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Un des symholes suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symboie — ♦► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbofe V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner,, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The fo?'owing diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds 6 des taux de rdduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 6tre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de i'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 'j>:n BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Vol. 2, pp. 529-540, PLS. 21, 22 CARBONIFEiiOUS FOSSIT.S FROM NEWFOUNDLAND BY SIR J. WILLIAM DAWSON, F. R. S., ETC ROCHESTER PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY May, 1891 I BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Vol. 2, pp. 529-540, PlS. 21,22. MaV 27, 1891 CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS FROM NEWFOUNDLAND. BY SIU J. WII-MAM DAWSON, P. li. S., ETC. {RpMil hrjore the Society December .31) 1890.) CONTENTS. Page. Introductory Note 529 New or remarkable Fossil Plnnts 530 Gymnospormea) 630 Lopidodondreio -- 682 Annotuted List ol well-known Plants j. 530 llomarks on tlie Coal Formation of Newfoundland 638 Introductory Notk. • The plants referred to in this paper arc in part specimens submitted to me some years ago by the hite Alexander Murray, F. G. S., Director of the Geological Survey of Newfoundland; in part specimens presented to me some time subsequently by Mr. P. Patersou, of Quebec; but principally fossils from recent collections by James P. Howley, F. G. S., now Di- rector of the Newfoundland survey. They are mostly of familiar forms, characteristic of the coal formation as it exists in Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, and especially of the lower and middle portions of it. A few are new, and some others raise intere.'^ting general questions. None of them seem referable to the lower Carboniferous or Horton series or to the upper Coal formation or Permo-Carboniferous. The strata in which they occur are similar to those of the coal formation of Cape Breton, and according to Mr. Howley contain several productive beds of coal. The Carboniferous of St. George's bay, in western Newfoundland, may be regarded as the northeastern outcrop of the beds which dip under the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in eastern and northern Cape Breton ; and it is likely that large areas of Coal Measures ^xist under the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the intervening sj)ace. As exhibited in St. George's bay, the Carboniferous rocks include conglomerates, sandstones, green and red shales, with bands of limestone and dolomite, and beds or masses of gypsum, LXXVIII— Bum.. GKor,. Soc. Am., Vol. 2, 1890. (529) 5.30 sill ,T. W. bAWSOX— Kossirs FKOM NKWFOIM.I.A NI). uhovo wl.ich occur «an,l.stonos an.l .sl.alcs roprosontinf; ti.e MillsU.nc grit and coal iormatiou, and holding the workable .seams of c.al In colleoii..n.s from the lower Carboniferous limestone, ma.le by Dr. Robert IJeJ and Mr. I aterson, I recognized eleven species previously recorded from the lower Carboniferous of Nova Scotia, and two new species, ^ert^lltes murray^^n,\ M,eroch.ilns tcrrnnovicus. These were .ieseribcd in the report ot the J eter Jledpath museum for 1883. The fjssil plants are of interest as exten.ling the flora of the Nova Scotia coal helds a httle iurther toward the northeast, and as in.licating the ve^^e- tat.on of the parts of the island oi' Newfoundland then above water, and which constitute the neaivst portion of known Carboniferous land in America to the great coal fields of southern Wales and of England. I shall begin with the description and discussion of certain plants which raise new points, or are new species, and shall then give a list of the better known species with their localities elsewhere. Nkw or remarkaclk Fossil Plants. oymnospkrme.t;. In the original collection sent by Mr. Murray there was a fragment of calcified wood uiving its tissues much disintegrated bv .ervstalli.ation, so hat in longitudinal sections the woody fibers appeared as in-egular tortuous tubes, reminding one of those of the Devonian Ncmatoxylon: On treatin-r Iragments with hydrochloric acid, however, it was possible to see that the wood fibers ha.l two to three rows of bordered ,)ores, and that there were simple^niedullary rays. I therefore considered the wood to be probably thator Dndo.njh, matenarlum, so common in the coal formation of Nova bcotia. In Mr. Howdey's collection there is a hirge fragment of a trunk in a much better state of preservation, aii upper ooa i.>nuatio,i and Permian, where it is associated «ith leafy branches of nafrua in such a manner as to render it probable or certain that it is the wood of that genus. I may remark here that I prefer the name DacUryfon to the m-,re recent Araucarto.r^lon, as the latter implies a false theory "of the affinities of the wood; and that I do not regard the criteria of structures of fossil woods as sufheient to establish good species. They vary much in different states of preservation and in stems of different ages, and the differences of the mere woody structure ,n fossil woods of different s,,ecies are too niniite to be in- lilSTINXTION P.KTUKKN (OltOAITICS AND UADUXYLON. 531 t;illil)l\' asciTtaiiiod. For tliis reason it oftoii happens tliat the same wood in (lillerent .states receives dillerenl names, and tiiat the woods of different species are confounded under one name. As an example of the latter case, m while it seems certain that the wood properly called Diidoxy/oii has helonged • to Wtili-hid, yet there are two or three species of Wnlchii in the upper Carboniferous of Nova Scotia aiid Prince Edward island, and 1 have not been able, after examinin;.j great numbers of slices, to ascertain a similar specific distinction in the woods showing structure. .^[r. Ilov.ley's collection also contains a small stem, about two inches in diameter, showing a very distinct radiating woody structure, with indications 1 f uncertain synonymy. My Newlbundlan 1 collections contain at least one species which shows the character of the old stem, the branches and the leaves, and which besides belongs to a type of great interest in its relation to other lepi.lodendra. It may be described as follows : I ■) ■I 1 LEPIOODKNDRON MURRAYANUM,* SI'. SOV. (Figures 1, 2 iuicl 3, pliito 20.) The old stem (figures 2 and .'J); surfa-^e immediately below the thin epi- dermis has pronounced elongate elliptical leaf-bases, .'> cm. long and 8 mm. broad, running into each other vertically l)y a narrow isthmus, so as to give from some points of view the aj)pearance of interrupted ribs. The leaf- bases and borders are striate longitudimiUy, and have on the lower jiart some transverse wrinkles. The leaf-scar is sub-central but nearer the toj) of the leaf-base, ovate temling to rhond)ic, in the natural state inclined strongly inward or prominent at the lower edge. Vascular scars crowded in the cen- ter of the leaf-scar; the two outer meet below in a hi[)pocrepian form with the cent;'al scar in the middle This stem has probably been six inches or more in diameter, and has an impression of the axis in the interior. Th-, axis is longitudinally striate and oidy i of an inch in diameter. • In MS. notes .sent to the late Mr. .Murray tlie name iSiijUlariuidcs was proposed, but this I have foun-i to be proocoupieci. |)i;S('l!ll'Tl(>\ ni' I.KIMDODKNDUON MUHUAYANTM. 533 Leafy hranclioH (fi>,Mire8 1* and .">); tliitikisli, with leaf-bases Hhortcr and hrouder, being about 8 mm. long and 4 mm. l,road, but simihirly marked. Leaf HcarH rounded, rhombic, with tlie vascuhir sears ch)se togetlier. Leaves ai)out 2 mm. wide atid throe inehi-n or more in length. Some of thesii leaves aresutKeiently preserved to show iinde'-the microscope the sealariform vessels of the midrib in a pyriti/ed state. Loose leaves, probably of the same species, are straight, pointed, and three to four inches in length. Tile fruit has not been seen, though there are in the beds certain llattened lepitlostrol)! which have been long and eylindrical, and also two forms of the genus fjepUlophyf/nm of the types of L. tviangulare and L. lumeolatum of authors. Some of thes6 nniy have belonged to the present species. In the coal formation of Nova'Hcotia there is a S])ecie8 which I have de- scribeil as L. cUj'ioneii'^e (figures 4 to 8, plates 21 and 22) fronj its localitj.f and of which I have found very perfect specimens. It is in soine respects so near to the above that 1 have doubted its specihc distinctness, though on careful comparison there seem sufficient grounds for a difterence of name. I therefore figure this species also, more especially as it has not before been figured and as it shows the fruit and habit of growth. It will be observed that this species agrees with the last in tlie forms of the leaf-bases and in the length of the leaves, which are, however, wider and sometimes as much as five inches in length, while the leaf-bases are trans- versely furrowed above as well as below the scars. The leaf-bases also are somewhat ditferent in shape and more spirally arranged, v '< .es are \{)i\^(ir in L.cHftoiiense. Additional specimenri mij,ht, how lem to be varieties of one species. The foliage reminds one at fi 't of L. l()Hf/!fo!iiim of Sternberg, but both leaves and scars are i "nt in detail. I would remark here that the leafy branches in figure 8 ( pla., lot a " restoratioi'," but taken from a sketch in my note-book of a specimt;.! ex- posed on a large slab of sandstone. It is the more necessary to remark this as several European paleol)()r,anists have borrowed similar figures from my papers without acknowledgemnt, and nave jirinted them as " restora- tions." It may aldo be remarked that though the leaf-bases of L. vUftonensG are smaller in the older part of the stem than those of L. inurndjiiinun, this difierence may be more apparent than real, since the specimcM of the latter may be from the main trunk, and that of the former from one of the larger branches onl). These plants raise several interesting points in i'(_;ard to the lepidodendra. As I have elsewhere pointed ont,| the growth in diameter of stems of lepido- * Piguro 1 is iinforliinately inverted in the plato. tfJeoloKiciil History of I'lunts, 188S, p. 1(14. t Ibid, p. 102; also Acadian Geology, 1878, p. 452. I 534 r nkwi'ihndi.am). (leiidrii took pliicc in three (lirtL-rent ways; In mmw, lis in A. Ulcrnlicujl, tlie 1)11) K retains itn vitality in hucIi a numn'jr tlnit tiie leaf-ltases in(T(uwe in size anil tlo not l)ec()ine . separated from each other. In otliers, as in L. nilthvU in'utniim M\i\ L. pictocn/^e, thv leaf-hases remain .small and the intervenin),' hark heeonies torn in Htri|w, leaving' wide gas!i(!.s without any scars. An in- termediate typv! is that whieh we have in //. rlnwuum and L. cornufittiuii, in whiel. ihescarrf inerea.se only sli^ditly in si/e and then heeoine .se|iarated hy rini.s of .siijrhtly wrinkled hnrk. It would appear, from the oh.servations of \Villiam,son and othens, that the first condition appertains to those Lepido- d"ndra that possess only a very .slight development .»f the woody axis, while tiie second oijcnrs in tho.se species hi winch the woody zone hecome.s thick and strong. The two species nhove referred to evidently helong to the first category; and, as the st( nis found are not Iarg(>, still older stems wonld prohahly show larger leaf-l)a,ses. Such species of lepidodendra approach nearer than others to the genus L,'p!dopldolon in Mie expansion of the old leaf-bases and the snnill development of the woody axis; an( - is interesting to notice that they also resemltle them in the great length of the lenves and the thickness of the hranehes. The lej)idoilendr.i who.se hraneheseiid in s'eiiderspravsare usimllv, if not always, tho.se in whieh the woody a.xis is large an'l tho hark of the old stems torn and wrinkled. I may add that these differences are most important in the discrimination of species of the genus LeitUhnhndnin hy the markings on the stems, though they have been too often overlooked. Another noteworthy point is the manner in which the fruit of 7y. rZ/Jifou- eit^e is home on slender branchlets with few anplili)i<>>{. Fn some species, especially of the latter genus, these scars are seen fn^m their form to represent sessile cones, usually of large size; !)i:t in other cashes they are merely roun-l marks, as if indicating the insertion of l)ranches or buds. The little fertile branchlets of L. cUffoneiisc, which would probably die after the maturity of the fruit, would leave such scar.-', and may prol»ably account for sonie of the less intelligii)le of them. If now we compare our two species above described with others foun«ITS Ol' I.I.PMionr.NDUON AMI SK-II.I.AIM A. nn.") i utriirtiiro ; Imt, tlioii^'li soiiif of < lie lOrian or I h-viniiiiii species arc imilmldy of tliixtyin". in tlic Inv.'rCuilxiiiili'roUM, w'sorc the K ,titlo(li'inira liist Ix'caine iin- jH)itaiit, the Hpeeies witli '"ut'-WuMes H.epuruted by wrinkled l)arl\ or l)y exfmn- sisely. The same plant is figure, by Ivcnault.f The leaf-bases of the Newfoundland species have also some resemblance to those of /r. (icit/enlum, Sternberg, but dirter in detail. Another interesting (piest ion rises hei'e as to the limits o? Lejiidodendnm-AinX Sigillaria, as duternnned by their surface markings. The markings of the hitter have usually been considered as characterized by the leaf-scars being placed in vertical rows and ot'len on continuous prominent ribs, and also by the fact that the lateral vascular soars are mcch larger than the central one ; l)ut in such u case as Lescpiereux's species, //. costnlmn, the confluent leaf- bases in vertical rows have the efieet of ribs, and in a less degree the same remark applies to L. miiriaifinnui. I may add that when one happens to find young stems of Si(j!l/aria not comjjressed, the leaf-bases are seen to pro- ject in the manner of those of Lrpldodendron, and that in some non-ribbed Sigillarids, as in L. clcr/diix, the very young branches h.ave the scars arranged spirally.;!; In connection with thisl may obsefve that San veur§ has described * Vegetiuix lossiles (111 Terrain Ituillier, 18811, pi. xxii. t l.'oius (l(> liiitaiiii]iio l''i)«silp, 18S1, pi. V, tig. 2. t Ac:uliaii (icoldny. 'f*';-, p. U'^. f, Kois.sil Flora uf HcIbIiiiii, 184«, pi. i.vi and i.vm. 530 SIR J. W. DAWSON — FOSSILS PROM XEWFOTTNDLAND. two species of SujiUaria, S. augustata and S, nndulata, \\\uch are scarcely dis- tiuguisliable, so far as the old bark is concerned, from L. vmrrayunum ; and Goldenberg* has tw similar species, S. as^prm and S. coarciata. Golden- berg's two species are by the character of their scars luuiuestionably Sig'dlar'm, bnt S. augudata and S. unchdata of Sauveur, especially the fnrn;er, might well have been lepidodondroid trees very near to L. murrayanum. This, however, could be certainly ascertained only if more complete specimens could be found. On the whole one might infer that as the spiral and lepi- dodendroid characters of Sigdlaria appear most prominently on young branches, the i.iore lej)idodendroid and spiral sigillaria are the lowest in type and the ribbed lepidodendra among the highest of that genus. But such a conclusion must be received as liable to many exceptions. Anngtatki) List of well known Plants. I.El'lDODENDnA. * Lepidodendron pirtvense, Dawsonf. — Specimens imperfectly preserved, but in general aspect and form of the leaves and cones resembling this species, are not infrequent in the Newfoundland shales. I see that my friend, Mr. Kidston, in the British Museum catalogue of fossil plants, refers this species doubtfully to Lepidodendron rimosum. The latter is known to me in Nova Scotia only by the l)ark of mature stems, but this is entirely distinct from similar portions of L. pictoense, in whif-h the leaf-bases remain small but occur in strips closely placed together and separated by dee]) clefts in the bark. In short it be- longs to a type altogether different from that of L. rimonnm. Its nearest Eur- pean allies seem to be L. haidingeri of Ettingsbauscn and L. lympodioldes of Sternberg ; but the latter is now regarded by Kidston % sis identical with L. Sternberg!. Fl LICKS. * Neuroptcrlii rarinervis, Bunbury. *iV. auricidntii, Brongt. (or allied species). '■^ Altehopterls lonchitira, llron^^t. ' '■'• Pecopterls abbreviata, Brongt. * P. orcopteroides, Brongt. (or allied species). ■^' P. (irborcscens, Brongt. This fo.ssil shows rounded impressions of sori on the upper surface of the pinnules. * Planzen versteinpninReii, ls,57, pi. ix. tCHiimiian Nntmalist, vol. viii, ISii:!, p. 431; Acadiftii r.eology, 1S78, p. 4,S7, fii;. l'"". t Urit. :\Iiis. CiiUhigiic, 1S8(1, p. I.'jI. CARnONIFEROUS FOSSILS FROM NKWFOUNDLAND. 537 -1^ Sjihenopteris ( Cheilaidhites)* hoenlnghausi, Brongt. This is the most abun- dant fern in the collection. Several of the specimens show the outer edges of the pinnules strongly reflected in the manner of Adiantum "hen ill fructification. Sphenopteris, sp. A larger broad-lerved species but imperfectly preserved. ■^ Didyopteria, sp. A single pinnule not well preserved. It may be D. obliqita, Bunbury, which is found at Sydney, Cape Breton. Psaroiuiis, sp. A stem about four inches thick, consisting outwardly of numerous aerial roots, and probably the base of the stem of a small tree-fern. CALAMITKS, ETC. ■^ Cdlamites suckovii, Brongt. * C. cistii, Brongt. Some of the specimens, from their cylindrical form, would seem to have been erect. * C. cannivformis (?). Decorticated stem. * Annularia sphenophjlloides, Zenkel. * A. longijolla (?), Brongt. Fragment of stem and branches of Annularia or Aster ophylliles. * Stigma riaficoides. Specimens of large size occur in the collection, and as no spp (mens of Sigillarin are present, these may possibly be roots of Lepidodendron. It would seem likely, however, that sigillarids will be found in this coal field as in others in eastern America, and Mur- ray indeed mentions the occurrence of such trees, though he does not seem to have collected specimens. Perhaps, as often occurs, they were too imperfect to deserve preservation. ANIMAL REMAINS. The only animal remains seen in the collections are specimens of iVaiadte carbonarius and N. elongatus, Spirorbis earbonariiis, and a few ostracoid shells. There are also, in a carbonaceus baud, some coprolites containing bony scales. The species in the above notes marked with an asterisk are all found in the coal fields of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, and especially in the lower beds nearest to the Millstone grit. The collection is small, and some of the more common forms of the coal formation are absent. This is, however, no doubt, accidental, and dependent on the imperfection of the collections, as Mr. Murray in his report of 1873 mentions Sigillaria as seen in the beds. • Calymmatotlwca of Zeiller, LXXIX -Bui, I,. Guoi.. Soo. Am., Vol,. '.', 189(t. 538 SIR J. W. DAWSON — FOSSILS FROM NEWFOUNDLAND. Mr. Howley informs me that next season he hopes to collect more ex- tensively. The specica present cannot be said to show any special conditions of cli- mate or locality, other than the fact that, as in northeastern America gener- ally, the assemblage of species is more accordant with that of western Europe than with that in the coal regions west of the AUeghanies. Remarks on the Coal Formation of Newfoundland. Such details as are known of the structure and distribution of the Car- boniferous system in western Newfoundland will be found in the general re- ])ort on the geology of Newfoundland by Murray and Howley,* and in Mr. Howley's short report of progress for ISSO.f Murray estimates the whole thickness of beds seen by him in 1873 at 6,450 feet, composed as follows in ascending order : a. Coarse conglomerate, with bowlders and pebbles cemented in a greenish sand ; also sandstones and sandy shales (this probably corresponds to the lowest Carboniferous or Hortou series of Nova Scotia) 1,300 feet. b. Gypsum, dark-colored limestone and black shale, argillaceous and marly shale (this is probably the lower division of the Windsor or Gypsiferous or Carboniferous limestone series of Nova Scotia) 150 feet. c. Gray and black limestones with marine organic remains and veins of galena, included in thick beds of variegated marls and sandstones (this is probably the equivalent of the upper part of the Windsor series in Nova Scotia) . . 2,000 feet. d. Brown and reddish sandstones and conglomerates, with green- ish micaceous and arenaceous shales ; carbonized plants (this is the " Millstone grit " series of Nova Scotia) . 2,C00 feet. e. Gray and red sandstones, brown and black shales and clays : abundant remains of plants; beds of coal (this is the lower part of the productive Coal Measures) . . . 1,000 feet. The sequence corresponds very closely in mineral character with that in some parts of Nova Scotia and C^ape Breton, l)ut the development of Coal Measure strata appears comparatively small. Mr. Howley, however, in his later investigations finds that the upper members should be greatly ex- tended, and is now disposed to estimate these upper members at not less than 7,500 feet, which would better accord with the thicker portions of the * London, 18H1, pp. 85 et seq. and 308 et seq. tot. Johns, Newfoundland. CHARACTER OF NEWFOUNDLAND COAL. 539 Nova Scotia coal areas, and would also give a greater probable value to tlie productive Coal Measures. In so far as these are concerned, the quality and distribution of the coal would seem, as miglit he expected, to resemble that in the eastern coal fields of Cape Breton. The beds as yet found appear from Mr. Howley's report to be six in number, ranging from 14 inches to 8 feet in thickness, three of them having over four feet of good coal. The coal is apparently a free-burning bituminous variety, resembling that of the Cape Bretou mines. BULL. 540 SIR J, W. DAWSON — FOSSILS FROM NEWFOUNDLAND. EXPLANATION OF PLATES.* Plate 21 — Fossil Plants from Newfoundland and New Brunswick. Figure 1 — Lepidodendron murrayanum, Dn. Leafy branch (invorted). Figure 2— " " Old stem. Figures — '• " Leaf scars of stem and branch. Figure 4 — Lepidodendron cliflonense, Dn. Leafy branch. Plate 22 — Fossil Plants from New Brunswick. Figure 5 — Lepidodendron cli/ionense. Old stem. Figure 6— " " Leaf scars of stem and branch. Figure 7 — " " Strobile borne on slender stem. Figures— " " Branches, as seen on a bed of sandstone ; re- duced to one-eighteenth natural size. *The titles printed on plates 21 and 22 are imperfect. BULL. CEOL. ^^0C AM vo;.. ': icoo pt. SI I *OSS ENQ. ( BULL.. CEOL 300 AM VOr,. C lap? Pt, 82. Fig 6. FOSSIL PLANTS FROM NEW KOUNDLAND. MOSS ENO CO.. H. Y.