, with his crimson countenance in white choker so 
 clean, stands rubbing his hands, with a towel under his left arm-pit, and the sleek and well- 
 lined host approaches to shake the arrival by the fist — such a gentleman will find a mighty 
 difference in an American hotel. 
 
 First of all, let \\n remind him that, in the consideration of expenses, there is a great 
 saving here. You can live here at a hotel equal in magnificence to a Mivart's or a St. 
 James's hotel, for 10«. (stg.) per day, and no fees to chamberniaids, waiters, boots, or 
 porters. Your meals will comprise delicacies with which you never have been favored, 
 even in your " best house on tiie road ;" so that if a different course is pursued here, different 
 and better courses are laid before you. But you may wish to dine by yourself, as at home. 
 Well, you can be accommodated at the hotel, on the European plan. Only remember, that 
 in sitting down at the public table of a hotel here, on the American plan, you will meet 
 with the company of the most accomplished ladies as well as gentlemen, the former being 
 unknown guests at your " commercial room" tables in old England, Scotland, or Ireland. 
 Here j-ou will see a deference, respect, and attention paid to ladies, exceeded nowhere — not 
 even l)y the politest people said to be in the world — the I'arisians. If you are found to be 
 a well-bred and true gentleman, it will not be a very difficult matter, particularly to you, 
 a stranger from Britain, to get introduced in the drawing-room to the best of its society. 
 It is true, tiiat at the public dinner-table you will miss your accustomed " president" nt the 
 one end, and your " vice" at the other ; you will miss your bottle or two of wine, or as 
 much as j'ou have been accustomed to " put away." But here we are wrong. You may 
 call even for your wine or .pirits, and get any thing of that kind supplied; but if you do, 
 you will feel "all alone in your glory," and be left to propose and respond to as many 
 toasts as is usual, from " the Queen, and God bless her," down to " absent friends ;" but this 
 
 1 .J, 
 

 i -41 
 
 14 
 
 HOTELS IN AMERICA. 
 
 . '!' «■ 
 
 i'^ ' 
 
 M> 
 
 bear in mind, you will do all within yourself— imagining all the while a few of the old 
 " bricks" around you. But the fact is, you will forget all that here. The company by 
 which you are surrounded at dinner, tho magnificent styles of the dresses — the merry 
 faces — the perfect forest of table-napkins which, stuck into the tumblers along each side of 
 the long tables — which might groan if thoy had tiie power — the pctivity of the ser- 
 vants, the wliole scene of knife-and-fork work, from one end of the table to the other, and 
 the rich and good tilings set before you, will all combine to make you forget the com- 
 forts even of the " Hen and Chickens," the " Ked Lion," the " White Horse," the " Stork," 
 the " Buck's Head," the " Guildliall," and any and all of the favorite houses you have left 
 on the other side of the water. 
 
 Finished your dinner, for example, instead of a bill of 2». 6cl. sterling (62 cents) for din- 
 ner — and, to say the least, other 2.>i. Gd., but oftcner 5s. ($1.25), for wine alone, making, as 
 you well know, from 5«. to Vs. fx/. (stg.,) and sometimes as higli as 10s. to 14,<. each, when 
 you have had an extra " heavy go," for dinner-bill alone — here you have had all you 
 could desire in eatables, for from Is. to 2.v. (stg.), depending upon the house you stop at. 
 
 In connection with this subject, we would refer you to a letter in the London Tunes of 
 July 10, 1858, wherein a gentleman complains of a hotel at Brighton, (not, however, the 
 "Clarence,") at being charged in a dinner-bill, as follows; — Soup, two chops, pease, pota- 
 toes, cheese and bread — only (?) 7s. sterling; and with half a pint of sherry wine, ^x. ; in 
 all, 10.?., or $2.50 — e.^:actly the ^n'cc of one entire day's board and lodging at one of the \\\> 
 top houses in New York. 
 
 If you should, however, think some of the company rather plebeian, we would have 3-ou 
 to recollect, that at the dinner-table here, as well as everywhere else in Anioriea, " Jack 
 is as good as his master;" and if you happen to have got an engagement in a store, you 
 will meet your employer here at table, and he will meet you in a very different spirit, and 
 with very different feelings, from what some " old governor," you once liud, would have met 
 you at the dinner-table — if he had ever met you there at all. 
 
 If it should so happen that you have not got such a nice bod room as you would like at 
 the hotel, all you have to do is to give the clerk the hint, in a quiet, gentlemanly, and 
 affable manner, and he will meet you in the same way, and give you, most likely, the first 
 room he can for the better. The clerks at hotels here, are obliged, as they are generally found 
 to be, civil, obliging, gentlemanly men ; bred, most likelj", as you yourself were, otherwise 
 they could not occupy the post of book-keeper a. id cashier, and in many eases speaking 
 three or four languages. If, however, you " try it m\" with them, in the style of " born to 
 command," so usual in hotels in J5ritain, you will find you make one of tiie greatest mis- 
 takes you are apt to make in this country, for want of not knowing better how to go 
 about matters. 
 
 Some of tliC pri.'.c'pnl hotel- in all large cities in America, are open all night; in fact, 
 they are never bimi, fciiin the n'o; ling the house is opened by the tenant, till it is closed 
 forever by him. A fiv.-h ciork, with fresh servants, go on duty at night, and relieve each 
 otlier witii tl-e sn.ie r:a;'ilri-i* ,' as i}.<- .-oldiers relieve e eh other at the Horse Guards. 
 
 One grcri, ri'jvi.i»lii;je of iJie Am.rii'un hotel is lh:i',, being open all night, ns we have 
 said, and thui. y m n." 'vc, f.i' at i'.» ir I'Vljck in th-/ j.iorning, you will meet with tln! same 
 attention and )i'J!ip;L>?ss a^. if y..u had arrived at twelve at noon; and in some of the 
 hotels, where t!'. 'O is » h,ir always open, you can lavc meals at any liour of the night or 
 morning, just ;i8 prouri^L .' t: ^ n; or» o'cl'.ri- in the afternoon. 
 
 On your arrival nl, "x hof^.1 M; America, y<iu will not bo saluted by a waiter or two in 
 white cravat, black lo!', P'tu,, .te.. ".iid with an immense deal of bowing and humbug 
 from either waiter or laildi^>I•■J. Instead of that, you enter the hotel, jierhaps unseen ; go 
 right up to the desk at the office; ask for the visitors' book, (where you enter your name, 
 and where you are from); tell the clerk you liave sutne luggage, (or baggage as it is invari- 
 ably called,) when he will summons one of the ])orti'rs of tiie house to bring it from the 
 door, if there. You apply for a bedroom, the elc k >.. . ts you with the key of a room of 
 u certain 'lumber; the porter, who has brought . ; -r baggage, is desired to ascend with 
 
 ,1, ^:; 
 
HOTELS IN AMERICA, 
 
 lo 
 
 you to your room, and there you will find it all ready for your reception; and let you ar- 
 rive whenever you will, the bedroom you are sent to is certain to be in that state, and 
 none of the hurry-scurryiuj; which is to be seen soraolimes in liotels in England and Scot- 
 land, when a room is not in order for a fresh guest to enter it. Your baggage laid down 
 in your room, it will be better for you to peruse the rules and regulations of the house, 
 whicli you will frecjucntly find printed on a placard and hung up in your room. 
 
 Till: key whicli you got from the clerk is intended to be used by you by day as well as 
 by nifiht. That is to say, keep your door always locked during the day, and when not in 
 your bedroom, either keep the key in your pocket, or what is general, return it to the 
 clerk at the oflice, wlio will hang it up; and whose duty it is to receive it from, and de- 
 liver it to you, whenever you like. 
 
 Any complaint you may have to make ; any thing not exactly to your mind ; any cliange 
 you may want; stamps, wafers, etc. ; inquiries as to post-offiee, or any thing else pertain- 
 ing to the town ; any wasliing requiring attending to, tliere is only one man to talk to about 
 these and all such matters, and that is, the clerk or book-keeper in the oflice. It is no use 
 talking to servants ; they will pay no attention to you, further, tiian tell you to apply at 
 the oflice. Of course, at any time, you may ring the bell-in your room, and the clerk will 
 dispatch a porter to see what j-ou want. 
 
 One of the most important assistants about a hotel hero, is the clerk or book-keeper; 
 he is, in fact, the factotum of the establisliment.and wlio is to be found in close attendance, 
 as we liave said, at the desk or in the " oflice" of the hotel — the latter a department almost 
 unknown in hotels in JJritain. With tlie clerk you make your terms for bijurd and lodg- 
 ing on entering. Whatever terms you make, it will be so mueii per day or per week. In 
 many hotels, wlicre the charge is §2.00 per day, you will find, by making a bargain per 
 week; it may not cost you mucli more than half tlint simi per day. In the same way with 
 houses wliose charge is $1.0i) per day, you may board and lodge for $0.00 or $4.00 per 
 week ; and whether you bargain by the week or by the day, the bills of fare are the same — 
 your patronage is csteenu^d just the same for a day, as for a week, and you can stay as 
 long as you like, or go when you like. Only ihere is this lo be remembered, that you had 
 better ascertain tiie hours for meals, as, if you are not tliere at meal-hour — and lose meals 
 — tliere is no reduction made in tiie rate per day, it being all the same whether you take 
 meals or not. 
 
 JJoardiiig in hotels, as -i regi.lar thing, is quite commcn by young men in situations, and 
 young married couples, who have not the meni- probably to furnish and keep up a house 
 as tiiey would like, or who do not wisli to have its cares and troubles. Families, however, 
 wlio liavo any idea of residing permanently in a town, furnish at once, if they have the 
 in''!ins. We have met many young men in situations — in towns in the States — who being 
 tiiimarried, board and lodge in tlie hotel, and do so very respectably and comfortably, for 
 $i;5 or $4 |)er week, and feel convinced they live better, and are more comfortable tlian if 
 in |)rivate lodgings. 
 
 Workmen, again, with and witluiut families, who are strangers in a town, seek out a 
 respectabhi liotel, where they find it very convenient and economical, until they get 
 citiier private lodgings, or rent a house of tlieir own. We have met with several work- 
 men ill the nortliern and western states, who, earning their $8 to $10 per week, live 
 regularly at tlie hotel, paying $3 to $4 per week for board and lodging, such as is un- 
 known to the wtirking classes in Great Britain, who have the same amount of wages, viz. : 
 S'i.v. to lo.v. ]ier week. 
 
 Half an lioiir or so before each meal, a huge gong is sounded through all parts of the 
 house, wiili noise sufficient to waken the dead, were it possible. On the sound of the 
 second gong, it is lo iiitiiiiate that i!very tiling is ready, and you are desired to take your 
 seat at table. The top, or head end of the tabic, is always reserved for ladie.s, and gentle- 
 men with ladies, seated all together. The single gentlemen take the first seat they lay 
 hands on. 
 
 American hotels are owned or leased by sometimes only one party, and iu other cases by 
 
16 
 
 HOTELS IN AMERICA. 
 
 two or three in pnrtnership. Sometiinos a mnn is n partner in a hotel, and a mnnufnctiircr 
 or morchnnt nt tlie Fnnie time. lie will invest his money ns a speciilntion in a hotel, just 
 as soon as in a cotton mill, a railroad, or a bank. Asjain, there is one man in the States, 
 who is lessee of no less than live of the largest liouses, in difTerent eities. 
 
 The conducting of a hotel, in America, is reduced to a system as nK^tliodical and perfect 
 as the carrying on of a cotton mill, or conducting a garrison, and hotels here are just as un- 
 like some of the hotels in Britain, as a country draper's shop is to a mammoth sized 
 warehouse, in Manchester or London. 
 
 The hotel proprietor is generally a shrewd, active, gentlemanly man of business, -who 
 works more wiili his head than his hands. 
 
 In the office.^ attaeh( d to siine hotels are two or three clerks or book-keepers, whose 
 duty it is to answer all parties e.illing. 
 
 When about to leave a hotel, give all yi^iir instructions to the elcrk at the office. If you 
 leave word any where else, it nia^' 'le forgot. If you leave it with the clerk, it is almost 
 certaiii to be punctually attended to. 
 
 Near the clerk's office, ther'.- is generally n washing room, where you can wash your 
 hands, etc., without the trouble of going up to your room to do so. 
 
 All hotel keepers have skeleton keys ti the bed-room doors, so that in leaving your room 
 loe'ced, it is better to leave all your baggage locked up. Those keys arc necessary to 
 enable the servants to clear up the room in your absence. 
 
 llog.irding the hotels upon tlie European ]ilap, we may observe that in some of them 
 there is a "coffee room," similar to tliat drpiirtniont of a Tiritish hotel, where the gue>t 
 may take meals at a table by himself; or agiiiii, wliere the meals are served up in the pri- 
 vate rooms engaged by guests. 
 
 We may here remark that the European plan of hotel keeping is gaining ground in the 
 large eities, amongst the first-class houses. 
 
 The hotels on the Euro])ean and American combined, are conducted, in every other 
 respect, same as an exelusivelj- American hotel, excepting in the serving of meals. It 
 18 in having a coffee room — and meals su]>i)lied at separaie tables there, or in jirivatc 
 apar I. ents — in what the difference consists. Frequenters of first el ass hotels in Eni^lanil, 
 will hnd themselves suited in America equally as well, and, we suspect, innnensely cheaper 
 than at hotels in UritJiin, and with all the comforts of the elite of the houses in " Bel- 
 gravia" or " Modern Athens," or in the " Hotel du Louvre." 
 
 Suites of private apartments, witli bath rooms, and every modern convenience, can be 
 engaged, fitted up in regal magnificence, either in the exclusively European, or seirii- 
 American and semi-European plan, with the best attendances-carriages, horses, and every 
 thing which is generally attached to first-class hou8e& 
 
 By an ingenious contrivance, all the noise of ringing of bells in the house is avoided. An 
 instrument called an " annunciator," is placed in the clerk's office. At a given signal from 
 any particular room, the number of the room is indicated u[)on the dial-plate of the instru- 
 ment, by one stroke of a call-bell, wlien a servant is dispatched to the room to ascertain 
 what is wanted. 
 
 L'onnected with every hotel tlun-e are numerous bath-rooms, and a barber's shop. Judging 
 from the numbers who frequent the latter, and the time sjteiit under the peruquier's haiuls, 
 and in the washing-rooms attached, the Americans appear to be very particular us to their 
 cleanly perso.;i'l appearance and comfort. 
 
 Parties are recommended not to be over-eoniiiiunieative with strangers they may meet 
 staying at hotels, as almost all hotels are infested with a set of prowling " loafers" and 
 sharpers, who are continually on the look-out after strangers, on Avhom to practise various 
 descriptions of imposition and robbery. One may be officiouslj- jiolitc in ofTeriTig to show 
 you the " lions" of the city or town ; another will assume to be a perfect stranger like 
 yourself, in visiting such ; whilst a third will pretend he is travelling to the same place 
 you arc going to, anil offers to take you to the /iraper place for obtaining a ticket to your 
 destination — whilst he i' only an em|)loye of a " bogus" or swindliag ticket-office, after all. 
 Some strangers, who consider themselves very " smart" at home, have found, to their cost, 
 smarter fellow-companions in strangers in such cities as New York, 
 
WORTHY OP CREDIT — TRADE PROTECTION. 
 
 PROTECTION TO TRADE AND DEBT COLLECTING. 
 
 17 
 
 A coMMERiuL traveller acquaintanco of onrf, once was desirous of opening nn necount 
 with a very good and safe man, but such was the nature of the customer he had to meet, 
 that tlie traveller was for some time at a loss how to approach him, as, from all ho had 
 heard of him, ho was one of those purse-proud, ignorant, and contomptihlo men who are to 
 he met with sometimes l)ehind a retail shop or store counter, by travellers " on the road." 
 There was only one way to make the attack, as he was determined to let him understand 
 that the obligation of doing business between individuals, was mutual, so he resolved to 
 " lake the bull by the horns." Walking into the shop, with parcel of patterns in hand, and 
 an utter stranger, although not unacquainted with the peculiarities of the man he had to 
 deal Avith, thus addressed him: "1 have called, sir, to pay you one of the highest compli- 
 ments which one man can pay to another," delivered with all that suavity of manner and 
 perfect coolness with which some accomplished travellers are largely endowed. The cus- 
 tomer was taken aback from so unusual a salutation, and was brought to inquire, " Indeed, 
 sir ! In what respect ?" "Simply, sir," said the traveller, " that the house I have the honour 
 to represent, considers you worthy of credit." Tiie rcs\dt was, that between what the cus- 
 tonior considered the nrdaeity of the traveller, and tli.it he felt the truth of the compliment, 
 it led to business between the two. We mention this anecdote briefly, to illustriite how 
 difficult it is to do business with some men, however good value may be placed before 
 them, but more jmrtieularly, that tlie man who, although at one time in the hey-day of 
 prosperity — and whose position is one of undoubted good credit, with every one more 
 an.\iou8 than another to do business with liim — may not always remain in that excellent 
 position, but who, a few years afterwards, may afford as good reasons why the commer- 
 cial traveller should be as desirous of avoiding his acquaintance as our friend was of mak- 
 ing it, and hence the necessity and utility of one of those " institutions" in America, called 
 " Commercial" or " Mercantile Agencies," connected with which, is that of Debt Collecting. 
 
 The system of Trade I'rotection Societies, as carried out in Oreat Britain is in its infancy 
 when compared with the system in operation in America. Where is the protection society 
 there, for example, that can produce in its office a record of the commercial standing of 
 every man in business from Penzance to John O'Groat's, or from Ballycastle to Dundrum 
 Bay. It is true, tliat such as Messrs. Perry of London have a register of all London traders 
 only, and may procure information, perhaps, regarding men at a distance ; or it may be 
 tiiat a Trade I'rotection Association in Manchester or Leeds can give information about 
 parties in those districts to their members writing to, or calling at their offices, but if infor- 
 mation is wanted aliout a man in Wick, (Orkney,) Enniskillen, (Ireland,) or Truro, (Corn- 
 wall,) or other more out of the way places than these, they have to write and procure the 
 information, and ten chances to one if they nave correspondents there from whom they can 
 get any information at all. 
 
 The mercantile or commercial agencies of America are conducted by private firms — 
 whose standing can be easily ascertained by parties desirous of pmjiloying thera — thus 
 doing away with the objections to boards of directors about such establishments. They 
 are carried on ujion an immense scale, with agents and correspondents ramificating 
 througiiout the whole of the Union and Canada, and now we understand they are extend- 
 ing their business to Great Britain, Ireland, and the continent of Europe. Their register 
 of traders extends to every man engaged in Ijusiness in every town and county in all 
 tiie states and teriitories of America, as well as in Canada. Tliis may be termed their 
 "Trade Protection" department. In this department sets of books are kept, in which is 
 entered the name, trade, and address of every man who is in business, whether that is in 
 Ive\, Orleans or Nova Scotia, in California or Canada. In a certain folio in a ledger, every 
 man's name is entered, followed uyi by a variety of particulars, such as when he commenced 
 btniness, what means he had, what was his moral character and business abilities, his mar- 
 riage or family connections, etc., etc., so as to present a complete history of every trader 
 from the date he stjirled in business. Thus far, then, every man's character and circuni- 
 
 i i 
 
 L i 
 
18 
 
 MERCANTILE AGENCY SYSTEM. 
 
 stftiices are " posted up" Into oiio of tlie It'dgors of flic firm. At the end of every n'w months 
 a fresh eutry is made at his folio in the ledger, detniling iiny fresh eireiimsliinces which 
 mny have arisen t . »t tlie private or business character of the trader. Thus, for exftiiii.l. 
 if ho liegnn ten yo:ir:i e.go, there is an entry made at the end of every six months, showing 
 all the circumstances attending his career down to the present day ; at all events, so far na 
 lias been possible for the nierenntile agency to get to know. Thus, then, Mr. John Smith mny 
 liave been in good standing when he started business, went on all right, and made money. 
 At the end of the first year, stood reported in tlie agciieies' books ; " perfectly trustworthy" 
 at the end of the second year, howi^ver, the report stood that he was " given more to his 
 rifle and dogs than to industry ;" at the end of the fifth report, or six months after the last, 
 "seen fiequcnting drinking saloons too often — caution necessary in giving credit;" whilst 
 after other two reports, or at the end of other twelve months, the report stands, " acooin- 
 ■['■'•Intion paper going freely between him and another house — credit fast on the decline;" 
 at the end of the next six months, the report says, " sold out to Mr. A. I?., who has re-soM 
 ->ut to Mr. C r ." evidcntlya swindle, thus putting a very fatal report upon his future career. 
 During the last two years or bo, houses who have been desirous of knowing soinethiii!; of 
 Mr. Smith, with the view of trying to do business with liim, or others who have been dninjr 
 business with him, have got uneasy as to reports they have heard respecting him, so that 
 Messrs. Cotton, Cloth & Co., or Messrs. Brandy, Wine <t Co., and many others, being mem- 
 bers of the agency, send to inquire what report it has as to Mr. Sniitli's character, when 
 they ar furnished with his vli.'le career, as embodied in those reports. When these 
 liouses miike inquiries as to his \ i, ition, that fact also is entered in his folio in the ledger, 
 80 that when the report is received that he has " sold out to Mr. A. B., and who has re-sold 
 out again to Mr. C. D.," a note is dispatched by messengers, if in town, or telegraphed to a 
 distance to the houses, who had mado iii((iiiries some time ])revions, to cull at the agency, 
 when they are show: die information just received, reganliiig Mr. Smith; upon receiving; 
 which, they at once take steps to recover. In the course of men's business lives, a variety 
 of circumstances transpire, some of which have very injurious effects upon their commer- 
 cial standing. All these, so far as can be nseertaiiied, are reconled. We have i;ivi'n the 
 foregoing illustration to show the modus operandi of tho system, wliieli is similar in some 
 respects to the Trade Protection Societies in Britain, but wc think, with this adilitioiml ad- 
 vantage, that, as we have .said before, whilst a society located at Glasgow or Edinbiiri;h has 
 no record of houses at Gahvay, or St. Ives, or Clonnkilty, or Abergavenny, they are obliged 
 to write to their correspondents in those totvns if they have anj-, before they can get an- 
 swers regarding parties there, when inquired after. IbTe, however, the name and .stand- 
 ing of every trader is kept " po.sted up" on the jtremises. They liave no occasion to write. 
 A member calls, and gets to see at once the position tho man holds as there recorded, which 
 is undoubtedly in advance, and superior, in our opinion, to the system at 5 resent in exist- 
 ence in Great Britain. Again, (he firms who eonibict these agencies have no interest but 
 to give faithful representations to all their members alii The records in their ledgers arc 
 open to their members, respecting their customers, wh' - ver situated, and the information 
 there recorded, is obtained by correspondents, rcsidin. I'ermanently or travelling, going 
 over particular sections of the country. Another mean-^, ii wcver — and as far as it goes, 
 one of the best means, of knowing the " paying" position men are in — is in the vast amount 
 of business these agencies get to do, in the way of collect' ' debts. This brings us to the 
 other department of their busii;ess, viz.. Debt Collecting. 
 England and Scotland sometiii's ago annexed this brand 
 trade department, for the use of their mi iiibers, and we 
 cessfully, often recovering debts, when 1 I'nncipals 1 
 application. In this department of the 1 utile an 
 
 lected for the general public as well aa for m-mbers, wliich dl the more extends their facil- 
 ities for acquiring business inforioation, ami makes the d< riartment of great magnitude in 
 the amount of business transacted. 
 
 In such an extent of country as this , it w' t one ■ bo seen the great advantages which 
 
 Trade Protection Societies in 
 
 r inquiry, or protection to 
 
 have worjvcd it very sue- 
 
 get one penny by direct 
 
 lie 1. uil agencies, debts are coi- 
 
DEBT COLLECTING — BANKS AND BANKING. 
 
 19 
 
 
 such ngoncies present to merenntile men, soy in New York or Pliilttdelpliia, who can get 
 their aecounfa coUectctl fi)r a tritic llir(iii<;li tliis nioiinsi, nltluiugti fifteen hundred or two 
 thousand miles distant, tlieso agoneies having correspondents or agents every wlierc, and 
 besides tlicir regular correspondents, they have intimate conneetions with bonks— the 
 officers of which coniniunieate freely with them— expecting like facilities in return, when 
 their business may need them. They have also correspondence with attorneys, who keep 
 them odviseJ of suits, encumbrances upon tho real estate which parties may possess, and 
 other informotion derivable from tho [jublic records. They have thus, abundant means of 
 "checking" the information furnished by regular eorrespondents — and avoiding injustice, 
 which might be Uono by misrepresentation, if entire dependence was placed upon 
 rcjiorts from one source — as most men, however good and reliable, upon tho whole, 
 have their own interest to take care of. Indeed, such information must always, of ne- 
 cessity, bo strictly guarded, and, to a certain extent, it must l)e secret — one merchant writ- 
 ing to another on such suljeets, always expecting and enjoining secrecy — and would 
 think himself badly used if his injunction was disregarded. 
 
 Little, we tliink, do some of the small Btore-keepers consider that their moral and busi- 
 ness eliaracter is so narrowly watched, so car<'fully recorded, and taken such good care of, 
 in a regular debtor and creditor account of their virtues and successes, placed ngoinst 
 their vices and misfortunes, and those carefully added up every six months, and the balance 
 then struck as to what the report should be in the books of the commercial or mircantilo 
 agencies. But so it is. As an institution, these agencies may be objected to by some; but, 
 taking any little disadvantages they may appear to present, we think, on the whole, that 
 in tho hands of respectable men, tlu'y are calculated to assist very materially every man iu 
 avoiding — what every man is anxious to avoid — making a bad debt ; or if, after goods are 
 sold to a doubtful customer, they prove of value in assisting in the recovery of the money, 
 or getting security for the debt. 
 
 Tliere is no doul)t but tiiat the system is an inquisitorial one in some respects, but not 
 more so than is in operation by some London and Manchester houses, who keep such regis- 
 ters of all their customers, and the amount they are worthy of credit for, and who, by 
 means of their travellers covering the ground, and their own private " bailiiY" — as a depart- 
 ment of the counting house — who is retained to look after all long-winded customers, and 
 who holds himself in readiness to be despatched at any moment of night or day, with the 
 peremptory orders in his pocket of — cash — sKcuRixy — or bankuuitcy, to lire red hot into the 
 unfortunate customer who has a screw or two loose, or even fancied to be loose. The sys- 
 tem of commercial agencies is only tluit, carried out for the whole business community, 
 what many firms do on their own account. 
 
 5Ieml)crs pay a certain amount yearly, and arc furnished with replies to any inquiries 
 they may make resj)eeting the cirennistanees and character of traders. Some of these 
 establishments have branch oHiees in tlio princi|)al cities all over the States and Canada. 
 One of them, the oldest and largest, (H. Douglass & Co.,) having as many as 19 ofiices in 
 dilVerent parts, and emiiloying in the aggregate nearly 400 clerks — over 130 being em- 
 ployed at the chief ofliee in New York alone. 
 
 BANKS AND BANKING. 
 
 I\ America there is no " IJank of America," as one institution — similar to the old lady in 
 Treadneedle street, London — who, in a fit of the fidgets, or an affection of spasms, occa- 
 sionally spreads her effects through the veins of the commercial liody tliroughoiit tho 
 whole world, crnm])ing up and levelling, in one day, all the paper-houses and castles in the 
 air of the most wiile-a-wake speculator, or who, some other day — when she feels inclined 
 to be liberal — from the fact of having more gold in her coffers than she knows what to do 
 with — will open her purse, as well ns her heart, and discount more freely at a low rate, 
 affording relief to the distressed broker with settling-day not far off, and iu fact to every 
 
i'p- 
 
 n 
 
 20 
 
 BANKS IN AMERICA. 
 
 one — cvfin from Rotliscliild, who rnny linvo been n('(»()tiiitinj5 n Umn for soiiii- " foreign 
 power," who is not powerful <'iioiif;li to iniiko endn meet — down to tlie poorest wiirkliien 
 ont of pinployiiK'tit, who when life, netivity, "'"1 oontidcnoi' liiit* eiimtmfed fnirn tlie 
 old lady referred to, is iiffiiiii in the receipt of weekly wiijfeK, In l':ii;,'liind the Hyuteni cen- 
 tres in one, iilike in liankin!,', iis well as in f;overninetit. 
 
 In Anierieiv it is in Imnkiiii^ ns in ftovern!nent,tlioroii(;h re])uliliean, all npon one footini,'. 
 In souie of the Western States, all can issue notes, from tho host and wealthiest joint stoek 
 concern, who affords to its eustonn rs the neeurity of the StJite, down tr> the speeiiliitivc 
 "Wild-Cat" linnker, who does not tronhle himself about anyliody's heeurity and siil'ety iiut 
 his own, nnd who, in tho Issue of tho notes of /lis hank, or, as they are termed, " Sliln- 
 plrtsters," trusts to a hmfj-eared iiuhlii^ takins; them iis fast ns those of any oihcr hank. 
 
 To give any thing like an aile(junte idea as to the haiikinj? system, in Aiiiii'iea, nnd the 
 different methods on which it is conducted in different States, woul<l nquire u volume, no 
 we can only merely glance nt si/ino of its features, at |)resent. 
 
 Any mail, or body of men can open, and carry on a bank, and issue their own notes, 
 tho law ro<piiring, that to be a le<;itimate bpiikinu' institution, all'onling tlie irreati'st pos?'.- 
 Lie security, it shoidd deposit, in the hands of the comptroller of the State in which it is, 
 government stocks to the value of its issue. 
 
 Forexamjile — n bank is started with ^,'i(io,000, (€1(mi,(i<ii>,) ami out of that eajiital, in 
 issue of notes to the extent of $100,000 is wanted. The jiroprietors go and |(un'liase Sta c 
 Btocks to the value of the JilOO,000 nnd take these to tho comptroller of the bankinj, 
 de[)nrtment of the State, who, having received these State stocks, countersigns the 
 bank notes, (or " liank bills," as they are called,) for those parlies for that aiininnt 
 of stocks which they have pledged, or dc])ositcd witli him. The safety to the public, 
 who take these notes, consistsin having tho notes seenred in the manner stated. The piililic 
 holding sucli notes in the event of such a bank suspending jiaymeni, ha\c recourse n|Min 
 the comptroller, who " winds up" the concern, and pays tho note-liolders, the amount of 
 the notes, suliject to a deducticm for expenses incurred in winding up. In such eases, the 
 note-holders have to wait some time, before the matters of such concerns are settled, and 
 hope for as near 100 cents to the dollar, as possible. 
 
 No such bank can issue more than the (juantity they liave given pledges for liecause 
 every note bears on its face, the signature of the comptroller, and he will n .t sign his 
 name for more than he has received value for. 
 
 Banks, whose Baf<:ty to the public are thus secured, have on the face of their :■"•"" <lin 
 words printed — " Skccred by tue pledge of puduc stocks," nnd in addition to having thesig- 
 nntu) ■'s of the president nnd cashier of the bank, the note is stamped thus in oval foni', 
 geiici.' 'y, "Countersigned nnd Registered in the Bank Deparlmc'ut." Then follows tlie 
 signature of the comptroller, specifying, also, of what State. Thus far, then, us one 
 sample — as to the issue of legitimate ])a))er, or bank bills, or notes. 
 
 Depositors have no recourse, as in IJritain, upon the shareholders of any joint stock liank. 
 They have to take their proportion of a dividend out of tho estate of such — ns in any other 
 ordinary suspension or bankruptcy. This was illustrated in the case of the Ohio Life and 
 Trust Company of Cincinmiti, which was a banking institution, and, ])revious to its snspen- 
 Hon in Oetolier, 1H;>1, enjoyed the greatest amount of public confidence, and was looked 
 upon as safe a concern as th(> 15ank of England itself. Those who had deposited their fumls 
 there, had no recourse against the individual members or shareholders of that coin|>any. 
 It may be remembered, that it was the very first to succunil) to the pressure, of either mis- 
 management or some other cause, and t/ic concern which sounded the first keynote of dis- 
 trust, suffering, and want of confidence which has spread all over the world, nnd which, 
 even now, is far from having recovered from it. 
 
 An immense amount of banking is carried on by men who issue no n(rtes, and wlio as- 
 sume the title of banker, and who are just as much enfitlc'l to it, and as worthy of it as 
 Glyn, Mills & Co., or Coutts & Co., of London, who, of course, as is well k.iown, issue no 
 notes of their own. 
 
ii'kiiii'n 
 lorn till) 
 li'lil Pen- 
 
 
 WILD-CAT BANKING. 
 
 21 
 
 Siifh mon cnrry on tlioir bufliicHfi — niul most oxti'iinivcly— on niniilur f.rlncii)lon tt> the 
 uloivsiiid Lomlon baiikc is, ami arc to lie found in all thf ohicf I'ilits ami towns in tho 
 Statc'K. In cities or towns wli.ii- tlici'e is no imnk constitntcd ns we liavo i-xjilaint'd, and 
 will) issues its own notes, the trading eoniiiuinity are ni'eissltated to keep tlieir money 
 in the hands of jnivate bankers, and depend ujion Iheni for discount ing bills and rceuiv- 
 inf( temporary assistanee at any parlieular time. With bunking, tiiey ooniieottiie" exchange" 
 business, a bruneli of business little known, eomparalively speaking, by the great nuiss of 
 the petple in Britain, arising, no doubt, from the fael that the matter of exehange, or 
 rather, tln' di(V.'reiie<' in tlie value of money in bank notes is not all'eeted by dill'erences in 
 loealily so luueh in (ireat Hrltain as is the ease in America. This leads us into Iho matter 
 of exchange, wlilch wc will notice by itself. Itefore we dismiss the iimiter of banks of 
 issue, we will refer to the system of WildCat Hanking as it is called. 
 
 Wj 
 
 (pin 
 
 hi 
 
 WILD-CAT BANKING. 
 
 that the banki 
 
 has thus been 
 
 '10)110 lias tlitis been connected 
 with the untamed of the feline species; certain it is, however, tliat tlie signification is 
 well understood, anil a " wildcat" bank note, if suspected, is looked at and liandled as a 
 man woidd handle a hot poker, and if he should haw been unfortunate enough to burn his 
 fingers by the operation, he very often suffers in silence, till he puts it into the liands of 
 some one else wlio is not aware of its <ju(ilili/, and who, in travelling, may ]>ay it away 
 quite innocently 1000 miles oil' in two days afterwards, its a]>pearance being hailed, ])er- 
 hnps, as a small god-send, by some one who has not seen the " colour" of money for some 
 time. In this way " wildcat" l)ank notes get into circulation, and continue, sometimes for 
 long periods, absent from home. Thousands and tens of thousands of dollars' worth of 
 those notes arc in circulation ; over the Western States more particularly, They have 
 cost the " wild-cat" oidy the paper, engraving, and his business-like signature to them, 
 with the "j)romise to pay," on demaTul, too, but forgetting to add, even by way of notn 
 bene, if he is aide and willing. His game sometimes is, after he has got out as many as he 
 cures about having out, or can get out, perhaps some friend raises a " hue and cry" as to 
 the stability of his bank, and he, poor unfurl unate(';), what can he do but decline business 
 — "collapse," " burst u])," or p>il a printed placnrd on his shutters, " (Jone to Kansas," if 
 not for change of air, certaiidy for change of scene, for future operations. 
 
 It hai)pens, however, sometimes, that such " wild-cat" concerns go on for years, and make 
 a sort of legitimate banking business out of it, so long as it answers their purpose. 
 
 As an assistance for the detection of wild-cat, and all spurious or " broken bank" notes, 
 see our notice headed " Bank Note Reporters." 
 
 As illustrative of something akin to this description of banking, and having reference to 
 State Stock Hanks, (or banks having their notes secured by the deposit of State stocks as 
 already explained,) we give the following quotation from the St. Louis Evcniufi Ncic», of 
 Sd September, as showing that even that description of bank bills arc tampered with, ond 
 circulated in a manner never intended by the law. 
 
 Active iiieaaiircs are taking to organize iiljrooil of slock l)anks in llio State of Iowa, under tlie general bank- 
 ing law recently aiioptuil in that State. Of course, St. l.ouis and Chicago will he exiiected to lake all that 
 comes of that fresh Hood of inedceinahle money, and turn It into gold and e.\cliange. The Israelites that 
 were compelled hy their Kgyplian lask-masters to make l)rick3 wilhout straw, were not harder worked than 
 are these two western cities to support llie foreign speculators in State bonds, bj converting their reams of 
 "lampblack and rags'' into actual cash. 
 
 When will the people of the Mississippi Valley rouse up to the clear comprehe: islon of the swindle that is 
 practised upon them by the stock banks of the West ? Those banks never redeem their notes in gold or sil- 
 ver, except when they are "wound up" by the comptroller. They never furnia.i exehange at the points 
 where it is wanted, and where their lying promises to |)ay are gathered, in the couue of trade. The .system 
 of stock banking, wilhout the Clearing House feature,' is an enormous fraud, unc a self-perpetuating evil, 
 that will exhaust the West of its gold, and end in a vast expansion of paper money, u..d a ruinous revulsion 
 before many years. 
 
 Just consider the operation of these banks a moment: a set of speculators— most probably having their 
 abode in Wall street, New York— to obtain if.W.OOl) of State bonds. With this start they organize a bank, 
 say on Kaccoon Creek, Wisconsin. They deposit the bonds with the State comptroller, who issues them a 
 batch of bank notes thereon. These notes are sent to St. Louis and sold, as any like bundles of paper 
 uiiglit be, at 1 per cent discount. Our brokera, bankers and merchaots give countenance to this kind of 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
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 ^ LS. 12.0 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
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 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.>. 4SS0 
 
 (716)872-4303 
 
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 4K5 
 
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22 
 
 EXCHANGE BUSINESS — DIFFERENCES OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 money. They all sny " It's gooil, perfectly secure, etc., and we must take It, else we will injure the trade of 
 the city." It Is sold by the makers and Issuers of It at 1 per cent discount for .Missouri paper. 
 
 The owners, through their !>t. I.ouis agents, present these .Missouri notes to the banks and demand the 
 specie. It is paid, and innnediatcly shipped to New York, and invested in another batch of State bonds, 
 which State bonds are made the basis of another new bank on Wililcnt Creek, Iowa ; anil the notes of this 
 new " wildcat" are in like manner sent to Ct. Louis and sold fur .Mis.iourl paper, whereby more specie Is 
 drawn from the Missouri banks, and sent away to organize more such banks. 
 
 Thus does the swindling proceeil, and multiply itself without check or limit. The country is fliled with 
 wortldess bank bills that arc never redeemed. Tlie specie is drawn from Missouri banks and shipped to 
 New York to buy bonds ; and for every dollar so lost we get a paper dollar in return. And, intelligent (f) 
 
 f)eople, inlluential bankers see this living outrage on honest labour and legitimate banking going on, and stand 
 leedless, as if paralyzed before the evil. 
 
 The only safely, the only permanent relief, will be found In putting a check on the expansion of an irre- 
 deemable paper currency in the Mississip]ii Valley. Let every bank note that circulates be forced to recog- 
 nize tlie specie basis in St. Louis and in Chicago. Then, If ainerchant In St. Louis wants eastern exchange, 
 and has |5,(l(lfl or $10,(^0 in Illinois or Wisconsin currency, lie may go to the Clearingllouse of such money, 
 and get the gold or the exchange. He will not be compelieil, .is now, to sell his currency, lose a part of it 
 by discouiit, get Missouri notes in return, and then demand and obtain gold from the Missouri bank.s. 
 
 Altliough Great Britain cannot boast of " wildcat" liankorsin name, it must be confessed 
 that tlie events of tlie late conimereial panic, has developed the fact that " wildcats" are 
 to be found even among the hanking fraternity of wealthy England, cautious Scotlanil, 
 and impetuous Ireland ; a fraternity, by the way, which is popularly believed to exist 
 somewhere in the region of the seventh lieaven of honour, morality, and infallibility, but 
 ns recent events have proved, its members are only luorttil after all, and who are a^ liable 
 to err, morally as well as criminally, as the young and rising merchant, whose bills they 
 maj' be desirous of discounting, so long ns it answers the purpose of manager or directors, 
 until he is cast off, and launched suddenly into the slaughter-houso of some accountant, in 
 whom the banker may be specially interested, or otherwise into the court of bniikru|)tcy. 
 The doings, however, of such wildcat banking establishments, have not the same facilities 
 in Britain and Ireland, ns they have in some districts of America, in so fnr ns the issue of 
 notes is concerned, whilst the unlimited liability of sharelioldership secures for the note- 
 holder, at some time or other, 20.i. in the £, or 10t» cents to the ?. 
 
 Upon the whole, therefore, it is only just to sny, thnt whilst the banking system of 
 America is ns we have endeavoured to give samples of, it can boast of men in the profession 
 of ns high standing, not, jterhaps, in means, but in integrity of purpose, and commer<'ial 
 financing abilities ns what Great Britain can do, nnd her tirst-clnss bankers in such as New 
 York, Philadelphia, and elsewhere, inherit the confidence of the public as much ns any 
 joint stock bank, or even the Bank of England itself, does in England, Scotland, or Ire- 
 land. 
 
 EXCHANGE AND EXCHANGE OFFICES. 
 
 This branch of the banking business is supposed to be n very speculative, nnd sometimes 
 a very money-making one, that depending upon the nnture of the e.\cliange business done, 
 and the qualifications of the operator. Some bnnkers purchase the notes of " broken 
 banks," or banks which have suspended — and the nfTairs of which are still unsettled. They 
 pay so much per dollar upon the bills or notes of such — and take their chance of getting 
 more than thay pay for them. Tlicir knowledge of the position of all banks which are 
 being " wound up," nnd what prospect there is as to a dividend, enables them to speculate 
 accordingly — pretty safely — and obtain a good margin. Again, sometimes a panic is raised 
 about the stability of some one or more banks in certain districts ; the public who have the 
 notes of such banks, getting to hear of it, become frightened, and go to these exchange- 
 bankers or brokers, who offer what they like for them; the said banker, in some cases, 
 knowing perfectly well that the bank is all right, and thus pockets perhaps i!,") per cent, 
 by the transaction. Such reports as to the standing of perfectly good banks, are sometimes 
 got up by interested parties, to the great profit of the brokers, who buy up the notes from 
 6 to 26 per cent, discount, ns the case may be. 
 
 The whimsicalities of banking, and confidence in certain bank-notes, wns curiously illus- 
 trated last July, when the brokers took into their heads to " throw out" the notes of niMirly 
 all the banks of the Stale of Wisconsin, whilst, at the same time, it was followed by on an- 
 uouncement from the railroad companies there, that the notes of these very banks would 
 
THE BANK NOTES OF AMERICA. 
 
 28 
 
 be taken nt par, or full value. If there was no " dodge" somewhere in that, it certainly 
 looked like it. So far, therefore, as re{,'ards broken banks, and buying notes under value. 
 
 The legitimate exchange businefs, however, consists more in the exchanging of the bank- 
 notes of one State for tliose of another State, or paying their value in gold or silver. Thus, 
 for e-xample, if a .£1 Scotch bank note is taken to London, (Eng.,) no London banker will 
 take it as wortli 20,« stg., if he takes it at all. To get it converted into silver it must 
 be taken to some silversmith or jeweller, who is in the habit of exchanging money of 
 that sort, or to a " bullion broker," whose business is that of exchanging the money 
 of any foreign country for that of England, or vice versa. He is the English "exchange 
 banker or broker." On going to him with a Scotch one pound-note, he would give only 
 l!),v., or IDs. and tirf. for it; thus charging Crf. or l.i, for " exchange." Such is the prin- 
 ciple here, only that, sometimes, the notes of one State are more valuable 1000 miles from 
 the place where issued, than the notes of those you wish to exchange them for, as we will 
 endeavour to explain. Tluis, for example, the notes of a first-class New York bank are 
 more valuable in Cliieago, than the notes of a Chicago bank are there, because the bankers 
 and merchants in Chicago can send, say a $5 New York note, to New York, and get credit 
 for !|!5 in full ; but if tluy were to send a $5 Chicago bank note, tlie parties in New York 
 receiving it would deduct, perhaps, 1^ per cent., or equal to 1^ cents, off that note, as 
 Ciiicago notes in New York arc not worth so much there, as New York notes are, although 
 the i;hicago note is good enough, and worth ,$5 in full in the State where issued. The 
 difference, therefore, between the value of a ?5 Chicago note in Chicago, and in New 
 Vork, is \\ per cent., or 7^ cents, on a $5 note. That difference is called the " difference 
 of exchange," or, that Chicago notes in the New York Morket are 1-J per cent, below par, or 
 full standard value. Tlius, a $5 Chicago note is worth only $ 1.92^ — (four dollars and 
 ninety-two and a half cents) in New York. 
 
 As a general rule, we think we may say, that after a note of any State almost, except- 
 ing New York and the New England States, travels out of the State where it was issued, 
 it loses in value the furtiier it travels from home, as it were, (in the same way ns the Scotch 
 pound note does, when it goes to I^ondon,) and is subject to a deduction to a small extent, 
 if you wish to convert it into gold or silver. As we have said, this applies to almost all the 
 notes of banks issued in every State, excepting those stated ; from the fact of New York 
 being the centre where money is due, and having to be paid there, it is cheaper to pay 
 with New York notes than any other, as we have already stated. 
 
 In travelling, therefore — if you are a stranger — see that you are carrying no notes of one 
 State into another State with you. Tiie best money for you to take is gold — in 1, 2|, 3, 5, 
 10, and 20 dollar pieces. They will go anywhere for full value. 
 
 All exchange oftiees are not always what they profess to be. In many places they par- 
 take of the character of gambling-houses, and such like. Respectable exchange offices, 
 who can be trusted with business safely, are in every city and town, and are easily 
 found out. 
 
 At many places, the sign of " Exdiange" is put up, when it means a pawnbroker's shop, 
 a drinking saloon, or where farm produce is bartered for dry goods, groceries, etc., so that 
 this is one of the mony things wiiich takes time for a stranger to thoroughly understand 
 and to discriminate between the different kinds of "Exchange" places of business there 
 are, and pick out the " wheat from the chaff. " 
 
 THE BANK NOTES OF AMERICA. 
 
 The bank notes— or bank bills, as they are eaUed— both of tlie United States and Cant. Ja, 
 are different, in many respects, to those of Great Britain. They have all one greot and 
 good feature about them, viz., they are all one size, and neither like the dumpy £1 
 note of Scotland, the broad sheet "f Ireland, nor yet like the " promise to pay" of Mr, 
 Matthew Marshall, of tiie Bank of England. In one respect, however, they are like the £1 
 notes of Scotland and Ireland— they are used till they become quite as filthy, greasy, dirty, 
 
 r 
 
 J 
 

 24 
 
 BANK NOTES AND REPORTERS. 
 
 ragged-looking remnants of belter days. Like the Scotch and Irish banks, we presume, 
 the American banks tliink it too much of a good ttiing to follow the example of the 
 Bank of England, who, every time its notes come back to it, are never sent out again, 
 although they were issued only the day before. They are not so prodigal with their 
 paper, in that respect, as the " old lady of Tlireadneedle street" is ; besides, it might 
 be sometimes rather inconvenient to be issuing fresh batches of notes, seeing that, for the 
 most part, they end in amount where Bank of England notes begin, viz., £5, or $20, and 
 not only so, but the well-thumbed, " all tattered and torn" dollar note begets confidence in 
 its very rags and length of service, and thus it goes, from hand to hand, till its flimsy form 
 evaporates somewhere, or finds its way back, perchance, to be " paid on demand," if it is 
 in a condition capable of being read. 
 
 The American bank note is about 3 inches deep, and 7 inches long, exquisitely engraved, 
 with all the minuteness of the engraver's art, and signed and decorated with all the para- 
 phernalia attendant on such representatives of jiublic confidence ond wealtli. 
 
 They are issued from $1 upwards, running 2, 3, and 5, and from that to lO's, rising 
 6 each time. From $10, they rise to 20 and 50, by lO's, and from that to $100, and from 
 that, by lOO's, on to $500, ond from that to $1000. 
 
 They are made, generally, of thin, greyish-white coloured poper, with sometimes sundry 
 glaring-coloured stamps, etc., upon them. None of them, when new, which we have seen, 
 have the appearance of a new, snow-white Bank of England note, but resemble in appear- 
 ance the Scotch bank notes, when new, but the paper not half so thick or tough as tiicy 
 are. Tellers, in British and Irish banks, may judge of what the counting and sorting of 
 notes, value 4«. each, must be, and the number of banks about 2000. We can fancy noth- 
 ing that could possibly ruffle the temper of some of the methodical gentlemen in the Bank 
 of England, or the fast-looking gentlemen in some of the London private banks, so much 
 B8 having only a couple of thousand pounds' worth, of a miscellaneous lot of American bank 
 notes, to sort and pay out. If tl ey thought the paying o'lt of their bran-new 5 pounders 
 a bore, we fancy they would perfectly revere the sight of them, ever afterwards. After 
 all, however, as one gets accustomed to even the $1 notes, they are preferable for carrying, 
 compared to a lot of gold or silver, in the pocket. 
 
 As a means of distinguishing good notes from bad ones, publications called " Bank Note 
 Reporters" are used, a few particulars regarding which we annex. 
 
 BANK-NOTE REPORTERS. 
 
 Amongst the literature of America, a perfect host of publications, all under one title, is 
 Issued, which, so far as we are aware, is almost unknown, and, we may also add, perfectly 
 unnecessary in Great Britain and Ireland. The publications we refer to are hiniill news- 
 paper-looking periodicals, termed " Bank-Note Reporters," or, in a few cases, " Bunk-Note 
 Lists." They are issued, generally, of about 32 pages of the imperial size, closely printed 
 with very small type, and some giving wood-cut engravings of all the known coins in cir- 
 culation throughout the world, and their relative value. 
 
 In every place of business, — whether it be at the office of the largest hotel, the largest 
 wholesale or rotoil store, down to the old woman who retails out 3 cents' worth of sugar- 
 candy — the bank-note reporter is t-j be seen hung up at hand — in cities, towns, villages, 
 and even in a solitary shanty in the woods, so be that any thing is sold there. 
 
 Bank-note reporters arc issued by the exchange bonkers or brokers, and contain 
 lists of every bank in the United States and Canada, and profess to give their read- 
 ers correct idea of the position ond standing of every bonk, as well as all who 
 have failed, been closed, or ore at a low discount, and how much below par their 
 notes are, if any — whether they are " shin-j)lasters," or " counterfeits," or " imitations" — 
 what is the correct current value of " broken banks," and all " uncurrent money," and, in 
 foot, every porticulor by which you con tell a good note from a bad one, when it is pre- 
 sented, whether it be a |1 , ' n ^500 note, or bill 
 
CURIOSITIES OF BANKING LITERATURE. 
 
 26 
 
 Tliese public'iUions are a puMic necessity, and the business of the country could not 1>.' 
 carried on safely without them. Were tliey to <^,> out of existence to-morrow, tlie whole 
 country would, most likely, he flooded with coiniterfeits and imitations of the notes of 
 banks in existence, as well as the notes of banks which had no existence, except on paper. 
 
 In nil the cities, these reporters are issued in hirjjre quantities, and as every exchani,'e 
 broker liiis one set of corr.'si.ondeiits in other lari,'e cities, he f,'ets the value of stocks cor- 
 rected by tliese correspondents in their various localities, and thus presents, probably, in the 
 " Reporter" the prices of stocks in each of the lending cities, in addition to his quota- 
 tions respect in;,' the character, and value of all bank-notes, in the city wliere he pub- 
 lishes his reporter. 
 
 The reporters are jiulilishcd daily, tri-wcekly, semi-weekly, and weekly, so as to suit all 
 classes of purchasers — the old woman alluiled to, probably, beiuj.; content to carry on her 
 business liy iriltini? " ])osted up" weekly, at a cost of 4 or 5 cents— whilst the larger 
 operators wish to be "posted" daily, on the same subject. 
 
 It will at once be seen how necessary it is, that such publications should be conducted 
 liy men of undoubted intecrrity, and who ouijht to have no interest, other than in ren- 
 dering; their publications as trustworthy as the (pu>tations of stocks is considered to be in a 
 London or any other tirst-idass newspaper. We have no doubt some of them are con- 
 ducted by men of hii,'h moral jirinciple, who state the exact stanilini^ of every bankini; 
 concern in tlii' whole country, as they believe it to be, and that their ojiinions and (piota- 
 tions may be perfectly correct. Whilst we admit tliat freely, we have every reason to be- 
 lieve, that bank-note rejiorters are issued, in some instances, from very different motives, 
 and wlio do not slate the facts as to the jiosition of all banks, truthfully and fearlessly. In 
 some cases it is well known, that unless a lianking concern, will /ir and brihe the publish- 
 ers of certain bank-note reporters, they will (piote the said banks lower than they ought 
 to do, and liy such nu'ans create a faiiia or prejudice against them, no dmibt to some 
 extent injurious to the banks tlius assailed, by this species of black-mail, which is 
 levelle<l against them. Tiiat is in the case of perfectly good banks. On the other hand, 
 again, there is no do\ibt, that that class of reporter publishers are guilty of quoting 
 "wildcat" banks at jirices they are not entitled to, and by other means ]>nffing the notes 
 of such into eiivulation, on receiving a handsome douceur for their trouble. Such bank- 
 note rejiorters are, of course, any thing but reliable ; the onlj' difficulty is, how you arc to 
 tell one from another — sei'ing tliat they are all pidilished by exchange brokers, who call 
 themselves baiikei's. As we said before, there is no doubt, whatever, that there are respecta- 
 able ones amongst them — those guilty of such practices as alluded to being, we believe, the 
 exception — yet it is only by a long roidence in the town where they are published that 
 you will be emibled to discriminate between the real and the doubtful of tliese safe-guards 
 of thepuldic pocket. The circulation of some of the most respectable of them, averages, 
 it is said, 1(1(1,0110 copies each publication. 
 
 Presuming you want to know if a bank is good, you have only to refer to the ali)liabe(i- 
 oal list of nil banks published in the reporter— and if you do not find it amongst that list, 
 yon may eoneliide it is bad — or you may find it amongst the list of " IJroken Banks." 
 The banks in every State are alphabetically arranged by themselves, so that there is no 
 ditlieidty in finding out the name of the bank yon want. Any one who has to do Avith 
 money, and tiie receiving of it — in notes, to him — a bank-note reporter is indispensable. 
 Tliey abound in all large cities. 
 
 CURIOSITIES OF BAXKING LITERATURE. 
 
 As we have no doubt tliere are ninny who are not aware of the existence of a few curi- 
 osities ill banking literature, which are to be found in America, we think we will be con- 
 ferring, perhaps, some information, as well ns amusement, if we give a few extracts from 
 one of the " !?nnk-N'ole Ueporlcrs,"' before alluded to. These public informants present a 
 few features, we think, quite unknown by many of even the banking population of Great 
 
26 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM BANK-NOTE REPORTERS. 
 
 Britain, as well as by llie great mass of the people there, consequently, we annex a few ex- 
 tracts from one, as exiiibiting illustrations of " WiUl-Cat" banking, and tl»e amount of in- 
 genuity thore must be at work in the lithographing and engraving world, to produce the 
 ho»t« of counterfeit or Kigus notes there are in existence. 
 
 The first sample we will present, is a piece of advice tendered to the Carroll County 
 Rank, N. 11., to see that its notes are better printed in future. Fancy one of the small 
 })ublications of I/indon talking to the IJank uf Scotland, perhaps, in the following strain ! 
 
 " We would call the attention of the Legislature of Xew Hampshire to the miserably en- 
 graved issues of the Carroll County Hank, Sandwioli. We have seen sfvi'ral of tlicir is- 
 sues, and took particular notice of tiieui. Tiie bank ought to l)e indiitt'd for getting out 
 such aliominably engraved notes, as the temptation to counterfeit tiieni will be almost ir- 
 resistible." 
 
 It is (juite evident that the Bank-Note Reixirter has the public welfare at heart in its 
 magnanimous advice, as quoted. 
 
 The ne.\t intimation is of a very gratifying nature, when it saj-s, with regard to the State 
 Bank of Indiana, that " it is now denionstmted that the State of Indiana will realize about 
 $2,(100,(100 clear profit, through its connection with this liank and tiie Sinking Fund." 
 
 Talking of a certain bank in Litchfield, (the name of whicli we do not give,) the Re- 
 porter is again solicitous after the safety of the public, in talking very much os if it was 
 hunting up a " wild eat," when it says : — 
 
 " Tills institution has been under investigation for some time, and, to (jiioto from a Cmi- 
 nectieut jouriuil, it is a " xort of u fa.U and looxe" (tfrniKiemcnt, irliich irnx " tif no iixc to nvy 
 one. hut the owner ;" and like a certain horse navigator, wiio, once upon a time, took a ride 
 on a Jersey road, and gave tiie steed too mucii headway) tiie bank, like the horse, was too 
 much to manage, and went its way accordingly." 
 
 We next find an explanation of marks and letters which a inserted after the names of 
 particular banks. Tliusitsays: — 
 
 " The figures on the line witii tiie bank expresses the dixeounl on its notes. 
 " Tiie descriptions under eacli bank are >>( coiiiiter/i'its or alti'falio)i.<i on tlie bank. 
 " Tiie letter (F) on tlie line with the bank shows it to be a free tuiiik, with notes secured 
 by a dej)osit." 
 
 Where the ictter (S) occurs, it is understood to mean that that particular bank is organ- 
 ized under ii;'.' " Safety Fund Bank Ijxw," but, strange although it may appear, says: — 
 " These banks have no security deposited for the redemption of their notes." 
 
 Otlier explanations follow, for exanqde, showing the caution exhibited for the welfare 
 of the public, yet not forgetting number one, in the last sentence; — 
 
 " The letter (D) means that we consider the bank Jouliffiil. 
 
 " A dash ( — ), that it is unsaleable. 
 
 "An index (ZWh tl>"t we know too little of the bank to quote it. 
 
 " A star (*), that the quotation is not reliable — douiitful whether we buy at all." 
 
 We nov/ give a few samples of how the counterfeitu are noticed and described. 
 
 Taking the case of the " Farmers' Bank, Orwell, Vermont," it would appear that the 
 genius of the counterfeiters had lieen directed to impose upon the simple farmers in that 
 State, of lovely scenery, in the following manner : — 
 
 $1, vignette, farmer, sheaf of grain, rake, etc. ; female, shield, and figure 1 on riglit end. 
 
 $2, vignette, farmer feeding hogs — altered from Farmers' Bank, Wiekford, R. 1. 
 
 $2, s])urious — vignette, cattle under tree. 
 
 $2, figure 2 in the centre — female and eagle on the left — three females on the right 
 
 $1!, altered from broken Farmers' Bank, Wiekford, II. I. 
 
 |l;i, vignette, men, boy, horses, shee]), house, etc. — female feeding chickens on right lower 
 corner. 
 
 $5 and $10, vignette, man lying on the ground, sheaf, rake, etc. — head on lower left 
 corner, female on lower right — Orwell is spelled "Orwidds." 
 
 On the notes of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, in Burlington, Vt., again, the follow- 
 ing counterfeits are thus described : — 
 
 ciei 
 
 cart 
 
 And 
 
 and 
 H 
 
COUNTERFEITS, AND IMITATIONS OF BANK NOTES. 
 
 27 
 
 $3, |6, $10, $20, cpurious — Washington on onch end. 
 $5, letter B — vignette figure 5— tn»n and liorses on each side. 
 ^, vignette, a feniale caressing an eagle. 
 |5, $10, $20, $50, and $loo, altered. 
 $10, vignette, a female, eheaf of wheat, cattle, etc. 
 
 $20, vignette female witli a Bpinniug-whoel— an Indian on the right end— female and 
 eagle on the left end. 
 
 $50, vignette, figure of Hope— on the right end a stag— on the left, a female figure, with 
 one foot on a globe. o > 
 
 $100, Lafayette and Washington on the ends. 
 
 It will thus be seen, that notwithstanding the ingenuity displayed in trying to dazzle 
 the farmers and mechanics of Orwell and Turlington with the illustrations alluded to, the 
 shiirp eye of the "reporter" ia upon them. Not content with trying their hand at 'such 
 out-of-the-woy places as quoted, some more daring spirits come into New York State, and 
 crossing over from New York to Brooklyn- as it might be crossing from the city of Lon- 
 don to the Uorough— there they make a dead set on the notes of the veritable " Mechanics' 
 Bank, Brooklyn," which has got its genuine notes secured by deposit of State stocks. 
 
 The imitations on its notes are thus given ; — 
 
 $2, spurious— vignette, ship under sail, female on right, 
 
 $3, vignette, blacksmith on right corner at work. 
 
 $3, vignette, eagle and shield, Washington with 3 on each side. 
 
 $5, agricultural implements, with female seated on a rock on the left of vignette. 
 
 $5, altered — vignette, horse-slioeing. 
 
 $5, altered — vignette, sailor at a wheel. 
 
 Not daunted ot that attempt, onothcr is actually made upon the "New York State 
 Bank" itself, of which the celebrated Rufus U. King is president. Thus: — 
 
 5<3, vignette, State Arms, portrait between signatures. 
 
 ^5, Indian on right end, 
 
 $5, spurious — vignette, four females supporting a "5." 
 
 $5, spurious — vignette, images swinging in a wreath. 
 
 $5, Massachusetts' coat of arms on the right side, " New" in New York is spelt " Now." 
 
 ^10, $20, $50, altered — vignette, female, eagle, ship. 
 
 We could fill a good-sized volume with such descriptions, and as our last, we will give 
 another, as showing that even in Iler Majesty's dominions, a leaf or two is desired out of 
 the books of issue, and taken without the liberty of the best banks in Canada. 
 
 Whether the counterfeits are of American or Canadian manufacture, we are not suffi- 
 ciently " posted" to say. 
 
 Who would have thought of the good old-fashioned, cautious Scotch banker, Mr. David- 
 son, being attempted to be imposed upon in this manner, with such imitations as the follow- 
 ing, on the " Bank of Montreal." Thus we quote : — 
 
 Genuine notes of this bank, it is said, are in circulation, with counterfeit signature. Be 
 careful. 
 
 $5, steamer on upper right corner; cattleonleft; 5in centre; an eagle between signatures. 
 
 $5, Toronto Branch, letter A, pay Baker; the word "value" to left of "Toronto," in 
 genuine it is over " Toronto ;" in counterfeit, nose of small dog comes near " T" in " To- 
 ronto," in genuine it is an eighth of an inch from the " T." 
 
 $5, Montreal Bank — pay cash or bearer; others pay L. Carlle, in Quebec, April 2, 1819, 
 and pay W. Radenhaun. 
 
 $5, altered — vignette, farmer reclining on 5 ; others V in circle at bottom. 
 
 $10, lithograph — they are numbered lOjOi?. 
 
 $10, altered from $1. 
 
 $10, parliament is spelled parliment, 
 
 $10, photograph on the Petersborough Branch. 
 
 We fancy we see a genuine smile come over the grave face of the manager, when he saw 
 the " nose of small dog" coming into too close proximity with one of his head agencies, 
 and the other dodges to deceive him and his " cute" tellers. 
 
 Having thus given a few samples of the counterfeit notes in circulation, we will now con- 
 
28 BROKEN HANKS — USUUY LAWS. 
 
 cliidc our cxtrncis of tlioso gc na of bniiking litcratuiT, with nii illiistvntion or two of how 
 tho clmnictor or deiitli of boiiio of the " institulions" nre thus so nillilcssly roconlfd, with- 
 out iho loast rogiird for tho foelings of tho living, or the friends of dejuirtod heroes of 
 banking renown. 
 Thus a few of the Canada banks is recorded : — 
 
 City ok Hamilton, (sliinplaster,) Hamilton no mle. 
 
 Col.o.NlAt. IJank ok CUAniAM, U. I' — 
 
 Co.M.MEiniAL J Sank, Ih'oi'kvillo closed. 
 
 CoMMKIlCIAI, IJaNK, l''lU't l']|'io cliisill. 
 
 Mkciianic-s' JSank, iMontroal fraud. 
 
 ItlKitciiANTs' Bank, Toronto fraud. 
 
 National Iiank, Montreal fraud 
 
 NiACiAllA SlSl'KNSlOX IJlllDUK t'o fuihd. 
 
 Ottawa 15axk, Ottawa J'nihd. 
 
 People's Bank ok Toronto cluxcd. 
 
 Crossing the St. Ijiwrence, we tind in tlie United StatfS, tlie following, out of hundreds, 
 a» showing there that " shinplasters" won't go down at ony price, no more than lliey will 
 in Canada : — 
 
 Commonwealth Bank closed. 
 
 CoMMKiici AL Bank closed 
 
 Etna Iiwn Flunack, (sliinplaster,) no sale. 
 
 Atlantic Bank, May's Landing closed. 
 
 Atlantic Bank, Cape May, (". II closed. 
 
 ]{ank ok Amkkk'a, ("ape May closed. 
 
 Bank ok Cai'e May Co., Cape Island, Cape Jlay Co — 
 
 That the counterfeits on some banks are numerous, may be inferred from the fact, that 
 on the " State Bank of Ohio," alone, we couut no less than SIJ different descriptions of coun- 
 terfeit notes on it. 
 
 When a new bank is started, it is laconically announced, for example, thus: — 
 
 '• The Manufacturers' ]5ank, at Elizabethport, N. J., has just connueneed business, with 
 N. P. Saris, as president, ami James Wilson, as cashier." 
 
 "The directors of the Fayette County Bank, at Uniontown, Pa., mot and organized on 
 Monday last. Alfred Patterson, Esq., was elected president of the bank, and William 
 Wilson, Esq., cashier." 
 
 We advise all who have 5 cents to invest, to get a "bank-note reporter." It may not be 
 long before it proves its worth, to be equal to its weight in gold. 
 
 
 THE USURY LAWS. 
 
 As one of the peculiarities connected with American finance, we append a list, showing 
 the rates per cent., which can be legally claimed for the loan of money in the respective 
 States, and the penalties incurred for exacting more than is legal. 
 
 It will bo seen that the "crime" of usury has a wide margin, ranging, in most cases, 
 from to 10 per cent. In the State of Minnesota, we believe it is 15 per cent. The 
 penalties, however, attached to charging a higher rate of interest, act as a dead letter, it 
 being well known, to use a common saying in this countrj-, " It is an easy matter to whip 
 the devil round the post," or, in other words, evade the law, by various modes. Nothing 
 is easier, by those who are so disposed. 
 
 It is now four years ago (5th Aug., 1854) since the usury laws of England were repealed, 
 and from the tone of some influential journalists in America, we shall be surprised, if such 
 absurd and powerless laws should be much longer deferred in being repealed there olso. 
 
 States. ■ Legal Interest, Penalties for Oiarglng more than Legal Rates. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 per cent. 
 6 " " 
 6 " " 
 
 Loss of excess, and interest, and law costs. 
 Loss of 3 times excess of interest. 
 Loss of excess of interest. 
 
USURY LAWS— COMMERCIAL COLLEGES. 
 
 29 
 
 
 Penaltieii for Charging more than Legul Bates. 
 
 LosH of ;i tinii'M liie whole interest and law costs. 
 
 I.o.s.i of excess of interest. 
 
 Loss of all interest. 
 
 Forfeitnre of eoiiinict, and, in criminal action, fine not cxcced- 
 
 inj? ;i;l,iiuu i,>^:iWMi;.),um\im^risunincnt not cxccediuii sij: 
 
 ('(iiitract void, and prinoipic and interest forfeited. 
 
 K.xcess of interest only forfeited. 
 
 I'rineipal and interest forfeited. 
 
 Loss of excess of interest. 
 
 Usurious contracts void. 
 
 I'rineipal and interest forfeited; and, if usury is paid, double 
 
 the amount of principal and interest. 
 Loss of interest. 
 Los.s of interest. 
 Loss of interest. 
 Loss of interest. 
 Lo.s.s of interest. 
 
 ID per cent, allowed on contract, and loss of interest if ex- 
 ceeding this. 
 
 Loss of live times the interest. 
 
 lo per cent, allowed ou contracts, forfeiture of excess of in- 
 terest. 
 
 Loss of interest. 
 
 Loss of interest. 
 
 Same as Fowa. 
 
 Same as Iowa. 
 
 Same as Iowa. 
 
 Same as Iowa. 
 
 Liable to an indicttnont for misdemeanour. Forfeiture of usu- 
 rious interest, and lined. 
 
 VI per cent, allowed on contracts. Forfeiture of all con- 
 tracts. 
 
 Loss of interest. 
 
 No penalty. 
 
 The Territories are not subject to any usury laws. 
 
 The State of Pennsylvania has been the lirst to pronounce in favour of free trade in money mat- 
 ters in this respect. 
 
 Some European readers may be reminded, that the difference of rates in the States, is owing to 
 the fact that each State frames its own laws, and what may bo justice according to law, in one 
 State, may not be considered so in some of the other States \i\ the Union. 
 
 In Canaila the lej;al interest has been at ti>e rate of per cent, but by a law, passed last 
 session, imlividuals may exact any rate of interest whicli may be agreed upon between 
 them. Banks, liowovcr, are prohibited from exacting a liigbcr rate of discount than "r 
 per cent., and are prohibited from paying interest upon deposits. 
 
 States. 
 Mnssachusctls. 
 Rhode Island. 
 Connecticut. 
 New York. 
 
 I^gal Interest. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 II " " 
 
 n " " 
 
 'T 4t tt 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Vir;;inia. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 
 li 
 <; 
 11 
 (i 
 
 (1 
 
 t( 
 «4 
 
 «t 
 (1 
 
 It 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 8 
 fi 
 (> 
 
 
 11 
 
 (1 
 
 II 
 tl 
 II 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 Indiana. 
 Iowa. 
 
 f. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 (t 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 .Missouri. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 
 8 
 7 
 C 
 
 
 (! 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 tt 
 tl 
 tt 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 Texas. 
 
 8 
 
 t 
 
 " 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 Calitbrnia. 
 
 12 
 
 li 
 
 Ik 
 
 CO^^I^IERCIAL COLLEGES. 
 
 As wo bnvo stated elsewhere, tlie commercial education of the Americans is in genonl 
 far more varied and more generally useful than that enjoyed by young men in commercial 
 circles in Great Britain. The education there terminates too frequently with a boy obtain- 
 ing at school a slight knowledge of book-keeping and accounts, so that by the time he goes 
 abroad intotlie world, he knows about as much respecting such matters, as if he had never 
 lieard of a day-book, bill-book, or ledger. 
 
 Until some years ago, the same state of things existed in America, until institu- 
 tions of an exehisivcly commereial clmrnctei were established, called " Commercial Col- 
 leges." Sneh establishments are carried on by teachers on their own account, in a great 
 many of the large cities in the United States, but not in Canada, so far as we are aware. 
 
 Si'.eli an institution generally consists of one or more immense large rooms or lialls, hung 
 round with blackboards, diagrams, and superb specimens of caligraphy, and filled with 
 a largo supply of tables and chairs. 
 
 Students attend there, varying from 15 to nearly CO years of ago. Tiio students sit 
 apart from each other, so that one student is not aware as to the state of proficiency of 
 the one nearest to him. Scholars of all ages arc to be seen listening to the teacher from 
 
30 
 
 COMMERCIAL COLLEQES— AUCTION ROOMS. 
 
 the black-board — working out tlieir acooiintH — or, pcrlmps, trying to iniprovo their 
 haiiilwriting. lu this wny, the iniin of 110 yenrH of u^u, who fiinlif hi:! coiniiierciul edu- 
 cation ill sumn i'vti|u'ct« deticit'tit, irs Uiuglit in such u way ax not to diN|ihiy hi» igiiurunco of 
 sucli tiiiittei'it to the yoiin^^ lad of 15 or 111. Tiiu coiinto of instruction is so nrruii|i(ed, that 
 students can enter and coninience their studirs at an}' time, and receive from the instruc- 
 tions of the teacher the advantages of a class, all coinniencing at one time. There is nu 
 special attendance insisted upon, but the system is so worked, that every student — young 
 and old — at once feels it to be liis interest to attend regularly and work dil\;ently, as, until 
 ho reaches a given point of perfection, he is refused the diploma of eftieieney, which is 
 given only to those who attain tlie standard fixed u|>on by the projirietor of the college, 
 the particulars of which every student is made aware of. 
 
 We had the pleasure of seeing one of these institutions in full operation at Cincinnati 
 (where they are carried on most eHicienlly), and were very much pleased with the method 
 ])ur9ued, and forcibly impre:ised with the value which such an eilucation must prove, 
 in advancing young men in eoinmereial positions aftrrwards, as well as enabling them 
 to take situations in a coiinting-iiousc or office of whatever description. They are taught 
 not only the every-day ofloirs of how to keep books by single and double entry, nuiko 
 out accounts, calculate interest, draw bills, understand comniii'sion business — and the whole 
 by a regular system of books throughout — but the information conveyed extends to insu- 
 rance, railroad business, shipping, manufacturing, and banking operations. On ]>articular 
 days each week, lectures are delivered to the whole school c?i maxie, by one of the pro- 
 fessors, on certain commercial subjects. Wc had the pleasure of attending one of these 
 lectures (by Mr. H. M. IJartlelt, of Cincinnati,; and were highly gratified by the lucid ex]iluim- 
 tions he gave of banking operations — how conducted — the nature of such as the deposit 
 ledger, discount-ledger, and the various other books used in banks, and the relation each 
 assistant has to particular books — all conveyed in such language that the dullest student 
 could comprehend it. 
 
 The system, altogether, of commercial colleges, is on excellent one, and must tend greot- 
 ly to the advancement of the students who attend them. So much are thej' now in use, 
 and so highly valued, that one of the best credentials a young man can produce ipf liis com 
 niercial ability, is to present his diploma from u Wfllknown comiiiereial college. The 
 requirements at some colleges are greater limn others, and hence the dill'erenee in the 
 accomplishments of their members, as well as in the standing of different colleges. 
 
 The periods to which the course of instruction extends, def)eiids entirely upon the stu- 
 dent himself. Home will finish in 8 or ID weeks — others, again, will take double that 
 length of time; and in neither case do tluy get their diploma till they have reached the 
 standard of proficiency fixed upon. 
 
 In the western cities, many who attend such colleges ai'e the sons of farmers, who, not 
 having had the advantages of acciuiriiig information on such matters ut the public schools, 
 repair to these colleges to complete their commercial education, so as to fit them for com- 
 nieueing in their first situation ; others, again, as we have said, much older in years, attend 
 thetc colleges, to j)erfect themselves in branehcsthey found themselves deficient in. 
 
 One of the peculiarities of the colleges referred to, is, in summer weather, to find every 
 student, with scarcely an e.\cei)tion, studying without coat or jacket — one and all being 
 in their shirt sleeves — on account of the great heat. 
 
 
 AUCTION ROOMS AND AUCTIONEERS. 
 
 TuE auction rooms in America — such as in New York, for example — are carried on in n 
 style, and an amount of bond fide business transacted in them, which strangers to this coup- 
 try have little idea of. 
 
 Goods are exported from Britain and the continent of Europe to be sold in the miction 
 room, and afeo imported by many houses here, who take advantage of it as their 
 regular ond only means of disposing of their imports, whilst others again, who have over- 
 

 TRADE SALES— AN AUCTION ROOM IN NEW YORK. 8i 
 
 Imported, or witli a bail prospect before tliem, or a lot of old otook on Imiul, throw them 
 into the auction room to bo sohl for what they will brinj?, durinj^ the tvrnw of tlic " Spriiij;" 
 and " Full" seosons' trade. Tiie best wholewile an.l retail houaes in New York, and in all 
 parts, buy nt these! sal.'w. There arc auction rooms for dry (,'oods, others for books and 
 stationery, others for hardware, and so on. Each auction room is tilled with merchants or 
 storekeepers interested in the respective classes of goods to be sold. Thus, ot u " Trade 
 Sale," as it is called, of books, for example, you will tind l)ooks sent there by publishers in 
 London. ISoston, I'hilad.'lphia, and New York. The catah.giies specify whose books titcy 
 are, state puiilishing price, ami how many copies there are of each particular book. 
 At a book trade sale, all the leadinij booksellers in the coinitry are drawn toj,'ether, and 
 there men meet who have not seen each other for f. niontlis or more, and sometimes uc- 
 quaintaneeships are renewed or formed for mutual pleasure and udvaiitage. 
 
 To give an idea of the extent of business done at these sales, we may mention, that nt 
 the trade sale in September last, in New York, books were sold to the amount of no less 
 than about HOo.diio, or £8(),0iMt, stg., out of M5 invoices. The largest amount sent in l)y 
 one house being ijcjo.iuM), or £IOOo stg. The sale occupied 11 days, from 8, a. m,, to 10, 
 r. M., showing an average amount of about £7272 worth of books sold every day The 
 catalogue of all the works sent in for sale is ready, and in the hands of the trade, about a 
 nu)nth previously. The largest numlicr of copies of any one book sold, was 4tJU0 copies. 
 At that sale an olfcr was made and refused for 2()0,0(X) copies of a particular spelling-book, 
 at one-eiglith of a cent less than the regular price. 
 
 Immense (juantities of stationery are also sold at these sales. 
 
 In no other congregation of individuals will be found such a heterogeneous mass of men 
 from all parts of America, and belonging to all countries as is to be seen in the auction 
 room. It has been often said that no jdace e(juals New York for its numerous specimens 
 of such. If that be true, we should say that no opportunity for seeing sucli, is equal to that, 
 when all are collected together in a dry goods auction sale-room, and all bent on the same 
 olijeet. About 1 1 o'clock in the forenoon, any day during the season of a fall or summer trade, 
 you will tind an auction room in " full blast," with the cry of the nervous auctioneer as he 
 chatters on the everlasting ditty of buy, buy, buy — up, up, up, U]i — in one incessant stream, 
 until he is al>out gasping out his last breath. Around him, with memorandum- book in left, 
 and pencil in right-hand, checking oft' the lots as they " go" and are " gone," you will find 
 the New Y<)rk wholesale storekeeper alongside of those from all ])arts, extending from 
 INIontreal, in Canada, to New Orleans, Louisiana, or from Massachusetts in the east, to Mis- 
 souri and Chicago in the west — aye, even as far as the shores of the Pacific. There, all 
 jutted against each other, you will find the business-like Englishman alongside of the high- 
 blooded Mexican trader, the cautious Scotchmen making a bid afier the volatile French- 
 man; the qiuet down-east Yankee alongside of the phlegmatic Oerman ; tlie quick-tem- 
 pered French Canadian beside the little wide-awake Jew, whilst Pat, honest fellow, assists 
 to put away the lots as they are knocked down. There, between the cupidity of some, 
 jealousy or ignorance of others, the auctioneer rests his hopes to realize a good price for 
 liis employer, the importer. There, day after day, the same scene is to be seen ; the same 
 play being i>erformed, and during the process, thousands of dollars' worth of goods changing 
 hands and getting s]ircad all over this mighty continent. 
 
 Tlie great factotum of the auction room, however, is the auctioneer. Upon him all eyes 
 are fastened. There he mounts the counter, encircled amid a bower of silks, satins, la- 
 ces, and ribbons, all hanging around him, suspended from the iron rods ai)ove, on which 
 the goods are placed as they are knocked down. There he stands, with pencil and book in 
 hand — in sldrt sleeves — without collar and handkerchief, so as to have free scope for his 
 vj)enl powers, in his everlasting prattle. 
 
 You need not suppose that he is gifted with much eloquence, or that he is a fit represent- 
 ntion.of the departed (ieorge Robins, of Covent Garden renown, in his descriptive powers; 
 or expect to hear that eternal " going," '-once," " twice," " thrice," and waiting for a bid, 
 in order to assist off the goods under review, and ending up with "going," and "gone." 
 
82 
 
 TUK AT'CTIOXKKU — TUADK WITH CANAHA. 
 
 Howovpr j^cnt llir volnliility of tlic Aiuprlpiin nuctionpcr, It U not «prnt on niiy kiicIi stiper- 
 
 flirttici*, or ii|iim I'iilirr iirimiiiriitiilioii or pnii-i' of tlir iirtlrli-* Hiilitnittril, tmt <'oiitiiii'<l to oim 
 t'VcrliiHtiii;;, lii'ciitliiii'.', ;,'iis|iiiif; ilitty on tliiit iiliiiii,'lily Miljict — doi.i.aih iiikI < tnth — mid 
 wit!» only one Bolllomiy — atiil tlmt, one iiii'owuit, i>*'iitlilii|;, Hoiirin^ up iiml ilowii cry 
 from K tint to floiilili' liii-'s, of up, up, up, up, up. up — luul liuy, Imiv, I'uy, liuy, liuy, liuy. 
 Tluit is his Alplui unci OuuLfii — uttiTrd with nil tlu' ilicliuimtory powers of ii J>(ini>H 
 tlii-nos — down to tlu^ (iuk't«'r»t wliUpor, u* Im H iilioiit to stop, out of lirnitli, to tako 
 in nuotlicr supply of idr, to till lii-i exhiiu-trd lunu'" — wlion Iio I'tartH afri'i^li iii;iiiti, with all 
 ]\U usual viifour, till lie knocks down out' iiiili'li', and conuiicnci's on aiiollirr in llii> saniu 
 broatli. lie has no tiiuf to dcKcant u|iou tlir ipialitics of the hlai-k ^'ros, huni; up lid'oro 
 you. Ho passes no opinion as to its luiufj either i.;ooil, had, or inditlerent; whether the 
 moire anticpie there, has a cotton hack or a silk one ; there it is; jud^e for yourself; hid 
 if you like, or ho sihnt, it is all tlu' simio to him: his course is onward with \ih 
 cvorlaMintf cry of huy, buy, hiiy, huy — ainl up, up, u|), and upwards with ihe price, 
 when ho fancies he has got even the sixteenth part of it move of the head towards a hid. 
 The New York auctioui'cr is one of those uni(|Ue charaetersoidy to lie met w ilh in this coun- 
 try, and a j)hase of husiness may he seen hy I lie htruii;;er, in a New York aiution room, 
 never Been before. Th': same renuirks ai)ply to auction rooens in I'hiladelphia and such 
 cities. 
 
 Talk of your crack nuclioneers, either at tlh' Mart. I>iilpenliiini and Storrs, and all such 
 well-known places of resort! The British aui-tionoer-if he wishes to increase his vocal 
 powers, in voluhility— must come to this side of the Atlantic, and u'o under trainiiii; 
 in a wh(dcsale dry ;;oods auction room. We will warrant he will return, only to make 
 Charles Matthews jealous, as a rival, in " Patter versus Clatter." In the " Peter Funk" retail 
 auction room in New York, aiiaiu, the same iii-hhk homo is to he soon and hcanl, in shirt 
 sleeves, lonj^ tlowinn heard, with his clear, rinu'ini? voice, tryinj? to pet uj> the steam 
 before his foiifrhrs, and between them, by their iiioi'k auction dodi;es, tryini; to decoy .such 
 OS you into their triip — there, to Iihvo an opportunity of " selling'" yourself, alonjj with 
 a watch of best ]?irmint;ham pfold-plated make, for oiifhloon carat ifold. The man who 
 tfoos there without any tliiiij; vnluul'le ahoiil him, and wiln a sharp look-out, may even be 
 amused with that specimen of an auctioneer, and aiU'tioii room. Such places exist in all 
 large towns in Great Hritaiii, wlure "Peter I'link" frequently |»erfonns withoonsidorable 
 profit. Hero, liowever, he ap])ears to us to be more ailvaueed in his oilucntion, and with 
 vocal powers which would ai once take the breath forever from his friend in tlie Poultry 
 of London, or Trongatc of Glasgow. 
 
 THE TRADE AVITII CANADA FKOM THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 That the trade from the Ignited States to Canada is rapidly increasiuir, whilst that from 
 Great Britflin is on the decline, nuiy be seen from the follow int: abstract from tables which 
 we give, drawn up by the Canadian irovernment on the subject, which shows the extent and 
 progress of the trade between Camilla and the I'nitcd States. 
 
 In isr)."? the total imports into Canada from uH sources amounted to ?31, 981,436 
 
 Of wiiicli was imported — 
 From (Jrcat Britain, *ls,4S9,120; from United State.s,*ll,Ts2,l 14. 
 
 The balance of imports were taken from other foreiL^n ports. 
 In IH.H the total imports into Canada amoiiiited to 40,.'i20,.j24 
 
 Of which was imported — 
 From Great Britain, *22,0(;:i,r)2,T ; from United States, $l.j,333,090. 
 
 Balance of imjxirls were from foreign ports. , 
 In 18').") the total imports into Canada amounted to 30,030,108 
 
 Of which was imported — 
 From Great Britain, ^l:;,:!u:!,4r,0 ; from T'liited Slates, i«2O,S2S,07C. 
 
 Balance of imports were from foreign ports. 
 For the year past, ending Dec. 31, ls')(j, the total value of imports into Canada was.. 43, 584,384 
 
 Of which was unporled— 
 From Great Britain, .tls,212,032 ; from United States, i*22,704,r>0'i. 
 
 From this statement it will he seen that a steady increase in the imports from the United 
 States has continued as far back as l>r)3. 
 
TFIADF, WITH CAVAOA. HAKKRTKS. 
 
 88 
 
 For «jip ypnr Ur,n the tnlul nmoiiiit of imports from Orc-nt Ilritain nmoiiiitpd lo *1« mil \>>n 
 
 tor tho yiMir lh:,(i • • _ iH'...i.y(,,,3 
 
 Showiiin a fiillitid "I" ''<'"w/i Mt; hm pirioiU nbovo mentioned of "TTfllTss 
 
 Ki'fcrriMK to tin- importu for l-s.'.a from tlio Unitotl Stuton, tliey uniount to 11 7s.) 11,1 
 
 For ti>o your is^o ;' '.::::'.'.:::: -;7ui;^os 
 
 HIiowiiiK on iniTPHHO between tliPHu tw<i perioiln, in fiivoiir of United Htnton, of l(i,iejL7)t)4 
 
 TliiiM it will l),.«erM llmt while (lie iniportnllon of u Ii from (Jieat Ilritain into Cuim.lu 'l.ug 
 
 eon^snleiabl.v (liiiiiiiislied, Hi,' traile jVnin llie I'liitetl Stales has inereused enornioii^lv. 
 The export-. (Vom I'anaiht idso keep puco with tho imports, as will bo seen by the following;— 
 
 In l^'.'l the total expoiis aiiioiinled to .,.. u,ii ..nn 
 
 Of Whie' - •■■" .i>..:..:.. ,..,•■;.••■.■•.•.•,•.•! • .l.NUlelUU 
 
 K( . 
 
 t)f wliieli WHS expi 
 Todreat jlritain, lo,|i;7,7i| ; to tho United Stnten, 17,»70,7:i2. 
 
 Thus, ill lour yeai-t, llicic was a ilei reuse i)f exports to Ureut Ilritain of. , . . OOri.OfiO 
 While our exports to (he I'liilecl States have increased OH! ;i7 
 
 The following exhibKs (he value of imports ul one port olono, viz., Montrcol, for the past four 
 years :— ' 
 
 ISM ifl,-!,.-.'.'*!,!.-,!! I IH,'-,.'', ijip »,-,() 044 
 
 i8''-i 17,' ■■t.ni.'s I is.-,(i ; ; ; ;. i.i|i.i.i',r)y(j 
 
 The f(i|lowiii;r are a few of the leiulinn articles imported into Canada from the United Stutcg 
 duriiifr the past year: - 
 
 111 I ^'I't nil- iiiiai t'x|Hins aiiioiiiiieM id *>;l SOI 1100 
 
 t)f which were sent to (iicat Itritaiii, 1 l,li;.'i,lol ; and to tho t'liiled States,'H,',i;ii),;;so! " ' ' 
 
 For the past \ear, \<.i\, the (cital ex|iorl.s from Canada amounted to ' ' a" 017 Olfl 
 
 t)f which WHS expoiled - ' ' 
 
 I'aper |47,724 
 
 Taper llangiiiLj iiii,17'J 
 
 ranisols and Umbrellas M.'jss 
 
 Silks 41,li:!(l 
 
 Straw (ioods lM:i,ii7^ 
 
 Spirits of TuipeiMiiie r.."i,0SS 
 
 ArticlcH not eiiumeralcd ."iO.'i.pll 
 
 Cotleo 'J'JI.s.-,!! 
 
 Cinars 7ri,710 
 
 Molasses 4l!ll,;il2 
 
 Wines and Spirits Mo.i'e.iO 
 
 Siittar, all kinds \fi'"t,'":'l 
 
 Dried Fruits 14n,7r,o 
 
 l'iiiient<i, .Mlsjiiceand Pepjier Wl,'.\'li) 
 
 Cassia and Tea l,lii'i^,'.i.'i:! 
 
 Tobacco r)0;l,fls4 
 
 Hrn s L'o.dsH 
 
 Candles 4(1,000 
 
 Carpets 23,903 
 
 Clocks and Watches t.ll.n.'iB 
 
 Clothes, ready made 10.'i,;i'24 
 
 Coiiihs and Hriishes .'10,2'JO 
 
 (^ollini .Mannhictmes (171,111(1 
 
 Drujjs and .Medicines 'Jl."),liHO 
 
 Fancy (joods 1411, S70 
 
 (ilass i!3,fl20 
 
 (ilassware lOS.aOO 
 
 Hals and (Japs, not fur ii30,448 
 
 India Rubber y8,(!S4 
 
 Iron and Hardware l,4ol,<j48 
 
 Jewelry and Plate K(i,4;i8 
 
 Leather Hoots and Shoes 8.')!t,y48 
 
 Leather (Kl.liHO 
 
 Do. Tanned 2(14, Mlia 
 
 Machinery 844, (ioo 
 
 Musical Instrumenls 141,il(ll 
 
 Oil 81,120 
 
 Oilcloth G7,!il2 
 
 
 MECHANICAL BAKERIES. 
 
 Sl'cii ia the title ijiven to wliolesnle bread manufactories, whore the greater portion of 
 the work is ])erformed by machiiiery. As a most decided improvement upon the okl system 
 of men baking with their bands, and tramping the dough witii tlieir bare feet — not, per- 
 haps, at all limes so clean as they ought to be — has induced us to notice one of those 
 esfablisbmenta whicli wo saw in o]>oration whilst at Cincinnati. We may observe that 
 Mechanical Bakepos arc established in several of the large cities, and, although they may 
 not in some cases, as yet, liave succeeded jn turning out such groat quantities of bread as 
 their projectors anticipated, j'ct, wo feel satisfied, they will extend, not only in increase of 
 business of those already stnrtetl, but that every largo city will, in the course of time, have 
 
84 
 
 BAKING BY STEAM — TUE AUTOJfATON OVEN. 
 
 tliem in operiition, from whiuli the public will be siipiilieil with pure, wholesome, ond un- 
 adulterated bread, imide of the best iimterials. and in the most unexeejjtionalile manner. 
 
 Tlic establishment at C'ineinnuti we may take to be a model one of its kind. It was 
 started last July by, we believe, a company of four gentlemen, vi<. : two shrewd Amcrieans, 
 with two "canny" Scotchmen for i>artners, one of the latter beini; the practical monager. 
 They have erected a iiandsome, scjuarc-built, brick building, more like a Manchester warc- 
 liouse man a baking establishment. The ground floor is chiefly Uiken up with the i-ales 
 department, where bread is kept in large " bins" and drawers, and sold retail as well as 
 wholesale. Jp stairs there are three floors. On the highest floor is where the stock of 
 flour and other ingredients for mixing are kept. After the ingredients are all mixed, they 
 ore emi)tied into the baking, or, rather, kneadiiig-macliine, which, revolving slowly, with 
 its internal simjde machinery, kneads the bread most completely. Tiiis machine is 
 capable of kneading ten barrels of flour in twenty minutes. After it is thus made into 
 dough, ready for being baked into loaves, it is allowed to fall out at an opening at the 
 bottom of tiie machine, in ijuantities as wanted, into troughs, and from there taken to tlio 
 floor below, whore the dough is cut into (juantities of two or four jiounds each, weighed 
 off, and formed into the shape of loaves, as wanted. During the whole of this process, the 
 dough is only handled by the bakers when giving tiie snuill pieces a roll round and placing 
 them in the louf-pans, ready for the oven. Thus far, then, a gri;at suving of lalwur is effected, 
 and the dough not once touched by hands or feet in the whole proce -s of kneading, and 
 only touched when shaping it into loaves, as we have stated. 
 
 In the oven department there is not so great a saving of labour to be effected com]iara- 
 tively with the kneading process, from the fact of there not being much labour required 
 about ovens, further than merely putting in and drawing out the " batch," when read}-. 
 But that even, in the .Mechanical Bakery, is done by macliinery. After the bread is moulded 
 into shape, and put into pans, they are placed on iron trays, each containing about tliirty 
 loaves. The tray is then placed on a carriage in front of the oven door, when, at a given 
 signal, the door is drawn up, the tray, with its load, is carried into the inside of the oven on 
 tlio carriage, and the door falls down gently — the whole done us if by magic. Keganling 
 the oven — which is correctly named the Automaton Oven — \vc a])])end the following de- 
 scription of it and its working, as supplied to us by tiie superintendent of the establishment; 
 
 "The oven is upright, it has its foundation and heating furnacs in the basement, and its 
 doors in tlie first and second stories. Tlie dougli is put into, and tlie bread discharged from 
 them on both these floors when in full operation. The baking-cars, loaded on the first 
 floor, ascend throiigh the oven, and discharge the baked bread on the second floor, and the 
 cars loaded on the second floor, descend and discharge on the first floor. Tiie oven contirins 
 twenty-six cars, thirteen of which are ascending and thirteen descending at the same time. 
 Each car posses through tiie oven in tliirty minutes, when baking common sized loaves j 
 but the speed is regulated by the »17a'. of tlie loaf and the time recpiired for baking. 
 
 The capacity of one "baking car" is sixty loaves, weighing aliout a pound and a half 
 each. The temperature of the oven is uniform, and is maintained at any degree of heat 
 necessary, by danijiers. Thermometers in the oven indicate the temperature to tiie attend- 
 ants. The loaves are all baked precisely alike, and never eitlier liurned or under-done. 
 
 The tem])erature for baking in the automatic oven is more than two hundred degrees 
 higher than can be used in tlie common baker's oven, without iiurning tlie l)read to a cin- 
 der ; bccau.se the hot air in a chatiiber witiiout draft is strong and penetrating, and not raw 
 and scorching like the heat in an ordinary oven, where the fire is in tlie oven itself, and 
 acts directly on the bread while baking, besides exjiosing it to the impurities of dust, 
 smoke, etc. The oven being ujiright, with the ear loads of bread in it, one above another, 
 and having no draft tlirough it, all the alcoliolic va])or arising from the fermented dough 
 is condensed on and absorbed by the cold dough, whereby the bread is improved in flavor, 
 and its nourishing properties sensibly increased. 
 
 The machinery which produces tlie automatic movements of the cars, is placed on the 
 back of the oven, and may be seen best on the second flooi*." 
 
 
I 
 
 MECHANICAL BAKERIES. WHO ARE YANKEES. 
 
 85 
 
 Altogether it ia a most mysterious-looking operation, and from the fact of no one handling 
 or assisting the bread into the oven, or out of it, opening and sliutting the oven doors, and 
 travelling of the carriages— all moving as if by clock-work, and yet doing that perfectly 
 by machinery which is not always done so by human hands— we think it well deserves tho 
 name of the " Automaton Oven." 
 
 ■\Viien in " full blast," the bakery can bake no less than 250 barrels of flour per day into 
 bretd. At our visit, the establinhnient had just newly started, but, even then, was doing 
 a large business, their bread being sold in sliops in different parts of tiie city. 
 
 AVith highly eomiiiendal)le straightforwardness, the company invito the public to call and 
 Bee the whole operation — the quality of flour, which is tho best — and all other ingredients, 
 8o that they may have every confidence in wiiat is supplied. One part of the arranj^enicnt, 
 we understood, was not complete when we were there, viz. : that of cutting and weighing 
 off the (juantity of dough for each loaf It was then done by hand and a pair of scales, 
 but wc understand that it will bo, (if not by this time,; cut off and weighed by machinery 
 also, so that matheuiatioal precision in weight will be ol tained, and greater speed in pre- 
 paring the dough for the puns. 
 
 Every description of bread is made, from "crackers" to large loaves. 
 
 An inspection of ihe rules of the establishuicnt, as to chewing tobacco, drinking, and 
 cleanliness, show that the proprietors are up to, if not a little a-head of, tiio times. 
 
 We observe that their price for a 28 oz. loaf is 5 cents, or about 2^(7. (stg.), for 6Wj, for 
 which only they deal. 
 
 WHO ARE YANKEES? 
 
 Many, we think, use tho word Yankee, without knowing its exact meaning, whilst others 
 np|)ly it with reference to the whole Ataericau people, when they designate them, " Yan- 
 kees." 
 
 According to tho last American authority, Webster, the meaning of the word Yankee 
 stancls thus : " A corrupt pronunciation of tho word Emjlkh by the native Indians of Ame- 
 rica." 
 
 From tho fact that tho Kuglisli first Ian led iu New England, the word Yankee thus be- 
 came appiioal)le to them, and it still retains, to this day, its significance as a tei'm applica- 
 ble to all wlio belong to tlie New England States, and to them only. To apply the name 
 of Yankee to all Americans, wherever situated, is an error. Just as well nuiy the High- 
 Iniuler of Scotland, bo considered a " cockn<'y,"or a " John Bull," as to su|)poso an inhabit- 
 ant of the Northern Strifes of America, to i)o a "Yankee." It is the New Englanders, 
 alone, who are considered Yankees — although the term, altogether, is one of a convention- 
 al nature, and very often applied to any thing supj)osed to be of very speculative, doubt- 
 ful, or dodging character. 
 
36 WATER AND WATER DRINKING — DRINKING CUSTOMS. 
 
 WATER AND WATER DRINKING. 
 
 We have never, as yet, mot in this country with nr instJince, such ns wc once met with 
 in Manchester, (Eiig.,) where tlie cliihlren of a family had never tasted water from tiie 
 liiue they were born, always being supplied with " beer," when thirsty— a practice, we 
 fear, far too common in families in the manufacturing districts. 
 
 From all wc have seen at public, as well ns private tables here, pure water seems to bo 
 almost tlie only beverage— first thing in the morning and the last at night, and, alto- 
 gether, are inclined to believe the Americans to be the greatest water-drinkers in the 
 worhl. 
 
 At breakfast, a tumbler of water is placed alongside of your cup and saucer — at dinner 
 time, it is there — at tea, or supper, again it appears. Many we have seen at the tables of 
 the large hotels who take neither tea nor coffee— but water only — along with their eatables. 
 These are, of course, exceptions — still we have been surprised to meet with so many who 
 do so. Some, again, take cold water and milk, mixed, instead of either tea or colfee. 
 
 Whether it is the nature of tlio climate, the heat of suimner, and consequent perspira- 
 tion, we know not ; but the consumption of water for drinking purposes, is certainly enor- 
 mous. In a counting-house, it would be thought as great a want to have no pens and ink 
 to write with, as to have no cistern full of water, and a tumbler, in a handy corner for tlie 
 day's consumption. Workshops are similarly 8up|)lied. 
 
 The qtuility of the water consumed differs in different localities. In New York, no bet- 
 ter water could bo desired than is obtained from the reservoir at the Cruton 
 works. In other cities, on the sea-board, it is olso generally good, and all spring water. 
 Proceeding West, to the Ohio district, it is also good in many parts. At Cincinnati, liow- 
 evcr, for instance, the water used there is that from the Ohio Uiver, and is frefjuently almost 
 unfit to drink — unfiltered ; but when filtered, and cooled with ice, is very good. Passing 
 farther West to the Mississippi, again, there the water is of very doubtful quality, as 
 well as purity. So much is that the ease, that strangers are advised to be carefid in par- 
 taking of it. So powerful is it, in its effects, that we question if the most staunch tee-to- 
 taller would not, for health's sake, be inclined to partake of the light " lager beer" of the 
 Germans, than run the risk of (piaffing out of the "Father of Waters." All up and down 
 the Mississippi it is the same. Of course, where spring wells are stationed in towns, the 
 water is, in general, excellent ; and tlisre is scarcely a farmer, or resident in the country, 
 but who has a spring well at his door, and who can easily supplj' himself with jnire atjiin. 
 
 The tax for water, is, generally, paid by the landlord, and included in his estimate of 
 rent. 
 
 The consumption of water, in summer, for watering the streets, either to lay the dust, 
 or cool the ground in front of the liouses, is also very groat; and n system of watering 
 in that respect — by moans of hose, attached to the mains — is carried out, to an extent un- 
 known in Britain. For hour.smcn are employed every day, ot different intervals, to keep 
 
 continuous stream of water playing upon the ground in front of houses and stores, for the 
 pur])ose stated. That is in addition to water-carts, perambulating the streets, watering 
 them as I'ley go along. 
 
 In some cities, certain hou's are fixed iflor wliioh no water is allowed to be used in 
 the manner described. 
 
 DRINKING CUSTO.MS. 
 
 In the above I'omnrks, wo have en<lea vourod to make clear, that the greatest drinking cus- 
 tom in America, is in the eoiisuiiiption of cold water. It must not be supposed, howevor, 
 that no malt or spirituous li(pior8 arc consumed. .\s a whole, we should say, that although 
 a large amount of both must tie consumed in this country, both from what is manufactured 
 and what is imported, still the average o.onsumption jicr man is a trifle compared with the 
 
 1110 
 
 pill 
 
I 
 
 THE DRINKING CUSTOMS OF AMEIUCA. 
 
 87 
 
 avernge amount consumed, in either England, Scotland, or Ireland. The drinking cus- 
 toms, for tiie most part, are confined to drinking whilst standing nt tho burs of the hotels 
 and drinking-saloona — Brother Jonathan performing that operation decidedly fast. As a 
 general rule, there is none of that sitting down to brandy and water, or "punch" and 
 pipes, on an afternoon after dinner, or in tlie evening, wiiich is to be ^. en in the snuggeries 
 in London, nor yet those joUitieations over whisky-toddy, wliieh are too common in Scot- 
 land, or over tiie grog or " potheen" in Ireland. Nothing of the sort. After dinner, Jona- 
 than goes off to have a smoke aiul a read of the newspaper, and thence to business, with- 
 out, as a general rule, tasting one drop of liquor. He has neitlier the time nor the inclina- 
 tion for it. 
 
 After business hours at night, there is not that amount of frequenting " howfs" or pet- 
 houses, which is common, amongst young men in business, in the large cities and towns in 
 Great Briaitn. They live, most probably, a good way off, and are glad to get home as 
 soon as possible. If they board at a hotel, they prefer the billiard-room to the drinking- 
 saloon. As we have said before, the Americans prefer to drink at the bar, standing. They 
 order what they want, swallow it at one breath, and off they g\ 
 
 The greatest cause which we can assign for the undoubted temperance of the Ameri- 
 can people, as a whole, consists in the detestation with which they look upon drunkenness 
 as a vice, and tho care they exercise against indulging in it, from prudential motives. 
 
 Employers are more particular, probably, about the sober habits and steady conduct of 
 an assistant than any other qualification — for wliat they term his being a " reliable man." 
 If there is one thing more than another, -which will make them doubt a man's capability 
 to serve theni faithfully, it is his inebriety of character, well knowing as they do, with 
 drink being so cheap here, that if a man gets to use it frequently, and begins to like it, he 
 is going fast on the high road to destruction. 
 
 Brought up with such ideas and habits themselves, and taught to look at the drinking 
 customs with something like fear and trembling, and knowing how much a man's value 
 consists in his being a strictly sober man, they are particularly careful in the selection and 
 conduct of the assistants they employ, to see that they are of sober habits, and that they 
 remain so. Men lose situations here, fi-om no other cause than being known to frequent 
 the bar, or a drinking-saloon, too often, although they may be steady enough at their busi- 
 ness. 
 
 There is no doubt, after nil, tliat there is, probably, far too much drink consumed in this 
 country, |iarticularly in sea-port cities, where sea-faring men come in contact with the 
 coiniuercial classes, and also about the drinkiug-saloons of tho hotels, when salesmen or 
 merchants meet their country customers there. 
 
 As we tiave said elsewhere, lager beer, a light description of home-brewed beer, is the 
 great beverage of the German population, and there is not a town or village but what has 
 its " lager beer saloon." Tho Germans sit down at tables, and converse and smoke over 
 their beer, consuming often large quantities before they rise. It is, however, compara- 
 tively speaking, harmless, when conqiared with the villanous " fire water," which is dis- 
 tilled, in the shape of whisky, from Indian corn, rye, etc., and sold at a mere trifle per 
 pint. AVIiolosale price, ;55 cents (or Is. (V/. stg.) per gallon. 
 
 Drink is not sold at the bar at so much per measure — but the bottle is placed for you 
 to lielp yourself— into a tumbler — unless you wish any of the flincy drinks, such as " gin 
 sling," " brandy smash," " whisky skin," etc., etc. In that case, they arc mixed up 
 ready for you, and charged accordingly. 
 
 As connected with the use of non-intoxicating liquors by the American people, we may 
 mention as a fact — differing so much as it does from the customs in Great Britain, 
 where beer, ale, " stout," or wine form almost indispensable adjuncts of the dinner- 
 table — that, in America, nothing of that sort is ever to be seen, almost, at the dinner tables 
 in private houses — but tea or colFee (generally tea) takes the place of malt or spirituous 
 
38 
 
 REFRESIIIXG DRINKS — THE ICE TRADE. 
 
 liqnors ; and a cup of tea is liamleJ round the table to each guest, just as he would be as- 
 Bisted to a glass of nlo or wine. To the stranger, from Britain, this seems somewliat pecu- 
 liar, yet, after all, it or water is the more rational beverage,and certainly not likely to 
 lead to such consequences as follow sometimes from the ajipearance of the " bottle," on 
 the family table. 
 
 REFKESIIING DRINKS IN HOT WEATHER. 
 
 The stranger, in passing through any of the large cities in the United States, will find tho 
 •tores of the chemists crowded with parties, who, thirsty from lieat and perspiration, fly to 
 Buch places to quaff the deliciously cool beverages wliich are there sup])lied, at from 3 to 
 6 cents per glass. These consist of a mixture of soda \v;i r and a variety of native wines 
 or unintoxicating cordials, either of which, mixed with f^oda water, makes a cool, efferves- 
 cing, and refreshing drink. It is surprising to see the number of ladies and gentlemen, and, 
 in fact, all classes, who stand round tiie handsome marble fountains wliich are fitted u|) in 
 such places, getting a tumbler thus filled up, drinking the contents at once, paying their 3 
 or 5 cents, and departing. The consumption of such beverages is enormous, one lad in 
 each chemist's store attending to the fountain alone. 
 
 The soda water is kept in large vessels underneath the counter, from whicli it is led up 
 to the fountain and there supplied through a silver tap into the tumbler containing the 
 cordial to be mixed with it ^ 
 
 THE ICE TRADE. 
 
 One of the many things which strikes the stranger from Great Britain, on his visiting 
 this country for the first time, is the traffic which is carried on during the summer months 
 in the article of ice — one as necessary in summer, as the fuel for fire is in winter. 
 
 The trade is carried on by private individuals as well as by public companies. In every 
 city and town, without exception, you will see the ice cart perambulating the streets in a 
 similar manner to what the eonl carts do whilst dispensing that article in small (quantities 
 to the poorer classes in the cities and towns of Britain. 
 
 In the cities of the seaboard, the ice trade is carried on " wholesale, retail, and for ex- 
 portation." Some are engaged in the " shipping business" exclusively, sending ship-loads 
 of it to the West Indies and other tropical climates, where it is, no doubt, duly appreciated. 
 
 In the cities, the carts go round with immense blocks, about 12 to 20 inches tiiick, and 
 about from 22 to 27 inches in length and breadth. The carts have canvas covers over 
 them to protect the ice from the sun as far as possible, but still it continues gradually to 
 vanish, notwithstanding. It is beautifully clear, and on a scorching hot day makes one al- 
 most feel cool to look at it. 
 
 Every morning, the men in charj;e of its delivery, visit their customers as regularly as 
 the baker does with bread, and, carrying up a loaf of ice, deposits it at the outside of the 
 door. The difficulty of handling the ice is got over by the use of a huge pair of calipers, 
 which stick into the block on each side, and thus, lifted by a chain attached to them, it is 
 carried up or down stairs. Thus deposited at the door of the customer, it is left there at 
 his risk, and if he docs not look after it soon, may shortly afterwards find that it has gone into 
 its original element, and run off. We may safely say, there is not a private family almost, 
 not a counting-house, store, bank, or any place of bueiness whatever, but what has its de- 
 livery of ice every morning, and put into the small cistern of water, which is placed in a 
 cool corner of the premises, to supply the inmates for the day. The common supply for 
 counting-houses and families is a piece about 20 inches S(juare, for which they pay 10 cents 
 (or 6(/.). Only those who know what a hot summer day is, in such as New York, can fully 
 appreciate the luxury of a tumbler of iced water. In the drinking saloons it is used in 
 every sort of liquor, both malt and spirituous. 
 
 In winter it is cut out in large squares from the frozen rivers and lakes, preserved, well 
 
 cov 
 atic 
 
 
 Tl 
 viz., 
 thoi 
 usee' 
 the 
 or i( 
 cont 
 cov< 
 heat 
 Som 
 
CUTTING OUT THE ICE — ICE-HOUSE AT ROCKLAND LAKE. 
 
 89 
 
 covered up in ice houses, on the banks of rivers generally, for the convenience of transport- 
 ation to the large cities t)y water. 
 
 The nliove engraving represents a scene in winter at one of the largest company's depots, 
 viz., Rockland Lake, which is situated about one mile distant from the River Hudson, al- 
 though in a part of the country 250 feet above the level of that river. Tlie instruments 
 used in cutting out the ice, are termed ice planes, or cutters, and ice jiloughs, with which 
 tiie fields of ice are marked off and cut into squares, and from there stored in large " liarns," 
 or ice-houses, one of which will be seen in the above view. Some of those store-houses 
 contain as much as 60,000 tons, where the blocks are built up in regular order, and 
 covered over with long grass, snw-dust, shavings, etc., to preserve it from the external 
 heat of summer. The ice-house represented above was built to contain 20,000 tons. 
 Some idea of this trade may be formed, when we state thatobout $10,000,000 is employed 
 
40 
 
 CONSUMPTIOX OF ICE — RAILROADS IN AMERICA. 
 
 in it, in difTorcnt iwirts of (lio States. Itoiti returns published as to tlie consumption, wo 
 find tlint in one j'enr it was estinmtcd as follows: — 
 
 Boston tons . fin,nno 
 
 New York non, ) 
 
 riiiladelpliiii A 'Jimi.ouC 
 
 naitiinore 4.'.,000 
 
 Charleston tons. ir),0()0 
 
 Mobile l'),000 
 
 New Orleans 4ii,000 
 
 St. Louis '.'.^iMio 
 
 Washiugton aO,000;Cincinnati ^5,0(10 
 
 From Roekland Lake, the city of New York derives its chief supply of ice. 
 It is estimated that 40 men, with VI horses, can cut and stow away about 400 tons in 
 one day. 
 
 RAILROADS IN AMERICA. 
 
 The British traveller, on going over the railroads in America, is apt to find more fault 
 with the construction of the "plant," or road itself, than he is with the "rolling stoi'k," 
 such as cars, etc. lie will miss all the well-made fences along the lines, that firm ballast- 
 ing of the roud, those solid stone or brick built station-houses, with locked gates — at which 
 you can neither get out nor in till you are allowed ingress or egress — the array of porters 
 in suits of olive green corduroy, and guards in suits of bottle-green cloth, with dironome- 
 ter and whistle slung over their shoulders. There is little of that to be seen in America. 
 For the most part, the wliole train dashes along through fields, over cross roads, through 
 forests and swamps, with all the freedom and independence characteristic of the country. 
 If an unfortunate cow should happen to be taking an airing along the line, the "cow- 
 catcher" lifts her off her logs before she knows where she is, and tossc- her into some soft 
 ditch, perhaps, at the road side, with such a lesson as she will not forget in a hurry, if she 
 happens to have the power of recollection left within her at all ! Any one " on the tramp" 
 along " the track" is warned of the approach of the train l)y the loud-sounding bell, which 
 he will be very deaf, indeed, if he does not hear, letting alone the great, hoarse, unearthly 
 cry from the locomotive, to get out of the way. 
 
 The stranger is aj)! to find fault, more particularly, in there being only one "track" or 
 line of rails, on many of the lines — and few of them being, as we have said, so firmly made 
 or ballasted as the lines in Great Britain. In some lines this is very a))parcnt, and not 
 only in the laying of the rails, but in the construction of very temporary looking -wooden 
 bridges — the bad policy of building which has been found out by this time. In such lines 
 as the Grand Trunk of Canada and the Great Central of Pennsylvania, (from rhiladel])hia 
 to Pittsburg,) or the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, the case is different — such lines more 
 resembling, in substantiality, British made railroads. 
 
 There is only one way, we think, of accounting for this difTercnee in the solidify of the 
 roads of 'he two countries. If not mistaken, there is a difTercnee of no less than £;i(i,()(iii in 
 the construction of every mile of railroad in the United Slates, compared with that in Britain ; 
 that is to say, that the average cost of every mile of road (ISr)!)) in the United State, was 
 about ''•■;,460, whereas every mile in Great Britain and Ireland averages the sum of .£;i5,400 
 
 ($177,1 ), making, as we have stated, about £,SO,00O per mile of difVerenoe in the cost of the 
 
 railroads of the two countries. No doubt the single lines of road constructed here, together 
 with the free grants of land, ought not to have cost any thing like what the doiible lines of 
 rail in Britain cost, still it is quite evident that the American roads have cost a trifle in 
 comparison to those there, and hence, we think, the reason why American railroads arc 
 not 80 substantially built ns they would have been, had the same ])roporfionate amount of 
 money been spent upon them as on those in Britain. The lands in Great Britain, through 
 ■which the lines pass, were n heavy item of exj^ense in the construction of railroads, but that, 
 again, is in some measure counterbalanced by the high rates paid for labour and the extra 
 cost of much of the material in America, compared with what such was procured at in 
 Britain. 
 
 To cover the extent of territory they have done, we do not see how the Americans could 
 
COST OP BRITISH AND AMERICAN RAILROADS. 
 
 41 
 
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 tl.o 
 
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 WHS 
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 ftlie 
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 IK'S of 
 
 tlo ill 
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 lit of 
 rovii^li 
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 OXtVil 
 
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 CO' 
 
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 have (lone otiicrwise. Tlioy wore detorniined to open xip their country, to give their peo- 
 ple in distant parts the henofit of railroad locomotion, and if it was not to he had in ho 
 Bubstaiitiiil a manner as in Cireat Britain, they appeared to nialte tlic most of tiieir capital— 
 whether it was horrowod or not. 
 
 Tlie constrnction of many of their hridgos seems to he the greatest error thoy have made; 
 but experience is now showing them, that the sooner they replace all wjodcn ones with 
 iron or stone, the sooner will tlieir lines pay better dividends, and nffjrd more public 
 confidence. 
 
 In IS.'iS, they had then in progress of completion, no less than 12,681 miles of railroad, in 
 addition to which they had 13,200 miles actually in operation, the latter being close upon 
 ns many miles as was in operation over all Europe at that time — which was 11,M2 miles. 
 
 Since then, we find that, at the commencement of 1858, they had in operation, no less 
 than TWEXTV-six thousand two nuxnnED axd tf.s miu;s of railroad, the average cost of 
 which per mile, is estimated about $35,000 (£7,000), and that the total cost of tlie 2(>,210 
 miles opened was $',119,990,510, or £183,998,103, or say, in round numbers, £184,000,000 
 sterling. 
 
 Had they constructed their lines on the same expensive scale as those of fireat Britain, 
 it would have taken the sum of about £918,523,800 stg. — a sum, we presume, not likely 
 to have been raised for the construetion of railways, alone, in America. 
 
 The conclusion, therefore, seems to us to be, that had the Americans not built their roads 
 ns thej- have done, thousands of miles of country now opened up, and thousands of acres 
 now under cultivation, and yielding crops, would have been still dreary prairies or forests, 
 with a poor probability of the country advancing as it has done. 
 
 Taking, therefore, every thing into account — how they had money to raise — the distance 
 they had to bring much of their iron (in bringing it from Great Britain) — the liigli price of 
 their labour — and the immense territory they have covered with the iron net work — it is 
 onlj' another proof of that indomitable, thorough going " go-ahead" character of the people, 
 in accomplishing what thoy have done, and, considering all these things, will assist us to 
 account, whj' it is that their roads are not so well built as those of Great Britain and 
 Ireland. 
 
 According to the American Railroad Journal, wo find that "the total receipts of the 
 roads will probably reach, $120,000,000 (or £24,000,000 sterling,) and that the nkt receipts 
 will probably roach, at least, 5 per cent on their entire cost." 
 
 One fact connected with railway travelling, in America, is that you may travel over 
 some thousands of miles, and never pass through a solitarj' tunnel, the whole of the roads 
 being chiefly laid in the valleys of hilly parts of the country. 
 
 Amongst other officers connected with railways may be mentioned 
 
 The Mauler of Transportation, who is intrusted with procuring and accommodating the 
 trade and travel of the line with the rates of fares, the getting up of time tables, the running 
 arrangements, and other details connected with the proper working of the lino. 
 
 The Master of Muehinery, who has the full superintendence and control of all matters 
 relating to purchasing, building, rcjiairing of the locomotives and cars, and general rolling 
 plant of the line. 
 
 Tlic Master of the Road, who has the general charge of all matters relating to the metals, 
 sleepers, bridges, tunnels, and, in fact, all the buildings on the line — providing water — and 
 other duties essentially necessary for the efficient working of the road. 
 
 Having thus noticed the plant, construction, and management of the line, we will now 
 notice a little of the " rolling stock," and its management. First, then, we will notice the 
 railroad carriages. 
 
 RAILWAY CARS. 
 
 The "carriages" of Great Britain are styled "cars" in America. Here they are dif- 
 ferently constructed. Instead of the small compartments for C first-class, or 8 or 10 
 second-class passengers, as in Britain, the whole car inside is an open space, as a saloon- 
 
42 
 
 THE AMERICAN RAILROAD PASSENGER CARS. 
 
 carriage. Up the centre there ig a pnnsiigo. The seiita are nrrnnged on ench side of the pns- 
 mge, and fitted up hnndsoniely with eriiiison pliisli velvet scats nnd Imeks for 'i piiBoengers 
 in eaeli scat. By nn ingenious contrivance, tiic backs of tiie scots arc made to turn right 
 over tlie scat, thus 2 passengers can sit witli tlicir faces o|)posite to other 2, wliicli is very 
 handy when 4 of a party wisli to talk together, or have a gome at cardH, elicss, etc., etc. 
 The wliole interior fittings of tlic cars are good, with mirrors at eacli end. In tlic corner 
 of all carriages there is a private retiring soloon, with water-closets, etc. On some lines 
 there is one for ladies and another for gentlemen, in each car. Kach car conveys from 50 
 to 60 passengers. Almost all the cars open at the ends, wliere there is a platform extend- 
 
 i 
 
 
 THE AMERICAN RAILROAD PASSEXGER CAR. 
 
 Ing out about 2 feet ; thus the platform of one carriage joins that of another, and with the 
 doors at both end;" of the car, opening like the door of a room, a passage is thus formed 
 from one end to the other of the entire train. 
 
 Along the ceiling of each car, there i? a rope, which is attached throughout the whole 
 train, so that the conductor, or any passenger, in any part of the train can stand up and — 
 by pnl' -g this rope — ring a bell which is placed at the side of the engine driver, and thus 
 stop the train, if necessary. By this means, serious accidents are avoided, and passengers 
 experience a feeling of safetj', by having such meons within their reach. This is rather an 
 improvement, it must be allowed, on the boasted efficiency of some of the English rail- 
 roads, the trains of which have been known, sometimes, to catch fire, and liavo the whole 
 train flying along in a blaze, and passengers burned before the engine driver could be com- 
 municated with. Wo allude more particularly to on occurrence of that nature which oc- 
 curred on the Great "Western (of England) Railroad, some time ago. 
 
 There is only one class of cars in the United Slates for all classes, excejiting emigrants. 
 Emigrant cars are just like the 3d-class carriages in Britain, only that they are arranged 
 in the same style inside, as Ist-class cars liere. 
 
 The cars are much longer — saj' about half a length longer than the average length of 
 carriages in Britain — or about the same length as some of the long carriages on the Glas- 
 gow and Greenock, or London and South-eastern lines of railroads there. The body of 
 the car rests upon swivels attaelied to a sort of truck, or carriage of 4 wheals — (2 at each 
 side). One of those trucks are under each end of the carriage; tlicre is thus a free space 
 of about 30 feet between the fore and after wheels of the ears. The ear thus placed on 
 these trucks, and upon swivels, as stated, enables them to be rim over curves with much 
 greater ease ond safety tlian if constructed on the British plan. In fact, we do not 
 think thot the British railrouJ carriage could travel, with safety, so fast in tliis country 
 as.what the American car does, simply owing to the construction of the road, and the 
 build of the car, with wheels so close to each other, and body having no room to " play," 
 or swing round a little, in turning a curve. On the other liand, again, we fancy, that n 
 car, built on the American model, would travel infinitely more easy, and much more safe- 
 
 ir 
 
 ati 
 
 gq 
 
 ro 
 inl 
 
 fiJ 
 is 
 
CARS OP AMERICA AND ENGLAND— THE LOCOMOTIVE. 
 
 43 
 
 ly, when going round some of those bcnmiful slmrp curves which occur here and there on 
 Homo Rritisli lines, or in " going over tlie stones" on such as the line from Penniston to Shef. 
 field, or from IMshopstoke to Snlisbury (Eng.). 
 
 The external iippenrance of the enrs arc exceedingly ploin— and, on entering for the first 
 time, one is not prepared to find them so handsomely fitted up as they are. 
 
 For our part we prefer these siiloon-carringes, so well ond comfortably fitted up, to even 
 some of the first-clnss carriages in Britain, with their comportments of six each, where, ten 
 chonees to one, if you can get a seat, withotit being half suffocated with heat from 
 windows being closed, or with tobacco smoke, from, perhaps, 2 or 3 cigars blazing away 
 beside you. Whereas, to compare the best 2d-claP8 carriages in Great Britain with the 
 cars in this country, is out of the question— setting aside altogether, the intolerable nui- 
 sance which the non-smoking public in England feel, in being compelled to travel, as it 
 might be, in a small, eromped-up smoking saloon, with, sometimes, the smokers not over 
 civil or agreeable, even when females are present For ourselves, we would rather pre- 
 fer some of the emigrant ears here to such 2d-cla8s carriages as are to be found, for in- 
 stance, on the London and South-Western Railroad, between Portsmouth ond Soutlmmp- 
 ton, where on ordinary sized man cannot sit upright with his hat on, far less stand up iii 
 one. Such cramped-up dog-kennels as these, and some of the old 2d-clas3 carriages on the 
 London and North-Western, and other lines, are unknown in this country. The only fault 
 the cars hero have, is in the winter season when the stoves, which are then placed in 
 them, ore over-heated, sometimes, making them uncomfortable in thot respect, o fault, 
 however, wliich docs not rest with the construction of the cor, so much as in the misman- 
 agement, or over-licoting of the stove, in the some manner in which the Americans over- 
 heat their houses in winter, rendering them unconrfortobly hot for British visitors. 
 
 VV'hilst travelling on the cars here, strangers ore cautioned to keep their arms ond heads 
 inside the cars, as, possibly, when exposing them outside, the train may pass a bridge, or 
 pile of wood, where there is no room to allow for passing such with safety with any part 
 of the bodj- thus exposed. Standing on the platform outside, between the cars, is also for- 
 bidden, as, in that cose, the company will not bo responsible for ony accident which may 
 happen when parties are standing there, 
 
 TEE LOCOMOTIVE. 
 
 The railwoy engine is, of course, similarly constructed to those of Great Britain, as a 
 locomotive must be pretty much the same in all parts of the world. The engines of 
 America are choracterizcd by great expense being put on e.^ternol painting and decoration 
 of the body and finishing of the outward working ports. A large amount of bright pol- 
 ished iron, steel, and brass-work is to be seen about all American-made engines, as can be 
 seen in strong contrast on the Great Western Railwoy of Conodo, for exomple, where some 
 Newcastle or Manchester-mode engines ore running. Tlieir dirty, dork-green hue forms 
 ony thing but a pleasing contrast to the bright polished work of tlie American engine. 
 The most prominent feotures in appearance, however, is in the chimney adopted in this 
 country, which is certoinly more useful than ornomentol, ond yet, it is obout as hond^ome 
 as the plain straight up-and-down chimney pots on the engines of the Caledonian Roilwoy 
 (Scotlond). The peculiar form of the American chimney is necessarj', on account of burn- 
 ing wood, ond the quantity of sparks which fly up the inner funnel, but which ore caught 
 at the top, by what is colled the " spark arrester," which forms o part of the outside fun- 
 nel, seen to view. So that, after all, there is utility if there is not ornoment in the said un- 
 goinly-looking funnel referred to. A bell is attached to oil engines, which is rung by a 
 rope in the hand of the driver as he starts, or is about to stop, or when passing over cross- 
 ings of roads. 
 
 As an improvement upon the " spectacles" of the British railroad engine for the protec- 
 tion of driver and stoker from the wind and weather, the covering of the American engine 
 is most decidedly superior, protecting on all sides, as well as from obove, the driver and 
 
 f 1 
 
 i 
 
u 
 
 THE AMERICAN RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVE. 
 
 Kloker, nnd rendering them nearly os conifortnble as If inside a car nltoj^otlier, and yet with 
 light and room enough to perform their duty properly. 
 
 Tlie " eowcatchor" at the front — whioh takes tlie place of the "life-guard" of the Rritlsh 
 engine — is a very formidable-looking offair, and carries in its trlangled slmpo and huge 
 iron LarB, any thing but an idea of its benevolent intentions of saving the lives of all the 
 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 C 
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 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 I— t 
 
 sundry animals which come in its way. Yet eo it is found, that where a cow, sheep, or 
 OS, for instance, would be certain almost to be killed in coming in direct contact against 
 the perpendicular front of the engine, when flying along the rails — the cow-catcher, on the 
 other hand, catches them so that they are lifted at once off their feet, and rolled off on to 
 either the one side or the other of the line, thus giving them a greater chance of escaping 
 with life than otherwise. Sometimes animals are thus caught up and thrown on one side 
 without any serious injury, although, at other times, they are killed on the spot before 
 
 It I 
 
 asl 
 
THE CONDUCTOR AND NEWSMAN. 
 
 46 
 
 they nro thrown off the cow-cntclifr. Such nn orticle \» moro necessary In Amerlcn, whor« 
 the linos arc not protected by fences as they ore in Britoin, and consequently much more 
 subject to catllo straying about on them. 
 
 THE RAILROAD CONDUCTOR. 
 
 In attendance upon each troln, there Is a driver, stoker, one conductor, two or three 
 brakesmen, and an attendant in the shape of waiter — who acts also as travelling newsman, 
 bookseller, and dealer in Yankee notions. 
 
 The conductor on an American railroad is a smart, gentlemanly looking person gen- 
 erally, and were it not for a very small badge which ho wears cither on his cap or coat 
 breast, you could not tell him from any ordinary gentleman traveller, lie is — as he requires 
 to bo — a sharp, shrewd man of business, with the eye of an eagle, excellent powers of dis- 
 cvimiiintion as regards the various forms human nature takes, when passing under his re- 
 view — tlioroughly " posted up" as to all the " wild cat," " broken bank," and " uncurrent" 
 notes in circulation — who can tell a counterfeit 25 cent piece by feeling, without 
 troubling himself to look at it — and who, withal, is particularly attentive to ladies, in pro- 
 viding them with seats in cars — where mostly ladies, or ladies accompanied by gentlemen 
 are — and who, upon the whole, is civil, obliging, and attentive, with a sharp look-out after 
 tickets, and those who have none. 
 
 On a summer's morning, you will find him enter the car, as he gives the word "nil 
 aboard," dressed as if newly out of a band-box, in a suit of white, or unbleached linen, 
 from head to foot, hat and boots included. For a rollicking bit of fun, ho will enter the 
 carriage, giving some well-known passenger a " dig in the ribs," as ho sings out his morn- 
 ing salutation of " IIow are you, old feller!" at the same time saying to the passenger, " I 
 cal'date you didn't see the calf we ketchcd upon the eow-ketcher." On the passenger pro- 
 fessing his ignorance as to such an event having happened, but, being very desirous of get- 
 ting "posted" on the suliject, is eager for all the information he can got — the conductor, 
 in return, still bent on a bit of fun to start the day's business with, then relates in his own 
 peculiar fashion — which it is hopeless for us to describe, and more particularly regarding 
 oil the incidents connected with the catching of the animal referred to, and the variations, 
 exclamations, emendations, and oduiiions with which ho garnished up his wonderful story — 
 sutlice to say that the story was well told, and ended by the conductor completely " gell- 
 ing" his eager listener, wlien he told him, witli a rich leer in the one eye, that the animal 
 was on board, and he (the passenger) was the calf. With that, the conductor would bolt 
 to the other end of the car, leaving the whole company in a roar of laughter at the 
 unfortunate wight who was so eager to hear something of the marvellous, which Brother 
 Jonathan is always ready to supply, when he can meet with a proper customer who will 
 take it in. 
 
 There is another character " on board" the car, however, it would almost be unpardon- 
 able to omit noticing, namely, the attendant newsman. 
 
 cep, or 
 against 
 
 on the 
 ■ on to 
 icaping 
 ne side 
 
 before 
 
 THE RAILROAD NEWSMAN AND BOOKSELLER. 
 
 In America, there are almost no book-stalls connected with the railroad stations, as in 
 Great Britain, where newspapers, periodicals, books, etc., are sold in such vast quantities. 
 It must not bo imagined, however, that the railroad traveller is neglected, in that respect, 
 as will be found by experience on the lines, here. 
 
 Started on your journey, you have not gone far before you are visited by the attendant 
 newsman alluded to, " Morning paper, sirl" " morning paper, sir!" and thus he goes from 
 one end of the train to the other, selling the morning paper for, perhaps, 3 cents— being 
 one cent above publisher's price — but cheap enough withal. After he thinks you have 
 had time to " read, mark well, and inwardly digest" all the 3 cents' worth, he visits you 
 again, dispensing this time gratuitous literature, by handing to all and sundry a bill of 
 
40 
 
 THE UAILROAD NKWSMAX — " PUSHING THK TKADE." 
 
 •ome " heavier" nrticlc In tli« lltornry iimrkot — " Lifn ami Tlmoii of llii({h Millrr," ju»t out, 
 ({'iviti),; piu'liuulars rt'pirdiii^ tlint puliliciitlnii — tlin nrt:at miln It Iiiik liiid — uml if you wiitli 
 to eoii»i(K'r yi)iii'!«'lf u well " |>i)hIci1-u|i" niuii <>ii kucIi iiiattfru, you ouf^lit to liuy ii copy at 
 thi! ])rlooof — tlx! uliniKlily ilolliir. Vou Irnvf ju»t tiniitlu'd ri'iulinj^ tin- |ii'iw|ii'ctiH, wlini ho 
 ri'tuni!* nnd jiiokH up nil tin' prospcofuncs, ns he ciiiiiiot nIVord to liavc tlniii cither wiiMod, 
 or to j(ivc you one j^riiti:*. You wait to Hfc " wimt iifxt," whou next liu upj)i'iirK willi iiii 
 uriiiful of liooks iiioi'iy liound, one of which lio Imndj* to ovcry pimconf^iT. It in, " I,lfu iiiiil 
 Film's of llui^li Milli'r." Ho tlnm piifitrs tlirou);li tlir car, aiul linvin^; i,'ivcn you an oppor- 
 tunity of pcruHin;^ iiro!<pc(;tU8 and work alw), \w \vui\* a lillic till you have licguu to ncan 
 tho pnf^es ovor, and when you ore nicely at work perusing bouio lnterestln>{ otory con- 
 nected with the life of that excellent upecitncn of Scotlantl'i! Hclfniade men, the attcnclant 
 in at your clliow, nnd at your ear also, making tho polite reniurk, " Only one dollar, »ir;" 
 If you hcHitftte — "tho greatest book out, sir." Still you ore douldful — "No nuin but 
 thinks of having tlint book, sir;" nnd, nt Inst, between tho elofiuence of the author nnd 
 snlesnian of tho book, you nrc milium one dollar, but nn addition to your lilirar^ of one 
 volume. Thus you watch the tact and j)err<cverancc without many wordu, with which the 
 newsman goes along, selling all he can of those he had left with tho passengers. 
 
 He now disaj)])cars. IJy-aiid-by his next vi-it is in another character. IJy this time, he 
 supposes you are getting thirsty — wo will not suppose, for a moment, on account of the 
 nuitter being rather dry, that he had, a fi'W minuliss before, sold you; but, at ail events, 
 he appears now with a tin enn full of iced water, which he dispenses in a tumbler to every 
 thirsty person, gratis — handling both artii'les with smne nici'ty — as the train tli4'S along. 
 Thus he supplies all who wish to drink. Having eonij)leted his journey ia this line of 
 business, ho shortly nppenra ngnin, londed with another stipply of books. This time, it is 
 a " Railroad (luido." Ho leaves a copy of that also as before, and proceeds on. After you 
 have perused it, you, proliably, are inclined to be posted n[) as to the time of tho railroail, 
 RS well as the time of ilay, ond feel disposed to invest 'J6 cents for that — well-invested 
 money od the newsman may tell j'ou — " rave, many a trnin, sir." Si on he passes, )iicking 
 up those cojiics not wanted, and picking up the ipiarter dollars where they are to be met 
 with. 
 
 In this way does this attcinlant pass and repass, delivering, selling, and taking up eopie.H 
 of books of all sorts — magazines, illustrated newspapers, etc. — so that, between i-eading 
 what you may have bouglit, and glancing over all those which are thrown in temptation's 
 way, the time on a railroad, in America, pa.sses away very fast, even although you should 
 bo travelling witliout any ne((uaintanee to converse with. After n Inpse of an hour or so, 
 and after he has exhausted his varii'ty <if good things for the mind, our industrious friend 
 now appears with something opproaching to " lolly pops" in aj)penrnnee, but intended ns 
 food for the body. This is the veritnblc " pop corn," oil done iip in j)aper bags, at " only 
 6 cents njiiece." 
 
 You have, probably, never tasteil pop corn, j-ou see every body else investing, am', 
 so goes another twentieth jiart of the said almighty dollar, for a bag of pop corn. Frjni 
 its starchy white look and appearance to some nice confectionary, yi>u expect to get a 
 sweet mouthful. However, you will be disappointed, whether agreeubly or not, we do 
 not say, as tlint is a matter of taste. All we can say is, that wo like it well enough, and thnt 
 it nppcnrs to be a groat favourite, from the qunntities you will see eonsumed on cars, stcnni- 
 boats, in thentros, etc. It is thi' Indiiin ('orn, subjected to heat, by some process, nnd blown 
 up into a light eonfectionary-lookin;; article, sprinkled over with salt, nnd a very healthy 
 nnd, we dare say, nourishing article, for those Avlio like it. 
 
 Having left you to finish your stock of "pop corn," the faithful nttondant is at your 
 service once more, and if you were disappointed at his last visit, by not getting some 
 "lolly pops," ns you expected, you will now have an opportunity of investing nnothor 
 quarter of a dollar on some genuine "candy" of Mr. Somebody's excellent mnnufac- 
 turc. Tliore is no mistake this time, so you are inclined to speculnte once more. But 
 25 cents' worth of candy, what are you going to do with uU that? If you ore at a 
 
THE NEWSMAN — KAILROAD REFUKSIIMKNT STATIONS. 
 
 47 
 
 loM, tli<' attfiiiliint will nt onoo ^Ivo you a proof of hla kliuliiPM, niul nffonl you an 
 
 opixiHuiilty to cx.Tclrt.* youM, liy miuif.'Miiii^ tliiit It will no .l.nil.t iiiror.l you plciiiiir.' to 
 (livid.' it, with tin "lltllti tlciirn" ill lilt' H.iii t)..rori' oi liiliiiid you, uad it' tli.r.' nr.' iii>iio 
 •c'tually Ko il(Mr lit liiiiid, lii> will Hnd koihc in tli.' triiin who will ht'coino tli«> Kmti'ful r«- 
 clpli-ntH ol' your liciH'VokMit klmhicss. TIiuh iipiM'ul.d to, you nmy lif Ird to li.i ncmrouH; 
 or, If la Moll-Ill liiiiiioiir tlnit diiy, In tlmt iTHprct, you ImkIii to look iil ImiIIi M.lrn of yoiit 
 (jimrtcr dolliif, Ik loff you cxi'lianj,'.' it fm- the jHickit of niii.ly, done u|i mo Invillux n* It U 
 111 wliiti' iind gold piip.r. Till' "pop oorii," liowi^vir, liy tliis tiiiio, urm« tlio nci'c^^ity of 
 tometliiii;/ to iilluy tin- tlili'4 which It crontoil ; no you Ix'^ln to lu'ultntc, and, at lii«l, iiiako 
 up your iiiind you will imt upend '25 coiitH on candy then— It'i too niiicli. To mt it all, 
 perhaps, woiilil turn tlio I'ipiililiriiini of your xtomach, and, whilst in that mood, lidwcon 
 hesitation and want, the ttttcndaiit — faithful man — putu an end to your noliloipiy by tho 
 inforiiiation that " Wall, 1 ({ucss you can have a diiiieV worth." That will do — a hiiri^ain 
 ii) .-lnie!{, and you hand out your 10 cents, and he f^ivi'syim a portion of a paekii!.'! , vuliiu 
 one diiiu'. Thus cni^iiifcd, tluTefore, lietwceii iiUiiyiiig your thirst with tlu^ candy, and cn- 
 joyiiiif your iiivcstniciits in literature, you whirl aloiii,' till you coino to a station where the 
 iron horse takes in fuel and water. " All alioard" again, iiiul you are once more niedilating 
 upon some of the ln'iiutiesof nature, which you are passing rapidly, when iiiiother attendant 
 npiK'iirs, with a great huiidlo of nowspapers under liU arm. At the last stopping place, 
 tho faithful attendant, who liaJ no eedulously attended to your nicni.il und material 
 wants — with profit to himself and to you — has disap|ieared from off the stage — of the car.at 
 all events — iiikI you sei' no more of him. His ])lace Is taken hy another, who has come up 
 thu line, perhaps lo or 50 miles, with an up train, with tho evening juipcr of the next 
 large town or city you are a|)proaching. " Important new* hy telegraph ;" " News l>y fho 
 ocean telegraph;" "To-day's London news." You are now hit lion e, perhaps, and in your 
 eagerness to know what the news is, you inquire " What Is it?" when you are brought to 
 your senses by th<! doUar-aiid-cciit laconic reply, "3 cents, sir." You had forgot; the 
 newsman, however, had not ; so you hand out 3 cents, and havi^ it all before you. 
 Itetweeii your morning paper, your evening paper, your one dollar volume, your llail- 
 roud (iuide, your pop corn, and your candy, and sundry drinks of water, you have been 
 pretty well occajjicd during the journey, and we arc bound to think that you have not 
 Wearied any more witli travelling only at the rate of 2(1 miles per hour, than you would 
 have done if you had lieen on the tireat Western Express, railing it at the punctual time of 
 Ct) miles nn hour, with " liell Fire Jack" as driver, from London to Bristol. 
 
 The iiewsiuan on tiie railroad car is a character perfectly unique, and on'y to be met 
 with on au American railroad, or steamboat soiiietimei). 
 
 RAILROAD REFRESHMENT STATIONS. 
 
 The great distinguishing diflferencc between the refreshment soloon nt tho railway sta- 
 tions here and in Britain is, that those in Britain nre, for the most part, occupied with 
 bars, for the sale of liipiors of all kinds, and wretched tea and coffee, or soup — with the 
 latter so scalding hot, however, that you have neither time nor patience to wait till it is 
 cool enough to enjoy it. In America it is just the reverse. The bar, where intoxicating 
 liipiors are sold, is scarcely to be seen at some stations. It forms a very secondary place in 
 the estallishmcnt. The refreshment saloon proprietor finds it necessary to supply the best, 
 most wholesoiiio, and substantial victuals for travellers, whilst the railroad companies 
 allow their p.issengers time to enjoy them. People in this country have no idea of travelling 
 3(1(1 or 4(10 miles, on an idd fusty biscuit, or spunge cake, and keei)ing up tiio " inner man" 
 with brandy and water, or pale ale — things all very well in their proper place, but not to 
 travel upon for from 12 to 24 hours. 
 
 Di.NNKU. — III your journey along the line, we omitted to convoy you to the dining saloon. 
 When, tlierefore, tho bell on the engine has rung its la.^t stroke of stoppage, you jump off 
 the oar, and arc informed — " 20 minutes here for dinner." You are now, probably, landed 
 
48 
 
 A WAY-SIDE KEFRESHMENT SALOOX — SLEEPING CARS. 
 
 it 
 
 at a station not far from a dense forest, or in the midst of a deep valley, ■with a range of 
 mountains, perhaps, on every side, with nothing to be heard but the " iron liorse" snorting 
 till ho comes to a stand-still, and the sound from his nostril reverberating through the val- 
 ley, and re-echoed again and again. You feel disposed to disappointment in being landed 
 at such a primitive-looking station, which j)rcsents, from all you see around you, externally, 
 such scanty means of providing a good dinner, for you, who have tasted notliing very aub- 
 Bt-antial, probably, from 5 to 6, a. m., and now it is 12.30 or 1, v. m. Besides, there is not 
 the magnificent refreshment saloon as in England, like the Midland at Derby, or Carlisle — 
 with its ecclesiastical looking ceiling, and its baronial lire-place. If you liavc not 
 that, you have, in just such a station as that of Stafford, or at Bristol, a wooden 
 refreshment-room, well stocked inside. You now enter tlio dining-room — take your seat — 
 and we will guarantee you will get a most sumptuous dinner, tliere and then, for 60 cents, 
 (or 2s. stg.,) and have time to take it in comfort, com]iared with the '• bolting" necessary i.t 
 some of the refreshment stations in Great Britain, where you have to pay (12^ cents (or 2s. 
 6(1 stg.). At this country way-side station, lliey nre all i)re])ared for your coming, every 
 thing is ready to the minute the train is due. Host of the dishes are cut up, all ready, and, 
 between soup, delicious trout from the mountain streams at liaml, fann-yard poultry, nmt- 
 ton, beef, pork, vegetables, and pies and t.irts innumerable, witli, for dessert — in summer sea- 
 son — water-melons, musk-melons, hueklebeiries, and several fruits we cannot name, to- 
 gether with pure iced-water — we can vouch you have finished, most satisfactorily, 20 min- 
 utes' good hard work in the use of knife and fork. You now retire, we will be bound to 
 say, agreeably disappointed witli the refreshment-saloon, even at a way-.-ide station in the 
 United States of America. At some stations, I lie charge is only 25 cent.-', and a very good 
 dinner is got. All the passengers, sit down at an immense long table. There are no 
 2d-clas8 refreshment-room stations — all are 1 -t-class, but at 2d-class English prices. Tlie 
 conductor, driver, and all the attendants of the train, join at the universal table ; but none 
 of ♦hem until they have washed themselves in the washroom adjoining the dining-saloon. 
 
 BaiE.\KVAsr. — Travellers who start very eiirly in the morning, or who may have been 
 travelling all night, will hail the arrival at the breakfast station, with its jilenty of good 
 cheer, in hot coffee, tea, toast, potatoes, ham and eggs, beef steaks, mutton chops, bread and 
 butter, eggs, (boiled, poached, and fried,) etc., etc., etc., with a tumbler of iced-water. 
 Charge foi- such varies from 25 to 50 cents, depending upon localities, and set out. Time 
 all wed, 20 minutes. 
 
 Tea ou Sn-i-Eii. — Generally about 6 o'clock — unless near destination of chief terminus 
 
 the train will stop for tea or supper, nllowing 20 minutes. The fare presented is similar to 
 breakfast, with the addition of pies, tarts, etc., with all kinds of |)reservcs. Charge, 25 to 
 50 cents. Of course there are no fees to waiters. At all the refreshment-saloons on the rail- 
 roads here, the attendance is most efficient, with damsels which rival, in every respect, the 
 far-famed waitresses at such as Wolverton, Stafford, Peterborough, or Swindon stations, in 
 England, 
 
 SLEEPING CARS ON RAILWAYS. 
 
 Amongst the many improvements introduced in connection with comfortable locomotion, 
 none of so important a character for travellers by night trains has ever been introduced as 
 that of the sleeping berths fitted up for passengers in some of the railroads in Canada and 
 the United States. 
 
 On the (irand Trunk Railroad in Canada, the sleeping ears are the most comfortable of 
 any we have seen ; almost in every respect like the berths of a first-class cabin in a steamer 
 
 — all enclosed, with the conveniences and comforts of a good be<l, washstand, etc. so that 
 
 travellers going between Montreal and Toronto during night, can go to bed and rise in the 
 morning at their destination much more refreshed than if they had sat up all iiii;ht. This 
 luxury can be enjoyed by paying f 1 extra. On several lines in the United States cars are 
 fitted up similarly, but not qui'e so comjiletely nor so comfortable as those in Canada, al- 
 though a great improvement so far. Between Cleveland and Cincinnati, for instance, each 
 
CHURCHES OF AMERICA— ATTENDANCE AT CHURCH. 
 
 49 
 
 car is fitted up for 66 bertlis, for which the extra charge is 60 cents eacli. Altogetlier, it ia 
 ft move in tlie right direction, nnd, we should suppose, might bo adopted with advantage 
 on the long line runs of such as the Great Northern and London and North-Western, be- 
 tween London and Edicburgh, the night trains of which, for comfortable accommodation, 
 are nothing to compare with the cars alluded to in this country. On the Pennsylvania 
 Central Road, there are high-backed sofa seats, which one can repose upon very comfort- 
 ably, at no extra charge. 
 
 t 
 
 THE CHURCHES OF AMERICA. 
 
 The elegance of the churches in the United States and Canada is well known to every 
 American traveller. AVhilst tliero cannot be, of course, such venerable edifices to be seen 
 as the fine old cathedrals of such as Salisbury, York, London, and Westminster, (Eng.,) or 
 Glasgow and Elgin, (Scot.,) yet we have no hesitation in saying, that in modern churches, 
 those of Canada or the States will compare favourably with any in Great Britain or Ire- 
 land, either in artistic excellence in architectural design, as well as substantiality. Wo 
 know of few towns in Great Britain, which, in comparison with its size, can show such a 
 turn out of elegant places of worship as is to be seen, for example, in the city of Toronto. 
 In one or two other towns, such as Montreal, the Catholics excel in the external beauty 
 as well as size of their cathedrals, although internally they are nothing to boast of, some 
 of them oven betraying, in our opinion, very bad taste. The English Episcopalian cathe- 
 dral and churches, as well as those of the Congrogationalist and other bodies again, both 
 e.vternally and internally, show generally excellent taste, combined with great comfort. 
 
 The Presbyterian cluirches, both English and Scotch, olsc present some very handsome 
 edifices, excelling, as a general rule, we think, the buildings which the Scotch Free Church 
 Presbyterians have been erecting lately in many of the Scotch towns, most of which, for- 
 tunately, make no pretensions to architectural beauty of design. For the same amount of 
 money which many of these churches have cost, if the Americans had had to build them, 
 tliey would in all probability have erected neat and tastefully-designed churches entirely 
 of wood, and by painting theni white, with green round the windows and doors, and with 
 tlii'ir bright green Venetian blinds, would have presented, as they do in countrj' districts 
 here, churches and chapels, that, however small, at once commend themselves for their ele- 
 gance and neatness. 
 
 In the large cities on the seaboard, such . , New York, in the lavish expenditure of 
 money which must have been spent on the magnificent edifices there, we should t'xy, that 
 the Americans have good reasons to be church- proud. (See New York, for engravings of 
 euch.) 
 
 THE ATTENDANCE AT CHURCH. 
 
 On visiting the churches in the United States and Canada, the stranger wni find them 
 well filled, generally speaking. In summer time, the ladies are to be seen going dressed 
 in the most expensive muslins and laces, with bare arms, perhaps, under elegant mantillas of 
 the most zephyr thinness, displaying easily the shape of the figure, be it handsome or 
 otherwise. In the autunm or " fall," tlie most gorgeous silks, brocades, and velvets are 
 worn. This being the age of " hoops," of course the ladies assume larger dimensions than 
 usual ; the use of that article in tliis country being carried to as great excess as we think it 
 possible to be done. 
 
 As ft general rule, the congregations of all places of worship are exceedingly well dressed, 
 nnd present, in summer time, some features rather different from those in Britain. In the 
 Bumnier time, ladies take ."iins with them to church — the value of that article ranging from 
 a 5-cent dried palm-leaf, to every sort and design of the most costly Chinese and French 
 manufacture. During the service, the fans are kept in almost constant motion in cooling 
 their possessors, much, wo should suppose, to the annoyance of the speaker, seeing these 
 waving back and forward before his eyes, at rates varying from 5 to 50 miles per hour. 
 The gentlemen go in suits, some of black, some white, some drab, and some brown, just n= 
 
50 
 
 DRESS AT CHUKCU — CHURCH PSALMODY. 
 
 it suits their taste, convenience, or comfort. JIany witli wliole suits of wliitc linen, and 
 being newly washed and " got up," with pure white phirt-fronts, turn-down collars, and 
 small ribbon for nock-tie, look unconiiiionly well, neat, and cloan-looking, and, in the 
 hot weather, the most comfortable dress of all. As we have sat broiling under our black 
 coat, vest, and trowsers — all woollen — we have many times envied those gentlemen in 
 ■white and fine linen. In the matter of hats, too, the big black chinmey pot is thrown aside 
 by many, and the light straw or felt hat adopted in its place, so tiiat, dressed up as now 
 described, with a pair of thin patent leather boots or shoes, fit for a ball, it will be seen, 
 that the American gentleman dresses so as to be as easy, light, and comfortable as lie 
 can. Little boys arc similarly dressed as the gentlemen ; and girls — women in miniature — 
 they must follow the fashion allotted to tliem, and are dressed and screwed up like so n>any 
 big dolls, but certainly with the most exquisite neatness and taste, and some of them at no 
 small cost. In the winter months it is just the very reverse of all this. Nothing can bo 
 too thick, almost, from the sole of the foot to the crown of the head, for ladies, gentleman, 
 and children. 
 
 The Avorking classes turn out to church exceedingly well dressed, and if it was difficult 
 to tell, at one time, the difTerence between a Manchester or Glasgow factory-girl from the 
 daugliter of a mill-owner, on Sunday, it is pretty much the case now in America — Sally 
 of the hotel or the private residence, as well as the well-paid workman's wife, being de- 
 sirous of showing off as well as those of the " upper ten" — not forgetting their fan, either, 
 when thcj- go out. 
 
 CHURCH PSALMODY. 
 
 On entering almost any church, chapel, or meeting-house of any denomination what- 
 ever, the stranger must at once be struck with the most excellent psalmody which he hears 
 in the places of worship. Generally speaking, there is as great a difference between the 
 psalmody and music in American churches, wiien compared with that heard in England, 
 as there is between the sing-song, drawling, unmusical notes to be heard in some of the 
 churches in country parishes in Scotland, wlien compared with the music in such as St. 
 Bride's, in l'"leet street, or Rev. Dr. Binnie's, in Kish-strect Hill, London. 
 
 The reason appears to us to arise from the study which tiic Americans, as a people, give 
 to the art, connnencing with them when very young at the piano or melodeon, and hav- 
 ing tluis early learnt it, become to like it, and carry it into their religious services. 
 
 In the choirs of jjlaces of worship, as is well known, tlie wives and daughters of the most 
 respectable families at^sist, and scarcely is there a choir, we should say, but what can boast 
 of its prima donna, belonging to the upper classes, amongst its volunteer assistants. Struck, 
 eometiines, with sonic particular tenor, towering above all the others, we have found, 
 upon inquirj', the voice to be that of the lady of Mr. A., the importer, or hearing an ex- 
 cellent bass voice, were told it was Mr. B., the manufacturer. In some of the churches in 
 the large cities is this particularly the case, the singing bfing such as we fancy could not 
 fail to arrest the attention, and jilease the man who does not know even one note from an- 
 other. In some congregations, the hynm books have nmsical notes printed in; others, 
 ogain, have music books with airs only — consequently, a large trade is done in supplying 
 congregations with sacred music books, or witii hymn books set to music. 
 
 We do not find, however, that tiie congregations, as a body, let their voices be heard, 
 any more than they are heard in many churches in Britain. They apjiear to allow 
 the choir and the organ to do the work, and in many chureiies they are mere listeners. 
 As an exception to this, may be named such as Rev. Mr. Beecher's church, in Brooklyn, New 
 York. Tiiere the whole congregation appear to sing with heartj' good will — in itself, a 
 treat to hear. 
 
 Every place of worshiji has a nmsical instrument of some kind, generally an organ, or 
 melodeon. Even the small congregation, in the hirge Scotch Presbyterian Church of St. 
 Andrew, at Clifton, (Canada West,) appears to iiavc been inoculated in favour of a musical 
 instrument, for without waiting, we presume, for authority from headquarters, (being a 
 
LUMBER AND LUMBERMEN. 
 
 61 
 
 Scotch established churcli) they have asserted the right in their adopted land— and being 
 in close proximity to the " land of liberty"-to introduce a melodeon to assist their psal- 
 mody, and with good effect in singing the good old-fashioned psalms and paraphrases of 
 tlie " authorized version." 
 
 A controversy is now going on in the church meetings, in Canada, upon tlie subject of 
 introducing instrumental music into churches, similar to thut wliich is going on in Scot- 
 land, amongst the members of the United Presbyterian body there. 
 
 LUMBER AND LUMBERMEN. 
 
 The term "lumber," is meant to represent all kinds of timber, whether in logs, deals, 
 spars, shingles, or any other description of cut or uncut timber. " Lumbermen" as those 
 who are employed in cutting down the timber, preparing it for, and making it into rafts, 
 and "rafting" or sailing those rafts down the rivers to a port. Thus a raft is "run" or 
 " rafted" down a river, when it is being taken to market to be sold. The term raftsmen 
 is, therefore, synonymous with lumbermen, wlien conveying tlie lumber along the rivers. 
 
 The lumbermen of Canada are chiefly Frencli Canadians, and, in many respects, they 
 lead a solitary, exposed, and hard-working life. 
 
 In the sunnner season these men are engaged by large "lumber houses," owncrf= of im- 
 mense tracts of forest lands and swamps. Tliey are sent hundreds of miles up the 
 country, to certain stations in_ the interior; along with them they take a supply of pork, 
 flour, and liiscuit, and warm clotliing, sufficient to last over the Avinter season, ar.d until 
 the river navigation opens. When winter sets in, they are engaged "cliopping," or 
 felling down the trees, and preparing them into logs. Some do nothing but chop ; otiicrs, 
 again, attend to the " logging," tluit is, yoking tlie bullocks and attending to them in 
 drawing the logs out of the forest, to the nearest outlet of the river, or point, where they 
 are prepared into rafts. Anotlier is employed as cook for the party, who remains at home 
 all day, preparing llie food, and, perhaps, exercising liimself in tlie use of the rifle, in bring- 
 ing in some game so as to furnish an extra savory disli now and then. Tliej- live in wooden 
 " slianties," or log-houses, whieli, by plastering or tlie use of bark, are rendered as warm as 
 any stone house. There, during the dreary montlis of winter, with snow and ice on every 
 side, and a dense forest around tlieiii for many miles, do these hardy men exist, enlivening 
 their evenings by games at cards, or probably reading the latest newspaper, if one, by any 
 chance, should come in their way. Tlie winter time, when every tiling is frozen hard 
 nrounil theiii, is freijuently a more comfortable time for them than at other seasons, when 
 in swamps they are obliged to stand in water and chop or log. In winter they wear suits 
 of the heavy Canadian cloth, alluded to elsewhere, with long boots, of a very heavy and 
 substantial make. In Canada alone, it is estimated there are upwards of 30,000 lumbermen 
 regularly employed, chiefly in the Ottawa, and far north-west districts. Tliey are engaged 
 for the season, perhaps. They go to work, live in tlie bush, as described, during the 
 winter, and, after they have got all their logs made into rafts, tliey are prepared to "run" 
 them when the ice disappears. The running of rafts is, sometimes, a very dangerous opera- 
 tion, particularly on such as the Rivers Ottawa and St. Lawrence, where there are so many 
 rapids; however, by the use of long oars, at each end of the raft — eoch oar acting as a 
 helm to steer with — and experience, the practised lumberman gets along without much dan- 
 ger, excepting where ho gets into a wide expanse of the river where the small lakes arc 
 fcn-med, and a storm coming on, he runs the risk of the raft being blown in different 
 directions, and thus " wrecking" the raft, sometimes, beyond hope of recovery, and with 
 loss of life often. On such a lake as St. Peter's, on the St. Lawrence, is this sometimes 
 the case. 
 
 We here give an engraving of rafts " rnnn'ng" the rapids of the St. Lawrence, at Cedars, 
 Canada East, JiG miles S. W. from Montreal, which will give an idea of one of the most 
 dangerous and exciting scenes during the voyage of a raft, on its way to market 
 
 ; 
 
1 1. 
 
 52 
 
 RAFTS OF LUMBER RUNNING THE RAPIDS. 
 
 In gome districts, the rafts are divided, and made to descend the " slides" — where there 
 are no rapids, or other means of conveying them past locks or falls. 
 
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 On the rafts are erected temporary houses, or huts, and with a cooking stove, barrels of 
 flour, pork, etc, Tlius they may be seen, making their way for hundreds of miles down the 
 rivers to various porta on tlie St. Lawrence, but particularly to Quebec, the greatest 
 lumber shipping port in America. The lumbermen are engaged for so much per season, 
 with victuals. When tliey arrive at Quebec with the rafts — tl>o proceeds of their winter's 
 work — they arc then paid the amount due them, and are ready to engage for tlie next sea- 
 son. Sometimes the lumbermen are very troublesome, in breaking engagements with their 
 emploj'ers, and hiring themselves to others when they get up the country. Employers 
 
 fu) 
 
 en 
 an 
 
. i 
 
 THE LUMBER TRADE— FIRE-ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. o!-} 
 
 comrlain of this, wl.ilst the men, on the other Imnd, complain of bad treatment, or the 
 terms of the engagement not being acted up to. An attempt was made to establish a 
 registry of linnbcrmeu in the Ottawa district, with the view of checking tlio evil alluded 
 to, but nothing of a legislative character has yet been done, to render any such measures 
 legally binding. The rafts on the Delaware, may be seen in similar manner, floating down 
 to I'hiladelphia, which is the market for its lumber. All the large cities on the seaboard 
 are more or less lumber markets, and by the cheapness of this article, are the people kept 
 in a supply of firewood, (the only fuel in most places,) as well as material for building, 
 fitting up, and furnishing houses, in doing which, the United States and Canada certainly 
 do " lick all creation." 
 
 To give an idea of the magnitude of the trade done at Quebec, in the single article of 
 lumber, of Canadian growth, we annex the following statement:— 
 
 AnAVgtraot of the Number of Piecea of all Lunxber (nquare Umber excepted) meaaured in Quebeo 
 
 during the season, of 1856. 
 
 1,518 masts an<l bowsprits , 1,(508 spars ; 61,496 oars ; 2,639 cords of lathwood; 1,379,178 ,-tandard nine 
 deals ; o.)j!,4(l-2 si undiinl spruce deals; 838,585 standard pine and spruce deals, unculled ; IS5,8S2 pine planlf 
 and boanis culled ; l,i,110 pine plank and boards, counted ; 7S,4iy spruce plank and boards, culled • 14 Us5 
 spruce plank and boards, counted ; 1,3:J9,I5S2 standard staves ; 940,184 West India staves. ' 
 
 The tot.il exiiorts of timber of all kinds from Canada, in the year ISoO, amounted in value to |10,01C S83- 
 and the value of ships built in (Juebec and sold out of the country amounted to $1,213,070: luakiuK a total 
 of wcod goods exported of $11,138,959. ■»■ . i . b 
 
 The receipts by the Canadian government, were as follows : — 
 
 DurluR the year 1850 the gross receipts were— 
 
 On account of Timber Licenses $214,012 90 
 
 Do. Government Slides 32,788 90 
 
 T^ , ., V . 246,801 80 
 
 Deducting charges of management, Timber Licenses 23,035 70 
 
 Do. do. do. Government Slides 1,895 09 
 
 34,931 89 
 
 Leaving a net of $211,870 41 
 
 FIRE-ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 Who lias not heard of this " Institution" — one so hallowed in the recollection of every 
 American, from 15 to 100 years of age? As to the regular paid firemen of Great 
 Britain, the British public care no more about them, than tlicy do about their chimney- 
 swoop?, or street-scavengers. They are all men who are paid for doing their work, and 
 are expected to do it well. If they do not do it so, some one else will be got, wlio will do 
 it right, and so there is an end of it. Not so in America. The fire-engine of the Ameri- 
 can is associalod with his first breath of life, perhaps the toy of his childhood, till it 
 reaches into manhood with him — growing with his growth — his first thought in the morn- 
 ing, and, too often, his last thought and action at night. Grown out of a voluntary act, 
 wlien towns wore not able to support fire-enginos, and pay mon specially for looking af- 
 ter them, the institution of the fire-engine, and firemen companies, have become a power, 
 alas! however, like all human greatness, destined to reach the summit of its greatness, and 
 ■wane gradually till it disappears, at last, altogether from sight, or memory. To express an 
 opinion against this institution at one time was tantamount to blasphemy — and to doubt their 
 efficiency, as a body, was downright infidelity. It may be asked by some, who and w^hat 
 are these firemen there is so much said and written about ? They are simply a body of 
 men, generally young men and lads, who, in a particular district of a city, form themselvea 
 into a firemen's company, with the laudable desire of assisting in putting out fires, and 
 saving the property at such as much as possible. The corporation furnishes them with an 
 engine, engine-house, hose, hooks, ladders, etc., etc. They pay for the decoration and 
 furnishing of their engine themselves. They are very particular about having their en- 
 gine to beat every other engine already in existence, or which ever may come into exist- 
 ence. It shall bo more expensively painted and decorated. Its fittings of brass, copper, 
 and silver-gilt, shall shine so as to dim the lustre of all others within eye-sight on a parade 
 
64 
 
 THE firemen's "KUN OUT." 
 
 day. Its power shnll he such n» to throw a jet of wntcr higher than tlie higliest yet at- 
 tained, and curry on its front, ns a tnarlv of its gallantry and strength, n pair of the horns 
 of an ox. 
 
 With all these he.Tutios and qualifications, it must combine in it, all the ease, lightness, 
 and grace of a fairy chariot, and none of the clumpy rod and black painted wheels of 
 an engine of Tilley's, or Merroweather's, of London. No ; the '• Nonpareil" fire-en- 
 gine of the 100th district "Nonpareil Company," with the "Knickerbocker Hook and 
 Ladder Company," with liose, and hose-carriage, is a paragon, to match which the world 
 is challenged. AVlien the awful sound of a conflagration is heard tolling, mournfullj', it 
 may be, over the city, with the news of the " devouring element" being at work some- 
 where, it is then that the philanthropic fireman is to be seen in all his excitement and 
 glorj- — then, that his bowels of compassion to save life as well as property, urges him to 
 the scene — it is then, that the "Nonpareil' engine, with the "Knickerbocker" hook and 
 hidder, and hose, close behin<l, are expected to bo at the fire first of all. Yonder you seo 
 it coming scampering down the hill, in full flight with its 20 human horses in the traces, 
 with red jackets and helmets, nearly cap-a-pie, rushing along, and clearing the streets as 
 they go, witii captain in front, and as he runs, sliouting out his orders tiirough his sil- 
 ver-gilt trumpet. There they are in full cry, when behind them, another company with 
 engine No. 1, wheels round the corner, and, in its attempting to pass the renowned "Nonpa- 
 reil," gets jammed up against the first lamp post, and maimed for doing any more good or 
 harm, for tlie remainder of that day or night. The "Nonpareil" still Imlds on its trium- 
 phant career, although it may have broken o leg or two of its members, in its encounter 
 with No. 1. It arrives within half a gun shot of the scene of action, when another com- 
 panj-. No. 2, drives up, before tlie redoubtable " Nonpareil," and jiitching into it, smashes 
 its slender body, and all "the fi.xings," into smithereens, till at last No. 2, and a few others 
 arrive at the fire, and find it — a false alarm, after all. What is the meaning of all this ? 
 will be asked. Only — that the firemen of one company had sounded the alarm of fire, 
 and wanting a run for themselves, thought they would show how soon they could be at a 
 particular spot, in advance of all their neighbours, and thus take the "shine" out of them. 
 
 In solier earnest, however, the foregoing is no exaggeration of a scene in going to an ac- 
 tual or reputed fire. Tlie scenes of rivalry which the system has engendered, the fights 
 at fires, the loafers and. scoundrels of all sorts which have lately got connected with fire 
 companies — whose only object is to get up fires for the sake of plunder — has led to the 
 doom, as we believe, of the existence of volunteer companies in connection witii fire-en- 
 gines and fire-brigades. Public opinion, backed by the insurance companies, have now 
 found out a remedy for reducing the number of fires, and also the amount of destruc- 
 tion of property which follow them. That remedy is the establishing the steam fire-en- 
 gine, and a regular paid staff of firemen. 
 
 The public in all the large cities almost, seem alive to the importance of adopting the 
 new system, and appear to give it their hearty support, against the deadly o()position of 
 the volunteer fire companies, who cannot but see tiiat the day of their services is fixed 
 — that tlieir pet fire-engines may be put in glass cases as relics of the past, as soon as they 
 like. Instead of a run out with their engine, and breaking sundry legs and arms — or 
 turning out of bed now and then to actual fires, they will be able to spend their evenings 
 more pleasantly and profitably in the magnificent saloons and reading-rooms of their mer- 
 cantile libraries, and sleep sound at night withotit giving themselves any trouble whoso 
 property is on fire, as the iron horse, will, ere long, clear all before him, and soon drown 
 out the biggest fire which has over liappeneil, in a lOiith part of the time it would take 
 60 volunteer fire-engines, however neat and trim tiiey may be. 
 
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THE STEAM FIRE-ENGINE. 
 
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 THE STEAM FIRE-ENGINE — EXPRESS. 
 
 THE STEAM FIRE-ENGINE. 
 
 55 
 
 One of the grcntpst invciilions of modern times, na connected with saving property from 
 destruction nnd tlieft at fires, nnd for raising tlie dividends of fire insurance companies, 
 is that of the application of steam to tlie fire-engine. 
 
 In cities ■wiicre tliese engines are in use, the dividends of the fire insurance componies 
 have risen about per cent ; people sleep sound in bed nt night, foeling confidence in the 
 power of the fire (steam) engine — putting all fires out quickly, and in doing so, respecting 
 property — with very few fires taking place now, compared with what occurred formerly. 
 These are some of the results of the steam fire-engine being established. To Cincinnati 
 belongs the honour of first setting the worthy example in this respect, and to one man 
 there, viz., Miles (ireenwood, of the Eagle Foundry, belongs tlio credit, more than to any 
 other man, for carrying it out, although frequently at the risk of health and life. 
 
 When at ('incinnati, we had an opportunity of seeing these engines at work, at fires, 
 and most admirably did they answer the purpose. 
 
 First of all, it must be understood, that, as in the London brigades, men are at the fire- 
 engine stations constantly, night and day. They have, moreover, towers nt each, from the 
 top of which a watch is kept oil over the city, so that when a fire breaks out, it is seen ot 
 once. For each engine there are 4 powerful horses kept ready harnessed. Each ciiLine is 
 kept filled witli water and fuel, and all ready to fire up. No sooner is the olarin jf fire 
 given, than one man puts a match to the fuel, when it is burning in a minute — the 
 horses are yoked, and in two minutes are on their way to the scene of the fire. The 
 burning fuel in the engine is getting up the steam, nnd before six minutes has elapsed, steam 
 is up to the required pressure, so that, nn arriving nt the fire, it is ready to work the en- 
 gine, and throw the water through thj hose. If the steam is up before the destin'vtion is 
 reached, it propels the engine forward, making it light work for the horses. At night, it 
 is a novel sight to see the liorses and steam-engine together, careering along the street, 
 pnorting up the steam and smoke as they gallop along, and making the fire-sparks fly from 
 their heels. Tliero is something positively grand and exciting in such a sight, and one can- 
 not help, in this matter, admiring the go-ahead character of the people, in a most practi- 
 cal direction. 
 
 When they arrive at the scene of the fire, the horses are unyoked, and the firemen con- 
 nect the main hose of the engine, with the water-plugs — these conveying the water into 
 the fire-engine — and from there, it is pumped against the fire, There the engines stand 
 quietly working away, as easily as possible, with the stoker behind adding fuel, and an 
 engineer in front looking after the machinery. 
 
 The power of throwing water through these engines is almost beyond belief. 
 
 Since their successful establishment in Cincinnati, almost all the large cities have been 
 supplied with them. 
 
 It is supposed, because the steam fire-engine cannot eat, drink, nnd bribe, that it has not 
 made much greater headway in some cities ; however, its advantogcs are compelling its 
 adoption, and, ere long, we should suppose, its use will be universal in all lorge towns. 
 
 The steam fire-engine is made, also, for 2 horses, and, on some occasions, steam has been 
 got up in 4 minutes, 45 seconds. 
 
 EXPRESS. 
 
 That's the word in America! It is applied to every moving thing, animate and inani- 
 tjKite — to movements of the steomship, the locomotive, the body, as well as the mind. Every 
 thing and every body is alive, and goes by express. The people live and think by express, 
 ■ as many of them acknowledge. From the forwarding a box of goods to their conclusions 
 on the theory of human progression, all is express work. If you want to send a parcel 
 300 miles per " goods train," and expect it delivered in 16 or 18 hours, as in England, you 
 must send it here per " express freight." In that case, however, you may be glad if you 
 
66 
 
 EXPRESS PEOPLE AND EXPKESS COMPANIES. 
 
 M ! 
 
 hove It delivered that distniice ofT in M) lioum If you wish to go 180 miles in 3 to 4 
 hours, 08 in England, simply per " express," you must hero go by the " lightning express," 
 and you need not fret your existenee uwiiy because you are from 7 to hours on the road. 
 If, however, they cannot go by mil quite so faHt as they do in Hritain, with the or- 
 dinary goods trains or expresses, they make uj) for it other waj's, Although some " down 
 casters" are said to take a long time to " ealeulate" what tliey are revolving in their mind, 
 the nervous New Yorker, and even the grey and drab I'hiliideliihian will think and act M 
 to 1 compared with many. They are the living types of " exjiress'' pe(>])le. They drive 
 by express, they walk by express when the steam is up, they count their bills by express, 
 drink by express, and, according to the opinion of the Hon. M. 1*. for Dundee (Scot.), they 
 eat and spit by express. Wo saj' they drink iiy express; f(>r whoever saw an American 
 sit down and spend lialf an liour or more over his pint of beer or gill of wiiisky ? No, 
 tlmt is decidedly too slow. He stands at the bar of the saloon, and after the " cock tail," 
 or "gin sling," or brandy and water is placed before him, the bottom of the tumbler is 
 reaeheu at one oj>eration. There is no sitting and " fuddling" over the drink, as a general 
 rule. Down it goes ot o mouthful, and off lie starts to some thing or somewhere else. 
 
 We have met many intelligent men, who deplore that fast working of the brain which 
 is 80 prevalent. t)iie C" equence is, such people do not live to enjoy the robust health 
 they might otherwise do. (.)ur remarks apply, of course, more particularly to men engaged 
 in all sorts of business in the large cities. Some farmers, and many who live in the coun- 
 try, may be seen, actually, one would suppose, trying how long a time llu'y would take to do 
 nothing; whilst others, again, who have made n small independency, are satisfii'd to let the 
 world wag as it likes — they purpose enjoying it, and its comforts and blessings, by taking 
 thirgs cat-y. In tiie rural districts as good specimens in that respect are to be seen as iu 
 Farmer Giles, of Devonshire or Buckingham (Kng.). " Express eompaiiies," however, form 
 a ditferent feature of American commercial life, and which we may here notice. 
 
 EXPRESS COMPANIES. 
 
 The great carriers — such ns Pickford, Chaplin & Home, and Carver it Co., of England 
 —assume the title of " Express Companies" in America — who send all their goods by " cx- 
 ]>res8," as it is called. 
 
 The heavy good 3, to a great extent, are consigned to the railway companies, who for- 
 ward them JKT "express freight" cars, which are proverbially slow iu tlitir sjioed, com- 
 paratively — so much so, that unless for very heavy articles, the great bulk of the goods 
 Bent over the country are consigned to the care of express companies. 
 
 Some of these companies — in the large cities — partake of the character of the " parcels 
 delivery company" of London, not extending their operations out of the city. Whereas 
 the larger express companies extend their business, by agencies, over the entire United 
 States to California, as well as throughout all Canada. 
 
 With every express train, they have either half of a car, or an entire car, devoted to 
 the goods they are conveying. They send a special messenger with each. At the 
 other end of the same car, is generally the U. S. Mail, under charge of the mail guard. 
 In the express companies' portion of the car, the messenger who has charge of the 
 packages, delivers them out at their respective stations, and receives others to forward 
 onward. A large and strong wooden box, and sometimes an iron safe, travels along 
 with him, in which is deposited all letters, small and valuable packages, money-parcels, 
 etc. 
 
 They undertake the delivery of monej' and goods in any portion of America nearly. If 
 you wish to send $100 in money, to a man at Chicago, for example, you put it in an en- . 
 velope — give into the express office — and they undertake to deliver the package, although 
 in their receipt, they do not acknowledge to have received that amount, but merely o par- 
 cel, " said to contain such." There are three or four companies who obsorb the greater 
 
EXI'KESS COMPANIES— WINTER TIME. 
 
 U( 
 
 p« rtlon of the trade, nnd one can ecorcoly cro.llt the mngnitude of their operations. Oreat 
 fl8 sueh a concern, hh IMoltfor.l .t (■(..'» is, in Iti-itiiin, it netimljy bcconie* a iecondriile car- 
 ryin^ eoncern, wiion ei>iii|.iired witli the cliief exprei** ciirrjinK company licre. One of 
 these express companies, last October, opened, by contract, tiie «reat I'acitic overlund route 
 from tlie Mississippi to the I'acitic Ocean, joining St. Louis (Missouri) witli San iM-aiieisco 
 (California), an overland jcmrney of 25 days, with relays of horses at every few milos, 
 and forcing? a passage through the Uocky Mountains, carrying mails, treasure, goods, 
 and jiassengers, not, however, without danger from the troublesome Indians on tlie 
 route. Next „o laying the ocean telegraph, it is the greatest achievement which has 
 been accom|)lished for nuuiy years. It is more than probable, tiatall that lino of road, 
 ■will bo Bhortly " located," wherever found suitable for settlement. 
 
 In every arrival, for example, from California, thousands of dollars in specie, notes, etc., 
 are consigned to tlieir care by merchants and bankers there, for delivery to parties in New 
 York and other cities in the eaiit, and which is received and paid over with the greatest 
 regularity. Tlieso companies, therefore, engross a very largo amount of business, which 
 tlie railroad companies would have to attend to ; but, with the express company, the rail- 
 road eoniiiany has only one account to keep, instead of thousands. In the delivery of goods 
 several hundreds of miles off not being so expeditious as that experienced in Great Britain, 
 the cause is attriliutal)le to the transit over the railroads, and not to the express companies, 
 as their arrangements for expediting the forwarding of goods, so far as they are concerned, 
 ore most systematic and extensive. 
 
 WINTER IN AMERICA. 
 
 RKsmENTS in Great Britain are, we think, too apt to foncy thot the people in the United 
 States and Canada, with the thernometer at 2U below zero sometimes, must dress some- 
 thing after the fashion of Laplanders, never be away from the fireside, and such as are to 
 be pitied in a country, with notliing but fields of snow and rocks of ice on evei'y side. 
 To the poor man, who has not a sufficienc j of warm clothing, fuel, and food, there is no 
 doubt but that he feels acutely tlie winter in all its severity; and more so than he-does in 
 Britain. The man, however, who can wrap himself well up when he goes out, oiid has 
 food and fuel enough to keep him worm in doors, the winter presents to him even greater 
 attractions than any other time of the year. 
 
 ■i: 
 
 SLEIGH DRIVING. 
 
 TiiKN that well-known gentleman, " Paterfamilias," the merchant, rigs out liis sleigh or 
 " cutter," as it is called, which has been idle for 9 months, gets on the harness, with all the 
 paraphernalia of bells, etc., on his favourite "tit," yokes him, and with wife and children 
 all seated eozily in tlieir furs — ivibes of buffalo skins — nnd " dreadnoughts," stort off for a 
 drive, with the sun shining from a cloudless sky over their heads. The bracing air tells 
 upon man and beast, and what with that, the rattling of bells, and every one driving as 
 if on the road to the Derby, the scene on the public streets is exciting beyond supposition. 
 There goes Paterfamilias bowling along, with a keen north wind blowing in his face, when 
 up comes behind him, rattling along with another lot of bells — and in a twinkling, passing 
 within an inch of his horse's nose — a pretty little sleigh drawn by a couple of bay spank- 
 ing beauties, driven i)y, perhaps, another in human form, with a lady companion at 
 her side. Old paterfamilias — fond as he is here of a bit of fast horse flesh — has too lieavy a 
 cargo on board, so that he has no clionce with the fair damsels, whose occasional pitching 
 up and down, and skilful use of the whip and ribbands, go ringing, rattling, and bounding 
 along, the " observed of all observers." By-and-by, up comes another pair of Morgan 
 greys, slashing along, making the snow fly from their heels, also driven by a lady, who, 
 with a gentleman at lier left side, are now bent upon disputing the right of road— at all 
 events, as regards speed — with the two lady friends and the bays before them. Now they 
 
w 
 
 WINTEIt TIME IN AMERICA. 
 
 ur>> abroait of cnch othvr. Tlio huract aiit]cr«tan(l wlint i» to be up, ko, without many 
 Words from tlu-lr fair tlrlvorn, < ff they sot to tcit tlioir powi-m at " 2.40" work — ririf^ini; oiid 
 joliit)^ — with tiic '2 littln iiiiyit ftti'|>|>iii(( out to ilouhli'iiiiick time, with ii fair und Diiunru 
 giHnl Eii),'liiih «tt'p, \vliil«t the ffffyr* fjo tiiuiidrriii^ aion^, rollin^f nliout in triio " ruckor" 
 Bt.yl»>, with tlicir liii,' Morgan headn nodding up uiid ilowii iih thry go. Tiicn^ ix n " cloor 
 •tago and no favour' then. At it tlicy go. There tlio hulies Rlt, willi a rt>in tirndy held 
 In eaeii luuid ; thoy get exeltod, tlie iiorsei are at it fidl Hwing, and thun they 
 Itiiwl iilong till tlie Morgans prove rallier strong un<l lon^ in tlie liiuljit for tlie l)ayn, and, 
 afl"rarno>it exeiting contest, tliey pass tlirir gallant and pretty competitors, and wltli 
 a merry and graeefid lift of the whip iiandle, by way of salute, tlio lady drivers part com- 
 pany, till some otlur (larty drives u]i to them with whom they may renew the race. 
 
 In all the cxeelJent l)roa<l streets with which America abounds, lady drivers, gent drivers, 
 •leighg with 1 horse and iileighs with 10 horses, arc to bo seen; and what with haUooing, 
 ihduting, ringing of bells, cracking of whips, snowballing as they go, and, perhaps, an u|)- 
 iet now and then, by way of a change, who will say that such people are to bo j)itied in 
 ■winter time. If thoy do not indulge in Hcotia's " roaring game," they have, we are bound 
 to think, all the excitement of it. 
 
 After the drive, what with th(( excitement and oxygen they have imbibed from the pure 
 air, they return home for the day, with a famous appetite for dinner, oud in excellent trim 
 for the reunion at friend Jones's in the evening. 
 
 WINTER EVENINGS. 
 
 II 
 
 In the winter evenings, more particularly close after New Years' Day, balls and par- 
 ties, of one sort and another, follow in ijuick succession. Then the dry goods importer is 
 careless about the solitary cose which has got out by the last steamer, although it »houUi 
 not be opened for a week at least ; the agent for the go-ahead manufacturing company, 
 whose headquarters are at New Englaiiil, cannot mend the trade, there being no buyers, 
 BO he is at ease with himself and the world in general; the bank teller is not harasited 
 and jiestered with such lots of " sbiii]ilasters' and " uncurrent," or " broken bank" bills be- 
 ing thrust across the counter to him ; the e.vchange broker can Bcnrcely get a nibble of a 
 shave, however small — each and all making short work of their busincfs for the day; and 
 as for the captain of the river or lake steamer, he has been laid up for a month, and will 
 be for oth;^r 2, months, so that all parties are then inclined — hoving little else to do — to go 
 hunting up old friends and mak'.ng new ones, giving and accepting invitations to the nu- 
 merous and pleasant little family meetings, which form .so largo and so jdoasant ]iortion8 
 01 the winter evenings in American society, where the piano, the melodeon, the guitar, or 
 the violin lend their assistance in one roon), whilst the chessboard, or a game at penny 
 whist, or " eukre" is being plaj'ed in another, and thus, in a round of evenings spent mer- 
 rilj- and happily, do the people pass the evenings inside the house, whilst the starry heavens 
 above proclaim a dry and rarified atmosphere, unknown almost in Great Britain. 
 
 If the winter is thus a scene of gayety and mirth in the large cities, it is doubly import- 
 ant to the farmer and the country store-keepers. 
 
 AVhcn the country is covered with snow, then the farmer loads his sleigh, and drives 
 over fields and roads in as straight a lino as he can, the whole country affording him a road 
 in any direction where cleared. Thus laden with poultry, and all sorts of farm jiroduce, 
 he reaches the nearest town, and converts these into cash, or barters them for articles of 
 domestic use, with which he returns home loaded. By this means, the whole country is 
 opened up, every one finding a highway for himself. The trade of the country towns is 
 naturally very much increased, and then the heart of the country store-keeper is light 
 when he is doing the best part of the whole year's trade. In some of the more northerly 
 portions of Canada the winters are very long, but all the time the farmers are not idle, as 
 may be supposed, but busy in burijing brushwood, and other work they had partly pre- 
 
 Tli 
 
 of 
 
WINTER TIME— AMl'SEMKNTS AND SI'UUTS. 
 
 GO 
 
 pnpc.l diirinn tho «uinm..r moiill.^ As tl.o wuatl.or .looroniei In noverity, nn.l spritiK be- 
 gins to (-iKMi 11... lli,.ii I!,.- fan.icT ^^■tH liix ,1 ii,t„ tlui Bi-<»iiri.l, a» whiii a* it l« pirpuml, 
 
 •ii.l althoiiKli (l.ut limy 1r. far ..ii in tl.e yoar, .....ii|mre.l with tli.. socl-time of CitqI Hritain! 
 yet till) nceil \h broii^Iit forward with extraor.litmry ra|.i.lily. nri«lii(? from ilu. muistiiro tiie 
 gromid ImH r.-colvid, niwl tiio great heat ol tho sun, wliich then tnobl«« the fanner to turn 
 hlr* attorition to othiT thin({i«. 
 
 Tho farm |.m.hic« bron(,'lit into towns in wlntor, In the sliapo of poultry, etc.. nre all 
 fro7.on an hanl an ic(. itnolf, and in that oonditioti thoy ki-op a loii^ time ijuito fr.'sli. ho that 
 lar(^.> ciuaiititi.'s of kucIi urp l.ronnlit in thai ^atc. an<l kopt in ie« for months. When aljout 
 to 1.0 used, all that is ncccsi-ary is to place them in cold water, which ut onco reduces them 
 to u proper temperature for eookiiii^, 
 
 Winter time in Anurien, ihcreforo, U looked forward to. by almost every one, with very 
 dilTeront feelint;s from what many in (ireat Uritain are apt to suppose. 
 
 In Ihu months (.f November and December, (generally, tliere is little of that raw. damp, 
 cold, tnu),')^y weother, so much experienced in all parts of fJrcat Uritain and Ireland. In- 
 stead (.f that, tho Bun beaiiiH forth in all his splendour, with, perhaps, a cold but dry and 
 pure atmosphere, then termed tho Indian summer part of tho year, a time more enjoyed 
 tlian any other by atrangeru from (Ireat Uritain. 
 
 AMUSEMENTS AND SPORTS. 
 
 Ik horse racing can boast of being one of Englond's greatest national sports, that of trot- 
 ting matehes with horses in harness, may be said to bo one of tho great sports of America. 
 There is, however, no great day as a " Derby day" of such interest as that day is with 
 Eiiglisliinen, when it sets aside the. more itnportant duties of business, and even parliament 
 itself. True, the Americans have a greater holiday, because more universal, viz., the cele- 
 bration of Independence day (4th July), but that is of o totaly different character, being 
 one of jubilee and rejoieing. 
 
 Lust yeor, tho t\irf appeared to be making a little more headway, and tho steom is to be 
 tried to bo got up to a jK.int in future, when the " fashion course" of New York is expect- 
 ed, some day, to rivol that of Doncaster, Epsom, or Goodwood. A popular expressed wish 
 seems to be that some English blood horses should be brought over to try their metal on 
 Anu'rican soil, in return for the importation into England of " Prioress," and her com- 
 patriots, on the English fields of horse racing. If the Americans cannot boast of such 
 roces 09 those of England, their trotting matches, and trotting horses, are, in our opinion 
 far abend of any thing of that kind in Great Britain. 
 
 To give tho British reader an idea of how a horse is yoked, equipped, and driven in a 
 trotting match, we give an illustration of one in full swing at fully " two forty." 
 
 The maehine drawn, is built very light, yet as strong as there is occasion for, •with seftt 
 only Buttieient for the driver. It will be seen that the horse is attired in a very light 
 suit of harness, ■which, with the maehine, or " buggy," presents a very slim oppearance. 
 Those horses, generally, have a peculiar gait, called " racking," hence they are called 
 " rackers," or " pacing horses." The " racking," or trotting motion of the horse, is not the 
 throwing of the body and legs of tho animal straightforward, but a sort of rolling about 
 motion, and, when going slowly, partakes of the appearance of a fast walk and a Blow trot 
 combined. It is a peculiar motion, ond not a handsome action of the horse, according to 
 our ideas. On the eaddle, however, we are told that the motion is particularly easy for 
 the rider, and that many lady equestrians prefer a good " pacer," or " racker," to any oUier 
 Bort of horse, on that account. 
 
 It is tl'.e ambition of many who keep horses, to be able to boast of how few minutei 
 thoy -will take to trot one mile. Those who can trot 1 mile in 2 minutes and 40 seconds 
 are considered up to the mark as " fast" horses. From this lias arisen the common remark 
 of " 2.40," when applied to any thing wliich is done fast. Thus they have 2.40 men, 2.40 
 
TROTTING MATCHES — BILLIARDS AND CHESS. 
 
 61 
 
 o 
 
 D 
 Eh 
 
 as 
 
 OS 
 
 
 women, 2.40 steamboats, 2.40 workmen, same as there are 2.40 horses, and if we can be 
 lieve one common idea in England, it is tlmt all America, every thing in it, and which is 
 done in it, is 2.40. 
 
 These trotting matches, generally, consist of matches of one, two, or four horses, and are just 
 as exciting to tiie Amerioan, as a horse race, when ridden by jockies, is to an Englishman. 
 The time for trotting is sometimos 2.^1, and 2.32 for 1 mile. 
 
 Tlio breed of horses considered the best trotters, are called the Morgan breed, with big, 
 unseemly heads; and are large-boned, and long-limbed horses. They trot along at a fear- 
 ful pace, and as they pass, you are apt to expect to see the whole machine fly into a thou- 
 sand pieces; but no, it whirls along over the ground, as if it was a feather at the tail of 
 the horse, the driver seeming to sit on nothing. To our ideas of driving the driver 
 will be seen holding his arms very %r out, and much further than English drivers, we 
 think, are accustomed to do, but we understand it is for the purpose of giving them as 
 much " purcliaso," or power over the horse — some of the J'organ horses being very "hard 
 in the mouth," and strong in the head to guide — when they get excited in the game they 
 are playing. As drivers, we should be inclined to say, the Americans, as a people, have 
 no superior, if any equal, in the world. When little boys, and able to hold the reins, they 
 will be seen s; .ick in between the knees of the parent, and driving along with great ex- 
 pertness, until they will be met with alone, or, perhaps, two together in a buggj-, and try- 
 ing the metal of their horse at " two fiirty" work, with all the relish and skill of men, and 
 thus, in time, become excellent hands at handling the reins. 
 
 Many ladies drive regularly, and in Cleveland, and some of the western cities, we saw 
 some excellent " whips" amongst them. 
 
 AVe may here remark, that in some cities of America, horse exercise is a good deal adopt- 
 ed by ladies, and in one p;.rt of the country a lady teacher advertises as engaged in giving 
 lessons, with many excellent reasons why it shoidd be more practised by ladies than it is. 
 Criekei is not engaged so much in as in England, but "base-ball" and " quoits" are very 
 much played. 
 
 The great pastimes — as games or amusements — however, are in-doors, and those are the sci- 
 entific games of billiards :inil cliess, but more particularly the former. 
 
 Large as some of tiie billiard rooms in London are, they are only a few in number com- 
 paratively, which are fitted up in that style of magnificence which characterize the bil- 
 liard rooms of such as New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, and Buffalo. In these cities, 
 the numl)er of billiard tallies is almost incredible. At night, the lager beer saloons of the 
 Germans are filled by men playing — and few there are but what has its billiard table 
 -even the very meanest-looking pl-iees have one. It is the great game with the German 
 people, and hence its great enjoyment with them. In billiard rooms in Cincinnati we have 
 co\inled Iti, 18, and 20 tables in one establishment, whilst the billiard rooms of the cele- 
 brated piayer— ^L riielan, in New York— are fitted up with 30 magnificent tables, all of 
 the manufacture of O'Connor »fe Collinder, the largest billiard table makers in America. 
 Mr. riielan's rooms night after night, are thronged with gentlemen enjoying this game. 
 Markers and attendants wait on each table, and altogether it appears an exceedingly well- 
 conducted establishment. In America, the playing of billiards is rendered more respecta- 
 ble tlian it is in England. If it is right for billiards to be played in hotels and club-houses, 
 and there conducted respectably— the game has extended itself amongst the people, and 
 forms one of'h" greatest enjoyments of city lifeafter business hours— and from all we could 
 see and hear of it, throughout the country, it is cona;;eted as one of the respectable and 
 healthy recreations of the people— but, of course, like every thing else, liable to abuse. 
 There ia not a young man scarcely to be met with, but who understands the game, and who 
 can play at billiards. The apir tinents of billiard rooms are generally large rooms or halls 
 —well ventilated and comfortably fitted up, both for the looker on and the player. 
 
 In the autumn, or " fall," must bo mentioned the "target excursions," as they may be 
 termed— although an amusement of a decidedly practical character. From about the com- 
 mencement of October, up till the end of November, never a day passes almost but what 
 
62 
 
 DEGENERACY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 
 
 a email regiment of the employees of some large manufacturing or commercial establish- 
 ment will be seen parading through the streets in military uniform, on their way to some 
 part of the suburbs — preceded by an excellent brass band, with invariably a coloured 
 attendant carrying the target in the rear, and the invited guests carrying the gold or silver 
 articles as prizes, which are to be shot for — those going nearest the bull's eye obtaining 
 prizes respectively for their skill. Parties of this sort, are to be seen numbering from fifty 
 to hundreds, depending upon the size of the establishment or association. In general, they 
 nre all neatly dressed in uniform, and with their muskets — with fixed bayonets, shoulder 
 high, present a decidedly military appearance. Previjus, however, to their going out on 
 such excursions, they are regularly drilled in the use of fire-arms by a military official, and 
 the target excursion may be said to be the review day — when each is called upon to attest 
 his proficiency in the art of handling a musket, and in being a good marksman. They 
 start off in the morning and spend the day in this manner, dine at some appointed house, 
 where dinner has been prepared for them, and return home in the evening. 
 
 In this way are the great majority of the male population proficient, to a. certain extent, 
 in the art of war — so that in case of emergency, an immense force of citizen soldiery can 
 bp cilculated upon. 
 
 THE DEGENERACY OF THE AArERICAN TEOPLE. 
 
 Amongst ti<e many popular errors entertained in Great Britain respecting America and 
 the Americr.n people, we find we must include that which has been promulgated in certain 
 quarters, as to the decay or degeneracy of tlu- Americans, in thvir physical strength and 
 condition as a people. We confess that until we had visited the country, we were some- 
 what of a similar opinion. From what we Imve seen of the people, however, over a wide 
 extent of couhtry, we are led io a different conclusion. 
 
 We think the error has crept into British minds from the fact, that almost the only op- 
 portunity they have of judging of the American people, is from wliat they see of them in 
 the samples of Americans who visit Great Britain — as merchants, bankers, dry goods or 
 hordware storekeepers — as buyers or sellers. Tliere is no other opportunity of judging of 
 them otherwise, excepting by coming over and travelling through different districts of the 
 country. To take, therefore, the sample of Americans from the close, confined counting- 
 houses of New York or Boston, as fair samples of a whole people, covering such a conti- 
 nent ns this, is, we think, hasty and erroneous. As well, in our opinion, may we take the 
 peop.. of such as Hampshire, in the south of England, and declare that they are fair sam- 
 ples of the British people — when the size of their heads and breadth between their shoul- 
 (i-,i ■* hns only to be compared with those of the natives of Aberdeenshire, (Scotland,) or as 
 a whole, «ith the stalwart Highlanders of Scotland, or the natives of Cumberland, (Eng.) 
 to see the d'fFerence, 
 
 Just as well, also, may we say that the hard- worked entry-desk clerk in a dry-goods 
 warehouse in Woo.\ street, or a banker's clerk in Lombard street, London, with their 
 bleached faces a.>a slender forms, are fair samples of, and the very personification of John 
 Bull himself. 
 
 We cannot take, therefore, the commenial classes of the New England States or New York, 
 and say that they are fair samples of the American people — whilst it is well known that 
 the tall, big-boned native of Kentucky exhibits as great a difference from such, as tiiere is 
 in the cases we have cited as regards the British. If we are to take tiie descendants of Eu- 
 ropeans as comprising the population of America — and we cannot do otherwise, as we are 
 not treating of the aborigines of America — we ask, do the hundreds of thousands of the 
 children of Germans, who form so large a portion of the population of America, look like 
 a people ; unning to decay V Or, again, do the hardy sons of Scotland, scattered all ■ ver 
 America and Canada, bear out the truth of such a conclusion ? We are aware that there 
 are local causes — such as fever and ague — and that the extreme b.eat and cold has an ener- 
 vating eflfect for a time on the constitution ; but with proper care, and avoiding the causes 
 
DEGENERACY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 
 
 63 
 
 of such local diseases, the constitution of the European stands as healthy now, under the 
 purer atmosphere of America, than ever it did amid, we think, the still more trying cli- 
 mate of Great Britain, when taken as a whole. 
 
 We may be met with the remark, that the Americnn people do not look so fresh and 
 healthy-looking, and so fat as those who enjoy the roast beef of old England, with their 
 " stout" and beer after dinner to their hearts' content. 
 
 All we can say is, that both in Canada, and the northern and western States of Ameri- 
 ca, we have found as fresh and healthy-looking, and as strong men as ever we met in Bri- 
 tain. We will admit, however, that the rosy colour on the cheek is not to be seen to such 
 an extent in America as in the country districts of Gn.at Britain or Ireland, nor that the 
 people, as a whole, are so fat and stout-looking. But In reality, that does not matter so 
 much of itself. Wliat is wanted to constitute health and strength, is not by eating enor- 
 mously, and drinking porter, and being fat. What is wanted in a people is bone and mus- 
 cle, and we feel convinced that more muscle and real strength, and health, also, is to be 
 found in the wiry frames of the moderately fat — or even in the thin timbers of an active 
 ond healthy constitution — than in the extraordinary fat individual, as we presume it will 
 be admitted, that fat forms a verj' small part in constituting the strength or enduring quali- 
 ties of any animal, but rather an impediment to healthy action. If proof is needed of our 
 remarks, we refer no further than to the agility and strength, and health of the North 
 American Indian hunters, who, to look at them closely, show none of that superabundant 
 fat, or size, we are apt to give them credit for, and yet we will be bound to say, that for 
 enduring fatigue — half shattered as their constitutions have been during many years with 
 the whisky of the white man — they will equal any average samples of British strength. 
 We may here observe, that having had an opportunity of meeting with about 40 repre- 
 sentatives, or chiefs of tribes of North American Indians, last summer, on their way from 
 Washington to their territories beyond Minnesota, we remarked, particularly, th; small 
 but nimble foot and leg of these men, some of them over CO years of age, but moving 
 along with oil the agility of men of 20 or SO years of age. They were, one and all, liter- 
 ally skin, muscle and bone, and in that respect, rather upset our previous notions of what 
 we expected to find amongst them. 
 
 The great mistake, we think, seems to be, that Americans are looked upon as weak in 
 constitution and strength, simply because they are not so blown up, and of such portly di- 
 mensions as John Bull and his associates are represented to be. But if expertness, or 
 agility and strength, are the essentials required, we have no hesitation in saying that as 
 great an amount of these qualities will be found throughout America, as o whole, as in 
 any part, either of Great Britain, or probably, in the world. 
 
 Looking at the matter in the aggregate, therefore, we think that the very fact of what 
 has been done in the country — the immense strides it has made, with comparatively little 
 money at conminnd — the extensive tracts of forest converted into fields of waving grain, 
 or posture— the enormous cities they have reared — the roads they have made — and in com- 
 paratively so short tt period, speaks volumes for the physical energy of the people. 
 
 It may be that the brains of commercial men in America, are overworked, perhaos 
 more than they are in London, for instance — although we doubt it— and that they su 
 physically, in consequence ; but it is folly, we think, therefore, to say, that the whole peo- 
 ple of America are degenerating, simply because a few merchants in their hurry to get 
 rich, fritter away body as well as mind in tlie operotion. 
 
 Whoever sees on American thoroughly alive at his business, and having manual labour 
 to perform, whether that is packing a bale of goods, chopping down a tree, swinging a 
 tilt hammer overhead, or, obove all, going to a fire, or working a fire-engine, will see nei- 
 ther the wont of will, nor want of power to do it. If ho can invent a machine to do it 
 &ir him, he will do so fast enough, and quite right, too, to make machinery work as much 
 as possible for him. 
 
 As connected with this subject in some degree, we would refer to the excellent practice 
 kept up by many of the Scotch portion of the population in keeping up their national 
 
64 
 
 BECLARATION OF INTENTIONS. 
 
 games -wherever practicable, and whoever witnessed the Scottish games held in Jones's 
 wood, New York, lust September, will suy, they never saw the " caber tossed" or the 
 '• Highland fling" danced, or the " putting of the stone," executed with greater agility or 
 strength on the sides of Kinloch Runnoch, or even IJraemar. 
 
 It may be that in out-door sports the Americans would be all the better, if they had 
 even more holidays than they have, whore games and gymnastic exercises were encour- 
 aged and indulged in, bo as to improve their physical strength. In that respect, however, 
 we believe they are quite olive to the importance of such. 
 
 DECLARATION OF INTENTIONS. 
 
 The emigrant who arrives in the United States with the view of becoming a permanent 
 settler, and who wishes to enjoy all the privileges of native-born citizens, must go through 
 the form of what is called the " Declaration of Intentions," as well as be a resident in the 
 country for 5 years. The law requires such, before a vote at elections is extended to for- 
 eigners — and also to entitle them to bequeath real estate property. The intention to be- 
 come a citizen must be notified at least 2 years before the naturalizittiou papers. are ob- 
 tained, or, in fact, before the applicant becomes a naturalized citizen. 
 
 Tlie declaration of such intentions can be made before ony state court, being n court cf 
 record, and having a seal and clerk, and common law jurisdiction ; before a circuit court, 
 or district court of the United States ; or before a clerk of either of these courts. 
 
 In New York, the office for declaration of intentions is situated i.. the City Ilall, at the 
 public park. On going there, the emigrant will see a board up with " Naturalizaticn Of- 
 fice" painted upon it. On entering the office, and stating that he wislies to declare hi^ inten- 
 tions, he is asked where he comes from, his name, age, etc. All such particulars are en- 
 tered in a book, which states that on a particular day he has declared his intentions of be- 
 coming a citizen of the United States. That book, with such declaration, is handed to the 
 applicant to sign. Tiiat being done, the clerk makes out a document, of whicii we give a 
 copy, so that parties from Great Britain and Ireland may be aware of the terms upon 
 which they are to expect the privilege they ask for. 
 
 The document referred to reads thus : — 
 
 (Copy.) 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 In the Court of Common Pleas, for the City and County of Xew York: 
 
 I, A. R, do declare on oath, that it is bona Jide my intention to become a citizen of fho 
 United States, and do renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, 
 potentate, state, or sovereignty whatever, particularly to the Queen of the United Kingdom 
 of Great Britain and Ireland, of whom I am a subject. 
 
 Sworn this day of month, 185 — . 
 
 [Signed,] A. B. 
 
 Signed by C, D., clerk, in the clerk's office. Court of Common Pleas, for the city and 
 county of New York. 
 
 I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of an ori^nal Declaration of Intention remain- 
 ing of record in my office. 
 
 In witness whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name and affixed the seal of saiil 
 court, this day of month, 185 — . 
 
 Signed hero by C. D., Clerk aforesaid. 
 
 Previous to obtaining the above document, the applicant has to pay the fee of 25 cents. 
 After the five years lias elapsed from the day of the applicont's arrival in the country 
 
 '^JiBfttPW I ..W1P— ^awwp^^*' 
 
DECLARATION OP INTENTIONS. 
 
 65 
 
 and presuming lie has dcclnred his intentions in due form as stated, he must prove by the 
 oath of two citizens of the United States, that he has l)eoii resident for five years, and one 
 year within tlie State where the court is held, before he gets his naturalization papers. 
 We quote the following as what appears to be the law on the subject :— 
 
 " If he have been a minor, and shall have resided in the United States for three years 
 next before attainins^ his majority, he may^ be admitted without such declaration, on prov- 
 ing by two witnesses that he lias resided live years in the United States, three as a niinor 
 and two since he became of age, making the declaration of his intention at the time of his 
 admission, and declaring on oath, and proving to the satisfaction of the court, that for 
 three years next preceding it has been his bona fide intention to become a citizen. 
 
 "The alien's country must, at the time of his admission, be at peace with the United 
 States. 
 
 " If an alien die after having made his declaration of intention, and before his admission, 
 his widow and children are citizens. 
 
 "Tiic minor children of any one duly naturalized, if dwelling in the United States, are 
 citizens. 
 
 " A foreign married woman cannot hold property in her own name, unless she be natural- 
 ized, though she may after naturalization hold it separate and distinct from her husband." 
 
 The fee for obtaining the " naturalization papers" is 50 cents, 75 cents, or $1 (2s. 3s. or 4s.) 
 according tv ihe style of the getting up of the document and ornamental printing of said 
 papers. 
 
 Whotever may have been the reason which led to the adoption of such a law, before » 
 foreigner could hold a legal title to real estate, we should suppose that the sooner it is 
 •wijuJ from off the statute book of the United States the better, as, so long as it exists as 
 it is, it presents no additional inducement for settlers to become purchasers of real estate 
 in the country, whilst they are not placed on a footing of equality with other purchasers, 
 simply because they happen not to have been 5 years in the country. 
 
 We have no doubt this law will be repealed ere long. In fact, the subject is beginning 
 to 1)0 " ventilated," from nn article we observed in the New York Daily Times of 18tli Sep- 
 tember last, in which the editor says: — 
 
 " The statutes in question are not required by any considerations of public utility, and 
 are founded upon the obsolete maxims of a by-gone age. Why should it be necessary that 
 an alii'u sliould tile with the Secretary of State a declaration of his intention to l)e natu- 
 rali/ed, before he can be authorized to take and hold real estate? Until such declaration 
 is tiled, he cannot take title to veal propertj', either by purchase or by will. Any devise 
 to such alien is void, and the property passes to the heirs-at-law. Now all such provisions 
 are eiitiruly uncalled for. Tiiey cause trouble, and, in some cases, defeat the intentions of 
 testators. 'Tlie general policy of our law is to make the acquisition of property open and 
 full. If there is danger to our institutions from foreigners p.'nongst us, that danger is cer- 
 tainly lessened, and not increased, by their becoming interested in the soil. We trust the 
 legislature, at its next session, may find time to consider this subject." 
 
< 
 ; ) 
 
 .n 
 
 66 AMERICAN HOUSES, AND MODES OF LIVING. 
 
 AMERICAN HOUSES. 
 
 The interior of the houses in the United States resemble, in many respects, the neat, 
 clean, and tidy appearance of a well-regulated English house. 
 
 The houses or the upper classes are furnished in a style of great magnificence, particu- 
 larly as regards furniture — it being univerpally much cheopor here than in Great Britain. 
 
 All the rooms are, generally speaking, very lofty, and airy. Tiio dining-room of 
 tlie Americans is generally on the basement floor of the house, on a level with the 
 kitchen. When the meals are announced as all ready and on the table, the family retire 
 down stairs to the dining-room — generally a plainly furnished apartment, comjiarcd with 
 the other rooms up-stairs. After meals they retire at once iip-stairs, and use the sitting- 
 room, parlour, or drawing-room and library, as they feel inclined. It is the same after 
 every meal. In very small houses, even, the inmates take tlioir meals, generally, on the 
 ground-floor also, and sit in a room up-stairs. By this n.cans, all waiting until tallica ore 
 " covered," " set," or " removed," is avoided, besides being much more convenient for ser- 
 vants, in having no meals and dishes to carry up and down stairs. 
 
 The meals generally consist very much of the same dishes and viands as in Great Britain, 
 with a few variations in the orticle of fisli, and additions in vegetables and bread, unknown 
 in Great Britain, for example : — 
 
 At breakfast and supper the Indian corn forms an excellent and favourite bread, like 
 sponge cake in appearance, is very substantial, and allowed to be nutritious. It is also 
 baked into " pancakes" — called " Indian corn cakes" — which, with the " Buckwheat cakes" 
 baked in the same manner, are evidently enjoyed, from the enormous consumption there is 
 of them, at all breakfast and tea-tables, as they are served up, jdate after plate, j)iping hot 
 They are used along with butter and gjlden syrup, and are baked as light os possible. A 
 breakfast or tea-table here, is considered quite as incomplete without its buckwheat, or In- 
 dian corn cakes, as a Scotch tea-table would be, without its jams, jellies, or marmalade. 
 
 There are only three meals a day — breakfast, about 7 to 8, a. m. ; dinner, 12, to 1, r. m. ; 
 and tea, (or supper, as it is called,) from 6 to 7, r. m. See our notice of hotels in America, 
 for an idea what breakfast and supper consist of, which is a fair sample of an American 
 table generallj'. 
 
 As we have stated elsewhere, the almost invariable beverage appears to be cold water, 
 with the addition of tea or coff'ee being supplied at dinner, in the great majority of private 
 houses. 
 
 From the abundance of various descriptions of fruits, tlie desserts, at the humblest dinner- 
 tables, are such as arc unknown in Great Britain, excepting at the dinner-tables of the 
 wealthy classes. Even at the tables of the working classes here, we have seen magnificent 
 apples, peaches, grapes, watermelons, muskmelons, etc., which are had most seasons, com- 
 paratively speaking, for nothing ; whilst the cranberries, whortleberries, pumpkins, bram- 
 bleberries, ', ■ .ckberries, currants, citrons, etc., afford excellent material, and assist to make 
 up the inmiense variety of pies which are to be seen on every dinner and supper-table. 
 
 We may here remark, that, in other respects, the tables of the working classes, as a gen- 
 eral rule, are furnished in a manner enjoyed only by the very best paid workmen in Great 
 Britain. 
 
 In the country towns, almost ; "' "'..ieses own the houses they reside in, it being the ambi- 
 tion of every working-man even, to have a house he can literally call his own, and where, 
 with a piece of ground attached, he can raise his own vegetables, fruits, and flowors. For 
 th.it reason, one does not hear rctits spoken about, so mueh in America as in Great Britain. 
 
 The houses, for the most port, excepting in the largo cities, ore built of wood, and al- 
 though to a stranger, accustomed to see the substantial stone houses in Scotland, or brick 
 houses in England, the wooden houses may not appear bo comfortable, yet they can be 
 made equally as comfortable as any stone house. 
 
 The almost universal fuel in America, is wood. Parties supply wood as they do coals, 
 
AMERICAN HOUSES, AND HOUSEHOLD AFFAIRS. 
 
 67 
 
 neat, 
 
 lllT ^ T ^' '" '"^^ """* "P-^"' '•''l"'""^ "^ ""*" '° "'^"P '^ "P -t° the proper 
 length for use in the almost universal fire-place-the stove-^hich articl! acts the parTof 
 
 a kitchen-range 88 well, in very compact form, as with it you can bake, boil, roast, and 
 
 8tew, all at one time. Stoves are made all sizes and sold with cooking-dishes. otc, complete 
 
 In some of the large cities on the seaboard, such as New York and Philadelphia, coal is 
 used to a large extent, and is increasing every year in consumption. It is of a very hard 
 brittle nature, and comes chiefly from Pennsylvania. There is no smoke from this dcscrip' 
 tion of coal, nor almost any from the wood uaed-so that it is one of the things which 
 strikes the stranger, on visiting American cities, to find the atmosphere of all as clear and 
 pure as if tliere were not a fire burning in a single house. Rather a difference this, from 
 the murky atmosphere of such as Sheffield, Birmingham, London, Manchester, and Glas- 
 gow, witli an additional supply of " oiacks," which now and then ornament the faces, or 
 shirt fronts of the people, as they walk along the streets ! 
 
 We may mention, that in New York, the Scotch system of building houses in floors, or 
 "flats," with one and sometimes two families living on each floor, is carried out to a small 
 extent. Such " lands" are filled, for the most part, with Germans and Irish— the Scotch 
 people appearing to prefer the small, " self-contoined" house, where they can procure them. 
 The pressure of the times, during the last 18 months, has compelled many to divide their 
 houses, by sub-letting the upper portion of them, either furnished or unfurnished. In this 
 way, there are hundreds of. cases in New York, where one house contains two families, 
 which was tenanted by only one family previous to the panic of 1857. 
 
 Regarding the performance of household duties, wo find that amongst the families of the 
 mercantile classes the daughters of a family are brought up to understand what household 
 work is, and also liow to do it ; in fact they are necessitated to do it, as that " greatest 
 plague in life," a servant, here, is not always the speedy, cleanly, and bidable gentlewoman 
 to be found in England or Scotland. There is so much ignorance and unbecoming habits 
 on the part of the vast proportion of imported servants, that families are obliged to be able 
 to assist themselves when left in the lurch by any sudden whim of temper or taste on the 
 part of their " help." 
 
 We find that the American ladies ore not only good, but quick workers, throwing all 
 that nervous energy of character they are possessed of into their work, to get done with it 
 as speedily ns possible; so that whether it be at sweeping out a room, squaring up a bed- 
 room, or cooking a meal, we have found them " smart" at their work. It is not in the 
 nature of an American lady, no more than it is in an American gentleman, to do any thing 
 slow. No doubt, Arricrican ladies can take their ease, and enjoy a rest on a sofa, or on one 
 of their easy rocking chairs — particularly on a hot day, with the mercury 100° in the 
 shade — as well as any other lady. Again, in the matter of early rising, the American 
 ladies, in our opinion, put many British Indies completely to the blush, in that respect 
 What would some of our English or Scotch ladies think of getting up at 4 or 5, a. m., in 
 the summer season, and going to market then ? This is necessary both in Ciinada and the 
 United States, as, if delayed much longer, there would be no butcher's meat to be had long 
 after these hours. As we h.ave said, in the families of merchants, manufacturers, etc., the 
 daughters are taught to work in good earnest, and some of the little girls of 8 and 10 years 
 old will be found quite as smart as the boys of those years are generally acknowledged 
 to be. 
 
 Ladies who board at hotels are, perhaps, the only exception to what we have stated. 
 The lady who is a permanent boarder at a hotel has, of course, nothing to do with the cares 
 and work of housekeeping, but, ten chances to one, if even she does not know how things 
 ought to be done, although she is not obliged to do them. 
 
 All families try to do with as few servants as possible, preferring, in many cases, to do 
 without extra assistance, rather than pay high wages for very indifferent and troublesome 
 
 "help." 
 
 We may here mention that many American ladies are to be found engaged in business, 
 Buch as the medical and literary professions, more particularly in connection with the 
 
68 
 
 EXPENSES OF UOUSEKEEPING. 
 
 provincial newspaper press, as woll as writing fi>r iniiga/.iiit's, piTiodieals, etc., whilst the 
 daughters in most respectable families are to be dnJ engaged at particular ileacriptionB 
 of work at homo, for stores, so as to enable them to be all tlie more inile|)endent of assist- 
 ance from their parents in paying for the su|)erior style and excellence of the dresses they 
 ■wear. American ladies will and do dress well, and, to enable them to do so, work hard 
 rather than appear in any tiling approaching to " shabby genteel." 
 
 EXPENSES OF IIOUSEKEEPIXG. 
 
 Regarding the cost of living or housekeeping, it much depends upon the locality and the 
 knowledge of individuals what the expenses are. 
 
 In country districts, where parlies raise their own butter, milk, eggs, pork, wheat, vege- 
 tables, fruits, etc., of course the expenses are infinitely lower than in tlie large cities. 
 
 Taking New York as the most expensive standard, we may safely affirm that, taking every 
 thing into consideration, living is not more expensive than it is in London (Eng.). 
 
 To give an idea of the chief items of expenditure for housekeeping in New York, we an- 
 nex tlie following particulars: — 
 
 Kests. — A lialf house and use of kitchen, from £15 to .£40 — all depending upon situation, 
 size, and style of house, etc. Houses may be got even lower, and, of course, higher. The 
 way to find out such, is for the stranger to consult the columns of the jirincipal daily news- 
 papers in all large cities, where he is almost certain to find houses, or portions of houses, 
 advertised, which may suit, or he may advertise for the deseription of house he wants, 
 
 We annex particulars of some houses of different sizes we saw advertised to let in New 
 York, which will give an idea of the rents, acconunodation, etc., there in December last. 
 
 I)AUT OF A HOUSE IN BUOOKI,YN, ONLY FIVK 
 iniiiules' walk from the ferry ; house new, three 
 story, lirst-cliisa, anil coal if i(HH) ; pleasant and healthy 
 nel),'hhourhoci(l. Kent, to a respectable family without 
 chililren, JO (:Mn. stg.) a month. 
 
 rpo LElV-lJNFUKNISllEUrTO^ FAAIII.Y OF 
 A. two respectable persons, the third floor of the 
 private dwelling. West Twenty-ninth street, consisting 
 of three tine rooms, with large pantries, gas, bath, and 
 C'roton water attached. Moiitlily rent jl'J (£!i stg.). 
 
 TO I,ET, WITH AIJ, TIIK MOI>EUN IMI'ROVE- 
 ments, West Thirty-sixth street, five rooms on 
 the second floor. Kent i 12 (£i stg.) per month. One 
 family in the house. 
 
 IN imOOKLVN, THKEE MINUTES' WALK FKOM 
 South or Wall street ferry, a front parlour, be<l- 
 room, and pantry, second floor, comfor'ably furnisiied 
 foi' two persons. I'rice ♦'.'DO (.£40 stg.) per annum, 
 gas and fires included, attendance, etc. 
 
 UNFUKNISIIi:n, AT WEST FIFTEENTH STKEET, 
 kitchen and three rooms, with all conveniences 
 for housekeeping; hot and cold water, and gas through- 
 out, and bath. Kent $20 (£4 stg.) per month. 
 
 TO LET TO A SMAI.I. FAMILY, IMMEDIATE 
 iiossession, the second liocir, with attic bedroom, 
 n liiiiluc, Walker street, near Broadway. Kent iSm 
 (£li0 8lg.). 
 
 A LOWEK PART OF A HOUSE TO LET, TO A 
 
 Ix. respeclable family; si.\ rooms, nwirble mantels, 
 chandeliers, gas, bath, range, hot and enbl water; 
 rent t'M (t'(i 4». stg.) per month. A sm-.i family in 
 the upper part. 
 
 AN ELEOANT FAMILY CUI'OLA COTTAOE TO 
 let, furnished, in \Viliiamsl>urg, Mrooklyn ; 8|>len- 
 ilid chandeliers, liathroom, balcony, piazza, carriage- 
 house ; location In a most beautiful aveiuie; stages, 
 etc. Kent ♦•'ioo (£100 stg.) per ainmm. 
 
 '■piIE FOIK STOKY BASEMENT IIKRK 4lorsE', 
 
 A West Twenty-second street, pleasantly situated, 
 and replete with modern improvements. Kent, to a 
 good tenant, ♦O.'nl (£l.'iO stg.). 
 
 V THKEE .STOKY ENOLISH BASEMENTTlOlfsi;; 
 fitted with all the modern conveniences. Kent 
 !(7oo per annum. 
 
 AVEItY CO.MFOKTAHLK IIKill FKONT BASE- 
 nienl, occupleil the last twenty years as a doc- 
 tor's oflice, unfurnished, for iflO per month. The 
 house flrst-class, ipiiel, and respectable. 
 
 BOAKI). — A PLEASANT HOME CAN 'BE"^I.% 
 cured for the winter in a Hrst-class house near 
 Broadway, in a central location, (ientlemen's rooms, 
 with board, from |.') to ♦« CA'w. to 30«. stg.), with fire ; 
 also a sittiiig-rooiu for gentlemen. A line parlour, with 
 bedrooms, on second fh-or front, for |<) to IT (*l«. to 
 ;i'M. stg.). Dinner at (i o'clock. Reference reciuired. 
 
 llniiflps are rented by the month, three months, or longer if desired. When rented by the 
 Working classes the rent is paid, very generally, monthly, in advance. 
 
 (Jas is burned in the houses of the wraltliier classes only. A liquid, called "burning 
 fluid," is used most extensively. It is somewiiat similar to camphene, and gives a liijht 
 equal to 2 good candles, for about 25 cents (or Is. stg.) per week. 
 
 Conl, where used for fuel, is about iH.v. stg. per ton — burns clean, with little waste, 
 Wood, however, is the principal fuel used in most places — is sold at so much per "cord.' 
 The expense is considerably greater tlian for coal. 
 
HOUSEKEEPING, BT^EAD, ETC. 
 
 69 
 
 , 
 
 Til eatables we will first notice tlie grea„ " staflF of life," viz. : Uuead, etc. 
 
 The princiiial kind of bread ustd in tiie cities is \lieaten, and tlie same grain forms the 
 larger jwrtion of that consumed throughout the northern St.-.t-.s and Canada. Hye and 
 Indian corn is used to a considerable extent, but oatmeal is confined to portions of Canada, 
 and some of the New England States. 
 
 Every good housewife bokes her own bread, cakes, pies, etc., and the former is raised 
 ■with yeast obtained in various ways. " Salt risings," " Iiop yeast," and " yeast cakes," are 
 used in the country, and tiieso with brewers' yeast in cities. The cooking stoves are well 
 adapted for baking. 
 
 It takes usually some time for some emigrants to relish corn-bread, and this is also the 
 case with rye. 
 
 Bread made of half rye and half corn-meal, is both sweet and nutricious, but the methods 
 of making all thefe are best learned from some good cook, and the American women are 
 always willing and ready to teach a stranger the mysteries of the kitchen, if properly re- 
 quested to do so. Every American cookery book lias a lorge number of tliese receipts, but 
 a little practical knowledge is always essential. 
 
 We find the following remarks published on the subject of Iiulian Corn Meal, ond Indian 
 Corn Bread: 
 
 "A bushel of Indian corn contains more nutriment than a buslii'l of wheat. Indian corn should 
 never be ground tuio. Fine meal may be eaten when liesh grouiul, but it will not keep sweet. 
 The liroken oil globules become rancid iiml bitter. 
 
 " t'oru cukes, nmde of nieul and water, with a little salt, mixed into a stiff dough, very 
 thoroughly, and baked on a hoard before a hot tire, or in a hot oven, or in little cakes on a grid.- 
 dle, till entirely done, are very sweet, wholesome bread. 
 
 " Corn and wheat bread is w"holesoine and nutricious, and casilv made — if you know how. Stir 
 two teacupfuls of white meal in a jiint of hot water for each loaf; free it of lumps, and let it 
 stand twenty-four hours, lioil two or three potatoes, peel and slice, and miish in a pint of water, 
 which thicken with Hour until it is still' batter, and then add luili'a tcacupful of bilkers' yeast. 
 You will use about one-third iis much meal, sealiled as above, as you do of flour; knead the meal 
 aiul yeast, and sponge, and add a little ilt with the Hour all together, and work it well, and 
 mould in pans to rise miiderately, and then biike, at lirst, in a hot oven. This brciul will be 
 moist, and more nutricious, and more healthy tlian if it were all Hour. 
 
 "Uuckwheat cakes are improved Ijy adding corn meal, prepared in the same way, in about the 
 same pro|)ortlon as fur bread. A little wheat Hour may oe added to advantage. lion't let your 
 batter over-rise and sour, and never use .salcratus if it does. 
 
 "Corn ...eal pudding nuiy bo made of yellow meal, stirred into .scalded skimmed milk, till as 
 thick as gruel, and, when cool, add ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg, salt, and sweetening to suit the 
 taste, anil a little tine-cut suet, and some raisins, or dried peaches, o.- a ♦ine-cut a|iple. It should 
 bake an hour or more, according to size. You who do not be'.ioie any I'ling made of corn meal 
 can be good, will please try this recipe for a pudding." 
 
 Bakers ore ntniierotw in tlie cities; but it is poor econ-imy to purchase hat kind of bread, 
 for home-made is much liealthier and cheaper. The use of alum and other drugs is as well 
 understood in America as in Britain, although bread, generally, is made from the best 
 flour. 
 
 No people consume so many cakes, pies, tarts, preserves, etc., as the Americans, 
 and their tables are always set with an abundance of these. This is probably owing to the 
 ease with which the materials are procured, and the skill of the women in baking, with the 
 facility of cooking afforded by their stoves. An industrious woman may, with ease, sci; ft 
 good table at small expense. 
 
 Large quantities of " salcratus," or bicarbonate of soda, is used in baking bread and pas- 
 try. 
 
 A description of pic-nic biscuit, called " crackers," are very extensively used, and are 
 sold for from to 8 cents per lb. (lid. to id, stg.). We have failed to meet with the "Aber- 
 nethy" or " Wine" biscuits, so well known in Scotland. 
 
 Wheat flour is about 4^ cents (2i(/.) per lb. 
 
 Indian corn meal is about 3 cents (lid.) per lb. 
 
 As regards animal food, we will first notice the article of 
 
 Bkek.— The price of beef per lb. depends upon the "cut" ond quantity bought, and also 
 if purchased at one of the large public markets. 
 
70 
 
 MEAT, POULTKY, VEGETABLES AND FRUIT. 
 
 il 
 
 RoftstiiiK piocps, per lb 12 a Itlctg. 
 
 Chuck niiiit, per lb 8 </ 12 
 
 Socoiul-ciit chuck, per lb G a U) 
 
 Portur-huuiiu stcuk, per lb 15 a 18 
 
 Sirloin Htciik, per lb 12 rt IRcts 
 
 Itiiiiip Mteiik, per lb ti d 12 
 
 Coined, per lb 4 a 11 
 
 JlrTTON is, goncrnlly cpeaklng, more nkln to wlmt may be purclinaed in Lcndunhall Mar- 
 ket, excepting, probably, very choice " south down," 
 It in sold as follows: — 
 
 Hind quarters, per lb 8 a IScts. 
 
 Fore (puirters, per lb 4a 8 
 
 Chops, per lb 10 rt 14 
 
 Lambs, quarter 75 a |1,50 
 
 Lnmbs, per lb 11 a IScts. 
 
 Vkal sells, hind quarters, per lb. . ID a I'Ji 
 
 " fore ipiurters, per lb.. . 5 i; H 
 
 " cutlets, per lb 14 a It! 
 
 Poultry and Oa.«e. — Immense quantities of excellent poultry is sold, altho\igh it i.« not 
 80 fat and good as is sometimes desirable. The prices are, however, much lower than in 
 Britoin. We quo.:- as follows — for 
 
 Fowls, per pair 75c. a $1 . 
 
 Fowls, Buck's County, per pair, if 1.00 a 1, 
 
 Chickens, roastiufj, per puir. . . 1.00 a 1, 
 
 Chickens, Snring, per pair. . . . 50 a 1, 
 
 Spring Ducks, per puir 75 a 1. 
 
 Spring Geese, each 1.25 a 1, 
 
 Turkeys, per lb 15 a 
 
 Western poultry, per lb 11 a 
 
 Pigeons, wild, per doz 1.25 a 2, 
 
 Wets. 
 
 00 
 25 
 75 
 20 
 15 
 25 
 
 Pigeons, squab, per doz $2.25 a ."i.OOcts. 
 
 Woodcock, per iloz 4.00 a 4.5U 
 
 Woodcock, |)er pair 75 a 87i 
 
 Snipe, Curlew, and Merlin, per 
 
 doz 2.50 a 8.00 
 
 Snipe, Dowlclier, per doz 1.00 a 1.50 
 
 Snipe, Ox-eyes, per doz 37 a 50 
 
 Plover, per" doz 2.50 a 3.00 
 
 Partridge, per pair 1.00 a 1.25 
 
 Fisn. — The price of fish varies very considerably with the supply, so it would be of no 
 practical utility to give quotations. Wo may say that trout, cod-fish, pickeril, mackerel, 
 halibut, eels, flounders, salmon, and even frogs, can be bought quite as cheap as in England. 
 
 Veoetadi.es. — The price of vegetables varies considerably some seasons, and also the man- 
 ner in wliich they are bought. Many housekeepers purchase potatoes, for example, per 
 barrel, and save considerably by so doing. 
 
 Potatoes, new, per bbl 
 
 Potatoes, new, per bushel 
 
 Potatoes, new, lialf-pock 
 
 Sweet potatoes, per lialf peck. . 
 
 Green corn, per loO ears 
 
 Green corn, per doz . .'. 
 
 Turnips, new, Russian, per bu. 
 Turnips, new, per doz. bunches. 
 
 Turnips, new, per bunch 
 
 Carrots, new, per doz. bunches. 
 
 Carrots, new, per bunch 
 
 Beets, new, per doz. bunches. . 
 
 Beets, new, ])er bunch 
 
 Onions, per doz. strings 
 
 Onions, per string 
 
 Onions, new, per half peck. . . . 
 
 Green Peppers, per doz 
 
 Okra, per loo 
 
 Okra, per doz 
 
 Cabbage, new, per doz 
 
 The melons, in the list of vegetables, form a very cheap and most delicious article for 
 desert in summer. 
 
 FhriT. — The variety of fruit is very great, and in good seasons is exceedingly moderate 
 in price. Last season fruit was very dear, in consequence of the small supply. The fol- 
 lowinf^ were the prices then. 
 
 $1.50rt2.75cts 
 
 ty'i'i 
 
 .00 
 
 15 a 
 
 18 
 
 25 a 
 
 37 
 
 37 a 
 
 C-'i 
 
 5 a 
 
 10 
 
 t)2+(t 
 
 — 
 
 (i2*a 
 
 75 
 
 Oa 
 
 8 
 
 37 a 
 
 50 
 
 4a 
 
 5 
 
 37 a 
 
 50 
 
 4a 
 
 5 
 
 75 a 
 
 — 
 
 Oa 
 
 8 
 
 18 rt 
 
 25 
 
 12 a 
 
 18 
 
 31a 
 
 37 
 
 5 a 
 
 6 
 
 87 a 
 
 87 
 
 Cabbage, new, per head 
 
 Tomatoes, per bushel basket. 
 
 Tomatoes, per (piart 
 
 Heans, per peck 
 
 Jiima lieaus, ])er bushel 
 
 Lima Beans, per half peck. , . 
 
 Cucumbers, jier doz 
 
 Parsley, per bunch 
 
 Mint, per bunch 
 
 Leeks, per bunch 
 
 (Jarlie, per bunch 
 
 Garlic, |)er doz 
 
 Kgg Plants, each 
 
 Salad, i)er doz. heads 
 
 Saliul, per head 
 
 Squashes, jier bushel 
 
 Squiishes, each 
 
 \\ atcrnielons, each 
 
 Mushmclons, each 
 
 4a 
 
 9cts 
 
 30 a 
 
 40 
 
 3rt 
 
 — 
 
 25 a 
 
 37* 
 
 C,-> a 
 
 75 
 
 12 rt 
 
 — 
 
 (!a 
 
 y 
 
 2 a 
 
 3 
 
 la 
 
 — 
 
 6a 
 
 — 
 
 — a 
 
 10 
 
 — (I 
 
 1.00 
 
 6 a 
 
 — 
 
 18 rt 
 
 37 
 
 2tt 
 
 4 
 
 81a 
 
 87 
 
 la 
 
 2 
 
 Crt 
 
 87 
 
 la 
 
 6 
 
 Peaches, per basket $1.00 a 4.00cts. 
 
 Peaches, per quart 
 
 Plums, per quart 
 
 Citrons, each 
 
 (- 'pes, hot-house, per lb 
 
 Blackberries, New hochelle, per 
 basket 15 a 18 
 
 The foregoing aro all native ^rowtli. 
 
 8a 
 
 31 
 
 10 a 
 
 31 
 
 6a 
 
 8 
 
 50 a 
 
 62* 
 
 Blackberries, Lawton, box — a 80 
 
 Blackberries, common, per qt.. 15 a 18 
 
 Whortleberries, per ouurt 12 a 15 
 
 Apples, new, per half peck IS a 50 
 
 Pears, new, per basket $1.00 a 6.00 
 
 Pears, new, per half peck 12 a 1.25 
 
DOMESTIC SEKVANTS— I'HOFE.S.SIONAL MEN. 
 
 71 
 
 Octs. 
 40 
 
 37» 
 75 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 37 
 4 
 
 37 
 2 
 
 87 
 6 
 
 30 
 13 
 15 
 50 
 6.00 
 1.25 
 
 FoRKioN Fruits hcH as foUowa : — 
 
 Lemons, per box IJiS.UO a n..''iO(;t». 
 
 Lt'inoiiH, wv (loz I'.'i't 37i 
 
 I'iiic Appli's, per doz ;;."> a L.IO 
 
 Pine Apples, t'licli 3 a 15 
 
 Coucoiiiiuls, per loo 2.00 a 3.'.'5 
 
 Coucoaniils, per iloz Jil « CO 
 
 Fit{», per box Ma — 
 
 Figs, per lb lij a — 
 
 Dates, per lb 10 a — cts. 
 
 Hiiisiiis, i)er lb li) a 12 
 
 Uii' (ins, bunch, per box 2.00 a 2.50 
 
 Cnmints, per lb lo « 12 
 
 Preserved (Jiuger, per jur, uboiit 
 
 Olbs 1,00 a — 
 
 flreen (Jinijer, per lb 25 « — 
 
 Oranges (fliivunu; per doz 024 «■ *1.00 
 
 Cheese, new, per lb 6 a 11 
 
 Eggs, seven tor 12 « — 
 
 Eggs, fifteen for 25 a — 
 
 Eggs, »ixt\--lbiir for <ll.(") a — 
 
 Honey, pure northern, per bottle. oO a 75 
 
 D.MiiY PiioiiucE, EtiGs, etc., sella qs follows 
 
 Butter, Stiito, by the tub, per lb. IH a 21ct8. 
 
 Uutter, State, jjcr lb 2 5 <« 25 
 
 Hotter, Oninge Co., ])er lb 20 a 23 
 
 Hotter, Orange Co., by the pail, 
 
 per lb 10 a — 
 
 Butter, Ohio, per lb 10a22 
 
 Milk. — SkinimeJ milk is seldom used by nny one. Although n considerable quantify of 
 milk is sold, known us distillery milk — (obtained from cows fed upon distillery slops) — the 
 very finest milk is retailed through the cities, in carts, at cents (3(/.) per quart. 
 
 SuoAK, lump, 10 to 12 cents (5(/, to C(/.) per lb. Brown, 6 to 9 cents (3(/. to A^d.) per lb. 
 
 CoKKKK, rousted and ground, from 9 to 18 cents, {\\d.\o OJ.) stg. per lb. 
 
 Tea. — There being no duty on tea us in Brituin, excellent tea can be bought for 60 cents 
 (2s. stg.) per lb., nlthough it is sold lower and higher than that. 
 
 The foregoing prices quoted, are the retail prices. For every cent reckon one-halfpenny. 
 
 The wages jmid for all descriptions of servants are very high, it being one of the great 
 characteristics of the country, that every description of labour is well paid, and even the 
 humble wnsherwoman shares in the receipt of good pay, conipured with what is paid to 
 such in Britain. In New York, such women receive 75 cts. to $1 (3,1. to 4s. stg.) per day, 
 ■with meals, for 10 hours' work. (Jiving out clothes to be washed costs, on the average, 50 
 cents, (2«. stg.) per dozen, and if ironed or got up, 75 cents to $1, (3s. to 4s. stg.) per dozen. 
 
 Domestic servants arc paid good wages, and although really good servnnts are scarce, 
 very ordinary " helps" nro pnid from £12 to £20 per annum. Servants in America, for the 
 most part, are either Irish or German, and we can assure ladies at home, that the " greatest 
 plagues in lif'i" are as abundant in America as anywhere, us on arrival here, girls who would 
 be very civil and thankful to get £4 per annum in Ireland, wil be found not over 
 clever, tidy, or truefuble, when receiving $00 to $75 (£12 or £15) per nnnuni. After Irish 
 girls have been in the country for some time, they improve considernbly — their ideas of 
 themsi'lves, and the wages they ought to receive, expanding likewise. 
 
 Servants are cnn)loyed dill'ercntly, in some respects, from what they are in Great Britain ; 
 for cxami)le, in first-class houses no laundresses are kept. The table and bed linen is washed 
 by the cook, on a particular day, and the body clothes are washed by the maid of all work 
 and liouseraaiJ on another day, of the same, or following week. 
 
 PROFESSIONAL MEN IN AMERICA. 
 
 Is the course of our travels through the United States and Canada, we were led to make an 
 inquiry, as to the position which professional men occupied, and the remuneration paid to 
 thorn. The answerto our first enquiry so surprised us, that, from curiosity— and also to ascer- 
 tain if the answer to our first inquiry was general— we made further notes as we went 
 along, on the same subject. As a few of these may prove interesting to many in Great 
 Britain, we annex them for general information- young men in the learned professions 
 there being, in many cases, as ignorant concerning matters ih America, as many of their 
 less educated brethren are. 
 
 As stated elsewhere, men engaged in some of the professions, find it absolutely necessa- 
 ry to eke out an existence by acting the part of postmaster, reeve, general storekeeper, 
 and magistrate. This applies more particularly to medical men. Fortunately for such, it 
 
72 
 
 CLKUaYMKN IN' AMKKICA. 
 
 U iiol oonMdored, in ('uninlii, or in «MHintrv dlKtrli'tK in tlic riiitcd Stiitoo, lii/i-a dirf, for 
 them ti) exerolsc f jii-ir nlillitlcH out of tliu rt'K'uliir jmtli of ((urj,'i'ry, iiml iiicdlcliic, etc, etc. 
 
 Clf ri.'jtncn, from tlidr |M)?iilion, imd tlie ctnliiirjio wtilcli Iiiik I n Iniil upon tlieiu in tlmt 
 
 respiet, arc li'ft to oxcri'ii*e tlnir iiiiiliiy in llxir own |Miriiriiliir cidierc, dipfndiiif; for 
 thei • renniiifriition u|ion llicir talent, ami, to some extent, upoii llie iionour of tlie eonj^re- 
 fjnt'ons will) employ tliem. 
 
 " The eleriry are at a dii-oount, in Canada, and no mistake," wn* llie remark of a pentle- 
 lYin 1 — whom wi' nut then — well entitled to Kpeiik upon the suljeet. " All the youn^; men 
 of promise," he added, "are hludyinji, eitlier for ineilieine. or for tlie har." " Faets are 
 Btubboi.i ehiels and wiiuia dinjf," and facts and fitrnre^, moreover, ln'ar out the assertion of 
 our friend's oliservation and experience reirardim; tlie prini'ipal professions. 
 
 " The Clergy Reserve," as tlu' i,'rants of hind orii;iii«lly appropriate.! hy the rrovineifll 
 Oovornment for the mipport of the elerfiy of the Estalilislu'd Churtdi of England and Scot- 
 land, as Well as of the Itoman ('atholie Church, wife called, have Immmi eoinniutcrl ; that is 
 to sav, tlieliinds have tiecn sold, and tlw iirnci'cds have lieen invested in laiid-i, the interest 
 yielilcd hy which is inanau;ed and administered hy the several churches for the sup]i()rt,or, 
 rather supplement of the ch'r;:y eonnoeted with theni; and, of course, every addition to 
 their nmnlicrs, re(luces the tteneral dividend. We cannot, therefore, vouch for the exr.et 
 Ptiliend ]iaid to the clerL'V, either of the I^slaMishcd Cinirehes of KnL'land and S<'otlani1, or 
 of the llonnm Catholic Church. The salaries of the I'rcsliyterian ministirs, except in 
 larj;e cities where they rise to C.'iOn, ranije from £100 to £\T>{S stg. As for the paltry pit- 
 tance paiil to Methodist mini-^tirs — uidess weare misinforined — CDh, in adilition to his hoard 
 in the house of some fatniiy where he is temporarily located, is iloled out to " a yoiins,' nnin 
 without nny encumlirnnces," and {.Tdi to the man who carrii's, like I'ctcr, "a wife, a sis- 
 ter," alont; with him in his itinerancy, with the aiMilioii of a consideration for every child 
 in his family. 
 
 From pul)lished documents we find that the entire staff of elcrpymen of iill denoininn- 
 tions in Caiuida, numliers somewhere ahout 2,270. Composed of as follows; — l^pi-^copal 
 Church, 'MM\\ Itoman Catliollc Church, hetween 700 and Kimi; Kstaldishcd Church of Scot- 
 land, 1»0 ; Free Church of Scotland, l.'iii; I'nited Pre^^liyterian Cliurch, Sii; Weslcyan, New 
 Connexion, Episcopal and rrimitive Methodists, CidO; Congrcijatioinil, 7o ; na|itist, I8(t. 
 
 " The pastonil tie is a very iirittle one, in Canada, as well as in the United States," is a 
 clerical, as well as a common ri'inark. When a conitrecration hear a popular mini-fer, a 
 mcetint; is summoned, a vote taken, and if lie offers no olijection to the salary, hoard is 
 provided instanter, and the Preshytery is requested to proceed with his ordination or intro 
 dnction without delay. The ju'ocess of dismission is eipially siiniiiiiiry. If he has dared 
 to attack some social vice, or irivcn olfcnee, no matter how, to the " sovereir^n people," a 
 
 meeting is called, the r<'soliition passed that Mr. 's services are no loni;er reijuired, 
 
 and lie is accordinirly, nolens volcns, cashicri'il. fJreater attention, it is true, is paid to ec- 
 clesiastical forms amoiiLTst the ])resliytci'ians in Canada, hut demissions are very freiiuent, 
 and perpetual change is the law that holds almost universally, which cannot excite sur- 
 prise to those who arc .iwarc that a con!jrei;ational "promise to pay" of £1(M), to the min- 
 ister, on his settlement, very often dwindles down to three-tpiarters, or one-half of the 
 stipulated sum before the end of the year. " Why rlon't the clergy remind the people of 
 their duty?" an old country dcriryman would say. What do our readers su])pose would 
 be the re])ly when thus ajipealcd to, to remind the "sovereign people" of their duty? 
 "Have you the impertinence to tell me to my face, in my own house, that I have not kept 
 my word V" roared out one of their number, to a minister of the gospel, when the subject 
 was complained of by a hard-working ininistei. " Walk out, sir!" and suiting the action 
 to the word, he threw open the door. "Walk out, sir ! my house is my castle, and I 
 won't submit to be called a liar in my own house. Walk out, s-ir! you won't long remain 
 in connection with the church, I guess, if you try that tnck ! Walk out, sir!" AVe must 
 confess we were more astonished with the answer the honest minister got, than he was. 
 Talking on ecclesiastical matters one Jay, u friend said, " The Associate lieformed Congre- 
 
PUOKKSSIONAL MEN IN AMERICA. 
 
 73 
 
 gntton at wUhcl to t-nsnuo tlio nervlci'* of tlio Rev. Mr. , wlio hail detiillto.l 
 
 IiIh cliiirK- in .•.iiiiuM'tiun will, |1„. ll„l|..,l I'lvgl.yt.Tiiui Clmroli. l.iit thoy .muiI.! lu.t vwh: to 
 Urrw, iiiul lie iilliriiiit.ly l..f| \m „wii lio.ly mid occciitrd tlif otr.T of tho con^npitioii 
 
 I" * iK'i'tioii with tlic Ki*tiil)li»li('d Cliuivli of Scotland ot , wIkto he 1» mill ex- 
 
 crciiiiiK till' fiiiutioiiH of th,. iiilidHtry." TIml win ),y no inoiiiot a ninmiliir inHtimci of u 
 din«.'ntiM({ cl.TKynmn .•(inn.Tlini,' hiinsidf fillior with tlui Kstiil.lHhcd Chiiroii of Kntfliiiid, 
 or Scoiliuid, iioih .if wliicli hold out llit! indiifciufnt, if not n pernmncMit endownu-nt at 
 U'OKt, of the tiuit of a toWnilde Hii|i|pl.'iii»'nt to the Ktipeiid offered hy the foni{reitiition. 
 Analn we were frriively nmwod that yoii niity hid " Kood-hyo" to your elerieal friend, a 
 jiliiin IVeKhyliriiin, and Htmke hniuh with him on your return, hutted, gowned, mid apron- 
 ed, aK a poniiMiUrt IJinhoii in full canoniealH. The story ^oes that a Scotch elernyman, who 
 
 had undert^one the almve Iransfornialion, met hl« old friend — another Scoteliman a I'rea- 
 
 hyteriun worthy, in the street, laid his hand upon the liiti ■! of his coat, and remarked that 
 it wan rather hare for a Doctor to wear, upon which tli I'reshyterian took up the corner 
 of the HishopV ajn'on, aiul twirling it In his finger*, responded, " Very true, Johnny, mon ; 
 l)iit r wadna m'll mi/ xoiil for a daiUe!" (Scottice for an ajirou). Frotn tliis it would ap- 
 pear tliat the new World of ller MajeKty'rt dominions has not escaped the tainted touch of 
 de(,'radini; simony. 
 
 Su<di lieini,' the cceleMasiioal comlition of Canada, tlie Icijal and medical profoBsiong, 
 freipu'iitly, hoM out tiie fairest pros|)<'ets of remuneration and success, and sutticit^ntly ao- 
 eounts for the fact that niimliers of younij tiien who have stiulied for the ehiireh, have ul- 
 limat»'ly hetaken Ihemselves to the study of law, medicine, or the practice of teaching in 
 the common or grammar schools of the province, liarrister's fees are no less in I'anadn 
 tliiin ill iM'ciit Uritaiu, and the inedi(Uil tariff is prodigiously hi}{h ; consequently, med- 
 ical iiu'u sometimes realize fortunes. It is fnid that the peojjle are notorious for suing 
 each other on the most trilling occosiona, and if one may judgf- from the space allotted to 
 putriim ((uaek medicines — all of them, of course, " Infallilde Uenicdies" for " all the ills that 
 tlesli is lieir to" — in the jirovineial papers, John Bull, junior, appears to be as gullible aa hU 
 portly pa]ia in the old country. 
 
 The same remarks api>ly, In u great measure, with regard to professional men in the 
 United States, It was only In December last we met with an instance, where a clergyman, 
 in connection with u Presbyterian Church, in Brooklyn, New York, hod commenced to 
 sue (for bnlnnce of salary) the managers of the congregation, who had dismissed him with- 
 out assigning any particular reason. 
 
 From a statement pul)lished some time ago, it appears that the salaries of some clergy- 
 men In the United States (such aa Rev. II. W. Beecher, and Rev, Dr. Chapin, of New York,) 
 readi as much as $5000 (£1000 »tg.) per annum — and be it observed, on the " voluntary" 
 iirinciple — a proof that clergymen of sterling ability are as much appreciated, and as well 
 paid by the jjcople In the United States, as any other quarter of the globe. 
 
 Medical men in cities In the States realize largo incomes, from the high fees they charge. 
 We have met several surgeons, who have been practitioners in England and Scotland, and 
 who have great reason to be satisfied in having transferred their services to the United 
 States. They are unanimous in announcing — much better fees, and fewer bad debts, than 
 they were accustomed to in Great Britain. 
 
 1 i'J 
 
74 
 
 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, 
 
 THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF AMERICA. 
 
 Look into the face of every chi'.d you meet with from Maine to Florida, or from New 
 York to San Francisco, for uuglit you know you may be gazing upon the president of the 
 United States in embryo. To be sure, it may be only upon the future governor of a single 
 State. Be tiiat as it may, th ; child is father of the man, and the American people are as 
 fully conscious of the fact, as they are aware that the diffusion of general knowledge is the 
 sole preparative for the proper exercise of the rights, as well as the performance of the 
 dutieA of citizenship. And thoroughly determined as ihey are to perpetuote their political 
 institutions to latest posterity, they have resolved to establish a sj-stem of cunimon school 
 education, v/ell calculated to accomplish their noble and national ,jurpose ; a brief outline 
 of which is all that we can pretend to furhish within our narrow limits. Take the Consti- 
 tution of any State you ple^se, you will find that it embodies an enunciation of the advan- 
 tages and objects of educatiun — provision for suitable school accommodation and furniture, 
 as well as for the support of the teachers, the e-xpenses of which are defrayed by revenues 
 derived from l.inds appropriated for school purposes, and general taxation ; and the devolution 
 of the general manageticnt upon a committee of gentlemen elected by the people. We can 
 only point to the iniporlance attached to the selection of a healthy site for the school-room 
 to the attention paid to ventilation, temperature, and lighting; to the wisdom disi)lnyed 
 in the classification of pupils, and in their coui'ses of study, as well as in the regulations of 
 schools and committees, and must, therefore, refer the reader to the numerous volumes, 
 reports, and blue books professeil y pulilished to diffuse general information regarding the 
 management o*" the educational institutions of America. 
 
 There is a regular gradation of schools — primarj', intermediate, grammar, and high 
 schools — througli which the pupil p.isses during the course of instruction, preliminary and 
 preparatory, to mat. iculation in the college. 
 
 When a child arrives at 4 years of age, he can obtain admission into the p-iman/ schools, 
 wiiich are generally taught i)y ladies, a class of teachers who " are considered l)y the peo- 
 ple," as Miss Bremer correctly remarks in her " Homes of the New World," " as more skil- 
 ful than men in the training of early youth," and receive a remuneration ranging from 300 
 to 500 dollars per annum. If pupils have been detained by sickliness, delicate health, or 
 by the negligence of parents, and other causes, from attendance at the primary schools for 
 a length of time, they are sent Uj the " intermediate" schools, from both of which they are 
 drafted on the report of satisfaotory progress, at 7 years of age, into the "grammar" schools, 
 where they remain under the tuition of a master, and a male and female assistant — if boys 
 — until they are 14; and, if girls, until they have reached their 10th year. Ijistly, the 
 " high" schools are provided for the instruction of those who have undergone a criditable 
 examination, and aspire to matriculation in the college; to whose character Sir Chui'les 
 
 Lyell boars the following high testimony :- 
 
 ." T|, 
 
 high sciiools of Boston, supported by the 
 
 State," says ho, in his " Second Visit to the United States," " are now so well managed, 
 that some of mj' friends, who woi.ld have grudged no expense to engage for their sons tlio 
 best instruction, send their boys to them, as superior to any of the private ostablishments 
 supported by the rich at great cost." " 1 was surprised to find," is the statement of the 
 Hon. Mr. Baxter, M. P. for Dundee, " that the masters of the Latin and English High 
 Schools in Boston, get each $2400 a year, or only $100 less than the Governor of the 
 State." In New York, also, we have met with gentlemen largely engaged in meroantilc and 
 manufacturing operations, who prefer sending their children to tlie cotumon schools of li>o 
 city — free, although they are — feeling convinced of their superiority to any private acade- 
 mies they are acquainted with. 
 
 The enormous sum of £5,000,000 sterling has been contributed by voluntary taxation 
 for educational purposes alone throughout the United States. According to a late account 
 20 schools of law, 40 schools of medicine, and no fewer than 200 universities, with 12,000 
 matriculated students, and 700 public libraries, contoining 2,500,000 volumea, have been 
 established throughout the Union. 
 
EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. 
 
 76 
 
 A stranger, on visiting one of tlie public schools in any of the large cities, cannot but be 
 struck with the excellence of the arrangpnsents and system generally adopted. In the 
 class-rooms of these institutions -will be found the most complete attention on the part of 
 all, the order Pud decorum, in all their movements, being equal in precision to that of a 
 well-drilled regiment, as each little male and female pupil marches out or in, in regular 
 file, to the sound of the piano, played by another young pupil of 8 or 10 years of age. 
 There, instruction is made, as far as possible, a pleasure instead of a task, whilst it is of a 
 character which the most fastidious could not but appreciate. We can attest to the 
 superiority of the method by wliich information is conveyed, having heard scholars of 8 or 
 10 years of age answering questions, in mental calculations, which Avould put thousands of 
 individuals, three times their age, to the blush in answering. Specimens of writing and 
 drawing, also, we have seen equally surprising. 
 
 Whilst such an cxcellei t education is afforded to all, free, it mast not be supposed that 
 no interest is taken wheUier scholars attend regularly or not. If one should happen to be 
 ubsent a single morning, a messenger is dispatched to the residence of the pupil to ascer- 
 tain the cause for non-attendance, whilst equal strictness is observable in the pupils' 
 punctual attendance at the proper hours. 
 
 The foregoing remarks apply to the common or public schools of the United States. In 
 Canada the common schools art similarly conducted, and also free, so that education is 
 brought to the very doors of the people, not only in large cities, but in every section 
 throughout the province, and altogether the educational institutions of the province are 
 alike creditable to the council which established, and the government that sanctioned 
 tlieni. 
 
 Toronto is the seat of a university possessed of a talented staff of professors ; of a normal 
 school, in which teachers receive a scientific training for their profession from efficient 
 masters ; and, at the same time, of a model grammar and common school. T!ie province is 
 not only divided into counties, but is also sub-divided into townships (corresponding to a 
 Scotcii parish) and school sections, in the centre of each of which last sub-divisions a com- 
 mon school is situated and managed by a local board of trustees. Grammar schools have 
 been established in the principal cities and towns, in which cb'^ical and mathematical in- 
 struction is communicated by a highly educiited and intelligent class of teachers, in addi- 
 tion to the elementary branches of an English education, sometimes combined with natural 
 philosophy, tiuight in the common schools. Both grammar and common schools are ex- 
 amined by inspectors appointed for the purpose, and the management of the system U 
 entrusted, by the provincial gevernmcnt, to a council of education, Rev. Dr. Ryerson at 
 present being the general superintendent 
 
 A sch> 1-tax is levied by the trustees for the support of the teacher, from which a salary 
 is provided ranging, in proiwrlion to the wea'/'- of the section and the number of the 
 pupils, from £(« or £70 in the common schools, to £200 and upwards in the grammar 
 Bchooll; and the only defect discoverable in the system is. that dwelling-houses are not 
 attached, as in Scotland, to tlie school^a defect which will probably be removed by their 
 erection in the course of the progressive prosperity of the province by the people. 
 
 We have thus presented an outliue-a meagre outline only, it is true-of the educational 
 institutions of the United Stiites an.l Canada ; institutions which, notwithstanding the 
 diversity of sentiment that exists on political as well as ecclesiastical subjects, have been 
 establisiied, and are supported witn cordial unanimity; from whicl-, it must be evuleut to 
 every intelligent reader, that they forn. at once the "foundation of the nation s greatness, 
 and a fitting theme for the children's song and prayer:— 
 
 " Then blessings on our common schools 
 
 Wherever they may stand; 
 
 Tliey are the people's colleges, 
 
 The bulwark of the land, 
 'lis a happy theme ; like a golden dream its memory seems to be, 
 And I'll sing, while I have a voice or tongue, 'The Common School for me. 
 
 I 
 
76 
 
 ELECTIONS IN AMERICA. 
 
 ELECTIONS IN AMERICA. 
 
 Readers in Great Britain have, no doubt, read or heard of tlie Republican, or, it may 
 be, the Democratic, or American " Ticket," in connection with elections in America. Dif- 
 fering as the mode of electintj niembers for Congress does from that of members for Par- 
 liament, we subjoin a few particulars which may prove interesting to those unacquainted 
 with the modus operandi of voting by ballot — or popular elections in the New World. 
 
 First of all, then, we may explain that there is no " non)ination day" in connection witli 
 elections in America — but the formation of what is designated a party "Tieke;" appears 
 to be the same sort of proceeding, only carried out differently. The " Ticket" consists of 
 a list of say, four candidates, who are nominated at a pi-elimi'.iary meeting of some of the 
 leading men of the party, and decided upon as " fit and proper persons" to represent the 
 party and their principles faithfullj' in Congress, and are submitted for the support of the 
 party. For example, the Republican party, meet and fix upon their men, and have 
 their names printed on a small slip of white paper — not much larger tlian a railroad ticket 
 — issue them to all true Republicans to support, and carry the election of one out of the 
 four names chosf-n. Only one can bo elected, but four are submitted for the people's 
 choice, as, although all Republicans, electors may hove their prodclietioiis in favour of iv 
 particular man — to any of the other three — consequently, the elector takes his choice and 
 votes accordingly, for one man, scoring out tlie names of the other three, when he goes to 
 vote. The meetin<T roferred to, is called — the " primary election" — and the list of names 
 (which mUj be two, three, four, or six) is termed the " Republican Ticket" or the " Dtmo- 
 cratic Ticket," as the cose may be, the chief men in each party noniiuatingor forming their 
 ticket in the manner described. 
 
 We may here remark, that the party ticket, properly speaking, consists of a scries of 
 tickets, representing the different offices for the Legislature of tlie State, as well as for 
 niembers for the Congress of the United States, and that nearly all such elections take 
 place on the same day, so that the names whicli comprise the Republican ticket or tickets, 
 as a whole, include the names of different eondidates for the different offices in the 
 State Legislature, in the same manner as already described for the election of members of 
 Congress. An elector, therefore, lias to provide himself with a series of tickets, suitable, 
 to enable him to vote for the officers of State, and, if a Republican in polities, he will in 
 all probability provide himself with Republican tickets throughout, and vote accordingly 
 for the man he deems the best for each office to be filled. 
 
 To simplify the matter in illustration of the electoral system, we will refer more par- 
 ticularly to the election of members for Congress, the principle of election iu all other 
 offices being the same. 
 
 When the Republican ticket (or list of names) is fixed upon, as already explained, the 
 party at once sot to work to secure, by every means in their power, tlie election of a Re- 
 publican candidate over the Democratic one. The names of the candidates may be seen 
 a week or two previous to election day, printed in large, square banners, which are sus- 
 pended from the roofs of houses across the principal thoroughfares in the city, as a sort of 
 standing advertisements of their claims for support ; so that for some time the streets pre- 
 sent rather a novel appearance, from the number and variety of the banners thus ex- 
 hibited. 
 
 To keep alive the excitement, and advance the interest of the respective candidates, public 
 meetings are held regularly, and in the open air sometimes, in the different wards of the c'ty, 
 which Jitter, present a few novel features. In the afternoon or evening, a small hustings — 
 "£[■..1)16 of containing from 60 to 60 persons — is erected in the street — in a square, or vacant 
 place, convenient for the purpose. At about 8, r. m., the meeting assembles. On the hustings 
 the friend? and supporters of tlie party are to be seen. At one corner, on the platform, a 
 pyrotechnist is ploced, with a good supply of fireworks. In front, five or six large flam- 
 beaux are kept blazing. Some dozen or so of paper lanterns are hoisted on long poles, 
 
ELECTIONS IN AMERICA'. 
 
 77 
 
 may 
 Dif- 
 
 of 
 
 the 
 
 the 
 
 the 
 
 have 
 
 each one having printed on their sides the names of the party candidates, in whose inter- 
 est the meeting i. held. On the ground, at one end of the hustings, is placed a piece of 
 ordnance, generally about a 12 or 16 pounder, which, with the speakers on the platform, 
 and the people in front, form the component parts of a polidcal meeting in the City of 
 New York. 
 
 Thus " fixed up." us the Americans would say. the speakers address the audience amid 
 the smoke and glare of the burning flambeaux. Should there be disapprobation from any" 
 part of the meeting, the services of the pyrotechnist are called into play, who at once 
 sends a few rockets whizzing up into the air. The variegated forms displayed by them 
 as they explode, has the effect of attracting the attention of the audience, and quiet is 
 again restored. By this means, tlie speaker proceeds as before, when, after a hearing for 
 some time, another burst of opposition breaks forth— this time more powerful than previ- 
 ously—the fireworks are once more put in operation, but this time with doubtful effect, 
 when the artilleryman in charge announces a salvo of blank cartridge from h!« 12 or 18 
 pounder— the smoke and sound of which, repeoted two or three times, at last silences the 
 noise of all opposition, and thus ogain restores order. By such means the speokers are not 
 kept waiting long until silence is restored. In this way the meeting proceeds, interrupted 
 now and then by the dissentient part of tlie meeting, with other sundry displays of fire- 
 works, and a little more harmless thunder from the " dog of war" at hand. 
 
 The excitement and interruptions alluded to, as witnessed by us at a ward open-air 
 meeting in New York, last November, were exceedingly mild from what we expected to 
 meet with, and nothing in comparison with the scenes we have witnessed on " nomination" 
 days in England and Scotland. 
 
 As we have stated, the hustings were erected in the afternoon or early in the evening, 
 the meeting is held at 8. r. m., and by 10. or 10 30, p. m.. it has separated, '.he hustings are 
 taken down and cleared off, and not a vestige remained of what was a scene of excite- 
 ment, only one hour before. Each party holds its meetings, in this manner, on different 
 evenings in the several wards of the city, and pays its own expenses. 
 
 The day of election, however, arrives, ond brings with it much of the quiet appearance 
 of n Sunday morning. All the liquor stores are closed — by law — and many other places 
 of business are not opened from choice. Men are not at work. Throughout the early 
 part of the day. there is a feeling of dullness in many ports of the city. Towards noon, 
 however, things begin to appear more lively. In the different wards there is a polling 
 booth, about tlie doors of which are congregated a small, i.nd apparently listless crowd of 
 on-lookers, with, perhaps, a couple of policemen in the midst. Inside the polling booth, 
 are stationed the " Inspectors of Elections." 
 
 Tiie voter who has obtained his ticket, and scored out the names of the candidates he 
 does not wish to vote for — leaving one name not scored out — proceeds to the polling 
 place, and on entering is osked by tiie Inspectors of Elections his name, business, and ad- 
 dross, all of which is written down in the books, in the possession of the Inspectors, which 
 being done, the voter hands his ticket folded up, to the Inspector, who deposits it in the 
 b.'iUot box — in the presence of the voter — no one. not even the Inspector, knowing for 
 whom the vote has been given. Thus ends a transaction, which, in the minds of some 
 men, amount to a sort of mysterious bugbear, but which in reality is nothing of the sort, 
 but tiic performance of a privileged duty executed in an exceedingly quiet and becoming 
 manner. 
 
 The reason why the inspector deposits the ticket in the ballot-box is. that on election day 
 there are a variety of ballot-boxes in use that day — one for every officer of State, as well 
 as for members for Congress ; so that when the voter gives perhaps six or eight tickets into 
 the hands of the inspector, he arranges tl em, and places each one in its proper ballot-box. 
 He knows which box each ticket is fo.', as although the tickets are given in all folded up, 
 yet the denomination of the office Is printed on the ouUide of the ticket or slip of paper, 
 whilst the names of the candidates are printed inside, and unseen by him. Thus, therefore, 
 the ticket for member for Congress has " Member for Congress" printed on the outside, see- 
 
 s' 
 
78 
 
 ELECTIONS IN AMERICA. 
 
 ing whicli, the Inspector deposits it in its proper box, and so on with the ticket marked 
 "For Governor of State," or "For Comptroller of State," etc., etc., into their proper ballot- 
 boxes. 
 
 We have observed, that a small crowd is generally collected about the doors of the poll- 
 ing-booths. Amongst such is recognized the " scouts" belonging to the opposition political 
 party, who there watch the opportunity to challenge the vote of any one presenting a ticket 
 who is not a voter. "When a vote is challenged, the voter is sworn by the inspector of elec- 
 tions as to his having tlic right to vote, after which he is allowed to vote ; but if it can be 
 afterwards proved that he has sworn falsely, he is then handed over to be prosecuted for a 
 serious misdemeanour. If it can be proved in the polling-booth that he has no right to vote, 
 he is then, probably, handed over to the police who are in waiting. 
 
 In the immediate vicinity of the polling-booths, outside, are erected two temporary offices 
 on the pavement — one belonging to each of the two political parties. At such places elec- 
 tors are supplied with tickets, if they have not been provided beforehand with them. 
 
 The scenes which take place on election days in some of the wards in the city of New 
 York are dangerous as well as disgraceful. These occur in some of the most rowdy or 
 lowest wards in the city — where it is a notorious fact, the Irish largely predominate, and 
 to whom are attributed many of the riots which occur, and which sometimes terminate 
 fatally. 
 
 Whatever may be wiid, however, of elections in America, and voting by ballot there, in 
 general, it is well that we should remember the working of the boasted electoral system 
 enjoyed by the " free and independent electors" of Great Britain and Ireland — more par- 
 ticularly in the " pocket boroughs" in England, the manufacture of " faggot votes" in Scot- 
 land, and where honesty in open voting in Ireland, is often followed by agrarian despotism 
 and outrage. And when we hear also of riots, and the free use of revolvers in some of the 
 rowdy wards in the city of New York, we should recollect that these wards, all put 
 together, form only, after all, a mere atom of sand on the great electoral shores of the vast 
 continent of America. 
 
 Readers who are in the habit of measuring their standard of electoral affairs in America 
 commit a grave error in taking their cue from what passes in the city of New York in con- 
 nection with such matters ; and disgraceful as the scenes are even there, we question if 
 they are excelled by what passes in manufacturing districts even in England, where the 
 " bottling up" system is carried out occasionally under the auspices of some cotton, wooleni 
 or worsted lord, where his workmen, or those of his committee, are engaged to play the part 
 of ruffians in securing the votes of needy or imbecile voters by the basest of means; where 
 voters are held as prisoners in their own homes on the night of nomination day, and there 
 filled drunk to overflowing, or forcibly bundled off in cabs to the head-quarters of the elec- 
 tioneering camp, where the " bottled-up voters" are congregated like a herd of '.;ogs ready 
 for the butcher, and where, between the fumes of tobacco and the immoderate use of intox- 
 icating drinks, they are secured, and half poisoned (and sometimes wholly poisoned) with 
 liquor, and next morning, or election day, driven in cabs to the polling-booths to register 
 their names in favour of a particular candidate, unless it be that they are considered not al- 
 together " good men and true" by the previous night's debaui h, — in that case they are 
 driven off to the country for an airing, in the charge of keepers, till after the polling-booths 
 close at 4, p. m. 
 
 As well may we, with truth, apply the " bottling" system as applicable to all the elec- 
 tions in Great Britain and Ireland, as we may those of brawling and riotous voters in New 
 York to the elections all over America. 
 
 With all their faults, we believe that the Americans in general display a spirit of inde- 
 pendence, and require the protection of the ballot a great deal less tlian it is required in 
 Great Britain and Ireland, and that they are, in general, above demoralizing influences, 
 6uch as the " bottling up" system referred to, and that the American workmen who enjoy 
 the franchise, will not be so easily bought over, by either the bland smiles or the hypocrit- 
 ical despotism of an employer, and who, in the exercise of their electoral privilege, act a 
 
 
ELECTIONS IN AMERICA— THE SHAKERS. 
 
 ted 
 lot- 
 
 79 
 
 more manly and independent part compared to shopkeepers in country towns in Britain, 
 who, in tendering their votes, act only the part of a sort of doormat, foot-stool, or lackey 
 to tlie influential lord of the manor, or it may be to the manufacturing lord of the village, 
 whose chief qualifications for a seat in the House of Commons are frequently only a heavy 
 purse and local influence, by means of which alone, such have been knowp— however un- 
 popular to the people— to succeed in defeating some of the most accoraplislied, popular, and 
 valued of British statesmen. 
 
 "We selected New York as the place where we should see the system of electing by bal- 
 lot cariicd out under the most disadvantageous circumstances, and, so far as our experience 
 goes, we felt somewhat agreeably disappointed that it did not turn out more in accordance 
 •with our previous erroneous ideas of the matter, and pleased that it is conducted in a man- 
 ner, upon the whole, vastly superior to the open voting system of Great Britain and Ireland 
 — where bribery and intimidation, in innumerable instances, defeat the ends of honesty and 
 fair play. 
 
 THE SHAKERS. 
 
 "Shaker seeds and herbs," and "Shaker flannels," are amongst the multifarious signs 
 exliibited at doors, and in tlie windows of retail stores throughout the United States — the 
 excellence of these articles, as sold by a section of tlie Society of Friends in America — gen- 
 erally known as "The Shakers" — having rendered them famous throughout the country. 
 The stranger in America wIjo is desirous of seeing something of one of the "Institutions" 
 peculiar to this country, may easily visit one of the Shaker villages when at New York, 
 by taking the railroad, or steamboat up the Hudson, to Hudson City, 118 miles from New 
 York, and thence for a few miles per rail to Lebanon Springs, in the County of Columbia, 
 State of New York. In this trip, the tourist can enjoy the trip up the Hudson — visit 
 Lebanon Springs, and tlie Quaker Settlement, two miles from there — the Catskill Moun- 
 tains, in tlie vicinity — noticed elsewhere — and all in the course of a few days, at compar- 
 atively little expense. 
 
 The Society whose establishment we at present purpose noticing, reside at the Shaker 
 village of New Lebanon, as we have said, two miles from Lebanon Springs, in a beautiful 
 and fertile agricultural district. The village is situated on the face of a hill, and com- 
 mands a line view of tlie valley in the vicinity and surrounding country. 
 
 Tlie village is exclusively tenanted by the members of the Community. The principal 
 building consists of a large Meeting-llouse, where the devotional exercises are conducted, and 
 in the summer time, on Sundays, in the presence of vast numbers of strangers who are sojourn- 
 ing at the Springs. The Extract House is another of the chief buildings. In it is the La- 
 boratory, where the herbs, and tinctures from them, are pressed by means of crushing mills, 
 vacuum pan, etc., under a skillful chemist, one of themselves. The estimation in which 
 such are held, may be judged of from the fact, that in one year about 14,000 pounds' weight 
 have been sold — the extracts of butternut and dandelion forming two of the principal ones 
 sold. In another part of the village is the Seed House, formerly the old Mceting-House, 
 near which is the Tannery, Dairy, and workshops where wooden-ware, door-mats, etc., are 
 made. Tlie Herb House, with its drying rooms, store rooms, etc., is another portion of the 
 manufacturing premises. There, about 70 tons of herbs and roots— the produce of about 
 75 acres of their garden land— are pressed annually, by means of a hydraulic press of 300 
 tons pressure. In various parts of the building may be seen both men, women, and chil- 
 dren busily engaged in the different processes of manufacturing the articles named, or 
 packing them up ready for market. 
 
 The Community at New Lebanon consist of about 500 persons, divided into eight fami- 
 lies, as they are called, each family being presided over by two elders and two elderesses, 
 each of whom have an equal position in the management, and to whose orders the members 
 yield perfect obedience. 
 
 The management of the temporal affairs of the Society is entrusted to trilstees, „flo are 
 
 ;i^ 
 
80 
 
 THE SHAKEKS- 
 
 -COSTUME, ETC. 
 
 elected by the miuistry and elders, and who are legally in possession of all real estate 
 belonging to the community. The chief business tri'stee is a Mr. Edward Fowler, a man 
 of about 65 years of age. 
 
 Tli<» principles they profess are Christian, although their views of Christianity are pecu- 
 liar. It would take up too much of our space to go into detail respecting these ; but wo 
 may briefly eay that they believe the millcuniura has come; tiiat tlieirs is the millennial 
 Church ; timt marriage prevents people from being assimilated to tiie clinracter of Christ; 
 that the wicked are punislicd only for u season ; that tlie judgment-day has begun in tlieir 
 Church being estaldished ; and that their state of existence is the beginning of heaven. 
 They entertain the doctrines of the H[)iritualists to a certain extent, and profess to have 
 had tlieir regular " manifestations of the spirit" for many years past, and lliat, for instance, 
 the hymns they sing — both words and music — are revealed to tiicm every week in time for 
 devotional exercises on Sunday. 
 
 In the Meeting-House they asiscmble at about half post 10 o'clock every Sunday morn- 
 ing, and, Quaker-like, the sexes are seated separately, witlj tlie men and women facing 
 each otlier ; all the men, exce|)ting the eiders, being in tlieir shirt sleeves, and wearing blue 
 cotton and woolen trowsersand vests, with calf-skin shoes, gray stockings, and large turned- 
 down collars, as seen in figure 1 in engraving of coftume. The women wear, for the most 
 part, pure white cotton dresses, with white cotton liaiulkerchiefs spread over their necks 
 and shoulders, with a white lawn s(ju;ire tied over their lieads, with boots similar in ni)- 
 pearanee to the high-heeled boots lately in fashitm — the fiisliion of the time when the 
 Society was established — and made of a light blue prunella. See figure 7 in engraving of 
 costume. 
 
 til 
 til 
 tl; 
 
 m 
 fo 
 Bt 
 
 J 
 
 
 SHAKER COSTUME. 
 
 The above enp-nvlng represents the various costumes worn t)y the .Shakers, both at home, and wlien from 
 home. Figures 1 ami 7 represent the worslilp cosluiiu-, anil altltuili: of man and woman. Figure 2, that 
 of a field-labourer, or storekeeper's assisfaiil. Figure .1, an elder. FiBunjs 4 and 5, travelling costume, and 
 Figure 6, a half-Uress costume. 
 
 After sitting a short time in silence, the memliers from the extreme ends of the room 
 approach the centre, when the seats are removed, and the whole congregation place them- 
 Belves in marching order it serried rows, three or four men and women alternately. Whilst 
 
estate 
 man 
 
 pecu- 
 ul we 
 nnial 
 lirist ; 
 tlieir 
 aven. 
 Iiuve 
 tnnce, 
 tno for 
 
 TIIE SHAKERS' RELIGIOUS DANCE. ^ 
 
 thus standing silenfly— the women with their eyes looking to the floor— one of the clJers in 
 tlie midst of them mnk-cs a few remfirks, nftor wliieh a hyum is sung to a very lively tune, 
 the whole of tile congregation keeping time with their feet 
 
 After the liymn the worshippers commence a dance, an illustration of one of tlie move- 
 ments or steps of wliicli we give The dance consists of a scries of evolutions of ditfcrent 
 forms, presenting in each all the precision of well-trained pupils, moving as if with only one 
 Btep. The illustriition will give an ideo of a backward and forward dance or march, with 
 
 SHAKERS' RELIGIOUS DANCE. .... 
 
 them keeping time to the hymns they sing, at the same time, following the example, an 
 they say, of David, when ho danced before the Lord with all his might. After this, and 
 when nil the seats are replaced, ond the congregation seated as before, one of the elders 
 delivers a discourse, when the seats are removed again to give place to another dance of a 
 different style, and to another hymn. This time the dance is of a more lively choracter, 
 with the action of the arms, thrown up and tlown, and clapping of hands in regular order. 
 In this way are several hymns sung and danced to, and addresses delivered ; and however 
 much parties, on reading the accounts of such, may be disposed to smile, no one can wit- 
 ness the devotional exercises of these people, such as they are, without being impressed 
 with feelings of the deepest respect and solemnity ; and however much they may differ from 
 the Shakers in opinion, they will be ready to give them full credit for thorough conscien- 
 tiousness, and faith in what they believe to be right. 
 
 Oceasionallj' the "sjiirit manifests itself" by one or more of the congregation getting 
 up and dancing or whirling round and n.und with extraordinary rapiditj", and the parties 
 apparently being perfectly unconscious of every thing passing around them. In this way 
 will they continue to whirl and dance for nearly an hour without intermission. 
 
 As may be well known, all property belonging to the Society is held in common by 
 the members. All who join it do bo voluntarily, after perusing the rules and regulations 
 of the Society, which are submitted to all before they join. Tlie Society is divided into 
 three divisions, or classes, viz. : the senior, junior, and noviciate class. The senior class 
 
82 
 
 SHAKER SETTLEMENT, NEW LEBANON. 
 
 dedicate therasolves nnd all they are posgewed of " to the service of God and the support 
 of the pure gospel, forever," after they have had time for reflection and experience. After 
 being thu"* n 1 milted as partners in the Community, the relationship is binding forever. 
 Tut second class of members are those who have no faniiliea, t><it who, iu joi.ung tlie Ho- 
 ciety, retain the ownersliip of any private property ..ley hi J when they entered if. It in 
 according to the laws that if any one leaves tlie Community lliey can take nothing with 
 them but what they brought; that they vceeive no wages for the services they may have 
 performed, and cannot recover any property they may have pres'-nted to the Community. 
 The noviciates, again, are those who, on joining the Society, choose to live by tliemselves 
 and retain the management of their temporal affairs in tlieir own hands. Such are received 
 as sisters and brothers so long as they fulfil the requirements of tlie Society in every other 
 respect. 
 
 Everyone — male and female — works, fron> the pre«chor down to he youngest child 
 who is able; and .jot a moment of the hourj of labour is occupied but by the busy and 
 attentive performance of their duties. 
 
 Throiighout their workshops, meeting-houses, dwellings, etc., the utmost order prevails, 
 accompanied by the most scrupulous cleanl!-..j»s of place and person. Although they 
 have none rf the anxieties of life, or taat frightful spectre— the tear of want — ever ttefore 
 them, and w''h no pers^mol or private ambition to carry out, yet all are willing, diligent, 
 and faithful workers, and all appear to be cheerful comfortable and happy. 
 
 The Community at New Lebanon are, from all we can understand, a most intelligent 
 body. They pursue the same system o( education as that of the common schools of the 
 United States, for although they lead a life of celibacy after they join the body, the 
 children of those who come from the " outer world" are regularly taught and brought up 
 in the doctrines and with the ideas of the Community, and from that source, as well os re- 
 ceiving all orphan children who are sent to them, there is a never-failing supply of schol- 
 ars. Tie children are dressed similarly to grown-up members. They possess an excelhtnt 
 library, and from the newspapers regularly received, the members are kept " posted up" 
 as to whatever is going on in the wicked world around them, 
 
 Their conduct and character, from all accounts, is nf the most exemplary kind, living up, 
 in a high degree, to the principles they profess. In their relatiuns with the world around 
 them their business character for honour and uprightness is most 'indoubted, will.-', the 
 articles they manufacture stimd deservedly high in pul'Ue ertiraation, the very terrr 
 "Shaker" Leing a sort of guarantee that the article ii genuine. 
 
 They carry on their botanical and all other operations in the most scientific manner, and 
 have machinery of the most improved description for enabling thew to produce tlie arti- 
 cles manufactured in the best possible manner. 
 
 We may mention the somewhut singular fact, of this society, having taVen root so far 
 back as exactly one hundred years ago, iu the City of Manchester (Eng.). In th ! year 
 1766, a woman named Ann Stanley, then the wife of a blacksmith, einbraced the view ., of 
 Shakerism from the disciples of some French religionists who held these, or similar vie-vs 
 there, but suffering great persecution on account of her belief, shu, along with a few 
 others, emigrated to America, where she founded a Community at Niskayuna, (Watervliet,) 
 near Albany, where the sect still have a Community. When she arri- ed in America, she 
 took her maiden name of Lee, and thus the name of Mother Ann Lee is devoutly renem- 
 bered till this day by the sect, they looking upon her, as, they say, the revelation of the 
 female nature of God to man, i:i the same way as The Christ was manifested in the person 
 of Jesus, ao the revelation o/ the male nature of God to man. During a great revival 
 movement in 1780, large numbers ji'.ned Ann Lee's Community, and since then they have 
 spread into different sections of .he States — now numbering eighteen Communities — with a 
 i^talof about 4,000 jr. embers, and affording a curious, interesting, ond instructive leature 
 in social economics, 
 
FURNITURE. 
 
 83 
 
 FURNITURE. 
 
 mity. 
 
 FunsiTunE and choir-making is in America what coHon manufacturing is in certain 
 diBtricts in England. The factories ore upon an immense scale, equalling in size the Oxford 
 Road Twist Mills, Manchester, or, in fact, any of the rnills of Manchester or Preston, or 
 Samuel Higginbotham and Sons' cotton mills at Glasgow (Scotland). Instead of employing 
 girls, however, as in the colton mills of Britain, all are men, mostly, who are employed in 
 the furniture and chair factories in America, and chiefly Germans. In New Yovk and 
 Cincinnati alone, there are six or eight immense establishuKiits in each, in " full blast," 
 and whether it is turning a bed-post, or leg of a chair, carving out some exqi'isito scroll- 
 work for some drawing-room piece of furniture, planing the rough lumber into the smooth 
 table-top, or any of the other numerous mattere connected with producing furniture, fii for 
 either kitchen, bed-room, parlor or drawing-room — the saw, plane, turning lath, and mor 
 ticing machine does all ; consequently there is not the number of hands employed which 
 one would expect to find in one of these large mills. The great wonder is, where all the 
 furniture goes to. Some of these factories turn out nothing but chairs, and whilst you 
 Btand looking at their great proportions, out pops a chair, newly put together on the first 
 floor, with rope attached, and finding its way outside by pulleys, to the top floor of the 
 mill, to lie there finislied off; tlien another and onother follow in quick succession. "We do 
 not think tliat any people in the world beat the Americans in the rich and handsome fur- 
 niture they have in their houses. Mahogany is an .very day material in the better class 
 of houses. Tlie very doors in their lobbies and out side doors are characterized by great 
 massivencss of expensive wood, with great expense bestowed upon carving the same, giv- 
 ing their door-way (with outer door open and inner one shut) a most palatial appearance 
 with the handles, bell-pull, and name plate all silver gilt. Wild cherry and black walnut 
 wood are generally used, although we have feen very little use made of the " black birch," 
 (although an American wood,) so much used in Great Britain. 
 
 In connection with furniture making, we have noticed at several cities a new style of 
 furniture, made exclusively for schools. The youngest to the oldest scholar sits in a seat — 
 in some cases, by himself, or along with another — with a handsome little desk before him. 
 All are fixod to the floor, so that all are obliged to keep their scats in their proper places, 
 and there is no shaking of desks when writing, etc. We saw a school in operation, so 
 fitted up, and could not help thinking it was a very great improvement on the old-fash- 
 ioned system of forms and long desks. Plaoei for holding books, pens, ink, etc., are fixed to 
 the de?k8. Such furniture making is carried on as a separate business in several of the 
 cities in the United States, and amongst others, at Buffalo, State of New York, by Messrs. 
 Chase A Son, who have established an agency for its sale in Glasgow, where samples may 
 be seen in the warehouse of Messrs. Wylie & Loohead, Buchanan St. 
 
 
84 
 
 EXEMPTION LAWS. 
 
 EXEMPTION LAWS OF THE UNITED 8TATE8, 
 
 Showing wlint doscviplion of property i* excinpt from nttnoliniont and execution for debt 
 tlirouij;lioiit tlio (liffereiit JSlntes, uiul tlif Iftw, as applicable in eaeli one. 
 
 tlon. 
 
 AI-ABAMA. 
 
 The homotend law exempts from execution real 
 esliite, not to excceil 4n iiciei, or In value |4(KI, If re- 
 •erveil for llie use of (he fninlly, and not Hituatc witliln 
 the limits of uny cor|)orale town or city. 
 
 ARKAN.'lAS. 
 
 For all dehts contracted ulnce December 8th, ISft2, 
 IflO acre* of land, or one town or elly lot, (villi all Im- 
 Iirovementii, without reference to value, are exempt 
 from sale under execution. A widow 1» "nlltled, ua 
 (lower, to one-third of the personal pi';);iei;v on hand 
 Ht the death of her husliand, al)»oiMely hi against 
 creditors; also to one-third of the real estate and 
 slaves, and If no children, to one-half of both real and 
 personal property, except choses In action. 
 
 CAUKOKXIA. 
 
 The law exempts from forced sale or execution, or 
 any nlher flnal ju-ocess from a court, for any debt or 
 ilabilily cnnlrai-ted nr Incurred after the 1st day of 
 June, isSl ; or If cnntrac'ed or Incurred at any lime, 
 In any other place loan In this Slate, the homestead, 
 conslstlni? of a (|uantily of land, together with the 
 dwelllnK-house thereon and Its appu-tennnces, ami 
 not exceedluK In value the sum of I.^OOO, to "elected 
 by the owners thereof. 
 
 This exe-;.;'tlon cloes not extend to mechanics' or 
 vendoi i' l.'.'iis, or to any mortgage lawfully obtained. 
 
 COXSKCTICUT. 
 Certain personal property Is exempt from execu- 
 
 DKhAWAllE. 
 
 Certain household goods of free white cllliens are 
 exempt from attachiiRiit or execnilon; also the li- 
 brary, tools and Impleiiienls of the delitor necessary 
 for carrying (ui his profession or triide, to the value 
 of irui. It is proviiled, however, that all the articles 
 exempted shall not exceed ♦Km in value. 
 
 DISTUICT OK coi.rMniA. 
 There Is no homestead exemption. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Kvery actual housekeeper with a family may claim 
 as exempt such portion of his properly as may be ne- 
 cessary for the support of hunself ami family, to the 
 value of <llOii, waiving all right to all other exeniplloiis. 
 The defendant must make and sign a fair and full 
 stalenicnt of all his property, verilleil liy alliilavll, 
 whicli must accompany the return of the prneess. 
 
 A farmer owning 4t) acres of hind, of wliiih he cul- 
 tivates lit, can hold the same exempt, provided the 
 property does not exceed |2iK) in value. Kvery owner 
 of a dwelling-house In a city, town or village, pro- 
 vided he acluall.v resides in the house, ami that it 
 does not exceed ♦^liK) In value, may hold It free from 
 execution, attachment, or distress. 
 
 (lEOIKilA. 
 
 The law exempts from execution, for every white 
 citizen of the State, being head of a family, .'Ml acres 
 of land, which, including ilwelling-hnnse and improve- 
 ments, must not cxceecl in value f'iiii); also, t> acres 
 additional for every child under 15 years of age. If in 
 city or town, lot not to exceed !f2(HI In value. 
 
 The statute of this State provides, that the security 
 on a note, or the endorser, can give notice to sue, and 
 unless the suit Is brought In three months after matu- 
 rity, be released. 
 
 Slerchanis selling goods to persons In (icorgla, 
 should rei|uirc notes in every Instance, for open ac- 
 counts bear no Interest. 
 
 I.SmANA. 
 
 Kvery debtor Is entitled to .300 dollars' worth of per- 
 sonal or real properly exenijit from execution, except 
 for labourers' and mechanics' liens. 
 
 Kstates of dower are abolished, and in lieu thereof. 
 
 I the widow fakes one-third of the real estate In fee 
 simple, in ilejiauce of creilittnH and the hushand'a 
 will, unless llie value of the real estate he more than 
 |ltl,lKlO; If more, then a less proportion. This Is a bad 
 provision, and endangers the collection of debts, In 
 case ()f the death of the debtor. 
 
 The widow Is entitled to !l()0 dollars' worth of per- 
 sonal property, as against creditors, etc. 
 
 Property taken In exeiMitlon cannot be sold for less 
 
 than twdtblrds Us appraised value, where the Judg- 
 
 ' ment was obtal.ied upon an open account, or upon 
 
 paper, unlets the paper contained the clause, to wit: 
 
 " Without any relief whatever from valuallnu or ap- 
 
 ' pralsement laws," which should always be Inserted. 
 
 The debtor cannot waive the exemption or slay laws 
 In a binding form. 
 
 On negotiable paper, (being bills of exchange and 
 notes payable at a r/nirtereil liiiiii\) protested for 
 non-payment, all parties thereto are Jointly liable to 
 suit. The notary should aild to bis protest a certi- 
 ficate that UdlicfH of protest were duly si'iit to the 
 several parties— naming them— which is, under the 
 statute, all the proof thereof reipiired. 
 
 UAASmH. 
 The law exempts from levy and forced sale, undei 
 any process or order from any court In the Stale, the 
 lot of ground ami the buildings thereon, nccupied as 
 a residence, atiil owned bv the debtor, being a honse- 
 holiler, anil having a fa;olly, to the value of |l,IHIO 
 Such exemption shall coiillniie after the death of such 
 iioiiseholiler, for the benefit of the wiibiw and family, 
 some one or more of them continuing to occupy such 
 homestead until the youngest child shall loMiime 'i\ 
 years of age, and ui..'il the ileath of such widow -, and 
 no release or waiver of such exemption shall be valid, 
 unless the sauic shall be In writing, subscribed by such 
 householder, and acknowledged in the same manner 
 as conveyances of real estate. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 The law exempts from judicial sale nut of the prop, 
 erty of residents, or of any person coming to this State 
 with the intention of reiuaining, the ciist Miiary articles 
 necessary to the living of the family, ii.'liiding pro 
 visions and fuel for six monllis' use ; also li •! earnings 
 of the debtor for his personal services, or th, se of his 
 family for ninety days; and as a honiest' ad, any 
 ipiantity of land not exceeding III acres, use i for agri- 
 cultural purposes, the dwelling thereon anil appurten- 
 ances, or instead thereof, a lot not exceedi.ig one-half 
 of an acre, being within a recorded towi. lot, city, or 
 village, the dwelling-house thereon, at <l the appur- 
 tenances, owned and occupied by any resident of the 
 I'liite, provided that "iich exem|''eu homestead or 
 li. vn-lot, and dwelling house the'von, shall in nii case 
 exCL-d In value if.'iiHi. This ex- uiptioii Is not to alTect 
 any lnhoiirers' or mech".:.'ics' lien, or mortgage, law- 
 fully obi. .'tied, whic'- shall expressly stipulate that the 
 homestead '. ' lijil '.e. A mortgage or conveyance of 
 the homestead is void unless joined by both husbanil 
 and wife. The exemption descends to the surviving 
 head of the family, or to their Issue. The debtor must 
 select his own homestead, and have It marked out, 
 plotted, and recorded In the homestead book ; or the 
 onUer having an execution must have it done, and 
 add the expenses to the writ. 
 
 KKNTIICKy. 
 
 About $100 worth of household and kitchen furni- 
 ture Is exempt from attuchmeiit and execution. 
 
 I.Ol'ISIAW. 
 
 Ity the Act of IS50, widows and minor children were 
 allowed $1,IHKI out of the decedent's estate, if left in 
 necessitous circumstances. 
 
 No homestead exemption laws in this State. 
 
 MAIXK. 
 A few articles of household furniture, tools, pro- 
 
EXEMPTION LAWS. 
 
 (Icl)t 
 
 if per- 
 
 tr Ii"<B 
 J'l.lg- 
 iipnn 
 o wit: 
 r lip- 
 I'll. 
 
 ij IllWS 
 
 Tlitnnn, etc., aro not llnhle to he Uken on attacliment 
 or execiitliin ; bIiio, any one nmy Imve real I'sliile to 
 the value of IfidO cxeriipti!cl, jirovlded he Hhiill lUe In 
 the rcjjUlry of ileedn, In the county where It h situate, 
 a certlHcate for that purpone, he being a houieholder 
 in actual possension liiureor. 
 
 MAKVLAND. 
 
 The Conntltutlon directs the l.cKlslalure to pnia laws 
 cxemptlnR from Jiullcliil dales property not exceeding 
 tfttHl, but no LeKUluturu has yet acted upon the sub- 
 ject. 
 
 MISSISSU'l'I. 
 
 The law exempts furniture, etc., of a head oi a 
 family, to the value of if.Mli, the agrlciillural lm|)le- 
 nients of a farmer, the tooU of a mechanic, the lllirary 
 of an attorney, phjiilclan, or mliiUter, to the value (if 
 lifttl; also, to the head of a family llid acres of land, 
 with the dwellliin and Improvements theron; (ir. If In 
 a town or city, the resldeii-e, not exceedlnK In value 
 
 Widows arc entitled to the same amount of properly 
 out of the deeeuiied husband's estate that la exempt 
 from sale under an execution against an Insolvent 
 delitor, which Is |,'>(K) worth of household and kitchen 
 furniture, etc., and have as her dower onelhird Inter- 
 est In all the lands of which her husband died seized 
 tnd possessed. 
 
 MAS8A('I1UHETT8. 
 
 The homestead of a debtor to the value of |S00, 
 waring apparel, certain articles of household furni- 
 ture. In value suy from ♦Ion to |l.')d ; provisions, $.V) ; 
 the stock, tools, etc., of a iiiechanlc or handliTafts- 
 man, ♦•JitO; bonks, ♦'«) ; 1 cow, ti sheep, 1 swine, 2 
 tons of hay, fuel %M. 
 
 MICIIKJAN. 
 
 Ilousehnld goods, furniture, etc., not exceeding In 
 value If'.'.'HI; tnnls, stock, etc., to enable anyone to 
 carry on his occupation or business, not exceeding 
 I'J.Ml 111 value; library not exceeding 1(11511 In value, 
 and other minor articles usually uniimeriitcd, are ex- 
 empt from sale on execution; and the debtor cannot 
 waive such exemption. 
 
 The statute also exempts to householders a home- 
 stead consisting of any ijuantlty of land not exceed- 
 ing forty acres, anil the dwelling-house thereon, and 
 Its appurtenances, to be selecteil by the owner tliero- 
 of, and not Included In any recorded town plot, or 
 city, or village; or, instead thereof, at the option of 
 the owner, a quantity of land not exceeding in 
 amount one lot, being within a recorded town-plot, 
 or city, or village, and the dwelling-house thereon 
 and its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any 
 resident of this fitate, (not exceeding In value f IStHt, 
 by the Constitution of IS.M.) 
 
 ifald homesteiid Is exempt during the minority of 
 Ills children, and the occupation of his widow. 
 
 Any person owning and occupying any house on 
 land not his own, and claiming such house us his 
 huinesteail, shall be entitled to the exemption. 
 
 Mis.souni. 
 
 The law exempts the usual articles of domestic use, 
 and also property, real or personal, not exceeding In 
 value ttlM, chosen by tlie debtor. If he Is the head of 
 a family, with the usual bedding, and other necessary 
 iiou.sehiild and kitchen furniture, not exceeding |'i5 
 In value ; lawyers, |)liyslclans, and ministers may 
 select books necessary to their profession In place of 
 oilier iiropcrty, at their option, and physicians also 
 nmy select their nieilidnes. The husbaiid"s property 
 Is exempt from all lialiilitles contracted by the wife 
 before marriage. 
 
 NEW YOIIK. 
 
 In addition to the household articles usually enu- 
 merated as exempt from sale under execution, and 
 the tools of anv mechanic, not exceeding ♦2.'), there 
 Is exempted to the value of 4\M, other furniture, 
 tools, or team ; also, the lot and buildings thereon to 
 flic value of pillion, the same being occupied as a 
 residence, and owned by the debtor, he being a house- 
 holder, and having a family. Such exemption to lie 
 continued after the deatli of said householder, for the 
 benefit of his wiilow and children, some or one of 
 them continuing to occupy such homestead until the 
 youngest child becomes 21 years of age, and until 
 
 the death of the widow. And no relenie or waiver 
 of such exemotlon shall be valid unless the same 
 shall be In writing, bul.ocribed by such householder, 
 and acknowledged In the same manner aa convey- 
 ances of real estate are by law re(iulred to b« ao- 
 knowledged. 
 
 To entitle any property to such exemption, the con- 
 veyance of the same shall show that It Is designed 
 to be held as a homestead under this act, or if already 
 purchased, or the conveyance does not show such de- 
 8 gn, a notice that the same Is designed to be so held 
 ■hall Ije executed and acknowledged by the person 
 owning the said properly, which shall contain a full 
 description thereof, anil shall be recorded In the 
 olllce of the clerk of the county In which tlie said 
 property Is situate, in a book to lie provided for tliat 
 purpose, and known as the " Homestead Kxemptlon 
 Hook." But no property shall, by virtue of this act, 
 1)0 excmjit from sale for non-payment of taxes or as- 
 sessments, or for a debt contracted for the purchase 
 thereof, or urior to the recording of the aforesaid 
 deed or notice. 
 
 NEW IIAMIVmUE. 
 
 There, Is a homestead exemption law In the value 
 of fMHI, which descends to the widow or minor chlW 
 dren, and a mechanics' lien law. 
 
 There '.% no waiver of right to the exemption ex 
 cept by dc-il. 
 
 NEW JEIL^EV. 
 
 Personal jToperty to '.he value of 1200, the prop- 
 erty of a resi itiil head of a family is exempt from 
 sale, ap; ralscu, ■•inour ..ith, by three persons ap- 
 pointed by the shcriii ; under certain strhigent statu- 
 tory provisions, the lot and buildings thereon occu- 
 pied as a resldMice and owned by the debtor, being 
 a householder and having a family, to the value of 
 ♦ KKMI : such exemption shall continue after the death 
 of such householder, for the benefit of the widow and 
 family, some or one of them conllniilng to occupy 
 such homestead until the youngest child shall becoma 
 21 years of age, and until the dcalli of the widow; 
 and no release or waiver of such exemption shall ba 
 valid. 
 
 The act provides for the sale or division of the 
 homestead on execution, when its value exceeds 
 11000. 
 
 The widow or administrator of a deceased person 
 may claim the same exemption of personal property 
 to the amount of $2lH), as against llie creditors. 
 
 NORTH OAKOLINA. 
 
 In addition to the wearing apparel, etc., exempted, 
 there Is also exempt from seizure the following prop- 
 erty, provided the same shall have been set apart be- 
 fore seizure, to wit. ; I cow and calf, 10 bushels of 
 corn or wheat, ."iO pounds of bacon, beef, or pork, or 
 1 barrel of llsh ; all necessary farming tools for 1 la- 
 bourer, I bed, bedstead and covering, for every 2 
 members of the family, or such other property us the 
 freeholders appointed for that purjiose may deem 
 necessary for the comfort and support of such debtor's 
 family ; sudi other property not to exceed in value 
 ♦•^U at cash valuation. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 The family homestead of every head of a family 
 not exceeding In value $500, Is exempt so long as the 
 debtor, the widow, or th'. uninariied minor cliild shall 
 reside thereon, although the title to the land shall be 
 in another. In case there is no family homestead, 
 |H0O additional personal property to be selected by 
 appraisers Is allowed to the head of a family. 
 
 The earnings of the debtor for his personal services 
 at any time witliln )i months next preceding, cannot 
 '>e applied by law towards the satisfaction of ajudg- 
 
 'iit, If necessary for the use of a family supported 
 tt. oily or partly 'iv his labour. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 The law exempts from execution property, either 
 real or personal, to the value of ^--Hm, if claimed by 
 the debtor, exclusive of all wearing apparel, bibles, 
 and scliool books in the use of the family. This 
 privilege may be waived by the debtor in the body 
 of a note or In a confession of judgment. 
 
 The widow or cliildren of any decedent may retaiu 
 
86 
 
 EXEMPTION LAWS — ^TIME INDICATOR. 
 
 the same mldltlonal amount frum the eitate for her 
 or thvir use. 
 
 TKNNKi<t<KK. 
 
 The usual simple urtlclrs of liousi'liold rurnllurc, 
 fttriiiiiiK utensllH, hikI iiu'cliiiiiIrM' tiinl.4, cli'. 
 
 Alsi) tin- liniiR'atciiil cif I'vriy hi'iiil iif ii fiiiiilly, ti) 
 the value of |MHI, provlilcd hi' Ihih IiiiiI it (li'c'liiriitliin 
 unci due iiutlee of such iiiti'iillnii Hiifiied, Heiiicd, uiiij 
 witnessed, and duly reKlHti'icd In the nfllce of the 
 KfKlster of the County, iind pi'miiini'iilly ri'Klilcn iin 
 the lioinenti'iid. The widow of ii houm'kei'iicr, iin<l 
 the children durhiK their minority, uru entitled to all 
 the benettts of the exemption. 
 
 TK.XAS. 
 
 The law exempts from sale on execution, and en- 
 titles the widow of decedent to U(K) acres of land, or 
 any town or city lot, or lots, not to exceed In value 
 I'.'IHMI, on the homei^tead of a fandly. Iiouxi'lmld and 
 kitchen furniture, not to exceed In value |'2iHI. All 
 im[ilemenlj< of husbandry, etc., etc. Ily a recent de- 
 cision of the Su|irenie Court, an uniiiarrli-il man Is 
 entltleil to the same exemption, except the 'iiNl acres 
 of lan<l. lie nniy retain a town lot and luipruve- 
 mentji to the value of |5U<). 
 
 VEKMONT. 
 
 The Ilnmestead Kxemptlon Law b for the value of 
 |AUU. Alechanlcs have u lien. 
 
 VIIUilNIA. 
 Ill the caie of a husband or parent, a few house- 
 
 hold articles of furniture and provisions; and In case 
 III a mccliaiilc, the toids and utennlls of his traile, not 
 to exceeil I'JA In value. Kandly portraits anil en- 
 KravUiKs are expressly exempted rniin distress or 
 levy. !<lave», also, without llie debtor's consent, 
 where there are ntlicr ((ooils and ehattelii of rjuth 
 debtor sulllcient for the purpose. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 The law exempts from forced sale a homestead eon- 
 slstlii(iof any i|iianllty of iand, not exciedinK4ii acres, 
 iisi'il for a)irlculluriil purposes, and the dweliinx- 
 lioiiwc, and lis appurtenances thereon, to lie siiecleil 
 liy (he owner thereof, and not Included In any town- 
 pint, or city, or viiiaKc; or liiNtead tiiereof, at tlio 
 opilon of tile OH her, a lot of land not exceediiiK one- 
 i|iiarli'r of an acre, lieiiiK Mitidii a recorded town- 
 plot, or clly, or vliiiiKe, and the dwellinnliouse there- 
 on, and its appurtenances. This exeiiipllon does not 
 alFict any laboiiriT's or inccliaiiic's ileii. 
 
 Tile law also exeinpis the dweliiiiKhouse owned by 
 any person and situate on land not his own, but 
 wliicli land he Is riKbtruliy in posses.iion of by lease 
 or otherwise, jirovlded he claims such house as his 
 honu'Stead. 
 
 Owners of homesteads may remove from and sell 
 the same, and such removal or sale shall not render 
 the honieslcad siiliject to forced sale on execulion 
 hereafter i.ssued in the State or I'lilled Slates ( ourts 
 against the owner, except in Jiid|;inent for fore- 
 closure of morlKiiKes. The lioinestead to descend to 
 the widow, who shall hold it during widowhood. 
 
 COMPARATIVE TIME INDICATOR, 
 
 Showing th« Time at the Principal Citien of the Vnited Staten and Canada, compared with Noon 
 at \Va«hiit<jtoii, Xiw Yink and J/imt/ral. 
 
 There is no standnrd railfond time in America ns in Great I5ritnin. Each railroad com- 
 pany adopts the time of its own locality. 
 
 Travellers are apt to experience coiisideralile annoyance in consequence of such difference. 
 The only way is to oliserve what difference there is between the time in each particular 
 place, and arrange accordinj.;ly. 
 
 For difference of time hetween Wasliington and the chief cities in the United States and 
 Canada, see Time Indicator on following jMige: — 
 
 NOOX AT MONTREAL. 
 
 At II mil hi 
 
 Hoston 12 1'.' I". M. 
 
 Hllfl'lllo 11 40 A. M. 
 
 Colliiigwood, (". W 113;! " 
 
 (Jmlerich, C. W 11 28 " 
 
 Hamilton, 0. W 11 .O') " 
 
 Kingston, C. W 114!) " 
 
 London, ('. W 11 SO " 
 
 .\c\v Voik Citv 11 .'"iS " 
 
 Ottawa, C. W" 11 ,•)•-> " 
 
 I'aiis, C. W 1137 " 
 
 I'elerboroiigh, C. W 11 40 " 
 
 Port Hope, C. W 1140 " 
 
 I'ortlnnd, Me I'i 14 p. m. 
 
 tjucbec, C. K 12 10 " 
 
 Richmond 12 " 
 
 .Surnia, C. W 1 1 2."> a. M. 
 
 St. Tiiomas, C. E 12 13 " 
 
 Three Rivers, C. E 12 4 r. M. 
 
 Toronto, C. W 11 30 " 
 
 Windsor, C. W 11 23 a. m. 
 
 NOO^f AT NEW yoiiK. 
 At U witt ht 
 
 Augusta, Ga 11 SO a. m. 
 
 Baltimore, Md 11 .10 " 
 
 Boston 1 2 1 2 p. M. 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 11 40 A. M. 
 
 Charleston, S. C 11 30 " 
 
 Chicago, 111 11 " 
 
 Cincinnati, 11 is " 
 
 Cleveland, 1130 " 
 
 Columbus, 11 24 " 
 
 Detroit, Mich 11 >\ " 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind 1114 " 
 
 Louisville, Kv 11 U " 
 
 New Orleans", La. 10 .'i4 " 
 
 Philadelphia 11 ,'i.5 " 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa 11 3r) " 
 
 Portland; Me 12 16 " 
 
 Richmond, Va 1146 " 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 10 .").") " 
 
 at. Paul, Min 10 45 " 
 
 DIFFERENCE OF TIME BETWEEN ElIROrE AND AMERICA. 
 
 WHEN IT IS NOON AT NEW YOUK, 
 
 At , _ II trill bt 
 
 London- .•.• 4 5.5 p. m. 
 
 Liverpool 4 44 " 
 
 Dublin 4 30 " 
 
 Edinburgh 4 43 " 
 
 Glasgow. . . . , 4 44. " 
 
 At It Kill bt 
 
 Madrid 4 4o p. m. 
 
 Rome .I 40 " 
 
 Hamburg 5 3.") " 
 
 Constantinople 6 51 " 
 
 Paris " 
 
88 
 
 BUSINESS — PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. 
 
 BUSINESS— PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURR 
 
 As upon the conmiercial position erf affairs gcnernlly depends tlie progress of the 
 country, and happiness and comfort of the people, we purpose noticing here, brieflj', 
 the Lading oharacteristics of the business done in the United States and Canada during 
 tlie year 1857, conii)aring its disasters with those of 1858, and ascertain something, if pos- 
 sible, of the future. 
 
 P'rom statistics publislied, we find that in 1857, tiiroughout the entire United States, 
 there were 4,932 failures, involving an amount of liabilities of $291,750,000, (or about 
 £58,:io0,000 stg.,) against which we find tliat in 1858 there were 4,225 failures, with lia- 
 bilities of $95,749,062 (or about £19,149,932 stg.). This shows a difference of £39,210,- 
 068 stg., between the amount failed for in 1857 and that in 1858, but in reality nearly the 
 whole of the amounts of both years' failures are connected with the trade of 1857, and 
 that wliich was done previous to the panic which set in in October that year — tlie elTects 
 of which were carried into, and throughout the most part of the year 1858 — thus showing 
 u grand total of $387,499,662, or within a trifle of seventy-seven milliuns and a half of 
 pounds sterlir.tj of liabilities. 
 
 The only natural conclusion is, as we liave stated, that this large amount of monej', has 
 accriK-d nearly entirely from the panic, as it is well-known that the bona-fide trade done 
 during the year 1858, has been characterized by the greatest caution, and there has been 
 no business done of a speculative kind. 
 
 As one of the pleasing features connected with the panic of IBS'?, is the undoubted fact, 
 of an immense amount of debts due by parties with whom coinpromis 's were nnide, and 
 to otl)ers, agair, to whom time was granted during the pressure — having ,^nid up i!i full — 
 and even now, houses are to be found anticipating the time in paying u]) tlu'ir dividt Is, 
 and paying in full. Independent of large concerns, we believe that amongst the sniull- 
 er class of tradesmen the honourable ond independent spirit of paying u]) every cent for 
 the dollar past due, has been largely carried out, .ind speaks well for the confidence which 
 is mutually exchanged between parties, which, after oil, is 'more valuable in commercial 
 communities, Jian bank bills. 
 
 i'jghte n hundred ond fifty-eight, then, nioy be said to have seen the end of the great 
 commercial disasters, which broke out first in Cincinnati in September, 1857, (in the fail- 
 ure of the Ohio Life and Trust Company,) and which has extended to very nearly every 
 corner of the earth. No doubt but that in some districts, particularly in the large cities of 
 the Northern and Wester:i States, a large amount of old outstanding debts are yet to col- 
 lect, where possible ; but people now know the extent of the ini:K"hief which has been done, 
 and are regulating accordingly. The trode of the past year, 1858, has, therefore, been the 
 commencement of another new era in commercial afl'airs, and which will, no doubt, for 
 some time at least, exhibit more caution than was shown for some years ])revious to tlie 
 panic. 
 
 That the country is already exhibiting signs of reviving health and strength in its manu- 
 facturing, agricultural and commercial departments is, undoubtedly, a cheering fact, de- 
 spite those complaints which now and then appear on the surface, v/hen balancing 
 the books of some of the public companies, or fast young cities in the west — rising, 
 like the excrescences, from an unhealthy body, to get cured, and thereby leaving the great 
 parent-system sounder and healthier than before. 
 
 In some of the manufacturing concerns of New England, two to three months' orders 
 are in hand for goods at present rates, and more orders refused, excepting at the market 
 prices, when the goods ore ready for delivery. 
 
 In commercial circles, wholesale men are looking forward to doing a moderately large 
 and safe trade throughout the j'ear, as, from the mauiier in which oil classes of store-keep- 
 ers have been running down their stocks for the last fifteen months, their shelves are com- 
 paratively bare of goods. i that on ordinary supply must be had; ond judging from the 
 
BUSINESS— PAST, PKESENT, AND FUTUUE. 
 
 89 
 
 indications which the spring trade ah-eady gives, there is every rei.son fur encouragement 
 for tlie future. 
 
 The emigration from Europe during 1858, lias fallen off very consideraoly compared with 
 previous years, no doubt owing to tlie general stagnation of affairs, together wilh the in- 
 ducenunts liitlierto held out for emigrating to the Australian colonies ; but as the policy 
 of emigrating even there at present, is questionable, we have no doubt but that in the 
 natural course of events the United States and Canada will bo enjoying as large a share of 
 European emigration as ever tliey have done, as, what wi.h the banks full of "idle capital, 
 the recuperative powers of the country, the character of the people, and the favourable 
 commercial prospects for tiie future, every thing bids fair to see an early revival of tiie 
 time when things will be going " ahead," as usual, in '• full blast," 
 
 We invite attention to the very valuable table of statistics, drawn up by Messrs. B. 
 Douglass & Co., of the Mercantile Agenoj-, given elsewhere, in which will be found some 
 interesting particulars in connection with the failures of IS.'iV and 1858. From it we ex- 
 tract ihc following statistics, respecting the failures in Canada : — 
 
 ; . 
 
 CANADA. TOTAL NUMBER OF FAILURES FROM IST OF JANUARY TO 25rU DECEMBER. 
 
 JViimher of Failures. 
 18r.7. 1858. 
 
 In Toronto, C. W 25 Hi 
 
 Remainder of Canada ^\ est 109 211 
 
 In Montreal, C. E 15 40 
 
 Remainder of Canada East. .... 15 22 
 
 Total LiMlities. 
 
 1857. 
 
 [£542,800] I 
 [£4;)4,400] I 
 
 Total Lialilities. 
 
 185S. 
 
 12,714,000. 
 2,172,000. 
 
 Increase of failures in 'Canada West in 1858. 'J.I 
 Increase iu Canada East in 1858 32 
 
 $383,376. r £7C,fi75] 
 1,305,879. [£261,175'| 
 
 F-oni the above it will be seen that business has been more healthy in Toronto in 1858 
 than in 1857, there being a decrease there of 9 failures during the 12 months just ended. 
 Whilst throughout the other portions of Canada West, there has been an inctease of 109 
 failures, during the same period. This may be accounted for from the fact of many of the 
 failures in Toronto during the panic of the latt 3 months of 1857 having oc urred before 
 their effects reached the country towns in the province of Canada West. 
 
 In Montreal again the case is reversed, tliere having been 25 more failures in 1858 than 
 there were there in 1857, owing probably to the same cause as already alluded to — that the 
 failures, during the panic of 1857-8, were not announced in Montreal until after 1858 came 
 in, and thus have been included in the returns for 1858. In the remainder of the province 
 of Canada East, the number of failures, announced as being 22 in number for 1858, also 
 shows an iacroa~e of 7 over the previous year (1857). 
 
 Although these facts show, in 1858, an increase of failures in Canada West to the extent 
 of si-xty-two per cent., and in Canada East of one hundred per cent, over those of 1857, it 
 must be borne in mind that such increase is to be entirely attributed to the effects of the 
 great panic which set in, in October, 1857 — and that that increase more properly belongs to 
 the trade of 1857 than that of 1858, as the trade of 1858 has been characterized by extreme 
 caution — and what has been done, has been done saftly — to a very great extent. During 
 that time the fraudulent and weak in business have been pretty well weeded out— and had 
 the last wheat crop not proved to a very large extent a failure, things would have been 
 much better throughout Canada for the last six months than they were. Business matters 
 are now, however, upon a sound footing — the principal thing requred being good 
 crops for the next few years in Canada— ami more particularly if the crops prove short 
 in Great Britain and Ireland— this, together with aii addition to the capital of the 
 country, is what is wanted to render things in Canada bs lively and prosperous as ever 
 tliey were. 
 
 
STATISTICS OF FAILURES. 
 
 FAILURES IN AMERICA IN 1857 AND 1858. 
 
 TiiE following tiibles of Statistics regarding the nun-ber of failures which have occurred 
 in the United States and Canada, have been compiled by Messra. B. Douglass & Co., of the 
 Mercantile Agency, New York, from the immense mass of information, which the magni- 
 tude of tiieir establishment and business relations has placed them in possession of. 
 
 Apart from the facts with which they are pregnant, they will form, in all time coming, 
 interesting memento of a most eventful cqpnmercial epoch. 
 
 STATISTICS AS TO FAILUUE8 FKOM DEC. 25, 1857, TO DEC. 26, 1858. 
 
 Localities. 
 
 New York — 
 
 N. Y. City (incl. Brooklyn and W'msburg.) 
 
 Albany 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Oswego 
 
 Rochester 
 
 Syracuse 
 
 Trov 
 
 Utica 
 
 Balance of State 
 
 Pennsylvania — 
 
 Pliihulelpbia 
 
 Pitlsburg 
 
 Balance of State 
 
 Ohio — 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Balance of State 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Michigan — 
 
 Detroit 
 
 Balance of State 
 
 Illinois — 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Balance of State 
 
 Iowa— 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Balance of State 
 
 Wisconsin — 
 
 Milwaukee 
 
 Balance of State 
 
 Minnesota and Territories 
 
 Delaware AND District of Coldhbia 
 
 Massacucsetts — 
 
 Boston 
 
 Balance of State 
 
 Rhode Island — 
 
 Providence 
 
 Balance of State 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Vermont 
 
 New Jeksey 
 
 Louisiana — 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 Balance of State 
 
 M1S.S0UKI — 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 liulancc of State 
 
 Maryland — 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Balance of State 
 
 J 
 
 No. 
 
 915 
 35 
 U 
 13 
 31 
 2U 
 24 
 20 
 
 447 
 
 280 
 
 28 
 
 22() 
 
 96 
 
 30 
 
 2-20 
 
 139 
 
 34 
 
 98 
 
 s 
 
 ^3? 
 
 V2 
 
 No. 
 
 Is 
 I'll 
 
 Dots. 
 
 400 147,682 
 
 22 23,943 
 
 86' f)H,«67 
 
 Si 12,.38.5 
 
 151 27,419 
 
 l.'),034 
 
 60,9.')8 
 
 29,250 
 
 15,188 
 
 19: 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 340, 
 
 5 « 
 
 Dols. 
 
 43,777 
 15,714 
 16,665 
 9,20U 
 23,000 
 21, .WO 
 27,857 
 21,222 
 12,693 
 
 109!ll7,693 91,765 
 
 22 
 232 
 
 51 
 
 17 
 
 214 
 
 127 
 
 27 
 120 
 
 42,2.50 27,761 
 10,102,20,033 
 
 40,603126,883 
 
 20,433 
 10,714 
 11,769 
 
 44,530 
 10,246 
 
 117 87 56,171 
 199 305 13,900 
 
 36 
 
 108 
 
 19 
 
 101 
 
 63 
 
 20 
 
 253 
 230 
 
 35 
 4 
 
 61 
 81 
 70 
 67 
 86 
 
 58 
 5 
 
 49 
 29 
 
 58 
 41 
 
 26 
 94 
 
 21 
 
 137 
 
 90 
 
 46 
 
 15,000 
 
 7,>sl7 
 9,092 
 
 38,812 
 14,429 
 
 41,272 
 16,322 
 
 20,417 81,733 
 12,342 23,363 
 
 20,000 
 12,316 
 27,063 
 13,050 
 
 14,975 
 
 17,779 
 
 15,176 
 
 6,025 
 
 123 162,095'33,975 
 128 11,352 15,139 
 
 17 
 13 
 H9 
 61 
 37 
 40 
 60 
 
 130,400,22,000 
 26,250 21,071 
 1»,508 24,870 
 13,087 1 10,591 
 
 13,257 
 
 8,299 
 
 13,279 
 
 10,896 
 
 6,968 
 
 12,930 
 
 45 108,362:77,000 
 13 49,200,26,300 
 
 22 11^094 3.5,.590 
 29 14,93121,000 
 
 76 
 92 
 
 ■5,'>,275'32,U0 
 17,6,83! 5,663 
 
 E.S 
 
 Dols. 
 
 135,129,000 
 838,000 
 
 4,224,000 
 161,000 
 850,000 
 436,000 
 
 1,607,000 
 585,000 
 
 6,7«9,000 
 
 32,954,000 
 1,183,000 
 2,283,000 
 
 3,898,000 
 
 61.'i,000 
 
 2,357,000 
 
 1,636,000 
 
 1,, 514,000 
 1,004,000 
 
 6,572,000 
 2,766,000 
 
 735,000 
 1,333,000 
 
 380,000 
 1,244,000 
 1,705,000 
 
 261,000 
 
 41,010,000 
 2,611,000 
 
 4,564,000 
 105,000 
 
 1,129,000 
 
 1,0()0,000 
 92,S,000 
 473,000 
 
 1,142,000 
 
 6,285,000 
 246,000 
 
 5,522,000 
 433,(100 
 
 8,206,000 
 725,000 
 
 Tit 
 
 r: 
 
 Dols. 
 
 17,773,462 
 345,708 
 599,940 
 73,600 
 345,000 
 40S,,500 
 27h,570 
 212,220 
 4,315,620 
 
 10,002,385 
 
 610,742 
 
 4,647,656 
 
 1,.345,,533 
 
 255,000 
 
 1,672,838 
 
 1,154,684 
 
 1,047,924 
 1,731,480 
 
 3,.590,664 
 4,978,210 
 
 825,058 
 2,196,122 
 
 314,475 
 2,435,723 
 1,365,840 
 
 277,150 
 
 4,178,925 
 1,937,792 
 
 874,000 
 273,923 
 2,213,430 
 646,051 
 403,152 
 27H,720 
 775,800 
 
 3,465,000 
 341,900 
 
 782,980 
 609,000 
 
 2,442,640 
 520,996 
 
STATISTICS OP FAILURES. 
 
 8TATI8TI08 AS TO FAttUBES FROM DEC. 25, 1857, TO DKC. 25, 1858. 
 
 [Continwd,'] 
 
 01 
 
 LocaliUea. 
 
 Kentucky— 
 
 Louiaville 
 
 Balance of State 
 
 ViRfllNIA — 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Bnlnnco of State 
 
 Georoia 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 South Carolina — 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Balance of State 
 
 Florida 
 
 Total United States 
 
 Canada West — 
 
 Toronto 
 
 Balance Canada West 
 
 Canada East — 
 
 Montreal 
 
 Balance Canada East 
 
 Nova Scotia and New Brusnwick 
 
 Total United States and British Provinces. 
 
 19 
 31 
 
 30 
 90 
 32 
 
 7 
 
 le 
 11 
 
 40 
 lo 
 6-> 
 
 31 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 4'.I32 
 
 109 
 
 1") 
 1") 
 
 22 
 
 511? 
 
 
 18 
 62 
 
 25 
 244 
 
 71 
 17 
 
 48 
 30 
 
 lo;ii 
 
 2S[ 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 211 
 
 6 
 
 42251 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 39,842 
 32,484 
 
 26,033 
 10,911! 
 28,906 
 44,143 
 18.437 
 40,455 
 17,800 
 26,200 
 18,887, 
 
 29,742 
 12,708 
 35,7 Id 
 
 30,859 
 11,000 
 
 19,965 
 8,950 
 19,1133 
 43,500 
 42,474 
 29,250 
 15,505 
 16,694 
 16,660 
 
 28,909 
 11,900 
 23,740 
 
 16 108,560 23,961 
 2111 ly,926| 6,189 
 
 40 34,866 27,751 
 
 22 84,466 28,035 
 
 23 [ 02,500 44,423 
 
 4537 i 
 
 757,000 
 1,007,000 
 
 781,000 
 982,000 
 925,000 
 309,000 
 295,000 
 445,000 
 712,000 
 393,000 
 1.171,000 
 
 922,000 
 305,000 
 250,000 
 
 291,750,000 
 
 2,714,000 
 2,172,000 
 
 523,000 
 1,267,000 
 1,375,000 
 
 555,402 
 682,000 
 
 499,125 
 
 2,183,800 
 1,415,243 
 
 739,500 
 2,038,752 
 1,053,000 
 1,597,015 
 
 407,432 
 1,499,400 
 
 578,180 
 249,900 
 142,440 
 
 95,749,662 
 
 383,376 
 1,305,879 
 
 1,110,040 
 
 010,770 
 
 1,021,844 
 
 299,801,000 100,187,571 
 
 states in which failures increased in 1858. 
 
 Michigan 15 
 
 IMinois 76 
 
 Wisconsin 38 
 
 Minnesota and Territories 27 
 
 Delaware and District of Columbia 26 
 
 Connecticut 28 
 
 Marvland (i9 
 
 Kentucky 30 
 
 Virginia 149 
 
 Georjfia 39 
 
 Arkansas 10 
 
 Alabanni 32 
 
 Mississipi)i 25 
 
 Tennessee 63 
 
 Texas 13 
 
 North Carolina 28 
 
 Canada West 93 
 
 Canada East 32 
 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 1 
 
 states in wiitcii failures decre.«ed in 1858. 
 
 \ew York City and State 720 
 
 Pennsylvania 171 
 
 Ohio." 04 
 
 Indiana 12 
 
 Iowa 24 
 
 Massachusetts 232 
 
 Kliodc island 9 
 
 Maine 20 
 
 New Hampshire 33 
 
 Vermont 17 
 
 New Jersey 26 
 
 Louisiana 5 
 
 Missouri 27 
 
 South Carolina 14 
 
 Florida 1 
 
92 
 
 FARES AND DISTANCES FliOM NEW YORK. 
 
 DISTANCES AND FARES FROM NEW YORK. 
 
 In the following tables will be found the fares and distances — as near as can be ascer- 
 tained — from New York to the principal cities and towns, more particularly in the north 
 and north-west districts. 
 
 The fares given, are first class, as well as emigrant fares per railroad all the way ; also, 
 per railroad and steamboats, where the latter run. 
 
 Although the fares from New York to the north and west, are professedly the same, by 
 all the different routes, yet the railroad companies object to publish emigrant fares, which 
 renders a compilation of such more tiiau usually difficult. Tiie faros as stated, however, 
 we believe will be found correct, or ony difference there may be, will be trifling. The 
 summer fares are lower than those now stated. 
 
 To the north and west, the following are the great leading routes: — 
 
 TiiE New York and Erie Railroad. — (Station, West street, foot of Duane street,) extend- 
 ing to Buffalo and Dunkirk. 
 
 The Hudsox River Railroad. — (?:ation, corner of Warren street and College Place,) or 
 Line of Steamers to Albany — thence the New York Central Railroad, and others, from 
 there. 
 
 TuE Pennsylvania Central Railroad, by way of IMiiladelphia and Pittsburg, one of the 
 beat made lines in the country, and through a beautiful district, now connected right 
 through to Cliicago. 
 
 The Baltimore and Ouio Railroad, through the far-famed scenery of the Alleghany 
 Mountains, and one of the finest routes wliich can be taken by tourists. 
 
 Parties at a loss for amount of fares to any given point, may calculate at the rate of 3 
 cents per mile first class, and one cent a mile for emigrant class. 
 
 Strangers will observe that tlie fares are stated in ($) dollars, and (cts.) cents. For 
 every dollar count 4s. Id. stg., and for every cent, one-halfpenny stg., which will give 
 travellers from Europe an idea of the fares in British money. 
 
 Tile fares in the second emigrant column, do not include meals on board the steamers 
 on the Ohio, Mispouri, and Mississi[)pi rivers. 
 
 Emigrants proceeding from New York, are booked at Castle Garden, or at Uie office 252 
 Canal street, near Washington street. 
 
 A 
 
 M 
 
 HAIIE OF FLACK. 
 
 STATE. 
 
 Auburn New York 
 
 Aurora Illinois 
 
 Alton " 
 
 Albany New York 
 
 Aua Arbour MichlKun 
 
 Atchison Kansas Territory. . 
 
 liatavia New York 
 
 Burlington Vf nnont 
 
 Booneville Missouri 
 
 lialliinore Maryland 
 
 Boston Massachusetts 
 
 lirunswick Missouri 
 
 Belloit Wisconsin 
 
 Bellefontaine Ohio 
 
 Hurllngton Iowa 
 
 Illoomington Illinois 
 
 Buffalo New York 
 
 Brockville Canada West 
 
 Cincinnati Ohio 
 
 t ainden Missouri 
 
 Chariton Iowa 
 
 Cayuga New York 
 
 Crestlin* Ohio 
 
 Collingwood Canada West 
 
 Chatham | " .... 
 
 Cobourg " 
 
 DI.I. froi« Firat clBM KMIBRANT PARES. 
 
 N.Ynrk. ; Fairs |wr o ,, — iTTi r 
 
 Ruiloa.l, Railro»,l. 1'" Rail- lUllro«a 
 > roatl. .A Sttner. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 810 
 9hl 
 
 1058 
 144 
 716 
 
 1606 
 40.5 
 805 
 
 1305 
 188 
 342 
 
 1372 
 
 ■ 1071 
 
 690 
 
 1148 
 
 1036 
 442 
 478 
 7.56 
 
 1461 
 
 1260 
 329 
 630 
 623. 
 630 
 606 
 
 $ cts. 
 
 6 48 
 
 25 85 
 80 25 
 
 8 (M) 
 
 17 10 
 44 00 
 
 8 25 
 
 7 60 
 89 00 
 
 9 00 
 
 8 00 
 41 00 
 
 26 .36 
 
 18 15 
 30 00 
 
 27 00 
 
 9 00 
 10 90 
 21 00 
 41 00 
 88 10 
 
 6 70 
 16 25 
 14 82 
 14 U) 
 13 82 
 
 $ Cl9. 
 
 11 00 
 18 50 
 
 1 50 
 9 00 
 20 00 
 6 00 
 6 00 
 
 6 00 
 6 00 
 
 12 50 
 8 50 
 
 14 00 
 
 12 .50 
 
 6 00 
 
 C 50 
 
 10 00 
 
 4 00 
 7 75 
 
 5 25 
 7 50 
 
 6 00 
 
 ( cts. 
 
 9 60 
 12 00 
 
 7 00 
 19 00 
 
 2 60 
 
 It 00 
 
 7 50 
 
 12 50 
 
 11 00 
 
 9 00 
 
 6 76 
 760 
 
FARES AND DISTANCES FROM NEW YORK. 
 
 93 
 
 
 Continuation of the preceding 
 
 page. 
 
 
 
 HAMS or PLACE. 
 
 STATE. 
 
 DUt. from 
 N. York. 
 Railroail. 
 
 Flrat cluH 
 Kilru iwr 
 HHllroH.!. 
 
 EMianANT 
 
 Per Riiil- 
 road. 
 
 FARES. 
 
 RiTirraiid 
 ai Stea'er 
 
 Copetown 
 
 Canada West 
 
 New York 
 
 Ohio ....'" 
 
 Miles. 
 
 802' 
 
 CSU 
 
 8fi6 
 
 693 
 
 685 
 
 91)8 
 
 91)9 
 
 1400 
 
 705 
 
 678 
 
 989 
 
 991 
 
 1096 
 
 ItMW 
 
 495 
 
 1142 
 
 1204 
 
 459 
 
 995 
 
 497 
 
 1278 
 
 761 
 
 1044 
 
 1064 
 
 1029 
 
 1198 
 
 1270 
 
 499 
 
 834 
 
 1076 
 
 1079 
 
 520 
 
 596 
 
 1237 
 
 6tt3 
 
 885 
 
 864 
 
 474 
 
 509 
 
 1044 
 
 490 
 
 1260 
 
 1150 
 
 818 
 
 999 
 
 843 
 
 1198 
 
 821 
 
 943 
 
 1480 
 
 1193 
 
 870 
 
 854 
 
 8;« 
 
 454 
 
 1568 
 
 360 
 
 ,566 
 
 1006 
 
 1198 
 
 897 
 
 401 
 
 996 
 
 766 
 
 250 
 
 729 
 
 906 
 
 1115 
 
 1480 
 
 1211 
 
 993 
 
 1166 
 
 1184 
 
 401 
 
 10S5 
 
 1939 
 
 1638 
 
 17 
 
 622 
 
 2219 
 
 1950 
 
 447 
 
 ( cts. 
 10 65 
 
 8 60 
 7 46 
 
 14 00 
 
 18 00 
 24 00 
 81 00 
 68 60 
 
 19 60 
 
 16 (K) 
 24 iW 
 
 26 75 
 29 60 
 
 27 00 
 10 44 
 29 85 
 
 28 85 
 
 10 10 
 28 50 
 
 11 60 
 
 85 10 
 
 19 75 
 
 28 00 
 
 29 60 
 
 27 60 
 
 81 15 
 89 85 
 
 10 66 
 7 00 
 
 29 00 
 29 10 
 
 11 40 
 13 47 
 
 40 00 
 18 83 
 
 20 70 
 
 21 60 
 
 9 81 
 10 86 
 
 28 25 
 
 10 50 
 
 82 50 
 80 60 
 
 22 50 
 
 27 00 
 
 24 25 
 
 86 00 
 
 20 00 
 
 25 65 
 
 41 00 
 82 75 
 
 9 10 
 24 85 
 
 22 00 
 9 50 
 
 42 00 
 
 23 00 
 
 12 76 
 
 26 00 
 82 60 
 23 00 
 
 11 00 
 26 70 
 
 17 40 
 10 60 
 
 16 25 
 22 00 
 
 21 60 
 40 00 
 37 00 
 26 60 
 
 28 60 
 
 29 90 
 9 85 
 
 29 60 
 61 00 
 47 no 
 00 25 
 
 17 26 
 54 00 
 61 00 
 
 9 00 
 
 t CtB. 
 
 6 25 
 600 
 460 
 6 60 
 
 8 60 
 
 10 00 
 14 50 
 
 9 60 
 
 8 60 
 
 11 60 
 10 00 
 16 00 
 
 12 65 
 6 25 
 
 26 00 
 18 00 
 
 5 00 
 18 50 
 
 6 00 
 
 9 50 
 18 75 
 16 50 
 18 50 
 16 00 
 
 625 
 
 4 50 
 
 13 50 
 
 14 50 
 
 7 00 
 650 
 
 18 00 
 
 800 
 
 10 00 
 
 10 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 6 76 
 
 13 IH) 
 6 25 
 
 16 00 
 
 14 00 
 
 10 60 
 
 13 00 
 12 00 
 
 17 00 
 960 
 
 12 00 
 20 00 
 17 00 
 
 11 00 
 10 50 
 
 6 00 
 20 00 
 10 75 
 
 7 75 
 U 50 
 
 17 00 
 
 12 00 
 
 6 00 
 12 00 
 
 8 60 
 
 8 no 
 
 10 00 
 
 14 00 
 
 15 00 
 
 12 50 
 
 18 60 
 
 13 75 
 
 7 no 
 
 13 50 
 15 00 
 
 00 13 
 
 8 65 
 20 00 
 15 00 
 
 5 00 
 
 % cts. 
 
 560 
 
 7 60 
 - 60 
 
 18 00 
 
 860 
 600 
 
 9 50 
 
 8 60 
 
 18 60 
 11 26 
 
 13 60 
 
 11 50 
 
 12 60 
 
 T 60 
 12 26 
 
 14 00 
 12 00 
 
 12 00 
 
 13 00 
 
 17 00 
 
 860 
 860 
 
 12 00 
 
 14 60 
 12 60 
 
 9 60 
 11 60 
 11 00 
 16 00 
 
 800 
 960 
 
 19 00 
 
 15 00 
 6 00 
 
 10 00 
 860 
 
 19 00 
 
 8 75 
 
 10 00^ 
 
 16 60(1 
 
 11 00 
 
 10 60 
 760 
 
 860 
 
 12 60 
 
 18 00 
 
 13 00 
 
 9 60 
 12 00 
 12 76 
 
 11 60 
 
 17 78 
 
 18 00 
 
 Cape Vincent 
 
 Canandalgua 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Columbus 
 
 a 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Cairo 
 
 n 
 
 Council Bluffs 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Dayton 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Detroit 
 
 Danville 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Decatur 
 
 it 
 
 Dunleith 
 
 ti 
 
 Dixon 
 
 it 
 Canada West 
 
 Dundas 
 
 
 l>avenport 
 
 Dunkirk 
 
 ti 
 
 New York 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Kvansville 
 
 Krie 
 
 Eddyvllle 
 
 Fort Wayne 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Illinois 
 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Freeport 
 
 Kairtield 
 
 Iowa 
 
 
 
 Flamborough..S 
 
 (ieneva 
 
 Canada West 
 
 New York 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 it 
 
 (lalena 
 
 
 Canada M'est 
 
 Missouri . ... 
 
 
 (ilasgow 
 
 GodiTlcli 
 
 (irand Kaplds 
 
 (■rami Haven 
 
 Canada West 
 
 Micliigan. 
 
 Canada West 
 
 Wisconsin ........ 
 
 Canada West 
 
 Missouri .. 
 
 (irlinsby 
 
 Ilarrisburg 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Hannibal 
 
 loua t'itv 
 
 
 Indianapolis 
 
 Janesville 
 
 JelTersonville 
 
 Jefferson City 
 
 Kalamazoo 
 
 IndianL 
 
 Wisconsin ,...,. . 
 Indiana 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Michigan . 
 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kansas City 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 Kingston 
 
 Lexington 
 
 
 Canada West 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Logansport 
 
 Leiviston 
 
 Leavenworth City 
 
 Lafavette 
 
 Indiana 
 
 New York 
 
 Indiana 
 
 
 Canada West 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Lasalle 
 
 La Crosse 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisville 
 
 Montreal 
 
 Mendota 
 
 Mount Vernon 
 
 Mount Vernon 
 
 Mansfield 
 
 Michigan City 
 
 Macomb 
 
 Memphis, via St. Loula . . . 
 
 " via Cairo 
 
 Milwaukee 
 
 Madison 
 
 Muscatine 
 
 Newburg 
 
 Canada Kast 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 ti 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Canailtt West 
 
 Hllnois 
 
 Natchcii 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Newark 
 
 Newark 
 
 New Orleans, via St. Louis 
 
 " " via Cairo . . . 
 
 Niagara Falls 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Ohio 
 
 New York 
 
 w 
 
u 
 
 FARES AND DISTANCES FKOM NEW YORK. 
 
 Continuation <if preceding page. 
 
 NAMB OF PLACB. 
 
 BTATR. 
 
 DIat. fWim 
 
 N. Yiirk. 
 Kiiilron.1, 
 
 FInt rliiM 
 Faros iMT 
 Kutlruwl. 
 
 KMIQRANT 
 
 'I'cr K«ll- 
 n>itil. 
 
 9 cts. 
 
 4 60 
 
 'e'io 
 
 90 
 12 60 
 
 10 26 
 9 00 
 
 16 26 
 
 14 (H) 
 
 1 00 
 
 i'm 
 
 6 00 
 
 7 00 
 
 15 75 
 
 15 50 
 
 5 00 
 12 26 
 18 00 
 
 5 00 
 12 50 
 
 8 60 
 
 18 00 
 
 7 ,50 
 
 7 78 
 
 8 00 
 12 76 
 
 9 (M) 
 8 75 
 8 .50 
 
 5 00 
 14 00 
 21 00 
 18 26 
 
 2 .50 
 
 6 .50 
 
 8 25 
 
 11 60 
 
 9 00 
 2 .50 
 
 12 .50 
 
 16 Oo 
 14 00 
 
 4 00 
 
 13 (K) 
 
 11 60 
 18 00 
 
 8 50 
 
 8 00 
 
 9 25 
 9 00 
 
 FARES. 
 
 Riiilroiiil 
 ii Stfii'ijr 
 
 t Cts. 
 
 7 60 
 
 11 00 
 
 8 25 
 
 8 00 
 14 75 
 18 00 
 
 7 00 
 
 7 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 14 25 
 14 00 
 
 9 60 
 11 60 
 
 2 75 
 
 17 00 
 
 6 00 
 
 11 00 
 
 8 00 
 
 12 00 
 16 75 
 
 « 00 
 
 10 50 
 
 11 50 
 
 12 50 
 11 60 
 
 9 00 
 10 60 
 
 6 00 
 
 8 26 
 8 00 
 
 
 New York 
 
 Canada West 
 
 New York 
 
 Pennsylvania' 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Miles. 
 
 277 
 
 450 
 
 463 
 
 90 
 
 1069 
 840 
 7*1 
 
 1128 
 
 1456 
 602 
 405 
 619 
 609 
 419 
 44-3 
 
 ll(X) 
 
 1196 
 304 
 
 1160 
 .3.57 
 993 
 
 1096 
 803 
 
 1000 
 2,'U 
 289 
 
 14,50 
 607 
 073 
 6.50 
 240 
 
 1030 
 728 
 242 
 405 
 447 
 
 1078 
 
 15S9 
 
 1.899 
 182 
 629 
 090 
 886 
 74t 
 2.39 
 944 
 
 1658 
 
 1038 
 325 
 
 104;^ 
 
 13(H) 
 993 
 
 1316 
 226 
 676 
 507 
 
 1529 
 686 
 602 
 
 $ Ota. 
 
 7 00 
 11 87 
 10 28 
 
 3 00 
 
 28 00 
 21 50 
 20 60 
 
 81 26 
 
 40 50 
 10 86 
 
 10 50 
 
 11 16 
 13 86 
 
 10 60 
 18 00 
 37 (H) 
 
 29 76 
 
 8 26 
 
 82 00 
 
 9 00 
 26 00 
 
 25 .86 
 7 60 
 
 26 76 
 5 20 
 
 5 50 
 SO 60 
 .50 10 
 
 15 86 
 
 16 (H) 
 
 6 06 
 28 00 
 18 90 
 
 6 (H) 
 
 15 00 
 9 00 
 
 81 00 
 44 (M) 
 42 (M) 
 
 4 00 
 
 11 .50 
 
 17 IMI 
 
 24 75 
 
 18 70 
 4 90 
 
 26 76 
 49 00 
 28 00 
 
 7 70 
 28 25 
 
 41 60 
 
 25 00 
 86 60 
 
 7 50 
 
 16 87 
 1.5 ,50 
 
 42 00 
 
 19 50 
 16 75 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 
 Pliiladelplira 
 
 
 
 
 Piqua 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Canada West 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 41 
 
 
 Preston 
 
 
 Paris 
 
 Port Hope 
 
 Portland 
 
 Pittsburg 
 
 Providence 
 
 Portage City 
 
 Plattsburg 
 
 Quincy 
 
 House's Point 
 
 Pennsylvunlo 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Illinois 
 
 New York 
 
 Wiscoasin 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Rock Island 
 
 llochester 
 
 New York 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Kockford 
 
 New York 
 
 VoriuoDt. . 
 
 Itutland 
 
 Red Wing 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Inwa 
 
 Sidney 
 
 Sandusky 
 
 Slielby 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Ohio 
 
 L( 
 
 Miissachusetta 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 Steubenville 
 
 Suspension Bridge 
 
 St. I,ouls 
 
 St. .Joseph 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 Missouri 
 
 11 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 Minne.sola 
 
 New York 
 
 Canada West 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Saratoga 
 
 Toronto 
 
 Toledo 
 
 Terre Haute 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Utica 
 
 Vincennes 
 
 New York 
 
 Indiana. . . 
 
 
 Mi.^sisslppi 
 
 Watertown 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 New York 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Inwa 
 
 Watertown 
 
 Whitewater 
 
 Winterset 
 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 .Minnesota 
 
 Dlst. of Columbia. 
 
 Canada West 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Mi-isouri. 
 
 Winona 
 
 Washington 
 
 Windsor 
 
 Wheeling 
 
 Weston 
 
 jKenia 
 
 Ohio 
 
 II 
 
 
 
FARES, DISTANCES, AND ROUTES FROM QUEBEC. 
 
 DISTANCES AND FARES FROM QUEBEC. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE INITIALS IN THE ROI.'TKS. 
 
 95 
 
 O. 'i. R.— Grana Trunk Railway. 
 
 0. 8. i II. U. — Ontario, Slincoe, and llurou Railway, 
 
 G. W. R.— Great Western Railway. 
 
 C. & P. R.— Col)nr(f anil Peterborough Railway. 
 P. & O. R.— Prescott and Ottawa Railway. 
 E. T.— Eastern Townaliips, Lower Canada. 
 
 Emigrant Fare 
 by Railway. 
 
 Sterling. ' $ ct9. 
 
 PLACES 
 IN CANADA, 
 
 14a. 
 S2«. 
 Vin. 
 16«, 
 22». 
 
 24«. 
 18», 
 2S«. 
 18«, 
 2S». 
 10», 
 17«. 
 
 68, 
 
 •.Us. 
 
 2n». 
 
 208. 
 
 26». 
 ]6«. 
 14«, 
 IN). 
 22«, 
 
 27«, 
 8«, 
 
 22«. 
 8«. 
 4s. 
 
 128. 
 
 22«. 
 
 168. 
 
 128. 
 
 248. 
 148, 
 10«. 
 
 188, 
 188, 
 
 298, 
 208. 
 
 128. 
 
 238. 
 
 168. 
 
 188. 
 228. 
 248. 
 228. 
 
 f) mi 
 
 c no 
 
 H .M) 
 
 5 t,» 
 8 00 
 4 00 
 
 6 60 
 U 25 
 
 C 00 
 
 4 rx) 
 
 7 00 
 4 fiO 
 7 00 
 2 50 
 4 25 
 2 00 
 2 75 
 
 5 75 
 
 6 00 
 660 
 
 6 60 
 8 75 
 8 60 
 3 75 
 6 60 
 
 8 75 
 2 00 
 5 50 
 
 2 00 
 1 00 
 
 3 00 
 
 5 60 
 
 4 00 
 
 8 00 
 
 6 00 
 8 50 
 
 3 75 
 
 4 60 
 
 8 25 
 
 7 25 
 
 5 00 
 
 3 (10 
 
 5 75 
 
 4 00 
 
 4 60 
 
 6 .50 
 6 00 
 6 50 
 
 Acton, West 
 
 Ilarrie 
 
 Ilellevlile 
 
 llondhead 
 
 llrockviile 
 
 lirighton 
 
 Urampton 
 
 Berlin 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Bradina 
 
 Bradford 
 
 Ilowmanvilie 
 
 C'liathani 
 
 COltOURU 
 
 (.■OI.USOWOOD 
 
 Cornwall 
 
 (.'olborne 
 
 Conipton 
 
 Dickenson's Landing 
 
 Dullin's t'reek i 
 
 Davenport 
 
 Kckfried 
 
 KiIm ardsburg { 
 
 (ianano(|ue ; 
 
 (ieorgetown i 
 
 Onelpii 
 
 (iioiicester j 
 
 (Jail ! 
 
 tirafton ! 
 
 HAMILTO.V : 
 
 llainl)urg j 
 
 i Holland Lnnding 
 
 jllarri^iburg 
 
 illarwootl I 
 
 ; Inilian Village i 
 
 Ingersoll 
 
 KINGSTON I 
 
 KemptviUe i 
 
 Kelley's ; 
 
 Keenu ' 
 
 King 
 
 LONDON I 
 
 Lennoxville 
 
 I.efroy 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 MONTRKAL 
 
 .Matilda 
 
 Morgan's 
 
 Niagara 
 
 Napanee 
 
 NcwtonviUe 
 
 * Neivciistie 
 
 Norton 
 
 Newmarket 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 Oliver's Ferry, (Rideau Canal) 
 
 Osiiawa 
 
 Oxford.. 
 
 Osgoode 
 
 Owen Sound 
 
 Oakville 
 
 Prescott 
 
 Paris 
 
 Pertb, (Bathurst District). . 
 
 8 . 
 
 50' 
 
 586 
 
 5(!5 
 
 888 
 
 498 
 
 293 
 
 410 
 
 622 
 
 603 
 
 486 
 
 444 
 
 644 
 
 457 
 
 679 
 
 481 
 
 693 
 
 286 
 
 417 
 
 lfl4 
 
 245 
 
 478 
 
 frtl7 
 
 680 
 
 278 
 
 8'.i8 
 
 630 
 
 560 
 
 324 
 
 570 
 
 424 
 
 r>39 
 
 570 
 
 6S3 
 
 bos 
 
 440 
 
 449 
 
 892 
 
 840 
 
 804 
 
 316 
 
 452 
 
 609 
 
 016 
 
 123 
 
 603 
 
 222 
 
 108 
 
 267 
 
 456 
 
 637 
 
 807 
 
 448 
 
 454 
 
 157 
 
 642 
 
 835 
 
 353 
 
 467 
 
 298 
 
 812 
 
 6;}0 
 
 518 
 
 281 
 
 505 
 
 830 
 
 ROUTES, 
 
 Emigrant Fare 
 
 by Steamer 
 
 and Railway, 
 
 Sterling. 
 
 By (1. T. R. from Toronto 
 
 I '' O. 8. and U. R. from Toronto. 
 
 " U.T.R 
 
 " '• and Steamer 
 
 PORT HOPE.. 
 
 Peterboro 
 
 Preston 
 
 I Richmond Hill. 
 
 from Toronto. 
 
 Railway from Cobourg. 
 
 " from Toronto 
 
 O. T. R. 
 
 ' O. W. R. from Hamilton 
 
 (!. T. R. and Steamer 
 
 0. S. and H. It. from Toronto. 
 G. T. R 
 
 2l8. 
 2l8. 
 158. 
 
 178. 
 108. 
 
 288. 
 
 168. 
 108. 
 2(18. 
 
 138. M. 
 248. 6(1. 
 1.88. Gd. 
 228. 6(/. 
 
 78. aa. 
 
 4 eta. 
 
 via Richmond 
 
 or Steamer from.Montreal. 
 
 0. S. and H. R. from Toronto. 
 
 (}. W. R. from Hamilton 
 
 O. T.R 
 
 from Toronto. 
 
 5 26 
 5 26 
 
 3 76 
 
 4 26 
 2 60 
 
 5 76 
 
 3 78 
 
 4 00 
 
 5 00 
 3 87 
 
 12 
 8 87 
 
 6 62 
 
 1 87 
 
 " G. T. and P. and 0. R. [risburg. 
 From Hamilton by G. W. R. via Har- 
 By Steamer on G. T. R 
 
 437 
 459 
 573 
 517 
 Continued on neietjiaye. 
 
 " G. T. R. from Toronto 
 
 " O. S. and H. R 
 
 " G. W. R. from Hamilton. , . . 
 " G, and P. R. from Cobourg. 
 
 W. R. from Hamilton. . . , 
 
 T. R. or Steamer 
 
 anil 0. R. from Prescott. , 
 
 I 
 
 and P. R. from Cobourg ' 
 
 S. and II. R. from Toronto. 
 
 W. R. from Hamilton 
 
 T. R. via Richmond 
 
 S. and II. R. from Toronto. 
 T. R. or Steamer 
 
 " C. and P. R. from Cobourg. 
 
 From Toronto by Steamer 
 
 By G. T. R 
 
 98. 
 
 
 2 26 
 
 198. 
 
 
 4 75 
 
 228. 
 
 
 6 50 
 
 288, 
 
 
 7 00 
 
 98, 
 
 
 2 25 
 
 108. 
 
 
 2 60 
 
 228. 
 
 
 5 60 
 
 208. 
 
 
 5 00 
 
 128. 
 
 
 8 00 
 
 198. 
 
 
 4 75 
 
 178. 
 
 0(/. 
 
 4.87 
 
 288. 
 
 
 5 75 
 
 21 8. 
 
 
 5 26 
 
 228. 
 
 
 6 50 
 
 188. 
 
 
 460 
 
 188. 
 
 
 4 60 
 
 22». 
 
 
 5 60 
 
 Via. 
 
 
 8 00 
 
 128. 
 
 
 3 00 
 
 138. 
 
 
 3 28 
 
 198. 
 
 
 4 76 
 
 288, 
 
 
 6 76 
 
 248, 
 
 
 00 
 
 198. 
 
 6d. 
 
 4 87 
 
 68. 
 
 I-J. 
 
 1 62 
 
 S.s. 
 
 
 76 
 
 108, 
 
 
 260 
 
 188. 
 
 • 
 
 4 80 
 
 198. 
 
 4 76 
 
 138. 6(/. 1 8 87 
 
 " " via Richmond 
 
 " 0. S. and H. R. from Toronto. , 
 
 " P. and 0. R. from Prescott 
 
 " " via KemptviUe.... 
 
 " G. T. R. or Steamer 
 
 " P. and O. R. from Prescott. . . . 
 
 " 0. S. and II. It. from Toronto. 
 " Steamer or G. T. R 
 
 " G. W. R. from Hamilton 
 
 " Railroad from llrockviile, nearly; 
 
 opened i 
 
 " G. T. R. or Steamer | 
 
 " C. and P. It. from Cobourg I 
 
 " G. W. R. from Hamilton via Gait. I 
 " 0. S. and H. It 
 
 238. 
 
 5 76 
 
 118. 6rf. 
 
 2 87 
 
 Il8. 
 
 2 76 
 
 168. 
 
 4 00 
 
 12s. 
 
 3 00 
 
 13s. 
 
 826 
 
 26s. M. 
 
 6 72 
 
 168. 6rf. 
 
 4 12 
 
 108. 
 
 2 60 
 
 20s. 
 
 6 00 
 
 148. 
 
 3 80 
 
 188. M. 
 
 8 87 
 
 Ifls. 
 
 4 76 
 
 228. 6rf. 
 
 5 62 
 
 198. 6rf. 
 
 4 87 
 
06 
 
 DISTANCES FROM QUEBEC AND ROUTES ON ST. LAWUENCE. 
 
 Continuation (\f ctding r 
 
 Emigrant Van. 
 by itullway. 
 
 Bterllni;. 
 
 $ cts. 
 1 00 
 
 4*. 
 
 Sn. 
 22«. 
 
 2 00 
 660 
 
 2C«. 
 
 8 60 
 
 10«. 
 
 4 00 
 
 inn. 
 81«. 
 
 6 00 
 6 25 
 
 16». 
 26«. 
 
 8 75 
 4 75 
 6 60 
 2 75 
 
 2S<(. 0(1. 
 
 7 12 
 
 86«. 
 40<. 
 
 9 00 
 10 00 
 
 PLACES 
 IN CANADA. 
 
 Richmond, K. T 
 
 Komanville 
 
 Sherbrooke 
 
 8t. Cutharlne's 
 
 Shakespeare 
 
 Htratford 
 
 S|)cneervUle 
 
 Shunnnvllle 
 
 Scarborough 
 
 TOKONTO 
 
 Thornhlll 
 
 Ty andenaga 
 
 Trenton 
 
 Whitby 
 
 Woodstock 
 
 Williamsburg j 
 
 Weston - 1 
 
 Windsor, (opposite Detroit). . i 
 
 St. Andrew's, (N. lirunswlck)' 
 St. John's, " I 
 
 h 
 
 96 
 4M 
 121) 
 .^•10 
 5S2 
 5S!> 
 21) 1 
 881 
 4S8 
 6<H) 
 612 
 877 
 4IN) 
 471 
 687 
 200 
 610 
 631 
 
 629 
 678 
 
 lU.I TEB. 
 
 Hy Q. T. U 
 
 From Hamilton by 0. W. K. 
 Uy G. T. It. from Toronto.. .. 
 
 " P. and 0. It. from Prescott., 
 
 " O. T. U. or Steamer 
 
 " (). S. and II. 11. from Toronto. 
 " I). T. U 
 
 O. T. It. or Steamer 
 
 (i. W. U. from Hamilton 
 
 (1. T. It. or Steamer. [ronto. 
 «. T. or 0. S. and H. K. from To- 
 O. W. U. from Hamilton 
 
 J lly O.T. It. to Portland, and thence 
 I by Steamer. 
 
 Kmlg'aiit fare 
 
 by Steamer 
 
 and Itullway. 
 
 • cts. 
 
 6 00 
 
 6 28 
 
 3 00 
 
 4 87 
 
 6 50 
 
 8 78 
 4 12 
 r> 75 
 2 12 
 4 62 
 28 
 
 Sterling. 
 
 20». 
 
 
 28«. 
 
 1 
 
 12». 
 
 1 
 
 17k. 
 
 0(/. 
 
 22». 
 
 1 
 
 l.Vi. 
 
 
 10*. 
 
 6(/. 
 
 23k. 
 
 
 8k. 
 
 «</. 
 
 IHk. 
 
 «</. 
 
 28k. 
 
 1 
 
 I Ilrltaln. 
 
 .lie. Through fares— to 
 
 The fares quoted above are emlgriint fares — equivalent to the third clasn i i 
 
 The first class fare from Quebec to any station, jier rail, Is about three cents pc 
 Montreal, I|I6 ; to Toronto, ifilO. 
 
 Sefond uUiko carriages are run on the Grand Trunk Railroad. Fare about two cents per mile. 
 
 Fares being s^"'ject to alterations, we cannot guarantee the absolute correctness of the flguret siated for 
 the whole yei.r, but any difference there may h<! will be trilling. 
 
 Children under 12 years of age, half fare ; under 3 years, free. 
 
 All enilgrauts' baggage is carried free along the railroads In Canada, whereas only 50 lbs. weight U allowed 
 free on the liues ir the United States. 
 
 STEAMBOAT ROUTE ON THE ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 [Down the Hirer from Lewiston, (Niagara,) 
 to Quebec.] 
 
 From 
 Placefl. MilM. Lowiitoii. 
 
 Lrwiston 
 
 Youngstown 8 
 
 Niagara, Canada 1 7 
 
 Charlotte, or Port Genesee.. 80 87 
 
 Pultneyville ... 20 107 
 
 Sodus Point 10 in 
 
 Oswego 80 147 
 
 Stoney Point and Island... . 3.3 ISO 
 
 Sacket's Harbour 12 192 
 
 Grand, or Wolfe Island 23 220 
 
 KiNOSTo.N, Canada 10 280 
 
 (Thousand Islands.) 
 
 Clayton, or French Creek . . 24 254 
 
 Alexandria Hay 12 266 
 
 Ilrockville, Canada 22 28tS 
 
 Morrlstown 1 2S9 
 
 OUI)KX.«nUHU, or PllR.tCOTT . . 11 300 
 
 Qallop lOttlds 6 806 
 
 PointlrdBols 6 812 
 
 M.4T11.I.A 2 814 
 
 Rapid Plat 5 819 
 
 WlI.LUMSlllJRQ 2 821 
 
 Fairen's Point 11 832 
 
 Dickenson's Landing 4 386 
 
 (Long Saut Rapid.) 
 
 CoRNw.»Li. 10 346 
 
 St. Regis 8 849 
 
 (N. Y. State Line.) 
 
 Lancaster 13 862 
 
 COTEAu Du Lac 16 878 
 
 Cedar Rapids 6 883 
 
 Split Rock Kapids 2 888 
 
 Cascade Rapids 8 888 
 
 Beauharnols 1 889 
 
 La Chine 18 407 
 
 MONTUKAL 9 416 
 
 William Henrv 45 461 
 
 LakeSt. Peter 10 471 
 
 Three Rivers 86 608 
 
 Richelieu Rapidi 85 641 
 
 QUEBEC 45 686 
 
 [Up the River from Quebec to Lpwinton, 
 (Niagara).] 
 
 From 
 
 Plai-M. Miles. QuttM-c. 
 
 QUEBEC 
 
 lUcheiieu Rapids 45 48 
 
 Three Rivers f(5 80 
 
 LakeSt. Peter 80 110 
 
 William Henry 18 125 
 
 MONTREAL 45 170 
 
 La Chink, riit Canal 9 179 
 
 lieauharnois IS 197 
 
 Cascade Rapids 1 198 
 
 Split Rock Rapids 8 201 
 
 ; Cedar Rapids 2 203 
 
 j c;<>teau iiu Lac 6 208 
 
 Lanca-tter 16 224 
 
 1 St. Regis 18 237 
 
 I (N. Y. State Line.) 
 
 j CoRSWALi 3 240 
 
 I (Long Saut Rapid. 
 
 Dickenson's Landing. 10 2.'50 
 
 I Farren's Point 4 254 
 
 I WlLLlAMSULRQ 11 265 
 
 I Rapid Plat 2 267 
 
 Matilda 5 272 
 
 1 Point Iroquois 2 274 
 
 ! Gallop Rapids 6 280 
 
 Prkscott, or Oodenkbiru . . 6 2S6 
 
 Maitland 7 293 
 
 Brockvillk 6 298 
 
 (Thousand Islands.) 
 
 Alexandria Bay 22 832 
 
 Clayton, or Frencli Creek . . 12 844 
 
 Grand, or Wolfe Island 
 
 KiNOSTON, Canada 24 868 
 
 Sacket's Harbour 38 892 
 
 Stoney Point and Island... . 12 401 
 
 Oswego 33 416 
 
 Sodus Point 80 446 
 
 Pultneyville 10 4.^6 
 
 Charlotte, or Port Genesee. 20 476 
 
 Niagara, Canada 80 656 
 
 Youngstown 1 687 
 
 LiwiSTOH 6 508 
 
 rg ng c l" I* K 
 
 C; <1> C3 -3 ..S 9 
 
 « .ti ;5 - *- jS 
 
 * n, =» 
 
 S-: 
 
 •^ . 
 
 to - S c "7^ .w 
 
 be* 
 u _ 
 
 7 ^ 
 
 ■5 =5 
 
 ?. « 
 
 j- 4, 
 
 -^ « « ^.S'-S 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 be 2 •• 
 
 te O o 
 
 goo 
 
 c/i 
 
 
 
 (N 
 
 ^Is--'? 
 
 
 ii c 
 
 
 X 
 
 OS 
 
 IT > bn >,J£ o 
 
 4) o .r »- .C is 
 •^ C3 -.^ en 
 
 
 <v s 
 
 « S <^ . 
 
 J; O iJ 
 
 Si CG S cc S C 
 
Sis 
 •. a 
 
 :2a 
 
 ^1 
 
 i