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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmad at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure ara filmad baginning in the upper left hend corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Lea cartas, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent etre filmAs A des taux da reduction diffirents. Lorsqua la document est trop grand pour iUB reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmA d partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche i droite. et de haut an bas, en prenant le nombre d'imagas nAcessaire. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1^. -"TT^S iP^^*HISIIIpi - ^5 GEOLOGICAL SUHVKV OF CxVNxVDA HiJUKHT HELL, M.I>,D.«c. rCASTAH). LL.D., F.R S. MINERAL Ui:sol IICES OF CANADA INKUSOHTAL EAKTII R-p'-hlt vf Artnl- it, .|. ,.,-;/■ /.Vyi,,./ ,,t' .V,7y.,,. r.r" J/i/'-'i /"/■ /.'*•/.' /■■nf s. r,,/ .vr OTTAWA I'KINTi;i» liV S K. I>\W>()N, I>KI.\iKK TO THK KINU'.S MOST K\(KI,I,KNT MAIK>TY 1904 :«io 857 ''■^mm ^imm ^ ^ f m ' mmMftmmm ' mmm.m^ m (iKor.o'.iCAL Survey of Canaha, Ottawa. To I>r, HuHKiiT Rkli., I.L.l),, F.R S., Ac, Actiof,; !>irector. Siii:— The foil.iwing pamphlet (ieaiin« with Canft^lmn infusorial eurth, is reprinted from the Annual Ifeport of the Mines Section for 1902, (onstituting Part s. Vol. XV, N.S, of the Annual Kepuit of the ti.oloi,'ioal S\itvey I>epartinent. Pursuant to a policy guRgeHted soini- years aijo and now larried out with your permission, this rep>»iii« v.iy iiui.li "I'T.. cl.'t»! pr. M'ritiiiciil .if tlw Bul'i.'.t liiit \>fvn pr.juiml ut my i..iii.>>t liy Mr. Tlif... IViii-., It.Siv liit'iiv.iiiil .-i. ill, uUx known uii.lfi- ilu' viiiimis nani.'s ..t trip litf, trip..!!, (li.it'iMiii'MMiuH parth, kii's.'luulir, .-t.-., is n puUtTulfiit siliii..UH iiiiit.rial, whitf wlii'ii piirf, l.ut liiivitii,' oft.'ei ii lir.iwiii-li disci. .iirati..n. It is il.Tiv.-.j fn.m llio siiii'i.iu-- iiliflls of diiil.mi-^. The imtti-riiil It nir.'ly pill'.', Imt UNi. illy iiiiK«f ili.- l.i\v.-.t and -iiiipl.^t f.ii iiHof vt^etahle life. They have heaiitifiilly •.ciilpliir..! very minute ilicious >(lielN .t ^kel.'t.ms, calle.l fru.-.tuliM, which ar.- favourit.' nuIi). ctH of stu.ly with iiiicroscopi»t«. I haloniH exi>t in all partH .'f the worlii in immense numlier-. at the li.ittoin of the •."•a anil of fn.sh water, and are aNo found attached to the suhmer^e.! parts of .upiatic plants etc., and amoni{ iii..,*es and in other damp locnlitien. There ar.- mniiy ;;eneni, aii.l the numU'r of known sp.'cies exceeds I,rii.l0. They vary iireatiy in the form aii.i iiiarkin;;s ..f the valves which are often e\.|iii-itcly gcuplture.l, forinini; beautiful ob|ccts under the microscope and t -tinj; its highest powers. Ir. some spe.ies the lines are found to e.juai I'J.'),- 000 to the inch. Kxtensive t.issil deposits of the silicious remains of diatomaceae occur in various localities, as at Hilin in Bohemia, .ind in Virginia, Nevada and California. They are soinetimes used as p..lishini,' portdi'r. Thi'y are abundant in guano. Diatomaceous earth is very porous, the specitic gravity l.eing O.-") to O.30, owing to the numerous interstitial spaces and air cavities l>et ween the spicules and shells ami within the latter, giving lightness and great absorlient power. The uses to which diatomaceous earth is put are very varied and are pijbably capable of greater extension. Formerly, it was widely use.i in the manufacture of dynamite as an absorbent of the nitro-glycerine, ii I...1 Ann- " M>1KI K.ir'ti, '3 1 ^ ,.r.oi..Haru «. V or cA-^nx 1 , ll,.. ..xlillt 111 f">>l" ;:.i^.-.i— '''''• rTt: i--'-''^ u> ■'»-y un '^'•"'•^'■' ■■?■''''' :1 UM .i-' •• J.iv I ••. ^ ■>-;'"'; ''"■'■;;';, l,,...*..i, .•...■.i.nao'-.u. -"'••••■>^ 'v"'1; :::,":-.•.--' * ■••■' ^''•^''''■''"''"':; ! ^...•.•t..i.»U.-i.• ^ » 5 I M'lliii" ' I..".- ..,,,1 ,,i/,.Mi' 1 „ T I ■' 1 ;•■ •xl " i> ?• »■■ .... - . ,-, ." K ' - I ;;i •-• '.'■: ■••'I - " :; , , " ■-"' •^'- i lit 1 '••■' -'^'. ■ ■. , X lit ;tcj*. 1 Ititi t(<) ■''* '.1. .■.f V 1 Vll +ln. l".linill"'""l' '"' ""'■' .^•,„„,l,..MMH..,.Mu.lu-•^^ \..l. Ml .,'..:„„. ,„..,.. o,.l..... -.1 ceoU» ...rth. to . onuuercl "-• -" ^^„,,, Ll H- .-uUs *e... ;.,,,icati,... n.ay not .n -- ^-^ ^..iuUl no, 1 ut of ,,1-" 1-e. » -l^-*""'"" '■" :" ;; , ,..exa,nina.ion of which ,ue h.e ^iven, ..Th.<.mple.th. results .^ ;,"hlio Seltlem...... Kin^s o.unty, ,..„... f,.om PoU.-t Kiv..r lake >-''■"; ,, j.,,, U -K-our. in Ke. nru,.wioU, an,. ."^^^ ^^ , ;.:: U i. s,a,e.i.h..in, .l>ou. ..on-i.lerU.le .luantuy ." t>"^ l''"*' ' • r' tio\ or MiNr,« fitur fwt (lepji iiii'i rri»'ii!y .ilit»iii»liil.lr.i «ii iMi'hy i li ilk it i» vfi y liii' ;i iiu.- I but li»r«li 111 tl'" f.'«'l , i.lliiMM !■> ill" l.iiiKUi- 111 culuur !■> Iijjlit uri-yi'li while lli-niiMt III .1 1 In-Ill iiilx-.it iit»iiiiii"< « liiu knn-y inlour, ilm* 111 lliH iH[ii»ri»tliill lit iitllmli unit K'*'"-" 'ill 'HI «liUI|i|illli<' lil' ,l snliirwllill niiiiniiiiiiK I. Ii^jlil lim«iii'
  • t.iih or ^ikIii, till' nili' .t ti-miily |iiki»M"4 into -nluliuii le;ivin}( II iinnll .iiiiniiiit ut' inonliibli* ri">iilu<', \«liiin. Iiai a iiglit ii'ilili«li litinvii r.ijiiur Tin- iii'»iiliif ijiailiiy lulwiiiet from til*- iiiluiiDii Tlii- l.iiti-i, if tin- inattTial Iium liwii irnuleil Iwfurt" if(nition, lm« a liiowiii-.li yeiiuw colour . if aftrr iuiiitiof. anil coii»e ijupiitly mIk'ii tife troiii orjjiiiiiv matter, tho inlution i* ooli)UrU'»->. " Tills siuiipli' liail lii-i-n Wi'pt in tlin ilry utiiio-plifri' of tlie lalKirii»'iry fur a |in;!tliiii(il (icrio'l, in I wat r('i{urile. .ii« 'tiyinK i.\fr -iil(>hiii-i'.' aiid , . *> .V-ft I'.t. L'.-* nil li.Miti'fii to thut t>f 'I) Mil .liymrf AT 1"»> <" . Ml a eiiiifnt >>i |"irt- ^ii'i liiy livdnn:' n . 3 M:* (r.) Ixi-^-t nil ftiliJiTioii ti. that I'f ti aii'i '•) "ii i^ittinn lan-i aft*T ct'iTHctHiii f'lr cailximc acui) ;* SU Tutal 13 ;i-ji GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OK CANADA AaaAsivE Matrrialm. Infuwrml K»rth. It » 8 ..The air-dried material left, on treatment with -^ ^-''-^^^'.^ih. caurpotash.71.94 per cent, insoluble res.due of a hght red.l.h brown colour (after ignition). , L ;„ v»ln« of this infusorial earth, it may t)e " As regards the economic value ot tins miu „„i,„,,„i. no .. to cititute an ^-^^.^^r^i:.:' ;:tr^':n; experiments hav«l.eenma.le to deterimne |^^ ,;„„ of reasonably be expecte ,,.ansoftlH-ft.rn,.rt,.10..ftt...laU.-r 4 Of a mixture of infu-.r.al HHrtti an.t l.n.e -. .r. ,«,.,s,.ftl,.-ft.n.,ert..l..ftli..latt,r -, of u ...uttTi. ..f inf.m.rial .-artl, an.l 1m„.- ; .W ,,art> of tl..- former f. 2 "f tlu- latter. .■ The infusorial earth an.l clay were in an air dried condition ; the lim. 1 he iniusoriai e amount of dr ed material and "^ ''-''' 'T'7:fjJ^^^'^^^^^-- in all instances the *"" TSnil weTa ...ulded of exactly the same si., and mea- :::, :T:^tL^, .. nim. m breath, and 15 mm. in thicVness. SECTION OF MINKS 9 " A small hand press was used in the moulding ; the pressure employed Abha^ivk however, was not K'reat. and did not very much exceed that which ^'*^^'*'-'^- might have been obtained by hand. The freshly moulded bricks having 'l'f"*""'»' been exposetl to a dry atinoxphere until they had parted with the greater part of" their moisture, were next dried at a temperature of 100 C, after which they were inserted in covereetween the tingers without the slii;htest inconvenience whilst the other end was heated to redness in the blast lamp. " Coiitrar/ioii. — The linear contraction (for the temperature and dura- tion of firing afore-specified) amounted to, in the case of test brick. ( It fyft riiiit lit 1 . '■I S7 I^TicUtnf tllf i.ri^'ilial llliiulcliil >i/.H 11 18 u IS it 20 7 S!» " From this it will be seen that the contraction was most marked in those bricks containing an admixture of clay, and least so in those containing an admixture of lime. Matkbi.m.!- Infiisiirial Kartli. IQ OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA ..Co/o«r.-Tl.e bricks previous to firing were f ^^'fy:^^^;^ After tir.ng those of experiments 1. 2 an,l 3 were of ^-^^^^^ colour, externally and internally. Those ot -'^;''''''''\\^"'l^J"Z perfeolly white •.■-this is in accordance with the fact that - P -- of the alkaline oar.hs in ferruginous clays, espec^a ly of 1 «e -d „.agnesia, has a singular bleaching power in the k.ln. --t °, J^ de ' lopn>ent of the bright red colour. It ha. l>een found tha .marl ' containin.' six per cent of ferric oxide and thirty-five per cent of car^ bonrotMhne'burned of a greyish-buff, instead of tU, r.ch red such a proportion of iron would otherwise have propare As compared with that of a comn>on brick.-The |--'' -J--^ J inches in le.^th. 3^ inches in breadth and 2i .nches .n thtckness and weighed 4 pounds 15 ouncs. .. In like manner it was here found that a brick of these dimensions made under the san.c con.lttions and from .uater.al smnlar to that from which the test brick,— Of ,.x,..mK.-ui 1 «a< |.r,-i.ar.a. woul.l «.-.al. 2 H'^ HI .". ■ 14 -1 \-> 4 li ;• ' The known deposits of importance of diatomaceous earth in Canada are so far confined to the maritime provinces of Nova Scotta a.td New SECTION OF MINKS 11 Prunswuk. Deposits of this material are known in otht-r provinces, Ahkasivr but the ocourrences do not seem to he of economic importance. " ' *"■-"'■*'*'*• liifu.4orial Following,' is an annotateil list of deposits, compiled from various J'-''"''- source-i, l)ut niainlv frum the reports of the (jeological Survey of Ciiiiadii : — XovA Scotia. C'ln.h.-vhuul larxe>t vet known in Nova Scotia It occupies the l)ed and shoiws of i'oiiy lake, on the Intercolonial railway, at its passage ovei tiie Cobciiuid -Mountains. Tiie lake lias an area of over L'OO acre.s, two- thirds of wliich are probably covered witii this deposit. Its surface is 600 feet above sea level. The deposit has Wn worked to a small extent lor the manufacture of pf)lishing material and for use as a non- conductor of heat. Cnmlrrliind Conntij. — Fountain Lake. — A valuable dejKisit of tripo- lite has been found at this place by .Mr. David (irant. It occupies the bed of Fountain lake, on the road to River Philip, West Chester mountains. It is of remarkable purity and the lake is said to l)e easy to drain. It is eight miles disUnt from Minas basin at Port au Pic, and about the same distance from the Intercolonial railway. The deposit i.s worked to a small extent. ('<>h"/Hicl Afi>uii>aui.t Rf'jion. — Other deposits of less extent occur in the numerous lakes of this region. Pktoii <'o!Oi/y. — Upper Harney Hiver.— In 18.S6, four tons of infusorial earth were shipjieil from a deposit at Alex. .Sutherland's, in a marsh. The extent of the deposit is not known. The marsh is ."lO yards wide and of indefinite length. The deposit of tripolite is two feet thick, and is immediately under the sod. Vap:^ Breton. — Englishtown.— St. Anns. — A deposit of infusorial earth, said to lie of excellent (juality, has been largely dug bv Mr. F. Torrence. The dejiosit is in a small lake behind the village. Inveriifsa Coitnly. ~Ri\t-r Dennys.— A deposit at this place has had a certain amount of work done on it. Cumberland C'liinti/.—'Se&v Castlereagh.— A large deposit of infusorial earth oicurs in liass River Lake. This lake has been drained for the purpose of working the deposit of tripolite. Nma .Soutia. u Matebial.". InfuMjrial Earth. Ni,>aSc.itia, j2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA . r. . 'it \nn8-For several years an important Victoria Connhj.—St. Anns, tor , . ^ yt. Anns. Oth. place, at which only P^eU.ina^ oWr^Uon^ave been „,ade and reporte:clo» County.— yi'ck^y ^"■'^^■ r.laik Hrook lake. Uartlen of Eden lake, lirant lake. Mcl>'an lake. Ciilder lake. Forbes lake. Ben lake. Toney lake. Colchester Cou„(-/.-Mackintosh lake. Earltown lake. Cully lake. JIaliJay C.-^'./y.-^'-raiul lake. Dartmouth lake. These two lakes supply the city of Halifax with water. Ki„y's C'o«,i/i/.-Kemptlake. llrun^wii k. N'fw BuuN!<\vick. Lge occurrences would reward caretul sea.ch. ^ , PoUet Kiver lake, Mechanic Settlement.- Ih.s above. , D, .„t r ake —This is situateut 0!ie fo )t in thickness, is of a light gray colour ; on drying it befi);iies perfectly white. Relow thi. stratum the colour is red.lish-l)rown when fresh, and gray when dry. :hi9 her rhis four d in iven DUth- 'A> its QlKllKC. In the Province of Quebec the deposits of infusoria! earth are neither as extensive nor as numerous as in the maritime provinces. The deposits knjwn have not so far boeu examined very closely as to their eu;oin;uic value, liut s)m? lu ly on further investigation prove important Afon/iiiorency County. — Laval Settlement, Uange IF, Lot 20. — At this place a deposit of infusorial earth occurs, which appears to be exten-ive. It is found on the right bank of the Bra» at its junction with the Montmorency. — The bed is lo feet thick : is at a height of 40 feet above the river, and is co ered by fifty feet of overburden. In colour it is partly yellowish and partly giay. • Poi-tnf.nf C'lKii///.— (iosford Township, Uange IX. A deposit is known on the east side if the north branch of St. Ann River. This is half an acre in area, four feet thick : the colour of the infusorial earth is a lead gray. Maskiiinugi' t'oimty. — St. .lustin. Concession Trompe Souris. — In a sand bunk which is sixty to severity feet high, small iiuantities of in- fusorial earth are found a few feet Vjelow the surface. Montcalm County. — Cli' rtsey Township, Uange V, Lot 15. A small deposit i/f infusorial earth occurs on this lot in the bottom of a marshy bay of I.Ake Michel. It has an area of three to four acres and a thick- ness of eighteen inches. Other ilei)osits are known to occur in the neighborhood of Shawe negan, also on lot 60 of Stonehain, county of Quebec, and another in the valley of the IVtawawa rivei'. In < ntario, a few deposit; of infusorial earth are kn >wn, out they are uninip irtant, being small and out of the way. (^'iftt«^i. u GE0L0..1CAL BURVtV OK CANADA Abka»ivk MATmlALH. IntuwiriiJ Kitrth. Briti»h BBITlgH-CoLl'MBlA. H.a,l Of Loon .a... -T.t.nor Plateau of ^^;^-,^ taken Irom it wa. examined ^ ". '^ " clowlv compacted and survey who described it as ...ng ; ^ ^^J^ ^^Ld rou«h to the tough, with a c..ar.e, ^;' ^^^/J;'''^^^^^^^^^^ ,g,, Ldish. Some .liden fee, adheres .tron«ly t.. the tongue . ^^^S^^^ ^^^. ^^^ ^_^^^, ^^ ^^ of this n..ter.al ^1>ow.h. ^^^^^._^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ fru„.les of ''''''°™";-'^'"...^^-,- Cache creek for making tobacco by tne Indians in the vicinity of Lactie pipes. . D RT The occurrence of a diatomaceous earth in Blachrater Rnfr. fi.C , — ine occurr . 1 1 RlunVwater river, lUSt above tne ormj,r of Canada, 187570, j.. 2.>i>. ■ „ J.- PC \ deposit of infusorial earth is reported to „::::.£':;.'*.' ."« .■- "- ■•«""' *-'» ^'"^ IM<..i.i<-ri..s ..f- Tuiroi.iiK. C';.'i. ii'lar Y' Ton». Value. valued at St. ed sew -ates. The operators are :-.- •■-• - • ^ ^ ^^ York operating under lea^e the property at St Anns ow y Victl a'^npolite Company, of North Sydney, Cape Breton. The FossirPiour Company. New York, operating at Bass river Ik. f thp Fov'^il Flour Company to operate their plant tBrr:" "--reason only, ani usually only^a ^rtion of Is^^m L^ 'i-'"« ^^'^ ,ear of operation, the shipments being continued during the year ' allowing. TABLE OF CONTENTS. I<*'ttir ..f tiiini'iiiittal Coin|N.»iticin ami iimi-x nf iiifwnriiil ■•arth Anal\~.-!« ijf iiifu^.iriiil e.irth« . . Ex|x'rini>-ntH nti ciiiiini^rciul iwe^ . I)vi«.sit» (if iiifu.s..riiil I'ivrth in C!in;«la. . . I)*-!*!*!!" of Nciva Scotia Ilt-pmitK cif New liriiiiswuk <)cciirr»-iic«'8 iti I'rnviiK'e uf (^ufliec ()ccurreiic<-K in British O'liinitiu; I'wKiuctu.n cf Tniwlit'- Pa. K. ■.i 5 t) 6 11 11 1J 13 14 14