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ALSO TUB LATEST INFORMATION COMCUnuiMO TH« CLIMATE. PROrUKmONS. POPULATION. MANNERS, PRICES OF LAND, LABOUR, AND PROVISIONS. AND ffit(>tr «ubftrt«f, economical ano JUohttcal, ArfBCTIlfO TNB WEl,rAKC OV I'KRSONS ABOUT TO EMIORATE TO THE UNITED STATES AND BRITISH AMERICA. ' BY ROBERT HOLDITCH, ESQ, 0» TIIE EOVAt COLLEOE Of 8U»0B01fl, iLonbon: PRINTED FOR WILLIAM HONE, 43, LUDOATE HILL. 1818. fottr ShilUngt and Sixfena, "•«** *>' M^o«ld Md Son. 46, Cloth Fair, londoa." tt mm PREFACE. rtn 1 HE following Work was undertaken almost exclusively for the perusal of persons about to emigrate to America. In the present unprecedented rage for expatriation, there are many who earnestly desire to obtain information on subjects coii- nected with their intended settlement both in Bnt.sb North America and in the United States. But this couM not be pro- cured, without either toiling through expensive and tedious volumes, or by the more equivocal medium of oral mquiry A work imparting much useful knowledge in a small compass became a desideratum; to supply it, the foHowing sheets are submitted to the inquirer respecting America : they contain an abundant variety of facts, all of which will, at one time or other, be of service to him. Some of the materials in this publication are not arranged in the precise order wherein they should succeed each other- this arose fro.n a desire to get the work through the press as speedily as possible, that pc.sons about to embark at this season may have it in their hands. However, to render reference easy, a good Index is added. Great assistance has been derived from recent publications and especially from the following.— l. « Travels through Ca-' nada and the United States; by Joh^t Lambert; Third Edition; 2 vols. 8vo. 1816:" a very entertaining and mstruc tive work. 2. '« Travels in North America in 1800 lo' & ii- by John Bradbury. F.L.S. 8vo. 1817:" a work of much interest, and from which is taken the excellent No. I of the Adv.ce to Emigrants, at p. 41. 3. "Travels in Cafiada and the Umted States. in 1816 and 1817; by Lieut.FRAvcis Hall 14th Light Dragoons, H.P. :" a production to be estesmed for %:l in .. J if Preface. ".e ralu ble art , Is o7 b' f" ""' '° "°"' "•" 'O"-' "f the liberty of he nr«, T =''""""• "■» ">" "n Journal of Travel f„ Z".'? "' "" '^'""''''- ^- " A i" Lower Ca„ad i 1 1 1 '" °J ''""' ^""'™»' »»'' "indebted to, for Im! „f ^ "^ Palmer:" the reader inA^erica^anri.!:. X»ro-%^^^^^^ publication,, and indiaoenlh '"» ""Portantly useful -W. the art cle at ntrl ""^ ^""S'""'' f"'- fy. with tlie n=. ""*• ''""'''« M»P of the Couu. •H^^ugh Ltit"rsr";r L'-'-r"'"'' "'^""'" Gazetteer,, are pregnant '^^ ^^1^"^:' bJ'^'"." rican worK Je'-con^t -ll:' „' T^ r^ """' ^^ With a view to render mnr. . * ''^^^ consulted publication; wVichlXner'n: r' '''''' '" ^'^'^ ""^^ beneficial to tho e iC^^^^^^^^ t^'^^«^' -" P-ve highly I^ndM, 28th August, 18 18. R. HOLDITCH, THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. A FTER a war unusually protracted, which desolated the fairest •^^ portions of the globe, which in its progress had beea marked by the destruction of millions, and which had been productive of evils the most terriWe ever sustained by suffering humanity, the nations oi the earth fondly contemplated the return of peace as an event which Would, in some degree, compensate for the sacrifices they had made, and the privations they had so long and so patiently suffered. Among those who had endured with unexi^mpled fortitude the evils attendant on a state of warfare so protracted, were the British people. If the blood and treasure of England had been lavishly expended during the contest; she sustained the hour of trial with magnanimity, and came out of it triumphantly. During the progress of the war, her victories, both on the land and on the ocean, had been unprece- dented, brilliant, and decisive, — achieved with uncommon exertion, and at an enormous expence. Repose was absolutely necessary: the hour of peace at length arrived ; but it brought not with it those benefits which had been so eagerly contemplated. The commerce of England had covered the sea.v, from the com- inercement to the termination of hostilities ; and her thousand ships of , war, while they so gloriously added to her naval fame, protected her commercial fleets, and enabled them to traverse the sea in com- parative security. London, during the war, became the emponura of the globe ; and the commercial monopoly of England was complete. The return of peaci?, therefore, by admitting the belligerent powers to a participation in the advantages of commerce, was severely felt; and the diminution of the commerce of England naturally kept pace with the activity of those maritime powers, who, during the continuance of hostilities, were almost in a state of absolute inaction. The cry of distress was soon heard from all quarters, and the bank- ruptcy of our merchants and tradesmen occurred to an extent hitherto unknown. These failures involved the fate cf thousands connected with trade and commerce : the opulent became insolvent ;— many of the middling classes descended to poverty;— the indigent filled the workhouses ;— the local taxes pressed with intolerable weight upon those who were able to pay, and the situation of many who contributed was scarcely superior to the wretched inmate* of the workhouse. It is true, that the aspect of affairs is improving in some degree* Commerce Las revived, and there is an increased demand for our manufactures: but a frightful national debt still presses, aud the united demands of local and national taxes have influenced, and do •till iufluende, thousands of our countrymen to abandon their native B THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. shores -in,! > "UIOK. Amon" il,e man ""'wee on tbose of »/„ from Canada. thltF TT'''' ^^'-^^ovRiiyTuJ^ ^'"^ ^^^^and ' she would b; eSr''/'^"'^' «i«'-e SO.OojyVeonr"'"'' '" « ^^'^e*" England sent abroad ^i'l.'**""'^'^''^"^'' byt^ie d^s^'"""'''^' ^''"^ to be slain and m? """"ally more than 20 nn» '^'/f'^'S^- in xvar. them tbe ^st bono n^'" 2*>>000 of bcr vouS '/ '"I" y""'''^"' «o„; population oVKir^n^'^'^ '-e/^^;^ 3^^^ ^var is at an end ft i '^^"^^^ '"ereasipj,, w L :. i T"*? ""^ """'' the and the poor aJhr "' ""' "PPorfuntty are ' "^ ^'^ """'• ^hen of the parent's carer il?'-'^'"'' ^"^^''"'^"ce for In ^'' ^ ''^ ^«''^J. comfort of England .hV '^ absolutely . ecess^'i i''" "''^P^ndoDt increasing no^f '*'''' « ^f"* should be fmSiLj'" *''' ^^"'"^^tic - , The great streanJ^'Af j •'^^''^ ""« ^^nt. ^""' '^""*=e begBu Canada 'eceived a^a^^"" "^ *''^ P-v nc 7jrjl^ ^^^^ England Present moment set tlerraTn''", **^. ''^"^ P<^"ons ih7«'f.^"\^«^^'- number of persons „^i ,-'"§''*"" ." and duriim « much aidt ' ."" '"''J^^^' Atlantic, he has r,n. ". T^^^^- "^ving, Cever . • '* ""^^ ^'^'^ and thus can at S :1 /V^"on most of XVnT 'T^^^ '''^ he again asser L ' , ? i* ^l" ^^" fi^^'ity of b s ifm '' ^^'^'-'t'ed. persol, about to emirate r*f'" •^''P'^-^^ f^ tl e L?''^' ^'^'^''' »''« inspection of ^^^t^^^^^^ ^ho blJ: i^ST f:r I^OWER CANADA. THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. breaking over steep precipices, and mingling their waters with the grand river ; its bold and rugged shores, lofty eminences, and sloping valleys, covered with the umbrageous foliage of immense forests, or interspersed with the cultivated settlements of Jlie inhabitants, present altogether to the eye of the spectator a succession of the most sub- lime and picturesque objects that imagination can conceive. The soil of Lower Canada is very vario»«, ami is more or less fer- tile as it approaches to the North or South, from Farther Point (the lowest sptll.ment on the south shore) to Kiiiiiouraska. Very little land is cultivated; and that little yields a crop only with considerable kbour, but without manure. Ai intelligent native of Plymouth- Dock, who has lived ten years in Canada, observes in one of his letters, •' I have often requested the Canadians to thro\s compost on their lands, as I do ; to which the uniform answer is, ' There is no necessity for it; our fore-fathers never did it, why should we]' " From Kamouraska (o the Island of Orleans, both on the north and south shores, the soil gradually improves, and great quantities of grain are produced. The average crop is about twelve liushels an acre. Emigrants from Europe greatly excel the natives in all agricultural operations: the prejudices of the Canadians in favour of old systems will not, however, permit them to adopt the European methods. Of the soil in the vicinity of Quebec, that of Mie Island of Orleans is reckoned the best. This island is diversified with high and low lands, covered with woods, or converted into meadows and corn fields ; the soil k sulliciently fertile to afford the inhabitants a large surplus of productions beyond taeir own consumption, which they dispose of at Quebec. The meadows of Canada, which have most commonly been corn fields, are reckoned superior to those in the more southern parts of America. They possess a fine close turf, well covered at the roots with clover. They cannot be mown more than once a year, in conse- quence of the spring commencing so late. In autumn they exchange their beautiful green for a light brown hue, which gives them the api-'p-' iro .1 being scorched by the sun. It is two or three weeks at V is gone, before they recover their natural colour. This is w er America; whose pastures, during the autumnal and w >''er possess that rich and lovely verdure, which they .1 ^ 1 with good management, yield tolerable crops ; but the Caiiu. miserable farmers. They seldom or never manure their land, and plough so' very shght and careless, that they continue year after year to turn over thp clod" which lie at the surface, without penetrating an inch dee^icr into the soil. Hence their grounds be- come exhausted, over-run with weeds, and yield but scanty crops. The fields of wheat which I have seen in different parts of the country appeared much stinted in their growth, and were often muchchoaked with weeds. When cut down, the straw was seldom more than 18 or 20 inches long, the ears small, and the wheat itself discoloured, and little more than two thirds of the size of our English wheat. The wheat about Montreal appeared to be the best that came under my observation. . There is, however, a month difference in the climate between Montreal and Quebec : the former is situated in lat. 45'' 36'> rir ^.MIGRANTS GUIDE. 1 f I? mS ;!""»'' .I"''"'"!""" "' (i"''"'" consist of the sovemmwit »ren embers tfTlZ "" °''' "",'''""'• ""'' ■'<''S"'°'». ""« of whotn .iesfthe st'rek'ep/rr"""""'' ""= "'"«^' "' ^■'™^»'« ""'J ""ta rooT^„n:eTeHln"art'arri:'''',f " ""'"•!,'°"'' '"''" •>''""" ' "•« tin The .frV... ? .i i gf""!""? covered with sheets of iron or J,^ella,t"7. °fe u'lT"/"™" "", -=''cely deservh.g of "ha »eTs pervade, a f II e I oifes i„ Che"'' r'f ^'"i. '^ ''™''> '™«- »n, elegance or bea:, l"The' ."^b ^'b '^t ' The'rou'efTl" "' U^tT^ G™!^.-Turke,s, sT Orf. ,o 5, ;ir couple. r„„b do WM do p*^'"'^?"'- "'• j" "''■ "'»• G««^. 2»- M. to 4, erf .or^f^o^tSiiX'- •"ibSij' w'r",J""*',: '"c^ »•-!'"">"=«. a- Black lass, S^:„;TFresh''cod Sa It^Coll T,d Cat'"^ V'>""' prices, accordin" to tliP ^ii^ Af • j *'^"' ^^ varaous as dear as in io„ '"'"' ^"'"^^ ^^^ ^^'^ Salmon are 2/2T''V?"^''TV^''''^-<^'^-P'^r bushel. Cabba<.es Irf to Boiled Corn! Herb" l!^,^'^"^^"- ^^P^'^S"^' C^tannier, Parsnips^ ■^»,. THE EMIGRANrS GUIDE. $ In winter, a few only of the above articles atn brought to market. As soon as the river between Queber and the Island of Orleans is frozen over, a large supply of prn\ Isio.is received from tliat i-land. The Car.adians, :it the comir ..iccment of winter, kill the greatest ,iart of their stock, which th. y to market in a froaen f Ate. Th« iuhabitantc of the towns thc,« supply themselves with a sufficient quantity of poultry and egetabies till spring, and keep them in garrets or cellars. As long as they remain frozen, they preserve their goodness, but they will not keep long after they have thawed. I have eaten turkeys in April, which have been kept in this manner all tixe winter, and found them remarkably good. Before the frozen provisions are dressed, they are always laid for jnie Jirurs in cold water, v/hich extracts tlie ice ; othti-wise, by a su«ldeB immersion in hot water, they would be spoiled. The articles of life are certainly very reasonable in Canada; but the high price of house-rent and European goods, together with the high wages of servants, more than counterbalance tkiat advantage. A person must pay at least 70 or 100 per cent, upon the London price foi every article of wearing apparel, furniture, &c. unless he attends the public sales, whi»jh are pretty frequent, and where arti- cles are sometimes sold very \ov ; but there he is often lial)le to be deceived, and many a keen economist has been overreached with as much dexterity as in London. The Lower Town market-place is reckoned cheaper than the other; it is not so large, but is generally well supplied. Fish is at certriin aeasous abundant ijo.'cularly salmon and shad; the latter is classed among tlie herrin,- v wtiich it somewhat resembles in ilavour, though widely dilierent in size, the shad being as large as a moderate-sized salmon. They are a great relief to the poor people in the months of May and June, as at that season they are taken in shoals. In the river of St. Lawrence, from the entrance to more than 200 miles above Quebec, large quantities are salted down for the use of the upper province. Fresh cod are very rarely brought to market. A merc'iuui in the Upper Town usually gets a supply once during the summer season, which he keeps in an ice-house, and retails to the inhabitants at nearly tlie London price. Montreal receives a supply from the United States during the winter season ; they are packed up in ioe, end a few of them find their way to Quebec. Considering the vast quantities of fish with v/hich the river and gulf of St. Lawrence abound, the markets in Canada are very ill kupplied. Though the gulf is full of niackarel, yet none ever appear at Quebec. Oysters are sometimes brought from Chaleur Biy ; but so seldom, and in such small quantities, that an oyster party is consi- dered by the inhabitants as a very rare tueat. They are, however, but of an inditfereut quality; and though of large size when taken out of the shell, yet have so little substance in them, that when cut with a knife the Avater runs out, and they diminish at least a fourth. The shells are large, and adhere to each other in great clusters. The herrings of Canada are large, but of an indifferent quality. Sprats there are none ; at least nona ever appear on shore. la the spring, the markets ^e aljnd^ntij supplied with wild e THE 'emigrants GUIDE. Hi i I r* I! pigeods, winch are sometimes sold much lower than the price I ha»c menuoned ; this happens m plentiful seasons. But the .•»««„ J flocks hat formerly passed over the country are now cons Sll d.m.n.shed; or. as the land becomes cleared, they reUre forthi^r The beef of Canada is in general poor and loujh. The Canadians have parUe^rnd nf£d' «!pf «?"7k^'"'1^^"'^''*^'"^'' "« forZiZ part lean and il fed The butchers, however, contrive to furnish a better sort, which they fatten on their own farms. The v^a i^ killed too youns to please an English taste; :u.d the pork is ovet . grown. Mutton and lamb are very good ; and the latte^rron ts fiM farcase- JhL !i r'r'''TK"^'*> ^''^ quarter, half, or whole carcase Avhich accounts for the different pries I have atfixed to tho.e articles. The butchers retail them by the pound. ,nl L ^*^"**r," ^T^^^ ^'■°'» ^»"«^" Island, about one hu.idred and fifty miles below Quebec. That sold by the Canadians in he Piarket pace IS generally of a cheesy or sour flavour o"' " le cream bemg kept so long before it is' churned. Milk is b ought to market m the winter time in large frozen cak-s. ^ iU ''JJfi^* 'j"«"f'«'^« of Maple sugar are sold at about half the price of the West-India sugar. The manufacturing of this article takes ulace early lu ,he spring, when the sap or juice rUes in the maple trees^U 8 very laborious work, as at that time the snow is just melt na and the Canadians suffer great hardships iu procuring the limior from an jmmense number of trees ^li.pers'ed ov'er many' hunZd ats of land Thchquor IS boiled down, and often adulterated wilh flour J^hich ...ickens and renders it heavy; after it is boiled a suthdent time IS poured in o tureens, and. when cold, forms a thick hard cake of the shape of the vessel. These take« a^e of a dark b o«Vcolour for the Canadians do not trouble themsel- es about refining U the people ,n Upper Canada make it very wnite; and it may f,e easWy c anhed equal to the fmest loaf sugar Jiade in England 'U is "erv hard, ami re(,u,.es to be scraped wit], a knife when used for tea o hcrwise the Inmps would be a considerable time dissol ing In flavour strongly resembles the candied horehound sold by the Zg Jt. in Eng and ; and the Cainuiians say that it possesses me.licinal nSe for which they eat it h, large lumps. It very possibly acts a co ?": tivt to the vast quantity of fat pork which they consume, as it no^ sesse, a greater degree of acidity than the Wesllndia T, gar Before salt w.s in use sugar was eaten with meat, in order to cirmt iU putrescency. Hence, probably, the custom of eating swiet an, le sauce wi.h pork and goose, an,! currant jelly with har fn y niso*^' Hay ,s sold at market in bundles of 17lbs. weight each, at 6o, Idf .r n^ .'-T " r'' '■" ^'"^ -™eLnner, 'at aboui h J .,J I •'°*' \' H'"""''* *" ^"•"•'*«t •" <•«*»« or sleighs, three l.^ds make one cord, which sells from 12,. to 16*. Most peon ^ •t Quebec, however, lay in their wood f.«„. ,he water side, near the Lower Town market-place; it i brought down the river in summer 111 crib, of ,u cords each. A cord of woo,! is six feet 101,71^ feet high, and two feel deen mui h sfi!.! a* •!:= ,.=.-.- •_ j"'^»«.'"'" Of, TUt expcnces of carting, piling, and sawing the wood, it about THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 9 4». ed. more. Coals are generally brought by the vessels as hallatt, and sel! from 20s. to 30s. per chaldron at Quebec; they are a cheaper fuel than wood, but the latter is bette" adapted for the stoves which are used in Canada. The French people sell their commodities by th« minot, a measure which is one twelfth more than the Winchester bushel. They also measure land by the arpent, which is four-fiftbi of a statute acre. The fish in the seas, gulfs, rivers, and lakes of Canada, are innumerable; they consist, indeed, of almost every^species and variety at present known. Those brought to marLet have been mentioned before. They are mostly the frtsh water-lish; and,, considering th» immense quantities that might be procured with the greatest facility, it is surprising that so few are offered for sale. The salt-water fishery is carried on chiefly for the purpose of exportation ; but no great quantity is exported from Quebec. The two Canadas abound with almost every species and variety of trees, shrubs, and plants. Among the timber trees are the oak, pine, fir, elm, ash, birch, walnut, beech, maple, chesnut, cedar, aspen, &c. Among the fruit trees and shrubs are walnut, chesnut, apple, pear, cherry, plum, elder, vines, hazel, hiccory, samach, juniper, hornbeam, thorn, laurel, whortleberry, cranberry, raspberry, goose- berry, blackberry, blueberry, sloe, &,c. Strawberries are luxuriantly scattered over every part of the country; but currants are only met with in gardens. Such innumerable quantities of useful and beautiful plants, herbs, grapes, and flowers, are also to be found in the forests, that where the botanist is presented with so rich a field for •bservation and study, it is to be regretted that so little is known concerning them. The pine trees grow to the height of 120 feet and more, aqd from nine to ten feet in circumference. In several parti of Lower Canada, bordering on the states of Vermont and New York, they make excellent masts and timber for shipping; but the quantity procured in the lower province is very trifling to the supplies re- ceived from Upper Canada and the United States. In other parts, particularly to the northward and westward of Quebec, the forest trees are mostly of a small growlh. There are several varieties of the pine and fir trees, from some of which are made large quantities of pitch, tar, and turpentine. The clearing of lands has of late years been carried on to great advantage by those who properly understand the true method ; for there is scarcely a tree in the forest but what may be turned to some account, particularly in tlie making of pot and pearl ashes, which have enriched the American settlers far beyond •ny other article. The trees of a resinous quality supply pitch, tar, and turpentine. The maple furnishes sugar, and, with the beech, ash, elm, &.c. will also serve for the potash manufactory. Cedar is converted into shiugles for the roofs of houses; oak into ship timlier; firs into deal planks and boards, and, in short, almost every kind of tree is brouglit into use for some purpose or other. In the clearing of lands, however, it is ah/ays necessary that the lettlsr should first look out for a market for his produce, and fer some uavigaj»ie river or good road lo convey the same; otherwise it ii of little coniecjueace that he obtaius four or five huadred ac:ci of 1 ..i.i*!»iM^IJ!UJ.JJU ui» IjSks-'^^'^ t THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. land for four or five pounds. So mueh land for so little nloney it highly prepossessing to an European; bat appearances, particularly al a distance, are often fallacious. The American oak is quicker in its growth, but less durable than that of Europe ; one species called the live oak, which is, however, found only in the warmer parts of the country, is said by many to be equal, if not superior, to the English oak for ship-building. The white oak is the best that is found in the Canadian settlements, and is chiefly used for the building of vessels at Quebec and Montreal. One of the most useful trees in Canada is the maple tree, acer taccharinum. I have, in a former chapter, adverted to the mode of manufacturing the sap of this tree into sugar. It is not cut down till exhausted of its sap, when it is generally preferred for fire wood, and fetches a higher price than any other sold at market. ROADS AND DISTANCES IN CANADA. From Quebec to Halifax. miles. From Quel>cc to Point Levi, across the river 1 Thence to the Portage at Riviere du Cap 121 § Timispuat» 36 the Settlement of Maduaska 45 the great falls in River St. John 45 Frederick Town. 180 St. Johns 90 Halifax i89§ 708 From Quebec to Mkhillmakinak, at the entrance of Lake Huron. To Montreal 184 : — Coteau du Lac 225 — Cornwall 266 — Matilda ', 301 — Augusta 335 — Kingston 365 -- Niagara 626 -.— Fort Eric 660 — Detroit 7J)0 — Michillimakinak 1107 From Quebec to New York, by way of Montreal. To Cape Rouge , ->- St. Augiiatin 8 — Jac<|ue8 Carticr 16 — St. Anne's 30 — Three Rivers 92 — Riviere du Soup. 27 — Berthier 22 — Kepcntigne S'l -- Montreal 18 — ie4 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 9 MILES* To Laprairie */*/.'/. 14 — St. John's * • [ [ j4 — Isle au Maix j2 _ Windmill Point ' * * * * ^j — Savage's Point .* ] i ! 20 — Sandbar ^ •. * * * * *o ' * * * -ia — Bnrlington, the first post-town in ibe Stales ^ ^^ , ..... 78 To Skenesborough ^^^^ J2 — Fort Anne 24 — Dumant Ferry * * * ' * 24. — Waterfopd ' j2 — Albany City ^ '_ ,50 34 To Hudson City gj^ — Rhincbeck « * | ^,j — Pouglikoepsie '.*'.*.'.'.' 34 . — Peckshill . * 34 _ Kingsbridge ***** ^5 — New York J 1U5 The.:>pe..ce of travelling po.t. In Lower Canada, i, one shilling "TbrL«ri™n7acket.. on Lake Champlain charge from three to fon?doUar "for th^e passage from St. John's to Skenesborough, a d„- "^om "sWsiZrgh'ihe traveller proceeds to New York in a -SriSita^^-io^rjsr^^^^^^ frrsrtLttfr.'mo'-^srrel^rettirt^eroVti no proportion to >f/"""' T^.^ ^^igrate more to the United States Sr to C:. dV^B^ng'^d^^^^^^^^^ their own government. Sey endeavour io se k belief under a for.ign one. whose vir ue» have liZ «o rreatlv exajjgerated. and whose excellent properties have been so great y ^-^a^J? ' ^ j,, however, convince them iniieTr' er^oV aiiS tS: who are not sold to their American masters reiiilef luem JiSK"'? lXCItCS!VS~ kiinwledi'o and Eood sense, reiuier ihcu. ».ft...j "-• . . ."therc^unt^y; while thei; natural pailiality for their ancient sod to i il f i I ■fHE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. >■»■„.. .1 ' ""•aouIDE. Sr "'"""•"^ »«-l.».», »„„ .dl.„e„ce ,„ .1 „ . . fed s'f,?r;j""- '^"-"tr;;^raS.,t'''''?' «^'""» - -• «»in dutie, 7; ;r^ " 'T S'M'ed by ,(," K"„""P.°"«I from the "th. p«„d" "^oPrft,;"' ™'"«.»w«iBiil. Salt 1. .,„I *■•""»''''>'•»•. 9,/ -rnr J '"''"B " "M •"iciel, procured &? "V"" »' ' Ae. .t?."?,'" f '" " •»!.'» oave l,een c,p„„.H S?)'.'™"' Liverpool. In .on.. I"'' ''""'lel : ihi. 1«. e* PC, ffl and^S .7";:; ", ""'.ieoroJo'";,', Sr .""l"'" 3'. «rf. wfiicl, is „„ ,,/;^" a; 14s.; but in the ensiling ' "' '"S'' «» •rrivaJ at Quti.ec «««/ T . '^'^ '*"h »alf and rf.».;f . *'"f'* '^^"»n Liver- can be obtained t^rthefdln J'"'"' ''"' »««">" i over* itH" ^'' »''• '" U. 8d. The fruit of Can "** *"""«•" "" ""''' '"^P"** cheapness, exeent ^tra*!?! " ""^ '"^'warkable either f«. »«rlceti„Rroatit .r^''"^''"^ '•a'PherrieT Xl '^T^"'" «' «•« plain, at' e itck nr^^"i:'"« ""^ •*«»on tL ^ ^?"«^* *" .'.1'^» THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 11 blossom, or ripe : kw persons keep them in gardens. The raspberry bushes are interniiiigled with the underwood of the forests, and afford an agreeable treat to those who are fond of rambling in the woods. That pleasure is, however, more than counterbalanced by the nius- quitoes and sand-flies, which never fail for three or four months in the summer to annoy those who venture to penetrate their abode. Apples and pears are procured from Montreal, where they grow in mere abundance, and in greater perfection, than in any other part of Lower Canada. They are sold for much the same price as in England. The apple which is most prized is what they call the pommegris, a small light brown apple, somewhat resembling the russetiu in appearance. Many persons say that it is superior to any English apple ; btrt I never could agree with them in that particular. In my opinion it is not equal to many of our apples, and cannot be compared with the nonpareil, an apple unknown in Canada. Several species of apples and pears are found in the woods, but they are of inferior quality to those cultivated in the gardens and orchards. The grapes brought to market are mostly of the wild species, which are gathered in the woods, or from vines that have beea f)lantcd near tbe houses. Little care has been taken to improve th« atter, so that very trifling alteration is discernible. They are scarcely larger than currants, but when ripe have a pleasant flavour, tliongk rather sharp and pungent. There are a few European vines cultivated in the gardens, but the grapes are seldom to be purchaseil. Oranges and lemons are imported from England, and are always extremely scarce ; for the damage which they sustain on the voyage renders them a very unprofitable article for sale. Oranges frequently sell at one or two shillings each. The lemons, which generally keep better, arc sometimes as low as six-pence, but titey are often not to be pur- chased at any price. Gooseberries, blac kberries, and blueberries, are in great abundance, and grow wild in the woods. Those cultivated ir gardens are mwch superior. Currants came originally from Europe, and are to be found only in gardens ; there is o^ course but a scanty supply of them at market. Plums arc plentiful in the market ; they are of tbe wiid species, though often introduced into gardens. They are generally of two sorts, the white and black; and resemble the most common of our plums. Walnuts and filberts are by no means common in Canada, and are procured principally by importation from England. Hickory and hazel nuts are met with in the forests. Cherries are grown in gentlemen's gardens only : wild cherries are, however, scattered over the count|^^ and a very agreeable liqueur is made with them, which in flavpur.rasembles noyau. Vegetables may be obtained in tolerable quantities at the markets. The potatoe is now generilly grown in Canada; it was intnxtuced by the English settlers. Onions, leeks, pease, beans, and cabbages, are much esteemed. Gardening is, however, as little understood ai farming, and nothing is brought to market in perfecti(»n. Gardeners of skill, sobriety, and industry, would meet with considerable encou- ragement both ni Upper and Lower Canada. Scotch eardeners. so c£i«.uruica ior incir supcnur iiiieuigeQce, tiioii »uDiieiy, himj trieir perseverance, would effect wonders with the soil of either province. f',^ I 12 If ^1 THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. shelter till he erects h"fxoTiL tit ^ !? *"' ''"^' ''« ''^^ »« his ground of bn.htod &c by fire '"bvh""" ^'f^' ^"'^ '^'^^^ his land, obtains shelter for his cattle *p^pT"'-" "™'''''''^'*« ■ have courage to surmount difficult ie vlilt i^ ft ?T"^ ""'"' ^^"^ thousands have don^ ThTfo ' ^ J" *"^ *"^ ^<* ^^''y well, as -and a smair^plraTVror^^U^'^^^C'" Wir7H' ^^'^ '^" ^^'"- chase a farm in the nei^ibourhooH of xi * V"''*'"' ^e can pur- luxuriant, and the frostl do not Liure ^t ' '" '^ «'"""^ " JOe price of tlie best land averages from 25 in in H„ill. Perhaps t le best lanrf u .„ .1.. 6™ '™"i ■'i' to JO dollars per acre. Arm, ^re genera Iv "lea ed of rVf'°t''°i''''°°''-. °1 '^''"■"•"'»'- Tl.. .resuffere'd^o'gtVnSMtl'S.''''""' ' ""= ''^"'- ''"'"«» pald"„„'ris''r.atlv"3ef " r"'" "'i' '°?"''"'"« """ "<> ''"'^ « differs co„i,l™blT„Vce"W i™"'- ""X from 12*. to 14, ner Ih r .nn!f. '"S^^sf " It)*, per lb. Hyson sells United Siates and^ av L^^^^^^^ ''f'' «'- --« from the reasonable rate. ^ • '^ ' ' ^"^^^ »'"« obtain* <1 at a Soap and candles are made at Quebec and Montreal Ti.-„ .he United St^S'lSiL^^rntti" ' '" " '" '"•""'" ''- Some cheese is also obtained f m the UnitedStnf^c ,.u- w qf;:nrmatt;i'r';V"^^^^^^^^^ feil of doi'ngw i on flTa^kfof' !.:"«• ' '^'./^r ^'^'''' ^«°"«t mere IS certainlv a irrpat want r,^ .,.^r..i i._„j_ • ^ __ . periiap., u ,s .ot .ogreat a. is .ppriendid irEngli^dr""' * '"^' « «* THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. IS ' The wages of artificers are good ; but they must imitate the ant$. Those who cannot save during the summer are miserable during the winter, when many are out of employment. For a small society, like that of Canada, the number of unfaithful wives, kept mistresses, and girls of easy virtue, exceed in proportion those of the old country; and it is supposed that, in the towns, more children are born illegitimately than in wedlock. Trials for crim. con, are, however, unknown. Good female servants are very scarce in Canada. Following the example of their mistresses, few can be found who are exempt from the vices of the age. Their wages are ftom .€12 to £20 per annum ; and notwithstanding they are so liberally paid, they seldom remain above a month in a place. A servant that remains in Iter place four or five months is looked upon as a pattern of excellence. Farmers' servants get from £36 to £40 a year currency, and provisions. A careful man, may of course, lay by something. Blessed With a luxuriant soil, which he obtains on easy terms, the habitan of Canada raises the productions of the earth with iriconsi- deiable labour, and, satisfied with the practice of his fore-fathers, obstinately rejects the advice which would lead to improvement and profit. It will therefore be readily perceived what sinijular advan- tages await the industrious agricultural emigrant on his arrival in Canada. What effects must be produced by the introduction into that country of the superior modes of husbandry adopted in Eng- land ! and what wonders will not these methods produce, when asso- ciated with the characteristic perseverance and industry of the farmers of the United Kingdom ! They will have difiiculties to encounter; but nothing is impossible to industry. The increase of agriculture and commerce has caused many in Canada to emerge from poverty and neglect to opulence and esteem. He that dares to be resolute in defiance of obstacles, finds that success generally crowns his efforts. " The wise and prudent conquer difTicuUies *' By daring to attempt tlieui." The emigrant will find the habits of the people with whom he is called to associate very different from those of the people he has quitted ; but if he accommodates himself to circumstances, his com- forts will be proportioned to the disposition which he may carry with him into his newly-adopted society. With him prudent conformity to new habits will often be wisdom. UPPER CANADA. The observations which have been rapidly made on the soil, the scenery, commerce, trade, &c. of Lower Canada, will nearly apply to the Upper Province. The climate of Upper Canada is much more temperate and soft than that of the Lower Province, and it is on that and oa many other .ftccowjtj preferred b^ emigrauts. Vcjgetalion is extremely rapid, the u THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. ^ZTtr^:!^S^l^T^^^^ Cao.da ha. been York. rJngston. Queenston, and NiSa t1 P"".VP«' *««'n8 are Lake Ontario, and is rapidly incS*. JJ"'. '"'^i^'f (^ork) h on towns are populous, and theV^m^^lf'^^^^^^ -^^^ \!^^ considerably increased within the la t ten tearlly U " n1 ''•^ creasing. " years, and is still in- Direct taxation is very trifline • »nrl at.« ^^^ -.l «f ...oney has it in his power to acau^f.ai T ""'^ * moderate sum The manners, customr and amu empnt? ^^ ^*^™P«»«"«y- those of the Bri'tish natio'^ r^ldThrgr^^^iet %^t'ft "T''^ iirn;?:/^"^^°« ^° ^^- -."i«i^es\hirue^i,':;^,:r^^^^^^ appear to be sensible of tKgh iniportance ofT*"'" • ^^'^ ""' Greater encouragement must vet brheld o^ft ♦. f. "u'°^ '*^'*- posed t(» emigrate. ^ * *** **'°^^ ^^o are dis. That there unaccountably exists a wintnf ,»..»„«♦ ^- of government to this national concern ^ perusal of an interesting leUer Sn' b?Mr rf """^ ^'*"" '^^ gentlemen of Canada, in OctobeTiai?. ^?^ V^.''''^''^.'' *" "'• tract from it:- i>ctobcr J8I7;-the folloiving U an ex- «sl?a'^w'hlrad;;'nuges^?;;t'^^^^^^^^^^^ •'""^^^'f^'l '^- P-ince to three months' residencef I am conv nc^J ".L^Vr""""^' P°'"* °^^'^*^- ^fter indeed, to what the Mother CouTrrhafevt be iTut'?>P'"'-?'" '^"P'^""'"' speculative purchase, or the proLefnr«Pnf '•'''*' ^''^'^ '^""^ impressions, at is my puroose as loon n^- ^ "^ occupation. Under such a settle. ; a'nd, in^he ^an time wouS n' '''r? "'" P"™"' '« become to benefi't the count yoTmycCc; Wher T^ \^" '"i*-"' '"^ "' "^ P*^'^" of the capabilities of CanZ, I take itfoc.rS^lu '•" '"'-'^"'"^ °'''"°«' straints to improvement will be soeedii ^mf„ i n *' ^"'^'" P"''''^^' '^ the opinion of every seSbie mC wfthTiZ V l,^™*""« "^"^^'^y' «"«» subject, gives assuraice of this My present addrl^rr"'?"''' "P°" ''>« regard to political arrangements- it Lr?n v" *'^'''^?'"' therefore, waves^all spondence 'between you fnd your' fellow sibiir^rrP'^' 'I °P^" * ^°"«' ^norance prevails with respecrto the «3 home where the utmost Travellers have publi Ld pSnlelrU. t '""k"''"" ?! ''"' ''"« «=«"n"-y- •nd amused the idle oEngrandwtTJe^^^^^^ ^'Tk^'J ^''"'^'^''f"' «'°"«. aoe..e.y which Nature ha O dTslved "T .1 °^ ?" ^•'""'''^"' ""^^ g™nd been afforded to men of capTtal -to in nf \"° •'"t''*"''^ account has yet portant (acts which^re esStiaui be knl '^f '*' """^ *'''"' °*"'°«« ™- Tnto foreign ^peculat"', or v^ntJre witrZ'ir fl^'T '"''' ™'" '^'" '•^""'='' fortune across the y\tlantic In tl H ^l' „f '^*""''" '" 'J""* «<" ^'•"er had for settlers chiefly poor men d vei fL. r^^^r"' J''" ''"^'^ »>'''^««° rnen, ill-.nformed, and^'^^Un the\.oXs Tich'Xr """?. ^^^ despair ;-these but H feeble conunencen.ent and ulUma e v fll """"""'^ ^^^'P' '""ke at first and weak. In your Newsnnnpr. "i".™*^*'? ^'>"» a society crude, unambitious. bettering the c.?nd" ion of Ee poor ^Ifrll'r^''"':;' ^ "^'""^'^ '"'"« »"«-^'^» in t..e piovinoes. Such | ints evidcntlv Inrin^T'* \' '"'"^^ 'l'^'"" '^"'^""^^ are ..II «ell meant and m„v I„h . ^ T '^ *'"'"" benevolent feelings; they produce .0 impor uut good t'o l" counter ''T '"i"'"'^"'' '"^'''^ ^"' "« ^.- «».««,,- av5«v, auti |,mce iu colonization aboyc the aidrof "^"cVwrt^Z BTSnC" _.««'»*r THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 1ft Hands, no doubt, ate necessary; but, next to good laws, the grand requisite for the improvement pf any country is capital. Could a flow of capital bet once directed to this quarter, hands would not be wanting, nor would thes9 hands be so chilled with poverty as to need the patronage of charitable instt> tutions. At this moment British capital is overi)owin|;; trade is yielding' ic up; the funds cannot profitably absorb it ; land mortgages are gorged ; and 16 is streaming to waste in the six per cents, of America. V ly should not this stream be diverted into the woods of Canada, where it would find a still higher rate of interest, with the most substantieil security? ** Gentlemen — The moment is most auspicious to your interest, and yoo should take advantage of it. You should make known the state of this country ; you should advertise the excellence of the raw material which Nature has la* vishly spread before you ; you should inspire confidence, and tempt able adven* turers from home. At this time there are thousands of British farmers, sickened with disappointed hopes, who would readily come to Canada, did they but know the truth ; many of these could still command a few thousand pounds to begirt with here ; while others, less able in means, have yet preserved their character for skill and probity, to entitle them to tlie confidence of capitalists at home, for whom they could act as agents in adventure. Under the wing of such men the redundant population of Britain would emigrate with cheerfulness, and be planted here with hearts unbroken. We hear of 4 or 5000 settlers arriving from horr.e this season, and it is talked of as a great accession to the population of the provinces. It is a mere drop from the bucket. " The extent of calamity already occasioned by the system of the poor Jaws cannot be even imagined by strangers. They may form some idea, how- ever, when I tell them, that last winter I saw in one parish (Blackwall, within five miles of London) several hundreds of able-bodied men harnessed and yoked, fourteen together, in carts, hauling gravel for the repair of the high- ways; each 14 men performing just about as much work as an old horse led by a boy cotild accomplish. We have heard since, that 1,600,000/ has been ▼oted to keep the poor at work; and perhaps the most melancholy consider- ation of the whole is, that there are people who trust to such means as n cure for the evil. While all this is true; when the money and labour of England are thus wasted; when thousands of our fellow-subjects are emigrating into the States of America, when we even hear of their being led off to toil with the boors of Poland, in the cultivation of a country where the nature of the government must counteract the utmost efforts towards improvement — is it not provoking that all this should go on merely from a reigning ignorance of the superior advantages which Canada has in store, and a thoughtlessness a» to the ^rand policy which might be adopted for the general rggrandizement of the British nation? Some have thought the exclusion of American citizens a great bar to the speedy settlement of Canada; but a liberal systani of colo-^ nization from Europe would render this of small importance, ^fore coming to a decided opinion on this important subject, I took much pains to inforni myself of facts. A minute inquiry on the spot where Government has endea- voured to force a settlement satisfied me as to the causes of the too notorious failure there. It convinced me that the fault oy no means rested with the incapacity of the settlers, but resulted from the system pursued. I have since spent a month perambulating the Genesee country, for the express purpose of forming a comparison between British and American management. That country lies parallel to this; it possesses no superior advantages; its settle- ment began ten years later ; yst I am ashamed to 8ay,.it is already ten years before Canada in improvement. This has been ascribed to the superior loy- alty of the American people, but most croneously. The art of clearing land is as well understood here as in the States ;— men direct from Britain are as energetic, and, after a little practice, sufHcienlly expert with the axe, whila tlic Americans. No impro'ement has taken place in the Genesee country, wluch could uot be fm excesded iiert, under a proper system. It was indeed f. p. I- 1 16 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. British capital and onlefprize which gave th^ fir.^ j • provement of that country- muchofiffZ ' ^'"''"^ ""P"*" "> ^^^ rUt* 6riti«h agency, and one '0^^^,° iouS":?:?' r ''" ^r.?'*'"^ -'^- by men who came with slider oioa.is from f u IT ," *'"*^'> occupied the Genesee country the GoylriZentJoc^JJ^ H'Rhlands of Scotland/ I„ ehanty there ha. 6e'en left without a.! %T '''' ^""'-^"''"^ """""«• «"«« o» t.^!:h^ct"o7;et';L;:2nr::suT'i'Tf''''"r'''-^"''«- --'^'y ™ado the United States has^p ope ^s/^^^^^ neither ,n these provinces nor ij ^yorid with n.en should ^norbeTheso^rnK?"'?"'?' ^>.« ""^re filling of the should regard the filling of it with heinls of," P**-'*''? '^"'*"'"- Thi. without which tho desen had better mDaini ^"Tt.'"'*''"'=' ""^ '"^^'iniJ bear. That society of a superior l^ndmri""^"'''. ^^ "'" *"'"*^'' «»d the enlarged and liberal clXo^wi h tK, f., """'^ "P '" Canada, by an ^ent; and its being realized Is Ue fond T.^" T."''^'. ^ "'" ^"^^^ ««"«- forward -ith my prLnt proposn la. ri/icrirt "''' ""^"^^».'"« '» come support,willcontl,u.ethe%uVofr;rexcTt LISI P'oposals meet with I have now in view. ManyVf vou S'pm. I *=*^'Vf''^'^. «'•« «ork which and well know how suulZr i l.r. *"' ^""^ ''^^" ^'''^'l "P «>* home, habits of society ther ?o Xit Lev a 1 ZK'% "I '^, """"^^"'ents and can be hoped for here, under"he ofesent vd? f ^^ ^'^''"'''' ^"ch nearer ^'ut only a part, and timt the weEt nl^r r' *^°'°"'"*''«"; «'"ch bring, and destitufe individuals in remo^fjfL^- "^ Sfety.-which place, poor groveling ^elfishness^no aid!!l' eSr^o'f'' """t-""" befo're them^ut Is It not possible to create such a tid« of r7 ^'"' *"'"^'' "* ^"'^ «' "^a. -tn it part of society. buVs"otVcl;er^^^^^^ ""l"''^ ''""« and refinement which it has now attain n' u ■ i strength and order Surely Government wouldXd ev^r^ae litv ro"'"' '''^'""'' "" P'-««'l«^»t? land^the 'country where n JL sciTncls havrm'^iVif P"""^'" °'""'- "''"'■« where alone are cultivated to perfectbn the aT^ of ^?rr^" P''"^'"^*^' ""^ have experienced evils • we ti.n» . hi?" fl "* "'^ T'*' ''^«- ^t home we the principles of tl!e consutution «nH '"'^?""« «■•« 'here, which war against Here, we Sre free of ^1 'nflue ' • ^^^^^^^^^^ r'' ^«"^-»lent design held lies open to us for cuCatiSelLr fr V^'^'^'^y contented ; and a fine An enlarged and liberal co n^Sn ttween C?„°L'''''' Tn '"'"^'""^ ''^^^'^ me to promise the happiest resJlu »„ A ^""^^^a .«"d I^ntain a|/pears to "ew «ra in the history Kr8ptes.:'..r'' "'^ ?^'''-'''i""- ^^ Promises a manly spirit, modesty with acouirimpn? ^ T^f "'^ ^/"^^'^ of n.anne.s with boasting of despicable vanity ^ThriT' "^ r '"^^"'^ ^rutl, superior to the Mie risin'gsp.rit of th s colonfevL undl' ?/ ^T'^'''^ "'^ ^'""«^«' P^«°f o' It be, were so noble a spi h e^er aL; "1 ^^7 ^'^^^""'''-^ ' ""'^ P^'y «'Ould at once the affection wE BritaiS hi P."* n '" Jl"''- '^ ''« '"'« war shewed Canada has to conLue under th. w?""' '" g«"«da, and the desire which established between the two couStrir^ *'f, °"^'*'"'u ^''^^" '-^ ^^'"nexion ii will cease. Britain w 1 1 n» -«n„ T °"''^ '''^ '"^^^ >nanifestations, all risk country will not ly be e u^rfritr^wn'S/f'^''^'"'" '"".'""^ ''-•^- T^s ^io„ will wither be'fore I?s st e„" h " Vvtrra^l'''' '"'' '''^P^ ^'"'^ neglected, she can only be a burden tA Rrirl „ . i^°- '^'"^'"' P°°'' "^^ «hew,l| amply repay evLvdebrn-^Hi' w''«" ™proved and wealthy, Parent stHte!" £^ * ^ ?'''' ""•* "i^^o^e the powerful friend of tlie T ' * • , • • • f^i THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 17 There is little opening at Queboc or Montreal for emigrants, but niuclj room for both mechanics and farmers in Upper Canada. One great obstacle to many in settlin« in or near Quebec or Montreal, is the want of knowledge of the French language; no person can carry on business without such knowledge, vhich is not the case m Upper Canada, where all the settlers are either British or Americans. Ihe price of mechanics' labour is from Is.Gd. to 10*. sterling, per day; stone-masons, painters, and carpenters, get 7s. 6rf. per day. Some land in fjood situations, though somewhat remote from the present settlements, has been obtained for nothing but the fees, pro- vided the person applying settles thereon. Good land, in better situations, sells for from two to five dollars uncleared, and from five to twenty cleared and improved. Labourers wages are from twelve to sixteen dollars per month, and their board. There are no compact towns of any great size in Upper Canada ; it ' being yet a very young country, the inhabitants find it most to their interest to pursue farming : York and Kingston, on Lake Ontario, are Ibe principal. The townships are laid out in several miles square, as in the Uiuted States. The terms on which a settlement may be obtained m the wilds are as follow : — First.— Every person that wants a lot of 200 acres (for no one person can get'more from the King) must take the oath of allegiance to his Majesty before some of his Majesty's justices of the peace; a certificate of which he must procure. . , i i. Seco-idly.— He must go to the King's agent respecting land, shew him the certificate, and inform him of his wish to obtain a lot for settlement ; the agent will point o'jt those lots not engaged, and the person applying may then take his choice. Thirdly.— He must pay the agent thirty-seven dollars and a half, for which a receipt is given. Fourthly.— He must, within the t» rm of two years, clear, fat tor cultivation, and fence, ten acres of the lot obtained; and build a house, at least sislecn feet by twenty feet, of logs, or frame, with a shingle roof. He must also cut down all the timber in front, and the whole width of the lot, thirty-three feet of which must be cleared smt^otb, and left for half of the public road. The cutting the timber for the road is omitted as a settling duty on lots off the main road. Fiftldy.—He must, ^itli or without a family, be an actual settler on the said lot, within and attheeml of two years. When all these things are done (no matter how soon), the agent will give a certificate of the same, which must be taken to the land otHce iu York ; upon which the settler will get a deed of gift front the King. The thirty-seven dollars and a half, called the fees, cover the expeuces of surveying and giving it out. "■""JWn.5^. .,i,afe|((Kj( 18 '^«£ EMIGKANT'S ^ GUIDE. . THE ^^iTED STATES. The Uiijfed S*- » "«l«n « „!;i/'r<'»t Me,«r il'''"' "r del None -n' '"'' '*« Pacific oce,r {.,"■^'"1"' Flal or, ! °"„""= ™"' of mJJ'" «?'"■■ ita/y.... France.: ' Austria.. ^^".••I'ey..:::: Spam c^S""-:::::::::: ••■•■ ^^^ ^np'ilafion. ^2.000,000 20.000.000 2»,000,000 26,000,000 ^7,000,000 20,000,000 14.000,000 11.000,000 Square Aii,„^ 3,650,000 100,000 250,000 280,000 9't0,000 ^00,000 150,000 96,000 270,000 60,000 47.000 ^0,000 , 28,000 1.200,000 2.500,000 N il Total., _ *''*-=i|j~*itr DE. ri^. ' and 490 J*, , 7^- . J 'le eastern Maine; and J, '^'« ''ver, on fj.e « souti, is J700 2p '"ore tJ,a« ,"'«"• Po/)uiat/on 'are mile. The '."•^ of the nu.st ^^'^^l which is Proportion of "pf nations. Square flii,„. 3,650,000 100,000 250,000 280,000 940,000 ^00,000 150,000 96,000 270,000 60,000 47.000 16,000 28.000 ^00,000 •00,000 87,000 «f ali the '" S'aininff n of tht y "f con- ^^, here- Europe. ' '1 her -fifth of qI — THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 19 depend upon the resources, infellip;ence, spirit, and character uf lier native population in the British Isles. If these fail, her ^colonial ,()00 9,000.000 Europe 200,000,000 2,700,000 America 40,000,000 18.000,wu0 Total 000,000,000 40,700,000 The following ta!)le shews how fast the people increase in an exten- sive country, under the auspices of free and popular institutions. T\BLE OF POPULATION, Ac. STATES Vermont New Hampshire. . . . Maine 7 . . Massachusetts 3 . . Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Peinisylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia 7 Kentucky 3 North Carolina .... South Carolina . . . . Georgia Western Territorities District of Columbia 'J'ennesree Ohio Louisiana Indiana Mississippi Illinois Territory. .. Michigan do Missouri do Total Population in 1790. 85,530 141,885 90,540 378,7»7 08,825 237,946 340,120 184,1 39 434,373 59,094 319,728 747.010 73,077 393,751 240,073 82,548 35,091 Popiilatiun in 1800. 154,465 183,858 151,719 422,845 69,122 251,092 580,050 211,140 602,545 64,273 349,692 800,149 220,959 478,106 345.591 162,685 45,365 14,093 105,602 5,641 Population in 1817. 296,4.50 302,733 318,647 564,392 98,721 349,568 1,486.739 345,82*> 986,49 108,3.34 502.710 1.347,496 683,753 701,224 564,785 408,576 37,892 489,624 394,752 108,923 06,734 i()4,550 39,000 0,743 68,704 Scat of Government. VIontpelier Concord I»ortInnd 7 Boston j Providence Hartford Albany "" enton ..arrisburg Dover Annapolis Richmond Frankfort Kaleigh Columbia Milledgvilie Washington Nashville Columbus NewOrlians Corydon Washington Kaskaskia Detroit St. Louis 3,020,3265,303,666 10.405,547 Each State ser^.s two Seuators Total Legislature al 6 G 20 2 7 27 6 23 2 9 23 10 13 6 e 6 1 1 1 1 184 40 224 2() i THE EMrGUANT's GUIDE. l'»"»». 'nil,,.,,,,,,,!,,., ,-7 "'"^ '»"»«tii,,p,.,| oveivoH,! ?/ ' "'"* V I •••ii"». Ill th,. Y,.,,,. 1,,,., ., '" l'»«ni(ii|;ic |)|a-.|w •, ,. }'^rk w«s only 20 00,,. i. '•*''''' '''T''»;Wioii of i»,' 'i,t • vr '"" ""ifj-/(>iir vfars n. i " *'*''»""i'; nms imi o „i. • „ -. »"/''*"'J ^'itu tuv str i :.v H '""■''"'"•' '■"'■""••I I'v tj. •".":''■ """•»'■" 400 ini/,.s In \,*-^" "'" Alhuo c «,.<..,„ .,,,,1 „ , ' '• •' *"''Sf «f N,w V,,,,. "■■« "..• .r..e of „. „,„,„„ ,..,',„;;;; y;,;;!;- j;»y ..,0. •Tl"^: po,>„la,io„ of Nrw Orl . -»,;";;; ^!it "'.17 "'"o';:'..: &zT"" !'y ™^«- jxirtt.l, (li,ri,;,,,i,„ '" "''""' llMM) >,.,„.), „,■.,, ',"'"' ""•'"'«- «"«j-« ^m Sir £'.«'. -"1 "'-:::i;,^.:!;7,;'.,!.':':':."' .-!'- THE EMiq RANTS (..11! DE. 21 flal-boHomefl boats »m\ Ihn'fl liumlrcd bar<^')} brought down, Jast year, to Now Orloan;), procbicc iVoiii the vvitsti^rn states an«i terri- tories. Tt'ii niiilioiiH o( potitKiit ot' Mii<>;ar an; iiiarb! on tiic MietHiftisippi aloii". Anil Iwi'iity tlioiisaiui balfs of coll'iii ar«; «>x|»ortC(i annually. Any one, in any vocation, manual or intcli.inical, may, by honuitt industry and ordinary prudence, a<(|uir<* an i".ll(; the rate in Kn^dantl, and qiiadruplf tiiat in I'rancc; so cornj)araliv2. The annual deaths average, throughout the United Slates, one in forty; in the healfliiest districts, one in fifty -siK : in the most unheahhy,\)nc in thirty live. There die, annually, in all Europe, in great cities, one in Iwenly three; in .nodcrately- Rized towns, one in twei(!y-ei".'hl ; in the country, one; in thirty-live; and in the most healthy parts, one in liftv Hve. The aj,'trre!,'ale salubrity of the United Stales surpasses that of Europe: the males are, generally, active, robust, muscular, and powerful, capable of /,'reat exerti(ni and enduranite ; the females dii». play a line symmetry of person, lively and nitereslinji; countenances, i'rmk and cni^ai^'inji: manners. Neither the men nor the women exhiltil smh ruddy comjilexjons as Ihr Brilisli, Dutch, Swe(0- Missouri Territory, two .nd iMicliigan Territory, 0(M) ;- while, of all the Atlautic otutes, i greatest iucrcasc is only 14 per ccul. the populatiwn I ; ■ ? »f t ff i 22 THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. in fli ^'t'S:I>r -':-;.». or v;^i ■"S order:- N.iv Ynrt p """^;'SS'<-gHte |iop„laii„„ i,, ,?„•'', '"' f?s'. r."'''^'^ United States, four. ' ^^*'"^^' ^'"-ginia, 1 omisv van.a. ;„.,l some other state, Z ^^'''*'''"^''"'**'tfs. New York -tto„ ..<,i,o. flax-seed. Tv^rlx'^TT:;.;"';'^;' -^'.'-P' •«'-"-; ^ ,•«<»».... 2.55(000 J ^---U. 234.000 . The I 'Miied .SriU,.s far snrn.,. P ' ■ ^'' ' ' ' ^'^ J''>».000 ""»'-. ma.v he formed of ZZul i' '""" "'♦' ^"^'"»'^-- Some ;'""""S In eas,i„. ,„e ey' o n ? ''"" '''"7""' '""'^^'ti"" in X« ^--.. .i.eco.MM.'^.f «,„.,; : ; J ;'P ;;< "'^- united st„„,, ,Z .^^'^-n,,. ,he Arkansas, (he He riv I'^nV ^''' '"«»«"*'^ t'.e Tenuesscc, Hud qi-o-^ ^n ., l-"^"^' ""^ '-» Plate, ihn ni.;^' .. , _ J, .H„o.e «1, .he .■vi«M...ppi, the eastern cxtrcniil/rf THE EMIO RANT'S GUIDE. flat of Virginia. viU ranpe, if the "". in the fdlow- tontucky, Ohio, <'ss I'Vancc, one • '"'"t't's, Illiode- '"ly; Virginia, Virginia tlierp 2 sea-board, up 'e tribe; from ?e. the soii is t>f men as may ">S »be popu- "g, and enter- ion implies a ^"ited States, ?o year) and 'i population, agricultural Lv ; and airri- New York, ascertaining »'» the diffe- ural exports fa toes, beef, 'p. tobacco, r statement stable food, •'> dollars. H) 10 tios; J heir n ffitater tlic coii- "o means navigable c« Some n in this n'es, and >»fo, the -■•'••# iiji: cmiiy of 2J Hliose stream is the head- water of the Alleghany, in Pennsylvanie^ about two hundred miles north-west of Phila I Prodiice.—The produce consists of everv varJpfv .« ♦i,„ u mons, oranges, arui some tro,,ical fruits -.re ra sorl in l ' H" some of rl.o oti.er southern cl.un r S Vw flax w^t ]"""' '"** arJ finr'^'"'" "'"' '"'^"■" '*^""^^' «'»' the mountains in the interior sheen and JmI;" '""I"";""'' ^•^"^"^'"'" ^"^^ 'l"^'"^*''^^ «^' '"t e nd' verv'^^ksr I Vl""' ''"'■^' "' abundance. Sheep are multiply""? m;h;-;;^^:n^j.;^ ^-^ '-^inJ l^ ge^:iw"::en;;t';S;i:;;;L'r ''v^'''?"-^^'y ^'•""^'-^' ->'* pi|::r;::i^':^^-::'^^^^ «-> ^^-.. commoopou.tr,, united states. Amonp these ni existence at present may l.e en uip rated the b.son, or wild ox, moose deer, hear, wolf, n? n an" ther wo3,el. orm.ne, «.arti„, mink, otter, opossu, . hm> oLi-reT m'V "'/"'' ^"^^"'7' ''^^' *^^' 'i^''« g^*"- ^>"d ^v Id Jowl pea li'; vild Mvr ;;^ld " ^"^•*^^^y>^^f^"t^. P«'tridges. woodcock .^ m- an c^c 'j^'lf''?";'^^"''^^'.'^'^''""^' »*=^''. plovers, wid^eln SrA. ; ,.^''^ «"«••, l>."-<'« are ea«les. hawks, vultures, urkev-buz- ^ards. starln.gs. blue birds, red birds, humming birds, cslc' Of fishes, th.M-e are the whale, dolphin, porpoise, grampus skate : f;/"'""?;'' -;. flounder, perch.'whitil,., ^aln^r . '.' rtd' shad, d u.n. black f,.h, nnd a preat variety of others, with which li,; seas and interior lakes an.l rivers aboun.l. ' '' "''' Stater7l.'.t ,7"'.' "" J*'"«^»*'«"."<" "«t"'al timber all Over the United M el t, f ;''h ''=r' ^"7"7«V"" "*■ »1'« various kinds of trees wou d iweii his nork I.evond the limits allotted for it; a few of the mosf useful knuls may be noticed: elm, d.env. locust oal , beec le bevlrv ;^r ''f"'"' ';""»l^y"« t'"S •'.c dimale must oe veiN ^. nous. I„ the north-east, tlu- winters are very ccdd and thp e Tt""u;d T' 'V'':^ u' .vo« proceed to the southward.^ In ti.: uA'- «asl and a onrr th.. (Jult of Rlexico, the summers are very hot and the h^„T:;h''i;;"^'^"?^ \"'-««''" -""--^ i-'vln:: lue noitd, and lem|>erate in the south Mi?sourf II!' '"'"'";"""*' .'" t''*^ vallevs of the Ohjo, Mississippi, nW W issour., the country enjoys f-enerally a temperate and de i- htf,»i c mate until we app.oachlhe Rockv Mountains, when it b cl« subiect to n-nvif rv*r.»™,... vard of these mountains there is a great change on the climate, until ^e reach the shores of the Pacific, where it is pretty similar to tlie ^vestern parts of Europe. The prevailing winds are from the west- ward : and, blowing over a great expanse of water, they fan and cool the air in summer, and in winter, being loaded with vapour, they deluge the country with frequent rain. Government and Laws. — The government of the United States is a federal republic. Each Utate has a constitution foi the manage- ment of its internal atfairs; and they are all formed into one bond of union by the FrDeral Constitution. By it the legislative power is vested in a congress of delegates from the several States, divided into two distinct bodies, styled the Senate, and House of Representatives. The members of the House of Representatives are elected every two years by the people, and the Senators are elected every six years by the state legislatures. The executive power is Vested in a President, chosen every four years by a numbtr ' Jele- gates in each state, appointed in such number as the state legis.uruies may direct, and equal to the number of members which they respec- tively send to both branches of congress. Freedom of speech, and of tiie press, is for ever guaranteed by the constitution, All the inhabitants are equal in the eys of the law. They must all bear arms, or pay an equivalent, and all are equally ii terested iu the defence of the country. Trial by jury is to be preserved inviolate. A republican form of government is guaranteed to all the states, and hereditary titles and distinctions prohibited. Rcfig-ien. — No law shall ever be passed to establish any particular form of relii'!on, «)r to prevent the free exercise of religion; and no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office of public trust under the United States. i ■ ii LAND LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. The public lands of the United States originally consisted, witli Bome exceptions to be noticed hereafter, of the whole of the country north and west of the Ohio, to the Mississipi ; and of a considerable portion south of Tennessee, and west of Georgia, to that river. These countries are now subdivided into states an;' territories, and consist of the states of Ohio and Indiana, and the Michigan, Illinois, Morth-West, and Mississippi territories. The purchase of Louisiana has added an amazing extent of terri- tory to the general fiuid. To enable the reader the more easily to trace the subject, we shall take a short vii'w of the present state of the public lands in the several states and territories. It is a matter of great public interest, not only to the present citizens of the United States, but to tlie world at large, for all the inhabitants of the world may av themselves of whatever advantages may result from it. Whoever arrives in the country for permanent settlement, can become a citizen within five ^.«n-„ ^Ci — I.:. • .„i j u_ -...;»i_.i .„ 4_i._ :_ .,11 t;t^a:id*-ss:rat'-^-„'j7,j»'<' ^" "— '" -" -ded taainder. '"'*"*' ^n^ the pre-emption right of the re- th/^P'^;'^t 1/S^^^ Territory, they hold all derable portion in the northern narl . '•' ? '"""'' ^"^ « ^^o''^'- "gj«t t^o all the remainder ' ^ ''* '"^ "'^'^ ''^'^ ^he pre-emption of Tand/; fnTif ,,^Tiirur!t^ '."'' ^^^'•>• --'^'-able portion unsold lands, ^ith l^e exertion Z P '^''^ '''^'^ '^' ^^^o\e of th" ofSpai„heforethe/obTar„i;rtLl ;^^^^ n.de b, the 00";^ in estimatio? the rp«ni.r..-.„ e ^, "'^'^^^'gni}. tbe execution o^f a pK Ts in, nalt'7 '" ''«^-^'> ^ -- to the Report of the then Secretary o" 1 iC"'"!: '' ^^^ '''''^ '« of Louisiana, the general L^overnmen no! i"ry' '^at " Exclusively of the United Sta^s. abo.U 1^X000"''^ ' '" ^'""'^ ^""^ »''^ P««P'e north of the river Ohio, ad nea'r 50 Ooo nan""' u^' ^'' cuhivatioa Tennessee." Although ronsidewblesn'r T'^ ""^ '^"^ ^^ate of J"»e, yet there has 5so bee^n c^n^^^^^^^^^ *^.^^" "'^^"^ «'"ce that 5:0m the Indians so that t^^ aggre^^^^^^^^ ^^ purchase There ,s at least 150.000.000 of acref f TT^ ? "?* ^Jiminished. tlie public, east of the Mississim.i «.L ^f,^*^"*^"* land belonging to iafons far forward, we maTSon t i""'"'^""' ^"''y''"S our spfcu? surveyed, and ready for™ aie and s.t if ''. T'^ •"*""« "'" '^^n I'e Here then. ,0 say nothinlr of the m.. '""'' '^'^^"^ ^''^ Mississippi! here is 300.000.m)0 o 7cres if land Vrr'' ^'^ «^ ^'^^ countrf' of thp .»«„« . . *^ "'''•"". lit lOr cut Vaf inn ♦!.„ '^. £-0^ onn,a.e,r:at:i'Cerbl ^ "±? !'-'■ » h" Report before Quoted staes«!'f J' ^r^'y "^ •''^' T^^^^ury. i„ w« <«, become a frcLdcrf?!^^^ ■ T*''' '"'-V ir^dustrious citi- chasers, to ohtad aZi^J^r^::: ^nd.putabk titUs to the pt PRESS MONOPOIY?" "7' Y^^*?'"' AND. ABOVE ALL, To SirP they are all surveyed an 1 fiv!.'^' •r"''"'^^''*' '""^'^ »'- « 3 Eachtovvn«hipisL\„ile ;:rre tm^ 'TT^.?* "'"' *^''''''«* of oue mile square. fJI -Tf/.?' .u'°^ '} '' «"•>»' N. la., and 4« 23' and Boundaries. —On thp imrtr. r .r, »ctts. E.S,, district of'Lne^i'kXioo'^" S?"^''' ^««^«^''«' J?.Yf„^_Krc,m north to o»th i«T r'"^^"'*^'^^'-'"^^ 70 miles. '""^^' '60 miles; from east to west, rr'";fi^"5 "^l^are miles, or 6.440.onn .o... . «cc .f.ae .ountr,.,Ou the .ea coast; level; in the in W and I ; - ^s««^ THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 29 northern part, mountainous. The White Mountains in tiiis state, computed at from 8,000 to 9,000 feet above the level of sea, is the highest land in the United States. Rivers. — Connecticut, Merrimack, Piscataqua, and Androscoggin. Minerals. — Iron, ochres, isingljiss, crystals, sulphur, free-stone, lead, black-lead, and copper. Soil. — Towards the sea-coast, sandy; mountains poor, but rich valleys among them. Produce. — Grain, grass, and fruit. C/ma^c— Healthy. — Wii-iers long and severe. Summers, some- times very warm. VERMONT. St7Mfl*ion.— Between 40° 42' and 45° north lat. and 3° 34' and 5° 27' east long. Boundaries. — On the north. Lower Canada. South, Massachu- setts. East, New Hampshire. West, New York. Extent. — Froni north to south, 152 miles ; breadth, from east to west, 60 miles. Area.— 8,100 square miles, or 5,508,000 acres. Face of the Country. — Mostly hilly. An extensive chain of moun- tains runs through the middle, nearly south and north, and abounds with rich valleys and elegant scenery. Rivers. — Connecticut, Missisque, La Moille, Onion, and Otter Creek. Minerals. — Iron, lead, copperas, flint, marble, and vitriol. Soil. — A great part of it good, some very fertile. Produce. — Nearly the same as New Hampshire, but more abundant, the state being more fertile. Climate. — Similar to New Hampshire. RHODE ISLAND. Situation.— Between 41° 22' ani 42° N. lat. and 5° and 5° 50' E. long. Boundaries. — On the north, Massachusetts. South, Atlantic Ocean. East, Massachusetts. West, Connecticut. Extent. — From north to south, 48 miles ; from east to west, 42 miles. Area. — 1,500 square miles, or 900,000 acres. lace of the Country. — Agreeably uneven ; some places hilly, but not mountainous. Rivers. — Providence, Taunton, Patuxent. Minerals. — Iron, limestone, marble, coi;' some copper, and load- stone. Soil. — Various, a great proportion rocky. Produce. — Same as Massachusetts. Climate. — Very healthy ; nearly the same as Massachusetts. CONNECTICUT. SJ.tmtion.^t! .;ve^.i 41° and 42° N. lat. and 3° 20' and 5° E. long. Uoundaries. — On the nf-«'"" o/X' JUinerals Iron liaH ^„„ •""«"anj rivers, are m the souil. .late, plaster of ft faic "sEnr 'i'""''''- '■«<^"°"' ""■« «io„e &,7.-Ver, ,ariou . A great nro^^r,'""".'^'"'' ""<' *''''•"• tb. western part of the .taVe* '""P""""' «f « good, particularly i„ rr,£:t"-"-^» '^"'»P'-=- Corn. oat,, .ar.c,, rye.flax, l.o„,p, ««;r;^„ttei:i^s- ni^rf^ri'h'^- ^"""^ "■- »•<""- perate and agreeable. ^ '** ^" *''«^ westward, more ten.- ... ,. NEW JERSEY. ^S*;uatton.~Betv^een 38° 56' and 41° 20' NT . . . 3 6 L. long. "° *^ 20 N. lat. and 1° 33' and interior, ^-eaWy tev^;. "to 'irno^.r'' ^'"1?: ''"^ '-'«!. I„ the *ng to mountains.^ ^^ *^'" north-west, high lands approach! c-.-» . . *'"", leaa, coDoer. irvn 20' £. and Situation. 3° 30' W. long. Boundaries. —On the north. New York and Lake Erie. South, Delaware, Miiryliiiid, and Virginia. East, New York and New Jersey. West, Ohio and Virginia. Extent. — From north to south, 153 miles; frem east to west, 273 miles. Area. — A'l,b(\0 square miles, or 27,200,000 acres. Face of the Country. — South east part, undulating, swelling some* times to considerable hills. Middle, mountainous. To the north and west, is an elevated country, abounding in hills, valleys, and rich scenery. Rivers. — Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill, Susquehanna, Juniata, Alleghany, Monongahela, Yoxihogeni, and Ohio. , Minerals. — Iron, coal, marble, free-stone, lime-stone, and some copper and lead. Soil. — To the east of the mountains, generally good. Among the mountains, rough, and much of it poor. To the west of the moun* tains, generally excellent. Produce. — Grain, grass, vegetables, and fruit in great profusion. Climate. — To the east of the mountains, changeable. Among tb* mountains, clear and settled, with cold winters. To the westward, temperate. DELAWABE. SiVMrt/ion.— Between 38® 29' and 39® 48' N. lat. and 1® 18' and 1° 58' E. long. Boundaries. — On the north, Pennsylvania. South, Maryland^ East, Delaware Bay and Atlantic Ocean. West, Pennsylvania and Maryland. Extent. — From north to south, 90 miles; from east to west, 55 miles. Area. — About 1,700 square miles, or 1,088,000 acres. Face of the Country. — Lower part, level and swampy. To the north, more elevated ; and at the extremity, hilly. Rivers. — Delaware, Brandywine Creek, Christiana Creek, Duck Creek, Mispillion Creek, Gravelly Creek, and Indit* liver. Minerals. — Iron. Soil. — In the south, sandy ; in the north, clay and loam. Produce. — VVheat is the staple. Grain, grass, fruit. Climate. —In the south, warm and humid. North, agreeable and healthy. I % ■'-^-»!»«^»^."w— ^ _.,, 32 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. MARYLAND. Situation.— -Betvieeti 38° and 39° 43' N. lat. and 2° E. and Q^ -in' W, long. Bo«n//flriW.--On the north. Pennsylvania. South, Vimnia. East Delaware and Atlantic ocean. West, Virginia ' Extent.-From north to south, 90 miles; from east to west 198 Area.~l(),mo square miles, or 6,912,000 acres Frtre 0/ /Ajj CoM/i' ^^^^^"^' ^^--^^^ I^o.Iin^ ^^^i»/,«erfl/«.--Iror.. coaJ. lime-stone, lead, copperas, alum, nitre, and SoU.^Every kind, from the best to the worst. A creat nronor tion IS flood, and a considerable part excellent ^^ tob^ctcott^n'"''"' "' "''" «"'"^' erass. r'oots. fruit, hemp. flax. C//waft'._Agreeable. The thermometer seldom rises abov.. hh in summer, or falls below 25^ in winter. TENNESSEE. ^5^^«fl//o«._Betwee,. 35° and aG° 30' N. lat. and 4^ 2C' and 13^ &' £0MnrW»-On the north, Virginia and Kentucky. Soutk ^rfa.--40,000 square miles, or 26.000,000 acres. iuif/%itt^;r2;7ytr '''' "'"""'^'"^'-- ^^'^'^'^'-^ Fr i' «"^^'"'t".'*''''''"''' ""'ste'"' Tennessee. Clinch, Notachucke^ I;r. :ch Broad, ll,was»c. Duck, llcdfoot. Obi^- Tork-* nl '" 3 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 35 Minerals.— Iron, lime-itone, coal, copperas, alum, nitre, lead, and some silver. Soil. — III the eastern part, on tlie mountains, poor, but there are many ricli valleys. It improves in the middle, and the western part 19 rirli. Produce.— Co\ton, corn, wheat, and other grains, grass, roots, and fruit. €limate.—Amons. the mnnntnius, delightful. Middle, temperate, .lud agreeable. Western part, hoi in summer, and mild in winter. NOrTH CAROLINA. .S*7Hrt//on.— Between 33° 45' and 3(>° 30' N. lat. and 1° E. and if 50' W. long. Boundaries. — On the north, Virginia. South, South Carolina and Georgia. East, Atlantic ocean. West, Tennessee. Extent. — From north to south, 120 miles; from east to west, 345 miles. Jlrea. -45,000 square miles, or 2w.— Between 32^ «' and 35° N. lat. and 1° 30' and G° 25' W. long. /ioM«//rtr/fy.— On the north and northeast, North Carolina. South- cast, Atlantic ocean. South west, Georgia. Extent.— Vrom north to south 1(12 miles; from cast to west, 210. /irea.—1i\H)0 s»|uare miles, or ltt,300,000 acres. Face of flic Countri/. — Below the head of tide waters, level and swampy. From the head of tide waters lothe mountains, variegated. Among the nuiuutaius, romantic and beautiful. liivers.—dwixl I'edee, Little IVdee, Sanlee, Wateree, Catawba, Congarcf, Broad, Tyger, I'.noicc, Saluda, Cooper, Ashley, Edisto, Cambaliee, Coosawalchie, and Savannah. Minerals. —Irow, lime-stone, s,lat<', soap stone, rock crystal, flint, fuller's earth, en»ery, marl, lead, and copper. Soil. — In the low country, sandy, but exceedingly fertile in bot- toms, and on the borders of rivers, in the upper couutry, a con- siderable portion of it good, J, ^ 36' THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. u -Cotton and ri< are staples. Grain, grass, fruits. anU Produce. roots. per.,c. and »„„„g ,„e n.ounEre'di:^:!:!^.'!;!",'?:;: ■""" "■"■ GEORGIA. a^S^'anroV?'"''''" "'"■"' '''• ^"° ^'' '•"^ 3^°' »"^l W- long. p...f T'^r'/""?" *''^ ""'*'"' ^"ft'' Carolina and Tennessee North West W i n'" '"'• AT^' *^*'^"^'^- East, the AtlantTc Oce „ >Vest. West Florida and Mississippi territory. ^^-ean. ^.jEi7en^-Frora north to south. 300 miles; from east to west, 240 fl"'~^}'rl^^^^'^^^ '^""^ miles, or 37.120,000 acres, Jr f '^V""^'"^^-^*^^'"^^ *''« ''^«^» of tidc-watcr low and Sn lT *''' ^«d "f fide waters to the mountains. alrleabW "cener"- """"'""' '" "'^' "^'"-"'^^^ ^^^ound with ^ruresqn^ hOHchy. Iliowee. and Estenawry ^ ' ^"^"- GreeXg^^^ ^^''^' "^^^ Milledgeville ; copper, near „n,f'^'Tr*"-''^''*"'/^^*'".""'y' '*«"tly, with rich lands in the swamns plodur/'T\. '" "•%"Pr'- «^«»"»^y. various; much o it^oT Prorfttce.-Cotton the staple. Wheat, and other grain, rice and tobacco, and on the sea- board some sugar. s"'". nee, and LOUISIANA. ^i'wflfiow.-Between 20° and .13° N. lat. and 12° and 17° W lone. Sn.l'""r .7-7^" *!'' "^^'''' ^'^^*^"^' «"*' Mississippi territorfeT South. Gulf of Mexico. East, Mississippi territory and S of Mexico. West. Missouri territory. ^ "u umi ot milfs.''"'""* ''^'" """■"' *" "^'"^''''240 miles; from e^st to west, 210 ^rffl.— 48,000 square miles, or 30,540,000 acres. #fffe of the C'ou»try.~Leyel f.v.ards the Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi, and abounding with swamps and prairies; towards the norlh-weM, undulating. "'w«rus me A»fhl7?~'ui''T'/?P'; .!!*'".'■'• "'"''"♦^» T^laquemines. Wachitta Ajchafalaya, Black. Ue >ilinilMOi.u in aL^ I^.. . I . . . — " "•" '"^ itjwrr }«n .ire not ana suliry. Th« upper pan more Icmjicrate. Fro.t iu wiater is iddoia seeu, THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 37 ass, fniits, and to west, 240 opper, near INDIANA. This interesting country, lately denominated the Indiana territory, b now a nineieenfh state; and such is the fertility of the soil, the salubrity of the cli. ;>tc, and its commandiii},' situation, that it will un- questionably become a very bright star in the galaxy of the republic. Sitiintinn Rptw^ ^'' '"* •I'jO ArJ ami AI° r»0' anH W (nnor. 7° 40' and 10° 47'. Boundari('s.~On the north, Michigan territory, Lake Michigan, and North-West territory. South, Kentucky. East, Ohio. West, Illinois territory. Extent.— From north to south, 240 miles ; from east to went, 138 miles. Area.—d l.iiOO square miles, or 21,760,000 acres. Face of the Country.— HiWy, not mountainous. Scenery rich and variegated. Abounding with plains and large prairies.- /e,i,.r$.— Ohio,^abasli, White Water, Tippecanoe. Illinois, and St. Joseph's. Minerals.— Cos^, lime-stone, free-stone, salt, and silver. Soil. — Gfierally '•ich and fertile. Prorfwcc— Grain, grass, fruit; in the south, cotton. Climate. — Temperate and pleasant. MISSISSIPPI. This elegant country has just been formed into a state, making the twentieth in the union. It consists of the we'^tern portion of the late Mississippi territory, the eastern part bein now called the Alabama territory. It is increasing with great rapidity in population and improvements. .Si7?/«"'" »"§"»"<' "i'Ji«»- .«c.»es,.c„,d. 0„lr,e'i.:S„craL'1e4eZr''- '''° """°"'' i ^ /j ^'M li i' f ,'« 4Z>F/e^ TO EMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED S^TATES. his Majesty's custom,, „nd all others^ S,'!^ 1^" '^"'''^'"^ ""'" "'« "'""rs of known A. i3.«r the parish of ? '.i"7 '^""^""jitha^ we have and that the trade Jr b.l^e L of the said ;! d H, ^"',7»'*^« '-' past ; known him. hath hcen that of a ' a.,/''' ,''"."'\ '""^ ''^ '^"^c certifyanddeclare thatthesaid A n !« nnf . ' , "1 '"'■'^^'" P^'^'cularly turer or artificer in wool in, .steel bra "or ''f '"" '"^"' ** "'"""^'»«=- hath he ever been, a watc.rakeToV c- loA' f^ ''"'^'' '"*''"'> "»«• ''^ '««, or or artificer vvhat^oever A^d we do f^r h ""^'V:"" V ""r'' '"•^""factu'rer about years of ape, sta d, feet Jh •' t''"' ''" ^"''^ ^- ^- » h«it;ht, hnth^ hair, eves ","'^"'' °'" ^''•^'•eabouts, ia apiiearance. ^ ' complexion, is of a As witness our hands, this day of J Churcliwardeui. T r T\ r ^ . . t ^■'vei'seers. '' ^- °' "^^r.; ctS^StC-i:[;^ P-^ ^^ ^"0 county Of na.nes arc subscribed at the foo ,f the Zli '*"""■"' P*^'''""^' «h"»e t.vely the churchwardens and ove see ' She S'k r'"'''"^"'^' "re'respec- and that the statement co«taincdTthe tme STr i fi °f • «'"reskiU; the b*»l of my knowledge, information, and belief "'" " ''"'' "^^'''''''"S *" THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 41 JDVICE TO EMIGRANTS.-^!. vliich there are The inutility of the law pioIubitin<; the emigration of manufacturers or machinists to tlie Unite»ort to which the eniiorant will sail beina; deter- mined, the next consideration is sea store ; and he will do well to recollect that most probably both himself and his family will be seft« Q 42 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. I ' t sick for some days, and that, during its continuance, if l,e is a stef rr,^ passenger both he and his wife will have an utter aversion to S trouble of cook.ng: he must therefore provide some cold me t to at dunng that t.me; either fowls or veal would be the blr For Z ger ral sea store it would be diHicult to prescribe rLVTi tit> will of course depend on the numi^rrbe pro iS for a?dX quahty on the.r taste, and in some measure on the season of he 'Tu ^i *'T "■'' '"•^" ^''"^^^"' ««"'« ««tmeal and some molasst^ i^dl be found very useful and wholesome, as it « 1 1 furnish -.food much more conducive to their health than salt protLons For the general sea store, tea. coffee, su^ar. biscuits, butter, cheese a fl^. hams salt soap, candles, <^c. will be necessary, siffident should be laid ,n to last ut least eight weeks, in particular for Bal more as somefmes vessels are a week or ten days in going up e C Ssa peake. after passmg the Capes. A due regard to .feanline s duri m the voyage is recommended; to admit as „)uch air between decks ^ the weather will permit; and to take a few bottles of vinegar S sprinkle on the floor occasionally and if it ran hi Irt ? ""^S^K *» tion by putting a red hot piece';fT;on'in"aTet e'^^S' tSTe found salutary. On arriving at the desired port. V he'^emi.' ran has any letters of mtroduction. he should deliver them immed^aTefv h1« friends may probably assist him in finding a proper place where Is family may rest a few days after the fatiguts it tl e virJl H next care will be to land lii^ ^runks. bedding Ic an U7,^^^ sited in a place of safety. he hkve not ? itu e S^* '«»'«m.depo. any one in'the city whe^e he fi^s^t Ss t ^^oX b^^ t g^^J^ In every one of the maritime cities in America, a grea nu „b r of small stores arc established for the sale of sn rit.-l,! V o Many of these are kept by natives^ oT GrLt ''b „" rrme^o'f those who keep them are so devoid of principle as Vn imi,. • grants to remain in the cities, under va?^u 'pretences b rdn^l" s: ^:?thfrb:^^ti^:r«i7iv^ the cities until they have spe't fu thdrli'oieT ' '"'""^ '" It shall be supposed that the design of the*emi»rm.f :. , to the countries east of the Alle-hanies ,, w l2 ^^""^'^ to stay more than two or three day Tn the "itv U.^fl ^fi'^" '*^^ he will find that great numbers of walons slarff n 1 P. /!"f?' t^ Pittsburg, or from Baltimore to Pi t bur^or Whedin/ '''/^^ The charge is by the hundred weiX S 7 ^''**^''"^'' ^'^''''.V day. luggage; and the /ate I va" abl C^fi '« tolt' ST' T "' /'7 but the men may go cheaper, if they cL^se to "a k': e" ^In Z^^^^^^^ which IS recommended. The waggoners travpl u-iH 1 . '""""fams. of them carry a small camp-kei^e wTh £^^^^^^^^^ provisions; and some have'even a bed in ZiV v g 'i ,'; Virid. fe'; leep at night. A traveller who chooses to a.lopt a ' mi ar , le mil ^^J^H^^} -• ''^^ "-.- "-plenty of inn's on the road" t "J! U acv.u,«««ua.cu crery nigiil with beds, at a very reasonable rate: t, 1 ■ THE llMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 43 Wlien the emigrant arrives at Pittsburg or Wheelinsr he will fi,.A #1 * .nunbers of Europeansand Americans frear^ingKC^^ rlTZ' "'"T *'•'' ""^r'"^ ''S^'"^* »''^"' >" the maritime Se, as mpects employment, .vill, in some degree, have an effect here bn; 11 he w.ll have occasion for information it m'ouW be advisable fo'r him?n tt'ohlrtl ''?' ? '"'t "r'''^'- *' '•'^ fi"^ 't neee:sa?^^to descend tlie Ohio he best mode of proceeding xvill be to inquire for ZTnt more families who have intencions of going to die sa^ ILhbourhnnJ as hunself. who may join him in the purchase of r«4teof the Mnd of vessels ,n which families descend. These arks 'are built for sale, for the accommodation of families descending the river and for he conveyance of produce. They arc flat-bottomed ami smiare «J the ends, and are all made of the same dimensions being fiftv^S in ength. and fourteen in breadth; which last is limi ed b« i oLn wppens that they must pass over the falls at Loui vi le when h^ ver IS at a low state, at which time thev pass btwixt wo rocks i^ water T ^^ ^ • ''"'""^ '''''' ""^"'^^ ^«" ^e lifted out of the «ttter. The usual price is seventy-five dollars for each v»hich wiH acco.„r„odate three or .bur families, as they carry froT tntv five to hirtv tons: and it frequently happens that the ark can be sold fir ncarfy what .t cost six or eight hundred miles lower down tt iver After the arrival of the emigrant on the Ohio, the next st en he taL« I a very important one:_,nuch depends on hi movement 'Id ffU atthat po,nt when hej.as the grea/est need of counseT id ad c" rom Europe until he arrives on the Ohio, general rules mav umlv but now us future destination depends on his choice am n?„TS maiwdlV ^;T '"•'";'"' '^''' ^•''"''^^' ^'"'«"«« ^migVant are^ of s^ many different descriptions. In order that these remarks may have « general application, the emigrants shall be considered as crsLinrnf several classes; the remarks shall be applied to eaJh clasrseDaratflv aiul terminate with some general observations. «^P'»rately, no other ft'if' ""^ ^'"•^"•?"ts may be composed of labourers, who have no other tra..e or profession, and from whose services more is exDect ed to result from bodily strength, than from ingenuity or education 7f" man of this class will work, he has nothing%o fear in the fn erior of ntiZS i;:™ possesses all the requisites for'a farmer, ex epti ,g kill la .1 n I ?^'-^ /''*'" "J*^"'"- ^ f^''-'^ ""•"''^'' «f fanners have more and inc osed in fence than they can well manage : ask one of Jhes^the a^eT 'nor,- 'P'"A • 1 ''r\ '"'''•" ^" "^^'■^•^"t enables him to cuUi- wted? ' T *'^- '"* ''"^ '^'''' ^•'"'^ ^^''^•■^^'^^ ''^<''>-"e overrun wth ZJnt'\ ?^f';,«»:'?'-«"t cannot expect full wages in the coinmence nient; but if he be attentive, he may in one year become so exner? «, fifteeV 'i '."^ *" "'"^^ ". "^'""-^ P^'^' '' ».uslL.dmen.-frrm twd e o fifteen dollars per month, and board. vt In l'"''?" «™P!o>''»e"t is obtained, the most difficult thing remains yet to be don.. The man he lives with, and for whom he works mTt CX 'botl uJle T?^'''' I '*«''•'"" "^ -hich^^Se^d int "luiiay. both these articles are kent. in rnnsiH«mM«> .....„.;.;_- •.. pilotage. '"''"* '"'*' *' hh'Ppmg-Port s-thcy charge two dollan for 44 THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. M ■ tU M\ the farmer's house. The emigrant is liberally supplied with them, and can obtain them at a cheap rate elsewhere ; but he must avoid indulgiuja; too much, particularly in the spirits. He is not accustomed to a profusion of this article, and may, by too frequent use, acquire a habit, that will ruin all his future prospects in life. If hfs conduct is proper, he may associate with the sons of the neighbouring farmers, many of whom know that their ancestors became proprietors of land fi^om a beginning not more promising than his ; even his employer was probably the helper to some one formerly. Before this man can become a complete American farmer, he must learn a number of tilings not connected with agriculture in some other countries. He must learn to handle the axe dexterously, as he will often be employed to cut down trees. He must also learn, not only to distinguish the difl'erent species of trees, but also to know by their appearance whether they will suit the purpose for which they are wanted. The second class of emigrants to be considered are those who have trades or professions, and yet are too poor to enter into business for themselves. The primary object of a person of this description is, of ' course, employment ; the coinmodity he has to disj)ose of is labour, for which he wants a market. So much of this is daily brought into the sea-ports by the arrival of emigrants, that they are always over- stocked; he must look for abetter chance: — this chance the country will afford him. If his trade or profession be such as is followed in a city, he may remain two days before he goes to the country ; if un- successful in his inquiries for work, he ought not to remain longer. During his stay, he ought to inquire amongst those in his own pro- fession, where he may hope to obtain employment; it is very likely they may furnish references which will be very useful to him. In travelling, this man ought not to be sparing in his inquiries; he is not in the least danger of receiving a rude or an uncivil answer, even if he should address himself to a squire (so justices are called). It is expected in America, that every man shall attend to his own concerns; and if a man who is out of work asks for employment, it is considered as a very natural thing. He ought to make his situation and profession known at the taverns where he stops, and rather to court than to shun conversation with any tliat he may find assembled there. He will seldom or never meet "with a repulse, as it gives them an opportunity of making inquiries - respecting the **old country," (the term usually applied to the British Islands). Should he fail in procuring employment at his own business, he has all the advantages of the first man, in agriculture. The rountries west of the Alleghany Mountains afford the greatest advantages, of any part of the United States, to emigrants of this or the preceding descrip- tion ; and when they arrive at the head of the Ohio, the facility of descending that river opens to tnem a vast field, in which labour must, for ages to come, find a good market, as the' vast tract of fine land yet unsettled will induce such an avidity for farming, that labourers, or men who have trades or professions, will adopt that line of life whenever tbey can raise the means of nurchasirg land. For this reason a very longtime must elapse before there cun be such a redun- dancy of labour aa to reduce its value. THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 4^^ procure „ situation i;, a „JZl,^ "Z^J^h^To^]:" ZT/" vears ifr on H nt^ Person w.U be necessary at least for two lal "u/rjr'nT'"'' '""'f "'' l»-°f«^i°"* «'« 'misrant wl,o l,a, a cam "•.2;jcSi:,riri;:t':vHSi::!t;u'rLt:c^^ on makiij^r a lulicious thmon ;„ ,i„. • . "*', '" ""^ c.ise depends trades he mav be exnerf^rl in L„^^ • ^"^ntic states. In some from whom Z is advTse I ni? ^n ^ J«»'-neymen, perha,,s Americans ; perfect «curity]'^,,d Hft act ^u lidouT^"''-, '',' '"''^"i ""h i>ll,^^!!,?JJr™f.'™•^•"»y.•«l»■aJ^ be l,aV a,'d !„trti"ut' m nve jears. The degree of advantage to be derived from ' -- ?' 1. 5t — - - J" ' < ^ '' P' I THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. lands purchases, depends in a great measure on the judgment and forcsiplit of the speculator, to whom the country west of the Alle- ghanies offers the best field. A very great majoriiy of the emigrants to that part have only farming in view, and the establishment of towns docs not keep pace with the increase of interspersed population. There are a great many places, which, fioni the nature ot things, must become the scites of towns: a person of judgment and obser- vation would easily point them out. The formation of a number of proximate settlements has an invariable tendency to raise the price of land in their vicinity : for this reason a rich man, who purchases a large tract of land on speculation, consults his best interests by a liberal policy towards those who first settle on his property. Let it be supposed that he purchases four miles square ; this is Sixteen square miles or sections, or 10,240 acres, which for cash costs lG,8i)6 dollars, or i^3801. 12s. English money. On this property he ought to possess a scite convenient for a village, and he should also have a water-fall. If lie lays the whole out in quarter sections, he will hare 64, of IGO acres each. Let him lay out the village, and sf in the first instance, only the intermediate subdivisions, at mod«t = ^erms and lilieial credit: the reserved subdivisions, together . !'i the village lots, will in a short time rise to a very great value, lae next object f latitude. Also a small quantity of lucerne, saintfoin, and vet( lies : either the seeds or the roots of the two for^ner, but the roots would lie preferable. It might also be advisable to take a small bag of liny seeds from some of the best meadows. Farming implements can he had in iiiiy part of the United States, well adapted to the dif- ferent purpo-es for which they are wanted. In detc. mining a situation, he )iH- tlir 4 hoice of aiiy climate from latitude"" to 44 degrees, com? prelieuding the regions suitable for the culture of sugar, cotton, and grain. If his views are governed by the determination to adopt any ^ THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 47 particular culture, he will of course settle in the region suitable : if sugar, he will go south of 31 J° ; if cotton, south of 36° : for corn the most agreeable is from SC** to 41°, as further north the severity and length of the winter render the climate less desirable. A far- mer, on settling in America, ought not rashly to set up his opinions or former practices against those of the old settlers. Many things which may appear to him at first to be wrong or unnecessary, will be found, on farther experience, both right and expedient ; but if he cultivates the good-will of his neighbours, and .'lows their advi''> he will not go wrong. He will soon find the accession of crops and the mode of culture vary much from what he has experienced in England, and that a differerMy modified climate, and a sun more nearly vertical, greatly change; thV order of the things to which he das been accustomed. He will find his rj'e harvest to commence in June, and that of his wheat soon after : the oats follow next ; and afterwards, if he have a meadow, hs grass will be ready for the scythe; then come his potatoes, and lastl} ^s Indian corn. If the emigrant purchases and settles upon what , called wild land, one of his first cares ought to be to plant a peach and apple orchard ; and he ought to plant the two sorts alternate, say one peach betwixt two apple trees, and not plant the apj e trees less than thirty feet asunder. The peach tree soon comes to maturity, and is short lived : tliey will be- come of little value by the time the apple trees are in want of room. In the woody region, the axe is for some time the chief implement in the hands of the settler, and he feels a considerable degree of re- pugnance at the destruction of so much fine timber; Lut this soon subsides. If he has the courage to proceed as far west as the Illinois, the North-West Territories, or to the west of the Mississippi, the prairies afford him the means of settling without much trouble. In the early part of the settlement of th»i rich countries beyond the Alleghanies, agu"s were very prevalent; and it will perhaps be found, that all countries in a state of nature are liable to this disease in the proportion of their fertility, wliich has a tendency to produce it, from the vast quantity of vegetable matter which goes to decay in autumn. As this applies generally in those regions, the new settler has no Hieans of avoiding the consequence, but by precautions and pre- ventives ; but as it has also a local influence, he may, by a Judicious choice of a situation, render himself and family less liable to its attacks. As the first settlers have the choice o( the whole country, it is very natural that they should adopt the alluvial of the rivers, both on account of the superior fertility of ihe soil, and the facilities it gives to the transportrftion of produce; and many, in so doing, sacrifice ther health to their apparent interest. It must be admitted, that some of the valleys in which the rivers flow are as healthy as the up- Irnds; but this depends on whether the river overflows its banks or not, or on the existence c" nonexistence of stagnant water in the neighbourhood. As to precautions, the emigrant is apprised that in these countries the dews are very copious, and begin to fall cven be- fore sun-set. Let hitn avoid, as much as possible, exposure either to this or rain ; or if unavoidably exposed, he must take oflT his wet clothf lioc C1Q cnrkli OG iificci after copious perspiration, he will find benefit in them. An important M^ >,'' I r'^ THE EMrCRANT'S GUmE. power ,o prl.cu,e. Sulpl. r n'.^ b" £ 'je Xl^^^ -^'^^^^^ > '''^ m solution. A iittle of the inner bark of anv nfl '"'"'>".^« '« ''^J^l a glassful ,nrns the water black, if ro.fi Lese' "'p' """'^'-^ '!? . bh,e bv the petals of almost any flower of tint ' on r i"^""' ''ITi upon It, turns Rreen bv beina ,1 nn!,! • '"'*\'="'?"r being rnbbed alkali, or red, if an add ^ '^e.ng dipped .n water impregnated with trij;;!:;: ;;• "r^r^^S'^ -U nquor .ay. with very little nies; and hops .-w^iidin S: 1 :"' t;::!::^;;^;'^ '^^^"«- supposed to be ji nreventivp f» «!.„ . V. "'"* "f^fage is supposed cnre L tli ci n, in Z\ ^'"'''* '"V^ t^"""y ''as a those afiectod has a fa^Ur r .ed "^,uSIh ^ ?''" '''''l ""' '''' but the physicians, in the WeS^'^o ^ f " eft u'^irh" ' ?'"'J laudanum: of these the emi n..n., and belief i: ! Hr^ lil S-ls Ihiri" """"''^ "'' ^-•>•- ^ix^ated a. a cause iV.r regu , h,^'^ ^ r ^s ^' "f "'"' '"T'"''}''' rerhaps that which has mo^.t gn ^ra l" i.S , a '^"^ stance of ,,.i.. h...g..ge not b ing uj i;:^:::^;:!^^ V iieV;^;::;^ «ud n.av bo e. i y .^c.^^, , ft, ''' V, '7' "'7«''^^ '^ very n.anitest. ■ticdar district J «a / ,t^ / its nr 1'"^'^ • ''""'"'"^ "'" ""> !'"«■- until a grist an.l a saw S i'^r .!^ ! Xr "l.ril'n^'r"'^ '^ ^'°^^' WP.M. Every planter i„ the v c h ,v b he o 'h''"'"'" V^^^ •hie to erect a han.lsome frame-h e Tl r,,' . • ' """\ l'"' •.'' to convert his wheat into Hour hI'^ a JL^Z he'llo^S'^^ • The tern neft country, slgnliiei one newfy srtdccJ. THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 49 ahd employs hands to assist him in converting for«st into fietdS| yielding luxuriant crops. These two kinds of mills arc the most necessary objects in a new colony ; but there are many others, such as roads, b"ri(' ''s, &c. all of which are much sooner effected by a colony having an union of interest, and of course an union of action. 4DriCE TO EMIGRANTS.-^ll. •rt-fe^'ated with HINTS TO EMIGRANTS FROM EUROPE, ffAo intend to make a permanent residence in the United Stgtes tf America ; pointing out the most advantageous places of settlement, and giving directions for the best means of preserving health. BY THE SHAMROCK SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. Extract from the Minutes of tus Shamhoce Society of New York, COMI'OSED OF KePUBLICAN CllIZENS OF ALL NAT!O^S. At an adjourned Mieiing, June 18, IRU, Mr. Kmmet, President, in the Cliitir, on the motion of Mr. Irvine, It wat unanimnuslt/ rcsilved — " That a Cmnmittte be appointed to draw up a brief Address to Europe, on subjects economical and politicid, affecting their welfare." Wlierenpon the Society named Dr. M'Neven, Mr. Emmet, Mr. laviNi, Mr. Humbert, and Mr. O'Connor, to be the said Committee. Alex. Pykk, Secretarj. REPORT OP THE COMMITTEE. That hospitality which, as Mr. Jefferson says, the sin ages of the wilderness extended to the first settlers arriving in this land, cannot be denied by a free, civilized, and Christian people, to brethren emigrating from the countries of their common fathers; and thie exercise of it is peculiarly agreeable to us, who have (some of us) been induced, by a similarity of fate and fortunes with vour own, to quit the lanils of our nativity, and seek freedom and happiiicsjs In America. That hospitality which the wild Arab never violatw, ahd which the American Indian so often exercises to strangers,— that sacred virtue is dear to our hearts, which we open to address you, in the frankness of friendship and sincerity of truth. We bid you wel- come to a land of freedom ; we applaud your resolution ; we commend your judgment in asserting the right of expatriation— a right acknow- ledged and practised by people of all nations, fiom the; earliest ages »o the present time- a right indispensable to liberty and happiness, and which ought never to be sui rendered. The free states once euti- blished in Asia recognized it; Greece adopted it. Emigration from thence was uncontroulcd ; and naturalization, which puts the emi- grant, civilly, on a level with the native, was there a thing of course. The Romans avowed and ■ indicisted the right in all its latitude j^ and this memorabie deciaratioD coniposeci part of their code: ••' Evcnr man has a right to choose the state to which he will belong." It is H iO THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. Lv Ul tion itself, have Journe^d; I oU i !' T*""^^*^' '"^^ «"^' ^^^^^i^- from Asia and Egypt to Eu o, l 1, f ' ""r ""' '*^S'«" '" »"«t'«er. waking this country your "Ze' vour T- ^T^' ^" ^•""•^•«- I" We doubf not but your coXVlv^U h ' T >"" ''"""""•: «n»l and honourable. That the laws -.nH- ^f..^*'."""^V correct, judicious, from this moment the ob let, oT '"*»'t»»'on« of An.eri a may be what an Europ4„ pf, lo ontr h""' ^'.\"«tant respect. He will .,Lle politically, wilh Europr '" WlX Z'f " ^^r'' ''' <'-"n^^rc^, rope,"saystheAbb6deM-.blv -.r ■ '' "' V'*"' """""^ "«" E"' ciples of society, and re^an L n ^""T"* "^ '''" con.fif„e„t prin- for the •^enefit'^;/ tL oCV / ITasl^^^^^^^ "''^ ^''^"'' ^''^-'ated your thirteen republics sl.onld L, ""f «"'«''«''^. ^e are edified, that should have drawn "on te soureef Tn "'«/''«'"»> «'•"«« anl manciples by .bich U-eJar^'^di: ol^ 'to^'b '^^vr::, '^"'"^"»'"^ •"^" the will of the people throu.'irrr''"^'^' ""^ "^"") «'•'• "•^'.K- by willofamajorit^yX^sfoTtdr^^ '■"' *"^ r«-presc„tatives. The «cq„iescence in t^ildec sil; of h^r •'''.'"'• '"I'^^'"' "^" ""• K"ti'« republics, from wbich Xre i^'n ^^S ^ '^J - ^f^ Pnnciple of those decisions is an appeal to forc^^jT '..1 '^ \ '^"' '^ »" parent of .lespotibm It i, n a» , '' ' P^nciple and immc^ Me those not beirine'rvi tude it s 7?^," a' '"'*'' ? "'''"^'"' «"^ ''"^ equal, and endowed witb u„a e ,able ^^iT^'f^'"', 'T "'' ^«'» JieUher divest themselves, nor b ' depriv S b'; : L:"^''s/'''^y '=«" to travel, by only si ew L "o.^ ho 'l ST I" '""1 ^l'" "^^ •'•^'""» does you aJ act^ of cuvibtf ho v m I 'i' '^'""'' "'" "*="* •""' some information that .n,?t'i fll. '""re important would be tunc? And when y o . retc fint 'i.-'""';''"''^*''^ ""' ''"»"''' ^^r- may make the one. o'r liar ,t ot ' ' ^o'ru nordis;^*^'' T"'^ ^"^•"' nication which relates to tbe busi.te;,^"? iTfe ^^'"'^ " ''""™"- will ill mid\r^;^r:Xr;"" "••" ^" ^""S-"' -" l-P->y -.brace I. What relates to bis personal safely in a new climate • m H- 'fV''^''\^ probationary resi.lent and of living, and the prelor^at i^r^ ^^ hLl r^'S ''' 'T """l* demand some description of tl.i, exln. v co I'trv bi'l'""'^ T'"'^ vour choice imd industry. Under the .1 ird 1 1 ""'^' •'"■^*^* brief abstract of such civil or noli '.I L"'*' ^ '<"'»"*"«'' » understand. political matters as behoves you to and eastJu sfa£s the'winte; I.! L ^ J fvVrX; ^.V em ", ""''''' camnaratiiolw .n.^'-'' •■* " -t *^ 'wi very acar, ann emulovment THE EMIGnANTS GUIDE. 51 more, and earn loss. But if arriving at this time bear more upoit rlieir pocket, the heats of the summer are undoubtedly more trying to tfjeir health. In the niis of such imprudence. The Humane Society of this city has published the following directions to be ob- served in such cases : " 1st. Avoid (Irinkiuij; water while the body is heated, or during profuse perspiration. " 2d. Wash the hands and face with cold water before drinking. " Md. If these precautions have becii neglected, and cramps or convulsions have been induced, let a tca-spoonfid of laudanum be given immediately in a cup of spirits and water; and repeat the dose in half an li<»ur, if mcrssaiy. " 4th. At the same lime apply hot fomentations of spirits and water to the stomach ami bowels, and to the lower extremities, cover- ing the hoi!) with a bluuket, or inimerst- the body in a warm bath, if it can be immediately obtained. " r>. Inje(;t iulo the bowels a pint of warm spirits and water, mixed in the proportion of one part of the former to two of the latter." 11^ Oo \oii u^k bv this time, with *a vipw to iUf* nrdlnsrv buiiiiif^ss ©f life, what is America? What sort of people raa\ expect to suc- •«cd in iti The immortal Fraoklin has answered these questions: y '' THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. " America is the land of labour " n„t u ; i .• .. . eountry on earth for those who .ill hbour' 'Zin !? '^'t^ ^''' «aru more wages here than elsevTl ere in the «nr Id A ^ *'''^ "" ittents are frugal; they demand fe v tax s so th th. ^""""i the^poor man are leff to enrich hiS"; JJe^'L^ta^-'aThil counsel is fhp }.Psf ti.../» i "."^ |>'*■"•■' "'^7 >'"ew tlem.u,sand ar the J^S s U ^nr?' '^f it' ''^'""^^ '" «'^ »«»' and were reucly to bel l^fw^ ISL^f '"^""I' '"'iH' ''""' f^^"'". titudes nf iww.r ^ i / . ' ^^"" ^'^"""r and con deuoc Mul- by th^^^^^^^^^ ^T: '^^'^'"'' «^"t'"'"'. '-d Ccrma.v. have former or s \ :f re"caTi d tT' '""' ''"'t^' ^^^"•"^' -«'»»>^ own countrip' :.l!'!,f""!l'"/^"^"P5'..*'''tated men; who. in thefr ttf labour low "r«nu'."" "u '"""'" "'^^ "'''^^ occupied, and the wasei ihcy were born " •"•'' ^'^'^^^^ ^^°« «"« ^^^^i^'o" ^herfS THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 53 lu the weit of Pennsylvania there is a custom which the farmeri there call cropping, aiKi which is as beneHcial to the owner as to the tiller of the ground, in the present state of this country. I'he cropper performs the labour of the plantation, as spring and fall ploughings, sowing, harrowing, or other work, and receives a certain share of the crop, as agrceoverly In his old age. He is invested with the powers as well as the rights of a freeman, and may in all cases, without let or apprthenoioii, exercise them according to his judgment. He can afford to his children a good education, and knows that he hn» thereby provided for their wants. Prospects open to them far brighter than were his own ; and in seeing all this he is surely blest. Industrious men need never laok employnjfnt in America. Labour* ers, carpenters, masons, bricklayers, stone-cutters, blacksmiths, turners, weavers, farmers, curriers, tailors, and shoemakers, and the useful mechanics generally, are always sure of work and wages. Stone, cutters now receive, in this city (New York), two dollars a day, equal to nine shilling sterlings; carpenters, one dollar and 87j cents; bricklayers, two dollars; labourers, from one dollar to one and a quarter ; others in proi)ortiou. At this time (July, 1810) housecarpeiiiprs, bricklayers, masons, anl stone-cutters, are paid three dollars p >r day in Pciersburch, (Vir«ini-0. Thn town was totally con- suni'd by fire abioit a year since, but it is now rising from its asbt* in more ele:.'aiice than ever. Mechnnics will find ample employment there for, p. iLiips, tAO years to come. Artisans receive better pay in Amorica than in Europe, and ca|i live w ith less evertion, and mora comfort ; becausie they put an addi- tional pr ce on their work, e(|»;il to the cost of freight ana comtnis- feion charged by the merchant on importations. But there are not many of the laborious classes whom we woidd advise to residi; or even loiie • in great towns, because as much will be spent during a long winter as can be made thniugh a toilsome summer, so thai a man may be kept a moneyless drudge for life. But this is not |>erhHp» the xyorst; he is tempted to become a tippler, by the cheapness and plenty of liquors, and then his prospects are blasted for ever. In few countries is drunkenness more despised than in this. The drunk- ark is viewed as a person socially de;»il, ahut out tV)!ii decent inter* course, shunned, despised, or abhorred. Tlie pjriiici'ius habit is t« be guarded against as scrupulously for political as moral considera- tions. Civil liberty every where rests on net/respect ; while degrada- tion or voluntary debasement is one of the c«u»cs of desuuii»m» These leniarka are general ; we have no reason to suppose that m* 9^ I fl $4^ THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. estate of an habitual drunkard nt J t^^^^^^^ !''Z, T t T ""'"^ ^''.^ to deprive such persons of suffrage and th^luil ^T ^'■''^''''^ dence in courts of- justice An fnr.Vn/ i^'^'^^S^ of g.v.ng evi- severe; he affixed a drbfene.faltvnn^^^^ 'awg.ver M^as even more intoxication. Such have be^n hi J^.^T '" « «^«»« «<" the dignity of man "''*''"^' ^^ legislators to preserve pra'^tlcar pu^r^oS ^'^ b^'^erv^ail^'f '""T'^'^^*^ ^° "-^"' -^ literary scholars, who have no L1 "^''""''^''^"'^^ ' ''"^ "^'« can»ot%rofitaby prL se in fir/Zr' "1" ""'^ ''"' ^'"^•'' '^^y encouragement _iS tni h »^tl^ '^i '"' "''^ '"*"*^* "'"*' """^^ to devofe tbe;;ei;Vr''hr 'dSo^ oT;^uth'"Vl^^^^ ^H'?^ persons who will do this is nhvin,. " ^^ ' ^"^ demand for excellent preceptors e ever vv^ll'^'^ T^ ^'"'""S'' "^"y Americans^ there is st U consfder b . I" '' ?""'' "'"""" *''« "«»'^« part of well-qualified fo ei-ner i w, '^°'" • ^'''. ^"•J'P^^itiou on the cation, it is \ery clmon'^Jo find M . «^'»'"«"^'« <^»r classical edu- and the same may ^5" id of f hi f^^^^^ of Ireland ; southern states, where a *in ponuIaS ^™'"''J ''■''"*^'^' '» ^''« country, good schools a ^"ofn^anU eTv f^iv'" bnTTi' '" ''''"'''I planters in those districts in Ilml 7 " r i •* ^'''^''^ *»'"« "ch address, and good kSec Wof I e cl r P ^Tl^"'"'. "^ «^"^«*' will find employment ami a ^oo \S Tr ' ""'"''' '"^ arithmetic, not detract from a man" ners^oTa r ' 7\'f f"""'" !"'«"• '^ ^«" employed. The Americans ar^ /''^"^'''•' '" ''^^'^ ^^^^ »''"« laean.^vhich is esseS" o t !». l. '''''/'' treat that condition as and Uich supposes nt?n,r ""''•■ '"'^' »'rP"*^y "^ th« "^tion. knowledge. uTsTot ZZJZT' ""'"'"' *"'""*'* ''"^' ««q"ircd taught s'chooi «nt7th ; d^l';:,^a;e;^*^^ '^^ "'^'^"^^ •"^" ^^''« then turn to fheprofession of Uw n • T^ Property, and who farmers or merchZr iC ^i^^e Ind' Zt"'''l' Y '''' '^«^«™« in this particular, may be iudtrf^l? l'"' "»' ""^ ^^'^ Americans, who begin their career asicfetl Z '^'''' 1''"' '"'""y ««'"tlenie„ tionsoAtate honours arc ^'1^^^^^^^ "'^"V^''' .^" *''^ g^^du- to the head of departn.ent^^ f thl f d 7'"" ^'^'^^^^i^'*. |>romoted good prospects as ml e ^of aL 1^ .7 r'''?'"'"'' ^ ''»^« »« stance^ of this nature michrbfi3/' ^J.^'^^^^^y- Several i„- Ii. what part of tJ.is ex tensi^ ' ^''" ""Pr«.l"diced people. northern or Vst "r„ pa ts of EuroneTw' T '" *^""^""^"* ^^«'» '''- be be undecided until I L .rrivJl 'T.- V ^''^'-''t-'geously settle ? If plexed or sus.'.X by t ^e d ^ nt tX"''' ''««. ^^^^ ^ly per. sections of this omnire I Lv. 7 '"vfations offered by various degrees of norti lude a„J h m T T/"^"' '''^ '»^*"«'"' '^^^l' «re now -it^ated' irs;o5rhS:'''^s::^;:^£ THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 55 ludiana, and Ohio, are productive of the principal part of the fore- going staples, together with hemp, coal, and such plants as are found in the northern and middle states, to the eastward of the Alleghany mountains. Over this great tract, the finest fruits grow in perfec- tion; grain of every sort is in plenty; and " he who puts a seed into the earth is recompensed, perhaps, by receiving forty out of it." We are of opinion that those parts of the United States between the 35th and 43(1, or 37lh and 42d degrees of north latitude, will be found most congenial to the constitutions of Europeans. New York (prin> cipally), Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, the Illinois and Missouri territoiies, are spread within these parallels. As the European is more patient of cold than of heat, he will be apt to prefer the middle and western, or north-western states, to the southern. There he will form connexions with inhabitants whose manners most resemble his own. In some one of them we would advise him, after u proper examiii^tion, to pitch his teut, and fix his residence. Farther to the south, where negro slaves are the only or principal labourers, some white men think it disreputable to follow the plough. Far be it from us to cast censure on our southern neighbours ; yet, ia choosing a settlement, we would have emigrants take slavery, with all other circumstances, into their consideration. It is the opinion of some judicious men, that though persons newly arrived ought to go without loss of time into the country, yet it would not be prudent for them to retire all at once to the remote parts of the west; that they ought to stop nearer the sea-board, and learn a little of the mode of doing business. Perhaps this, in some instances, may be adviseable ; but we think that young men, whose habits are not fixed, cannot post too speedily to the tine regions beyond the Alleghany. The labourer, however, will find great difference between them and Europe in every thing. The man who was accustomed to the spade, must now use the axe; he who used ,to dig ditches, will learn to maul rails and make fences. These are extremes that must be met ; and the sooner, perhaps, the better. We omit annexing to these directions a table of roads ; as almanacks are every where to be had for a trifle, and they contain accurate lists, with the principal stages from cast to west ; there are also people always williug to direct the stranger on his path. If an European has previous!? resolvetl to go to the western couitry, near the Allei^anv or Ohio rivers, he will have snved much expence and triivel by hinding at Baltimore; from thence to Pittsburg, at the head of the Ohio, is about 2(K) miles direct, — perhaps not more tliaa 240 by the course of the road. A few days' journey will bring him along a fine turnpike from Baltimore, nearly to Cumberland, in Alleghany county, (Md.) from whence the public road begun by the United States crosses the mountains, and is to touch the Ohio at Wheeling. A smart feliow, in a little time, will reach Union, in fayctte county, Pennsylvania. Here is a flourishing country adjoining Green, Washington, and Weslmoreland, in any one of which may be found almost every thing that is desirable, and a population, hos- i.-:i.!t;ir ;ji:ii iiuciiigcisi. r us ill l;iiii;u lo riiujr.irg is uus. a uay 3 journey. There one may ascejid the Alleghany river to the tipper M THP EMIGRANTS GUIDE. Hi i . 11 I TV^l't^'L^^ ""'^ '^""'^ '^^ *^"'"'-^"^' an^ " P«i"t "f view. Attica 1^^ peopled from Egypt, but we can boast of our descent from a superior stock: I speak not of families or dynasties; I refer to our S\ T^'if*""' ''^"' civilization, knowledge, and refine- ^rLTT'^'f r^'"" 'TP"".t' ""^ ^•'«^« »'""'«" nature has attained vJZ A P^'"^'^^*'""- Annihilate Holland. Great Britain. Ireland. France, and Germany, and what would become of civilized mant Ju^LTi^ I' young as It is, would be the great Atlas remaining to support tte dignity of the world. And perhaps our mingled descent from various nations may have a benign influence upon genius. We perceive the improvmg effects of an analogous state upon vegetabTe* aad inferior animals The extraordinary characters the United States have produced may be, in some measure, ascribed to the mixed blood fJ^.T^"L""' ?*""""# '" o.r veins; and it may be confidently said, that the operation of causes, acting with irresistible effect will Z7'h '\''rr'P ''i '''••^ improvable faculties of human naJuWo the highest state of perfection." You will however, observe that the privilege of citizenship is not frfllilr^^ilP'^P" r'^^'^T'^om; to secure that, while the worthy !^utl h ' 'VT''''^^ ^*'°"'^' if practicable, be rejected. You thl /Tl v""' i'^T." *»!« .""Parlance of good moral habits, even to the acquisition of political rights. The steps to be taken by a foreigner preparatory to, and for the purpose of his being naturalized, are these:-. « lur me citizen of the United States, report himself at the office of one of the courts of record, within the state or territory where he may be; and in that report set forth his name, birth-plac^>. age. nafion.'and prior fil'^T^Tl «?!*''" ''IV^^ """"^"''y ^^^'^ ^' '•«' '^ft t^. come in?« the United States, and the place of his intended settlement. In ge- »eral, forms of this report will be furnished by the clerk of the court. WHO will also gin to be counted only from the date of the report ; and the time ^vhich a foreigner iiiay have previously spent in the country cannot be rendered of any service towards his naturalization. 2d. At least three jears before the alien can be naturalized, he must appear before some one of the courts of record within the state or territory where he may be, and there declare, on oath, or atKrni, titat it is in good faith his intention to become a citizen of the United States, to renounce for ever all allegiance and fidelity to any sovereign prince, potentate, state, or sovereignty whatever, and particularly, by name, to the prince, potentate, state, or sovereign, whereof he may at the time be a citizen or subject. This oath, or atfirniation, which must have been made at least three years before admission to citizenship, may be made at any convenient time after the report of arrival. Indeed, it is sometimes made on the same day, BO as to save trouble and prevent disappointment from future negli- gence or forgetfulness. For another reason, that will be presently pointed out, the sooner it is done, the safer and better. The clerk of the court also gives a certificate that this oath or atfirmation lias been duly made, which, like the former, must be carefully kept, i'or the purpose of being produced at the time of applying for natu- ralization. 3d. At this period the applicant, after producing both those certifi- cates, must declare on oath, or atfirniation, before some one of the same courts, that he will support the constitution of the United States. He must also satisfy the court (which cannt4 be done by the appli- cant himself, and is usually done by die affidavits of two respectable citizens, who know and can testify to the facts), that he has resided within the United States five years at least, and within the state or territory where he applies to be admitted at least one year, and that during such time he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same. The clerk will thereupon n);ike out a certificate of naturalization, under the seal of the court ; which should be carefully kept, and ready to be produced whenever it may be requisite. The liberality of Congress has extended the benefits of this admis- sion to citizenship beyond those who perform these requisites ; for the children of a person so naturalized, being under age, and dwell- ing in the United States at the time of their parent's naturalization, also become citizens. And, still further, if any alien who shall have regularly reported himself, and made oath or athrmati n decla- ratory of his intentions (which, as we have seen, must precede his own admission by three years), should unfortunately die before he was actually naturalized, his widow and children would thenceforth 1)€ considered as citizens of the United States, and be entitled to hII rights and privileges as such, upon taking the oaths prescribed l>y Jaw, This provision, therefore, furnishes a very strong induce* 60 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. ' I laratory ment for losing no time in taking the oath intention. In the interval between the emigrant's choosing r. place of abode elapse before he can become a citizen of the United States, he uill do well to fam,har,ze himself with the state of parlies, and a!-qui e a correct knowledge of our constitutions of civil po;e,„ment^ He wdl become a respectable and capable citizen in proporTio„ to his ciis^n 'n" '"'' "''"'• ^■'^^.^^"^ ' ^"<' -i-t'^^ are^h^ leading p.^! ciples of our government, which, as it secures liberty and property neither makes nor suffers religious distinctions ^^' .]ivnn7'^?"* ^^''^'''^ 1^ '^'''^' ""•^ ''^'^ •" the country without en- r, „ »; r \ f''^^ "I ""'^'^ '' ''^ "'<^«"s to reside. The Federal I?.e ier !n"' ""^''''1 "5 *''.^ ''''''^ ''■''''' «^« P""**^^ and bound Ifr^JAf "''* I'"':'^.^* volume, with the Declaration of Indepen- xtfl;:ti:fr/;i,i:a'"''^^' ^'''^' ^^" ^---^ *"^ ^^-^^ «^ --y *J,Jt! ^''^'''!-'" P^""] °^«»'- «tafe constitutions were formed soon after he Declaration of Independence was proclaimed by Congress. By sttT.Yh/'^'"'?A"'^ '"'"'-"'^ locarrelations of citizens in each state ; they constitute the mam guards of our freedom. The general TtrTs'lL r'""''''"*'^" ""''' ^"•■'"^^ ^y ^^'^^'"^^^ from hvelve htates, assembled m convent.oi. at Philadelphia, in 1787) has the sole direction of our foreign atfturs. and the mutual relations of h^ PriS /^''*^8«y•^'•""'e"t of the United States is administered by a President and Vice-President, elected for four years; by a senatef of two members from each state, elected for six years; by a house of representatives, chosen for two years, by the people ; and by judges &c appomted according to law. The senators' are elected Vllie states, and this feature of the constitution is deemed Federal; he iZZ7T^^^'^ "^T'^ '^y *''^ P««P'«' «"d '^^re the constitution IS more particularly national. hrltlT^^ ""^ ''1 '^f""' ^^'^^''^ '' ^ governor and two legislative brancleschosen by the people, or their representatives, according to each constitution. The governor in each !tate is, by virtue of his ofhce commander-in-chief of the militia of the same When the Federal Constitution was formed, it was laid before the people, who, m each state, chose a convention to adopt or reject it It was debated in every convention with uncommol, ardour, and finally adopted m 1788. The speeches made on those occasions shed streams of light on the science of government, and its jusc divi- cSir'''^-^'"'' ""^ fo'e'gners nor natives can read them too .nm^nf ^'/''^ discussion of the Federal Constitution, advocates of some of Its most federate provisions were called Federalists; their Zr?)' ^T^'^^'^^T: «"t when it was adopted, it became the law to all, and was in all its parts sincerely agreed to by all; those opposite lerms. therefore, cea.e to be properly applicable any LTu .Sl^?''i'!^J P"^y ^^'f ^'-'d «f the e'pithl?. which Js i..e...j vCCcivvci, «uu iiuvc inuae it perpeliml. Jhey are called THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 61 Federalists to this day, without any reference to the origin of the term; the opposite party are known as Ilepublicang or Democrats, terms significant of their attachment to popular government. The Federal party, on the contrary, or, to speaic more correctly, many of their leaders, are thought to have a leaning towards aristocracy. We ought never to be the slaves or dujcs of mere names; and it will become the duty of a good citi^on to act with one party or the other, as far as he thinks its means luorr honourabk, and its objects more just. When the Federal party were in power, a law was passed autho- rizing the President of the United States to send friendlv aliens out of the country, on mere suspicion, without the interventioo of judge or jury! This is remembered as the Alien A'^t. Moreovpr, citizen- ship could not then be acquired without a previous residence ,of four- teen years. On the 4th of March, 1801, a Democratic administration came mto power; President Jefferson having been chosen instoad f>f Mr. AcSams. The acts of the government soon manifested a s-iore liberal spirit. The following passage, from Mr. Jefferson's message to Congress, December iUli, 1801, had its influence on, or harmonized with, the general opinion as to the impolicy (to say the least) of the inhospitable acts which we hare just mentioned: — *• I cannot omit recommending a revisal of the laws on the subject of naturalization. Considering the ordinary chances of human !ife,, a denial of citizenship under a -e'dsnce of fourteen years is a denial to a great proportion of those wiio i sk it, and controuls a policy pur- sued from their first settlement b\ nany of the states, and still be- lieved of conse< .ence to their prosperity, them from it. It is their duty to be modest observers c7 parties. ..ad prin- cinles ; it is their part to form correct opiijions, but not to meddle, — to see, but not to touch, — to look on, but not to interfere, until, having been five years spectators of the busy and important movements of . a nation of freemen, they may become actors in their turn, under the solemn obligation which citizenship imposes. The source of every blessing, and itself the most valuable of all which America ofters to the emigrant, is a degree of civil and political liberty more ample, and better secured, in this republic than any where in the whole world besides. The principles of liberty which are embodied in our frame of go- vernment and in our laws, branch out likewise through every depart- 62 THE EMIGRANTS CUIDE. ment of society, mould our manners, and determine tlie cliaractor even of our domestic relations. Tliey Lave tlie effect of producing generally, m the deportment of individuals, who know neither suoel riors nor inferiors, a certain degree of ease and dignity that is equally removed from servility and arrogance. It is one of the practical re^ suits of those principles, that the poorer classes in this conimun^tv are more civilized, more polite and friendly, though not so submis, sive. as persons of the same fortunes in Europe. They are also usually followed by impartial justice in the equal distribution of fami y property Hence opulence is rarely seen to accumulate on one branch, while others languish in genteel beggary. As there h no where an aristocratic establishment, the amplitude cf the community IS never broken up into little compartments, envious and cohtemptuous of each other. Every man's range of occupation is extended while every state is held worthy of respect. Honest industry no where •nKr* ^^ ^*^ **^ providing for a family is every where Nothing is more worthy of regard than the contrast bef en the general demeanourof Europeans living here, and what isalleet.! of the same people, and others similar to them, whilst under the yoke of trans, atlanfic governments. In New York city alone there are supposed to be not less than 12,000 Irish, and the number of all other foteion ers may probably be as many; the other great cities of the Uni?ed States have an equal proportion, according to their population • a-id emigrants from the old world are settled, and in progress of settlement every where throughout the Union : yet. here they are never accusal of sedition or rebe lion, or conspiracy against the government : thev are never disarmed by a military force ; and no magistrate tremble, when they provide themselves with ammunition. Thev are indeed among the most strenuous supporters of the governnient ;'and it is evident, that a country may exist in the utmost good order, neace and prosperity under such a system of law as thoy are willing to maintain with their lives It ,s manifest, therefore, that if the laws weiT Europe what they are here, Europe need not drive her children into exile. I he same men who are called rebels here, are esteemed and tranquil citi/ens here, without having changed their nature or their sen iments Rut here the law is made by the majority, for the goo.l of the greater number: and for this reason, it is essentially equal and impart.a It prohibits nothing but what is in itself morally wrong Hence, there are fewer laws, and fewer transgressions: but when a real transgression happens, an offended community is always nromnt to support the law ; for it then vindicates its own decision, ami its o«u satety. It is i.ften detested, because it seems to be the penalty of Pro- vidence, that invrdiiiate power shall always corrupt the holder and can never be possessed without being followed by such a train of eyi.s. so much wretchedness to those who endure, and so much depra- I'lTr !*'"«*' "''•7''"<^''*« i'» t»'»t it is felt to be a forced state, and 4 perversion of nature. • ^ THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 60 ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS.— lll. FROM CLEMENTS BURLEIGH, ESQ. W'Tiu i'eiided thirty years in the United States, to Persons who Emi- grate to that Country. I proceed to give some instructions to my own Countrymen wh» may hereafter emigrate to the United States of America. I shall first take up the poor mechanic and Aay labourer ; next, tlie farmer, who may go there witjj money to purcha le hind ; and next, the merchant. I will lake the liberty, as an introduction, to point out some stum- bling-blocks that have been in the way of many emigrants to this country. We conceive the vessel corning to anchor, and the passen- gers preparing for going ashore. On setting the; feet on land, they look about (hem, see fint houses, gardens, and orchards, the streets crowded with well-dressed people, every one pursuing his own business. Well, the question now is, Where shall I go? I meet a person passing, and address myself to liir.j, requesting him to inform me where 1 can have accommodations for so ne short time. He will point out a house which he think? may answer my appearance, &c. I get my goods conveyed to this house. The landlord and his family receive me as a foreigner, and, so long as I have cash, will have a watchful eye over me, and treat me according to what money I spend with them. In the mean time, on the arrival of an Irish ship, a crowd of poor Irish, who have been in that country for a number of years, are always fond of meeting their countrymen on landing, and of cticouraging li.em to take a share of grog or porter, Ac. The feelings of the open-hearted Irishman are alive to the invitation, and some days are spent in this way, in the company of men who are a disgrace to the country they came from, and who are utterly inca- pable to procure themselves work, much less the poor emigrant. I warn emigrants, therefore, to he upon their guard. The plan, therefore, which I would recommend, is, that upon land- ing, as soon as convenient, they should divest themselves of any heavy luggage, such as chests or boxes; and in the mean time, if they are deficient of money to carry them to the inland parts of the country, itop some time, and, if t'ley can get work, apply to it, and use what they earn with economy, and keep clear of all idle company, and also be particular in keeping clear of a certain description «:f their own countrymen. When they have acquired as much money as may help to bear their expences, let them put their bundles on board one of th« waggons loaded Avith merchandize for the Western country. By be- ing active and obliging to the carrier on the way, he will charge littlr or nothing on your arrival at Pittsburg, or Greensburg, or any other town in the west rn parts of Pennsylvania. You then lake ;,our pro- f>prty from aboard of the waggon, if it suits, and make inquiry for abour. The best plan would be to engage a year with some opulent larmer, tot wnicn penou or service you ^Ai receive lOii doiiHrs, find during that Ume be fouod in incat,driok "ashing, and lodging. This #**-!. 5,.^-*' [f ; '•fL 64 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 'i^ wil be an apprenticeship that will (eacJ. you the work of the cbuuM- such as cu tmg t.mber. splitting fe .ce-rail., and other work thTi" ioS known ,n rcland. Be temperate and frugal, an.l attend worslin on Sundays with your emp oyer's family. Th'is will keep you clear of " nestot v.pers who would he urging you to go to tippliug-houTs with them, to drink whiskey, and talk about Ireland At the expiration of the year, if your employer is pleased with vour conduct, he will not be willing to part with you. and wi 1 enter into engagements with you. which is often done in the followin ' w v T He will pomt out to you a certain number of fields to be\u ii^ated «ome to be under wheat, others in rye, Indian corn, oats Ac e nl find horses and farmmg utensils, and furnish bo^rd. wasli,ranl lodging, during that year; and when the harvest is tal<^n off l^e ground he has twcthirds for his share, and you have one third Your share of wheat, rye Indian corn, or any other produce of the ground, wlmh you have farmed in this wav. you will a ways mee a ready market or. It is true, you must atl^ld early am £ to your york and do it in a neat, farming-l.ke manner. Pursuing this dan of industry a finv years, you may save as much money as wll urchase 150 acres ofland ,n the state of Ohio, or the Indiana territory ,r a. w other par of hese new states. It is necessary to guard aSVmn? s.t.ou m the title, as titles are very uncertain in some place ' When you are now possessed of a farm of land in fee simple" clear of all rents and annuities for ever, the next thing to be done i to clear .i?! land of the timber which is hy the root wi.ha maddock this .s cMgrubbmg. Every sapling less than four inches in S,.' ter must be taken out. and piled up in heaps and burned W C this IS done you commence cutting down the timber ; the s.rai.I e. of wild, after being cut down, is measured off in le^gtl of f^'e so far as the body of the tree will admit, and cut and split into rai Nof about four inches ,n d.., meter, for the purpose ofinch.sures Al o L mber is cut down, and raised up in heaps and burned, or hfuled «ff the ground. You next commence building your fence by lav mrth. rails horizontally on the ground, with one end resti;; 'onVl ^S r n a zigzag manner, foimintr obtuse aii'des A .,m,wI <• . ""- "•'"^'^. "» I. at least seven rails hig^ When U-^ ll don^ ^lu m 'X^SI^,;;; tlie plough, and plant your Indian corn, or wheat or w L.^l!/ mean to plant in tH field. It is now that eve;" Jir L yt s ile' U for your own advantage, as you are d of this property. A lol I ous. and barnare easily bu.lt: your neigh. >:.rs v-illVoL L XAouZ y<,u. as they wil expect bke favours f.om you i„ return. Each S you may at least clear 8 or 10 acres ; and in the space of 10 or 1^ years you may take your ease. This is pointing oil to you the nalh that industrious men have pursued, who now live rich and n Kd ent Ai.d I am confi,lent that in America, without the m" st doJe applica .on to labour, and using frugality, land is not at a el by those who emigrate to that country destitute of funds. I „m c nvi led United State. . 15 have not able lo procure one foot of laud • but this .s owing to their own bad management. In manv ir.,t«n "IV w „.. ." «rt«ii gro«iy deceived fay lalse imormalioii relative to~that s^m^. im THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 65 pahiting to them advantages that never existed ; and when the poor disappointed emigrant lands on the American shore, he finds bis golden views imve taken flight. He spends his time in brooding oYer his niikfortones till his money is gone, and then he must work or starve ; and iu the cities there is always a number of poor emigrants, tiiat will not go into the country. The streets are often crowded with them looking for work, so that it is ver- hard to obtain work for t itrangor that is uf>t known. The last resource is to engage to work upon the turnpike roads. Here the labourer will get one dollar per day, and must find himself ua-at, drink, vasliing, and lodging. Here he has for compauions the n»ost abandoned d.^nkken Airetches that are in existence, and whose example he must fctllow, or be he held, in derision by them. The day's work is tasked, and if not accom- plished, his «ag*'s are docStr d. This sort of labour, and that of working at furnaces and forges, employs a great number of Irishmen. 1 have known many hundreds of them who have wrought in this way for more than 30 years, who at this monn-nt cannot put a good coat on their backs, and now are old, infirm, and past labour. It may be objected by some, that it is dangerous to go to the fron- tier country, on account of the Indians, wild beasts, <^:c. This is no wore than a scarecrow, Indians in time of peace are perfectly inof« fensive ; and every dependence may be placed on them. If you call at one of their huls, you are invited to partake of what they have;—- they even will divide with you the last morsel they have, if they were starving themselves; and while you remain with them, you are perfectly safe^ a> every individual of them would lose their lives in your defence. This unfortunate portion of the human race has not been treated with that degree of justice and ttudcrtiess, which people calling themselves Christians ought to have exercised towards the . Their lands have been forcibly taken from them, in many insta .s without rendering thrm a compensation ; and in llieir wars with tne people of the United States, the most sbocking cruelti*"' have been exercised towards them. I myself fought against them in two campaigns, and was witness to scenes, a repetition of which would chill the blood, and be only a mo- nument of disgrace to people of uiy own colour. Being in the neighbourhood of the Indians during the time of peace need not alarm the emigrant, as the Indian will not be us dangerous to him as idle vagabonniark«'t you may purchase a low-priced horse, which you may couvrv your effects on; and if you have more than it is convenient for him lo carry, you will always find farmers' waggons going back into t'je country, that will arry itfor you. When you ariiv* ia tht^ westera country, your best way to act would be to apply to toalfe wealthy man, who owns large quantities of land, and crter into an crigageoient with him, on u lease of improvements. He will give laue assigned. First, during the revolution, a number of Royalists, wiiose property was confiscated by the government of the United States, removed to Upper Canada, and obtained land from the British government. The descendants of tlMrse people now occupy these lands, and are in easy circu.iistainces. Auo>- ther reason is, that the land in the Eastern States is generally 'poof* thin soil ; whereas Upper Canada is more fertile, and land obtained for little or nothing, and the fleets and army of the mother-country able to protect them both at home and abroad, with full liberty M the fisheries on the banks of Newfoundland, which we Enjoyed a right or privilege to previous to the late war, but is not granted to us now. We have also been much curtailed in the East-India trade, by the late peace wrth (ireat Britain. Another reason that may be assigned for people of the United States moving into Canada, is, that taxes are very light in Canada, whereas at present in the United States taxation is heavy. Add to this, the violent contention and party- spirit that prevails, which is always disgusting and diflagr<{'< ble t6 sober, industrious, well-disposed citizens, and ever has the tendeitoy to weaken the force of the country. Had the Americans been fully united in sentiment as to the propriety of the last wnr, Ciinada wooM !.„..- 1. i_i ii.- n 4. ! jt i.i 1. au- t' .vii.— . >■ iiarc uccri i;^ri.cii tiic iirsi canspaign. .~s,:isit;ugtt itic ^,;:iiauia!i3 srs very loyal, nnd fought with unexampled courage, yet they would have been overwhelmed with nutnbers. Since the peace the emigration t« M THE EMIGRANTS GUIDK. ^ada has been very great, and tlm country is seUliu*. verv f-..t piere has also been an cmiijrafioH from f!ie soiitli-m «... -7 . Spanish province of East Florida, w here t h^v ha I hphi' I tf ""^. '''* pad taken the oath of allegiance ,0 U^ ? 'S^,:^:^^^^ It IS to be hoped, that those feiuU and animosities tint l.«v« l,w. ♦ existed will now be shortly donca«av and Hfi. 7^ t'' ''''*" ""^^ of people wh» had urged o^n thfwa . uiv. I „ wVu feS t'"^ ''"'' ment and been the „,?ans of loa.lin,' „.e co^Z w I a^nat oTff hi" e9,jgrants, when settled in that conn.ry, „«t ,0 b^t e ti'r t to l.L J.a«d Jn disturbs:,' the peace of ihe couiitrv — iV \lthli ■ , r- "" titude. as they ought \o consider tl.r^e;ive bee "retl'^^^^ panted the rights of citizf^n.l.ip ; it is ti.eir dUv ZZZ T,' T"* hand to nothing that may be injurions tTt ^^^^^^^ ? hope Irish emigrai ,. wh.»' tlicv anii u,;ii „ •*""F«ea country. J lulSs and instrut-tions' Ihave^Ste ul w ich 'Tf if'!" '?/. ^' '^' to their advantage, as I h.,pe !t niav ^ould 1 1 be a I cLm. n"' ''"' aud gratification to their cJuntrymau an.i friemf, ''"PP'n^^^s Clements Burleigh. ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS -^IV, Ik lETTKR FROM A SCOTSMAN SETTLED IN THE WESTJ.RV COUNTRY TO A N.MBER OF HIS COUNTRYMEN Dear Friends and Countrymfn YllyP"^.^°^<^"}^> mers, and render them all tiie foinfort and assistance in their power hey have all once koowa, in ilieir own case, what it is to be stnnifjers. — There are at no times any thing like a market for produce, siicli as that in the old country ; but there is always some little market, soin<»times better, and sometimes worse. I'he situation of society, however, is such, that very little cash is nt'cded. Every family who has the leas* industry naay, after the second or third year, easily raise witnin itself almost every thing that is necessary. Salt, and iron, and the (axes of government, which are by no means heavy, are almost the only things for which men need to give money. — Men's persons and properties are here as saf« as in any part of the world; while liberty, civil and religious, is fuliy enjoyed ; law and justice are strictly and impartially executed.— Snaket, and such like, are here no more dangerous than in Carnwath Muir. In all my wanderings, I have not seen above half a dozen snakes, nor met with many more who have been bit by them. When any are bit by them, they have always a simple and elHcacious cure at hand. — • Indians, where they are to be seen, are equally harndess. — Unless it is ahing some of the large rivers, where the people are at certain sea- sons liable to the fever and ague, the country is every where healtliy.; the people in general live as long, and are subject to as few diseases as they are in Scotland. The weather, in summer, is considerably hotter than it is at home; but neither 1 nor my partner have found it the least disagreable. We have only worn our clothes a little lighter, and have kept in the house, or the shade, a few hours while it was hottest. To be out in the evenings and mornings is most de- lightful. — A brewer or a smith along with you will be a valuable ac- quisition. Each of these branches cnn be carried on with considerable profit. I could fill sheets in praise of the country ; but there is nothing like fact. I am acf|uainted with hundreds who came here within these twenty years, with nothing more than a sound constitution and an industrious dispos-*ion, Mho Lave raised large faniilies, and are now living in case and attiuence. 1 would recommend unto you to come and settle upon Eagle Creek (Adams comity, state of Ohio), about H)0 njiles nearer you than Lexington. In that quarter there is plenty of good vacant land. The length of the journey there is from Pltiiadel- phia pr Baltimore to Pittsburg 300 miles; then about as much hy water down the river Ohio. In preparing for such a long journey, dispose of every thing you have, except your body and Wdclothes, Tl»c latter end of July, or the beginning of August, is the best time to set sail. If the war continues, take an Aniencan bottom. It make4 very little matter whether you sail for Baltimore or Philadelphia. If you cannot find a convenient passage for one of these, Newcastle, or Wilmington, or some other place upon the Dalawarc river, is the nejil best shift. In packing up your clothes, it will be much to your ad- vantage to have them put into as light trunks, or chests, as possible, and to pack them very hard. Make your agreement with the cap- *a!.. 4l...« /....«.: .1. «.^..u ^.•.«. ..»„..:»!...... .»..«»» A»MAn-• j -^ that a sufficient stock of water is laid in, and that it be put into well- icasoned vessels. When you have got about half way, it is likely THE EiMIGRANT'S GUIDE. ^t the seamen, with consent of th#> citnt^-.r. ^ hour, to make themselves merrv by wo'S /o^'^ V 'P'^* * ^^^ 70U. If they tak. this libertv/by^nrmeans re l". '. T^' /'»'*''' •lio: they birt nobody. Being a'rH^dKilSV^"'''^ 1 '«"g'' , first thing to inc-;Ve folr Scot Jen: from Them you S^."' ''*'* ''^ >""' •leal of useful information. If you land at R^it^" '" Tl'"^ « ^'"^^t Kobert Anon. Our church at Philadlhia i ar .?'' ^'^ ^""^ *''" '^«^- there is a Mr. Miller, a mason, a sSan k| , Si"' '"'""L'- ^?' happy to see you. I cannot tell you where' he Iv^ b.fr h''"''^'"^^^ • Jbopkeeper but has a printed list of all tl e Dr.n/.n, ^''ft" '"^* There are waggons continually passing from tes^e n fs Jp^"?!''"*'' »ke the best bargain you can with one or morrof/h' " ^'"'^'"""^ ' •arry your women and children, and the m^n If ^^ waggons to foot. Set off in company with oW of these carril^^^^ "'^ 'T'^ "» Moally travel twenty miles a-day. When von ^^ ^«"*^'" .Jase a little provLn for you^el^ ^^JZfses"" W^^^^^^^^ idvanced about 60 or 100 miles, the road u,Ji' „ ". ^^"^ ''^^« "Will likel;y „,„der it necessary to purchase onp' n ^ '""S''"'"' ^^'^'^ 3By this tfme you will have falin fnwah other fan^Z "^"'f. *'°'^^'- •utnation with yourselves. You will finH fhl. *T^*^^ '" ♦he sam<> lit^tly disposed to ask every thinj and L.l ^'^P'" """^ ^''^^^ ^«y aoonir yoS get into their iner 1't wifl Xe Z Z7 Jf'"': ^^e yftu; but be always upon your guard acainst kn»v i^'^«n»age to t great many diffi/ultie? and inconveniences'' b" ^hh IT T" ^^^ •m an mdulgent Heaven, every thing become eavY ^''''^ 'P'"'' wUI depend a great deal upon little incidents whicfa^in. J"" '"P""'^"' foresee; but if, after you have disclmSTn « ^'"'"«» eye cannot Or«„ock, you have the^ne-h.If ?S;^t ■efficiency: and, upon the v.ordof an honest m«n 1 1 .^ \ ''*.'"' * •a my opinion, that, thougk you nereT LT.; /""^T'l «'^^ " ya«r money, if it brought V" in h^TtlMo ylr destSo^''''"^ -^f be considerable gainers. I don't think it will suit ^-"^ ^*'":'^'" tion to lay out aSy of your money in s, ecTlation T" '". ^T "^"«- Oles: but youm/y coLlt with^he lr£ri„"PGLr^^ must likewise observe to have the monev vn.. i .^'^^.^"ock. You ehang..d into dollars or gold coin Take rLr J""'"^ '"'^ ^""'^^ u^ell else the sailor wilf use itTs'acoml'n'^tocf "Kv'^^ ^''J""' akilled in music, a fiddle, or some such instrnm^^.'. any of you are will be a valuable piece of furniture Ke ■ "^ ' ? 'T ^'^««P''"ts. possible. I commend you all to the care Jtl e TnH /a ^l^^'' «' went o.tnot knowing 4ither; and rTmai;! de^fb^ellS"^'™' "'" Robert Hamilton Bishop. ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS.^V. Greatpield, (Scipio, Cayuga County, Slate ^New York ) rri .. ^ ™on'h S. 1817. '^ IliVaueition. " WA^4L — ^'j . - THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. ft «idere(I in two points of view, thongh in strictness it might be ooo* fined to the efTeets of a warmer climate on tiie constitution. I am aware of the ditiicuity of finding two places which differ in notliina but in temperature, where the atmosphere is equally dry, pure, elastic, heavy, electrical, and equal at all times in its currents. Without such agreement, comparisons must be iMperfect; but, from a general review of the warmer parts of the temperate aone, I know of no scries of facts which should determine that que*- tion ill the negative. The most remarkable instances of longevity on record take their date from countries further south than the object of this inijuiry; and though the limits of human life have be^n abridued since that day, I cannot discover why we may not assign a full average of health to tlioso parallels of latitude. Clarke mentions in his Travels iii Greece, that an English sea captain had been long in search of a spot the most exen>pt from disease, where he might pass the remnant of his life ; and that, after having visited various parts of the world with this object in view,- he fixed on the Isle of Scio. That author adds, he was not disap- pointed. The south point of this island is in lat. 38^ 14'; and making" allowance for the difference of climate, we must pass far to tlie soutb of Indiana to find winters equally mild. i 1 notice these instances, because many of our citizens appear b> have drawn their ideas of warm climates from the maritime parts of the southern states. But the formation and climate of that district is essentially different from those of the same parallels west of the mountains. There the distressing heats of the day are often pro- tracted till towards midnight, and the degree is so extraordinary a« to prevent the refreshment of sleep, even to the native exhausted by fatigue. During this time, on the opposite side of the Alleghanr, evening is attended by a refreshing coolness; and while I was m Indiana, though nea; Midsummer, I passed no night ia which a blaa^ Let was not comfortable. This coolness at evening appears to be peculiar to the countiy north and west of the Alleghany mountains. Cramer informs us, that it extends southwardly to Mobile. Why should the climate of New- York be more healthy than that of Indiana ? It is a fact well knowi» to many, that in summer we have weather as hot as in the West Indies. This heat has been sufficient to produce from our marshes every form of fever that has prevailed in our western waters. The mortality attending dysentery in different parts of this state appear* to have been as great as in any cases of that malady to the south. Typhus has ravaged our most airy situations ; and in tlie northern parts of our county epidemics have been uncommonly fatal. Emi- grants suffering from rheumatism or consumption have much to hope from that climate ; and I know of no disease in that country to ba- lance this advantage. There are now liviug in Vincennes four Frenchmen who were at the defeat of General Braddock, who have lived in that place between fifty and sixty yeare. There are also two French women between eighty and ninety years old : and one nersnn of the n»m€ of MiUs lately died, aged 115 years. These instances may shew, that there "ij. nothing peculiarly destructive to human life fat that country; and .«.*«»(«*»* ft 1 f THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE: : M-i Lt^f^. ^? '■emcmbered that these have not been selected from a I 1? ^ ''^ **'"'*''■ *'*'^" ''^ *"'''^' popnlation. t shall mow pass lo a more important view of the subiect TU^ mat riverihe great thoronghfare of emieration to the south-wcstenr states : and the loss of health, and often of life, experienced b fe'v comers, ought to be n.ore freqnentl^ imputed to the i Id c f. As the rnessenper is uaiting, my remarks must be brief: but I horn the.r ..mportanee will attract the notice of son.e of the thousands of our citizens who heedlessly press on to d'octor's biS wSo u Go not in a vessel with a bad roof. A crowded boat is an incon- me wo!; r *" ^7, ""'' '^""'^r-' '''^ "'« ^'"^'Sc sustained in ?ur„" ter^rf?"/. T'"^ '!"". P"> *''^ ^''P*^"^^ «f t>eing comfortably she - tered without considering the probnble loss of heallL. Bending their tCyf''''^ ''.""* '^"*^^'*^"»' ' ^«^« «e«n none of these rooft that would not admit a dri^ g shower of rain. caIatT"*"i?"' '"^"''''' ^'^ ,' -J^""' '"^ *''« *i"^»»'ty »>« cautiously re- gJlatcd. Lvery excess debilitates the system; and to think of IveTalt'"'-'^ 'l-P-g. «1-^P "/«///' is de;perate folly When tmelK n'h ' 'f^'f'''!' >« ^^"""''n'.V fatal. Some men who have dissuade them, totally abstain from spirits in unhealthy situations. Eatn g rich wholesome food guards the stomach much Ltter from £^'.;::;'::^l ^-"^^ '^ ^'^ "*^ «^ ^-'^ -^-^e-. -"-red If the weather b-2come wgrm, guard well against the sraeU of THE EMIGRANTS GUlDlJ; f^ ccled from a bilge water. But if you must descend in the spring, go early. Avoid all delay ; and remember you are fleeing for your lives. I have seen the havoc, and I believed not till then. Nail boards over head, to keep off the heat of the roof; for sometimes it will remind you of an oven. On landing, you ought first to secure vourselves from the inclemency of the weather. Water from brooks should be filtered ; but depend not on these during summer. If springs are not convenient, dig wells: it is much cheaper to do this than to be sick. Much of the sickness of new countries proceeds from bad water. Let nothing tempt you to fish in warm weather immea ately on changing your climate. The efiiuvia of the shores is poison. To get wet, and lie out all night, is liitle short of madness. Fresh fish are unwholesome, unless it be for a slight change of diet. We know of no country that has been healthy where the inhabitants live on fresh iish. But if you must have them, buy them ; any price is cheaper than health. If you must fish, do it in Mie day time, and be comfortably sheltered at night. Be also cautio s of using much fresh meat from the woods. If you feel indisposed, wait not till you kre down sick, but take medicine without delay. If the stomach be foul, which is the case at the commencement of all fevers, take an emetic, and then brace up with bark. If this is too bad, take pearl-ash dissolved in water* half a gill, not too strong, three times a day, fasting. Whatever may be the offending cause (except the case be mechanical), it will in some measure neutralize it, though there maybe cases in which it will be insufficient. I have seen no medicine quicker in its operation ; and on myself the most distressing symptoms were relieved in half an hour. Since that it has been tried with equal success by others; In dysentery it has been considered a specific, and probably no me- dicine will better merit that character; for we know of no case of this disease where relief was not obtained by the use of it. It may he procured at Vincennes, and probably at Cincinnati; but it is scarce and dear in the western country. Keep away from the flats on the rivers ; and let not the fertility of the soil induce you to cultivate it, until you are naturalized to the climate, or, more properly, recovered from all the fatigues at- tending emigration, for it is necessary that the mind should be com'- :^osed as well as the body. Land of an inferior quality in a high, airy situation, will yield greater real profits. Let me caution the emigrant on one point more, and I have done; The water in the Ohio country, as in this (which is only a continu- ation of it) is in many places strongly impregnated by lime. The effects of this on children just weaned have often proved fatal, by inducing diarrhoea, which soon exhausts the patient ; and no medicine can give relief while the occasional cause is not removed. This is easily done, by refusing water, and giving cow's milk. If the disease is far advanced, paregoric may be necessary to abate the irritability. I first discovered the benefit of this treatment on one of my children^ who seemed wasting to a skeleton, and have witnessed much of its jpod euccis since. Very respectfully, ihy friend, S. R. Brown, David Thomas. Auburn, State of New York. i, Ifi' i n THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS.-^VI. «8see, and Mississippi^^ as-d'^'- remove from the northern oarfs of New York, Vermont, N w ilar .pshire. Province of Ma neAnouW do well to embark a* n,.n}.l,a, on the AHeghany riv^whe're thev SZ« !; *^"V'^«'''«;' . " » are easily procured on the spot of va- rious sizes: thena-^^atKu the Alleghanv is easy and safe oulv co™L Tir'"^?*'-'""" '•^PP^"^^^ since ,he se^tTement of S country. Those who •:- .. settiing near the banks of the Oh o or Mississippi, would do . ,. descend on rafts of white pine boa^ls whicbi If properly constructed, are as safe and more cnnvenient 1; a family than a common boat. Boards of an excellent quaTtv can be purchased at Hamilton for 75 cent, per 100 foot. If 2ot wltej for building by the emigrant, they will command a ready slrat all the villages and towns between Pittsburg and Louisvi le ^P^ovis Lns are scarce and extravagantly high at Glean Point; consenuemly tra ye lers and families ought to lay in a stock in the rich and populous The road from Geneva to Hamilton is good in winter horrible i» AFd. tolerable m summer. The distance^ from HamSon to pftts burg, by water, is .300 miles. amnion lo ntts- u Jm ilier ^™'" ^'"'*'"'^ '° '^ •"°"''' °^ '^' o'»'«' ^y ^«t«r, .1. J'^^kM''^ -7 ^'^** l*'^«^'"S '^^ds to the western country - the one through the .nter.or of Pennsylvania, th^ other through New York SZrtoThem Th""'"." —try generally tak^ the one most contiguous to them. The most common mode is to travel bv waeeon* of their own; in which case they provide food for thr Slves and their horses, and are accommodated with lodgings at u e dTffereni houses where they stop all night. The charge for tSs accrnmodS I. generally very moderate; and when the LvligfamikTZr Je payment IS often dispensed with. ' ""y Js poor, me There are so many different points from whence eraisrants set out A waggon with two horses can accommodate seven persons and can travel with tolerab e ease twenty miles a H«v t hi «. i L " nany ».ggo.. .,a,.l between Philadelphia and Pimbur^td i/!^' us.™-v sBivo, uBi waggou-nire was about five dol&n ptrcitU THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 95 for both persons and property. The carriage of a family of seven, by this conveyance, would cost about 45 dollars, uesides their board; which appears more in proportion than by the other mode: but it is to be observed, that in this way it is unnecessary to purch-ase horses or waggons, which in the Eastern states are pretty dear, and there is no wear and tear, A considerable saving can frequently be mad« on bolli routes by water conveyance ; on the north by Lake Elrie, and on the south by the Ohio river. The stage between Philadelphia and Pittsburg is the most agreeable and expeditions mode of travelling on (hat road, and is preferred by such as can afford the expenoe. SOME ACCOUNT OF THE PRINCIPAL WESTERN STATES. Emigration is almost confined to the Western States. Not only emigrants from Europej but residents in the Eastern States, proceed in multitudes to the Western Territory, which presents immense space to the activity and industry of new settlers, with advantages superior to any other parts of the United States. The limits of this publi- cation will not permit a full description of these portions of the New World. Their situation, boundaries, extent, produce, &c. will be found in the topographical description of each state, page 28; and it is presumed, an additional view, though a hasty one, will be service- able to the inquker. To this end an account of each of the principal Western States follows : — ALABAMA. The best part of this territory is to be found between the Alabama and Tombigbee. Between the Alabama waters and those of the Conecah is an extensive tract of rich land, the timber large, and cane abundant, liberally watered by creeks : this tract is thirty miles long, including the plains, and twenty wide. The plains are waving, hill and dale, and appear divided into fields, interspersed or bounded with clumps of woodland ; soil lead-coloured or dark clay, very rich, and covered with weeds and tall grass. — Most kinds of game are scarce throughout the territory. — Stone coal abounds on the Cahaba, Black Warrior, &c. — The land is generally rich, weU watered, and lies well, as a waving country, for cultivation, the growth of timber, oak, hiccory, and the short leaf pine, pea vine on the hill sides and in the bottoms, and a late {ox autumnal) broad leaf grass on the richest land ; the whole a very desirable country. — The population, 22,704 whites, and 10,498 slaves, is scat, tered in lines over an immense extent of territory. It is rapidly Kentucky, and Teuoessee, A writer well acquainted with the •V -v 76 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. m '. \i country predicts, that five years tvill not elapse before the population num Ir .vh7 1 ' '''" ''?'^ ^"•*^^" ^^«« ^'^ite inhabitants, he Slnt stare ^rr r '"'f I *« "^""^i"" in'o the l.„io„ as an'inde- pemlent state.— The Creek Indians inhabit the terhtorv and reside chiefly ojuhe waters of Alabama and Catahouchv nTout h rty towns; th.y are brave, raise stocR, and cultivate the soil and although greatly reduced by war aud famine, in ISlS-^i' thel; number exceeded 20,060. *"»o j«. meir MISSISSIPPI. A jvriter speaking of this state says, " On the same planta- tion I have seen the apple, cherry, orange, fig, quince IrS. po atoe, wheat rye, buck-wheat, flax.' cotton 'a:.d fugoVcane. g cw well, nearly all of which excel. The productions of our counJr Ihe lumber of our nvers are a source of wealth sufficient to en id the country, had we no other. The groves of while oak are immen e immediately on the margin of our rivers, the lumber of Xh is' highly prized in th. foreign markets. The groves of red cedar arc extensive; also l.ve oak, a variety of pines, cypress. &c. calculated ,o execute commercial enterprize. The cotton of our country "as the first that was sdd in the New Orleans market in 1816. for th7enormous sum of thrti/.Jive dollars per hundred. It ought nevei to be Z market. The ease with which stock of every description is raised IS alone a source of wealth, when attended to. Tlfe farmer inv ca tie L "■ ^?" tV«°'"\«n ''«-ng no other trouble in alsi^ig S food I ever /steel tLT" r^' '' /"'"'"'-^ ^"P^""' »° ""y «"""" looQ 1 ever tasted. The fowling of our r vers is not siirnassed hv any country in the United State?. The oysters and fi h ^ rbay o^f Mobile have been much admired by d.e citizens of even New York and were I to point out a situation best calculated to meet e " r^ gmng a 1 the gratifications expected from . residenccl^^ tl^'vici.ity fltte tirn" i T'T' *'"'^' '^' ''«y "^' P«^*''^«" h»« arrested much attention. >,u.l has been announced by manv intelligent travXr. and persons of ta.te. as on. of the mo'st desinib o„^ ^y contlie, explore, : ,ts scenery, productions, an.l uncommon salub ity of c i' matr has caus.d many to call it the Montpellier of America Tl o constant prevalence of* the sea breero tempers thr !..«? /f »o as ,o make these situations very desl Z T e oa ewith'wS southern tnuts are obtained at all seasons, the flav„nr of fi 1 ovs er« e';;:::;" ;.,'"'"?"' ''T ^^t "-^ ^*^"'^^ - "^ .i^'most voh^s cSunti? I. on' •;.'"""?;• \'" "'« ^«'»»'''«' productions of ou «r;oi\ I "^ '"''^^r*'"" ^y '^«'""'«" 'lay labourers, the nrofits are not to be surpassed by the »gricuUurali.U of auy country. * tmmmm'^* K.iL THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 77 population )itants, the as an inde- , and reside bout thirty soil; and, 18-14, their ime planta- ince, Irish cane, grow ir country, y atteniicL It to enrich e immense, ►f which is I cedar arc iiculated to y was the ' enormous to be for- at once at « is raised irmer may raisiug his le mutton, ht of the grain.— The exports of Louisiana already exceed those of all the New England states by more than 150,000 dollars a year. Between 3 and 400 sea vessels arrive and depart annually. 937 vessels of all denominations departed during the year 1816, from the Bayou St. John, a port of delivery in the district of Mississippi ; the tonnage of these vessels is calculated at 16,000 ; they are chiefly employed in carrying the produce of that part of the Tloridas belong- ing to the United States, consisting in barks, coals, cotton, corn, furs, hides, pitch, planks, rosin, skins, tar, timber, turpen'ine, sand, shells, lime, &c. The quantity of sujar made on the Mississippi alone is estimated, by a late writer, at ten millions t»f pounds. Twenty thousand bales of cotton were exported in 1812.— Perhaps there is no couptry in the globe where so much wealth is divided among so few individuals as in Louisiana. Its resources are immense, while its population is comparatively small. The yearly income of many of the planters amounts to 20,000 dollars : and it is said to be not uncom- mon to mark from one to three thousand calves in a season, and to have from 10 to 20,000 head of fine cattle. TENNESSEE. The greater part of the country is brol "u, free from sivamps, and remarkably healthy. The fertile cotton lando produce forest trees of an ex'tiaordiniirv srcnvth. Cane abounds in the valleys, and on the rich hills. Saltpetre, tobacco, cotton, hogs, and cattle, nre the grand staples. There is a large body of rich laud belonging .o the United States, betweci; Duck river and the Muscle shoals. an ''"""e'' from .he l,„,e of ,he alls" 'r„„t,l 1' hill,"'"TL '"""«" iT'"« spruigs s excellent huH ,Jm.«ii A ^. ^"^ ""''''■ of -te a "• ^rn^ "^ '"'^'l '" «''•*»' """"h^s in every territories. J \t«|i'T"''\?""^'y l>«"8ht up for the new thef.rm,;,r" . J ^i^/jw r'n*^'*; Oxen are very little . ed on •w ^a auiiar , aud a cow for ten or twelve dollais. THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. kably robust stitutious. i its mouth The tim- jerry, paw- i subject to zuitivatioo ; iive tract is >alt rivers, i tiie bills st possib'ie ve gulh'ed rk bollovfs, it, hickory, ln>, poplar, >r " corns," , and grow I frequent- It is in hold her he eternal it a sceue lies is stri- nnesit i — 2tly level h a [hick through ^' issuing of these vheu not oes, <^c. II locate unt resi- innier. — . of the ttention. luid coii- ful pro* 1 genteel in evtry tlie new M^ed OQ [1 ox can dullais. 99 Sheep have multiplied greatly since the Merino mania of 1810. Hog» ore raised with great ease, and in vast numbers, on the oak ard ches- nut lands in the southern counties. The farm-yards swarm with do.> mestic fowls ; and hens lay and sit in winter as well as in spring and summer ; they can be multiplied to almost any number, and with a trifling expence. The quail is the most common of the feathered tribe, — they are to be seen at every step, singly aid in flocks. Wild turkeys are still numerous in the unsettled parts. The robin of the northern states is almost a stranger in Kentucky and Tennessee. Bears, deer, wolves, and foxes, are numerous in the eastern and southern counties. Rabbits and grey squirrels are very plentiful in the settlements. — The manufactures consist of cloths and stuffs, bagging for cotton and hemp, iron, castings, naih, earthenware, glass, leather, cordage, paper, distilled spirits, oil, saltpetre, gunpowder, and maple sugar. There are about 60 rope-valks, 7 paperrsiills, 5 furuaces, upwards of 20 powder-mills. Betweet. 2 and 300 bushels of salt are yearly made at the different licks. Almoitt every plantation has a augar-camp. The sap is sweetev ihan that prodjcrii from the sugar trees in the t.orthern states. The quantity of t/japle sugar annually Producer' in the state is supposed to exceet' Jvio millions of pounds, he Keniuckians are generally brave, patri tie, and hospitable. The rich hold labrur in contempt, and frequently make the possession of slaves a criterion of ..lerit. — No country can offer greater induce- Kiants to the industrious, enteiprising emigrant, if we regard the soil, the climate, the low price of lands, the goodness of the title, and certain prospect of a market for the surplus produce ; for the outlet to the sea is both ways, viz. by the Lakes and the Ohio. Improved land sells from 4 to 26 dollars per acre. — ^The average produce of lands in this county is about as follows : corn, 50 bushelu to the acre; wheat, 25 bushels; oats, 30 bushels; hemp grows remarkably well, but there is little raised. Crops of hay are very heavy, and the country is well adapted to grass of all kinds. — Emigrants approach- ing this country from New York, or the stat; east of that, would save much labour and expence, to land at Fort Meigs or Lower Sandusky j from the former to proceed by water up the Miami of the Lakes to Fort Defiance or Fort Wayne, and ascend the Auglaize or St. Mary's, I' their destination was the new state of Indiana, from Fort Wayne they could pass a poriage of eight miles, haul their craft over, and descend the Wabash to any given point below. MICHIGAN TERRITORY. There are no mountains in this territory ; the interior is table- land, having a western and northern inclination, interspersed with small lakes an(' marshes, from which issue the head bruncl>e» of the rivers Prairies exist of an excellent soil; others ^tndjr sandy, wef, and Rterile. There are extensive forests of lofty timber; coBsisting of otik, sugar maple, beach, ash, poplar, white and yellow pine, cedar, plum, <.\cc. The bottoms, and high prafriei< are equal to th.vsc af Indiana. The timbered uplands we weK adapted to the production of most kinds of grain, and appear to l)e,(r a long serie* of crops. There is no part of the w ^rld with better soil for wheat and fruit.— The Indians uf this territory have been e»tiiMt«d at 'MoO r 80 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE/ souls. Their trade is very valuable to their white neighbours ;J-thet all cultivate Indian corn, and some of them wheat,' as well as most kinds of garden vegetables and fruit ; raise horses, cattle, hogs, and poultry, but nevertheless derive a principal part of their subsistence from the waters and forests. INDIANA. The northern half of this state is a country of lakes ; thirty- eight of which, from two to ten miles in length, are delineated on the latest maps; but the actual number probably exceeds one hun- dred : many of these, however, are mere ponds, less than one mile in length. Some hiive two distinct outlets, one running into the northern lakes, the other into the Mississippi.— There are two kinds of mea- dows called prair'm, the river and upland prairies : the first are found upon the mur^ins of rivers, and are bottoms destitute of timber; most of these exhibit vestiges of former cultivation. The last are plains, from thirty to one hundred feet higher than the alluvial bottoms, and are far more numerous and extensive, but are indeterminate in size and figure; since some are not larger than a common field, while others expand beyond the rea( h of the eye, or the limits of the horizon. They are usually bounded by groves of lofty forest trees; and not' unfrequently adorned with islands or copses of small trees, affording an agreeable shade for man and beast. In spring and summer ihey are covered with a luxuriant growth of grass and fragrant fiowerk, from six to eight feet high, through which it is very fatiguing to force one's way with any degree of celerity. The soil of these plains is, often as deep and as fertile as the best bottoms. The prairies border- ing the Wabash are particularly rich : wells have been sunk in them, where the vegetable soil was twenty-two feet dee| , under which was a stratum of fine white sand, containing horizon. al lines, plainly in- dicating to the geologist the gradual suhnMence of water; yet the ordinary depth is from two to five feet.— Steam mills, without doubt, will be in operation as soon as the country is sutticiently settled for the purpose of -naking flour for exportation,— There are some excellent tracts of land in Indiana and Illinois. Corn is raised pretty easy ; and stock with little attention, and in some places with little or no fodder. The prairies are destitute of water; but it can be obtained by digging twenty or thirty feet. — Wheat yields the inhabitants, who are neat farmers, rJBlbs. a bushel, and never gels winter-killed or smutty ; the only difficulty they experience in its culture is, that the land iii many places is too rich until it has been improved. Apple-trees bear every year. Peaches some years do exceedingly well; so do cherries, currants, and most kinds of fruit. Wheat is TG cents a bushel ; flour, 3 dollars a hundred,— delivered at Fort Harrison, 4; corn, 25 cents a buihel; pork, 4 dollars; beef, 4 dollars ; butter and cheese, from 124 to 26 cents ; honey, 60 cents per gallon ; maple sugar, 25 cents ; £uropean good? exorbitantly high. — ^The winters are mild, compared with those o- ^ne k rthern slates. The weather is very fine till ChrisSnias; then * angeable until about the middle of February, when winter »ttoms, and late in size vbile others le horizon. i; and not i, affording mraer Uiey nt flowerk, iig to force : plains is. ies border- It in them, which was plainly in- ; yet the out doubt, led for the e excellent easy ; and no fodder, by digging » are neat lutty ; the d in many bear every cherries, Ijel; flour, 25 cents a from 12^ 25 cents ; compared ^ fine till February, lies are m forests are nil bloom Some days before the leaves get their growth, which gives the woods a very beautiful appearance. — Farms, containing a log- house and fifteen or twenty acres, sell as high as eight or ten dollars; in some instances the necessities or rambling dispositions of the inhabitants induce tlu-m to dispose of their plantations at a trifling advance upoa the original price. —The forests are abundantly stocked with game. THE ILLINOIS TERRITORY. The form of tins extensive country is that of an imperfect triang'e; its Imse bein;; the northern boundary of the territory, or the parallel of the southern extremity of Luke Michigan, and the Mississippi its hypothenuse. — The present population is esti- mated at '20,000 souls, all whites. It increases, it is supposed, in the ratio of 3^ per cent, annually ; whiih is accelerating. Slavery is not admitted. The inhabitants principally reside on the Wabash below Vincennes, on tlie Mississippi, Ohio, and Kaskaskia. — No state or territory in Norlii America can boast superior facilities of internal navigation. — The banks of the Illinois are generally high. The bed of the river being a white marble or clay, or sand, the waters are re- marhalily clear. It abounds with beautiful islands, one of which ig ten miles long ; and adjoining or near to it are many coal mines, salt ponds, and small hikes. It passes through one lake, 210 miles from its iiioutli, which is 20 miles in length, and 3 or 4 miles in breadth, called Illinois Lake. — The Kaskaskia is the next river in magnitude, and waters the firmest country I have ever seen : it is neither flat nor niountaiiKtus, but maintains a happy "-ndulating medium between the extremes ; it is suited to the growth of Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, hemp, tobacco, (Jtc. The rlimate is too cold for cotton as a staple, or for sugar. On the>- streams of this river there are already built, and now building, a jjreat number of mills. It is navigable at least 150 miles on a straight line. It is generally conceded, that the permanent seat of government for the state will be fixed on this river, near a direct line from the mouth of Missouri to Vincennes, in the slate of Iiidiana. The inhabitants residing on this river and its waters may not be hs polished as some ; but I will say, without fear of contradiction, that no people have a more abundant stock of hospi- tality and good cpialities. Above the nututh of this river is situatert the town of Kaskaskia, the pre;n one hundred and twenty years, and still no deterioration hns yet manifested itself: it is unquestionably the Delta of Ameriea. (ireat numbers of cattle are bought in that country for the Philadelphia and Baltimore ma.kets; it is, undoubt- edly, a \ery fine stock country. — There are many small lakes in tliii territory. Several of the liv ers ha ve their sources in them. They abound with wild fowl and fi>h*— iliere are six distinct kinds of land in Illinois: 1. Bottoms, bearing honey locust, pecan, black walnut, beach, sugar maple, buck-e>e, jrawpaw, d'c. This land is of the first quality, and may be said to be ripe alluvion, and is foi^nd in greater «r less nnmititi^s on all the river? before enumerated. It is called M 1./ 82 THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. '^* M I irni.h f n T' ^^-^ "''"'*'* »»^'^"^l''y covered will, a pretty heaw dir ot these bottoms is agreeably impregnate.! will, an aromatic smelJ caused no doubt by the fruit and leaves of the black uah.ut!" Th land IS mexhausl.bie in ecund.ty. as is proved by its present fertility vvhere It has been annually cultivated >vi,hout manure for more than d century It vanes unv.dth from 50 rods to two n.iles and upwards. 2. The I e vly formed or unripe alluvion. This kind of land is always* found at the mouths and confluences of rivers; it produces syca- more, cotton wood water maple, water ash, ehn, willow oak, willow, fcr. and IS covered m autumn with a luxuriant growth of weeds These botton.s are subject to inundations, the banks being several eet below h.gh-wator mark. There are many thousand acres of u't land at the moud. of ,he Wabash, and at the confluence of the Mi ! siss.ppi. Woe be ,o the settlor who locates himself upon this dele- tenmi. soil ! 3. Dry pra.ne, bordering ail the rivers lies imn.edi- atelym the rear ol ihe bottoms; from 30 to 100 feet hi-her and from one to ten n.iles wi.>.l, and some s»n.mps and small lakes Tliese hi-au- tiful, and to the eye of the beholder unlimited tiehls. are covered With luxuriant growth of grass, and other vegetable productuaM. i\ THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 83 pretty heavy autumn (lit? >iiiatic iiuiel), ilnut. This sent fertility r more than lid upwards, lid is always duces syea- onk, willow, I of weedi. eiii^ several icres of this of the Mis- 1 lliis dele- ies imniedi- higlier, and ily adapted "ith c(]ual re they are I'd. 'The east of the ;res. This rust inter- eiioss, it h pects supc- iiiis, or al ndiiif; witif Tiiidiered i. Hills, of iited oaks Ohio, the ppearancc lid Illinois Several dtep and the hanks 'endicular slern part •it of the ir heads, ih are of thin their gii which exceeded ' tract of lis to the inoKit one 'o\es, or se bcHu- tovered liuctuma. °I\avellers describe the scenery skirving the Illinois as beautifuH be- yond description. There is a constant succession of prairies, stretcliin^ in many places from the river fartiier than the eye can reach, and elegant grovis of wood-land. The trees are represented as peculiarly handsome; having their branches overspread with rich covering of the vine. Nevertheless, it is the empire of solitude; for the cheering voice of civili/ed men is seldom heard on this delightful stream.— Copper and lead are found in several parts of the territory. I am not informed as to the existence of iron ore. Travellers speak ot" an alum hill a considerable distance up Mine river, and of another hill, pr9ducing the fleclie or arrow stone. The French, while in possession of the country, procured millstones above the Illinois lake. Coal is found upon the banks of the An Vase or Muddy river, and Illinois, 50 miles above Peoria lake; the latter mine ex- tends f[)r half a mile along the right bank of the river. A little below the coal mines are two salt ponds, one hundred yards in cir- cumference, and several feet in depth; the water is stagnant, and of a yellowish colour. The French inhabitants and Indians make good salt from them. Between two and three hundred thousand bushels of salt are annually made at the U. S. Saline, 20 miles belovv the mouth of the Wabash. These works supply the settlements of In- diana and Illinois. The salt is sold at the works at from fifty to seventy-five cents a bushel. Government have leased the works to Messrs. Wilkins and Morrison, of Lexington. Beds of white clay are found on the rivers Illinois and Tortue. The prevailing stone is lime. — There are several old French villages on both banks of the Illinois, which are antique in appearance, inhabited by a people inured to the habits of savage life.— Corn is at present the sta- ple; no country produces liner. Tlie traveller often meets with cornfields containing from 100 to 1000 acres; these are cultivated in common by the people of a whole village, or a settlement. By this method the inhabitants obviate the expence of division fences, where it would be necessary to haul timber several miles to the centre of a vast prairie. Cotton is raised for domestic use. There is no doubt, that ultimately considerable quiMitities will be produced for exporta- tion. Tobacco grows to great perfection. Wheat does well, when properly managed, except on the bottoms where the soil is too rich. Flax, hemp, oats, Irish and sweet potatoes, do as well as in Ken- tiicky. There is abundance of wild grapes in the forests, whieh war- rants the belief that vineyards, at no remote period, will en»bellish the hills of the southern half of this territory.— The public lands have rarely sold for more than five dollars per acre, at auction. Those sold at iMlwardsville, in October 181(1, averatred four dollars. Pri- vate sales at the land ofiice are fixed by law at two dollars per acre. The old French locations command various prices, from 1 to 60 dol- lars. Titles derived from the United States' government are .i: ways valid; and those from individuals are sometimes false. -Illinois is capable of sustaining a denser population than New York, anri con- tains nearh as many acres, Comparativtly speaking, th. re are uo waste lands. It would, therefore, allowing twenty souls to the s(|uare mile, conveniently sustain a population of 1,000,000. But on the ratio of &4 to a square mile; nhich was that of Connecticut at the n 84 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. r I census of 1810, it would contain in time 2,600,000. The Illinois, which hitherto has been little navigated, except by the North-West Company's boats, must in a few years become the theatre of an ac- tive commerce. MISSOURI. There are extensive alluvial tracts on all the rivers. This land, wliere it is not subject to inundation, is of the first quality, and apparently experiences little or no deterioration from producing a long series of crops. The emigration to this country continues to an unparalleled extent. This is probably the easiest unsettled country in the world to commence farming in. The emigrant has only to locate himself on the edge of a prairie ; and he has the one-half of liis farm a heavy forest, and the other half a fertile plain or meadow, covered with a thick sward of fine grass : he has then only to fence in his ground, and put in his crop. The country abounds with salines and salt works sullicient to supply the iniiabifants with good salt: a navigation to almost every man's "door, which will give him a market for all his surplus produce, and bring to him all the necessary articles of merchandize. The soil and climate are favourable to the growth of Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, cotton, tobacco, hemp, flax, and almost all kinds of vegetables which grow in the United States. REMARKS. Emigrants with small capitals, particularly if from Europe, are liable to great inconveniences. Tor money', although abundantly competent to the purchase of land, is soon consumed in the expenccs of travelling, which are great. The settlers in the %uw counUy are generally needy adventurers, and exposed to difiiculties which, in addition to unhealthy situations, shorten life. The emigrant havin«' paid his eighty dollars for a quarter section, is often left pennyless*^ and repairs to his purchase in a waggon, containing his wife and child'ren, a few blankets, a skillet, a rifle, and an axe. After erecting a httle log hut, he clears, with intense labour, a plot of ground for Indian corn, as his next year's subsistence; depending in the mean- time on his gun for food. In pursuit of game, he nuist often, after his day's work, wade through the evening dews up to the waist in long grass or bushes, and, returning, lie on a bear's skin, spread on the damp ground, exposed to every llhist through the open sides, and to every shower through the open roof of his dwelling, which is' never attempted to be closed until the approach of winter, and often not then. Under such extreme toil and exposure, many of the set- tlers speedily perish. Sometimes he has to carry his grain fifty miles to a mill to be ground, and wait there some' days till his iurn comes. These difli- pulties, of (ourM, diminish as the settlements thicken; and the num- ^r of emii;rnnts increases each successive year with incredible rapi- dity Land cleared commands from twenty to thirt\ dollars an acre; aed thus, ill the course of the last fifteen vears. a tract of country four tames as large as the British Isles has hpen dtuphd in value. The towns in tlie westejrn country, as is particularly the case with Zanes- THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 85 riie Illinois, North-West : of an ac- ers. This rst quality, producing lontinues to led country las only to one-lialf of )r meadow, ily to fence ouiids with with good give him a. e necessary able to the hemp, flax, he United iirope, are abundantly e expenccs oiintri/ are which, in ant having pennyless, wife and it erecting ground for the mean- ften, after e waist in spread on pen sides, , which is and often of the set- niil to be hese diffi- the num- lible rapi- s an acre ; untry four uo. ■ The th Ziuies- ville, Lancaster, and Chilicothe, in Ohio, are often situated without any regard to the health of the iniiabitants, provided they be well located for profit ; gain being the chief object of pursuit with our American adventurers. Cincinnati itself stands too low on the bnnktt of the Ohio; its lower parts being within reach of the spring floods. But it has grown up as by enchantment, and promises soon to become one of the first cities of the west. Within the little space of five years the greatest part of its present dimensions and wealth has been produced. It exhibits now, where within the memory of man stood only one rude cabin, several hundreds of commodious, handsome brick houses, spacious and busy markets, substantial public buildings, thousands of industrious thriving inhabitants, gay carriages, and elegant females, shoals of craft on the river, incessant enlarging and improvement of the town, a perpetual influx of strangers and travellers; all sprung up from the bosom of the woods, as it were, but yesterday. Twenty \ears ago thf immense region comprising the states of Ohio and Indiana numbered only thirty thousand souls, less than are now contained in the little county of Hamilton, in which Cincinnati stan.ls. Probably the time is not far distant, when the chief intercourse with Europe will no longer be through the Atlantic States, but be carried on through the great rivers, which conmiunicate by the Mississippi with the ocean, at New Orleans; in consequence of the ascending navigation of these streams being subdued b\ the power of steam. Full two thousand boatmen are regularly employed on tlie Ohio, and are proverbially ferocious and j>rofligate. The settlers along the line of this great navigation exhibit similar habits; and profligacy and fierceness appear to characterize the population on the banks of these mighty rivers. Indiana is more recently settled than Ohio, and its settlers supe- rior in rank and character; the first founders of Ohio being very needy adventurers. The inhabitants of Indiana have generally brought with them from their parent states habits of c(;al instruments, and light articles in general, of constant usefulness, ought to be tarried even at this expence; and books, which are scarce, anle for every stranger who ventures alone into th^ woods of America; and he should always carry the means of lighting a fire ; for the traveller, when he starts in the morning on a wilderness journey, little knows where next he may lay his head. Tow rubbed with gunpowder is good tinder. A few biscuits, a phial of spirits, a tonmhawk, and a good blanket, are necessary articles. Overtaken by night, or bewildered, if thus pro- vided, you may be really comfortable by your blazing fire; when with- out them you would feel dismal and disconsolate. A dog is a pleasant and usefi'i fellow-traveller in the back woods. You should make your fire W'*;; d fallen tree for a back log, and lie to leeward, with your feet towards it. The smoke flying over will preserve you from the damp air and musquitoes. Tie your horse with a long rein to the end of a bough, or the top of a young hickory tree, which will allow him to graze or browse ; and change his position, if you awake in the night. Emigrants with small capitals are liable to great inconvenience, unless they have a particular situation provided for them by some precursor on whom they can depend. Money is powerful in this country in purcbasiug land, but weuk in providing the means of II A ,/ ; ^1 I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) \,\J |50 ■ I.I 1.25 H 12.5 Iff i^ III 2.2 ^ Ufi III 2.0 1.8 M. ill 1.6 % 0'\ w I // c^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WHSTM.N.Y. 14580 1716) •73-4503 S" ^Pg ^ <€^5 ^<^ \ m M \ t- O V m tut £MIG RANT'S GUlfJE. living, except as to the bare hecessaries of life. Thus the travelling expences of emigrants are heavy, in addition to the waste of time ih lonecome ric/i, for vou shall f.el that you are independent ; and I think that will be the most delightful sensation you ever experienced; lor von will receive it multiplied as It were by the number of your family, «» your tronl)les now are. It is not,' however, a sort of independent* that will excnse you from labour, or afFord jou many luxuries, that IS, costly luxuries. I will state to you what I have learnt, from < good deal of observation and inqui'rv, and a little experience; then you will form your own jndgment. lln the first plac«, the vovag*-. That wiH cort, tb Baltimore or PliilaJclphia, prvtideil yow take i^ THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 89 M no doubt you would, in the cheapest way, twelve guineas each, for a birtli, fire, and water, for yourself and wife, and half price or less for your children ; besides provisions, which you will furnish. Then the journey— Over the mountains to Pittsburg, down the Ohio to Shawnee Town, and from thenre to our settlement, 50 miles north, will amount to five pounds sterling per head. If you arrive here as early as May, or even June, another five pounds per head will carry you on to that point, where you may take your leave of dependence on any thing earthly but your own exertions. At this time I suppose you to have remaining one hundred pounds (borrowed probably from English friends, who rely on your integrity, and who may have di- rected the interest to be paid to me on their behalf, and the principal in due season). — We will now, if you please, turn it into dollars, and consider how it may le disposed of. A hundred pounds sterling will go a great way in dollars. With 80 dollars you will " enter a quarter section of laud;" that is, jou will purchase at the land-office 160 acres, and pay one-fourth of the purchase-money, looking to tha land to reward your pains with the means of discharging the other three-fourths as they become due, in two, three, and four years. You will build a house with 50 dollars and you will find it ex- tremely comfortable and convenient, as it will he really and truly yours. Two horses will cost, with harness and plough, 100. Cows, and hogs, and seed corn, and fencing, with othe- ex- |>ences, will require the remaining 210 dollars. This beginning, humble as it appears, is affluence and splendour, compared with the original outfit of settlers in general. Yet no man remains m poverty, who possesses even moderate industry and economy, and especially of t'ne. You would of course bring with you your sea- bedding and store of blankets, for you will need them on the Ohio; and you should leave England with a good stock of wearing appurel. Your luggage must be composed of light articles, on account of the costly land-carriage from the eastern port to Pittsburg, which will be from seven to ten dollars per 100 lb. nearly sixpence sterling per pound. A few simple medicines of good quality are indispensable, such as calomel, bark in powder, castor oil, calcined magnesia, and laudanum : they may be of the greatest importance on the voyage and journey, as well as after your arrival. Change of climate and situation will produce temporary indisposition ; but with prompt and judicious treatment, which is happily of the most simple kind, the complaints to which new comers are liable arc seldom dangerous or difficult to overcome. Household furniture is to be procured at a moderate price, and pretty well made. The woods furnish cherry and black walnut, and probably various other kimL of timber suitable for cabinet-making; and workmen of that description are not very rare. Beds and bed- ding should be brought out. Kitchen furniture is found at the stores. Groceries in general have Ix'en received from your city or Daltimore ; now they come from New Orleans: coffee is about forty cents per pound : sugar, from twenty-two to fifty cents ; lea, two dollars fifty cents; salt is found or made in abundance, and of good quality, in various parts of the western country. Vast quantities of pork and N m life EMIGRANTS GUhJE. ft jbetf are cuiwl for the southern market. The demand ilbr allthe neeeisaries of life increases so rapidly, that the supply does not Mwayskeep pace with it; and those who want money or ft resight are sometimes compelled to pay high prices. High prices stimulate the Jsroducer ; supply is increased ; and the articles soon recover their dtte level, until a similar cause operates in again occasioning a tera- |K>rary scarcity. Thus, salt which might be afforded at seventy-five cents per bushel, now sells at two dollars and upwards. Nothing but fencing and providing water for stock is wanted to reduce a prairie into the condition of useful grass land ; and from that Jtate, we all know, the transition to arable is through a simple process, easy to perform, and profitable as it goes on„ Thus no ^addition, except the above on the score of improvement, is to he nade to the first cost, as regards the land. Buildings, proportioned to the owner's inclination or purse, are of course requisite on every ^state. The dividing a section (six hundred and forty acres) into Jdclosures of twenty-five acres each, with proper avenues of com- uunicatioo, each inclosure being suppli' 1 wiih water in the most convenient manner, and live hedges pi? d or sown, will cost less tttan two dollars per acre. This, added to the purchase money, when the whole is paid, will amount to eighteen shillings sterling per acre, "p][ five hundred and seventy-six pounds for six hundred and forty acres. Calculations on the capital to be timployed or expended on baildings, and stock alive and dead, would be futile, as this wouid be W proportion to the means. The larger the amount within the limits of utility, the greater the profit; but, &s the necessary outgoings are itifling a small sum will do. Two thousand rounds sterling for these purposes would pluce the owner in a state ov comfort, and even bfHuence. 1 conclude from these data, that an English farmer, pos- sessing three thousand pounds, besides the charges of removal, may establish himself well as a proprietor and occupier of such an estate. I have no hesitation in recommending you to do as I have done ; — that IS, to head the tide of emigration, and provide for your friends where the lands are y^t unappropriated. After traversing the states of Ohio and Indiana, looking out for a tract suited to my own views, and those of a number of our countrymen who have signified their intentions of following our example, 1 have fixed on this spot in Illinois, and am the better pleased with it, the more I see of it. As to obtaining /aftourcr*; a single settler may get his labour done by the piece on moderate terms, not higher than in some parts of England ; but if many families settle together, all requiring this article, and none sup- plying it, they must obtain it from elsewhere. Let them import Eng- lish labourers, or make advantageous proposals to such as are con- tinually arriving at the eastern ports. Provisions are cheap of course : wheat 3«. 4(1. sterling, per bushel ; beef and pork 2d. per pound; groceries and clothing (fear. Building moderate, either by wood or brick : bricks are laid by the thousand, at eight dollars or under, including lime.—Horses, CO to 100 dollars, or upwards ; cows, 10 to 20 dollars ; sows, 3 to 6 dollars.— Socic/^ is made up of new comers chiefly, and of course must partake of the leading characters of these. There is generally a little bias of attraction in'a newly- settlcd neighbourhood, which brings emigrants from some particular THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 91 state or country to that spot; and thus a tone is given to the society. Where we are settlhig, society is yet unborn as it were. "will, as in other places, be made up of such as come; amoiig whom Enghsh farmers, 1 presume, will form a large proportion.— MecAflnics waget, 1 dollar to 1^. Carpenters, smitlis, shoemakers, brick-makers, and bricklayers, are among the first in requisition for a new settlement ; others follow in course,— tanners, saddlers, tailors, hatters, tin- workers, &c. Ac— We rely on good markets for produce, throu^ the grand navigable communication we eiyoy with the ocean.— Ihe manufactures of cotton, woollen, linen, &c. are not at present eligible. Beer, spir 3, pottery, tanning, are objects of immediate attention. Implements are cheap, till you commence with the iron. A waggon, 35 or 40 dollars, exclusive of tier to weels. A strong waggon for the road complete will amount to 160 dollars or upwards.— The best m9de of coming from England to this part of the western country u by an eastern port, thence to Pittsburg, and down the Ohio to Shaw^ nee town. Clothing, bedding, household linen, simple medicines of the best quality, and sundry small articles of cutlery and light tools, are the best things for an emigrant to bring out.- 1 can hardly repK to your inquiry about the manner of travelling ; it must be suited to the party. Horseback is the most pleasant and expeditious,- on foot the cheapest: a light waggon is eligible in some cases; in others, tUe stage is a necessary evil. This is a small portion of the valuable information contained in W, Birkoeck's Notes on his journey in Ar ica, and Letters from the /?a. Hois, where he appears to be founding a xVew State qf Society, practically beneficial. His excellent little books are depositories of hints and advice, of which every person desiring to emigrate should avail himself. per PRICE OF PROVISIONS, LABOUR, &c. IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE UNltED STATES. Washington — Columbia. Provisions— Meat, 12j cents per lb. ; butter, 37 J ; flour, 75 pei rtone; beer and porter, 13 J per bottle; cyder, GJ per quart; milk, 10; strawberries, 8. River fish, fowls, and wild fowl dear; veger tables very (The land-office for the south-east district of TlUnois.) Wheat sells at 8«. ^4. sterling per bushel, Winchester nseasorc; oats. 1*. 4d. ; Indian corn, llrf. ; hay, about 35s. per ton ; flour. pc| barrel, 36». (JDfllb. nett.); fowls, 4i^'' -•"^' given a'way; tobacco, Lexihgtoh— Kentucky. Articles for export— Wheat, 50 cents per bushel: rve 40- nat« 40* ^«fv,30; .hi«key 25to33per gallon; peLh b'Snd?.' 33 to 40; cyder, 4 do lars per barrel; beer. 8; salt, 1 dollar 25 cJntsper bushel; hemp. 3 dollars 60 cents to 5 dollars per cwt. ; tobacco 1 dollar 50 cents to 2 dollars ; good horses, 50 to 100 dollars each from 14 to 30 years of age, 350 to 400 dollars; cordage 8 to 10 cents per lb.; town lots, 6« feet in front and 219 deeo from' 2000 f^ 3000 dollars ; fire wood, I dollar per load. ^' ° Houses, containing four good rooms, 100 to 200 dollars per annum • uZ 0°/.;^ 'rr " '° '" '°""' ■- ""• "•»• "'»»» '"- ■»»•"? Provisions reasonable.— Flour, 2 dollars per cwt.; meal 40 cents- potatoes 25 per bushel; turnips, 16; bean^ I2| per ^eckt on ot,', Q\ ; beef, 3 cents per lb. ; mutton, 83 per side ; veal, 1 dollar per side • llJZ' !«? ^ *°- ^ '7*f P^r "*• ' ^^"'^«"' 25 per ham ; fo^Sls. from' 9?An .i ''f P«'^^^"*^'^^'25 to 33; geese. 33 each; turkeys, from 2o to 60; cheese. 12^ per lb.; butter. 12^; eggs. 6i per dozei. Beautiful land in the immediate neighbourhood of Lexington. 200 do lars per acre; from thence to the distance of one mile, 180 ; to one im eand a half. 100; to two miles. 50; to two miles and a half sS Jo three miles. 25 ; to four miles. 20 ; to eight, from 20 to 12. Very' little good land to be had under 1? dollars per acre. ^ Lo tJ I s V I L L E— /Tcnfucity . Flour. 5 dollars 50 cents per barrel; meal. 50 cents per cwt. Boarding from 1 dollar 25 cents to 2 dollars per week. '^Wheat 62i cents per bushel; corn. 50; rye. 42; oats. 25- hemo 4 do ars 60 cents per cwt.; tobacco. 2 dollars. Horsel; 26 t7ioo dollars; cows. 10 to 15 dollars ; sheep. 1 dollar 26 cents to 5 dollars- negroes, about 400 dollars ; cotton bagging. 81i cents per yald. Price of /aiour nearly as at Cincinnati. ' ' * ^ ^'"^' VLageb&to^n— Maryland. Meat 8 cents per lb.; butter, 16; cheese, 13; whiskey, 60 per gallon ; flour, 60 per stone ; milk. 8 per quart ; beer. 12* ; cyder 61. ' A ^r "^./?'""! "^'*'" "agerstowa is 200 acres, often half iq wood. The soil .sol excellent quality. Price of farms, with improve- S2 in^'^n"^ '<>lh,rs per acre. Farm horses. 100 dollars ;cow«. #rom 10 to 30 eac .. Labour, if a white man. twelve to fourteen dol- lars a month, and board ; or one dollar per day. Taxes of all sorts, do not exceed three dollars to 1000 dr'lars worth of property owned. Hnl^'^AA P''*'*!"'^' ^"•'Va? to 30 bushels per acre, which sells for 1 dollar 40 cents per bushel; oats. 20 to 26, at 40 cents; rye. 25. at DO buck wheat. 16, at 36; corn. 36, at 00; clover, 2 ton at 12 THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. Geneva — iVew Ywk. House-rent for mechanics is about 60 dollars per annum ; wood, 1 ^llar 25 cents per cord, laid down ; flour, 2 dollars 60 cents per cwt. ; beef, mutton, &c. 3 to 5 cents per ib.; poultry, 6 cents per lb.; mechanics' board, 2 dollars per week. frames —Masons, 1 dollar 50 cents per day; carpenters, the same; labourers, 1 dollar ; smith's \york is 25 cents per lb. Utica — New York. House^renl for mechanics is about 60 to 100 dollars ; wood, 1 dollar 25 cents per cord ; flour, dollars per barrel ; potatoes, 25 cents per bushel ; turnips, SI cents ; cabbages, 4 cents each ; beans, 62 centi per bushel ; onions, 76 cents ; beef, mutton, and veal, 5 cents per lb.; renison, 4 cents ; fowls, 9 cents each ; ducks, 25 cents ; geese, 60 cents; turkeys, 62 cents ; butter, 12 cents per lb.; cheese, 7 cents; hog's lard, 6 cents; beer, 5 dollars per barrel; whiskey, 45 cents per gallon ; boarding, 2 dollars 50 cents per week. Wheat is 1 dollar 12 cents per bushel ; corn, 44 cents ; barley, 76 cents; ashes, nominal ; cotton, 21 cents; horses, 50 to 100 dollars; cows, 16 to 22 dollars ; sheep, 2 to 2 dollars 50 cents. Average, of a Tavern Bill in the State of New York, Sept. 1817.— Breakfast, 37 cents ; dinner, 50 ; lodging, 25 ; claret, 1 dollar 50 ccti per bottle; Lisbon, 1 dollar; TeuerifFe, 1 dollar; cyder, 64 cents pe» quart; strong beer. 12j cents; oats, IB cents per gallon; Indiam corn, 24 cents per gallon; hay, and stabling, 31 cents per night; ditto, 37 cents for 24 hours ; pasture, 25 cents for 24 hours. New York (City). There are five public markets in the city, of which the principal is tfie Fly-Market ; and these are well supplied with wholesome provision!, vegetables, fruit, and fish ; and the prices are generally reasonable. Beef, mutton, veal, 9 to 12 cents per lb.; a turkey, 75; a goose, 62; ducks and fowls, about 26 each; eggs, 14 per dozen; butter, 22 per lb.; tea— souchong, 75; hyson, 125; coffee, 20 per lb; sugar. 12, refined 20. Bread is regulated by flour, which is at present 8 dollar* per barrel. Fish and fruit plenty and cheap. Madeira wine 2J dollari per gallon ; claret, 3 dollars per dozen ; brandy, rum, and gin, \\ dol- lars per gallon. Cincinnati— OAio. Labour is one dollar per day : Mechanics earn two dollars. Board- ing, from two to three and five dollars per week : five dollars per week is the price of the best hotel in the city. Mr. Palmer with a party smid three dollars per week ; had a room to themselves; and their living was excellent. At breakfast, plenty of beefsteaks, bacon, eggi, i/vhite bread, johny cakes (of Indian meal), butter, tea. and. cottee; dinner, two or three dishes of fowls, roast meat,^ kiduey-beans, peas, new potatoes, preserves, cherry-pie, &c. ; sufper nearly ine 9ame as breakfast. Good board, wnshing, and lodging, by the year, for 160 dollars. „ , ^, ^^,„ „^- ii, ProvitioM^i Ciucinnati, in July, I817.-Bee4 Q\ cents per lb. m U THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. pork, ei; mutton, 5; veal,6j; hams, 9; fresh venison, 2; butter 18^- cheese, 12J ; wheat, fine flour 3 dollars per cwt; corn flour, 5o' cents per bushel ; salt, 1 dollar per bushel ; potatoes, 31i cents ; coals. 12* • ve^isoD haras, 37i each ; turkeys and geese, 80 per pair; pullets. 1 doltar per dozen; partridges, 26 cents per dozen; eggs 9- milk 26 t cents per gallon ; honey, 1 dollar per gallon; whiskey.' 50 cents per Hon; peach brandy, 1 dollar per gaUon; porter, mead, and snruce er, 12| cents per quart. ^ A cord of wood, two dollars fifty cents. Preserved, or dried fruit, as apples, peaches, &c. about one doilar per bushel. Vegetables dear. French and port wine, sugar, tea, and coffee, dearer than in Ji4)giand. Woollen, cotton, and European goods very dear- Cher- W», raspberries, strawberries, peaches, and apples, very reasonable. River fish of various sorts, plentiful and cheap. The genenl orice «f a barrel of flour (1G6 pounds) three dollars and fifty cents, or four dollars. Parm labour, fourteen or sixteen dollars per month vnd board. '^ * Cleveland — Ohio. Wheat, 1 dollar perbushel; rye, 75 cents; oats, 37^ ; potatoes, 60; flour, 7 dollars per barrel; beef, 3 dollars 50 cents per cwt.; mutton aud vea , 6 to 6 cents per lb.; pork, 6 dollars per cwt.; cheese, (good Hudson) 10 cents per lb.; butter, 12^ ; whiskey, 50 cents per ^llon: <3yd«r, y dollars per barrel; salt, one dollar 20 cents per cwt Fish plenty m the lake, and white fish are put in barrels at 10 /dollars per barrel. Horses sell from 50 to 100 dollars; cows, 20 to 25 do ars; sheep, two dollars 50 cents. Boarding at a tavern is three dollars per week. Galliopolis— OAio. Flour, 2 dollars per cwt.; beef, 3 dollars; pork, 3 dollars; corn, 33 cents per bushel; butter, 6^ cents per lb.; eggs, Ql cents pec d©«eu; fowls, 6^ cents each. » 66 » « ^c"" pec Miami County— OAio. The price of produce, in 1817-Corn, 33 cents; wheat, 76 cents ; buck-wheat, 37i cents; and oats, 33 cents per bushel; pork, 4 dol' \m and 50 cents per hundred ; beef, £) dollars and 60 cents ; whiskey. m cents per gallon; a good milch cow, 15 dollars; a good workina horse, 40 dollars; sjieep, 3 dollars and 50 cents each* butter, 12? cents per pound; cheese, 12^; flour, for market, delivered at St. Mary s and Wapaghkanetta, 6 dollars 50 cents per barrel. The prices iLrni! r?'"^ ! " *""° T""^' "'^ '««''°" being very unfavourable fcn fTo/ T' k'^'I' \"^ S'^'^- *-*»™ '» "«"ally purchased in the Skldhrf^'i.'ir''''.'^^^^ *"^°'*^' »he same; wheat, 50 cents; pprk and beef, 2 dollars 50 cents to 3 dollars. Zakesville— OAio. The price of labour is nearly the same all over the western country : a common labourer has 75 cents per day; brick-maker* have 5 dol- lars per 1000 for bricks, and 2 dollars 60 cents for laying.] Stone- THE EMIGRANT'S GUlDfi. m cutters and carpenters work at the Pbiladelphia prices. Other trades have about one dollar per day. 'I'he markets are favourable to tradesmen and labourers. House- rent may be quoted at 36 to 50 dollars per annum ; coals, 5i centB per bushel, delivered ; wood, 1 dollar per cord, delivered ; flouri 4 dollars per barrel ; meal, 83 cents per cwt. ; potatoes, 25 cents p*t bushe!; turnips 1.2J ; other vegetables plenty and cheap. Bee^ mutton, and veal, 3 to 4 cents per lb ; pork, 2 dollars 50 cents p«t cwt., bacon, 10 cents per lb.; tenison, 25 per ham ; fowls, 3^ each; ducks, 12 J; geese, 37 J ; wild turkeys, 25 ; hog's lard, 3 per lb; cheese and butter, 12| ; whiskey and peach-brandy, 40 per gallon; cyder, 6 dollars per barrel ; salt, 1 dollar 50 cents per bushel ; fish, very plenty and cheap. Boarding, from 1 dollar 75 cents to 2 dollark 50 cents per week. Pennsylvania (City). Raspberries, 26 cents per quart ; strawberries, ditto ; peaches, 25 to 50 per peck ; plums, damascines, and mountain-cheries, 12| pet quart; apples, 1 dollar per bushel; pears, 2; dried apples, 2; dried peaches, 2; dittQ.pealed, 4; eggs, 25 cents per dozen; butter, from 20 to 30 per lb.; cheese, 10 to 12| ; English ditto, 25 to 30; miJk, ej per quart; salt, 1 dollar pof bushel ; honey, 1 dollar to 1 dollar &• cents per gallon ; honey in the comb, 26 cents per lb. ; candles, 15 to 21 ; Virginia coals, 7 dollars per chaldron; Liverpool ditto, 9; wood, to 10 per cord. Tea, coffee, chocolate, and sugar, are about 20 per cent cheaper than in Great Britain. Furniture and wearing apparel, especially ornamental, 20 to 30 per cent, dearer. Philadelphia (City). Provisions— Beef 6^ to 10 cents per lb.; veal, ditto; 4)ork, 7 t» 12J; mutton, 4 to 6^ ; hams, 18^; venison ditto, 26; soperfiae flour, 10 dollars per barrel ; Indian corn meal, 1 dollar per bushel ; buckwheat meal, 3 dollars per cwt.; turkeys, 1 dollar to 1 dolhir 60 cents each; geese, 50 cents to I doUp ; ducks, 40 to 62 J cents; Oanvasback ditto, 1 dollar; Guinea fowls, 75 cents; pullets, 25 t* 31; partridges, 12j ; hares, 25; river fish, various, 8 to 12 per lb.; sea hsh, uncertain, often dear; lobsters, ditto; oysters, 60 cents % hundred ; terrapins, or bay tortoises, 1 dollar per dozen ; sweet potatoes, 2 to 4 cents per lb. ; potatoes 50 per bushel ; turnips, 30 ; carrots, 6J per dozen ; parsnips, 18| ; onions, 1 dollar to 1 dollar 50 cents^ per bushel; cabbages, 6 cents each; garden curtailts, 12^ per quart; goosebfirries (scarce), 25. PpiLADELPHiA (County), Produce and average price of corn and grain— Wheat, 10 to 30 bushels per acre, at 2 dollars per bushel ; barley, not much grown, could not get the produce ; oats, 30 to 40 bushels, at 60 cents ; rye, 20 to.SO bushels, at 1 dollar 25 cents ; corn, 30 to 40 bushels, at 1 dollar; clover, 1^ to 2 ton, at 26 to 30 dollars per ton. Wheat is sold by the bushel, and should weigh OOlbs; if it weighs but 57lbs. it is held to be unmarketable, and a buyer may call off. •^^mmmf ^m 96 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. VmsEVRGH—Pennsi/lvania. Provisions — Beef, 5 cents per lb. ; flour, 3 dollars per cwt. ; In- dian corn, 40 cents per bushel; potatoes, 40; turnips, 18; cab^ bagea, 5 cents each ; butter, 20 per Ibo ; ducks, 50 per pair ; geese, 08| do.; turkeys, 1 dollar do.; pullets, 25 cents do.; venison^ a p«r lb.; pork, 5; hog's lard, 8; mutton, 4; veal, 5; cheese, in- different, 12 ; eggs, 10 cents per doz. ; onions, 87| per bushel ; In- dian corn meal, 50 ; soup beans, 1 dollar ; bacon, 6 rents per lb. ; whiskey, 60 per gallon ; cyder, 3 dollars per barrel ; peach brandy, 1 per gallon ; table beer, 5 per barrel ; dried apples, 1 dollar 25 cents per bushel; dried peaches, 1 dollar 25 cents; green ditto, 80 cents ; Salt, 1 dollar ; river fish, 6J cents per lb. ; maple sugar, 12| ; hams, 10 cents per lb. ; venison ditto, 50 cents eachj if fine ; cord of wood, eight feet long, four feet by four feet, 2 dollars 60 cents ; coals, 8 cents per bushel. West India sugar, tea, coffee, and cotton and woollen goods, ra- ther dearer than in England. Vegetables dear : taxes slight. Farms within a few miles, if improved, ten to thirty dollars per acre. Labour — Carpenters, a dollar per day; cabinet-makers are paid by the piece, and can make above a dollar; smiths and tanners, 12 dollars per month, with their boa|p^ shoemakers, 94 cents for making a pair of shoes, and 2 dollars V9 itetits for boots ; shipwrights, 1 dollar 50 cents per day; other mechanics, about 1 dollar; laboar- ers, 75 cents. HiCHMOND — Virginia. Mr. Birkbeck was here in May 1817, and he says, the market is badly supplied : the common necessaries of life are excessively dear, and, excepting the article of bread, of bad quality. Eggs are 2^rf. each; butter, 3s. 6d. per lb. ; meat, of the worst description, 1«. per lb. ; milk 4|rf, a pint: hay is two dellars (fis.) per 100 lb. It is worse supplied, and at a dearer rate, than in any other place of equal size in the United States, or perhaps in the world. House-rent is high beyond example; that in which Mr. B. had apartments, though in a back street, and not very large or well finish" ed, let at 1400 dollars, or 300 guineas a-year : a warehouse, or store, is commonly £200 a-year. The demand for town accommodations of every kind, arising from the accession of strangers, greatly exceeds the supply, though building is going on in every direction. Ground sells currently, on building speculations, at 10,000 dollars per acre*, and in some of the streets near the river, at 200 dollars per foot in front. Burlington — Vermont. Flour, 12 dollars per barrel of 196 lbs. ; meat, 9 cents per lb. ; oats, 30 cents per bushel ; wheat, 1 dollar, 35 cents. There are no butchers' shambles, or market-house, in Burlington ; butchers kill an animal, and dispose of it by going their rounds with a cart. TH£ EMIGRANT'S GUIDE» ^ OF THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT STATES. Virginia has the oldest constitution in the United States. *• It wat framed," says Mr. Jeflferson, " when we were new, and unexperienced in the science of government. No wonder, then, that time and trial Lave discovered very capital defects in it." Tile elective franchise is here confined to persons having 100 acres of cultivated land, or property of equal value. The consequence is, that faction prevails, and the principle of a division of power is materially neglected. As might be expected, the great body of the people do not con- cern themselves with politics; so that their government, though nominally republican, is in fact oligarchical or aristocratisal. In Massachusetts and Connecticut, property to the value of ^40 or jf 50, or a freehold of £2 or £3 yearly value, qualifies. In Rhode Island and New Hampshire no qualification is necessary, except the payment of taxes. New York and New Jersey require a small qualiScation of property. Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mai'vland, the Carolinas, Georgia, Ver- mont, Kentucky, Tenessee, Ohio, and Indiana, require no greater qualification than eithe*- a certain period of residence, the payment of a state tax, or such a trifle of property as may bar the right of paupers. It is to be observed, that a right to vote for State representatives confers a right to vote for the members of the General government ; tlierefore, in the same degree that equality of rights in this particular is preserved or violated in the State governments, it is also preserved •r violated in the General government. The Elective Franchise represents the right of each citizei; to fKspose of his own portion of the public power. His right to become the depositary of the portions of others is represented by Eligibility. This right seems to have the same natural limits with the other; any other restriction operates as a double injustice. First, on the i;iver ; since a limitation of the right to receive is equally a limitation on the right to bestow, and, if carried to an extreme, destroys it altogether; as for instance, if none should be eligible but persons above seven feet high. Secondly, on the receiver; for though no man has a right to power, and therefore cannot complain if others dlo not confer it on him, yet if the law declares him disqualified to receive, on account of some contingency over which he has no con- troul, he is in fact deprived of a portion of his natural right. The General government requires as qualifications, age, residence, and natural- born citizenship. The first h rather a delay than a de- struction of the right. A Representative must be 25, a Senator 30, a President, 35 years of age ; and though, doubtless, piudence would commonly adhere to this rule, there seems no adequate reason that the national will should be restricted in the exercise of a right, merely . because it might possibly use it imprudently. Every Senator and Representative must be 'a resident in the state for which he is chosen. The same observation seems to apply to ' o ISIH,".Wi»JMi HI III I nil |i i-« 98 THE EMIGRANTS GUfDB. 4r this, as to the former limitation. It is more probable, a citizen of a different state should be a fit representative for any particular state, than that he should be chosen by it. A Representative must have been seven years a citizen, a Senator nine years, the President a natural-born citizen. Here, too, it would be more natural to suppose prudence in the use. than to limit the extent of the right. But though these restrictions may be marked as deviations from the positive rule of equality, there seems no reason to conclude, they are either oppres- sive or injurious in practice. It is possible to suppose abundance of limitations, all of which would violate the principle, and yet not one of them operate as a hardship. There are, however, two species of qualification required by some of the State Governments, which seem not equally indifferent ; these are. Property and Religion, First, of Property : Almost ^11 the Old States, excep; Connecticut,* require a certainproperty to qualify for the offices of Governor, Senator, and Representative. The value of £1000 in freehold estate is required by New Hampshire, Massachu- setts, and North Carolina, in candidates for the first ; Maryland re- quire* .£5000, and South Carolina, £10,000. For the office of Sena- tor, an avera.t,'e of £400 is requisite in most of the old states ; and of £150 for a Representative. All persons, therefore, not possessing property to this amount lose their civil righ^ to receive these officr at the hands of their fellow-citizens. It is true, that were the law otherwise, the practice would be most generally the same. The natural influence of wealth will be atways felt ; nor would electors be dis- ]>osed to degrade theaiselves, and hasrard the public business, by choo- sing such men as from their stations in life could hardly be supposed capable of tlie information and leisure necessary for transacting it. But the more likely these reasons are to prevail, the less cause is there for enforcing them by a constitutional precept, especially by one which implies a falsehood, in supposing a natural connexion be- twixt property and merit or trust-worthiness. The qualification of property seems, therefore, a deviation from the principle of equality 10 civil rights.t If however, the qualifications of Property be not free from objec- tion, still less is that of Religion. The constitutions of New Hamp- shire, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the Carolinas, require a profession of belief in Christianity ; and several of them limit the species of it to Protestantism. An act of the Virginia Assembly requires a belief of the Trinity in Unity. Here we have a right subjected to a contingency over which the dir^qualified person has no controul. If he evidence of certain doctrini^s be insufficient to establish his belief, doubting is not a matter of option : but he may pretend to believe; and a legislative premium is thus offered ta hypocrisy :— and for what purpose 1 To exclude Infidels from offices • By the constitution of Connecticut, all freem-n arc elif^ihle to all offices. 1 am not acquainted with the refrulation of the Western Stales in this particular; but 1 doubt if they require any other qualification than the people's choice. f It is not intended to advocate the idea of hestowin,'; power on (he lowest member of the community ; but it seems that the end would he equally mswered without violating the principle. 'In England the qoallfication for ameinb'T, though not great for a wealthy country, proves so inconvenieflt, that it is found necessary to evade it by no vtry bouest fictiup. mT KSM innnni THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 09 n, or seek to put it down with libel and sedition laws'? In the first case, it wll grow bold from impunity, its proceedings will be more and more outrageous; but every step it takes to thwirt us will he a step in favour of the enemy, and consequently so much ground lost in public opinion; but as public opinion is the only instrument by vhich a mi- nority can convert a majority to its views, impunity, by revealing itt motives, affords the surest chance of defeating its intent. In the latter case, we quit the ground of reason, to take that of force; we give the factions the advantage of seeming persecuted : by repressing intemperate discussion, we confess ourselves liable to be injured by it» If we seek to shield our reputation by a libel-law, we acknowledge, either that our conduct will not bear investigation, or that the people are incapable of distinguishing betwixt truth and falsehood ; but for a popular government to impeach the sanity of the nation's judgment, 18 to overthrow the pillars of its own elevation. The event trium- phantly proved the correctness of this ••easoning; the Federalists awoke from the delirium of factious intoxication, and founotism is honest and consistent on this point. In Turkey she says. You (the people) have no business witli govern- ment, but to obey it; with religion, but to believe it. Th • Koran suffices both for your faith and moral conduct ; you have therefore no business with discussion, except it be to discuss tlie arching of a Circassian's eye-brows. Sleep and smoke in quiet: we answer for your souls and bodies. Libel-law, in a free government, says, Being freemen, you have ?. right to discuss the conduct of your government, whether it be right or wrong: provided always you conclude that it is right? otherwise you tend to bring it into contempt, and therefore shall be punished. But it is only intemperate discussion we object to, say politicians: so far from blaming, we are friends to a modenite oppo- sition. Yes, provided it injure you neither in profit, p-nv r, nor reputation. You would be tickled, not wounded. A well-regulated opposition preserves a shew of freedom. Two factions are struggling for place; the Outs blame all the measures of the /««, l)ut they would net iherefure dimtuisU ihe perquisites of ibe place* they hope one day to fill. W2 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. k Discussion may attack persons or principles. The American constitution, by confining treason to overt acts, leaves the utterance of opinions free, however they may tend to bring the constitution into contempt. Why? Because discussion being free, it supposes truth will prevail. If therefore the constitution could be shewn to be bad, it seems more rational to amend or change it, than to punish those who re- veal its defects. Libellaw supposes, either that falsehood is, in fair fight, more potent than truth ; or, that political systems may possess the first attribute of the Deity, perfection. They set up a political idol, and say, •• Behold your god ; bow down to it: you may find fault with the trappings of its throne, or the pavement beneath its feet; or even, provided it be done tenderly, with the ministers of its altar : but beware of proclaiming that it is itself the work of hands, wood and stone." A constitution which permits the free examination of itself falls into an absurdity, when it passes a law to shield its agents from a similar freedom. It is still more absurd to erect a man into a god than a constitution : it is also more dangerous ; for the living idol will not be long satisfied with empty prostrations ; it must be fed with lives and property. Is therefore every species c*" calumny to be poured out against a government, without restraint -r punishment? Calumnies against the theory of a government iiyure no one; nor the government itself, except it l»e founded on evil moral principles. The evidence of facts would bear it out, even were there not more persons inl- rested in its defence than in its attack. The annals of the world offer not a single instance of a good government overthrown, or brought into con* tempt, by discussion. Mankind are not too prone to change habits, even of the worst description : they have gone on for ages and cen- turies enduring tyranny and oppression, for no better reason than because their fathers endured them before. Libel laws are, indeed, essential to the security of governments founded on force and fraud, 9S masks and daggers protect thieves and cut-throats. H OF THE AMERICAN CHARACTER. Notwithstanding the important differences of climate, habits of bfe, and religion, there exists throughout the Union a feature of simi- litude countervailing ail these : this feature is government. Poll, tical institutions have in other countries a feeble and secondary in- fluence; Miedutiesofa subject are for the most part passive: those of tlie Ameru an citizen are active, and perpetually acting ; and, as they operate equally on every member of society, their general con- troul over the whole community must, in most instances, exceed that ot any partial habit or opinion. The common qualities which may be said to be generated by this influence are, intelligence, or a quick perception of ulilitv, both ge- neral and individual ; hence their attachment to freedom, and to every species of iroprovemeut both pnblic and private : energy, and The emigrants guide. 103 Jjerseverance in carrying their plans into effect; qualities in feet deducible from the former; we are steady in pursuing, when tho- rouglily convinced of the value of th ^ object : gravity of manner and deportment, because they are habitually occupied upon matter* of deep interest: taciturnity, which is the offspring of thought. They appear delicient in imagination, or the poetry of life, because all its realities are at their disposal. They seem to have little sym- pathy, because their social system does not compel them to suffer. Oppression engenders pity; disease and death require only resig- nation. Character of the New England States.— The author of " Letters from Virginia" thus pourtrays the New Englandcrs, or Yankees : — " My young friend Manly came in to see me last evening. ♦ You are a traveller,' said he, ' and make it a point to see every thing. Pray, have you seen a Yankee yet about our wharves?' ' A Yankee,' said I, * what sort of an animal is that]' ' A very strange animal, I assure you,' said he, with a smile. • It has the Jorfy of a man, but not the soul. However, I mean one of our New England friends, who visit us in small crafts, to get our money. These are certainly a very strange race of people. You will see them with their eel-skins upon their hair, to save the expence of barbers ; and their ear-rings in their ears, to improve their sight, to see how to cheat you better, I suppose. They would die sooner than part with one of these orna- ments, unlesH you pay 'em well for it. At the same time they live upon nothing. A rasher of pork is a feast for them, even on holi- days. Their favourite drink is nothing but switchel, or molasses and water, which they will tell you is better than burgundy or cham- paign. They are, however, better taught than fed, and make the iinest bold sailors in the world. They can sail to the n'>rth pole and back again in nu pgg-shell, if the ice does not break it. Indeed, they are seamen by bii ili, and box the compass in their cradles. You know our genteel laziness unfits us for the drudgery of commerce. So we leave it all to the Yankees. These crafting part of them come here at all seasons in their sloops and schooners, bringing a miscel- laneous cargo, of all sorts of notions, not metaphysical, but material; such as cheese, butter, potatoes, cranberries, onions, beets, cqffiHS — You smile, but it is a fact, that, understanding some years ago that the yellow fever was raging here with great violence, some of them very charitably risked their own lives to bring us a quantity of ready- made colHns, of all sizes, in nests, one within another, to supply cus- tomers at a moment's warning : an insult which we have hardly for- given them yet. ITou will sec them sailing up into all our bays, rivers, and creeks, wherever the water runs. As the winter comes on, they creep into some little harbour, where they anchor their ves- sels, and open store on board, retailing out the! articles of every kind to the poor countrymen who come to buy. Towards the spring, they sail away with a load of plank ur shingles, which they oAen get very cheap. Indeed, the whole race of Yankee seamen are certainly the most enterprising people in the world. They are in all quarters of the globe where a penny is to be made, in (boit, they love money a little better than their own lives. What is wont, they are not always very uive about the uieaui of making 4i; but arc '\i toi *tm EMIGRANTS QUIDCi t) Jtdy to brtak laws Hke eobwebs, whenever it suits their iilt#p##fi You know, we passed an embargo-law sometime ago, to starve th« E .glish oat of house and home, and made all our coasting captaiast five bond, and take oath, that they would not sail to any foreign port or place whatever. Suddenly there began to blow a set of the most ▼iolent gales that had ever been known ; and what was ratlier sin- gular, they all insisted upon blowing towards the West Indies, in the very teeth of the law, as if on purpose to save the penalty of the bonds. It looked indeed^ to good people, as if Providence had de- termined to take those islands under his care, and send them supplies to save them from famine, in spite of the American Congress. Our rulers, however, who had learned from history that these Yankees used formerly to dsal with witches, began to suspect that all these storms were raised by the black art, or at least were manufactured Jn a notary's office, expressly for the occasion, and therefore resolved to lay them at once. So they passed a Jaw, which declared in sub- stance that no kind of accident or distress should be given in evi- dence, to save flie penalties of the bonds. This act poured sweet oil upon the ocean at once, and produced a profound calm, in spite of witches and notaries; and the winds soon went on to, blow from all points of the compass as formerly, any thing in the act entitled, j4n Act laying on embargo, &c. to the contrary notwith- standing.' " ^ This is confessedly a caricature ; but its distorted lineaments may help us to some of the true features of the New Englanders. They an the Scotchmen of the United Slates. Inhabiting a country of Hmited extent, and incapable of maintaining its own population, tlieir induwtrv natura' and successfully directed itself to commercial pur- suits; but as even these became gradually insufKcient to maintain their growing numbers, they began, at an early period of their history, to seek for settlements among their neighbours to the south and west. As it is probable that those who first began to have recourse to that fiJipedient, were such as preferred the exertion of their wits, to an increase of manual toil, reckless adventurers, who were well spared at home, they were for from being acceptable guests. The plodding Dutch and Germans of New York and Pennsylvania held them in par- ticular abhorrence, and, as far as they could,' h-inled them from their neipl'' »urh. od, whenever they attcmpteil to gain a footing in it. " It IS," ayH Mr. Cary, the author of The Olive Branch, " within the memory of those over whose chins no razor has ever mowed a harvest, that Yankee and sharper were regarded as nearly synonimous ; and this was not among the low, and the illiberal, the base, and the vulgar; it pervaded all ranks of society. In the Middle and Southern states, traders were universally very much on their guard against Vankee tricks, when dealing with those of the Eastern. " It i», there- fore, in this class of adventurers and emigrants we are to look for the least favourable traits of the New EnglamI character. Patient, in- jMJstnous, frugal, enterprising, and intelligent, it cannot be denied ; but that they are frequently knavish, mean, and avaricious, as men who uwke gain the master-spring of their actions. Here' we perceive the fow'e and meanin" of ih.p Vlra\r.'.9.ti •••if^- but Irarc too it* ■fpHcatioo nust b« reitrieted. Evai emigratioli THE EMIGRAKTS GU(DE, sttnt to be 10 far iMuluosd into 9 system, that it is no longei^ flM wtofHt vamtiAy of rogues atMl vaoaboads, but is embraced as an eligible ttiodlip of bctterni| tbetr oondition Sby tbe young and enterfirisfcia of sUI ciasMa ; it is a vHiolesome drain to the exulMranc<* of pepdtatiOR, ail4 preserves at home that comparative equality, ou which public btappi^ ness and morals so entirely depend. The U^w EB^Iander» shoora be seen fit home, to be correctly jitdged of: as fhr as testimony goes, it iv univerrally in their favonr. " I feel a pride and pleasirrp,** says Mt.- Carey, " in doing justice to the yeomanry of the Esntem sfflt«»r they vriU not suffer in a comparison with tbe mrnz clast of mea iv any part of the world. Tliey are upriglit, sober, orderly, and regw* lar; shrawd, intelligent, ainl welt-informed; aiid I believe thareitf not a greater degree of genuine native urbanity among the yeooimvy of any country under tlie canopy of heaven." This is the eharaeter n»y own experience, Capt. Hall observes, recognized i/n tha ittlMl' bitants of the beautiful Genessce country, whieh ha» been entire^ cleared and vitled by New En^landers. Character of the Central StaU». — ^There is no portion of tb« Union which contains more enlightened individuals, nrare tHefW fnsti* tutions, or a stronger spirit of literary and scientific improvanent, than the cities of New York and Philadelphia; bnt then aw severii reasons which prevent the citizens of the Centrat states from Wi* quiring a general character, as strongly marked as in that of tlM Eastern. They are composed of several heterogeneous bodies. Tlw ancient Dutch race still exists, with many of its primitive InAitv, towards the centre of the state of New York ; towards the Mrffe and west, its population consists chie% of New Bnglmdersi A htrge portion of Pennsylvania is inhabited by Gemam, wfao are trtilt unacquainted with the Itnglish language, and are eonseqaently rartlMt a aoeial eirde existing within tbe state, than a portion of the e«M!*» oinnity amalgamating with \t. The Qtakers, too, are a bod^ wImm dts^active habits necessarily operate against tfie formation of a ge* oend cbaractev, because they are 9freng«r ttien any general causes by which such a character is engendered. These circumstanees wr% har^, however, felt as disadvantages ; in some respects, tfaey are probably the contrary. As citieens, the Dotch mid Germans are peaceable and indUstriooir, though not very etiU(^tcned ; tbe New Englanders introduce the best qualities of tbeivohtiraoter*; ti^ Quakers are intelKgent and harnaxiei Adventurers from all cdowtries constitute the most nnsoundpmrt of the population, and are likely to give a stranger an nnfavourab^ opf> iif«n of the whole ; in other respects, the Central states seem fliMe Wfr which foreigners will fiml the tone of manners, and spirit of iKMciety, most accommodating and easy. Charteter 0f the Smtthern Stntes. — ^^It is hopnssible to consitlmr tbe character of the Southern states, wtthotrf adverting to rtie pe^ visious effects of slavery. The same distribution of property, which renders Jatiour imneceA- Mlry to its proprietor, is no less fatal to his mental improvement. Ex- perience informs us, that means and leisure are less powerful exeite- formation will be first sought, that it may be useful; ft wm aftenmrds p we THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. b« pursued for the pleasure of the acquisition only. The planter has, therefore^ been ever reckoned among the least enlightened mem- bers of society ; but, says a proverb, •• those whom the devil finds idle, he sets about his own work." Dissipation must be always the resource of the unoccupied and ill-instructed. Naturah effects will follow their causes. The manners of the lower classes in the Southern states are brutal and depraved. Those of the upper, corrupted by power, are frequently arrogant a^ assuming : unused to restraint or contradiction of any kind, they are necessarily quarrelsome ; and in their quarrels the native ferocity of their heartj breaks out. Duelling is not only in general vogue and fashion, but is practised with circumstances of peculiar vindictive- ness. It is usual, when two persons have agreed to fight, for each to go out regularly, and practise at a mark, in the presence of their friendj, during the interval which precedes their meeting; one of the parties therefore commonly falls. Did the whole of the above causes operate with undiminished influence, the result would be horrible ; but there are several cir- cumstances continually working in mitigation of those eviU. The American form of government as powerfully impels to energy, as slave-proprietorship does to indolence. The example of neigb- bcuring states continually urges on improvements. The learned and mercantile professions have little direct interest in the slave system, and are therefore less infected by its contagion. I have already noted a distinction betwixt the farmers of the upper country, and the planters of the lower. There is thus a considerable portion of comparatively untainted population. Even among the planters there are individuals, who, by a judicious use of the ac? vantages of leisure and fortune, by travel and extensive intercourse with the world, have acquired manners more polished, and sentiments more refined, than are the common lot of their fellow-citizens in other portions of the Union : but these are rare exceptions, — stars in darkness, which shine, more sensibly to mark the deep shadows of the opposite extreme, where the contrast is ajtrong, perpetual, and disgusting. .Character of the Western Statea.~The inhabitants of Kentucky are, or at least were (for in America the wheel of society turns so awiftly, that twenty years work the changes of a century) considered as the Irishmen of the United States ; that is to say, a similar state of society had produced, in a certain degree, similar manners. The Kentuckians inhabited a fertile country, with few large towns or manufactories ; they had therefore both leisure and abundance, as far as the necessaries of life went: they were consequently disposed to conviviality and social intercourse; and as the arts wern litUe understood, and the refinements of literature and science unknown, their board was seldom spread by the graces, or their festivity re- stricted within the boundaries of temperance. They were in fact hospitable and open-hearted, but boisterous, and addicted to those Tulgar, and even brutal amusements, which were once common in Virginia, and have been common in all countries, as long as man knew no pleasure more refined than the alternate excitement and dissipation of his animal spirits bv ieats of nbvsical slrsosth &iid coarse debauchery. THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. To B certain extent, therefore, there were points of similitufk betwixt the Kentucky farmers and the Irish gentry ; but there was always this point of distinction : in Kentucky, leisure and abundance belonged to every mm who would work for them; in Ireland, they appertained only to the few for whom the many worked. Kentucky has of late years become a i;.anufacturing state ; towns have grown up rapidly, and the luxuries of social intercourse are scarcely less understood in Lexington than in New York : manners must therefore have undergone a considerable change; and those peculiarities of character, which were once supposed to mark theKen- tuckians, must probably now be sought among the more recent inkar bitants of Tennessee or Indiana. It may safely be affirmed, that between the AUeghanies and the Missouri every degree of civilization is to be met with which shades the character of social man, from a state of considerable luxury and refinement, until, on the very verge of the pale, he almost ceases to be gregarious, and attaches himself to a life of savage independence. There are settlers, if they may be so called, who arc continually pushing forward, abandoning their recent improvements as fast as neighbourhood overtakes them, and plunging deeper into primeval wildernesses. Mr. Boon is a person of this description: he explored Kentucky in 1760; since this period he has constantly formed the advanced patrole of civilization, until he is now, I believe, on the Missouri. It is a maxim with him, that a country is too 'thickly peopled, as soon as he cannot fall a tree from the forest into his own inclosure. It seems a very simple process toco and settle in a fertile country, where land may be procured for two dollars per acre : a glance, how- ever, over an uncleared and heavily-timbered tract is sufficient, not only tp correct our notions f the facility of the enterprise, but to render it astonishing, that knen are found sufficiently venturesome and enduring to undertake" the task. The stoutest labourer might well shrink at the prospect ; but hope and freedom brace both soul and ainews. The manner in which the young adventurer sets out upon his prilgrimag'^ has been already described in livelier coFours than mine. There is something almost poetical in the confidence and hardihood of such undertakings ; and I have heard a kind of ballad-song, which turns upon them with some such burthen as this : — " 'Tis you can reap and mow, love, •* Audi con spill and sew, And we'll settle on the banks of The pleasant Ohio." How these adventurer's have thriven is well known. It may be supposed that, with a rapidly increasing population, the demand for labour through the Western states is vc y great : even in Upper Canada the want of mechanics and artificers is severely felt. The cause is easily assigned. Whenever great facilities exist for beeomingaland-owner, men will unwillingly submit to the drudgery of menial or mechanical occupations; or, at least, subrait to them so long only as will afford them the means of taking up what they will con- sider a preferable mode of life. Wages are therefore very high throngh the whole of the continent : in the new »tai«s, from the naiu- ral Bciircity of labourers j in the old, from the competition of the new. u» THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. J> JAW the following terms offered to journeymen tailors in a Kaoxville newspaperj-^Three dollars for making a coat; one for each j«b; .Uie-.r board and lodging 'found them ; and certain employmeut for one ye»x. KnoxviUe is the capital of East Tennessee. The views and feelings of the Wesiern states are naturally in- nuenced by their local position. All their stream., the Oiiio. the ,Wabash, the Mwrai, the Kanliawa, and the Monongabela, discharge themselves finally into the Mississippi; the Missouri coming from the C|»posrte direction, finds the same vent. The inhabitants look th««»: lore to the gulf of Mexico as the natural o-idet of their commerce « to them the Atlantic states are the back country. What chmgefi mis teehng may eventually work in the Union, it is now useim to loquire; but It seems evident that, at no distant date, the W«alec» *tAte8 will have fer outgrown their i«*iig4ibours in power and pspu- It is curious to observe, for how much, or rather for how little, the rights of the real proprietors of the soil, the Indians, count is tbpse convenient distribuUons. They are in fact considered as a xace ot wild animals, not less injurious to settlement and cultivation tfean walifM and bears ; but too strong, or too cunning, to be cKterr ininated exactly m the same way. Their final extinction, however, 4|t i¥H 1^58 certain. SPECIMENS OF INDIAN ELOQUENCE. men the Indians in the district of New York sold their lands, my rejierved certain portions for themselves and their families to re^ sjae on, amounting m the whole to upwards of 200.000 acres. Th* |)re-en^ption right, namely, the right to purchase from the Induuw, WM sold by the Holland Company to certain gentlemen in New York • jind Ibey sent a Mr. Richardson, as agent, to endeavour to make a bargain with the Indians for their reserved territory. At the seme time the Missionary Society of New York appointed a Mr. Alexander jn a mission to the Seneca Indians, to endeavour to convert them to VonM|anity ; ^nd these two gentlemen addressed them on the subject Jiii [ «'t*'V'''^. '"i^«'«»« at>«"t the same time. The council was new at Bi.ffalo, in May, 1811. and was attended by Mr. Granger, agent ot the United States for Indian affairs; Mr. Parrislj, Indian interpreter; and Mr. Taylor, the agent of the Society of Friends for improving the condition of the Indians. Buffalo is a sort of head- quarters tor transacting Indian business; where several very brilliant jpeamens of Indian intellect and eloquence had been exhibited. On m President. " Brother— In making up our minds, we have looked back, amjl remambered how the Yorkers purchased our lands in former Uami, Xbey bought them piece after piece for a little money paid tp a f?w men in our nation, and not to all our brethren ; our planting and hunting grounds have become very small ; and if we sell these, wf Jdoow not where to spread our blankets. " Brother — You tell us, your employers have purchased of ^ council of Yorkers a right to buy our lauds. We do not nniiu* stand how this can be ; the lands do not belong ;to tfie Yorkers ; thcf are ours, and were given to us by the Great Spirit. " Brother -We think it strange that yo|i should jiuwpover tbe >lfl.fi4$ of our brethren in the .east, to come to c r councjil-fiire so far a)C t and strength. The American people, however, possess one decided advantage over those of Scotland a^d every other country; namely, that of tht political sovereisrntv residing in them : whence thev exhi- bit, in tlicix own persons, a moral fearlessness, confidence, and eleva- ..-Jj m TSSi, EMrORANTS GUIDE. .J, 5 ij tioii, unknown and unimagined elsewhere. A native free-bom Ame* rican knowi no fopcnor on earth; from tlie cradle to tht gnnt he is taught to believe that his magistrates are his servants ; and while, in M 0th«r eounfriet, the people Me continually flattering and praising tfaeir governors, the American government is compelled to be eteN Afflly playing the syeopbant, and acting the parasite, to the majesty 4f the people. It may, on the whole, be safely asserted, that the )f«nf-£ngland population surpasses that of all the rest of tha world in it^dy habits, dauntless courage, intelligence, enterprise, perseve- IMce— in] all the qualities necessary to render a nation first in war, ami Atdt in peace. Upon inquiry, I was informed by one of our 4otafhern generals, who particularly distinguished himself on ou * ftottfaem frontiers during the ttut war, that the New-£ngland regi- tfient in his brigade,was peculiarly conspicuous for its exact disci- l^fii^, its patient endti ranee of fetigue and privation, its steady, un- yielding valour in the field; white his own native Virginians were more careless, more reckless, more inflammatory, more fit for a for- kwra hope, or some desperate, impracticable enterprise He added, tbot be regularly found that all the rum dealt out as ttions to hi* Mew-Eflghnd soldiers had gKded down the throats of his Virginian regiment; wbosejM^, in return, had been regularly transferred to tiw pockets of the more prudent eastern warriors. In tbe Middle States the population is ot so n&ticnal and un> laixed as in New England, wliose inhabitants are ^together of Eng- ti«h origin. They do not support religion by law ; and a consider •Me portion of their people are destitute of clergymen, even it the State ot New York, and a still greater proportion in some of tbe •tber Middle states. In some of them elementary schools are not fiunierous, particularly in Pennsylvania ; many of whose people can tteil^er write nor read. Property is not so equally divided, and the A^tifiction of rich and poor is more broadly marked than ift New Bnljglaiid. Many of their settlements are more recent, and exbifHt the physical, intellertual, and moral disad\'antages of new settle^ itl^ts, in the privatiotts, ignorance, and irreligion of the settlers, ivho Were composed of many diflferent nations, having no one common object in view, either in regard to religious, or moral, or social in- •tHutioBs. The English, Dutch, Germans, French, Irish, Scotti^, tfnd Swiss, have not yet had time and opportunity to be all meitei down into one homogeneous imtional mass of American character. The ^^hives in this section of the Union are more numerous than ih l^eiv England; and in Maryland sufficiently so. In influence and deteriorate the character of the people. The hk,!.- h.ni)*ti of fbfe iHiddle states, generally, are more kt\ than those o? i ? ''.nglaud. jfftw York, iikdeed, partly froto proximity of sioi ;i'i»v, bai dnel!.y from its continual acquisition of emigrants from the Earsfem states, i§ liapidly assuming a New-England character and aspect. In the Southern States religion receives no support from the law; dd a very large proportion of the inhabitants are destitute of pegnlar ^WMhing and religious instraetion. The elementary schoois tn W% «Bd in general not well administered ; many of the white iahfl- l>iK\ii)i ''I caamo* eteU read. Labour on the fti-nnird ht perfermeri tUiiiy ^«|tfr«9; tad tktvery tliere, m cniry tviicre tkt', fan t9t- W*Jw_^ h-Sk^jA^ fi&iSi ilU^'' "i '>•■ •'' "»>*.i«» ■- iU.HU THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 119 vuptcd the public morals. The mnlattoes are increasing very rapidly ; and, perhaps, in the lapse of years, the black, white, and yellow population will be melted down into one comniori mai^s, Duelling artd gaming are very prevalent ; and, together with othet vices, require the restraining power of religion and morality to check their progress towards national ruin. . AMERICAN FEMALES. When speaking of the gradual relaxation of morals in the tFhited States, as we pass from the north and east to the south and west, it is to be understood, that the American ladies are not included in this geographical deterioration. In no country under the canopy of heaven do female virtue and purity hold a higher rank than in the Union. There are no instances there of those domestic infideiitiesi which dishonour so many families in Europe, and even stain the na> tional character of Britain herself, high as she peers over all the other European nations in pure religion and sound morality. The Ame- rican ladies make virtuous and affectionate wives, kind and indulgent mothers, and are, in general, easy, affable, intelligent, and well bred; their manners presenting a happy medium between the too distant reserve and coldness of the English, and the too obvious, too obtru' sivie behaviour of the French women. Their manners have a strong f^j^Qemblance to those of the Irish and Scottish ladies. MECHANICAL SKILL AND LABOUR. Few nations can boast of skill and ingenuity in manufactures, abd especially improvements in labour-saving machinery, equal to thosti which have bren exhibited and discovered in the progress of the me- chanical arts in the United States. The causes of this superior inge- nuity and skill are various. The high price < t labour, and the compa- rative scarcity of labourers, offer a continual bounty of certain and immediate remuneration to all those who shall succeed in the construc- tion of any machinery that may be substituted in the place of human labour. Add to this, the entire freedom of vocation enjoyed by every individual iu ibe country. There are no compulsory apprentice- ships ; no town and corporation restraints, tying each man down to his own peculiar trade and calling, as in Europe— the whole, or nearly the whole of which, still labours under this remnani of feudal servi- tude. In the United States every man follows whatever pDrsuit^ apd in whatever place, his inclination, or opportunity, or interestr prompts or permits ; and consequently a much greater amount of active talent and i;nterprtse isemployed in individual undertakings here than in any other country. Many men in the United States follow various call- inj. either in succession or simultaneously. One and the same per- son soncetimes commences his career as a farmer, and, before he dies, passes thiough the several stages of a lawyer, clergyman, merchant, congressman, soldier, and diplomatist. There is also a constant mi- sration hither of needv and desnerate talent from Europe, which helps fo swell the aggregate^ of American ingenuity aud iQve"atioflj|^^^th« Q .'••••■-.■■ m •ftfe fiMtoftANrs gvitM. tTuropeao dfiscoveries in art and science generally reach the Um'tetf States within a few months atlcr they first see the light in their own Country, and soon become amalgamated with those made by Americans ^mxelves. . P7TYSICAL ACTIVITY OF THE AMERICANS. The high wages of labour, the abundance of every kind of manual iind mechanical employment, the plenty of provisions, the vast quan- tity and low prict- of land, all contribute to produce a healthy, strong, and vigorous population. Four-fiftlib of the American people are engaged in agricultural pursuits, and the great majority of these are proprietors of the soil which they cultivate. In the intervals of toil their amusements consist chiefly of hasting and shooting in the woods, or on the mountains ; whence they acquire prodigious muscu- lar activity and strength. They have no game laws, such ?s exist in Europe, to prohibit the possession and use of fire-arms to the great body of the people. The boys carry a gun almost as sor n as they pan walk ; and the habitual practice of shooting at a target with the rifle, renders the Americans the most unerring marksmen and the most deadly musquetry in the world; as was singularly evidenced at Bunker's Hill, in the commencement of the revolutionary conflict, and at New Orleans at the close of the last war. Every niale, from ths age of eighteen to forfy-five, is liable to be enrolled in the militia ; of which the Presidents message of the 2d of Deceuiber, 1817, informs us, the Jnited States have now 800,000. These men make the best materials for a regular army; as they learn the use of arms in platoons, and thte elements of military discipline, in theit- militia exercises and drills. The Americans are excellent engineerii and artillerists, and serve their guns well, both in the field and on the flood, as their eiieiliies can testify ; whereas the people in Europe are not suffered tp be familiar with the use of arms, whence neither their seamen nor their soldiers fire with any thing like the precision and exe- cution of the American army and navy. :] SHREWDNESS OF THE AMERICANS. The people of the United States possess, in an eminent degree, the physical elements of national p[reatnes8 and strength. The political sovereignty of the nation residmg in the people, gives them a personal confidence, self-possession, and elevation of character, unknown and unattainable in any other country, and under any other form of government; and renders them quick to perceive, and prompt to resent and punish, any insult offered to individual or nationsil honour. Whence, in the occupations of peace, and the achievements of war, Ihev average ;» greater aggregate of effe* t've force, physical, intellec- tual, and moral, than ever has been exhibited by a given number o$ any other people, ancient or modern. THE ^MIGRANTS GUIDE. 11^ Sagacity and shrewdness are the ppouliar chwacteristics of Anaeri- «;aa intelUct, and were in nolhing more pre-eminent, than in the advice of President Washington's secretary of the navy, tliat the United States sliould build their ships nominally of th? same rate with tbosf of Europe, but really of greater strength, of more speed, tonnage, and guns, than the corresponding classes of European vessels, that they might injure victory over an enemy of equal, or nearly equal force, and escape, by si'perior sailing, any very unequal conflict. This was Kood pelicy; as it served Hialeriatly to raise the naval character of the country, to lessen that of England, and to put out of use and ser- vice the European navies, and compel other nations to construct their ships anew, after the American model. This policy is still persisted in ; and American seyenty-fours are equal in tonnage, bulk, strength, guns, and crjew, to aqy hundred-gun ships in the British navy. The American crews, also, are far superior to those in Europe : every sea- man is a good gunner, and the ships are manned witii picked men, and a full coraplrment of real, abJe bodied, skilful sailors ; whereas the European ships seldom have more than one third of their crews able seamen, the other two tliirds generally consisting of landsmen and boys. When the Americans get a navy in proportion to tlieir long line of se^.-coast, their immense lake and river navigation, and their rapidly-augmenting resources, it will not be easy to man their Ipeets and squadrons as they now do a few single ships; nay, it is doubtful if they can be manned at all, without the aid of impressment, which indeed was strongly recommended to Congress by the secre- tary of the navy towards 'the close of the last war, as the only possi- ble mode of filling up the complement wanted for the two and twenty vessels, of ah sizes, fri<,'ates, sloops, and brigs, then in commission. There are, however, drawbacks upon the high elements of national greatness above enumerated to be iomid in some political and social institutions of the Union. For example, slavery demoralizes the Southern, and those of the Westerp states wWch have adopted this execrable system; and lotteries pervade the Middle, Southern, ?nd Western states, and spread a liorribly-increasing mass of idlenejs, fraud, theft, falsehood, and profligac%r throughout ail classes of th* luhouring population. I AMERICAN SOCIETY. Th^ wealthier classes, particularly in the large cities, exhibit as great m average of real politeness and good breediag, as the corre- sponding oKkrs in Europe : for example, the middle class of Britain, whose int«llig«nce, good mauDers, and virtue, have alwiy? been recKofwd the bulwark and ornament of the onipire ; and which class includes within its range the learned professions, the army and navy, the ijtftwhuntu, agriculturists, and men of letters. The incomes of d4i«te«V }>i»er4, i* Arae«ca, as tbcy are called, reach from five haadwd to ton thousawl sterling a year; although very few individuals in the U^iion npssea^ revcQue s sq laiie as the laUcr sutii indicates. Amen> can ladies are in their persons bVifly, ici tboii! ioanP«f» easy aiui gwa- 116 THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. ful, in conversation lively and sensible, in their various relations of wives, daugh ers and mothers exemplary and excellent. The aspect jLn-r ^ I!! ^''f.U'Hted States is somewhat clouded by the marvellous facility mthM foreigners of every sort, species, and complexion, gain access to the most respectable circles. A pattern-card, a pair of saddle-bags, and a letter of credit, appear to be all the qualifications taecessary o enable the agents of European traders to mingle inti- mately With company m America, far superior to any that thev could ever command in their own country. J "^ Although the origin of the American people is not homogeneous. rZrl^f P"'""'^ ^f"?" of Iheir migration M-ere similar; and the liberal freedom of their social institutions, their general inte!li<.ence ^nd common interests, have approximated their habits and manners 80 much, that, notwithstanding a comparatively small population is Sif'^'f '"r*'"TV'r".'°^y'^''"« «^« ^«^«^ Provincial dive! sitics of character and behaviour in the United States than in any other country. Nine-tenths of the people apeak the same language Ti^iliT ' ^T^ '" ""y P"'* of Europe: every different section of which, even in the same nation, speaks its own peculiar provincial patots. The laws government, policy, interests, religion, and opi- nions of the inhabitants of all the different states esfentlally cor?e- Sf 'f '.^'•"'•|'^'- ^ ^^''^ ^'^ *»" bound together by the same mighty bands of political and commercial liberty. The civil institutions, and religious toleration, tend to produce habits of intelligence and inde- pendence: there IS no division into the higher, middle, and lower ^ders; there are no grandees, and no populace; they are all I DISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY. Natural equality there cannot be even in America : because some nen will be taller, or stronger, or richer, or wiser than others, in spite of every effort of human legislation. But political equality is pos! sessed there, in a degree far superior to wlfat has been knoJn n^any other country, ancient or modern. All the civil and religious institu- tions are framed in the spirit of sociai equality. By the high wages of abonr. the abundance and facility of subsistence, the** genefa diffusion of elementary education, and the extensive right of si^rage every ma., not black) ,. a citizen, sensible of his own personal hnJtt. •nee. Not more than one million of the people reside in the large cit.es H.,d towns ; the other nine millions live on furms or in village!* most of them are lords of the soil they cultivate, and some are wealthy. This 8„b.i,v,sion of property, operating as a kind of Agrarian law !;? th" 1 ;^. '"' f"''T "'■ !l'^ ."«•''' «f pri."oge.,itureMe Jeperr. of the statute, of entails, and the equal distribution of land and monev amor.K all the children, gives an individual independence and jm cquHl.ty of manner to the population, unknown in Europe; every S^tJi hI "^ '^ "i? i'fP'^ """"^ ^y ^J** '^^» and gashes of bwrolwil doniinfou and f«ud>U vassalage. e " » "» THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 117 PERSONAL INDEPENDENCE. ., The personal independence which every one in the United States may enjoy, in any calling, by ordinary industry and common pru- dence, is in itself one of the greatest of political blessings. So long as a man obeys that injunction of Scripture, to " owe no one any thing," (and in this country debt must arise from idleness, or vice, or misfortune, pr folly), he is as free as the air he breathes; he knows no superior, not even the President, whom his vote has either helped or hindered in the career of exaltation. But this personal uidepend- €nce can only be supported by a man's cleaving exclusively to his own calling, and diligently discharging its duties and demands ; for the moment he wants the aid if his fellow-citizens, in any capacity or character, and has competitors for that aid, he is subjected to tf scene of intrigue, electioneering, influence, and cabal, that would not have disgraced a conclave of cardinals, when the popedom was worth having. (Generally speaking, those are most attached to a country who own a part of its soil, and hare therefore a stake in its welfare. But a great majoiity of the American people have this stake. In other countries, \o\v wages and unremitted labour stupefy the understanding, break the spirit, and vitiate the virtue, of the great body of tlie^popu- lation. In the United States the price of labour is high, and con- stant toil merely optional ; for the ocean and the land offer tontuiual incitements to industry, by opening inexhaustible regions of enterprise and wealth. In consequence, all is motion; every one follows some vocation, and the whole country is in perpetual progress ; each in- dustrious individual feels himself rising in the scale of opulence and importance; and the universal nation, growing with the growth of its aspiring children, hastens oaward, with continually-augmenting ve- locity, towards the maturity of resistless strength and unrivalled power. "I CONSEQUENCES OF PERSONAL WEALTH. As a natural consequence of the sudden influx of wealth into the United States, too many of the Americans have departed from the salutary habits of eco jmy which characterized their English and Dutch ancestors, and have become the most extravagant pe(.|>le on earth. I» proportion to its wealth and population, the city of New York far surpasses all the rest of the civilized world in its rate of expenditure, and amount of insolvencies, of which last upwards ot six thousand occurred in l«ll. It costs, at least, one third more to live there than in London ; which, on the whole, is perhaps the dearest place in Europe. To be sure, there is no occasion in Ame- rica to feel that perpetual anxiety about pecuniary matters, which is entailed upon all the people in England, excepting a few overgrown capitalists, by the enormous expenditure of the government, and the * 118 THE EMIGRANT'S GUJDE» pressure of universal taxation. But the oeonlo o^n.,rntu, j .iculariy in the large cities, have fallen inWabiSTp^/sol', Cj family expence, not only far surpassintf those of L ™ ^j- classes in Europe, but afso far exceedl^ t^elifea 1^! nT^"'^'"^ chants and professional men ; many of °v ,om b *„"« ^»> " """ eeutors. and leave their children pauper and trirehlr" ?' having been brought up in idleLs\nd ^xtravagTnl'' f " ^^^ more sMr,r.8,„g that the Americans should hasten to impoterish themselves with such heedless prodiffalitv • becausp «! tkr*^ • • .her bir,h nor rank in the Unit'ed Stitesf ;.-lt,ririh:^lt;XlKA/ Ia ui'liAlik 120 THE EMIGRANT'S JUILE. gave twelve dollars a month wages, was regaling himself at ball in the neighbourhood. a black The national vanity of the United States surpasses that of any other country, not even excepting France. It blazes out every where and on ail occas.ons,-in their conversation, newspapers, pamphlets, speeches, and books. They assume it as a self-evident fact, that the Americans surpass all other nations in virtue, wisdom, valour, liberty government, and every oth excellence. All Europeans they profess to despise as Ignorant paupers and dastardly slaves. Even durini; rresident Washington's admininistration. Congress debated three days upon the important position, that "America was the most enlightened nation on earlh." and finally decided tne affirmative by a small ma- jority. At the breaking out of the late war with England, General Moreau who then resided in this city, was asked, if our ofticcrs did not seek to avad themselves of his military skill and experience, by propoundmg questions to him? He replied, " There is not an ensign lu the American army, who does not consider himself a much -reater tactician than General Moreau." The present Presi.leut. in his recent tour through the Union, told the people of Kennebunk. in the district ot Maine. " that the United States were certainly the most enlightened nation m the world." i«««^«t« The causes of this national vanity are obvious : the popular insti- tutions, vesting the national sovereignty in the people, have a direct tendency to make that people self-important and vain. Add to wbich, the incessant flattery they receive in newspapers, and public talks, about their collective majesty, wisdom, power, dignity, and so jorth; lieir unexampled prosperity in the occupations of peace; and. lastly, their actual achievements in war. Twice have they cranpled in deadly encounter with the most powerful, the bravest, and the most intelligent nation m Europe; and twice have Ihey triumphed over the most skilful commanders and best-appointed troops of that nation, in the battle-field and on the ocean. The result of all is. that the American people possess physical, in- lellectual. and moral materials of national grcadioss, superior to those of any other country : and. in order to render the United States the greatest nation in the world, they have only gradually to augment lie power of their general government; to lighten the cords and strengthen the stakes of their Federal Union; to organize a judicious system of internal finance; to provide for the more general diffu- siou of religious worship; to enlarge and elevate their system of liberal education ; and to increase the dimensions, and exalt the standard of their literature, art, and science. CITY OF NEW YORK. A great proportion of the emigrants land at New York, the first citv lu the I lilted States for wealth, commerce, and population, as it also u the finest and most agreeable for its situation and buildins8= It bas THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. 121 neither the narrow and confined irregularity of Boston, nor the monot0; The paper manufactured aunualJy at these mills is esUmated follows : — For newspapers 600 For books . . For writing . For • yrapping as tons. reams. value. 500 60,000 150,000 630 70,000 245,000 650 111,000 333,000 800 100,000 »..«.. Vo1..< 63,00C ■' _. <%«*« ^\rk.r\ . oil nnft dnllur* 2u»5, or v#0A|Uuv fvtawjj. 7 t8St.s-^ THE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. w and' RATES OF POSTAGE IN THE UNITED STATES. For Single Letters, composed of one piece of paper, Ajiy distance not exceeding 38 miles, 6 cents. Over 36 and not exceeding 80 — 10 Over 80 do. 150 — I2i . Over 160 do. 400 — 18* Over 400 do. 25 I>cuble Letters, or those composed of two pieces of paoer are charged with double those rates. ^^ * Triple Letters, with triple those rates. Quadruple Letters, with quadruple those rates, provided they weicli one ounce ; otherwise with triple postage. Packets composed of four or more pieces of paper, and weiffhiof one ounce or more, are to be charged with single postage for each quarter of an ounce ; except letters conveyed by water-mails, which are not to be charged with more than quadruple postage, unless the packets actually contain mere than four distinct letters. Newspapers carried not over 100 miles, ' i c«nt Over 100 1 ij But if carried to any Post-Office in the state in which It IS printed, whatever be the distance, the rate is 1 Magazines and Pamphlets, per sheet. Carried not over 60 miles, 1 cent. Over 50 and not over 100 — il Any greater distance * 2 The mail is transported, each day in the year,* 20,737 miles • • • • ^ . . • • -• . . .. 6 .... 4 .... 60 and . > •• 16 MONEY OF THE UNITED STATES. The money of the United States consists of eagles, (ten doIfersV half-eagles, (five dollars); quarter eaglM,(two dollars and fifty ceatsV The eagle IS worth forty-five shillingo sterling, and weighs 270 grains * the gold of wluch they are coined is eleven parts pure, and one alloy' The silver coins, equally fine, are dollars, halves, and quarters • dime, or ten cents, and half dimes, or five cent pieces. Thi dollar 'is worth 4*.6rf. sterling. The copper coins are cents (of which 100 make a dollar) and half cents. Tims, 1000 cents is 10 dollars, orl eade^ 1,000,000 cents is 10,000,000 dollars, or 1000 eagles, and ll%!ce versa. To reduce cents into dollars, strike off two cyphers; ioZ duce dollars into eagles, strike off one cypher f i" *'"' New England States, Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee Indiana and Mississippi, the currency of the dollar is 6*.- in New York and North Carolina, 8«.; New Jersey. Delaware Pena.vlv-njr and Maryland, 7,. 6rf.; South Carolina and Grrg7a!^;. srSad; and Nova Scotia, 6s.; Great Britain, (sterling) 4*. Ci/. THE END, li, INDEX. ^! ADVICE and information, important, to Emigrants, 40 to 76. 84 to 89. Alabami 'i( xcrihed, 37. 75. Amerru. — United States, — compared with I (ir.tpean sfHtes, 18. Increa- sing i> .((ul-itJon, 19. Agricultural fxporrs, 2-2. Navjj.iblp facilities, 82, Minernls, 23. Si. I, 23. Produce, 24. Cli natp. 24. finvernment and laws. 25. Religion, 8ft. Land laws, S5 A:>portionmentofiund,2d. Land oflinr , 27. Amenr.Ki character, 85. 104. Jn the Wew I ngland stale-, 103 Central Stales 105. Suuiht'in Slates, lO.V ■We-tiui .states '06. IVlaiine's uid mor.ls. III Sk I , 113 Activity, 114. Shrewdness 114. P ,..