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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd A partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 C 3^ . /B - ^y Q 3 9r ll.-BASKET WORK OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ABORIGINES. By Otis T. Mason. " Barbara do pictis veui baaoauda Britannia, Sed me jam mavult dicere Roma siuim." — Maktiai,, xiv, t>y. The stndy of the minutest technique in the distribution of aboriginal arts is very necessary in making up our opinions on questions of An- thropology. The archsBologist is frequently caused to halt in t'»e re- construction of ancient society by his ignorance of the arts of the sav- ages around him. This is especially true of an art which had its cul- mination in savagery or barbarism, and which began to decline at the touch of civilization, or at least to give place to higher types of the same art. For the discussions of problems that have arisen in the past the data then in hand have been sufficient ; but as the investigations of social progress become more intricate the demands for greater detail in the observation of anthropological phenomena around us is imperative. I have lately had occasion to examine all the baskets in the National Museum, and the results of this research may not be uninteresting as a contribution to exact technology in an art which may be called par excellence a savage art. In a basket there are several characteristics to be observed, which will euable us to make a classification of the objects themselves and to refer them to their several tribal manufacturers. These characteristics are the material, the frame-worley the methods of weaving, the coiling or sewing, the decoration, their use, &c. The tool almost universally used in their manufacture is a bone awl or pricker and the makers are the women. Of the manipulation of the material previously to the weaving little is known. In the drawings accompanying this paper the actual size of the si)eci- mens is indicated by a series of inch marks in the margin. The inches on the standard line are shown by spaces between dots. In order to indicate exactly the manner of weaving, a square, usually an inch in dimension, is taken from a portion of the surface wherein all the meth- ods of manipulation occur. This square inch is euMp^ ai3^i||il|tly to make the structure comprehensible. This plan ambles us to sl^^^form and ornamentation in the whole figure as well m tlfiffiiiotodruf ta^at- ment in the enlarged inch. 292 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. ALEUTIAN ISLANDS. Mr. William H. Dall has contributed to the NatioDiU Museum a large number of Aleut grass wallets, couoidal in form when filled (Fig. 1). Tb<> warp is of coarse straws, radiating from the center of the bottom. The covering or woof is made by plaiting or twisting two straws in a coil or twine, crossing theiu between each pair of warp strawts. It is as if a twine of two strands had a straw or osier passed down through every half turn (Fig. 2). This plait or twine may be driven close home so as to be absolutely water-tight, or the weaver may leave spaces from one twine to the next wide enough to make a net. A very pretty efifect is produced by these Aleutian basket-weavers by splitting the warp straws and twining woof straws around two of the half straws, joining 1 by 2, 3 by 4, 6 by 6, at one round, and the next twine inclosing by 1, 2 by 3, 4 by 5, and so on. This produces a series of lozenge open- ings (Fig. 2). The split warp strands are often crossed to form X- shaped openings, or carried straight so as to produce parallelograms. I have observed the same effect in Peruvian mummy cloth, but a greater variety of network is there produced by alternating the rectangular and lozenge meshes in bands varying in width. In the " Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," No. 318, plate 7, Mr. Dall figures and describes the matting of the Aleutian Islanders found in the caves in the Catherina Archipelago. The method of maniijulation in the matting is the same as that just described for the basketry of the Aleuts, and the delicacy of workman- ship is most admirable. This method of weaving by means of twining two woof strands around a series of warp strands occurs in many places, and will hereafter in this paper receive the name of " twined basketry." In a covered basket made of split bamboo from the Malabar coast the fastening off at the top of the basket and the weaving of the cover have a three-stranded twine. At every third of a turn the splint that is in- ward is hooked or passed behind the warp splint at that point. This produces a very smooth effect on the inside and a rough surface without. The mats of the Aleuts are made of the fiber of the Elymus* treated as hemp. The ornamentation on the outside of the mats and baskets is formed by embroidering on the surface with strips of the straw in- stead of the macerated fiber which forms the body of the fabric. The embroidery stitches in these, as in most savage basketry, does not always pass through the fabric, but are more frequently whipped on, the stitches l>a8sing always between the two woof strands, as in aresene embroidery, showing only on the outside. Mr. Dall justly praises the marvelous nicety of this Aleutian grass-weaving, both in mats and basketry. There is no Chinese or Japanese basket in the Nsitioual Museum show- ing this plaited weft. The gra.ss of these Aleutian wallets is exceed- ' Elymua mollia, Sitka, Norton Sound, Kotzebue Sound ; E. arenariux, Norton Sonnd, to Point Barrow ; E. Sibirious, Sitka. (See Rothrock, Smitbsonian Report, 1867.) E /%?5 ABORIGINAL BASKET-WORK. 298 n ingly fine, the plaiting done with exqnisite care, the stitches being often as fine as 20 to the inch, and frequently bits of colored worsted are em- broidered around the upper portion, giving a pleasing effect. The bor- ders are braided in open work from the ends left in the weaving, as follows (Fig. 1): At some point on the border, when the solid part of the wallet is finished, the weaver bends two warp strands in opposite directions and gives each a twist with its next neighbor. These two are braided with the next warp thread; these three with the next. Now, start at a proper distance from the first point of departure and braid both ways, as before. These braids will meet and form a set of scallops around the edge, fastened at the ends and loose in the mfddle. Also, at the apex of each scallop will be a lot of warp straws, braided indeed at the base but loose for any required length. The weaver commences with any set of these to make a four-ply braid, catching up the next set and braiding them in as she went along, and fastening off a set as each new set is taken up. The upper border is thus a continuous braid, con- nected at regular intervals with the apices of the braided scallops. When the braider reaches her starting point she catches one braid into another, in a rather clumsy manner, and continues to braid a long four- ply string, which, carried in and out the scallops, forms a drawing- string. Alaskan Eskimo. — Two types of baskets are found in close prox- imity in the neighborhood of Norton Sound — the twined and the coiled. In the former (Fig. 3) the treatment is precisely the same as in those of Aleutian Islands, but the Eskimo wallet is of coarser material and the plaiting is a little more rudely done. The basketry of this type, however, is very strong, and useful for holding food, weapons, implements of all kinds, and various other arti- cles. When not in use, the wallets can be folded up into a small space like a grocer's paper bag (Fig. 3). In the bottoms of the wallets of this class the weft is very open, leaving spaces at least one-half inch wide uncovered. The borders are produced by braiding four strands of sea grass into the extremities of the warp strands. Ornamentation is produced by darning or whipping one or more rows of colored yrass after the body is formed — not necessarily after the whole basket is completed, for each row of whipping may be put on just after the row of coil on which it is based (Fig. 4). Another plan of attaching the ornamentation is very ingenious but not uncommon. Two strands of colored straw or grass are twined just as in the body of the basket, and at every half turn one of the strands is hooked under a stitch on the body of the basket by a kind of aresene work. This or- nament has a bold relief effect on the outside and is not seen at all on the inside. The coiled variety of the Eskimo basketry, mentioned above (Fig. 6), consists of a uniform bunch of grass sewed in a continuous coil by a whip stitch over the bunch of grass and through just a few bits of grass 294 REPORT OF NATIONAL MU8£UM, 1484. in the coil juHt beneath, the stitch looping under a stitch of the lower coil. When this work is carefully done, as among the Indians of New Mexico, Arizona, and California, and in some exquisite examples in bamboo from Siam and in palm leaf from Nubia, the mo.^'t beautiful re- sults are reached; but the Eskimo basket-maker dues not prepare her coils evenly, sewH carelessly, passing the tlireadH sonietimes through the stitches just below and sometimes between them, and does not work her stitches home (Fig. 0). Most of these baskets in the collection of E. W. Nelson have a round bit of leather ui the bottom to start upou (Fig. 6, b). The shape is either that of the uncovered bandbox or of the ginger-jar. Especial attention should be paid to this form of stitch- ing, as it occurH again in widely-distant regions in a great variety of material and with modiUcatious producing striking efl'ects. The association of tbis coiled form of basket-making with the marks on the most primitive types of pottery-making has been frequently noticed by archaeologists. It is also well known that the modern sav- ages of our Southwest build up their pottery in this manner, either allow- ing the coils to remain or carefully obliterating them by rubbing, first with a wet paddle of wood, and afterwards, when the vessel is dry, with a very fine-grained stone. The Eskimo women employ in basket-making a needle made of a bird bone ground to a point on a stone (Fig. 100). Fine tufts of reindeer hair, taken from between the hoofs, are extensively used in ornamentation, especially in the Aleutian area. TINN£ INDIANS. A few specimens of basketry from the vast Athapascan area contig- uous to the Eskimo belong to the coiled type (Fig. 7). Instead of a bunch of grass, however, a rod of willow or spruce root is carried around in a coil and whi]>ped on with a continuous splint of similar material (Fig. 8). The stitches of the coil in process of formation, passing regularly between those just below and locking into them, alternate with them and give a somewhat twilled effect to the surface* (Fig. 8). If now a strip of bast or grass be laid on the top of the osier or spruce root coil and carried around with it, and the sewing pass al- ways over these two and down between the bast and the osier of the coil below, a much closer ribbed effect will be produced. Several specimens of this kind of coiled basketry, in which a strip of tough material is laid on top of the coiled osier, were collected at the mouth of *he Mackenzie Biver by McFarlane and Ross, and Mr. Murdoch has shown me a basket similarly wrought, from Point Barrow, which he thinks many have been obtained by barter from the Tinn^ Indians in the vicinity. The ornamentation on one specimen of this type is ver>' •The working of this stitch is described and tignred by Paul Scbuoiacher iu XII Report of Peabody Museum, p. 524 : the coils are not, however, interlocked iu all cases; that is, if the fouudatiou rods were pulled out the stitches would separate and the whole structure come apart iu some cases. ABORIGINAL HA.SKET-WORK. 295 i M » curionH and elaborate ^FiJr. 9). The basket-maker bad a nuiiil)er of little loopH of bark and quill of difi'ereut color prepared, and every time a stiteh waw about to be taken the lower end of one of these loops waw (•au{?hi over the splint thread and held down. The next stiteh fast ened i he two ends of the loops home (that is, each stitch caught the lower part of a new loop and fastened roduced thus : First, the bottom is woven plain in the color of the material. Then in the building up of the basket bands of plain color, red and black, are woven into the structure, having the same color on both sides. Afterwards little squares or other j)lain figures are sewed on in aresene, that is, only half way through, giving the most varied effect on the outside, while the inside shows oidy the plain colors and the red and black bands. The wild wheat straws are used iu this second operation, whipped over and over along the outer threads of the underlying woof, or two straws are twined around iu the manner explained above (page 293, bottom). 296 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18^4. No more attractive form and oruamentatiou of basketry are to be seen thau tbose produced by tbe ludians of tbisTbliuket stock exteud- ing from Mouut Saint Eliasto Queen Cliarlotte Arcbipelago, including Sitka. HAIDA INDIANR. These Indians live on Queen (Jbarlotte Arciiipelago and adjacent islands. Their basket work ditt'ers in form from that of the Ohilkahts, or Thliukets, owing probably to the demands of trade ; but tbe twined method is followed (Fig. 12) and the ornamentation is produced in a similar manner. The quality of the ware, however, is a little degener- ated and more gaudy (Fig. 15). The Haidas are very skillful in imi- tating all sorts of chinaware in basketry, such as teapots, sugar bowls, toilet articles, table mats, bottles, and hats. They also introduce curved lines and spirals with good effect. The basketry hats of spruce roots, the most striking of their original designs, are made by the twining process (Fig. 14). The crown is twined weaving of the most regular workmanship and the fabric is perfectly water-tight when thoroughly wet (Fig. 15). An element of ornamentation is introduced into the brims by which a series of diamond patterns cover the whole surface (Fig. 16). This decoration is produced thus : Beginning at a certain point the weaver includes two warp strands in a half twist, instead of one ; then makes two regular twists around single-warp strands. The next time she comes around she repeats the process, but her double stitch is one in advance of or behind its predecessor. A twilled effect of any shape may be thus produced, and rhombs, triangulated fillets, and chevrons made to appear on either surface. The "fastening off" of the work is done either by bending down the free ends of the warp and shoving them out of sight under the stitches of the twisted web, or a brt^id of four strands forms the last row (Fig. 16), set on so that the whole braid shows outside and only one row of strands shows inside. The ends of the warp splints are then cropped close to the braid. This appearance of the entire four-stranded braid on the external surface is produced by passing each of the four strands alternately behind one of the warp sticks as the braiding is being done (Fig. 16). (Compare this with what was previously said about the bas- ket from the Malabar coast, page 292.) Special attention should be paid to the painted ornamentation on these hats (Figs. 14 and 15) showing head, wings, feet, and tail of the duck, laid on in black and red in the conventional manner of ornamenta- tion in vogue among the Haidas and used in the reproduction of their various totems on all of their houses, wood and slate carvings, and the ornamentation of their implements. * *A very interesting instance of survival is to be seen in tbe rag carpets of these ludians. Tbe missionaries bave taught the women to save up their rags and to cover their floors with pretty mats. They are allowed to weave them in their own way, however, and the result is a mat constructed on the ancient twined model, pre- cisely n.H the weaving is done on the mats and hats. ABORIGINAL BASKET-WORK. 297 The methoil of luannfacture of Haida twined banketry is hIiowd by Mr. J. G. Swau iu a Hpceiiiteu collected exprcHsly for the National MuHeum (Fign. 17-19). Mr. Swau nays, "TbiH Htyle of inakiuK bas- kets difl'ei'H from that of Cape Flattery. There the women 8it on the ground and weave baskets and mats, both of which rest on the ijround." With the Uaidas the mats are suspended on a frame and the baskets supported on a stick as in Fig. 17. The black color of the spruce root used in making ornamental patterns is produced by soaking it in the mud. Fig. 18 shows the bottom of the basket made by the twining process. The border of the bottom is marked oflf by a row of double weaYiiig or a twine built outside the body of the basket just as in the Eskimo basket before described (page 293). A section of the structure is shown in Fig. 19 where the border ends. BILHOOLAS, ETC. Along the coast of British Columbia the great cedar ( Thuja gigantea) grows in the greatest abundance, and its bast furnishes a textile ma- terial of the greatest value. Here in the use of this pliable material the savages seem for the first time to have thought of checker- weaving (Fig. 20). Numerous mats, wallets, and rectangular baskets are pro- duced by the plainest crossing of alternate strands varying in width from a millimeter to an inch (Fig. 21). Ornamentation is effected both by introducing different-colored strands and by varying the width of the warp or the woof threads. In several examples the bottom of the bosket is bordered with one or more lines of the twined or plaited style of weaving^ to give greater stability to the form. Cedar mats of great size and made with the greatest care enter as extensively into the daily life of the Indians of this vicinity as do the buffalo robes into that of the Dakota Indians. They may be seen upon the floors, sleep- ing berths, before the doors of the houses, and they are also used as sails for their boats and wrapped around the dead. It is not astonishing that a material so easily worked should have found its way so extensively in the industries of this stock of Indians. Neither should we wonder that the checker pattern in weaving should first appear on the west coast among the only peoples possessing a ma- terial eminently adapted to this form of manipulation. It is only an- other example of that beautiful harmony between man and nature which delights the anthropologist at every step of his journey. MAKAHS AND GHIHAL.IS. We are now introduced to still another style of basketry, very primi- tive but capable of very delicate treatment. I do not know of its ex- istence outside of the Nutka stock living on the southwest side of Vancouver Island and on the northwest corner of Washington Terri- tory, except iu two cases, to be presently mentioned. It may be called the "fish-trap style," since without doubt the finer basketry is the 298 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. lineal (leHceudaiit of the rude wicker flNh trap. Iiiia{;iiie a number of rttakes driven into the fi^round pretty <'IoMe together. A horizontal pole iH laid against them in the rear, and by the wrappings of a withe around the pole and each upright stake iece in the rear at right angles, or vice versa, and the lacing may always run in the same direction, (»r the alternate rows of lacing may run in opi>osite directions, as in Fig. 23. As a matter of fact, in soft and pliable material this operation constantly pushes the uprights forward a little, giving to the fabric an appearance of the back of a watch (Figs. 24-20). The Clallam Indians of the Relish stock make a carrying basket in this manner (Figs. 22, 23), the frame (warp and woof) sticks being about one-eighth inch in diameter, lashed in place with si)lit ozier or root. The Japanese also make a fish-trap similarly, with the exception that the coiled splint passes alternately backward and forward, so that if the horizontal were pulled out the fabric would tumble to pieces. The ob- long oval shields of bamboo, made by the Bateke negroes of the Lower Congo, imitate this structure exactly. The frame of the shield is an oblong hoop on which are stretched splints of rattan, running longitudi- nally on one side and transversely on the other, crossing at right av^Ies except at the plano-convex space at the ends. Splints of bamboo, about one-eighth Inch wide, are woven into these cross strands precisely after the manner of the Makah basketry, the consequence being a series of square stitches on the back and diagonal stitches on the front, closely titting, and coving the surface completely. Now, if the frame were cedar- bark threads about the size of pack threads, and the lashing of white sea-grass, we would have the Makah basket (Figs. 24-26). It takes three sets of threads (Fig. 25), the radiated warp, the coiled woof, and the spiral-binding thread, to finish the compound. No other area is known to the writer where this peculiar pattern is wrought irto deli- cate fabrics. The Makahs belong to the Nutka stock, most of which are on the southwest shore of Vancouver Island, including the great group of Aht tribes. No Aht basketry is in the Museum, but it would be ex- tremely interesting to trace this unique method of basket-weaving among all the tribes of the stock. Bands of serrate patterns are pro- duced in color by using difterent wrapping threads, the principal one being grass dyed black in mud. There is one specimen of the cedar-bark mat from Vancouver Island in which the shreded bark which serves for warp is fastened at inter- vals of about an inch by a chain-stitch instead of the twine. This must have been a modern innovation ; at least there is not another evidence in this collection of savage acquaintance with the chain-stitch. The Clallams, adjoining the Makahs, but of the Selish or Flathead stock, in addition to the tish-trap or bower style, are the first going ahorioinal haskkt-work. 299 :iy were to call tray is three, il just liether Iways these (man, hand, The leaf eater ibed. their meut sibly ands widening from the bottom towards the rim; in each of the spiral bauds a row of five men extends from midway in the basket to the upper edge, their places below being taken by smaller patterns* (Figs. 49-Go). Moki baskets. — Of the seven Moki pueblos six speak the Ute lan- guage. It will not be surprising also to see them making similar baskets. This is partly true and partly false. The Moki have both coiled and plaited or twined baskets. Their twined baskets are few in number. Their coiled baskets, except the water-bottles, are of a per- fectly unique pattern. In addition, they use one method of work com- mon enough in other parts of the world, but thus far unknown west of the liocky Mountains. I speak of the common single-coiled osier or splint employed by all eastern Indians and by the negro and white basket- maker. The Moki also imitate the checker weaving of the Bella Bellas, and the twilled weaving of the Clallams. The plaited ware of the Mokis are a few peach-baskets, made in the same manner as the Ute hats, but there is enough dissimilarity of form to give the Moki the credit of inventing this peculiar style (Figs. 6G-7U). The coiled and sewed ware, aside from the water-bottles and a few bread trays, which are evidences rather of barter than manufacture, de maud our special attention. Among the Mokis and nowhere else, so far as the Museum is concerned, except in Nubia, are to be found thick- coiled baskets called sacred meal-trays, having about the concavity of old fashioned pie-plates, and varying in diameter from a few inches to over twenty. A bundle of grass or the nerves of the yucca leaf, from half an inch to an inch in diameter, is coiled around and sewed with strips of yucca leaf of uniform width, rarely exceeding the twelfth of an inch. The thread is passed regularly around the coil, drawn tightly, and passed between threads and through a few fibers of the grass in the coil beneath. It is difficult to tell whether any pains is taken to lock the threads of the coils or not. At first the coil is very small and widens as the dish enlarges. These plates are all made to be looked at inside, the coiling being invariably towards the left on the upper surface. I have not seen one exception. True to this instinct, when a Moki constructs a hat of the same material to please some white man, he makes the convex of the hat correspond to the concave of his tray, the outside of the hat being thus rough and the inside smooth. The ornamentation of these trays is produced as follows : One side of [•Note. — Says Dr. E. Palmer: "In Utah, Arizona, Southern California, and New- Mexico the Indians depend solely on the Rhus aromatica, var. tribola (Hquawberry) for material out of which to make their baskets. It is far more durable and tougher than the willow, which is not used by these Indians. The twigs are soaked in water to soften them and to loosen tim l)ark, which isscraped off by the females. The twigs are then split l)y the use of the mouth and hands. Their baskets are built up by a succession of small rolls of grass, over which these twigs are firmly and closely bound. A bone awl is used to make the holes under the rim of the grass for the split twigs- Baskets made thus are very durable, will hold water, and are often used to cook in, hot stones being dropped in until the food is done." (Am. Nat. 187.'>, p. 598).] 304 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1884. the stripped yucca leaf is dark green, the other light green and white striped fading into yellow. Now by deftly turning the thread where it passes through the coil in sewing a variety of shades is produced, as in shaded worsted work. Again, by dyeing the threads black, blue, red, yellow, and combining color effects with the natural shades of the leaf, the most beautiful ornamentation is produced. There is some method in the patterns which usually commences from a blank center of a few coils with four brown spots of six stitches each. From these fundamental points all sorts of geometric figures are produced by the simple process of sewing with different-colored threads. The coiled and decorated ozi«:r bread- trays of the Mokis are made, 1 have been informed, at only one pueblo, Oraibi. The frame consists of two cross sets of twigs, from 12 to 16 in" each bar of the cross. These are firmly held together at their intersection by sewing and plaiting. They then are spread out radially, the space being from time to time sup- plemented by additional twigs. The workman provides himself with bunches of white, yellow, orange, purple, black, blue, and green twigs only a few inches in length. These he proceeds to weave into patterns of the greatest beauty, even imitating cloud effects seen on Japanese screens, using short or long twigs as the occasion demands, hiding the ends between the ribs and the filling of the preceding coils. The process is the same as that employed by the Navahos in making the clouded blankets, and by the northwest coast Indians in their ancient mountain- sheep blankets. The greatest variety of ornament is produced, but, as in the coiled work, the center is always plain. Under the influence of trade, however, the ancient patterns are giving way to those demanded by the purchasers. As the patterns are really mosaics and could be picked out it will be easily seen that the figures on the back and front do not exactly conform, the corresponplint under iiflTerent di- p stick but •ne or more 'hose from mm in his specimens vegetable with good y be con- When the id a great I used by of gaudy al hue of the birds etry does le finish, ntion the ¥» ^ 3 PLATE 1. (Mason. Basket- Trork.) l''iO 1 Aleutian twined wallet of sea-grass. The warp consittH of a number of straws radiating from the bottom. As the basket enlarges new straws are inserted, and the whole is held iu place by twine made of two straws, which inclose a warp straw at each half turn. The cylindrical part of the vessel is of the diamond pattern shown in Fig. 2. The ornamentation \h produced by embroidering with bits and strands of red, blue, and black worsted, in no case showing on the inside of the wallet. The continuous line between the diagonal stripes is formed by whipping with a single thread of worsted on the outer stitches of oii; of the twines of straw. Whipping with single thread in this ware is not cohimon. The border is formed of the very com- plicated braid described in the text. Collected in Attu, by Wm.H. Dall. Museum number, 14978. Fia. 2. A square inch of Fig. 1 enlarged, taken from the part of the texture where the rectangular meshes pass into the lozenge-shaped meshes. The peculiar method of splitting the warp threads and working the halves alternately to the right and to the left is well shown. Keport Nat. Mu». 18M.-M.iHon. Basket-work. PLATE I. uuniber of straws are aw8, which ' the vessel is produced rated, in no Btween the worsted on nth single very com- a.H. Dall. lire where e peculiar rnutelv to Fig. 1. Aleutian twined wallet Ft*- o n«^ wdiiet. PIG. 2. One square inch of Fig. i, enlarged. PLATE 11. (Maoon. Basket-work.) FlO. 3. TwiiK'd wallet of the Eskiiiui. The warp and the twiniug of the bottom in «)f a very coarue, rush-like, fiber. The bottom is in openwork and is strengthened on its onter edge by an extra twine set on externally. The body is of a dirty rush color, the spotted lines on the cylindrical portion are in black and body color. This ellect may be varied by mixing two strands of diflFerent color in the twine. The fastening otf at the top is done bv working the warp strands into a three-ply braid, turning down on the in- side of the vessel and cutting olF an end whenever a new warp thread is taken up by the braid. Frequently the last three or four warp straws are not cut oft' but braided out to their extremities in order to form a handle. Collected at Norton Sound, by E. W. Nelson. Museum number, 3887*2. Fig. 4. One square inch of Fig. 3, representing (1) four rows of twining on the cyl- indrical portion ; (2) the method of adding a new row of twining exter- nally for u boundary between the bottom and the cylindrical portion, and (3) the method of forming an open-work bottom. Kt'liDil Nut. Mils. 18H4.— MiiHoii. liunkft wurk. PLATE II. the bottom iit iwork and i» ernally. The •al portion are ; two strands ip is done hv ivn on tho iu- urp thread i» rp straws are »rm a handle. •, 3867-2. on tho cyl- innifj exter- portion, and Fig. 3. Eskimo twined wallet. Fig. 4. One square inch of Fig. 3. PLATE in. # (Ma«on. Basketwork.) Fio. 5. Coiled EHkiiuo boHket. The bottom is a bit of old leattier, to which is sewwl, by meaun of graHH thread, a coil of straws varyiiifjf iu thickuess from i to i iuch. This coil is continued to form the cylindrical side, the shonlder at the top, and the neck. The disk-like cover is made iu the same manner. Collected by E. W. Nelson, in Norton Sound. Museum number, 384G9. vhich is sewed, 1688 from i to J be Hlioiilder at same maimer. )er, 384t)9. iCeyurt Nut. Mua. IMiU— Muwtu. Banket-work. PLATE III. 1/11' mn- ii ■ iWi ,'M1T.' ■> ...ri "' a; '( 'ij/l ^i.::y^^^f iiClinh (\'ii'i7ifM;rN; V"'M''«' !l'* p" ■' ••,«:>-i-r. v/i,; ■• ^ '^/ ;S.5P%*5i?fei ^U kiu:.v I "'^' iV,-i'"iU'ri 1 ((.., . iWJ !''■ ;^A .i^i; Af;.>* Fig. r>. Eskimo c.jiled basket. PLATE IV. I < I ' 1 1 (Maaon. Baaketwork.) gra.. tLrea,,.. {n„Jo> oaZ ,lp h^^'r/tL T" "{ "" '■"■' "''" low, a, is done in Ihe Ws, coil« I wariT t i , ^ '"'" """ '"'» J'»« "">■ indi.crimi„„te,y tl,ro,,Eh ^1 «' irn ■ "f"""-"'"'" Pa""!'-! "lia stick. Keport Nat. Mus. 1884.— Maeon. liasket-woik. PLATE IV. iW8 used as the >f the coil with the one just be- i88cd the sticks he Eskimo bas- 4* Fig. C One square inch of Fig. 5. PLATE V. (Miison. Basket-work.) 1 II I Fig. 7. Coiled basket of tue Tiun6 or Atbabascaii ludiaus of Alaska and Britisb America. The warp or foniidation is a single osier or sprnce root, the sew- ing is doue with small splints of sprnce root. The stitches vary from i to ^ inch iu length, and the splints from ^'^ ^^ i h\ch in width. The stitches of each coil are locked into the stitches of the coil beneath in addition to pass- ing nnder the fundamental rod. In some cases the Eskimo fashion of split- ting the threads in sewing appears, but the evidence shows that the Tiun6 were the teachers of the Eskimo, and the latter follow only the ruder work of their preceptors. The general shape of this class of baskets is that of a low narrow-mouthed jar. Collected by Lucien M. Turner, Lower Yukon River. Museum number, 24342. Fig. 8. One square inch of Fig. 7, showing the method narsued in coiled basketry with a single fundamental and a single splint of osier or spruce root. Keport Xat. Mus. 1884.— Mason. Basket-work. PLATE V. aska and British lice root, the sew- is vary from i to ^ • The sfitches of I additiou to pass- o fashion of splif- >-8 that the Tium'^ y the ruder work iskets is that of a er, Lower Yukon coiled basketry )ruce root. Fig. 7. Tinn('' coiled basket. Fk;. H. One sriuare inch of Fig. 7. PLATE VI. (Mason. Bai^ket-work.) PlO. 9. Alaskan Indian coiled basket. The outer portion is so covered with oruauieut | as to conceal the texture of the basket, which is built np by whipping u I coil of rushes or small splints with splint or birch bark. The bottom of | this basket is not a coil, but a number of straight foundation rods sewed | into a rectangular mat, around this the sides are built up by coiling. The | elaborate ornamentation is described under Fig. 10. Collected in Alaska. | by J. J. Maclean, in 1882. Museum nuujber, 60*235. Fig. 10. One square inch of Fig. 9, showing the elaborate ornamentation. The imbri- cated eti'ect upon the surface is produced by sewing on little loops of bark and straw, white and brown, with blind stitches in such a way as to con- ceal the manner of attachment. The mat-like bottom is ornamented by sewing on straws longitudinally with stitches wide apart, so as to show a checker pattern of straw and stitching. This method of ornamenting the bottom is often pursued over the whole external surface of the basket. Report Nat. Mus. 1H84.— Maaon. Basket-work. PLATE VL ered with oruaiuent . np by wbippiug a k. The bottom of Klation rods sewed p by coiling. The | ollected in Alaska, | tation. Tbeinibii- ' ittle loops of bark j a way as to cou | is ornamented by | rt, so as to show a j ornamenting the i of the basket. 10 Fig. y. Alaskan Indian coiled basket. Fig. 10. One square inch '>f Fig. 9. PLATE VI 1. (Mason. Baaket-work.) Fig. 11. Twiued basket-wallet of the Cliilkaht Iridiaiis (Tbliukit stock), baud-box shape when spread out. The bottom is very roughly made of spruce- root splints, warp and twine, the former radiating from the center. The bound- ary of the bottom is a single row of twine fastened on externally. The cylindrical portion for a few inches above the bottom is in natural brown cole*-, excepting two or three vertical bands of embroidery. The rest of the body is in stripes of natural color, black and Indian red. The border is formed by turning under the warp threads and cutting them oft'. The ge- ometric patterns (different on every wallet) are formed by embroidering upon the outer surface, half through the fabric, with yellow, light red straws and spruce-root dyed. This style of basketry is followed by the Haidas in the baskets made for sale. Collected at Sitka, Alaska, by Dr. J. B. White, in 1876. Museum number, 21560. Ktport Nat. Mus. 18M.— Mason. Basket-work. PLATE VII. stock), baud-box le of spruce-root iter. The bonnd- extcrnally. The 11 natural brown . The rest of the . The border is em off. The ge- by embroidering ellow, light red followed by the llaska, by Dr. J. j:;g-y.i-i-.f.~; = ;4»a:::7:am;| [Ixj:aa'a73«mbll ^11, [!l|Fi?.-y- •■jy7? . 'gr/-rr-»;_ > , . nr e, . r'i fnrr -7 =^ Fig. 11. Chilkaht twined and embroidered basket wallet. .|l I.:, FLAJK VIIJ. (Masou. Basket-work.) Fig. 12. Twined basket of spruce root, made by Haida Indiaun. Thisspecimen shows better than any of the preceding the method of administration in the twined basketry. The handle is a twine of spruce root fastened on by weaving ,n and out on the side, the lower end knotted. The fastening off at the r.m IS done by bending down the warp threads externally and sew- ing them flat with one row of twining. Collected by James G Swau in Queen Charlotte Archipelago, in 1883. Museum number, 88964 Fio. 13. One square inch of Fig^ 12 taken near the top, so as to show the close and this fi'guT'''"^" ""*"'' "^ *^'"' "^""'"^ *^ ^'''''''y ^'^^-^ ^^ lecimen shows tration in the istened on by e fastening off lally and sew- es G. Swan, in m. the close and ctly shown in lloport Nat. Mas. 1884.— Manon. Uiwket-work. PLATE VIII. Qy lU •) Fig. V-l Haida twined open-work basket. KiG. !:<. One square inch of Fig. 12. I'LAIE IX. (MHBfln. Haskft-work.) I'iG. 14. Rain hat ortwined baskotry in spruce root from Haida Indiaus, reduced to one-eighth linear. This fi<;iirc is the upjter view and HhowH liio incthod of ornamentation in red and bhick paint. The device in thiH instance is the epitomized form of a bird, thetirst step from pictures toward graphic signs. Omitting the red cross on the top, the beak, jaws, and nostrils are shown above ; the eyes at the sides near the top, and just behind them the sym- bol for ears. The wings, feet, and tail, inclosing a human face, are shown on the margin. The Haida as well as other coast Indians from Cape Flat- tery to Mount Saint Elias cover everything of use with totemic devices in painting and carving. Collected in Queen Charlotte Archipelago, by J. G. Swan. Museum number, 8903:5. Fig. 15. Showing the conical shape of Fig. 14. This form should be comi)ared with one seen so frequently in Chinese and Japanese hats. On the inside a cylindrical band of spruce root is stitched on so as to make the hat fit the wearer's head. A string passed under the chin is frequently added. Kofiort Nut. Mill*. \x>U — Mitnoii. liiiHkHt-work. PLATE IX. 14 1.". Fig. 13. Haida twined basketry liat, top view. Fn;. l'). Saiiic liat, side view. w Fig. 16. PLATE X. (Mason. Baaketwork. A portion li b> !. inch, taken from the rim of the last two figures. It sIiowh the regular method of twined weaving, the introduetion of the Hkip-stitch or twilled weaving into the greatest variety of geometric patterns, and the ingenious method of fastening off by « four-ply braid showing onlv on the outer side. Ki'port Nut. MuH. ihNi — MiiKdii. 11iutk< t work. PLATE X. itrh or kiid the on the ') Fkj. K). One and a half sipiare inclies of Fig. 14. mmm tt-H '•^'M ■It*-,, PLATE Xi. (Mason. Basket-work. ) Figs. 17-19. Showing the Haida nietbod of twined weaving, almost identical with that of the Thlinkit stock in style (Fig 11). Fig. 17 exhibits the method of mounting the A^-ork. Along the side of the upright pole is seen two bundles of spruce-root splints ready for use, one black, the other in natural color. Fig. 18. The bottom of the basket, with radiating warp, twined weft, and an exter- nal twine on its outer boundary. Fig. 19. One square inch of Fig. 17. indicating the exceedingly regular method of the twining. On the Tipper margin is seen the external row of twining added after the fabric was finished. Collected from the Massett tribe of Haida«, Queen Charlotte Islands. Museum number, 889r>r). iieport Nat. Mua. ltit(4.— Miisou. Ba«ket-work. PLATE XI. ? Fig. 17. Haida bawkct set up. Fio. 18. Bottom of saiiu-. 17 a FKf. ll>. One 8(iiiare inch of the Hide. PLATE XII. { Mason. Basket-work . ) Fig, 20. Showing regularly woven oedar-baik wallet of Bilhoolat. The bottom and sides are all in checker pattern. By an endless variety in real and pro- portional width of wiirp and weft thread, and by cC'loriug some of the threads, an infinite number of patterns is produced. ' "he fa.stening ott' is done as in Fig. 12. In many cedar-bark baskets of this region the two sets of threads run diagonally, producing a diamond rather than a checker pat- tern. Again, much more rarely three elements are involved, an open-work of two^sets running diagonally, and a horizontal thread running through the open rhombs, in and out, as in multitudes of Japanese baskets. Col- lected in British Columbia, by James G. Swan. Fpg. 21. One square inch of Fig. 20, natural size. Koport Nat. Mu«. 1884.-Masoi.. Bask* twoik. PLATE XII. wmmrmmn^^r^ 24) } 21 Fig. 20. Rillioolii woven cedar hast baHket. Fir.. 21. One s<|nare inch of J^ig. go. PLATE XIII. Fio. 22. iPv Fi». 23. (Mason. Basket-work. Openwork carrying basket of the bird-age or fisli-trap style of weaving made by the Clallam Indians (Selish stock). The frame-work is a rect- angle of large twigs from the comers of -^ * depend four twigs, joining as shown in the figure. To this frame-work are lashe.l smaller rods r.in- nmg horizontally and vertically, making a lattice- work with any desirable size of meshes. Finally, spruce-root splints are coiled around the crossings of these lattice rods. In this particular example the coiling is not contin- uously around the basket, but on each side separately in boustrophedon, but in the pretty Makah baskets, woven in this style, the coiled thread continues around without break from the beginning to the end of the work. The handles for the atta.hmeaf c.' the head-strap are loops of spruce-root cord set on at the corners. Collected in Washington Territory by J. G. Swan. Museum number, 23480. ' Showing the exact method administration in this form of basketry. It should be closely studied with reference to Makah basketry and Cor- • shields and baskets. ** Bepnrt Nat. Mus. 1884.— Mason. Battket-i^ork. PLATE XIII. 32 Fig. iW. Carrying basket of Clallam Indians. Fig. 2;]. One sf|uare inch of F'ig. 22, enliirj:;('it Nat. Muh. 1884.— Mason. Ba.skctwork. PLATE XIV. liaus (Nutkau 3hecker weav- Tii frequently attern of the baskets, as ou letric patterns which are ob- n is alike on iwau, in 18Ttt. 'J4 26 Via. '24. Makah bird-cage pattern in basketry. Fio. 25. One scjnare inch of Fig, 24, ou the side, Fid. 26. One scjuare inch outer edge of bottom. PLATE XV. c (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 27. Twilled Bpliat basket of the Clallams (SelLsh Btock), niaile of white birch wood. The bottom was woven first and all of the bottom splints be- came the warp of the sides, which are built up by weaving weft splints. The twilled eft'ect is produced by passing each weft splint always over two warp splints, and by carrying two weft splints around at the same time, making them overlap alternate waip splints. The fastening oflF is done by bending down the warp straws and whipping them in place with splint. The scallop on the edge is formed by looping the middle of two splints under the rim, twisting both pairs of ends into a twine, pass- ing one twine through the other, and then doubling down to repeat pro- cess for the next scallop. Collected in Washington Territory, by James 6. Swan. Museum number, 23509. Fig. 28. One square inch of Fig. 27, showing the method of administering the splints in plain twill. Innumerable pleasing eflfects are produced by varying the c«lor, number, width, and direction of the splints overlapping in the wear- ing. Ropol t Nat. Mils. lWi4.— Mmou Basket-work. PLATE XV. white birch spliDts be- reft splints, ilways over at the same tening off is a place with e middle of twine, pass- I repeat pro- y, by James the splints varying the n the we»T- CCy 1 * 2« Fig. 27. ClalliUii twilltMl l.askof. Fig. 2H. One square inch on the side of !W. PLATE XVI. r (Mason. Basket- wo'k.) Fig. 29. Bottle covered with basket-woik by Makah Indiaua. The groundwork is of bast and tho ornamentation ol' red, yellow , and black straws sewed on singly after the Makah fashion. Great numbers of these covered bottles and other fanciful forms are prepared for sale by the Makahs as well as by tlie Haidas, whose work is similar in external appearance, but not in the method of weaving. Collected at Neeah Bay, Washington Territory, by James G. Swan, in 1884. Museum number, 73755. Fig. 30. Bottom of Fig. 29, showing the radiated warp and the alternation of twined weft with the ordinary in-and-out weaving. Fig. 31, Portion of the side of the bottle, showing the lattice arrangement of the warp, and the twined weft, i)ro(lucing irregular hexagons. This method of producing polygonal meshes, excepting tho twined weft, is pursued in great variety and with excellent effect by the Jai)anese .and other Oriental peoples. idwork is of edon singly bottles and 11 as by the not in the erritory, by u of twined pent of the lis method pursued in T Oriental Ki'poit Nat. MiiH. \ir'8 twine, ht straws, ines, very Klamath ng above «■ I 1 I ;i4 :> Fio. 34. Klamath twined basket. Kic. .V). One s«iuart' inch of V\n. :?4. PLATE XIX. r (Mason. Basket-work.) Fio. 36. Coilsd and whipped baskets from Hoochnum tribe, made of some species of pliable root. The bottom is started upon a small flat Turk's-head knot of splint f of an inch in diameter, and continued in a plane outward 4 inches in diameter before any ornament is attempted. The coils are ^ inch in croBS-Hectiou and there are twenty stitches to the inch. There are three pairs of the ornament on the exterior all alike. The harmony of geomet- ric design produced by inverting the triangles on the alternate sides is much more expressive in t'ae specimen where the brown-black ornament is in contrast with the dark wood color of the body. This specimen should be compared with Fig. 56. The patterns and designs in this ware are of great variety and beauty, and the use of beads and feathers much improves their appearance. Collected at Eel River, California, by Stephen Powers, in 1876. Museum number, 21371. Pia. 37. One square inch of Fig. 36, showing method of coiling with various colored straws. Bpeciea of Eld knot of d 4 iuches I i inch in are three if geomet- bte aides is 'nament is len should are are of improves Q Powers, as colored Seport 2«at. Mus. 1884.— Mason. Uaaket-work. PLATE XIX. 36 Fio. 36. Hoochnoiu coiled basket. Fig. 37. One square inch of Fig. 36. PLATE XX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 38. >»' *"■ ■0' Twined waUet of Nez Perc6 Indians (Sahaptin stock) made of the bast of Indian hemp (Apocynum cannaMnum). A suflBcient number of warp strands were stretched and joined together in their middle by one row of twining The ends of these warp strands were then brought together, and the weaver by continuing the twine around and around, built up her bag. The orna- mentation is ^he same old story of straw colored, brown, blue, and green strings of the Indian hemp twined externally. Collected in Idaho, by Rev George Ainslee. Museum textile number, 8025. Fig. 39. One square inch of Fig. 38, showing the body twining and the twined oma- ment above. Report Xat. Mns. 1884.— Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XX. tie bast of rp strands f twining, le weaver, The orna- %nd green ), by Rev. ned oma- 88 Fig. 38. Nez Perc^ twined wallet. Fig. 39. One 8(iuare inch of Fig. 38. PLATE XXI. (Mason. Basket-work.) FiO. 40. Twined basket hat of the Utes, used by women either as a hat or as a basket. The California women make hats of a similar pattern, but mnch finer. The warp twigs converge at the bottom and additional ones are added as the texture widens. The weft splints are carried around in pairs and twined so as to inclose a pair of vertical twigs, producing a twilled effect something like that of the softer ware of the Haidas and Clallams. The border of this twined basket is very ingeniously made. First, the project- ing warp sticks were bent down and whipped with splints to form the body of the rim. Then with two splints the weaver sewed along the upper mar- gin, catching these splints alte.nately into the warp straws below, giving the work the appearance of a button-hole stitch. The ornamentation is produced by means of dyed twigs either alone or combined with those of natural color. The texture of this ware is always coarse and rigid owing to the lack of good material in this arid region. Collected in Southern Utah, by J. W. Powell. Museum number, 118.38. FiO. 41. One square inch of Fig. 40, showing method of weaving and administering the colored splints. KepoTt Nat. Mns. 1884.--Ma80i]. Basket-work. PLATE XXI. 40 I iW I !k Fig. ^0. Ute twiued hat-bowl. Vui. 41. One square inch of Fig. 40. PLATE XXII. PiO. 42. '». #11 if •" , Fio. 43. (Maaon. Basket- work ) Twined roasting-tray of the Pai Utes. The warp is a lot of osiers spread out like a fan. The weaving commenced at the bottom by short curves and progressed by ever-widening curves to the outer margin. The rim is made by a double row of the coUed and whipped work. The whole surface is very rough, as in all Ute work, by reason of not twisting the strands when making the twine. There is little ornamentation on this class of objects. Collected in Southern Utah, in 1874, by Maj. J. W. Powell. Museum num- ber, 11857. Twined gathering and carrying basket of the Pai Utes. Woven precisely aa the hats (Fig. 40) and the roat' cing-trays (Fig. 42). The splints are very fine, but their refractory nature makes all this ware coarse. Ornamentation is produced by external twining and by geometric patterns in dyed splints. Collected in Southern Utah, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Museum number 14667. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.— Mason. Basket-work. PLATE yXTT, ead out es and is made rface is 8 when jbjects. mnnm- [sely as ryfine, ition is jplints. umber, ' 42 Fig. 42. Ute twined roasting tray. Fig. 43. Ute carrying basket. FlO. 44. PLATE XXIII. ■ • (Mason. Basket-work.) Harvesting wand of Pai Utes, made of twigs, split or whole, bound with yucca fiber. The flguro represents the coarsest specimen in the collection. In most of this class the longitudinal twigs are held in place by rows of twine at long intervals. Collected in Southern Utah, in 1874, by J. W. Powell. Museum nnmber, 11823. Keport ^'at. Mu8. 1884.— Mmmi. fiaeket-work. PLATE XXIII. Fig. 44. Ute harveHting w.and. PLATK XXIV (MnHoii. BitHket-woi'k.) Kio. 4.'). Coiled and pitched bottle of tlie Pai Utes, luadu of osier, by coiliu^r the fun- damental twigs in pairs and sewing with split osier always over the two in hand and between the twigs of the preceding round. As this bottle is to be covered with pitch either inside or out or on both sides, the sew- ing is left very open. By having one twig large and the other very small, or by having a bunch of grass for the two twigs, a water-tight joint is produced by the swelling of the warp and weft. The bungling manner of administering the stitches reminds one of the same type of ware among the Eskimo. A great variety of form is given to these pitched bottles. Collected in Southern Utah, by J. \V. Powell, in 1874. Museum number, 11262. Fig. 4t). One square inch of T'^. 4(), showing the use of the double-twig coil. Report Nut. Muh. 1884.— Mason. Jinskt'twork. PLATE XXIV. i 45. 4fl Fig. 45. Ute coiled and pitched water bottle. Fig. 46. One square inch of Fig. 4.'). PLATE XXV. (Mason. Basket-work.) r Fio. 47. Small coiled mnsh bowl of the Pai Utes, made by coiling a splint and thin ■trip of yucca, bast, or osier, and whipping them with split osier. The sewing passes over the two elements of the coil in progress and through the upper element of the coil below, looping always under the subjacent stitches. Ornamentation produced by working into the fabric triangles with strips of martynia or dyed splints. The work is very regular and the texture water-tight, resembling the work of the Apaches and Califor- nia Indians. The fastening oflf on the margin is very prettily done by whipping diagonally with two or three threads crossin'» one another. Collected in Southern Utah, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Museum number, 14720. Fia. 48. Coiled dish of Pai Utes. The work is founded upon a wooden plug in the center and coiled by means of an osier and a strip of fiber. Depth, 2^ inches. The work is neatly done and the ornamentation resembles that of Fig. 47. Collected in Southern Utah, by J. W. Powell, in 1874. Mu- seum number, 14719. Eeport Nat. Mus. 1884.— Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XXV. ■If II II 48 Fig. 47. Ute coiled luusli bowl. Fig. 48. Ute coiled luuah l)o\vl. Fig. 49. if*" i ! PLATE XXVI. (Mason. Basket-work.) Water-tight basket bottle of the Apachee. The coiling consists of fh« .■ h Keport Nat. V ,. 1884.— Maeon. Baeket-work. PLATE XXVL Fig. 41). Apache coiled basket bottle. Fig. 50, r \0' Fig. 51. PLATE XXVII. (Maeon. Basket-work.) splint, of dlfferenr„atn;°, /, "'' ""^"'^ "^ ""> "'S'""°°» ™ °f bread trays Trlrntai off 'T! *''°"' ^ "■" ""«"' -""I inclo8iug triandea rnTl«.£r .'^""'"""y- ""'> f»°r senes of rliomboids One ,„„h of P,g. 50, .howi„g the „„,«„,» coil and the method of .titching. Report Nat. Mus. 1884.— Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XXVII. le of yucca Qt natural 1 chestnut 3U8 use of )ui sacred mentation loniboids Edward 50 stitching. ei Fiu. 50. Apache coiled basket- bowl. Fig. 51. One H<[nare inch of Fig. .'>(). Re PLATE XXVIIl. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig 52 Inside view of Fig. 50. The black line at the bottom, nearly continuous, incloses a circle in uniform unvarnished color. All the body color above this line is of a shining yellow, varying in shade. The disposition of the ornament is better shown in this figure. FIG 53 A similar Coahuila Apache basket, in which the shading of the body mate- rial is in places very dark. The zigzag ornament, effected by the admin- istration of the triangle, is very attractive. Depth, 5^ inches ; width 16 inches. Collected by Dr. Edward Palmer, in Southern California. Mu- seum number, 21786 Report Nat. Mu8. 1884.— Mason, liasket-work. PLATE XXVIII. itinuous, lor above )8ition of 52 idy mate- le admin- width, 16 nia. Mn- 53 Fl«;, ns. Inside view of Fig iA). Fig. a:?. Coahuila Apache l>a«ket-bowl. Bep PLATE XXrX. (MaflOD. Baaket-work.) r Fig. 54. Culled osier basket bowl of the Apaches, inside view, made upon a single twig. The apparently unsystematic ornament is indeed very regular. Four lines of black sewing of different lengths proceed from a black ring of the center. From the ends of all these lines sewing is carried to the left in regular curves. Then the four radiating lines are repeated, and the curved lines, until the border is reached. Depth, 4 inches. Collected in Arizona, by Dr. J. B. White. Museum number, 21493. Fig. 55. Coiled osier basket bowl of the Garotero Apaches, inside view. In every re- spect this resembles theforegoing. The inclosed triangles alternating with urn patterns constitute the ornamentation. Depth, 3^ inches. Collected on Gila River, by Rev. H. W. Read. Museum number, 4428. Fk Report Nat. Mns. lt!84.— Mawon. Biisket-work. PLATE XXIX. an a single y regular, black ring •led to the ed, and the ollected in n every re- ating with Collected U J I 55 Fig. 54. Apache coiled basktt-l)owl. Vu.. 55. CJarotero coiled basket-bowl. PLATE XXX. I** 100' c (Mason. Basket-work.) Pig. ri6. Coiled basket bowl, made by Yokuts IiuliauH, and hero introduced for com- parison with Apache work. This is by far the most elaborate piece of basketry in the National Museum. The bottom is i»lain and flat, bounded by a black line. The body color is that of pine root lonp exposed; the ornaments are in black, straw color, and brown. To Understand this complex tigiire wo must begin at the bottom, whore 5 barred parallelo- grams surround the black ring, with center of brown, and generally four smaller bars of white and black alternating. By a series of steps or gra- dines this rectangular ornament is carried up to the dark line just below the rim. The spaces in the body color, at first plain, are occupied after- wards by open crosses, and finally by human figures. These himian fig- ures are excellent illustrations of the constraining and restraining power of material and environment in human achievement. There are 8 coils and 18 stitches to the inch. Figure, a truncated cone; width, 16^ inches ; depth, 7i inches. Collected in Caliloruia, by Stephen Powers, in 1875. iicpurt Nut. Mu«. l{k}4.— MiMuii. Buitkut-work. PLATE XXX. ced for corn- rate piece of lat, bounded BxpoBcd; the lerHtand this ed parallelo- enerally four steps or gra- o just below cupied after- e human tig- liuiug power re are 8 coils li, 1«>^ inches; s, in 1875. Fii;. 5t). Yokut Indian coiled ba.sket-liowl. PLATE XXXI. (Mason. }nd black, ck border Dg, resem- e splint a» und then >ward and g forward luced by a dlected iu 0. _i i Fig. ."ST. Navajo roiled liasket-bowl. PLATE XXXII. 'Mason. Basket- work.) \0^ Fig. 58. Coiled basket bowl of the Pimas, made up on a foundation of yucca, the sew- ing done with spli'its of willow or pine. The rude character of the orna- ment is worthy o*' notice. Depth, 4 inches. Collected by Dr. Edward Palmer, in Arizona, Museum number, 5548. Ftg. 59. Coiled basket bowl of the Pimas, similar iu structure to 58. The grecque ornament is wrought iu with tolerable symmetry. The border has the braided appearance before mentioned, given by forward and backward sewing along the border with a single splint. In this instance the stitch I usses backward three stitches of the sewing each time. This is truly the most ingenious and effective work of the kind yet seen. Collected by Mrs. Georgia Stout, Pima Agency, Arizona. Museum number, 27837. Report Nat. Mu8. 1884.— Masdn. Biiaket-work. PLATE XXXII. -J Fig. 58. Pinio coiled basket-bowl. Fig. 59. Pinio roilofl haskpt-lmwl PLATE XXXIII. (Mason. Uasket-work.) FIG. 60. Coiled basket bowl of the Finu.s, • u.lt ou yucca liber and sewed with rhus or willow. The ornamentation in in red paint and splints dyed black. I he border is back and forward sewing to imitate a braid. The method of administration is quite apparent in the specimen. The border stitches have an excursion varying from 2 to 4 of the regular stitches of the last coil at the top of the bowl. Depth, 3 inches. Collected in Arizona, by Ur. E. Palmer. Museum number, 76038. llcjmrt Kat. Mus. lHfi4.— Miisoii. Basket-worii. PLATE XXXIII. FlO. 60. Pimo coiled basket-bowl. PLATE XXXIV. (Maaon, Basket-work.) Fig. 01. Coiled basket bowl of Pimos, Made on yucca with splint sewing similar to those just described. The ornament is evidently the work • f a beginner, but the pattern is both regular anr unique, ail the parts being in threes and the two side.s of each pattern (luite symmetrical. Border of backward and forward sewing, quite uniform in appearance, but done regardless of the number of body stitches beneath. Width, 8 inches ; depth, 2i inches. Collected in Arizo'i;', by Dr. Edward Palmer, in 1H84. Museum number, 76039. ]!il)()it Nat. ilus. Iti84.— Mason. Basket-woik. PLATE XXXIV. TlO. (il. Piiiio loilt'd liUHket-howl. i***' !««• \0^ PLATE XXXV. (Maoou. Basket-work.) Fig. 62. Coiled basket bowl of Pimos, tlut-bottoiued. The oniameut consists of four similar patterns, based on four elongated right-angled triangles. Each of the other lines of the pattern is as nearly parallel to one of the sides of this triangle as the texture will per nit. It is difficult to conceive how this design was studied out beforehand. Width, I2i inches; height, 5 inches. Collected in Arizona, in 1884, by Dr. E. Palmer. Museum number, 76040. Kcport Xat. Mu». 1884.— Mumou. Uiiskit-work. PLATE XXXV. lists of four s. Each of he sides of ve how this fc, 5 inches, jer, 76040. Fk;. tW. IMiiio coiled ba.sket-ltowl. PLATE XXXVI. 10' (Mason. Baskft-work.) Fig. 63. Large basket bowl of Pimos, The manufacture is similar to that in those just mentioned, but the use of the continuous fret in ornamentation i,s remarkable, as exhibitiTij>' the easy manner in which the fret may have arisen in basketry. Th(^ border is a fal.se braid formed by a single s])]int and resembles an elongatv^d guilloche. Width, IHf; depth, 5^. Collecterl in Arizona, by Dr. E. Palmer, in 1874. Museum number, 7()041. hat in tliost' inentation in ■et may have singlti sjilint ]. Collcctt'd I. litpoit Nat. Mum. IhM.— Mnmiii. IJiiMktlwurk. PLATE XXXVL ■ ' 1 1 I j> Tig. (\'\. Pinio coiled hasket-liowl. PLATE XXXVII. (Maaon. Basket-work.) Fig. 64, Small twined granary of straw, made by Pimos. Made of wheat-straw iu a coil sewed with bands of willow-bark. The very noticeable feature about this Hpecinien is that only iu a few cases do the stitches of the t;oil9 interlock. Diameter, 20 inches ; height, 12 inches. Collected iu Arizona, Itv Dr. E. Palmer, in 1884. Fig. 05. One square inch of 64, showing the coiled straws and the method of sewing. -TTn^r r7\'v\^jk TO^^'iT ,vmif im T-JC ■ llt'imitNat. MiiH. lt<84.— Mason. HuHkftwoik. mm .■■■ I.I- 1 JIIIUI 1 PLATE XXXVII rheat-straw iu jeable feature BB of tbo ooila pd iu Arizona, hodof sewiug. a (14 Fig. ()4. Pimo coiled granary of straw and bark. Fig. (if). Oiu' !S(|Man' iucli of Fig. 04. ' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I •r ilM " IM ** » ^ n IlM 12.2 20 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 -^ 6" - ► V] <^ /. '^A c*: c^J /. M "^-v^ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. MS80 (716) JI72-4503 ,\ iV s 9) ^ \ \ ^. "A? ^ h A 6^ ^ €?.r C/i X PLATE XXXVIII. (MaaoD. Basket-work.) P 0'' Fio. 66. Twined jar-sbai>ef the Mokiu. Excepting in ^ he rigid material and the pottery form, w« have here all the details of the west coast bas- ketry. At the center of the bottom each twining includes two warp twigs ; the next round the same plan is followed, but the stitches alternate. This for 10 rows; on the fifth is an exterior twining for ornament. Then suc- ceed 6 rows of twining on each twig, then 4 rows of twining over two twigs, then 9 rows «)f single twining overlaid by two double rows of ex- ternal twini:'g. The rest of the surface is covered with twining over every warp twig, onovcrlaid the u])per portion and at the bulge by external twining. The fastening ott' is mere whipping. Collected in Moki pueblos in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, in 1884. Fig. 07. One inch of 66, showing the twining on single and on double rods. Keport Xat. Mun. 1884.— Mason. Basket-work. PLATE XXXVIII. rigid material rest coast bas- vo warp twigs; Iternate. This ^ut. Theu suc- ning over two jle rows of ex- niug over every ge by external u Moki pueblos (Mi rods. It Fig. 66. Moki tAvined basket-jar. Flo. 67. One square iuch of Fig. (56. rroiBsa—THBTswHTH PLATE XXXIX. P (Mason. Ba8ke^wo^k.) Fio. 66. Coiled sacred meal tray of the Mokis. A bunch of yncca leaf stems, or of grass, varying from i inch to 1 inch in diameter, is sewed in a continuous coil by means of slender threads of yucca fiber about i^th inch in width, and very uniform throughout. Each stitch of the progressing coil is caught into a stitch of the coil beneath with perfect regularity, forming a dish looking like a great worm coiled up. The ornamentation is in yellow and brown. The first spots interiorly contain from 4 to 6 stitches. On the next turn a series is arranged with relation to these. By the simple management of this device hundreds of patterns are worked out. Collected in Arizona by J. W. Powell. Fio. 69. One square inch of Fig. 68, showing the method of administration. Report Nat. Muh. 18«4.— MaitoD. BaHket-worlt. PLATE XXZIX. f stems, or of antiuuouB coil iu width, and is caaght into a dish looking w and brown, e next tarn a anagement of in Arizona by tion. 9 FlO. 69. One square inch of Fig. 68. PLATE XL. (Mason. ]{a!iket-work.) P Fig. 70. Coilod sacred meal tray of the Mitkin. The coloring of the interior ezhibita the tine shndin;; prodnced l)y the skillful manipulation of the dark and the light side of the fiber. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell. Report Nat. Mint. lr<84.— Mason. BnHkctwork. PLATE XL. or exhibits irk and the Fio. 70. Moki ooih'd fniy. PLATE XLI. P (Manon. Basket work.) Fia. 71. Coiled basket of Upper Egypt, made of bundleH of palm-leaf veina, sewed with strips of palm leaf. Introdnci-d here for comparison with the Moki work. Ornamentation in red and black. A long red or black strip of leaf is laid on the ontside of u coil and caught down by alternate stitches. The varying of the number of stitches caught over or covered by these strips produces a multitude of effects. These baskets are frequently pitched for Iwats or Moses' arks. Collected by Dr. G.W. Samson, in Upper Egj pt, 1H48. Museum number, 74871. Fig. 7*2. One square inch of Fig. 71, showing the sewing and the strips of ornament. Bvport Nat. Mua. ViM-— Mnsou. Uankt't-work. PLATE XTiT. 'mvmiwmmS!!!' LDB, sewed the Moki rip of leiif hcH. The liese strips »itche(l for jpt, 1H48. a nament. 73 Fio. 71. Nubian coiled basket. Fio. 7i. Oue square inch of Fig. 71. PLATK XLII. P (Mason. Basket-work.) Fig. 73. Woven bread-tray of the Mokiw, iiuule upon radiating warp twigs by weaving bitM of colored twig, Htrit)p('d of their bark, in and out, and by fastening ofif the ends alongside of the warp twigH inside the fabric. This type should be particularly noticed as tho first example yet encountered of the regular basket weaving so common in the ware of more civilized peoples. Some of the bits of twig used are less than an inch long, and none of them ever exceed a foot. The figure is the same on both sides, but each stitch and design in front is just one space farther to the right on the back. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Ptwvell, in 1874. FlO. 74. One square inch of Fig. 73, showing the regularity and disposition of the weaving. Ittport Nat. Mu& 1M4.— Munun. UMkvtwoik. PLATE ZLII ' weaviug tening off pe Bhoiild ie Te^n\aT i'8. Some [;hein ever ititch and Collected on of the 73 Fig. 73. Moki woven bread-tray. Fio. 74. One square inch of Fig. 73. PLATE XLIII. (Mason. BaHket-work.) Pio. 75. Woven breftd-tray of the Mokis, similar in workmanship to Fi-r 73. The fttsteuiug ofl' is done by whipping one or two twigs around the edge by means of yncca fiber. The design is a series of concentric rings in prefty co'ors, the figures corresponding exactly on the two sides. Collected in Arizona, by J. W.Powell, 1874. Keyort KaU iliu. 1«M.— ^twuu. JiMik«il KeportXat. Mum. 18^4. — Mitsuu. Basket-work. )out tLis speci- )y the simplest of savage cul- PLATE XL VI. ^ .1 ■ " Fig. 78. Moki woven bread -trav. ■ \0 Fit, ry. PLATE XLVII. (Mftson. liaHkct-work.) Woveu baskct-triiy of the Mokis, made as others just described. The very iii8ecm-e method of fa«teiiii)g off is shown on the left rim. The pattern on this specimen introduces no new elements or colors. The elaborate hnman head, with brilliant cape and gorgeons head-dress, reminds one of Aztec inscriptions. Collected in Arizona, by J. W. Powell, 1874. Kc|iurt Nut. ^iiH. lh(^4.— Mason. liHHki't-\«-d weaving. Fig. 93. One square inch of bottom, Fig. 92. Fig. 94. One square inch of outside, Fig. 92. Fig. 95. One square inch of inside, Fig. 92. PLATE LVIII. (Mason. Basket- work.) Fig, 96. Woveu basket of Micmac Indians made of white birch. Thousands of these pretty baskets wrought into hundreds of shapes are sold in th« towns and villages of the Northern States by the Indian basket-maker. A curious modification of this method of weaving comes from Tripoli, in which the horizontal part is rigid and the weft straws run up and down. It is as if we revolved the Micmac pattern 90 degrees. Collected by Mr. G. Brown Goode, in Nova Scotia. Report ^"at. Mus. 1884— Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LVm. ands of these h« towns and r. A curious in which the n. It is as if it. G. Brown Fig. 96. Micniac woven birch basket. PLATE LIX. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fios. 97, 98. Showinj? the method of introducing the curled ornament in Algonqnin and Iroqnoiti basketry. in Algonqnin Keport Nat. Mus. 1884.— Mason. Biisketwork PLATE LIX. 97 =:• ii , .-.;-:-- L ,' I'i OS Figs. 97, 98. Method of oruameuting birch baskets. a .9 Ifi PLATE LX. (Mason. Basket-work.) PlO. 99. Owlinarv form of pricker used by Eskimo. Collected at Po nt Clarence Report Nat. Mus. 1884.— Mason. Basket-work. PLATE LZ. Fig. 99, Eskimo ivory pricker from Point Clarence. PLArK h'M. (MMon. Basket-work.) Pigs. 100-102 Bone, ivory, and metal-pointed prickers from Lower Yukon district. £on district. Report Nat. Mu8. 1884.— Masou. Basket-work. ;'£^ PLATE LXI. fIp' Im vt •"''' ^"'^'' ""^ ^'°'' ^''^- ''^'2- ^^^^'^^ P"^'^^^ ^''th "^«tal point. I-IG. 101. Lskiino pricker of antler. Ijl,,! ■:■« (!- PLATE LXIl. (Mason. Basket-work.) Fio. 103. Eskimo pricker with wooden handle and iron point lashed with rawhide Fio. 104. Eskimo awl, with metal point in ivory handle. Fig. 105. Eskimo drill-shaft of wood with metal point and band of rawhide. Dnlli of this class also have beautifal jade points. th rawhide rhide. Drills Report Nat. Mu8. 1«84.— Muaou. Basket-work. ii'f' ^ Fig. 103. Eskimo iron-pointed pricker. Fig. 104. Eskimo iron-pointed awl. PLATE hXIl. !/ I Fig. 105. Eskimo iron-pointed drill. S,l PLATE LXIII. (Mason. Basket-work.) Figs. 106, 107. Bone prickers used by Moquis. Collected in Arizona, by .7. W. Po\v,.l|, kV. Powell. Iteport Not. MiiH. 1884._Maaoii. nasket-woi k. 106 PLATE LXIII.