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 1 
 
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 6 
 
*^3H« 
 
 ■I 
 
 HOWARD'S 
 
 ^ V4*'vv-y 
 
 \ « * 
 
 Flf llf ¥llf IL 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 rpi 
 
 A kScioTitili'' Iiiviiitioiiof C]ica|) Construction, 
 
 JjipUrable at Small Cost to all 
 
 % Buiidings, Raiiroad Cars, Passenger Vessels, &c. 
 
 A\n 
 
 A PEKFECT MEANS FCUt THE 
 
 INTllODUCI iON OF PURE FRESH AIR 
 
 ^T^iTiK > » "r uK^vijcj^iirr. 
 
 I 
 
 PATENT "" 1/ 
 
 ST. .lolINS: 
 I'JtlNTKJ) AT THE '' NEWS" BOOK AND JOB PllINTINO OFFICE. 
 
 18 GO. 
 
 »M*tja»»»itofc.'*<i.hLfc!tartriiii»'tMiftiiaMiaiwaBMMriyiwii*»<,<>i<MHiiPM ■ 
 
Orders for the Howard Patent Ventilator, to be ac- 
 companied in all cases with measurement of the place in 
 which it is required to be inserted, should be addressed 
 
 JOHN CONVERSE, 
 
 Drawer 54, P. O., Montreal. 
 
 f 
 
■ 
 
 )e ac- 
 Lce in 
 
 itreal. 
 
 HOWARD'S PATEIT VENTILATOR. 
 
 PART FIEST. 
 
 EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 f 
 
 GENEEAL EEMAEKS. 
 
 The subject of Ventilation is divided by writers on Hygiene into 
 natural and artificial. By the latter ternx is meant some mechanical force 
 or contrivance such as heat, steam, vrater, horse or man power to produce 
 ventilation or air, independent of nature. The Ventilator which bears 
 my name is not a substitute for any of these means, but an arti 
 ficial or mechanical contrivance to make the best use of the air provided 
 us by nature. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to point out the necessity that exists for a 
 constant supply of pure fresh air into Hospitals, Prisons, Schools, Bar- 
 racks, and all public buildings and private houses, more particularly in 
 our cold Canadian winters, when we are obliged not only to resort to ar- 
 Bficial heat, but of necessity to use every means to exclude the cold at- 
 ^Bjspheric air. Who, in going from the fresh air into one of our Public 
 
 op^^yci^ 
 
 

 Establishments in tlie winter timo, has not innnoiliately found n warm 
 apartnient, fillod nith u poisonous atmosphere ? What is trui> of our 
 I)ublic buildings is tMjually true with regard to our private resicU'nci^s. 
 -Every medical man has, in his i)racticO; experienced the fearful results of 
 the wantof i)mv air, which he has no means of admitting to his suffering 
 patient but l)y opening a ])ane of glass and allowing such a rush of cold. 
 damp air into the room, as to do more harm than good. If any one re(|uires 
 more fresh air thf.n another, it is the poor suffering ammmplice. ; yet from 
 the want of a proper means for admitting pure air into the room, his 
 sufferings aie increased and his days sliortened, housed up as he is in 
 close rooms during our long winters. Ifow many of the; deaths recorded 
 every day, are not easily traceable to the result ot colds taken whilt<t sit- 
 ting in a draught ? Experience proves that more colds are taken in this 
 way than in any other, and this holds good in summer as well as in winter. 
 Every one has experienced the ditliculty of admitting pure air into his 
 house in the summer time, ijarticularly in Towns and Cities. We open 
 our doors and windows, but the air which enters is loaded with all sorts oi" 
 impurities, impure gases and suspended organic matter. The following 
 extract from the Keoort to the Imperial authorities, made by Dr. .Muin 
 Inspector-General to the forces stationed in (Janada, will jirove how ne- 
 cessary to the public health is the proper ventilation of all buildings ; 
 " Dr. Muir reports tliat great imiirovomcnt was made in the year 1800 in the 
 housing of Troops in Canada. An excellent general hospital at Montreal 
 has been suhstitutcd for the four line llegimental Hospitals •formerly in 
 use. Not only has a largo saving to the public been ctfeoted by the change, 
 but the sick arc more comfortably accommodated. Whilst the Troops every- 
 where are well housed, there is great difficulty in keeping the air in their 
 rooms in a due state of purity during the winter, Tlie ill etfects of impure 
 air are not very perceptible in private houses, where the inmates are few 
 but where 20 or 40 men are put in a single room, where tlicy take their 
 meals, as well as sleep for six or seven months consecutively, there can 
 scarcely be a question that the seeds of grave discr.se, necessarily having 
 connection between cause and effect, may not be at once traced. Dr. Muir 
 cannot help tldnkimj thai the large namhcr of men treat ad and invalided for c/ie.st 
 disfa.tes during the. Jive years he has been in this command, l)ear a close relationship 
 to this impure state of barrack air." 
 
 Besides Ventilators for the admission oi pure air, all buildings both 
 public and private should be well supplied with means for the escape of 
 the impure air generated therein. The escape tube should be as higli up 
 as possible : chimnies, stove and pipe holes perform this duty in a man- 
 ner, in private houses, but they do not act eliectually, from the fact that 
 the draught is formed close to the floor, instead of the ceiling, thereby 
 exposing the occupants to draughts and chills. Heat has a powerful ellec 
 in producing draughts— it draws the surrounding air towards itself. Con 
 
 
mm 
 
 
 
 i?5 
 
 seciuently a capital plan for the expulsion of impure air in private houses 
 Jieatod by slovos would ho, to Imvo the stove; pipe surrouml(>fl by a tin 
 pip.-of.sufHcientsi/o toallowof a vacancy of ono inch l.('t\V(>en th<« two 
 pipes; the tin pii)o should iill up the hole in the chimney and should 
 come down a few inches below tlioelbowoftho stovepipe nearest the stove, 
 so that whilst the stovepipe acts as n conductor for the hot smoke, the tin 
 pil)c will bo a conductor for the foul aii'. 
 
 Hrdinary persons can hardly conceive iho amoiiiU of airnere.ssan/ for 
 heallli. .Mr. L'aikes, the highest authority on the subject of Uygienej lays 
 down as a rub. that L'OOO cubic feet of fresh air per hour per head for 
 persons in health, and from ;; to 100(1 eul)ic ll-ot for same time, for each 
 sick person are nviuirod. In a table pul-lishod by him ho states that 
 
 " 'I'lic am..imt of fresh air to bo supplied per licml per lu.ur in tuuiparate 
 eliniatos inulortho following circumstances is: 
 
 In IJainielcs 1,059 cubic IV..fc by Day and L',118 by Nitrlit 
 
 In Wdilisliop.s 'Jjll.s " " u 
 
 2,825 
 
 5,050 
 1,059 
 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 
 " by Day and Night. 
 
 " during hours of Dressings, 
 ''.during Epidemics. 
 
 In Prisons 
 In Hospitals 
 
 a II 
 
 II 11 
 
 In Schools 
 
 Speaking of the impurities from our breath and the exlialations from 
 our skni, itc, etc., he makes the following remarks : * 
 
 "All adult man in ordinary works gives off in 2-1 hours from 12 to 10 cubic feet 
 of carbonic acid gas and also emits an indeterminable .luantity of the same 
 gas by the skin. In Hospitals, in addition to being vitiated by respiration 
 the an- of the slek rooms is also contaminated by tiie abundant exhalations 
 from tlie bodies and by tbe elHuvia from discharged excretions " 
 "That tbe breathing of air rendered impure from any cause is hurtful and that 
 the highest degree of health is only possible where to other favorable con- 
 ditions IS added tliatnta j)roj)er supply of pure air, miglit b-j inferred from 
 pliysilogical evidence of tiie paramount importance of projun- aeration of the 
 blood. Experience strengthens this inference, statistical inquiries on mor- 
 tality prove beyond a doubt, that of the causes of death which usually arc 
 m action, iminirih, of the al,- is the most important. Indeed observations 
 confirm tliis. Tlie air must be amoved so immediately that there siiall be 
 no risk ofaperson bre.-itliing again Ins own expired air or that ot another 
 person. In hospitals, especially, it is desirable that thero shall be no 
 chance of the air of one sick person passing over the bed of onother ■ tliere- 
 fore the movement of tlie air should be rather vertical than hori'.ontal 
 and as the expired air and all the exhalations from the bodv or bed rlolhe^i 
 atfirst i.ass upwards fromthcu-levity, it is desirable that tliey should be 
 p disclKUg,.,! above and not drawn down again, past tlie patient " 
 
 Speakmg of Ventilation, .Air. Parkcs says : 
 " In ordejr to keep air in its ueces.sary purity it must bo continually changing. 
 
Whatever way the altr is supplied, certain conditions must be laid down . 
 the air which enters must itself be pure, its movements must be itnpercep' 
 //^/e, otherwise it will cause the sensation of draught and will chill. It 
 must be well diffused all through the room so that in every part movement 
 shall bo going on, in other words .he distribution must bo perfect. A mov- 
 ing body of air sets in motion all air m its vicinity, it drives air before it 
 and ut the same onuses a partial vuciunu on either sido of its own path, 
 towards which all air in the vicinity llow.s at angles more or less approach- 
 ing right angles." 
 
 Mr. I'arlcos gives a description of the many modes invented for tho 
 transmission of pure air into buildings, l)uL does not seem to have much 
 eoniidenco in any of tliem. Some of tliem are clumsy and useless and 
 many very expensive. Amongst the maiiy, are drilling holes in tho panes 
 of glass — having two panes, the ou.tside open in the bottom, tho inside in 
 tlie top, the air to pass between the two panes; tubes passing into tlu' 
 room anil perforated; air passing round hot steam pipes ; pieces of board 
 constructed in the ui)per part of tlie window to direct the air inwards and 
 upwards j fine wire screen<:, «fcc., «tc. 
 
 ADVANTACES OF THE NEW INVENTION. 
 * 
 
 t shall now consider the advantages of this Ventilator, I propose that 
 it sliall always and at all times admit pure air ; tliat the air shall be 
 e(iually diflused all through tho rooms, in fact that the distribution shall 
 be f'Eni'KCT ; that its movements shall be imperceptible, consequently with- 
 out draught ; tliat the air sliall be rendered warm in its passage through 
 tho Ventilator ; that it there be any impure gas in the atmosi')hero, such as 
 sulphuretted hydrogen it shall be absorbed in the nauchine before being 
 admitte<l into the room ; tliat no suspended organic matter shall be ad- 
 mitted with the air ; and that if the air is too damp (that is, saturated witlf 
 watery vapors), part of the water shall be absorbed by a v^ery simple 
 change in the Ventilator, Authors on llygienc lay it down that for a 
 healthy state of the atmosphere, watery Vapor should form G") to 75 per 
 cent of it. Persons affected with any chronic bronchial disease, such as 
 Asthma, require even a greater amount of watery vapour ; indeed, there 
 is not much danger of the air being too damp when admitted into our 
 hot buildings during our cold dry winters, and except in the spring and 
 fall of tho year, no precaution need be taken against it. A very simple 
 way of testing if there is too much watery vapour in the air is to place a 
 l)olished mirror or piece of polished steel in the room, and if damp is 
 found deposited on the mirror or steel, it may be concluded that tho air 
 is too damp. 
 
laid down . 
 e impercep' 
 I chill. It 
 
 movement 
 ct. A mov- 
 ,r before it 
 
 own path, 
 s approach- 
 ed for tho 
 liave much 
 seless and 
 
 tho panes 
 
 inside in 
 ; into tho 
 ;s of board 
 wards and 
 
 opose that 
 • slmll bo 
 ition shall 
 ntly with- 
 i through 
 '0, such as 
 ore being 
 tall be ad- 
 •atcd witir 
 'y simple 
 ;hat for a 
 to 75 i^er 
 
 ', such ilH 
 
 ed, there 
 into our 
 )ring and 
 *y simple 
 3 place a 
 ' damp is 
 it tho air 
 
 ACTION. 
 
 BESCKIPTION AND EFFECT. 
 
 From the formation of the VenHlnfm- n.« • 
 
 .nwa,.cU, „,.«™„, and not >^U^ZX^^Z!:Z:?^^" ="* 
 ..0 draugh, „n<. a, i( pa»o,, th-ou,,'.' tl„.ee ^ Ve JlTtrTt 
 .s <l.vKle,l into numerous an.l continuous s roam, and k u!, ' 
 
 ■nto the room liko water Iron, a ,h„ ro„, on a" , r , ,.no ? 
 
 every one knows by observing in winter, wlien ho opens Uo l,.l 
 
 glass (called a Ventilator) in his window U i^^ ,h' , '"" 1""'° <" 
 
 in and not the warm air it passel o t " 0, 1 r if a ', olf' ™t°' 
 established, the hot air will rush o„* ^. '.°™"f; ", »■ ''°"'''° ^fcnt is 
 
 Ventilation however shoIue'LverydloratrT'.''^ "'" =°'"^- 
 not feasible, there will always bo . Z!:!^ T^::^^:^^:. 
 
 TESTS. 
 
 As a proof that no impure odor is adm^ttPf^ int^ ., ^ ■ , 
 place., tho Ventilator, I made a test b"b»ni K a nfc n of";.'" ""'°'' " 
 rated with coal oil, at the mouth of- .1,^ v , w , "''' "'«' ''•""■ 
 ..i^eetly on it, and no .melt onh^ilir .rX: 1^ r^ 'T' 
 was no occasion to test for suspended organic matter forfr 1, ''" 
 ^truction Of the Veutilato, no'ne can pa* through;: 'L^^^e altUI 
 
vapour can bo corroctotl, Iprovml hy holdiiijia piooo of lookins gluHs over 
 tho top of tho l)Ox, (heavy rain liavin« fHll(>n nil niMlit imd Um- wind 
 blowing (liivft on tho month of llio Ventilator), when it -liowi-l not tho 
 Hlightost siyn oi ilanip, tlioii-h I'n icmovlnf^ th<' spon«,'i>, .Ifunp iiinncili- 
 nloiy apix'ivri'tl. To ascTtaiu (Int tin- ciinvniH oi' air w.tc .■.|nnlly <livl(h-d 
 throughout tho room, I a|.|.lio,| two tOHts— l^t, I burnod a pioco of cotton 
 volvotovor tho Voutilatoi'. and ina fow minutos tlio >nioko was in ovory part 
 of tho room 1 then susjionded a, piece oi si)On;^o wet witli toilet vinegar 
 over tho vontilntor, ami in two niinutos the wholo room smelt ol tho odor. 
 I had no in^trumont for measuring tlie (|niintity of air admitted in a given 
 time, but have truste<l to my senses ami ealeulations. The Ventilator 
 at its opcMiins into the room is l.'J .\ II inehes, distance IVoni opening to 
 the mouth of the cse.ipe ])ipe, (which is ll2 x 12 inches), II foot; the 
 thermometer in t lu^ room stands a t OC. o ; in tho open air it stands at '1C> « ; 
 difl'erenco -lOdegrees, consequently, according to the i)rinciples lai<l down 
 in Parke.s' table of measurement, the number of cubic feet ol fresh air 
 p(>r hour admitted is about 'JC. loole.'t- siilllcient for hv( " -'o persons in 
 bealtli, or six in the wards of an hospital. From the foregoing, it will be 
 understood that the greatei' the heat of the house and tho cooler the, at- 
 mospheric air, th(^ greater will bo the amount of air admitted. Again it 
 may l»«i asked, what if the temi»erature be tho same outside and insidotlm 
 house? 1 answer that, even then as the outside air is the heaviest, it forces 
 its way against the lighter body and enters the Iiouse ; but tliis state of 
 tho atmosphere rarely occurs even in our hot summer nights, the air in 
 the house being rendered warm and imi)ure by the persons in it. As a 
 test that the Ventilator was warmed by the hc-at of the room, and that 
 the air was warmed by i)assing through the Ventilator, I placed a Ihtr- 
 tiioiiKfrr in the open air, "iw on th(> wall of the room, (iiiol/ier in tho front 
 part of the Ventilator in the room, and iv/hHrt/i oa the pane of glass next 
 to the \'(Uitilalor, whilst a JiJ'lh was hung 1 inches own- the box ot the 
 Ventilator. The aspect of the window of the room is due west, a snow 
 storm and Northwest wind gently swaying the thermometer over tho 
 Ventilator. The thermomoters read as follows : 
 
 11 o'clock, a, ^r. J2 o'clock, a, m. i) o'clock, p. m. 
 Open air, -('^ •'•("• ° 
 
 Koom '-® ^>^>° 
 
 Front of Ventilator, 54= 52 <= 
 
 Pane of (ilass, -I'J^ -10 <= 
 
 Over box of Ventilator, (')8 ^ 65 ® 
 
 The room being warmed ' y a dumb stove, 1 turnetl oil' the heat at 
 12 o'clock ; snow storm continued with very little wind. 
 
 From the above reading of the thermometer, it will be seen tliat tho 
 diirorence between tho heat of the loom and the fresh air admitted was 
 an average of tbrce degrees, the difference between the air before it 
 
 I) O CLOCK, V 
 
 52 c 
 10 c 
 04 o 
 
 
:; gliiHS over 
 
 I tlic wiiiil 
 
 'dl not till' 
 
 ip iMiiucili- 
 iiUytlividi'ii 
 !() of cotton 
 
 II ovfiy piU't 
 ilot viiu'gai' 
 )1 tlio odor. 
 I in ii givon 
 
 Ventilator 
 ojiMiiuf; to 
 I lci!t; the 
 nfl>*at2r)0; 
 ?s liiid down 
 ol IVnsli air 
 3 l)orsons in 
 g. it \>'ill 1)0 
 lolor till' at- 
 I. Again it 
 id insidotlii! 
 est, it forcos 
 this state o( 
 , tho air in 
 in it. As a 
 n, and that 
 acctl a Ihtr- 
 in tho front 
 if glass next 
 hox ol the 
 'est, a snow 
 ■cr over the 
 
 •'('i.iirK, p. M. 
 
 :)2c 
 
 0-1 o 
 the heat at 
 
 t'en that tho 
 idmitted was 
 lir boibre it 
 
 1 
 
 U 
 
 ontorod t' • Ventilator and o.scnpod from it wns .'10 dogrocs, and tho 
 average difTci-enco l)otweon tho pane of glass and tho box of tho Vontihi- 
 tor was Vl dfgrooM. X nioie convincing proof tliat tlut air is warmed in 
 its jiassage through the \'('ntilator could hardly bo given. 
 
 MAXXirU OF rSIN(J TlIK VENTILATOR. 
 
 In every private house there should ho one largo or two pmnll 
 Ventilators in evpry largo room, ))arti<'nlarly in hed-rooms. In Hospitals, 
 Barracks, Schools, I'risons, Ac, there should b(^ ono largo or two small 
 oiii^s, for every twelve persons in the day time, and in the slcejjing rooms, 
 ono for every eight persons sleeping therein. In Prisons, ono large Ven- 
 tilator should bi> in each ciill. TIk^ Ventilator should take the place of 
 one of the highest panes of glass in the window, in houses already built j 
 but when building, provision may be made to have it put in any con- 
 venient place, care being taken that no obstruction is allowed to prevent 
 the easy withdrawal of tli(^ box of the Ventilator, when neoo ''.ry to do so. 
 Tho box of the Ventilator will of course face tlu^ inside of the room. Whero 
 double windows are used the funnel takes the place of the corresponding 
 pane of glass in which the ^■ontilator is 2>laced, and the funnel drawn 
 out to cover the mouth of the Ventilator. AV'hen necessary to deprive tho 
 air of part of the a(|ueous vapour (damp) the sponge must bo placed in 
 the vacant chamber under the box, anil should the wind blow very strong 
 and cold, direct on tho mouth of the Ventilator, the piece of flannel 
 must be placed over the top of the box. At other times it hangs dowa 
 useless. Unless the air be over wet, the sponge should not bo used. As 
 stated above tho box .as well as the whole of tho N'entilator, should bo 
 dusted occasionally. 
 
 When tho Ventilators are used for liailroad Cars, they must bo in the 
 cars. Their size will depend upoix that of tho car, antl they can bo placed 
 in tho car in such i)laces as may be deemed best by the builder ; only that 
 care must bo taken that the tubes for tho escape of foul air generated in 
 the cars, musl be below tho Ventilator, otherwise the fresh air as well as 
 the foul air, would pass through, and the oliject intended to be gained 
 woukl be lost. I5y this i>lan the fresh air will ilisidaco tho foul air and 
 foi'uo it out through the escapes. 
 
 Tho spongo should bo always in use in railroad carriages. Every 
 builder of a car may arrange these Ventilators to suit his own taste ; but 
 /he principle laid down must be adhered to. 
 
 ADVANTAi J l':S. 
 In conclusion, Ihavo no hesitation in stating that 1 find from exper- 
 ience, that the Ventilator placed in any house according to the dircc- 
 
10 
 
 tions given, will supply the building with fresh pure air, without pi'o- 
 
 ducing any sensible dra>N,ht, and as the same principle is applied in the 
 
 adaption of it to Hail Road cars, if it is used in the manner pointed out the 
 
 car will be also thoroughly ventilated without percc])tible currents of air. 
 
 IIENRY HOWAKD, M. !>., M. 11. C. S. L. 
 hr. Johns, July 1809. 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 
 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 EXTRACT FROM A t^LTORT OF A' SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON THE 
 MMRlTb OF A SUPPOSED MilTnOD OF 
 
 SUPPLYING PURE AIR 
 
 To Schools, Churches, Hospitals, Asylums, Dwellings, and all occupied 
 Houses. Also, Railroad Cars and Passenr/cr Vessels. 
 
 Pkissenteu at the Regular Meeting of the "New York Association for the 
 
 AuV.\NCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND AeT," AT CoOPER INSTITUTE, 
 AND UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTEU M.iRCII 8tII, 1809. 
 
 Nrw Yohk, 8f/' March, 1C89. 
 To Ihc Association fob the Advancemext of Sciexce ami Art. 
 
 The undersigned Committee, appointedat the la«f meeting of this Associa- 
 tion to prepare a report on the Ventilator thou cxriblted, have given the sub- 
 ject a careful and minute consideration, and hereby present our views there- 
 upon. 
 
 With regard to the importance of removing from occupied apartments the 
 foul gaseg which are universally and continually generated by respiration 
 perspiration, and various other vital fanctions, also by the combustion of gas 
 oil, and fuel, there is a very general conviction thereof, and several methods 
 have been suggested, and are in practice for said purpose ; but another equally 
 important consideration has very recently received appropriate attention vi ;. : 
 the supply of an ample amount o/jiurr air. It is a well understood philosophical 
 fact that the removal of the air of any room is impracticable without the supply 
 of an equivalent amount from without, and as this latter idea is very rarely 
 practical, because of the general apprehension of danger derivable from current.^ 
 of air, it is very seldom that a consistently and thoroughly ventilated building- 
 eitJier public or private, or any railroad car, or passenger vessel, is over seen. 
 
Jl 
 
 thout pi'o- 
 ied in the 
 c'.l out tho 
 5 ol'tiir. 
 S. L. 
 
 DN THE 
 
 'ciijncd 
 
 *f i-oi{ Till'; 
 
 A, 1089, 
 
 • 
 
 s Associii- 
 i tlie siib- 
 iws thero- 
 
 ncnts the 
 spi ration, 
 on of gfis^ 
 methods 
 T equally 
 iion, vi i. : 
 osophical 
 le supply 
 ry rarely 
 a ciirrni/.s 
 building; 
 vcr seen. 
 
 Another circumstance which frequently prohibits the supply of air from 
 without, into occupied apartments, is the impurity of the general atmosphere 
 in large cities, and some other localities wlicro foul gases are produced by vari- 
 ous manufactures, and deficijnt drainage and sewerage, also tho emanation of 
 disease-producing influences from the soil and vegetations of many rural 
 localities. Of the iatto" sources of sickness there are some almost universally 
 understood, for exaiiiple, the sources of intermittent, typhus, andyellow fevers, 
 rheumatism, catarrhs, consumption, and various others derived from impuri- 
 ties of the blood, c'lused by the inhalation of foul air. 
 
 One of the most copious sources of disease, particularly in crowded cities, 
 as we have for many years noticed especially in the city of New York, is tho 
 prevalence of (/«,s7, uf both vegetable and mineral composition, derived from 
 the lilth of the streets, and from the numerous discreditable ptacticeg of both 
 private and official individuals. The breezes raise immense clouds of it into 
 the atmosphere, and drive them into the buildings, whereby all individuals, 
 both outdoors and indoors, inhale thy dust to a considerable extent, thus caus- 
 ing very numerous cases of physical disease. 
 
 To this subject neither our civic nor sanitary authorities appear to have 
 given any attention, although by them, especially by the Board of Health, the 
 evil might bo almost entirely suppressed. 
 
 Heretofore we have had no means whereby either the dust, the poisonous 
 gasses, or the moisture of the outer atmosphere could be prevented from enter- 
 ing the doors or windows, the opening of which are the only means of supply- 
 ing the interior of the house with fresh aii. But we have now the pleasure of 
 being able to aay that the apparatus upon which we have been requested to 
 report, is very clearly a happy arrangement for the purification of the atmos- 
 phere before entering into houses. 
 
 Its mechanical aud chemical arrangement present a very good assurance 
 that its application to dwellings, churches, hospitals, schools, railroad cars, 
 and all other occupied premises, will supply the inmates thereof with nothing 
 but /;«7\; «/*•, and thus avoid the very numerous atmospheric causes of disease, 
 provided the internal sources thereof are removed by appropriate ventilation, 
 which this arrangement will greatly facilitate, 
 
 The mechanical arrangement of the apparatus causes a very free distribu- 
 tion of the air in the room to which it is attached, by dividing the current into 
 a very great number of singularly minute streams, thereby totally obviating the 
 objection against c«m7i^s ()/■«/;•, but at the same time supplying the amount 
 necessary for any number of persons, provided the room is sufficiently furnished 
 with tlie apparaturs. One of its physical arrangements also causes the absorp- 
 tion of the moisture of the atmosphere, thereby preventing its entrance into 
 the rooms. Also, as one branch of its structure iswitliin the room, the cold- 
 ness of the outer air may be reduced before entering. 
 
 The impure gases very frequently generated outside of houses are also 
 arrested in the passage of the air through the apparatus, by being brought in 
 contact with appropriate chemical materials, which absorb the gaseg, thus bap- 
 
12 
 
 pily preventing their toul inliuencus. Tlie most common sources of sickness 
 of this nature hc'mg carbonic acid f/a><, and ml j>hur relied lujdruijeH f/a.-<, the latter, 
 derived partly from g-as manufactori-'s, may both ho absoibed hy the chemical 
 contents of the apparatus ; and what is equally imi)ortuiit as a sanitary regula- 
 tion, no dust or other organized matter can pass tiirotigh it, tliough the exis- 
 tence thereof in large cities might be almost wholly prevented by proper res- 
 trictions enforced by the sanitary authorities. 
 
 The enormous existence of this organic poison in the outer air causes its 
 entrance into every house, thereby covering the furniture and clothing of th(i 
 inhabitants, and also mingling with the articles of food, besides its inhalation 
 into the lungs. 
 
 ^ Almost every store and market make a display thereof on their saleable 
 articles, and it may also be frequently noticed in our Croton Water, probably 
 being derived chiefly from its absorption in the Keservoirs. If the existence 
 orf this nuisance is not entirely suppressed by the appropriate authorities, as it 
 might be, the owner of every house and every railroad car should prevent its 
 introduction therein by such an eflicient and simple means as the subject of 
 this report. 
 
 Your Committee deem it likewise appropriate to refer to another well- 
 established anti-hygienic circumstance, viz : that Cholera is carried into tiie 
 air by means of organized matter, and that such is also the case with many 
 eruptive diseases, especially Small Pox, Scarlet Fever, and iMeasles, tlie ema- 
 nation from the surface skin in these cases being carried through the air, luid • 
 hence become the sources of the spread of all these dangerous complaints. 
 
 The apparatus referred to is believed avduUI be found a protection of 
 dwellings against the malarious sources from the outside. 
 
 Your Committee, after careful examination and mature deliberation, are 
 convinced that this new Ventilator will perform all that the inventor pro- 
 poses it should do, and we hail with great satisfaction this addition to science 
 and art, considering that it will be found one of the best means for the pre- 
 servation of health, and its restoration to diseased bodies, especially in hos- 
 pitals. 
 
 Having thus become perfectly convinced of the value of this very happy 
 arrangement of mechanical and chemical means for the purification of the 
 chief source of vitality for every animal creature, and also for the avoidance 
 of the very n'jmcrous sources of disease derived from the decomposition of 
 many natural substances, and also from erroneous habits of large numbers of 
 the human race, your committee deem it appropriate to urge upon tlie pro- 
 prietors of all occupied premises, especially the managers of schools, churches, 
 hospitals, asylums, prisons, tenement houses, public vehicles of every des- 
 cription, and all passenger vessels, the application of this apparatus thereto, 
 thereby assisting in the preservation of health, tlie cultivation of both mental 
 and physical strength, and prolongation of human lives. 
 
 llespectfully submitted, 
 
 JOIiX n. tiUISCuJI, M. D. 
 JOHN ALLEN, U. D. S. 
 JOHN JOHNSON. 
 
13 
 
 of sickness 
 , tlic latter, 
 ic chemical 
 ary regula- 
 ;li the cxis- 
 proper res- 
 
 r causes its 
 
 liiiig of tliii 
 
 inhalation 
 
 ni saleable 
 r, probably 
 e existence 
 rities, as it 
 prevent its 
 subject of 
 
 other well- 
 id into the 
 vith many 
 ■<, the ema- 
 le air, nn<] • 
 plaints. 
 
 atection of 
 
 ration, are 
 senior pro- 
 to science 
 or the pre- 
 ly in hos- 
 
 ery happy 
 ion of the 
 avoidance 
 )osition of 
 umbers of 
 n the pro- 
 churches, 
 every des- 
 is tliereto. 
 )th mental 
 
 M. D. 
 
 EXTRACT FKOM THE MINUTES OF A MEETING (JF THE IM^L YTECH- 
 
 ENIC ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN INSTITUTE, HELD AT THEIR 
 
 KOOMS NEW YOliK, 15th ArillL 1809. 
 
 Dr. Dubois D. I'armalee in the chair. At the meeting this now Ven- 
 tilator was exhibited and its construction and utility explained. 
 
 Mr. J. Disturnell said that this apparatus had been presented to another 
 scientific society in this city, and they had appoint(id a committee to examine 
 it, who made a very extended and favorable report on it. In bis opinion tlio 
 influence which caused consumption would in a great measure be absorbed by 
 this apparatus. In preventing diseases tliat are climatic, this invention is very 
 valuable. 
 
 Dr. Edwards remarked that the Ventilator had been recommended to the 
 Board of Hualth as a means of preventing disease, but unless ample means were 
 provided for the egress of the foul air, the instrument would fail. What con- 
 sumption people want is air, pure natural air, not artificially made. 
 
 Th« patients at the Brompton Hospital, where the air is warmed, did very 
 well wliile they remained there, but when taken back to the cold air they died. 
 But now we send consumptive people to the clear bracing air of Nebraska and 
 they come back well and remain so. The screens through which the air has 
 to pass in this Ventilator acts on the principle of the Respirator described at a 
 recent meeting. The force of the enteringair can be regulated by the number 
 of screens. To call this a Ventilator seems to be a very imperfect definition of 
 it, as it effects many other objects as weil. Its adoption by the Board of Health 
 is a very desirable matter. 
 
 The Chairman remarked it was not only a Ventilator, but a filterer of tbo 
 air as well. 
 
 Mr. J. A. Whitney remarked that in cities and on the banks of streams this 
 system of Ventilation would be very requisite. 
 
 Mr. J. K. Fisher said that it wasa 1)arbarism to have dust in the streets, 
 but while we have it there must be something done to mitigate the evil, and 
 that can be done by straining the air. This invention is valuable to those who 
 have not the means of paying for luxuries. 
 
 OPINION OFDR.SM.VLLWOOD, TKOFESSOR OF METEOROLOGY, 
 McGILL COLLEGE, MONTREAL. 
 
 •'I hive carefully examined Dr. Henry Howard's Patent Ventilator, haviiii;- 
 placed one for that purpose in a suitable position, and having submitted it 
 for a considerable time to various experiments, with the aid of the Thermom- 
 eter, Hygrometer, and Ozonometer, and having thoroughly tested it, am of 
 opinion that it is a most perfect Ventilator, peculiarly adapted for the admis- 
 sion oipinc air into any place ; freed, by its peculiar eoustruction, from dele- 
 terious gases, and from too abundant amount of moisture. It is also furnished 
 with tlie means of regulating the amount of air admitted. 
 
 " For the sick room, hospitals, railroad cars, and for private dwellings, 
 
J4 
 
 where the admission of pure air is so important, the Ventilator will be found an 
 object of great value ; and, I feel assured that so soon as it is more generally 
 known, it will be universally adopted. " 
 
 ''CuARLKS Smallwood, M. D., L L. D., D. C. L., 
 
 "Professor of Meteorology in the University of 
 " McGill College, Montreal. 
 " Montreal, Dec. 20, 1868." 
 
 PIIOF. JOSEPH IIENEY, OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTI- 
 TUTE, WASHINGTON CITY, 
 
 One of the very highest authorities on the subject of Ventilation, states in a 
 paper that he has examined this " Ventilator, and is favorably impressed 'vith 
 "the importance of the invention, and is convinced that it may be employed 
 "with good results, particularly in sleeping rooms and in houses situated in 
 "malarious districts." He authorises the publication of his approval of it. 
 
 THE BOARD OF INSPECTORS OF PRISONS AND ASYLUMS, 
 FOR THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC, 
 In their Eeport for ISGS speak as follows of this Ventilator : 
 
 VENTILATION. 
 
 (tUANSLATED from the FRENCH.) 
 
 " All the prisons, except that of Quebec, are, more or less, deprived of this 
 powerful agent in the preservation of health. 
 
 " This subject, so important in a sanitary point of view, has not received 
 the attention which it merits, from the architects of this country. 
 
 " Formerly very little attention was paid to ventilation in public bniid- 
 ings, houses of education, hospitals, jails, &c. 
 
 " For some years past, however, many men of science have given the sub- 
 ject serious tliought, and in this respect, as in many others, have made nu- 
 merous researches. 
 
 " Every one, now-a-days, is convinced that ventilation ought never to be 
 lost sight of in the construction of buildings intended for^the accommodation 
 of large numbers. 
 
 "To satisfy this requirement many systems, answering more or les the 
 end in view, have been put on trial. 
 
 " Of these systems . there are some whose application [?. difficult and expen- 
 Kive ; others are remarkably simple',— which does not prevent them from being 
 every way Ruitable. 
 
 " During our visit to the St. Johns Asylum, we had occasion to examine a 
 very simple apparatus, the invention of the able Superintendent, by means of 
 which ventilation works admirably. This apparatus, which costs littlCj con- 
 sists of a little box of tin, the interior of which is peculiarly made, is fixed in 
 a window. The outer air is introduced transversely into the apartment, at the 
 
 
ill be found an 
 lore generally 
 
 3. C. L., 
 
 Inivcrsity of 
 :e, Montreal. 
 
 LN INSTI- 
 
 n, states in a 
 ipressed 'vith 
 be employed 
 :'s situated in 
 oval of it. 
 
 15 
 
 same time, getting rid of damp and all alien substance ; so that it is circulated 
 without sensible impression on tho inmates. By this means, twenty-six 
 thousand four hundred feet may be introduced hourly, enough for twelve per- 
 sons in health and for six hospital patients. If one of these apparatus is not 
 sufficient, it is easy to use as many as may be required. 
 
 " As far as our knowledge tends, we believe that this discovery is very 
 useful, and that tho apparatus ought to be used wherever ventilation is re- 
 quired. And, certainly, it is required in Prisons, Asylums, Hospitals, Educa- 
 tional Establishments, &c." 
 
 Dr. L. L. C. DesaulniersPresidcnt, of the same Board, makes the following 
 statement in tho Book of tho Asylum. 
 
 " The apartments are to-day (Juno 2nd) notwithstanding the great heat, 
 " free from any unpleasant smell. This is, without doubt, owing to the good 
 '' system of ventilation which has been introduced into the establishment — 
 "the invention of the zealous superintendent." 
 
 5YLUMS, 
 
 cprivcd of this 
 
 1 not received 
 
 •y- 
 
 public b'lild- 
 
 given the sub- 
 ive made nu- 
 
 tit never to be 
 :commodation 
 
 ore or les the 
 
 EXTRACT FROM REPORT OF J. M. FERRES,ESQ., LATE INSPECTOR 
 OF PRISONS AND ASYLUMS FOR CANADA. 
 " Tho Asvlum is kept in an admirable state of cleanliness. V\'ere it not 
 it would be impossible for Dr. Howard to maintain it as free from sickness as 
 it is He continues to devise expedients for improving the ventilation so that 
 nlmoM as xnon as foul air is ffcneraled it is erprlled." 
 
 J30AED OF HEALTH, NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 This "Ventilator" was tested in one of the rooms in tho Metropolitan 
 Board of Health building, New York City, and was highly approved of both by 
 the Superintendent of the Board, and the different gentlemen forming the Sani- 
 tary Commission. 
 
 THE PRESS. 
 
 The merits of this method of Ventilation have already been very fully dis- 
 cussed by several of the leading newspapers of tho United States and Canada, 
 during the past year, and in all cases it has been recommended as the bestmeaus 
 known for the introduction of pure air in public and private buildings. 
 
 lit and expen- 
 em from being 
 
 to examine a 
 , by means of 
 its little, con- 
 ide, is fixed in 
 rtment, at tho