IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /, h < ^ ■i< C/j iri: ^4 <^ /: m S' ^ 1.0 128 11.25 ,50 "^ ^ 1^ - 6' PhotogiBpriic Sciences Corporation 2.5 1.8 i^ 11 1.6 23 WRST MAIN STREET VWEDSTER, \'.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 ^:--^:, .-^"^1% WJ>., i/.A CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Sibiiographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couieur □ Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagie □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^e et/ou pelliculde □ Cover title missing/ Le titre de couvertur I I Coloured maps/ couverture manque naps/ Cartes g^ographiquas en couieur I I Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or bhck)/ I — I Encre de couieur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couieur □ Bound with other material/ ReliA avac d'autres dar.umm. a n n avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serree peut causer da I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge interieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout«es lors d une restauration apparatssent dans le texte mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont' pas 6t6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires; L Iristitut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu .1 lui a eti possible de se procurer Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-^tre uniques di pomt de vue bibliographique. qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exignr une modification dans la m6thode normale de Hlmao-' sont indiquis ci-dessous. r~l Coloured pages/ r~/] Pages damaged/ Pages de couieur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur^es et/ou pelliculees L. "1 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ D Pages ddcolorees, tachet^es ou piquees Pages detached/ Pages detachees II Showthrough/ Transparence □ Quality of print varies/ Quality indgale de I'impression □ Includes supplementary material/ Comorend du material e,.....!^— Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible □ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., cnt iU film6es d nouveau de facon a obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film<^ au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous ^°^ 1« 18X 22X 12X 16X Z6X 20X 30X 24X 28X ~I 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibrlity of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies In printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —^>( meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grflce A la g6n6rosit6 de: La bibliothdque des Archives publiques du Canada Les images suivantes ont 6X6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la ccuverture en papier est imprimde sont film«s en commen9ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film^s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Stre film6s 6 des taux de rdduciion diffdrents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul clich6. il est film6 d partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'irnages n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 6 THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC AND EUROPEAN EMIGRATION Published by order of the Government of Quebec. II L QUEBEC PRINTED AT THE OFFKE OF V^V^i^EMENT f^ ^3 )> THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC Ain> EMIGRATION. INTRODUCTION. Tw thfp^ '""^™"? ^"'^ ^"^''''' information them ,1; P^.-'T-nee of Quebec, >u,d to exhibit to theTettler"'' "dvantages that it holds out to Contiguous to the Great Republic, which absorbs the greater part of the attention that Europe be- .tows on th,s continent, we .eel it is necessary that our Province should raise her roice, and by de- SSheti^^r"''-*'"--"^''-*^-- Our various resources, the solidity of our poli- tical institutions, the rare perfectio/of our law loLr P'^'y'-e-^d «'<' peace, unity and good fel- lowship which reign between aJl daises, afepoints ': 'i li -^- — 2 — on which we di'em it propor that li^ht should be Bhed. To deal Ht^paratoly and to its lull extent with each ot the above details, would require more space than comports with the nature of this pamphlet. We shall, however, succinctly treat the matters referred to; and not to fatin-ue the read«n- with theoretical notions, shall reoi,rd whatever enti'rs into the compass of these pa-c.s from a purely practical point ol vh'w. it will b,^ readily inferred it is not as a litei-ary work this pamphlet is offered to the public; it is on the score of its exactitude and lor the useful information which it contains that we hope to interest and to convince the class ol readers to whom in preference it is addressed that IS to say, to those who comtemplate emij>iatin» to America. '^ It would be useless to pretend that it is with a teelino- alien to interest that we address the emi- grant We frankly admit that we appreciate at Its lull value the benelit that must accrue to the Province by attractinir hither a o-ood class of settlers. The best proofs we can ofter of the value placed by us on emigration are to be found in the measures adopted for the protection of those who come iimon£2-st us, and in the facilities alibrded to all who desire to settle in the Trovince. These facilities and advantaoes we shall develope fur- ther on. The emiorant who settles in this Province will find m the cultivation of the soil, and in the pur- suit oi the different branches of industry which invite activity, that ease imd comfort which are here the common lot of the industrious and thrifty The sacrilices which the Province is actually making to open up means of communication — 3 — wherever colonization promises to succeed, cou- pled with the building of the Intercoloniaf k2 way, offer very favorahh. advantages to those who may happen to land upon our shores without means but in quest of labor. There is ample work for willing hands, and the laborer is here well paid, because his labor is in i^ood demand. Upon his landing, therefore, the emigrant is certain to obtain lucrative employment, and should he be thrifty, withm a very short time may amass suffi- cient to warrant him in seeking out one or other of the great centres of colonization, wh<.rehe may win by his labor a domain in our forests. The ambition of every one here is to become a proprietor-a ci- lh^r:^ 1 w ^T. '^^"^^ ^" *^" ^'"^ «^'^" ^ho leave the Old World to seek a refuge in America. This country offers a great field for individual activity and the future is rich, .md promising to all who are energetic and saving. The ease which in Europe represents the united labors of generations of the one family, is verv often m this country achieved by the labor of one man. Ask some merchant who.-o wealth ai^tonishes you, how far back his commercial careei dates, and he will answer you that 15 or 20, or perhaps 30 years ago, he landed on the shores of Canada, per- fectly friendless, dependent for the item of dailv bread upon his daily work. His energy, and thrift afone, have made him what you see him When ever m the environs of any of our cities you see splendid farms decked with princely residences such as here and there also strike the eye in the remoter parts of the country: ask to whom do these belong? and you will be surprised to find m how^ many cases, their owners are men who but a short time ago, came here with absolutely nothino \M jB !] I in — 4 — to rocommond them hut wtout hearts and willing hands, llmi your eye over the social scale in Oar nada, and you will Hud in the proudest positions Europeans whom necessity but recently compelled to seek our shores, and to whom fortune has been prodigal olher ^^i^t8. •Meetin»- here with everything that can soothe and mitigate their condition and position, within a very short time those who seek a home amonost u.s make common cause with us : and long b«>lbiv fhey have ibrgotten that they are emigrants, we cease to regard them as new-comers. Although there remain in the Province of Que- bec vast tracts of uncleared land, it is not for that reason a wild country, us many foreigners are in- clined to bi^ieve. The European civilization, which two centuries ago was transplanted here through the agency of the French missionaries and settlers, developed rapidly, and spread as the population increased and education extended. And since transatlantic communication has become more frequent, it may be safely said that Europe ha* transmitted to us its habits and tastes, and even its very luxuries. The statistics which, later on will follow, will show that we have adhered in all we have said to what is strictly true. Following the general inibrination which we will now give of Canada and the Province of Quebec, we have deemed it right, as succinctly as possible,' to place before the intending emigrant a prac- tical idea of the rights he acquires, and the obli- gations he contracts in settling upon our Public Lands. Ls. Archambeault, Commissioner of Agntulturt- and Publio Works. Quebec, March 1st., 1870. !H CANADA ASD THE PBOVIKCE OF aUEBEO. Political OrKanlzatlon. The British North American. Provinces, confe- derated m 1867 under the name of the Dominion tLs7 ^^' i?'? " ™' """"''■y' 'y"'S between .ou h hy the Un.ted .States, to the north by the Un, ed Mates and the British possessions in the Nor h.west. This latter territory is about to ente Brit »r r r ^y'^^'^'^y' - i» »'-, it is believed, British Columbia, which will push back the boundaries of Canada westward to the Pacific With these sections of country united, there will but remain, at the outlet of the Gulf of St Uw «nce_Newfoundla„d and Prince Edward IsfZ which have not yet entered, but which are even while we are dictating this, ne,.oti,.vtin«- for r. mission into the Confederacy STT^oI.'™"'"^ y""^'' ^°™P"- » t-"-itory of census, in 1861, it was shown that the population numbered 3,090,561 souls; to-day the numbe o" the inhabitants^of the Dominion exceeds 4,000,000 Canada IS composed ol' four conlederated proi N w bTuu *■■ r ■ t ?" "''' N°™ S-tia and New Brunswick, which are known as the Mart- hme Provinces, in the centre the Province of Quebe. and to the west the Province of OnL: These Provmses. in all that refers to criminal m AHM -6- legiNlatioii, the caistomw, oomnioreial matterH, ques- tioiiN or jrcnoral iDtcrcst, and whatover remrards the loroicr,, relations of the Dominion, are jrovorn- ed by a repre8«'ntativ'e oi* ITarl,..me„t of C„„a.lu. the right to lormity in the civil iawK, and procedure ot the Provinc..- „| Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brnns wick. Alter the paadng of a law to that efteoT the power „f the l.-ed,.ral Parliament to legislate upon the subjects »,., forth in the said law, would be unlimited ; with this restriction, howev^er, thai an act providin^r lor this uniformity should have „o lorce m any province, until adopted by the LeiTislature of the pro, ince itself. This natur,U ciTil laws spruis Irom a common source, could m no way apply to the Province of Quebec : ndeed n virtue o their diHerent origin, our laws are free Iron, all l.'ederal intervention whatever With reifard to the acts passed bv the Federal Parhament Her Majesty has a vetoing, power with resard to those passed by the Loc^l Pallia: ment, the veto rests with the Fed,.ral Government J he na-ht of veto possessed by Her Majesty, i« the only coutrollii.sr power which the Metropolitan Government reserved for itsel' in n-rantin./ to us onr constitution; audit would appear that this right waj. reserved rather a« the symbol of su/e- ramety than as an instrument of power The Civil list is voted by ourselves, we legislate for ourselves, and in Criminal matters we may be ,,udifed only by twelve of our fellow-coun- toymen. Our revenue being principally derived from customs duties, taxation only reaches the citizen of Canada mdirectly; and only does so as a con- ' s> itit. r^i — 8 — sumer of imported articles or of the spirits and tobacco manufactured in the country, upon which there is an excise duty. Every one speaks the lai.guage which he prefers : French and English in the eye of the law are upon a footing of perfect equality. The laws of the 1^ ederal Parliament as well as those of the Quebec Legislature are pro- mulgated in the two languages, and both tongues may be spoken in the Courts of Juetice created by the Dominion. It may be seen by the above that Canada is all but Independent. The constitution which since two yoiirs has governed us, was dictated by our- selves in the first place, through our represen- tatives, who afterwards submitted it to the British Parliament, which sanctioned it without making m it any change whatever. Here as in Great Britain the will of the people, as expressed through Parliament, constitutes the supreme law. The link which binds us to the British Crown, far from being a burden upon us, is -e, warrant ol protection and securii^. As a return for our allegiance, England accords to us the support of her army and navy, and leaves her flag unfurled upon our battlements. The enormous sums of money which everywhere else are absorbed to mantain standing armies are here applied to the creation of a net-work of railways,— to make the River St. Lawrence the great commercial highway of North America, and the most direct channel be- tween the Western States and the markets of Eu- rope. Now that we have given to the reader a general idea of the political organization of Canada, we will call his attention particularly to the Province of Ouebec. II. THE PROVINCE OF OUEBEC. Historical Retrospect. t Jcolotv '' "^'^l'' ^^''^ ^^ '^' "»dle of Fre'eh' 2 bo' f T ''^^ "^^'« P^P^'^ *a! the to Ir^!** ^T '*'^'"'«'^«« <"• agriculture by the tu trade and everlastingly engaged in a war of ^1— on with the Indian tribe:, who disputed with the pioneers of Canada every inch of the oil, sor:ie time necessarily elapsed befo e a.^ic„Y t\7T"1 even the sembl^ce of impoXct The foundation of Montreal, in ]642 carried s^ty lepes into the interior a new g^onp of set prolt:' f"^'*" t ^'"" -O gene'ros^y of ht cesZl ;^^.„ ^' ^^"•^"nent, soon became sue Wul^ oompentors with the older settlers of «vstem IT^ '""* ^™'"'* <="'"'• "o^^t "I- »o regular system ol government, the affairs of the coW 2 is ,^''l"'' r:l ■'' ill OJ — 10 — III 1668 the creation ol' a C^ouncil of Adminis- tration by the JSovereio-n, called the Conseil iSu- perieur, gave to the colony a civil aovernment adapted to its necessities. This new organization and the establishment ol' regular tribunals, linked with the more marked protection of the Metropo- litan aovernment, aided greatly to the develop- ment of the country. From the beginning the land lit for cultivation that bordered on the St. Lawrence was divided into seigniories, each embracing many miles in superficies, which were granted to the settlers who, by their military services or birth, werJ deemed worthy thereof, upon the condition, how- ever, that within a given delay thev would cause to settle on the land granted to th(;m a certain number of inhabitants. Besides this, the seignior obliged himself to build a mill whereat his fee- tarmers {censitaires) might bring their grain to be ground. Failing to comply with these conditions, the rights of the defaulting seignior were annulled and the seigniory became united to the Royal Domain. The obligations imposed upon the sei- gniors contributed very materially, in the beo-in- ning, to the settlement of the land. * " The seigniors having for aim to preserve their grants, became so many colonization agents be- cause when settlers were wanting to their sei- gniories, of necessity they had to induce them to come from France. It was by this means that our seigniories were established. The regiments of the Inie at intervals disbanded in the colony, also con- tributed a considerable contingent as well of sei- gniors as of (ceusitaires) settlers. The term cemiiaire was then as now used to de- — 11 — signate the proprietor of a farm granted by the IZ^Tl'i ^^ '^5'"^' "^^^ ^^^^^^^ t« ^^^ke this giant of land without the payment of ready money but m consideration of the payment of a rent by the settler of a ha'penny and a quart of wheat per superficial acre. Upon every change ol pro- prietorship by sale, or act in the nature thereoi' the money of the farm sold. Moreover, the censHaire or farmer was bound to cause the grain consumed by himself and family to be ground at the seio-nior's mill, paying for such grinding a fourteenth part of the quantity brought to the mill. Far from being a hindrance to their remitaire^ the seigniors were their natural protectors and coun- sel ors, and for many, many years proved faithful to the noble part which they were created to play m our society. ^ ^ With the colonist, ihe seigniors were the hio-hest representatives of Civil authority, and during times of war it was they who led the settlers into the field Descended in the greater number of cases from the old I^rench nobility, they had no difficulty what- ever m. maintaining the ascendency ascribed to them m this colony. Their education, their breed- ing, their liberal minds and relative good fortune would in any case have entitled them to conside- ration from their subordinates, independently of their terntorial possessions, and must have placed them at the head of the civil and military affairs of the colony. Keeping up a constant correspondence with J^ ranee, these great families kept alive in the me- mories of the people the legends and traditions of the mother country, until education became suffi- 1 1 . is,, ijiii — 12 — . ciently extended to fix them peimaiiently as a portion of the history ol' the new world. ' What the seignior was in the civil order, the Koman Catholic priesthood were more effectively still m the moral and spiritual. As the colonists spread themselves and formed into groups along the borders of the St. Lawrence the necessities of religion begat the parochial orga- nization, which in a very short time eliminated the seigniorial circumscriptions. The towns of Quebec, Three Rivers and Mon- treal were in the first place erected into parishes. J^ollowmg this, every group as it became large enough, and counted a sufficiently extensive clear- ing, became detached from the surroundino- town • thus, little by little was formed, on either side of the fet. Lawrence, that double line of parishes which stretches without interruption from one ex- tremity of the Province to the other. Thanks to the fertility of our soil, willing hearts and simple habits, the colonists very soon enjoyed contentment and ease. In the course of time the modest wooden chapel gave way to the stone pile, surmounted by an elegant belfry : the church bi^ilt, the glebe fol- lowed closely, and the town hall. These the glebe house and the public hall, were places whereat the freeholders met together to debate upon all questions of public interest, and to select oftcers to superintend the public roads. Such was the state of the colony, when the war ot 1760 put an end to French domination in this country. Impoverished by this struggle, which dated back about live years, and by a drought of two consecutive years, the colonv lost some of her mo«t remarkable men, many of whom preferred ■ i - 13 - returning to France rather than submit to English nelbv th?T "r'.'r^ ^""^'"i '» England in ^•+u xu i^rench Canadians. ConfoimahlAr tTal ^L ''•*"; 1 "' "^P""'«'»" ratili d bythi maintained in their inte^rTty ^ """^ '"'"^"^ not witut Sin^; i: r ••^"""""*" -- cion ; things whieh^o"^t L~lTth"' ^"^P'- of the colony. retarded the progress mode ™;.t;i"enrtd':h I"- --'"""o-l into t.o^,roriZTCVuu'":Tf '"^'^l peace and prosperity to the co om Thr ""■ tion of French onVi,, v. 1?^ ' "® Popula- Titality, d^bled hi r"'^' "•^"'''^ '" '** ^reat sion became tie abi e 'oV";:'*"*"^'' ^/ *^ -J'-- F-^---^rt6r^^^ dence, predominated in Tlnne, ,^»?^ "'''P'"- Province of Ontario Th ^ "^^^ ""^ *'^'' valries of rac^whi^h n^ltT"".' /'"°'" *" "' progress, the twCovincl Ir.r "Tf ""^'^ each derelonino- «n^ ! /• ^ "P ^"^^ ^y ^'de, proper or TecuiL^r'itseT'''"^" '""^ '"^«*"«"- The arrangement of 1791 uifK^„ u 11. , mar.y respect, left muchl'bf dS'tt'e' •^iiuurutne mmistrvin both ih^ id " •"' ■-- ^"^e Wondtheco„troloLheir.ltpt;^:i~- 'I ilfffl f'i — 14 — Very olteii the arbitrary measures oi' these irres- ponsible t'lmctioiiaries provoked great conliicts between the executive and the representatives of the people. In Lower '.'anada especially, these po- litical grievances, joijied to the natural susceptibi- lities ol* the people, not unfrequently chafed, as- sumed, about the year 1834, the character of an agitation. Little by little the parliamentary strug- gle found its way into the ranks of the people, and caused the insurrection of 1837. Victorious at Krst, the insurgent's, however, without arms and with- out organizatioji, were very shortly after the first flush of victory completely routed ; the constitu- tion was at the same time suspended, and martial lav^r proclaimed. In Upper Canada the agitation, at first purely constitutional in its origin, became so envenomed at last, that its suppression required also the coercive power of martial law. Upon a close investigation into the causes of the insurrection, and with the view of removing them, the British Parliament passed an Act establishing a Legislative Union between Upper and Lower Canada. The Union Act was proclaimed law in 1841 , alter having been sanctioned in Upper Canada by its Legislature, and in Lower Canada by the Special Council, which during the suspension of the constitution had exercised legislative func- tions. The new (constitution, while it established a Legislative Union between Upper and Lower Canada, and decreed equality in representation between them, did in no way disturb the geogra- phical limits ol" the respective provinces. When it came into force, the population of Upper Canada was at least a third less than that of Lower Canada; but owing to the fact of the location of English' — 15 — speaking settlers in the two Provinces, the Brit- sh people h«l acquired a preponderating voice m the new Leo,slature. This caused the Lower Canadians to look upon the Act of Union with repugnance; ),„t seeing then.selves in the mino- rity, and unable to modiiy the order ol' thin-s mposed upon them, they resolved to accommodate hemseives ^to their new position, and to m^e the most out ol ,t. The ibrtunate alliances formed between he leaders of Lower Canada and the re- formers ol Lpper Canada, soon placed them in a position to regain their legitimate iniluence, which for the moment, they had looked upon as menaced most'hb "f ''"T' *° "*"'^ ""' P'^^t'-'ly "' 'In- most liberal application the principles of selfro-ov eminent. " The political equilibriuni once established be- tween the Provinces ; the concentration of their anHh!^^ ^?T^^ eommino.lino.of the various aptitudes and tendencies, ol' mind of their respec- tive populations, placed Canada within a short .1 "' ^ 1^^'^*^^" *« ^^^^^ .salely and rapidly on the pathway ol' progress. ^ It was then that primary education was iixed upon the broad bases it has preserved up to this day and periected. A few years later, and our municipal system was established, which has proved an elementary school wherein the people have learned, in a restricted sense, the rudhnent! ot the parliamentary system by which their des- toes are controlled. Through the means of a wclx devised scheme of canals, the navigation of the fet^ Lawrence was facilitated up to the great lakes which constitute its well-head ; and thus has been opened out to the products of the West, that ... iurai highway over which they have since floated iJ. Ill iTi I — 16 — and which must one day bp the great channel of communication between the Great West and the markets of Europe. While these important operations were going on, on the St Lawrence and its tributaries, a^'net- work of railways and telegraph lines uniting with one another, the great commercial and agricultural centres of the two provinces, was being perfec- ted. The building of these railways made through our forests such openings also, as were soon filled up by hardy settlers. The accomplishment of these great enterprises gave to our commerce, industry and agriculture an impetus which was well seconded by the aboli- tion of the feudal land system. Ideas and habits had undergone great changes since the introduc- tion of the seignioral system into the colony. The fluctuations of commerce, and the general activity oi trade, made the mutations of property much more frequent. And far from bein- as heretofore a protection to the renxitalre, the rights and privileges ol the seignior in later times became an obstacle to him and a restraint upon his every day transac- tions, and a means oi" preventing the expenditure oi capital upon agricultural ameliorations. So out oi proportion with the times and its requirements was the seigniorial system, that necessity de- manded its abolition. This secular institution, which 111 other countries was only overthrown alter sanguinary struggles, was here thrust aside peaceably m the name of public interests. In 1854 all the casual rights of the seigniors, such as Ms et ventm, banalite, retrait, &c., were abolish- ed by the Canadian Parliament, and more than three millions of dollars was voted to indem- nify the seigniors for the suppression of their pri- — 17 ^acts to t tttV;:'!;''' ?r"'^ ^"^"-'^ -•>-" there rema ns P^ '""^""^ ™'^''-'^' "> 'hem, thp «n^ , . ^ ^" considerat Oil of which adrantao-» nc ' "/""^ *"d above the immediate "v« that in olJectu!] ,n f *?.l*' ^'^'P^ t°-day to create eachofthesfdttrcl' 'n ^^''^'^ ^hich, in forms its prLi i^ ' '"°"'''' '^ magistrates and and as ZT'^^^Jl^'TJ ""^ P'''^''"-' --• lity. P' " """» '^ proper individua- As a complement to this new order of tl,;„ tol owed the codiiication of the dvi L n ^' cia laws of Lowe,- p J f " commer- drated witv. "•''•-"' '» a« far as these qua- drated with our usages and the conditionsof 3 'f — 18 — our 8ooi«My. This cod.' ol laws ijscall.Ml the " (!ivil Co(l(» or Lower (\mmlu and tin. (lodo of (^ivil Procoduro ; " if wais proinuloa^.d in th«' llliiuliwh and Kreiich ian«>imo(«N, nnd is the work of nIx ol" our most (.miii('iiljiiri.sc()iisiilj,s, during- u poriod couii)ii,siim al»()ul leu ytnt existini-- at the period ol* the Union nmonost the Low<>r (\inadians, because of the equjility in representation accorded to Upper Canadn, notwithstandinii- its numerical inleriority. littl(> by little diNai>peared, as the equilibrium , -- tween the populivtions ol" the two Provinces estab- lished itsel I". Owiniito the larue emigration from the British Isles which Hocked to Upper Cauiida. its population at the last census, in IStil. exceeded that ol' Lower Canada by lu'arly three huiulred thousand souls. This invi'rted the previous position of the two Provinces, and Upper Canada, because of her excess of people, never ceased to clamor for a representation in proportion to the surplus ol her population. Low^er Canada, which at the time ol'the Union had to complain ol' a far more vexino- dis- proportion, offered to the pretentions of Upper Canada on this head a most unswerving opposition. The state of political parties became gradually unhinged over this absorbing and vexing ques- tion of representation : arid for a time one party sue- — 19 — satiMarlory Holuiion lor it. ^^ *" w h th,, vi.w ol laying, ,h.. |„„,.„ „nh,. ,.n.i,...t, d »«"'■ «"....< or th,. minist,.™ of the ■„, l„, NorthA,n..„,.,, .ou.ul lh,.C„„v,.,ti„„ at Ch , .t" tow., u ,„.o,,,.,. o,.,„i„„ to ,a„,„.h ,„,,h th,.ir „,.h . e to a*Hi„t dt that Coiirention. «„,„„ tim,^ later dpl« sates Irom all tho British Provinces in, t n„ , and ..opted the project olcS.™ 'w;th Nnch in a lew words is the history <,|- the vi.issi tudes and proo.re«« of the I-rovinee o IQ : " mee ,tsbon.,nn,n,. as a colony of h'rance.l w to th«' presf^nt day. luvvji lo III. POPULATION. At the la«l census, in 1861, the popuhuion of the irovmce ol Quebec amounted to 1,110,664 souls- of these 847,JJ82 wereoi" French orijri„, 13,179 were! natives of Enn^land. 56.357 were natives of Ireland, ld,204 were natives of Scotland and 167,578 were natives ol Canada; the greater number of the latter were the descendants of settlers Irom the British Isles, the remainder of the population consisted of natives ot the United States, of the neighbouring Provinces and of the various countries of Europe Uassihed according to religion, the population of ^! i;^;;""^ '' composed of 942,724 Catholics, and 16<,940 Trotestants, ike. The population of French origin o^.upies nearly the whole basin of the St. Lawrence, and is spread- ing rapidly into other portions of the Trovince The population from the British Isles is principally concentrated in the cities, and predominates in the sou hern part of the Eastern Townsldps and in the Valley of the Ottawa. (For further particulars on this head the reader is referred to the Appendix.) Ihe diversities of race and language, far from being with us sources of weakness, are considered by many as the chief causes of the progress and activity of our population. The races who hold the soil m common contribute to the even-workinc ot our young soci.wy their aptitudes and special ffenius; and from , .'.aibi^.ation of their various powers springs thar VM.oiesome emulation, which — 21 — imparts vigor to our people iu th,. pursuit of the diH^roat careers which are open to ti.em sourer ''"'"""^'T' """'" ' "" "•« m<,st reliable sources, ,t would appear that the number o( emigrants who passed over from France to CaL, a! from the Ibunding of the colony to the ca.Cj^.^ of one hundred and forty years, scarcely exceeded bcu.. spxes included, ten thousand souls As ore- Treaty of Pans, „, virtue of which Canada wal 1,„ this colony numbered 70.000 souls. The the^r^" »' .^°^'""'"«"'' ^y ™'Wenly cutting short the,r relations with the mother country, ifft the had made them; and from that time they are ini debted for the increase of their population to lo her cause but their natural e.p^.Ln Zt s Mr K P '' °' '':'""'' """"S them over deaths. Mr. h Rameau, a French writer of great merit who visited this country some years ag'ai d «*o made a profound study of French cofoniZon iit America, traced out with wonderful precision the sources whence derived the different group" of fed T^"^"'™*" P°P°l»tion. In his boolfentt tied : La Fra,n:e mx Colonies -^,. sums up in the following terms, as striking on the ground of their xactitude as they are remarkable in structure "The people to whom these remarks relate," says he "spraiig not, as many may have believed f om a few adventurers, or a handful of men whom hazard thrust forward or a few „i„i Z en-"i]."J v...^u-c. • °', " '^^ aimless citizens en.„.k„ „j, ,hec.ate. Far from it : the immigration lift-. } :i# ff' — 22 — was a realtransi lanting of an integral portion of the French nation,— the peasant, the soldier, the squire and soi nior ; it was a colony in the Roman accep- tation of the word, which carried the mother land along- with it. The substance of the people or rather the vital powers of the race represent a real infusion into the heart of Canada, of the life-blood of the French peasantry ; it was families sought after and grouped with a pavticular care, who trans- planted with themselves the manners, the habits, and the idiosyncracies of their native cantons, so faithfully, as to asto.iish, even to-day, the traveller from France ; it is besides disbanded soldiers with their officers at their head who settled on the land, under the protection of the old flag; these were the essential principles and original elements of the Canadian population " Since the cession of Canada to England by France, there has been no French emigration to this Province worthy of note ; in fact the thino- is so exceptional, that we may say it has ceased" It would appear as if it had been loft to Miss Eornard a French lady distinguished alike for her qualities oi head and heart, to open out again for French emigrants the road to (\uiada, forgotten by them tor more than a century. With the view of amelio- rating the condition of the poorer classes in the midst of whom she resides at Plouha, in Britanny Miss Bernard conceived the happv ideaof sendino- tv, and establishino- in Canada, at her own pxr ense° about thirty families from Britanny. This pro- ject of hers, so worthy of being ranked with the laudable works and sacrilices of the founders of the colony, met from the Government, the Colonization Society of Quebec, and the public, the warmest expressions of sympathy ; and should it succeed — 23 — as it promises to do, it will we hope be the signal for a considerable emigration from France to Ca- nada. The hrst English emigrants who came to this country after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, sett ed m the towns, and devoted themselves exclusively to trade, which within a short time they monopolized. This was comparatively easy owing to the disappearance of the French traders,' wno for the most part were ruined by the con- quest From the beginning of the war the circula- bon of gold and silver had all but ceased, and the i^rench merchants were forced to accept the assi- gnafs at par : evidences of indebtedness which were finally repudiated. This repudiation proved ruinous to French trade, and it was only in 1832 that the i^rench Canadians became (emancipated from the eltect of this commercial disaster, and obtained that credit in liurope which enabled them to assume gradually their legitimate place in the bro.der sphere of our commercial operations. As we have previously remarked, the American war of independence caused to migrate to Canada a considerable number of United Empire Loyalists who Pi;eferred, to the nascent republic against which they had fought, the flag of their fatherland To recompense their allegiance and fidelity, the ^iiglish Government granted to these faithful ad- herents to her cause magnificent tracts of land in the Eastern Townships and in the fertile penin- sula formed by the great lakes of Upper Canada. Ihe bulk of these loyalists sought out the locality where the fertility of the soil seemed to offer the greatest inducements, and from their settling in Ontario, dates, properly speakina-. its coloniy.hnn Others of these loyalists fixed themselves in the iP'' — 24 — southern p.rt of the Eastern Townships, and formed in the Province of Quebec the first affri- cultural settlement of inhabitants of British ori- gm. For a long time, the majority of the emi- grants from the British Isles thitherward directed their steps, and little by little estabhshed in this region a iiourishing district, which has become as It were a mirror of the mother country. Later on this emigration sought out the Valley of the Ottawa, where, aided by the lumber trade but a short time elapsed before prosperity overtook them in their new homes. IV. THE CIIMATE. ge«t7if E„°r„T ZT irr ^"y •»-'> «ag. objection to "re'^^u"';; t™ ""'""Tf "^ " --'""^ has resided here a year whl 1 '''"'•oP«'» who "rilliant skies and b'ac ;;e„,d tVe"' , 'TT of some of the ,„„, l»pnCs eoltr et oi r' '"*'' ■■ero, will scare rycredf'htr""'""" '""'"*=' "> diminution i,a the foil „• *" S''^'"'"^' »'"">''i C'anada, is a source 0° '^°^' '" "'"'"'" ^"^'^ °^ of those locaS "^ ""^'" '■''^'•'=' '» 'hefarmers erroneously, to'b.:^ Z Th'^1 Jto' ""''"^''' ^""^^ ^oil, during at least five month ^fTl """'"' ''^^ rest and acquires that v^™ twch ^fth"' " •"'^" motes a sudden rinenuc. *■ '*'°' ^'th us, pro- known to a similaTde^ree "f r""" "•^' '^ """ cereals and fruits atSi^ * ^^ ■^""'"■■'es. ()„ inpomt„f,„ahr;,^'^"„J„",P;*«t ™»turity, and pare favorabiv wUh 1^1^^^ °" ""-oPs will com- To support this; we";il Z^HTr"^" ""'<*• . vv« vv iji Cite the testimony of Mr. — 26 James Siiowdou, au enlightened farmer from the neighborhood of Montreal, who, on being examined in 1868 by a Committee of the Legislature, proved, by the most unimpeachable statistics, that the ave- rage yield of a well cultivated farm here equals the yield of one in England. The period during which ploughing is carried on in more favored climates, may here be shortened by our long winters, but this disavantage is more than compensated in the I'xcellence of our winter roads, and the great facilities which they afford in conveying produce to market, in drawing ma- nure, and handing out wood from the forest. A narration of facts bearing upon fruit culture may convey a more correct notion of the adapta- tion of the climate to the purposes of agriculture, than a bare reference to monthly and annual means of temperature. The Island of Montreal is everywhere distin- guished for the excellent quality of its apples ; and the Island of Orleans, below Quebec, is equally ce- lebrated for its plums. The melon and tomato ac- quire large dimensions, and ripen fully with us in the open air. Indian corn, hops, and tobacco, when grown, yield a fair return. Hemp and flax are indigenous plants, and can be cultivated to a great extent in the Province of Quebec. Anothei instance which will show that our cli- mate is not after all so severe, is that sparrows have been easily acclimatized; and in Quebec a nu- merous brood . exists and may be seen during the winter season, no matter what the weather, flitting about the house tops and public squares of the city, to the immense delight of the natives of the land from whir>h ih (^\T -rXTl^rCk ■ r..Ui -27- The summer of Quebec is equal tu th„l of Tou louse, m the south of Franee; and the sum„er„; Montreal equal to that ol' Marseilles fever and ague, so terrible to settlers in Illinois ~;e:et°'ttr;;it^™-'-"^"^- I Jl THE SOIL AND ITS PRODUCTIONS. The soil of the Province of Quebec is ..xtremely rich, and susceptible of the highest decree of cuiti vatton, and adapted for the growth °of he Zol varied products. Cereals, hay, and green crops "ow everywhere in abundance, where the land kit all properly filed. Farming being generally carried o with „., on a larger scale than in Europe, it i" beyond a doubt true that less care is bestowed upo ii Its de ails ; nevertheless the soil yields in perfects and abundance the necessaries of life The basin of the St. Lawrence consists of an argilaceous soil, eminently suited to the growth of wheat This cereal was, until 1845, when ?he whea % hrst made its appearance, cultivated with trj The cultivation of wheat having then become precarious attempts were made on all sides to find in Its stead some other equally profitable cereal For a long time it had been cultivated at little or no expense and had Been to our farmers the ch ef source of fortune. To counteract the disaster cans d by the appearance of the fly, not only were our farmers compelled to abandon the growing !f wheat, but they were forced to modify the prevail crop, when the harvest was propitious, that thev relied for the expenses which the necesskries oml entailed, and for the sums required for theTr p lea' sures and luxuries; it was ia fact with it that aU — 29 — our large villages were built. While the earth vield ed au abundance of wheat nothing wa/easi Hhit thetn.eire;'trriX:.s::s^^^^^^ years ol' uneasiness passed befo fth , "'^ formation, which onr svt r ""'""'' "•"»*- «nder,on:., tcate^Jp •LI'; r^ t "'% ''^^ people ; many delayed bend' g undt he vol°"f necessity, n the hono fK.,f +u ^ ^^^^ ^^ while otke s 1 ;stThe r • ^ '^"'"'' '"""PP""' temnt.. M , ''™'' '" ""successful at- tempt^ to app,y over advanced theories. Litt"e hv X?at7tr:.t^:r:;s"""br^<^^^-^ change involveU •^^m:!^^^^^':^^^ theeffacementofworn ,nMh "'"^ '" 'complete fore the law reiatr" r ^'"'"'""''''"^ J^"" nnderstoodr^o^t^fnttTe^td^r^rbr -me precepts, several y^ears passed ray'';:;'!: everything which is really useful «^^ ' . was finally comprehended »L ? ^°°''' " with profit- and than t.f 1 '^'•^"'here applied by th^ Gov'ertln ,t iHeloZTTu '"""'"' county became anxous to have its S*'''"^ exhibitions, and „l„„„^^:! ^_^\\'^'' ^^''^'y- «« «- ;. to '>enoriced:fau^e:::t: j/:'::,:„t iioration in our agricultural products. ;i l. ■f i k :l i;' •! — 30 — We have no statistics to show the increase since 1861 in the products of our farms, and to illustrate the perfecting of our breeds of cattle, as well by the introduction of foreign stock as by the greater care bestowed upon native breeds in the way of feeding and stabling, during the winter months; but it is incontestable that manures have increased within these years, and cattle of all kinds have multiplied as greatly in numbers as they have increased in other respects. Though progress is universal with us, it has not everywhere attained a uniform high degree. In the neighbourhood of cities, where land has acquired great value, and manure is easily obtained, the farmer is by the force of circumstances compelled to make every inch of his land yield its utmost, if he hopes to derive from the sale of his crop a sum of money sufficient to meet the interest on the capital which his farm represents. Therefore, nearly all the farms in the vicinity of our large cities are veritable model larms. As we recede from the cities however, the mode of farming changes ; larm gardening and forced growing become rarer, but the prairies assume greater beauty, and rich green pasture lands in all directions enliven the eye. Wherever more land is under cultivation than can be conveniently manured, there is sown clover and hay and grains adapted for forag(j ; not only is the soil benefited by this, but it augments the harvest, and places the farmer in a position to raise good cattle. Agriculture has made great strides in this pro- vince within the past ten years, and continues daily to progress. The growing of wheat has been suc- cessfully resumed and the harvests of 1868 and 1869 shew extremely favorable and very promising* results. VI TERKITOBIAL DIVISIONS. The Province, as regards civil matters, is divided into parishes, townships, counties and districts- as regards religious matters, it is divided into parishes missions and dioceses. ' The parochial system, commenced at the found- mg of the colony, has been preserved in its inte- grity, wherever at the period of the cession of the country to England it existed, and has been ex- tended, down to our own time, to every new settlement established by Catholics. Whenever a new territory is sufficiently populous to form a parish, the diocesan Bishop, upon a requisition to tha end made by the majority of the inhabitants ot the place, orders its canonical erection as a parish, and by a proceeding somewhat analagous the civil authority then orders its civil erection' ine parish thus created becomes a Municipal Cor- poration. The Townships are ol 'ilnglish origin. After the cession of Can^^^ ^^ ^^.^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^^ system of h >ldmg in free and common soccage was substituted for the feudal system upon all Crown lands, and then the township took the place of the seigniory. The regular limits of a township are ten miles square, or 100 superhcial miles. Such townships as are not subdivided into parishes pre- serve for all municipal and other purposes their legal limits. The Counties were established for the purposes — 32 — otr..,),vs,.ntati()n, ^'noh county having tho riLrht to ^.Mul ,.n<' ni,.,nbor to Mio l^vloral Parliam.M.t lor tho orm ol liv. yoars, and on., roprosontnt.vo to the l.ocil Loirishvtniv (.very lour y.Mirs. i{,.si(lo8 hKs, oiu^h county fornis n l?,o^ri«tration Division lor tho .Mnvjristralion of niorlj^ago^, .'tc Tin. j,uri«h ami township muni(.ipaiiti(vs comprisod in a county orm what is called a county niunicipalily. In the I rovnico ol Quebec, exclusive of th,. city electoral divisions, there are sixty counties. For judicial purposes, tho J»rovince is divided into twenty districts, each judicial district having ample and equal jurisdiction in all matters, except appeals, which are relerre.i to the Vonri of Appeals. 1 his Court sits alternalely „f (^l.>bec and Montreal • Its decisions are linal in all matters in which the Slim involved does not exceed 12,000 ; over and above this sum, an appeal lies to the Trivy Council 111 lliiigland, whose d.'cision is iiiial The number of Catholic dioceses is live, viz • T he Archidioceso of Quebec, the JJioceses of Mon^ trea , Ihree Rivers, St. Jlyncinthe and Kimouski. Iho Irotestant dioceses number two,-Quobec and Montreal. VII. MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS, -.chare th« m.Ui„„,, „,„„ „„,.4^'-^^^^^^^^^^^ yun ly by the rato.,«y.r«, adn.i„ist,,r thu mu„i"i,ml ^lan-., ol th,. parish ,„• ,.|' ,h,. ,„w„Hhi,,. Th M iTr To 1.0 an «l,,,;,oi- i„ „„« „f th.'s,, mnnidnalities H P-.0,. m„st hav.,a,h,i„..d ,h„ .ff.ortwe y ou' «.«ules, and sup.Tior to the Local Council thore h^r :,Zh:v; '"""■■' '■'" ''°'""y ^'<>"noi,;wh :h (C,i , I 1 ''"T"",' "^■'■'^ "'" "^'•'* "'■ th^i inferior Conn,, I. l.,-om ,he decision oflhe Local Council there l,es an appeal to the County Coundr The 'a ^!;r ;:;!!,:"-»-.'^- -on, it. c^ , its chid' offict !!•, vvh oiscallod the Warden of he County. Ail questions that affect more than one — 84 — local municipality, Tail within th** jurisdiction ol the County Council. Our municipal laws have just been codified and the Code actually adopted by the Legislature; its being put into force is merely deferred for a few months. The municipal system, as understood in this Province, is the annual delegation by the rate- payers of their powers to the Councillors elected, who ther<>by become a legal Corporation, having to administrate, for the common good, the affairs of the municiindity. It is, properly speaking, the appli- cation, in each parish and township, of the re- presentative system of government. Municipal Corporations are subject to our ju- dicial tribunals for infractions of the law, as well as for abuse, usurpation, or mis-user of the powers conferred upon them. VIII. EDTTCATION A member of the Executive Council ior the Pro- v.nce of Quebec, called the Minister of Pub he I..»truct.on, confok «„,! directs public instruction in this Province. The gentleman who lills hit jmportant office at present is the Premie, of a Wal Government. Ever since 1855, the Honorable aTj^» "™'"^' '"' ■''''''"" ""^"-"bent, has directed all matters relating to education, and it is to him m a great measure, that we are indebted for the high degree of perfection which our edueaTioual system has reached to-day uutduonai The Minister of Public In,struction is assisted in his duties by a council composed of twenty oie members, selected and named by the LieuteLn Governor, fourteen of whom are Catholics and seven Protestants. If at any time ten Catholic or nfl ^™'''1»"' fembers of the Council shall be of opinion that the Catholic or Protestant schools or educational institutions, as the case may be shall be separately managed, the law provides in such ease for the separation of the council which hen resolves itself into two councils, so ast to havet' ""^ " "'r^ °''^" ''^'Sion. creeds to have the exclusive direction or management of the schools of their respective denominations. The Minister o Public Instruction is by law a member «.«/A«o of each council, with the proviso, how- ever, that he shall only have the right to .'oreTn the council of the religious faith to^which he be" ■1(T7«H ," IMi m — 36 — longs. Let us here, howev r, state that nothing in- dicates a desire to put into operation that clause of the law, which seems only to have been inserted as a preservative. On the contraiy, the friendly relations which have not ceased to exist among the gentlemen of different religious denominations who constitute now, as heretofore, the Council of Public Instruction, together with the care taken m selecting those who fulfil these honorable and delicate functions, seem to promise a continuance ot the present good understanding, which results from a scrupulous regard for mutual rights and a generous interpretation of motives ; thus cemented, the actual good feeling will long exist and reflect honor upon the Province. Primary education i« obligatory, in so far as every citizen is bound to contribute to it a moderate tax, assessed upon his property. This tax is levied 10 an amount equal to the school grant accorded by the Government to every municipality in the Pro- vmce. Over and above this, heads of families have to pay a monthly fee, varying from five to forty cents for every child of an age (between 7 and 14 years) suitable to attend school, whether the child goes or not. The public moneys set apart for public instruc- tion are divided according to the population, and to the number of pupils who frequent primary or other schools. There is annually allowed to poor municipalities th« sum of |8,000, so as to relieve those who nave little or no means from any imme- diate contribution for school purposes Primary schools are placed under the control of iive Commissioners, elected by the ratepayers of each municipality. These functionarier are bound to collect the school tax ; are entrusted with the — 37 — sums granted by the Governmeut, and attei.d to the d,v.dmg of the moneys among the d tit schools established in the municinamy In municipalities where there exist different re- ofr ^''"°"-^"»- the School Oomm.ss"„ers ot the ma prity govern. If the minority are not hi ""n '^t ™^»='8«'»«'t in what'co, ern hem specially, they may signify their dissert to eiecfs . °''l' '^^°-^' Commissioner and select Syndics or Trustees to direct their own schools The schools of the minority nthi^ Z. are called dissentient schools, and^he T us e s r ttr :? T7 "" '"'■"'"'' "'''' powers :;: to those of the Commissioners of the schools of he majority^ The School Commissioners, how -er shall aione have power to levy taxes on the Und; and real estate of corporations and incorporated el" trL'V"^ "-icipaiity, subject, nevert less to hand over to the Trustees of the dis- sentient schools their legal share of the same and he proportion of the Government grant, wUch lawfully reverts to them. it VTth^y '" %''"' S""^»t«««. the minority, be It Catholic or Protestant, has not to fear bdns oppressed, nor does the suspicion anywhere TuSf ^ the best understanding exists among the d^ ferent religious bodies. To those who liv^ in eoun- tnes where only one religion is known, orTh" live amongst people afflicted with indifi-^rentism compromises such as we have related may appeT; puerile or irritating, but with us, their happy results are unanimously admitted. " We agree to dfslg™ " raWeM7^r"*"-'r'T ''^^^^^'••"~ ^"'d the Hon;, rable Mr. Chauveau lately, before an important as- semblage of Protestants. These tr„fM.,i ". "™..'' Tbrnty.'''''''"" '^''''"' '""^ "'°^'™tei; pZl -88 — «(!hool teachers are trained in special schools ol instruction, called Normal schools. These institu- tions are supported by the State, and are under the immodialie surper vision of the Minister of Public Instruction ; there are three Normal schools in the Province, two of which are Catholic and one Protestant. The Principal of each of the Catholic Normal schools is an ecclesiastic approved by the Bishop of the dioces^^ School teachers educated anywhere but in these schools cannot teach in schools aided by the Grovernment, unless they ob- tain a iliploina, after examination, from a board of examiners chosen by the Lieuteimnt-Governor. There are to-day in the Province of Quebec, 3,468 primary schools in which elementary instruc- tion is -iven to 173,294 pupils, and 227 secondary and model schools, attended by 33,428 pupils. These schools are maintained at an annual cost to the Pro- vince of $114,982, and receive besides, in local con- tributions, the sum of $728,494. Inspectors connected with the L]ducatiou Depart- ment and acting under the imm.-diate direction of the Minister of Education, are obliired, at least once every three months, to visit the schools of the dis- trict to which they are appointed, to assure them- selves of the <'ompeten<'y of the school teachers, of the manner ii) which they discharge their duties, —in a word, to see to the proper application of the school laws, and to repoit to the Minister th(> pro- gress made, the deiiciencies observed, and the re- forms required. Besides these schools of primary instruction, there are special schools, lyceums, commercial schools and schols of agriculture: in all these number 147, and are frequented by 2,186 pupilg. Following these are superior schools, wherein — 39 — the classics are mainly taught; there are lifteen ia he Provmee: twelve Catholic and three Protes- Z\\ f"*°''' ""^^'S^'' '^^ »'■ which are nearly coeval with the settlement of the coun- try, owe their existence and maintenance to the generosity and disinterestedness of the clergy' In the greater number of cases the professors 4' these col eges are ecclesiastics, who follow their coarse ol theology in the institntion in which they act as teachers. These gentlemen are content to receive as a remuneration the slender sum of »40 per annum, besides their board and lodging This explains how it is that our seminaries can exist no withstanding the low rates paid by pupils or u, ,on and board. As a general rule, the price for tuition and board in the»e colleges does nit reach the sum of $100, and many young men who are the °' ">«^"» »■■« «'l"cated gratuitously in these institutions. (See Appendix.) It is not to be wondered at, with such facilities for obtaining classical attainments, that education of a very superior order should be widely extended in the 1 rovmce. To such an extent has superior educa- tion spread with us, that it could not be pushed whf-h r u' "''"'°"' 'l—oyn^' the equf'^rium which should exist, ,n a young country between manual labor and intellectual exertion iht! n "■ '""'^■°'' "" "ducational institutions are If M.p"n'n","'' ''"'' ''*'"''''^'' "« I'-oto^taut: that of McCxiU College, founded in 1827 by a wealthv merchant who gave his name to it, and that of Bi- shops College, Leuuoxville, founded m 1S43 bv his Lordship, Bishop Mountain. The Catholic Uni- versity, called the Laval University, like the En- Sljsh universities, is incorporated, and enjoys pri- vileges and immunities similar to them, bat beyond — tu — this has nothing in common with them or any other institution of the kind on this continent. This University was founded in 1854, by the Semi- nary of Quebec, whc spent in the laudable under- taking over 1300,000, and who, even now, sustain it at their own expense, without in any way seeking a subsidy from the State. There are four faculties open in the Laval Uni- versity : Theology, Law, Medicine and Arts. The McG-ill College has three : Law, Medicine and Arts. The Lennoxville College has two : Theology and Arts. IX. KEUGIons AND CHARITABLE INSTIUmoifS. pectmg the religions and charitable institutions which form one of its chief ornaments ' Whether looked at from a Catholic or a Pro- rrinC/r'elSs'''^ --'« "^ ^'^^ — ^ for^tt"-'^''" ■'""'"■' °^^'"^ P«''««. ^ remarkable underrt'^'"'"' ^^'^ "^ ^" ""e boldness ofihe r undertakmgs never considered themselves fixed to the so,I until they had rooted in it the princfpal religious institutions which they had bee^ tau4t laid th^f 'V.' '^""■'^"^- ^•"' —ly had'hty tad the foundations of their first towns, when their missioiiaries were to be met with on all sides and it the farthest extremities of the land evunre nSifai d't"" '"'"■ '-P-^Sthe wj forX mzation and tracing out as it were, in the solitudes With th "'; °" '"'"'■" ^'"^ -'" ^'rongholdT I IbMh- t"T f'^ '""^ Hospitalilres ,0 »,T/.u i . ""'' """^ „,|tipi..:.._ ' f " ,° times answering the '^e^r^^^^^Z^^ — 42 — The change of domination brought with it no obstacle to the existence of our religious orders or to their mode of living. With the exception of the Jesuits and the Recollets, every order was main- tained and guaranteed in its rights and privileges, and was allowed peacefully to continue and work out the end that its founders had in view. These institutions have to-day acquired an exf : > V.r^&iy vitality ; the Trovince is covered with tht , ools, they attend to all the religious wants of ine com- munity, and there is no moral misery or physical infirmity which may not be consoled or cured in the many asylums with which they have dotted the land. Not content with working here in the cause of good, they have spread their influence be- yond Canada. Go to any point on the continent and you will find the foot-marks and indehble traces of the missionaries and good sist^-rs of Canada ■ and wherever they are you will find them surrounded with the respect and confidence of the people, what- ever their color or religious belief, in the midst of whom they exist. Under the French domination, the Catholic re- ligion was the only religion that existed here By the articles of capitulation, and later [>y the Treaty of Paris, the inhabitants of this Province were guaranteed the free exercise of their religion by the British aovernment. Since that period, the religious liberty of our people has never been infringed upon. After what we have said on the subject of educa- tion, it IS scarcely necessary to add thai in matters ot religion the most perfect toleration exists among the different religious denominations to be met with m the Province. By the side of th(- Cathnlip oUo^u^ki^ ,v-^.-i.-_x-- — ■•" ^""iitawiciuaLiimions --43 — have grown up and prospered those of other reli- gious communities, between which and the Ca- thohc institutions no other rivalry exists than that 01 doing good. Yielding in this behalf to the will of the entire population, the aovernment of the Province, each rrVfrrn'' ^ considerable portion of its revenue about $160,000, to the support of charitable institu: tions. (bee Appendix, for details.) X MODE OF LIVING. AKriciiUiire. The great bulk of the rural population live by agriculture ; manufacturing being principally, if not altogether, confined to the cities. The extent of our farms, generally, is, in the seigniories that border on the St. Lawrence, 90 arpents; those situated in the townships average about 100 acres. On a farm of this size, an in- dustrious agriculturist raises sufficient to live in a condition of ease unknown to the European pea- sant supports his family comfortably, and is en- ! f Ki ITu ' ''''^'"°'' '^^^'' ""^^^'^^ grow up, to estabhsh them in life. . The greater portion of our rural population weave from the wool of their own sheep, the tweed or rieze with which they make the clothes used by them when working. There was a time, still of recent date, when the agriculturist deemed it an honor, on feasts and hohdays, to wear the fabri- cations of his own loom. There are still certain localities m which has been persevered in that sweet primitive simplicity, under the shadow of which flourishes the contentment and artlessness of the good old times. The summer season is devoted to field labor, in which the whole family take part. During the winter months, while the male nortinn of th- ^« — 46 — i^i'^r ''»,"'''''^"''''''"'^ tl'" g'»ma"d attend, ing the ^cattle, a»d seeing, to the firewood ronuir- ed for the house, the female part remain indoo 8 preparing the linen and woollen fabric, required for domestic use. 4"'ieu In the seigniories whore the farms are on an average worth from $2,000 to $4,000, the number them on farms is comparatively limited, and in this there IS little room for astonishment, when it « remembered that the number of childre,ri,. "„« family ranges from 10 to 15. I„ such cases the father of the iamily deems it wiser to sell hiriarm and betake himself to a lot purchased by h m at a purely nominal rate from the Crown Land" Department. Through the means of his cap^.l m a few years, he becomes once more theC" sessor of a magnificent tract, which at his C- on he may divide among his children. Agafn . ,s the sons, who, aided by the savings of the^ father, eave their native parish to car^e ou for themselves on our public lands magnificent farms and wi hin a few years after their departure thev generally revisit the old parish, to select fVom among its maidens a companiok for 1^ aS" whole families weighted down by misery and debt leave he villages and parishes along the St Law rence to seek in the forest more comfort and better days which, if they are thrifty, they never fti to Ob am. It IS thus that flock to the town^hiplthe su ! plus population of the older settlements, and in th s way also ,s becoming daily more extend;d th ag.^ cultural industry of the Province. ' The inhabitants of our townships, in general i:!..,'' "^'='""1, '» a particular locality thtn t P0i,uiauo„ of the older settlements, voluntarily ill — 46 — givo up their clearings wh(Mi they get a lair remu- neralioii. A settler in the townships will hare cleared, say a fourth or half of his farm aen a purchaser pre- soiUiurr himself, makes a favorable offer, — it is ac- cepted without more ado, and the woodsman, going farther into the woods, begins again a new clean- ing, which, as before, he is prepared to sell vhen a favorable opportunity offers. The first crops after ch^aring being extremely abundant, there are many persons, as previously remarked, who make it a profitable business to clear lands, in which within a very short time they become (>xtremely expert, and to all appearances take gieat pleasure in their career as woodsmen. The emigrant intending to settle in this Province would find it advisable to purchase one of these partial clearings, rather than attempt the task himself at the outset. For the sum of 500 or 600 dollars, there are many farms of 100 acres to be had, 15 or 20 acres of which are lit for cultivation. For this sum, with the farm, he will also become possessed of a house, which, though roughly constructed, is not uncomfortable, and which will prove amply sufficent as a residence for him for a few years. Upon the portion of land clear<'d, h(^ may raise suf- ficent grain for the sustenance of his family and himself, and if he be stout of heart, within a very short time the ease and comfort which will bless his labors will make him forget the vicissitudes of his earlier career. Home IVIauiii'aclurei^. The facilities for manufacturing which Canada offers are unsurpassed. No country in the world — 47 — possesses greater water powers than ours, and in no section of the Donunion are the sites lor manu- factories more eligible than in the Trovince or Quebec. Apart IVom this great advantage, situated as the 1 rovince is m the centre of the Dominion, the manuiacturer possesses avenues of trade, arising out oi this circumstance, which need not be dwelt upon. The small manulactuivrsolEurope, who are unable to coi)e with the immense capitalists who are engaged in that country in this branch of in. dustry, would iind here immense advantages For enterprise in woollen manula(^ture there is a large held open in the Dominion, and this will be better understood when it is explained that with little or no protection, articles of Canadian manu- tacture can be sold cheaper than those imported The adaptability of our soil for the growth of flax offers inducements to those engaged in the hnen trade, which are nowhere surpassed. The principal articles manulactured in the Pro- vince are cloth, linen, furniture, leather, sawn lumber, flax, iron and hardwaie, paper, chemicali, soap, boots and shoes, cotton and woollen .roods steam engines and locomotives, wooden ware oi' all descriptions, agricultural implements, ships &c The manufacturer will find au inducement to exercise his trade in our midst, when he knows that our factories are far from being adequate to sup- ply the needs of the country. Couiiuerce. 1 M The facilities aff'orded by the River St. Lawrence for the transportation of our exports, and the coming in of our importations from Europe, and our central position in the Confederacy, make the ifiT I iiil ~48~ Provinoo ()l'Q,i,.})ec the eommrtrcial (mtrepotof the i)ouiiui()ii. ()t tho import and ,>xport trade of the four Provincos coinposinir thu Confodoracy, nearly onp-haU; viz, live -twelfths represent the opera- tions of this Province. The trade and navitration returns of the JJorai- nion for tho iiscal year ending 30th June, 1869, show the direction in which th(^ industry' of the Dominion exerts itself, and exhibit the following statistics : Total value of imports for 1868-69 $67,402,170 exports " » - 60,'474,'781 The returns for 1867-68 show the importations to have r,.ached the figure of $71,985,306 ; marking a falling off ol $4,583,136 in 1868-69 in the value of goods entered for consumption. A tendency not less favorable is to be observed in the value of our exports ; in 1867-68, they reach- ed $57,567,888, showing an increase, in 1868-69, of $2,906,893, which is chiefly derived iVom the produce of the mines, the forest, manufactures, animals, and their products, and from the ships built at Quebec. The share of the Province of Quebec in the ox- port and import trade of the Dominion for the year ending 30th June, 1868-69, is shown by the following figures : ]^P^^'^^ $29,545,177 ^^PO'ts 28,223.268 The following is a classification of our exports : Produceoi the mine | 419015 I [[ I fisheries 570*507 forest 10 722 651 Animals and their products 4!982i564 — 49 — Agricultural products !«.-/. .17 Manufactures w 7 f J Other articles ''ZZ'. ,7477 Ships built at Quebec during the h«cal year ending 30th June, 1869—37 • tonnage, 27,000, @ #40 per ton ! 1,OhO,000 Total produce of Province |23,.^40054 Coin and Bullion {qPiut Goods not produce oi Provincii".' ■'.'.■.■;.■"' 1 yoo'i.)! iistiinated amount short at inland ' ' " ports .,., , <49,3U;j i^vdnd total of exports $2s,22S,-2(Jii N i * ^ m iiii XI. OUR FINANCES As previously remarked, the revenue of Canada IS principally derived from duties imposed upon goods imported into the country, and an excise tax on spirits and tobacco manufactured in the Dominion. By the terms of the Federal constitu- tion, the Dominion G-overnment has the exclusive right to collect the revenue, subject to pay over to each of the Provinces an annual subsidy— that to Quebec amounts to $959,252, which added to the revenue of the Province itself, the principal part of which is derived from the Crown Lands gave $1,535,836, for the fiscal year 1867-68 and $1,676,152 for 1868-69. With this revenue the aovernment of the Pro- vince meets the requirements of the civil list, the expenses of both branches of the Legislature, and those of the administration of justice ; under- takes and completes its public works, give's grants of money for public instruction and to charitable institutions, pays an annual contribution to agri- cultural societies, and with the balance, which is considerable, opens for the settler the vast forest lands which we possess. XII. COLONIZATIOM. While the seigniories that skirt the River St tlT m: "^', ^"^"^ '-<^^ '» -«'-■ '^ tie by little, slowly if you will for a time the any direct aid from the Exchequer. Properly speaking, it is only within the lasl twenty S that the population of the Province, findinl Itself over-crowded initsprimitivelimits, sough "out on the Crown lands new homes and broader acres The greater number of our seigniories being than i? " •™'"°"' " '■"^""•'^'l "°thi"g less than an imperious necessity to lead to the over- commg of the difiiculties that beset the uew se - tier s path In 1848. the first movement was lade ■ patronized by our clergy, and approved ol' by our' public men Colonization became the order of the day. It was then that, inspired by the voice of zealous missionaries, a party of pioneers from the vicnity of Three Rivers tra^rsed the s" vanna^ and marshes, which up to that time h^ barred the way to the fertile acres of the Eastern Townships, against the parishes of the south shore For the most part these hardy adventurers had no other iortune but the bundles which they carried on their shoulders but they were brave and cZt th^m Th'J '"^^ '^ t . "^ aixiuous task before them. These men pushed their way, on foot, into a — 52 — il '! ^ a place known as the Bois-Francs. Few at first, the group of settlers within a very short time increased in number, notwithstanding the difficulties to be met with in the way of want of communication. The land about this settlement is extremely fertile, and the fatigues and labours of each day were for- gotten in the golden hopes which the future held out to these energetic pioneers. The success of these first settlers became public, through the instru- mentality of the press, and led to the current of emigration setting in towards the Eastern Town- ships ; and within twelve years from its establish- ment, the Bnis-Franrs contained a population of 15,000 souls, and rivalled in point of wealth and progress the older settlements along the margin of the St. Lawrence. At the same time that Three Rivers had, through its energy, forced a commu- nication with the Eastern Townships, the Counties of L' Islet and Kamouraska, on the south shore of the Lovver St Lawrence, organized a Coloniza- tion Society, with considerable means, which settled at a distance of 150 miles in the Upper Saguenay, about 00 miles to the North of the St. Lawrence, a small colony. To this colony the County of Charlevoix also furnished a fair con- tingent. Twenty years later, there was settled in the valley of the Saguenav a population of no less than 20,000 souls. Public opinion, aroused by the boldness and the success of these enterprises, did not long delay in soliciting the Provincial Government to second the efforts of those settlers, by causing roads to be opened wherever colonization promised success. From 1854 down to the present day, there has not been less than s|1 ,500,000 paid out of the puprlic Treasury, to open roads through the — 58 — forests of the Province. The number of miles all told of these roads is about 3,800. Since the advent of Confederation in 1867 the Province of Quebec has determined with new vigor to assist in the creation of new settlements The Legislature of the Province in 1869 voted a sum of $262,000 for colonization roads; the sum of $45,000 for surveys ; for Immigration $12,000 • for the publication of charts, statements, official infor- mation relative to public lands, |2,400 ; grant to wooden railroads favoring colonization, $45 000 • and finally a grant of $40,000 in favor of coloni- zation societies— making a total of $406 900 The budget of 1870 places at the disposal of the Gto- v.miment a further sum of $281,000 towards the said objects, and for Colonization Societies, the nature and object of which we shall explain here- after. The building of colonization roads, while they make the Crown lands accessible to those who seek to establish themselves thereon, offer very lucrative employment to the new settler, and help him to procure the necessaries of life, until such time as his clearings warrant him a sufficiency tor his sustenance. M& 'ifn XIII. COLONIZATION SOCIETIES. ill M Within a few years past a movement, the forma- tion of societies to aid iieedy settlers, has aken place in the older parishes, whicli shows the great importance attached by our people to the settling of our wild lands. Than this, most assuredly, nothing could be better adapted to second the efforts of the G-overnment, and to accelerate the progress of colonization ; for it must be remembered that it is not alone sufficient that settlers may easily pene- trate into the forest, as the bulk of those who seek out homes there are in a state bordering on absolute poverty. In this state the benefits of succor are very great; and the charitable influence of our Colonization Societies is ext^rcised in smootliing the way for the settler. The aovornment, while it still, as formerly, and to a far greater degree than in the past, as- sumes the responsibility of perfecting the roads has also undertaken to assist m the formation of these aid associations by giving to each Society that is formed a oum equal to the total amount paid to it as a subscription by its members. The true friends of colonization have perceived in this a motive sufficiently powerful to induce men in easy circumstances to take part in so philanthro- pic and patriotic a work. If the inliabitants of the Province of Quebec continue, in tlie future as they have up to the present, to respond to the motives involved in the ]9.^^(r I'l -iglircliiiii; our ~ 55 - Colonization Societies, great good must inevitably resuit,-in the Hrst place by the bountiful assis- tence which thereby will be given to settlers ; but above all by making colonization what it ought m reality to be, the work of all During the session of 1868, the Parliament of the Province of Quebec passed a law autho- nzing the formation of Colonization Societies, which provided tluit up to $300, the first regularly constituted Colonization Society in any county should receive an annual subsidy equal in amount to the sum paid in by its members. It was also provided that the second and third So- ciety in a county should enjoy equal right to a subsidy, with this difference, that the sum paid to each of the latter should not exceed one hundred and fifty dollars. If but one Colonization Society be formed in a county, it will be entitled to the sums destined for a second and a third Society, measureably to the subscription of its members' with this exception, however, that to obtain a sum over i300, the amount paid in by the members to the Society must be double that claimed; so that to obtain the maximum grant allowed, which is 1600 per county if there be but one Society, its members will have to subscribe the sum of $900 The law prescribes how the funds of Coloniza- tion Societies shall be expended. These Societies are bound, among other things, to hasten the clear- ing of tlie Crown lands by the establishing of settlers thereon, and to attract to the Province emi- gration from distant lands, and to direct the Euro- pean emigrant or native settler to such places as may have been assigned to them by the Commis- sioner of Crown Lands, and to furnish them with seed, provisions, and implements of agriculture. — oG — Thirty - Kve Societies tbrraed under this law have been already recognized by the G-overn- mentandarein operation. It will be seen at a glance that these Societies are capable of afford- ing great aid to the emigrant who may place him- self in correspondence, or contact with them. (Vide Appendix for a list of them, the names of their chief officers, and the principal seats of their operations.) XIV. OUR HOMESTEAD LAW. With the view or protecting the settler aL^ainst the reverses, which in the beginning may over- take him m his new home, a law, passed by the Legislature in 1868, provides that no mortgage shal be valid on the land granted to him; and turther that his farm shall not be liable to be sold judicially for any debts contracted by him pre- vious to his entering upon it. Immediately upon his occupancy of a lot of land and lor tlie ten years following tlie granting to him ot his letters patent, the undermentioned things and effects slmll be exempt Irom seizure and sale by virtue of a ^.rit of execution emanating from any Court in this Province : 1. Tlie bed, bedding and bedsteads in ordinary use by him and his family ; 2. The ordinary and necessary wearing apparel oi himself and his family ; 3 One stove and pipes, one crane and its ap- pendages, one pair of andirons, one set of cooking utensils, one pair of tongs and sliovel, one table, SIX chairs, six knives, six forks, six plates, six tea- cups, SIX saucers, one sugar basin, one milk jug one tea-pot, six spoons, all spinning wheels and weaving looms in domestic use, one axe, one saw one gun, six traps, such fishing-nets and seines as are in common use, and ten volumes of books ; 8 li 58 — t.ll>l Hiilii I All ihH'OHwiiry liu'l. iMciU, IihIi. Hour and vc^o- <'N. provided lor liimilv UNf, iiol inon« l>)uui ciriil rorllu'ordiiiiuy consumption oil he debtor and his rnuiily lor llir«M> iiionlli.s. 5. Two horsi's or I wo dr;i,ui«lil oxen, lour c.oww, six NJMM'p, lour piovs. (Muhl liundrcd huiullcH ol' Imy, othor lorauc uoccsNury lor llic support ol' llicsc ani- miUs duriiiu' Hu' winler. and provender Nullicient en one pin. and to niainliiin three durini*- Uie to lilt I w«nler «>. Vehieles and other implements ol ai>ri(Uill 7. Tlu' debtor niiiy select, Ironi any laracr nu ur*' m- >t'r o r the sanu' kind ol' chuttcis, the piirticular '.dialtels to be exempt Irom seizure in virtue of this section. lint nofhinu in this section shall ex«'mpt I'nmi c*ei/u>«. any of the chattids enumerated in sub- Hection :{. j. ;"> or (i, of this section, in payment of Huy d»d)t contracted in respect ol' such said chattel. This la,w aj)plies. as succ«>edinu' to his riuhl,s, to tl !»' widow, (he child deceased, who is viewed in it ren, and the lu'irs ol" th The ljt>uisla.turc(>r the 1*' s provisions. vince has not deeme«l it wis(» to push beyond the above limits tl tions which it ha le exem[)- s (;reated with a. view to the pi o- tection ol' settlers. Would it not I >»' in reality a source ol'serious embarrassment to the settler. were lyreater priv ilexes accorded to him than com[)ort with tlu' exemi)lions above enumerated^ lie re- quires a, certain amount ol' credit, to procuire such thino-s as he may, from time to time, liiid it neces- nary lor him to have, and il" the 1 aw wer(» so IVamed as to place him absolutely beyond its reach, is it not natural to believe that the uierchaiit would refuse to sell himaiiythinir, even the thiui»-s necessary tor his susteiiam e. except lor cash. The — 59 — dosiro iUm^lon^ to prof.,,;!, fju. Hetilor would bu fru8iml,.d, wore, ho pl.Muul in a poNJiion that could not bo rom^hod, b,.oau8o. by doHiroyinii- all his chanooH olobtaininjf orodit, wo Hl.ould expose him to tho nooosNity of pawning- or s^-llinK Mn iur- nitiiro and his cattlo lor tho moanost connidoration with tho viow oln,liovin^rhimHoirfrom immodiate pecuniary nocossitios. w ni ii I XV. WOODEN RAILWAYS 4 There are, we believe, lew public undertakings destined to eonler o-veater benefits upon Coloniza- tion than Wooden Kail ways. These roads are built and worked very much after the lashion of iron railways; witli this ditterence, however, that the i>auiie of the wooden railway is narrower, and its rails are of luirdwood instead of being of iron. Their principal advantage over the iron rail- way is that they (!0st much less. This is due to the fact that they necessi.'ate a smaller outlay for embankments, bending as they 'do more easily to the irregularities of the road, and so constructed as to surmount tolerably steep grades. Their narrow gauge permits of sharper curves in the roadway, facilitates the avoidant' of obstacles, while the adhesive qualities of the wood give to the iron cav wheels a greater advantage to surmount such obstacles as cannot be avoided in laying the track. These wooden railways, on account of the cheapness with which they are built and worked, are the only roads ol' that nature w^hich may be pro- fitably built, to connect new settlements wHa our larger centres of population. For the plan of these roads we i^.re indebted to our neighbors, who bor- rowed the idea from Norway. Scarcely two years ago Wooden Eailways were for the first time mooted in the Province, and now, thanks to the liberality of the Grovernmenl in behalf of these enterprises, there are not less than seven companief-i — 61 — t'ormed to coiifjlruct tlu»Hi' roads in ditloreut parts of tho Provinco. Two of tlioKt' conipaiiics, oiio at Quebec and tniothor at {SherWrookc, have already commeiieed operations, and the shares of the Hve others are in j^reat part Huhscrihed. Durinu' the approaching summer (1870) the wooden railway between Que))ec and Ciosford, a, distance of twenty- live miles, will he open lor tralHc. The total cost of buildinu' this road, including- outlay lor nteam engines, ears, etc., reached the sum of i|12r),<)U(> or $5,(I0() per mile. In y-eneral the mean cost of our ordinary railways amounts to !|80,noo per mile. By a law passed durinu the last session of Par- liament, an interest of three per cent a year is guaranteed by the Province on the sum expended for every mile of wooden railway built. With regard to this p.ubsidy of three per cent., the cost per mile is limited to Hve thousand dollars, ex- clusive oi' outlay for bridges exceeding 150 feet and upwards, lor which an additional subsidy of three per cent on the cost of building them is allowed. To hav^e a right to this subsidy, the road must be approved by the G-overnment, and not be less tlian fifteen miles in length. The subsidy is guaranteed for twenty years. Subject to certain specilied formalities and conditions, this subsidy may be capitalized at 6 per cent, and conrerted into negotiable bonds. The results obtained in so short a time, owing to the above liberal legislation, give us reason to hope that before long wooden railways will be built in all directions where the want of proximity to markets is felt. When the population shall have become more dense, and trade more considerable, iron raihvays will then doubtless supplant those at present built of wood. ill XVI. CROWN L ANDS. The Crown Lands are under the control of a member of the Local Oovernment, who is named the Commissioner of Oown Lands, the chief seat of whose department is in the city of Quebec, the capital of the Province. "Wherever wild lands exist, the Commissioner is represented by delegates who are called Crown Land Agents. There are now 18 Crown Lands agents in the Province. In the Appendix will b(^ found a list setting forth the names of the Agents, their residence, and the number of acres surveyed which they are em- powered to dispose of. These agents enjoy very- extensive powers ; they may sell the standing timber of our forests, and all lands fit for settle- ment, the whole, however, subject to the rati- hcation of the Commissioner They are also em- powered to collect the sums of money due the (lovornement on public lands, and to see to the ful- filment of the conditions upon which lands have been granted. The Province of Quebec comprises a territory of 210,000 miles in round numbers, or 129 millions of acres, 10,678,931 acres of which have been con- ceded in fiefe and seignoiries, 8,950,953 acres of which are held in the townships in free and com- mon soccage, and 6,400,359 acres of which are di- vided into farm lots, which the G-overnment is prepared to dispose of; there remains 102,969,757 acres ot land still to be surveved- — «)8 — The Crown dueb collected on timber cut tor market, and the sumw received lor the sale of land adapted Ibr settlement, brinu' in to the Trea- sury of the Province an anjiual revenue ol about $400,000, which sum yearly increases. We shall now say a word a})out the woods and forests, or the unsurveyed domain, as well as upon our mines, the greater part of which are as yet in the possession of the G-overnment, after which we shall advert to the lands tit for settlement. II 1 i j f , ^ XVII WOODS AND FORESTS, In the 102,969,757 acres of unsurveyed land, important tracts are comprised, which when open- ed by roads, will give to agricultural interests an extent ol territory exceeding that at present cleared, and not less rich in the yield or variety of products. It is these vast forests that feed the most impor- tant branch of our trade, and in them is prepa- red the timber which is shipped from our ports to European markets. The forests reserved for the cutting of timber are divided into lots of several miles each, which are called timber limits ; these limits at fixed periods are put up to auction. Over and above the price for which they are sold, which gene- rally averages $11 per square mile, the purchaser is bound to pay a ground rent of $2 per square 'mile. The magnificent network of rivers that inter- sect the Province even to its farthest extremeties, permit of the timber industry pushing farther into the interior, while colonization avails itself of the sections already cleared. In this way is the path prepared for agriculture— by furnishing the settler with lucrative employment and an advanta- geous market for his products. It i^ estimated that between twenty-five and thirty thousand men are eraploycd every winter as shanty-men or — 65 — wood- utters, and about four thousand horses are also employed in hauling the logs and square timber to the verge of the rivers. In the spring, when the ice breaks up, the waters swollen by the thaws carry off as if by enchantment to their destination these rich spoils of the forest. A large portion of the timber is sawn into deals and boards of various dimensions, which are shipped to the American and Australian markets; the rest is shipped as square timber (the condition in which it is taken out of the bush) to the markets of Europe, The principal rivers upon which lumbering is carried on are the Ottawa, the St. Maurice, the Saguenay and their tributaries. Important opera- tions of this nature are also carried on upon the rivers south of the St. Lawrence. On an average, the value of the timber exported from the Pro- vince reaches the sum of |1 0,000,000. ! i I XVIII. MINES. The richest and most varied ore.s are found in abundance in the Province of Quebec. First in order we shall place the s^old; copper and iron mines. Grold is found principally in the district of Beauce, and several wealthy capitalists have form- ed large companies to work the rich veins of this section. They have only commenced operations, and if we are to bc^.lieve those versed in such mat- ters, these mines will ultimately become of great importance, Copi)er is found in immense quantities m the Eastern Townships. Iron is found nearly every- where, and cm-tain of the ores of this precious or rather useful metal are of incomparable value. Our ciude iron is of such a superior quality, that it is bought l)y Americans, and notwithstand- ing their high protective duties, imported by them i:ito the Uniti'd States. {Some lour or live years ago there were disco- vered on the north of the river St. Lawrence, in- exhaustible deposits in the form of bl ick sand, ol magnetic oxide. This is a most valuable mineral containing no loreign substances ; as it can be smelted b)?^ mcnins of charcoal, the price of which, with us. is low, we manufacture from the ore a superior quality ol' iron, equal in every respect to the best Swedish. Among other ores discovered more or less in abundance up to the present in the Province of Quebec, we shall content ourselves with mention- ing lead, silver, platinum, zinc, etc., etc., etc XIX. LANDS FIT FOR SETTLEMENT. CondltiooM of Nale— Free Orante. By the last report of the Commissioner of Crown Lands, it would appear that the Government of Quebec are in a position to offer for Coloniza^ tion 6,400,000 acres of lands, divided into farm lots, nearly half of which are accessible by means of good roads, and more than two-thirds of which are lit for settlement. The price of these farms varies from twenty to sixty cents per acre. The acre is a little more than the French arpent about an eleventh, and a little less than half the hectare being 0.404 671 of the hectare. The condi- tions f sale are precisely the same for the emigrant as for the colonist or settler, and the formalities required are very simple. Whoever desires to purchase a lot of land should either personally or by letter apply to the Agent of the locality in which he contem- plates settling, and deposit in his hands a fifth of the purchase money. Upon doing this, the Agent will deliver to him a conditional act of sale, bear- ing his official signature. The following are the principal conditions of sale: To pay one-fifth of the purchase money at the date of the sale, anl the remainder in four equal annual instalments, with interest at 6 per cent per year; to ta,ke possession of the land sold within six months from the date of sale, and — 68 — to reside on, and occupy the same either by him- self or through others for at least two years irom the date of the said sale. In the course ol the first four years the settler must clear and place under cultivation at least ten acres lor ejery hundred acres held by him, and erect on his farm a habitable house ol' the dimensions at least ot sixteen feet by twenty. The sale is only considered perfect when the foreo-oino- conditions have been fullilled ; and it is theirratified by means of letters patent, which are granted to the settler free of charge. The letters patent cannot in any case be granted belore the expiration of the two years of occupancy, nor until the fullilment of all the conditions previously mentioned, even though the purchase money were fully paid in. It is the duty of the agents to give informa- tion as to the quality of the different lots of land situated in their agencies, and to sell the said lots at the prices fixed by the aovernment, to the first purchaser. Not more than two hundred acres may be sold to the same person, the lather of a family, however, may purchase lots tor his sons. Upon eight of our great colonization roads, every male^colonist and emigrant, being at least eighteen years of age, may obtain a Iree grant of 100 acres The number of acres of land at pre- sent set aside lo be disposed of in free grants is 84 050 • but the Lieutenant Governor m Council may increase the quantity if found necessary Crown Land Agents, while there remains at their disposal any of these free lots, are bound to grant a permit of occupation for one hundred acres to any person who claims the same, provided ^69 — the applicant ha.s attained the age required by- law. Within a month Irom the date of this per- mit, the grantee should take possession of the lot ceded to him, under pain of losing all right thereto. Before the expiry of his fourth year of occupation, if he has built a habitable dwelling on his lot, and has under cultivation twelve acres of land, the grantee may take out letters patent free of charge, upon which he becomes absolute pro- prietor of his farm. In the Appendix will be foun 1 ampler details concerning our free grants. The clearing of our wild lands, encouraged as it is by the Crovernment, and the earnest good-will of the people, is yearly making the most astonish- ing progress. We shall judge of this better by the following figures : The census of 185 1 lixed the number of acres under cultivatioii in the Province at 3,605,157 ; that of 1861 at 4,804,825, shewing in ten years an increase of 1,199,068 acres of land under cultivation. To-day, without fear of contra- diction, we may safely say that the number of acres of cultivated land is double what it was in 1851. The following ligures are not less significant : — the extent of wild land conceded in the Town- ships, was in 1861, 6,696,569 acres ; at the begin ning of the year 1869 the report of the Commis- sioner of Crown Lands established that the quan- tity of land then conceded in the Townships was 8,950,953 acres, shewing an increase of 2,254,384 acres in eight years. The principal centres of Colonization are the valleys of the Saguenay, St. Maurice and Ottawa, to the north of the St. Lawrence ; and the* Eastern Townships, the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe, to the south of the St. Lawrence. XX. VALLEY OF THE SAGUENAY. ;t^! The ]{iver Sagu(?nay, which waters this fertile territory, blends with the St. Lawrence about 40 leagues l)elow Quebec, and is navigable for ves- sels of the largest tonnage for a distance of 20 leagues from its mouth; namely, up to Ha! Ha ! Bay. This bay whose striking beauty earned for it the appellation of Ha ! Ha ! Bay, forms a magniiicent basin of ihont ten leagues in circum- ference. Upon an emergency it could afford an- chorage or shelter for a hme fleet. For a distance of five leagues beyond it the tide waters run up, which permit of merchant vessels going up to Chicoutimi, the centre of the large lumber trade carried on throughout the district. The lower part of the Saguenay, namely, from the St. Lawrence to Ha ! Ha ! Bay, contains no arable land i^xcept at intervening distances, and then not in extent sufficient to warrant the erec- tion of new settlements. Nothing, however, sur- passes the wild grandeur of either shore of the Saguenay, ior a distance of sixty miles, and sum- mer after summer it is the rendezvou:-; of tourists from all parts of America. The average width of this river, which in the Indian language signifies " Arm of the Sea, " is about two miles, and its depth varies from 90 to 147 fathoms; its waters flow between two granite banks, which rise ab- ruptly out of the water to a heigth of from 200 to 1,600 feet. The land fit for settlement in the Saguenay — 71 — commences, properly speakiiio-, at Ha ! Ha ! Bay. From this point it extends in a nortli-westerly direction for a distance of about one hundred miles, the average width from either shore of the river being between twenty and twenty-live miles. At a distance of sixty miles from Ha ! Ha ! Bay lies Lake St. John, whose waters flow into the Saguenay. This lake, which in form is nearly circular, is about 100 miles in circumference and is the reservoir as it were for this whole territory ; ten great rivers flowing Irom all direc- tions empty their waters into it, and each spring upon its surface, floats all the timber cut in the vicinity during the winter season. This mass of timber flnds egress at the extreme north- east of the lake, in two enormous outlets, whose waters unite at some little distance to form the River Saguenay. Around Lak(^ «t. John, the valley, in every direc- tion, becomes considerably enlarged ; and before long the settlements on either shore of the Sague- nay shall have so extended their limits, as to meet at the north-west extremity of the lake. The greater part of this territory, if not the whole of it, consists of an argilaceous soil, mingled with a small quantity of sand, which renders it friable and easy to work and drain. Up to the present there have been cultivated here wheat, barley and Indian corn ; and root crops with an astonishing and abiding success. The soil is adapted to the growth of the greatest variety of grain, but wheat is grown in preference to all others, because it is more remunerative, and hitherto no obstacle to its cultivation has presented itself. The climate througliout this district is similar to that of Quebec, with the exception, however, — 72 — ol" the plateau of Lake St. John, where the tempe- rattire is more like that enjoyed at Montreal, which is owiiii^ to the mountains sheltering the lake to the east and north. As we haA^e. remarked elsewhere, the actual po- pulation of the Saguenay, which has been entirely recruited from the Province, and from among- the Fr(»nch-( 'anadians, already is estimated at about 20,000 souls, although the oldest agricultural set- tleuKMit here dates no further back than twenty years. The Saguenay is capable oi' containing a population twenty times as great ; and owing to the roads opencnl by the Government, the settlers have Kcattert^d over the district so that there is ample room bc^tweein the actual settlements. The sonlh-west portion of the Saguenay is traverscul by a road of thirty leagues in length, which, beginning at Ha! lia ! Bay, continues up to the head of Lake tSt. John. Another is beina* built on the north shore which as it winds round the lak(^ will join the one previously mention- ed. lV:.ndes thesti roads, there exists for means of communication during the summer the line of steamers that ply bi^tween Chicoutimi and Quebec, and in a yenr hence a road forty leagues long, running in direcit line through the forest, will open a way I hat, at all seasons of the year, will plac«» ill direct communication with the city of Quebec, the valley of J^ake St. John ; over half this distance the road is already open. The road actually in existence, stretching along the St. Law- rence down to St. Paul's Bay, necessitates a very considerable deviation. The extent of land surveyed and disposable in the Saguenay district is about 016,600 acres, the price of which is about 20 cents per acre. XXI. VALLEY OF THE ST. MAURICE. The valley watered by the St. Maurice and its tributaries covers an extent of 24.140 square miles. The lower part of this region, which embraces the City of Three Kivers, and the celebrated St. Maurice forges, comprised at the date of the last census (1861) a population of 73,247, which in great part had settled in the seigniories that border the St.Lawrence. Many of the townships situated in the interior have been for some years past opened to settlers, thanks to the roads which tlie Govern- ment caused to be built, and at intervening dis- tances along which splendid parishes have arisen. This region is in general montainous and ill adapted to farming purposes upon the highlands, but the many rivers by which it is intersected irrigate valleys of great fertility. Here also the timber trade, and the working of the inexhaus- tible iron mines that lie near the St. Maurice furnish the poorer settlers the means of earning a livelihood during the first years of their settling on the land. The navigation of the St. Maurice is interrupted by tolerably great waterfalls, for a space of forty miles from its mouth ; from that distance, however, to a point seventy miles running towards the north, the river is navigable for the largest craft. For a number of years past it has been in contem- plation to build a railroad, to ooi"iP'^f ^h'^ '^i*- -^• Ihree Rivers with the navigable portions of the 10 m .Is, — 74 — St. Maurice, a projecl the execution of which cannot lona" he dolavcd. There are jit present in the Townships ol'the St. Maurice, surveyed and divided into iarm lots easy of access, 441,200 acn-es ol' i;ti^;' ir-i .sale at thirty cents per acre. The River Mantawa, u tributary ol' the Upper St. Maurice, that has it source in the sarne plateau as the head waters of the Ottawa, drains a tract of about tw^enty-live leai»ues, which ("orms an ex- tensive zone of I'ertile land, beyond the Lauren- tides. Recent explorations made in that valley established, beyond all peradventure, the impor- tance of this new field lor colonization. Therein before lonp- will s(M^k out homes, the surplus popu- lation of the neighbouring- counties, of Montreal to the north, and Teriebonne, I'Assomption, Mont- calm, .Toliette nnd Bertliier. Two great parallel roads ; the lirst starting from the Town of Joliette, and the second from Terre- bonne, at a distance of twelve leagues apart, have been already opened as far as Mantawa, and on the east side, two parishes are actually being settled. To the west a wooden railroad, the construction of which has been undertaken bv the City of Montreal and the surrounding counties, will link, perhaps within two years, the extreme north of the settlements of Terrebonne, with the commercial metropolis of the Dominion, as well as with Ottawa, the F'ederal Capital. The surveying of the Mantawa territory has as yet m;ide little progress, but will be energetically proceeded wdth during the coming season. i :i XXII. ▼ALLEY OF THE OTTAWA. The Jliver Ottawa, which falls into tho !St. Law- rence, at the western extremity of the Island of .Montreal, divides the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. As it Hows, from the northwest to the south-east, it forms with the St. Lawrence an angle of nearly 45 degrees. Its length is about 600 miles. On its rourse it is fed by many tri- butaries, the largest of which, the Gatineau, is about 800 miles in length, and separates the val- ley towards its centre, in a line nearly perpen- dicular, running iVom north to south. It is esti- mated .hat over 30,000 square miles of territory is drained by the Ottawa and its tributaries. That portion of it situated ni the apex of the im- mense triangle former^ by the valley of the Ottawa, and inhabited by a wt althy and numerous popu- lation, comprises the counties surrounding Mon- treal to the north and to the west. But when we alludn to colonization in the vai'ey of the Ottawa, we have in view principally the counties of Ottawa and Pontiac, which cons- titute the north si ore of that river, and stretch b;i"kwards from lus mjirgin to the northern li- mits of the Province. 1 he population of these counties, in 1861, numbered a little over 41.000 souls ; to-day it is estimated at nearly sixty thou- sand, one-half of which are oi French, ai^d the other half of British origin. Within late years, — 76 11 !. there has been formed in this district a settiemeut of Germans, who to-day enjoy prosperity. As this section of the Province belon<4's to the Laurentian chain, its surface is, in ii-reat part, rocky and mountainous, hut covered with timber of n^reat value. Notwitlistandins", the soil in the valleys and on the sloping hills is very fertile, and opens a vast extent lit for settlement. The works of the lumber merchantsmaierially assist the settling* of the land in this district, by opening' roadn and provid- ing a market and good prices for the products of the farmers, as also in furnishing the settler with work for himself and his horses during a season in which his labor in this direction in no way interferes with his agricultural pursuits. This dis- trict is w^ell w^atered, and is remarkable for the number and force of the water powders afforded by the rivers, the streams and lakes whose waters run through it. The first settlers of the Ottawa were lumber merchants. To meet the requirements of their establishments (chantiers), the greater part of them had to make, at intervening distances in the heart of the forest, important clearings, which they abandoned, after denuding the surround- ings of all the standing timber suitable for the market. These large farms were the nuclei around which gathered the settlers who inhabit the district to-day. Removed from each other at first, these clearings served as landmarks, or central points, about which later on grouped the settlements which now fill up the spaces. The number of acres surveyed and divided into farm lots, actually to be disposed of, is 1,358,500, piice of which bhe rice of which is thirty cents per acre. XXIII. EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. ' m N i I Hi n . I Few sections of Canada, perhaps, ofFerfgreater inducements to the emigrant than the Eastern Townships, the chief Town of which, Sherbrooke, is situate from Quebec, the Capital of the Province, a distance of 120 miles, and may be reached in five hours by railway. The proximity of the townships to the Ameri- can markets, and the <^reat facilities for shipment to these and the markets of the Dominion afforded by the Grrand Trunk Railway, make the position of the agriculturists in this locality quite enviable, as the products of their industry are sure of a certain and ready market. In the townships, which are situate to the south of the City of Quebec, the winter is not so severe as it is with us, and their spring- is much earlier and their fall much later than ours, advan- tages of very great importance to the farmer. The general features of the country being hilly coupled with the abundance of water in the lakes, rivers and springs, afford not only sufficient mois- ture for the crops, but considerable water power for manufacturing purposes. Hardwood is here to be met with everywhere, and after clearing, a fertile soil is found, in general friable enough, but in all cases well adapted for the cultivation of cereals and green crops. One of the chief causes of the rapid success which crowns •I ! ill — 78 — the settler in the Eastern Townships, is that from these highhmds, during the first year, he may reap a crop ; frequently even, the ashes of the trees burnt to effect a clearing, help to a great extent to defray the expenses attendant upon doing so. The rich mineral deposits of the townships have within these few years attracted thither a consi- derable population. As a grazing country the townships are unsur- passed, and great attention is now paid to the breeding of cattle and the growing of wool. This branch of agriculture, is very much encour- aged, owing to the protitable markets of the United States, which are almost at the doors of the farmers. Within the last few years the best breeds of sheep have been successfully introduced from England ; and not unfrequently at the agri- cultural exhibitions, in the United States, these and the horned cattle from this thriving district have carried off first prizes. Possessing the advantages of a double market, in consequence of their proximity to the frontier,' many of the farmers in the townships cultivate on a large scale, [n some cases the farms comprise troiii TOO to 600 acres. This extensive mode of farming creates a demand for agricultural labor, and gives employment to large numbers of la- borers, at good wages. In this district the G-overnment owns 920,300 acres of wild land, which it is prepared to sell at very modera+e rates. The British American Land Company also hold valuable lots, and private pro- prietors are possessed of lands here which they offer for sale on easy terms. The Government lands sell at from 50 to 60 cts. n I 111 , —To- per acre. In the case of lands held by private proprietors the prices are influenced much by lo- cality, by the contiguity of towns or villag-es, by roads and accessibility to leading markets ; but on an average the price per acre may be set down at^.l. TLe settler from England, Ireland and Scotland will find these nationalities numerously repre- sented in the Eastern Townships. Nowhere in the Province will he be more at home than in the south-west part ot this region. A portion of the inhabitants of the Eastern Townships are the des- cendants of the United ]^]mpire Loyalists, who came from the United States to Canada when the for- mer separated from G-reat Britain and declared their independence. Since 184ttled tln^re and given proper attention to agriculture, have succeeded beyond their expecta- tion. The sea-weed, washed upon the shore by the action of the tide, at every point, lurnishes the farmer with a very valuable manure; and besid<'s tliis, fish ibr similar purposes may easily be obtained by him. A prominent resident of P rce, Mr. (xeorge Le Bouthillier, upon being interrogated by a Com- mittee of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, in 1868, spoke in tlit' following terms of the future which lies open to all who seek in this region a home : " It is unquestionable," says Mr. LeBouthilliei', of Perce, in his answers, " that a man, on this " coast, wnth a well-cultivatcnl farm, of only "tw^enty acres, can live better than anywhere " else on the continent. To make money as a — 83-- "fishorman, it in abovt^all essential to have a larm " capable of supplying all one's ne(;essary Ibod "and a part oi' one's clothing. Under the.ie cir- "cumstances the fisheric^s aid the larrii. They "contribute to it also a large portiois oi' the " manure required. On tht^ days or hours when " the employees of the trader are not r(M|uired at "sea or on the beach, they can alwiiys lind occu- "pation upon the farm, and by means oi' the " Ilsheries greatly improve it. Tlio conclusio.i to "be drawn is, that the fish(n-ies and th(! farm assist "one another, l)ut that previous to engaging in " the former, a man sliould be settled on Ti well- "cultivated i'arm, with suitable buildings, and "that to promote the li.sheries, agrieultu?e inust "iirst be promoted. Agriculture is the foundation "of the lishing trade, as (dsewhere it is the "foundatio)i of manufactures and commerce." The County of l]onaveiiture, which forms the southern portion of the ptmiusuia of Gaspe, al- though engaged actively iii the lishing carried on, has made greater pro'Tr(\ss in agriculture than Gaspe propiM-. The land l)or(bn-ing the 13aic des Chaleurs is all under (•ultivation, and at certain points clearings have been made which extend i'or miles into the intin-ior. There is room here for thousands and thousands of settlers, and as a o-^. neral rule the laud in this district is very fertFle. The works connected with the buildiiig of the Intercolonial llaihvay, which will run throuo-h the County of Honaventure, have already attracted thither a gri^at number of persons, and before long, real estates hereabouts will have doubled its value. The (rove ^'imont oJers for sale 491,100 acres of land in Oaspe ^;,t the rates of twenty and thirty cents per acre. ':!• ^M XXVI. II^MIGRATION. Kc-iCital of the Policy ol" iUv Wovernincnt. By virtue ol the ( ■onstitution, the Federal and Local Governments have conenrrent powers over all matters relating to immigratio/;. The Provinces being invested with the absolute ownership of the wild lands comprised within their respective limits, it is necessary that ther«^ should be identity of sentiment and uniformity of action between them and the Federal authorities. In the autumn of 1868, a convention composed of delegates from each Province, and the Premier of the Federal Government, met at Ottawa, and assigned to each Government its share in a work in which their interests were common. The duty devolves upon the Federal Govern- ■ ment of establishing agencies in Europe, and of defraying the expenses connected with the quarantine, etc. As to the Local Governments, it was agreed that they should utilize the Federal European agencies, but might if ^hej thought proper send special agents to Europe on their own behalf. Appended to th report containing the deli- berations of the convention, are inserted important letters addressed by the Secretaries of the different Provinces to the President of the Committee on Immigration. We could not give a more dehnite — 85 — idea of the policy of the Goverumont of Quebec in relation to this matter, than by reproducing here the letter written by the Honorable Mr. Chauveau : To GrEo. Jackson, Esquire, M. P., Chairman, Ooiiimitler cm IminiKration and Colonization. Sir, The undersigned has much pleasure in com- plying with the request made to him for a state- ment of the measures adopted by the Quebec Go- verinneiit, in behalf of the settlement of the public lands and of immigration. These two subjects have received the constant attention of the Government and Legislature of the Province, and the greater part of the revenue derived from the public domain has been appro- priated, under diverse forms, to these two objects, which it is impo.ssible to separate^ since whatever tends to facilitate thn settlement of the inhabitants of the Province on the public lands is (Equally fa- vorable to immigration. The Legislature of the Province of Quebec has passed several laws, with a view to facilitate the settlement of the Crown Lands, and in all this legislation, immigrants have been placed upon the same footing as the natives of the country. One of these laws, passed in the first Session of Parliament, has for its object the construction of colonization roads, which are divided into three classes ; those of the tirst class are considered to be of public and provincial utility, and are con- structed entirely at the expense of the Government; those of the second class are made in part at the expense of Government and in part at the expense 1 1 1 1, 1 '. W: I B liiiil ^ I — 86 — ol (he inunicipalities, th(^ latter rurnishing- less thiin Ihe (Jov(!rninont; those of the tliird classar^ coiisliuclod upon the siuiic system, but th(i muni- evpiiliti.vs iuii«t runiish a sum at least equal to the (iiovizure for debts contracted previous to the «.Tant or con- cession ; and which durino- th(^ ten years lollow- mo- the issue of patents, and during- thi> whole period, not to exceed liv«^ years Irom the time ot'theocc-upation of the lot to the issue of patents, exempts IVom seizure <-(M'tnin of his chattels (See list ofexeinptions, (^,p. XIV, pp. 57 and 5S). Last Session th(^ i.eo-jslatare passed an Act res- pectino- the sal(^ of public Ian l.s, providini.- Tor the establishment ol' a,H-enci.«s ajid their concentration lor the sale, of lands, th.- e,ut:tin!.r of timber, coloni- •AiiUon and inimi-.Tation. and affordino- better re- muneration to persons clia.rd therewith, and brinnMim' abouc simultaneous action Ibr these im- portant objects, necessarily connected tou-ether. Any oi-q-aiiization ibr the assistance to beMiUbrded to immin-rants, at their place of destinatiim, can only b(; completed on the appointnnmt of the new ag(mts undcn- this Act. The ag-oncies of the Federal Ooverjiment at Quebec and Montreal having been continued, the Provincial Government does not intend, lor the — 87 - pre8eiiit, at lejist, to appoint a«?«nts ol' its own at these ]3oijits. As a largo niimb.'r of i minimi ants ;i,re takiuy the direction of the Ottawa, and a certain proportion of thein Kettle on the lands oi' tJie Province of Quebec, the Local Government hits opened a credit in favor of the Federal Auent at Otiawa, to assist in forwardinn- to the landK ol" the Province of Quebec sucl) immigTants as desire to locate thereon. The price of land in the Province ol' Quebec varies IVoni 80 to 60 cents per acre ; — in the eastern portion ol" the Province it is ui-enerally 30 cents. Free orants are 'riven on the Tache and Matnpe- diac and otlier great colonixation roads. Detailed inibrniation as to the quantity of disposable land in the various parts ol" the Province, and the prices thereof, are to Ix' found iji m table prepared by the Orown Lands (Commissioner and attached to the report of last Session of the House of Com- mons (Committee on rniniiuration and Coloniza- tion The report of the ('town Lands (.'ommis- aionerjust published also contains similar infor- mation. Last Session the jjeo-islature i>Mssed an Act fot the encouragement of Colonization Railways, granting, on certain conditions, an annual subsidy to seven different companies, incorporat(>d ibrthat purpos(» ; and also an Act for the encouragement and formation of Colonization Societies. These Societies may also act as Immigration So- cieties. Their objects are defined as follows : 1. To aid in pronu^ting the establishment of settlf rs on Crown Lands ; to attract emigraiits from Dthei- countries, and to restore to this Province such of its inhabitants as have emigrated ; 2. To open, with the permission of the Grovern- Iff I I t i ■i '-y^^ — 88 — mont, and to aid the (xovwrriinent and Munici- paliti.^s in optMiiiifr roads through wild lands of the Crown, or leading thprolo; n. To dir»;ct settlers or emigrants towards the localities wl.ioh the Cominisyioner of Crown J.ands shall, MS hereinafter provided, have assigned to and reserved lor them ; 4. To provide settlers with seed grain, provisions, and iinphnnents suitable for the clearing and cul-' tivation of land; '). To aid the Department of Agricultun^and the Department of Crown Lands in the ditllision of knowledav and information calculated to ..xt. nd colonization ; (). To promote Colonization and assist settlers, by all means and proceedings which thciy shall deem desirable to adopt, in conformity with regu- lations to be provided by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. The (lov.'rnmeiu uives assistaner' to the So- cieties, by according to them a urant .niual to their subscriptions up to three hundred dollars and equal to one half the subscriptions over that amount, up to a further sujij of three hundred dollars. As many as three Societies may be lormed in each ele(!toral division, but the total amount to be expended by the Oovernment for these Soci- ties in each county shall not exceed six hundred dollars. These Societies have, moreover, the riffht to acquire property, by bequest or otherwise, and to receive contributions from municipalities and cor- porations ; they are themselves incorporated for this purpose. The Department of Agriculture and Coloniza- tion watches over the organization and working PWfli^ l^s ol these «or,i<.tieN , and ih.-n- is every reawou to hopethjua rtain number of th«»m will tnke an active part ,.. promoting immigrMtion. Over and above the granf to these Societies, townships, or parts of townsliips, will be reserved ior theivs.ablishment of settlers uliom tliey may sem' thither; and such s.^ Uill ive the pre- ference over all others, wi.etlu'r imuiio-rants or native.s olthe , ,^. .0.. \% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. fA LP |=LL 1.25 «iS|£8 12.5 — A" 1.8 i^L IIIIII.6 1 iiuiuj^dpiiiL Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 .ec and. Portland with the Orand Trunk Railway ol' Canada, forming thus a direct line of communication irom Europe to all parts of the Dominion of C^inada and the United States. The average passage from LJAerpool to Quc^bec in 1869, was 9h days— from Quebec to Liverpool,' ^ days ; and during the Winter season, I'roni Liverpool to Portland, llj days, and Portland to Liverpool, 10^ days. Rates of passage : In Cabin, i;i ..lo.OO sterlin«- and £18.18.00 sterling. Steerage, including "a plentiful supply of cooked provisions, prepal-ed and served up by tlie Company's stewards, as low as by any of the lines ol' steamships sailin<>- from ].iverpool to New York. ^ Extra steamships belonging to the Company are dispatched weekly from Liverpool to Quebec and Montreal, carrying passengers and mer- chandise, when sufficient inducements offer A steamship of the Montreal Ocean Steamship Company, "Glasgow Line," leaves aias«vow (Scotland), every Tuesday, calling at a po?t or ports m Ireland, for Quebec and Montreal, also carrying passengers and merchandise Rates of passage, by this line: Cabin. iJlo. 15.00- Inter- mediate, £<); Steerage, including a bountiful supply of cooked provisions, prepared and served up by the Company's stewards, as low as by any of the lines of steamships sailing to New York A subsidary line is formed by the steamships — 93 — Norway and &weden, sailin- at rej^ular intervals between I.iverpool and Drontheim, (Norway) Passengers taking these steamers can go direct from Drontheim to Quebec during summer, with only one transhipment. Passengers by any ol the Company's lines can he booked through from Europe to any railway station ni Canada, and to itll the principal points in the United States, and baggage is transferred from the steamship at Quebec or Portland to the railway, free of charge. There are interpreters aboard cadi steamship and railway train carrying emigrants. The agents of the Company are a.s follows, viz: Montreal and Portland Messrs. Hugh & Andrew Allan. ?.""^*'°- " Allans, Rae & Co. I'^^'V^^ - Allans Brothers & Co. S**'^"^ " James & Alexander Allan.- "*^''« Mr. John M. Currie, ■^*"* Mr. Gustave Bossange, framhiii.» -^r -^> Q""' Voltaire, f ^^^'"'^S Messr.^ W. Gibson & Hugo '^''**^" " Montgomery olliie CoiitiiKMit, in a temperate and salu- brious climate, and tlience by steamboat may direct his steps to whatever point ol' Canada lie likes, or th(> lar West, thus shortening his distance, avoid- irio- hundreds ol' miles ol" railway travelling, which, did he land at any ol' the ports in the United States,' he would have to undertake to reacli his destination! Within a iew years, lortnii-htly steamers, be- lono-ini-- to the London. Quebec and Montreal Company, ply reo-ularly during the summer season })etween London, Quebec and Montreal. These steamers are the Merlwa//, the Tweed, the Av(m and iVi ; when no contract has been made, then by the genera) laws and custom oi the country. To be valid, the marriage contract should be executed before notaries, and previous to the celebration of marriage; all kinds of agreements may be lawfully mad in them, even those which, in any other act, inter vivos, would be void, such as the renunciation of successions which have not yet devolved, the gift ol' future property, the conven- tional appointment of an heir, and other disposi- tions in contemplation of death. All covenants con- trary to public order or to good morals, or forbidden by any prohibitory law, are, however, excepted from the above rule.— C. C. Arts. 1,257 and 1,268. If no covenants have been made, or if the con- trary have not been stipulated, then community is established between the husband and wife, and the customary or legal dower m favor of the wife and of the children to be born of their marriage in the event of the husband's death.— C. C. Arts. 1,260 and 1,431. The community consists : of all the moveable property which the consorts possess on the day when the marriage is solemnized, and also of all — 103 the moveable property which they acquire during marriage, and of the immoveable also which they may acquire, otherwise than by succession or other equivalent title.~C. C. Art. 1,272. The immoveables which the consorts possess on the day when the marriage is solemnized, or which fall to them during its continuance, by succession or an equivalent title, do not enter into the com- munity, but remain as /rropres in tlie absolute pos- session of the consort who may have acquired it or succeeded to it.— C. C. Art. 1,275. Customary dower consists in the usufruct for the wife, and the ownership for the children, of one- half of the immoveables which belonsr to the hus- band at the time of the marriage, and of one-half of those which accrue to him during marriage, from his father or mother or other ascendant.— C. C. Art. 1.434 To guarantee persons acquiring moveable pro- perty against fraud, and to ensure to those who lend money on real estate, security for the sums loaned by them, the law provides that all mortgages and real charges that a Sect immoveable property shall be made public by means of registration or transcription in the Registrar's office, cf the Regis- tration Division within which is situate the pro- perty affected by such real charge or mortgage. A research made at the Registrar's office, will place the applicant in possession of the mortgages and other charges which affect the property that he desires to purchase, or on the security of which he desires to make a loan. Every instrument in writing by which real estate is transferred should be enregistered within thirtv davs ai'tf^r its rkaQcijirv SJo lrvn/« «o <^u^ _;^Uf of the purchaser has not been registered, all con- i ill! ! :H il' I] il . ^ — 104 - veyances, transfers, mortgages or real rights granted by him in respect of such immoveable are without effect. The hypothecary creditor has virtually no privileges until he has caused his title deeds to be enregistered. This act of enregistration esta- blishes the order in v^rhich hypothecary creditors shall be paid or collocated, in the case of a judicial sale of the real estate affected by the mortgage. To make as public as possible all charges affect- ing real estate, the Civil Code declares that there shall be prepared a plan of the properties com- prised in each Registration Division of the Pro- vince, as well as a book of reference containing their exact description. Each property indicated on the plan shall be numbered, which number thereafter shall serve to designate it. Beneath this number a reference is, upon the .entry of every charge against it, made in the Registrar's office, so that every person who is interested in the said property may easily ascertain by what mortgages it is affected. Already three counties are provided with the plans and books required by law, and before long all the Registrars' offices in the Province will have complied therewith. .iif XXIX iiill TO CAPITALISTS. LomB made upon Real Estate.-Bank Shares, and Joint Stock Companies.- Currency. With a system of enregistration so complete as ours, It IS evident that capitalists who desire to lend their money on the security of real estate, run no nsks whathever in doing so. The average interest paid upon first mortgages or preferential loans of this nature, is between six and eight per cent, per annum, and there is very little available capital but what is bespoken in advance by some one who has property to mort- gage. The Banks of the Province of Quebec, beyond a doubt the safest in Canada, perhaps in America, offer to capitalists great inducements to invest their sur- plus means Our banks are eighteen in number with an average capital of $2,000,000 each. The capita] divided into shares ranging from |40 upwards to' $200, IS to-day in all of the banks paid up The operations of the banks resting upon so solid a basis, invariablj enable their directors to declare to tlie shareholders a dividend of eight per cent per annum, while, at the same time, they afford to the trade of the Province an impetus, and the means of expansion. Our telegraph, insurance, navigation, gas, and manufacturing companies and building sooiAfino are based, as the banks, upon paid up capital stock, 14 ;m il III I i y m m i 1 1 % — 106 — and like them also pay eight per cent, per annum, and sometimes more, to tlieir shareholders. Bank dividends, and those declared by joint stock companies, are paid semi-annually. The vicissitudes of trade, and the fluctuations of the market, leave constantly available to the pur- chaser bank and capital stock companies shares, at comparatively low premiums in the majority of cases. The decimal currency obtains in Canada. Our dollar, like the American, represents one hundred cents ; in sterling money its value is four shillings and one penny, and in French money, it repre- sents five francs and thirty-seven and one-seventh centimes. Tlie pound sterling, in Canadian currency, is equal lo four dollars and eighty-six cents, and two thirds of a cent. , The franc of France is worth in our currency about eighteen cents, which makes the value of the five franc piece ninety-two cents and a-half. hi the western parts of the Province, and notably m the district of Montreal, our country people, despite the change in the currency, adhere to the old tow, -mm method of calculating by the Hvre, or franc of twenty sous. The pistole, the French dollar (worth six /m-e.s- and t&w mm) and the French half-dollar, worth three livres, are still m daily use in these localities. The price or value of land is generally expressed in this old currency. The value of the tomnois livre, or franc, is eight pence sterling, or sixteen cents and two-thi?ds actual currency of Canada. In the rural districts of Quebec, the French piastre and half dollar only of the old currency are found ; but the old system of weights and measures is strictly adhered to. — 107 — To avoid loss in the moneys wliicli they bring with them, emigrants before embarking for Canada would do well to convert their values into English coin, because English gold and silver are with us current coin, whilst German, French and otlier foreign coins, no doubt because of their scarcity in our market, cannot be exchanged except at rates below their par value. Whoever may have a large sum of money should get a draft payable in Ca- nada. This may be easily done, as the principal bajiks and bankers of London and Liverpool do a regular exchange business with the banks of Ca- nada. Post Office Savings Banks have been established by the Government in connection with nearly all the rural Post Offices. These banks receive de- posits, the interest on which (as well as the capital deposited) is guaranteed by the Government, and paid regularly upon call, at the rate of three per cent, on all sums deposited. This mode of invest- ment would prove a wise one for those who, upon their arrival in the country, might have a surplus capital for which they had no immediate use. Money orders payable in the Province and in Great Britain and Ireland, issued upon the security of the Government, upon the payment of a slight commission, may be obtained at the Money Order Post Offices throughout the Province. ! j ml iz w Ml m XXX GENERAL INPORITATION. il- lili iiii The emigrant should arrive here early in spring as at that season of the year labour is in very o-eneral demand, and well paid. By leaving Europe in the montlis of April or May, he will arrive in Ca- nada at a time when he is sure, if he be at all inclin- ed to work, to find it. Unless he be coming out to friends already settled in the Proyince, or hare some capital, \ve would not advise the agricultural labourer to emigrate after the month of August During the harvest season the highest wages are paid ; and we would recommend the emigrant, with a view of securing a home for the winter, the first one at any rate, to hire himself for the year. The following average of wages will be found in the main correct : Farm labourer per month ) with board and lodging, ) ^^^^ ^^ to $15 Female servants {j,^^ 2 ' 5 Bojrs over 13 years 'from 2" 8 ^^'■^^ from 1 «' 3 Mechfinics per day from 1 " 2 Labourers " day.. from 60c. to 1 (with board). Farm labourers, upon their immediate arrival, might not obtain the above rates ; but they may be certain to obtain them within a short time after their arrival in Canada. Farm labourers should pro- ceed at once to the agricultural districts, where they will be certain of obtaining suitable employment 109 — and those with families will also more easily procure the necessaries of life, and avoid the hardships and distress which are experienced by a large portion of the poor inhabitants in our cities during the winter. It is provided by law that emigrants may remain on board ship 48 hours after arrival, except in cases where a vessel has a mail contract, or is proceeding in further prosecution of her voyage. The master of a ship is bound to land emigrants and their baggage, free of charge, at a convenient landing in the city, between sunrise and sunset. All emigrant runners or persons acting lor rail- way or steamboat companies, must be licensed by the Mayor of the city ; and the emigrant, to prevent being imposed upon, should ask to see this license before he has any dealing with such persons. Every tavern, hotel or boarding-house keeper has to hand a list of the prices he charges for board and lodging, or for single meals, to any emigrant intending to lodge with him, and during the first three months of the emigrant's stay, the landlord cannot detain his baggage for a debt exceeding five dollars. The emigrant who desires to know the distance to any part of the Province or the Dominion, and how to g( f there, and what it costs, and the best places to find work, should ask the Government Emigration Officer, whom he may, in all confidence, address on the subject. The Department of Agriculture and Public Works, which is specially entrusted with immigration and the colonization of public lands, will also give infor- mation to emigrants desirous of settling in this Pro- vince. The Office of the Department is in the city \ I ii' — 110 — of Quebec, before leaving which, the intending settler would act wisely were he to consult the officers thereof, wlio will furnish him with the most precise information concerning the various centres of colonization in the Province, and place him at once in communication with the Crown Land agents, or individual proprietors who may have land ibr sale. It would be very difficult to give even an ap- proximate idea of the capital required to enable an emigrant family to enter upon the occupation of a lot of uncleared land. The only rule that may be safely followed in such a case is thai eighteen months, or a year at the very least, will expire before he can get a return from his land ; he should therefore have capital enough to support his fa- mily until then, and to purchase the furniture re- quired by hitn, and the implements necessary for the clearing and cultivation of his farm. The general opinion is that it would be impru- dent for a family, consisting of five or six members, to settle on a lot of wild land, unless they were possessed of two hundred dollars. Nevertheless, it is no uncommon thing to see Canadians settling on a lot of uncleared land wit\ a much smaller^ capital, and succeeding within a short time in ob- taining a condition of ease. If the settler be honest, sober and industrious, he will readily procure, on credit, the things required by liim ; he has only to prove himself a worthy man to obtain it. Wliih^ he is clearing his own lot, he will find occasional work, either in working for a more fortunate neighbour, on colonization roads, or by hinng for a month or two during the winter with a lumber merchant. If he has a maple grove (a sugary), and tiiese groves are not uncom- — Ill mon, he will learn to manufacture luanle suaar. and in the space of a month, from the end of March to the end of April, he may, un assisted, make three or four hundred pounds weight of this article, which is on an average worth nine or ten cents per pound. The sap from the maple tree produces about one pound of sugar each sprnig. Th<* rivers and lakes, everywiiere to be met with in our for^'sts, are in general well stocked with fish, with which, at certain seasons of the year, the settler may furnish his table ; the same may be said of game, which is very abundant in certain localities. These are but secondary means, which, if attended to with discernment, may be very great helps ; but neither fishing nor fowling should be followed dt the expense ot the farm. The cabin of the settler is soon built, and costs between twenty-five and thirty dollars. As it is much exposed to the risks of fire, when the trees surrounding it are being burnt, there is no need of building it over elegantly ; it suffices that it shall be warm for the winter, and capable of keep- ing out the rain during the wet weather. The trunks of the first trees felled serve to build it ; they are cut into proper lengths, and having notched the pieces required, on two faces, at either end, a frame is made oat of them of sixteen feet by twenty — the one nitch holding by the other. This symmetrical operation is repeated until the frame has attained ten or twelve feet in heigth. A few more pieces of timber squared for the flooring and the ceiling, the whole surmounted by a roof covered with bark, and the fixing of the wooden door and a couple of windows, for light and egress, and the cabin is coiiipleted. By filling up with moss and earth the chinks in the frame of his house, the '! ■■ Imi •^nm ii — 112 — settler ha« such a liomestead aa suffices iu the begin, in^' oi his career; and if he have not bad fortSl withm a short time he will broaden the narrow ho^ rizon that sorrounds him, iight will break into his cabin glimmer upon his hearth, and contentment dwell withm his humble home. Tiie cost of clearing, when it is done by con- contract, amounts to about ten dollars an acra 1 his consists in cutting the trees and in burninR them, so that nothing remains but to extract the stumps. In this state, and until the roots shall have been sufficiently loosened to permit of being extracted, seed may be sown by means of harrow- ing, or by the use of the mattock, between the stumps. In certain localities a machine is used to extract the slumps at once, but in general this pro- ceedmg is too costly to be followed by new settlers A skilled farmer, who has not the means of pur- chasing a farm, will find in the Trovince many agri- culturahsts who are prepared to lease their farms or to farm on shares. In tliis way in a few years with httle or no risk, and witliout personal means' a practical farmer may lay aside sufficient to pur-' chase an eligible farm. XXXI. CONCLUSION. With institutions such as we have sketched, by utilizing the vast resources that we. have in- dicated m this pamphlet, the Province of Quebec, without vam glory, may aspire to play an impor- tant purt m the Canadian Confederacy. IShe has the advantage, of a maritime and interior navi- gation unsurpassed on this continent, and pos- sesses nearly two-thirds of the territory of the Do- minion^ By continuing to progress as in the past, her exhuberant and vigorously organized societ^ cannot tail to form one of the most solid elements ot the great American family; and when we invite the liuropean emigrant to come and share with us our destinies, we believe we ask him to participate m something that is truly enviable. We would not, however, in the slightest degree magnity the chances of success that our Province holds out to the emigrant. The undoubted triumphs successively carried off at the International Exhi- bitions ol London, Dublin and Paris, by ihe, Cana- dians, exist to testify to the truth of what we have advanced concerning the fertility of our soil the richness of our natural products, and the ever- mcreasing importance of our industry But the utilizing of these resources involves energetic and persevering labour-success can hr. purchased only at the price of toil. By joining to 15 li mil lilii' — 114 — labour, intelligence and thrilt, the emigrant wlio set- tles amongst us may rely, within a short time, upon being able to live in a condition of ease. Here as in Europe, great fortunes fall to the lot of the few only ; but we may vvitii truth aflirm that comfort is more general and more readily attained with us than it is in Europe. How could it be otherwise? There, land is high in price, and owned by a small number, the masses closely competing for the little work that is given to them ; and this work, so poorly remunerated, scarcely fmables the labourer to purchase the neces- saries of lite. From this follow the discouragement and despondency which seem hereditary in certain classes. Here the reverse is seen,— land is cheap ; every man has his share of it, little or great, and works it for himself. It follows from this that we lack agricultural labourers for more conside- rable operations, and their absence makes labour dear. Tiie opening, therefore, is greatet in Canada for the labourer than it is in Europe, and for all who aspire to better tlioir condition. They were all more or less poor, the tea thou- sand settlers who commenced the clearing of Lower Canada; for it is never from choice that one leaves the father land. Nevertheless, they rapidly earned for themselves comfortable homeh ; and already, after two centuries, they have multiplied to that extent, that they exceed to-day a million of souls. They were poor, also, those who came later on. But above all, they were poor, those who within the last twenty-five or thirty years we ourselves have seen landing upon our shores, decimated by epidemics and pursued by hunger. Nevertheless, to-day ail are secure trom want ; the greater number are even in a condition to iesrv ikeir offspring a heritage. — 116 — What these have done, others may ntill do we should say with greater facilities, for the pafh is hetter trodden now than heretofor**, and in the open field there is ever room : and as may have already been gleaned, the State has nothing closer at heart than the settling of its uncleared domain. If emigrants, arriving here without other re- sources than the wealth of energy and stout arms, could have triumphed over numberless difficulties,' with Ns hat confidence may we not promise success to those V ho, upon their landing, were possessed of a little capital. However slender his means, we would say to the workingman or mechanic : come to Canada and apply intellioently your powers, enrich tlie land by your labour, and you will draw an interest therefrom quadruple what it would have been had you remained in Europe ; you will live at ease here, and your children will bless you for liaving had the manliness to seek out for them a fortune preferable to that which you left behind. !! r lr|': i I '>-W — 117 — APPENDIX. GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. GtoVERNOR-GENERAL : The Right Honorable Sir John Young, Baronet P C G. C. B., G. C. M. G. PRIVY COUNCIL. The Honorable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, K. C. B. Minis- ter of Justice.— Chief of the Cabinet. ' The Honorable Sir George- Etmme Cartier, Baronet, Minister ofMilitia. The Honorable Samuel Leonard Tilley, C. B., Minister of Cus- toms. The Honorable Hector Loui. Langevin, C. B., Minister of Pub- he Works. The Honorable Alexander Morris, Minister of Internal Revenue The Honorable Sir Francis Hincks, K. C. M. G, Minister of Finance. The Honora»,le Joseph Howe. Secretary of State for the Pro- vmces. The Honorable C Trcpper, C. B. P,.esident of the Privy Council. The Honorable Peter Mitchell, Minister of Marine and Fisheries. The Honorable Alexander Campbell, Post Master General. The Honorable Christopher Dunkin, Mi.iister of Aguculture and Statistics. The Honorable James Cox Aikens, Secretary of State for Canada The Honorable Jean Charles Chapais, Receiver- General. NoTE.-Sir y.^. Macdonald, Sir Frs. Hincks, the Honorable iiL^T}^-n^L^Z''fS^^r. ^-.(^^^Pbell, the Honorable^ c Atkt7is, toim part of the Ontario representation. Sir G. E. Cartier, thf Honorable H. L. Lanaenin tb*. tt««« rable C Ihuikin, and the Honorable^ /^rEo V ^°: of the Quebec representation ^^"'^"''' ^°''" P*'"* o '"^^ Honorab'e Joseph Howe, and the Honorable C T,n,n^ C. B. belong to that of NovaScotia. ""^ciDie c. lupper, The Honorable S. L. TiUey, and the Honorable P Mn.h.u belong to that of New Brunswick. "o^oraDle /. Mxtchdl, mF^'n'^fclSiT"""^"* '' '' ^"*-' -P^*«l of the Do- I I ill li m ti B 'U'S. GOVERNMENT OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC 1^ i'M LlHUTKNANT-GoVKUNOR : Sir Nakoissk Foktunat Bellka •, Knight. MEMBERS OF THE CABINET. The Honorable Pierre Joseph Olivitr Chauvsau, Secretary «nd Registrar, Minister of Public Instruction.— Chief of the Cabinet. The Honorable Gidioii, Ouimet, Attorney-General. The Honorable J. G. Iiobertiio7i, Treasurer. The Honorable Joseph Octave Beaubien, Commissioner of Crovfn Lands, The Honorable Lcuis Archainbeault, Commissioner of Agricui culture and Public Works. The Honorable Charles Boucher de Bouchei'ville, Fiesident of the Legislative Council. The Honorable George Irvine, Solicitor-General. The Seat of Government in at Quebec. IMMIGRATION AGENTS \ 1,1 FOR THE DOMINION OF CANADA :il IN RUROPK. Wm. Dixon, 11, Adam Street, Adelphi ±iOBdon. J. G. Moylan Irwland Dublin. Charles Poy « Belfast. David Shaw Scotland Glasgow. E. Siuiays Belgium Antwerp. IN CAN ADA. L. Stafford Quebec. J- J- Daly Montreal. ''^- J- Wills Ottawa. IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION AGENTS FOR THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. At Quebec The Department of Agriculture and Public Works. At Montreal Charles E. Belle, No. 50, St. James Street. Crown Land Agencies ate offices whereat the emigrant may obtain such information as he requires.— See the table that fol- lows. 120 — o ^ c^ c^ (^ irt ^— ^ *« ,— ^ «ad _Aj ^-1 ^-* 31 iT 2r zr ^r O O O C O lO o ~i.'^'-^'*.O,'*00'ftC^*'«*'OO ^O^Tj^OOOOOOO o_o^c>_© O CO c s o u 3 ,:£ jj -^ (3 '5 Q so .r: 1:=)^ = t:3j3'^'-5 2 o o< »o I . n (3 o 1) 73 OS D a o 9 o iJ-a ■a o o-e ::icoHH5:HoofqM> . • o . ••;;;•- C . 5 • • • 9 fl • • • • • • ■ • i : So ■ S • .,' i! -2 O • • ■ M -; • >, • • • c3 £ ,^ g s 5 S ^i 5 tx : g s ;o l":^ ^ : j^ a •rS s>o . , < " aj ^^ is .J ~. H« « /i >-^ & - ■< H O CO -M <1 .-, BJ 5 « ea o o : o a, o a o p TABLE OF FREE GRANTS. OB m Tach« Road. J. B, Lk ,b, Agent, Rimonski. (Jharlks T. DubA, Ag.nt, liiviSro-du-Loiip (era baa.) C. F. FouHNiER, Agent, St. Jean Port-Joli. 20,900 acres open for location. The Tache Boad, which is only i)artially coustiucted, Uasursea the Township of Mailloiix, in the (\>nnty of n<-n(cha«se, the Townships of Montminy and Pattoii, in the C!onnty of Montmaerny, the Townships of Arago, Garneau and Lafontain.^, in the (.^ounty of I'IsIet, the Townships of Chapais, Painchaud, chabot and Pohene- gamook, in the County of Kamouraska, tlie Townships of Armagh, Vigor, Denonvillc, in the County of Temiscouuta, the Towunhips ofB6dard, Chenier, Baudot, Macp^s, Neipettc, Fleuriau and part of the Townshipof Cabot, in the County of Rim ouski, to its jun.tiott with the Matapedlan Road. i i Malap^diac Road. J. H. F.Ki'AGK, Agent, Rimouski. •'• N. Veuob, Agent, Carleton. 20,600 acres open for location. This Road commences in the Parish of Ste. Flavie, on the River St. Lawrence, in the County of Rimouski, and connects with the east end of the Tacho Road, in the Township of Fleuriau, and passes thence (occasionally intersecting the Kempt Road) through the Township of Cabot, the Seigniory of ^ake Matapediac and the Townships of Lepage and Caasupscull, in the County of Rimouski and the Townships of Asscmetquagan and Ri.;tigouche to the mouth of the Matapediac, in the County of Bonaventure. 1« — 122 — Keiupl Koad. J. B Lkpaqk, Agcut, Uimouski. J. N. Vkkob, Agent, Carleton. 21,700 acii's open for lodition. The Kempt Road commtuces on the River Ristig uche, in the Township of Ristigouclie, traversing tliat Township and the Township of Assemetquagan, in the County of Bonaventure, tht- Township of Causupscull and Lepage, the Seigniory of Matape- diac, the Township of Cabot and the Seigniory of Metis, in the County of Rimouski, to the River Metis, on tire River St. Lawrence Jflataiie and CJap CJhat Road. Louis Roy. Agent, St Anne-des-Monts. 3,200 acr«8 open for location. This Road commences at St. Jerome, in the Seigniory of Ma- tane, in th« County of Riiuouski, and passes along the shore of the River St. Lawrence through the Townships of St. Denis, Cher- bourg, Dalibaire, and Romieu, in said Count/, and the Township of Cap Chat to St. Anne's, in the County of Gaspe. I^ang^evin Road. J. A. PoRTiN, Agent, St. Jossph, Beauce. 1,800 acres open for location. The Langevin Road traverses portions of the Townships of ^are and Langevin. MaillouiL Road. J. A. FoRTiM, Agent. 9,850 acres open for location. This Road starts at a point on the Tachc Road, in the Town- ship of Mailloux, traverses said Township, the Townships of Rioux, Bsllechasse and Daaquam, in the County of Bellechasse. ■iiM — 123 — Temisconata RoimI. Charlis T. Dubb, Agent, Rivi^re-du-Loup. 22,000 acres open for location. The Temiscouata Road commences at Rivi^rt'-du-Loup, to- wards the Townships of Whitworth and Armagh, and the Seig- niory of Temiscouata, to the Province Lioe. l^lgin Road. C. F. FouRNiKR, Agent, St. Jean Port-Joli. 26,000 acres open for location. The Elgin Road, in the Conuty of I'lslet, commences at the River St. Lawrence, at Port-Joli, in the Seigniory of Port-Joli, and thence passes on the division line between the Townships of Fouraier, Ashford, Garneau, Lafoutaine, Gasgrain and Dionne, in- tersecting the Tache Road, on the line between the Townships of Garneau and Lafontaine. — 124 — STATEMENT OF GRANTS To CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS— 1870. .SEUVIUK. Boauport Liinulir Asylum, St. John's do Man' I ifiiiKJ Eiiiifiiudt Uo.spital, yuebec. Corporation of tin (ieii-HoHp... Dual' and Uiinib Jimtitiition.. . Indigent Sick St. I'at lick's Hospital ScBUrs d( la I'lovidiiK r ,[ St. Vincent d.- I'aul Asyhun... Protestant Hoiiso of Iridiistrv and Uefiigf ■ St. Patiick's Orphan Asylmii.. UnivcTsity Lying - in Hi coi- tal Magdalen A.syinui, (Iton Pas- tour) ; _ Roman Catholic (Jrpiian Asy- luiM ■ ; Soenrs dc la Charitc Protestant Or|ihan A.sylum... Lying-in Hospital, care .Soeurs de la Miscricorde Bouaventiue Street Asylum. Nazareth A.'^ylum for the Blind and for Destitute children.. Dispensary Ladii s' Benevolent Society for Widows and Orphans "(in- cluding late House of Re- fugtO Home and School of Industry. St. Bridget Asylum ". , Freres de laCharite de St. Vincent de Paul Hospice de Bethlcem Hospice de la Mi.«ericorde, Ful- Itim Street Charitable Ladies, Association of the Roman Catholic Or- phan Asylum Montreal do .. do .. do do . . do . . do ,. do .. do .. do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Quebec . . Carried forward. $ uts. 105,458 00 20,000 00 4,000 (10 4,000 00 3,000 00 3,200 00 1,600 00 1,120 00 600 00 800 00 640 00 480 00 720 00 320 00 1,000 00 640 00 480 00 430 00 830 00 320 00 850 00 320 00 300 00 300 00 300 00 200 00 600 00 ToTAt. eta. 129,458 00 23,050 00 129,458 00 — 125 — STATEMENT OP GRANTS, WTC-iContimed.) 8RRVICE. Uroiight forward Indigent Hiok do Asylum of the Good Shcphurd. do .. HoHpicc dt' la Matornito Quebec . . Ladit'H' ProtuHtant Home do MaU' Orphan Asylum do Fin lay Asylum j' do .. Prf'testant female orphan Asy- luni do . . St. Bridgi't Asylum do Canada Military AHylum do .. Dispiiisary do Indig.nt Hick .■.'.'.■'.■ [ ' 'frois - Ri'. vieres. . . General Hospital Sorel. St. Hyacinthc Hospital St. Hya- cinthe . Hospie.^ Vouvilh? St. B.moit Asile d la i'rovidence COtuau du Lac. . St. JoKt-ph Beaiihar- nois. . Ste. Marie Stc. Marir de Monnoir. Asile de la l'rovid,-nte Mascouchc H6pital St. Jean St. Jean..' Ho8[>iee La Jtrnmerais Varenncs.! Hospict df.s fSoeurB de la Provi- j tJi-""*^' St. Vincent TT. . , ^^ Paul..^ Hopital de la Providence Joliette. . Honpice de Laprairie Laprairie. Hopital St. .Joseph Chambly. Reformatory Schools ; . , Industrial Schui 'mom -(Uiitii ii'^yf jo m'|)J1io|{ 01)) JO tuoqiuao] ju 'ojj a u I 00 l-H O o CO ^ iTfll s-j 3 % (g a o o t: ^ fc- .i ^ M r wQ C ja M eg °:5 i V.9 ^ ^ OS ^ be ee T3 -rj I^ cS 4J *^ ^ ii a -J O a,^ T3 13 a^n « s .H a M o o o o w a o a oj ^ -I. « 5B M l-H h- 1 l-H — 127 — > o ) s I s IK II cS a 3 OQ CO I FOKFJCJM (JOIVHIJI.M ll¥ €A!VA»A. ARGENTINE UKI'IIHLIC.-C'onsul: St. John, N.B., J. Robortaon. AUSTKJ A.— Consuls ; Ilali/ax, N. S., Wm. CUinard; Montreal, E. Schultze. BELGIUM.-CoNHULH : I/ali/ax, N. S., V. E. Konnc- ; Montreal, JesBf JoHeph.— ViCR-CoNSLL : Quebec, Abraham Jos.-ph. BRAZIL.— CoNSULAK AoENT : I/ali/a^, N. S., M. Tohii.. DENMARK.-(;oNHiir, : //ulijox,S. Tubln.-VicK-(;oNHtH,H : MorHreal, T. Uyaii ; (Jue/tec, L. Kyau and G. T. P!liec, Chas. Itobinnon ; St. John, Q., L. P. Blodgott; Halifax, N. S., M. M. Jackson; Pictou, iV. .-., B. H. Norton ; St. John, N. B., DariiiH B. Warner; St. John't, VENEZUELA.— Viou-CoNHui- : Montreal, T. W. Henehaw. 17 ^■"■(1 fi COST or LIVING. Farmers and Mechanics may live very cheaply in the Province of Quebec. Subjoined is a list of prices of the principal ar- ticles of food, &c : Bread, 6 lbs. Loaf $0 12 to $0 15 Flour per Barrel ^200 lbs.) 6 00 " 6 00 Meat " lb 06 •' 08 Pork " " 08 " 12 Butter (salt) " 15 " 20 Clieese " 12 " 16 Maple sugar " 6" 010 Potatoes per Bushel 40 •' 50 Pea- " " 70 " 1 00 Oats " " 40 " 45 Buckwheat " 60 " 80 Lmen *' yard o 20 " 25 Planel '' " 5i) " 60 Tweed " " 80 " 100 Fine Boots per pair 2 00 " 3 00 Common" ♦' •' 80 •' 100 ■ — 131 ply ar- 15 00 i 08 12 20 16 10 50 00 45 80 25 60 00 00 00 1/ M w ca o c o 1^ •8Z0 ^1 oj -qi X •qi I (X) -szo zx 'BZO 8 0) '8Z0 f •reo f a> •szo z ■aaomio Z smpaooxo )ofi (8 _ a, 45 H H H O H n < < o P4 Ph BQ M O H 09 O o OQ » H 9 « 2 b g CO •* 50 «0 00 SO « oo 00 C4 M US o in Ift to in o in o 00 lO to CS lO i- ^^- -- IM M fO o Ol- io CO o © o r-4 CO CO CO to CO t- 00 i-H P-l 1— ( to t- to ■m u to ■*» o.a.1 CVI Cj s O - O " 5 c3 . O O pq ao o t~ t- t- r- I- t- i- c ^ *• '^ rH t^ '^ ' Oi CO t— CO '5S CO ■aotino ^ aaipaaoxa )ou puB 'zo f aAoqy •aoano X Saipaaaxa ;oa paB 'ZO 1 aAoqv ■aoano f Soipoaoxa ^o^ o C?eii-ii-'CO!0 C<|i— ti— ti— (.— (C.« -"S to C3 93 !8 3 3 >-< a 3) o 3 g 'd'O o a ij — 132 — CM r^ rjl J. O I- CM cq W CM — --J— •oo.^©MOTrirf:iOF-(Oi-ico-«iotoo 50'->eM-^CM -Hi-CM— .^-CM^.lrx>— 'r-eMCM CM — CM CM 00 feo 2eZ^3~^*^'=''-' -CMi-iOCMCO Srii^S ~^"\ "„^. '-.,'--.«.— "O— ^OCOCMCDMOOCMOOO^^O^ 00 M 40 -- CO CM _ oo~ (jT t- co-aTi-r-TcM^oi •rTcM^o^n-Tco i--roo" h5S-S = ?2'2'-rtJg'53;si::«>'-'°°'='i^f^<^'oo'n^ ■XI O CO — CO^CO — ^r^ COCOC• CO ri< -t — ' CO — -H 00 lO CO CM CM -^ CM Ol -J CM tJc t~ O ^ -Sm^^*~'^^ oocoocoj CM C0C0.S1S ^ i, ^^^^ ^-.^ °S- ^ *„ ^'■^ OIXiO1:-"OCM00tJ<(M>-hC0© - o -o in 1^ ^ co'» o o"co~ai"co~cM"co' o".o'i>ro"©' (xTcm"-:)-'' ^ 1 1 p 1 ►— • a ?5 • J, ■»! 'T^CJ O . . 4i •-^ft^-^H • .-a >.-?^ to ^ c ; ; ^ D c3 rri .2 J : O X > 5 • -4-1 ,c • OS a Ti O ,- c8 03 ? S ii cs u c5 t^ a • X cc c ojj.;^ fl t? o fl o u s SHcc J «i3 -C ~ a: 23 iffl ao s: aa o o C3 r^ -1 -2 ^ a « a s-" S 1=^ a i s a 5 Si rt oaoo "" es CO -r MS Crt "^ 00 Oi •^ 1— « CO -T TO f- 1 i-( f-H do O: — 133 — > © 00 p O <3J CO 00 ._ ^ o lO r- u •* ■* «o IM ^H CO 1-t >a 1— ( «> ■^ CO W •* (M •^ 1- — «) © CO >o '■O 00 O CO "^ ■q" CVI 00 CO OOOOCOaiCOi-iOOOiOOCO— •OCOlrtCOOOfOJ-r^CSl-'NliM --< <0 >X> i— O 1- !>■ CO ^ — 03 O CO CO O 1^ C3 lO 3C. lO CI X O C — „ ©_0_05,'-^M^O ''i*"^'^— ■!■-;, "^„'-;, CO CO^C^IJ- — . CO CO Tf -J CO CO cc o o o © e«3T)i'tc^iooocooo' in~'* — ■ m' m^co'o'co —<"■<*" T>r o6' ji oo' — To' i:-^»o"w 2?J53S3^5Si£''^^°°'^°°"^'*<»'«'=^o>'=M=''><»tot^incoi:-a> eOCOS«'2^;f5«IOJ'-''0'n — -HCO-i10 ■^l^CO CO — •— r-OCiMOOONi-lOi >0 i-c -^ lO CM CO t^-^C'IOSCO'— iCOlOuOOi— irJtcOJOCOi— lO COt~-CO »0 J-COCO'*Tl.^o^coc■*•rt'J^--^o» T(«_rJ<_00^C0__CM^--^O__^in^O_©^i>-_ OO COJ.-C0r^lOlOr-r-l(M00©0C0CC- cOJr-coc^__ — -^©cmotJ, -i>:~oo''TlJ"co"r-rTir_rt-''^'"^-^' oi'dLcTmeat^ ?^ y O i-i O P ^ 3 i-^ C r-._^r-< C»_C«1 - - •-T cjao«ocvjooiOr--i .-1 CO 05 CO CO efl _ — ^^-coc■oo— <©xcvi»nooin C^-t^lOO*nCOCOOOOOO^rf« i^30_oo_~eMm-^T)>P>h (-<1 /^^ v4< 1^ ■«i<>nioioio»c5ioioioic3iQ;o IM 00 co" 00 'fi 05 CO 00 in o 05 in QD O §.f •pI st^ (l;o iit-i o o ^s c» en s a V BO .2« 115 iS ao o^'i' ^ CTJ m 23 - "* i CO S.co^ is a '~^< > fl caJG o _ ^*^ t^i =3i& 005 O OS > »'2gQ 2 5iS J3 INDIANS OF THE PROVINCE OF ttUEBEC. Thj principal Ludiua tribes which still inhabit the Province are thu Iroquois, the AlKonqiiins, the Abeiiakis, the Nippissiugues the Hurons, the Micmacs and the Montagnais. The Iroquois are congregated in a village at Sault St. Louis, and at St. Regis, on the boundary of the United States ; the Algonquins, the Iroquois and the Nippissingues inhabit the lake of Two Mountains ; the Abenakis, St. Francis, near Lake St. Peter and Becancour ; the Hurons, Lorette, near Quebec ; the Micmacs, with some families of Malecites and Abenakis, inhabit Ristigouche, near the mouth of the river of that name, at Cascapediac, etc. There are also about one hundred Algonquins in the vicinity of Three Rivers. Th • Montagnais have no fix^d abode; they roam abroad over the mountains of the north, living solely by the chase and fishing. They come down and treat with the whites at the ports situated en the Saguenay and at the mouth of the principal rivers on the northeast shore, such as at Tadousac, Chicoutimi, the Islets-de- Jeremie, the river Godbout, the Seven Islands, Mingan, Mascouaro, etc. The other tribes, or relics of tribes, are the Fetits-Esqui- maux, the Naskapis, (Montagnais,) the Tetes-de-Boule, the War- montashings, etc. The Indians congregated in villages cultivate fields of Indian corn, oats, wheat, green crops, etc., and are owners of cattle ; but as a general rule, they occupy their time with fishing and hunting. They have churches and missionaries who live among them or visit them regularly. The Im rial Government has reserved for their use considerable tracts of land, causes to be distributed among them yearly presents, consisting of cloth, fire-arms, jewelry, etc., and sees to thj payment of their. missionaries. 136 — a J= OQ o T) ft a 1; ^ is ca *-> -«-» ^ 3 bf) • S O 43 T3 i> fcc ■J ■4-1 O o 9 ^ a y a 11 a eS o -^ a "* ■? "^^ a. 3 It 2 2 S ^ .a y 3 5^ 3 « -31 V a u 3 a 00 m lO M CO 'I* OS 1-- lO 00 00— lir-OMOSmO w fO in o» ■>! 00 c^i 00 rC00OJiOf0'1r (35~ o" oT c^ 1— t— C^l F^^ ^1 !■-• ^-^ ^^ M W (M /-I 10 ,-1 ,-, •-£) -f CVI <0 00 00 O © MOOOO — ^050 u^_oqoo -*c^xi — — > •.d" oo' irf irT {tT co" o" ^-~ ■MCCi33C''X) ?o -^ O -t -f -t C^ M M » :> -a a *3 a 3 i4 -W < c3 O o a C3 ho u a g a :> cS u « IK t- J3 TS ee «4-l O >> O bD ^ a OQ 00 § ^ --a 33 Q ^ O O 35 ^ »o s ^^ o 0^00 o_o_ y^ oo" t--" in" ■M lO O CO irTfo" O lO 1^ J>- lO •')• IM CO -H oo""*" lO — • CO t C- C- 1-* 1— 05 M ,-M yi — . lO ■* •»• lO ; "i 05 V : J'l >-•* 05 CO IM m ^£>'_ to" OS 00^ oo" 05_(r^ o" C<1 to 05^ co" o> 00 00 CO ©" I Xl I— I P3 o a ■«-> CJ t,"a I 33 o -J » ■*-' rS -iJ a 1^ X 3 o «^ M . -^-^ ra r« 'JO as :3 a a a ij • - •- ft, O O O 05 iX) — 137 — EXPORTS. Tablk f xhibiting the value of articles of Canadian growth and manufacture, exported from the Province of Qui^bec to diffcir- ••nt countries, for the fiscal year, ending 30th June, 1869. Great Britain United States Newfoundland Prince Edward Island. France English West Indies . French " " Spanish " " Monte- Video Buenos- Ayres Brazil , Valparaiso ...... South America . . Pontifical States. Naples Italy. Portugal Spain Holland Girman y Gibraltar St. Pierre Miquelon, Aiistralia Total products Coin and Bullion Articltjs not being products of Province Estimated short returns from Inland ports. Grand total of exports $ 16,344,825 5,627,'276 592,718 93,386 122,758 73,296 6,886 2,716 •59,048 36,203 31,880 1H,632 150,8 1 7 23,771 28,922 88,936 21,357 42,677 3,717 56,242 22,913 47,719 41,369 23,546,054 1,967,790 1,960,121 749,303 28,223,268 '■ ■ IS - 138 c, I - .^ ■;:; i? 5 2 *; «^ w « — « "o * Z, ^ ^ ;^ ^ '^ £ '^' "^ ^ X -^ aj lO c^ i^'js •^cvf ?.f „' _r CN •A est 0> !■- Ji — M r . V -T . J •o a it H ^ as c 'XI i sian ncan •f. M ^ D c X "u O c M 5 a t3 QQ TT .- 4 a •5 « . « <. be A 2 t^ O 05 s -fc- -o 2 ^ « ^ ;» * » ••r. fl § ^ '. n ■4-* C r ?P 3 S? « Six! xJ3 S c ^ 5 ^ ts o aQ!2;pL,a3?(• MuNisou Collegia N D. df I.rvis CollffTf St. Miilu'I Coll.'ge.... 5 Laval Colloj^j- IG 14 50 to 1 6Rigaud ('olloj;;c Stc. Marie do Bcauce C'ollogo iO 11 12 13 Lachutc CoIIeisct' . Verch6n;M Oollegi' Vaicnniis College Sherbiooke College Longueuil College St. Laurent College 12 6 to 8 3 o .-=■2 a. 03 3 3 ~ C 2 o fee 'A be a u n ii 2 6G 80 25 12 20 3 X O Z 8 1 9 2 30 30 80 12 1 ! 2 12 72 60 80 60 I 6 8 5 1 15 2 1 1 e . • . 5 12 20 I e 40 |- 139 7 80 lilNl of !%'owM|»a|>crM piil>liHh I'rovliice Lrfv Mincrvc Moiitroul. The Montreal Herald Montreal. The Montreal Gazette Montreal. Le Pays Montreal. I-''<>i dpH FatnilleB lieviii. LoC'oriHtitulioniiel Thi'«e RivAra. 1.4' .loinnul des TioiM Rivieres Three Rivers. Sherbiooke (hv/Mw Sherbrooke. Le rionnier de Sberbrooke.. Sherbrooke. Richmond (hmrdian Richmond. Waterloo AdverliHer Waterloo. Stanstead .Journal Stanstead. L'Union den Cantons de I'Est Arthabaska. Le MessHgei ( JHuadien Granby. La Gazette de .Joliette Joliette. La Gazette de Sorel. Sorel. L'Echo du Richelieu Sorel. La Revue Lfgale Sorel. Le Fninoo* 'anudien Sl. Jean. St. John News st. J. an. Le Courrier de St. Hyacinthe St. Hyacinthe. La Gazette de St. Hyacinthe St. Hyacinthe. Le Journal d' Agriculture St. Hyacinthe. Le Courrier de Beauharnoie BeauharnoiB. Huntingdon Journal Huntingdon! Canadian Gleaner Huntingdon. Aylmer Times h^ji TABLE OF CONTKNTS. CHAPTl'hH. I II. IK. IV. V. VI, . VJI - vni . JX. ■ X XI.- XII. . XIII. - XIV - XV.- XVI. - XVII. - XVIII. - xyc. - XX. - XXI. - XXll. - xxm. - XXIV.- XXV.- XXVI.- XXVII.- XXVIIl- I'AOIIii. introdnctioii j - i.'aimda uiid the Province of giitbcc ; I'oliticul Or- Kttnizution 5 - Thr Proviiin' of yu.bcc : HiHtoiicHl KctioHpt'ct . . 9 - I'opiilntion ^o - The Climat.! 26 ~ The Soil and its I'rodnctionH 28 - IVi rite .rial DiviHioiis 3^ - Miuiicipai fnHtitiitionH 33 - Kflucation 35 - R'liKious and Chaiitabli; Inntitntion8 41 - Mode of laviii^r : Agriculturi- — Hoinc Manufac- tnit'H — Commeret' 44.46 4T - (Mir Finauct'H ^^^ - Colonization gi - Colonization SocicticH 54 - Our Homent'iad Law 57 - VVoodrn Pail »va.VK ^q - (Jrown Lands go - Woods and Forests g^ - Mines gg - Lands tit for Settlement : Conditions of Sale — Free Grants q,j - Valley of the Saguenay jq - Valley of the St. Maurice 73 - Vaiky of the Ottawa 75 - Kustern Townships 77 - L()w««r St. Lawrence (South Sliore) gO - Uaspe 22 - Immigration : Recital of the Policy of the Govern- ment g. - Mi^ans of Communication gj - Law of the Province : Civil Status — Naturali- zation — Franchise — SticceBsions — Wills — Marriages — Acquisition of Immoveables — Hv- poUx-cary System , 20I *^:r':^ — 144 — Chaptkrr. P^^^ XXIX. — To Capitalists : Loans made upon Rt^al Estate Rank Shares and Joint Stock Oompanios — Cnr- •"^•"'y 106 XXX. — General Information j^q XXXI. — Conclusion 113 APPENDIX. Pagbs. Government of Canada ^ij Government of the Province of Quebec hq Immigration Agents for the Dominion of Canada 119 Immigration and Colonization Agents for the Province of Qwt'bec J jg Tabular Statement of Crown Lands Agencies 120 Table of Free Grants , oi do do do (continued) 222 J 23 Statement of Grants to Charitable Institutions — 1870 '124 do do etc , (continued) j 25 List of Colonization Societies i og do do do (continued) [27 Foreign Consuls in Canada y^g l>9 Cost of Li ving , „» Rates of Postage on L(H...v f.-om Canada to the United Ki.ig- dom and Foreign Countries jg. Population of thr Province of Quebec, according to Census of ^^^^ 132, 133, 134 Indians of the Province of Quebec 135 Imports J gg Exports , „,- Statement shewing the Number and Tonnage of Vessels etc... 138 Classica' Colleges jgo Industrial Colleges , .„ List of Newspapers published in the Provinc • of Queb'C. 141 142 106 109 113 ii t1 7^ 73 7? 7(J 69 hH rfl«»¥fi»c The Province of Quebec and Europe] OF TMt or to accompany tlne p«.mpl>i|iet ©aH^liedl 'The Province of Quebec and European Emjgration * 18^0 . ',^*^^ ;\ \' . o. It < I '« . w cr L Ptt -foiflllimtAIIItt \ .> !\ I \ X-i VlltU CtTfi / \ \ \ \ / \ \ \ \ \ \i \ \ \ \ \ \ *.*'*»' A- T iR L E /^ \l iiixxniiii: ^ Bi^K A .\ \ \ -f ,\ \ \, \ \ /|*^^ ^T. ^|yq^,^!v\)^ ^^^^ (i"/^ A* \ iit la Maltamin -^i^^ ^ \ c{* Tfois RiviftrS t -0--// Hich :ivH'"'T/ i 8 \1 f. ^ w 1^ ,A\ ^b« .llhw*" o / ^?'xN,.r^. -? \ \, 4, /' i^ , -f \ /■ K is^y-f /^ v^ . \ ^/ \ /\. r/v. .<«-r-l A S u c^ N^ A ^^ ' Bnnnnmilnl^ * I \ \ ^f < Li J" /»-l*fflj V\ R X) N N,' '\ •V-liifin < \ K^ W A-L F> XftrJ / -W^.. / > ■y S H E F F O R.J ■1 MittfrliM\ I S H E « B FVO^ ■H ■rfh. d ifanl ,-/ A s,i»«; r.f I ^./ /W- M i^i) ^ >/ ¥ r'^ ■\ --\ -n <;■ :/ --^^ «» \ . 'A / "7' Yf butst de Grtenwit^ 70 // Oufsf tie Oreennich mirou Wlr:^ ' ■ " ' " N E L S . !■ . ^lon . ont offertes Gmtuitement f/ H CONVENTION! A L SIGNS Unnr/en fiui/n'ai'v J'rrr (,'rruit Ji'oads o,f hf- 66 6,r' USGOdC' i/rnOG/iAPHSftS ikc.,MONrff£AL