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Les dtoMs da eat exemplaire qui sunt peut-tre unique s du point devue biblioflraphique. qui peuvent modifier une kiM|s reproduita. ou qui pauvent exiier une modification dans la mMiode normale da f ibnaie sunt indiquit ci-dessous. □ Coloured pcfas/ Pafes da couleur □ ftflas restored and/or laminated/ PafM restauries at/ou peNicuMes Petes discoloured, stained or foxed/ Paps dfcolorta. tacheties ou piquias I I Pa«as detached/ 0Showthrough/ Transparenee □ Quality of print varies/ Qualiti in«9ale de I'impression □ Continuous petinetion/ Pagination continue r'pt Includes indexles)/ UlJ Comprend un (des) index Title on heeder teken from:/ Le titre de I'en-ttte provient: I I Title pege of issue/ Page de titre de la livraison Ception of issue/ Titre de dipert de la livraison Mastheed/ AUSTPAMA commonwEALTH ZEALAHD BY»ARTHUR *8»WJ05E3aB ^.x>^ 1901 tL' 9O*WeiiIilNGT0N* STR€€T* >V€6T I t Att Hgktt rntrvnl 656? ^i PREFACE SiNCi we BritODt first diicoTered that the toil of nation- makiog wai peculiarly suited to our taatet and powers, we hare set ourseWes many problems in colonization, working them out rather by mere instinctive doggednesi in the right direction than by a close attention to roles or the guidance of theorizing philosophers. We took over botched jobs from France and from Holland, and have made of them dominions to stir the enry of a Roman emperor : we trained the Thirteen States, that are now the mightiest of republics, till they retorted upon as our own lessons : to the ancient cirilizations, to yet more ancient savagedoms, of India our rule has brought peace and an orderly growth in which all the rirtues of all her tribes are finding their fit use and value. And once we undertook a task unlike all these in its elements, full of natural difficulties, free of international complications. We chose a region that was scarcely more than the raw material of a country, as hr removed from the homeland as it well could be : we peopled it for a beginning with men whom we were not disposed to retain in England : we made upon it all manner of experiments, and later on left it to its own devices with the expressed hope that we should soon part company altogether. Our reward is, that the Australian Commonwealth to-day is sturdily proud of its British blood, yet no less sturdy in the resolve to develop on its own lines ** PRBPACB A. W, J, CONTENTS CHAPTER I Ths Lams amd m Dmootibmi , ■ • • • I CHAPTER II Wbat wi made or irt -f—Tht Owl (.7t|.«lo9) ..... ,, A— TIm Rtfbnnatory (igto-ti) . , . , ^ CHAPTER fU What wg made or rr: C— The PUntaUon (il»t-4i) .... «t CHAPTER IV Eimomnrt: <^— Wort Anatrallt (i8»6.6o) . . , ^ A_«oath AnttrdiA Ci»34-45) . . . '. 7% C-New ZodADd (1770-1151) .... 47 CHAPTER V 1^ Tow. or Ooio (IS41-56) „ CHAPTER VI Tn Pounao. MicaAiaMt ^.—SjttKM of Oovtrnnent . • , , m^ A-Und-Uw. ......; i, „ _ CHAPTER Vn lKLr>GOTnMMBMT: ^.— Esplontlon (1S43.61) .... ^ ^.— Dkiding the SpoU | J* C— -The Sontfa-Eanern Colooiet (1856.94) . * 07 A—Tho Emptier Colonlct (1856^) . . ! ,S ** CONTENTS "^ CHAPTER VIII Stu-OOVMNIONT— (CflwtfW): '*o« A — ^New Zealsod (i8«th and ia that direction. ^** ***" ^" voyaging further aipin and •g.b'^e.t^r^'toV Pe^'' 'fr ' ^^^ lMf Australian in the Spanish servio* I.V „!l n ^"*'» ^ I^ortu-^uese he said; ««thev have n« -. j •'P**^™ " bounteous." labour in ^^^tZ tJe" «tT ^""""•' ^^^^^ ^^ "ot and J,e called it ^^^^^ Jl^'^J^^Al^^^^^ were dissensions in his fleet • IZ 3x . ' ^"' tbere Peru, his .econd.in-co„,l«d thl S ' ^* S*^* ^<^k ^ ' round the new-found wJwhich JT'^'^'t ^f""^'* «"«« one of the New Hebrides) Ld 1k^ ""^^ * ^''"«* "'«»<'» Guinea. There he an* !^ '^"'.^^ westwards for New coast, but must have teke^Tfot \"^'.'^^ ^"«*^aJ«n end he sailed throug^thTst^ai 1 ^' r'\'^ "^'°^' •° *»»<^ him^-df a^the time'in oAJtIan *^" ^" "^™^» ^^J^°« stoiy nonetf 'wi^tndrjTheil "^ "° '^^-^ » being approached from S?ri 5:T ~5! *?"• ^"« empire had in 1580 come unde^^Th* *"' . ^^ ^^otuguese wa. about the Ue Tme englo'^' -rf ^'^^r* ^^i^»» Dutch subjects. Now tL P 1 * """"gg^^ ^th its , for the aaki^trade a^ sL^'^h'^^*^'*^ '°^°"" ^"e held ' Spanish coxJ^Cl^^l^f"^ T- "°^""'«»*» *"d«»g- •^. mainly: ^^^ ^^"ISi tl^ ^^trlr ^^ ^ AUSTRALASIA appeared to the Duyfien t crew "" * .■?""'f ^. . Caoe York turned back, and their report ducouraged all further .ttempu «« r«irli the Pacific in »•»' direction. _ S thfeaa^ of Autttalia remained unknown. But n^hli^now began to strike acro« the Indian Ocean from tte SaJe di?^?"y toward. Bataria, «.d often found Sl«We.'(S^inl, b4.u« */'J»,P;.'C4'«-» Ocean u,o ««" » «^.'y, ^Hlnd? aiSey^called it). ^7i:!!S«-ArU.te,en the dow-going Dutch authoride. ,e« p.>S'in» cSfodty, and d«.rmi«d to 6"* »;;j?«« X" y.. great »uU.ern »«E'*»" »f ^1 T^^t^ to a land foil of warlike and fearlew natiwh ^ P iTghrc^^'VlTd- iLt TSfAich Duuh THE LAND AND ITS DISCOVERERS 7 official, later altered to New ^^^^h^^'^^J^'' ij'wo tc Battvia by the northern side of New Guinea, iwo Lr. Uter he wa. commiseioned to make a thorough .unrey J^^i where the Dujiften had blundered ; but he i^c llZy the «me mitake-for the deu.1. of W. -^ge were not known to the world tdl 1806. So the uutcn T^ content to let thing.be: none of the southern land. ZZAT^S^ much hoA. of trade -daU were barren and deMlate beside their own rich Spice Islands. nSmoler— The next visitor was of a different sump. wSuS Dumpier was an Englishman of the Half-^enMC ~r^ r«dvw dare all manner of ventures, but lacking the quick TniL to make full use of them. He had buccaneered in Se CaSi^n Sea and shared in a fruitless attack on the ^^^" of Panama. When American waters became ^^oerous for these pursuits, the band of which he was r^Kok their ship across the Paci6c, and after a raid or^o long the Dutch islands decided to investigate the p^sS5itrof New Holland. They "tayed^^J i^S^^ SJlwK^idt r™ that.layl.hmd those barren t^tdtnlTniCd^ "ro»n .[^1 we n™ °'™ ^ , ^ jj; j^ Admiral huiuelf, bent on SL': i N?«ttd7con.,oe.ul M.l.y.ia.rich with M Si AiT-S W He l»ded in Shjrk'. Bay .. 4e «K "oXind for a moment wa. hopeful ( b»t b««>i had ri^ HU crew wa. .'hearUe- «»"^'» ^^J^J^^^ atbeB." he aayii freth water wa« acarce, the nantea were Si Hi. dre«n grew yery faint ( he wlaced himwlf with b£t.h,«S«toTimr and' a cr«i« in the water, nor* of New oS-which he believed to be ». much a part of tZo^!^ - New Holl«Kl, and » w.U..n the «ope of %"lf r'««.ty yea., the land wa. «ndi««rb«l b, 8 AUSTRALASIA \ ducoveren. But tpecuktion about it went on as uraaL and gradually a vague ahape formed itwlf oat of chaoa in the roindf of geographen. It wa< to vague that they no- where put It definitely into word*: but from their allutiona and hints and puzzling self-contradictions it can be reshaped here. Tlie Dutch discoveries, from Amhem Land by the west coast to Nuyts Archipelago, they conceived as borderine a great island, New HoUand, bounded eastwardly by a water- channel whose northern entrance was the Gulf of Carpentaria, Its southern the present Spencer Gulf. To the east of this channel nothing was known, but there were probably islands, some of which had been landed on by de Quir and by Tasman. Far east again rose the bulk oi Terra AustraUt, t Z^ *^ ^*"**» **■ western shores probably those which Tasman had skirted, its eastern possibly not far from Patagonia. u ^^~^'^ ^^"**' y*"* ^*»»** followed the turmoU of the beven Years War men began to turn their thoughts aeain to this mystery of the South Pacific. Tnree expediSns. under Byron, Wallis, and Carteret, rounded South America and pushed north-west into the tropit. past group after group of luxunant coral islands; but winds and currents and the delight of warm climates persuaded each in turn to go stUl further towards and past flie equator, and Australian shores remained unvisited. At last Lieutenant James Cook, sent in charge of the Endeawmr to convey a party of astronomers to Tahiti--where they could best observe a transit of Venus —was ordered to make search on his way back for the continent that might lie to southward. He searched the south in vain. He turned to find again the coasts that lasman had seen, and in a few months had shown de- hnitely that they were no continent, but parts of two islands. That questM i being settled, he made for Tasman's earlier discovery : but when close upon it a chance storm drove him north^wrds, and on April 19, 1770, he found himself in sight of the sandhills that edge what is now eastern Gipps- land in Victoria. At that he altered his course to work < r c d fii n • It L he ua |sp( jwa »l [chii Iraai «/ jPac |ofn irtit tod THE LAND AND ITS OISCOVERBUS U ■ II r?n? what WM to bTMel V?i!: *** "P"* » week in .nfc«l5unu: but the oat,^ Ij'^ ~r,«>"«ry ,od iu decepoTe-for he thouahMhe S ^L 1?* *** ^°<*»c«pe »^ rich .oU for tilth whttTth^ T ^ «r«««neadoi. dttcom nothing but .i^mTo, u""^** '•"»* '•'•' couJd ^-which heft fi43sV;:'/bnf Z'~»^^ —he coaited the new LiJ/l^^i"*^^* •**" "'" Botany fia* rounding the Cane .n^ ej- . . "'^ *^ Great Barrier • charted^ Au'!^^ .^''tll^^'lir^ |j watera^S^ d»coTery and formally claiLdTfor P i***^ t*^»' •^ h" of ^w South Walea. *^' ^"^'"^ l*/ ^ name I roy«««. After aJJ. tE ^^ JT^ T^i '*^'^ «»^ ^a « waa not the 7w"^ZL2r^ ^ ^"^ J''^ Holland- L«d that he had be:;,1r^/^5./fce ««« South 1 he wa. .ent out again, it wm »m ♦Ta ^r?®^*'- So when unknown part, of th; S^ ^^t^^T^ »»"V° '^ -i" •pending a full two yea« in «r«2 ?*' ^* "«^« »"*• way. whUe hi. thiid voyager. i^^^°« '^''f T"?*^ o^ i«n/ wate«. and in them%t HatSt Su^J ^~'?*"^ ^«'«<^ (» ««at «unan. but he wITa 1Z„ i" ^'"''- «« '^" [chiefly a boundaiy of the^**^?"'* '"*** *'*'* «» Wn» marked down a5JraLjy to^e* ^et. """'^ •*'^«' »"<* JPacific another great man. W fcT"" "'"•»«* ^ 'he |of mean., whowThobby w« S t"^ '^".« yo»ng "lan ladTentuiei he had ob^iT^ W i'^'^'^'^^l'^ * W"d of pum at hi. own cxr»n^?u f® J®"» Cook, taking with hown not w ni„ch by &^k? ,f» "?* ""^ "y«e »»• 4 IS AU8TIIALA8IA of the jNUty, alwaji tlert for new life or new cimunm. Aod New South Wales look hold of him. Hit fine impfCMioM were not wtry fiiToiun^, hot the mon he thousht abovt the country the nore he believed in its future. He, m tHll be •eeo, Am turoed the thou^hte of Britiih Minieten tovatdt •eltltng it t hie iniuence aided the choice of ita goferaon, the funrey of ita coaata, the enterpriae of ita firat fumtn and aheep-owners. For &hj years afler hia firat sight of it he was its unwearied and invaluable fnendi ao that out ia tempted to wonde r aeeing how near the infant colony was» in ipite of all, to ruin and abandonment — whether it ia not his work alone that Anatralia fliea from end to end the British flag. CHAPTER II What w mad9 of n ^.— THE OAOL Ctptala AMrmn Pmuir. R.N f -f t . Major Pmucm Qm^^^ <' «7»«-i79«. A-THE REPORMATORT M.J.r.O«..«l Uaa« M«,™i^ „.,.„... . A.— r*e Om/ l«« I they were w!lv *?'»»-''"»g «liejr hare alwan afi« the d J oJTS fiSfli hIS "»"«7-«a' '«« «"««. P«,ple'1„ oJoiim. ^ Fi^Uto «» 7 T" ft.-; U» p.,. for tS^ h'STiT'eriS '^4/'"'^' of ^'transporutioo.^ thn. in»Li °™^*"««« The cunom «««>« way ot iwnonng polmcd priionert fion '* AUSTRALASIA the land where their pre^nce wm inconTenient. Charlei I Rertoiation the practice was confirmed and or«anizS bv Parhament, lo that within a century it had K!? •k^ recogniaed way of di^^ring of a"7ea« alo^rcot aS^e^'w.rT^-'* year. America-the thirteeTcolonTe^ crt«.W. K °**T »^»<*»-h«d receired thi. «ream 5 blocked that channel, the atream naturally began to flo^ and ^overflow the Engliah pri«,n.. Transpomtion, t^ had been a concewion to the need, of young co°W ctnrrj." """'^^'*' °"'""y ^«' '»»* relief ySe mlS itfa^rs's p/M.—Joseph Bank., intent on wcurina for England the new land he had help^ to explTre^^v" Ler evidence in u. favour before a committee of the Hoii of Com JTMfen IV" '779 to decide on a future ho^e f^l^'cSl .Svl5 P '^" ?™' !° **• *^""»' «°d home affair. w«i crew, James Matra, propowd to colonize New HoUand Jth an anstocracy of loyal r^ee. from the UdtS State.Tnd a labouring population of Kanaka, and Chinese randfiLl^' .ugge.tion wa. ugain con.idered. Matia ckimS for t? power. : the Miniiitry agreed, naming the admiwion of 5!r^!^"..PT °^ »*• ^»' ^~' y^" more of^?cvint di.gu«ed all those on whom Matra depended to WSf free nucleu. of hi. colony , «, it came about tS ^n Auatniha, for the first time in our hirtorv w* tJ^ X experiment of convict-^tlement 1^1::'^^;^''''^ '""^ The toundimr.-Th^ histor^ of the AusVralian State begin, on February 7, ,788. when Arthur Phillb^t. firl^ ^^m^^"!; ^''"o^^^f ^^fi^ '^ «1I con.ci;nce, i^ Z^i^fc"^ ^'3? ^' '?°8-) •*•"•» though it indidS the Gulf of Carpentaria, to have been de«gn«S to exclude coasts on which the Dutch had prior right, by diJ^ve^ ft. WHAT WE MADE OF IT ^ „ twenty mi]e"rua^/aSdo^^^^^ "^^""* ^""*' ^•" ^^^^ determined to d^Ts litdt wo L ""uf "V"' ™*»»' "^'J^e'" Phillip hS brought wthH ^"^ •*** '"^ ^°'* ^'^• died Lt oniTd' jfcaiVwrrrW bth^ f ^ t^P "gras. meadow." of BoS^y bTco„M nott S--.?' did not exist; the bay itilf Wm unfitfi, ""^^^^ harbour, and its swamnv «hoL T . ' * permanent had been lucky en^^^t^ fi,3 i' •^^«»"«- PhiJIip north, one of/e Shartu„1'n SJ Urid'anf o^J i^^^' coye where his ships could anchor in T!?' '"l®""' « » about farming. Storeships were wreck J «n »S ^*°« charte; the wcoixl l.(t ij!.! j "?*. "''VP """"If wa. in •he ".mvor. S^/or woA • S^ aLH'J two-Aird. of i6 AUSTRAX^SIA the mere conuoued existence of New South Wales bears monamental witness to the ability of its first GoTemor. Problems of government, — There is no need to separate very distinctly the history of his goremorship firom that of his immediate successors. For twenty years the place was a gaol under nominally autocratic rule : each ruler faced almost the same problems and took much the same way of failing to solve them. Famine, rioting among the convicts, insubordination among their guards — ^these were the dangers : and though the first two were grappled with successfully, the third could not be mastered except by abandoning the gaol- theory of government altogether. Against famine there wus an obvious remedy — to explore the country for better land and import better farmers for its tilling. Phillip struck into the bush westwards, and thirty miles or so away came upon a fine river flowing north, with, rich soil on its banks and up some of its tributary valleys. It came out of rocky forest-land on the south, it passed into rocky forest-land on the north ; beyond its western bank rose a barrier of barren hills cut into (but not through, seem- ingly) by gorges that ended everywhere in cliflPs a thousand feet high. Here were the gaol walls — a clear provision of Nature : and though attempts were made now and then to find a way across the barrier, none of the early governors were very anxious for the finding. After all, discipline was no less necessary than food ; and it was quite hard enough to maintain discipline as far away as the scattered Hawkesbury farms, whose occupants soon found it more profitable to make spirits of their grain than to sell it as flour. So the Hawkesbury valley remained till 1812 on the border of setdement ; though Banks obtained the oflPer of Mungo Park's services as an explorer. Governor King refused it: and a tract of land beyond the Nepean, where Phillip's lost cattle had been found in 1 794, was reserved strictly for the herd's pasturage. Exploration, therefore, did little to provide against famine. The Hawkesbury farms were productive enough — except when WHAT WE MADE OF IT ,7 floodt came, a not infrequent occurrence— but their produce wa. chiefly turned into rumj NorfoIJt Island, after one or two iwrere experiences, provided food for itseJf and some for export to the mainland: but as Jate as 1807 there were still penods of great scarcity when Capetown had to come to the rescue with flour and China with rice. «J «» uic .Aa ^°': ''^^•^cond remedy-the importing of men who could make better use of the land-that was in the handTof the Government at home, and they were in no mind to waste thought upon far-off Australia, dionies, and this one ai^e all, were depots for the reception c : people whom it was un! desuable to keep m England: why shoJd they be provid^ wuh intelligent farmers, the very men England hid m^ need of? Speculators, ne'erdoweels, "experts" who knew cSnr IT*^'"" ''"""'T' ^""'"''^^ ^^* ^^nr welcome to Governor King notes the discharge of an "expert" mill- wright who had cost the public more than ;^6or before he was got rid of for uselessness, and whose work was eventually done for ^^25 by « an ingenious Irish convict." ^ Coavict discipline,— In a community where practically every man was either criminal or warder, strict discipline was natura ly of pre-eminent importance. Yet it was almost im- possible to attain. This came about mainly from the character of the warder class, of whom more will be said further on. But much difficulty also arose from the medley of serious and trivial offences for which transponation was the penalty, more especially when to the mixture of felons and pettV thieve, and poachers were added such political offenders as the « Scotch Martyrs of 1 793 and the Irish rebels of 1 798. The Irish especia ly were indefatigable conspirators, and after keeping the colony m a ferment for several years at last, in 1804! broke into open not: but the movement, once disclosed, wal quickly crushed. * Here again exploration was looked to for a remedy, but ex- ploration of a different kind. Evidently it was advisable with such a mixed multitude of prisoners to separate the classes as much as possible ; more little gaols were needed, more coast i8 AUSTRALASIA settlements with handy bush-barriers on their inland ^side, accessible only by sea. Wherefore along the coast discoveries were welcomed and explorers encouraged by Governor after Governor — being, indeed, fellow-seamen themselves, all of them, and appointed to the post because of the well-known strictness of naval discipline. Phillip was a post-captain, Hunter his second-in-command on the first fleet, King one of his lieutenants ; as for Bligh, he owed his appointment as much to those martinet habits which had provoked the men of the Bounty to mutiny as to the splendid bravery and skill which had rescued him from the vengeance of the mutineers. Baaa and Flinders, — The real beginning, therefore, of Australian exploration is the work of Bass and Flinders, surgeon and midshipman of the ship that brought Hunter out to be Governor^ In 1 796 they took a cockleshell of a boat forty miles down the coast from Sydney to the gardenland of Illawarra, then and for many years after cut off from the main settlement by a ring of almost impassable cliffs. In 1797 Bass (Flinders being away on dutjr) took a whaleboat into the unknown parts that lay between lasman's discoveries of 1642 and Cook's first-seen sandhills, and got so far in behind the Tasman coast (he reached Western Port) as to convince him that it was no part of the mainland. The next year Flinders joined him again, and the two friends made sure of their belief: they circled Tasmania completely, and noted how in north and south alike a river-estuary gave easy access to the fertile inland districts. The news was very welcome to King, who was badly in need of some isolated depot for his Irish political prisoners. He occupied the Derwent in 1803 and the Tamar in 1804, and hoped to ma ■ the island a new granary for the support of the mother colony. Of Bass one hears no more. Flinders had another four years of work, during which he mapped with great care the whole coast line from Cipe Leeuwin in the south-west to the bottom of the Gulf of Carpentaria. But on his way home to England he was seized and imprisoned by the French ''TokeTt3a\ iney "^^ipjBotany Bay The shaded country is hilly, •scruheovered ,^ inier- THE GAOL AND VTi WALLS. WHAT WB MADE OF IT „ f::^u.t %^t^ :t ^^ -p- -- ^^ u> of Fr«K:h expW ^'~** """" " **»« ^ork had been prcSJn th7pLdJ?K i "^n "°<:^«ed. Cook Botany Bay, d'EntrecaBteaux four v^TXr To^^^u" •outhern ihorea of Taamania • and E ^"?'*^ '*'« met in Encounter BaH weli4al!i r" 'f^ *" '^*»* under Baudij, that had'ta^eTupl 2^ofkX*^ land where he drooned it »* W^J ■ wofk along the main- of the New South Walei Co™. pnnlege J't^'^JiK-i^r' .;'4" "frnger- b. .0 ke, .rde?tn n:: s wir"Tr„i"''' •^*' m««u/, but the drcumaunce. «Ve M,„ ^. u'™ "" M AUSTRALASIA of their aenrice. But thu corps wu to have no fightbg, no chance of dutinction : its work was gaolen' work, indorioui, full of petty annoyances, at the other end of the world The officers who joined did so as a commercial speculation — Australia, they knew, was in the Eastern seas, and thence was the rise of many sudden fortunes : the men were the lowest of the low, those whom no real regiment would admit into iu ranks. So formed, the New South Wales Corps became, from the moment of its arrival in the colony, a thorn in the side of every Goremor— except when its own officers acted as such between regular appointments. And, as ill- luck would have it, there was a long interregnum immediately after Phillip's departure during which the Corps took such hold on affairs that no succeeding Governor was able to master it and rule in his own way. The key to its conduct is from beginning to end its com- mercialism. The officers soon found that Australia was no India, full of wealth that any reasonably clever European might hope to have his share of: so they made the best of it by getung what profit they could cut of business pursuits. Some took up land and worked it with the pick of the convict labour: these at least helped not only themselves but the colony towards prosperity. For the most part, being the only colonists with ready cash, they traded : they bought up the cargoes of vessels as they arrived in harbour, and resold th.' goods at enormous profit: they imported on their own account the "rum" (a generic name for spirits of any kind) which was the convicts' great luxury ; they taught the Hawkesbury farmers how much distilling increased the value of their crops. On the rum industry centred all the fights between Governor and Corps. Hunter forbade officers to sell liquor; King licensed ex-convicts to the trade, partly to break the monopoly, partly to shame the offenders cut of it. Neither Governor was obeyed: on tht contrary, the officers had friends in Enghmd so powerful that in the end Hunter was recalled and King forced into resignation. As for Bligh, who came out armed with all the authority the WHAT WB MAOB OP IT «3 British Government could give him to put down thti defiant unralineM, the ttor^ of hit Gofernonhip it the moM dramatic epiaode of Auitraluin history. John Mmcmrthur. — Lieutenant John Macarthur, one of the firrt batch of officers, was a man of original ideas, strong et^ dt eorpt, and great canunkerousness. He was among the first of th*; miliury landholders, and began at once to make exi)erimentt in farming, till he convinced himself that sheep- raising beyond all other pursuits was the colony's real business. But the sheep to hand were a poor selection, stunted and goatish in the wool : Macarthur introduced the merino, a jealously-preserved Spanish breed with very fine wool, which was found m small numbers among the flocks of the Cape Boers ; while his friend and co-experimenter, Samuel Marsden, was given sheep of the same breed from George III.'s own flock. But this new industry required room, and in the tiny gaol-colony there was none. Macarthur, therefore, having secured from England a grant of five thousand acres, proposed to select his new farm beyond the Nepean, in the Camden district, long since reserved for the Government herd of cattle. Now while Macarthur himself had been doing legitimate work for the common good, his former comrades (for he resigned his commission in 1804) were less usefully employed. None the less his sympathies were with his old Corps ; he was always ready to believe the Governor m the wrong, and to back his belief with the strength of his temper. So, being for his good work a man of influence in England, he made himself unnecessarily prominent in the disputes with Hunter and King, and when Bligh came out was looked upon as the real leader of all the insubordination. Against him, therefore, Bligh*s anger burned hottest: their first meeting was a stormy challenge. «« What have I to do with your sheep, sir?" the Governor burst out. ««Are you to have such flocks of sheep and herds of cattle as no man ever heard of before ? No, sir ! " and there followed a threat that the Camden grant would be annulled. From that *« AUSTRALASIA moment the two were open enemies, and Maearthnr identified lunMelf with the Corpi whoM aKendancy Blish wu deter- mined to deitroy. "^ ^^ The Bllgh Mutlay.^HU enteipriie wu not confined to wooljBrowmg. Grape culture wu another of hii hobbies, and an Engluh friend sent him out a stUl for the purpose of expenmenting in colonial brandy. Here, thought TBligh. »«'J:. V^M?"^**" enemy's sharing in the prohibited rSm traffic. The luU wu seized ; Macarthur wu arrested on a minor charge, and put on his trial before a Court presided OTei V a personal foe of more than ten years' sundinff. He appealed to the Corps: the officers rallied round him, and Major Johnston, the commandant, wu persuaded to demand Bllgh s resignation. Bllgh called together the ciTilian magis- trwes, but the situation wu already lost. The soldiers marched from barracks to surround Government House. turning even their artillery against it: an entrance wu forced, and Bllgh, with all his civilian officials, wu taken prisoner. '.^""L^^ }^ "^ ^*»"»^y **«P«^ n«w offidals ap- pointed, Macarthur tnumphanUy acquitted : Johnston became Actmg-Governor, Bligh was interned on a ship in the har- bour, and the Corps ruled undisturbed for neariy two years. B. — The Refbrmmtoty The home authorities had stood a good deal— for indeed most of their attention wu devoted to European affairs and Napoleon s determined attack on our commerce— but this time the Corps had gone too fc •. Macarthur and Johnston were summoned home and punished. The mutinous regiment wu recalled, and after a few years disbanded. The colony was put on a new footing, and became one among the. many garnson-stetions of the Empire, through which regiments passed in reguUr order. The new Governor, Colonel J-achlan Macquane, brought his own regiment with him, so t^ the new regime should be loyally supported from the WHAT WB MAOB OP IT ^ It wu oot ool^ in military matteri that Macqwrie made a fivth start. Hia whole conception of the colony's future differed widely from that of his near predecessors. Their thoughts were with the convicts and their need of discipline : his with the emancipi«s (the ex-convicu who had gained freedom) and their hopes of reclamation. This was the high ideal of transportation (for the system had itt ideals, just as at first negro slavery had), and Muquarie was deter- mined that it should have iu chance— that, to use bis own words, "when once a man is free his former state should no longer be remembered or allowed to act against him ; let him then feel himself eligible for any situation which he has by lir%^^^ ®^ "P"8*" conduct proved himself worthy of nllmg. He mast, then, have land to settle on, and public offices open for his holding: once freed, there must be no sense of taint about his life, no recalling of his past to be a clog on his career. This was the guiding principle of Macquane a policy, and the goal towards which he moved persistently through eleven stormy years. BxplonUott Inland, — Naturally it altered entirely the official attitude towards inland explorations. The Blue Mountains were again attacked: the Governor himself ac- companfcd a preliminary expedition, and helped Gregory BiaxJand, a comrade on that journey, to organise the one which was at last successfol. The secret was a simple one: rading the gorges which had baffled his predeces- sors, filaxland led a party of six up a spur and along the mam ndge of the hills, cutting his way for sixteen days through thick brush, till from Mount York they clambered down into open meadowland, well watered, and assured themselves there waa enough of it to pasture the colony's stock for the next thirty years. Hastening back, they told Macquarie the good news : he sent off a Govern- ment surveyor, George Evans, to follow up their discovery : and by the end of 1813 the main range had been crossed, the wntem slope traversed to a point nearly two hundred mUes from the coast, and a wide region of oper phuns and a« AUSTRALASIA fertile rifer nlleyt added to the teantir domaio that had •0 long been the whole of New South Wales. Blaxland's track waa hastily shaped ioto a high-road, and in i8i c the Gofemor founded the first inland townshi|>, Bathurst, placing it 00 a rifer that took his own surname, and giving his first name to another river that Evans had found some disunce to the south-west. Nor did Macquarie's zeal rest here. The two rivers floired steadilv west: he was determined to know where thejr went. In 1817 he sent John Oxley, the Surveyor- General, to see. Oxlev tracked the Lachlan into impassable swamps — for it waa in the middle of a set of wet seasons : next year he tried the Macquarie, with the same result, and turned eastwards to reach the coast at an inlet he called Port Macquarie, crossing on his way fine grassland that he named the Liverpool Plains. Southwards, too, there were discoveries, mostly connected with the name of Hamilton Hume : aiKl the sum toul was this, that Macquarie found the colony measuring fifty miles by forty, and left it measuring three hundred miles by four hundred. ^ The BmanclplBta, — Such an expansion gave lum room : his next care was to utilize it. He inaugurated an en of public works : roads and bridges, so that every settler had easy and secure access to his market; a lighthouse at the harbour-mouth { a scheme to minimise the damage done by the periodical Hawkesbury floods ; schools and churches and asylums, the ap^ratus ot civil life. The fteedman, taking up his citizen^ip in this new land, should at least have a country he could be proud of. And, if Macquarie's friend- ship and encouragement were of any avail, the country should be proud of hira. The professions were thrown open to him ; he could become a lawyer, a magistrate : his present deserts alone, not his ^st ofiences, were to decide his fortune. So Macquarie dreamed. But he had to reckon with the men who had thwarted all the GovenKM's before him. The New South Wales Corps was disbanded, but ito ex-officers were still at the head of local sode^, still the richest and WHAT WB MADB OP IT ^ •an joaget imported from home, Bent, the firit. kAumI J u'"S:S''J:r^» Berron* Field. SeSSodT^ohl » ex^SSl "2^' » «f of debt that the creitHM ;il^r^7^ ^^.'""''"•''•••^'wrewiththefiidS •Mwwii of hti fheod Chares Lambt some iM^ ^^ The agitation grew: there was plra^ of triVW maSn^ «« which complatnu could be based iZr-™^- i. ?* mam and Saed to be h^:«-. i "•.'^/ ^» ideals were ^uAl^J^^'^^'^'ir'i ^ «• hindered him-^ fbandation for chaoT rf^iSS? o«r^!r! jr***°^.®^ pompous extraragance. In 1818 eraanapiit policy, made Macquarie'srecaUinefitoble. CHAPTER III What we made of it C— THE PLANTATION Governor* Major-General Thomas Brisbane, 18x1-18x5. Lieutenant-General Ralph Daruno, 18x5-1831. Major-General Rkharo Bourkz, 1831-1837. Sir Gborgk Gipps, 1838- 1846. Lieutenant-Governort (Tasmania) Colonel Thomas Datet, R.M., 1813-1817. Colonel William Sorell, 1817-18x4. Colonel Gkorob Arthur, 18x4-1836. Sir John Franklin, 18 37- 1843. SuperinteHdent (Port Phillip) Joseph Latrobe, i 839-1 851 ^ Free Settlers, — Commissioner Bigge's report was the foundation of a series of reforms by which the colony became a new thing altogether. Neither the conyict nor the ex- convict was to be its ratson d'etre. It was to be transformed into a South Pacific Virginia, the home of free men learning to govern themselves, for whose service English prisoners should be sent out to work for their bare sustenance until their term of punishment was ended. This change, im- possible at any earlier date, became possible now, partly because the explorations of Hume and Oxley had opened up new districts for settlement, partly because the population of Britain was increasing by leaps and bounds in the years of the long peace, and free setUers of the right class could there- 98 WHAT WE MADE OF IT a whoJe and the *«Nin..t^«i rvL \T » ?^°. '"* colooy u a man-of-war. J^acaLv. !.V ^ '^^"i^? ^*^*^ ***° *>" very ready to accept GoTernor-made laZ X?h;. °' Sir Thomas Brisbane, was hedp^ i„ k ' successor, system of Courts. withTchlf F ? ^ ^ "'*''* ^'^'^P^^ might be in such a colony. Brisbane, no st cWer for k" own authority, as far a> n^..:ki Pr . ■"*^*'*r ror his in thi. h3- «ri?- P**"*"*'^ ^*^' constitational matters in the hands of his permanent officials, interestina hjJ^li? exploration and settlement and his^IfS!^ u S,- ""^^l*" 30 AUSTRALASIA population fomid itself deprived of nearly all the priTi|ege8 f ranted by Macquarie. Briabane's gucceasor, General l^alpl^ , )ar]ing, was their active enemy, and for an earnest of his ij I iBRoirons proceeded to dismiss every ex-convict who had i( \ found his way into the Public Service. But a few years of steady immigration had brought a new force into Sydney politics. The "emancipist" party filled its ranks every day with the new settlers: the Jlexclusives," while trying to keep up the old invidious drstinction for the effect it always produced in London, became more and more a clique of official oligarchs. And Brisbane's freeing of the press gave the growing democracy its weapon. William Charles Wentworth, who had gone with Blaxland .across the Blue Mountains, and in 1 8 19, while a Cambridg'e undergraduate, had written an account of the colony that was strongly pro-Macquarie, now came to the front as part proprietor and editor of The Austrattan. Through this newspaper he advocated in season and out of season Trial by Jury— the full British privilege, not the modified form then allowed to the colony— and Taxation by elected Represenutives ; and Darling, a martinet who took his governorship very seriously indeed, found himself the victim of repeated attacks, mostly personal and often unjustifiable. He tried to re-establish press censorship by law: but the Chief Justice refused to certify to the constitutionality of his proposals. He took refuge in libel-actions, and won several : the chief result was to make the cry for genuine Trial by Jury irresistible. His enemies carried the war to England, and attacked him in the House of Commons ; the Ministry defended him whole- heartedly, but it was evident that his rule was doing the colony harm, and in 1 83 1 he was recalled. It is fair to add that in 1835 a Select Committee refused to endorse the definite charges of maladministration that had been brought against him. Sir Richaal Rnr frfre.— His successor. Sir Richard Bourke, was chosen in a happy moment No constitutional reform, except the actual concession of Trial by Jury, dates WHAT WE MADE OF IT was by him assured of success: Tf h^A kJ u * wdeed, Sir a^rge aipps.~.ih2it successor. Sir Georo. Gipps, trod closely in the steps of Bourke so th.VT^ not easy to divide between the two men t^ credit of n^L" measure, that became Jaw in those early yeaTs V g^S tms book—the abohtion of the " assigned-servant " iiv«f*,« Uje mstitution of squatting Iicenses,%nd L forth) ^Tt' Gipps, an abler man than Bourke, found Zm^Vft c more difficult position. The mereVct That ^^cc^^^^^^^^ popular, not an unpopular, Governor was a gLt W,V.„ w^S tif "'°!i of self-government TthlT cITJ was bemg hotly argued; the British Ministry was willJn; to grant it on conditions conceived in LonHn^ u°i* Wentwoith and hi. friends nat^lt Siev^S^ thl<:;!l '^' better able to formulate condidon. b^llv The 'cT "* a. a Britiri. official, had to repre.:J°S"s';,„^^S.^^^^^ * See ch. x. 33 AUSTRALASIA view, though he penonally sympathized a good deal with the angry coloniits. In despatches to London, on the other hand, he strongly opposed many of the pet measures that doctrinaire politicians would persist in thrusting on Australia, and in no way enhanced his popularity thereby ; yet to his and their credit be it said— Minister after Minister at home came to recognise his wisdom, left many things to his discretion, and sometimes even altered their own poliw to meet hij views. It happened, unfortunately, that New Zealand land-questions became pressing in Gipps* time, and his stric- sense of honour brought him into collision with Wenfv orth over a land claim somewhat too compre- hensive and unsubstantiated. Wentworth never forgave the Governor ; his crusade on behalf of self-government became an unceasing (one might almost say unscrupulous) personal attack on the man who had thwarted him. The ConsHJjUiOI Lot 1842.— Yet Gipps was largely instrumental in giving to WentWffllh's party the desire of their heart. Brisbane's advisory Council of seven four officials, three settlers — was enlarged in 1828 to fourteen (seven officials, seven settlers), but appointment to it was still made by the Minister in London on the Governor's recommendation. Its powers, however, were much increased ; it controlled the Customs revenue, the Governor could make no laws without its consent, and if the judges (no longer the Chief Justice only) objected to its laws, they still held good until the final decision was received from London. In 1842 this compromise was abandoned in favour of one that introduced the long-wished for principle of elected repre- sentatives. Thirty-six members formed the new Council: twelve of them were still nominees (officials and settlersj six of each), but the other twenty-four were elected by the ;^200 freeholders and ;^20 householders of the colony. Full legislative powers—within the limits of the British Constitution— and complete control of all colonial revenues except the Land Fund and a ixed civil liat of ahnnr ^80,000, made this Council such a power m the land tEal WHAT WE MADE OF IT 33 GiW earlier troubles were multiplied tenfold ; for he was ttili the actual a. well a. the nominal head of th^ admioietra- uon,«dl appointed and directed the colonial MinistrTaTd w drew on himself not only the attacks to which he was already accustomed but exaggerated blame for every error in DeMrt! ment or debate that might be committed by his .ubordinTes Still, he was strong enough to sund it. And it was high ume that the colonists should get «,me training n4eu«e of political machinery. For at home Ministries wer^ inchmng more and more to lamez aller theories of Empire iu to louses fatre theories of commerce ; and it was evidenj would find Itself absolutely free, as Briton J count freedom BxploraUpns, l823-36.^rh^ colony which thus acquired considerable powers of self-government had won these no only by the eloquence of its politicians but Z more by the enterprise of its settlers. Not Wentworth onlv but Cunningham and Sturt and Mitchell, were the founders of Its freedom. For while Macquarie's social policy had ^„ at first abandoned and then much modified brhis successors each of them imitated and in the end outvied his zeTf"; exploration. '""^ r.?fi^^* '^^^' ^ff««^«^A«in, i823-8.- Along the coast discove^r was still a bjr-product of the convict syftem! Commissioner Bigge had Insisted on the classification of convicts according to their criminality, and to do this properly certain settlements, Port Macquarie among them uw Port Macquane for such a purpose, thought Brisbane, was like making Kew Gardens into 7 gaol, and Oxlcy wa Cook and Flinders had both landed in Moreton Bay, but a us northern end, where it is not specially attractive: Ox W therefore passed by ,t on his wav north. Coming back u^ successfij, he put in to Flinders'^ landing-place, aid wm un their midat. From thia man-Pamphlett, a casuway-the 34 AUSTRALASIA found the noble pa««„ge of tk. DaS^DoW. «S',fc many years the inland .ettlers trafficked «S»KQ^J i Sa 'i^5;'^;« the tracks^S^'tSetbir^^^^^^^^^ '"' convict party atWrur* ^""^°« ''nought of landing a uunvicc party at Wilson's Promontory, with an nff.r «f grawland.,--, country of ,mdl/tv2 ""58"' " ""''"'•'"'X not ytt bci found in A^trX Tri"""" •"<*"'«<' he tts he he he It. or id WHAT WE MADE OP IT ^ was part of Port PhilKp, but H~eir. JSS^ 'u !.' been upwt by the detour. LIi u "°^*" f o'cuJationi had wh-ch .pecuhrion had b«mLy .^S™.!*"' .'^ "V »■> continent «w mapp^ thou.hoM tT^^I .1?^ 1"°'^*'' t« whole cirrni/iT """«"?'"• '«« coatthne showed in the^^%:mhere'Z dlSTSfK*- TT P'^'P' «>- t« ? Tu • .1' ^®°» °'" *'J the inland drainaai* «« clntr/i^ "otylr 1:3 l^td^^' '«^!.'^; ^^^^° * impassable marshe' when r,«.^."« »t, a„d found at least aicted the land Go^e^nr A r "^'^ * '^''^ ^^^^ <*~"«ht out of it by tndin™; S"fel" ^' «°°^ ^^ ™«'»^' sumably at its dnVlf Pk i q ^"'^ country, now prc- HumeChU ^Toni T^fo^d r»? ""^^•^'^ '"'^ half dry, while the river rhlnn I -^ .^^*'^"^"*' '"^"h^s months* patient search r^^JuA ??• *° '*"'''^- Two ^ AUSTRALASIA now! flZl ^"1^ .quickening current hurried them into . of Jicc^ ^ ~^T J^""*"^ "^ Sturt «,re thi. S^ of lucces^ Down it the boat, nude hatte to the .ea, oRen in danger from the wtpiciou. blacWeUowi s at law. a \«,n2^" ^Z^^J^ tarting-place, he «ream IS^keZZ^ .haUowed into a great lagoon, and Sturt found him-elf^ but the Teoel lent to meet them there went Jatray. Thev must go back along their own track, worn olLon .ai«J Uwugh men fell adcep or fainted a. they rowed, and oie J*/!; T»''.^i:^J''i'' Wm.elf went neaririliS D^iSli'^h'f^ /«^-wG«^^^ jun^re^f ioa:&l^brd"^',irf.rx ^r settlers from England H^ AiA k; C. ? . * ®' ""<* AUSTRALASIA were induced to furrender thenuelvet and go quietly to a reterve on one of the iilanda in Ba« Straits. Stul, tlie free roan felt himself to be living in a gaol, e?en though it wai an orderly gaol. And juat across the straits was land, unoccupied, fertile — if reports might be trusted — free of the prison taint, full of tempting possibilities. Batman and Fawkaer.— The idea took hold of John Batman, Australian-born, the most noted of Tasmanian bush- men. In 1827 ^^ made formal application to Governor Darling for lands at Western Port, but got no good of it. He wu active in Arthur's war against bushrangers, and helped to bring in the bUcks. Then he heard that the Hentys, traders of his neighbouring township, Launceston, had settled themselves at Portland Bay whether the Sydney Government would or no. He consulted with Arthur (^ho was sincerely anxious to encourage settlers — outside his ow , island), and, fortified with his unofficial approval, sailed in May 1835 for Port Phillip, landing near the mouth of its western inlet. The country seemed good beyond his most sanguine expectations : the local blacks were as friendly as could be : he tramped all over the plains, brought his ship up to Yarra mouth, and made a solemn bargain with the chiefs of the nearest tribe for the transfer of six hundred thousand acres of land — the con- sideration being blankets and knives, flour, tomahawks, looking-glasses and scissors, and various articles of dress, besides a yearly rent of the same sort to the value of about ;^320. ** This will be the place for a village," said he, as he came upon the site of Melbourne ; and he hurried back to Hobart to persuade Arthur into giving him a formal British grant of the acquired property. In the meanwhile an in- dependent expedition, organized by J. P. Fawkner, a towns- man of Launceston, crossed the straiu to Western Port, left it in disgust, entered Port Phillip and the Yarra, saw " the place for a village," and without a moment's delay proceeded to found one there. Batman came back to find them in posses- non : and there were pretty quarrels. The Settilag of Port PbUllp,— Arthur, of coune, WHAT WE MADE OF IT ^ juriKliction. Bourke, u wu hit duty, warned all oartiei off a. treapa-er., but when Miniater. in London conSthlT acuon and bade him expel the intruder., hi. comilTLj^ "" iu ISr ' f t "t'i 'S^ ^'^ GoreZe^rS iw^fer rkTl* • 1 /" 5?"'^**,*»{ '837 he came round by T c ^ ^f*'"^ foundmg of Melbourne : «x week, lata^ e^JlrjT'?' ""''' -"'^ ^y ~«'0"' what i.^ow t£ central block of ten acre, realizing about /-eco Whhin. y«r a ..njilar block on the town% edge^e^^'ed ^ y^," alike di«l owed, but Batman and hi. frienS. f ne7rlv dl pa.toralut.) were given land to the value of T.^ fn the .plendid parturage we.t of Geelong. ' ^ 7000 in .etttJl w^^ Baby.^Fum the fir« the Port PhUlip aettler. were dwcontented and protcunt. They had fixeS themwdve. there in .pite of Sydney, and objected to bri^ put under it , Many if them hid le'ft Ta.ZTa to g« tSa? il7.X '"'"^Vi' '?'**5^' ""** P'**^'"'^^ themselve. afraid Mat Sydney would unload it. convict, on the new land J^l the first two land «le., Melbou^e land. werHold fn S^l Z^Li^T"' '^ '^' malcontem., all the mone/tS2 secured by Government wa. .pent in the old canital A Land and Emigration Commiss^n appointed in L^donb 1840 recommended the .plitting of Cw South Wale. Tnto three divLion^ with centre, at Moreton Bay, Sydney and Melbourne and propoaed a boundary for^he .outhern ^^ /rom'^r^T^^-^^'X* «°') ^''^^ --W ha^ jevered from Sydney district, well .etUed ten year, before Melbourne wa. thought of. Sydney prote«ed rcewfolj" the boundary wa. fixed where the 'colonial bound^ow thlTir^ •« elected member, out of the twenty!f"r on om^r.?^^'^'^^^ the angry «,utheme«: their chfef offiad, the judiaou. and exemplary Latrobe, wa. but a mZ Supermtendent (Wd wordf/unlr the^deraj^^^^^ ley chafed, they murmured, they drew up pecitioiia. Gi]^; CHAPTER IV BxpeHmeatM: WtMt Anatmllm, South AuwimHa, New ZeMlaud Gtvtmtn IVut AuttralUn itS9. Capt jAMnSnauMOiILN. it39 JcN Hirrr. 1I45. Col. CuuuB. 1S47. CoL IiwiN. it4t. Capt. PmonLAiD, R.N. 1155. AKTwm Kbnnxot. Smak AtutralUi i 1136. Capt. HiNOMAUH, R.N. itjt. Col. Of' YK. 1I41. Capt. Oboioi Oaar. 1 145. Col. RoBi. Nnv Ztalmnit 1840. Capt. HoBMMi, R.N. 184X. Lieut. Shoktlamo, R.N. (^Aaing). 1843. Capt. FmitOT. 1845. Capt. OioaoK Orbt (made Sir Oeoi:ge Ortjr In 18^). A.—Weat AttstnUm (1826-60) Pnnch 5c«rM.— When England first buried heraelf with Auttralia it was not certain that the part discorered by Cook was all of a mass with the regions already coasted by Dutch ships : and to avoid any infringement of Dutch rights the western boundary of New South "^ales was fixed at 135' E. After the great wars of 1793-1815 we were iOt so humble, and when Macquarie's work ensured the permanent success of our settlement in Australia it was felt advisable to secure the whole continent against outride intrurion especially rince France, recovering quickly (ai usual) from her disasters, was inclined to seize what unoccupied land she could find u a tribute to the memory of Baudin. Hovell's expedition to Western Port in i8a6 was insti- gated by this motive: just such another expeditioa had 40 nPBIUIIBlITt 4, already oecupM MeWIe Idand io tht •xtieme imnh but abudoDed it ia 1819 •• unprofiubW/ aS rSI i! .tatioD, of a p. ^Ij „uLy kSdr^'*;, ^ a t,« f porunt point •tUI-Kiog GwrgeV SwukHd U»e f« L^^^^ rr E^o^;' '^ "-•' '"^^ ~ ^'^ -c/vrp; I cSi! Ivlf" ^i^*^ SetthmeaL-Htxt year (18,7) RiTer, which wruck him (being a aaUor. not a f.rmlr\ ^L^:t:Vnj^j'\ • ^»»"^"« -ttie.^jitra.i'r;'^ TwSlL ;?i^ TK '"«"«? r •"'»>'»i"tic. He .poke ?n fII?*!"* J ^^ *«* **^ theoriieri wat juat daJSiw on Engl«^, and erery man carried Utopia, in hi. b^S? ch«!"/«Vt!'"P'T^^''«* *° « ie.at'^one Utopb hi chance of being reaJized on rirgin wU. Jame. Pwl «k«I ^ S'n"r:t^"iir """""- of tj.Tew;^^!^ w oe vaiuea at eighteenpence an acre and raid (A, :« f?»l«^^f^in the coat. thS i.. of im^rtbg ^ Th! of trii?d''rri'"i?y '"'^y *« foun'?.:3i^<:ipdwe. of thi. kind, but adopted many of Peel', idea, into a SnsnS i ?,**^°% Immigrant partie. made up in the proSortS! of at leaat fire women to .ix men, goini to wJl^T. and maintaining tbemaelre. there at' M?o1^n,^^, to ge^ grant, of land proportioned to their expendiSJ^^'! valuauon wa. accepted, to that for erery^rexnT^ii and cotton, .uffir and flax. drug, (they did not qui^e know what drug.). hor«. for India. cittleVor proTiSoninfthe fook loo^ooo acre, in lieu of a wlary. But—u tZ AUSTRALASIA V of allowing the largest land-grant holders to choose their land first, so that Perth was soon hemmed b with huge wtatea and the small working firmer found himself thrust inland far from the central market. S/onrpn^l^gs— From the first the new colony lacked labour. Land, of a sort, was abundant, and there were many nch immigrants prepared to spend their whole fortune in colonizmg it. Labourers were brought out, and were bound to work for their importer as strictly as hw could bind them : but most of them had been «* undesirables " in England, and the rest took their first chance of getting away to the more settled life and higher wages of the eastern colonies. Thither went also many of the small farmer class, and among them the Hentys, later of PorUand Bay. A Sew held on doggedly. Townships formed slowly along the Swan and its tribuury the Aron : Albany on King George's Sound was taken oyer from the Imperial authorities: a small town grew up just inside the Leeuwin, others were established by an Emigration Company at Australind and Bunbury: Roman Catholic missionaries made a settlement at New Norcia, some seventy nules N.N.E. of Perth. The capital and Albany were connected by a road. The colony struggled to take shape, and even tried an assisted immigration scheme: but its ftinds were small, and by 1849 it became clear that West Australia was simply "paying the passage of emigrants so . *j on their way either to Sydney or Adelaide." Yet hbour must be had. TnnajHtrtatJott to West Acrs^m/ls.— New South Wales had m 1840 shaken itself free of transportation, but not without protests from many landowners in the less settled districts. West Australians were mostly of this class, and began to covet what their fellows had lost. As an experi- ment, boys had already been sent out to them from the reformatory at Parkhurst; the results were so encouraging that the local Council asked openly for convicts, and in 1850 got thsnu The cure was rapid. Convicts supplied the needed labour, but that was only part of their use : for they had to BXPBRIIIENTS ^3 B — ^Soff^A AttstnUia i«to Ae^fc^^S^r..^*"*^""?*'^"'"^"""'" "M ow. Abolnh ftw gnnta m^: Sx mch » 44 AUSTRALASIA V, price for fann landt as will prerent the laboarer fix>m bovine them till he hat worked harcl for years on his master's estate : use the proceeds to bring out more labourers from England, neither starring nor swamping the colonial labour market, choosing young people if possible, and for every man bringing out a woman. So should capitalists never lack labour, and abourers never lack employment: the mechanism of colonial life would run smoothly, and the Whig Paradise be realized m the far South Seas. His Mends and disciples*— If only by abolishing land-grants and somewhat systematizing British ideals of colonization, Wakefield's proposals did great good. But he was a Whig, and therefore a formulist: a philosopher, and therefore neglectful of human nature : a stay-at-home, and so ignorant of Australian conditions. Moreover, while he, the originator, might have owned to mistakes and modified the details of his scheme, the men who in South Australia and New Zealand put that scheme into practice followed it blindly, misapplying and misconstruing it: it was for them an Abracadabra, feted like so many magic formulae to serve the personal interesta of ita users rather than the high aims of ito discoverer. He had great friends : notable among them was Lord Durham, who gave to him much of the praise that welromed his femous Report on British North America, Je foundation of responsible government in British colonies But It was Australia's misfortune that he saw nothing of it himself till his health was broken and his life nearly over— that, like most colonial reformers of the day, he prescribed without seeing the patient and left the medicine to be made up by unskilful dispensers from adulterated drugs. ^^^ ^^""^^ i4ifs/r«/fan Aii*.-.V{^ followed up his froHunctanonto ot 1829 by forming societies and companies to carry out his ideal The Colonial Office was bombarded with draft charters. The public was assailed with pamphlets. iniS^^an A,ct of Pariiament created the body of Coloniza- tion Commisnoners for South Australia, nominally a huge region bounded only by geographical lines— 13a* E., EXPERIMENTS 45 li^ *J*t N:--P«'act>caliv the diitrict between the Murray and St Vincent'. Gulf to which Start's journey of 1830 had called attention. The Commiwioner., acing through a Re«dent, were to look after land policy and emiption on Wakefield Jines-a minimum price of twelve shilling, per acre, aU nle. public and for cih. price to be uniform throughout the colony at any giren date. The land rerenue must be devoted to awi.ting the immigration of proportion. Tran.portatioo wa. abrolutely excluded. In other matter, the colony would be adminittered a. uraal bv the Crown tiirough a Governor. ^ t\fSf!^ J'i»«Me5.-Thi. wa. a great improvement on the We« Au.tralian .cheme, but did not abandon it. mo.t ^l""^' . ^"Z '*'*" *^*"«* «■»<* P«»d for in England. r^"L!!J "^"^^i^^g* o^ it* ~tttre aSd capabii:ae.1 S Act, indeed, provided tiiat ;^3 5,000 mutt be paid on thi. account before any further .tep. could be taken. fThe mere £ict that Engli.hmen were found to invert their nioney w much at haphazard tiirow. a curiou. odelight on thi fmting error wa. the divi.ion of power, between Rerident and Governor. The fim emigranV .hip anchored off Z cMrt m July 1836. There were quarrj. about the Mte of tiie capital, die Governor being overborne by the .ettle " rhere were more quarrel, about the detail, of immigration and rorvey-work. Governor Hindmar.h wa. recall^ and ilLT'S^'V^^^i*''!^ ^*^'*'^' *»"«* ^'^ office, in hi. perwn. He found the place up.ide doim. The canitaliit. ought to have been livin/on the?; e.t... aid gSig^EJllt ment to the poorer .etder.. Inrtead, they tere living at Adelaide and .peculating in town lot.. The laboufera. finding no work to do, and no land to be had on wwS or Mew South WaK where land wa. lew than half the SL'^IbTSlI*'^ '':!.™u*; •*'^«* "^"^^ ^^^y «««* "bout Aurtralun tUlage and had to ^ Uught by eincipirt. from 46 AUSTRALASIA S?n^n^! ^^iS ''**'^ '^u'^* "« ^ ^h« ietUemeot'. importance, in order to pronde the poorer immigrants with ||ome way of earning their living. anTw conceStrated the U^ » more than em on profitIe« labour in a .ingle ^ 1 55,000 of Goremment money, and drew bUIs on London for ;^4C New Zealand raided the N«ihwS5 ftr and wide. Dyuig in ,8a8, he left hi. countrymen^ «ck of war. that norta of Lake Taupo there wa. coZSti~ p^ce for many yearj. In the wuthVhowem, anothJrXf Kauparaha, of Kawhia fint, organizer of amall tribe, aainrt rt« orerbeanng men of the ^aikato. who diSThi.^* federate, wuthward. out of Hongi'. reach towari. the^L^H ertablidied hu headquarter, on Kapiti irfand. nnriSTw^ warnor. along the coa«. from Wanganui to PortTJkholi, and from Tannan Bay to Cloudy Bay «»choI»n Hmit-meaauna.— In 1831 new. came 0Ter.ea to Sydney of a great mawacre in Akaroa wrough7 J^ T, Rauparaha with the treacherou. --d of an EnXh uJtr Darfing wa. urgent with the Government at home tL^^e drfnite control jhould be at once ertablidied in New Z^Sd rfnot for mere humamt/. «ke, at lea« to wve Z crSft of the Bnt«h nation. Aforing .lowly, the Colon^Office t 1833 appomted Jame. Bu.by Rcidrot at the Bav of IdanH^ ^^I'^JZ "-^"/that he had ntaSfty'^^ui force-nor, mdeed, any force to u.e-but mun maintain wdlJ by taa and per«,nal influence alone. Buaby had Ihtlr 8u"<^8 among the whit«, but, working hand in hand wl h X SyTca;?l;^^•r•'^« i' any ,uarrel untirhe had pauenuy heard both nde., managed to appeaw the ever- rriena. In 1835 ^ msugated the confederation of the pnnapal nomm^^n J ^jj,^ TriSS of nIw Zealand, with 4 Mature and a flag of theiTow^W^ the proeectorate of firitain It »»• t f— !• ow%^iii«er MinL^ hf-^^A ' J. ya«JL-U5ta|5c notion, and BZPBRIMBNTS SI accMtom ed the chiei ii toan idntim wu soon to be better leillMa. WmtleU ^fS/ii.— British Governmenu not infre- quently ^Te thdr hand forced, and always resent it: yet. between South Afnca and New Zealand, they oueht to be used to It by now. In 1839 Lord Melbourne V Ministry •?% r? / c **•* *** ^^ .*^"«* '^*»~- L®'<* John R«~eJ'. Its Colonial Secrettry, insisted that New Zealand was an in- dependent counu-y, and must be treated as such, thoufh Busby clamoured for stronger control and Captain Hobson with Bourkes approral formulated a scheme of consulates. n-^* iS^r*/'.^"* '^^'^** *~* co»^<* ^ Mubbed; Gibbon Wakefield was not so easUy got rid of. For South Australia by no means exhausted his energies. In 1836 he moved a Parliamentary Committee with dramatic mctures of the unscrupulous white man robbing the simple Maori of his lands for worthless barter. Next year he induced Lord Durham, who in 1815 had Mped to finance a North Island colonizing scheme that faUed badly, to found the New Zealand Association. When after much palavering that also came to nothing, it was replaced by a New Zealand Company, which, as the Government would not help it, determined to help itself. Things moved quickly now, for there was need of haste. Louis Philippe of France desired to be espeaally the king of French traders, and was search- ing the world for markets to annex. He had begun with Algeria; when that seemed safo, his fleet was sent to pick up what It could in the Pacific, seized the Marquesas, and was busy about Tahiti, Now he had his eye on New Zealand, and a French Company was preparing an expedition to occupy Akaroa. The New Zealand Company,^Tht New Zealand Lonapany beawne suddenly energetic. It despatched Gibbon Wakefield's brother with a shipfol of setUers to purchase and occupy the coastlands of Cook Stiait. Copying South Australian precedents, it sold blocks of land in those yet un- known districu for cash to men who did not trouble to enquire S* AUSTKALASU into it! right qf owiimhip. Whttew excoiet ni j be iMde no terntonei beforehand, Itatened to no wareiogt, took no precantiop.: that, when two-thirda of the South laUnd lav €j«to ita etterpriae. fertile, wellwateied. almoat emnty of nittfe^ ,t flung ita too ereduloua clienta along the edge of the windy Strata among the warrion of Te Rauparaha. To w!^S'T iH'^r ""%J»i«<«"ou. a man « Colonel Wdtefield wai aheer folly. Wakefield knew Utde of Maori cuatoma and cared lew. He prepared titledeedi after the S.^^^^"* He indued chff. aboard, ahowed them hu roerchandije— a mwccllaneoua collection, from mnaketi «»d calico to Jewa' harp, and aealing wax-and got themto awn three docuittenu, which were raguely expiated to aone mumphantJy. claimmg to have porchaaed aomethiag Uke twenty million acrea of land. -^-cuiu^ use But the Briti^ Goremment had uken action at lait. to New South Walea. nude Captain Hobwn Lieutenant- Sn^V- "?*' S? off to arrange the detaila of annexa- tion with Gippa in Sidney. Gipn., thu. wt free to act, at once took the atep. long urged ly Butby, of proclaii2n« Sf-."i?J*!l"'?°*''^^^ Maori, woid beWnii2 rK^ w i-^" ?!?•?«'*?* ^l * CommiMion. Amenth thi^ Hobwn «iled for the Bay of Iiland.,lummoned the northern chiefs to meet him at Butby'a home near Waitanw and there made with them a notable treaty. The miwonaiS; exjUined It. provmon. in detdl to the chief., and they to their tnbe. by the councU-fire at night. Clau.e by clLle wa. debated among them.^ and their comment, .hoi^ how weU they under.tood. The treaty wa. .igned by forty^ ^giJ«efeM^W«t«gi,.aiu^ taken round Ui^^^S Wand and mto the South*: everywhere there wa. full iMl**Zr* confutlon it mint be miderstood that Sooth Island 1^ here aaed, means the wcond laive iiUnd. which was forn^^J Sometimes called Middle Island ^^ tonnedy 53 explaMtioo and fvU debtte: within six months cis chiefs had signed it, and from that time to this the Maoria have htid by lt aa the i r MaK iir ClaFtar - ^ TB4 T/MyaiWmliMngl.^li is a simple enough document. The first clause ceded to the Queen of Enekind all the chiefs' rightt and powers of sorereignty. By the second the Queen guaranteed to the trib es JulLexdudy , and un disturbed possession of th eiiJapdaa^the chiefs, on their part, ngfeemg to seU the land, if they wished to part with it, only to Ae Queen's officials. The third cleuse gare the Maoro all the nghttandp nTileges of Briti sh juhkcts. Hobton was salisfiedi fu hii tRisiness was to keep order, and the cession of sorereignty gate him full powers to do so. The Maoris wmsausted^for they were in a mood weary of tribal quarrels, reaffy to acknowledge a sovereign authoruy of a peaceaUe kind : «w* tbw land was secured to them, dne set of people was not satisfied— the New Zealand Company and the colonisu it was importing. They wanted land, and this treaty blocked the way. MmoH lantUmw.— For the second clause implicitly recognized the Maori law of landholding. And out of a ungle of usages the law simplified itself to this— that the tribe owned the land, and only the tribe, acting deliberately and as a whole, could part with it. A chief acted as represenutive of bi« trib^raeo, hoi brer their heads. A minor chief might be forbidden by his superior to.jell'knd^ even though his sept of the tribe occupied the land and agreed to Jts sale. As for^jd^ m -individual not a chief, it waiomthinkable. ^for did a tnbe^lose title to its land by expulsion ; if the viaort ceased to occupy their conquest, ownerlhtB reverted to the former holders. The law, like many so-callea « savage ''^ customs, was admirably devised for its makers* purpose: but it invalidated neariy every purchase of im- portance that had hitherto been made by Europeans, and threw a net of difficulties in the way of future colonization. Qovenor and Compmny.—Hohnn, therefore, spent hu governorship b a duel with the New Zealand Company. M AUSTRALASIA million acrei- th« Ca««. ^ " "•"' ■ «"»"« of a ^/hS'^'- '^'*-"^- --^MU ^^w »^M ^"** ?"*''^ Clamouring for farm.: WiSLSd Mnw the blame of any delav on HaK^. «.!i "^ ■"?«»" •1,2^'f- ""*•■-"•>«» ^ "««« «o lee it Par- M »?.?; .^.°«'"'«»9 *" in the colony, •« to aid . kin.d hC^rrtfe^'t Kr*"- . ^fe '""' fiHT d.y. brib« *. ^-^ ofTSSS.^"? I^S nPEMimiTs n ?^ ^^u^ ^r^ : "let him be . go5d «.n, .V S GoTernor who haa jutt died." ' rAi»# KMn o/ rnwW*.— ShorUand, who took hia t^^J^.Tl'^'^ "^ !^°*^ fecommitSrhTnS^TlitS^ aa poaaiMe to deaaive aaion. The n«xt C^mm^^m r»\!l • Fluroy of the « B^gle." wa'a . T^^u'nd^'j^ife Md uneak will. Between them New Zealand^H but b^ mto chaoa. For Colonel Wdtefield aaw in Ho Wa dSS hi. opportunUyof aecuring «, unconfirmei jSpS^^Jhai"^ Jhe Wairau R.m. which Te Raoparaha rtfuaed to giJTup He aeot ^irrepr. to it, and the MafinT expeMel ^' Then he aent fiia brother Arthur wiTrpd'a ma««^ and forty men to arreat the recalcitrant chieP Th^r?^"^ wojdy cjuarrel : one of the white. Jet off hi. gun Vnd WUed a Maon woman. Te Raunaraha'a daughter. The n«i>2 ml^'^?"^ " '^' ""*» ^••'•fi'W and eight othtra wl?' the1riJi*'!T°«.'^.'"'r^*'^- The new. wenJ^JrTugh the tnbe., and .tirred them: aUll more were thev «StS ttrriatr '»"«*^«^5'^~y'- final award, for S'idSSS «voL*for S °J-J' ^T«ha'a «<»• .nd refuaed to ^ anyo^ for the kUhng. there can be no doubt that tTa. jujMrom our point of riew : but for the Maoria bloodahS Jl^v'lr'^'K^i "^ ^"^^"^ »' cowaiSSrS^t Fitzroy ahould neither demand the death of the alavera nor d«m the land on which Britiah blood had bc^aSr T~e nTp^^r^^ i'Sr'"" t?~ exterminatin^^wir. The Pint AUoriWmr.-^lforth of Auckland there wai more trouble. Fitzroy needed money, and trii U) ob^^ i SLiTduS:^ Tr«Ielaj;g^Aed.an?r?Sre;' , a I^taT TW^~ ^ '^*** **»*" "^ wbaUtute^ A a landtax. That ttnick at aettlement: he went back.jLLi A S^ AUSTRALASIA omonii dotiei, ud appea^d the settlers by allowing them to buy land direct from native, if they paid ten diUlingf per ac« ^L^l' When they gri^lld at this. I^Le^ i^r.r'^S ^ * ?r"7, P*' **=•*• Suddenly a clan of northern Maon., under Hongi*. .on-in-law, nuVied the Bay «li^- • ftlement. While Fitzroy was trying to smooth WaL?J? TrT K°?' J'*"'' "."" ^~» E"S'»°d that the i nn^T^^ "?'^ ^-^ been attacked in Parliament, that re- podiadonwas .mnimcnu The news was exaggerated, but it ^!^1 1 ^'^K/?" « Ohaeawai,.were defeated wSh great loss by a far inferior force. governor any and the MaorlB.-At that Fitzroy was recalled, and Grey took hold on New Zealand. At T«ltt*«?1l^ '^^ T""°« ""^'^ ^y re-prodaiming the Z^lf WP' *5? ^°° "-^^^ «^'»«"»" by a firm rJfusal stonp^ rrr* ?'°u **" "^-^ '^"^ «^Js into their TT^o^^ Ruapckapeka. pressed the siege, and drove !► u'- u?J''S«. JBfW^n'ly* into the bush. Tife victory re- estebliijhed l&rm»h prestige in the north: Grey hunSd to W^ir! /^ !1? •'"**?* * J*"y ^*'^*« ^*' was fretting the Wellington dwtnct by the seizure and internment of Te Kauparaha. When peace was assured, he made the Maoris klS^f TH' ^^•^^^»' tbeir language and studied their work «f »S • P****.'*''" *"^ *'"'^*»' *°** «* 'J'* tribesmen to N«r ^. K**'i"*'«'"x;°/'*'^"*'^"« ^°^«<* of fighting. h»I\Z V**""' " 1***^" *^*** ^»- ^«w meS have had better adjutants and truer comrades than the two men who worked ^th Grey-William Martin^the^ChicfZuce! and George-^Sdwjtfu^he.^^ Selwyn, more especullv, was a nuTamo^men, a pioneer, an organizer, indomitable, a ruler m body a£ mind. .„^C!^> •"*'/** >^^*'"*^ OWce.-Fitzroy»s '« penny HcS^n'.CS^"""-" was annulled as soon as ^sible, and the^Si^ r "?°**'^' ^"y • P"**"* iiSuence with the natives making it easier to obtain land Aorn them by EXPERIMENTS 57 legitimate means. But now a new clanger showed itself. The party of colonial reformers had not been quiescent all these years, though with Peel in power and Lord Stanley at the Colonial Office they were reduced to merely critical functions. But it was their parliamentary champion, Loid Howick (soon to be Earl Grey), who induced a Committee of the Commons by one yotc to condemn the Treaty of Waitangi in Fitzroy^s time : and when the Peel Ministry left office in 1846 the new Earl Grey took charge of the Colonial Office. If the last Whig Secretary had been King Log, this was King Stork. For Australia, as we shall see, the years of his tenure were one long sta ^^ie against measures urged upon the colonists by his obstinate and ill- advised beneficence. But for Governor Grey and his comrades. New Zealand might hare suffered, similarly. Earl Grey began by passing through ParliyM an Act for the Goremment of New Zealand, an elabg^Hnechanism of provinces and assemblies and c«NMtions which left all power in the hands of the richer IWPs. He added to it a series of instructions in which occupation and use were declared to be the Maoris' only title to land, all territory not actually so occupied becoming waste lands at the Crown's disposal. The Governor publicly announced his receipt of these documents, utilized as much of them as allowed him to appoint Lieutenant-Governors in the Auckland and Wellington districts, and explained that the rest would be a dead letter till he heard from home again. Then he wrote to Earl Grey advising him to cancel the instructions: Martin and Selwyn backed him up strongly: the chiefs of the Waikato petitioned the Queen direct; and ministers m London saw nothing for it but to yieH. The Goremor's victory was confirmed by a K.CB., an honour given him for his pacification of the Maoris, but coming aptly on a more important achievement. Qny and the Compatiy,—By this time the Company was on iu last legs. Tidings of war had long ago checked the stream of settlers, and funds ran very low, so that it had 58 AUSTRALASIA to uae all iti ParliamenUiy ioauence to procure loans of ^236,000 from the Bridth Treamiij. Now it did what It should haTe done at firet— turned its attention to the southern parts of South Island, and obuined a grant of all Crown lands in that region. Grey bought for it such districts south of Kaikoura as had a Maori population: subsidiary companies were formed, and a new era of settlement began. In the extreme south, Otago Harbour and the Clutha ralley became centres of a Scottish province, peopled by adherents of the recently serered Free Church of Scotland. Above them, in the treeless and grassy plains of Canterbury, an Anghcan body^ under Selwyn's auspices obtained preemptive nghts over two and a half millions of acres. In these two communities Gibbon Wakefield, himself in his last years a colonist of Canterbury, saw his teaching developed more ftilJy and satis&ctorily than ever before. Ottgo land cost the settler £2 an acre, Canterbury land ^3 : out of each sum I OS. paid for the land, the rest was devoted to road- making, educational and religious endowments, and the supply of labourers from home. Grey was distinctly un- svmpathetic, but for the most part let the new provinces CHAPTER V The Touch ot Gold Gmemtri Nna South IValct : Sir Cbarlei PrrzRor, 1846-1855. futtria .' Joseph Latkobk, 1851*1854. Sir Chaues Hotham, 1854.1855. Tasmania ; Sir J. Earoley WiLMOT, iSit- 1846. " Sir William DiNisoN, 1847.1855. Soutk Avttralia 1 Sir Hen»t Youno, 1848-1854. The New Council.— Tht Conatitution of 1842 wu drawn up by gquirea for wjuires. It postulated a farmine commumty-one ut. "farming" in thVEDgIi.h «n.e. to mclude .tockowmng a. weU aa agricnltureiwith mark^ clawKiistmcoons and intelligence accompanying wealth : the social structure, that ia, which WakefieldSed but dec a^ unattainable ,n New South Wales. Nor did this make k the less acceptable to Wentworth and his party. Thev were EnalUh*?* 5'T"u '^'^^y ^^ ^^""*^ « fi^«t that bnglish records should not count ag»inst persistent good Th^ri "* Australia: therefore they were « emancipiL" They had urged later that men born in the colony were not therefore inferior to importations from England: so thev became advocates of self-government. But always they werJ of the aristocratic persuasion : and we are compelled to own. wth regr.*, that their ideal might easUy have Seen slLJe b Afrli?"^ ^ K? H "T**^ *^" ^^ «f "-^ '«e rfwth Atncan Republic— though it would at least have had the saving grace of honesty. a/JH?^^ SgiwWIeg.— The new Council, therefore, devoted Itself to hmdholders' grievance. chieHy, demaodbg S9 V AUSTRALASIA cheap land for squires to buy or squatters to lease^ and plaguiog the Governor for foil control of the reTenue obtained therefrom. Financial difficulties arose mainly orer two re- gulations of the British Ministry's devising—neither, from the Imperial point of view, unreasonable. One established m the colony a scheme of District Councils to take over the management of all such matters as our County Councils deal with, except the police: these remained under the central Government s control, while the Councils were to pay half the expense of maintaining them. The second concerned the distribution of moneys received for the purchase or lease of land. Half of this land fund was to be devoted by the Governor to assisting immigration : the rest he was to spend on care of the aborigines and on policing and opening up un- setUed districts, handing over any surplus to the ordinary revenue, which was under the Council's control The first difficulty was soon got over. Wentworth argued that, if District CouncUs shared the expenses of the police, they *ouId also share the control : Gipps admitted the force of the argument, retained the whole control, and took over the whole expense. Waste Lands— ImpeHat or Cohniatf—But the second regulation raised a very important question, which lay at the root of nearly all mid-century disputes between colonists and the mother country. The « waste i nds of the »u S° rS '"}''"' '*''* ^*y '^^^''g • O" '•»" '^ parties in the British Parliament were agreed : they belonged to Britain in trust for the Empire as a whole. Gipps maintained this view both officially and personally, deducing from it the right ot flie Imperial Government to use the resulting revenues as It chose ; he considered it an act of generosity that all the money should be spent for the benefit of New South Wales and some of it even placed at the local Assembly's disposal! That Assembly, however, Wentworth vigorously leading It, upheld a view directly contrary. «« Australia for the Australians said the councillors ; the land of the coloiw for the use of the colonists and in their sole control. ThatGipps THE TOUCH OP GOLD 6i •hoold regulate prices and diapoae of porchaiemoneya with- out their conwnt, againit their withes, was unconsbtutiooaJ, tyrannical: it was Taxation without Represenution (formulae gain half their efiect from their capital letters). Round this the 6ght raged: and it was perhaps as well that the Council made it a personal matter against Gipps, instead of rousbg IHiblic opinion against the British Goremment whose instruc- tions he was carrying out. The Squatten,—WbichereT view one holds, the Imperial or the Colonial, it is impossible to doubt that Gipps did what was in the end to the colony's adrantage. For the disposal of landrerenues was only one feature in the battlefield: far more important was the struggle orer landprices. The South Australian scheme demanded high prices not, only in South Australia but in all neighbouring communities (otherwise settlers would naturally drift away to the cheap land), and after much discussion between Gipjs and the Colonial Office an Imperial Act of 184s fi*«« j£i^ per acre as the minimum price all ofer Australia, and auction as the method of sale. But this, said the New South Wales Council, was for too much for areas in the back country: agriculturists might be able to pay such prices within the twenty Counties, but for stockowners' "runs" it was absurdly high. Gipps admitted it was so, but saw no need to sell back-country areas as yet. At the same time he proposed to make the stockowners pay a litde more than they yet had done. They were a class by themselves, these «• squatters " — so called because at first they "squatted," or took up a temporary abode, on Crown lands without leave. They were trespassers, of course, and the authorities called them so : but the wool of their sheep was the main source of the colony's wealth, and they knew they would not be seriously interfered with. To meet the case Boorke had derised, and Gipps in 1839 legalized, a system of temporary grazing licenses, permiu to trespass withm a given <« pastoral distritt" of large area: individuals might •ettle their respective run-boundaries between themselves. AUSTRALASIA V •ttore to make tL JL c^^"" ^T™" "«' P<»»«« *« wit ll^S^*^ ■"' ** »I«.ui.reforn, Whip, ^ "y. •• little M BolShir *"'."™'« «• do! that ii to «* The cSoc^^^'r??. *<■ •« the go«„. Parlument that tm them C^-i . , . " *« •»« term of yeai. irittllaZi. *^ J""" /^ •'»'' '«"» for a Port Phii^e^S.S?^'*^^''" '*^ "^ 'f 1" •«». . mild co.Lt «rrtl^ ^ri^TlJ?"''?? "^ «*«*i« t'^. On theae tw" tuXZuTl^^^'^K conncta waa directed : m«^ tt^^'r^^ "'*™ »f *«««l.i Lord &2w^i.S^II ^' *«y-««n eauUiahini • new e«»iZ^'^ « "llCTiate the eril bv THE TOUCH OF GOLD 55 .xr j^.*" '^ '•^' '-« Ss^*.£J is rAe "Exi/««."— So the democracy of Auttialia came mto being. For the townapeople wanLl nf wowL aS began jt once a campaign o{>hIic meeting. a^Snt whde Charle. Cowper fought'Wentworth fn the SLndl The landowner! had aet themael^e. directly TnkJt th^ current of popular feeling, and a new party/u JeiiSSL b •hape and whdity behind the turmoil. Meanwhile Birl Grey took over the Colonial Office and hi. pr!de W. thriTLli^T ""^l ^ '^'^^ • P"^°° conditional on S^it 2 r'.:5 "^^"^^Sf extra-European «rttlement they ticket on;. '^*'" V'P ?"^«"' "** P~P^ to .end SSj«:^t 1't men: and in the den)atch which embodied oZTc '*^J°?"»<»"»y «lded that to aroid del^tS Sr^ii:^ **'"^i f '**** wu to be revoked at once, and .patch wa. receiTed. »n7** "i^aaAem^."— Sydney burtt bto wild aneer and a great public meeting retofved not "to recei4 *he conS^r "^-^ •"°'»^'-~»«'7, whether under tS^^ of M^tever. The Melbourne men forced from Fitzroy, who r„wW ^^'.'^^^^^^ promi.e that no cJnHcte .hould be landed ,n Port Phillip, 'in June, 1849, the^Wp ffasjey anchored in Port Jack«» : before her ^io rf Zl hundr«r and twelve connct. could be put aahore t& S\^^ of Sydney crowded to Circular Quay, Uie landinmlacl 3 a2 T^U^^^ ^^i?'*^' to ««. oK^ the ffa^Acmy ^ •hip. that followed it to Moreton fiay. But he alto wrote 66 AUSTRALASIA thw wai known, Cowper and hi. friends atettlicd dSS Stilus" •"^^"r^*- There tnin.jK,rt.Uon'l«3 in ipue of promitet to the contrary , and, the Straiti beiiffiw n-iTow^ AuatraHa could not fe<7^ 'until Twl^iS on^f^'^^" '^O^'^AeJ—At length the preiwre on Earl Grey became too great to be borne. To the ImTh! w« unconvinced He nide plaintive aji^al. to tiTin! b« blind to their true intereita. But the CounciJ, by thia tbie enlarged and made more «pre.entative, added it. Je«"uti^! id ttl*^^ 5«i.««cceMor, Sir John PakingtSn, confirmed ^an^l?* Jjnjtting t,^ justice of the cdonii.' re^n- W^ance^ and pledging the Imperial Govemment to diicondnue transportation to ail part, of £.tem Auatralia. '""'°"'"''* of iCr^^?^^'"'?' '^'^ Pbllllp.-Tht enlaisement Sydney. Gipp., «. u.ual, had the awkward t^k of reorf enforcing Colonial Office deci.ion. againrt them • he co7 *h^m vf^Ik. .^'^*X "**** ~«»* promi«r.. and foreot Sr„U. f^"™l*"r'^'^^ determined to renrind him[*a the next e ecuon he found him«rlf returned a. that town's tXSrr/" '^" ^"f^V ^"""^- Enquiring! he wa. attend the Council, and an abaentee member would renrMem them better than a Sydney man. Anxious, in leXt^ otner way^ he called upon the Committee of the Privy THB TOUCH OP GOLD %f CooocUfer Tijde w^ PUnutioo., which h«d Jong ceM«i to coocern ittdf w^th the colooiet, to eondder tSt w!3e qoeMon of Auttrdian con«ittttion.. In April. ,840. Z ODmimttee reported. Port PhUiip ought to Li JStioS! The TtnoM Au^ralian CouncU/thild be cdilToo to amend their own conttituUona, aubmitting the new achemea to the Impenal GoTemment for criticiam aSd, if approred/Ton- k"*!2^- i>««tri« Councila ahould be encouSied. There jhould be a Gene«l Auatralian Aaaembly to deal iith cuato^ dmiea, the poit-office, intercolonial lailwaya, lighthouaea and •hyping regulattona. Supreme Court juri«iiction, weiehta mterejted. The Committee'a recomniendationa were em- ^il r j",^" P??^ "*** year-except thoae dealin* ffi W I ^^ ^.o^^no'^-i^nJ for the Gofemor of New South Wale.. In 185, four colonic, took advantage of the «?^ntK"tll^"^'i?.;T°A»'°^ Viaoria, Taamania. ^7X •"{•*"" "^'^wn v»oyemor Kobe and hi. CouncU. bach new Legialature waa for the prewnt on Sydney line*- a «ngle chamber, twothird. elected, the rett hal/nominee and half official. Before they met, Ea«em Auttralia wa. up,^ uJ^ '''"i Op/lf-nisA.— For Mme year. Aurtraliana ^ 5J!" ••"**;?£ "^•t«l^y «bout the Californian goldfielda and the wUd lift there. anJ «,me of the more adventuroua Hara^lLT^v """"?' *"*»"« '**'" * *=*««•» Edward Wargrayea. To him, m he proapectcd Californian guliiea. r^J^ * remembrance of gullie. like them in the rugged Macquane vaUey below Bathurrt: the imH«e dror^ ^vaW u ^""^"^rf 0° Fet>n»ry la. ,85irhe found WaWe gold in a waterhole of SummerhUl Creet A month or marching confirmed hia hope.: erery creek for MTentv and by the middle of the year "Ophir." the acene of hi! M AUSTRALASIA fim dMcoftrjr, and the mat Turon golly that nun to the Htcquarie, and f allejt from and to end of the maia raoee werealiTewith proaMctora and diggeri. The towna befan toenptjt Port PhUfiisitUlb the first pride of independeoce, amed likely to be again a mere slMepwalk. Melbourne offmd rewardi to the finder of a Victorian goldiield. Then of a radden New South Wdeg waa almoat forgotten. Clunet on a branch of the upper Loddon reported gold, and Bunmyong louth of it acroat the Diyidiog Range. Cnmnt haittly from one to the other, diners camped a day's Journey *ojre Bumoyong, and the world heard first of Ballarat. Before the end of the year e?en Ballarat was a minor name i yj** co^w** ^ Loddon ralley under Mount Alexander, and further north yet men were beginning to open up the nches of Bendigo. r- r It was precisely in Victoria that the inrush of diggers was most dangerous. The goldfields of New Soudi wJes were scattered along sereral hundred miles of the main range, J 'fi". •^ *^*®°*» •«P«'«t«l from the capital by Ims and difficult mounuin-roads. The resident population was large m proportion to the number of newcomers: the roachmeiy of local control was in good working order. A great many of the diggers, moreoTer, were colonial bom Md acciutom«l to the personal liberty of the Briton. Victoria lacked erery one of these adranteges. Its richest ieids, all contained within a area 80 miles square, had com- paratttely short and easy communication with each other and with Melbourne. At the beginning of 185 1 it had perhaps 80,000 inhabitants: 65,000 immigrants landed in Melbourne m the first year of the gold-fever, and by 1856 the total number of newcomers was 337,000. Nor were these men «sUy controllable at the best of times: ex-convicts from Tasmania (eleven thousand arrived in seven months), stiff- necked Cahfomians, poUtical exUes, relics of the European rewrfouons of 1848, adventurers from every part and most races of the earth, mingled with the quieter crowds who came from England with their families to settle down. The THE TOUCH OF GOLD !» diitariiiag elmMM wm a miaoritjr, certainly t bat h wm m actift aid wlftmrU n| minoritj. Th9 Lk§nM9 Tnmthg.-^To rale thia motley a«- •emblage Latrobe had no military, and a police force that dwindled erery dajr. By greatly railing lalariea and obtiiniiy men from Taraiania — a picked corpi of Teteran loldiera-^ and England, he gradaally mattered actaal crime : bat thia achievement waa doe in great meawre to the hearty co« o|)eration of the diggers, who Had their own wav of dealing with camprobbert and the bushrangera who lay in wait for their gold on the road to Melbourne. Police duty on the goldfielda, however, included a far leti popdar tatk — the collection of the licente-foei which Latrobe, following the example of Fitzroy in New South Wales, levied on aU diggers monthly. It was a clumsv scheme, adopted in the first days of the discovery, rendered comparatively inoffensive in New South Wales by the conditions mentioned a page or two back. In Victoria it was disastrous. The fee waa thirty shillbgs a month — little enough out of a succesdul digger's pocket, but a heavy ux on the unlucky. The monthly collection, among crowds of men constantly aug- menting, constantly shifting camp, who had no voice or interest in the diqiosal of the money, was irrittting and gave many opportunities for fraud. Latrobe was honestly anxious to be a good Governor, but hicked decision. His Council, jealous of iu righu and not very sympathetic with the new element in the population, supported the diggers against him as lone as the fees remained under Crown control: when the CoTonisl Office allowed them to be paid into the general revenue under local control. Councillors became ardent supporters of the licensing system. Latrobe, acting on advice from London, suggested that the fees should be replaced by a royalty levied on actual gold exports — a much feirer form of taxation, and one ea«ly collected in Melbourne itself, beyond the turmoil of the camps. The Council would have none of iL But the diggers, once encoaraged, refosed to acquiesce in the hated TO AUSTRALASIA church on Sumhy ^Si^"^J^*^. P^Wt..* began to fcel adiLrf of hStt "^ ^^«» .C,«i.«dby.,oo',.,dJb«chrfZilS^ nl^ • not, and the ion wat burnt. M^IiT*^ ^ Inere was fiom Meibou™ «d*::;j:s';h,"sSrfri™;fVi!L'^'- •ho«mn,c«lth.iiiweotoutofhii«»^^^ ^'"^'8! •giudon. U« had dinurM 4^2^^"",^"" "rr^ angenng many of the leu #.v«»«ku j- ?^ y**"» •<* .h. ajiutcof Be-Kiigo «ock2dt,ii3r.::;:^"^",7^= THE TOUCH OF GOLD y, turbance, and formed a "Reform League" in wh<^ nr^ gramme uniyeml luffraoe fi-ui«l «-^fk "j^°**?*. P^ abolition of licenseX!:*^Th5 F !. ^^ ^ "^^ ^^ reftaed that abwlutely, but w^ to ?t S^t J ^'*"*'' re-intertigated and iuaticedoB^ Tk i '^^ "»"*«' waa whwX nr,«jl^^ ^2*5'^ '^'^ a delude. o«r and for control purpoaea a ««min#r'« i;„K» » V 1 . ^? yearly onpavmentV^r Tk. Ui: u *i*' '® ** '»'»«* •oldiera: and the Eureka Stockade wI^Tr J " "°** 7a AUSTRALASIA . A goUen bmryest^The other colooiet had km mxdt^ «g year.. of transition. New South wZ^^^^S^ jp«m. of awle»o«j, a. troubled them wire of ^^^£3 interert. Like it, TwrnaDi. Md Swith Australia^SL!!^ firitfrom loM or poHatiol^ the hardier or wuLS^ Tvictr i"f r« -^^^^^"^ " HanTtr.:tesre in Victoria. But the compenMting advantage* were p\3 Gold could not be eaten, itW l?u.ed TSTy f^ • *New T&fZ'JT'"^ vegetable., berlde. providiogXlc^ Of tmber for budding and fencing. Prices were t^l,^«« neat was a shilling a pound iusteii of t^o Jl/ u ^^ ^ ' haJf a euinea a hn.kliT^j- r '^°P«°ce, wheat was ™ guinea a bushel, ordinary fence palings K>ld for a J^ each. South Australia improT\Kl U»e occiion ^•» iraetiwe the dutncu north of Spencer'. Golf and fc-d iem «.bc.«r«l or tterUe. lacUng fne^ ^^-^ THE TOUCH OF COLD » •eemed to stretch anna n emy direction and quite iJ PjnreM northward.. In ,84, he forced hi. X %S ^rtc^ of, 50 nnle. at a time. He reached Albany, Jd ZJt! ^. r .^"-^'"'^ ^^r*^"^ but the re«Jt of di hi. qfotur*^ ^"^ «co«ged by Governor Grey and L.rd Stanley, oKe more att«:ked the problem of the btX in the KHichem -nI of Ae Grey Ra^,, where hT^-ZS for MX month, of ivt m> ^eiw/tCT!-!*. / .?*"^ hrJttI- i;v-^ .^^ "Knae tbat aen . fiofernail. new and twind Lal» Frome, which he took to be another arm of ^ub.qu.tou. Like Tor,«.: be t«r.«l north-we^, c^nl »? JS ^ «?^ •^"*«** *7 -Piridge., ortri^^ to «f Ae AiH waterhofa. of Coc^?. C«dt, m doJSi few^ later at dght of At ^o7fiw«ri |L«I!.\?^ ^ and santWi* H-. rr. ^ ^ . ^iBe«t. of quartz ^ tS? F ^rti;^ **" way almoat to where 7^' 8. }^SJ^^:J^ " "*** ""^' ^y <>^ identifying io<^ « ao deflate a co«,try , thw.adeha.te £ck -for the few creek, were np% dryint-^o the Gi«v Range and the Dariing, and reM^ toiSiSr 7brok2 Auttralian explorer.. Hi. countrymen, indeed, reward^ FTl*li'"?u'***y conid, South AurtrJiia JS? a pTw ';teltr!""^ '" '^^ -- - '^^ --^"^ So gold brought to each colony aome form of pro«erkv S^STaTI^ immediately wealth and a buaySbJ SouU, Au«ralu trade wd former^ New WuTOTa' market for it. rtock. Tawiaoia profited doubly: not onlj did It \o^ at cmce the mo.t unde««We of iu wLiZ^X^t 74 AUSTBALASIA iiioniwa when Harmifes bronefat hia hmm •« c!^^^ ««1 indeed no BritW, MiniateT^SSld dbiTdl^ ^"^^Z "olfted hjr dwert. Md . wMk of rm-h tew f™« XTfii •elf-gowrningcolMiM of the Eut "*""»""*"«"<» Coa»Mutk)a-maUag.~ln them. oMuwhik »Ji t.c«« had b«n b«.y witkUtt dCTidHrf^lTAiS: wjregiw. the power ic do ». Tta touMdaeTsIJcK t^T?^^ waa to be entirely co«rolled by the new^LlT ^« propo«l thev joined one for a Fedwd aSLj v S ^di'*^ ^^' ^ '^ ^"^y Council ^LtSTblLa the firat, which expoiitf itaelf too eaaily Jo d»t«r 5^ *•* the aecoD^ Chamber ahould be :-.-TT^ I** In 1854 three colonies sent home their tchcmea of ailf. THE TOUCH OP QOLO CnvriMMut, dl very mnch dik» aii -j . Ho«e ' or C«»dJ.^the A^S*"^ *" T^PP^' ing on iai^ property aualifi«S«! ^ 'ranchite depend- niind, «Kl in ,855 put fortari a fe *• "*^* "P «^ democfitic typei-kV^jh^i* Coowtuaon of a ILre Section Jhe^ c^lofy ^ T.^J *, ^^?^ ^° ^^ I'ote by Wlot at alJ efe^^i?;*^ conatituency. and »«"ted to at home a fewm" . ^^^^ •<*«»«• were Sj^g.of i856e..ternAuiitw^1:,Lt:f ^^ '^ CHAPTER VI The PoUUcml Mmcbaalam It will be convenient at this point to nimmarize the itafes throi^ which Australia reached self-government, «k1 the various relations under which Australian land was divided among the colonists. Both have been more or less touched up(Hi in th^ foregoing narrative, but the repetition is unavoidable. A. — Systems of Qovemmeat The Oovemprs,— The chief— and, of late years, the only — Imperial ofiicials, the Governors, fafi at once into four classes. Each original Australasian colony (Victoria and Queensland being sections cut off from New Smith Waia) began life under a seaman, partly because all w«re at first sea-coast settlements dependent on sea-communications, partly because the navy was lodced iq)on as the severest school of discipline. The first four Governors of New South Wales were seamen: so were Collins and Davey in Tasmania, Stirling in West and Hindmarsh in South Australia, Hobson and Fitzroy in New Zealand. From them c^»« »*«%. till ,57 aTS^Sr.^!, P^"* jy*- .•^^ l-'^-R weakhy peen ^^STL^t'"^ wnh a ^ to «,cial raui 'SJ S«:!^^tS!5?''""^**""''y' '^ ^ Gomnor. of New South W ale, were autocrat., their .ubject. being eitbn^ pnwwti, olBctaK or military men, all bound to obey their JbTS^"^ S^**"r (^e «re conaderin* of iottr.e, the throyof Ae thing : fact, ha^e been dealt wSh alie«ly.) >^r^,,"",A°r*'°^f^" » State-controlleJ m*itu- i^ll- ry r^ onginaiwi from the Gorerament : individual 2S^i,!if?^' 'T practically a « permit " fro« the ™»«Wife they codd do anything, and looked to the rUT*T" to proTide for their want, and buy their Fod^ State-ad u a corollary of St-e^Jl. «S ^WJi^cr'* ^"**' •ccuftomed it«lf to do without «fter. JaMtce, even, wa. admmutered by the Governor'. Oo^rnor'. «*««T-.^I- .8.4 . Supreme CW ^ - "P. ID whtth a judge with kg,] qwliScatioo., ap- set AUSTRALASIA V poiated direct from home, at with manitratM aoiioint^ The fim judges leat out had no •jmp^thY^S^MMcav^'l e««d^in prodiTitie.. «k1 their iaSSS^^^^'r mojt «utor., but their work m .pite of dl ITj-^fiS iti" ^t in iSas Ae .y.t«n wm fiSher ampli6ei. ?1^. got a Suprrae Court of ita own} and boU^ Courta wJre to «j«^ in fot«e of a Chief JuaUc and two X jSfgc^ uMg citU caaet alon^ with Gomnor^pointed magiitSS «d crmunal caae. m conjunction idS'Tefen mUiC^ r^*?:. . "**• Y** • ?»•' improrement on the prerioua rule by which criminal tiSl. Ml'to th. Jud^l^^f, Goremor'i nominee) and fire miUtary aMetMri M^,i the partie. to any diil «ut might d^J^dTkry -STsJi the local CouncUa were alioted to iSriu^ iuSa fntJ / cnmmal trial. al«, : and durin. the thirties A^C^*^ and pracuce were auimilaten «f d«b« few- i. ,8,8 «i.,gj:'krul2r o"^ THE POLITICAL MECHANISM 7, retpect than his predeccMort had done. Similar nominee Councila were set up in Tasmania at its tC^GoI? "^ •^'^f r"" '".^-' •"<» South Au«Jij2^ The GoTernor m all four colonies had also an Executire foi^X «S •' »^* ^' ? "*' ^^" '^'^^ 'hi. iJsUtution rAe Constitution o//WZ— The beginning, of real freedom came with the Constituuon of 184a. Th s addW oVi~r r • "^' *" **" ~™»'« Council. The ColonS Uflice, on Gipps recommendation, nominated six o/fidals and SIX setUers: the settlers themselres elected twenty-folr Port PhJhp fire, and Moreton Bay a shai« of oi. The new Legislature had full power of lawmaking and control orer aJ exjenditure except a fixed Ciril list of ;^8i.6cS a J iiS dui»««ements as were made from the Lan^. Moreow. the Go^rnor was no longer a member of it, but had to expl*« hi. nohcy by deputy-a pnx^ss which, as he w2 i^i iTett^co^;;' *' ^•"'•'''^ ^"^^ ^^^"'^"^ ^-- ^ A scheme of District Councils was embodied in the Act • g^ bodies, which consisted of elected members/S; Gojeroor hamg the nght to nominate in default of elation, wli !!l™!l\rl »>"<*«" «"<* l^iWing- ^re entrusted. S fi^.l«L*^ "*"""' ".I** """r™*"* o^ -chools : their ft»ds, leried by rate or toU, were Lhle for the*, expense, and f^ half t^police expenditure, though police cS ^^m^^d WKM Che Goremor. The scheme w^7n adaptauon So AUSTRALASIA V pnoapJe wm a refill V the Di«»rJr» f\^ i **",<*"*"' ~j«of «.nicipdid«. J5 1 te Sr-JS^o" 1' «*»^H«w« K* to .h, people h, ^S^^ H left in .hrir i^ ^'.^SZIZ ^"0,^:^:^^ With a few mioor retervattoni. Gn^t Rr:..:- r^ *» by now . f«u.de natSTto tTjSi J^r'-J? G»y. how,«r. the Xy »Zl u^e,^"L°' *^*f^" ™on of the Colonial Office ffi J^ ^ *T f*"" (four official., fW d,S« ^o^t^)'V^*^"^"' rf"«fc' THB POUTICAL MBCHANISM n d!L^^i' ^^ ^ '^ own, mdoly oo Itnet Uid -hpmogeaeoM , it wat treated, therefore, «• a federation b ri^ln "^^tf official aettlement: New PiyZS nraranaki), We«,n|ton and Nelaon tprang froVTthe Comnaoy'. earJy aetJemenu: Canterbury ^ndOtaTw.^ dSlt^th rl"** V t^ " "^"^ •^ Repre-entatim » deaJt with the affain of the cobny as a whole, [nd controlled ^ ''»«»'« f^"«e, but were bo.Ind to diatribute thTmon^ Tn^^:"^"^ for general cplonUI purpoae. among the JS! fincea in proportion to their contrlbutiona. The GoreSw was giTen power to reaenre Natire Diatrict. out of mv pronnce, in which Maori law wai to nrefail Thi 5w!±3 ^'^^ f ''75. when the JJoS Cou2S^ dmppeared. In the meanwhile more ^orincea had been SSJ^«**r^''r^y."'- ^^«* «" «^ Wellington, «S IW fer*r T t^ ^*^*? ;i"'^ ^^^^•"" .ererld Weat- fromCW '**"'^'"^ ^^ "'"* jrear. only) Southland -The Acta which were proclaimed in Eattem Auatralii dunng i8j5 and 1856 established the system of go^^SeS which, with some extensions of the franchise iid Tfcw minor alterations, prevaUed there till the end of 190a They «t up four selfgoverning colonieh-to which a fift^ Queensland, was added in 1859-with constitutioni m nearly resembling that of the mother-country as could be tl^ \ the circumsunces: it is the differencea, therefore, «ther than the detaUs of likeness that we should consider. .J^- ^?T*™®'^ of «ach colony stands for the Queen. «-ounciL He has, however, two additional functions. He *«c«ocorY nsoiuTiON mr chart (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^ /APPLIED Ifs/MGE li nc 16SJ tctt Main Street Rochester. New York 14609 USA (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 28a -5989 -Fax 82 AUSTRALASIA pmcticatly ob»ket Office-but ,uch a „io i, analogy of the Pri.v cZ,.» f ''°- '° ^''^f" the memben of the Council -LtMr.?^^ ^""'° »»">■'»' "'yl". The «.ponS.y'"V'5ji:?™^» <■"■■? Poetical atin Endand.a maff#.r«r/ ^y^'msters to Parliament is in the 6m yea™ of K z'd ' jT ''if " """' "<«''''• wlidarity of 'the Mini,.™ i, bv n. ™ ""«''«"'">f t- The an outgrowth of the wtv .v«™ jT " .*'"«'• '• i» liable u, be no more d,r5,:Tn?i*;?,,^;?'"''"°J'"''" «« and then a ,„.„io„ cropj up „" wWch 1' ^—'^ "^ wellmarked, at did the mie«£„n „f d . *™'on« are during the dxtie. and mo'reT" ^1 ^'T""? '" ^'«»™ hit party line, are nm .»!!. '^ '"i''* South Wale.! left SeL Ty the aCS ,n2'i:^°''P'™'';° ^ ^' and poIiticia„.\a„ leSf to t %« ItfuT'.V''' ^'"i"'^' motives. uisrrusttul of each other's in Ini:: YEefe^:;;; New S'? £°""^"' '^ ^'-'ve ' and QueensIand-wWcra. an Jl "^'r^r ^°"^^ ^ales, afteri^lf-governnie^Ltook /^ -"^^ ^^^^^ South WaJes The idea U„ni^X'.'fr^^^^^ was the necessity of a check Tn !t •f'^*"" "eation— decision, of the ^u]arUectedCH»^^^^ '°** '"^^^ « aforesaid, stro^^to ^^^^^^^^^^^ THE POLITICAL MECHANISM 83 LS JT S'*"'^'r '? ^^'""^ successive Ministries should appomt members of the. r own party and so keep the balance even. This procedure has one great advantage, that an obstmate .tniggle between the two Houses can Ilways b^ ended by the "swamping- of the Council: wS thi S'T^"" '''''' ;°^ "°^"* "«* «f ^he nominating power and has done so both in New South Wales afd'^ew ^' S"k* uL" '^' *=°^*'"'" ^"h elective Councils thT dectorl a^Vr- ' ^"J ^'^^^^^ "^^~-"« the'lhise of electors and enlarging the constituencies, partly by electinc has^I^iidded''"' '"' ''••'^ ^'/ timec'^oul^h'AuSf ulvl^i 1 "*" """gement for preventing deadlocks which allows both Houses to be dis^lved siLltaneously ujder certain conditions. In Victoria, Tasmania and moLt "^^"'^' ''' ^'^' '' '^' ^^^^« °f the in lull' hr"" "°"'*'" ""^ Legislative Assembly, claims xci wh re' T'r''^"'''^ ^' '^' ^°"^ of Commons except where the Constitution has specifically ordained otherwise. Thus-to take the most imporS.7pobt-^an taxing or appropriation Bills must in every cEy h^ mtroduced in the Assembly: but while in V^^ the Council IS forbidden to amend such Bills, and in "u Z other colonies but one the same practici has blcoL a radition the South Australian Council, whosl cSu! tion implied an amending power, has a compact M^th^e Awembly by which it make. « suggestions " ^bourmoney a^'Ltlment "'^^ "°"'^ "^^ ^^^ ^^^ <^-) -^^X AUSTRALASIA 8s hi M W s SB a > 6 THE POLITICAL MECHANISM •n 30-acre block., .0^^ officM^fS?"' ^, ^™»"<^'>«t« acre Wock«, at a small auit r^» »!• l ^"^ **"'*" « 'oo- exccpt in the cl^oror.^^^ grant wa. the fim 1^^^ o^^^^^^^^ Camden when the colony wa. eSar^e^ t^^^ ^hrBl"^ JJ-'l-He, «n many cases disregarded th«™^^?? '*'« BJue Mounuins, ruleleaid. BrisiS^J..!^* Jown-Jands were as a under which granS^wei^ ^^^^^^ '"^'^^ ^ » °-w -ytem, to the capital VndTbr^e^TonThf^^^^^^^^ ProportioUi; ofconvict. they t^k off the Gol?; ^* *l** *"^ '^^ """"ber servants." aIso lan3 c^^^^'^t fit^^^^^^^ area, niar Sydney being raloed at a raLr K' k ^«' '" **='*' result of this freer polily waHh^f JTi. i t'^^*'' P"*^*' The had alienated b;^rily I,^^'''' "^^'^^ "^^ I^'^^'^Uovernon double as muchX Lne a^J^arr^'L'"*' ^^^^"»"« J«« of no less than 3.40^^ afr^I^T^ '^V^^" '^"^ di»Po»ed land was within 'he^SSed ?i Jf^^^^^^^^ AlFthi. the area within a hundred Sd fifty m^^^^^ map) from Sydney— which h^A u!j (measured on the Mitc'heli and^di^^dedtto ntLtrn%'Z7^''>^ ^'" '^*'«"»- orders from London rewiv^ H^?' o " "* P"'-««nce of county (the Port MacJSrie dil^ ?^ '^^^' . ^ *^"ti«h Out.ide}he.ebound7nX7cMall^^^^^^^ ^'^ ■«3«. of^l^^^-ll3.an^^^^r^^^^^^ minds of the ReforrMtSy No™^ ^""i^ T'^^ «° '^' to be iMued. All land wi Ij'be ^W k? ^"".^•«^»°'» ^''"e mum price of five .hiUing. ^^^cr.^t^UT^'' V ""™- fim pick the ana he «qui^5, and i^ hM /**"• '^'' ""•' •ale. In i8«8 the Jfni-T *°°.""» ^id for it at a public t6 AUSTRALASIA mission insisted that Port Phillm U^a « . -j .hould be sold at the ?xSp ^^o'f Tt^r^^^^^^^ protested against the notion o4tting land cJJL to M.Ik?'^^' go for the same price as country blocks^nH K ?'"! hi. protest wa. th'e Crown LanZs Sale Act "^ sl/" Tk"' confirmed the division, already made bfthe iS^rfrn ' " sion, of the Port PhHIm ,«j v* ^ '^+° Comniis- Middle distrS (thS fctfc^^^ [~- ^he must be regdarly^urvevrd l2^roTJ^"T'^ T"*** '^^' '^"d by the intending^ CresteS^^^^ "**' '?°'*° ^'^^^''^ and fixed a miniLm price o?^*''"'"'''^' ^""'^^ "'"' in-Council of , 847 cfawifi^ £j v^' '"'' ^" O^^^^^" <«dnot.otherwiseX^ltSo^^^^^^ shifting laws reflected itself in the actual sLttI ^T iaw ^f ,83,, alienation went on at the me of "o^" '^' a year: the higher orice of •«,« ,2J i\ *^o»ooo acres » abou. .coioJ a'".:: =1 '^t t^'t.'^ .Zl'VT/u 104000. """ 1042-6 It fell The Squatters — All this scllina of lan^ a:a way meet the needs of large stock ownir. a • °' '" ^^^ them that the prosoeritv of 'J°*''^-°,^"*"' and it was on During the time SfEXmlsl^meo?^^^^^^ u'i^' ^^P^"^^^' large enough to deDasture th^ L at J"" ^f** '^^"'"'^^ "^as the Austrflian ZLTu^r^^^^^^^^^^^ '°^ ""' ^."«^ ^^^P^^X' land that amountedClTe^h^nTSra'cSr wf " J iuT bUirsettiXL!^^^^ ^^s 3~impTm:;:s avoiding colhsion with elch orlf i'' '*'"'' ^""'^^ ^"^ ^^^^ Bourke%ondoned rh^tr«l« h ' ^^ T"'' forbearance. ;^io to individ^l squa t "rit 'T°^ ^'^\°'«^» « ^ f« of of their law-abidingTssTan /S '^'°g/*ther a guarantee Gipps added an ^s^^^^.^VtS^ZlJ^J^^^^^^^^^ whose proceeds went to defray the^olt of "°f>.°^""^' pastoral districts. In ,847 a svstem Ti • P°''^'"« '''^ THE POLITICAL MECHANISM „ the country a. a whole being badly watered tU. bought the areas immediately .uVrounHT^u ^* •*'"^"*' was, and so made the re«t if •""^°"^"'« what water there else. ^' '*" ^^'^ »*»^ "'o untenable by ?ny one -^fefl^.e'! o "Satllt^e'im " ••, ""' ''^'^ '-««-• Up till ,827 the B^^^^ "^^ Colonial, assets. expenses of LcoIonnnd?and'y^ ^"'^ ^''^ ^'^"-^ against this: when the^colonv h.H^^^^ """" * •™^" "^^"^^ it took objection to iosVgt^h '^t,';,,^^^^^^^^ **"" «!-"-» of the money, certainly went t,A.^ *" • revenue. Most conceded, and the control IT^ '^' f^""^""* '»"ff was the land fund was^r g^^'riS^nSn ^^^^^ expenses, three-twentieths fL hi of^.^^ ^ ""migration roads and bridges jb^tar S,e'!„'^"«'""' '^' ^"» ^r Governor's contro until thir T"^-^* ^*^'^ ''^P' '" the eve^thing of locLr^r^t t^^er^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'JS^ ''-^ed ,Wes/ and South Ausi^itT t t"''*™^"*'- colonies land was treated d^fff^^t^*""^" ^^"^ experimental of its disposal ^^T£:\^^r±,'i^':i; '' ''^. -'j^-* each case: the original methnJ. T J ^.^ «penment in described. In w1^st^?^S T '^'''^'''' ^"^ ^'^^'^y badly handled that "rivt owLs ^S^,' ''T"" ^" ^ more land than thev couIH .7 «'"°d themselves with far below the GovUteprice"'^^^^^^^ ^'^ ""^P^"' ^-^^ been fixed by the Act of , L / h ^' *"** '*''''*^'^ ''»<1 ^i-culties a^ut tht^^sJl^f- ^ dupute. with hL Council forc^h t t? dt ^"'' *^" P^'Po*' ^"t other purposes. Tiie colonists' real Trj "^"^ **" '^ repeatedly for could dway. use the Fund ^ meS l/^^liv ** ?* ' ^''** '^^ Goveraor refused to make proper provlSo^ expenditure for which the Council it- •• AUSTRALASIA •wcdy exirted. Tillage and Mitoral leaaei. r.rr.- n|{ht of preemption when th^ SrarinS? X^'?«J without much tuccMi. an/f :» J!.^ wrnnnaied, were tried land, we" taken S^o.ivn."'*' ''J 'V^ that Crown iand wa. »ld ftrVe ^7Z A!^'^'''^^ twelve .hilling., which w«1r,836 i^^''^^^'' Z\f proceed, were diaooMd of Kv tult j ~ -^'— wt the mi-ioner., antilX Act of^8!, """l^^u.^T* *»'" C«»- wrae footing a. the rett^ In R^fi.?' **!.• "^^^"^ ^^ 'he but bitter quarrd b^e*n r o **"! 'i*" ^" » •'"O" impo«tionoTa7oyaUv^mS;^7°*'^"i^^^^^^ «^«' the it.!md the GoIeS^a^teZt t^I* '* '^ ^T"" ^^^jected to a. autocratic inTanVnS^la^l^lStr T'^"^^ Court. The need, of -quat J. were met Al t ^r^'*'"* i«ued to tho.e who alre^^o^^i LT ^* ^^ '**;*°*« .. lock „p ,.S d a1„"« l*„,V^r«I^^^" ' "•"«"' •ere. of good land for tillaee Ea«of ^ ,• "^ ' ^ not y« to be i„,erf,J^ with • Zr dl'- ? "^""^ ""« mjio range, aod tberewj b^I „tl, ? "" '?'' "'" '^ *' U,,d^u..,ior „ot « Si J^lS!" ^t";;* Wde. found the • powerful body. The 7JSl' ^ •«"■ » on it and -provi„^7n;n^^^^ ^'^ «-g claimed patche. 0^^ or wdTw.^^!^ ^" ^^'^^^ that they might be bought ouTaT a 'wah"'^ u'^'^J^ squatter whoie run thev were T.-? ^5 P"" ^y *^ the .quatter. inducedl^eT ' T* "** "** '" •elfdefence area. WeMary to S?eT^dwnk!l' Tu""^'**^ '» -^'^^^ to become " dummies »^?o„rj-^ ""{'^^ "»^«"» «•«* •» Act. In ipite o? a^th^lT ?'""« *H *"*'»*'«" ^^ the encumber !r Sydney W co":^ IT ^^^'^** *" **"• ^'-V Committee in London IRn^^^" '1 P""*^ ** J"*««' Wale, till 1885, when w^n"™ " * ^''- "''^^ ^*^ So«h their run. without dittur2"e for 7? *'"*" *!"" *>^ ^^^ 1895 introduced a .in-e. of" 1 V ^""' *"** "" ^ct of recent tendenc^. to JellnT^ r*^J~"~'» «»bodying confine alienation loa^'^hSl, '^'^ *•"."' »"^ *« .urveyed and valued'by t' Gottntm! '""^"""^ '^ .rant and i„ WUrHct^VnTo^eTl'^prffir' ^'^'^ •*«'-'" CHAPTER VII self-government A,^BxptormUoa (I843-'I86I) Im r«56 the wttled dittrictt of AiutraJia w«w .».-|l , -.- •mjll piTt of the continent. Victoria wu ^^tch J T^ and goldfield. between the Gip^Tra^" /.^ 1 LC country: roughly .peaking. HuS?; tra^SInded he ^^^ Tm ««»'»« •SJ*^-«"t. and Mitchell', on the north!^e.t Of the great tableland, and wjuatter., puthina further out r ^hr:- hut°iitr '.ijor Setrn'tS^^S' t^ Sp!iiV A^^"*" ''"'if y* ^"' ""^« «^« ««t of the road th^I^ "^ ^^''^\ ^^'""^ »^"* partly-populated ai^ ?«: y^et^^Je-trorit!"™*' "'"'^^"^^ ^«' ^- -^^^' rl;?^^^^^ But the a-ert their ownership of Northern A«SS febl u^ whiS Port J?;/-** '"n ^°«^* °^ '»»«^ ^'"il** during which Port Darwin and the blinder, and Victoria rim? SBLP-GOVBRNMBNT xffij -j.is:t' :^it^r^„ tT^'^^ counti7 at the foot of Cape York Pen?n.uu! a """^^ at I/J!!?!!- ?J ''«''«''»•— Mitch.ll. meanwhile, .urted .*• -5.'".- "-T^iSsUTStE.' r t: gwfc away again lo 1848 oo a journey that wa« tn tok. u- right acroM Aurtralia from east to w7.t staTt^ " ' ^T county through which a railway n^i^^nTroChS and dmppeared utterly, he and his men and hU cade Li that no trace of them has ever been found. *' *** ungory, and Stuart.—lt was not till 18 cc that nuhi.v feehng was seriously aroused about LeichhardtVL Co fit ? ^o« 'nwnd fiom the mouth of the Vjtoria River" SJS .fJt-lake country, so he turned hack after six fim t'^t'ie^DT"^ ~"' P^S"^^ with Leichtrd's nrsi traiJ, to the Darhng Downs. From there in .&.-& u «««1 .gain «,th-w4 ..UI lookloX t'U^x/w, ■!i •♦ AUSTRALASIA i»d came out among the lake, of South Auttralia, which hi. ih^ .« JT "'?"^'"«>" «ploration. by local mec ^7. Thi. roujed the colonic to new endeaToirTand ejp«^^ encouraged John M'Douall Stuart, an old comrade of Sturt ^ and an even more indefatigable explorer. AfiSr two W work we« of Lake Eyfe he. in .860, made directly acro« the continent northward.. That ye^ he Z^"^'^ M* "** ^" *"™«* ^'^ ^y the hostilftrof a Kd?^« ?"' ^~'' ^^P^.^y '^' C°'«°'»J Government ~n^ ki ^t**^* T'^ northing, and wa. .topped by im- another fru.tle« attempt to paw the .crub. he kept away due I)"^e?. r If ^r^r^*^ "^ '^ '"^ * »*Weland to Van IJiemen . Gulf; but the tnumph of his return wa. marred ^LTl "?^""«r-»'*' «ke hi.'^old leader, .pent WeoTth and broke hi. .pint on the warte. of hi. adop*tS counV,!^^ Burke mnd WUiB.^x^n. achievement waHn^'and xL^T^'^'Cv'^^'^ " " »^«°« *»" "^^^ that the over, land telegraph line now run. from Adelaide to Port Damb • but, technically .^.aking. he wa. not the firat ma^ u,Tro« Au.tral,a. In ,857 the Philo.ophical Institute (which " now the Royal Society) of Victoria planned a grir^an." continental expedition on Leichhardt'. line: and'iinC a «H:ond time, d^ded to begin by establishing a IS/ of Cooper'. Creek from which exploring parties mifihrwork more comfortably. For rea«,n. never diSTurhirexik^^ the command of thui expedition was given to RicKX an inspector of police, whose bravery was hi. only quaUeaT: 1 uon for the post: W. J. WUl. was ?he scientific exjert. a^d «K>on became wcond-in-command. The party wa. ve^ fX iT^D Y ^"'''' ^'^' '^' ■"*'" ^y'' Menindiel the Cooper . Creek with only .even men. A month', wait there made h.m k> impatient that he started again, on hi. own T^T w^.,"«*T '"•^"<=^o°». to reach the Gulf. taZ with hmi Will, and two other.. In Ic than two montiS SELF-GOVERNMENT on makioe for th* n#.....* cL .•! V 7* ^"^" uwisted a hundred wdfiS^^^STTff^^'^ ^•'^*! cattlcautiona. Creek a litde way fo^^hf i ^^i*^ T^^^ ^^^ Cooper'. enced bushmen to find £3? ^^V""* Y*''^ '*^ inexperi- panion Zt. ^e man ,J^i^ 'I '*'* "'«^' ^'^^^ W. com- the'iJlt^fre^KfSrf"'";"'"^ ^^'^ '-<*- <>' piorer., and «tuTed u. thet^'j^H-i °^ '"'* ^^''^* *''- disappearance. At on^e ^lirf^i**""'" '° ''P«« '^^^ going by the already-uS rtdTSoJ^rc "T^* *^"* making towards the iamT J^l f a Tf ?^'"«^k, the others and thf Gu\7 Thl ^^f^^ 'T"" ^^^^^'^^* Rockhampton, thebSSiS of eT^ke nd^^^^^^^^^^ brought 'back their way thorou^SrexoSi ^*"^^^• '»>* <>^*rs on country Ld the Diai^fS^ '5*" nver basins of the GoJI someVf its nZj'j::^^^^^'' '''^ ^ * "- colony B — DIvUlag the Spoil «".ti.g .ffof fhe Morel a." !^'. f^ r?,^'''~j' *« took .hape in ,he Colonial oC « a «h,".. f ■ ?"''rt »A c part floor. Hie ■pore.ca.e, which is pounded to a kind of «• AUSTRALASIA S. running from the South Australian border to the tea On the map thi. cx,ked well, all the wate land" no^^oi a6 S. being thua left under Imperial control; and the Pon Curtu pend letUement already referred to wa. to be the ^^nmng of a more systematic occupation of these northern r^ions. Port Curtis, however, was abandoned as unsuitable, and Mon the Moreton Bay district began to talk of wider bounds Aan ^e Colonial Office desired^to alw ft. 1^1 h"u 7reS'.*J? ?-!«- J«'"lli-re Lang had nlinted .o!n hundreds of immigrants of the better class. At was much -aL'I^'^''^ '°.^*^ ^°"*** Wales, but his work greatly aided the separation of Victoria, and his zeal for tStl colonization of the north was indubitable and effective. Be- hind the mam range squatters held the Darlin* Downs and lSII^T^^' ^*"'' *^-"°« '^' '™*='^' of^itchell and Leichhardt. Their connection was rather with Sydney than with Bnsbane, and thdr great need was cheap labour~not excluding convictt. However, after much negotiation, they were induced to faU in line with the farmers and towns^TpJe of the coas^ and separation became a matter of practical ate The Colonial Office's boundaries were conSly altered: 30 S. cut off from New South Wales some of i^ best coast-country, and by Governor Denison's advice a natural boundary of rugged hill-country was substituted for U, merpng westwards into the line of 29' S. This made 26 b. too close for a northern limit : and colonists had still BriSh^M" W ""^ •*""V?^. ^^" C""" «^^'^"*» though the Bntish Ministry gave deHnite promises that convictism was done with : so in the end the whole northern country wa Jo i. r.?ir f' T P'"**^'"^'^',^'*'^ ""'^ of HI- E. continued to the Gulf for its western boundary, and the colony of Queensland can^e into being at the end of 1 859 ^ The Northern Tenitory.-ThU left New South Wales curiously shaped: for while the colony proper wa3 now shut w aU round, there was a vast iea S^st of Queensland and north of South Australia still belongma to It, to say nothing of a strip running down to thf SELF-GOVERNMENT ^ SS^' i?^."«A"l' \T^ !3«- E. The «rip w. di- pped of in 1861 by adding it to South Australia .0 that Oiu proTince shared its western boundary wkh W«t Aujtralu : the northern lands were mo^yS^AZ qZZ p" I ^^^.'f ^Jr*'"*"^ "** *"** P»rt «^ West Australia. The Colonial Office was willing, but Adelaide was no " South Aunrahans had cro.«xl the continent there, and theV had no mind to let Stuart's discoveries fall into otiir handt^ There ":^xT^ f,'«""A *"^ ^"«"""& "<* '^ 1863 matters we^: setUed findly. Queensland took its boundary across thewD l:!::iia''re':if^™ed^r^^^^ ^^^ '^'^^^ ^^^" ^ ^^- C— The South-eastern Colonies, I8S6-I894 firs^fj!tf'^'^'"''c^i'^''^'-'^' P^^"^'^ »»»tory of the whU S"-^**" of selfgoyemment in Australia is a tande which requires yolumes to unwind it properly, and a chrono- logical «m,mary of it is impossible. *^NShini eli cSS b^ expected from the introduction of party eoT^rnJ^^' . countries where there were no real%n?e7 ^r^u^t ?f ^e day, whatever it might be, divided MiniJtew from Oppositions: and while it was occasionally an impomnton^ fiscal or consmut^onal, it was frequently a matter of meS department^ detail In New Souti, Wales, ^e of the ?e«! held office within twenty-two and a half ytars : then ca^e a coalmon Mmistry of four years' duration, aid one C nearly three years in office to pass a much needed La?d tt^ th/Ltr """'r "^"^^"^ "**» ^* °«* 'hree years, aSd hen the fickleness of partisans was steadied into suppwtina two more for nearly three year. each. That Z t?Cfof 9S AUSTRALASIA town «„« couoU T^f 1, * "•■" *'''"« "" "»• of u. bri^in P::^..,'J:7^^X'*'J'9 '864 .«e™p.ri •Bother when he in .«««. .-??'!'« volowslSecreurT of l«fa*i-^obeL>n^tio„ ""'"^ *" 'Wo«d by a only; "<'."^XXt~vid^X7^':Vr *"^"' meott had been made dorins thoM „,„ "° f^'""' "T""?"- thereafier .hould be Co™dllorrfi,rWe ?^" ""'™°'''«' «.w.mpe™ " came to Ae old CWcJ'^U.^^t.'rT'';:! •won. .n , rte old member. imn^^tt|„ w^lkrf1u.!„?l'? no quorum to see th^m m».^^ • ' ,/ '^a'Ked out and left nominated. It wa* ea«v m »n^° ^* "'"'^ ^"^^'^ was wa. easy to appoint a new one farourable to SBLP-GOVBRNMENT lOI nominated on hit adviM for fK-r: '"'"^"'"•nw" were to.hape them.elve. round the pracricaTne^^o? ^'° tnde versus Protection. More .tS .uTiTd L k"**" more important, was the*mi.r«*n J!!r ?• j * *"** perhaps .1885^, a«l ready Kk, ;, „ .„„„„ Sr ' friT^i?'*' " loa AUSTRALASIA «iu n wu noped the Council wou d not push its ontMai'imn ^t 'hr.r '".>:lV'"t '"^""^ '^*"'^- ^t^™ caies, nowerer, the Counal stood by its euns. and tK, ''B/»clr w;e*iesdv.''_.Graham Berry's Ministry therefore, when «, 877 the Council threw outTts « uS '' Appropnat.on B.J, took a more stringent course One S. J^h'""''""'^ " ^'«*^ """"^^ of permanent official (heads f departments. County Court Judges, and nolice magistrates among them) came' down to wo^k\s usuTand found their services had been dispensed with, ostensibly ^ Jh.. fight had been going on .ince ,S6.. but became mo« bitter SBLP-GOVBRNMENT m becaiwe the mooev for their aakriet had not been proridcd. It was said that friends of Counctlbrs were spedally singled out, and were replaced later on by friends of Ministers. Neither this, howerer, nor Governor Bowen's open backing of the Ministry, availed auinst the Councirs determination ; It allowed a temporary Payment of Members Bill to go through (as it had been doing for some years), Sir George Bowen was recalled as Sir Charles Darling had been, and no more was heard of ** Ucking." Graham Berry made several desperate attempts to do away with the Upper House's power, even coming to England to beg for Imperial inter- vention with that intent. But the British Government naturally declined to interfere as a partisan in the local afl&irs of a self-governing colony, and in the end Victoria grew^ tired of these bickerings and settled down to seven years* quiet— and unscrutinized borrowing — under a coalition. Victorian Ministries, till in the later seventies James Service and Graham Berry stood out as opponents, corresponded even less to any defined party-system than did those of the mother-colony. Two points stand out prominently in their history : the finely democratic, but rigid and almost Joetrinaire figure of -George Higinbotham, just too rigid to have the influence he deserved among a young and exciuble people and the strong Irish element in successive Ministries (possibly the source of their eagerness for fight), to which bear witness the names of O'Shanassv, and Gavan Duffy, and O'Loghlen, and Peter Lalor who had been in command behind the stockade at Eureka. Material Progress, —While their representatives battled in the Assemblies, the colonists throve and multiplied. New goldfields were opened up, in Victoria east and west along the main range, in New South Wales lower down where the ubleland merges in the western plains. The plabs them- selves disclosed riches of another kind, copper east of the Darling, west of it opal and the silver of Broken Hill. As the squatters moved out back, their pbce was uken by small holders tilling the soil ; in some districts, notably the Riverina, li f ? !1 I04 AU8TRALASU J!?o,^dS3;;:S„&,^ .re meot between owner and culuW Bv L.'i^t^'^'*- GouJburn watered a |,nd ofVrS^id^J^*?/. ''^'/i^^riao fcwtly found room for fruU-t^ a^M!? P *PP^f~* more umbered guJlie^ Toward. »^ ^op-nnt$ m iti thickJy ftrming sSte railway. wJe«i.h!S "*'" T*"** «^ "'"^i or SydneJ or MeibTu^'^S,'^';'^^^^^ off them at ail an^e^^^rT c'^''i'^'*^'''''<'^^^g (which had neTe"C.«X lll''!:?'!i "^ ^'^^f •troTe, by tapping th# K '"*. *»ouiidary of 1840) bymer or road, to r^i„ tte trad^ofX R^**-* '^'•**'" It had lost the territory "* Kivenna eren if »u.?b:„^?.j.'^f;ixe''trth^""/ ''^^ p«>^-y ment in both colon eJ^^dThatnif'^''^*". ~'"'* ^^'^^^ while it laated it g^^to Ufe 1.^ V**^ **^"* *^*y ^"'th : of blooddied in wCh Au.tr»n,l *^^,~r°" «nd realities conTict ayatem C pr^uS « rK"*'*^^ The Hving of iecewtVin'^Seb^h „•?«""' ^^ ^^o, ment, robbed lonely huL to „^*'°'**J^"^ «"** P"n»h- •ometimea, knowing tLteler?*^*^^ ««><* them,^ared .,lde/^., ^oJJ^rrirrcre;^^.,:^^ to^i^^^lt;^^^^^ lining Government gold^^coV wTh t. '*''"' T'' 'V ^'•^ the poruble form. ^bZ7t'l^''''*y''{&^'^^^^lthin leading motive, but he L'.k T ^"'T *^*^ buahranger'. goId,t1.ehan<;iUttrm orwelh^ Z' T ^'•°«' ^'''^- carry it and to outrace the parting ie 5 **° "'^^'^ '« fore, the enemy of digeera anH r«^f^ j ?* ^''^ *'»«re- not of the ^l^r-Sr^^'tfXr'^^^^^ from the .on. of . lector, ^^^t"^ Ctj' Z^tT. SBLP-GOVBRNMBNT 105 recrimed. and 00 their homeMeadi that they obuined ahelter and food: the pohce found themwlTet no lonter the reacuers of a dutnct from an outlaw's bruulity. but the hunten of men to whoK Olgotten wealth the district owed many of it* comforta. In a small way the^ anticipated the position of the Bntish troops now struggling in South AfcicTagainst ewsiTe and uhquitous Boer commandos. The history of tlfth',!?^^!' **"' •" • "'""' '^^' » The ntuation might hare been proloneed for years, had not the bushrangers uken to murder. While they robbed, they were safe; when they began to shoot men in cold Wood, the price that was on their heads soon had to be paid. Most of them were shot, fighting or flying; a few were caught and hung; and railways, and the spread of more ciTUized setdement along the routes they had haunted, destroyed the condiuons under which they had become possible. ' Tasmania,— The story of Tasmania during these years IS one of long-continuing depression and perseverance that continued longer still. Victoria oflPered not only markeu for Its fruit and timber, but better openings for the industry of Its young men than they could tfnd in the island itself. In twenty years (1850-70) whUe the nearer mainland colonies were more than quadrupling their population, Tasmania advanced only from 70,000 to 100,000. Mines, thoush ardrotly sought for, remained hidden till 187 1, when the stubborn courage of a prospector was rewarded with the discovery of tin at Mount Bischoff: for in the island, too. minerals are a product of the hill-country, and the Tasmanian ranges are more than usually nigged and beset with scarcely penetrable scrub. Farming was a matter of similar difficulty, for the open central lands were taken for shsepruns, and everjr selection must be hewn out of the forest— the Tas- manian blue gum being one of the world's big trees. Tin, however, and the discoveries of gold and sUver that soon followed, and the spread of railways consequent on this to6 re?i?in AUSTRALASIA w i«»93 impowiriied nMiuJand and idud »«ike. rttiootti D.— rfce Bmpthr Coiaai^M fim WM an Act. nancd in tftrH «. Tj* Jr ^"^*** The don of landed proSJT.nJ JiV * '^''*^*'*°^ '^^ **»« '««"«"»- S"^^"::;. .t^jp^" ?■■!« ~ 'i'fc could «^ch colony whifc. ..T^r."' , S^^XV "" • ^r""" bcgmniog work in 1870 on both JnH. if ^- ""l**^""" *>y Darwin to Adelaide tZcT. °[ *.''"* ^"™ Po" except for Storn^ Lrljl • C^'^^^^ "'»'">o«'«' timber for theTj *.^ad to L • ^^ '^^ 1^* ^*'»«"«" *nd almoat unbearabTv hof? K„?-^ ""P**"'^' "** ''^^ ^^''-nate wa. hundredSS w« clpl ^d ^I?" "' * 'Z^^'*'* «'*'-- mile, by a colony of^^ Tot^ IVe" B ' 7" ^?°° * line, twelve hundred mile. lonJ^^'^^!* ^^ '^77 a similar SBLP-GOVBRNMBNT ,0, »wl?!l a^'^"*,"' ^•w^^Oiy— Three timet already, at ^ J.ftn«t place., had the Britiah GoTemmem TrTi S locrther failure to the liit, and onlyfn 1870 hit uion the harbour of Port Darwin, on which >almer.tonnow^Und. Here wa. fixed the termiou. of the overland telegrVh line* and from here in 1883 wa. made the beginninrof a tr aoT: rn 12:'""^' ^" ^"u'"?^ • »'"«'^«* .nd fifty nS« wuth to nwet. wme dav. the line coming north pa.t I,ake breed good how. for India. But it. tropical induatrie. we^ long neglected, becau* the white .ettler. had ve y S knowledge of tropical farming and were-a. they .til7ar^ plied the knowledge and the nece.ury labour ThJ. Jwfc India, bu. the keen denre for a «« white Au.tralia" that the3.v?l* ""'°« V'l'".*" «f Au.tralian. i. likely to hamtr the development of the intra-tropic territorie.. T^he ««,"« one think.. 1. worth making. «cnnce. of ?ff*^f^*"*""'^**t •*^«''** of Queen.land ia mainly one of materul progrew. Receiving at once .eparate exi.ten^ ^..!"^r-"'T'''*J' ^" ^^"K'^* ^he alphabet of Sc! quieUpr by it. fir.t Governor, Sir George^Bowen. aS tS ^emier aeot from England to help him. L g! W?Herbert tofindl'""^!;-"?" .^'"•"""» """' Queensland began to find It. party^wtinction in di.pute. ^boLt Kanaka labour GriffiS ?' •iiJ'^?^'' *°^ '^*'°"»'' M^Ilwraith and Samue Stwtn thlm Th""^" y'^"'. °^ ^fi*'"^^ Premierahip octween them. The young colony made up for it. miU pohtic. by great enthu.ia.m in developing it. tei^torL. The coaatal di«nct. were opened up for ^oj^cal cuhLTof cVERNMENT 109 .L^ed^ln^'TJl'^'K"^ *•" •^'"^^-P'"*^' party wen. succeeded in 1883 by a strong " democratic *» Minittrv under Samuel Griffith, and a date wa. fixed afterS "^dy^owerer. wa. found too .tringent, and the labou miffic w« again permuted under more .erere rule, than before. Smce thence it has ceased to be in any way a party matter. But among the after^ftct. of the ^t^Jon |. the most senou. of all local problems, that of Se^S The principal sugar dUtricts are on the centnd cSTfr^ they thought— were combined the formers and townspeople lo sp^k7!::.d J""^- ^'"^ 9"-"^'°^ "home couS," w> to speak) and the miners and stockmen of the far north So, though the immediate cause of irritation i. goneVWa- tionistt are stiU anxious for a triple dirision of the cofofyl ie*™a^ hS?'^*'^™^*^"^."^"^* * '^»«° of minerals in the ranges behind Townsville and Cairns, and of spreadin" ^^T^T ™""? '^ ^"^^- ^^ ^^ northlJ^r. a\ r u^ ^**.P*' **^ •"'^^"•- f**"-* "ft**- aM. that Brisbane should admmister the affairs of Cooktown is Li? from Gibraltar we governed Belgium. stn^Sl 1"?''^ 't-Wjiile the other colonies were St.^^^ 1^"" ^?'",'^.«°? tnring their muscles. West Australia slept quietly m her 4 corner of the continenT untouched for years by gold fever or party strife. PeXlay out of the track of vessel, bound for the eastern cities -thev mjght touch at All^ny, but the way thence to thr^aSS pZlntir"^ ""^ over boulders. Transports brought to Fremantle a supply of convicts who ^er Governor Hampton were employed on profitable public works'Te coun^r got better roads, the settler, cheap^ lab^ur?^ thfre JTtr^h^^^T/**' '*'"«*• . ?"' '^ ««*" ~'<«i" could not be happy while any part of Australia remained a convict- settlement: the MCulloch Ministry in Victoria pro^ t, no AUSTRALASIA cut off intercourae with the offendioff colony, but was haclri^ fii' ^^ Aunr.li._AdeUide*„d M^bll: W^/^^ £iiJ??liL ^^«^t««»P«« o"^ ex-conrict. could landlf^r fearing Albany. Howerer the Britiah Gorcrnment had iJ own reaaona for wishing to end the ayatem, aa «ood couniv wa. bemg opened up for aetUement oJ the n^rt^L co^ and u waa aoircely «lviaable to let conrict. bcJh^ « far' ai^y from the centre of control. At the end of ml it Jr rr ""* ^r ^**~**»" '»"' tranaportation ioufi ^^nly three year. longer, and in ,868 the ayr-tem was The Weat Auatraliana were somewhat dismayed but took ^o^ wl^""'?!?""'" «87oofaCounc.&a.Tw South Wales received in 1842. Also thi^v K-«i« ♦!! 1 more systematically their h'uge ^illndr, "SS" ^tJ'?^" encouragement. John Forresf in ,870 found a belt of 1^ and on the north-weat auch belts occir, edged both coart^ds ^tlV*~r'*^r'c B^a'serLofcros^'ount expeditiona to or from the South Australian telecranh S went to show the barren^ss of the interio?, SToTe Forrest in ,879 reported fine pastures on the upper Fitoov "wayslouJ^tsri^^^^ '"^f .P'"^"'y " «<>^^fi«W» »«-<^ T?f T^ .* ^"!^ P*"** runs— of their whole ai^ JhuJi^,8W h^°.V^^-«»»°d •elfgoyernment:Td whUe in 1878 the Imperial Government aaw no reason to g^ve one-third of Australia into the control of the^rth! Al^ny district, in ,887 the transacUon seemed less om- gnerous, seeing that there was a proclaimed wldfield at hrr«n^ V ^^ ^"•'"^'* ^^""^^ 'b* P'rth petition, and « , 890 Its prayer was granted. As i£ to justify the g^anJof at l.ue and Coolgard.e and Kalgoorlie, and the popdation SELPVBRNBIBNT III trebled. Railways were throat out across the desert to these new centres, some built by the Gorerameat, some by private companies on the land grant system. The mining element of the population is transforming Perth politics as it transformed those of New South Wales in the fifties, though the trans- formation is perhaps more abrupt and Tehement because the preponderance of the Arming interest was so long undisturbed. :l CHAPTER VIII Self-government {conthiued) A — New Zealand mediate successor waa .Jm«i.. «. -"^ucitiaod.* His im- the Governor ch^ hi. ow^M*-^^°^ 'Z*^"' ^^^ ^^»^^ Premier is «2 choinTv ^L"T' ' m***' *? ^^»^»» '^' al«» that in the ww Snstitmtn M?""^' ^* **»PP^°*^ kept under Imperial cont^PL^H ^^^P^^'^^'^J^ll ^MS^^TO^^^^tS^S^ "u ?*/"«ion produ^S3Ty S^^Thrne^yir 'ci;nd^^°«* iT"''^^' too, the next Govemorrwi ^rceJv .f cT *~^''^' whUe he fully accented fh.!^ waroely a tactflil man, and, colonist, and Maori! by hTh.;^' ""?*?"**. '*» ^"»*»^ ^^ dU£& that refS^trjn titrL^^ * o^' ^T 1 ^*^'' J for strength by unltlngSdef an d2?tTK;n^"^'# ^'^^^ '«« ' ^epenagnr i l lflBm bu^ rbh A ^"g '*'*• °" ^ i>^ Maori i^restsT^hTEl^ /^* ^°^*^™^' **» '«?«««« ■mThitm*. tyMmy ISL'AND ehuioK NEW ZEALAND f' SBLP-GOVBRNMBNT 115 of revolt where there were none. Meanwhile the refusal to tell land waa hampering aettlement, and Browne in 1859 went down to Taranaki to arrange a purchase from a minor [chief: Wiremu Kingi, the supreme chief of the district, forbade the sale (as he had a perfect right to do) ; when Browne smelt more rebellion, used force to occupy the disputed land, and proclaimed martial law throughout Taranaki, Wiremu Kingi accepted the chaHeffgr, joined the King movement, and called on its leaders to give him help. War began at once. The Maoris were thoroughly in their element : <* martial law," translated into their language, became simply ««the law of fighting/' so that— as they under- stood it — hghting was now ordered in the Taranaki district : and the warriors of the Waikato, leaving the whites on their own border in oeace, marched down to Kingi's aid with alacrity and good humour. The British General Pratt moved his troops slowly in close order, and attacked pas as if they were fortresses : hiw foemen criticized him, chafJiH^Tiim, ex- postuTated with him — they did not find the game at all interesting as he played it. The war began to dribble out. The King leaders offered to stop it at any time on condition the Waitata grievance was put straight, but Browne still misunderstood. Orey's second aoveraonhip.— At this juncture Sir Greorge Grey came back, summoned hastily from South Africi as the one man whom the Maoris trusted. For eighteen months he worked hard for peace, enquiring into the Waitara matter, offering tfie chiefs a local self-govern- ment scheme to be worked by themselves in Maori territories, conciliating the colonists by persuading the British Govern- ment to put native afl^irs under colonial control. The King movement, however, he did not like at all. His old friend was dead, and the son, the new king Tawhiao, was a known malcontent. Grey tried to break up the league, and made a military road to the Waikato borders in case of need; meanwhile he arranged to give back the Waitara block, resuming at the same tinx a Mock that was Britiah proper^ ii6 AUSTRALASIA •«Md bjr aome Maoris durioc the ».r a j • ^ Aith Jn Grey. keTATv 'J^^y '^^"^ «»". now WMai.„d«e«Jer?he^. i^ii^?*^" ^? P'""**: he/Z! Pijyiog tW. time. ^L t\^' "^•"««; There wi „o white men were expe^froTtt ?^^™''* ^" -i««» «" ^aden, planned a ma\S» ooXkbnd '5'"^ '"^ ** K'°« war belonged to GenenS p/'""*'- The conduct of the «e«day«p*theWaiSXef IT-' "'*'" ^^^ '»^- ^«>pl -«>nietime., a. at R«,S oT""? ^'^'^ P» °° W. way •ereraJ failure.. ln^Zon^i\^''^ ^^^ ^ and after miJe. along the ri4, aTd tTe« .tavL h"«^' **? ^"^ "«y hare driven the nio« powerfd o? iJ?^ ^^ T^**' «*^«fi«d to Will Jive in the i^^^ of nX Zedar^*"* f '"^ ^«'**^« j^member Trafalgar.^ RewT thrlh- f" *V'**°« " ^"to^ Orakau near the upper m!Z h T- "**** ^« -tand at of hi. tribe behind' iZS^'^.^'^^y^fth^r^^^ water, almoat no food. ThL ,!: T"^"^^' They h^id no for two day. the pa wa. h^ !5"''?r"*^"°«»»ck 'then at la« w-U; flyingV c^;^«*heT- •'k*"'."'^^ '>^*»<='^^ niand. called to%hem^tiat hrjould .^""'^u ?^.5^^ « ~'»- ' have wen your couraoe »» k ^^ 'P*'* *^«'' ^»^«: "We Rewi climidVbT^Swor; "'frh ^'^ '«^^°« «oP^' we fight on." Carey^^^'him Tf I* "'T* ^'^ ^^O" '- ^s^od ^^ wo.'enlS?*e&e?' ^^^o^L"" ^^"^^ "'«• he answered; "the wnm«« ^ L ."® " 8o»o« to word he cried » Ka «.A^- l . '""^*°' A hi. u our last SBLP-GOVBRNMBNT 117 \?^ i^?*' """J^ '^^ ^« ••»«**«• of the fore«. Bwdv a third of their number reached it, m fierce wu^ fiahffii «x miK .0 d«uily the «bre. of ^ p^^L"Jl ^%t that fight war in the Waikato came £T«5l??u7the 7^ liic C.«reF«.— There waa an echo of the war in ^^ZK "^ «' ^'^"^ ^i^"^* ^^'^'^ Cameron fo7r^ " S™S!r7 "?"? '*'• "^»** P«-" I^ -tockade wa. finog from hidden nfle-pit. and charging desperately whe« hey found their retreat cut off, made pfnif am^g tSe^Bridll and droTe them out again with great Io«. The drfeat ^l. •wept the Te Ranga nfie-piti clean with the bavonet. anH The H.u.h.u Mct nmti cannilMlUm 4j the Jom^f >be.r .oce«^.' «,,gery, mad. for ,hen,«l«r. ^^out e«w.rd. tribe, friendly to the BriuVh d^t wi.k .k'^ .nu.de,,. aided by coli,« ,ol^:ZTJ^''^ZJ^ The ,™,hT^k -"O'ed hi. troop, to and fro undecfdedl^ t.'»d ;^'h'" !?t -r-rh.. Tt'c:,'Ls."r"h"5 waate good .oldier. to appea«j their ino«Jinate hunger? Ill AUSTRALASIA He did not trouble to uodentand that this oew e«mi».-on inacnje, and wouW ^ot eren attack the Wewoa oa the key of Uie rebeU' podtion. Grey expottulateSriS Suld •nd at laat took the field himtel? wiuT abow fi" h3r.H joluoteer.. white and Maori: io two dlj^ W^?^"^'^ captured wuhoat the Iom of a .ingle ^l\unxJ!^Z The campaign was over. ««unwxr< ana the •cJf. 'S^vf'T^^ "^ however, yet another recrude- T.«%f ^S»'»«««» to come, though iot in Grey*, tim^. fll i ^"^*" P"~"*'^' Te ifooti by name, ewa^ from confinement on the Chatham Wandk J^7J^ and brought hi. fellowpri.oner. back to^N^w Zealand* IJi ?xr^' "** "laughtered wrenty of it. inhabitant combJn*:? ^ •^" ?«"^*'; White. and^Maori.accord?ngK' t^kh e4rv S/h'"^'^^^^^ ^ » '»»^<^'' forest W^r. huTt JC« *"!r*?* '^y F^cipice.. Then the TwiS : at kJ^ ?"£•"** down among the range, round ^^u^J AX. T*^*»»«« ««▼« him .belter in Sie Kinc TJTi,^^ kept from doing more miwhief. . ^ h\mSf'^TL^"^''^"if'^^ ^ ^^^ «>•»« 'i-n* found himwif m a position not unlike that of Gipp. in the fortiea. .o to h12 •'"i^r?^ ' T"«" '^ New Zealander., and DliralS fc^'** "^r*. f" '^" "•* "'«'«^" were iom- plirated by the mutual jealousy of the provinces. TK* Tr^A ^.•!: ^?" "P°" ">« Auckland ^p^rct aJay Tu'^/'^'^ ^"I*'^ ^<»"^o^J Ot^go and C«terburv which had leapt to .udden wealth with th.. «oM_?- -^^ of i8fii /in ♦!,-. ni .L II % . '"* goId-diKovenes Ll^Ly • ^'"*'* ^*"*y) *°** '864 (near Hokitika), r«7 ^ *u *•**"• '" 'P*"^ '^^"^ "»0''<^y on fighting thit ^ncemed them not at all. They calfed for iparation Auckland echoed the call, becaui their majorit^^^S^X General A«embly bound her with law. not ^hl iTki^ 8BLF-G0VBRNMBNT 119 All pirtiet combined to atuck the maoagement of the Miccettite campugnt. New Zealand was paving, th^ aaid, and paying exorbitantly, for an a rmy nn akilled u buah-^hting and too proud to take advice. ITLondon insiited on entire control of the fighting, let London pa^ for it: if New Zealand mutt pay, the troopa should be used in accordance with local wishes and local knowledge. In London, meanwhile. Ministers' one desire was to withdraw the regiments as soon as possible and leave the colony to iu own devices. Nothing but Grey's personality held the jarring elements in union, and his usk was all the harder because he could not thoroughly sympathize with any of the contending parties. The provinces were his creation, and he held them necessary : yet he knew that such •eparation as they demanded would ruin New Zealand. The war, as General Cameron managed it, was chafing without subduing the finest among his Maori friends : yet unchecked colonial control, he began to see, might drive them into absolute irreconcileability. His capture of Wereroa at any rate ended active warfiire, and he with the Weld and Stafford Ministries had time to consider ' a permanent settlement of ^Uoiiaffiurs. Where the war had been, tribal lands lay eriipCy — their former owners were in the King country, north and west of Lake Taupo, enclosing themselves within Te Auiaii, ** the border- line, over which it was death for a foeman to step. Such lands, by Maori law, belonged to the victor if he occupied them, and the Government saw to it that they were so occupied ; friendly tribes had their share, and such of the Kiogites as chose to surrender got theirs back, while a military settlement guarded the Upper Waikato border, and the rest was thrown open for white men's farming. The loyal Maoris, who had since 1861 been working under Grey's self-government scheme, were given legal sanction for their land-customs, endowments for their schools, and four members of their own in the General Assembly. After all, it was not til the main part of Grey's work was done that the Colonial Office managed to get rid of him. He had hurt k general Cameron's ISO AUSTIIALASU «h« «d of 1867 he «cSJLl^!^^'^^«- "»'»•«*• •ucccNor would be „,S3^^;"V«^ ^. -T tl« hi. on the Oofernor. Grey w^^Ih ?S1 " "^ ^7 • <*»«»f « htm Che knowledge thaThTwi 1^1"^? t "^^^ whh the idand., whne*or XJlorL !S ^^^ ^^ ''^'^ "«« •« •«^ft«m .11 who CJ hUS il^l **"^ • ""••' P~"' neophytet at Briihan* ,t^ ^ *** Mfiaer of political for (aa WM ieen iii Victoria W « f^ *° London cared h-d . quiet career. Snal^ii'LlL^^^^^ ^'""'^ *»« •tooding" of Natire Mini;^r/\ -^^ Jhe moat "under- chief, tnd gradually McifiX^ f!f!?. **** ^'^^L Maori , •»<* hi. ie5cit!S;i^|£? Sn .gST? V'***^*** ^«^w«° i iwonciled Ull i8oa. jX. Voifi®' *"'* 7*^ ~' "ti^iy ?f .«««l im^rktion td^«^^^^^ »n>lr,ng a large eSpenditun^ of C^^J; J^* tT^'^^'^'^M* Goremnienu oppowd him • tLv fiL -^ ^'^ prorincial Peoded on thdr'ionm,! Tf *Cr^J„^Sl^^^ •'rangement. de- to take «,me of theJ^Jnd oav ftTK- **J^ "^ ^^S** ^"hed ^ni. They d^ri^ed him ^«?[k-^" "'^^y* ^r '»>• «!* of ftrong oppo«tion from Sr G^r^ J.*** '*'*'"• » •?'»* of w the colony he had .hapcd 11^ Z ^* * P*"y '*»der a .hort time : but hi. E'trv K^i "!?* ^''™'*^ *'«>. for coilap*. of iSyo/which Z7 r '? ^** '*^* commercial Vogelpolicy ofVarv bo^^!^ '°*»^«°8 P^^^t^^nce in Z Leader'^f /he Opl^'.iSo^'^^^e X in^^I ^^•- '* * P""'^«' the colony to-day V for it. new« .t«ll '''' " pra^ount in or the diaciple. /f men wLXS*" ^^1^^^ SBLP4X>VBII|IMBNT lai death in 1893 WM no Iw. lo« to New Zealand dun prtY of Ballance that Richard Seddoo leadal^ay. whife h- W «*eme for a f«leratioo of PolyneriTb but t£ remaJ of plana made long before by Grey. ""**""»* Ti^^rTyl '^79 waa long^ontinuing in it. effecta. Til ^ u "? ^7* »***^"^ ''«* <*o^» -"d luyed down. ^^J^^' V n »''%%^-fo"»d reeft of CoromanS and the Thame. Valley-fdl off greatly. The colooi^ d^Ljt^::j?'!f'*'"« '^•^^ PuWicSxpeUture ^TwX:^ «rSlr ^' ~* finding new Murce. of income in the export of ffoien mutton and dairy products The trend of Xv wa. toward, cloaer fimnini/and St-te aid J\^oL^2 to the .mall occupier: an^ a coalition of Grey*. ^ whh Uie Labour party, formed in .890, derelopS^ thHito . deliberate aoumptioo by the State of mao/dutic. tS^wJ zl^ Ufon a. matter, of private concern/^, that the New ^^:L:^^:i:^^Jn.^£:j:- ^- ^ ^-^^^ of B — Pedentloa When the Britiah Government awented in iSco to the to that of Queendand. it wa. certainly not anticipated tha? Ujediviaion would be «, complete and V, long.la.tiog. Ear G«v had done hi. beat to a«imilate the con.titutL. and landlaw. of the province, east of 129-; and for «veral year, after *lf.government wa. e«abli.hed propowl. fo federal umon cropped up. Wcntworth in ,857 formed a t^^^ALtir i'" ^"°^"" '" P'"™^'' ^"' «" '8<5o kSL Paf^wment. were considering a definite .K.!^^? ®'.^f«''f»'o»--rBut the colonie. could not forget their mutual jealou.ie.. Victoria chafed for many year, ofer tia AUSTRALASIA wa. Jowly -ZAdiSf* '" P^o-ncwi-though it "866 aS^lV' »licroSr, ''i'^- ^'' "^^o™ '" h.«l. and ««T. r™ ""CnTC ffi ""S^' '«""« ^^'^^rg'^.rr.sr"" w^i--lp-'i.''^d 1>|« nearest Beighbour wiU,„M d Z,ni "^»cro.a to .ee foimalitief. After ifc. Z k j > i "^ '=''«'"• »»<' feder,)i«. baZ Toe^l^tu"'"^ T" I*"™ their rivalry wJZ k^„ ?„ T *u *"' " '•« 'M". and i»l..«i - Ai:Sia'rf4gm';^?'u''«j^T;, Australia •f Uje .«jide world to o«ke'„„ron ^wt^" "» P-^""" -.. did beyoBd thoae bound. '^.Z ^tl^^^^^^'f »"Ltg,"/.y. ..COtlTict." SELP4K)VBRNMBNT ,,3 felt the colonies an incubus, and longed to have v3 serious poLucal interests outride the home islands: Australi^ C toE'T* "?£• ^** "^^-gi-" «»>«"«•. and had no time to think of anythmg else: moreover, the prevalent ideal of statesmanship was . wrt of benign selfishne.^ a close attention to one's own immediate welfare coupled with benevolent non" iTrf r' "1 *^'^'^P;?Pl*'• "fti"" German trade's est^K- hshed themselves solidly in Samoa in iSstT^ESTI^^cL 1859. and we were only driven into annexing it in 1874 bv l^th'pn? '^ 7<=o««>"ed «blackbirding"^„ connJction with Fiji sugar plantations. It was not Till ,878 that the Westwft^Pacific, and at that time we were entangled in serious European troubles. We managed, however, to make several satjsfactory arrangements during hat year and the next: a Convention with France nSutralizr the New Hebrides, other, with Germany and the United States gav^ us our share of influence in the Samoan group, and we con! duded a treaty with Tonga to balance a^GeiSan onTmade m 1876. But our negotiations with Berlin did not include) New Guinea, although Germans were already eyebaTt and \ had established a trading settlement at Mioko^/onf of the ) islands to the northward. -^ Intercolonial C6ii/e«iices. -Meanwhile the Aus- tralian colomes had been accustoming themselves to theldea of umted action under pre«nire of another sort, the groi^^^ •nflux of Cjunesejabourers who were ready to do wliS ";en;s work-not so wellTtut more cheaply, and SLr Hen^ PMes, .n thoae days almost the only Australian ^S Confer'e"rin^i88Tr^' -ewv persiaded an inte^^oS^-^ ^ontererv^e in 1881 to draw una acheme for joint action in ;::^r«i?fSn\°t;-'"^ W the vanoVpaxH^*; were stUI thinking this over, the question of New Guinea t I '«4 AUSTRALASIA the other colW &dDeL^\^^^^ refused to be hurried, «yinniadd t that k"''' ^"'***'^' other nation wanted N^w Gu1n« !„7 ''* '^** •"* "° till he had thoughTthin«over A??K?^ """' ^«" A Conrention met at sXT»k . *' '**' ~^^'"" ^""""i- colony of Au iL. an'd Te tt^wST ^ T^ ^""'^ •nous demands about a c^ ded it 5 T"'*'*" "''*°»- hand. Lord Derby waf told Ik *!"..' ^'^^ '"*'*^'- '" Guinea should be wnex^ Iv ' '^'"P'^f ""y» t^-t New was using New-Cal^onb , °°**,' '^' ^'•*°^*» ^^ich required fodo^ no Wthl^K"*lr'^''""*» •'^o^^d ^ be made a BritSi U^fof Sflu ^""rr" ^*^'^^ •^'O"^^ ment, warned off Ttie foture Th.' I ^"'"«" ^°^*™- earnestness by offering to d/^'k » *'*'^°"'" P'"°^^'^ 'heir by this progrLm:?X^r^^':r^J/«^^^^ more effective their r.]ved, revived Act of 1885, became thf FeU « Vhat by an Imperial hoped for mlchmZ-liFP F''''''??' >^rke? had lar^«,hich no collT;;^" ?°"""' ~^^^ ^"^^^^ "P persuaded New sS ^le to ."±" '' '^"T-*"^ ^ better things: four coJonrsfhowever fvi"-"' -"V^" ^°^ Queensland, and West Aullr^U^ a ^^'''V*"** Tasmania, to the CoJncil, an^i^ m^fnl^Tt l''^"'" "PP"'"*™*"*' leader, of political opinSn ToX'l'UrLroT""* ''^ Ine immediate effect of th*. i«ft« r- ^' "V*'^'*'"*". great. France aere*^ n^» 7 J Convention was not K ranee agreed not to «jnd r,cu£vuies (habitual I SELF-GOVERNMENT 137 crimiaals) to New Caledoaia, and a British protectorate was proclaimed over south-eastern New Guinea. But Germany was allowed to take the north-eastern coast and all the neighbouring islands north of 8* S. lat. ; in Samoa, too, whose King asked for our protectorate and was of course refused by Lord Derby, Germans became actively aggressive, and it took four years of civil war and angry mtemational parleyings to restore comparative peace. Australians, not yet accustomed to compromise with foreigners, had an uneasy feeling that the mother-country was not much interested in their affairs, and there was a revival — all the more serious because it was a popular rather than a political movement— of the old desires for complete independence, since inclusion within the Empire seemed to mean little but disappointment. The Convention of 1891.— Tht leading politicians, of course, knew better, and took steps to make clear the Empire's defensive value. A conference held in London at the time of the 1887 Jubilee resulted in the Naval Defence Scheme, by which Australia hired from Britain a special fleet of seven warships for the protection of Australian ports, and in an Imperial officer's report on the land defences of the various colonies. This woke again men's hopes of federation, and Sir Henr y Parkes succeeded in arranging^ for a new Federal Convention. So in 1891 each of the Australian legislatures sent seven delegates to Sydney: from New Zealand only three came, but one of them was Sir George Grey. This Convention drafted and discussed and approved a Bill esublishing a federal parliament of two houses, one chosen by the colonial legislatures and repre- senting the separate colonies, the other elected by the people and representing proportionately the whole population of Australia. There was to be a Governor-General sent from England, and a locally appointed Governor for each colony. Between the federated colonies trade must be free, and as against the oat- side world there must be a uniform tariff imposed by the central Government ; but it would have control only in this and some other specified subjects, all matters not actually u8 AUSTRALASIA to be .nbmittri to the people iiZat 7 ,! ^^ '^'" their approval or otherwiT Tk !^ rftrmJm for the Je wokrutrd^.k'^^oitT.crtt ffTT^ Adelaide in*March. .8^7 «Ji«J*. B^'T~o ""* '" «ljo«n.ri for U,e' Sid tbt ^^ .^1,'„^'' '!" te'^wbiJbX in ,i^.&-,:3??°^ I" - A third meeting i„ iWboX. e™, te ,8o« Tl'^'''- wor^andoo J„„ , .h. Bill '^I^^Z^'^ '^^^ SBLP4K>VERNMENT 129 vote in four colonies (for Wert Australia waited on the Tote in New South Wales, having agreed to federate only if that colony did so too). The Act of t898, — In the main the Act was that of 1 89 1, but some of iu divergences were imprtant. The Senate became elective, on the same franchise as the Lower House, but with a longer term : each colony was given six members, voting for them as a single constituency. State finaiice— an awkward matter, since the central Government was to control the Curtoms, on which the local Governments largely depended for revenue — was provided for by requiring the Commonwealth to raise from Customs jQ^ for every £1 it might itself need from that source, and to hand back the surplus to the Sutes. On these questions New South Wales was uneasy : the first seemed to give the less populous States power to overrule the wishes of the more populous ; the second was thought to necessiute protective duties, and New South Wales was a freetrade colony. It, however, hke the otijer three, gave a majority of votes in favour of the Bill ; but a local Act had insisted that the affirmative votes must be at least 80,000 in number, and they fell short by more than 8000. The actual majority, indeed, was only 5367 out of a total vote of 137,823, or less than four per cent. But the other three had given large majorities in the Bill's favour ; Australia, too, was thoroughly in earnest this time about federation, and each colony proved it by maintaining in office the Ministries of 1894 till matters were finally settled. This was a new feature in local politics, and its intention was unmistakable. The New South Wales legislature formu- lated amendments, and the Premiers in council discussed them early in 1899, Queensland on this occasion joining the rest. The financial scheme was given a ten-years term only, later arrangements being left to the Federal Parliament. The capital city of the Commonwealth was to be on Federal territory within the boubds of New South Wales (as the mother-colony), but at leart a hundred miles from Sydney, as a concession to Melbourne feeling. The difficulty about •30 AUSTRALASM looo t tit» T»..>^' I n !• ""WK DBCK, out came in danDo So««. 17*^. Cdedonttj alto the MarqucM. th> SBLP-GOVBRNIIBNT «3» mtoiitered by New Zetland, the Fiji group ii a Crown colony, Tonga ia a locall -independent kingdom under our protection. Northern Polyneaia from the Solomons eastwards IS looked after by a High Commissioner who is also Governor of Fiji. New ^Zealand, which Grey in his first goTemorship tried to make the British centre of Polynesia, still cherishes the hope he gave it, and the present Ministry haf riade profotut for an uhind Federation to match t^e just- completed continental one: but Fiji, which would be the second Sute under such a scheme, has close connec- doni with the trade of Sydney, and too many conflicting interests are invohed to allow of the matter being soon settled. CHAPTER IX ^on-whlte Bhmcnta ^'—The Blackfellowa ^^::t^ 7^ fe^-r whi. ™e„ co^e upon fact, would JacMittle oft.^U* "* '^®^- ^'* •*»'7. '« no tangible rn^^o^SV^^' ZTC'''' '''^'''^'^''^- I ymbohc line., rock. rouX 1;^ ^''"!, *^"^'^ ^«h 1 decorated with crude desij. ^ tJ! T*' *°/ cave- roof. to keep early convict, with fi }^^ J^^ of them helped nient^^ The'darng Tf ei?:^^^ t *'* J*"^' ^^S- drove them now aiid aedn .« iT "'' ^-uropean cuwom. -d once they bSSr^o" deaje"" Tut^jV^'--^ Here and there pack.i nf T ^ ... ' "e^fctive war. hctility to aJl intrust LI^T.^^'LT-'^V ^^ »>ack before the wttler toward. thL kT/ K"" "^^ ■^""^^ «g.on of the continent: wherJ frl k"""'"'**^° "n^«J •ome remain in their old halu a„Tl^'*'* **' "'^^^^^y white., they repay bru alifv^^rK u ",• ^**°'*« ^"^ the enough to live in J^acefiil dL i ''"''*J">^» *>"' «« «ady WM^and an inteCrt'jlofe^^^ ^^^ '^'^X «»<* kinS! The iL^ "Z'S;.U^:o2^^^^^ ca-ne from. 'n day, when even the ChineL wet\fvLr'^ ^« u*«*'' ^ »Thi. word i. borrowed f„.m P , ^^ * **'*"*='» "^ Au.e„,ia„ -.u„i.erftrer;;/re^^rHt*^^ *»- NON-WHITE fiLBMENTS ,33 th.t Dravidun race that now inhabita the hiUa of aouthern Inch, made lU „ay down through Malayaia to theXrS t^'S!^*^ .ntermarryiog a. it went'with the fK«^ hatred Melanetiaoa , aod then spread graduaJly aomh "id |o«thMre« acroM the conu;neot Tloog tLk. dLZ^I^ vn» driTeo b^ Uje newcomers acroti Baa. Strait (nto Taamania tK J?*''" '^'^ jJK«^efli.— The « blackfellow "-one use. that term geoencally for the.Auituluajuii«s, thoTST hell nf 12^ L^" *^«» "<« developed an intricate form ChiSrt'^^'!i " every particular to hi. enrironmenT ?•. e *»*/**«!r«* to «^oid prolonged .tarvation, aod to di.tnbute what food there wa. a. eviSly a. mifiht be F^ th,. rea«,n. «emingly, wa. deTi.ed a remaSle ^rie. of reJat.on.hip. in which a chUd belong, to itrJ^ther "cam^f find, lu marriage regulated by it. mother', claw, and ^. r:p«:^edVtK'T* '""*"« S '»>* ^Ja-colblTdon STlt J ?%T.P"""- ^^ ^""'' " that in any another,2and their children to a third: and a. each totem •tock of food by taking *ycral wire., nor are children a ;«nou. bmrden on their parent.. Furthermore, .ml l^ck* ^U^^T hunung«h. QovenmeaL—Sixch government a. he .ubmit. to i.ad- minutered by the camp-council, which may consiat of all the aduU male, or may be confined to the older and wi^r men. Under their .pecial care are the marriage-curtom., and they ordain juauce between di.puUnu on the "eye for an eye*' principle, if poMible, alway. with the Tiew that the camp diall not loae atr p i by the death or permanent maiming of one hi. familjr, thw aide of killing, until hi. chUdren are of an ase to be mituted and take their place in the pack, but the coundl I. wpreme over him m family matters alw. For convenience •ake one pack naay recogniK that ita member, have some obligation, to other neighbouring friendly pack. ; it i. not a ^nt of curtom, however, that neighouunng packs should be tnendly, and to non-friendlies and outsiders the Wackfeliow owes no duties whatsoever. A. for religion, the Eastern Aus^aljans (roughly speaking, those that live eaM of i4i» and the Darlmg-Murray line) have a common belief in a roperhuman being whom they know by various names, Baiamai beine perhaps the commonest ; the packs of the centre and west NON-WHITB BLBIIBNT8 IIS trace their ceremooiet firom the usage of mythical ancctton, and have Tarioua namea for powers beyond their uoderauod- ing, iome good, aome evil, but do uot exactly worship them, though aome of the dances connected with them are ritual and proMtiatoryc Tnde, — Thcj make the most of the country's resources b^ a commercial system based on Mrict honesty. Different duuicts have their own special manufactures, depending sometimes on the natural product of the soil, sometimes on the skill or whim of a particular family. Thwiituri (a sort of native tobacco), the ochres used for personal decoration, grindstones, and so forth, are only found in certain pi- ces, whilf nets, implements, and weapons of apecial pattern are the wort of particular camps. These are bartered at well-known market-places along fixed trade routes, a party of blacks going off* with their own merchandize on a long round sometimes for more than a year— and bringing back the commodities of a dozen districts. There seem to be no middlemen : if a would-be purchaaer cannot go himself to market, he sends a " message-stick " > by a friend, the order is attended to, and goods sent in return later on are identified as payment by the presence of the same stick. The better they are known, in fiict, the more evident becomes their ingenuity and intelligence. That in spite of all they ahould be so primitive in social type is the effect of their age-long iaolation from the rest of humanity. As huntera they are unsurpassed : nor, taking the country as it is ^ nature, could one much improve on their arrangements. But there are no traces of any attempts to improve it, to domesticate animals, to cultivate crops. Happy thoughts of that kind probaWy occurred to very few among primitive men, but, once hit upon in one community, the practice •prgd to its neighbours and became common the world w*^So elsewhere the packs of pore hunting folk may » No message is sent on the stick : it Is simply carved with siens that will identify the sender of the order witli the sender of pay. ment later on, and answers rather to our visiting-cards. »3« AUSTRALASIA A^V^7^ ^"^ "5^*^^" "»' •PP^ci.te or utilize ^. great d«coTery ; .n Au«rdia they «^p|y did not C me?w.^r '^'^ ^A/#«..-Tbeir reUtions with white men were for many treara .trained to the breaking-point 2i'S TS l^-^*"^"*-^. feeling clearly that fheTnd i "^ th«r$ and tb«r customs were best suited to it. We J Th'eT^d '"" ^'i' •"** ^'^^•'«* ^"^ custom. ev«y dTy They made room for us, wmetime. under prote.t, «,nitime ! with cordiality: they were inclined, indeid, to tre^us as powers. But the convicts treated them brutaUy : thev found the new magic hostile, and planned to S:^y\u'J''S^, whth J T ""''.n "^'^ «*"* ^" '^«^ hunting-land which yet they wcfe ill-treated for killing. How .houJd £7 ^'"P^hend the legd diflfe^nce between 'rttie^^d ri2io 3L?»r ?" o'^er-until in 184a a wmultaneous tTn-^^A**' ~'*»°y ^"J* «^«e war from the Glenelg to ^JT' J?^i"'"« '^'** *»<^^ ^««- too limited, ti make a ~««ned eflbrt : the riring collapsed, and Southin A^^ia 5^."k V •'''k I^P*"*?-. Queendand still has irreconcileaWeL tiiough It IS hard to judge how Ba the summary methSs of pat generations of white men are responsible for^tSrhow far « was inevitable in the clash of Vustoms. In CLra Australm it seem, more probable that hortUity is nearly ^2 i tLe vaT„rr ""• ^^"* "?«~"^«"- «»-™ that ^^ b^ the various Governments (that of Queensland especially) are studying carefully to ensure the "jn^rvation ^d w7l fere of the abongwal race as far as wise kindnesses «n A warning.— In discussing this subject almost everv quahficatKHM. ^hat has been said here is oniiT^2 NON-WHITB BLBMBNTS 137 typal ; » more packs confonn to the picture than do noc Bat the task of nimmarizing blackfellow ciutoroa it quite at complex as that of describing, say, in a few fleneral pro- positions the hahu of the races known as Aryan— except that we know a great deal more about the Aryans. The totem system, for instance, of the Central Australians, studied by bpencer and GUIen, has no connection with parental totems: there is a class system which correspond/ feirly well with the totem arrangements described abore, but a man s totem m Central Australia is decided on quite different grounds. However, even a poor composite photograph may have some value, or at least .some interest, and this account mak^no greater pretensions. B. — The Maoris The tribes that held New Zealand before our coming were of a muclLhighfir lype. Their social system was genuinely '"~\^Tf? clannish; for though they did not domesticati animats fhl NewZealand they found none, and brought with them only the rat and the dog), they had learnt to till the ground, and their iaro (yam) and iumara (sweet potato) crops were their main food supply. They had chiefs, too. aadpwh-any ^cy wmcw har n f ifa e feudal ty pe, for the motive of their hfe was above aU thi^s fighting. For this they were organized; all their ceremonies contemplated it as possible at any moment; it was not only the final settle- raent of all disputes, but often the amusement of their spare • ume. They hved in or round pas, stockaded and entrenched villages on high ground; sometimes they built a pa in pre- paration foi a fight, as an English club might prepare and ' roll a cncket-pitch. And the object of fighUng wa., one might almost say, rather tp fighLthaiLKuvin : at least, to ^° ™?" V •*. ^*'^' ^""^ *^^ ^»««" °o great satisfaction, —they liked to feed up their enemies if they were starving, » Of the unadulterated bUckfeUow, that it ; the «« tame " hanrert. on of white settlements have been kft out of account. I3» AUSTRALASIA and could not amreciate the slow burrowing of approach and traverae which British troopi (taught by the Crimea) em- ployed against them in the sixties. The actual battles, how- ever, were rery real, and bloodshed demanded retaliatbn, while for many years after white men knesjhem-cannibalisin was still a common practice. Their origin and decHne.— Their origin is nearly as much in dispute as that of the blackfellows. It is quite certain that they are of the stock which has peopled neariy all Polynesia: it is probable that that stock (like the Australian, but some ages later) came eastward from the Indies through Malaysia, and was driven to scattered migra- tions amdng the islands of the Pacific by invasions i£ the present Melanesian and Malay races. A few of the ordinal stock still hold to a district on the north-east coast of New Guinea: the rest spread far and wide over Polynesia, to the Sandwich Islands, to Tahiti, to Samoa, preserving under dialectic forms the name of their long-ago home and affixing it to some part of their new one. Hawaii, Savaii, preserved the tradition of a land called by the Maoris Hawaiiki, as in Hellenic territories Olympus became the name of some high peak dominating the lands of a reminiscent tribe. From one of these tropical island-groups New Zealand received neariy six hundred years ago its eariiest known colonists, looking for the greenstone of the South Island, of which their chiefs* jade weapons were made. The South Island, however, was too cold for them, and only a few degenerating clans settled south of Kaikoura. The North Island was peopled along its coasts and rivers and lakes (for the Maori delighted in fish) by successive immigrations, the whole population being kept by continuous tribid war£ire at a level of about a hundred and fifty thousand. When white traders supplied Hongi and his feUows with firearms, a rapid diminution in their numbers began at once, and the years of European war- fere helped on the process. Peace has brought some slacken- ing of it, but they still die oflP— largely because they are a consumptive race, and peace has brought them down from NON-WHITB ELEMENTS ,39 thw-higb-perched DM to Ure in the steam and alush of swampy ground. We hare itopped the wan for which they had organiaed themselret, and do not aeem to hare given tuem inatead any rafficient moUre for healthy tribal life; It hat been too long the way of Britons, the kindliest of aU fc-uropean colomzera, to begin their reform of "sarages" by ho|)e]es8ly destroying the reformee's self-respect: Zulu and Fijian tell the same tale, and the Maori has suffered alone with them It is not the fault of colonial goTemmentt so much as of half-educated British pubUc opinion: now that a more scientific and less merely "humanitarian" study of nattte races has begun, there is hope of a checked decline and possibly a coming increase m their numbers. Coatact with the WMtes.— Of their relations with the wtruding whites much has been already said, for the history of New Zealand up to 1870 is chiefly the story of those relations. They resented any attempts at independent f'S^"^?'5 .'j»« *««* was theirs, and their life depended on holdmg It : if, on the other hand, a white man chost to live among them as one of them, identifying himself with the tnbe that sheltered him—becoming a Pakeha Maori, a "Stranger Maori," as they said— they looked after him well and were proud to own him, and often gave him a chiefs rank in war. Such men, however, were usually adventurers of a bad class, and the Maoris got little good of them, though one at least, F. E. Maning, was of the fine stamp of pioneers, and has left the record of hit life and obtervauons among the Hokianga tribes to be the best piece of prose literature New Zealand can show. Friction between white man and brown was usually a matter of /a/v-violation or infringenwntrfnative land-custom, which have been already nottced (pK^^$rTJ^-4t=>as fro-n Marsden and the misnonanes who followed on lines laid Uown by hhn that the realhr civilizing influence came. They were practical men^nd taught handicrafts and morals as well as theology : the Maont were quick to recognise and utilize everything in any of the three studies which cook! be turned to advantage »40 AUSTRALASIA !!ll'*^ !!I!!5 ^^ **«""^ '*»«* ^^^^^ men at l«ut were J neir Art.— Of aU the non-Aryan races we 1i>t.> "?!«?»Mng- Their splendid bravery appeals to us. their humour ou^ht to. They an more imSitive thS m^ races without a wntten^lLmure : thST^^^^^ confined to earring) is grotesquely humorous bey"^JZn acceptance, perhaps, when th2y Id with liTOit is Ss f'^AiL^'^T *;** ^'**^ '« '^ ^^i rt adorns. They S jnembe^aiwCXlrrni^ tools and on hard wood, one is inclined to rank tiem hieh among lovers of art, and the beauty of tfieir u^in« dvS mats, and feather manUes confirms the feeling. If Eu^c«^ art and the many crudities that repn^sen? it n exS manufactures are. as it is said they are. distra«in^ jw C— Other Alien Races ; ^^'^c ^""'?^'? *• » ^^®^« ««a«i« with great ieaJousv the «flux of Asuttc immigrants which quite reSTtly^^^^t SoW^' T I !, K»°aJ«»— Melanesians. mostly, from the Solomon Islands and New Hebrides-mention hZb^l made already (pp. ,08.9), they aie localized in thr.uMr" districts of Queensland, and their control i. no l^^*'! quettion of senous importance. Nor are the Malay dive« «f the northern pearl-fidieries fWt to be a pralSnrinW^^^ B^f the Japanese, who form ne«rly half thn^fl.firf,^' com- NON-.WHITE ELEMENTS i^, munity and are tpreading rapidly down the eanern coast are watched with eye. a.kance, and fhe Federal GoTeramm w^ probably con6rm and extend arrangement. alrMd^^l iv from India are found in the Northern ferritory, the Re2de« settlement, in the north-coa« di.trict. if New sriTa" whom the white team«er ha. ^.ryTkZ^'^'^J^ ^^^ as to mclude the camel alw, and lead to periodi^l aritatl^I agajnst .ts use. But the« are lo.ing stren^r *^''*'""' ^K A S'^^^'^^T^" '*»'•« ~«" combined do not exercise the Australun mind half a. much a. the Ch,W Thev were fir.t attracted to the continent by the goldX^reries^ goldfield. : in 1861 they amounted to quite three per t. of Uie totd population, passing during the next twenty v^. from colony to colony a. di«:overi?. of gold weTe report^ and going back to China in large num£r. when K KoH amassed enough wealth. I„ igy's, howe^er^'Sew 7n™^ to'S '.oldfiel?* ^'' TJ'"'' '^" time'they cln^e nci TJ f^^S. "^'^^y* ^" *o ^^^ «P trades in the towns^ and gradually the market-gardening and a good deJ of thi furniture-^aking feU into tSeir hanl, whiJe'cW^art^r: of the noiwmest were formed in the very centre, of the chief towns. Several intercolonial conferences dHlt ^th t^ growing danger and at last one held in 1888 p oiur^ sZ'^ eiZT"^ '"?"« ^'k' ^°^«""- The iniSsr w« stopped either by imposing a heavy poll tax on new arrivals! or fa. in South Australia and the*Northern Territo^Ibv severely hmiung the number of Chinese a ycsLT^^lnl I4a (it AUSTRALASIA field, except ^1^^^^^"'^^''^^^ *** ^?'^ «" «oi for a pattern of aJi) fell fr«m , ,«i • ^*°oJ*''* ®°« ^^'o •nd the nroportion^f ChTJL ? .? '^^^ to , in ,88 Au«ral«£^ which in isi. °. **'* ?'»' Population of the inr;.h^t."o;er 7"p: ^f!*"^' ¥^^^r.u Jan ,0. and i. «eadi^ JccrSin'^!?/ .V" '891 Je dustriou.. and that without tht^^A I ,• ^^^ »"* '' lack regetable food no «^ ? " Awtralia would Mdi idea, on «niution a„Ton 1"^*" ** ^"•"'•'^ «°d thd number, at bett a nuisance aS »» **"*"" « W' the health and vo^^ J^ ''''"' * **"««• <'«n«er ?< i^t.^w y«r.^:?riioron!^i^^rr. p-^'*^^' beginning of ^898, New South Wi ^!"*"'« at the year, and other. rince-haTeL^i"/' '^^^'^ **^ '^'' which re«rict. the Lm^JLlT^J'-T ^t"^ *" ^^ every newcomer (with, Jcour.efce^r'i> "•'»""''« hospitable exemption.) to np«v. v ?". di|>Iomatic and CHAPTER X SocUU Development A,— The Legacy of ConvictUm Whem Phillip forettw the empire he wa« about to found he did not contemplate the uae of^:onvict material. .«! 3,"nk » and other lettler. that may come from Europe." fear bj year he implored the authoritie. in London to encoura« fre^ .mm.gn,nu: "a few intelligent farmer, would do ml^ foj 21T^' B • u ^f °? *'*•'**'•» *»' unsatisfactory ones: and when, in Brisbane's time, the inflow of free settlers L^t emancipist emp oyer, and convict serrants had Uken so g^! L PkV" ^'P"'"*. ? '^* ^'^"'•7 that the separation su^SS by Phillip was neither possible nor desirablfi ^ It isfutae to slur over this element in colonial society On the other hand, it is mischievous to lay preat strew on the story of the later nenal setdements. The ^yiTtZZ « too often identified £ our minds with the sISV/Kn Arthur and the horrors of Norfolk Island: but the«j w^re .jolated gaols for the habitual criminal, and belong mhrjo The bruul esca^ or ex^onvict was hated and feared by his le« criminal fellow, as much as by the free popul~i«frc carefuUy arranged, and tS^lo thf/ * '^''"' '^«"^'«» ^ with the .ettlel. ;,. cha«cter7z2 T^ T" '°^« ~°ta lax morahty than by deKfJl • "'''^.'' ^y ""^^ ^^l ar i».tory there had grown ^p^^?^^^^^ ^ ^bour on fenJ, privately o^* ?! "•"«"'°« ?"««"" «.pon«b]e for theiV maiotenancr^ ^* T?*" '^^^^'nini custom .0 to a.«gn men of ant Ir >**«''y »' «>ecame th undertake to niaiLrtLmV^SL jt p"^^^^ ^'»*» ^O"'' or.officer. of the Corp.. The S- ^.°^*™™"' o^ciah i'vmg with very JittjJ ««„!* P"**"??' i^*" «">«! his own "master" weddy for »f. • ? ''" ^'^''^» PayinaT •alary of officir^a. Sm.LS ''"'i^?*' ^^ «>«; cai? the whom they hi,!:,"rrotte^tf '^^^^^^ P"--" nominally in Government em 'iythi ErT>*°« «'" rations from the pubJic store t«.l1T' ****"*^« ^«w their »o»aI profit thus liTde onTch al S J ""^ ***^*''^'»^' "^ the year. This .y.tem was m:»iK- ''*"* *° **»«« ;^40 a employers were free „eT. but maT"? !""."«*^ ^^^ the were convicts themselveVJ^o 7^/'^' "^f*^"°^ o^cials •ecrs of Jarge farms, even when tS!' •■' "**" ""^ ^he over- and they were apt to g'veThe w^r!.?- T ' ^"^ "a"- treatrng more inUnsilone. w?h "l** ""^"^ ^««oce, eiren among the convic Lh'^Z .h^~" ''^"^'"^ Thu eaca^es from the GovernS^i "^^"^ '^"^ *='*""-- >f the rcit • guUty cf •oitie li^ V country. 1^ was so wp on the cJaMified but from 'v>ct« Wit > contact wiiJ and SOCIAL OBVELOPMBNT MS coiony'j prtsoneri ecoming »nie the > would officials bis own «ng his »« the isoners )g still ' their nd the ^40 a a the ficiais over- lan — ence, rhus les — rrom and nply 1 no When free settlement began to spread, the demand for a«.gned serrtnt. increased rapidly \jp o . 83 1 Twr Z was one of the condition, on which lani could fc obSnS^ and they practically formed the wage-earning claMTSfe' T!^T I *^^<»<«"'« «>"« independent mode of life Nor were they the diepherd. only or drover, or ploiSimei^ or mechanics. Domestic sertani, nurses, tutors erenfTere chosen from the same class, and it i. easy to make p"ct^S and uVd!f .k' • '\ ^'•^ ^**'J?^~ """-^y « Sle.' cSmpa^ and under their charge. Yet such pictures are often ex- ^^"'^^^ writers who draw their nuterial too exdwi^y from the jfouse of Commons Committee's Report of 1 Jt7 on Tnin^rtation. That was an age apt to overdo ?u humaniur«.n..m: and, valuable as th? Report w« n d^ closing the brutaliue. of the penal rtation., U V« n^ W.? ^""l"" Jl!* .colony at C AfterVthe"ra?n^ ing of the early thirtie. wa. mainly responsible for sociil condition, ten or fifteen year, later, which were proSSy the happiest Australia hr% known. i««««™y Assisted immlgnUon. — The immigrants of the twenttes went at their own expense, and settfed them.el«! hllAh l^ *:"T% J" '!3» ^S^ " »"i««* immigration," half the land fiind of New South Wale, being .et aside to ^y the outward paswge of artizans and servaJts. From S ume up to ,888 the mother-colony made it her i^Hcy^o attract desirable immigrants in this way, 135,000 S w aided by the Sute in the first thirty years." For a year ^ two the scheme was mismanaged, but In 1837 the right class ofimmigrant was secured. The newcomers lansfo4edd" colony completely, taking up trade, and employmentsTn town » Victoria ditcarded the fjstein loon after •eparaticn at the troM »46 AUSTRALASIA and country which h.d hitherto been in conrict or enuncipin ^^^■•J!**"'' "^^ '^^'''^ ^ «'»«'ion of aMifloiDentTi 8 8 rtt -cx-fer" %z ^ kz tb. «■»««. o/ New South Wal« fcli the loTlkWrn early day, of ftmine. fed from the public^,,"? ^'—Sguattentom of mlJ* ''i!"^'" ^^ ^^'^ **•/• ^«- adrenturou. and clastic and free life, and many chanc*.. S/» #il ^wo« tu^re, saw the fffoithof rXi j^ ."** y**" '•»*' followed oorn wno knew their business. For the rest nn^i ^««- and timbered riverflats and the wellgra. Jd fnTge ITS^^ZZ &vTd^* •'"? ^' 'J^*^' '°^ herirtL'mlE R.?»7^ <*o™«« of men bred in the tradition, of S England,— some of them young. hiehsniritJd hnn^«! ? tactonea seemed to be spoUins for ewr at hr.«L kader^ Briil««e or Bourite or Gipp,_»me loo. of A. ..rhe« «.le,^ p„„d of the «uo.r?^.heyTd !Z^f^ •I i SOCIAL DBVELOPMBNT m oonvktiiin. There wm ilill room for all, without ortr- crowdittg the towM or dri?iog ttockownen into the drier waMci. Scrrko was fitely rcsdercd by free men, who had ootjfet leant aggreaiive indepeadcnot from CaKfomian gold- httoters. It waa an age of traoiitioat and could not haTe latttd maoj yean, lo ephemeral were the coodittona of iu exinence: but while it laated it waa the true Golden 'Age of Anatralia. It waa fitting that in rach halcyon dayi Aoitralian literanre should be born. The literature of convictiam ia a later growth, the work of men ransacking old reoorda and buildbg up from the recollectiona of others stories of incident and melodrama. But " GeoHiy Hamlyn " waa written on the spot, ao to speak: for Henry Kingsley escaped from the turmoil of the digginfis to find a year of quiet in that noUe Western District of Victoria, where goki was not and » not, but only lakes and ^tastic hills and apreading pnsturelaods. There the Golden Age lingered, and he wrote <^ it aa he knew it ; how wdl, all who read hia books can ny — how truly, all who remember those days, or find to-day near the Wannon or the Cudgegong a lingering echo of thrm, can bear indiqmuble witness. C—Dlggen/om On that happy corobinatbn of patriarchal and modem comforts there broke in the aggressire democratism of the goldfields. Society waa cast into the melting-pot When it cooled into shape again the stratification was found to be entirely new. For in so young a country wealth must tell hearily ; and wealth, during the goldrush, was the gift of luck merely. Education arailed the digger not at all : the posses- sion of capital to begin with was not of much uae, because it was easy to «ra s /^""J ^u«traiu to thoae of w«.t tack t^eS^ " "^' ^JT^ ^ "••"'h .=d meat were, at a nik tJTjT^' ^ "" *•"> Profited ojer hand if they were quiet »^7l ^ ^ ™"*J' '™'' of •elliDg their Jtock .t ™.. e "'.*°*' "' •PPononity J«dic.p^ l^ •T^WTlaCi.dtai^r!' *" •heir ihare aa a Sof tl^ J^,!? ^ ''™"'^ •» "*« prize, the .om,al of kZiHlaiSte;.^^ ^"^ "^'" potaible than ever Oth^ jS/T"^""^"*" I*'™* !«• -parted the fee piJX^r^i.rl^H''^ "iF •■"' not on the ro„^ th« conri«i.m did iu^raTfer A Ff^*' ^'^^tt'm"^,^ wh. did ny at hear, feei Whole community. The •»» i^ ii- ^ . ■**^*" on the b«««. .,.a..er and .d.c«» i. d.e'^SS w^,"^,:; SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT »Si those of enemies, far removed from the mutual kiodlinen of stockowner and farmer in the daya before the gold. Each now beheved that the other was grasping at land not so much for Its value to himself as because i^might be valuable to his opponent. A mischievous competition was set up. Both classes made it their object to get out of their holdings as much immediate return as they could : the squatter over- stocked his land, the farmer overcropped it. Both classes raised funds for land-purchase hastily and by all manner of devices, and so gave the great banks that grip of the country districts which has made them the principal land-owners in eastern Australia. While the men of the bush were thus at each others* throats, the townsfolk increased their commerce and their hold on the political machine. More especially in Victoria, whose immigrant diggers had been largely of the artizan cbss, the manufacturing interest grew powerful and prevailed upon the local legislature to give it he protection of a high tariff. For twenty years the work of material development was carried on in an atmosphere of suspicious anugonisms ; while, very gradually, society was rearranging and revaluing itself, until the wealth-standard, supplanter of the birth-standard, itself began to yield place to the higher standard of personal character. Education and Utemture.^lfot all the progress, ot course, was material. Universities were founded at Sydney in 185a, at Melbourne in 1854, at Adelaide in 1874, re- sembling those of Edinburgh and Glasgow rather than Oxford and Cambridge. Public education was organized and reorganized, always in the direction of State primary and technical schools controlled entirely by a central department of the Government, sometimes with a view to Sute absorption of the secondary schools also. But the atmosphere of class- suspicion enveloped this work too : it was rarely that the advice of expert^en when they were men of European reputation, was dlfdidly accepted by ministers and officials. The man who knew little had not ye: learnt to believe in the disinterestedness of the man who knew more. As for the 152 AUSTRALASIA 'J^"d"^^^^^^ rS;^^ -"-P- - P« new wine the form and phra.^^.l'^y tS„^ bv^'rVt' "P'^"«''fi of It wa. the prodact of WrS emL -^'''u ""*• ^^^^ of otheri., not their own -^rjlr'"* embodying the experience th««e of poet., LiidMv Gordon '7 "«™" ^^at .tand out are wa. an fenglUhnTan^know^^^^^ Gordo" frankly viewing it f^om the En£ I„W ^^ "^'"^^ °^' «>« freJuig wa. local at all • Kend. I •^''*'P*»»« » far a. his touching at hi. be.t L any L^«r *""^"' "^ ""^"^ maybe, Daley and OgilviJ) Zld.Tl'^l '^''' (^^<^^PU own mood, and imagfn „iV' "j ^t • J?'-^ » ""'^o^ of his of le« worth with tL^^i^V;^'^^ "' ^,^^'^ - -r.e. A third name deserves mention herrj^? ""^ *° ^"••***^- range than Kendall or Gordon--B™„!^ S \P^' «^ ^»der Queen.lander. who ha. thriaTl^**\^'*^^*"» S~t and and never more nobly than when K, !?* Commonwealth, twenty-four year. ^go. " ^^ ''"" **«»«»* of its coming ^'—AuatnUla to-day to Jjsfc^^^^^ X^r «- -^'^•Hon. that country folk befong to the whSLlw ^*"" ^"^^ while the comng hiatory of^he O,mmon^^^^^^ .«««>rthe great importance. The townso? A . i-^' dwtinction has and , delay S The ?on^Ll *S^f "? •'*'^<«-^ ^^14 a irretrievable diaaater. InTLr^J '""'J*'™ ""X •!»" f«T>'^ The nibbitand^r.wL'Sr'^u^"^"^^^^^^ become pe.t. beyond even Governor "' i**^* « '«*">«« a wanted. duat/-bh«sh. ho^S^S' ''*'°V~^ ' '^e sakbuah. making j. s^^a^Uk^J^Z' ^''^r"'^*"' money, yet nowhere elae, perhana in i •""*?!'«° o^ mipromptua- Piea«.ntly at auch^SP^Jt" 1^1.^'** '*".' ™»° ^"'^^^ reliance laat. To sJcnl^*! c ^" X**"*^ and W» «el? »"nea i, a game in^ht^^h/'^f:-' "a''"^' ^° •'o-k^in blanJca: ^ he win., hia wealth i. J^.^ Amrali,rt aeea no »to no hopele^i de^^u'.wlhecaS? * '?* ^"'^•' ^e fellj whUe waifg for a freah chance iTl' "™ **'• '«<^ker" «age of alternate exhilaration, ^ A ^' I"^ '^^^gb a unemotional caaualneaa tbat^. „«? ^'^^•pH*"^^' » a more exacdy,e«gnation: "e^a wii^^^^^^^^ and n^ faila-«Ah, well . . !i "'""H^f ^^ "/^^ance it," and if he the "roaring day.," butto wf^l 'JTt'^^yJ' « legacy from neceaaary violence. Hi. chT5 enlmr^M ^'^^^ " ^''h un- «ormmg ha. no effect: whatever ,^ " ^""*' *nd on her ^e tone of their utterancetS^^.^"^^^ ""^ '^'^ «ke He I. angularly alert in mSff^ '• *"1 «?^-**"»Pered permanency or die «,lid ^u^'h "^^^"^V «rel£« of manency. Hehim.elf i. th^!!!'^'*''' ^^^ ™ake. for per- •elf-centred amid emiiS^***'^'™--"* thing he knowl to regaiti the inwabihWh?/ „'**'?"' and he i. w^^ that give. hi. life «Z'«.e'eLTc^"«' "'*'' * ^o^-a-e SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT .*> 'SS HU own penooafitjr being thua impoitant to him it i> h. &L^ ^^r 'Tr"*.*'"' ■"'•J' «"kn..« "but nJ Wienew. That con6dence he will «« readily to a fellow S^iero'SifbT f «» ir""?^'t once .iLXu'Z .'t. 3 !?-i 1 .u • Alwaj™, It u the man', self that wins . ms Homics—la political matters there is the .an., ZTV ?° r""'"'/- I« i. for n«n. not Jasi~1St the Australian ,. wont to Tote : when he choose. hbJJ^ taure merely for the legislation he advocattTthere"? dZ; •ome very great matter in hand-a. wa. Fed^ratSn !J^, -or some Tery .mall local b„sine» of roal^r^rSj or polished, but he must be fiank— he must " show his hand-' rrt 'i."" ■""•!; '" "•" Wmself too seriously Tor «3l, the bushman w II noL So it is with th. ™. .u^^ ^ .hat have wide i''a^«X"^S^:L'^^X.^' do so just «, far js they are belie«d » tKpJTuJSi •peak in the interest, or a. the unofficial organ of some kS™ of the community are read with di«rust and follo^nT ™ ^/reivriiiV.— These are detai s, but detail, th^* A::"r.L'"i:""And"' """"•s"' "■« '^°°" •^--"^ «»metmie.. eager alway. for . joke ir aX«^iJ« of 156 AUSTRALASIA and fade out of elT. en^' m "l "** "u "^" « ^^^ niood. find ve«:XT.^, '^otuZ t ^ 'T^"' Au8traHa has dominated, tT «CtIe« »W»« * "*" ^**°"^ Mve coJIoquialism), whose life i. ! ^- "^ *" '^P"""" -ome sort^ of ex s Jce pred JLh '^T'"""' '^^^S'* ^°^ same, to ^e erim humour iri- ^'^""^'^apt. alJ the never forgetfulTtheoWr«rinn T '' ^^'" ^O"^ «"d have thefr -n^trJ^^o TnrC' SS^ T" poet native to the soil whose ^nZ • r *"* ^°"°<* « interest. Little of al t^s^o JL " "*/ '"**'* ^''*" ^ocal a. literature i^H^ Itl'f^^^^^^^^^ value It 18 observed on the snot it ;. " " genume, -iiy Happen. .. z r* for.eirrs if "."" For undcratandin. the influencoT .h„ ,. "''' »"«'•• who will be m.,L. ofT ° e" S^I?'' Tu"? """^ n.ore «r«e .haolan, hUtorie, " ^"•"«>"""'"'. it i. of «o add to h» owo— lea l7u7J!Jlt "'""';» and "ger hi. own cla«.buTmorca1,We Ift" '*' ^"8'i">'»a» of i.te««ed in Matter. oLrtmJff "".r a"* T' *'<'''' one .upreme virtue, that of ™™5ru' Anatrahan know, that o? treachery. I, i. LT '?''" ""« ^"^ "«• .«P.I him. MatLip i," he\„*r„f''l''-.y *,"*" '» '^ it may be. if w. choJ«, the boSd .f Fm»'"''" " V'^"''- yeara. But if, vnkJn«\Zl, " ^"'P"* >•> the coming him to aid in 'i^^Lzzv:: 'rht- *' "" g«ting for oorHvM a DS/rf.^ """':' ""'"im^ta jip-4o6-7. lie, is8, 15I.S. Akaroa, 50-1,54. Albany, j, 4*, 46, 73, 91, 109- 110. Arthur, Oovemor, aS, 37-8. Atiigament System, the, 31, 85. 144.6 Auckland, 55, 57, 81, its, 116. 118, 1x0. Ballakat, 68, 70. Bank*, Sir J., 11, is, 14, 16. Bass, George, 18, si. Bathnrst, s6, S9, 67. Batman, John, i%-^. Baudin, Adminu, si, 40 Bay of Islands, the, 49, 50, 51, 56. Bendlgo, 68, 7c. Berry, Sir 0., ics-3. Bigge,Commis8ioner, 17-8, 33, 37. Blaekfellows {tn Aborigines). Bligh, Governor, 13, 18, as-4, »9. 77- Botany Bay, II, 15, 21. Bourke, Governor, s8, 30-1, 39, 51,61,79,86, 146 Boweo, Governor, 77, 103, 107, lao. Briabane (town and river), 34, 88, 96, 108-9, 15*- I Brisbane, Governor, »8-3o, 31-4, I ^ «S. »43. »46- I Busby, James, 5o-s. 1 Burke, Richard, 94.5 Bushrangers, the, 37. 8, 69, 104.5, «44- Camikon, General, 11 6-9. Canterburv, 5«, 81, 118. Carpentaria, Gulf of (and district), 1, 8, 14, 18, 93.7, 106-7, 109. Chinese, the, 14, is 3, 141-2. Colonial Office, the. 29, 41, 44, 46, 50, 56-7, 61, 65-6, 69, 78- 80, 8s, 87, 95.7, 1 1 8- so, 124. Constitutions (of 1823), S9, 78; ^? x4*K 3». i9. 79; (of 1850), 67, 80; (of 185X— New Zealand), 80-1, 112 ; (of 1855- ^)» 75. *»-3» '7» 9*» »02, 122. Constitution of the Common- wealth, 1S8-9. Convicts {*te alio I'ransportation), »4-»fii «7. >»-*. »Sf *8, 31, 33-4. 37. 39. 4»-3. «». 65. 74. 104, 109-10, 13s, 143.4, 14^1 149.50. Cook, Captain, 8, ii, 18, 21, jj, A c * Cooper's Creek, 2, 73, 93-5. Cowper, Sir C, 65-6, 98. Cunningham, AUan, 33.4. i«i >te INDEX OAnna, WUlIm, 7. ^rUng , Oofnor C., lot-t. Dwiliy, OovwBor R., •< jo, 9«"f3?^'** ***•' **• **' W' Dwllng Rim. i, 35-6, 7,, ,,.4, 103,141. D«wr, Limt-Oovwaor, tl, 37, 0» Qoir, Ptnundes, 5, S. Otggm, the, 6t>7s,74, 104, 149. DI»Wlnf Rang,, ., ,< ,'5, 34, Du Pretne, Marion, 11, 4|.« Durham, Lord, 44, 5,. Dotch,th«,j.|, I,, ,4,40. EMANanm, the, ,»5.7, 45, ,4^^ " Emancipist " Party, the, 19.31, Eureka Stocltade, the, 70-1, 103. Eyre, E. J., 71.3. * PionATioN, movement* towanb, 67. 74. "1-30, 153- F JJ. "3. »3». 139- Fitxroy, Oowmor C, 59, 6», 65, 69. Fitxroy, Ooremor R., 40, 55.6, 76. Flinders, Matthew, it, xi, tt. Flinders Rirer, x, ^x, «. Forrest, Sir J., no. French, the, iS, xi, 37, 40, 51, 54. »»-4. 130- OatbPa, 117. Oawler, Oovernor, 40, 45.6. Oemans, the, 1x3.4, "7, ijo. Olpos, OoTcmor. tl, 31.3, „, tk\4'' '"•• "' ^*' ''• OipMland, I, 9,, ,04. Oiadstone, W. E., 6x. Oddw,dOoldfidd.,3,67.9,7,.4, ". 9». «03.s, 107.1, ,,0,1,8. ^ «*i. 141, 145. «49-, "^>*ny). 4«. "King" MoTement, the. nx, iiS-xo. ' Land Commusion or 1840, the Lxnd-Customs of Maoris, e., ua LMd-Pond. the, 3,, ^^%il «7. HS- INDEX >«S Und.Lawt, 15^1, iti ; (of • Isi). i«-<; (of il4t), 61, •M; (of 1I42), «i, |«. (of i>6i-s;, 9ii9l. Utrobe, Oovcnior, tS, 39, 59, 69, 70, 76. Lctnwin T^pe, 6, tS, 41. Ldchhardt, Lodwir, 91.4. LiccniM, diggers', 69.71, *7- „ , iqiMttert', 31,61-1, 16. Litmturr, 139, 149, 15*, 155.6. MACARTMtm, John, t3-4, 17, 85. Muquaric, Oovernor, 13, »4.7, »9» SO* SJ. J7t 40, 49> 7«. »5' 144. Macquarie Harbour, 37. Macquarie Rlrer, s6, 35, 67.8. MaUyila, 3, 6, 106, 133, 138, 140. Maoris, the, 47.58, 81, iij.io, 137-40. Mandcn, Samuel, 13, tj, 48.50, >39- Martin, Sir J., 6s, 98. M'Culloch, Sir J., los, 109 M'Uwraith, Sir T., 107, 109. MelanesU, 108, 133, 138, 140. Mdboume, 38.9, 65-6, 68.71,79, 86, 95, 104, 110, ist, 1x8.9, 151-3. Mining (In N.8.W.), 47, 68, 7«, 103 ; (In Vic), 68-71, 103 ; (tn QO. 10I-9; (In 8.A.> 47. «07; On W.A.), iio-i ; (in Tai.). 105; (in N.Z.), 118, ISI. MitcheU, SirT., 33, 36-7, 85, 93. Moreton Bay (and district), 33.4, 39. 65, 79, 86, 95-6, 109. Murray River, s, 36, 45-6, 7».3, 9», 104, iss. NiuoN, 54, 81. New Caledonia, 1x3-4, 1x7, 130. NewGuinea,4, 5, 7,1x3-4,127,138. New Hebrides, 5, 1x3, 130, 140. New Holland, 6.8, 11, 14. New Sooth Wake, 11, ix, 14. 36^ 39. 40. 43< 45> 49* Ss. 59-»9. 7X-9X, 96-101, 103.4, txi-t, IS4, 1x8.30, IAI-3, 150. New South Wake Corps, xi-4, »6, 144. New Zealand, 6-8, 15, xt, 40, 44, 47-58, 76.7, 80.84, IIX-IXS, ."7.J3'.. »37-9- nd Cc 57-8. New Znland Company, 51-4, *' Nineteen Counties," the (/w atf '• Twenty Counties % X9, 36. Norfolk Island, 15, 17, 6x, 74, „'43. »50 North Australia, 3, xi, 9X, 107, ixx, 133. Northern Territory, the, 96.7, 107, 141. Otaoo, 58, 81, ti8. Overland Telegraph-line, the, 94, 106-7, "O Oxley, John, x6, s8, 33-6 Pakinotom, Sir J., 66, 74. Parkes. Sir Henry . 98, 101, 1x3-4, 1x7-1. ^ Perth, 41.Z, 9X, 109-10. Phillip, OoTemor, 13-16, i8,xi-s, «43- Port Arthur, 37, 143, 150. Port Curtis, 6x, 96. Port Darwin, 7, 91, 94, 106-7. Port Macquarie, x6, 19, 33, 85. Port Phillip (and district), x8, 35, 38-9. «». 6s-«, 79. ?«. 95- Portuguese, the, 4, 5. QoBMstAMD {tee ats» Moreton B*y), 3. 34. 76-7. «'-4. M. 96-7, 106-9, >". i»4» i»«-SO, »33. «3<. »4o. »4S. «5S- 164 INDEX RoM,GoTenior,4o,67,8|. , Rob«rt«,„,sjrJ.,,,,5|, ,0,. Rockhamptoo, 95, 109, 153. Jf***» '*3» »*7. ijo, 138. Selwyn. Bliliop, 5^8. Sbortland, Lieutenant, 40, img m* now ready : — AN INTRODUCIilON TO SCIENCE. ?L°' ^"'^f^J^"^'^' *••»*«' of Dining CaUege, Cans- bridge, late Vlce-CbanceUor of the Universft» A HISTORY OF POLITICS. By Profeswr E Jww. M.A., Reader in Uw to the University of Oxford, bbc ETHMOLOGY. RO»S£''ms?(5J^''' ^""*^ "^ Ethaologlcal Mmmhi, Vitnn.. By Dr Juuus IU«b. DANTE. T.iE%''«^oSrs?-?iitEiiss[st."c°H,s*cS" *"•"'•■' By HiNRT SwuT, MA. THE GREEK DRAMA. By Lionel D. Barnztt, MA. THE HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA. By W. Basil Worsfolo, M.A. THE CIVILISATION OF INDIA. By RommhC. Dutt, M.A., Ucturer at University College THE HUMAN FRAME AND THE LAWS OF SttALTH. B)r Drs Rohahn »ad SmcRf Profnwri te dM Univenity ot JUDGMENT IN LITiaATURE. By W. Bmil Wounu, M.A. THE CIVILISATIOM IW THE EAST. By Dr Hommil. GREEK HISTORY. By Profewor H. Swoboda, Ph.D. MODERN CHEMISTRY : Theoretical and SMtematic. t VoU. By Profe*M>r Rammt, F.R.S. PLANTS : Their Stnicture and Life. By Dr Dbnnbkt. GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY. By Dr R STtuDuia INTERNATIONAL LAW. By P. E. S«uTH, M.A., B.C.L. THE CHILD: His Nature and Nurture. By W. B. Drummom>» M.B., CM., M.R C.P.E. ThtfMwi'mg are inprtpara^wt .• — PRIMITIVE MAN. By Dr liaaNu, Curator of the Natural l^atory Muaeui^ Vienna. ' CHARLES THE GREAT By E. J. Mathkw. FIRST AID TO THE INJURED. By Dr Dunkwatbr. THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION. •v the Rt. Moo. LaoNASo CouaTNar, M.P. TFK MAKING OF ENGLISH. mui^^ „B»AW*». Joint-Editor of the " New B^i^ AN INTRODUCTION TO SHAKESI>«ARE. By Ukabl GoLLAHca. THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Till G»oaoB R. Paskiii, G.C.M.G. EDUCATION. By Foster Watsom, M.A., Master of Method, Uair. CoU . Aberystwyth. ' BRITAIN'S NAVAL HISTORY. ^M^J^L^ Lai GHTON, Prof, of Modem HUtonrfai King's CoU«m MEDfiBVAL FRENCH LITERATURE ^-^^S* By M. Gaston Paku. THE HISTORY OF WALES. By Professor bwAUa. ALTH. tnitj ot tVoU. ateuiB, i^»h CoU., >Uege: