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'LJ.. ■IUl.-i....«HI>- ^ LECTURE BdUYdredi before tlie Meiaherii OF THE Mlmlk ^0ttirg lfiett'0 CjiMan S jflnate, ON THE EVENING OF THE 19th MARCH, 1860; m® m®w ^m%mmm Si'f r^mm m^mm-, BY THE REV? WILLIAM MoLAREN, or jrOHK STREET FBESBrTBRUK CHURCB. BELLEVILLE C. W. I860. Printed by E. Miles, " Chrordcl,!" Office, Bellmlle. I iii^^ .4,/ ■■HI ^ii>^ ■■<: 4t-f Mr WJIi )«l^ il ^ ^' / C|e Initg flf % f unwii %mK n A. LECTURE BeKvefed before t&e Eombers OF THE aJFllmille f niing Jileu's Cjiristiati tenrintinn, ON THE EVENING OF THE 19th MARCH, 1860; Mm m^w m^M^)Sm ia^ 'i^mm. iiEpSiisirj BY THE SEV. WILLIAM McLAEEISr, OP JOHN STREET PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. BELLEVILLE C. W. 1860. Printed by E. Miles, ^'Chronicle''' Office, Belleville. ■■iXK^i^i&:sti I J PREFACE. The following Lecture on the Unity of the Human Race, now submitted to the pubh'c, formed one of a course embracing a variety of topics of interest and importance, which was delivered during the past winter by various Mmisters, under the auspices of the Belleville Young Men's Christian Association. A few days after its delivery, the author was waited upon by a deputation of the Association, who requested that they might be allowed to publish it in pamphlet form. Peeling that the Lecture might be useful to some who have not time to peruse more extended and thorough discussions of the subject, he did not feel himself at liberty to refuse their r^uest It IS due to himself, however, to say that it was not prepared with any view to publication, and that it maizes no pretension to an exhaustive discussion of the weighty theme which it handles. A subject branching out in so many directions would require a volume rather than a Lecture for its satisfactory treatment All that could be attempted in one Lecture was to touch on some of the salient points in the argument, and to present a few of the more FTominent and striking ^cts which cast light on the question of the specific Um.y and common parentage of our race. It is hoped, however, that enough has been said to confirm the faith of some in vital truth, and to lead others who may desire fuller information to investigate for themselves. In preparing for the press, a few verbal alterations have been made, but none of them are of great importance. For the most part the Lecture is presented terhatim, as delivered. ^eciure is BelleviUe, 10th April, 1860. .^' sm. THE UNITY OF TiIE IIUMAK RACE. _ In calling attention to a thema which is probably compa- ratively new to many in this community, it is a sufficient apology to say, that from its important scientific, religious, and practical bearings, it is daily exciting increasing interest iu the great centres of thought on both sides of the Atlantic, and that It has ab-eady, in many quarters, become the battle ground between Christianity and Infidelity. Until a i ec^nt period it has^ been the received belief, both of philosophers j>n(' christians, that the whole human family, in all its varieti. color, and physical conformation, sprang originally frc common stock ,_ which God created and placed in Eden. This doctrine was first called in qirestion by a book publis. A.I).,1655, by an obscure French writer, named Isaac Peyrere. -b mding his equanimity disturbed by what plain christians are apt to regard as the manifest meaning of the latter half of the 5th chapter of Romans, he cast about tor some means of disposing of the unpalatable doctrines therein contained. Finally, it would appear, he concluded that the easiest way was to maintain that there were men on the earth long before A dam, whose one Bin, Paul tells us, brought condemnation and death upon all men. This work, like one, in our own day, designed to show that man is only an improved or developed monkey, for a time "made a sensation.'^ And, like " The Vestiges of Creation," after receiving from cotemporaries more attention than it deserved, it soon fell into merited oblivion. Yoltaire, however, having dug its dogmas from the grave of ages, and dressed them' up anew, sent them forth to the world as his own progeny. After demonstrating to his own satisfaction that the whole svstem' 4/ / \l LECTURE. of Geology was fin absurdity, and proving that ail the shells to which the intunt science was then drawino^ attention were those ot tresh w.Tter Lakes and Kivers,— or sliel Is once worn by snails or lost from museums, or dropped from the nats of pilgrims on their way '••om the Holy Land, or, finally, that they were not snells at all, but something like them, cast off in some freak of nature, *— after thus accounting for all the fo.-giliferous deposits on the surface of onr globe, (since ascertained to be ten or twenty miles m depth.) and destroying all the evidence which they were then supposed to yield of the Noahic Deluge, the witty ± renchman thought hemight farther serv e the cause of infidelity by demolishing the established doctrine of the unity of the Human Race. "' The Bible having taught that the human family sprang from one stock, he proceeded, in his supc 'or wisdom, to show that m this, as in a great many other things, it was quite behind the age. _ buch is the origin of the discii^^sion in modern times. We owe It to the sage skeptic who sprinkled himself wiih holy water, during a thunder storm, aad laughed at all religion as an imposture, when the storm w^as over. Fi'om his day to the present, various opinions have been held by philosophers on the question at issue. The great majority of the most distinguished Naturalists, such as Linnseus, liufton, J31umenbach, Cuvier, Hiimboldf, Owen, Bunsen, Prich- ard, and J. Muller, of Berlin, have maintained the organic unity of mankind. Recently, however, a number of writers on both sides of t.ie Atlantic, of more or less note, have lent themselves to the support of the opposite theory. America, however, has been most productive of authors of tliis class. Amono- these we may mention Agassiz, Morton, VanAmringe, Notl and Cxliddon The names of Agasciz and Morton stand deservedly h-gh m the temple of science. Many oi this class of writers, like Agassiz profess great respect for the Bible, which they regard as referring solely to the Caucasian or historical races Among the most zealous opponents of the unity of the human family are Dr. J. C. Nott and the late Mr. Gliddon, the loint authors of two large works on this theme. Their scientific standing is of a more doubtful character; br^ what they want m science, they make up by bold ass-; rtion, anu oy the determined * Miller Test. .Rocks, page 321. Las LECTURE. But, while the jrreat major liy of the raoro respectable class of the impugners of the unity of .uaukhid avoid the low ribaldry ^n^th^^'' ?i " ^'^f ^ices the pages of the last named authors, and while they profess greoi respect for the iJible, thev do not at ail feel bound to believe the facts which it teaches. They belong, for the most part, to that class who treat the Word of Uod as an old man in his dotage. He was very useful in his day, and great regard should be shown him on account of hJi venerabxe years and past good services, while it would be very nf nt ' ""l -^ govern ourselves in a. things, by the instructions fjV^ .^' second childhood. It wSuld not be polite to contradict the old gentleman to his face; but. if wJiat he says 18 peculiarly unpalateable, they wiU not hesitate to whisper in your ear that i , ally the old man talks a grent deal of nonsense. iney liave, uowever, two royal roads to escape, apparently from unseemly collisions with the Bible, while they set aside if need be, its teachings. ' j «, uo, u In the first place they give us to understand that Scripture evidence is quite inadmisoable as authority in reference to any question of science. They tell us that we must leave the Bibli to iheologians and Sectarians, and pursue science in a scientific and philoscpliipal manner. But, may we not ask, v '.at is scientific investigation ? Is it that which regards only some favorite source of information, and shuts its eves to all others ? 18 1. not rather that which looks for truth wherever it may be fra^V. ?* ««' <^k£ B^l^J'^ P^y not be so summarily ostraoised from a scientific inquu-y mto the origin of the human race, or any other theme on which it speaks. Human interpretatiom Tnl^J^ '^'^ ^^-^ ^^ '^J^?' ^'^^ the/a6fe which it teaches we' are nnZfu"" receive or else we must prove that it is a witness unworthy of c onfidence. No man can proceed philosophically facts LTJl-iftr ^*" V'*' '''^^'''> ^^^^^^"^ either accepting' the ^ts established by scr.'pture, or disproving ilxe authority o? the Tv u - , ^^ ^^^ *^^ demands of scientific invest! o-ation Which requires that the Bible should here be ignored, bSt the Z'^tTV^ ^ theory which might be endangered were such an authority consulted. Their second maxim is, that the Bible was never designed to teach any Eyetem of physical science, and that consequently ■S^t / 8 J.EOTUKE. I we have no more right to expect to find in it a system of Ethnology than a p^^stem of Astronomy, Geography or Geology. The truth of this maxim we cheerfully admit ; but to its appli- cahility^ in the case befoi-e us, we must demur. The grand ends which God contemplated in making a revelation to men are moral and religious. The Bible was not given to gratify an idle curiosity, or even to unveil the mysteries of science, but to reveal to us the way of life, and make us know the path of duty. We have no reason to look for any information, unless given in an incidental manner, which is not immediately subservient to these high ends. It may be admitted, therefore, that all scrijDtural allusions, to matters pertaining merely to any branch of physical science, may be couched in language accordant with the prevalent ideas of the age, however incorrect, scientifically, these ideas may be. But can the Unity of the Human Race be classed among those questions which have no immediate moral or religious bearing, and on which, consequently, the Scriptures may without marring the purpose for which they were given, speak in language dictated by the erroneous ideas prevalent in the age when the revelation was made ? We apprehend not. And, if we may judge from the tone -which pervades the writings of such men as Nott and Gliddon, we are more than justifi,ed in the suspif'ion that the important moral and religious principles directly involved, in the independent origin of each race, have, at least on this side of the Atlantic, giv(ni a great impulse to the advocacy of iiat idea. The whole question of sin and redemption is bound up with the Unity of the Human Race. For " as by the oflonce of one judgment came upon aU men to co'^demnation ; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life." — Rom., v. 18. The bearing of this doctrine on the subject of slavery is equally vital. If the Bible was designed for none but the Caucasian race, or if it never recognizes negroes and other inferior races as men, it no more commands us to treat colored persons as brethren than it requires us to regard monkies as men. It is the universal brotherhood of man which makes human chattelism an abomination. Silent in reference to the lawfulness of the mere relation of master and slave, the Bible requires that which is utterly fatal \ LECTUBE. jjstem of Geology, its appli- naking a 5 Was not mysteries make us k for any ich is not admitted, lertaining iiched in , however d among religious y without speak in : the age And, if ■itings of Btified in principles ice, have, npulse to d up with ce of one so by the nen unto lavery is 1 but the i,nd other it colored onkies as "h. makes •elation of ;erly fatal 9 to human bondage. It commands masters \o give unto their servants that which is iust and equal. It commands the ma> riage relation to bo held inviolable, and the parental relation to be respected. It enjoins all men to search the scriptures, and worship God according to the light he has given them. It requires us, in fine, to do to others, as we would that thev should do to us. Let these plain injunctions of the Word of God be obeyed, and before the lapse of fifty years, every shadow of " the peculiar institution" will, without bloodshed, or revolu- tion, or Harper's Ferry forrays, have disappeared from the face of the earth. If slaves are human^ the laws and treatment to which they are subjected must, wherever the light of the Bible shines, be regarded as inhuman. This has not escaped the attention of Southern writers, such as Nott and Gliddon, who, while they continually parade their scientific treatment of their theme, are ever on the alert to excite a feeling in favor of their sentiments by pandering to the pro-slavery mania at the South. For well they know that, if they can onlv prove that the negro does not belong to the same original stock as his master, but to some race which the Scriptures have never recognized as human, African slavery is plaeed forever beyond the reach of successful assault. The principles which these writers advocate, not only vindicate all the atrocities of American slavery, but brand, as uncommanded and absurd, two-thirds of all the Missionary efibrts of the Christian Church. These are put forth among Mongols, Malays, Negroes, and Indians— races to which the Bible never refers. They are consequently outside of the range of the great Commission ; and it is scarcely less foolish to impart the religion of Europeans to these inferior races than it would be to aim at Christianizing baboons. That the advocates of this system are by no means insensible to the wide moral and religious'bearings of their views, is evident from their sneers at Missions, and their flings at, what they are pleased to call, " a false philanthrophy ." Here then is a question freighted with the most momentous moral and religious bearings— a question on which turns all our ideas of sin and redemption — upon which depends the treatment of one-half of the inhabitants of the globe, either as men or as inferior beings,— and upon which hangs the extent and meaning of the great Commission. To affirm that we are not to expect / 10 LEOTIKE. any information from tlio Scriphires on such a subiect is to MpuK^^^ r4rfor"=tr d rv,o.. i! '\^ '^ ^^^ ^^^"^^^ I'^ace is not a curiom point of ^ in entering upon an investigation of the testimonv of knowing thatTe ?econciS; S^*^ inconsistent facts, discovered, if sr^.U^ZtyTrb^'X^^liTL'TIrZ^r ^ m.st 4ld to the smdlesTpXk oF^vfdet^ tiriZS! ((, LECTURE. 11 iecfc, is to lone they 1 on that lity, and religious point of may be ^e of the )inentou8 criticism vhat the rict and ings, the Mony of Human Human velation, 1, should oensible principle i; that is nt facts, 3time be I' human 31. AVe iea that ' Chj'isti- ble that Human cine up ', -vvhich opposite , science the very ess who irvation, of men it rocky iig from I Adam ? And where is the witness who was present " with hia ?hprl''^''^r 1^^ ^''' "^^«^«d i^to being r When write^ doSL '' ?^-^^^^^ «"«5^ ovidrnLTvInt^ res^^lred th^^^^^^^^ ^^' P^"'^\ "^'^^^" ^^ mankind/we may allth^eTa^rreti^r^^^^^^^^^ stock? This has been deS\X'AS|et^r^^^^ the Scriptures have reference, and which Go^ has emplovedln BLt^fe's "^^^^^^ "r^u. ^^ letter mall-rtStth: -DiDie professes 'to give the history of the white rac^ with speciaf reference to tSe history of the Jews ;» mdwoSZt ^'SZ'^Zdlt'T''' T' y^^^ JeremiahWroga^^^^^^ can thejithiopian change his skin or the leopard his SDots «'' he even affirms that " nowliere," in the sacred vdume « aie the colored races, as such, even alluded to " ' christian worn SfJ^'T^^^'^" ^^T'^ ^^^^ ^i^^s that the W f vTr7d L^^^^^^ '^'' 'f^^'^'^ '^^ Scriptures as teach! mg a very dilterent doctrine. T1..S presumption gathers over- whelmmg force when we consider that the belief fn thTunftv alent'a^r'?.^""' ^"' ^^^^^'^^ «PP««^dto all the idet pret^ alent among the pagan nations, to whom the gospel wLiZt Facest^h^^m^L^'^"^^ laces to whom the gospel has hitherto been chiefly confined -I Men are not usually so liberal that for the pleasure oS^ away their money they would invent an^SerpretatfoIof Scripture which lays on them the expense of evanSnTthl world. It IS not, in itself, sucli a ple^^ant thing tbf a ,SL to leave all the endearments of home and kindred and ^^,2Thia days far away from the comforts of civuSed sidefv Cr i« J such a delightful thing, ^.. .,, for a man to be SllCal^li SorXtii?/-n ^'^T ^'' >^^^^«' '^^' ministers shouM^ strongly biased m favor of ., perverse view of the teachings n.f the sacred word which laid on them the privationVandS ^f Lcftr^Svofth"^"^ mSlc thS ft^f 7 ^^^ '^ ^^^™« little less than a retyt\tihtr;:a' '^^^ ^'^^^^^ ^"^^ ---^ But let us open the Book and learn from its pages. No one, 12 LECTUEE. certainly, reading, without prejudice, the introductory chapters of Genesis would imagine that, long before God said " Let us make nian m our image, after our likeness," there were many rae^ of men already in existence, who had "dominion over the fash ot the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every thmg that creepeth upon the earth." And if the earth wm already peopled, surely a help-meet might, without a miracle, have been found for Adam. And the command, " Be faithful, and multiply and replenish the earth, and subdue it," does not certainly look as if the earth were already for the most part replenisned with human beings. The Scrij)tures farther expressly declare that Adam was the Jurat man. " The first man Adam was made a living soul : the last Adam was made a quickening spirit." "The tirst man is ot the earth, earthy ; the second man is the Lord from heaven." (L Cor., XIV. 45, 4r.) They affirm, moreover, that until the creation ot Adam there was not a man to till the ground.— Ihe prophet Malachi bases his denunciations of the unfaithtul- ness of husbands towards their wives upon the fact that God in the beginning made only one woman for one man. " And did not he make one ? Yet had he the residue of the spirit. And wherefore one ? That he might seek a godly seed. Tfierefore take heed to your spirit, and let none deal treacherously with the wife of his youth."— (Ch. n., 15.) ThQ same doctrine is taught with equal plainness in the ITew Testament. ^ Paul, in addressing the Athenians from JVlars Hill at a time when tne black races of Africa were well known,declared, in direct opposition totlie notoriously prevalent sentiments of the Greeks, that God " hath made of one blood all nations of men to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the iDunds of their Habitation. And, what is not less important than any of these considerations is the fact that the Scriptures ascribe the intro- duction of sm and death to Adam. " By one man sin entered mto the world, and death by sin ; and so death passed upon all men for that all have sinned."- Eom., v. 12. Death did, no doubt, reign over the lower animals prior to Adam ; that however, as far as we are aware, was not « death by sin."— JJeath, did not reign over beings capable of sinning until Adam, by his transgression, involved our race in ruin. But now we see all races of men sin and die ; and, in the LECTURE. 13 Y chapters " Let U8 ere many inion over ver every earth was a miracle, le faithful, " does not most part tn was the soul ; the st man is I heaven." until the ground. — infaithful- at God in And did rit. And Therefore usly with 388 in the ians from were well prevalent J blood all and hath Is of their Y of these the intro- Q entered I upon all h did, no m; that, y sin." — il Adam, id, in the universal prevalence of sin we have everywhere visible the mark of common parentage. This appalling evMence of the organic unity of our race meefa us in every part of the earth. Navigators in exploring the great Pacific, and travellers in crossing the burning sands of Africa, or in threading their way through the primeval ibrests of America, have discovered new races, speaking unknown dialects; they have fpund men of every shade of color, from the jetty negroes to the white indians of the Northwest coast of America, and of every variety of physical conformation, from the degraded New Hollander to the intelligent New Zealander ; but no traveller or navigator has yet discovered a variety of the human race in whom unholy passions do not rage, and over whom death does not reign. — This is the Bible test of Unity. n. — In entering upon the consideration of the testimony of science in reference to the Unity of the Human Race, we shall find that in order to its successful elucidation two questions demand attention, viz. : 1. Whether all races of men are one species? and 2. Whether all the members of the species, admitting that there is but one, are descended from a common stock ? These points do uot necessarily involve each other. If tjl men have a common parentage, it is evident that they constitute only one species. But if ail men are of one species, it is not so evident that they must have descended from a common stock. It certainly can be conceived as possible, that God might, at the first, have seen tit to create several pairs, instead of one, and to make them as like each other as the present generation is to that which preceded it. On that supposition, there would be a single species with a plural origin, Before entering, however, on the discussion of these topics, two things, admitted by all Naturalists of any note, must be premised, viz. : ^ 1. That within the limits of a single species there may spring up varieties, many of which, when formed, become permanent, at least while the tribe remains under the influences which produced them, and often long alter. In works on the Natural History of Man, such as those of Lawrence, Prichard, Carpenter, and Cabell, will be found abundant evidence that permanent varieties may spring up trom accidental congeu'tal peculiarities, from the long continued operation of momfying 14 LECTURE. I l>repar'/„8 to expect i„i^e,eat«rorrr I' '"''"?'' '"'«'" moiificatio™ oJthTprimeval tToeTi'"""!" ?' «™'*,g''^*«' eacliotftlioot of 4eTa7em stock ooK'/' f-7"uP'^ J^ «'"«'' where he had befordTe^ioed'rhat'S" '" *^ """""^ is not 1^ importan" " Werrtt""""^ *° ?'^ ??"<" "^ ™ri««»» \\ LEOTUKE. 15 nonde8cri])t monstrosity as wild as a sick man's dream." To avert thic calamity, nature lias, in the laws of liybridity, placed o?2rZ^ ' barrier in the way of the permane'lit inteSre 01 Oitterent species. It has lojig been regarded bv Natm-alisiK rroIctd'fT-'r'''^^"^^^« ^ ^^^^^ indiwLaltay be produced by the intermixture of two species, a hybrid species c^not exist ; foi- the hybrid is barren iid cannotVpagEs kind. Prichard mentions that Dr. Wagner, of Germany has l^roved by the dissection of animals of niixed blood. thSatu^e has interposed in the anatomical stnicture of hybrids, an abso! lute barrier to their permanent reproduction.-:^- ,•= ^T • 1 ."^' ""^ ^, f ^^""^ "P^^ ^be specific unity of mankind is obvious. It IS well known that all the varieties ol the genm W intermix and produce a permanently fertile offsp^ng Ihe mulattoes in the (jnited States, although an unhealthy rlcf ?he mtf ^ '"Tk"^ ^° iminbers,'and haf e exhibited some ol time? Vrrif ^^^' •'"'if '^? ^^ ^""g^^'^^y '^'^'^'^ i^ "^«Jem times. The Cafiisos, in Brazil, are a mixed race, formed by the intermarriage of J^egroes and Indians. The Griquas, of South Africa, a mixed tribe, known to be descended from 'the early tote on \tlZl ''" '^' ^'''. ''^'^ ^°^ ^^"^"^ ^^^ aboriginal llotten tots on the other, are a vigoj-ous and increasing race. It is also therefore, it is a truth that wherever we see animals producin. a permanently lertile ofispring, there we have evidence of tS specihc unity, however much they may differ in physical c a- formation or physcological habits we need not be^urprtdtt the eftorte which have been made by the New Americin Schoo ot ethnologists to overturn the received doctrine of hybridity With them It IS a question of life or death. Their success .^T^^C. ^""^ V^^^ ^y ^"-^ '^^'^^s commensurate with their zeal. The researches ot It. Flourens, of Europe, and Dr. Bach- man, of America, the two greatest authorities on the subtect of Zi f T^' ff ?^'? ^i"" '' c^^npletely overturned then- reasonino^ and luUy established the long accepted doctrine of hybridity to specific diversity of the various races of men and dogs, &c a Wo r-^r L'^^'"^ "^ ^^"^^^-^^^ Ethnologists havf bten' able to do, m to adduce a few cases in which the species were nearly allied where the power of reprod^iction existed in the * Natural History of Man, page IC. fi 16 LBPXURK. hybrid. In these cases, however, it was so feeble that it did not extend beyond the second or third generations. The fact remains indispu able that, although the^xperime ,t haS been tried oyer the wide field of the world for thousands of y^ars no authentic instance can be produced ot a hybrid race or of hybrids continuing permanently to propagate their kind And had these writers succeeded in proving that distinct species may permanently intermix, they would have estabHshed what 18 utterly subversive of the idea of species as defined by Spnirj; ^^'^ 5- ^? '^"' ^P^°'^« ^^^ ^^^"' ^^^^racter and ex- istence to the immediate power of God, and that they are oerma- SThltl' • ^^'"' '" ir • , " ^' '' ^ ^^^ ^f nature," siysAS that animals a« welfas plants are preceded onlj' by indivSls of the same species, and vice versa, that none of them cln pro- duce a species difl'erent from themselves." This is the view of writers oftheNott and Gliddon type, who are so anxbur to IZL V^' varieties of the lu^man family are diW E 1.>?K ^-""T ^^ ^^^'. ^^^^ *hey difl^ered Lii the begin- ning each having its own origin. But, ii two species by inter- Z'^T ?v r^"""^' ^ third,^differin^'from both, it is evident oriVin to th^ ^Pecies was not origina1,-that it did not oweTte oiigin to the immediate power of God, and that it was not preceded by individuals of the same species. It is also mrnifes that were it possib e for species to intermix, these wriC art sT' rrurn^?- ^'"^ permanence to species as a character, istic. J? or, upon their own principles, one species may at anv '''^''t,,'^,f^,^^%^^^^^^^^ lost or con?4nded.^ JNot only, therefore, is the attempt to prove that difi-erent epeci^ may permanently intermix a failure, but its success Xh ?K T'^^ subversive of the fundamental principles on Cv tW '''T T'^^^ "^ *^" ^"^"^^ r^««« is advocK.- l^L^^^ Zr^fl' ^^^«.'eason to say with Napoleon, « noth ng 18 more terrible than a victory, but a defeat." ^ «i)eci^\nkvT/.'^P^''^ *^ ^''^"^'" T'^ «^^°"<^1^ i°to the specinc unity and common parentage of mankind But here a formidable obstacle meet« us, in tie difficulty of securil a ronSo?^!,'"^''?^^:, WefollowSofDeCandfn: i^'of nraS' ?''°?PH^ ^°^^> reality, implying all that ^rlnSfp j:^fca" *'^ ""^ modern WStU of Dr. DeCandoUe says, '»We write under the designation of bat it did The fact has been years, no ice, or of ^d. : distinct tablished fined by r and ex- e perma- Agassiz, iividuals can pro- 5 view of xious to different le begin- by inter- evident t owe its was not manifest iters art laracter- r at any •unded. iifferent success iples on cated. — nothing into the b here a uring a )andolle all that of Dr. ation of LECTURE. 17 sTcte^^ltrbJ^^^^^^^^^^^ '-to each other may have proceeded orSnaU^W^^^^^^ '^^^^^^^ pair." ^^lU'iiiJ irom a single being, or a single onesp^di^f' ™"««e8 of mankind constitute, in this sense, drai''frora«lcnttS,r"TT' "' ""T"' ^»»'« ^e that which professesT™ back to'thp^J*^ '' f"^^ one historic work affirms that " GcS fath made if n^f u r'',?"^- ^"t "^"^^ for to dwell on all the"of Llr^'^^'^r f-l^'^ authorities, to which anriPnl /a oi 7- . ^^her historic back to a mff^^n^jl^^^^ ^^ "ot reach It is not, howevei- witho it im. m h '"I' *^' ^"''^ion at issue, the historic periodTermane^^ ^^ """"'V^^ that within Bprun^ up. Analogy wZdein'^o T ^^°^\ *" ^^^« varie|es may have oVa^Si^ttl^Uar" '' '''''* on Pu^^sSfi^^^^^^^^^^^^ that unity of all the varifties of Ihe huLan rac^ ' '"^ ^^''^^' as AUnays! '^t^L^^^^i^^^ which, depen^ds.- The' ^^vl^CT^^^i,^^ ZJ^'TT"" • '^ '^^^^^^ principle, in the various races of mp?^Z^'^ *^^ immaterial not in kmd. In all parts of t}^^' n ^^^^^^"^^s in de^ee, spiritual and inteH ctS natuil 111 h'avT ^'^ '^' «^°^« imagination, desires, affectioi^anf wifrVlMrit^^^^^ moral nature, capable of matino. f]!l .r V- .. , nbes have a and wrong. They are alP'capal^^^^ ^f ^^^° "g^* and of wickedness^and m sery f^" Ail 2n^^^^^^^^ ^' ^^PP^r^^s, a belief in the beino- of a God nnri o ^^''^' '^ ^'^^^ form, invisible powers. Ve ly add ^^^ T!? t ^^^^^^bility to ment has been fairly tririiman n^^ *^" ^'^P^"" owned the gospel "as he pZpi^nfn 5 ^^'''""^"^ts varieties, doubt there IreVatd^ffeilncerifthp'^^ "°'° f]^^*^^^' ^^ and in the mode in S thesf .on. ^^'^^ ''^ ^^^^^^P"^^°^ human race are manifreTbutThpl''-''.^i^P^'^^^^ ^^ ^*»e every where seen in man whl.r If "^^ mtellectual nature is depths of the forest and sin i hi w P"^"^^the chase in the Blick Hawk, or tr^^tlZf^:^^^^^^^^^^ - * Principles of Zoology, page 13. ' '*^ ^"^'^t^^ ^1' 18 LECTURE. La Place. In all parts of the world, and under all degrees of civilization, man exhibits the same religious nature. In the language of Professor Draper, could our « vision reach into the past, and recall the credulous Greek, worshipping before the exquis.tely perfect statues of the deities of his country, beseech- ing them for sunshine or rain, and then turn to the savage Amaiman, who commences his fast by taking a vomit, and for want of a better goddess, adores a dried cow's tail, iftiploring it for all earthly good8,~again the same principle would eme&e, Onl- illustrated: by the circumstance, that the savage is more thorough, more earnest in his work." * We are led to believe in the specific unity of mankind 2. i^rom the Physiology of the Human System, which is the same, essentially, in all the races of man. All races, when placed m similar circumstances, attain the same a/v&rage age. All mixed races are found to be permanently fertile. In all tribes the period of gestation is the same. All have the same Blow growth and decline. The earlier maturity of females in warm climates, which was, at one time, generally received on the authority ox Haller, has been completely disproved by more recent and careful researches. " So wonderful a correspon- dence," says Dr. Cabell, Prof. Comp., Anat., and Physiology, &c., in the University of Virginia, "through so extensive a range of physiological susceptibilities and powers, covering, as It does, the whole physical nature of man, proves, conclusively, the specific unity of his varied types, while a comparison of even the lowest types of man with the highest anthropoid apes establishes, beyond all question, a marked diflference of specific nature." Professor J. MuUer, of Berlin, the fii-st, perhaps, of living physiologists, has said :— "From a physiological point of view, we may speak of varieties of men, no longer of mces — ■ Man 18 a species, created once, and divided into none of its va- rieties oy specific distinctions. In fact, the common origin of the JN egro and the Greek, admits not of rational doubt." f We observe — ' 3. TJat the external structure of the human frame bespeaks the specific unity of all the varieties of mankind. " In the struc- ture of his body, and in the physical organization which distin- guishes him from every other species of animals, man is the * Human Physiology, page 570. t Quoted by Cabell on Unity of Mankind, page 138. L K C T U K E . 10 degrees of re. In the icb into the before the 'y, beseech- the savago lit, and for Viploring it lid emerge, ;e is more ankind 1, which is aces, when ^erage age. le. In all e the same females in eceived on id by more correspon- hysiology, xtensive a (vering, as iclusively, parison of )poid apes of specific evhaps, of al point of i races. — J of its va- i origin of b.''t We ! bespeaks the struc- ich distin- lan is the same being in Labrador and South Wales, on the Caucasian mountains, and on the burning sands of Africa." No difference has yet been discovered in the number of the teeth and bones, in the number and arrangement of the muscles, and of the or- gans of digestion, circuit ion, secretion, and respiration. Van Amringe, in his zeal to disprove the organic unity of mankind, enumerates twenty points of difference between the skeleton of the Negro and that of the white races,- -but he has not shown that a single bone is to be found in the one which is abser*" from the other ; and in those slight variations of form and .. .3 r"' '' '^' "^^^^-wes^t as the southern extremity of fbl .!. r "^ ^'^"^^- ^ few tribes in f> ! P-tend that W^pttArSrlr''''^^: '"^ Eaet'^^not the earth was re-pTopkd po^S "tHr'' ■""-*-": b/wTom confirms what ScrintMa nn^ ol- ** ^""^e conclasion and parentage of our race ^ '*"""'- '^o'^ ^ >'> lie common m t hS'M, """ '^'P^^ °f ■n»kinX whfch L t If'^'"' ''^'"^ m t ng the organic nnitv of all the vnri„f ? ""^ *V of ad- '" '^"«S"I t^>^-t these varieties are so t'L """■ '^''- "I' are so hroad, so permanent, L K C T U R E . 21 and so ancient, that we are forced to tlie conclusion tliaf: tho Uifterent races had ditrt-rent origins." Here then are three objections to the Unity of mankind which demand attention. 10 the first, we reply — (1.) That tiie distmctions between the different races are not BO broad and marked as has been pretended. In fact, tho various types of mankind " are connected witli each other by mtermediate gradations so close as to render it imnossible to establish a definite boundary line between the collectioLs of individuals which are assembled around them." At one period it was maintained by emineat anatomists, that m the skin of the negro there is a separate layer called the mucmis memhrane, on which the dark coloring niatter, wliich gives to the skin of that race its sable hue, is spread like a coat ot plaster and which is entirely awanting in the white races. Ihis, 111 the eyes pi competent judges, would have formed such an important variation as almost to mark the negro as a distinct species. Doubt was thrown on tliis opinion by the well known tact that white persons have, from undiscovered causes, become black either temporarily or permanently, and that black per- sons have, m like manner, turned white. Such changes could scarcely occur if they implied the disappeara:ice or formation ot a layer of skin over the entire body. The microscope, how- ever has now done for this theory what Lord Ross's telescope did tor the nebular hypothesis of astronomers— annihilated it. It nas shown that the rete mucosum of anatomists is no separate Jayer at axl, but a part of the outer skin, or epidermis; that It consists ol a system of cells, and that it is found equally in the white and dark races. In the latter, however, there is a de- posit of colourmg matter in the cells. This great organic dif- ference in the races, therefore, has vanished iSto thin air. At- tempts have frequently been made to establish the specific di- versitv of the Negro race, bj a reference to the peculiarities of their hair. It has been affirmed that it is not true hair at all but wool,-that it is flat, while the hair of the white races is oval and that of some of the Indian tribes cylindrical or round. But the careful mvestigatians of the most reliable practical mi- croscopists, such as Drs. Carpenter and Goadby, have clearly demonstrated that the covering of the negro's head is true hair, and not wool ; they have also sliown that the form of « the shaft ot the hair vanes not only in different individuals of the same 22 I. E T U U E . race, but also in different hairs of the same individual, beincr sometimes cylindrical, sometimes oval, and sometimes (though more rarely) eccentrically elliptical, or nearly flat."— Cabelh p. loo. ' When we examine the colour of the races, which is the most obvious, though not the most important point of difference, we discover almost every conceivable variety of hue. There is no- wJiere any wide chasm to step across, such as we might fix upon as the boundary line of a new race. One shade melts almost imperceptibly into another, the more sable specimens of the fair races equalling the lighter samples of the more inky tribes. lu Atrica,there are endless shades of colour; in the N"orth,the inha- bitants are embi owned ; in Central and Western Africa thev are generally a jetty black. The Hottentots in the South ai4 ot a much lighter complexion. The Bushman is a yellowish red. In the Ji.ast there are also various shades of colour, some of them conioined vith high organization almost as white as the natives ot J^iirope. In fact, the pure negro is an exception even in Af- rica. In Asia, the same wide sweep of varieties is observable.— ^rom the pure Caucasian to the black fisherman of India,— Irom the swarthy Mongols to the jetty negroes of the Papuan group, every intermediate shade may be found. In iVmerica, while the ground work may be regarded as ot a coppery hue, there are not wanting tribes white, greenish- black, and chocolate coloured. _ In Europe, as might be expected from the extent of the territory, there is not the same amount of variation in colour. It 18, however, worthy of observation, that the difference between the feouth of Europe and the North of Africa is not greater than between the South of England and the South of France. In like manner, the study of the shape and capacity of the skiill, and of the structure of the human fran e, reveals no broad definite lines of demarcation where we can say, Here one race ends and another begins. Dr. Morton, of Philadelphia, who spent much time in examining the crania of the various races, found that the oAterage capacity of the skull of ihe white races was greatest, and that of the Hottentot and Australian the small- est ; yet the largest Negro skull was very much larger than the smallest European, and even possessed two cubic inches more capacity than the largest Anglo-American."— (See Cabeil, page I LECTURE. 23 131.) And it must also be remarked that tliose races which Beem most widely separated by structural peculiarities, are so connected by intermediate links, that we pass imperceptibly from the one to the other. So true is this, that scarcely two leading Ethnologists can be found wlio are agreed either as to the number of tlie great types of mankind, or as to the extent of territory which is occupied by each. Jacquinot says there aro three races. Bouy de St. Vincent says there are fifteen species. Morton considers that there are 22 families. Pickering says there is no choice between one and eleven races. And Luke IBurke last, but not least, maintains that there are 63 distinct varieties! he might just as well have added a cipher, and written 630 ; his data would have equally sustained him. For there are certainly no two men on the face of the earth exactly alike. Do we need anything more than these figures to tell how impalpable are the gradations by which we pass from one variety to another, and to demonstrate the worthlessness of the argument which is drawn from these varieties for the original diversity of the existing types of mankind ? In reply to this objection we observe — ■ (2.) That the varieties which appear among mankind are not greater than those which are known to have sprung up within the limits of a single species of the lower animals. It is difficult to make the observations which are necessary to estab- lish this fact. From the length of time required to efiect such changes, and Mie slowness of their progress, those who observe their commencement are not likely to see their termination; and those who witness their completion, not having seen their inception, have no idea of their extent. In this way, doubtless, many variations may spring up unnoticed. Happily for science, one experiment, on 'a sufficiently extended scale, has been made. When the Spaniards and Portuguese came to America, they found none of the domestic animals which were used in Europe. These were accordingly imported. After a time, many of them strayed into the forests, and have ^here continued multiplying^ for ages. The result has been the disappearance of all trace of domesticity, and the generation of new and peculiar character- istics, in accordance with their changed circumstances. The descendants of the hogs introduced by the Spaniards bear a marked rcseml)lance to the wild boar of the old world. . The hog of the high mountains of tlie Paramos closely resembles 24 the wild boar of Fj-; I^EOTUKE. 18 often crisp, mid occasionnllx.i.Jr*,*^^^^'^f"^? which He has also^kanVcUrfoS^ "^l """"tf''' ^^ ^««1- for a uniform bJacI, e..eept in some of fbp ^'""""^ W^^rance he is red. His snout h.4^ becomreloni/f ""'i'T-^^^' ^^^^^ vaulted, so that in the shape Shfs sklhe diff ^'' ^"''^^"^• Cubagna has a — ^rSraiion^oH^^^^^^^^^^ ;>i7hKn';:?^Sutr^^^^^ rr^^ ^^ ^^^ Ox caHed fur. In another nuartei tS Zn ''%'' ""f^ ''""'^ ^"d fine tirelj naked. In cXmb'in w^ ''"".^^ ^^""^^ ^^^^ '^^ skin en- &e.,1the milking of cows ™tw^^^^ '^^ '''' ^^ «- ^-"ns ring the periocf of eu^li^tt on f^^^T;,^^I\^iik ^^^-^ ^u- there has sprung up a vSv of .]hi 'nW^^ ^'^ ^^^^a which has now tlmosfc di Dkop/ T ^ ""S^^'^ ^^^ ^^'^^a breed, territory. DarvWr^^fn h ?" Votr'^; ^"'^^' ^^"^^^^ ^« ^ ^^^ them, "TheyappeaVextmiallv^ofolrl "^ ^^^IJ^^l^'^V says of to other cattle which bidldoTsrd Zi^^^^K^y ^^e same relation is very short and broad w'fh th^ r.«.. '^'^?^' ' ^^^'' ^^^^^^^^ upper lip drawn bac^Ciiowovt end turned up, and the walkingfthey cariy their leirKl,' i''^^ ^^^" hinder legs are rather lon^P.; ^i^^^""^ "^^^^^ ^^^^ their than usual. tL i bare teef iTV^rT"^ r'^' ^^'^ ^''^^^ legs, nostrils, give them tife mo?t £^^^^^ ."Ptnmfd ance imaginable." ' ^elf-confident air of defi- Dr. Bachman also mentionR til cf «fi.^ ,.L^ • ^ m western Louisiana have w,thnnr!i ^ ''f^^^ '" Opelousas last thirty years, Pi^duced a vWt^7- '^ '^''^^' ^^^^^^ ^1^^ peculiar form and Lormous horn^ if/ ?/ ""^^^f"'^ '^^^' ^^^1^ ^ Ve are also informecrthat th^ ^a ri tv'l^'r"^' of Abyssinia.- piishmenL^f hr^^;^^:i-:S.;:;f ^^^ ^!" ^""^^^^^ -— ^leloctable concerts o/^cl^^wlu;!" ^^t^^^^^^^^ LECTURE. 25 hideous, and call down from irritable listeners curses, if not something heavier, on the whole feline race." The wild horse puts on a long shaggy fur, of a uniform chestnut color. The sheep of the central Cordilleras, when left unshorn, throws its wool off in tufts, and underneath these appears a coat of short, sMning hair, and the wool never returns. The goat has lost her large teats, and produces from two to three kids annually. Changes equally marked have been effected among the domestic fowl. A variety has been originated, called " rumpless fowls," which want from one to six of the caudal vertabite. Did time permit, we might easily cite equally couvincitig instances from tlio old world, of varieties having sprung up among the lower animals, — varieties in physical conformation, in color, and in mental or instinctive habits, as great as any which are found among the races of Man. In farther reply to the objection d^awn from the marked nature of the varieties which appear among mankind, we observe (3.) That there is evidence of the existence of certain forces which, either by acting for a lengthened period, or by, what is perhaps more probable, acting with greater power in the earlier history of our race than at present, may have produced all the varieties which are observed in the human family. Ther3 is known to be a race of black Jews in India, who retam, at least, to a considerable extent, their Jewish features. Many of their brethren in America, and elsewhere, probably from pride of color, maintain that their black co-religionists sere converted Hindoos. But, in support of this opinion, they adduce no proof. " r ihop Heber declares that three centuries' residence in India, has made the Portuguese nearly as black as the Caffres." A tribe of Berbers, long isolated in the oasis of Wadreag in the great African Desert, have lost their light complexion, and Caucasian features, and have assumed the color, fieatures, and hair of the Negro races. That this change was not effected by intermixture with other tribes, their history proves ; and indeed their pride of blood is a sufficient guarantee. Dr. Carpenter states, as the result of the researches of Prichard, J.athafn, and others, that "the Magyar race, m 26 LECTURE. m' II! Hungary, which is not now inferior in mental or physical characters to any in Europe, is proved by historical and philo • logical evidence to have been a branch of the great Northern Asiatic stock, which was expelled about ten centuries since from the country it then inhabited, (bordering on the Uralian Mountains,) and in its turn expelled Sclavonian nations from the fertile parts of Hungary, which it has occupied ever since. — Having thus changed their abode, in the most rigorous climate of the old continent, — a wilderness, in which the Ostiaks and Samoiedes pursue the chase only during the mildest season — for one in the South of Europe, amid fertile plains abounding with rich harvests, the Magyars gradually laid aside the rude and savage habits which they are recorded to have brought with them, and adopted a more settled mode of life. In the course of a thousand years, their type of cranial conformation has been changed from the pyramidal (or Mongol) to the ellip- tical (or Caucasian) ; and they have become a handsome people, with fine stature, and regular European features, with just enough of the Tartar cast of countenance, in some instances, to recall their origin to mind." The same change appears in the Tnrks. in Europe, who are also of Mongol extraction. J. may, however, refer to illustrations which are more within the range of our own observation. It is well known that there are, in the British Isles, three branches of the old Celtic stock : the native Irish, the Highland Scotch, and the Welch. They all speak closely allied dialects of the same language; and history carries us back to a time when they were all one people, and when a Scot meant an Irishman. It is this ancient union of these races in one, which makes it a subject of dispute whether the celebrated Schoolman, Johannis Scotus Eregina, belongs to Ireland or to Ayrshire, and whether St. Patrick was born on the banks of the Clyde or in the Emerald Isle, and whether he was a Presbyterian Pastor of the Culdee type, or a Komish Bishop. But, although these three nations were originally one, what man of ordinary obser- vation can fail to distinguish them now ? They differ in looks, they differ in language, they differ in natural disposition and temper, and even in the sound of their voi'^e. No one would confound an aboriginal Connaughtraan with a Highlander, or either of them with a Welchman. If, therefore, such marked and decided varieties have sprung up among the branches of LECTURE. 27 ■ physical md philo • Northern fies since 3 Uralian 3 Irom the • since. — 18 climate tiaks and season — bounding the rude 3 brought . In the formation the ellip- le people, with just ;ance8, to irs in the ►re within leg, three Eighland I dialects to a time aeant an le, which hoolman, A.yrshire, Clyde or m !rastor gh these ry obser- in looks, ^tion and le would ander, or marked inches of the British Celtic stock, whe-i living within a few hundred miles of each other, and almost in the same climate, how much more wide and indelible might these diversities have been, had one sept been planted in Central Africa, another in Ame- rica, and a third on the shores of the Caspian ? But to come still nearer home: it is said by competent iudges, that a marked difference is already observable between theTrench Canadians and the parent stock m France. In the United States, also, a marked variety has already sprung up. The peculiarities of this variety are so well known, that the painter at once lays hold of them, and the original is, without difficulty, recognized. No painter unless he wished to be laughed at, would draw a John Bull and a New Englander with the same features. . , .. i • i It appears to us that the facts and considerations which have been adduced, are sufficient to destroy the force of the obiection to the Unity of mankind, drawn from the marked character of the varieties in the human lamily, a- d to throw all the probability on the other side of the scale. 2 The second objection drawn from the permanence ot the varieties of the human race, as proved by history and ancient monuments, we must say, appears to us very tutile. iiie per- manence claimed is only what we would expect from the work- ing of nature among the lower animals. These, we have already seln, exhibit varieties which are always permanent as long as the animals in question are subject to the influences which produced them ; and often long after they have been removed to other localities these peculiarities remain, or only very slowly give place to other variations. It is easier to do anything than to undo it. " You may make dough into bread, but you can- not convert bread into dough." Nature is not wont to move backwards. It would, therefore, be by no means surprising, that varieties once formed should become permanent. That races do not readily move backwards, and assume their original types, by no means proves that they may not move onvvard and assume new variations. The monuments ot Egypt are constantly cited by writers of the Nott and Gliddon stamp as proving the permanence of varieties, dating back well . nigh to the Deluge. It is freely acknowledged that tLey clearly indicate that many of the typos of Mankind which are iound in the present day were then in existence. But they do not I 28 LECTURE. prove, and in the nature of things they cannot, that the descendants of those pereous who figure on these ancient monu- ments, removed to other localities, exhibit the same appearance at the present day. There has been no genealogical table kept to show wht are their posterity. For aught that our friends, Messrs. Nott and Gliddon, can show to the contrary, they may themselves be lineal descendants of some of the Negroes who flourish on these ancient monuments to which they pay such filial attention. These monuments, supposing them to be reliable, prove the early existence of many of the present varieties of man. But they cast as little light on the origin of these varieties, as they do on the present appearance of the descendants of the Caucasians, Berbers, or iNegroes whom they exhibit. These varieties may each have originated in a separate creation. They may have sprung up by virtue of some general law. Or they may have oi-iginated with some great miracle, similar to, or identical with that by which, it is commonly supposed, lan- guage was confounded at Babel, and the testimony of these monuments would remain unchanged. It is not a little remarkable, however, that writers who are so ready, as some to whom we have referred, to charge the Bible with gross errors, should place such implicit confidence in these monuments, which have only been deciphered within these few years, and which are yet so imperfectly understood, that learned men are disagreed, to the extent of more than a thousand years, as to the date at which they commence. It is also worthy of remark, that the earliest delineation of the Negro countenance, on these monuments, is, according to Mr, Gliddon, himself, more than 1,200 years after Menes, with whose reign they commence. ^ 3. The tJdi'd objection drawn from the antiquity of the varieties of the human race, is, if possible, less worthy of atten- tion than that which preceded it. Profane history does not trace these varieties back to their origin, and therefore it cannot cast any light on the question. The argument which certain writers urge against the unity of the hun^an race, from the antiquity of present varieties, is substantially this : As far back as we can trace the history of mankind, we observe the same varieties as exist in the present day. History, they tell us, contains no evidence of the origin- LECTURE. 29 atiou of new types, or of a race losing its distinguishing charac- teristics and assuming a new type ; therefore, present varieties must have originated in separate creations. These premises might be granted, which they are not, but we do not see how the conclusion jBows from them. The argument ia onlv a slight modification of that by which Hume proposed to disprove the creation of the world, viz., that we have no experience of world- building, while we have experience of false testimony among men. These gentlemen include the experience of former genera- tions, 3 far as recorded by written and monumental history; and because that doeb not prove that the present varieties sprang from one stock, they reject the testimony of the Word of God, and we may add, also, the indications of science. With similar logic, the King of Siam eteadlastly refused to believe in the existence of ice ; inasmuch as it was contrary to his experience, and all the experience of mankind, as ascertained by him from history and tradition, that water should become so solid thftt a man could walk upon it. The most perfect parallel, however, is the argument by which a native of the Emerald Isle, charged with stealing a shovel, proposed to demonstrate his innocence. When one witness had sworn that he saw Pat steal the shovel : " May it plaze yer honor," replied the Hibernian, " I can bring forty- men to swear that they did not see me steal it." In the case before us, one witness, Faithful and True, declares that he saw, and made all men spring firona one pair. What of that ? reply Messrs. Nott and Gliddon, we can produce forty %yptian monuments which do not say so. From the cursorv view which we have been able to present of the subject of our Lecture, we trust enough has been advai^- ced tp show that the doctrine of the organic Unity of Mankind, preached by Paul to the literati of Athens, is in little danger of being overturned by the assaults of those writers whose chief aim seems to be to diaholize spience, by bringing it into conflict with the Word of God, We have seen that, by every test of species which can be drawn from the externa, structure of the human frame, from the physiology of our system, from the intellectual and spiritual nature of man, and from the free and permanent intermixture of the races, science requires us to admit the specific unity of all the varieties of the human family. We have also seen that 30 L K r U R E . I the common parentage of our race is, according to the moat reliable scientific authorities, implied in the specific Unity of its varieties. We have had assurance that the common parent- age of our race is established by the researches of irxodern Comparative Philologists, who have proved that all languages are branches of a common stock. We have been led to tne same conclusion by the universal tradition, which points to Central Asia as the birthplace of man, and speaks of a Deluge as wide-spread &a the human family. We have, moreover, seen that the distinctions between the races are not so broad and marked as has been pretended, but that we pass insensibly from one gradation to another, so that Ethnologists find it impossible to agree among themselves as to the number of distinct types. We have seen that as wide diversities as appear among men can be proved to have sprung up within the limits of a single species of the lower animals. Tliat permanent varieties of the human race have originated within the historic period, has also been proved. The futility of the objections drawn from the permanence and antiquity of the varieties of mankind, has also been made apparent. Are we not now entitled to claim it as the verdict at once, of Science and of Eevelation, " That God hath made, of one blood, all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth ?" We confess that it is with no feeling of indifierence that we have reached this conclusion. He has not the heart of a true man who is not glad to see science divorced from, what Hum- boldt well calls, " the cheerless doctrine of superior and inferior races." He is not a true well-wisher of his race who does not rejoice to see that tyranny and human chattelism find as little countenance from Science as from the Word of God. But to the Christian, the doctrine of the Unity of Mankind, linked as it ib with all his profoundest views of sin and redemption, has a peculiar powe^^ and beauty. His most inoportant duties and his brightest hopes are associated with it. When he looks out on the world and all its families, and marks the universal reign of sin and death, which gives hi u such appalling evidence of the Unity of Mankind, he sees his work and his duty. This brotherhood he must seek to rescue from sin and death. To his dying kindred he must carry those glad tidings of great joy whicii are for all people. To them he must proclaim their com Div prej cent rian labc the ball Lor he E that Bav( COU] Joh loa and and han Qoc LECTURE. 31 common interest in the second Adam, the Lord from heaven. Divided, as they are, by language, custom, pride, malice, and prejudice, he must seek to gather them around the second great centre of Unity, where there is neither Jew nor Greek, Barba- rian, Scythian, bond nor free, but all are one in Christ Jesus. This tnith assures him, also, that it is not in vain that he labors for the conversion oi the world to Christ, and longs for the time when "every kindi*ed, every tribe on this terrestrial ball, shall bring forth the royal diadem and crown him Lord of all." And when he looks forward to that better v^orld, where he shall rest from his labors, his eye beams with joyous hope that he shall meet the whole brotherhood of ransomed sinners, saved by grace, out of all nations. And never does that bright country seem more lovely than when he sees it by faith, as John saw it, in rapturous vision : " And after this 1 beheld, and lo a great multitude, which no man could number, of all nations^ B.na%i7idredsy SLudpeople, and tongves, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed in white robes, and palms in their hands ; and cried with a loud voice, saying, Salvation to our God which sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb." It ti u n II