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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd A partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. rata elure, 3 I2X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 wsm THE DESTINY OF AMERICA, THE INEVITABLE POLITICAL UNION OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. AMERICA THE QUEEN OF COMMERCE, HER INHABITANTS THE t LEADERS AND RULERS OF THE V/ORLD, THE POTENT KFFRCT OF CHRLSTIAN CIVILIZA- TION ON THE AFFAIRS OF THF WORLD. ./ By EDWIN SUTHICRLAND, i)J the Distyici of Columbia J>ar. W, H. LOWDERMILK & CO., WASIiINtvrON, u. c. l88q. Copyright 1S89. By EDWIN SUTHERLAND. THE DESTINY OF AMERICA THE INEVITABLE POLITICAL UNION OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. AMERICA THE QUEEN OF COMMERCE, HER INHABITANTS THE LEADERS AND RULERS OF THE Y^ORLD. THE POTENT EFFECT OF CHRISTIAN CIVILIZA- TION ON THE AFFAIRS OF THE WORLD. By EDWIN SUTHERLAND, Of the District of Columbia Bar, W. H. LOWDERMILK & CO., WASHINGTON, D. C. 1889. INTRODUCTION. The Destiny of America is a subject freighted with man)' grand and noble ideas, and one which should eng-age the attention of every patriot, statesman and scholar, and, indeed, of all, whether of high or low degree. It is not in its truest and widest range confined to either the United States, Canada or Mexico, but to al! — in fact, to the entire Continent. The following essay i~ the result of no inconsidera- ble research, travel, observation apd consideration: the chief difficulty in its preparation has been in the con- densation and arrangement of the mass of matter which presented itself; sufficient matter relating to this fruit- ful subject could be found to fill many volumes The essay will be lound to be divided into three parts, — the first relates to the United States, its area, physical resources, capabilities of its people, etc. ;, the second treats of Canada in the same manner; the third aims to show the effect Christian civilization will have on tlie wliole human race, the part the American people- are to play in this process of civilization, and the results which v/ill spring from the political union of the United States and Canada. It would have enlartred the essav to an undesirable extent to have taken account of the varied and wonder- fH-fKOifVCTloS. ful resources of ,^Ir;4Jr/c but the national unity of the United vStates ami Canada, (brought: about, not bj- the violence of revofatkm and conquest, but by the silent forces o( ('.xamiAn', Hnd influence,) will ultimately attract and absorb thut mtwmrHo that it too will become a part of one vast Omiimrnt^il Republic. — destined to be. This, in the vwrw a( the writer, is the final destiny of America, one iii'Jii.<,isted by the very structure and re- sources of tJie Wt-MPin Continent, its dominant lan- guage, its i)rt:\'iiktttt rdigton and education. If the (fssay %h&lh tf> any extent, awaken the attention of die studious am{ thoughtful to the great and grand destiny of this (.mtmry — -encourage or lead to efforts, however small, for die promotion and attainment of that destin)', the wnter will Ire am[)ly compensated for die time and labor *rx|)K'rrwlwl it its [)reparation. The descriptJQn f>f the resources and capabilities, as well of the partkuhr .States and Territories as of the country in gen<;ral h&'i been garnered from a number ol well-known pdiyifations, prominent among die,m being "Our \Ve^W;m Empire" by L. P. Brocket, "The Great West" l^y a flumber of eminent Audtors and Scientists, "Our Cmmtrv'" by the Rev. Josiah Strong, D. D., "Ridpatl3% Hmtory of the United .States," sup- plemented by thfx i»f.fmnh\ observations of the writer during axiamkid trzvek through Canada, the Great Northwest. Wmi and South. The comparison be- tween this and flurrxp^ian countries has likewise been obtained from VArtm^ authors and by the writer's per- sonal observation'^. Edwin .Sutherland, Jamiary, iSHij THE DESTINY OE AiVlERICA. IN the above word "America" is included Canada, as well as the United States. , There has been of late much controversy on both sides of the border line, concernin^r the questions of "Annexation," "Reci- procity," and "Commercial Union." Patriotic Cana- dians have been holding/ up th<.'.ir hands in horror at the idea of Annexation. " Reciprocal Trade" or "Commer- cial Union" they express a willingness to tolerate, but they draw the line at Annexation. Their objection to becoming an integral part of this Nation seems to rest largely on sentiment; a repug- nance to being so disloyal as to leave the shelter of the parental roof; and national pride, feelings in every way laudable. Canadians, or at least many of them, are imbued with the idea that theii country is destined to become great; which it undoubtedly is, but not as a separate nation. Professor Ralph W. 'I homas recently read a paper before the Albany Institute, New York, entitled: "What is Canada?" As a corollary to this question might be asked, "What is Canada's Destiny?" To which the writer unhesitatingly answers, to be the complement THE DESTINV OV AM'CIUCA. and hdpmect of the United States, in tlu; rivili/in^^ and Christianizing of the world — meanin;,' thereby the Christianizing of those portions of the world not alrearly under Christian influences; and the raising to a higher plane of civilization those portions that are."/ In order to get at the subject understandingly, let us ask and answer the following questions: "What is the United States?" "What is Canada?" "What is Christi- anity?" "What has Christianity accomplishc^d?" "What is it destined to accomplish?" "What is the comparison between Christian and non-Christian races, and the inference to be drawn from that rompari'-on?" And, in what particular way are Christianity and Amer- ica to be co-related?" These are stupendous questions, tm any one of which volumes could be written; and the difficulty is, not to obtain matter in relation to them, but to select and con- dense into a suitable compass the mass that presents itself. "WHAT IS THE UNITED STATES?" The area of. the United States is 3, 6o3,8V AMIiKICA 7 iLst.icadn of I'exas, a region of about 30,000 sfiuarc; niilf.-s, of which so much has b(;en heanl, as to its ster- lity. ^'c. The fact is it has a great numhcr of fertile and well-waterctl valleys. Some i 5 or 20 milli(in acres of Washington Tertitory turns out to ])e the fuiest wheat fields in the world. Utah's worthl(;ss land is rapidly diminishing in quantity; and so of Arizona, Montana, Idaho, and others. In the States and Territories in which the land is not adai)t(;d to agricultural purposes, in nearly all ca.ses it abounds in minerai wealth ( - Is peculiarly suited for grazing purposes; so that 't seems Provi- dence, in storing away the wealth . diis (.ountr), was even then preparing- for die race which wa ; tp inhabit it. These arable lands odours are capable <e min- imum is litde, if at all, below that of the latter. Sub- tropical plants, therefore, winter there almost as readily as on the coast. In summer, however, the average temperature is high, often remaining above 100 Fah- renheit for many days, the nights also being very warm. At the same time, however, the air is so dry as to ren- der the heat much less oppressive than is the case east of the mountains, sunstroke being almost unknown. The essential feature of the climate of the Great Valley may be said to extend 2000 feet up the slope of the Sierra Nevada range. Higlier up snow falls and lies in winter, and the summers are cool ; thunder storms occur, which are almost unknown on the coast and in the valley. Akhough very rich in precious metals yet California's great gold mines are in her vast wheat fields. In the markets of the world the wheats of the Pacific Coast are noted for their higher quality, the plumpness and light color of the berr)', and the higher percentage of first-class tlour it furnishes in milling. The yield of forty to sixty bushels, and even more to the acre, under very imperfect tillage, for a number of consecutive years, forms a strong proof of the producing power of the country, and a strong incendve to its culture. The wheats of Oregon, especially those grown on die plains of Upper Columbia, so closely resemble the wheats of California that millions of bushels of Oreoon wheat o reach the eastern markets as "California wheat." The preparation of the ground for the crop on the large -JS*vHwj,*(ijJil>W. ^H" ^m 12 THE DESTINY OF AMERICA. wheat farms is usually made by means of gang-plows with from two to six sliears, drawn by from tliree to five horses walking abreast, and frequently a half dozen of these plows are at work in the same field, followed by a wagon carr}ang the grain and the centrifugal sower. The harvesting is on an equally large scale: great "headers" are pushed into the golden fields by from four to eight horses. Its vibrating headers clip off the heads on a swath from 16 to 28 feet wide, while a re- volving apron carries the golden ears to a wagon driven alongside, having a curious wide slanting bed for their reception. .Several- of these wagons drive back and forth between the swaths and the steam- thresher, where, within an hour, the grain that Avas waving in the morning breeze may be sacked ready for shipment to Liverpool, The sugar-beet and hop- growing industries are valuable. The fruit culture ot California is of world-wide reputation and needs no comment. Stock raising is a very profitable industry, although of course secondary to agriculture and min- ing. The mining product of California for 1879 was estimated at about $182,000,000. Ocean steamers ply between San Francisco and Panama, the Sandwich Islands, Hong Kong, Yokohama, Sondi America ports, Australia, and other points. The two customs districts of San P'rancisco and San Diego stand third in the United States in the amount of their imports, which in 1879 were $36,105,639, and sixth in the amount of their exports, which were the same year $4,1 1 7,886. A large number of vessels, exact number and tonnage not known, but certainly not over 1000, are engaged in the coastwise trade. — " Our Western Em- THE DESTINY OF AMERFCA. 13 pire," page 551. Tlie greatest commerce of the State is conducted over her railways, which increased from 23 miles in i860 to 3667 miles in 1887, of which no definite figur.es are at hand for the present year, but in 1887 it was about 2,000,000 tons, ,the freight of which amounted to about $12,000,000. DAKOTA. Dakota has an area of 150,932 square miles, being about four times as large as the State of Ohio, and three times as large as New York. Dakota has on the east side of the Missouri River at least 60,000 square miles of land fit for the plow. In about 100,000 square miles of this Territory, wheat can be produced more cheaply and to a greater profit than anywhere else, because the soil is admirably'adapted to its production ; the rainfall is in the months of May, June and July, just when it is needed; there is very little in August and September, when the harvesting is being done: the days are hot and the nights cool, and consequently rust, blight, mildew and sprouting of grain in the shock are almost unknown; and, because of the nearness of this section to the markets of the world, it is only 250 miles from the Red River to Lake Superior. Farming in Dakota is conducted on a gigantic scale, and as systematically as manufacturing. Mr. Dalrymple, known as the "boss granger" of the region, has a farm of 37.500 acres on which is a wheat field of 20,000 acres, the yield of which in 1879 was about 500,000 bushels of wheat. On this farm 400 men are employed in harvesting, and 500 to 6f.x> in mmmmmmmmm ■Ml 1^: It? H THE DESTINV t'F AMERICA. threshing. They use 250 pairs of horses. 200 gang plows, 1 1 5 seh-binders, and 20 steam threshers. The men, animals and machinery are organized into separate divisions with a superintendent for each. Nothing- could be grander than a sight of these immense wheat fields, stretching away farther than the eye can reach, in one unbroken golden sea, while a long procession of reaping machines in echelon, like a battery of artillery, moves steadilv against die thick-set ranks of grain. Travelling together, these 115 machines would cut a swath one-fifth of a mile wide and twenty miles long in a day. Dakota contains about 151,000 square miles, which is nearly all prairie. The Black Hills are remarkably rich in minerals, gold being very abundant, very rich copper-ore, coal in great quantises, petroleum of t>x- cellent quality and inexhaustible supply, and salt de- posits. The foot-hills are covered with the richest and most nutritious grasses, cattle roam over them the year round without shelter, and stock-raising is one of the most important industries in the region. The arable lands in the Black Hills are from 500 to 600 square miles in extent, and consist of bottom lands along the streams and prairie and lower slopes of j:he foot-hills beiween the water-courses, and arc of marvelous rich- ness. The yield of the Black Hills mines in 1880 was j,6,ooo,ooo; the fine water powers in the vicinity and the coal mines which are readily accessible, as well as the large deposits of copper, lead and iron which are awaiting development, must ere long make it an im- portant manufacturing region ; and in a few years we may expect to see the immense quandties of mining THK DKS riNY OF AMERICA. 1 5 and agricultural machinery which arc needed, as well as the manifold manufactures of wool and iron which are needed diere, produced on the spot, instead of be- ing-, as now, brought from Chicago. — "Our Western Empire," Page 721. The railway mileage of Dakota increased from 65 miles in 1870 to 1440 miles in 1887. MINNESOTA. The area of Minnesota f§ 83,531 square miles, about 54,000,000 square acres, of which about 3,000.000 acres is water surface, there being upwards of 7000 lakes. The " Big Woods," composed of a dense and magnifi- cent growtli of hardwood over one hundred miles in length, and of an average width exceeding forty miles, comprises an area of 50,000 square miles. In the northeast part of the State there are 256,000 acres of cranberry marsh. The mean average temperature ot the State is about 44 Fahrenheit. The air is very dry and bracinor. The rainfall, like that of Dakota, is in the three months when it is most needed. The climate is heakhful and the death-rate low. Minnesota has 2,796 miles of shore line of navigable waters. In -Jan- uary 1880 there was no town in the State which was more than 25 miles from a railway station ; it must be remembered -that all these railway lines have been built since 1862, as at the end of 1862 there were only ten miles of railway in the State. There are about 40,000,000 acres of arable land, which are believed to be very fertile. The nordiern counties are adajjted to sustain vast herds, Minnesota is a great dairy-farm- ing State. Few States equal it in manufacturingxapa- Ji ^ i6 THi: DESTINY OF AMERICA. cities. The Mississippi Icnd.s* the State one thousand miles of shore Hne. half of which it contributes to pur- poses of manufacturing.^ Pokegama Fails, Little Falls, Sauk Rapids, and St. Anthony F'alls, form extensive and valuable water-powers. St. Anthony Falls, on which Minneapolis is situated, forms one of the most ma«fnificent natural seats of manufactories in the coun- try. The St. Louis river descends to the level of Lake Superior through a series of jagged falls of incalculable power. Fergus F'alls, on Red River, the several falls on the Zimboo, on Cannon Root, Cottonwood, Red wood, and other streams, exhibit the distribution of water power throughout the State. Considering its vastness and diffusion, *"he capacity of the surrounding country for feeding it with raw material, and the illimi- table field for the consumption of the products, it is difficult to limit the progress of industrial products, which may be reasonably expected of the future. The lead- ing staples of manufacturing industry in Minnesota are flour and lumber — one the manufactured product of its vast areas of fertile soil, the other of the pine forests which cover a large part of northeastern Minnesota. Minneapolis had in i8So more than 20saw mills, which produced 165,000.000 feet of lumber, besides lath and shingles; and 27 flour mills, which produced 5,250,000 barrels. The number of saw mills in the State in 1880 was about 200, with a producing power of about 1,000,- 000,000 feet. The total flour production of the .State was in 1878 over 10.000,000 barrels per annum. There are a number of iron works, and several boiler, stove, harvester, plow, and other agricultural machine fac- tories, woolen mills, cotton mills, paper mills and about 1.3 ■^' THE DESTIXy OF AMERICA. 17 25 or 30 Other mills and factories of various kinds. —"Our Western Empire," page 406. The railway mileage of the .State Increased from nothing in 1850 to 5019 in 1887. WYOMING. Wyoming has an area of 97,883 square miles. There are extensive coal beds along and near the Union Pa- cific. The consumption of Wyoming coal in 1876 was 524,000 tons, and has since increased. Petroleum springs are numerous throughout the territory. Gold and silver are found at many points, .Several ores of iron occur in immense quantities. About 60 miles north of Rawlins there are two soda lakes, estimated to contain 125,000 tons of carbonate of soda of great purity. Sulphur deposits and sulphur springs occair at many points. There are 6,000,000 acres of farming land and about 35 milh'on acres of grazing land. The mountains are clothed with a thick growth of pine, spruce and hemlock trees of large size. Numbers of other varieties of wood abound. The mining products in 1879 were estimated to be about four millions of dol- lars. The manufacturing industries in 1877, though in their infancy were computed to be worth about four'mill- ions of dollars. — "Our Western Empire," page 121 3. Y/ASHINGTOK TERRITORY. Washington Territory has ah area of 69,994 square miles. Puget Sound, the Mediten-anean of the Western Continent, extends from the British line on die Nordi i i8 fllR DF.STTNV OF AMERICA. to Olympiji 'btion of a vast commercial and military marine, with a>nvenience for docks, and a great many sites for town •+ and cities, at all times well supplied with water nml capalAc of being well provided with everything I/)' the surrounding country, which is well adapted for agrta>Iture. Ihe foot-hills and slopes of the mount'iijjf; ^-n ^W)th sides are almost wholly covered with immenvt forests of fir and cedar, reaching the ver)' summit* fy( the mf)untains. Gold has been dis- covered. 'IT^i*: greatest mineral wealth of the Territory is in its extefJMV^r coal beds, which are of excellent qual- ity. The climatfc js exceptionally agre(;able, healthful and pro(iu«;troduces fully onedialf of the world's supply of gold and silver. In mineral wealth it is almost inexhaustibly rich. We have iron ore in a majority of all die st;it«;s (in rvery state west of the Mississippi except one), and we have more coal than all the other countries of the world put together, except Canada; lead is found in a majority of the States (in every State west of the Mississippi except three); cop- per is found in every .State w(;st of the Mississippi except two, and in some east of it; tin in sufficient quantities to supply the world only awaits development; incalcul- able deposits of slate; fleposits of sulphur and borax almost chemically [>ure; marble oi' every hue and finest equality; cotton in nearly every .southern state — to go i. 20 THE DESTINV OF AMKKU.'A. throuejh the list woulo,rxx» tons of iron-ore; it is probably not generally known that Texas has vast (quantities of the finest ore in the world. The section of the countr) west of the Mississippi has vast wheat fields; vast timber lands ecjual in area to a dozen of the larger states. We have almost continguous to one another the raw material for every variety of manufacture, and die means of converting that raw material into the finished article; we have the best and most inventive r)peratives in the world; any one walkinj,^ through the Patent Office in our national capital might almost be justified in thinkincr this a nation of inventors. Electricity is to be the prime motive power in the world. The Americans as ele'ctricians are unexcelled, unequaled even, by any of the inhabitants of the globe. At the International Klectrical Mxjiosition in Paris, there were five gold medals awardc'd for the greatest inven- tions, and just five of iJiose medals came to this country. In connection with the fact that electricity is to be the j^rime motive power of the world, and that Americans are the leading electricians of th(; world, is the further significant fact that history has yet to record where the Anglo-American has ever failed in his undertaking. In our estimation of the results to be accom[)lished by Americans, these facts are worthy of weighty consider- ation. In the manufacture of tools and mechanical appli- ances of all sorts, Americans are without any peers on TIM'; KI'.SIINV i)l' AMKKHA. 31 carlh, thus makln^^ them as a class, the best mechanics on the ^;I()Ik-. Ihjii. VVm. McKinley, Jr., in a recent speech said: "We (.-ntcretl ii[joii the memorial year iS6i, without a {jrolectivc tariff, and therefore, and loj^ncally, vviihoiit money and without credit. 'I"en millions of "our citi- zens were engaged against Federal authority, resolved to destroy the Union. The four /ears followinj.^ were years of drain and destruction — tlrain (jf the National substance, and destruction of the property of the peo pie. We C(|uipped and supported great armies, built a larj^-e navy, paid high premiums for loans, and sub- mitted o almost ruinous discounts upon oiir .National bonds. The Union was happily restored, more than one half of the great war debt has l)een j)aid, and the basis for our iN'ational and indiviilual (obligations has been made the "coin of the realm." "At the i^nd of 28 years we have a surplus wiiich compels us to Iniy bonds at a premium — bonds um yet due and payable — and to-day have a credit higher than ever lefore in our historyand second to noiuj among the nations of the world. Hisior)- presents no such progress elsewhere. The vast pidjlic ilebt has uotonK been reduced, 1)ut we have reduced taxation. We have reduced tiixadon over 5^^360,000,000 annualh'. In 1858 the ordinary revenues were $46,655,000; the ordinary (-•xpcnditures $72,291,000 — a deficit of over $2 5,o<:xj,- 000. In 1859 the ordinary revenues were $53,486,000, the ordinary expenditures $66,327,000 — a 85,ooo,ooo (or more than tlie total expenditures of the (Government before the war) in addition to the ordi- nary expenditures, we still have an income cf about $50,000,000 in excess of all our oljligations, emd that within the short space of a quarter of a century, some slight idea of die magnitude of the achievement can be obtained. Wliat does this argue for the future? Mr. McKinlcy, continuing, says: "In 1865, when the war closed, die value of our exports and imports was $404,774,883, and in 1888 their value was $1,419,911,- cx)o, an increase of over 200 per cent." "Our coast- wise trade is more than three times as large as the THE DESTINY OF AMERICA. 23 home fleet of Great Britain, and more tlian five times as large as that of any other nation." "The mining- of coal has increased from 16,000.000 tons in 1S61, to 90,000,000 tons in 1887; we had 35,000 miles of rail- road in 1865, we have now 150,000 miles." "Instead of moving 70,000,000 tons we are moving annually 552,000,000 tons while the value of that tonnage has increased from ^2,213,400,000, in 1865, to $13,222,- 000,000 in 1887." "Nearly 4oo,0v00 persons are en- gaged in the metal industries, as against 53,000 in i860; 200,000 persons are engaged in our woolen and worsted industries, as against 60,000 in i860; 350,000 persons are employed in the wool industries, as against 130,000 in i860." "Since 1861 there have been established not less than 770,000 homes, with an cultivated lands equal to all New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware combined." "We have become the greatest manufacturing coun- try in the world. In literature, art and science, we have kept pace with, if we have not led all other peoples." (American Economist, Vol, III. p. 51.) Immigration to the United States In 18S8 was 546- 889: the total value of export and import merchandise to and from all countries was $1,430,000,000. The public debt, principal and interest, in 1888 was $1,691,000,000. -The public debt less cash in the treasury and available cash items in 1888, was $1,148- 500,000. The total revenues for 188S were $380,000,- 000; total expenditures, $312,000,000. The present population of the United States is esti- mated at 65,000,000, and will be twenty-five years / 24 THE DES7IXV OF AMERICA. hence, at the present rate of increase, i 25,000,000, and about 700,000,000 one hundred years hence (1989). This people carried on one of the costHest wars knov;n to history. For four yeaj^s 3,500,000 men were ac- tively cngai^ed in destroying one another. Battles were fought which for tenacious and persistent effort of the opposing forces to kill one another — dogged, fixed, determination to fight on until victory crowned their efforts, in the face of repeated defeats month after months — have no parallel in military history, battles such as could only have been fought by men of the Anglo-Saxon race. This is another important point to be remembered and considered in our estimation of the place to be oc- cupied by the Anglo-American race of the future. Notwithstanding this four years of drain and destruc- tion, the wealth of this people to-day (little more than a quarter of a century later) is somediing phenomenal, being about ;«;5o,ooo,ooo,ooo. Enough to buy a half dozen of the empires of Europe, together with Africa, and South America, with all their contents — lands, ships, buildings, jewels, &c. It is exceedingh- difficult to real- ize that this nation which is scarce a century' old is far and away richer than any of the odier nations, though these others have been many centuries accumulating their wealth. The South is destined in the near future to become a great-manufacturing centre; Avithin the range of vi- sion from the crest of Lookout Mountain nearly a million tons of pig iron were produced in 1S87, and this is only one illustration out of very many. Southern iron is being marketed in sufficient quan- THE DESTINY OF AMERICA. 25 tities to depress the prices of the prothicts of eastern iurnaces. Seaport towns refuse to believe that the Suez Canal Is secondary to the Sault Ste. Marie Canal in point of tonnage, or that more passengers or more tons of freight pass Detroit in a day during the shipping season than any other strait in the world. The ore out-put for 1 888, from the Lake Superior mines was 5,000.000 tons, of which all but about 400,000 tons was shipped by lake. The output for 1889 Is expected to be even greater. In the summer of 1888, the schooner "Governor Ames" was built on the coast of Maine, and was supposed to be the largest sail vessel in the world. But the "Golden Age of Milan" of the Lake Craft outmeasures her by 100 tons, and several others equal her. In 1882 the Globe shipyard of Cleveland turned out the iron pro- peller "Onoko," which was 300 feet long, and with a carrying capacity of 3000 tons. Vessels aggregating 100,000 tons, with an average carrying, capacity of 2,500 tons, were turned out in the shipyards on the Lakes in 1888, and there are now on the stocks 65 ves- sels which aggregate even greater tonnage. The reason why so much tonnage Is being turned out on the lakes Is because the lake trade Is protected. Not only is it Impossible for an American to buy a foreign vessel and run her between American lake ports, but no foreign vessel can carry a cargo from one American Lake port to another. We have practically 49 nations with free commercial intercourse, with one language, one currency, one in- terest, and with common institutions ; whose commerce amounts to ;^ 2 0,000,000,000 annually. Cotton Is being 26 THE DESTINV OF AMERICA. exported at the rate of about 400,000 bales a month. The merchandise exports for one month in 1888 were about $85,000,000, The Americans are the best fed and die best clothed people on earth. They consume more meat per caput than even the Englishman, whose gastronomic perfor- mance in that line is historic; in the matter of grain they consume twice the quantity the Englishman does. England to carry on her cotton manufacture must go either to America, India or Egypt for every pound of cotton she spins; America being the nearest country, she would naturally get her supply there, and it is 3000 miles away. The "New South" is erecting mills on her own cotton fields. England to get coal to carry on her manufactures must go ever deeper in already deep coal pits, thus increasing die cost; while in this country the cost is lessening. In the foregoing description no mention has been made of the Territory of Alaska, and yet it is too im- portant a territory to pass by without brief mention, not- withstanding the fact that Mr. Walker Blaine, in his re- port oi his trip through the countr}', said, "It was such an inhospitable country that neither cattle, grain or vegetables could be produced there; that in all the re- gion he did not see a cow; and that grain and vegeta- bles could only be grown in isolated and widely sepa- rated spots." Alaska has an area of 577,390 square miles. This area, it will be observed, is a very little less than the com- bined areas of Texas, California and Dakota, Alaska may never become a summer resort, but it is destined to play a very important part in the history of this THE DESTINY OF AMERICA. 2/ country. It will be the shipyard of the world. Iron exists all over the territory. Yellow cedar or camphor wood, which is the very best of all woods for ship- building, exists in the greatest profusion. There is also a great variety of other wood. Coal of good quality and great extent exists in the territory. Very rich copper-ore is found. A great many metals and ores are found, and some of the more common of the precious stones. Gold has also been found in several places. In the matter of fur. a large part of the world's supply must come from Alaska, she has no rival on this continent, and in the more important branches no competitor worthy of the name on the globe. Alaska Is also destined to supply the world with fish. Its waters abound in halibut, herring, cod and salmon; indeed, there is hardly a species of which representa- tives cannot be found. The fur seal fisheries have alone repaid the total amount of the price paid for Alaska ($7,200,000), and a profit of 1 1 per cent, on the investment. We have ever>'thing necessary for building up our mercantile navy. We have the ship and lumber yard of the world — Alaska; we have iron and coal in al- most inexhaustible supplies; and we have a race of the most skilled mo^hanics in the world. All that is needed is the adoption by this Government of the patriotic policies of other Governments, in the foster- ing of their shipping industries, and we will .soon be- come the carriers of the world. In 181 5 we were do- if^.^95 per cent, of our own carrying trade; in 1 888, al- though the carrying trade had increased in volume many fold, we were doing less than 15 per cent, of it. 28 THE nE.STIN\' OF AMERICA. There are now no sufficient causes to provoke another civil war. There may be temporary discon- tent on the part of a single State, from some real or imag-inar)' hardship; but the great mass of States are so bound to each other by ties financial, commercial, charitable, literar)-, and religious, that there can be no general movement which \v.juld lead to a civil war. Europe is already crowded, and, as has been stated, at the present rate of increase, after allowing for emi- gration, her population one hundred years hence (1989) will be 550,000,000 (less than die population of the United States at the same time by one hundred and fifty millions). Europe is decreasing in wealth; in England, landed property is mortgaged to 65 per cent, of its value. The total indebtedness of continental F^urope is $20,168,475,675, and increasing. The lax collector in Italy takes nearly one-diird of the people's earnings. England's debt is attaining such vast pro- portions that slie will never be able to liquidate and will probably repudiate it: this is true of nearly all the European powers. The armies and navies of Europe on a "peace" footing consist of 8,000,000 men, with a liability of 14,000.000 more being called out, at a cost of about $13,000,000,000 annually; to this is to be added the loss to the industries of Europe by the with- drawal of such a vast army of men from the ranks of labor and production. The total cost of our army and Navy, including loss to the State in the producing power of soldiers and sailors, is considerably less than $100,- 000.000 annually. Certain European writers, Carlyle and Macaulay among others, predicted of this country that we would be safe enough as a Nadon until our THE DESTINY OF AMERICA. 29 public lands were exhausted, and then would come the strain on, and test of, our institutions. It is estimated that the public lands will be entirely exhausted by 1920, or possibly sooner. One thing is absolutely certain, that the destiny of this country will be moulded and determined by the law makers of the coming quarter century. It is unquestionably true that when the public lands are exhausted, and what has heretofore been a panacea for many ills no longer exists, our institutions will be given an opportunity to display their intrinsic worth ; but our safety will not so much lie in the institudons them- selves as in the interpreters of diem, hence the urgent necessity of the coming generation being fully alive to the trials and dangers ahead, and of being mentally equipped to grapple with die arduous questions which must inevitably arise. There are grave perils, and many a rock ahead 01 us on which the ship of State may easily founder; and we never at any time in the past had greater need of steady hands, cool brains, sagacious heads, and brave hearts at the helm, than at the present. It is not infallibly certain, so far as human knowledge goes, that this Republic will surmount the many obsta- cles in its path. It depends very materially on the courage, sagacity, and, above and beyond all, the Christian character and training of those who are en- trusted with the reins of government, as to whether the ship of State will safely avoid the many and treacherous shoals which have destroyed other nations. One of the surest ways to founder is to adopt the belief, which seems to prevail with some, that the country is destined 30 THE DES'lINV OF AMERICA. r to become great ancd glorious; using the word destined in a fatalistic sense, and seeming to think that we the inhabitants have nothing further to do than to eat, drink, and be merry, and permit ourselves the greatest latitude of freedom in thought, word and action, while the Lord kindly works out the country's salvation for us. The perils before us are many and grave. We are in danger of mistaking license for libert)'; in danger of degrading the grandest right of man, the right of suf- fage ; in danger of being guilty of the weakness of im- itation. Our institutions are endangered by the law- less hordes poured on our shores under the guise of immigration. We are in danger of sacrificing our in- tegrity, honesty and Christian principles in our haste to be rich; the Bible gives us the warning that "he that is in haste to be rich, shall not be innocent." Our worst, most universal, and most besetting sin is our contemptuous non-observance of the Sabbath, and rig- idly excluding God from all commercial aftairs. In our Western cities the theatres, saloons, and street railways do so much more business on the Sabbath, that the proprietors thereof always make extra preparations for that day. To know an evil is the first step towards eradicat- ing it. In looking over the history of the world we find that the nations which perished were those which did not know God, or knowing Him, forgot Him. Remem- bering this fact, when we turn to Duetoronomy, "chap, viii. verses i8 and 19, and read, "But thou shalt remem- ber the Lord thy God, for it is He tliat giveth thee power to get wealth, that He may establish His covenent THE DESTINY OF AMERICA. 31 which Me sware unto thy fathers as it is this day. And it shall bt% if thou do at all forget the Lord thv Cod, and walk after other gods, and serve them, and worship them, J testify against you this day that ye shall surely perish." We find a clear injunction and a clear promise. Construing this passage on the theory that wliat is im- plied is as much a part as what is declared, we would have as its corollary that if we do not forget the Lord, and do not walk after or serve other gods, but remem- ber Him and obey His behests and injuncdons, we will live as a nation, and become the conservators, of the highest type of human freedom. WHAT IS CANADA? Professor Ralph W. Thomas, in a paper read be- fore the Albany Institute, New York, says: "Geogra- phical Canada has an area of 3,360,000 square miles, about equal in area to the United States. The basin of Hudson's Bay alone is 2,000,000 square miles in ex- tent. Canada is forty times as large as England, Scotland and Wales. It is equal to three British In- dias; it is fifteen times as large as the German Em- pire. A country of magnificent areas; of unmeasured arable plain and prairie; of mountains rich In mineral wealth, of lacustrine systems that dwarf our own; of majestic rivers wholly within her own borders measured upon the Missouri-Mississippi scale:— this is Canada." Industrial Canada is great in agriculture and min- erals. Ontario raises the finest barley in the world, and some of the finest draught horses. The North- west includes 466,000 square miles of the wheat fields of the world. ^r 32 THK fyf/.TINY OF AMERICA, From its ahwdwrn it has two hours more claylij;!it than other wht r^rj^ions are capable of supporting a population of rrxiny millions. Alberta is the ranch of Canada; its clinxuiui j* so mild, on account of the warm currents in x}\it tVifjc, that cattle and horses roam over the pasture* the year round, and are found in spring to be in g^xxl condition for market. The Cana- dians exported jjio/jOO/xx) worth of cattle during the first ten montiis of J, ^^7." "All these advinfci^e^i are to be re-inforced ])y transportation. Iftf-. Canada Pacific Railroad is a fact, and the Hudson's H'*iy rrmtc is promised, by which Win- nipeg is brought 7?i2 miles nearer to Liverpool; and would be broug})t 2< 36 miles nearer to China and Japan than via New York and San Francisco. If this route succeeds, Canada will hold the key to the markets of the world. CoaJ *;:zhl% throughout Canada in abund- ance. The entire; a>stl area is said to cover 97,000 square miles. " In <>nc copper deposit there are ridges miles long above? tlie ground. The "Calument and Flecla" vein k 12 icjtl thick; the "Canadian" vien is 1000 feet thick. Tk: Geological Survey has located 557 deposits in tl?c l'!ast<:rn townships alone. ** "Gold and siIv':r(»rXBt in ntmierous quantities. The principal fields are Nova Scotia and Bridsh Columbia. In the latter pr<>vi'aw,'$5o,ooo,ooo have been taken from the ground by uji5nij>roved methods, and this seems to 11 Tur: i>i;sTiNv cif amekica. 33 point to vast dtiposits in ilic moiintriins. In Heaver Mine, at Port Arthur, diseovf-red in March last, there is in sight, by actual measurements, 55^750,000 worth of silver. Like bonanzas have been reported in British Columbia. Such exposures an; unprecentlented. Iron is found in unlimited ciuantities and of the best grade. Near Ottawa there is a hill of iron estimated to contain 100,000,000 tons. The railroad up the Valley of the Trent runs through a continuous iron belt for 150 miles. At (ilasgow, in NoVa .Scotia, within a radius of six miles there is f(nind hundreds of tons of iron-ore of the best (juality, side by side with limestone chemi- cally pure; coke in seams 30 fe<;t thick, and all directly on the line of the Inter-colonial railway and within six* miles of the Atlantic Ocean. This ore could be put on the wharf in Boston for $1.50 per ton, which to-day costs $5.00 to $6.00 per ton. The Ontario Government has recently sold 1 5o,(X>o acres of land at $2.00 an acre, covering an iron belt 75 miles across." " Commercial Canada has not as yet accjuired that prominence which might be exj^c.-ctcd when the resources of the country are considered. Yet, in her Merchant Marine, Canada ranks fourth among the nations of the earth. Commerce is now being fostered by the Gov- ernment, and in 1881, the American trade with Canada amounted to $89,000,000. The Pacific coast is already buying 300,000,000 tons of Canadian coal every year in spite of the duty. Our manufacturers are compelled to go to Malta and .Sj>ain for a certain grade of iron- ore, when it exists within a few hours ride of our bor- ders. The manufactures of this country are deprived of nickel, which could be used in many ways, were it not .VI THE DESVINY OF AMFHICA. lor ihc hij4li price of the nv.-tal; it is tlv hrst of nil material for the inakinout $6,rxx),ooo. Canada has a total railway milea^'e- of 12,332 miles. The value of her fisheries is about $ 1 9,ooo,ry)( x Immi- gradon to Canada in 1887 was 84,526. Time was when the Genesee Valley in the .State of New York was the great wheat producing region; so much as that Rochester was known as "I'lour City." The great wheat centre has steadily moved westward and northward to the border line be ween the United .States and Canada, until it is no •/ -naking an advance on the North Pole, and we hear oi wheat b(.'ing grown in the vicinity of Hudson's iiay Company's stations, for twenty consecutive years without rotation, without fer- tilization, and anhually producing crops averaging 30 THE DESTINY (.)F AMERICA. 35 bushels U) the acn;. The writer has seen in the Pem- bina nuHintain rt'^Mon, vq^etablcs, such as potatoes, cabbage, beets, cKrc, of mammoth size and th(; finest f|uahty, and produced in such jJroCusion widuii a given space as to be ahviost incredible. Droughts are never feared in that country, because nature has supjilied it with a never-failing spring; long ages of f:ontinuous cold have produced a frost line in the earth, far down b(;low the surface, which, being thawed out during the summer months, oozes up to die surface, and dnis robs the dry season of its terrors. Rf;rently a new cotton factory has been established, in Beau 1 larnois. Quebec, for the express purpose of manufacturing cotton to be sent to China, — diat unlim- ited market. This is significant of two facts, that China is beginning to feel the wants of civilizfnl coun- tries, a step towards the Christianizing of that country, and that Canadian commerce is taking great strides forward. Some idea of Canada's vastness may be gathered fn.m the size of her rivers and lakes. The St. John in New lirunswick is 500 miles long. The St. Lawrence is 750 miles long and is entirely navigable. 'I'he Ottawa is 550 miles long. The Assinnboin is 48(.) mih.-s lon<'; the Red River of the North 500; the Saskatchewan, called the "Gateway of the Nordiwest," is 1500 miles long and nearly enj;irely navigable; the Mackenzie is navigable for 2500 miles; the Frazier, Thomj)son, Ath- abasca and Winnipeg are large rivers. Lake Winni- peg is about the same size as Lake Superior; Lake of the Woods, Great Slave Lake, Great Bear Lakes, are all large. Ontario — the garden .spot of Canada — has \. 26 THE DESTINY OF AMERICA. a tertile soil invigorating clmate, vast forests of mer- chantable timber, treasures of mineral wealth, and water power of limitless capacity. It lias extensive areas which grow a better sample and a larger yield of the staple cereals than any other portion of the continent. Another authority says: "Ontario possesses a fertil- ity' with which no part of New England can at all com- pare; and that particular portion of it around which the circle of tlie great lakes is swept, forces itself upon the notice of any student of American maps as one of the most favored spots of the whole continent where popu- lation ought to breed with almost Belgian fecundity." Canada has nearly 6000 miles of sea coast, washed bv waters abounding in the most valuable fishes of all kinds. Lead is found in nearly every province. The deposits of salt are the largest and purest on the con- tinent. In the matter of coal, Canada possesses the only sources of supply on the Adantic and Pacific Oceans. And between these two, there are stretches of coal deposits amounting to 97,000 square miles. And now. having depicted in a most general way a few of the features and resources of diis great conti- nent, as described to us by various writers, what destiny awaits it all ? Questions are arising which are steadily becoming more complex and importunate. What is to be dieir solution ? Canada's Premier, with a parliament having three years to sit, and wath a working majority which has THE DESTINY OF AMERICA. 37 been, and still is, steadily increasing, threatens to go to the people for a verdict on the much mooted question of ' Annexation." The steady trend of Government has been towards popular, or republican, forms of Government. Bismarck is an old man now, and there is nobody to take his place. If Germany had popular Governmeni, there would be little more heard of socialism. Tlie nevv- franchise may allay the restlessness in England for a time, but Gladstone is also an old man, and is the last of a coterie of orators and statesmen, who have made the Victorian era f^imous: who can foretell th(.' occur- ences which may take place when these two towers of strength have passed away? The thoughtful men of Tuigland admit the belief that a social revolution is impending. In Italy the situadon is daily becoming more strained. The Government is on die eve of perpetrating a gigan- tic act of spoliation. Towards die middle of the com- ing month (February, 18S9), a bill will be submitted to the Chambers for the confiscation and sale of the im mense possessions in Italy of the various monastic and religious orders known by die name of "Opere Pie." The value of the property is estimated at $6cio,ooo,ooo yielding an annual revenue of $30,000,000. The min istry finds -itself face to face vvidi a deficit of no less than $7o.oco,ooo. The arrears of taxes are enormous, and the number of seizures and forced sales by the Governmtjnt; for non-pa)ment c 1 taxes has bec(.)me very great. In the south of Italy especially, whole \-illages and districts have been put up for auction by the Sheriff. Most oi 1^ :.8 THE DESTINY OF AMEIUCA. the big cities are bankrupt and unable to pay the in- terest on the extensive loans they have made. Farmers cannot find a market for th<;ir crops and stock. Miser}- reigns supreme everywhere. From almost every im- portant centre, reports arrive of riots and serious distur- bances, of processions of starving men and women clamoring in the public streets for bread and work. The national debt averages $75, per caput. Emi- gration for 1888. was 300,000. The '' Lombardiay an important northern paper sa)'s: "An improvident and spendthrift financial policy, without definite place or programme, and a foreign polic)' which under the pretext of peace, involves the Nation in all the disadvantages of war, have contributed to the economic situation of the Country." France is perilously close to another revolution. Russia is being agitated from her centre to her cir- cumference. ■•'Europe is- an armed camp, and, like Vesuvius, the eruption may come at any time. Should England become Republican in form of Gov- ernment. — and she undoubtedly Avill — what is to be- come of Canada: Is she likely to remain an indepen- dent Nadon. and maintain two chains of custom houses, ant! I'.issibly forts, instead of one? Why were two Countries of such vast expanse, divided only by an imaginary line of latitude, each endowed with such rich, varied and limidess resources, inhabited by die same race ot people (the Anglo-Saxon) placed in juxtaposi- tion ? Ciranting dial there was some specific reason for thus THE DESTINY OF AMERICA. 39 so richly endowing tiiis particular continent, let us as- certain, if possible, what it was. Why was net Asia, Africa, or Europe thus selected? The reason is be- cause America has a duty to perform, a work to do, as obligatory upon her as that of forming- a part of this planet. This duty is to support a race of people which is to civilize and Christianize the world. This work could not be done by America divided, it must, be a United America. To perform diis, was needed a con- tinent vast in extent, compact, with limldess resources, and capable of sustaining coundess millions ot human beings; and the two countries above described niake just such a continent. It was no accident that peopled these two ccjuntries widi offspring of the same race. The inhabitants of Canada and the United States are as sons of coniun^n parents; they have come from the same stork, sjieak the same lan<>uao-e, have the same customs and the same religion. The [)eopIe of Canada decidedly excel the people of the United States in piety and observance of the Sabbath. Their country is etpial to, and in some instances surpasses ours in the production of mineral and as^ricultural wealth. These two countries just described are the last lo be inhabited in the line of latitude. bunpire has been steadily moving westward in the centuries i)ast and has reached its western boundary. The world is getting ^■'leJ up; it may be centuries in filling to the point of crowding, but its doing so is only a question ot time; it is to be d >minated by one race which will l^ue one religion. It can hardly be doubted what race that will be, or what will be the religion of that race. 40 THE DESTINY OF AMERICA. The An^lo-saxon race as has been stated, now num- bers about 100,000,000, and rules about one-third of die earth's inhabitants and one -fourth of its surface. It is hardly likely that this race when it shall have increased in numbers 15 times, (as it will do in too )-ears) will have lost its power or appetite for rulino-. The power of this race to rule does not depend on numbers alone, as witness 60,000 English soldiers keeping in peaceful subjecdon millions of East Indians; — or the myriads of Asia, who have shown no capacity for ruling. The Anglo-saxoi 1 ice is the one destined to rule die world ; die religion : : race will be the Christian ; the home and seat of p. er of that race will be Amer- ica. In this connection I would quote some remarks of ex-Governor Gray, of New Zealand. Speaking of the Samoan Islands, he says: "It would b'^ far preferable to leave each of these island groups with independent governments, setding all disputes among themselves by arbitrations, and guided, if possible, by a commission of foreign powers. It is clear that America is aiming at this line of policy, annexing none of the Islands herself, and doing her ut- most to preserve the peace of the Pacihc. This also is certain to be the policy of all English possessions in this part of the world. America ivill eventually become the leader of th-' Anglo-saxon race, and will displace Eng- land from the position she now holds. Many eyes in this part of the world are already drawn towards Amer- ica as the |)ovver that is likely to preserve the interests of the Anglo-saxon race in the Pacific, widiout herself annexing anything, or allowing foreigners to do so. It is clear that the centre of power among the Anglo-.Saxon THE DESTINV OF AMERICA. 41 race is shifting to America, as the centre of population has already done. It is therefore unwise' of I'^ngland to neti^lect her interests in such a time of emergency. The United States does not require a standing army, and consequently the whole resources of the people so circumstanced could be devoted to the jnaintejiance of a navy which %vould 77iake the Anglo-Saxon face mistress 0/ the loorld. This will be the more easily comprehended if we take a brief glance at what Christianity has already ac- complished, what it is destined to accomplish, and what non-Christian religions have failed to accomplish; and from these facts note the connection between Christ- ianity, the Anglo-Saxon race and America, or in other words state what America's destiny is. WHAT IS CHRISTIANITY? At a certain era in the world's history, not very re- mote as compared with the duration of the human race on the earth, there appeared a new moral force in hu- man history. It originated in an obscure tribe of a re- mote province of the Roman limpire, and was embodied in the j)ersonality, life and teachings of a reniarkable Being, called "Jesus the Christ." The outcome of the teachings of this P)eing is what we call Christianity. The moral trutlis in these teachings were not aljsolutely new as indeed die principles of morality rest on the principles of human nature, and must be known more or less clearly, to all men; but they were presented with such unequalled elevation and purity, accompanied with spiritual truths so profound and universal as well 42 THE DESTINY OF AMERICA. as with supernatural claims, that tlie whole formed a new power In the world for tlie moral renovation of man, in other words, a religion but one claiming to be absolute and universal for all ages, and races and cir- cumstances. WHAT HAS CHRISTIANITY ACCOMPLISHED? Christianity came into existence at a time when the Roman Empire was in the height of its glory, and from the banks of the Tiber governed the civilized world. At that time a Roman Father had absolute authority over his son, lie coultl chastise, put in chains, exile, or sell him as a slave , and he had power of life and death over him. The son's prvjnertv became the father's; he could assign a wife to him, divorce him when married, or transfer hi.n to another family by "adoption." Under the Roman law. a husband had power of life and death over his wife, and absolute control over her property. The position of woman in "Christian" (?) Eng- land, even in 1 814 doe?, not indicate that "honor to womanhood" was an all prevading sentiment, when a man could bring his wife to market in a halter and sell her at auction fur two and six pence with an additional six pence for the rope, making a total of 30 pence or 72 cents. \'ice among Roman families had reached its lowest depths during the first centuries of the Christian era. 'There is no doubt that the Stoical philosophy which was the most elevated and pure known to Greek and Roman antiquity, accomplished a great deal of good. The Stoical Moralists recjuired, among other THE DESTINY OF AMERICA. 43 things, absolute purity, liut few of their followers have ever practiced this high self-restraint, and no great ex- ample stimulated them to it. A Roman slave murdered his master, and all his fellow slaves, to the number of 600, and all innocent, were put to death wiUi him. Iliunan life was lir-ld hardly less cheap in civilized I:lnglan(.l. English Law recognized 235 capital offenses. A rabbit's life was worth more than that of a man. To injure Westminster bridge meant death, and so on. The Roman races, and many races under them, had fallen to such a low stage of degeneracy as to be beyond redemption. Free marriage gave rise to the utmost freedom of divorce. .Separation could be legally caused by either party, by a desire to divorce expressed in writing. Marriage by civil contract could be dissolved by mutual consent. Modesty was held to be a pre- sumption of ugliness. Though th(; women of the bar- baric Keltic tribes held a peculiar and. revered position, and were noted for thc^r purity, (there being many in- stances where they killed themselves rather than sub- mit to dishonor from the Roman soldierv), and the early Teutons had scales of penaldes for every ap- proach against woman's virtue, )^n she was under tute- lage. And this tutelage gave the husband pov.er to sell, punish or kill his wife. In all barbaric society, individual injury is at once revenged on the person of the enemy. Even to this day the Arabs carry out blood feuds to an extreme. Such was the condition of mankind at the advent of Christianity. One of the first and most j)owerful effects of Christ- 44 TrrK DEsnN\' hF AML'RICA, t ianity on the barbaric and halfcivilized socict)- of luirope was the new position wliich it .^ave to woman; and the sacred value it attached to m^.rria.fre. As centuries go on, the test of advancini:^ civi'ization is the social, legal and political position of the weaker sex. Human society- rises out of its low estate, not merely by elevat- ing woman, but also by curbing the barbaric passion for blood revenge. The first inlluence of a love anct faitli towards Jesus Christ is to lead men to imitate and obey Mini by controlling revenge and hatred. A fedual and wild society, falls naturally into "private war" where each chieftain "fights for his own hand." Eu- rope was nearly reduced to anarchy imder these un- controlled habits. The figure which appeared in the storm, and t[uieted, if only for a time, the waves of strife, was Christ. The arbitration of the middle ages are the fruits at once of the Christian and of the commercial spirit; they show the first settlement of European society, and fore- shadowed that higher svstem of Christian arbitration which shall yet reform the relation of nations. The " wager of battle" and the "ordeal" were opposed from the beginning to the spirit of tiie "Religion" of Humanity. The teachings of Christ allowed no such mode of test- ing facts or obtaining justice as "single combat." As His spirit has slowh' imbued, more and more, indivi- duals of all classes, the barbarous "judicial duel" dropj)ed out of use, even as his inHuence in modern times has swept away the "duel of honor." The Jewish religion and the Gospel of Jesus both taught protection to the stranger and help to the unfor- tunate. The old abuses inflicted on the stranirer and THE DESTINY OF AMERICA. 45 the shipwrecked, accordingly melt away before the new teachin_Lrs. The Roman law wherever modified by the Christian influence, carried down the spirit of the humane teacher through ages of lust, cruelty and barbarism. Along with improvement of the laws in the middle ages, went advance in education. ^ Christianity opened men's minds to all truth; it pro- duced that humility which is the best guarantee of the intellect against conceit and pride, — often the greatest obstacles to discovery ancf progress — it wMtlidrew the facukies of superior men from pursuits tending to clam- age and destruction, towards those which would benefit humanity. / The same result was experienced in the " Dark Ages," which has often been since, viz: that a high moral ad- vance is favorable to the intellect. The natural progress of mankind under the influence of the divine spirit and the instincts implanted in the human mind is towards respect for the individual and towards self-control: and in the preference of the higher and distant good to the lower and present. When the spiritual and moral faculties and sensibili- ties are elevated, the probability is that the other facul- ties of the soul will feel their inspiration, and reason, judgment and imaginadon be elevated by the same influences. The inliuences of the truths preached m Palestine are peculiarly apparent in the gradual diminution or cessa- tion of serfdom and slavery. All the coundess institu- tions of human compassion and charity, which attempted throughout Europe to relieve the horrible misery follow- 46 ntf. MKHTTNY OF AMERICA. ing the overt] irov,' M th<^ Roman Hmpire; the associa- tions of mercy, IxAj'yiiMiIs. asylums refuges, schools, and centres of charity 'nnvf. directly enianated from the teach- ings of the " Son of Man," The grace, h*:r*mm and humanity, infused in Middle Age society, and •-»«> mm modern life, was through the action of I lis hixh on thfr German temperament. Chiv- alry has inde«-,d a I'Aryjt proportion of transitory, whim- sical and earthly d<»rm('!nts in it. but the humanity infused by it into \var«, ^*^. respect inspired for woman, the courtesy and con'^i^cJ^rfatJon tauglu, the grace and gen- tleness cast over v>f)died such pure cpialities with- out the alloy of cki!.^ feelings, and who, as the "Son of Man,'" was in symjj^ftlty with all conditions of men, an eternal idea) of comj>a=»si(>n to the unfortunate. Mr. Darwin omm, said of some persons who were criticising foreijjn mk^ions: "They forget, or will not remember, that humnn sacrifice and the power of an idolatrous priesdjofyd ,. a'syf-tem of proHigacy unparal- leled in any otih'rr part of the world; infanticide, a sequence of tliat ^"Mvm\ bloody wars, that all these things have been aS)K>lis^hed, and that dishonesty, intem- perance and lic<:fitsmfsvness have been greatly reduced by the introdu<,tr/n «fjf Christianity. In a voyager to forget these tilling* >» a base ingratitude, for should he chance to be at tw, j>rr>mt of shipwreck on some unknown coast, he will \w)%% ((^rvoutly pra)- that the lesson of the missionary may hayV AMERICA 47 plane of civilization, h can U; traced as being almost directly one of die resultants of Christianity, and is copied from the American Constitution. The Japan Constitution estaljlish(rs a House of Peers, the mem- bers of which ant to b»; partly nominated by the Mikado; and a House- of Commons of dirce hundred members. The ri^^^ht of suffra;^e is ^Wcm to all men of the age of tvventy-liv(.' years and over, who pay taxes to the amount of $25,00 yearly. Liberty of religion, free- dom of speech, and the right of public meeting are established. Parliament sliall possess legislative func- tions and the control of the fmances under certain lim- itations. Judges cannot be removed except by special legislation. What comparison is to be drawn between Christi;m and non-Christian races? The Hindoo, Chinese and Arabian may be considered representative of the religions odier than Christian. Be- yond a doubt these religions have accomplished a great deal of good. 'Phe Hindoos are admitted by historians to have attained to a very high intellectual and moral advancement. 'Phe ancient books of their faith contain scattered dirough them, moral and spiritual trudis, which in power and depth equal many of the doctrines of Christianity. 'Hieir sages and i)oets frequently taught the truths of the unity and s(>irituality of God, of a super- intendent providence, of man's sin and his need of for- giveness, of immorality, of judgment to come, of human brotherhood and equality before God, and all the duties of man to God that spring from these doctrines, i* -t with all these truths were included soon so many false- hoods, so many superstitions, vagaries, bloody, cruel, 48 THE DESTINY OK AMl.KICA. and licentious ideas and practices, and the want of any one simple; and pure life and doctrine like tliat cjf Jesus, that the people very early fell into flehasin;^ prac- tices which checked proj^ress 'Ihe j.jreat causes, how- ever of the want of pr(\i,n-ess in India, as comf)arr(l with luiropc, are the existence of castt.- and the position of woman. Caste is not improbably a result of conrpiest, but it has been strenjj^thened Insl«!ad of weakened by the reli;.;ion of the Hindoos. The laws of Manu (sup- posed to date back at least to tii<' fifth century before Christ) sjjeak of caste as a law of riatun: and of divine appointment, as much as the creation of the different animals. Ikit even more than cast'!, has the jjosilion of woman in India retarded h(;r pro;^ress. The oldest reliipous documc^nts and many of th«; ol (metaphorically speaking) to produce most boimteous harvests, (who will undertake to say what the limit of production might be if careful and scientific methods of husbandry' were universally adopted) ; each substantialh' profess- ing the religion which, according to the intention of its founder, is to be the religion for all men, at all times and under all circumstances, the religion which has lifted up men and nations from being brutes and bar- barians to their present altitude, and which will lift them to the higher plane of Christian brotherhood. Such are the two peoples and countries united by nature and nature's God. but separated, not by interest or ex- igencies, but by political or governmental organizations. The true question to be solved is not will the unity of these two countries help or suit the United States, or, will it help or suit Canada ; but will it assist or mar in the federation of the world. This continent will be in time a political, as well as a physical unit, inhabited by the most free, most numerous, most powerful and most intelligent people on earth, it will be the up-holder and conservor of the rights and liberties of men and nations, it will, by itself walkmg in it, point mankind to the pathway of peace, prosperity, happiness and Christian /f w 60 THE foKftTTTJY OK AMERICA. elevation. Us wiJI Wrt \)*i a poPcy of ap^granclizement; it will protect ih*: rijjhK and champion the cause ol weaker nations wjiivvut annexing them, and in doing so it will becom<-; thti iiftcrownc I mistress of the world. Such is the true d«r*tmy of the United States and Can- ada; to oppose or AW-.mpi to delay it can only be done on narrow an,'rounds. The Canadian can only do it becau vr of r«;oUections and long associations with Great liritian. if';}tr% of his country losing local power and presiMjj*; '-md her limited independence; but in parting witji th^-v, «ihe would lose only useless recol- lections, and woul