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Un dee symboles suivsnts apparaltra sur la dernlire imege de cheque microfiche, selon le caa. la symbole -♦ signifle "A SUIVRE" !• symbols V signifle "FIN". imLZTH' "!■"'"'"•" "Weeux. etc.. peuvent itre fllmie i dee taux de rMuction diff«rents Z!^i!^ «RiL, 189; To the Honourable The Minister of Agricultui'o. Sir,— I beg to submit for your approval the tenth bulletin of the Central Experimental Farm, which has been i>repared under my direction by Mr. John Craig, Horticulturist of the Central Experi- mental Farm. The alarming spread of fungoid diseases on fruits during the past few years, and the serious losses resulting therefrom have awakened much interest in this subject among fruit growers, both in Canada and the United States. The simple and practical i-emedies recom- mended in this bulletin foi- several of the most ti-oublesome of these parasitic growths, based on experience, both at the De])artment of Agriculture in Washington and at the Experimental Farm in Ottawa will, I trust, be thoroughly tested by those engaged in the cultivation of the apple, grape and gooseberry, and, if used in accordance with the directions given, there is every reason to believe that the treatment will be successful. I have the honour to be Your obedient servant, WM. SAUNDERS, Director Experimental Farms. Ottawa, 25th April, 1891. TREATMENT OK Apple Scab, Grape and Gooseberry Mildew BV JOHN CRAIG, Horticultumt of the Central Experimental Farm, The isproad and development of tlm .li«,... . scab" and "black snot" of h! ? *'' ''""'''" «« ""PP'e ^'c*0, has been oSL duH.' ^If ^^"^^"^^^^-^ ^''«^r.vlL« orchardists do not ^to p^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ or fifteen , oar, that . the annual lo,.,s from this cZJlT^ ^ -^'"''P *''" "^'^^nitude of ion. While the piwalenoe of r « , ?"• '"'''*^^^^^ "^ ^''« ^«'"'"- the same localit/yet '7-- H""' ^^ ^^'' ""' "''''^•' ''"^'""^ ^" -a,e« to varfe\L:"i:itler tir r; *^r ^T ^""^' ^^^ varieties are comnarutivfllvav.r. ' *'""'' *'^"t "lany P-<- apple," 0.^;. trXrdeC """"' '•'=''°"' " "'"«°- A ™:caiTe/^"tt::vrsri„'"r ''"'':■• ""'■ '- " -«-' "> it booomos the more imnorti, ,^ , u°' °°'' "PP''^ '» pi«lucecl, pe.-oen, a„a rlZaSr .^ir^ i'-,,:-"'-" " " ^^ soS;'2t ■ ;• Ms:*::r;ir '° ''" ■^'°"'-^"' «-'-"«'" than in any other o^hard in ttfl .."""r ™ ™»''« l"-on„u„ccd - - »ppie, hro„,h:i^cr;'-- :-: - ^^ HI f i •Keportof Montreal Horticultural .Society, 1880-87, page 21. If ! ii : 4 ♦52 oeiitH per Ijarrel. If free from Hpot the BJime vni'iety would have .sold readily for 75 cents por bushel. Out of 15 barrels he had:— First-cia s bbls. Second-t latii 1 <• Third ' 4 <« Fourth " 10 " The reduction in value in the Belling price is only one side of the question. When the loss resulting from diminished size is con- sidered it fully equals the first source of loss, making a total direct and indirect depreciation of value, which, when compared with first- class fruit, would stand as about 1 to 4. The importance of gaining a practical knowledge of the habits of this fungus is manifest, and it is a matter of immediate and vital interest to all fruit-growers to know that a trcatmefit which pro- mises to be entirely successful has been discovered, and is already being used to a considerable extent. CAUSE OF APPLE SCAB. The apple scab is caused by a minute parasitic fungus, a low form of plant life, which, by livingon the leaf and fruit of the apple, prevents assimilation in the former and the development of the latter. It is not so generally known that the same fungus attacks both the leaves and the fruit. Prof. Scribner * says : "On the leaves the first manifestations of the presence of the parasite are the appearance here and there over the surface, of smoky olive green s])ot8, rounded in outline. The older spots range from one-eighth to one-half an inch in diameter, or they may appear as largo irregular blotches, by the running together of several of the spots first formed. They are for the most part confined to the uppei* side of the leaf, which often becomes much distorted through the unequal development of the two surfaces. The colour of the older spots is nearly black and their surface somewhat velvety. The growth of the young shoots is often seriously checked through the direct action of the fungus upon them, and when the foliage of a tree is much affected its nutrition must be seriously impaired. The tree is rendered less liable to withstand the severe cold of the winter season, and is rendered more likel^ to in'urv fi'om e.arly and late frosts." Cool damp weather is especially favourable to the develop- * Scribner, Fungous Diseases. ■■BSl-ort, .„ ,|,„t wl e,h„, th, " '^''"'■""-"•i"'i'' ""» U "■...t 1.0 pre|,„re,l „ tir.H ^ ■^■'''""'''"' """' "" '"""1 >'» les. ,„on,ie,!! ** "'" '^'"^""'' "" " "'"I ""--ly I'" '"".■» or ..-I'vr;:;:'!::;;;;,:;'';;;:;:;".;''''''^' ':•""■ -«" ""■-" "• l«."ion of ,1,0 „.„it i, '„.4mi„ea n ,l,o d T"" ■'" "" '"■"™'"" (Jallowav* wvs fl.,„ "! . ^ i '"' "' " """oscopu, Prof. seen n,W,„To„ ,, ", """'' ""^ "'""•' '"■""■"'"'■ "''""'I'' - Tho poa,.XoS ™ io, 1"':,;: °"'"'"-"» 'l>^' »"PP..r.in« ,l,rLls. «x-p.-s it, ,ho ,.o„t, .ranoLet ^'/loaVe. S' n,",/ ' "■"-•,'" Spores separate remlilv frnm m • "" ^''■"^^'- ^''^ Krowi„,'Jal tl^e ,„° f ' ,"-■•-'"?"-«, th,.„„gh„„t ,he attacked by the disease, and what il trueof h . "^'""-^ '^'^ ''' of the fruit snots h«in^ . . *'''' ^^""^^^ '« a'-^« true iiuii,, spots DeiniJ^ sometimes jintifcaKK ..i i j. little larger than neas Thi ' T " *'^^^^'^ "» ^^le iatier when * tEMEr)IES. During tho past two years oxpori merits luivo I.eoii in progress "nde,- ,ir„i,lance of tho Division of Afycolojry, Doparttnont ..f Aifri- CMiIture, ut VVuMlungton, tho Kxpoi-iment Station, of VNTiHconnin und Michigan. Trials wore made at those phices with tortain cliomioal preparations, applie.l in tho form of a spray-in the same manner that 1 ariN green is used to eheck the ravages of the codlin moth Honehciai results were obtained by the uso of several compounds* but that known as "ammoniacal solution of topper carbonate " has in nearly ovory instance given the most encouraging returns Pro- fessor Goff,* of the Wisconsin Agricultural Kxperiment Station obtained by the use of this fungicide, when applie.l to apple trees "i the J'amouse variety, tho tollowing results:— PhI" CHlt. ill Fruit, Phi- c'f lit. ill Per cj'nt. ill I<*irHt 1 (hS l"-' 71 Pi-ofcssor (;otf used ^ oz. carbonate of copper, dissolved in 1 quart of ammonia, diluted with 22 gallons of water Professor Tafl.t- of the Michigan Agricultural Hxpe.-iment Station, obtained results as follows, by the use of the same snb- stance in the following proportions :— 3 oz. carbonate of copper dissolved in 1 quart of ammonia and diluted with 22 Gallons of water : — Pir cent. Fret' from S|x)t. Sprayed . . . UiiNpraywl . ."il 2 12 5 JVrcviit. Permit. .SIijfiitly.SiN)tted. Badly Sijottwl. 4S'(i 85 • 7 06 1-8 These results are very striking, and are worthy of careful siderution, ^Bulletin N„. 23, Wiscciisin .Agricultural KxiH-rinient Station. tBulletin 50, .Micliigan .Agricnltural Exi^riinent Station. con- 1 KXI'EKIMENTS CONDUCTED f.AST VFUl m«;::"j;;,:i:-:''™f;";>f'''«';''''™:«-i'.''.»casor,o,,,,o.p.,,. Jedu,.ti„„, „« |,„,J ' "■" '"""' "I"'" "'"''I' II"' ">ll"»i„tf I iiin al9i> inclobtui to Jfi- !•' 'I' vil •■ .xperi,„e„,» „„d ,,"" """'"■""« '" l'l""'""« >ho lino, „(• 30H:::7:,::;r„t r::!'"" ,'""r""' "^'■"^' """"'"' •■— ■ con.. of«r,..ci. J,;;;,™. """ "■"" -•^' »"" ■'^'>" -i -•»„ ,„ ,,„, t»re. A row":'.;:::: r:;, trr::; :"" " "j"-'-' •""'■ «Kle of thoMO operated iinon i.^ ''^"""" "" ^"'«hor each or tho following ;r- imlJS^'r ^"? "'""^' '^"^ '^" J"ly. At the time of the rirst al • ? \f"'' ""'' ^^^'' ""'' -5'^'' sixe of garden poas. «Pl'''^"t.on the fruit was about the be^!;i:oL;;:;;;^r^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ;..to th..ee graa.. „...n. given in this way J? ^' ^'''' "'^'""^^ '-^"^ ^f'''"''- The results are Row l.—Tieated i- !h Chopper carbonate Ammonia.... i ^^'^'• Water ........'."..'.* ^ '^^^ Result: ' "" *''^''' First quality ' IVrcent. Second do ^^ Third do 25 40 Row 2.— Treated with Copper carbonate Water -^ oz. 22gal8 m ,,. , IVrwiit, I'liNt (luality 50 SecoiitJ do 25 Thin! do 25 Row :i— Trt'utod with Copper Miilplialc 1 u. Ammonia |i .^^^ ^^'"»eJ' 22 gak Tins solution was too strong, injuring the leaves to such an extent as to cause half of tlieni to drop within ten dayn from .hite of application. A seton.l and weaker aj. plication had the .same ottect. Row 4.— Treated with Copper Nulphate I jb ^^'"f«r 22gal8. This had practically the same effect as the above, and was dis- continued after a second application. It would seem with this result before us, that the ammonia did not increase the injurious effect of the copper sulphate. Row S.—Treatod with Hyposulphite of soda 1 \\,^ Water •>«> ,,.,1^ ■ —w gills, Xo beneficial etl'ect was noted, though the oxi)eriment8 on thii. row were remlered useless by severe inroads of the leaf-crumpler. Kow (>.— Untreated. ,,. . • rtTcent. i'lrst quality 24 Second do .,j. Third do i!"!- "13.!!!!!!!!!!! 50 The time occupied in making each application, covering the Yo trees, was about 3* hours with one man and boy and a horse. Of course, if the same mixture were used on the whole lot without any change, the time taken in making the application would be ijreatly , reduced. As the cost of the application is much increased^ the addition of ammonia in the copper carbonate mixture— while the results '"a the experiments cited above do not seem to warrant its use— it would appear that the copper carbonate and water mixture 9 more,on«itivet„i,,i„,„(w;, f H'O ohler lo,.v,,„ »«,„ „, ,,, 11". „bH„rv„ti,„. * • •^'"' '"""• "l'P'i'^»'i""» on,,,l,„.i>„.a been more favoimiblo. ° ''°"""'' """''I ''avo work .h„„l,l ^Z . Cci .' f';"''-«-'ve,- who ,„l,™ „,, ,|,i; ^, ^'UNUICXJ.ES RKC()M.ME.\DED The following mixtures a.v m.o,nnMM„le,l :- 1. Ammoniacal coppe,- carbonate- Carbonate of copper Ammonia... '^ '^'^'• Water ' fe'"^- 100 gak How TO Prepare. In an ordinary vessel capable of holding. » .r,.iin. ounces of carbonate of copper an, ^ ^/'f """'''" "^^>''e, put 2 druggist for ./ron. amZZ^ Jl. ^ h "' """"'"'" ^"'^'^ >'""^- dissolved pour the m^ruret; ?" " '"P^^"'' '« ^^'"PJetoly water. TLsolutnTtt: rrd/for^:' ""' ^'^ '^ ^""^^ ^^ f.o'^tr2ilr :*" r- "^r" ^ ^^^"^^" ^^^-^^ -^ -^^ trees at once in the Arq uan^tl.r^r' ?^ "''''^'"-^ '' '" *»^« «"^"^«n"a use stored awa; in'ord an o "t 1"''-'^"' "'"'^'"^^ ^^ -«^^f- with water as needed ' ^ -'^'"'' J"'"' ' *'>««« *« be diluted !,■ :fs i ■ M^ vsm ■ {' H !!:> ■ 10 2. Carbonate of copper in suspension — Carbonate of copper 2 oz ^^*«^ ZZ"'25gails. This is prepared for use in the same way as Paris green by mixine thoroughly with the water. A more evenly distributed mixture can be obtained by first stirring the carbonate of copper into one gallon of water, when well distributed this is poured into the remaining 24 gallons, and the whole thoroughly agitated This mixture requires more care in application than the ammoniacal solution ; it should be constantly agitated and laid on in a fine spray. A COMBINED PUNGIOIDE AND INSECTICIDE. A series of experiments were conducted at the Central Farm last summer by the writer, assisted by Mr. Shutt, Chemist to the Experi- mental J \^ ^'' ""''' '" "^^' ^oth comparative cheapness T^e Pa ' ^'^P"'"'' «^ ^^«'' ^^« ^^s -cone, application'in Z^^^l^Z!; T\ '' ^"^"^' '"'''" *^^ .-isgenerai,,consi.ere.aiSr:^---^^^^ easy preparation of £ ma 1 "a « ''' '''''''' 'PP^"*^^^ ^«'' ^he wholesale price. '^ *' ^ ''''* "^"^^ '««« than the usual poL:or::^;2:uUJ nf "' ^^ r^ ^'^^^^ ^^^"-'«' ^--'^ u This wi„ be enti'ei; toL^;-: ^fi ["'^ '" ' ^""^"^^ ^' '^^ -^- the crystalline form In anoth r '"', *;•' '^"'"'^ """"**^«' "^^"g Boda (washing sodaTalso in 2 otu 'Tl ^'''"'"^ '^^ P«""^'« ''f «al dissolved pour the I co"d so^ o ^^^^^^ When completely Wheneffervescence has ceased rtuL , ■^/■''' '*"'^''"S ^^"^kly. oughly ; then allow it to stand fill '''i'"'*' '"'''' '""^ «^"' ^h'- will have settled to he bo torn PoT ''IT"' "'"' '^^ ^«^^-^«t disturbing the precipitate "ll with 7 "'' ^''''" '^^"•^* ^^'^thout then allow it to stand unUl hJ 7 '^''^" ^"^' «^'^ ^« before; will take place in a t ho rf pITZ' l' T'' '''"'''' ^'^'^ as before, and the residue Llri. t "'"' ''^i"^^' ^^" ^^^'•^^"Ily g mmonm, sti.nng ,„ well, il,e„ „,!,! sufficient «te.- I? f^M n to bring the whole quantity up to G quarts. This cai. be kept in an ordinary two gallon stone jar which should be closely corked. FORMULA. Each quart will contain 2 ounces of the carbonate of copper, which when added to 25 gallons of water, will furnish a solution for spraying, of the same strength and character as that obtained, by the use of the dried carbonate, and one which can be prepared with little labor, and kept leady for use throughout the season. CARBONATE OF COPl'ER IN SCPENSSION. When the carbonate is to be used in suspension, instead of adding the ammonia to the sediment, add water until the whole quantity is made up to 6 quarts. Stir this thoroughly until the sediment fs completely suspended (entirely mixed throughout) and pour the thick liquid into a suitable jar, when it will be ready for use. Before usingshake the contents thoroughly, so thatall the sediment may be evenly distributed in the water. Pour out a quart of the thick fluid and mix with 25 gallons of watei-. The cost of the chemicals will vary with the amount purchased €opper Sulphate (blue vitriol) is usually retailed at from 10 to 12 cts. per pound, and Sal Soda (washing soda) at about 3 cts. per pound. The strong ammonia should be u.sed which can bo bought in half gallon jars at from 20 to 25 cents per pint. WHEN TO SPRAY. The importance of early treatment cannot be too strongly ui-ged as after the disease has gained foothold and is working within the tissues, remedies which can only be applied externally are of very little use. The first application should be made bejore the blossoms opei,; the second soon after they have fallen, the third and fourth following in periods of about ten days or two weeks apart. If the season is cool and wet, a fifth application will be necessary, but if moderately dry, four applications, if begun in good time, will in all probability be sufliciently effective. HOW TO APPLY THE FUNGICIDE. 1. For orchard work use some form of a barrel pump. 2. Use nozzles which will distribute the liquid in a fine misty spray. 13 Bayton, Ohio. ' "'" -^'■™" ^°^^'« ""<' Machine Co. of I am not awn™ .hat .h,,, ,,„„p, „_.^ mannftc.,,™, ,„ Canada. -MILDKW OP THB GEAPJi. Tho ilisease particularly referred to in .k. c ii • . among viticultnrist. „s "dowm mildew '". It ?'""*-' '' '""'"■" »<• .he grape, and to acienti' aTp^;' "T" 'w "«"^ '■°' " severe last vfinr in ,>,„ ^eronospora viticola, was very partiealll ta r tl™ ^ ST «''°"'"« ''''"■'°"'- " h"' beef, in WesternVn t- ve Mu:r" "'',°"'"''" ''"'^'' "'«' ■"- Province Of Qnehec. ^IC^l^^Z^,!; """"""" '" ''" 4:i"ii;'?dt'„ra::''«.:,f ! «-"-"'■- -•'»' ^aif fo^ed to a grayisi, brown to the 1,1 '""'''•ZT' "'''"' S"''^ P'"™ 'all .0 the ground when light TSl ^T^" ^''"■" ""■'™' """ two varieties in the vinevard th..l i fegmning with one or will spread .-apidlyrrtrt '^0 eri'fclfXeh" '"" '"' "°"" entirely exempt. ^'"'^^ '^®^® **t first It usually affects the leaves and wood JHfpr in ,r. Hybrids fn the -pre:t:™arre;id^:frer^^ '"' ^"- hror:;:t:::LrtLzrs;;E;rn:,irrs "°""« '- rurar^'i^rmtrerTrf-^^^ pubescent leaves ebir :^ie'':?rc:"„e?;T:mi:;:°^ ''' "■'* THKATMENT. Carbonate of eoppe?- ^ Ammonia '^ '^^• Water... l^pint. • 25gals. I I, 14 As soon as the mildew made its appearance last year on our vines they were thoroughtly sprayed with the above mixture. Two applications and the removal of all diseased berries had the effect of checking the spread of the malady, but at the same time demon- strated — when oomi^ared with the results of my former experiments — that the proper line of treatment leading to complete success, lies in the early application ot the remedy. The following is the course of treatment planned for the vineyard of the Experimental Farm this season : 1. All prunings, leaves, etc., to be carfully burned. 2. When vines are uncovered spray them — including the posts and trellises — with a simple solution of copper sulphate (blue vitriol) 1 It), dissolved in 15 gallons of water. 3. Spray with the ammoniacal copper carbonate ubisg the formula already given soon after the fruits sets ; make two or three additional applications at intervals of ten days or two weeks as the necessities of the case seem to demand. 4. Eemove and destroy diseased parts of the fruit and foliage. GOOSEBERRy MILDEW. The great di-aw back to the successful cultivation of the European goosebery in Canada has been the annual loss occasioned by the prevalence of this disease (SpJwrotheca mors-uvae B. i*t C.) The external appearance of the fungus is well known, showing on the young woods, leaves and fruit as a whitish downy coating, usually appearing soon after the leaves have fully expanded. TREATMENT. Successful results are reported by Prof. Goff of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Wisconsin, by the use of Potassium Sulphide (liver of sulphur) at the rate of 1 ounce dissolved in four gallons of water. Spraying was commenced when the leaves were partly expanded, and repeated seven or eight times during the summer. Without actual experiment it would not be wise to recoramand the unrestricted use of any remedy for this disease, but from our present knowledge of the general efficacy of the ammoniacal copper carbonate, it seems safe to advise a trial at any rate, of this remedy in the same proportions as thoce given for the apple and grape. 15 ' A REQUKST. practicable the "Lhs ti fl,I' '," '" '"''"""^ ""• "« »»»" «» exp„>„„.„,.. Of thnrauL,; : ,:°j- -^.^i'« :':;• -'•.•' -o.™ r^ f' IS m