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THE GOLD FIELDS.

The gold fields of Alaska, placer and lode, are extensive. The
Yukon placers are as rich as any in the known world, while the
quartz deposits are of unknown extent. The United States Geo-
logical Survey expeditions have traced the lead for 500 miles.
The Treadwell Mill, near Juneau, is located in a vast region inter-
laced with low-grade free-milling quartz and veins containing rich
values in gold. There are nine other smaller mills along the coast
and development has only begun. The placers of the Yukon will
doubtless repeat the history of California and Australia, and add
largely to the world's volume of yellow metal.

Gold was discovered in the quartz district of which Juneau is
the center, by Richard Harris and Joseph Juneau, in 1880. They
organized the Harris Mining District, and staked off a townsite
which they called Harrisburg. They returned to Sitka with
$14,000 in gold and a rush followed. In 1881 the town was renamed
Rockwell, in honor of a United States naval lieutenant, but next
year the miners voted to call it Juneau. The discovery of placer
and quartz on Douglas Island was made in 1881, and several
thousand dollars taken out each season until 1884, when the chief
claims were bought by John Treadwell, the beginning of the
famous mines from which enough ore has been taken to pay the
original cost of the country. The mill now runs 240 stamps, the
largest battery in the world, and the ore in si^ht cannot be ex-
hausted in 100 years at the present capacity of 1,500 tons a day,
yielding a net profit of $1.70 a ton, the cost of milling per ton being
$1.25. The mill never stops except for repairs. The Mexico Mill
near by runs 120 stamps. There are eight other gold stamp mills
along the coast.

The existence of gold has been known for several yearsin the
Yukon district, and mines have been working with varying success
along Birch, Miller, American and other streams south of Circle
City. One claim on Miller Creek has yielded over $100,000. Min-
ing methods are very primitive and the work is carried on under
difficulties. The ground is frozen and the progress is slow. The
discoveries on the Klondike were so rich that miners worked
during the winter by building wood tires and melting the frozen
earth, and in that way reached bed rock and made tunnels through
the pay streaks. Blasting will do no good, the charge not crack-
ing off, but blowing out of the hole. The gravel is taken out as it
melts and piled up till spring, when the water comes and it is panned
or cradled, and only the coarse grains and nuggets are secured, the
fine gold escaping. By this laborious method fortunes were taken
out. It is proposed now to introduce oil blowers after the style of
those used in putting down asphalt pavements, which make intense
heat and will vastly facilitate the labor. Improved machinery of
every kind will no doubt be taken into the country next season.

Wm. Ogilvie, the well-known Dominion Surveyor and Bound-
ary Commissioner, says in a report to his government that the
Klondike region alone will yield hundreds of millionsof dollars, to
judge from present outlook. Claims have only been worked in
spots over a large territory, and if the pay dirt continues as rich
throughout as it does where work has been done, and there is no
reason why it should not, Mr. Ogilvie's assertion will be verified.
A single pan of gravel has yielded as high as S500, and four men
took out of a space 28 feet scjuare $90,000 in ten days. Before the
boats left Dawson City in the spring of 1897 tons of gold lay
unguarded in cabins of the miners. It is estimated that at least
$8,000,000 went out in sums of §5,000 to $100,000 belonging to men
who had wrested these fortunes from the frozen ground during
the preceding winter. The mines are not on the Klondike proper,
but on Bonanza, Hunker, Bear and other small tributaries. Bo-
nanza empties into the Klondike about a mile from its mouth.
Hunker Creek is 14 miles above, and Eldorado is a branch of Bo-
nanza. It was on Gold Bottom Creek, a branch of Hunker, that
the first discovery was made. It must not be imagined that the
Klondike includes all or even a considerable part of an immense
country. As a stream it was not of sufficient importance to secure
a place on the early maps.

John Muir, for whom the great glacier is named, and whose
knowledge of that country is extensive, is of the opinion that the
gold yield 6f Alaska will exceed the output of California, a state
that has already produced an amount in excess of $500,000,000.

Gen W. W. Duffield. Chief of the Unitei
Geodetic Survey, reports that enormous deposii
quartz exist-and can be easily reached in the i
and his behef is that stamp mills iu/the future '
and profitable entployment at m^ny points.

"On Annette Island, in the- Archipelago,
richest gold mother lodes in the world. At pn
reservation occupied by Indians under the co
missionary, Henry Duncan." The law setting
vation was passeci March ^, 1891, and is as foil

"That until otherwise provided by law, the body of 1;
Island, situated in Alexander Archipelago, in Southeastei
side of Dixon's Entrance, be and the same is hereby se
for the use of the Metlakahtlan Indians and those peot
lans who have recently emigrated from British Colunu
•ther Alaskan natives as may join them, to be held and u
under such rules and regulations and subject to such res
scribed from time to time by the Secretary of the Interioi

Unless these alien Indians, who have no t
soil, are accorded different or better treatment
by American Indians, with whom we have tr
the soil, the mineral land upon Annette Island
from that which is used by the Indians for fishi
purposer.and then opentrd to exploration and
mineral laws of the United States. This ha;
formly done in cases where valuable minerals
ered on lands in Indian reservations, even wh
reserved by treaty, the Indians being the orij
soil, and there car be no doubt that this will be
Island. A movement is now under way to i
open it up.

YUKON SETTLEMENTS

Mining operations have been carried on ii
for a dozen years. In 1894 about 300 men w
entered; in 1896, over 1,000. In 1897 it is pro
than 5,000 went in to seek riches, while severa
reached the pass entrances too late to get o'
settlements on the Yukon are Forty- Mile I
Circle City, Dawson City and Weare. Circle (
in 1894 and is the distributing point for a larg
Miller, Birch, American and other gold-beari:
is also a trading post at Fort Selkirk. Dawson
of the Klondike, and was founded in Septem
Ladue, and named in honor of a well-knowi
It is close to Fort Reliance, seen on many of t
was headquarters for fur traders and trapi
wandered over the rich placer grounds withe
under their feet. Fort Cudahy is named for
firm of Cudahy Bros., the Chicago meat pac
in the North American Transportation and
This company has two boats on the Yukon an
in service next season. The Alaska Comme
has two boats running from St. Michael up tl
of Weare, named after Porteus B. Weare, a lea
of Chicago and one of the North American
Trading Company, is located on the Yukon
Tanana River, the latter draining a large c
placer and quartz deposits. Circle City an
American side of the line, while the others a
tory. Buildings in all the places are of logs an
Weare is talked of as the capital of the propc
Lincoln, which is to include the Yukon count

HOW TO REACH THE YUKON GO

SEATTLE is the gateway to Alaska. It
Alaskan ports than San Francisco. It is ne
via the Great Northern, than any other city
It is prepared, from long experience, to f
pack outfits for prospectors.

To reach Seattle, take the trains of the C
way at St. Paul, Minneapolis or Duluth, whic
Depots with lines from the East and South

Steamers will leave Seattle daily for J
Dyea; about twice a week for St. Michael ai:
There are five known passes from the south
to the interior, viz.: Up Stikeen River fro
Taku Inlet from Juneau; over Chilkoot Pass
over White Pass from Skaguay; over Chilk;

Id, Chief of the United States Coast ami

s that enormous deposits of low-^rade gold

e easily reached in the islands cf the coast,

imp mills in/the future will find permanent

ment at many points. He further says :

i, in the- Archipelago, there is one of the

ies in the world. At present the island is a

y Indians under the control of the Scotch

ican." The law setting it apart as a reser-

ch 3, 1891, and is as follows:

■(>vided by law, the body of lands known as Annette

r Archipelago, in Southeastern Alaska, on the nortli

e and the same is hereby set apart as a reservation

htlau Indians and those people known as Metlakaht-

igrated from British Columbia to Alaska, and such

ly join them, to be held and used by them in common

tions and subject to such restrictions as may be pre-

y tiie Secretary of the Interior.''

Indians, who have no title or claim to the

rent or better treatment than that received

with whom we have treated as owners of

11(1 upon Annette Island will be segregated

i by the Indians for fishing and commercial

nra to exploration and purchase under the

Jnited States. This has been almost uni-

where valuable minerals have been discov-

m reservations, even where they have been

e Indians being the original owners of the

no doubt that this will be done as to Annette

: is now under way to induce Congress to

JKON SETTLEMENTS.

have been carried on in the Yukon region
n 1894 about 300 men went in; in 1895, 600
1,000. In 1897 it is probable that not less
seek riches, while several thousand persons
ranees too late to get over. The principal
fukon are Forty- Mile Post, Fort Cudahy,
Mty and Weare. Circle City was established
ributing point for a large district, including
an and other gold-bearing streams. There
at Fort Selkirk. Dawson City is at the mouth
was founded in September, i8c/3, by Joseph
1 honor of a well-known Canadian official,
iance, seen on many of the maps. This post
' fur traders and trappers who for years
:h placer grounds without knowing what was
t Cudahy is named for Jacob Cudahy, of the
, the Chicago meat packers, and interested
an Transportation and Trading Company.

boats on the Yukon and two more will be
[1. The Alaska Commercial Company also
[ from St. Michael up the river. The town
r Porteus B. Weare, a leading grain merchant
of the North American Transportation and

located on the Yukon at the mouth of the
itter draining a large district abounding in
^posits. Circle City and Weare are on the
line, while the others are in Canadian terri-
the places are of logs and chinked with moss.

the capital of the proposed new Territory of
nclude the Yukon country of Alaska.

\CH THE YUKON GOLD FIELDS.

gateway to Alaska. It is 800 miles nearer
San Francisco. It is nearer the east by rail,
rn, than any other city on the Pacific Coast.

1 long experience, to furnish and properly
ectors.

take the trains of the Great Northern Rail-
leapolis or Duluth, which connect in Union
m tne East and South.

ve Seattle daily for Juneau, Skaguay and
week for St. Michael and the upper Yukon.

Basses from the southeastern strip of coast
fp Stikeen River from Fort Wrangel; up
:au; over Chilkoot Pass from Taiya, (Dyea);
n Skaguay; over Chilkat Pass from Haines

^^^ssion. The last three passes are at the head of Lynn Canal,
north of Jiineau. Sitka claims a route via Yakutat bay, thence
over the mountains to White River, and routes via Copper River
and Cook Inlet are talked of. -,

The Chilkoot Pass is used more than any other, for the reason
it is only twenty-four miles from tide water to navigation in Lake
Lindeman on the other side. The main difficulty is in carrying
supplies, which up to the present are packed on the backs of' the
owners, on horses, or else Indians, who charge in accordance with
the demand for their services. The new or inexpeiienced man
cannot carry more than forty to fifty pounds at a time. Goods arc
"tot,ed" in this way, by portage or relays, until the whole outtit is
deposited cm the, banks of the lake. Dogs and sleds can be of
assistance in theearly spring, when the snow is in condition, ami
the entire trip to the mines made in that way. In the summer
and fall, when the river is open, "boats, are used. It is possible
that by the time the season opens in 1898.. a wire-rope traniwav
hoist or other like device will be in position to-take goods over at
reasonable cost. Various projects are in hand for trails, road-
ways, railways, etc., at the different passes, and the new year will
not go by without some feasible and easier method of transporta-
tion being established. If all the propositions for quick and easv
transportation materialize even in part, there will be but little
trouble to reach the gold diggings during 1898.

The all-water route by St. Micha.el and the Yukon River is a
trip over 4,000 miles from Seattle, as compared with 1,500 miles
by the passes. The Yukon is open for navigation less than five
months. Extensive arrangements are being made by the existing
companies, as well as new organizations, to meet the demands of
travel and trade on all routes.

PORTLAND is actively in the field for the Alaska trade. It
is the oldest and largest city on the upper coast, and amply pre-
pared to take care or any outfitting demand. The Great Northern
gives the most direct service to that city from the east. Steamers
for Skaguay and Dyea will leave Portland about every four days.

Tacoma is Seattle's neighbor on Puget Sound and Alaska
steamers leave both cities the same day.

The Pacific Steam Whaling Company's steamers will leave
Seattle weekly, after February ist, for Copper River and Prince
William Sound.

From ?.pr\\ to October the Alaska Commercial Company's
steamers run between Sitka and Yakutat, Copper River, Prince
William Sound, Cook Inlet, Kodiak,Shumagin Islands and Dutch
Harbor. See steamer track on map.

.Sailing dates of the different lines, as determined upon later,
will be furnished to all applicants by any agent of the Great
Northern whose name appears in list on map side of this folder.

TABLE OF DISTANCES.

From St. Paul, via the Great Northern, to Seattle, 1,823 miles;
from Seattle to Dyea, 884 miles (Skaguay is 4 miles from Dyea).
From Dyea {Taiya) distances are as follows:

TOTALS. T 1 » /-. POINT TO POINT.

6 miles to Head of Canoe Navigation 6

i6?i' " Summit of Chilkoot Pass loJi

26'2 " Head of Lake Lindeman qH

34'; '• Foot of Lake Lindeman 8

3:'i " Head of Lake Bennett i

b\% " Foot of Lake Bennett 2ii]i

6454 " Foot of Caribou Crossing 2fi

81 ;i " Foot of Tagish Lake ibii

mi " Head of Lake Marsh 5

lobli " Foot of Lake Marsh 20

12^ " HeadofCanon 16^

I2}>i " Foot of Canon j|

i2i]i " Head of White Horse Rapids i^

140 " Tahkeenah River ji^

n6 " Head of Lake Leberge 10

187 " Foot of Lake Leberge 31

216 '.' Hootalinqua River 20

242 " Cassair Bar 26

249 " Big Salmon River 7

28554 " Little Salmon River , 3b\i

344 " Five Fingers Rapids 58J4

350 " Rink Rapids 6

40-?«^ " Felly River (Fort Selkirk) syA

499^ " WhiteRiver g6

509 " Stewart River q}4

529 " Sixty-Mile Post 20

549 " Dawson City (Klondike) 20

?89 " Fort Reliance 40

629 ■' Forty-Mile .Post 40

62<)}i " FortCudahy 'A

Hrq " Circle City 249M

By Wliite I'ass, via SkaKuay, tlie distaiKu tu tliu lakes is several miles
lonKer, while by the Chilkat Pas8 and Dalton's Trail It is about 400 miles over-
ian(l to old Furt Selkirk at the junction ot the Lewes and Pellv Rivers. Tliert- is
a pass east of Juneau via the Talcu Inlet, which leads no miles to Lake I'eslin.
From F^ort W rangel up the Stikeen River and overland to Lake Teslin it is
about 300 miles.and then down the lake and Hootalinqua (Teslin) River to Lev es
River and Dawson Citv al)out i;oo more.

'I'lie all-water route is via tfie ocean to St. Michael, 2,700 miles from Seattle,
stopping en mule at Dutch Harbor, on one of the .Aleutian Islands, i,.Soc) miles.
From St. .Micliael the distance is, appro.xiniately, to Dawson City. 1,600 miles,
divided as follows: St. Michael to Kutlik, 100; Kutlik to .Xndreatski, 12-;
.•\ndreafski to Holy Cross, 145; Holy Cross to Koserefsky, ;; Koserelsky to
.\nvik, 75; .Aiivik to Nulato, 225; Nulato to Novikakat, 14:; Novikakat to (Weare)
I'anaiia River, So; Tanana to Fort Yukon, 450; Fort Vukon to Circle City. So;
Circle City to l"orty-Mile, 240; Forty-Mile to Dawson City, 52. The jJares
namediilontj the \iikon are Kciiernlly Indian villages and wood statio > where
missions .ire maintained by dilferent religious bodies. F"ort \'ukon is abo e the
.Arctic Circle.

WHAT IT WILL COST.

Railway tickets can be bought of coupon agents in all principal
railway offices east and south direct to Seattle via St. Paul and
the Great Northern Railway, the shortest route by over 100 miles
to that city. The Great Northern train i« vestibuled and includes
;)alace and tourist sleepers and high-back-seated coaches. Meals
are served in dining car, a la carte, twenty-five cents and up,
according to one's appetite and desire for variety.

The tourist car is provided with range, so that passengers car-
rying lunch baskets can warm food and make tea and coffee. The
library car contains boots, writing desks, barber chair, bath room,
etc. It is less than three days run to Seattle.

Steamers make the trip to Juneau, Skaguay and Dyea in four
. days. The passenger fares from Seattle prevailing this season
(1898) are as follows:

WranKel. . . . First class, $;i0.no Second class, $20.n()

Juneau " 3.j.(K) " 2'.'.(iO

Skaguay and Dyea, . " 5(UK) " 3.").<i0

Sitka " 50.f^ " a."").!*

()rca.\'aldes BavCCuppcrCity),

I'ortage Bay, . . " W.OO '• 70.00

To Dawson City, via St. Michael, *'J5(l to 4300.
Thv same rates are in effect from Portland.

With each first and second-class ticket 1 50 pounds of baggage is
carried and excess is charged for at the rate of three cents per pound.

Miners' outfits, provisions, general merchandise, etc., are
charged for at the rate of Sq per ton, weight or measurement at
the ship's option, to Juneau, and $13 per ton to Skaguay and Uyea.
The rates on live stock (horses, mules and cattle) burros and
dogs are as follows :

Wrangel,

Juneau,

Skaguay and Dyea,

Rates may vary for the season of i8g8, and prospectors will do

well to correspond with agents of the Great Northern Railway

before they start, and get the latest figures.

WHEN TO GO.

There are two ways of getting into the interior — one all water,
via the ocean, St. Michael and the Yukon River, a trip of 4,000
miles, possible from about June ist to September 30th; the other
over the mountains to the headwaters of the Yukon. For the
overland route, the spring months give better roads across the
mountain passes, the rivers are frozen, and with dogs and sleds
the trip can be made reasonably easy over hard snow and ice,
with exemption from insect pests. Dogs should be taken along
from the East, as they are scarce on the coast. In the summer
and fall the rivers are open and boat? can be used for the trip,
but the mountain roads are slippery and muddy, and the expense
of forwarding supplies now exceeds the cost of the goods. Im-
proved facilities for getting over the mountains and down the
river will doubtless be in operation next season. The Canadian
mounted police have established a station at Lake Bennett,
and other stations will be located at a distance of about fifty miles
apart along the river to Dawson City.

WHAT TO TAKE.

No one should think of going to the diggings without taking
along clothing and provisions for a year. Conditions, however, are
changing very rapidly, and by the close of the season of 1898 it
may not be necessary for mmers to carry all supplies with them.
Every boat on the Pacific coast that can be secured will go into
service next season, new boats are being built, and vast quantities

LIVE STOCK.

BURROS.

DOGS.

$20.00

$12.00

$5.00

22. r*

IS.-W

5.00

22.50

IT.ijO

7.-<0

-i

of goods will no doubt be taken into the inte
River. Competition will then reduce the cost
of life at the mines.

Various lists of articles necessary in an outfit
have been prepared, but the following is sai
miners to fully cover every demand:

CLOTHING— 75 lbs., $100.

1 pair rubber hi

2 woolen sweate

1 clothes bag.

5 yards mosquito netting.

3 suits heavy underwear.

1 heavy Mackinaw coat.

2 pair heavy Mackinaw pants.
2 dozen lieavy wool socks.

'i dozen heavy wool mitts.
1 heavy cap and 1 soft hat.
1 broadbrim hat.

1 heavy knit scarf.

2 pairs leather gloves.
2 heavy overshirts.

2 pairs iieavy snag-proof rubber boots,
1 pair shoes.

3 pair3 heavy bl
1 dozen towels.
6 pairs overalls.
1 suit oil clothir
1 suit corduroy.

1 suit tleece-line

2 rubber blanke
1 sleeping bag ;i
1 pair felt boots
1 pair heavy rut
Roll of flannel

the feet and 1)

150 pounds bacon.

250 pounds Hour.

25 pounds peaches.

25 pounds apples.

25 pounds apricots.

25 pounds pitted prunes.

25 pounds coffee, in tin cans.

10 pounds tea, in tin cans.

GROCERIES— 1. 125 lbs., $8

5 pounds yeast.

6 pounds soda.
10 pounds salt.

1 pound pepper
M pound niusta
^4 pound gingei
5 pounds cvapo

2 dozen conden:
5 bars tar soap.

150 pounds beans.

5 bars laundry .

90 pounds oatmeal.

1 large tin box

25 pounds cornmeal.

1 quart evapor;

100 pounds rice.

Assortment soi

5 pounds baking pow ler.

Tobacco to suit

HARDWARE AND CAMP OUTFIT—:^

1 pair ice creepers.

C teaspoons.

1 knife and sheath.

3 tablespoons.

2 miners' shovels.

1 compass.

1 spool wire.

1 hunter's ax a

4 sail needles.

1 drawing kni'j

2 gold pans.

1 magnifying g

2 balls twine.

1 mixing spoon

' j dozen 8-inch flat files.

1 dust belt.

1 handled ax.

1 whetstone.

1 pick and two handles.

2 granite cups.

1 screwdriver.

1 frypan.

1 handsaw.

1 retinned dish

1 wood jackplane.

1 four-quart cot

1 ratchet brace

1 coffee mill.

4 bits, assorted sizes.

1 granite kettle

1 saw set.

3 granite plates

300 feet rope.

1 whipsaw.

1 pack and 1 shawl strap.

1 gold scale.

20 pounds assorted nails.

1 sled.

1 package hobnails.

1 tent.

3 pounds oakum.

1 sheetiron sto'

5 pounds pitch.

1 box candles.

1 set knives and forks (six each).

I spirit thermo

MEDIClNES-5 lbs., $io

60 quinine pills.

1 ounce tinctur

50 compound cathartic pills.

8 ounces cough

3 dozen acetanilid tablets.

1 bottle toothac

1 box chlorate potash.

1 bottle vaselin

6 mustard plasters.

2 drams iodofo

6 belladonna plasters.

2 yards lint.

4 ounces carbolic salve.

•/4 dozen assort

8 ounces chloroform liniment.

2 feet rubber a(

1 pint witch hazel.

4 ounces absorl

4 ounces essence ginger.

Monsell's salts

4 ounces paregoric.

quantity in ;

1 ounce laudanum.

person's liab

4 ounces borax.

trouble.

1 ounce tincture iodine.

1 pair smoked

2 ounces spirits nitre.

snow blindnt

t be taken into the interior by the Yukon
ill then reduce the cost of the necessaries

:les necessary in an outfit for a man one year
but the following is said by experienced
very demand:

THING— 75 lbs., $ioo.

1 pair rubber tiip boots.

2 wuoltn sweaters.

3 pairs heavy blankets.
1 dozen towels. '
6 pairs overalls.
1 suit oil clothing.
1 suit corduroy.

1 suit tleece-lined duck.

2 r\ibber blankets.
1 sleeping bag and 1 oil blanket.
1 pair felt boots.
1 pair heavy rubber overshoes.

)ber boots. Roll of flannel for insoles, wrapping
the feet and bandages.

:ERIES— 1,125 lbs., $85.

5 pounds yeast.

■ 5 pounds soda.

10 pounds salt.

1 pound pepper.
54 pound mustard.
M pound ginger.
5 pounds evaporated onions.

2 dozen condensed milk.
5 bars tar soap,
5 bars laundry =oap.
1 large tin box matches.
1 quart evaporated vinegar.
Assortment soup tablets.
Tobacco to suit.

LND camp outfit— 200 lbs., $50.

C teaspoons. <

3 tablespoons.
1 compass.

1 hunter's ax and sheath.
1 drawing kni'j.
1 magnifying glass.
1 mLxing spoon.
■" 1 dust belt.

1 whetstone.

2 granite cups.
1 frypan.

• 1 retinned dishpan.
1 four-quart coffee pot.
1 coffee mill.
1 granite kettle, retinned cover.

3 granite plates.
1 whipsaw.

\ gold scale.
1 sled.
' 1 tent.

1 sheetiron stove.
1 box candles.
iach). 1 spirit thermometer (mercury freezes I.

5DIC1NBS— 5 lbs., $10.

1 ounce tincture iron.
8 ounces cough mixture.
1 bottle toothache drops.

1 bottle vaseline.

2 drams iodoform.
2 yards lint.

54 dozen assorted bandages. -

2 feet rubber adhesive plasters.

4 ounces absorbent cotton.
Monsell's salts for hemorrhages, in

quantity in accordance with tlie
person's liability to attacks of the
trouble.
1 pair smoked glasses to prevent
snow blindness.

at.

« \

ARMAMENT— 20 lbs., $24.

1 repeating rifle, 30-30, with reloading
tools, and 100 rounds of brass-shell
cartridges.

1 large hunting knife and an assort-
ment of lishing tackle.

.■\ shotgun or revolver might be sul)-

stituted for tlie ritle.
The Canadian law against carrvnig

concealed weapons is rigidly enforced

by the mounted police.

niSCELLANEOUS-2 lbs., $3.

1 package asserted needles.
'J spools linen thread.

'J dozen bachelor buttons.

2 papers safety pins.
1 book nf pins.

1 spool of tape.

1 pail medium scissors.

4 pads note paper, with blotter.

50 good envelopes.

1 bottle ink 1 in metal).

1 indelible pencil (extra leads 1.

25 U. S. and Canadian postage stamps

(and holders I.
1 pen hoklir and pens.

Cost and weight can be materially rciluced by prospectors
travelinfj in party, so that one camping, hardware, armament ami
medicine outfit will answer for two or more persons. When men
intend to work together, it would be wasteful and burdensome to
load up with hardware, tools, medicine, etc., when comhinatioiis
can be made. Outfits can be bought in Seattle from merchants
who understand the business and know how to pack for the trip.
A trunk is not the thing to carry goods in; a canvas pack is much
better, protected with oil skins. Mark your baggage with name
and address, and also put on some distinctive characters in glar-
ing colors, so that you can easily identify your own in the great
quantity of goods piled up at landing places. Trading companies
in *he Klondike region are American, and buy their goods mainly
at Seattle and pay duty on entering Canadian territory. If there
was any considerable saving by the purchase of goods m Canadian
ports, they would avail themselves of the chance, but the way to
the Klondike is through American territory. Canada exenipts
from all duty miners' blankets, personal clothing in use, tent,
])roken packages of provisions being used, also cooking utensils
in use and 100 pounds of food for the journey, charging ordinary
customs duty on everything in e.vcess of this amount. The duty
is about the same charged by the United States on Canadian
goods.

THE GRUB STAKE.

A good many prospectors who have gone to Alaska have been
furnished with means for the purchase of supplies, tools, transpor-
tation, etc., by friends, who, under a contract, are to share equallv
in the profits, which includes part ownership of any claims located,
discovered or purchased, or of any metal that may be mined.
The prospector agrees to devote his whole time and effort to the
joint venture and make faithful report of his doings. If he fails
the money advanced and lost is offset by his labor. As a rule
"grub stake " contracts are quietly made, for reasons personal to
the staker and staked. Ex-Senator Tabor of Colorado, Tommy
Cruse of Montana, and other well-known miners and operators
made their start originally by being grub staked.

MINING LAWS.

The general mining laws of the United States apply to Alaska.
Claims, usually called "placers," including all forms of deposits
excepting veins of quartz or other rock in place, are subject to en-
try and patent. No single individual can locate more than twenty
acres of placer land, and no location can be made by any com-
pany, composed of no less than eight bona fide locators, exceed-
ing 160 acres. The price per acre of placer claims is $2. 50.
Where placers contain veins or lodes the cost per acre is gq.oo.
Rules not conflicting with this can be made in any state or terri-
tory, and it is not uncommon for miners to establish smaller sized
claims, and this is the case in Alaska, where the ground is hard
to work. When a new district is discovered the miners agree to
this and select a Recorder of Claims, provided no regular gov-
ernment official is on hand.

The Canadian authorities have ruled that placer claims in the
Yukon district shall not exceed looxioo feet, and only alternate

claims can be occupied, the others reinaiiiiiij,' in the hands of the
government to be sold for its benefit. An entry fee of P15.00 is
charged, and there is an annual fee besides of $100. A royalty of
ten per cent, is charged where the output amounts to S500 a week,
and twenty per cent, where it is over J500.

There are various rc<iuiremcnts necessary to follow in securing
patent to a claim under the laws of both countries, and these are
to be had in printed form in all the mining camps. It will pay
every prospector to watch and carefully comply with all regula-
tions and stipulations set forth by both governments. The Gold
Commissioner of the Canadian Dominion is vested with extraor-
dinary powers and the Klondike regiim is under his authority.

LAW AND ORDER.

Notwithstanding the absence of organized government in the
new district, there is a surprising regard for life and property
rights. Few cases of disorder or theft have been reported, and no
dangerous or fatal assaults have occurred. The miner stands so
much in need of protection for his life and property that he is
deeply concerned in maintaining a strong government. He with
his associates join together in preserving order, and willingly
assist the few officials sent to represent the home authorities. The
Dominion has mounted police at all principal points in its territory
and the Tnited States War Department intends to send in troops.
There has also been established two L'nited States courts. There
is no more danger to person or property in the placer fields of
Alaska and Northwest Territory than in any ordinary community,
and not as much as in certain districts of the large cities. Alaska is
in the revenue district of (Jregon, and the laws of that state apply.

METHODS OF PLACER MINING.

There are three methods employed by miners in working placer
ground :

ist. PANNING. This is by means of a broad shallow dish
made of iron or copper. Into this the miner lifts a shovelful of
gravel and sand. He then puts in water enough to fill the pan
and gives a few whirls and snakes, which tends to settle the gold
to the bottom on account of its greater weight. The dish is then
shaken in such a way that the gravel and sand are washed out,
leaving the yellow treasure at the bottom, mixed with black sand
or pulverized iron ore. If the gold is fine it can be gathered with
quicksilver, forming amalgam. So far the Yukon miner has not
troubled hmiself to save the fine gold. Panning has been the
most common method in Alaska.

2d. ROCKING. A rocker is simply a box about three feet
long and two feet wide, made in two parts, the top part being
shallow, with a heavy sheet iron bottom full of quarter-mch holes.
The other part of the box is fitted with an inclined shelf about
midway in its depth, which is six or eight inches lower at its
lower end than at its upper. Over this is placed a piece of heavy
woolen blanket. The whole is then mounted on two rockers,
much resembling those of an ordinary cradle, and, when in use,
they are placed on two blocks of wood, so that the whole may be
easily rocked. After the miner has selected his claim, he looks
for the most convenient place to set his "rocker," which must be
near a good supply of water. Then he proceeds to clear away all
the stones and coarse gravel, gathering the finer gravel and sand
near the rocker. The shallow box on top is filled with this, and
with one hand the miner rocks it, while with the other he ladles in
water. The finer matter, with the gold, falls through the holes on
the blanket, which checks its progress and holds the fine particles
of gold, while the sand and other matter passes over it to the bottom
of the box, which is sloped so that what comes through is washed
downward and finally out of the box. Across the bottom of the
box are fixed thin slats, behind which mercury is placed to catch
any particles of gold which may escape the blanket. If the gold
is nuggety the largest are found in the upper box, their weight
detaining them until all the lighter stuff has passed through, and
the smaller ones are held by a deeper slat at the outward end of
the bottom of the box. The piece of blanket is at intervals taken
out and rinsed into a barrel. If the gold is fine, mercury is placed
at the bottom of the barrel and amalgam formed. The process is

continueil until enough aiiiaigain has l)ccii fonnc<l to [).iy tor
roasting or firing. It is then stiuec/.ed through a buckskin bag,
all the mercury that comes through the bag i)eiiig put back into
the barrel to serve again, and what leinaiiis in the bag is placed
in a retort, if the miner has one, or, if not, on a shovel, .iiid lieated
until nearly all the mercury is vaporized; the gold then remains
in a lump, with some mercury still held in coiiibiiiatioii with it.
3d. SLUICING. This method is employed when possible.
It recpiires a good su[)ply of water with sufficient head or fall.
The process is as follows: Planks arc procureil and fonneil into
a box of suitable width and depth. Slats are fixed across the bot-
tom of the box at suitable intervals, or shallow holes bored in the
bottom ill such order that no i)article could run along the bottom
in a straight line aiul escape without running over a hole. .Sev
eral of these boxes are then set up with a considerable slope ami
are titted into one another at the em's like a stovepipe. A stream
of water is now directed into the upper end of the highest box,
and the gravel having been collected as in the case of the rocket,
It is shoveled into the upper box and is washed downward by the
strong current of water. The gold is detained by its weight anil
is held by the slats or the holes mentioned. If it is line, mercury
is placed behind the slats or in these holes to catch it. In this way
about three times as much dirt can be washed as by the rocker,
and consecpientlv three times as much gold is secured, in a given
time. After the boxes are done with, they are burned and the
ashes washed for the gold held in the wood.

COOK INLET DISTRICT.

This body of water is about 600 miles west by north of Sitka
and trails connect it with the Kuskokwim River, the second
largest stream in Alaska, and with the Tanana and Yukon. A
good deal of placer mining is being done along the shores of
tributary streams, several hundred men finding employment in
mining and tishing,.there being three canneries. Large deposits
of coal exist, which are described by Prof. Dall in his report
to the government on the "Coals and Lignites of Alaska." The
schooner Hertha arriveil at .Seattle in October from Cook Inlet
with nearly one hundred miners having from #500 to S2o,ooo each,
or a total of a quarter of a million between them, the result of a
year's work. Among the party was A. P. Vinnedge, a well-known
citizen of Seattle, who saia:

" The Cook Inlet country is big with poss'bilitics. Its rfsources have been liut
partially explored. For several weeks l)elui(. I lelt several claims were paving
f 150 to $175 per liay. Were it not for the Klondike reccjrds this would be con-
sidered big money. Oiirgold dust sells lor Ji6.;o at the mint. An ounce of gold
dust per man per day diggings is about the average of the wIkjIu district, altliough
on one claim on Mills Creek two men took out Ji.^oo in ten liours. They used
only a pan and rocker. Several hydraulic outlits will be sent up next spring and
work will be done on a much larger scale. A California outht of six men at the
mouth of Six-Mile Creek has an immense bar of gravel. They will bring down
about $15,000 on a ship to leave later, the greater part of whicli will be p'.it into a
hydraulic outfit. They did a great deal of ditcli work this year, or they wjuld
have more money to bring out. .\ large vein cjf free-milling gold quartz was dis-
covered just before I left. It was located on the slope of Nit. Kenai.and a ledge
13 feet in width assayed nearly Si.ooo to the ton in gold. There are two mining
districts— Resurrection and Sunrise. The Sunrise district c<msists of Six-.\Iile
Creek and its various tributaries, and the Resurrection district of Resurrection
Creek and its small branches. The ground on both of thi.se creeks and their
branches lias been located in continuous claims. Sunrise City, at the mouth ol
Six-Mile Creek, is the Dawson of the district. The claims liegin at the outskirts
of the town and run up river. Both Resurrection and Sunrise creeks empty into
the northern part of tlie inlet, within a short distance of each other. Sunrise City
is a typical Alaskan mining camp town. It consists of aliout twenty-five log
cabins and si.\ frame store buildings. One of these is occupied bv the Sunrise
Hotel, two are used as saloons, and the others by the .\laska Commercial Com-
pany and the United States .Mercantile Company. I he town is on the i:i]v.s of a
small building boom, and a great deal of lumber has been taken in this summer.
The miners either live in cabins on their claims or in town. .Ml are comfortable
the whole year round."

The Russians established several colonies along the shores of
the inlet, where they engaged in raising crops and cattle. The
inlet has a good climate; the Russians called it "Summer Land."
It is a veritable pleasure resort on account of its scenery, hunting
and fishing, A chain of active volcanoes, snowy peaks and
glaciers is in sight, and lofty waterfalls leap from rocky cliffs. Hot
springs occur on the forested slopes. Ola Fort Kenai stands on
the eastern shore, and Mt. Iliamna, from whose double crater
smoke is always rising, lies to the west, and near by is the largest
lake in Alaska, Iliamna, go by 60 miles in size.

THH COPPER RIVKR COUNRTY.

This stream is iihout .»c» miles loii^,' ami very erratic \n its
course amori),'- the iiioimtaiiis. The Indians of this rc^'ion do con-
siderable- miniiii; and liave a [irocess of hardening; copjier, which
is said to make it as Iiard as steel. 'Ihey have brouglu in nuj,'j,'ets
of j,'oUl to the trading station and the behef is that rich discoveries
of the metal will yet be made. The country has been very little
explored. The river has a delta mouth 5x30 miles on the coast,
about 450 miles west of .Sitka. The u|)per waters of the river can
be reached by trail from Cook Inlet. Moats leave .Seattle at regu-
lar intervals for Copfter River and Prince William Sound. The
Steamer "Townsend " will leave Fort Townsend February i and
every twenty days thereafter for same ports.

A LARGE LAND.

Alaska is the Russian America of ihe old maps. The first white
m';u, Hering and his associates, to reach its shores in the seven-
teenth century, in search of furs, gave Russia title under right of
discovery. Pribilof discovered the Seal Islands in I7(/). The
Russian American Fur Company was chartered by the Czar in
1800. Sitka was founded in 1801. The mainland is estimated to
contain 580,000 square miles, the islands of Alexander Archipelago,
31,200, and the Aleutian Islands, 6,400, making a grai ! total of
617,600 scjuare miles, an area greater than the entire I'nion east of
the Mississippi. The United .States bought the country in 1867
for 57,200,000, two cents an acre, the largest real estate deal of
history.

IMMENSE WEALTH.

An eminent authority upon Alaska in an address recently
delivered in an eastern city has this to say about the future of the
Yukon region:

" Bonanza and Eldorado creeks afford Ijetwuen thfiii 27H claims; the several
affluents will yield as many more, and ill of these claims are good. 1 have no
hesitation in saying that 100 of tliosoon Bonanza will yielil upwards of »3o,ooo,ooo.
Claim thirty on Eldorado will yield a million in itself, and ten otliers will yield
from iioo,ooo upward. These two creeks will, I am quite confident, turn nit
iron) $60,000,000 to $75,000,000 and 1 can safely say that there is no other region in
the world of the same extent that has alfordeil in the same length of time so many
homestakes -fortunes enabling the owners to go home and enjoy the remainder
of their days.'' * * * "We must have from i)o,ooo to 100,000 S(iuare miles,
which, with propercare, judicious handling and better facilities for the trans-
portation of food and utensils, will be the largest, as it is the richest gold field
the world has ever known." * * * "That country offers to men of great forti-
tude and some intelligence and steadiness an opportunity to make more money in
a given time than they poosi! ly could make anywhere else. They will have, of
course, a good deal to contend with.'' * * * •■ 1 object to the use of the name
Klondike, because that is so small a portion of the territory up there in the
Yukon region, in Cii.iiparison with which the area of the Klondike would not
compare any more than my hand wouUl with that blackboard, and nearly all that
vast stretch of country has yet to be prospected. "

CLIMATE OF ALASKA.

The climates of the ct)ast and interior are unlike in many
respects. A strip of the mainland back to the mountains and its
fringe of islands has a temperate climate not unlike Norway, with
little zero weather but a heavy rainfall and a profuse vegetation.
The interior has a wide range of heat and cola. The mildness of
the coast is due to the Japan current, a warm stream in the Pacific
Ocean that strikes the coast of British Columbia, and dividing,
sends one branch northward to meet another branch which strikes
the Aleutian Islands and expends its force in Bering Sea. The
mean winter temperature of Sitka is about that of Washington,
D. C.but the annual range is less, running from 32 degrees above
zero in winter to 75 degrees above in summer. There is a good
deal of foggy and cloudy weather on the coast, the clear days
averaging about 66 in the year. The climate of the interior is one
of rigorous cold in winter, with a short hot summer, especially
days when the sky is clear. The day of mid-winter on the upper
Yukon has the sun in sight less than four hours, while in mid-sum-
mer it hardly gets dark. The records of the Canadian mounted
golice at Fort Constantine during the winter of 1H96-7 showed the
rst zero weather on November 10, and the last on April 2g. It
never rose above zero from December 19 to February 6. The
lowest temperature was 65 degrees below on January 27, and on
24 days it went 50 below. The cold is not ditificult to bear when a
man is suitably clothed, and the winter season is better to travel in
with dog sleds over snow and ice than during the summer, when
the moss, which covers the whole face of the couhtry, is wet and
the low places are swampy and mosquitoes troublesome.

W2fi.^.4

7 90"

778"

776

774°

For further information apply to or address any
of the followinir :

BOSTON. MA.8S.

211 WHHhiriKton Ht W. A. HEWAKl), Generni An«nt.

211 WaHhiiiKion St I. I. FOGO, TraveliiiK Agent.

211 WuHhiiiKton Ht F. L. HOPElt, TriivelinB Aueiit.

2i« WHHhiiiKtoM Ht KAYMOND & WHITOOMB, Exc\ir. A^t .

BT7FFALO, N.Y.

1244 Guivr mty HI.Ik GEO. EIGHMY, Jr., Tfhv. PuHBenwHr Agt.

1244 Oiiurniily H1(Ik M. E. KINSLEY, Trav. Freight Ajent.

BTJTTE, MOMT.

41 N. Miiiii Ht J. E. DAWSON, General Agent.

CHIOAOO, ILL.

220 H. (!lHrk Ht W. M. LOWIUE. (inn'l A««nt PasH'r Dept.

22(1 H. (MarkHt MAX UAHH, General IniniiKration A^ent.

**ol 220 H. (JlarkHt (JEO. G. (!KOHE, Trav. I'attH'r and Ini. Agt.

220 H. CliirkHt ('. W. I'lTTH. TnivelinK PasHenaer Agent.

220 H. (Hark Ht L. W. CAMPBELL. Gen'l Agt. Frt. Dept.

220 H. (!!ark Ht O. L. ALLEN , Traveling Freight Agent.

CINCINNATI, O.

Fifth and Walnut Stw ..W. .J. BYKTH, General Agent.

Fifth and VValiuil 8tw...E. A..70NEH. Triiveling I'aKHenger Agent.
DEB MOINES, IOWA.

404 WalDiit Kt H. .1. ELLISON, DiHtrict PaHsenger Agent.

404 Walnut, St J. E. GIBSON, Trnveling P..»nenger Agent.

DETROIT, MICH.

Nor. S. S. (!<>.'h Dock . . . . E. B. CLAKK, General Agent.

Nor. H. S. (Io.'m Dock... a. J. CASWELL. Traveling Agent.
DULUTH. MINN.

i'M W. Superior St (!. 1). HARPER, Northern PbhhV .Vgent.

4a2 W. Superior St J AS. ItOBERTSON, Gen'l Agt. Frt. Dept.

41(2 W. Superior Ht G. M. BRUSH. Traveling Freight Agent.

FAROO, N. D M. J. COHTELLO, Traveling Freight Agt.

HELENA, MONT.

16 N. Main St C. E. DUTTON, General Aeent.

I.ONDON, ENG.

H. G. McMICKEN, European Traffic Agt.

Lu(lgate(!ircuH THOS COOK A SON, European Agentn.

142 Strand H.GAGE& SONS, European Agents.

MILWAUKEE. WIS.

H02 I'alwt Hldg TAMES YOUNG, General Agent.

Vn PaliHt BIdg W. M. RO .MINE, Traveling Agent.

MINNEAPOLIS MINN.

m) Nicollet Ave V. D. JONES, City PasH'r and Ticket Agt.

800 Nicollet Ave H. A. KIMBALL, Gen'l Agent Frt. Dept.

MONTREAL, QUEBEC.

ntil Notre Diime St W. G. McLE:AN, General Agent

'*<> NEW YORK.

S75Bro«dwiiy E. D. SPENOEU, Gen'l Agent Pa^B'rDept.

37.5 Broiidway L. W. LAKE, < ien'l Agent Freight Dept.

PHILABELPHIA, PA.

42 S. Third Si A. C. HARVEY, DiHtrict PaHs'r Agent.

42 S. Third St T H. GRACE, Gen'l Agent Freight Dept.

42 S. Third St H. C. JACOBSEN, Trav. Pass'rA Im. Agt.

PITTSBURG, PA.

40,5 Fifth Ave DELANO LIK!E, Dirtrict PaBh'r Agent.

4(6 Fifth Avf R. H. MARTIN, District Freight Agent.

40,5 Fifth Ave I. W, STEVENSON, Trav. Freight Agent.

PORTLAND, ORE.

122 Third St A. B.C.DENNIS ION. City Pasn'r A Tkt.Agt.

122Tl.ird Kt Gen'l Agt. Freight Dept.

6EATTLF WASH

612 Front Ht . . . . .' R. C. STEVENS, Gen'l West'n PnHh'r Agt.

612 Froi.t St L. H. GRAY. Gen'l Agent Freight Dei>t.

612 Front Kt K. G. McMlCKEN. City PnsH'r A Tkt Agt.

(!12 Front Si I. A. MILLER, Traveling Agent.

SPOKANE, WASH.

701 W. KiverHi.le Ave ...C. G. DIXON, General Agent.

701 W. RiverHide Ave....H. A. JACKSON, Traveling Agent.
ST. LOUIS, MO.

605 Olive St W.J. ?:VANS, General Agent.

505 Olive St A. E. WARD, Traveling Agent.

ST. PAUL, MINN.

109 E. 8d Ht W. J. DUTCH. City PaBs'r and Ticket Am.

(lor. ad St. A Bro.idway.O. THORSON. 1 raveling PaHH'r Agt.

Cor. 'dd St. A Broadway. MOSES FOLSOM. Immigration Agent.

199 E. 3d St F. M.STUDLKY.tien'l Agt. Freight Dept.

Cor. 3d Ht. A Broadwiiv.H. B. BRIGGH. 'rraveling Freight Agent.
'♦o Cor. 8d St. A Broadway. W. J. MAGNER, Traveling Freight Agent.

TORONTO, ONT.

2 Kii)K Ht.,East WM. HARDER, General Agent.

WEST StfPERIOR. WIS.

SIS Tower Ave W. K. ADAMS. City Pass'r and Ticket Agt.

WINNIPEG, MAN.

5(WMain Kt, R.J. SMITH, Agent.

K»/)fl

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725

lao'

nfl

MAP OF

ALASKA

AND PORTIONS OF THE

NORTHWEST TERRITORY,

SHOWING .^''' \

ROUTES TO THE GOLD FIELDS. ^

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