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WJLhUMB, 4. ^ 'r^jh ▼ICAB OF LAMTITIK. ;^^' ^JS IB S T C A N A D A E D I TI 6 K •i* ; . \ *^X ■A'vijti, kiaoara; ■TttHEY I§9L i^/Kii'' 'A .,, - #; J»1i tni^;; and It tommt loSe ttDdimn |(nistaiatth% f lidt the men lAthetiaQft li|^ Wc"' _P»ilfowiDgw9A faeU^ ittended for youftfoj !#»* who B«, fed fti^W^te^ji^MH. the itaorfi,^ i»d «#««obgy. The8j*^hiBto.y unci*' lartriw^thegetwo br«BOBe«BiBi»wl«d«,. i. ».„ BPSngi and laar bl| l»«sfioi«B»«miii9d»d b th h' ' "Be «idBmg««rtfag (othe nimd,in «h,Bikea pwwl IN« that the fcUo,«Dg™«itirem«y in 4ome degree-^, pat the .ttention of the mere Engluh reader. « > - *'*'^**'"'* ."^ *'.,.'«k ..felJfiffl piftH#all» •'«<^*«*lilfi||iiM"%Httt.r^ U4ea«tti hsreflmiAed some fflMtration^ m,^t »*• ftoa^t it my duty to r^ »iany «^ tWr «w^ >etroii _!lf m > or AliEXAJVll^EH THE GREAT. I INTRODUCTION. . d. ftren under the -^rne Hind,, th,.^,^^^ A«f«. ■^ manners, and chatjiter. tLiaSI^RI' "•^"nce in fee!- cSwrte and country, wlattf butS t^rf^^l? " independent ■ dants'of the civilised Achaeani and Athenians, flourished greatly, C6v ered the seas with their fleets, and studded the shores of the Euxine with wealthy and splendid cities. These colonists in Asia, wefe the rounders oFGrecian literature. From them sprung Homer andHiMiiod, Al^us and Sappho, Thales and Herodotus. And had they possessed ijpstem of civil polity, adapted for the purpose, they pqasessed strength, IcnoyrledfliB, and energy sufiicient Ut have conquered all Asia. But their d^le oraction was narrowed by their confined views of constitutionid f^ernments. Even Aristotle, superior av he was to his countrymen, wrote, in much fatev times, that a hundred tboustmd and five thousand were numbers dnually incompatible with' the exi8t«9iCe ^f a fi«e state, as the greater nuopier would render deliberation impossible, and the lesc b^ inadequate for self-defence. This limitation wftf crounded on the prihciple, that every Greek h^d an imprescriptible ritfht to attend and v6te in the great coimcil of the nation, and to be eliginle, in his turn (p the highest ofiices of theM^ To fulfil these duties ably and with^ advantege to the commoii Bii^ The oombioed Ai&eniaQ and johian foxces. marched to Sardes, and burned the Lydiao capital. This rash aet drew on Atfi^o" ^^ 9^ Greece the whole vengeance of the Peniaa roonarcbs. Afler a lo&g and d^dly contest the Greeks rm^M the invaders, pursued them into Am*, and for « time liberate^Mtk; Asiatic fhApw-oountiymen. \ Bat theiS'Owii civil contests divertelKsir attention from foreif^ objects, andtteiriB^endidTtetoriesbad ncArtheriesidt. ^ V - -7 A^ffiiu ■•au ' m^ 'mm^ ^^^^r: r^?ir;':.^a"#?v l*fTKfl©UCWON. y JLiTnYof^tcVi'J^^^^^^ of Age.ilau. in A«.. for mm consigned the A.iaUc SSK .K /^"'*'^'*^*''' which once Sr»o«e, norrriTi^^^^^^ spaced net with eadi other. For this condJ,* -k^ kj^' *"® Greeian atatea wakneea and their owo7trenfftk7l-.ki 5® '^"8'*>' ^"'«'<8 her •Mertofreeth^LaereaftLA.^ therefore, of late, been Scr.cic.«,S^racrerandtru*;i"« '•?*'•'" u"*" *''« '^««'ore & hi. aa- ^%X7dX^^' !°iin^ ^"^ p«»'' ->«« out b, V AiicriTieC&nTAl^"'^ !"«^"''' succeeded in hi8^r,4t # toowteak to resilt,«uddennt;<53oof frJ^tU^*"" P?"** ^^^"^ 5*». and withheld their vote from the jSiIIa • ^ «®°*'"''' confeder^ ^ IW Peiwa was a«ai5«tv«^?r!f«^ MscedomW captaioTgenerAi::- ^ of his age V *'''*'°® *"*' preteneTona, in the t/enti^ ♦^'jj CHAPTER/i. , iLUAMVKB, the tiiird ki^ of Mieedohm -r^K « t/aaraamed the Great, wjKra.i pJn? *u **\*°''™«' '""^ common- Jfw. before Ohriat HutWPWlS' ^^T ^""'''•«** «"'«' fi'ty-ak I «U.». A. *_^ », P» - VJ' ?T '^^ traced hie origin throMjrh Te- fg.of Argoa, to Btercul^and PerSia.- I 7 1^ - "F'™» canned to bTl^'IlH^jT' i"«8^«» f for the roy- lL^--?i^- ^AeW|.^rri;ra^-»^^^^ &« 12 i^JES^ U-fmpoeeii:. ^(L K • *"i*"'on nwde on his riiifflOD, inmedialelyaft^he -™JM MJtaalion of which h«*«nrip '"»>* ^tiM^aMn!Bdvl»;i«oei^ fe^ earliest dsys, hepron ■"^-i.therjMiownof his ajKLm P'»gf»T«d*ben6wsoftl|e »4fcttg to resist the Maoedon S^£iu.i..; sasicsES 8 ALEXANDBR THU #REAT. ■1^' \ ved jiDteliigencA of a victQjry gained by Parmen^ over the lUyfiana, and otfihe wicceu of Ij^b horse in bearing awar tl)e Alat prize at the Ulympie Same*, In aAer^titnes the A*iatica reioarked with auperatitiouM awe, lat the magDificOnt t^p|e of Diana at Ephesua had been destroyaij b^ fice an the night of Alexander'a birth, and that the gyheral coofla-/ gration ofi^aia had been typiKed thus early by the deflWictron of ita' most splendid ornament Perhaps U ought to be remarked, at a proof of the easer and restless spirit of the times,^ ihkt th^ 'incendi^y, who .ought to have remained namelcfss, was wiUing to purchase dc>l>P is shpposed to* have written to Ar- . iaUktIeon die'birthof the prince' is, i fear, a forgery. For it is rather incompatibleuwith the fact, that Aristotle did -not take the imtnediate uba'rge of his duties until bra pupil had attained his fifteenth year. But as the philosopher's father Hi^d been the favotirite physician in the Mac- edonian count, it is hot unlikely that e\^n the earlie|t year' of the prince wete under the superintendence of his great preceptor, and that his primary.education^was conducted according to hia suggeationa If such was the cas^, are can easily deduce the principles on which both the isarlier and mor^ mature education of Alexander was con^uctsd, from Aristotle's Treatise on Politics, where tliey are developed. He dividev a regular course of education into three parts.,^ The fint comprises the period from ihff birth to the completion of the seventh year. The second from the commencement of the eighth year to the completion of the eighteenth year, and thofthird from tho eighteenth t* the twenty-Srst Accordins to Aristotle, mor^ car* should be taken of the body and of the mind'TorUiafirat seven years; strict attention to diet be enforced, and the iqfant from Bih infanojr Situated to bear cold. This habit is attainable either by jitbldi>athing or light cslothing^ The -eye and ear o(the child diould bm. most watchfully and severely guarded against coptanunationofereiykind, ani unrestrained eommunication with seir rants btf strictly prevented. Even his amusements llhould be under due ; ifgulation, and tiered as interesting and inteUeo^al a^ possible V Itmuat alwa^ remain doobtfid, how fiir Olympias would allow such fRceflenC preeepts to be oat in execution. Bat it ia recorded that L»- ennatus^ tqa Qovemor otthe^onng prince, wae no austdVe man, ofp«at iBverity ^maimer, end not likely to relax sny adopted rules. He was «kK> ardation of (N^piap, and tfi sach misht doubtless edfdree nqre* tMi «poB4riuoh 00 atranger would be afiowed to act ''^^J^ wtttngOky agility, and hardy habiti of Atexaader are the best proofs mti iti»Turt«iriuaedneationwa»Mliegtected,and hia h^ r^w^?/i fin fait itoble nurse Lannice, tMHnghter of Dropidai^ proves alfo 1«ky it waaeoBdnetedwitiigentleiMM and infection. '] fr-A •ft(f"- iTHIt OttEAT. 9 «■ tad proved vietor in yoath and in aaniiood P««1S1^ "^ fpacttKarlTCiwdueiiwSSSaimKjiIS^ ««»- ebgwrlttr.! fopie mind^e"^^ •rr«g^ and. I9 F^s?„^«'p52HP Pttg^ea save •peounenaAf Ua akUl in nUviSlca l£ iSt;- ^. «l«^m.J«r«.itin«adranSdi^-^^^^SS^^ iBionatianaor tito iSfe P«I>Wo«,|Jiar, a«oonling to ulioae adnat I SJiSSS^^ •'1 " 2 - ' ■ ♦■•' ^ '/ '!■, 1 •"•-«?-, ro ::AZiXAVlVm k, . > 4*^ ■^iP rrar idttc*ti60 to kvo been conducted, fn the year «, C. ^ Ariitotle joined hUillustriotit pupil, and did not ftaally qmt hun tintil he passed "^^Tbe ro Jter was worthy <»f1ii« pupil, and the papU of his nmater.- The mental stores of Aristotie wete vast, and all afrangedwith admirable accuracy and judgment- His style ofspe&iiigaodwrtting pure, ctesr, ^d preciw ; ^^hip industry in accumulating particnlar factor only «• quailed byliisaigacity in dra^rig general inferences. AJftaftder was Sifted witti gn»t qn^ckneUe of apprehension, an^msatoble ^desire ot Knowledge, and^ ambition nbt to be satisfied with the stecond place in *°&SSh ft lApil'undor such a«aeter Must soonhave acquired a sufficient knowleagTofthoW branches described beforevas occupying the middle period ofShicatiOT. He wduld^n inter on thp final couwe mtended for th» completion of hipUterary atddies. This comprehended what Ar- istotle caUs Mathesen, and included the branches of human learning w- ranged at present under the general term mathematocs. To these, «b far as they«ould h»8CientifiMfly, treated, were added moral philosophy, logic, Storic, thwart of pifey. the theonr of poj^'^'^l 8*J«™'»«5' and the more evident principles of Bntural Philosophy. Oh tl^ese «ib. jects we still possess written by AriatoUe, »*k«fi^,P^« "»**•* P^" *te;for th6 use of his pupiV arid afterwards published for the public >n- Wo learn also from a letter of Alexander, preserviid by .nilt|tcli, Aat Aristotle had initiated, his pupils in^ those deep and mysteneus speculations of Grecian philotophy, which treated of the nature of the Deity, of this human soul, of the eternity and oftier quahties ofrnfttter/aad of^r topics "which prudential reason* prevented the philosopher from CibKcly explaining. Asthe letter gives alively idM of the exdusive am- Oen ofA5o}tander,Ihereineertit It was occasioned by themiWica- tion of Aristotle's treatise on that branch of knowledge, called frem ljlli^y9ty hook MttaphjftUti- *< ALttluitDBB Tb AKlBTOTLKf '*■'>■'■'*■■•. HEALTH. '■'"■■ '^tU^iM did wrong in publishing thosd branches d^science hitherto notl H» be acquired except Mm oral mirtruotion. In what shall I excel othj «ra if the more profound ImowhidgB I gained from you be commuwcaj * ted to ii Por my rart I had raAor sorpasa fhe mi^ty ^ of mankm ^ the sKlimet biiMkbeB of leanttng than in thei extent of pdmt an «4tominibB«->-^WeweH P ^ .. ■■^ .. •V BottiM ttMat MttH of Aflitotle t^tfli wader his pupl an ^Ub»iMM^ wi«hwiadep», fi ■Bd Jut a ce.|lwv»Bt mniiiiii p p i ' " t^ ™wyy°^^rt^ , It WM hia prfBrtne* «>«#riM Jtobplf Upon his mmd m trttt»j him. It WM his prfrinot iolA^riM «i6pif Upon his muw me «»*«» moralfhihwophy, to habituate him to pNOtiseits precept* to store i mitwif' '*'r.i^'"".'3f THl! OBSAT. 11 M2, ArtBtotle til he passed oaster.' The th admflrable ig pure; dear, acta, only e> Icttaiider was ble desire of Bond, place in ■ * ■ ed a sufficient ing the middle iirae intended adedvhat4r- a learning ar- To these, as tJ phitoBo^y, government, Olitl^ese sub- ) moat prciba- lie public hoi- \hj Piilt^ii, ad mysteneasl • nature of the I ofmfttter;8Bd itlo*>pherfirom B exclusive am- 1 )y thepublica- s, called (nm\ mi with hiMorioal fiict«,'to t^h him how to draw uaefiil inC«.n«^ ttm then, and tp ejphun the means beat calculS t^J«ik? *I^°?**' fiwement «MMncreio the atability 7empiS. ^"^"^ *^ T »?."..# *°'*y'^MwA« wlifious opinions iiii,«I«i.^ i.- Sli^ EL a *^ ^S®"**^" **"«''«'« »•»** they w»e the aamna ^ ttfJwMJd byAn8totie,whomaintoined the uiiveraality ofSe DeSf 4 ' ice hitherto Dpi tail I excel oi le commuMca ty.of numki of power pit ui aeeom idoDit finnoM^ »dae^ odtiMStra^o ita, to atore hi «£ nn^hl '^.*^*"°^**°V*^"' groMdiflferencea of opinion pi«. nflad on the aul^ect of education. Some direct their afaenS^ pmcipalhr to the conduct of the inteltect, otherrto 4e fiSS of moral ^ehngn and babita, and * tMriliwV^.^* m«ri^^^ mn to enlighten the mmd. AriatoUeapRn wai to unite the three »vZ ^«^.«^ #• *v *• '°^: '*^ agath^t. In truth,, no talents can 2- <>f|»"oii are moat us9rul auxiliarieftaLifinrin o^S^^ , J^^sanntuigfipm virtuo^ pri„,ipte^ andc2ndScted byJupSS? t^nottobeauppoaodthat AristoUe wl^ed to instruct his miml LlSSifoiSfv^SS^ o>-aiepa^t«nUem«;^3S n»|.^e call polite hterature,M ri^re beneficial to the mind Sw. ^r^I^^c^l^SSSS**^ ?**'^'« «f tiiS«»d laliur. vT M w»M aiad one of An«totl«'s maxims that the education ahouM^i;^ 2^"h&L**iS°^*^^ *»^*^ PupiirfiT. lire f^at C^i^ 5?eS t^r' S!"^*?-?* '^'"*" ^ ^w to devote hiinself to^ SSd CSS.r* "'*"i^ P*""8* "^ *^« contention?^ sSuSurSf £S«I!Sr^*"^^''^*P«»fr<''»«ctiyolifein philwphS^eSoJ- r«lSi ^?'vP*'?''' '•*^«\*- Although tha35S«'tt^ S&i ffl r n ^^^r^^^ ^I^ *^^ *^ MacadoorcoSd WlHPf - •>y • »on«^ devoted to elegant.«uo, literal nurauits. jgM«iw?mwtfc ^wcesaoroflffiuihtTlff^ ES1.'!S??^*'^*^?^^^» •'^*^« decisive^ «S «SS2St u! ii5M#p«wpicu.ty,elegaiiciyandiergy. ^V «pn»«iiigft» y«A. but dm, the recorded ftct thiu ht ir^STliZlf &t^^^ - li^^'t . '.u,^A.jS tjdim. m tege« jto the utmotl. Amid .bis various studieti, howeveft Homer «at th« god of his idolMwy ; the Iliad» tint ofajlect of hi* enthnsiMtic adBii.-a> tion. The poet, a» Aristotle «m|ri^tically.oiuttes him, was hb iniepa. nAile cMDpanioD ;: from him be drew hk^maximei from him;hiei horrowed hie modele. The pi«c^>torparto(diiathis|K>bt of theenthunaamof his pupil, aod the most accuratt cc^y of Ae great poem was prepared by Ainitotle,. and placed bj Alexander in the most pcecious. casket which he found among the spoils of Dariua. ' Eager as Alexander was in the pursuit of knowledge, it must not be iwpposed that Philip i(q)ja)d, allow his siiccefipr the h|d>its of a recliAe } on ^^ cbntr^, h^ earljr ii^tiate4 him in the ;dufi had bef^n equaOy iucceifviful asainat t^^ In t^ iollotf ingjrear Philif Wr«JW the Dea<;e of h^ family by mar- ryiitiyg CieMatra.1^ nl^ce of Attalua, onh of his generals, nnd by 4it. gtaeing, ff ;not divorcing, O^n^Tae. "Phifip hadiwried roa^y wives, hut fliey were the sisi^nor*iai\ighfer«o^ and Tlies- i|lmn churtiB, and prcd>ably not antitled'to the hbnflro|lBT€^pahra'^r£i]; rfdioe^hfft motfkaf% niame. . 11m »hia>iiM done b^r^ay of dephkriag Mk* 'th& kl^Auiti inieea, may be inferred from the ^ct, that whea a 'ptitatm rei«lof4h«prince»iiio8t mfimatn friends, and iaiia own ir6tr«ment nit(^m0mf* ■::^i-'^ :f>M' m -J .w*. 'f i' .'f] •-i. T^'fBJBA'^ la . tt^tardi^ into a i*»ubB?Zi« flSSf i-^*' ^"^ **^ «*^ftiiHlitrfrom iymty/ Thi name MaSS^S ^ T . ^*^*'«' »f ** Macedonian 4e, which He^^S:^*:! r'Jf^^Z**?? ^'*» *• MaSdSS I ^••ibund Phry^Sir BrSea.^i^'*^' •'*,^" «« » Asia, Miin where iitn.;qifh^^^^^^^ tE , %nin theTicioitv^S«»7^/;**i^5*? 5".!!^* the satyr, were ifti writes, th«t,;SnartiS Jud^^i*^^^^^^ I ^fragrwce narked the dp^' """^^^T^^r'Wmgim^fi^ ■i|«« if JSeZntn- iSS^^ #»e«tttieirterriteriwWiS!!fe?''^ On iWr noSSm eivilhu^^t^n^n ^*/ *«?'' ***fe«^« lost a part of .Aiirite ariginb^^r!^^ ••▼«■* king, to pM^ehik ltt& oSfeSml -rL^^ i>«<«P«te with hi.''ftHow OnZ "'^fl/wpww^woiLrfiir^ZSlSfl* *^ «i-tiH> tea eqaiit ware *t*i.5rSK*^ &t^^Jr±Sf^^^ Mice. P«WBuripid«a. H^:rig?^T*y «he;lkvonte reaid ipiMEuripidaa. He'waa *" 1*ww«lf to bt prft,] »t9d , .-_ reaiclenca of ibt • A S2lSja£2*SL2! ,„x. >■-.'.. t . i •^s^fe^-wsr K^^'^i-f ':• .',1? ' [' 14 ALSXANDEK xdp. of two ,«w>,i,i«i^,'^'«' •^'^"^ "y "'• -^ ^*^ Some hUtoriana write |hat a coinpe^or, pained^ Arpawm reiga«. wr two years, while AmyntwirwwlHuuahmen^ "^ : ^ w ^ s«hi. Philip, -^-^'^s ssf^ani .ss« ^*»! throne inus to * e«'<^ <»*''% •??"S.S;p.«HLi had htti tmVl c«ad «». PhiHp • «\ti'^ ri2":?Srf2ilS^Sto*«i *« name Amyntaa, wboae hereditary ttimw ""^"S "^Tj: 'L^ mfaacr or ^liei of his countrymen. ' ./ \>: ; _ I vMace#ria.'at this period, contained "^^JJ^^^^W^;^ |K«.| LwdiTiDdependentinother »«»lf5^V»2i*i!J?^ t^^ iXto thi kingV^ tw4 prineipal djmarttee ^«» ^JJJJ™^^. "J **^.tian. WrdominS-were^iatedin^thej^ ■ ';K tiii: oiusAT. 15 •l*oiAe of Macwioni.; Md Zi^S^^^^^^ 'nteriSarry with the ray- S^'^^^^^Tl^^ dethr;>n«d.i.,.Amynta.. the fther %lj^i«».aMferpuVKt^^^^ of Aero^i, «^ The Lj^cfcstian princes hSd h?|h cffi^S?„"; l^"^" "^ P^'dV Mde his nephew, Ws.soa^Uwby LK hi^ t?- J'^^''^''' «"<» ^e ■image. HewnriioeB h-Ii 1^{ «jr»ngjiim hi« daughter Cyna in Mjftr and «,n S^ etraidX^^^ #rded with verydifle?entfeSn« i*^T^?**^*'^ m pTtte conspiracy ajSiS^^te^ ''^ ''a^e ,,oTc" l^epwe low writers J.SthemG?i^L'?''.^^^^^^ ^«>« ^^^ ^^WipwasahactoCprivatevei^^^^^ According to thwn the death J^. whom a deSof j^^SSXeTn^r f by the youthful pj^ lUtotHeroweneeandXASLuTS^o^* '^F**'' ^" '«^ O'**"- ,,,-Jsr. of Alexander, the^adf AeroSS hV?S5!"' '^•"*=*'' «»«» ^^ ,f «e murder of PhiliJ. mZ^l^^ f"^*^ beeowtive accomplic^ Jil^nce. who fflled the imporffiS?S''?^?"r'"' «»0'«»- ffiil^ bpdy^i^d, U.e SfhSThontr^s 1M orftomman. li*?MaeedoniantBourt «Ho%o?nK bSS in^tjiflst f >^~«Vsee) 1^1^ tod honour^ , ,: ^ ^?? W»«f #■« ,gr«»|,^pdii»i^ Fhay»wMsHlafeirifl,ei^,^^^^--^ ^^ '' te"? ^b^^cts; «,d ml^Z^iTS' ^^^ ^^ had. l^mhinwllbfcs. c£GreieSoirT^^^ lead the* M his daughter C^oparto with AteMniSf ir^ c«';»M»tuiy the nuptiale ^IhMrtre. tie was immfcdiatdrout tn^si^u** t* '^••^"•tering "••J^ot^ppew* to h^^^S^^^^'^^'^r W'^h ciw«imrtw»c«fe ■Ha ptWdfer su«A.,iig^ ,XT,?^?^?i ^''° , *PP«"ir- , ^^••H«to-tL?;:i,:rcF^^S h^moned to a tLuituar/:::^:^:::^^]:^^:;:?^ tt ?- ir i'r' i\i^, '% r^' f6 / kinitby general WSclwnaHoii. He r^rtttrned thanks in an energetlpf speech j anfexpreBsed bis' hopes tl«H hii? conduct would sooncBuse tfiem to wy, that nothing but the name of their king hadbewi «MngeJ' . . Evto Juftiii allows that hia first care was to put his facer's assawms to death. Patisamas had alreadjr expiatwl hisguilt wift hb life. The thrt»e leading nwnthntBuflfered <» *« ?^«»«'«.r'^, Pf!S^!;!%^' rhabamr, anlAmynt^a, Ae^son ?f P<^<'!^«J?»;.^!3j!X^ ropus. was also ac<;a«?d of haying paTtt«ip«ttJrw-|h»?t^rm»r"ww' Sw touch doubt S guilt. His coflducl after the as«<»toabon en. mied his safety, al&ouffh it did ttot prove his innocence. Aimrntas, the Z JfAnS^ "Sotllr prince of ?he blood WU either ^-f f^, tooBcious MK « tWMonable interitfons, iscaped mjo Asia, He was Wceived4tfioH» arms by thto Persian cdui;l, tod a< a late period in- SiSed with tS^WPmsand ciifyi Qmk^t«>rc^P*,Vi the «>mce of ^is oiorethan ph>b«bre that thetkrtlsplratdrBit^reincorttftpettds^ ^ith the Persiaji. court, and that •mple promises of protection and sp^ wrt wer« giwn to nHto uttdertahinltto diliw the empire f«m the m- pendiiig'ia^ion of flie caotain-^e*fetaI of Greece.^ Alemder^m.hiB •KMto the first proposals of Darius, openly charges Ae IPttnato with having been Ae Sistigators of his fajwrt «S^^i.^S^^^ tions connJcted with Amyntas, the son of Aritioolfc^ «wl ^««^f *• L5icestian,hi«t«rffcr *<> Wp^iced, show that J^^P di* was as Httle sehipnloi|8 abiiat themeans of destrdyliwa fonmdj* «Sr,s if hSwm«W todays of Cfc^^^ SeKipal^tof Persia & Greece, aikd Chandwnus, one £ta« ™Sds Sdsup^rter., W«a ««J««» '^»>*^^ff ■^^~'^"5S The event #aspiibUo and cbtildnot bo cbnceated, Th«;«f*«^jf Greece were aSserobled there ; ^m l^'^^^o^*^!^.^^ emiisto Demosthenes coujd ^ifcve outstripped the speed iirtttiwhM*^ news ofiueh anevMit passes from m«»Wht6 mouth urarpotffllouscoaBtry; liit to mention that Charidemus would not have been ,^e^y deg^r |»elt to destoatchalieiseiigw orfeueh iiii occataefu YMDemosfttaw ■hM4k«edXd^thoti»ffliptot»e Athemaa^ « iW before lhenewstei<*e*A^«i»fH»*B wiyot^er^uarten Hf jcottfime^ fl» t^Mh^elhfc ailaHfen with an tefli* and aicitted InelnoWled^ tf sudi Ineviift 10 an immediate revelatioA fifom Jupiter and mmtv*. The aijc«r*ef nf Weinfoipistion, and the felsehopd rB*p6cting the ^lledgwl SSfeor«hiiiltenigeBee,aIn^ indllj»^ piwe Aathe wasjui S^^before theTkcOn* that he m prtvio*! «^tion rf the '■■rf«;.^#*."**^ ,*?• . ■ h:,^^4 ;Wv- .-''^i4i.yi:-»-i^',*', tii-.'.'i-iy;!!-^ Jft"5? :*; < .X„.„„, ,J :.{ i** . 6 '■* ^V*SS^W.' Tm 0JUB4T. V7 1 1 ; cijAPTBB in. **^, \ ,..^ i-s r-^ r-^ r^'r^t^r lihim ffl the oationai du^ *iu iiiiiiniiin III unim) I ^''CwMMBlBatB 08110 't)»ear .>i^''.*^i,' r*"'*w(*«s He AbfiX:ANt>£K er I chanse among his fatlier'B mirtistere ; the BpirU of Phihp Mdj prwWed-^' iD thf council-room, and the interpreters of hw opftiipne jredoniinaled tfwre. Antipater and Parminlo are repealediy mentioned by the AtW San oratoraw the two great ministers of Ph»Up. To the former he 3^Tcivil, to the lalterin military affiurs. *woanecdote.. record- 6d by Flatarch, are well adapted to throw light upon the supposed «Lietors of the two men. Their Uuth, in sucB a case is of litUo u«. '^^PhSuMt thnes lowd tb. drink deeply. On one occasion, wh.m be observed his party rathei reluctant to^ steep their senses mforwtfalneM, "DriS!" widhe " d^ ; all is safe for Antipater is awako^' In ak Iiision to the numerous generals whom the jealousy of the Athenian de- mocfaorunited in the command of their armies, and whom its impa- SeSS^^U^byanequalnjjmber Pha^ 11 fharivt theqwt,iniK»«essing8omanygallMitge'nerate, whUe I have wv«r "XSTwIidi^Si^to AlMander in this respect,, as thjfte two grett .mbn«turally jldbewd lolR^iHp in the misund«istendinBtihat took SSe bSween Ifim and hitsoii , and the youthftl m(«iarchT»«d perMa- tl ftiehds of distinguished merit, who at »»« f**«'^«;. ^»*J^^?|S on his nccomit These were Hwpalua, PjoW the ~n f J^ J^earchus, Eryghis, and his brother Laomedon. They we» ot ■SSie VecaUe/rro*eiilg, but their promotion tooffic«».were dow, ihoush certain. Their naoiwr will often recur durtngthe following life. ^^^nea c6mmonly called bjr the. Greeks the Jf-o- or the dog, Kid •fkvlrirhom the Cyiuc PhUofophew were named, resided then at to- !ffi Bii contBVnpt«i»r «»»»»»*»««««« "»'* prtjfrieties^feinkMd Ule^kMD^d to great rudenesa of marfner, and readiness m rtarp and pithy n»BKAa,h«dprocurefrhimgreatnotoriety.. Hisusqal resijlMce wi » taM»e«i»"^der the ^^Hs of Ae Oorihthian gy]»^««w"^.,/^"! ™J5 dMluiped to aU wiUing lifttenerfragainstthe hidiits of civilized life, and vpoiLtlie mat Superiority of savn^ie exiateace, Alexander was tempt- true u> ni» principwis, T- w. w» o.«i» ..-- ; " tweebineluidthe8lni.»» The king wa. so much struck with theinde. ptAident Spirit manifeated in thi* repiv, ^^^^^^..^^^ Snjy«i I not Alexander, I should wish to bfe Diofenw." The kmg wa« TOdng, Uie j^loaopher far adv»«ced in years, yet their dea& o^^ T«d ^^tbe b£» period. Dipgenea was one mornmg found dead ^^^^.MlisteenvelopSiS His friends and dwc- i^ha4nMny,cottli%et "">*«» 0^ independent thr«oUm iSCr t£?v A* moun^ineere, «,^ JSndin* phalanx lS^£.« ' ?S^ t*'^ prewliitonslj gpoa the «o«ne of the Adra, oneo/owSihnl-ti f!i?S"i^* 't/pllowi fhe / ■•?« J*« ID AUUUMMUI fe^ ifi.i m- DaiMbe MMl~aie riM. Tha Utter d«wription m ttJl aftflicabb, iuiil tiM MwKowtise^lyiAwtiftidwilbl'wwewPeuoiB^ ^ rwr ousbt it to be ngumiik wonderful tket * w^r of the msAmI • tapidityofthe Danube Iwioflectfla BO eTight a chuigeduiiM twenty oioturtes. Foiv atthougk j^ «M00t be denie^y metheoaatopally speak- ing that the WHUial tiihf#t>f aoU e*«ied by rivere to the aea niuet, ia the ceottUeef iapae of t^n, wear dowA the jnountame and fiU the aei., T^ aa fkr aa I haive been enabled to fiwm a judgment, the actual tim. Mt within the last two thouaand years has been ve»y tnaim^. Polybiw, » bie«KQftd book, wrUes that the l»ahia M«tia waa m hte days all bat fiiMiyetMadeioriptioB is a» BJpplicablo te it now as in fortaer age«. aCt, the anwent Tanais, is aiill the great emporium where the mer- d^a^^^repe and Asiatic Tartarv meet and cKohange prodactiona B^tiMit alocgieb la^e between tiie lathmus of Perekob, and the Mcbo- SlattU r«t^l3^^t»alM5ientham^ theFutHd Sea, and remainE^pnawntly inlthO same et^ ae when taewribed by Strabo. Fliny wrijes that the amGher8one8ewa8eaf|i.«liiBlMid: «)d no doubt H '/was euf.io ;«m3h!lMghtha«B.beciQ% ci^: tlw lathmiis, Imwevtv, has not „—d aciiwifilr m^iffiA sinoe the pertedof EIreek . colonisatioii. What malia moro ^atraordioary, that kmg And narrow t^k of kvadtiiat jiiteto ^'aottdibetween tiie Lyman of the Bbryahtenee and thesea, in aces- y deaeribod by iJBCwnt aurora, ae existins in their days, a tboiK ictadiaiO'leogth, and four in average bm.dtk V rftr th^Milo, with all the bperatiTe power aseribod to itby Herodo- iiwl adtaftced aeitieptibV ewcelie wrote. I'ha troiila rhatmtie moatbar Cin^ioaehara of the Daaiettabratteh in latitade 81 ^1^. The Bok r o^ Rosefta biah<^>whi6h ittiHolemy^ tiiqewas in !htituda4l<^|i, -^jpaiMtly advaBced^lnit ia Ha (aeaeatunsv^ported state i^Itable tabe ^liMMty aaM" comcUairiBe of % fttidoaaea anda powerfid hwl^fttioi tfitkanfift dieaMatbMKof tbaNil^ wbeq e\Fen ooncentrated^itvo illi liiliiiillj, iiidiiiif -^'-•--p -"--p — 1- — ';~ «>«.i~.>;. ^gf, overthB ^&»ii»JmTa|w6»«dadvepyNyfc M«»# « P |i .i ^mndbttr tb» Daaabe Ahitii)»im 6ra d»9»mW>tm ^'S&e nim^ ianot^- lymd M eidM>iaiitt% lib* ■!»(-• ••■■•j««»»«f»»*-5«»!^ {fa i!«l!)» la>i«nifa)wl«a ■i: iwmmKtMT. v;y..,,;;.--S« ai CSS, ■■»Jif.«i^.w«[3^i,iJ7t'SJ"iS.** "S^fw «<>o-. .f AUULAimm • m.-^'- 82 t6«IeiM,rth-«.HoftbeAdri.tlerilf 'T*^. ^'t'?. C^'^j^SSS d, .Celtic tHbe of great power «nd ifme. who had ■^g'j^g^^ lmaiediat«iy to the wwTof the TWkMi Tr^i. i^^ whole heart wa. i»d apoh the Per. an ««eS«*°!^j2^^ Hkely to coBdllate W. turbo ent vtaltara. ^bj djjj^ — -* w4tb all the magninoMc. Whtob «»P.^«^"f !rS5;., The wine cWolated freely. «*««<• J»»»S!lSS pIjSlSTthe kteir « f er Mk«d «hom oV what thev moat dr^adwrl Firhapa tpe Ung t% -DwtS a PwS Smpllmeot to ftfaowloalal vaMr in«" J^'^^J^ "PhlUp bad iioiiexed it to Macedorta. We «•*'"£»«« !»/™^ cratea, 'that t|ie Pajoolan* were once a more chrlllaed racethtatje Mace^onian!^ Aateropao.. thdr chief in tb* Trpjaa war, l.d«»H Sd? Homer .apo««Jlnff alngolar dexterity Inthe uae fum. He e7rt^ AchilfflnrDffc combirt, •»«>«• »»»r'l^ff^r*"'^ S^JfScrtbe. the honooTof ''«°»i|«f |'>«V/!Sr^%'r;ri« . cording to their bwn aiKM>ant, wM«irde£tar H^ they 'ffJJ T«prtaB colony. The Intereattoy deHJitiii gj^^en .o f .them Jr ^ fifth bMk, rvpni^** thwn a. a file MH^T '' ^^STUSH^ S!Lrl«^.Z^todartriona habit .a^liii^i y» of m tl Kf!^ maay thai ThraCfaB cIvlHMtioi ^fflMP/lP*^ 'STSSZ aboald beiefbnwl. -The natioa wiJFlWKd TSlo ■•▼««£*_" dm., of whom the Affrtana, ocUapylog ^m^:!^£*^3t^. ««d*e vidiiltf -rf MaoiitFtaif«i.» w^|a* U^^ ^wU««Agriaii «*Kiw^i«»^;y^ ^.MMDd^r, «ihI their Jntimaoy had vipei»ad^ from SlKt Bnjr poaition, and drew the klB|r'raltackS>«B iCZX S^^^ I fcto «hleft. A ahocking •po'^taolo fbera awa(t«^ theTioSr'. SET J«*»!rtl«'ffi'*^ iT."'-^ Wr »'»o«»y ■upersHtlon taoirht them lk| charm pfviatp^y, pV arfe^t secure the llveeTf the TJlISf „ fl^Joritjr of tiu» enemy ha4 • Mejnader w«a preparing', to draw arrival at Glaneina, ehi«r of the Ti rJ"i:Li.1»7Z.r^f' ^JPP'iMhlm tode^M. The 1 ^ *WMd IffP^ ■?.'' **• *»"«»*»^ widf r«reod ravi • !SnEr!JlIlf!li?^l^ piMrtanxtoact with^rffcet. Thtfrlb^^iSJSS:: It wa«iiiet>withoat«fcat >na 4Wha>a «l»i- J ^fftaanryraaa Maine neeeeaavy. Xh dJ^aMMtpre- Wir.andMfnirdadthMr »«>5*r» to I*«l«», *oond ^vbteit of oiiTttttivallaUon, when tlio itli;8t:thebead of a nomeroos Kedoniaiis w«re tbna piacaAin ir auperior in oavalnr and Mam - ihwfaioh they iwa^ «mS -' Tb«fa- foragiop^l^ ■'■i»f» Mp. He «riaa>Mb«P*tB fc^:f(wat;,-.';yy J^hy that Ahnanderexirioeted bin m ho ffvadlMdty ejtteB4ed it into lu ^^^--^•jMjoteclad tbeJMiha«a Well «» ? •wyyed the ph«lan», whan tbravtMied ,., .„™„ „„« , jps Atom their dangermo >P oo|o|an whane t^ jMMif >^^aafM kymiighHirt^^ . A' ^i&I^^uMfA 'm .'*•'' ■^■^^^'^>**';^^.'rr\ mio A&n^ S^idZStaTtef^olf. They««nipl**»o««o«*ertthat^tiiatog girweU^j^ Zir?S»trbee-SS«1-i#-S;2S^ «i»coa«ruch altcoi«iHinleatfc«betw««iAle««*aer«n^ gadHieM »»«rTh«be« S&Jofthe edi*defra*y .irived 1« tile wllthhartoOd. _^ ^^«H<>iB««t. B*m««l»«»w^ W<«^'»1<*» it.*"*" Stf^ SSrtnlttly to*«roiyn»>l fa *i>*«^^ *i^ V^JlgggT It 'Jbr fs the or ^d; the ' ot \Ht ltd Mwiievc tt^becasjo rfiklMSiired i^lateatg, Awxandi Ziilbirpr ..ta^otbei (fr'awaited w*of In I and^ _^- -Jeiqs. *>nI soon ad #mitora .l^ihans wo ■wed from Mt from 91. twid do lonj Msunalider, *ferthekli xheir doul iWt day d ad nea (WiHMnioo '< pent, «Bjd ac ^ aaUwd I neniua. Al A; .f'-i^nif'w^^a i flanto and io eBCCoding aad danger, AUi- b% anii;, fiitt idiostpooitioM > dmeendfroiB listentvritbtkt obarotB of nw. tied the Maee- tl his troops af pnce of barbs- vesnp toexid' loosely oo the arts thrown op, i^ailadts. Al- I of bis positioit V»Btc«la yii^ ^iitto eohuite, rodted th«m in •nain^r' rew awrf, peratl6nB. %t laoleBtatkm to : tH^ge fim in IlitNriMorkiB [mg» troA ^ r . iiidispMttiMe. B leaders «f tlie, i, (he cMMMitl ir's abseoM, re- kmyntas and Ti- rath. Thes•^«^ ■ttd Mridedili icir aecoBpucet, THE GREAT. m »»d already placeljar/re «mi^ «i^ *'"*T- ^^e court of ; ««ents and active eiS^|o„7 ^^TJ^y «» 'h*' disposal o?i? Si-flT*

f ^rooZ 2" no longer be conoea^ a^Alerttr ^'?" '*"'*" «•» »roS ■pn'ttie Unf.bQt die son of AmLn»I^i " " *"»"'d not be Alex- IJieir doubts were not d^tin^ST *•*• ''y"«««««n. ™ ««Jlay aftw joining felr Z J°.»«? for the king, the •"^lon of Hercules. He Ej .u'"'*^"' **^ friend arid PenCaiMlacknowtedge their erroJP^J ^the Thebans ^ould ^ Aej[ laBed fortbin f^Sabfe an J."* * S^ *"'•'"» doing thlt SImeiMtoi r '?'*^I*»>«w in the south, and wm nlVi.^ " communicatiott with tea constructed by the ThebsBn ft:- 'Trf° ""^ •»"* *•» cirooihvaHa. Dnd-sls. ft wai W ^d the MacedoiriS^p.rtv^wt'oi^/ "^"""^ •»«* '^in HibnilaMOB* Ji™ ■Maders. who. without • a.,^ ooiain from the kuur. Rn* tlM •r^jcitiaea. that thSrS w«^i*^ [^ except in arms. ^ v?^ w^avfommon, md that then «i5 '^ISnTIRiS?''.?'*?* *" ""n^ ^^ 7^ -^ ?ommon, and that then ,ni y maami of gaining po«ie.ai«B ©f fcrtifiad "^^3^- m AUtiL&NDEH «^«g« of Tftfi ^)f:^^j?«^i3^j J^>*SrCUitt8l progress of human ?'?,lf«:J!Sr^e^MrteSui* thet could not d^ttoyi&i^^ il^S^S^^^MMM^'^ milder of the ParthenoiiJ&r M^ more ftT*""tt* *SttboSlJSrS«fl^^ iS^5L,»-«-*fc oftllie outer Une, tore 4^B P* 26 ALEXAlfUER Arrian truly states that he could not see how the conttagr^ou of the persepoUtau palace by Alexander was any retaliation ti^ Xeraw and hie artty ; yet there wa»a moral lesson conveyed m it th^ought deeply to knptesi^ the powerful, that any tyrannical deed on ^theirW may be .severely visited on themselves, or their descendants. Ahd «lthoogh the disciples of Epicurus may say, with the heartless Frenchman, af-, tor me, tL deluge>-yet the great major tj^ *»^""'"''?'*.riS-''*^!^ feeUstronjj intlr^st itfthe stability of their works, and the i^ifare of * KweTof natidnal retribution may b«r carried so^far as to b0d, th«^ir !ity rased to the ground, am) their U»r«tory rendered deflate. Their vote had consigned Athemi to a -y^J*' Sl^^^^ L»etd«monian conquerors refused to put out one of the eyps of treses. foStiriod of thSir supremacy they had attacked t^irj^ojins the Or&eniaqs, once eqOal to tbemselves in weahh «pd renown ; storrtedK S^put all tile men to the swortl, and -old the women sod \ children into captivity They could not, theretore, complain if Uieir Echy at Idit received the samn »neasurewbch they had meted to o- 1. Alexander is said to have regretted in after-hft his severity a- St Thebes. But of this we have no proof beyond the ««f»f rUonof Plutarch. Alexander never concealed his feeHngs, and had they been thoke .tf deep regret on this occa8iDn,.he would have naturally reuwea their bitterness by orderin^f the restoratioaof the ruinod city. The suddennewi of the blow, and the seventy with which it was foj- lowed up, struck terror into the boldest leaders of J^e Witi-Macedomtn party. lh»e Arcadians were already on the road to Theb««''J«J^S "J Vnwamioanced. It uCdiffioult to accountforthe f«al cause of theircon. dtieti ebme impute it to the gia of ten talents which Antipater, p^n- oustoAlexandir's arrival, had sent to them; oOiers impute itto tee terror cau«,d by the fafl of Thebes. 'Fhe ^f •"."l^'T^ild troop*, as in mm^ other aimilar ciSfes, bh»ught their leadara lo tri^and mrtllMn to death. ... , . Il • . • .oAnm. ^Th* Athenians, being more deeply imj^icated m the wtngue, W^^ portional alarm. The presence of the theban fugitores ""Jf^* ^Jf minf>f Theb<» to the oitiMns, then en|piged in celebratmglJw WeMt mm^tMitM. Theholy rites were »«rtermitted r BleusMjteJ^ •nd«o6desse» forsaken, aiid aH the inhabitants, with Ihetf "«*• *™j; bleabcta, took refoge within the walls of AAens. Nor waj^hortum ii^ kirfi.,^ for the ThewaKana of the c onfedyacy had alwfcd? <»<>qwo i^ il-j 1. u^i. f, r ,, THc aREivr. 29 _fl»«*«»B, a gtrat MalMinraMd malchfes. orator. wm mi. «,~i ^^tsrof-rF^-^'^"^" '^^ ^^^ S S3^iJ^5fr'l?'* *** *^° ««*"» •»«>»" wait on the joun^ Si'ZTS^*'*^ ^ °'^. •*•' «^« return from Thrace and S JIte •mmbl^.^ualm, omi a ncond time, and Domadas. Pko»i SLl TS^' 2* "^*'"? **^* '•^'' them to be «i iuihy oftK ^ft^'Xr'J*^ ¥'^ "««°*^ Vmoetheries h«d no coKy to «t ao AUGKANMBR ^-v-^ &•»• [«*> ^ his elodiienoe to dissuade the awKwably ftom cornplying with ihe king^ dSnabd. He described hin^self and firftow;;deinagogues as tto watch. foTdofis, Atexander a*thi^woM; «d the Ath««u«w.a. the simple dieep of tKb£ Hie eloquence prevaUed, and a third depptation fm SioSAtiLianfriiaAfc Aiemandw. aftwthe desteuoUon of The- n^SwM ewei^d, aqd^inpeHed to retwe fnwn^Greec^ Jt « \ fi^Sin* that hm hflfddisoovefed proofe of hi» connexion wi» m ttttiai't ^SSderwhunedto Macedonia aft^ a campeign h.Aert«Minnval. nb^M of tEj5Si4te» wtery over tiieGeta., the maush mto Ifty- ^!^^^^&T^ma»!^^^( the united troripa of qieUa. ;^Sl£i2SlnSd1eS^toBf^Oi»' ?T?^j^ «|SE to an oitMwWming aiteipatwIi^rA^ ftW«*^«^^ Qtorikis; andtiie^dm pnetosiers^ AlM«irfiif>.wwt;^ ^:^ ^ ^iniHiien and.ita4tplim«tion;»^** fc*^ «k,rifi«*»,.*.wWi d-e-hon-iw, afiefed tp^A* Muwi. Bat they .«y» 5hMM»i«^t«.*l^ *.Mi^0^[ feg' . '#i-''^i:»^: A' >-■<*»!" "-••'** ; «^*3,-s^ •*?'* "^f'^ I'A w'V-i^ ^ :^itibtk^c}fiiki:i^r& ''.''!f5ji :jk-,; ?^^i^ s^s^» » ■• I'l^'y^^^T Ai-: ■•,^ ■ *. ;,,V• timiAMg PwrHc* atthep^d of Ahtand€r>, IwmL of Za^^ ■im,^i-< ^. ■:- *...,, ■ ^ .. • '■ ilfc^BpooutaJe oo Un ooDdidonof. the reit of the knowo .world at this pMidd^irould ^ wetse Unn idle, for we^now nothing of it. I shall llteiMDr^ vdnfine myself to the consideration of tbe^te of the three ^•itpoirers which AeBj)red«M»in8te(t on Itm shoiwof tfaft Mediterra- Bpn. J besu wtire the Perriato, Carthigininn, and Clfeeian notions. .Sirr*T 1^"."*^' °^' " continued series of able and nniffnifi' otfK^otaarehs, had been throatened with destraetton during the lone illli#e51e reien of Artaxerxes Mneinon.. In tho north the Caduwaim S!L"?w ?«." allegiance and baffled the-king's persond attempt IWidoco them to^aubjection. In the south, Egypt had recovered and Smmm^ >a arms her ancient independeneei In the woat, the great sa- 2*A«*a Minor had opeqiy revolted* and withheld the utual tvibate ^ yygroat sovereign. Artaxerxes Ochus, who.Micpeeded to his ■■w^iwnej httd been signally d«foated in hi» aMempi to recbver E- S i^ BiMferttinea led to the iuBisdiate terolt of Phanicia, Cy^ ^wd4h« other maritime powers. But the eibpim faa4 been saved ^Wlpendttiji dwsohitioD, b«rt the vigotir oftbe eomictr Bagoas, the ^^ Jpi^of^eehBji, and by the military tiieht» «f Ms assooiitte, IMtoiv«JhodMB8oidier of fortune. Pha«icia and Bgypfr had been (Mnqtiereti, and the westam provinc«(s reuditml to the einpire. These WW pla ced under the unlimited o«itr<»l of Mentor; whife Bogoaa sa- '^^'^'''^oej^^irtwn^^ Daring tiw short reign of Ar- tk^j^Ajyiy!! Ti vr'^:**T' P*""^"** freed ftwn dMiestie trou- Pig!g."y:'° »'''?l**>*"^ th^ir atteaiionto Greece. Aad we *'!'lilW!fl" !!g°y<><^P«'^»<*^c%«hat 1^^^ against S! 'Pliy".°y»?"^'* H fa«o >■«** by the msrcenory troops of fgjfe-^fc Ihiead d^ndants of Darius Nothas ended^th a'iiim. W>«*Mi«us, 8^ (afaave been the surviviot reprewotative of A- ea««|Bes** % coitateral bnaMh;. was vaiseil to £a thrantt by Bmmms, ■JMiwae* die aaoM of Dsfias. 13ie wbot^iMaire wkniMvtoMhts f«MI^*io«d hwsulyeots to eapect«Tig*iwls aidtoiiiittWyAMi *oi»hi8 JJiwyeMe. His reMwrceswere ample; Us treasurasAitt, and, if he i-i^vaJour <»f hi»ertieB. Justin calcniates, ukI apparently without ez4gseratioB, that the states to the south of Ma- oedonia could, at this peifiod* bring two htandred dionsand men to the 6eld. • ' The Macedonian supremacy depended upon opinion asd the good-will of the n^AJority of the confeAarates. Without this it was a mere name. Gently B9d generously as it was used, the Spartans under Agts aearty sueoeededinoverthrowuigjt, even while Alexander's conquest of tlie Persiaii empire appeared almost certain. ' And the Athenians, after liis deaJh, i^rly drove Antipatorfrem the field, and blockaded hib wiflda the.walls ol I^mia. The seasonable arrivtd of Aii great genendCr^ terus, with the Macedonian veteiims, gave^he victory at (he end oflbk» second compaign to AAtipater 4 yet both these ^nenus failed to sabche fte more wlirlile and resolute JBtoUans. Withimt taking these &ott into t^nsideration, it is impossible birly, to estimate tlie dlfficKltws en- ownlriWand surmounted by Alexanderr/'^^i^V " ^e MaQBdoqian had no reMuroes for the mai n te n a nc e «f the fhtMt w«r«xeept in bis own great mind. The orators of Southern Oreeoe iTere loud in their assertions, that Philip owed all his success to hhUB- sparing i^ofusion ^f money. With this he bunt asunder the gales of hostile cities; with thie he purchased the, services of party leaden. If ^ were so, their virtue must have' been cheaply esltmatedt fbr Fbifip ceuld not have eurcbased it at a dear rate. He was poor at die eoH- meneement of' his reign, and poorer at his daiUh. Alexuider at his ie- cesaion found rixty tatonts in his- treasury, and a few gold and sihnr ctipa ifi the palace. %t the debts amounted to five hundred taleats, wd hiavtf* i»• tiotaa% afmouwrs, engineers, and >oldiera^ ef K w ri ga ii f^aod it » a w* liooafact that Alexander bad to combat iiiU fH^tbessand Greek%bo- |l»Bt,lie'«^tei»dSyiai , ■■;;•.-.■.>-.-.-- k.^ ■■..-/;/ i-.»/s4';^.'"J .j-. -'^ "-'%\/ ^ ■'\», THX GREAT. 33 lK?irh^J*"!!'5,^'""*""'^ Macedonian., fifteen hundred tKIIS a Tbi^i^.'* J"*""'*"* •»«« P»onianT and .ix hundS oSd«: f CHAPTER V. Firat Campaign in Asia. kfrir h^'L"*^ "^.^•'^y^'' ^ ^ *"' Alexander placed bimseir al thai MW?en^- wir&'.t'l.TJiSiS^ llbjir^tetomplete armour, and brandtehed fia^r bS khST*^' lBLJkiit'lJJ,?:"i/^* J»habitant.ortl,eTro!?^;SS I IT Aflhllles had hla Patfoehis, Aleyd^der had hia B»nhmM^^ -. ISlrfV£?#!2?2^ E' *^""/ •»n«M»rable to tttHHt partiea. The ta! IS Au*** *r* Honieric fHeod^ «^er» i^iH coaaplHiom j #Wle SiS Hliii«i(%a; aadbai ' IZJlf !2?** **f*r*^; »" «6» walla. lit aiebanM he^S iMHttf^iWottr aaMttt havtf A«en'«»(»rn »y diiWrf'Se hJiS ■^^ 5 i lj 84 ALEXANDER 1.A arm of the Telamonl^n Ajax, and ^ all hi. alter-fleld. w.p bom. brfbr* Ala«nder by '^^}f^»''I^^^^^i^6e»cendB«i^ P,r- The venerable P'"|»»«''t~"f;/S?il^"j;?Uie royal .hade. Woild rfau. waght by "«rifi«H,XTimb 3^Kr«fl!rf.lo « patriotic Ifec- t\ *1,rthXS3v.^^^^^^^ 'y^^""' ^"!-'« '" the .layer of Patrocla.. I _ . aooartodwd to goide hi. pratoe. . A"" '" ''"L*" ^_ u. himMlf did not *xpettence hlsgriier- T* "^'fyyi? ^1^ thl. Ji^cL nor^rv" hi. deed»,Sw»n worthily bk- al good fortune •»*•»'• "'"X^J^^ or heroic verw. 'Nor has he been aoned among men, either •" P"»^. °' "* 01^^ and otheiw, not to be toSrSKwie Qnd magnllode of hn •ple"?" ?»*"», j^lL- ZJ^r ™w<«I.y toj#r«.d .IDOIW ow. the r««.». of ilem .tSriiLcMdMl Dartli. but oot to the .it»n« of hie .ntWpj*"* • .^^rSfeSACJier be .,., wortWl, writte., before d-- tarn be aS well known a. the weatern world. . A A^tor to the accurate Strabo. the king was dece »ed in V iu,^.Sflltain of hla day to have been the city of Priam. Vrttf ^XwSly iema poilble , for the ifiolian colony wajmot ItA^ SJrtxtrySSXrthe capture of Troy, and »» -vent ta tb.t !i^oi«aVMdto deatroy the pure vehicle of tradition. Herodolw, K^r SthStTthS^Jabo orthi. head ^^^ *«» «««. «~en j^!!f ttu^TWMmaa of Priam, and offered Moriflcea to the Ilioo Mi- j5?v^1StefA!rdd Xrinemory of the hl,ro«i. It «-^^fi«*' ^il hnn^ll^at ATeDtbariaam of Ale*»lider was not expeaitod up- £*?i"«^.o'!jeo?.TKwever the Per«^^^ -^^^^^^^ Sb StoolTlhe Scammandwr, the broad H«M"P«»"«' "»? JJ^S fcJ oTld^eU point. wWok could not be mlataken, and » 'f^J™*^™^ SkKUveVer., labouring under the ^^^^J^^Xl'SSilKS tooonfooMl^atrMma, anB meti^orphow. the Soamander into Mme '«lM0ttr« piiddle, ftur removed flrom the acenaa of »»* "»J«^ ^ - - ^^^Troadli alnuMt a peninaola, placwl bMweAi *f ®^"* ^^S£a^S^ib, Wd tbo Gulf of Cy-tew. oatbe ^^ ffCSXte^liS rhe. Mount I*^ rtr^chtegj^^ i,Mi,-^iM' 'J'^ ■ '^f VJ THI ORKAT. \ 3d ' 1»« eonmon road, iMdioflr fWini the Troad to thi wath-«a«tMn nMv JlKiT^d ^**'^y*""«'< »-» AIex.nd.rTwi nT3low3*t! ^IZ?*;? °^*5n r ■*"• They fiilT^. ^ithoTt ^akL « ;itSJ^J^M^!l^^*?*l^""- R*«eivlDg nteUlgencetbattSS r «SL!^1- *^*i? V*^' '•"^"f Mnptoous on the left, enca^ ^ SL^^.hr-^*..'^'^"""- TbliriA'^flowinic down from Si^ I 3il m«i K /S*" P"^ °^»'»" Hekespoot. It bear, no nami on SJSkl Tolnl^nH "i?* and Lamn.a«U. till e.it. a. BenrlTaJd SStt wSSS»„!rt?''T**""' *• °^* •*«***"»^ ■"» both* becmi nrI?**?S*»°f J^'mnon. nienUooed by Ikrabo. ' iSSfn t£ .IILTk*":;^ Per,l.noampTbecametbeeceneof much ^ l3!«2^««J;^ T^^ **f '*"»'^' of Mfentor had left the satraM ^ 25?i^o*""?,^''":^'?'^ Hlebrother\Meainonwa.preeStbS ^^J^JI'^IlS^J!^^^^ "^^^ ^ command ivenof ^e^ Jjg^awroeojrle..^ Spithridatee, the .atwpy Lydia and Ionia; «« ' uIK^nl'T''*"!*^'' not appear to hikve (osMMed mote a" . ■ipy than Areiteg. the governor of the Hell^epontian Pbry^ia the SKrfJli-l?'* "u "V"'^**"**' by Arrian aeWaal In^rthorit/to i»waa admitted. His advice wae to barn andW waate the conn riiiflt^tS^lirf ;?.*'•?•'*• ButArsiteedechiredthathewoSu ■tgrmitarinffle habiiaUpo intraated to hi. eare to bewyhllydSa- Stt? J^e.^?fn„•^i" •iT'J? '•" »*' alternative betweSriSiSi ^ ■dbSr«r aJ^£ ° * »•»«» "jydin open to an invader, the .i.iritednft^ # SSSL^^^ ''.?■ ""7 " accordance with tb^ feeUnLTof £ ' SSTi^''* '■"*!"■"■*'''''* *''^*'»»«»- They tbewSredetS! 4XlS«JJ«r^"*?t.**'*^P"«' andtbeScuinander rtSftJ! !3Eb?tta«^^ ^ ^^^®'^'" "•"»• there, from the «EIdti^i.!?JS ^ ■ «»n^«yble river, aiMl In q>ring, when in. CI?*' r^ ^ «>fa natural barrier the Peniaiie di«w op t^ ZSTLi^-/?* .?^i ?■• P^e^eded by utrong reoonooiterinr !Sile!?32!!l?'^ ftS *^*5"!!^ «iipIoy4 to emioe Ae^ •W^jKUMH* retnned, and annoooced the portion of the tmm^ i ••i f V»^i|hhv4u 1 *^'^iH> ^ ALSXANDEK l-r»- J ^v« * EBy»bin»o«i«bt and 4oflo*iice. «tt«aipted to obeck the MgimeM.of " if Bpp?a« «d3&b Jto«c«^ for J« pr««.t on tb. ri^^t** •»« a. we are Epr the enemy, fur Jnfrrlor in Infiuitry, vrlll aot, in my opi- "oraSi «M^od ib^oV* Inour vicinity; -r^**-? «• «|2[5«« with "ai» S the morninj. before their tr«»op*/«'n be formed .Dd broutfhtto oppose oe. Bnt the attempt lit prewiiit appeani dengeron.. K^SSwe oinnotleadoar army to Une^ tbroagh tl» river, «im.Dy DOTtooflt areevldenUydeep, and the bank. fcre. a. yoo .ee, very CSf and income place* preclpitoUe. When, therefore, oar men nScIi tlw opn^irbrnk in dleorder and in ^-parate ^lamne, they will Swore7to the attack, of the enemy'a eavalry dravvn op in liae. ShJJtd Uila cor firat attempt prove a failure, the immediate coiMeju^n' oSSIoaiprove di«».trou., and the ftnfti l«oeof the oooteat be «riou.- ■ ^i'JTat^re ftrthi.. Pafmenio, btit feel ashamed, after Growing the HtUeapoat without diiBculty, to allow this petty • f*"*"? »« P-*^** uTfromfaJdiogit aewearij, I regard «ich conduct a8tocon.ltt«rt » SflTthe glorv of the MaeedSnian., and ttiy own eiyerneM to eaconn- ^ Jwdaoge". • I feel ateo that the Peralnna. If they ^do pot Instantly ..r- fcr eJufcorresp«iAde«tto their fears,>Ulreeoverther courage, astie- inff able to ftce the Maeedoplana on the field of battle. Kd the passage of the Oranlew been the sole objeet, the veterw generol'apropoXn wasBO doubt the safest. For we know, from ?e writliwa of Xenoph.-n thata PorAlan army, consisting prlnctedly of oavairyTlpold not saWy encamp near an enemy superior Inlnfcn- Sy Birt Alrtander fel* the nscessitj of making a strong impresdoD, •^ reAised to steal an Kdvantage, as much from a chivalrous inpobe, aafVOul il woH-groonded belief that one field fairly and opeh ly won w, iBhs uitimaie efects, worth ten advantages attained by stealth, strata .fteS2S5*Si»ve tberighl bank of the Ori^nict. *«•««•.• •<^' kwutpw alrlp of te«el gi^und, extending from the river to the toot 5rS3riS^fl«rWli;roi.ningporalIelwlththestream. ThePer •Ll,^iS»y,«,M6. la number, v^ere. drawn up^ to line on thte step. iluB yila in their rear were crowned by an equal number of UrwK BWBMiiiarieeunderthecwnroandof Oinares,aPer8ton. ^ ^STlllaeedonlnn fihalao* was composed of eight brigades, conteto UgflfMOifaeii eateh, Snd commanded by eight gMieMto of «l»»«J3»f^ WLm wold act eeiitartiMy or omrf«»«*«tly, a. «TS|;y ^^dge was c^ fal Hwlt^ ft iws dItWed Into reirlmente of WOO *«»VJ!Sr££u«.^. tlielr^^WiivokMieli: Bwsh iefcrtmetrt was coMpoeed of two batt^« ^ikM«k, iMcerMl ill tbeaame manner. ^ Each battaltoto was soMi- ,Tlded Into etoht companies. led by their own crtptains. Joj" «^ IMM of odtainMMl, ^e Afoeedontan army *••• *y'«*ti*"*®*J^'2Sfi SSkMlddr alw^yaeomtnaodedtbe •xt«tt'5 «^irhA «»»? J''^ "7,2 -t S^ofleer^esxrenleleft. The br^i»of the jjhaliFM^ejBat S«iiBd Jl^blt^ttty ehher to, ihe right or tbe left wing. On tte P«»»J 1iM-ia«4i, «b»hoMai«d with the tWe «* €o*n»anlwiek n*«efe«»es I >^.\ THE «kKAT. 87 1 Mr, the wtt of ^arnwnio. Next to bii& wer« drftwn jup five briMd. tfibe phalanx commanded Buccoroively b* Ferpicca^Comita i^Jtl ^, AmynlM, 0^ .on of Andromene., UpJ^&^^Ta^ AUwere under tbe inunediato eominand of Alexander. ^"^J*^ On the extrenM,J©ft were po>.t«d the TheMaJian cavalry. coimiuniMl fcrCalus theaon ofHarHu-, the confedenS .caTaiyunr^SjS irhf^?''""'*'"'- '^^ ?? Thracian. under AgathonT Nw tTuS 2f the three remaining brigaded of tho phalanx, commanded ki Tb* t*^ K^ "*!'• "r"' ''^ *'"*♦'»'' CrateruarMeleaier, and a Srd PwJ whoae bngade touched that of his namesake the L'of AmvX 'ill ae were under Parmenio's orders. * ' -^ AllS'I/'it ^*r '•"" P^'^'''''*'^ *^** Alexaiidet bid placed Uamif i^Jr aL^^ Comvanion cavalry, on tbe eatreme rigl£ ttS ilrtjgtbened their own left with denser masws of horse. ThoTdnirwS ao«Iy recognized by the splendour of his arms, the white plume inbsJS. jet, his gorgeou* shield and Hished cuirasiL and by Uie ipilnMrSt - lf«S^i!TT^?'f°^l'^'™™^'^'''*«^^««- BotharmSs halt- W^ the .very brink of the river, and surveyed each other somo feme. Adeep silence prevailed during this moment of beiitaUoi, and doS Then Alexander mounted the gaMant charger destined to ca«Sum iSl ■jpMt over so many fields, and briefly exhorted his in^iSe ey,,the son of Philip, whose right it was on that day to tead the Jack, first entered the river. He wassupported bv Amyirtw, tbe wn^ rfArrhab,BUS,artd Socrates, who led for^SS the heavy lancet^ Se gwnians, the Prodron,, and one brigade of ipfMtry. Then tbe whole ^ 2ht wing was led bv Alexander into the current unid the 8oui>a of Inimpet and the loud pesans of the troops. ^^T 'f Amyntos, Ptolemy, and Socrates soon reached the opposite bank, btit i2*^l Jl""".*! ;?*?'« theirtondinggoBd,*8 the Peisians, not coS- Iw^ with showejmg heir missiles from fi» upper ground, rode dowa . 2j<^battod the Mac^onians in tbe watefrAf MenlnDrJZ # E^-^C** V'' *^« J^°r^ t^^^ Pirsian cavalry, #ere engogedi" ^. auB^oaitpr, they succeeded either in cut^g down this vanguard or fi !ln*"'*'* °" Alexander, who m notv advadelng. He himsoHL STa ^^^"P*""'" J^valfy charged where be saw thb denseit ipaaa and tbe^greatest number of Peraiao chieft assembled. The battielraa ' oweof a peraoDd strangle between individttala than wguhr cEtfgi» Of wralry. M 4fae shock Alexander shivered bis bneaMe Mcea, ud efMW upon AretaiB, his chief groom, to fumi^iLhiqi w^ anrtheT Thfe JJ^itoisfortune bad happebed tobim, althoa^^ e^oed figbl&g Wyty with the broken itam^fc HoWi'nt lhkMii« ko dftiired bis mr. Wlgti to ask some one else. Demvatuit the Ooiinthiait, oii» of tfao ioBpamons lent him his. Tbe superior ttreiigth;tod ^ oi tbe M«^ .gJW»ww^were^lowlnamfes^andtho Pe^im iavelitife and sctnitoiv **n|outidibefiectual against thk) MacedoQi«|iN%o«^ the abaft of wK ""-lo of tough cornel wood. The dfibrta of ihe cavalS^drovcSi from the bank, and Aiexknder; witbibo bted of '" 4 I i^t^sj^'M^^aki ^■- nf- *■<« iV. "^-"^*^>mgm^. 38 ALEXANDER <*.• .P. luuou the level step betiijeen the river and the mountain* There he was inatantly tnarked out by Mithridates, the son-in-law uf Darius, who dashed at him at the head of a troop of horse drawn up io the form of a wedge, with a very obtuse angle. As Mithridates was in ftont, Alexander did not wint the attack, but spurred his horse forwards, uid directly his laiice-agaittst the face of his antagonist, slew him on the spot. While he was disengaging his weapon, Rhoesaces, another ^■Pferswn nobleman, rode up and with his sword struck off a part of the king's plume and beknet : Alexander pierced his breast through the corslet, and brwight him to the ground But this hardly could have been done without wheeling round andjfe-chacging. While he was en- gased in this second single combat, Spithridates, the Ionian satrap, came tehind him and had raised his scimitar to strike a blow, when his purpose was anticipated by Cleitus, the son of Dropidas, who-, with one tremendous stroke, severed the Persian's shoulder from his body. iOleitus^as the brother ofLarnice, the nurse of Alexander, and was captain of the royal troop of the Companion cavalry, to wbi<;h,'in an especial manner, the safety of the king's, person was entrusted. Oa thw occasion he was at his post and did hie duty. We have no reason to suppose that the light scimitef of Spithridates would hav* made a greater impression on the ^proof armour of Alexander than a similar weapon in the hand of Rhoesaces. But what would have been thdu^ - of&e Royal guards, bad thw allowed their sovereign, after bringing down the two foremost champions of tlie enemy, to bo slain by the thu^f Qn equal ground the Persians failed to withstand the charge of As Macedonian lances, and their line gave way, first at the point where Alexander was engaged, finally in all directions. For Parmenio and the Hiesaalian and confederate cavalry had completely defeated th« Persian right wing. The rout was therefore general, but the actual loss ofthe Persians. wtus not gr^at, as there was no pursuit Among the thousand boraemep, who fell on the field, were, in addition to the chiefii before mentioned, Nipfilites, Petenes, Mithrobarzaness, governor ^ Cappadocia, Arbupales, son of Darius Artaxerxes, and Pharnaces, the brother of Ae qu«en. The surviving leaders, among whom was Mem- ''non, fled dtSgraceftilly, and left the Grecian mercenaries to their fete. llieMhadreamrned in their position, idle spectattors of the short bat desperate contest which in a jfew minutes had dispelled, the delusion that Oreepe could never fufiush a cavalry equal to the Persian. The plp- laaxwaBnotennff^; and the defeat of 20,000 Persian horse was a- cbievod by the H^t troope ai^ ottvaky alone. * Bttt a« the mercenariev.under Omares still kept their ground, the mb' )hu was brenght op to attack them in front, while Alexander and rW' nihio with their cavalry assaikd4hem on botb flanks, Oiparai fell at h« ptmt, and the whole body with the exception of 2000 prisoows was cut to mecei. These saved their live* by uirowing themselvM ""^ ^ nUnil pn rm itting thn ftirriWf phtittirr *" ffW"'' '^^'*' *^ ^'^JT' MmpU Uvea were roared, but th<% vere loaded with chains*; afid mnm^ tiUihe jroopdin Macedonia. Itia dHBev|t to sympathisa with «en ^SJ ^: '■f ^',;,,r>., V^V *.-^X^'^'^ *" \ T, f* THE GREAT. Sr,ti&c" ,tr <5Jte' £..K f'r'- ■»-■- ♦•captain-generaUfGreeM ^^ battle. ,f barbariamj ^^unsl Mwur, the noblest shroud accori,!?" *''■<' "^ theJr KiJi^7Spr'?*''°'""''™''-<^»'^^'^'5^ JOB oTflarpalus, governor of the HellesportiM Ph?S^d orf-IS Bun to exact no mora from tha n»«-i»^ir.^ *"y8'«> *na oraerlMi pawbleto DariiT Fovmcalenhwi the regular r^fnam -™« poweiaion of it without resiatanoe. AlexandOr bimaelf vi«i<^ tte^sepus. The nrer 18 now called Big.,«id the towxofSTLX «wj«nnotbefcfromthe.iteoftheanSiS^Lw^^^ '*'t* kTiiHiZ j*"^ "»*"» reiumed to lauBL aedatioenrtfiMk br8ti«b«,.ni marched into Southert, A^iJT th;|^"5;' , /( ('■'fli T* H, /j< ■ ?S^s?^r '^%im'\ ^'fiiw* 5% '•^ ALEXANDER quented road ^rrwgh^ntandras, Adramyttium, Pergamus, and Thya- **"The intervening towns offered no resistance, and within eight milei of Sarde., be was met by a deputation, headed by the pnncjpal ctizens, Jnd accompanied by Mithrenes, the Peraian governor of the c.tadeL Swludii^s, once a warlike and powerful nation, bad, smce the.r sob- iuSiffby Cyrus, the 9Wer, been Persmn tributaries for nearly 200 vmIT The yoke was, per»»«P»n<>t burdensome, but still ibeir happi- jr^usK dependefon L character of the «atrap, at whose n«j; cv the policy of the Persian government completely placed hem. But tfee recollection, of ancient glory and independence still remained. Men intheirsituationseWowhave an opportunity of testifying theirlove rf the latter except by changing their masters. And such change if on- attlndSwithd,^^^ The deputation preseDted Se keys of the LySal. capital to the descendant of Hercules, and had they known ft« weak side of their new master, would have expressed their joy atrMurnintf \inder the Heradeid domimon, after the Idng^on- tinued usurpation oftheMertti^dsB and AchnBinenidse. ■^threnes, who came to surtender the citadel and the treasures m- 4«ated to his care, was a traitor-perhaps a weak man, paralyzed by the defeat and deatfeof Spithridates his superior, and overcome by fte nravers ot the Sardians. But treason had been busy m th? westcra irovioces, and it appears unaccountable that somany of the cipnexions 5 Darius should have been without command in Ihe Persian bamp, ex- cept we suppose that the satraps had disowned their authority, and fought the battle of the tranicus in defence of their own governments, and not of tb* empire. , ... . s. j r *.i Whatever wcrrthe iflotives of Mithrenes, his act was base and fatal to his country. The citadel of Sardes was the most important fortrew ia Western Asia, and the surrender of it at this critical period fiimwhed Alexander with mqney. of which be was greatly in need, and enabled him to pursue Memnon, the only antagoriiat in Asia Minor from wUpm ht had any thing to dread. .^ Alenwider encamped on the banks of thij Hermus, whence he newd • decree, by which aU their laws, right., and privilege., a« «'n>«»l^ JKff r* ™*« <»P«We» grwt aa it nuiM bare been, on (m^ 'walenii ^^ -^'attheoibiQi o. .^ rtl«itti|Bpperend^facopai( 6 ,., «rhiel) thfo *T "i ■♦^i k'^*' 't ■Vjt - ■*.. .*•• w* Jt fif- ' M \ s.a.,* [ acted UDoa bV aaoW»tive ny^r, ww uo«o«»r..jr K Hence ifefiitare«lie6oii.beMm6asa^tjN^^ •Waciikn and Cypriwi eaikwrs might w»*»»-*f**«7r^^^ M^e h^l !>▼ chance pewhed on a »»«•*"*•" .'■rT/^r."ZS SffifVnatS^Swt uSToteMir imHwHia, Al^»fr> «*S £^r!^i2SJ.«tto^ Aeai«M,«nd preff^ ,ih» iMt «M 1«4 •!» ift the h«*e«r of WMm SeiSfr^ «t «•• 1ai4 M» ift the h«*e«r ot wiseww. «^ ■i^^ of afltMOff fewer toteceiwtheeobmiart^w*--, ^gSif^i« tt^ -rSaie., in th* Vrie of the Meandeff «4^ -■-^-^„ — „ ^ ..-^.^ -.I I - ■■■ ' .. # t\ ,^ A ^ f ^ mt at ri lit 'W W i^ii' 1 'ikMi Wif^t^'f. '1!W'"' IV*??- ^S ^•.Vii.V.>-y-'-i'rJL;l*«^t^i T. ^- *W teopdepciM. MemnoD had collected a fleet of four Ighdnd trii 1^ ♦bich he prepamf to^MMmtemet Ae projeoto oT Alnui^eK BuidHjr of |be lattor'e movenMirta had wrerted Ionia from the w m^Wfjr effort wai made ibr fte pieaemilioii of Oaria. Me. t'*^ *?^*^ wtuated on thciwmttHire^toni shore of the Ceranb carefollr fortifiW and MOTwioned. \K wasguarded by two?^ gftcalled i4^8trabo,the^Iaiid4brt»«»4..r-^ [pimp^ Tha P^rPipns, i!n|a»d%gl ^m it^nnfi^ and ntimd to the dtaSfk Mble, a bbdy of >a|pa was left to obserV^ kijity waigJieMpiiiJ,of«j«Qn " ^^ /«in4; nj^ a;tdieapiW^ 1 jlito'war' ' • ' ■'"■„, \ ^ .\*\},.u:.»i^«^,£*5, ■' ? ; I?'-V IfWB me^t in a common counca, ^uwembled in the eiiv •».<; Sr!l^3rr°*^ '° the cpiofwn co^Wi^t the Lyciai^ii igi^ofter o^ers of the confederJp^SSp/So jjljunsdiction, »rp appointed. Fori^rfy, th^SS S »-1^ *&'^.* 'J^f'^^ey -'lowed to Stett£i"w '**S S^%P'*"««0|» of the Kpmana. Of forZlr MandiM'chon^are.fiowever, etili ele^t^d aqcordinir Kjir*^ .^ A**?™* ipus under th« n^eAiinent i^i M^^**"^ .%/.«*. the lUmaiT «M iSST thSr [hl^yato wS^l/pyritt^ie^ and fc?ye wiL^Sl th«^J '• i. .||«ttbe«i quiet and iDTMid m«n «h«v :U- \,^^^^^i^,^ •f*'g™«*»'»cl».r.c(er and poliw, IM ^^M^ woul«< W8a*ct their fb^iiwa ^^^^^^^ Of g^M «iiiitiiibrpof Mlbtai "-^dibg ft|!|»Milj5|8|j -^ '^theoasi avoir whicib^ I^Sl*^ ritical period, mow toe first ippointedhim pf t of fWme- iciiQin^looking [NBtiBMed.faiBa- lidtiodbfiitB, od ied to «mder HodaftoiniiDd g^. Th^rer- ihis instftntTV* M^ians, ao^be! rdbte delicacj. the SiurdiDMii itdeE bU coiit- >ti|b^eratii. It M aertoiu ^ts- my. No wnt" as. an (^kcr of 'aiiiMnib. DiA- .am»«d J*Wy the Jiynctftitt MtltoMof *e gfihitwM the n ilous «!' l»*«t ^?^%^^M M^oet abrabtl^iQ (be weaterqeho*^, "** #Pf McHDoit' i alone tbeMashore, al;lhe foot of ^ ckfflb; KU ir ; andas Strabo's acedunt of thil r^mwnied advei^re u ple<|iAtrodop6 it ♦ 7 li)i.Clrniax <>v«rbiat*i^!| I iiHMr«bedlrom PfadmBelishy thjs jMhder;» I(}iiotefroii>Lai^ Blattti«h^ "in his a)!^' gWin to tills pretended niiraple in one of his comedies : ^ ^': ' ^ lhveItsiMmbwlHi«bHsiiidig£attoir? ThssM rrthM, and tbeni mareh." — ■■ • ■ , • Thiflis in ihi' better t<«teauHhe8ttem{>t of JoMithas to illustrats^ the miitcul Otis (mtaageofMlg^ A •ftence he yisif ed m sacitplsMmrga, Asbendus, Side, add fmm ^ m^M place bis i^Mier fifogress tafsUva^ was arrested by mB J« ftB^ndtans, ifhfohad a|re^ to pay fifty talents, and dehverop mjt^fm wbich they wer« hre^ing for the Persian Govemdhii, w«n . MK^ to evade both conditions, uH j^pariog to withstlluid a sie^. It^s tmMy retisced his steps ; and, hrriyiog sooner thi^,ijK^ iSm "^~" • twdolOn^tf master fl»ftheifpe» town, or tba*bviiks d^ hh and ootaftte^ the AApendians witbin fheir nmantain mmt tiy this a«lhviigij|((Mf>«td>niitted to harder tetms thatk Wf Uroce he returned to Rito^and i^chl^ ap the narrow vale of tii MKcm, With this intention ofcrdising Mount Taurgs n^i ei ^yte'J*hryg'«' Duriuf -ilias rojite he bad to pass "^ * BmifwiS riMdlfl BMHMiaiWlrtrSi wftn mtsiaiid n wiM «gH«fer«wss6»,^a«|^«i«|eM«^ to ,™ ■RlttTihzed neighbours. A strotig|)aA in the main ridge of ^ # AUEIAHplft :^\ r^i. KfRvine of fto Ce^trus, was cownuuicled by the iDr vuie. oat- flfct'^iiitf^ of ciu^ without biOattenng aX^continuialU?i«i|^^up the Certms. the 8aj». ^se^e^itaA^ stripped ti^ fctlfy ■ »«itof SMalaMu*, but were d«fi»tiMl;*ii«l Ae city %rtt takm. & Wb? d^t « the upper va^le. of *« B^y-^ an«r ,ti, *!^j^2L^#tered into VHuni* Wit iitex«id«rtfSl^^^«o»<>r Philip, who btid DM ^^jJ^rPl^ciak After tK»ldiii^^»atti be ImmmumV-. - p. £SSSS%iJ-oirH0^ Jy^anlttd ; fbr Iho bridegroonie from M*^"J^r2J^ ■' •" ' of i^onite, arritwd ttore atoo. Atth«e«w pfc SSES!ln behalf of bw*«taii^f»wl • H«ht ^eiM*. T^ SJSwir tolAto renew ihric prtlth» <* a «w?«e fc^ontaWe •% li»t^Ale»andeta*ew A^ ialntloo of whieh i*ilito taalento the ™«w»»o»«WiiW^ MQtioff a itWM piotnre <^!BPflfJMffr*" >w- ,«,..^,„ aeo*Nlnt-te-:^*'>«l»i":-*»W •men plot of gtoond "M »*^ t*?^ 2fi twttgg lair hie otti' ' AjiJir-'fw '^ ;#« fel HJNfrmPi***! tat r-'^T^ ■■■'Vf.f -^t-- I tf» dhrJoert oi" •WIiiij>«m. a. h» was appnMu^iUir om ofihX e», ite««w • yoodji raaidea who bad «oii»r Jbrtbto draw • af«ri jh^joiiwMdlilajarte. abe Imm^ the gffWd rare, airi «d«iM4 iSf^i°^ f^ «M*illeete Jupiter the kingr. Go,4h,»> p^mS- S^I^Z^^Jl^J to ac^sompimjr bin, i|Bd leaeb him bow «» pVrforik '^**'*"'«V^««»y*(Bd Ttirbtfir. She roM«nted; fb*- aaeriBre waa y*i.^i '•■****^*~*'^'»»»>"*nao iiHtfrWtb^iliiablei.. MMm V|»«le4m^#9D,«adtri#«rl4>Ahaodao^ I" the nOBM, tha PhrjrifbHia bwiauTered aewreiy fW>ni rivil dia»en»i«a9. «r dJfltMMlhay rMaQbed the fcode, wbb aiwwered, 'Ihat a tmtt ^bNMtbemaadi^rwho wooM termiaafe tbeb- int^onl brottp? .^LtSrSKT*'?^^"* •WlbenrtliMro*! ibe meaplag .d" thla^a^ ^pronlM, nidaa tfircwe mp bitAtber and «u>tb«f> to Ihair matlelwr «I°«tl!^^2I^K*^' «b4 waa iamedibte^ feropii«ed m t\^mwr £^!!lT*?**?^**f™?^- ^^ •»w»o«^y»rvlbf ,a»ew,J» coMermr »^ of Maw fPBiaMHM.'^ Jl^^ ■ •>,„..: ^, ,^, v . ,;;-,.. , ^_ . jMWba^liiieB Ib INienria, ,##0, uaahtell, ft»e tbedit^vaa Mm iT5?'"iS •■*l*****f*«*"»«'' cho#. Mbe Ibe IrtT»ll«e».,« ^ Mbve fiomfr^a «g<»^ Phryakm* had been alilJieetMi to rote, arbe inalM «?*n 1h« «#^^Man» ml^ to bte.yoiilh. wlio mliPiMi&Uf wara iba iSiewbeTwriana. ^ tJiMtaca or tiM iaot^ ii».dr««r Ma tword aad^eat it a«MKter. Thia, PgoaadiBoBt aocoMlant WfHk bia «bMPacter<4Miii obM|fiied «. ilft? "??*^ ** tMwewod the |wk BMi «ilMkaiN9M£(ed 1SSLir'**^S*!**^'*»**"- AiaU e»eiita be did nMdeeei^ *»»,i\ i^f\ '^H^f , !^k H-t,'<%^fi^i^ "^fnd #-=«,v^^ i>(( ys -( t.V i(«>*t>«i'< '^^i" '^ '•i-li'i ifSrt ^W't ■■•4l*.^v.^■vr:. -^.■-'V-""7^: • V-'J f ALBlUHDEk u r.Toar not to be ^tt>d by •« .r^ force. «S2r^223 iSiST omS^ wtthiD ih« Haly.. and a «o«S!!?Ii!!^ rf iStS^ The wiol« of Canpadoola waalntroilwl td the c«« of aeatrap, eaUed SLSieSeVby^rtUw, Sabletae by A^fla*. Th«ee he mar«h«l SlStSTfc^cSla^Thertuth.ea«e«i P"* *f ?"rt!?* *![ *• W!MetS:^^S^^^^^«^ of MooatTaun- In their «l«««to1hBSlkSaneea. ^i»vlaf«ai«. ooB«JqueoUy,^ery mp- "pm^^ rifM. Of t|t»y«b« best o«^ to b^ory '" tMiTlaiidtyby«» eammaadoftb* vihwdafanM. ^^ , «ifribatedby Ait«iiito_, . who, In the oMnoaifra affaiMt no eoooeeeftit defence of itk re- DKirfif Mount Taame le intereedei in le, that ireat advantafcee are placed at the It^ahlehiitt to chooep bta poiotof attnek. '^ of^malnpaaBwaaafortiBedeMpp, 'W% partlae to the elder Cynn^ ine, fVirtiflcd It as a statlooaw poll. SSSoSSf^a.^ there. Wemey be^hewfore cer^ that^rtj. SStooSliiii Wlowed the bettor authority. r^tOfmkf, w* *• nSTMySN ordered to haft In this camp, w£l^Ale««id«tvirth £ aS?r.«S, the«chers,and hi. filvourito*«ri.««, ent<^^ ^ntSlpMSM by night, and turned *o*W!|»fti2!!?^;«5i2i oo^eriag SiTSedrfeaders of the pass fled, •jj "t^^l^^S^i! aiaiB own. Nertday the whole army sormooated tha «««» *5»»» SKnMMed the dt^itt lotoeiliete. «o^ »P^*»^*'»"L'S iff^ ^SrtiMtl^anns was threa^ned wlth^onflipffatlpn by J»»«f^A»-. 2S;,^of!;L,rdin« to Wemnon's plan. I»d -Jrei^y. Wd m^ JreTW oftheprf^lnoe. AiWwder, wWi U. cavalry, «i«*jj SuwuTKh e«rao>dinary speed, and saved it f^omd^^tiM. m Sn^e^ flA beat and covered with dost, and t**^^ j^JJ* StdCanifMeof the wateti of. th« Cydnns, he »"P'"«^*yi~f 1^^ it was summer to the plain, thestream partook m««or fMt^mpefXeof the meWng snows o^ ^niirus Jan oftto dro^^^ fSlZiitntmOapkere. The conw»qMeiwe was a vlotoot reactioa. mid a 'IbvertimlluMu^ proved fhlai. ' ^ - ^^ . f,-j|l^ u ravWi wMmwt Mm Interrentloo of the cold *«»•» of ^'^J^S^v gtSnSrt impSSwe to coimelflww * pftoce of Alexa^^M^ '^" T J lUTIj k<.kt*. »Anljl kasa iMaBa uD Under the.«W!ero"s U airaoat impo«HMe lo coneeiv* wr" ^^ i«— -" — '"— T--.,-i_«^ Leandans<^i«^pad bttbils, «»«" ^^•'•JS^TS? ""•^''^^TTwrn SUa .iS^SfiWMl^Mto wcaaitog .bodily ^-J-^IL^^J*,^! H^M been ^T^f^fftT!^^ I .■V' ■"f*r''«';«"! - r lifbi g| Mll | i t^ ^A««w« ri op«adtlw detyoated to bia menwryc Tb» banda of tba > iMroaa the otker« aa hi tha act a^ olappiag Tba . ttaof thaman. - /thaaott of Anacyadaraxaa, battt AaohkteMwd Tkr- «• laciMa day. flat d^ yoa, Oatningw' eat. drink, voAh^umm^ thiar aUBdin9t»tll««l5m larenotwiHtb ''''■'^Ky'<-M'-i f^ m the«^ mm^ TIm» battle oflMMwato not i^Ufht tiU QctoW : no^ nUterjr exploit of coii«e«piei)«!e kid iniHied ikin pn^se of tM , f «f^i^'"??*P'*''*""*"''*'^*'''* • ^•'^'" ""^ known to h*«^ frHr't*'* "•*"*» •*<* *»»• campwM tlifonged with repUKHcite ..^^oflfanng and ^favMing their nu]tter)r«emcea$ and eager to rer (Me^preRMc^. of the Southern Greeks on the plaiqe ofgkria. ■M^hfionoflhft.foUowing puaeage firon the &mou» , tpeecK' of "I «M JHmtMite Aie aisM^NL He b addressing Demosthei^ mDniinh«d arrived mr the seacoast with aU bis forces, nM r»^ ^M '" Oidilia, was eot off ftom atl hie cMnmuoieations, moA^ M i^r all i\m^ aa you mA, and was on the point, asyou eurea|e^ »« WMtefB Cieilia, and by file appwent neceaaity of i R*"*" of the operations « Oaira, induced Darius to imagifl*' JSlkf P?""®"* ^^ ■* 'n*«"'^n to give him batOe. .*r v V* ,> m > ^"INankinft was not without Greek advisers v4iiiii^« Id^ggkis «w Atiieiiiaii exile. Thi^ democrat, having aougl J ^ieapota^arefoge, waa not forgatfid of bis Kbcrty oCs WlM?to|«wwtepped those IhAite of dM:orum» of whicb Hmh fgjpayia was immutably jealous, waa put to death. JllMiM jgRmttoohua, besought DnriiM to renma in hie. eampi,f|M^ yftom his knowMge of Alemmder'scharaatoe, that liwwov" ***^ to aeefc hi* enemy wheioMrr lie waa tft he^^baad. Aot 1^^ nfident of success, andlnattlf to4ii»y^|i dM.prinQipalpaW of the ■'^aMdcMrtwaa,|lNM|bf«,«ottoBainasoas,^a^ ithny march arte ^itHIBit^ . '.ftoH, Ptelotas ^"^Jto cavaliy eroMfed the great ^riliiviat. the •■ *>J M toeients, wliBa Aiexander »«iadMl«d Ihi , psaooast, and visited, first, a tw^df Miner ra, botft ^\! • r-^rv xf 7$if ^v;'0*»P?> ''"^J" i/^-' '4 ' i>'^ F*' I4, , A, ALBXAKMR Sw colour, h««w5&^ fte p"«>U«^^«?^'««:f°S?^ S^W ptiRfW : *>l»4Papbl»gowm wd PtUei» : ^^ <»» g^ SwwSwed by« satrj. Tl»»iti«*.b«l.\50i?»eqnentfy, all nd. «»iiiiy"» Mac^MlHHWB^ their camp dimnfilio vmm Mi^UmB had marehod through the upper AmaiiM^U»i^|| ^!faiM.;"captnr«d that town, and put the Macedoww loyalli^li rigffS *»nce Darkia advanced to the ^^.1^1^ ^w» throM? the plain of Ismia into tho western side of the%«ad offte MaiMi««o«dd not al first heUewlhatDariue was in bis rearjb ^n^rod'a.few of the43ompwioiw to embark ma thirty w^ Milev. to sail up Ao golf, and bringbaclc aceunrto mIeUigoace. RoM^ 'CSiSsaslKiiger proof either of tho oirorweemnf wnfldence or (tf ^3of4he se«^ With i«nu««i*te •h'f^"** ''l&*^.f ^1!^ taT^centwIsd the whole^f thoirW foi«#»>^ **!lj^* X i*Sy«si»gtewa»linthel8«cguir,tfr t»tho C^^ ^'^SS Ooiimhnioni on board the galley executed theurord^ifad feport»**rt JKrve of the hi^ had eSaWed tlim to see *»'»/^ •««H'J^tSl Sti of tlie fates cofwod witbthe •new*'* troo^ '^."^ *S£ ^ , Iwro in a ■to^theprineiH«>F^ JEr^ibntMM)dtheinnarals,4heebt«Col&'0^^ ^. - . . . ^^0^ '^^^-^ addmsiidjIhHo in. speeeh. of «hHdi lllMgvilpiPMMraiew me fvincipw' wpi<»> , , fteir youi3«»pt^». «»«>«?«^ ^rv.'»''''^t.te^ilw^a ii&S ^.jeowioMll tit r^-oeeapiitt ^ , whole temy, . |W^^ i««^ **• ■*»!« towards the j ^A'T u- ^pj^>;**pff^ 1 '€ f -* tdoirai THB OHBAT. 56 Strong walches were gtAtioned on the wirroandinff liei^ta^ rest were indulged with a shortftpoM. Tho king^MSdS ^^eogehe ooald se^e- th,, whole ptaa hhnL ^Hk^ ^the jHace^.^ '-;»*fj(^r%^i.3;*- ,...;,; ,. ,.«•■»■. 4;^^^^ .,.i,. ■ r^*"«' - J« «»*''> A»atB^*to»*d aowB %r<»wl io tingle coIqbiq a» £L!1^'*/?' ""!?.!' i***^" it -pened the ^on waereg- i^^ntedintaline,^iirith the oiountain Oft the right the sea oS T- "a. 1^ . ■'"*5?™«r, as usoalf Qoravuuidedthe right and Fkrme*\ Si'itl«5^Sfw"" «ndc*l»at«^io, ahd NioSor ^«^ler Atex.' MR eomaianded the wings ofthe phfilaqx. ■ . , , ,^Hiih_wh«^nioy?iMnts Weem^^ *9^>*>» nwWtode <#1^' fci, ordered h,8 90.000 csvalry and J!,a» li^l ti«o|» to «o2 S^ 't'^_S!L'!^?^^ ^^'^ "»^ '»*»^*^ In the ce5. •J^jMB»*reek force of ft||ijj&m>rainotion mentioned in ^^^ne r. These^ps werd^mrdaees, all natives of Persis, WX:'^V^*' «°d traui»d t^ijs f om thir yomh. fa the n^ threatening the roar of Ahi^h^ i^vnva. TV»^ underatand jt imist^saiitposed that tiie ta(t6fiN«^lfae western foot of which 2i?°r'5* *'™'^**** ****** ^'^'»"'»<''»°«^n to Ae «Q»*- if*^*"^* troops who oceupied « much shorter portion t>f the couifiBe S'Sr '*?**'*'*" o***?^'/ Ott^iaiilwd, bnthad Jieir r%lit wupg Sy^'i?"***''*^'"^"*****^*'*' Alexander brought n^his i^ia»«eBdHigae Pfeloponoesiaiis and other confederates to tite Si??S t!?»'*^''^***>? cdiritoriiid posted it Wfeio the €|h^ ^ of Ae right wn^^d the a^Su^^i^SiilariwdferAe sSb^ ilS^lL iJ'^^W>*^«^ f**?**^**** CoBipanioBs were the ¥t^ arge then? BoUBilearf^ifcK ^^HWO __ _-,__ n^ /:•. f. ■^ 31 p||i|iS-'*^^^i^ :!-M^^." ., TWv,'' j^^'^' - 1 ALBSUffDKK ii tod been thrown^ttp «**» *?****;,SgJ5fflSSl • the enemy tafld to ^ iJ^SSSSIiMlMt bf it -Irffte charge, IhMliJiwirt^^ a H'"*L'r l^&Ail*;^ J^Pj22Ser c^K-i».W. rtt-Btk« to the ^ J4*ft,**i-'* iJ^S' TkB GBHAT. »• ^a^ f^5K ri?nK*J^ •^?.*'®«'- Parmeaio, with all hiaskdl, stnport: STSi^ — V°? ^*'' ^i'*^ They>were also koting, o« a w«ai SA^H«t?"P'^3*-^*S*^"^ '•^ fl^^- 'iT^er were cloiS^ iiedby theTheesaliata, who overtook muv, as tbefersiaii horaM ^^^??iiSl£??i'^-«''^ "^e"- Ten (houMiid ftrsianfe)iSr ,^fOa,flOOip6nfi7 are said tohavefaUen m this bS *^ l^theatatementi* not exaggerated I for aitheonlymode of rer-" cW ,|^WM ^ the val6 of Utei>inara8,mu8and|:ofL Persian ttSuii ^Owtander did notpuraitd unfil he witnessed th« repulve. w, nieib l^JTnT'^^. ^*f* of Persian cavalry. TbeTS utiSd M^^fc'ff Jf '^^i '^ Macedonians W«iWK ..wf S?'^*^^^ *°^"*8^'*^'«'*o«k Alexe^r afin a 'short juii, When hetettraed^ and topk poesesfdan of ik« P^t^aa jcim.* ii^ wKZ?"* ^" «^* batUe.eon'Jaiy to the e^l^^iSuWSL' jggifteMawd^ugDicgmp. Harpalus, iletandSryou'SS iwSl teSitSv^i!? rtfldered^im incapable dTaiffi*^^^ lLSj?iK?^^i£?f^' «*^ toto OreecVa |bw SJJw !?rfff iSffilS* "" *h* unitary oh<,.t and itacjSStlT 2^ ?^^^ •'***^ '^'^ Aristodemus tl^e tH^nsKH a ^JtejjUdhardly bd bought lo imagine, that afonje Iik^ tbat SvfflSjf K?r*i!^'* «mir^wae^ perhaps of.no gr*at ' Jgtfbatte I but Aero w«re five |^ie« of men In M nuih alone formed aa fbnmd«bl0|J||m» •« evar mJt ntwmy. Theaewere \*!^^^^^'* ^T^ , . .Jbe hei«7^amied, jgj^ milh «b«t, among othfsr oansM, tthii |P*B^ Greeks so hostile to AlMtandw. « B All die adtllPtt iMtfltUal^] 4 ■im.is Kfi^ ^ ' ,'' i> ■68 AL£XABB£R E'« ■^' ■'ir. .^tlSSg^CfaoteintoconsiW impoMibU. duly to esti. mate ihe difficulties surmounted by Alexand^. ^ ^ . , - ^ .. . . AccordinetoPlutarch, the Macedonians ha4 reserved for the king A. Sni« be had laid aside >• arr«>urj^he^«^^^ ih^wSSy of «i vanquished is and should be called the v.ctor'^'> SSiSrhriWedthe vials, ewers, caskets, and other vase^ ouriousy ^tJ* i^^l^ tohaled the fragrant perfumes, and saw' Ae splendid S«Ss,Md titles, that AleWer had np^ T T'^i^Tml «f ^i^i^^i^engag^inalw^^^ struggle for tfte empire flf ^^feriw al^account," I quoti A^ri^ "^ist^nby Arirto- inhis 2d?tolemy. A report also prevaite, that Alexander, accompa. S by!S»^ bu^ Heph«ition, viJed the princesses pn the following 5air.Sdtiiat the quee'n.mother, not knowing which was the king, as Sffi and arms 9f the two were the same, prostrated herself before HJoSon, as ho was the taller, put when HephasUon had drawn KS^ne of Ae attendants had Jiinted ke their nineral^i^tioi,. *I^^W*55!^, - ..^ ■^J%JWprifeciBay,,iia&^^ v4> '&:k ,'ii>«l*^' THfi GREAT. 591 ^5^'* ^.m\^ honouw^d revards according to their rank. Amdbg p rersiansfjlaio, wire Ar^ames, ^heomahres, Atizyes, and Sabaces! B^S' '¥P^*?^«'y «^JB'*^%.*^ Greate"- Phrygia, Paphlagbnia «f|5fypt. These, and others'ofhigh rank, *rere buried accordme to J^rders of Syaigambis, the^ mother of Darius. '^^*' My^ ^^^^ mertenaries^who fought in the battle, 4000 accompanfed m^f^^Momuchixiihe iTpper Provinces, 8000 under Amyntaa, the «aof Antiochus, reached Tripoh's, in PhcBi^icia. there they embftrk- l^on j)oard the fleet which had conveyed manVof thera from the JEge- ^ Aqayntas then'persuaded.theni to sail into Egypt and seize upon it. gant by the dea& of tte satrap. On landmg, Amynta? first gave out ^hecaawaalhetegitimate.ucc„e*orofSabace,but unable to rea- «»'nh|8 troops from plundering and maltreating the natives, he i^bs I discovered to be an impos(er. A war then took place, in which, some sMcoess, Amynlaa feH. Thus perished a Maced>iderable talents, and who had distinguished himself by invetrate enimty agauwt Alexander. ^ From tJihcia, Parrtpnio. at the helftf th6 Thessalian cavalry, was ffij «o "^w* the treasures, equipage, and court of Dariua at Damascus, rais^asjr service accdm^nied withl«he probabiliiy of a great booty, «a« assigned to the Thessalians $« a reward for their exertions and siif- ; ^W »» m late battle. Alexander marched himself southward alotig icpaat^e island Aradusswift its dependencies od the continent, was "S-v 1?^'^'*" ^***® *** eubmitted. The King was with the Per- ^ a fleet, but thft prince presented Alexander with a crown of gold, ^d surrendered his father's possessions. Aradus was then amantiuie 22!^ M "I *?o~*^?°*'^ '^^ "^^^y *^'»'®'««* "^'^^ »»■ buildings the IK!™ w**^2.^**'"i?' I* P*?'*®*"*' "ot^e' ^own on" the cratkeat W name Mwathus. 9ere Ambassadohi from Darius overtk Alezaft. «r, and as their proposal and the answerof Alexander are WgWyJnter- «tili|, andiUustrative bdt^ of the manners and diplomacy of the't«e. I iojw the whole from Arrian. Darius wrote "That Between KUip i!^J««fi"tfa«»]».M existed a trfeaty of ftiendship and aOiai^l i^Sf n'* -*'"^^i^''**.'*T']*'^ attacked Arses j that tine^ ihf>m SS!!5- '*!iT'^^®f*?.1''^'*''''^°* na one to confirm the iueia^t !«L^nr?-P'^i*"^*°*?' •»"**>**' <^'^«««^ over into Ami, Mi mMrt seriously wjured the Persians j that he had, therefofa landed SI?r*T'l5.*'f®*'*'*"V®"'**^'*"»°*''«cover his inherited em.: m im the wUl of same deity had decided the fate of «ie battle j that ^kmg, requested a Ming to restore his captured mother, wifa, and S^"i Ir' ** 7^ W8 wisfcto fonn a treaty pf friendship anf alli- MJ wifli Alewnder, and therefore desired him to send back MeniscuaS^' awiArsimas, his ambassadors, accompanied by persctaa dommiBsion^' to teeat on the subject, and ffiv« and receive the necessMry pledX.»»^ ' ider returned an aaaw^erbr Thersippus, hiaawn messe w«^ merely to deliywr the l ett er, i nto th« ' Ihm w entor'into any ortiTeommttciations. This is the \ «t4»n rancestors, without eay provoci^on, invaded ^.' '41 >*< . A '^ I. ' V • - "■ ' '-■f i" ■ < 60 Al^BS^JSmWi tib* real of jGreece, and inaicted BeripuBinjuries on u». I, being elected ca»tato-«eneral of the Greeks, paea^ over into Aaia, m order to take AW^ce on the f eraiawi. It waayou coajtaenced the war, ior yon aided the Perintbiana, who had aggrieved my fether, and Ocbya teat a mifitary force into Thrace, a i»rt of our empire. ^ yoitt own publie Wttera ypu boaated to all the world that vou had au^jomed the aaaasains ofmyith^r. You, with your accomplice Bagoaa; alew Aifaes, and aeized the government, contrary to juatice, contrary to Jo-Fertiaa taw, aiid^nvi^ationoftheriiitaofthe Pereian iM»tipn._ Yon ; jlso, ma apirit9fhoBtiiitytonie,wroto letters, inciting the Greeks to war a- jminstme, and offered money to tl*e LacedsmMmuins and pther etatei, ^^ Se ticediemoniana accepted, but # the other stetos refoi^ YeJi bribed my friends to betwiy iny intererts : you attempted tod^troy the peace established ^ ^>° G'««««- * ^f^^^^'f T^^^^. "" 1°^ ^ YOtt had evidentiy been the first to commence hostilitie* Smc? 1 coo- qwwd&aiyw generals and sairaiia, and lately yourself and w»y, and ifSe irift of the gods possess the country, I treat with ^if^^ fon- ^ hose of yourSoldiirs wh# iUlnot on the field of battle, bu^toek le- £ with me; andao for fironPSeir eontinuahoe with roe bemg cpai. ro, Aey are willing to serve jrith me under my banners. As I (herefejikU muter ofallAsia, coloein persontome. If youhaveaay fear fcryout persopal safety, uend some friends to rece"^® my pledg^ feith. Qb coming to me, ask for your mother, wife, and children, an^ wlMtovw else you may wish, and receive them; for fvery rea- sSJle redueet shaU begranted. Hencefojrth, ifyou have any coBim». lOSiontomake, address me as the king of Asia ; and pretend not t«^ tr«at with me on equal terms, but petition me tut the master of your fate ; if )S>L I sh jl regard it as an insult and take meaaures accordingly. U, howevw. you stiU propose to dispute the sovereignty with me, do not fliZlSo^rtwidyour ]ground, as I will mwch and •tM^.^k y?» ^ff^^r ^ qertainly is not worded in the «^1e pf Mpd«^ deipMi^ 1 ta* it mad^ a model for drawing up s«icti papers, t)ie Wt of diptopn ^ ^'U reduced to tery simple principles, rf!fme is no uttesBi^te d«* •.no wiifh toovereach, no desire to tell hi* Mtagonirtinto^ fatal se- ' "--ttlifc final object in view, apd the r^»olution to att^ere dw- itioned, and the sword made the o>»ly arbiter *f the disp«?t^, -•«. ...t, wi^ihe treasuries and the families of the prmcir e (omoi ambiasfidors had beeii captured By Par- b^y Tsd moved eastward but had bean ov^tv«» of tWthessalij^na, or the treachery of fteir fliw diana rOajped a rich harvest of boo^ on the,«M?^ lered r«menip to conduct the wboje ct>mpf. i»<* SOMd .«ii>e fpwigq WBbaa<»dors to hewMfrte^ L «^.j .i,.._j-_ and:tac«d»»oiMan «»tm A- " 1i>toly »pt Jit l|^»^» ^ «»?.fW lelyjBito wl#^edir ^jmrpOWCf |W»r jc^mey. Thotacedamowwar^B^'tnonil^^^ J -y TBE eHEAT, «1 vjJwUyrt war, were thrown into priwn, but released after tlie battle 2S*2fT^ ** *® ^""^ «*>"''^ ^>* wfiich. in their co^^ Jgyjtor they were at open war. They however, were im^^l# finrincM ■' theaonoftbeprotiitorofEurydice, and her ij S'c!lYi'*'™'^l®**"J?®/!°"''^«i*« Byblus, an ancient towo e^ l«iLS.?ii''\''K^*''Pl^l*'°"- "^ ^S was with the KrSa flit, but the inhabitants hke the Adrian8,gHbmitted. ' jy^LunTn ^'^ °°* ''"* *° ''® ■ummoned, but eagefly araile^ I jgselves of the opportunity of shaking off the Pewfali vSS^ I t^tttyyoan had not elapsfed since Sidon had been captured ImtW tttjdbunwdbvtheinhabitaqts in a fit of phwawy aifd deataS ^tho^sand SirfonuuMT are said to ht^mriOitSi^im^m can beUeYeJW^rus the conduct of^entor the Rhodia?S £ !SS^'J25^*Tu''""«' Hecoylftndedthe auxiUariesin S SiJ^an^ice, and betrayed hia emJl^erB into ^e hands of 4|«^ l^teJtanderwaanowi^ cradle of cfek !SS ' 1 • >nf«n«tehr connected with the remote tradition! mfW hjjest colonizaUon of Greece. With Phoeiiicia ai«ci»mee|S^ Mpies ofBuropa, Minos, and Rhadamanthua, of Cadmus, Semel««ii3 If "^"^T^J '"** ?*»* ^venEmrpt had left adeeper impress of Sf^ kflect andarta on the plasticmSi/d of Greece, *But7ents Z& ^rred which prevented Alexander from hailing bar as the motSSl II!!l[!lf°°*"®'?? ""** civilizaUon, and caused Ae siege of Tyre^^ LT T^^n'S "* ?T "* ^^ ^^^""'y- WhUe he stiirremainid at lif SlJv vJ«r Sp"S*'° V"**"* "P^" ^^ presented him with the cua. 2JKi«S5f "'/""^ expres«iHho wisLf theTyriansto acfciw. I^Mu ''•"^^•"^*^*"*^"*«^«*»n»«»«da. Bb dismissed the den. Jii^wi|boaQur, and announced totSTWaiptentiQrtrvisirTl^ r'i^Sr^^'"" ^**^? temple of ScK«»Sth^eaI^ l^r*u*°''' '^y" ^7^ *^"* 'MWther Herc^lea worshipped m«S IS ^ °^°^ ^ ■ tenmie tha oldest known on earth." Selde^SS ?*teTl*«*^« ^^y^'^ gods, ha. identi^ Una ZSTwiS llia>™tu» Moloch. £» mc t"' * •« Frien4s and allied ! In my opinion wc cannot march safelv into Eitypt whUe thfe Pertiana are masters of the sea ; nor pursue Danua wKe, in our reaf, Tyre, remains uncjeculed m her po '^X. an^ CypruB and Egypt are inWpowor of the Persians. The latter alternative .8 ScuUlfly hazardous, Voth for Other reasons and '>\^^f^'^l±^\^^^ SGreece; for ihould we pursue Dariu^ and roarchto Babylon. I fear ia Persians, taking advantage of our absence, might recapture the maritime citi;*. gather a-powerful force, and transfer th«W*o Greece. The Lii,lheir origin must be sought among the natives to the eart of the ^mian0, as that race of industrioua cultivators possessediib shipwng, SVai S)Btae to commerce. The colonists took root on this -bore, beatmeprosperoos and wealthy, covered the Mediterranean withftwr Sets, and itTshores with flieir factories. Tyre m the course of time ne tbe.dominait city, aM under ber eupremacy were founded the «N^et«D cbloniea in Greece, Sicily, Africa, and Spam. Th«r««J* kK mercWnt princea had often tempted the cumdity of «» JVj « laia. SalinanassaT, the Aeavrian conqueror of Isrttl. "WM^ws 'fesagalnrtTyw, and contiAu^d them for five years, but »•» nna«»y I raiye the siege. Nabuchadbnosor was more P'f*!'*'"'^* " m capturing fli6 citv, after a sieip that lifteo th"** 1_ >■ ■ &\1L M&!i»^^ t , ,,.. .^-i. ♦■S-f, I'm OREAT. (J3 J confined space a large population existed, and remedied Jt&e H^in ^ '"».«iorjrupon .tory, on the plan followed by *?• _l inhabitants of Edinburgh. It wu separated from the maidttS hril armlet of the sea. aboHt half a mile in breadth and about ei^3 ™«M. w«« „«,u bhu sKurai, ana amply supplied with arms, engine^ «l^ other warhke munitions. ApparenUy, no monarch ever Undertook STn&^l!; K^A?^ *5' ""Ef"'^ ^^ '^l'*' ^'* «>e means of^ fi|M Passed by Alexander. But no difficulties could daunt him. ^ut a single ship, and in the face of a formidable navy, he prepay. e<4o take an island fortress with hisJand-forceg, His plan was tol»r Unipt a mound from the shore to the city walls, erect hitbatterimr^iir onihe western end, there effect a breach, and carry the town bystoS: • wwerialawere abundant; the whole shore was striJwe^wititfft ni- f ^ f'^r u^'" ' *°** ^activity of the leader was wellseconded b» J#«eal of his troops, the work advanced rapidly at first The wi ttn wer^shaUow, and thl loose and. 9Sm sdil easily allowed the nUei toreach the mora solid s^^ata below. B^t as the mole advanced >i jjeper water, the difllculties of the undertaking became more evifi , a* labour of construction was greater, Uh) currents more rabid'^Be wgrew 8 ower, and the anqoyance given by the enemy more%stjte> I * Missiles, discharged from the engines erected oa the wall, readi^ J^ workin front, triremes, properly ^ted out, attacked it on ImA Hi^B. The men emrfoyed found it diificBlt to carry on the labour.S ilibesa#?Uraetn«fcrad\IlS ^^w^ possessed perseverance as weltaa ardency of chaiiii' Hff^fedli^ttced the construction of the moiind on a targer aealTte wto^iignit more ehgmes antfa b«todeHiaeof combatiMit£ IniheV Mfe'^^iii? ^'"f'f »»y n«tj?g a ehort excurplon againsi W^ tribes of Mp^ntLebanon. This ^iraa aot a affTioe oflieatdi gMtJ^t^ibMscesui^^auiii^ ^Ha '4 hTttii i n Slhn iS-riiiwiiyj sa^y^t„..„ ■■„ ■■^..^^ ,„^^ rnrrs rnaae , gMir ,,;0»camo^Jle foUowmg adventiM, irliioh Phit««h i coniMQpoii VbA authority of Chares. ^wJ-V •* ' "^Si^^^:*!^ I- \ «4 ALEXANDER 1 ,'. LfiniMehus, hii preceptor in earlier d»y8,rhad accompanied AlexaiK der uitb Asia. Neither older nor lew valittnt than PhoBnix, he clatnwd a ririit to attend hie former pupil on all such expeditions. Night over- to<£ tte party amon^ the wilds of Anti-Libanus ; the rugged groo^d compelled Aem to iiuit their horses, but the strength of the old roan be- MD rapidly to sink under the united effects of age, fatigue, and coM. Alextoder would not forsake hitn, and had to pass a dark and cold night in an exposed situation. In this perplexity he dbserved at a distance a ftuniber of scattered fires ^ich «ie enemy had lighted : depending nptfn his swifiness and activity,Hw ran to the nearest fire, killed two of tb« barbarians who were watching^it, seized a lighted brand, and huh tebed with it to his party. They soon kindled a large fire, and passed thd night 'A safety. In eleven days he received the submission of most ^ the mountaJD^bieft, and then descended to Sidoa. - He was convinced by this time that he could not entertain any rea. rionable hope of taking Tyre without the co-operation of a fleet Win. ter had now set in, andhe hAdj^yery reason to hope thai the Fl^owncisn fleet* would return, and, as uM&l, spend that season infteir own Ila^ Su^ He was not disapptnnled ; the kings of AraauB,'of BalMrlui, and Sidon returned h&mo, 'and finding their cities occupied byAlsx- an^r^placed their fleets %\ his disposal. A few ships also joined fnm other liarbours. Thus the king suddenly found himself master of mort thto a hundred sail This number was soon after more than doubled by the junction of the kings of Cyprus, with a hundred and twen^ •ii^ of war. These were Greeks, but their seasonable arrival ww too welcome to admit of reproaches for past misconduct; all wasfitN gotten, and their present appointments confirmed. ' - * CHAPTEB VII. ,, * ''' . :^>i i%W Ctunqtaign^ B. C. 3S2. ^;;^.,„4;;j^j,' .,.■•,'■ . - . ' ' -■->■'•■ "ilni iifogei of Tyre ooonpied the first fitve months of this year, Mp- ' ^ it to iMve oomineoced in November, B. C. 938; bat if ttdM not BOO tiU Deoember, the oapture did not ocenr tiUthe end^ 'oaii^ ^^- .%e Tirrian* vrere surprised nod diaowyed vrhen JAtMider oiui^wtth kb Ibmnidabte fleet in eight of their oHy Tb^ Qrst i«»- Mdie VMM U» drivr not UtOx veeiOle and give .lumo ; bitf'Be eaan^ ■a^erlM% AabMHMied thav. l%eir next owe wm to pmnUlHtt MiM»lnliiMWMMi»«r tk«ir(v#»li«i«oaM«i W( V . tiiit.' /■ •iv; tm aasAt. TteWwid,now »peQiiiMla, VM io shape a paraUelontuo. withte SMSJm?"?!!^ ** «l» •orth. aad In the ou^e that nuSSm Z uJSL^^'I •UUooed the Chrpriao fleet, with orders to kSS hJ-^ffr^l?. »"~«irfc^««tterth«iert could &wrefti;iSS ss?2S- ».?!i?!!^-j'-. jSJij'sr rfe^ Iharboar. fhbwut£e< /walletafVontoritwere Jr4 Had not this waH defied tlii Hud r«oni to triple a Mi. It does not appear, WK or that an assault wl ^^PIW with souths, oa rl^e, who oonstrueted hi_« :5af •!"•• *''*"* •'•c<«I, and e: jA^toattnok JtMi.!2f/°*^? »lurtlh««* jBttoroiods basses could bot appro ggyibMdiWtions of the watt were br^ted by a breastwoili ofBam 22?* P'!"^*' *«w to **t»^ the vioUttM of the waves. tlielllMie: SJTIllSfJ!? '^.lT'*? fwat labour and loss of time, had to rmaat^ pjrsd in this iervtee experienced evory sped«a of aettv* tOmm SS *• i^^- ?"«»" boata with stroof deeks sUDp^ Under ^us, and oottliy their cables, seat them ^rift. An^hir^ IMtod, tbeTyrian divers eldded their ^ifUanoe wd cut tile mSt^JS^^lLrj^V Ch«l»e«WMweriilnaUynihstltuted, 2j£r«rl!^;.. Bopw't'erefiistened to Immense ii»as«»,L_, wJS^^*?!.*'** ^''"? "••* """^ lb deep water beCweeo Ka „_ £L^-H^.J**A- '* ^'^ probrtly these stones that In sUS. t<«iefc convert^ the ifhu»d Into a ponlnsiUi. jfe, ^ ^^ JiS? ''^ theTyrlans made ui attempt to i«|raieir na^alato; MoHty. They secredy prepared th»e qiKqueVSneathi^^maAr lE5lE5i^-^* 'ti* •^•»»L,'»«« ««»od and b#iMt warriota. rae iq^tlon was to surprise the Chrprian fleet : tba tttti^ jMThen the sijllori osuaUy went'SKe. and tCSSr 'oir^ ' '^i'^y*"?^^!** Cypritnkteg; the ITttianbea, WM« drivwiMlhow^wtoi. ' tnem. r^jNii^ MMd on tt* iliora not litf fhNB tito ,»• Mggachifcortiythannsaal, andhehadali«^ JdlBed !|l>"''««^ , "-♦: i«M Hie uoDoa. as ine A •nff'JKPPO'tloiiai Wl. the whole clroamferenc^^'of'dMi *^ m'T » m ALEXAITOER CO S'U' if^oltthe southern harbour, *« P'?^«»i*°^iH' !*^l?„^'l!? ' Aiuo' whilA he Mithall tlie qu nqueremrt upd ftyp trireoiee, ASafcr S? Kres. and arms. »aw that if be jupcwdedTtt itog^S H.« Lfi gS«W the eatrance ^^^ Jhe nojtfiern ho A^r iTSiSf ship* retbroed, their retreat most inevitably be cut off. ,|iltSI«a oi^Twas therefore raM. ^d tea thop«wd yo^a ^ iEaetechi party to return; and when the ^binbatan^, in the JSS lhS?u!uSk disregarded sounds easUy to be ttiistld»D S&°of SauTJnd »i«w^ wert disl>layed on SSibidooSi polpt thwe were at lengtli observed, buftoo !«te letSSn? tirsS^. "few regained the Barbour, the «e«er i£r^^ dlsSSed. aad Miilnquferemeand tfte thtw qoadrlremes *^keJ #it£t tt*W damage?. The ««*w. aband^jed themapid « the shore. The loss of lives was, thereiiire, »Hfflng. ,, Stemote to batter down the walls wew no longer OaWetohe ifiiW^StS bWheTyrian na*y, but great difflettltiesatiU remained; for SSSSeSI fr9* »beir comindlog poMliofl on the waU^. could «- 3*S^ffiySe men who WWt^d the engines. Some %fi«*^t SSfLSK-hook*, and aS^ged wUhIn *be walls ; o^w^ ^2S-S"S"targe sfones or pureed with engine darte. Tftey -bo norrj^J tfiSr nearer assailitotsr this pea^^^^ JrJarShr, and wderedthe wearer fhWtio with pato. . «««!?«« ■1iaS?"ouId not haro invented the tale, *»»«*r'«!]»2^''J::^ %«« they threw, red hot iron balls among the 40Wa !*»■«•« ifetferii. aailieldom qiiased their aim. . ' ,^ . :; ■■ «„- aOXtWewte^ and western side* hM already fidleS, ii JSi^iiHierahle part waa foaod In the southern wall ; a f jy£Sr*li* *ere maSe. ai.dasHflfKttesa.iilt by way of trialjj: '>ffi9S.Sg day was devoted to Jripauatidna Tor the filial elM: ^Sp^S tm th requisttlonandftirnishedwifl. missiles, 111 p«^ !o« wSgiM, wd •?r^'* «^**° *° *^^**^ *** *** proconderted «f- » #«fi Vlirt i^«t favourable foiiiha inieaded ase«ijli: m the most poWlerfel engines and boitering rams, wre ii «he Vulnerable spot, aftdsodh broke down a ooosider- mW^^m. Whtn*hebiN»«>b wiia ^Wtooanced prwtf- rralw were withdi-awn, ana iwo snip» ui ^--r, ""^•^-"^"jri. Lp^, brtu|dirup> their place., '«'»»» /'"S^f S^ b£ eommaBded by Atfm«M; theaecond, by the Compwws £abi :.^-m'\'f "dSty J«aiS: A^Jiaader was ilrith ih^ ff^- ^** teSl# *lo«i toSe wall, the brWfe. ^^^ ib. and AA^t^ •» ^ bP.** of Oie M9r* booe. saalfd .BdTaalSriSrte «i>^»ttU wall; Wlr^ ^.ured,fi*f\fnfi«^ le polaosk where the 8*^%ft^Yii4^^^SS^Ii^'l&e*iiAil attacks'!^ i ijbirtera; <[t?5jyJrLl h Jl^ fato *he north- rjf,- f.;.? THE OREAT. ii0i,^aiid the Pboenicifuis into the southero bafbour . Tb^cr^wt 1 ^^^ay«> and city waa taken on all sides. Little mercy w«| a MWBfllacedoniansb^ been exasperated by numerous intoltf, \ W^. Bi>d obstioaey of ^e defence, and the serious loss t^ey bl Nlimf for more men were slain in wjnninff Tyre, Hian in. acb wlbree *rreat victories over Dari^. Tbe Ty'rians qlw had, tpBof their naval superiority and of their tfonfldenoe, dHelly vlofi upelawaor war. A ,veaael» manned by Alacedoniv>s,^ad viw^ ] and taken into Tyre. The crew were brought upon' the -'^ jf^ io ooM blood, and thrown Into the sea, before ' pioqignsaat countrymen. £' lo revonge, eight thousand Tyrians fell by tbe sword when tbff «||p atftrmed, .and thirty thdbBand were sold as slaves.. "Rif' Mdgtr^tes, and ti^e principal citizens' had taken reKigte in th ^ymiptoles, or, mor« properiy speaking, of Moloch. Tbiese i IM picdcuLand Iflteily. It is to be hoped that soparatitioti M^ cause this distinction; and that the aothorities prov^ ^ ~ nations had been violated not under their sa|;ieiion, bnt i -Tof n lawIcMmob. Tyre had not tyraonicaKly abti' oy over the other Fh<9niclan states, and they HcttiwL J in behalf of her children in the day of distress. ThoJluiuiM«i De saved fifteen thousand from the victor's wrath ; nlw Iplit 1^1 ™>t finy captives were carriefl out of Phoenicia.. V * iiri*/'?P*"** i^ Ty* ^^' perhaps the greiMist va$$mta adhNfP #i>t of Alexander; and had he spared the oiti|sen9 when he had w^ mif city, it vrould be a pleasing task to dwell nponxtbe^ «pir'' -^-^ nnce, scuVrepources, perseverance, and coolempt of de«fl| '*' by him daring bis arduous enterprise. But bis, merciless < or the wives and children of the merchant-princes of thf p, to a state of slavery, and to be si^ttere^ in bondage amoiwF~^ iiafters, sadly dims the c^tondour of the exploit, i|nd lo9V9a«ui %, iMMQt Oiat he did not act in a manner more worthy of bkaself i tedigiiity (If the captured city. It is no excuse to alfelMiii ^^at It wail done in aocordaneo with the sphrit oflMi i Alexander, In ftellngs, in natural taksnts, mid by edao«tidi)i, beyond his contemporaries, and bis lolly character subject* lu tMdbyhis peers, aecording to tiie general laws of humanltir. ^ f p BilBrioas anecdote connected with the siege, and llluatnatlve^i Meat manners and soperstitionp, is iwoorded by bistoriiuM. — thMioians, in one of their campaigns against the SiciUan O^ Mwd mid carried aw^An valaable statue of tbe GMcion w^f od of the vanquished bad been selected as a Kill wfl "' ""^tanoeof the mother city, and -had been phMsedMtto ^1^ in his Tyrian temple. The Grecian god, intide ^rto«| dation, was naturally iuspeeted of rejoicing at die appro ' iitryrami; and the tnorbid fheiinga of some Tyrianedeln 99t^, as to l«ad them to imaglae that he had anpejired to mPi and announoM ht# intention to desert, fkt «m -^ WWW the magistrates, #ho could not discover a ioora VBftct f f*^^™® popular apprehensions than by Updfiiig theV t*, ■ imtM ihA^ was not was consigned. bt«d TolUs(9iftod]r» fflP*; ' iJ^&Kliss^y^l. ^aft^-jiffi^tl f mi I W p f I, VV ALBXAITDER tnder's fir«t" cares, on eotedng the tenmle, was wfth SreleawtU rtatJie ikom fte chlitai, aii| to give it the d wffi^a^P r MdTJe »osseb salted, add the troops ««r^ l.iI.^^2!«^ton ^ The nsoal ffestlvWea followed, accompanied ^^c cSSSS^aid th« w^^^^^^ clowd by ttw fevorlte limp lieaaZ&S^thfch he had himself tateS. the sole tjo^ S^SM^iaT dUcatod wl»h an inscrlpUon in the temple of ""^o^^^ZrSe battering-ram with ^^^^^^.^^^^^ „. BlS*n !«• beam probably was formed of the tronk of one maffoUloent cedars of Lebanon. ^_ _^«.«.ii„ wm.{.^ •^ s.rs:«ctCn3?S'r^nd^^^^^ ja- I to ffo to herunfortanate husband. Qn first sight of hhn, toitllva8ked*lf his wife and children ware living. The eu- ^mFKHsSSSSa^Bi not only all wei» well, bat all treatwl with res- Kr^^hfision ^n^. 5* ^^'''^''f^JTt^J^?^ 3SS beSSSMtroman in the Persian Wre. ^^^'^^^^ Sr;!£tp^Aif.?^^ SofflSSr Dhrias's next qnesUon, however, wds said to b^ Zra^ihoiioar tarnished, either through her own weakpew, roepE^Theentiuoh protesting, with solemn oatte, ttot ^ iKm when she parted from Darius, and adding that A^- „ ^^^eb«Jit and most honourable of men. Darius raised Us towl^ heatUn and a««laimed, ' O Oiteat Ood. who dteposM ef 1 Swnw among men. preserve tome the •i«pi«» of tb* ^*^ JBde7irAouV«»««; but if it be»hy wmth«tli«^ , beklUtfpf Asli let Aleaaader, In prefcrwice to aU ota, I ioroy pbwer.' The htotoriwi thin adds his own remark, • so inoarablc conduct win the regard even of enemies. Ma. whleh ArrUm has judged uet unworthy of a place in Us MiU iSrtory uT Alomander, is obviously not, U>tJ'«»»»t'*'!^"S?Sl!f ■kTeoirvefMtioaa related by Dkidprwi, and Platarch, and Curttas, ShSTiSSX who ,»^llk.lytoknow would beBkdytotJ; on tlia eootrwy, what, no toy rwiolring concealment, the euanch " STrtSSw^^wardto Jlate: so that, not «»P~»»ab^. "■•^ i^aad among them some acquainted with Uschwracter, and toeatiiftate his veracity, might have had it ftom bimseic lliate trttwcribed the abows anecdote firom RMlford, ««»d ad*J*|J MMous oJ)fervaUons; and I regard the second ''^^^JS^''''^£^, JiSK^ibotoftha Imprwiion made upon ^^^.Y^fi^T^T^ ^^ ' lop. It arrived In the c*m2'»«><*»^**^"^2£L.™ ■. m^kmiii jppowwod to o»r, oto the part of -, ^^ ■ ba^l^^aiid, as h(ir portion, aH Aitfa to the lieit of the Bu^ 3;^.,g!;^7r^pf-j' TSat GR£AT. em(>i] ^ra^ae^pto|jo8aliw6te as usual sobmiited to. the cbnsu ajpedmlian council , and Parmenio tinhesitatingjy said, lenuidfir, 1 would conislude on, these terms, and incur no . "ifi^^^'^'i" saidth* king, "Were! Parmenio, but atf ^'i itiper answer mnst be returaed." This, in the #ectlWm MBwing purpose'. ^ :. ' r:^^';.' ■■ -;■/'' ■' "'^ M want no nwiwy'iVom yog, nor will I re I MMons and wars in theii* oira territories have been Blemt|yi 'history I fiwras as to partieulars. Caithaginian ambassadejs vrmMmji in Tyre, M^owy do not seem to have mUifpt(i& between the bell 4^destine, with the adjoining ^stricts submitted to ^|{rat|iqueior.v. m itfttrifflony of David and the city of Goliah equaHy WW^lcc fcf MVteeignty, and Ace, Arihdod,,^uid Ascalon, neith«f f ijW drew a sword, Gaza alone, under the governmehtil,..,^^.. ^^ d«red to resist, and remain faithful to its King UfWjI^he fefectioiL The city was built on a mound, and situatetf* the edge of it ins iction ie dese^ that separates Egypt from Syria- The fortific^i gpod, afld^the vicinity fuitrished no lAafbrials for the i\tMh\ ma. Batis took into pay a body pf Arabs Snm the ^seite jin w ftlod^.lfnofskiH, he coufd depend. 1feT» *^ Alexan^ threw up a mound against.the soifOiem side ofAe ttift he oMMttited part of the engines and batterlh|wramB-Tith iSii hiS b«tt overthrown. But the labour was great, as the' nmir m,ywa»t the works^ and there wa# no timbef to be. i m^mik encircled the' otater ^ge of the tawM bei Heoce they were liable to be unddrmioedk and tb« miie« were work. „ .-, ■ ■'■ ■-: -'■';:v ■../■« . As Aleiander was ofir% fliifHffeiiig with Ihb #cred . wreath ^mrows, and was cutting the hair off the victim^ fikt^^JKa^, me camivonMis birds, which ia eastern cities are iw^probablr well acquainted with the nature kS^^j*** hover above the king's head and dropt a l^lnoulder. llie dmen was jnc^^ important, uid, .vw nrtander, foreboded the evenmil capture iof the city, bm^] m to die king if he exposed Mmaolf during that day. ^u Qbedience to the wamint the king retired beymd Ihe » ™ .. •••••••»«» •"'■•ou««««ffiwHri»nBdmiiueuij^Bu were toipa am engines. Alexander, thereupon^' 'either forgot «or ">• OMien, and hurried forward to repel the assailants. He «J r . « i'. m '1. iby|o arrow diBchwrgedfroro acatapuU: it s«a#tmtod feeartpfete, w»dJ»unk deep into hw shouldw. U^ _ . ling on receiving the wound was ^oy, a» it iinpll«d the Mid^r, aqd the coi»equent capture of the town.. But Hereand painful, and wa«not so easily be^^d. Soon lie^Millft^all 1?a8 battered down Md undermined m vanouaptacM, 'W^- ^mL^ %,aulf civen. The breaolses still required §caling laddora, bat [tiW of tft Macedonians was great^ and the plwo was earned . Ihefirstto enter the city was Neoptolemus, om of tha „.iWA»da»iiBacides5 Tb« garrison refused q«Mterr fought lastJa^wweiill put to the sword. ' \I2«»edag&od harbour, and was a consideraWfl «n>P«nW» SKi of^pabk. Among the booty, great stores offraak- ^ riband other awtgitics foU into the coMueror> Mdfc these brought an anecdote of his boyish days mto the n- w-df Alexander. Leoonatus, his governor, had, one day, ob- WMm ata s«ficethr«wing mcense mtp the fire bx handfah, ISSedTSm, " AWaJder, when you Uvo conqueiwl tl» «,untry^^tpiceslrow. you may be thus ^^'^\,,^^ J^l^^.^ ^ thli^iliiie use what you have more sparipgly.'.- . .B« MW^sentto SySSES biJas of "pices, and added the followini note. Uoo. fS^ iP^mat you ftfoWncenw an4 mjnhia aiiimdww^ m \»^ (undSany of tho^cimens VtHe ^rts an^ productiw^ Selected some of these as wesents for Olympias, aa& \t, Cleopatra, the queen of Tpp""**!? . . „ . , ^ iosephuB, Alexander marched, with hostile mtentiom, isafedi. nor di1« »»> i^etu^ .:.:» J:*. K!i.' ki» ¥:m¥ MUuiaF drossy as this spectacle reminds me of the visii JliAa exhortotibn, I conclude that my expediUdii waa IfrDlvme Providence, that I shall conquer Oiariira, pa m domination, aiid succeed in all my plans.* j /*After this expIanatioQ, Alexander took the high Mgst taDdaad entered the city, wh'fle the priesta tm SaS^ |« "?^ went «plo the temple and sacrificed to Gd|,^— digion 91 m highiinest, and highly hono^i^ boOi him ii^Ll^a&i^^ l^elfand thei;edictir;w-^ M>ii|»t»ed to i9»^W»w #,Per8ian ^Empite, were sC^^ Mconclude4 that hTwas the per^nlignified, awl ^b.• 4 dumissod the 'imiltttade." !•««"• - i *i JS^f i" -^id* '***«*'* ®**"y i> Aown that Hie »ailitotak«^l»irforthe6ccaft-end6dfA«p»ltthere c . , «d o|ev«rpoiMitry, i^jia to invoKe ^gooa iD^odiMo (bat Alexander, who waa^aad ma flMMit aod whoflericariosity asA^vdler wat eou^ >it^nor^4ltdAai viMt a <% of thg»toportaii»^ tMrhtfdhiik^iiirthHr my «I« lert&kln ^i^r i *^n7lw?f __, _..,^.--. be ^ •n^b a haiardoM ?^,^.. h ■ ^^ >^1^,^ m^' idoottbi , jatotbi ^^ MaoluiowledfQ the t!I£qZ,t and mod^ri PlM in maM}liintlci%ft -=<^ ^ SS»\ittw0Bn the'' 8i*«»oiiD Bog*' and '^B|?M*g- •^ring from tbin*%r IMng •^•>H»'J^ *f?" imwWch he re«ob*#io eeven days, be fodiid 9«- iMfl conducted the ile«ilp«n l»b«piola. „^,^ - tSd ninety-lbur year* Melapwd .ince the oonqiMrtof r^MhSth'Sptia^^d never been^^^ .tem icy SJiaStaw'Pewiawiis ae «rong a ifctlvi^ tfr wdn- '^XSdonia could have been, 8^^^ T^' »e^t,lr Sewwdrifi. ^f^vidi Ipoembarked apon tfie Tioni h he pawed W^* advaniagee of 0ie i jfl|. Ilie lake MareoM* liOiiHn, broiidest llvialaBdof PI MiiBlf a and Mifled dowMi* Ck Ibcrebe ¥^.t. LtheMhauMj IWWI HiSji ftUen imo deciay.. lareotie like, whcr^ - , ieb itienilidriafMMBr- ■and naiv»w«iP atttnwfflfi- ■ <^bi«da ■itoralv^'5"** to prevent l«f««'*5^.^, the road. Arowdttoi mmo, but^nW' h. rf'^'-lAttVtt*-' '^' Jr. h. liucli fHE &R£AT. ;!r^ disciple of Aristotle was not ignorant that there ilk*' '^' * u*"!**^*^® QHAJetous mouths of the Niie, and that? ^Ih0«bdlow and dangerous cpast was conaequentljl^ mucn .^tta was struck with the capabiiiUes of ftie spot on wfciohhesifmi, m^ u/^* until the skilful engineers, by whooMhe was alwaVsil MUed, had drawn the ground-|5lan of the future queen of thpJTast '^ -^r was the king to witness the apt>arent result of their olans. S*»nt of better materials the different lines were il(iarke# 6ut "**jn from the provision-stores of the army.' Aristander beiuK ,ny °°?*' occasion, foretold from this very natural phenom^noB^ F,»^o«W b^a mighty city, abundantly suppplied with t)M) neM? imate, ' ^ ^ ' ^ >uwB« his visit to ^pbesus, Alexander had observed^ and idmji^ ftfei'^P**^®^ ^^ Dinocratea, the architect, in rebuilding the it^iD^ iOf Rhesus. From that moment he engaged hii#in his Mrvice, amd ^twas now committed the work Qf planning and superintending of Hfttare capital of Egypt Ample funds were placed at his comipailjL Ujfreatoity started into mature existence on thej^rders of the 'llli F^feS:*' f »*J»o"t «tniggltng through ^e previousliaes of infaiH^ ^, l^<»Bldbood. . ■ i i' . vfiwe he, was visited by Hegelochus,rhi8 admiral m the ^geaiv1r(S* ^neto anuottlice the dissolution, of tbe'rersian fleet, the recovery of gwdps, Lesbos, and CThios, apd the capture of the Persian leaders. Vbis-resuU naturally followed the defection of the Phosniciaq fleets, and give the empii;e of the sea to the Macedoniaite. Carthage, ivbijoli »• ne could have disputed it, shrunk from the competitiMi, and liWb jdinotionlessiijthewesi '" ' ^3^:. ^1^ next adventure, for liis actions retomble oiore the trildi^ m Miittiee^tanilbe |»bameur of history, was the visit to ttb kuS^tix ™iiu.«r8eu8, ill We expedition against Medusa and ber ||br^ s^ l§if% m4 Hercules, iB^r the victosy over Busiris, were said lo 1^ --^ WOM taw Libyan oracle. These wereheroes whom he was ai fflpif f^from wbo«i he could trace his descent He therefore dm mWSmx thewestem desert and, like his great anceston, iaiui t*%i9ture'at the shriae of Jupiter Artimon ^ 's? '^.^MJ|k*W'^yP'l|yj««» «^hich had perisbecl in the atteinpt MJi^ bifi«9; itf^raition reported, beneatti a tempj^' afk cpuldqotd^rAPHpder. Cambyses^utfie contemn , the violator UeBt«iidiv>j^lestband F^abr^^^lereiBFe, 10 m i:ir 1^- -bSfegS^ -iif'^ft mf^:,-'.\. '.- ;^3if^«i^ ■V ■ ■ lM"«. ALEXAMUiER pbyai4i ctUMB^ combined in proventiug ^ cetiura.of a „., _j the oontrery, wa» hailed as the delivererOf Egypt, wl^o m th#<3^od8 whom the Perwan? insulted,* and who a<^t the i order to coniiult thp deity, a»d thua add to thac^bnty of , ioortel by a siAall tod select detachment, he set - oOt l^om Alei^ lUKdmardied along the eiasbortr aotil h© arrived off ParatoniajL. he supplied the' troops with water, turned to the squth, andktelev- ' I arrived at the AnmionianOtoiB. . ,' V " U MatiMCMOiai^ were prepared to expect iniradoa eto ihji ixpm- -■• cvrtakdy, according o desert would towards nightfall naturally winr««_Jray to kits i^uatomed rooBting-plaee. But what can be said tor Ptolemy, 'who writes that two ktrge eerpents, uttering distinct sound*, cOndiicted th«ai both to and from the temple 1 It is to he suoposed, thai the 8<|v^ ««S^ of Egypt, drawing such great iutm ftotu m cohMilterflt of th6 or* " '^WiaguiKt of ^oiousftatid, for tbotoke. of raising its fame, attd i|inS its totaried t If this eann6t be admitted, we must have~re- Jfibt^e myotic theories of Bryant, accor^y^ to whom botti the nh f^k ' "SlliiH"* ^ aer|yBnt«, were only the -symbopitl names of IB^Qrpfiin W^'^' 'jSitwtit«» pretend to give in dolall ctonvertmtioiia aupposel ta' ' ' '^^^^&o» between tbb king and th« priests, and thrf ro^ral fw*' b diviip anawm.. But thi^ iire provdl guiHy of falsehwid mufj 6ftite original histeiriaas^ Who ^giree m alktmg that lb> Iftfril waa admitted mto &e innerinoirt shrine* «nd Qmk wlmi ^ !ilnii>li|g|lt jhijliiiii'fiilj infn rmd his foUotrera that the aMwers had^ beeaisighMapwHto hum. ,, -.^..-t- \ ^:^i--.[ -\.\^y4^'*'' '"'-"^^^'f^-'-- .''^ ,':;'' a» BMh almirea the tHiiidty of Otfa ilirtAi^ spil, nirioaitdtMl teadtkaa ooecn of sand, aod not exibeedidg imc iDil« in either wayt It was coveted with olivea, Janifho ,a«^ of ^am^rees, tod irrigated te^^foiuHAenAie biibblia| Hijiwwm the centoe of A Ii|da. pw^dise, ferfitised hf itMf j^ddle stood the pidace of tha ehiiait «««kMNI« «lPin itfe hlf^ 1 n*idaM»of thcigod AlflptMdnlaiMdWtt? «M>iBr teia^i i«^khratfl#niigli whMi cooled with AeaMmdtilgAl wom ^a«p«rtii« auB^ wef» at miioi^t hot^ to4i^^f9U#M% ^iHi ^ >|MMoB^ in vwi^thf iiiur al■■■■■ ■»..^>-n;»«fu»,<.- r .i^f^A,. ^«>^' "\ r-.tH'T'ltjl^-'^:^ ■' -■ " •■ 'll!«'«»lEAT. ■ ■ ^ ^cording to Ptotemyi he MtUMwt across the dwA to Mtfaibu: «Ne*edinlhffTan0u8ob/B«l8of their .inwkioQ. He •!«> '^^^^ ffi«?^ . *? ^ Olympian Jove. Nor did tbese. festivities gM^h «s active duties, for daring his- stay at M«mphi^ he settiei JJ2^ awl and.miUtiigr government of Egypt Dbfiispis, a native Sr^ "i -^rf ' .^'««»««8 of the yicauty of Atabii^ The„ tiro igitow thgmtoadmipisterjustaoe according to theanoient lai^ of3t SSI^U tohoW^m responsible for the coUecttonof the piibU|B t^ (MRS. Memphis andPelusiiihi were occupied by strmigMaGedM^lM^ iptaMie rest of tto country was guarded by CMpMei«ed«riM. Ko gr was supported by afleet,butthe commander-in-chief by sea MBd by JJJjwomdependentofoach other. Arrian . says, " he Uiu» Eidi ttr«ww»n>ent of Egypt among many, from being stiiick with the Ma^ defti^es of the country, so that it did not appear safe to cotti. gtyr*iittre commaBd^to one mai» ;~and the Romans-^-taugbt. ai | WJ^ by the exami^le of Alexander, to be on their guard with respQBt|» Wjrwwa^pointed its proconsul from die seaatorian, but fiwT tli» ^S histoiy of Beypt, for the last t#e)ve haodi»d yes^ il^flie ImM £*k2!!i*'^ ^"*"' 'V^" ?***»*'^ ^^^ "^ iodependant govenuaenl, # "iS'Z^^ ^¥«» "ubjAclwii has b«eb merdy QomiiiaL iiSS!^'^ '?!fu?*I"''Tf '^"^il^PP^'^'P*' of viewing «fae«a#. SKI "»^°J1**» hundred-gated Thebes, and ^ suiposaTpiiiMiMif mmus and I^QOD. But Darius wasstiU formidablertiwl^^erniii^ WJwnagMMif the East wen arming in his defence. ThotiM, 4iMi«» QJrftMfriJTmd directed SSShto «^t? ^^^^^^^i^ fv OHAPJFBR VIBf. :M-<" Fo^^m^^ikmcm. iniriq|;^the ann; awwdfiiom ■a Bm«iith«d not coDQuned in lkf.|eiMnd \. J^ ••t n^ 7 M ■V .J Iv**, SaiwcTni*» their tSioielltletdore of SpMtn. ""WS"?W»^ •AW^x^Jisturbancea ; aad had Athens Receded, alH»reece, with SS^SJn oXgo. a4 *la.-^ would appa«^tly>j« iluda^,- "^^^fet d«^^^^^^^^ leading place, cared Uttle wbetker it •^^.S^ to sliMtaM Macedonia, «nd we have the poeiUve teBtimqny l^SeTeitSttriol went ktill farther, for when the Athenu«« hi^ :S.trbnJSrnnt4p»jiicW ^nt' ^?i»^7ia'a Tvro these Paralians, ae Aschiiies calls them, »«^^a ["e™ j • jl S^^fXmoXnesin constScommu^^^^^^ jSSri^o was also «aid to huve rWd a letter fuflof fair.word|.9< l^x^^s::^::^; AieUder reie^e^ r^fe£ erJ; Z^««ey to Aatipj^ter, aad> powerful Heet into the Pelopo... - "'S; Honll^hciple, thatJ^AouW be no h«i^ j;i*^ ^^ iMl fettiUog. wa^^ularly acl^il , tfpon by Alexanden. At Ty w. ^j- ^''31£^Sigopon tHe grand e»pedi^ion to Bikbylon, a P«W»c^v ^^^ H^les was celebrated, and the whole amy .feasted; W dso eptartained with music and discing, and tragedies we«^ r.ka;.-«|gjLijj the greatest perfection, bpth\fr<*in the "».a^fice°^p™ iPId the *pirit^ePVl«tio%tho^ who exhibited * l»f • /«;; ___^om whpm we^ive tl^is inEraati^^does not "y^ft^^'J? ^Am had a public theilM#not. P'^mk'^i^J^^^^^'f^^^ jrreat body of tytoeoll^ modem Uroes slMM«« ^'^l*?™! !!2 ^^^^ theiK feprfesente-iions as the ^ifdid ; their theatres wewtovwiab^Pesir contest either betwj^ rival poets ormal aoj tor^lS?ysS?nt& deeply intS th;^slne8. of the stage, i^ S JK^i»Bd«f?8 feelings wins mteiMwa Am-^f---'- 4' • t ±^i?^h •" ^'^"a'a* va* 4 favourite; hs did not. howeyer' We^hmtaa. untiJAthonodorurhad beert d;:lared victor by Sfti SCt iZ-T *' ^ »«« *he* theatre/ he said; " I commen* th» judiei for *J'!l^^®^^®'^'^**®.P.':**^*i^« '''*"^* *** his foelings, the (bllottt J«Jhe^stead,neM of hi« affections.. He heard that his misgiiideS ISSJhSriP" ' ^5" * W^« «* Megam His pltos, whatever th^ JJto^, had miscarried, and hH, associates had deserted hiiii. AlexandK ^uTiT •""> to jeti^, and to assure-him that his former coodnat HJS 2^^ ^ Hi*iitua*op. It «ras>i^ da|lgejrous experimeDi ; an) «ftiled, for on, robJ^ent^occtoioKhe *«ed in the samcraaniiw. on- 3Z"iZ!f 'f ^®I^^ \."* •*apP«>l«tment was, however, an^^r af the iMsad and n^of the haaft ' - * *' * ' - . .i , ^^ i' "^.^ ''^ ?''^***^"«'^'«' »"^ "arcJ^d to the EuphraS ije w were y»e main pasaBgea over that river, wfilch^all atdifierent ES5i!!!l!S*"'"^°°*S?°''^^"8*°' or thi bridge. The most rtwwal W t^ Zeugma at Thapsacus, where Cyrus, Alexander, «ih» S2?j|Su'"^*'**'* Meaopotaroia. TWa was opposite the ttK^fl#, iWccj^he nwtt was the Zeugma of the oonteniporarioa of Str«Bo, ir«*otnsata.Th* third was the Zeugma of later writers, and wa^m opposite the modern Bift 1 *. ^ idges had been partly thrown acro^ls beforehand; thaoei^em I as soon as the army arrived,^ and all passed into MeMpotft. * ♦fa«--^:^;f^ir®"!?^?*'S!^'v'^''° '^<''" watched than goarded ttB pan^, r^red with his 3000 6ets»wkhout offering kny re«steBe# l!f ^ .^8 *** Amy, Alexander was struck krith the iMlv4mtoM*;«r.Htft S^&.S.^t'* R^^^** ««J o«*«wd a city to be built tAV il^tM c«eff Jiwenhorimr,^ and by rty vicinity soon exbaastMi the leM a tagebwly pfkoedlllapsaeas. '>Ib the middle^gea J^hecameX JHk itewsidenceof HaaroanalRifebld. > ,^i^ - , ^^ - .At this point Alexander h^d to decide upotilfae fatnt^ line IMMM»? Jj^&e left bank of the Bupbftites, or cross Mesopotamia, ford tfi» *g% and enter Assyria froih that qearter ; he prefeii«d th«^latter, hc^ «J*«cwa8 better llirnished with necessaries, and not eqid^ expoiet) w^heat of the sun. « ' "^ . j2?t?^® BteBO or action in MesoMtwBia is indieatedby A^exasJ: jWtiiietorians, although he crossed the EudhMtes m Mr-^m^ th»; gggsa ^jbefore the end of September^ The royal ro«l fhmi Ni^ SSS?'*'^.^ *^ *'®°'*'* ^* ***" *« Bilecha, and thra of one ol ito ggftrti tgjbutarfes up to Carr»» the Hatan of the Scriptores. Thence ^gptttocted the chamiels Of the noroeroiM streama whiofa, 'floi^lngftdgc °Ml!- ifeia»,: fertttite^thfl^^ri^ tft'Bftiitt if Trilfch l ^ iHIn Trit:i5f ««[^ Aeanny itoight halt, aHd fMtMW with in towjRimtoiifc Hence, also, Aleittider coMt9tmfmn% ^H ^'^Mm ■ ,^^ 1§ ALSIANDKR iMtwT point upon Ui« Tigris aod ^-om it beftro the Memy oo«M bnng «M eonciderabl* force to bear upon him. ' ^ ^ « \ SSTJ; S*i «MW time, had asBemblod all «ho force^ the E^ tt^5^wX of SbyU H«rin| ..cftrtain^ the dur<«tiojof *e 2Sy5m«eb. he moved to tbeTigrV; and cro^ied over «to kmyt^ STiiSMlSy then advanced up the left bank of the mer,«nta he • SISrSd tothe right in the direption of Arbeto ;at then cro.. ?8L^<;iJ4tleZib,aMid reached ArbeU, where thebaggage I uSleMMrt of the army were denoaited. ■'' aaTSStoa . tbe^conilitanto to the river Lyca. or Great Z^^ riLid eopaumedfive di^" >«» traversing the bridge throim over ^T pSUaa iBilito¥^ m»7* from tbia fal?t, make a gron ^n JfttnWbSTThe*^ bridge *M, in litter tV tgJSM by the Persian army which oantureiTAmidain the reigaof oSSK!Sua.irt three dayl. AVnmi ^^'arilifttiraSed to GA,gamela, or^e^Cami. H^je^ci led frbm the camel which had borne Dariue* Aerm^fH^^JL. UMatraat from Scythia. It w«a aituated not far from the J*rer Bwm- STlemodZ HW S«. Here the^immenee pl««. rf Upjjt W riiu»trttched nortiward between the GordycBanmouotaine an J the J. !SLXaenu5 the field of battle best calculated for.the operation! ofa S^JnTmr Dariu. eelecJfKl hiaown ground, and ev^ry hil lockand oC obstacle that could interfere with the ^^^^''^tT^Z'S. cSfully-remdved ; light Voow were then sent forward to obeerve ndi. er eat difficnltoe. m thepaii. "^bottS»lW depth and force of the cntrent, and the abnien ^ ^m The waliy lormeiJ aigttWe Iw, wittun whidh the inllfitry^^Sed with their jhield. over »^h«^ and *j»r anwar ISSTlnttiie wanner tfieycro(»ed wH|iout tiie loaa of Uvea. Titer eotranBe^ AaayrU irw aignBliJB>4 *>y an altnott total eclipae of ftj JST^S wS^ aatronon^ occurred on ArLtander soothed tjieir wptated niinds, by aaymg that it portoadedeja to pSu x^>^^il!S!>^ It i. wt ea»ylo4iscoveron-^ dtd8«mp«l|W6^*i&llM>^|lbO»w^«Ti^arm7.S; AT"™**! *° *»• •ttributabK^*^ "Chosen J,ddy of horae; HefoiW^i'^^.**^>'"*°*»'hiniwip3 ftpwd a few whose hoSs wot jS >f y«'**'»e Ae mainbodr, baS l»ttl|». It is evident froTSrl! ^ "^ <'«*enbed, .n«r rtad^ SSJL •iMr Jii«torianMhat the who^^^^ ^If*"*""!* "^^ ^«»« *• «^SPS tthsdheen drVii, and tha?»- SS?.**.*' trwt of the M^^C ^ three o'clock on the raonunir of t^Mh ,i^ ud- * l*f* »«^«» inSto iTfrSifle^SSl-^ «^°*» «<• ^ ^wr i»irt of the fidTSS^fc^S^!!^ r«wd toId^wH**i?3Ei?& *•.!. '«^ <*liW1ti« dfltowMlJ asbeibrM «ttAkii(iiid *;^' , A "i>. i.m^% ■m^' "■i ^V^yV J!fl nmdd)le and dre^ }^i^- >^;.^^:]- ' ^'^ T«tE «RBAT. )t4».tii $1 With this list of nations before ua, it i*absurd toimDutfltht. mit.^^. g,AlexaB^er to the effeminacy of the- Medes Ind iCCfc^lW bt» Wtaj,d^ard,e8t tribes of AefawMe in the field { BactS^iSS: 8|c»andP4»rthian8, mounted archers, whose formidabirarrrS« nV^!i m.after.affe8 so destructive to the leg ons of^R^r- Armen^ aTk bear down and trample the Matedonians under fbot. ^ ^^8^*^ co5dnot\K\?f '7'''"'''*''°"* an efficient head: their nominal chief Tn h«fir i*lS*° «°-«P«fate' a»*ere was no pridciple of cle- SS^arW **• *^'T* P"*«- The sole point of union W Se royal mwo^ifZS^ ^*"l*,7«>'fo'got theif duty} but if thekingfeU,'fl* 'KiE?£? « "^^^'i *" r***" *«« dissolved, all efibrtTwoliS • todnfflhf J^cr'?!' ''•r^^^e objectV every satrap I^'iS-s 2«E. At^ "° distwction WM made between friend iJd foe, «ll ^ofij^ctedthe escape were iodivritniftately; treated a. eS»S Su^Ste^ *«fatel4ecret to the Gke^ks^Xenophon h^SSJ . i!?"iW^/'®**?*^'' P'**^®*'***® truth of the mwim, '5f thecotatoM^ nrS!l^ T'P''.'"'^*®P"'"'^<*^ge'-than usual on the morab* J^i^hZ'^'^l *"" "'*'• '"««' ^»*-.^i* more than ontiaary SS^Lf r^ilK'^f «''** elegance of fi^ie ; the mimy JS^ SSi-„?^ g^e assurance that his countenance waTof the • 3r .^ Si^ ?i %^^ ''^* ^'f" '«n"k«Me for it. quickneM »,<| X SAiftPrjKrS?.^ Jitfffess andyirnw fn this memofable day fibef^ Si^-n y^K^"^ ^T'^^ «**«»*»<"'• He wore a «^ . S£2?^®^«"/"%^^ close roind Mm,.over W a. W ' kJSL^ * t?^^ *e wWk »|^|^, a^;! noU olg y't' ■jr 1 4 ■'*^ 'V . • 1.N :.;■■ "■J »«-» / ' I 1i .b^ fit Wi* 82 ALEXANDER Wf the Adrians, half the "''he", andall the v^^^ flank of thJs column was ^^^^'^ Wj^^^^ffiC to^eir right fljuik of Ae g;2c^ Ae K». and detachmantsfrom the mtecena. V ciaBB of the Sitalces, tne *J°^y^' . * ^u Comoanion feavalry were TV and confederate cavalr^. Jj f^* °J * body ^rjavelin m^ .The t^er^st of the Agnans a^ ariheM, and a booy oi j ^ number of Alexandei^a force* amounted ^ forty^J^^^^ .„an.eintof •dven thousand cavalry. \'»« ^^'^^^.J °' *^^^ own histrpopsisobvious/romtbe^cvrcum^^^^^^^^ extreme right, was opposite Dmuis 'Tp T^^^ ^f being enwl- The Macedonian army was certam, n *** 8^^^^^^^^^ jt^beoame. :Se';2^'AtIJr.?eT^^^^^ *°''^ grander, eidjer.^avoid^^^^^^^^^ iots, or to torn the nghtof the Persian *^»5«' "^ yiquely on the in- atraight forward, but cause* the whole to ad^^^^ pS^ movement. in that dirwstiSn. Memdaa and the mercenary ^■^"'J' ' j^ .^f jhe rtiS tiieir oharge, but werfe soon overpowered by the ^"^^^'^ ^'Th^3'thecavalrv under Areta. '^"J^f ^^ ^^SuST. JortSrMeniadas. These alio weso roughly handted,«stij^^ ^ notonly inlgreater force, but the complete ^^^^'^ '■ ^however, itood thood «P«S^.''"»X">tCSSr ' irons in olo«j oirdes, succeeded « dnvrof them w^- ^.'•'J'Ai: '•• . "# ".'"^Si*? IT) .1 I it. J"- ** -»i* >" |r t' ' THE GREAT. 83 -r£^^° u f ^^^'^°J^ we'e d^^en against Alexander, and the right wine ' Ottte phalanx. But these, as usual mftde no impreasion, for the gieafest part of the hprses and drivers were killed in the advance by the ttrebn men and the Agrians ; who even ran between these once dnwd- v gtmacjunes, cut their traces and speared the drivers. The few «»t Ipfcched tte line were allowed to pass through to the rear, were eurfk Wptured by the grooms and royal attendants. Not a word is saidlf tlie operation of the Elephants. Their attack must therefore have oro- Wdas unsuccessful as that of the chariots. -^Tbe two main bodies were still at some distance, when OariuB or* dmd bis line^to advance. Alexander observing this, commanded 4, ijrtas, with all the ckvalry and infantry of the flank column, to cbar^ ae left wmg of the enemy, who were now wheelmg round, wbtHv m- itead of meetmg Darius with his line, he advanced in column, and as soon as hi» leading troops had broken through th* first line of the bar- baruns, be directed the whole force of the Companion cavalry, and the 3^i V^3 **o**. P***'*^ *«* *® <»P«° ««»terval There he pierced and dmde4 the Persian Ime, and then attacked the left centre of Darius in flanK. His great object was to break through the Kinsman and I^or^ tato, and reach that monarch. The close combat did not bi>t long. The Persian oayalry were thronged, and in the press theifiHiiles wera ^ no avail agamst the Macedonian lances. The infantry also broke tod ^ agwnst the bristling pikes of the phalanx, which nothing could Withstand on the levelled surface of the p^ Aretaa and bisTtroops were equally successful, and routed the en^?»\0 wing; so thatintUs quarter the victory ot the MacedomanswardqciTive. Twish it were possible to believe that Darius, as recorded W Curtis and Diodoras. behaved wiA cwirage and spirit But t^ te^mony of Airian is ex- ^«t :-" Foarfiil as he was beforehand, he was the first to turn and ^beresidt wm by m means the same in t^p*other part of the field. JSS ?• f*^ »«^*e phaiaux, in the great charge, iat had baltedfor Sffi^ "I*^ "^^ "^ '^ ^h"^ were SJreat dan^Br^K S.f3^ Ik- ^ ';?»™»n«ipP WM thus opcMd between the wpttiied SSiTL^^ i€^^^^^ ^^ r^^ unless M^mprMing n^^ The Persians slew nany of the capnp at- VUIWMB and^weie bii«sd in plundering, wben the .second line of tfie JjdMx faced rouno,stt«5k J them .n&e War, sisw many,^ coSJ flUed the rest to fly. '^ ^ . Ilie Persian right wingi where the Saoe,^tbe Albanians, and PlL mua were stationed, wheeM to the teft at the beginning of the batflT Ittd attMked Parmenio on ewry side. Their suONss at one ST JE Jdeotded, that the veteran fsnenri was forceito deKpaqh a messengir. iMiAr to inform ^sender of his dangerees situatiolD, and SfSne^ gtetyofuMfrnt aid. One groat object of Alexender's ambitioiijM to «lVtare the Persian monarch en the fteld ofbatUe ; and tltat \\t§m^ j ■L ^"'^■•.\->f Ci'Vy. V ., k- -'J 84 ■:»*«< ALEXANB^R cSj^lSmle pursuit, aod wHh the ^fZf'^j:SLtL^v^St S?&eSiSavoid The contest, and a desperate WgaKemcotU^ S-Jr T^Pereians w^PArthiaa*fbtitfht maolblly, wVn not the place. ,»^*>®*^®*^'®°*,f""'^\I.^ and many df them broke victory but their own livns were *he staKe. annra» y ^uu^^^* .1. K -il?«?th« l^n*?^ victory in the reUixed eflorts of their assailants, thek|ni' JJSikMSAc.urvi;ii^«main. of the Royal W^*^" "»* "T^^^ a^ HkHf formed an wcort»troUg uuougb to conduct him «o_ Bc^ SSSi. fiTdlduot dreajan Immediate pursuit, aa Bahytou aad Su- ST^Ul ohturally-«ltra0 thirst °o««««f J*f **«S'' rf,.,. ,, , i«r« - AleMUidcr marched from Arbelu, «^<| i?/<>"»^l«y*i£"!f*iy 5iSS cJSlJKii^S by Curtlu^^ fe'LiSJlS* SSIS^d SieWtuil dairies whte^ ««»** »*")• HJ^?*^*!?* S!L3«>ih i WH^t^Ve^ in the vicinity Of thanidderr " .lamiSiilhIa ft nature, tliat fl^s OMeka oonol^d^d H '^«'* »n«WiiJficence. The Imnle^ TvS- !3^W?- ^ *? *^* priesls, to whpm the'^mnnaf 4Jipt bf^SSk SiStawSJXon " ' -^^ordingto the «^«.ferm.|^ U^,^ibd.he«.elpt<5^ ^SS^'T""***' *••• ^•^•■" of Aasyrla, and fta deiMiHtmit iit«»«i.M. IjLZZ^'-"'* '*™'***™*> the field of battle. Onth«rh»rl ho^t.. 22?v£l S Mwsedonian offleer, anndupdng the in^rtiat hiMli lMa|M|%1he4iya8urew4>reinMreMi9totfy. y-ivwwuw, raae^ ^^ fremotmrebi of Aahi. This hadS »ft^«Sr«St T!'fi :Tf - V-. .■4r,^ ' .. « i f .86 ALEXANDilH 4- f4t t bSllon placed ip the treasury. ^A!^in,«^»n« expenieefWln wpr op^ther cause. «"ta. ^ %a compoaent P"* ^r tbo ''JJ^w™ overtWow. ^Fhe Sbsian, cri- .^lioae euprewacy It '^«» ''J? ^^^^J^TweTeVpi^ people, dMeri'- Sl>aU? called ClMiana •»'i2>«^«2' "IHlwayf^eTlo the rdUag bed, aloce history 5^ .^f ^^ l^^t^adltS thelrmoi^ iath^ nation. B«t»«'*<»«»:°«f£*i'*t7j^"TndtKSy^B the capital rf Hcimerio agee, was th« '^'»» ,f/S ° "as Aurora, destined to wteei. \i.whM her palaces, have dleappearea*-wnffli vfv w«s, ""^ .^ 2^' OfJek Pirthten, and nwnewJua other dynaatiea »JJ«??f2^ 5SK «?£« il!t a Wtlge of their mafniflcenee and ^ J^jjf fflSiir eJfi^-a^JUemple sli|^^^^ ^ of Daniel, ?nf_*»:!^:f "j^lJ^jg;"^ ®''" "^- ^ Aiie arte. •'Wish t< lieidet ilites t .'nor l^i ,lfvhioh I -_ He set lAnli and t ■irWableci flr»Shoster, lerea^eac pile. iBot tl Mp^-twhe iip aent a i »lii*rl»epai iBod next da lleMonai i<|»tt||0usai #(lges of ti ipaay of the Nclii tm4 he ' ulierethe V: I ven paniem twrnfmotn SJSand.'^ri^eli^rwho. f^nTQje remotest periods, hare < :5|^!SmK ^Sd hi»,P^ ^^r'KtlS^IS? SosPi,; you may MZ2dini"aii"diiw»b««tigris, the 'modern KdrcTon, both large i B4|||i|able fivers. On crossing ,the latter, in the vicihiiy of the i er»Shuster, he entered tb^lJxi^n territory. The Vxi^n^ of the ] fima^eae^ful race, who lived li^ obedience to^he laws of th^ pip. Bat their kinsmen of the hills ware robbers and warrioM., lMSfilf,jKmd, lift ween Susa and Persepolis passed thrbagh' a '^-— jMession. The dooitnand oX thia hod enabled '"theoi id. Audle Biking tributary, and a. e^rtaia sum was (legc^rly^^aidiothrito Its, whenever jlhe king passed from one capitaHo ttyeoibcn*. They Hj|ii|9lit a nkessagetdr Alexandef,,nnnouncing that be shoaiqiaot pass tmi0h9 paid the oastonary grbtnity. He told them briefl^- ^'to at- lw4iiezt day at the defile, apa4«ccive..theirdue." Ha aoon as the messengers had departed, hel took ^s guards and' aiflft t))0usand chosen infantry, and epteredintoV' Ommm was ordered Jto conduct the re«t pf tKe i i##.'^ Alexander, guided by Susians, arrived ptdS^ of tbe Uxians, and surprised the inhat i Ifaay of these were siain» a few escaped up the IICMan4 herds nKere drfvea away.- Thenoe be «|ier« tbe Uxians bad^seaibled tkatr whole he modntain grorge^': rmy alo^ theVmral ^ niglitat th^oMKr [tants to their Jbeds. untains, aodftlleir lOrried ta tHe ; tive force, 'rmy vera panie>«traek oa. seeing Alexander eomlog ftpm the Mils LS**WiJ^i'»«»5»'«>a'"n>y »t the ^me time adyaneing along the V aari i W lrolS and aed in.i^l dfa-ectioBs. Some w«re killed, ott>era flMMT tin^nselves over precipices, and all were taught in a verymlwHt t il — "• -X^-~y~. 8b ALK!KAiroEt« =; i ^■"M, tlpn of thegreiit vble, or, iM at piwjnt. ai«chi«r|fpd U^^^^^ lotehil lakeT^rhe Cyrus haa not y*t been identified with «ny moder. 9tream,.but will be tounj; according to ancient nuthoiitiei.. conridera- blv t6 the east of Portiepolis. \ , ■. . . u. .^ •lo- Alexanders time; two. roada appeared to Jiave exwtedi.et*e«, Si^atHi and Pernio, one leading to the seacoast. and )J|«»f « »'"»^|}K ^ thc^ttft aeroM thb nameless ridge into the gre^t vale, the other foUo«: - ^^theuonraeof the modern fab up to tho strong pass called by the XSKrPeJiifan Sate«.H,y the moderns Kelat Saffeed (the Ca^Oe of *e Demon.,) Parmenio, vitb the Iwigfage, was ordered^ to ^ ?to?owS3.UleAI«ande.', with th^^Jfective force,, m^ed to **J»SS*wiis wealthy and populous and tlie inhabitauls "A jjave b^kwara that the kvaden had in dee« and word disUngoian^l tbeir S£ fro!, that oC the sul^t ""^''»»"- According to thi» dls^rt^ob, SrPeHS«n.olono hudbe^guiUy of all the outrages agamst Greece. They aalhedomlnant power, had assembled their slavey, and drivw K'rSiSd to the xvlrs ot dcstrf tion. They --';«. ^t'^St sonal enemies, and to be humbled on well as »"''dutd. The Mtrap AripbiSSis. therefore, had no dIfficuUy in brming forty tkpusand men > for the defence of the passes. . \ , u -»* 4\»i L»^ni ^These (ire defended at one point by a lofty ro«k, «br.pt ai^ p^ tduii on all Bides. The summh is a srtiall plbmj ^pH^d wiA «o^ •Mugs. ond lmpresrm»ble If fiilthfally deJiended. ^These G«tes, Mdthe hUbMboth sldes.'Wore Peopled by the satrap's forces, ««d ««»*»£ oftmp cimimanded ;lhe narrowestfforge. Alexander marched m^ IdS. and reaefcwHhe foot of thft rock. The* Ariobareanes gaw tbe ffl S?r JSSTaS the macedonftio. were ovemtolmed ^^^^^ SSmlMUee ol every description not only from Wrdn^ bat aho-frM b^lSs. The successof the Persians was /or W time coflipleto, ^tlieir enemies retired before themlbr the space «f nearly ftor ' Akx«i4ar then aommoned a rouncil. and exanjin^ P"^'»«2"5* otftotonce of any road by w'hicbtii« pate oillhMie tamed. «°*f*«f iMui(l>««1il» promiaed to guide the nnpyb^ mountain paths and pwgp- iSSrwS^W the plain of Pjrrfs. *«*'»'• ^"'•'^ra^^Z™!: ad. Ceirteftw, with the main body, to encamp at the mouth <»*>>• pan, and to make a vigorous attaek from the fVont, as soon as he wpoW**- dSsSnd, ftom SmauA of^e trumpet^ that theking J-f K-^^J , r«Br. '^^HhtkeeveolottwiHglJtheWdrt^therwrt^^ tered the monntalns, and,>«IVl^ followed the gmdf tor s^ niii«s,sen SKn^ WK; and'SiiiTft^^ward, ^^-^^^J^^^f^^S- llMplalnk «nd thn»w a bridge over the river, which, he o«««e"»w5* 4* tbe Iwad «f^«ikPdinie brigade ofPerdlecBs, the most MhJ«*r S5| AgSS; and the royaftrdiv of the Compankm «««*fe£ tPHtothe rlgifl over bigfa nibnntians and d»««lt PW. ***^,rX Mb^JaoHrisfdi^ poota of the eneipy, wlthoft eWkWUr • ««»I9 itllvldaid tfl^eicape » fhedireWioB of the satrap^ ci#0. v rt# ^•l*rti* tif *'<»» JW'Oy due to the^liurte ••tliwgnificence, displayed in ts erectinh h- — ♦-^i *i.!^.^J?_r I nifliagnificence, displayed in its erectioi Jj«j*«'---and seated himself on the ' Tliie can be no doubt that such a sisht I pg»t pride and exdltatioa to ' *^4tf national feelinsL Hogi *^» Oalniui«M^en{NmNHit, , - « ,^.™^>Mpi4'hMr*"* " ■4. He eniei^d the pres|A|c% le of the *kiipg of )ui|j ^ .have been a seurc^ j^ 1 ^,1^0 pQfweaaM'a ■itiL,^ -nthwi .nha^mui one itf -- 4wth! i|i»r' • - ^ 'J ■/*', l^A8ty^^^ ^^ ^.^^ ^ citadel were deliyeredup '^f ""M^-JJ^^fi^'^^^ theinhab- which fell into his hands. Conscious maine ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ rtSt. . ■ *"^\; ilAL«uU>« advanced iwim Persepei^ ^^^ ift oSStoB and Scyjijan. were -""^i^f ^*S^^a*ad gi«| ^-Cjaccordina to Ae report, ^nM^^^i^^^^r^ZLhtmaA . « M«aS -LJ ^-■-^^ ^;.,j,. 4-^ i»., . -uli' — H -^'-i s^jwr L.. -«-i ^ ju^j^ ji jj I\ !Fl|SO|U^T, 91 _L= SSil.^. u'*?^'«^*.•**"®"^**^''n♦ and ia twelve d«ys entered Sjd^. r fr^- ««t «>«.'«Port respecting the GtTsiw. >M iKiSL *n^'*f^"L'' ^^V'^*""* was preparing to fly to the Ij^ 2K^«eK n? P^K Jl/'*'''**"^^''''' P*"** '»'«f «heJ within IS m^ marclror Jcbati^., inet Biethanes, the son of Ochus, the late *''* ' jT^"*]*."? *'® revived certcin informationi^ Darius had cdm- Wncedlixe^t fived^TS before, mih^ixSKLyTm^ytS^ M with 7,00? taWe taken from the MediMlB&^jr; *^ ^*^' cipWof the aetfor^d-imperial nation of Aei* This city, like Pefiw.! praayawerta. Itaown iiatural stream was to«» scanty to suppk^fte peatpUttn throurii wliich if flowed and the wants of the rlSlcHr SSTkl'^l *^ua'u\ T "^ *^»« great Assyrian liidnarchs whoie W^ have penphed, but whose works remain, had, with incredible la- SSi «i • ^^- '"« * mountain, coiidufcted a mucK larger riw ia. to thep^am. This at present, is called the Helmund. TheVt w|#re »e roek IS perforateij « about three days' journey to the soXjiSof %»h«. f he clunate of this capital is iost dilightfiil anfhSK Sl:5nr f^- Mmmer is tempered by the mountain breezes, aSd tostead of relaxing, braces the human frame; hence it wa» ther^voar- fte^summer residence of the ancient m^6i^, from the elder Cyws to SSr f%.?'^"i*"' TbepI«in'S which It is situated is iaS^. JrtTor Its fertili y, andcapa|.e of supplying a countless populatiw^tth abondant provisions. ; Polybius desq-ys tie city aa inffirwipS !I!IL****u"!l' ^'P'*? 'f ^ ^'^'^th arS magnificence; Zd&S^ Slfwnr *!i. f^'*^**^* "JT* "itbin which was enclosed fliJrtdaceTf &%et'rAti:'*^ -end Median monarchy, 4^1n «wS^ !£Til"!!*^ the service, of the Thessaliinand ObO&demto SISZJ^K had served Alexander with so much valonr. fiSfmd Sni .«.. ^^'^°° *° ^S**' ^"" P«y '^ to the booty aciamSX ru« the lour campaigns, they received, as a farther woof 6f™e?lea. Tk^^S^ . ^°'.' '^^'•hoMes were purchased by the kinc, and abo^ 6f cavalry appointed to escort them to the seicoaaMfcuce thw were to be conveyed in ships to Eubc^a. Liberty wa. riteTto S S'dSS^'.t*: ^^'^fa; Macedonian service, S ^fPSiS ^JL^Toi MacedMiana and a strong body oi" horse ^re Je#in imsonatB^atana. The treasures of Kraepoiis and PasSadawei* «ited by Parmenioin.the citadel, and intrusted to the caSof bK* B^ rarmemo, ^r an»aging afiairs at Ecbataati, was orderwlto Je mercenanes, the Thracians, and aU the aivSiy bv the jlfflr imS^^ <'^'«"»toue r^ute, through tke U^oty of &e Qf^^paitt ' . >* •' &•: X-, ::5r:r •^ «... ■\ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // {./ k / «» ' LO I.I IM 128 ^ 1^ ^M IIIIU i,.6 — *." .> ^ -^/ ^^ ^ // y --r /^ r Corporation « WBT MAM STUfir --^ WiBSflR,N.Y. 14SM « ^716^72^303 » ^1 ■;*e^-, -./lidiiAsi&k. a^ XUSJKAXtVES^ pan AlwanderbimsetfiViththe Companion cavalry, ^J^Jf^fJe^Of **rf3^. Sw archew, a^d the Agrians, went in P«Mt «J JJv!!^ SJtSSteSYrom Ippdiih to theSorA^a-terj P«»:j°;^ ^^^^S; ^^roS» Te^afaTa thence alphg ^^^'S^SiSL^SS irt iilteKhoraMui; «»e dtner, wnicn »wj« ";~»7f;-2_rto>Se £ » iStanz. taoBf ihe weatero edgb of the Great "«f ^fj** ^rfSlSScS^S^an gates.) «id thence' along Ih* .Mithttn foot &e ciladelirt ma KO^dttEoaa teat waa looked upon as a wfficwt »«!«». il*£&;i!d tihe cour* of the ^cond day p«j^ fSsSw «tea. and iach^jd the edge of a rai^ desert.to KT^^ftTd teStS and partte. h^ ^ «ent« int dSS^to procwforageandprovisiona, wheaBag«UMJ WS^ ammur Uwiwatea, of ^^»•^"«iS^*«*S*lf iS iWmA |iSoment*a delay, or ^eft i»mi|»r* WT^ mSS>i, adectedtlie •«<«»■»»*»?* I^^jj ^^ Ad'Ja^ and the Compmio.|^v.flty, b*arfarnjr^ ^Mte«Biaiaidtiro daya;i»rJ2W2».HMtenrf •;;3&^*!ir#.rd., W'a^S^SEllSSlSJ lea hiMlleft the satraps eftcartp^ "tlSSCiM • closely, tJ^liver Dariu» toA flma^oWWn 'fe«*'f^ nqioiuiAT. A jJMV-*at I* he did not, to amible alt the force* they could col MMMrt the mdepettd^ce of their several eatrapa— in the n dliayin; Besmiaas their leader; f •" up." g«3>dw reppaed for the nhole of that day at the plaee W) wd thiB mforniatioo, for both men and horses were edttua~» - -*irfjJSS"*1;f?'*'*'"h ^* *•'«*•* the inarch was Main resuth«(|aji jytoroediwtilthe next day atnoon, when they ariitedataWlIaiw 5^ fteMtrapslftihsncanipecl during the preceding d$y, for thpy aWQ%a^ t^ "•ght pere he qhestioned the inhabitorS whS tfSre w? S& n^.i***" *® ?°® "*^°« vhich Jhe^^nemy *w«f prb< gl^tod that Aere was, but at^rress a desetrt ftd WiAout W8t< mMit^W wderpd guides, and as thp^ot coidd no lAirer i jKb hi(D, 4» dismounted 600 of the batilrt and^Vte ^5- «MM»e number of mfantry officers and othera, dfttiogoMt^ **«*th tM agility : these men were, of course, to ^t ualki ^iWid ebch service become necesifery. IVicanbr^ i^ordte^ to select the roost act^e rematmng trobpa, tmd^ to j ^f?r,*^^»? *•»« "»ain read, while 0^ wun%ody/undl ' ^ "»^!ow Blowjy and in fcaftlo^rray. ' . TOff Innnelf, wi A die Companion cavalry and moaatea inai (•ar^mftoevenm^, advanced llwHmdttwenty ntflM dii^ _«»d «t brttdc me day had the eatis^^ of. siing^*^^ _fg25 nmrcMng in disorder, and ' mostly without thwr a^ iS ?U!r ^^««»?*", P« Ae greater number to ffigftt, «i«i ' 2ff *°***' ''^^ "****' resistance had b6en cut down, all H^ Ti¥*^f*^^^^ ^^pted for a tiiub to hurry forward the Sr £• «w«»rt"nate Darius was coottoed j but^n discdvori 22i2£i!*l?'^ gaining ujbon ttupm, BtihnnKes and 8a„ SffifflSSlL'^.*'^*"" *«'«^ *y *e road-sidetf ?a rr °? ' ?y °<^ Aleaeander toapfiWtp. who thus lost ah o ffiSCTif *^ generously he cotdd treat bi« »*van wiM SSRKf • *^]5!**5 pamgjtj. Arrian'a eil^tb of S^^SnJ^g'tlS^ 2*gb'' Myaii^ «wwitli»(ted jiie 1afum,%hpV «tflrtfr Woaufw hewas jiiilfcy n«ui«,V*w *%C^t|aWp( r.1^ *^l»oi*i Of in tlangir w»a iM^Mer i iWik«naimbi>oltaii«eriaiB«f diaiMito. l%rt oc^^^—, », -^>j»*«y»«5*e cww^ IteOranloiw, then tt«r *»*a, ronia.*c^ BinrgiM, t^ Oaria, and tfiS #hohi inakf !*g!lf ywCihoia| 4enliia.oj«ixihder now prepared'to invade Hyrcaaia. This province, sitna- tM^Skti Mount Taurus and th# south-ejistern shoresaf the Ctg- pM^fOBa. contained the greater portion of the modern Maiandjrtn, ^fi5»^® of Astrabad and Jorgan. The country between Bf ount lliis attd the Caspin is low, iparshT, and eovered with ^ceileiit tim- »B^H adapted for shipbuilding. Thus it forms a striking contiast JMbft elevated steps ^f Media, Khorasan, Carmanift, andPersis. The nioiMbs passes being beset byR»the bandit tribes. tUedBkb divided bis J^iAyioto three bodies.. He himself kd the mostw jjf s and active !nsMPov«r the mountains, by the shortest (md i^^nm^ifiicuU paibs. latefts^th two brigades of Jhe phaliuix, and t^fob jarchers and cav- 1^ WfaTordartd to make a ciRbttit to the left thi^oogh the temtonesof jri, whojiavd bt^queathed a name to the- modem Tabaristan. the friaodpf his youthv who kd been mtich bcougbt forwwd iidQ<>t«d tiie main body along the royal road leading from He- I |Q Ziifa-Garta, jprobaUy the' modem Sari, llie three divi- ummy^^ifi0t anccessfiil, aiid Jreunitod in the plains of Hyrwrna- xnoylMnot, however, fillen in with the Greek mercwariesof Jlan- ua, nftb had been one object of this combined moventent wMe the * rilli»thus encamped, Artabazus and his three aons presented tiiem- lUibre Alexander, and brought with them Autopbradates^ A0 aa- fjf.^ Tapeiri* and deputies froin the GreeH nwnsenaries. Hisia- ^^][ was iMtored to Autophradates; and Artahazus and hia «>ii| WO": iloeived with great ^atmction and honour, both on aqcf mwr •^^^ aobifllf, and of thair fidoUty to their unhappy soTerijiffn. '"9 *^^(aeBUtie8, who came li> se? k some terms of pacifi|JW>n, wwe teitt that none could he granted, and that they mn^i^hW* P«»- I to thft the jodgment of the king. thAyjirt^sed to «io, and officiBfii w^ ient 'i^^ M^ttmpiO tiuiejhe hiint^ilCinai^^ . v ifKriKtrrfi^nryri -rirt^ Vm G^EAT. 96 A nP m-r. u.j .""uuuim loriresses no ensmy w thin the memo. MS^ ^i^'T' P®P«t'ated, submitted after a alight re^stam^S^ #t comnaanded to obey the orders of the satrlb 5f the Swl «• Sw/rJ"^ ''"ir. '^ "^^ «^ ^^'^ heroic poJfr/oX Ej;rL 5 «h0We8t,he would have prided himself on &i trawrSd th^!£ gmw, andconqueredthe enemies, which had alr^a^^y Se^d « E mJrtaln,rao on Rustan, the tlurcules of Persia. ^"eaaoittK i2^iSbas^rr« r *'^'''?-^P«««^<«. he IbunAthe Greek mercentiw •ff«Srt of fe T^*"°"' ftates, who haJcontinued to th/GiS Sn -nVL? ^'^''* ?'uS- Among others, deputies from uSZ lyn and Athens proved how busy o? late the intriauea betwSlK So«frSr«-'"^'*^fi."'hadbeea These wSpri^^SdJbf^ *^irom Smope and Carthage »ere dismissed. In th? cTsei Z geAraereeflar.es, a distinction was drawn. Those who h3 MfelS ?^rr « "T f'"'*?"? *° 'he decree constituting a captSLSfiS 21K, i!?°.° °? ""^^'''g '»*** the Macedonian Mrvice. Si« JlWy accepted the dternative, and were placed undeTttie doni3K> i^^^Sf **" '°°''^ ^ Zadrk-Carfi, Where he remain©a [mA Sif^ »S ™ ^"'1?' the modern Rhorasan. SatibarzandJ|tto^r ^'-.T.r^'^® hissabmission; and althdkigh heJwd beeTSj • S«^rt;;hn'^''°^'^'^'"'''''"'«»*^'«dtohis govJSnSriE t, .i>d tto«- #£!FKlIyS'" d«a1^? discovered the thSason of^Phlj^s, Je ^lPmL«nlIrf« Both AXobalus and Ptolemy wrifc^thpiibls gofl^ T bStbat the Kon^V*" "PPaared incredible «PJW kiwaj (rf* Ybe friendri^p wUcS from their e"»^y~"i}?*«""Sif diiJiPtl» Orttawf and the wmAPtolemy . the swi oT ^fi^.^'J SSiSteTwaabrmifbt befbf»«^ «Membl«d91«oedoaiao«,tllat^ ^^^ deflwwrtSS wito^aes wei» brooghtforiita^ iwj^9*gjgj iSSieeompllcwi, boith by W clear PW^ftW^M^SS T^athehad heard that a tSpspiracy vaa ft«»%<^ "r ]^ was thoa convicted oi%i'*«« coneeakd the attjt«r kinfiTalthdngli he had had ta ^opon MmtwU^ii j ajMn ilCb PhilSwaadhiiaoeoBipl^iierer therefiMf} pleiW ^l>y.thed»wtaofthaMao«Io»lM»."\^ Ko---»aaa l**rfM«^l»d data«^con»pi|«oM ai\tMw»y«ai*^^ %lt Wrtto h« wapJanwI. thgrefew^ «wt% ?H M^g»gL * dt9^4a|>ietedtUanotfcwihw»py «»*P«W23*5^ ™SE1 : cSifTl-rt adapted t^hlwfew «>»::^*^^22^?S5l MMdlw 1» theiifc PMlMaa w«i pol t« the w«*,t«rtarbA_^n^i -- ,.^,t timMiicaiiartiB Maambly. •-**«*^««»- r!MilWf««» *5w**^ auSto^ • »$«;.: THE GREAT. 97 pymnus, an officer of no great rank or authoritv ii»H iitt«.n*.^ 4- Jdocehu friend lVico„.«chu^8 to:foin in a conBp°«?y t/aKSSS S Atexander. Nicoraachus pretended to enter intothe dSSI SySiw fl«n Dymnus-ibe names of the leaders in the plot He thi^lSES **• ■?** *•*• """y *" ^'"•' *»ad alone, under tbeMaoedo. Bin eoiistitution, the power of inflicting capital punishmant. H^^^iT""^^ gaUantman, of expensive habits. Ibad o^ '•^T^'u'T***'"? Persian magnificence in his equipage, rci^oe. aad ^^iMrtMssas, he ^as wont to 8j>9ak in a disparaging tone^tS. Ufi^ ami achievements of Alexander-call bhn flkeSou^d Sto jS^ ^j '"da'ffencem conversation of this description^ MtMOty Ain^ and indecorous, must have tended to foster, ^i^^^mSSSS^ h^nd fteUngs of contempt and disregard for iAmw^^r^^m^^^^^mk» 2S?SL^i!?'"*'*«.''*1'"' '?y ■*"'" ^"" .*•» '''•»« «»"» ineftctoaliaGi. S^*?^*"**°i^.?'***"'****«*'**d monarch, no» were tbtre wttt-' !ESl? S« ^!!^"ml repeated in tbe royal .piMen*e4he amwaatdbii- ggsofPhUotaa. Thu. was the fcing^ conMencehi thoSuSSS- 2?vh!5!"' ■*i'*^ vain yonth bad the iMirtifleatioA^iSdSS^* MkJys personal opponent,intrustea,; daring the InatltroeaM-'^^^ W ^rery sepyate command of importance. A preflftronaea?^ •MMIMnr^y have 4noreMed Us.dlaeontent, draaed hiii t»i SSS# •'^''^ •"«* "W^wd. and wt^Uaa iriyT I «l)««f a wiy desperate scheMea. He had been left behind te1 - 13 * *-•* »i» i/ta's \ »: -*-.3 it: rfmf 9S ALEXAKDJ XongPl^laeA »fc« *«»*^^^'<''^*i* ^"^^^^ honours to that gal- ItSnotunllkeW J.at i»armon.o aUo^^^^^ believe. Sod ^^i youth i •»'>.»'«H!l£t^v2 ft" daffl casaqWfS •nderhadcpmmwidedhim toad^a^^^^^^ I.,; the lerritorle. of S^SSSTwi e4 J^atly ind^rkenlr the .ake of gMng him the SS5^ SS nSSS P^en'o »«»' ^rtroop. appeared to EaT. qaU- **«&IiSiJder wCSy the hand oADymnua or some each d^p.- Stfi**!::5„S^\'S we're i Srbfirr'c*^ who ecrapled no,, on natural degh^ one fell U^^^^^^ „ ^.p^JSe SCide«S.d i.?d fflcJS of the young kW. position or to form a W onaersiaDa mv ""J**;" , .^ nreeeiit insUnce his conduct wm **?^**""X„l»Sl Kfutho™^^^^^ following pohrt.: W TOnminced the sentence of condemnation, and that this majority MM(<^thflir own sentence Into execution- . .,..•.«.< ^^n^!v^nMBni dllBcult qoestlon rajnalned-to decide the ftte oTpiSSloWodoros writes, that heal.c;wascondemiU|4byJe.«^^ iTmbh^bithl. authority Is not sofflclent Tin this caw. ^ertaP*/' S?kirrial "it Smed incredible to Alexander that the father khoold Sh«^K;n a ^rtlcipator in tie plotsjf the «»n ^^^^J^^^ SS^fecompUce, heOilgbt proV* a dangerous snrvlvoi^, exasperated bfr. dSS hi; «,n, .Wso highly aonr^d, °oto»!j*'yAl«M. SL^dtheMaoMionlans, bat by the wh<S^^«>^i«f^ cfosswl the desert, and reaahed the dpa Wm^tSn- Tbegenerals ob^ed, and Partjenlo <«~v ,.^^. I i5!^ ins of Ai^romM*s-W»t«. Attddj «iid««i^^ ilSSSwigh* to *^ princlHly on accoont of ^e t^^^^ Jg ' SS«^>tl»noarable appellation had been bestowed updn them by CyrtM Ae £«L'!i**!Si.f "*^' «''»»«te*« by hunger and fatigue) In MtoniiDg Ihpm an expedition, were relieved and refreshed by the acUveklBdnfeM 5-iw!i™«** "i! »"<* ««ricultural people. Alexander treated them with narked attention, both on account of th^r exoelleiit oh«ractai'. and SfcllTfi^ " *!"* ^"^ ^y™"' ''*'°™ ^ beld in great admiration. ^ He 2Srli«!«".K '"k'^T °^ territory, which, with the exception pf i wall corner, they bad the moderation to refuse. Probably tW w^ .illAr/S'ni.i*'?^' """jcjedby tbecopiouMtreamaoftho^eeriniind and the delightfalness of theclimate. Bvera. late as tlito t^tlk^tt 11. BbnHaukal describee the vale of the Heermund aa popnloo^lb. layered with cities. Prom Boat to the lake Zurrahrit WMYnteneeS SS dZ'lK*:S "" ■"'* "'■ ^f^'- At present the'cuwS£uS?« both sidea tbe river is very narrow. T«" ' «d^reefived the submission of the Drangie, the DrangtiMB, ind th Z^f^l^?*\ While he was thus einployed, SatibariNUieeittadejpttlr a?;^£^^'**V* theheadof aOOO feactrian cavrfry. gnKS ft&2!I^"A'J*'J? "'"'*^*'* *" <»^w>'«ingafornrfd|bIeln«ifi^n JgPersian Aitobaaus, Erigylus, ai^ Cai'anna w^MJent back tb aQp K? Kil-'iS Pbratapheniw the Pi^hian aatr^>, wae orderMl i»& v^ Ar»la flrom the west. SaUbarsa^ stood & ground, and Ibitght SSTiT*? hi. own hand slew their m^ai^if^^^i^S^ T^P* ta»«f • The Aaiatlcs then Skeh, BndW^bmhmd^elmtmZ Is" ™3? ?'?***'°''^"" *" Aula who carried nway whal^ fc-^edled the "Spolia Opima," the anna if a cbnuni tin aingle combatly an opponent of the same niitftkii^ ;v,V !.' 'h •:J-f ■■*<#te'-^*.. 100 ALEXANDKK W .L .1. ^ I- «..»•» aiill continued their advance, an«. ' Al«^ ^Lw^J^anced nfeverthelesa, with dIfflooUy, Indeed, on account of the 5^^?Sr*Jd Twant of ;il necesaaries; but still he advanced;' Wl£a S2i teaSl that the king was not far off, his heart fw^ed bim, i!^ heandTia assoeiatee crossed the Oxus and entered Sogdiana. SS^^Wnd BaSrian cavalry, who had hitherto followed hi. bm- S^ISftSJJafindon Sielr country, disbanded, artd returned to their iaVMlfcSBea.> The MacedoOlana soon after captured Bactrin ana WSmSi chief cW*., and efifectaally relieved UiemwlveMJomal 'S^3ni«^««S ^"^ i.lM5» the iMiidpd can defy the attack of the ^^fJiiit on /MSnlffn B4 aod opce caUed ^^Z^^^'S^^ ilJa iWiteideraWe atrwm, which, .^o'^'^^'Ju" Sof iana.. entered the Otm abpot aday'a jourpey *? ^'f„f W»a ^nitfta"" iTthe day. of the Arabian geographers,^he whole of it. wa .. fl/i iBii»^^.li. .-^4^.4 THE ORKAT. ■y<^-. iOI tors wcro oxpended in irrig|iion long beforo its junction w0tMo Oxub : and this probably is its pre»ent utate. Balk, although fiflieti from im real magnificence, is still a dbnsidfcrable city. The whole dis^et foP lowed the fate of the capitaL apd submitted to the conqueror, who *p- pomted Artabazus to tne vaVbt satrapy; » #' Ifc then prepared to crdiss the Oxus and pursue Bessus into ibe IWnsoxiah^ of the Romans, the Mawaralnahr of ti^ Arabians; but the Thessalian aitd confederate troops, who had volunteered at the co^ / mencement of the last campaign, had been siAenedby the snow, thji- cold and the hunger to which they hAd been lately exposed; Alexafider, therefore,, seeing the state of their minds, gave them leave to Ij^iutn hprne. At the same time a scrutiny took place among the Macedonian soldiers, and all whom age, wounds, or other infii-mides hadL>re»dored uijable or, unwilling to encounter farther hardshi||L wefc leothclbiowith the Tbessalians. ^^ 1 According to Aristobulus — and he is on the wlwle the bec^utbbrity even in our days— the Oxus, of all the rivers of Asia, was y^Moff^ ' the great Indian Rivers alone ; its sources werp supposed not to b4|Jar from those of the Indus and the Ganges — and' its terminitfion in^e Caspian. This last assertion has been univcraatty ftdo|^ lua^ttier^^ered to Bessus, sent messengejniu tb Alexklidei^?' ' ^,#H;e « ftmhlt fbrto and respectable commtoder sent to^*^ their IllodB, to deliver up Besaua wfiiom thiiy'fiad^ Already pU ■f'^ m /^ •iJ!M-r< \ it.l«. Wt > X .. *',!£>, 102 ALKXA]S1DER A. ^ ■%*^ 1' V I*" If' arrest P^irt V, the aoii of LuauVwB8~8cnl tbrwarda with a tnall l.ut mjebtforcfSIlnd his account of pio trfcnwicfion mu;t certainly be re- ^rded aa the most auj^eotic. / •*,',. . He advanced with/great rapHUy, aniii four day? traver«»d a apace eqa«yo ten orduiaryWcbis. On apprfjching the enemy her was in- fori3l»bat8pitai5n^*9«Dataphernes scrupled actually to de^m < Beaaus into tlte h»oda ♦fihe Macedonians, but that th* firelender to the atomx9 0(AS!mmh^uimo had tHUssucces^ftUy executed his commission, M wJ"«»te^ to the king forinstructioiiMw to t*>e Bianner in which he was tocopduct the pnlon. ' erintAhii iw^mam. ThetuMwor was, to deprive hho of l-i^rme, U> plaoellWberpuiHhis^efli, andthuscooAiCthiro to dieet Alexander. ' PbHii7«>beyed, anf when the king appeared, drew his pnsoaer to OQe4Md*#theroad. Al^ander, when opposite, stopped his chwiot, , ai4 Itteir Beesus.why "he had seized, bound, and murdered his iins- mak •nd*benefiictor, Darius t The unfortunate man answered, that it W« not hi»iodividual deed ;lhat all the satraps ha4 concurred w)th fain the ifecessity of the measure, and ihat their common olqect wu to securtrtMlfiWt of Alexander. This excuse, false certainly m its lafipart wasllot r»<*ived. JUpssus was publicly scourged, whde a hermaotaooced to ill thejiatuie of his offence, and was sent to Bactria, tb# to awtit bis fin«) doom* Alexapder thep marche^^ onwards, and at Maracandii the modem Samarcand. ^ J" . i readers ma*, imagine that the Macedonians had ribir J>oen con* liltoBMydeMftsai^btmnTegions, where all was desolate, ano wilecessafi* of life xPiM scarcely be procured; but the eta- traft waalheciMe: for/m&ordiog to Arabian geographers, who were intitt&ly acqawatod mi^ •▼firy p«" of the country, there cannot under » OieSi be found iww^elightftlipola than in Mawaraln^hr, between tho Oxn« and JtjEiirtM, tho JiUbn^d the SibOn. The valley, Ateosd (w||ooe,lb« Or«ik 8ogd^»l^l), with Samarcand at its nppfr «u»d Cok- y r-^.., . „^ ^ni i,in |to esDOcial Bwnner celebmted by them as ntetriia PwadiyB. ^* In all thtfregioiw of the earth (writes ^ ^^Mn gf«5^S?eller and geographer), there is not%a more dfligSSR^andflourisldiiff obimtry than Mawralnahr, especiaUr the di*: «^' •• •» ^elfghtlbllSStS^ S?^ prospects, and full of wrdens, orchards. cSiitfelds. viS - toft hand. You pass from cornfields into rich meadoirs ; and 2f"«oS " It far more hWhy^an the rood Aileh and the ghWtok of dKSl and Its fruit is the finest in the world." " ' i^amascu*, J^!i^AV'^"*'''^'^^^T *^™ '" this deiigWul region jrltfrf Kb remounted his cavalry, as the loss of horses of leVer^lSnd Wfoen " pt dunng the winder operations, aid the pas«J^ ofthTpiSwur - Anmnpltees .t near the Jaxartes, (fortiu? between thc^Udtf , ^da, he received a wvere wound frx)m an arrow whSTtolintereFa S^dutrHe'^coSr f .'" ''^' '^' '^"8 WcapaciatJ'ht^S^ !Sr«?.„Ki\ ^ Au? "***• ^l?:®^*'. remain quiet until thAouftdlw tt rS y^ ^*'*''' •*"' *'*"'^ himself to be carried in a liubr «)ui.S^ *> hL A1J'1''T'"'7 • 'r"r^- ^ ^^ »««>* place,ZnEL|Iy: between thp4j^valry«nd,nfantrv;_to wK belonged the prSleff of carrying theuwoundedking. This Alexander dedSed* with hisTs^ judge^nt by devolving the duty alternately on iKApar^ ^ All rransoxiana had now acknowledged bis auikoritv. and ev^-^^A. . •rtant city had admitted a Mft««Ho„!3-«^'".u"l^I?:.2W r- v:-v --- — •w»~« a »ma<;waonian4ganiBon ; De buoael vahced to the Jaxartes or Sihon. and fixeaVn the iiteof a ne«to*n to be (jailed Alexanfca. which be^pected Weuld b'time ftwWTES Sre^«lSL*'i"K?T.r''^'~^»'*^»M«cedo5an gitri^ ..SSioT^it '^v"'**.f ?.* ^'"•^Jion of Spitamene. and "Sn^Sr ISIT "?!S' "^^ ***"» inswwstion ; &>eir inception (rp^ ISS^f ptoW)ly not very cordiaW ^p^do we TwTof m,/^ P«toto«i^ to their «veramen^« h^d 1n^ri,ly been the --^^ E.^S^^*^***""- ?«PP««'J«otom«that AleiaiMler dl Wo^d to the high«2^ order oFnofclity, md %as entUled^to gram bnv- toawA for hi» treachery to Cyrus the ydunger, rt«til themUltee bS.re h^%tid$ SJiS? A "?"«**»»»* «»e «Wing8 of Ae Peiiian* were u aSS- K&li^^ «to degradmg punishme^ of fewus, as tho«» of Se W S^^Tf^J*!: "^"J^? *^ tojSeTdukeofNorfolk w SSl JgK^^fl Wd J.y the h«.ds o^e com„K«^ h^^ M^tfH!^^'^!^ «jMttsemWy, td !)• emMgiid if t^ ^ powtMient and flie colfection ef the reyemiee on L plan moBTi^ t/ i». - ^^4 1- ■<*■-.. 104 AliEXA?IDER Aeto men ^f influenco. But SpitaoicncB, an able and uctivo nuui, IfokoccHsion from this to convey, private tptelhgence to all summoned, TnaouS that the object of the iovader was to aerze and maasacre iSS^ho,^onso4xcr^ci, was the «ene|j revplt, m wh.ch the people nttiL»aiate vicinV of Alexander anllis army joined. The m- h^SMftttese provinces wer^ thrin the na- i S«Serto subdued, but connetted by blood and mternatio«al com- SSSSiwith thep^werfulScythian tibes to the north of the W •SSS^MMat JawlMW? Md Baptria,, who, as afterwards phunly Xq^nly. C^re, wae^uch as to call forth all the energies of Alexan- *^^'" Aiibilai»of the populous vale Tn the left bank olMhe Jaxartes ffiSSl Uflfes the districts of Fergana and Al Hash-had ta- f«in seven fortified cities. The walls were formed of indura- rmud,biing the same ttiateria| still used in that country for "*^£^ldSl^having 9rdered.Crateru8 to march against Cyropolis, the chirfaAprobabfy the modern Chojand), proceeded m nerson o ^ ^^i^ towns The troops formed a circle round it-with Sj^5i3.W^^ These, while the so d.ers w^SJhiSg^o the escal«de*cleared the walls b,^ the cjojds o^ «njs. SrSt&discbarged; the ladders were then applied, and he 3|EeSian«So.toti!ii LwaUs. The men were put to the sword Ae SSSwdJTSer^ spared. The army was ledto the next to^, IS^ fortified in the samq a»aOner--and captured by ^he, same 2ffi^5r^iSatbird#tyexperiebced the ifke fate. While flie SrosSSthTemplpyfeJtL watch two ^other SET AA iibM»itiEts, tftkiog wvning from the.r neighbours, shodd jKSgelnSrdesert pr mS^th^ mount^ns, where pursuit wouW ^S3te. Tfo inhabitantsof these, as Alexander had, foreseen, i22S ftie of (he other, from the smoke of the conflagration, and SS&wfu^itiVee, attempted to eacdtw in a bo^y, hut were overta- ^^^SS^^ C&teru. under the walls of Cycopolis, the capUaL ^Kiad b«m founded by the great Cyrus, as a barrier againstjje • W^t.f'««•?"'. f^JlSL^feS S>^^ byjffiinlet, white Ihe. attention of Aebewy^J^f^ SSM^wSeJte &e nearest gate, broke it open, pni admitted the 2LJS5 h' *^? veryi,urpo,e. The garrison, .urpriSed, h^ td toayed, bravelv char«d the assaiUnU, and nearly auS-ttSld 2 ^lUng them. AI^xanderAiipaelf received a Munning blow fJE « •jone, 6«an art. am! wjienViaib^Spe^ £S^ comem^ntact with their kindred|«>«s, to the weft of the eSS^ ^h^««aowd*tined to h«urthE^tafrom K _^WM then engatf d in founding and fortiiMu ttiat Alexandrift JJMeiidoftheftrhlediatrictofFergaM. Ebn EiSmlTiS Sft ^Of* tfie warmeit climate of any pftc?in the AwLn TvJ S^ Jj 2.SS'*^J*^.;S£?y' •?** » twice or thrice Z lar« S AwSSf^hi ^S «toW, «id auburb. with grows ^i^Jm^Z^i fiS^ Thjemywaaeng«|jedforth«»weel^Sn^^S« mSLT^ \^«.?''»«0Ml««» •lii)"""^ >>«'"•«' *" ScjrtUan. md Ita AnaUc bnbjjUm. JS^ZmoiSlby iiM^d iih. «■>« BtuBfed Mdw, to bo coii«.»oled teSSia »d«i..»»qu»^™(t»n of b» pu,^^ i.«iof their cttef warriors acjlianrtr*!^^ ffitSLrSa back-piece, by Ui engine^art Thjr Aeiefow S^KSiofthemiSBiles. The trupiMt^ instanUv gave ^SSSSS pushed from the shore, headed a»«^ ^T A- ^^s^ ^eW diviMbn«msi8t9d of^xshepi "^^ 'SS ^Siyi^dT^nce, while.the -e^wf^vmon. coj««tog J^iShiSotii^ttf SSnsTand other light troops between fte ranks of •jr V THJfi OKEAT. 107 tiw cavalry. Hp then advaoced, and when the lines wwe near, ordered three troobs of the Companion cavaby, and all the mounted d«!rtmep, to attack fi-om the flatiks, while l^e formed the remainder into eMnit, 1^ charged in front The enemy we're thus prevented from exd^liiu Ctotr usdal evolutions, for the cavahry pressing upon them on eTeiyvidct Ma the light troops mingling among them made it unsafe for them «i- 4«r to expose theu flanks or to hirn suddenly round. The vieteiy »a8 decisive, and a thousand Scythian horsemen were left dead 6a tM Sjld. ' Hie pursuit Was across a parched and sandy plain, and the heat, A»r it was in the middle of summer, was great and overpowering. AI«iui< der, in order to allay the thirst from which, in eommon with the ^ole army, he suffere* excessively, drank some bmckiah water, iprl^chf either from its own noxious qualities, or from the orerbuited «tate of the king nearly proved fatal to him. The pursuit, * whlvk aa u- inal, waa led by himself, was instantly stayed, and he waa carried tipck to the oamp more dead than alive. Then the credit of Aristander was f^paerv^d. Soon after an etebassy arrived from the Scyt&ian king, impqtiog tibe jito hostilities to bandit tribaa, that acted without tha authont; of the Jn«at council of t^e nation, and professing the williogneaa of the ftcy*' uiian govemmfint to obey the commands of Alexander, ^e r^mpiir of ■the victory and of the consequent subttiissioB of the ScyiUmMt ifi^lerto regarded invittcible, proved highly advantageous in rajMreasing Ae fer- tbpr prownfasof theinaunrection. The Matedobiaoa, aithar min.ig)H)rr aQceorflattery, called the Jaxartea the Tanais, and boasted that t|ieir vKStoriua king had passed into Europe through the-aor4Hwcf^AjyHiBi>, . Tbo Notary over Che Scythians ^waa very seasonable, ai moq -lAar ^DCfwa arrived of the heaviest blow that befell the Mac0doDia|i 4^ ;: the whole war. ■■''''■'■''% :^i'*" • ile Alexander was detaiped oil the Jaxartea, SpitiimiMBi,^«t die lij^ df ^ insurgent SogcUans, had marched to Marcpd^jpaneiMi*- MMnoB of the city, and besieged the Macedonian gariiaon ih the ^(». ^ iAJtoxandec, on hearing this, deepatched to tb» aaaistanee t^jtlie begged a reinforcement of Greek roercenariea, conmgdrnt^ 06$a hondred infuifry and eight hundred cavahry. To these were ^llM tk- ty of the Companions; l%e niUtaiycoiBmanderewere add(ftd A|tdtdtti. adina, Menedemns, and Carpus. But theae were ordered to act lia. der the direction ofPhamuches, a Lycian, akilled in the lawMage of tte oountiy,. and accounted an able negotiator. !Pbr)iapa^!l$«^^ t^ght that, ai the insurrection bad pnibalijlj been canaed . hj i^^ eonception, Phvnuchea would be more fik^jr to supj^:^ it Igr r-^*^^-^ tions than military men by the aword. -. , ' ^ ' ' ' -^^\aoan aaSprtamenea heard of thinr ajm«acjh,«he raised tlie, kititadel, and retired down the rirer F^ljrtiigielas tominiei^'^ fS:<^ of Sondiana. Ijie Polytimetua is the modern $6ii&' Utty ia Bokhara, called by Ptolemy TmjIactnL S^C^ 'I*'- im AUCXAltDER pnrMfd Iw tho Greeke, who, in tk>ir eagenietk to e^l bun enUnely fl«ml%>gdiftna, folbwed him ipto the territory of the Scythwn noainds, who poMMied the great steppe between the Sogd and the. lake And. ItstTOMni inhabitanls are UibekB. , The invasion of the teititones rou- gMthetribbflofthedeeeirt «nd aix hundred chosen horafemen join«d BeiGuoHuies, Inspired br this aocession of ktrengthr greater in name «. T«ntl|antnnaHty, the I^rsian halted on Uie edge of the desert, and prenarwl to give hit purtuers battle; and the tactics which, the grahu md actmty of Alexander had repeatedly bitffled, prov9d from the r^, and cut down those who wwwenfwfing tSiwii^tf r Iwge parties Mationed themselves on each fUudti mid^fliow^red their darts and arrows upon the helplees Greeks, wW, beiifi^esurrdqnded on idl sides, took refuge flj a smaltisltod. ^Qlheief^jwereeqyait exgoaed to the arrows ofthe barbarians, ti^ ^d 0^ c;eaM to aiscbi^ them until ti»y had destroyed the whole. fMifeil&le -scene of 'slatMAtto. ... '■• ■,,. ,'-,^- ,.,, ■ 'A : •,„;.•,■,.,*«.-.:&... JlifliaiitetP Aristob^^ PKaniuches, « io^rt iie the sen^d© mm- ^^^pSiii fished to yield the conuoaod to the gcmerels, alle^ ^t Ins eominission cxtpnaed only to pOgotiate, and tipt to fight VUt 3ius and Garanus declined to. tue the icommand, in opjwwtion *rof the king^scontoiAnoQ, and in the hour of danger, who* M ii«pt suoooM cou^ jtist£^ tbeilr assumption Of it ^ T»C: ditptt^iim, w«ii, theit^ parUjr enwred bj'^mim^ »«iKlag»n{i^ested the citadel. v . ':M^i ^'-^i \, %T*-*'j f i;!^ TH£ ORICAT. 109 • ^**^*"l''*"'<^«*^eeJoM i»^ich, fironi the constitution of a.Greek army, cannot bo stated at MW thwrfive thousand nien— he took with him one-half of the Conman- MiBcaTalry, th« guards, the Aerians, the archers, and the most active mowrs ot tllB phalanx, and, after a inarch of ninety miles, arrived at gjwewidu on the morning of the fourth day. Spitamenes' did not % !St'***u'''T^**'''' ""^^ '«*»fed As before to the desert. Alexander prea- Ndhim hard m bis retreat, until he arrived at the scene of the lafe dia* aeter. J he sight of bis slaughtered soldiers, with whose fate be ^Onfte other band, the Persian nobility were naturafly scandaliz^lt 1M tvrieand boi8Ur£K without wcriticos on both sides, and a mutuaUpproxiuiaUwi to oacb o- thar'a babitt. '^ Of aM the praclic«a of the oriental co^t., the ceremony cal^^ CHineae kotou, i»bich enforce, prostration at the f^* ?f *« '^^"*P;; i.\to mort tepugnant tQ European feeUnga. 8*"™'**^'"* »iT^nK^ ndt^M^rins wjbumilipting a posture, was necessary on apprcflichMg S Snclortho pffian king of Kirig.. ^ l* co'""**^^ XlSn^l^ rf aCTinclination of the body, ^s wo read tba« a stordy Spurtan onco 2desj»d ip&i».to intrfidiice (he sAbje^t of adoration *»»»!«*? J^^gjg SS^WaMhu*,comiCnce* by eayhig,--* thatAlexonder cejM S^r:^ter justice be deemed ««^%^«,?«2:S;2SS i^Sfc^bSh on account of ihe nnmerftue and Bptendtd •*«<»■ pM«J«JJ bvlkuid because Dionysus was a Thebap, hating no cOnnfetlortWtiii ^0 iSlMon^?. and becaiwe Herculw waa an Argrre, equalhrijaw^ Sted with Mii»dohia, except tiirough the fiumly ^ Alexanajr, #^ wM an Heracieid. U was also more properfor the Maced^^^ tM"^ %fteirown sovereigne by divine hwioars, eepecially WWgf fl toot be » doubttbat they would honour him as a god anw^«^ are from vtaong mea Much more just woaW it K^hen^tt^^ >E&i»J&le1ivuig thimi^^^^^ beunavaUing.*— ( I'.l JCHK OREAT. 1 1 1 *^Wh«n Anaxarchus bad advanced these and sitfaiiar arguiMnto, llMie to whom the proposition had been previously communiGi^ted ap- pmided hia speech, and wished immediately to commencG the adoratiw. Wy majority of the Macedonians, although hostile to the ceremonjr, |l|iiained sileAtt but Ca|i8t|ieDea took up the question and apoke-« 1 ^♦* *0 AnaxarohuB, Alexander in my opinion is worthy of fiy^ry, hmv . wwbich, without exce«ding due bounds, can be paiid to a man'; bat a ' ma^g line of diatinotioD baa been drawn between divine and human iNtoeurs. ' We hbno^r tlie goda inirariouB waya^^^by building leniplea, (Meling atajtues, exempting ground eonaecrated to them from pro&oe mk\ by aacriiicing, pouring libations, and cdnoposing hymnk in tbdr oAise, but principally by adoration. Men are kissed by those who s^- me them; but the divinity, seated aloft, beyond the reach of the touctf of man, is honoured by adoration. The •worship of the gods is also ee» Ubreted with dances and sacred songs. Nor ought yrt to wonder at Wianiarked line of diilerence, for even diflerent gcMB have different bo- ^Miii paid to tliem, and those asstipisd to' deified heroes are distinctly loparated from thope pai^ to the divinity. It is unbeeoipinff, therofora, la confound all thea^dietincliona, and )to swell men by enseaaivalMiH 4W8 beyond tbahr (^proportions and thus, as far aa djepends upon ua, l|f j^l^ng eoual honours to men, degrade tho gods to an aoaefo^ luttnliation. Even Alexander himself woniH not ^olerate the conduef^ IBj private individual, who might attempt t>y illegal aufiragetf and elec\J moi to arrogate royal honoura to himself; *with much • greater juatic6 w^ Iftl :«H fer of the |yds be excited against those men, w|w> either I iHiiiiii II iijarrogate divine honours, or permit othera to olum auch fat *•-,'* i\^'i P «*« But Alexander jieypod cotaapariiMn is, and Iwatbe rcipotation elf lliMgt the bravest of brave men, the moat .princely of kiags« and ^ UMJI^coosipnina^ general And you, O Anaxarchua, wbp aaaociit^ duce this pfd^ -'^S aod to |(H«»t tiiat yon are the oompanion and adviser, mt of ?a byieaor a Xerxiea, bnt of the son oif Philip, by birth an .H^riekyid "^.iPaciida, whose anceatora emigrated from ^i^os (o Maee49iiia). j|»tt ftw% ,for suc«;taaiye gederationa, haf e F«HgB«d!^«^|||is«- f^'tfiffrnutoical i&Msa,l>at according to the laws. No diviiie " ' liojpaidby the Greeka even to fierteoleawlHle Uviag^lMur _ ^j 46ilh, aqlU tfc^ orwOe of ~ * "" * * ' ' " '" " ^'flfin.a8a|bd. .• • '!' litif wb^n td^idtot tbo apiril of h^barialiB ^m , M ibia t!4tt1>a^>|H( han^ I c^ uiioiiiroa,^ liMf^lMMiaierR'iMrwom' '' — I the (ireeka, Who of all men eqj^ Ihe ^.|iol, .JEi»: ^'t^hA 112 ALXXAMDflR U^JSm! or, Kjly. to b« honoured by the Gr«A« wd M««)«doiillUM Sn^iii • G«»k. •*«» <»»'y "y *»" barbarian, aocordlag to thalr dwnfaahiont * " • Bat aince It iaMid thai Cyru* the aon ^"^ S^i!^u^.SuJ^ who wi adovd .moag men. aad J-* <>«« "iJ^'^'lJ^rKS ceremoay haa^taued among the Medea •'^,fVi^^;J^ ^ilKSi^ho'SS-^d Dariuaby Alexander, nor yta- *5iil fcr i ha^e tr^aaortbed the worda of Arriai»-CfIWh«««^ H ni^^to lay. by theae andalmllar argomanta, ««*¥^*f «» Wjed ^S!^XSl'!i^i»^'on with the feeJlnga of the Maoftdonbaa TKSroh3hrlngUila,aent ronnd to Inform them, that the •doraa.o ^rSiL^UoTwar^ot Mpeoted from them. Aa aoon aa eUenea had SS^lSd^SVe^iranTof the '^ki^'SS^JSSi':?.?^ . earamooy iq ordei^. Laooaatoa, one of ^f^^^^^^Jff K^ trnDerfonnlur hiaaalaam without ihach elManoe. Hdlealed th0 ^ tet the ae^^ animadveralon of Alaxandar, who however ttgala ad- mitted him to favour. ^' " ' The fbUowin* account hae been ''^J*^^'± JilJiJ^lSitt! the wluSe olr«A in a golden cup, whi^bHraa Aral <*'**»iV»»'»^?S JSKomSC oewmony ffthe adoration h«I been proWWr unujg. Thn«rvSrr««iv«l it, dfilnedttocup, roaa up. made h&iutorj|».^ , - ^waa iiiaaed by Alexander; andtbe "«P*J"P|^JfiS3S* 2SoaKl|thewbDleparty. «»* '*"^*«"^>*?"^f'2KSIS •TrJ^M thA kinff he roae uK and drained the oup; but wtthoutpar- ft£Sr«»»^oiSoS,^^ the hln« wilh&ai»l«ationcfte- SJhi., Atoxand^ at Ae moment waa.convetainf wltl^gep baillaa, •SShSnot S2?v^ vvhetherCaU«th*n«i h«d pef&mie^^c«aw>-/ Sror not ; but Demetriua. the aon of Py^ooaK. *na ofjhj C IMM. told him, aa CaHatheaea waa approMhtog, thnt he lljj ni ^iStm tmpiioa hia haal and aaid, " Then I ratofp t^poofeV bT « ^ mi4«vMentfWNn tbia account, that thn divineJjonoMj.l^^HJg ^»rS* «»M» •oothern Oreeto BO iBXtrtwjjnn^^^ JH^no more than the prnrtration ortmndterrf^ idlqiialla^ the Peralon coort ettoteA fromiiU Mffe^ S^sSffivmwta^ Wl»>th»itgMpnriantinAg '^lialKiiWmiiqalrAitfhimt^ Miwadoriana, la^inc--^^ ft^SSSSy waM?gtt*t admirer of the ^^^^'^g^^^^S^^c liaa^^yeulogiaedhiaparfeetprmcafor th« -— "*-~' inmm^ -i M^^ShAmr cIremMiiea. The quaatidn wit Hifh gr^at b«iKl, and wm prd'• wlater-quartera at BaetHa. tba diy . J,^ ^"* JheMacedftBlaoi held aaored a* the featlyai of vL ro» Baj J5f C'Pic^ ««Hf MlremoDlea ; but «o the pmeot o«scaBi«« Ka rted 0ioayaba, dnd devoted the da/ to the Ilipaeuri, CaaJ^^ km.', paritn, tfaa^oq of Hya^wpes, oa^«f«l it t^a h»d a»ttiraliy taracd apm tft0«rityi afflhnedthatth^Ordeede n«re oot to be named iiewapr^^ ^•achteveMja df AlexMider. Vl^ort^cfnnSj JMre fbvonmble to the preteMona of Har^ep, aad^SS ittfHt. Oeltaa, who had ere h^w tMMtd UaVontaan "* uviprnnoof of Alejuknder, and the baaeaeM of Ida imm m «««W0a by wiDoi exdUnied that he woald hnlBBJiTl •itt of the deMhetoerof aooieat dayrto^SutuS^ »• peravMl aohioTemenla of JJexandar wim ii^ttmr i '^'k^fwy tobee«np«redtothea|DiiaMoftlM»d ^^tao noHdof^ had that hia vietorlea were j ^ ^ph. t^t. atnmg other laudable qoaliilcationa, be oooU I rfW«2; I. * 2iR "aroiwala of the harbariana Uy^M '^'.\ ■"J m Lt\. .. ^:,«fe;r It'HSm^ ituyi 114 ALEIAMUKU JtoSuSta M lnwlai.1 Md bortlftd •p.ooer. c«Ajif ^»«. ; ThI. hMd, TCktoiiwIib w«. aliq u0dJr the exdtem.nl of wine, unabUi My STtwWtocLeck «H.aohlo«,lact »•? «t6*'^•Pf «"« «\JP"**'" " »* wmlJ bB?WM held b«ek by the «oiri|i«rty. CleU0., hoWewr. did not •dWm oobSm^ that he wa. as faoh a pftaoAer o. Darlu. bad bjw, U S»hM*?of Be*u., and that llJw*. WnifonlyUiiliiine. WUhUi.t lihS*rwlth»Su«oerVom the hiyid. of hi. friend., ppraiiitlbrward., JSKtooa^ • «>iim hia wUt and wa.re.traln«d by blalHend., ^dEnofthe party hurried Cleltii. »>yt of the banqueitlBfr iwom. aad SSSb iven LcM the qi^rte?. oFPtolemy. the wn of Jjagu.; tf>« SSmaoder of the guard. ^But h. Atexand.r In J» f r^Jg^w-f SmTwb. loudly calMng him by name, heruahejlbB^lotplte^ifil^ ?SS u2.!I "onto. -^Here am I, fjlilltu., for ydd, O ^wiiwKIr V^^im ^"mwSutht of blood, and the completion of hl..ln.ane vepgianc*, pfa- doSl JS Ittitorai and oaoal eftot, and the kiog wa. i«»««j*»f»y "•- t^Sdto tMn. HI. flret imbulM wai to place the .haR of the laoM !S2ttiltha waU and to ru.h Vpon the point: hot hi* IHeod. brtfceotwl htoLiHtd coBTeyed hUn to hi. chamber, wbeve he renmlne'd tor tbve. dM»,taconaolable, without eiaUng or drioklnjf.. . f- ^^ "TJ blame Cleitu. .everelj?' .ay. Arrion, "Ibr hi. lMotoo«4to kk Mw«raUrB. and I «lty the mUfortune of Alexander, who- thd» proved SuMirthe .lav?^ two WVll., whm and aager, by neltter of whteh ^oStatMnperateman to/be overcome, ftuti pratae Alexander for Ua Mhaeqaeiit conduct, d* M became Instantly OonMloo. of having «?rpSnSdanatrocloiydeed.". "The mnJorUy of hlaloriana w^te ^athe mmd ta hb eWmber and lay there lamenting and oalllar oa CfcUda by aakne. and oa hie .Ifrter Lamice, hi. .nur.e, and .ayiag IjjW iSniJyH wheaWwnup, hadreoald her (beteriif W .ftjf ioiiliad already fhlk^ in battle hi hlednfence, and now he, with U> owahandi had muPdere*her brother. HedldnotceMetocallhinaflf themofderer of hU Wend, and 0brtinately ah^ned ftir threj dsrik n^ wly ftota food and %ink, hot alio froiti hll attention to Mi#*^ "^« dafereea he^allowed hi. friend, to miUgate the violence of Idi crier, and mpa^llylirtened to the coaMlation. of ArMander, wh^ttj- Mlad the mtafbHune to the imtaediate dtoleaaure llnit inrlbrmiiUon of tba actaal eomaMaoMMirt •hoatilitita. dfd qot rea<*h Alaxander b«lbr« bia flrat vialt lb BaeMa. HAqd Um ezproaaien of iOachtoea, as to ndanibMay A'oint|iakiDgortb«i^ythiana brought TaliMbla ' jw a f ia, and oflhfad tba Uayglitcr of their aoTcraign in maniaga. Al- ^niUMlar recMvad them as kindly aa balbre^bat declined, the koaoar of 5jlt SoytUan oonocxion. ji, 'rTvSBaclMkdao came Pbaraamanes, king of the Choraamiaiia, eaeor- ,t«^ by AAmp hosdred cavalry. Hi* object waa to pay hb reapetfta to ^ tke ooaqnerbr of Aala, and to oflbr his wprvicea in pdding and provla- ieaWg tb»anny, If the king wiahed f|»«nbdae the nationa to the oarth md west of tba Caspian sea. Pbarasniaoes yfM treated with dna lif MRHTs, «nil told to place Mnia«lf in oommanioatlon with Artahwoia, aatrap49f Bacfria. Alekaii4«r (tedined his olfiers'lbr the pr^aaat, aa be #aB auiopa to enter India i but a4ded thlat it was his Intentioaafki Ai- .fftfKm IJpi^lod to conduct a large naval and labd fo^ce into (ha Bmdae, 'JHhare the «o- operation of the king of Chorasinia would be tbankAilly mstAtd. ■•,..■..■■ ^^ ,l!|ilai|lKU i;v. .■ r* ,.»,N I . , „ orfAPTBR XI. ' . . . ■ ' ■ ' ■ , ' •, . . . • . ■ -•/', I, BlSp;; 5Seli«mI<.r. .hor.ft>re, I^V ^>«ter^ -y ^i^Ji^f^'Jl? SS3&> i£il p*Hfy the ll,e»ri«n.. tvhfl^* ''""•''5JL JutiJ^^. S&TOKttS»T&indii any «t tfrelAim .ikI hf lltO 8tyl. ^d Opfty , MTb^lMlty AVttbfW., ittntrh»a eastward hitrnrdt ^ Iw;**tJ«. Q%]U,^ky .torm » bQrtIc|!prref.s and adygnred *v*n>d nt BeclrlAfcfcreW «{ HkeJQojM. liVliM otbdr fcdldipra, Whowaw r«*oirart*faflh«lrb»al«r » «lSr w>irtd» pnd 1H*««. Tb«*. f««NtM»5<» ^ J^ l!%tt>f»ns, •aUi*a Tdrth, «Fd bf tt» y^ lof ifcj^y- ,. dtfcch»Un» (ftfc Hh*lrtoo«t c^^^a 5<*»l*'**^**L!?5lr; iiimttaikti amniMiil J tail dettrajwr^y 8^P» Trt-Mf^ lH>ttba.jMipe chanrctflra.aa talba Sunaii a mf«m;rtwb« riWtaa h»r«lc l_™-^_ -^ id^ rbapaodMto, who coahmghf W wwt i» i wf i .^aattbattivt). . ^, ' , • .^ i^Mlnrua laceived informatloq of thU diaaaterKbd p n of Nl«olaaa, appolptfd to ^Qttieed*Mmf n» i^'* .vr;^; r>«Mj| vc»ifltaiiro hitherto made K3r SfNl^nrnsfflK mM jlliv* K Mtiiation anK^ng lun coonlrymerf^ In t«wiin|i geaAtrd 117 lil tfW( y*«ni «#enl wcororlV iwi obJMt ofcalrubtion, but to conlmttf ^"^ '^ar in « li»r .diff«f«a»t light, and a mrci^riil rflbel|Jon for vm of ^^liMrfuffiriiint y> «hake tira alabilHy of the graatoat qmp&e m ^ff tfaht ttw Aaciana if«re diapo^ to reT<)lt for a RUMlitfii of jheir own aatraa, AnanMa, ih« aucoaat^ ba ;' tAit ^4 ^alrap of tha Tapairi .%ad rofli»«d . to. alMil '^ -w**"***^*'**" *'""'' ^ '"'' **"'* Qijf^lea, t}ie Madiaa iatrap; I WtHW^. noglActiog hin diK^. Atropatea, a ^#IH! ikoblemaa of ^' hMlTank, wits vent lo diitp'acH and aacc^d Oxj^ataa ; and Btaai|or t)1>ri^l^cniea, the Parthian aatiap, had been roortniMioiMd to aUM tmtitut. .*TUej hkd atfceaedod, and now kroaght iha ArfUti aiil|«p' McbiAM to the oamp* Staaanot, 6np of the C^tApanioflia, and «.'n«^ af QDNf nriir^entto auccead hinwiaaatrap both orAeirajaMnheOnsgaBf and PhrktaphdfQea, to ap|M-eh«nd (ho Tapsiran aatrap,^ biliig h|in itt- to the camp. . . , * "«•• Cceiiua, with a powerful force, atill contiMed on the eeat^rn fraatipr .01 Soidiana^ .watching the firoceodinga of S{pitafnen«a,'whoae actMlf Ma lifteijc to Be renewed bjr the appteoriwice of winter, .now. 'aettiajpb^ flMgniiiperauaded the MaaaentaB to jain kim.in a plundering nusuf* ■MB intoi Sofdiann. Thia waa not difRcult, aa thejr had no aattlad Ikmum^ buf could caaily, if invaded, ratnpva their familiaa^ flocka, and^hordQ^iih t* Ihennmoat receeaea of Eastern Tartar;r ; they #^re not, til&6lbraataUntaaqd^thiMlv^a^ I Micedotiiana. Upo^ tbia Coanaw r«(iieB«#|» tiM wintci: ^iwriiuni jimilhca, BMr M«foaiid|» wim«. Ommfim0 *tter vmvd^ t0i 4tii- [%jMe«Mtioaof fla^kla. .' , , i^'£^t;^^^i^^ :' '■- ;' ■ on ttMT tma^n dflba Oxua^^tivtii^u)^ cm af^ter.lM » [baratC«Nr%«eatbiataDt Tbe pf«:«$nfraB uMtkiaalto >*«B»flW%wb9fvor|adittailb»Uii. Aban ' -locoawb*, midar tbe gwdaiate ^ .V* f ' '■.f'to- V '■' m98ttoil«)me of all tb* Asiatic cynpaigos. TBe ^hole of the land was in arms ; the Macedonuins had to spread tl^einselVaii in small bodies over the face of 9 county, which is capi^ bto of m«intauiinfl.an immense population, provided/ under a wise and IxA^nt goverMjent, the waters of the great riVers h« judicious. 'l^^ilfiis^ MidowBfuUy h«|8banded. At present it is m tiio hands ofHhe most EfedMdhometonsin Asia ; but in t^e tenthcentury, a^jcording to'Ebn Wuk»J, Ma^aralnn^ir alone could iurnish 300,000 ciiyalry and aQO,dOO inf|Bptry for foreign service, without feeling their abaeftce. ♦ <• ^^ chApteii xji. Eighth Cmpaign, B. C. 327. %-'-iti^'- . S^iUfeWdtg places still held out. Alexander, therefibre, j»ith t)ie *^jSrfctpeepofepnng, or rather as 8006 as the extreme severity "of the \|iat«r had relaxed, fed hi»army rotoSogdiiha, iriorder to befeiege a '^ptecipitoUs rock, where, as in an impretcnable forthtts, Oxyartes, a Burtrian chief^^Md plaeod Ms wife and children, while he kept the field. V&a ihe Maeedomaiit aitived at the fool of it; they discovetad (hat it iuia InaceeMibld on every side^ and abundantir JirovisioaAd for al«M^ Ueekaae, A hdkivy fall of snow increased thp difflculties of the aaif^ iqata ^tbe confidi^ace of ll^'barBarians, who were ffbuftrtaiaked #itt V T&iaJak-ot>8eifvation by Arrian, partly accounts f or ttie totd lUaDce, -ia fer m HiyTdbearches have gone, of ailthe Arabiah gM>grapher8iBBd liWtoriapa concerning this apparently impregnabia and cettalmv ina«H «Rieti|ile forirem ; for the rock, it appears had no springs, and «B|Ma«d filbdo ^ t«avena for itri^ppUes of water ; hot ai th» Uma the IMncetfo- '|i^uur,,^eriiU8 ivere ignorant of this csircumstance, or Alexikndar woiild tetwaiiuiwtbajiotweather setin. j iui ^ He^evertttel^wimmbned the place, and proriiised safety •»• ^T tedtOQ toan,(iRrUh liberty to retum.to their homes, on cok^Utt^i <>».fF- , ' tWUferinr tlieir ftfrtrbss; The garrison answered V"" ^^'V'lSSf ^AtotaBderifho wished to capture the irock, must nir|*n^»»BeM ^^ «fMBd mim. When the king woeired this answer, M PJ*«'*>«>g thivteblftcamn, that tbb firat soldier who ascended the ^qck, sw*MW «Wa twelve taicnts t' the sec ond/eleven-, the third, ten; and so down '^i^ltillAM^A 't feflj(t:ikiiitJfeLiii'l ..-t i^fcfa.1 ■j.^Uifti^ ^,„^„.^..^„^i„;-^- 119 •^ M;. alJsxaNdek «»^etweinh,who^wa8 to receive one.talent, or three hundred ddt«io8 J v./r«f " • r*r '" '>^ P'"-^^"* ^"y ^'''^'^y *o appreciate the cuJ: ' KJfiy^"^ ^'^'.'?f""''>*"^' ^'^^ 2/" ''Wch fs estimated as ^2 gtotyMwy weights 8IE grains of firigl.shlroy-weight ;' but we may I ^ --^^ 'deaof Its real remarkable valSe, when we 7ead that irthe Ume.WAea^pIiotionedareicamonthwasrMardeda full pav for dm %JBthe»vy-aimed soldier. We may, the^fore/ Wy iSine" Z jgilahontha ..ouldnaturaUy be.excited among thnKcedoE by, ^.SK?. r?rr' ^''If " P'°'""^ ^«'''^'» '^'"^ independence to-fte m«i wccdssAii, afad d. handsome competence to the twelfth in order. FiS ttSfir'S^i'.'^.^'P''?'^".^^'^ themselves for this dangerous servifi^. ^^u^^^i^-'^'"'''^ ""^'""^^^ ^«'« «'^l«=ted5 thise were ftr- T^f^A -f' *** ^ '"««l-t«d «^here necessary in the interstices of 5- «^ h! » "* 1^? ^^4 """"^V T? «'«^»» P«S was akched a strong pjeS rfqor^by^ay of ladder.. The clithbers selected the most preM " ^f^l''^^t'^u^'^T^?''''''^^^^"^''^'''''f''^^oo^ as it "^as d4 nwtyoutofthe three hundred lost their hold and footing, fell faeadB ttdwinkso deep mtot^ toow that their.bodies could not be reco^ettrff tor *arial ; , the retnamdfer succeeded in their perilous epterprisi}. ahd^ S'wl®l°^?^;^*^^'l-*/ topofthft precipice; this was considerably %b«r than he broad ptatform occup/d by "the barbarians, who w^rt Mtunmedmtely awveof theira^cent Alexander. therefore, againsourirf-' ?/ Pwley. and called on the garrison to surrender the fortress, as he- S ?i'W procured the winged soldiere, with the want of whqffl they W before taunted him. The barbarianswere astonished, oil looSS JKiS«^ SfnST'l- *'"P^H!*^^^*=«***»°''« soldier Who, accohiS iSj^v i^fP'**"^* ofhoen in the air. toiraitete tn6 motion^ ^^^^!^yJ^Tl?'^ surrendered without forther delay, and thS^ C^JH^ft^'^'^^'"''' ftvourite maxim, "That.!J%SSiS' J?S^ * the brave, nor secure to the* timorous." For' althoS. wf^d hot supboto according to the aeount, that the defender* wSt a^fOOin number, yet it is clear, that a few brave men could haveeS^ h|Vf overpowered an enemy without defensive arms* witUbuta cb«w»of bwgrapDorted, and with their litifibs necessarily benumbed by the Swn CT'^'i? °'«^i '^H*"^- Among tKe captives wei^ the S. fl.1 '^r**"' 7t^ eldest daughter, Roxana, if Sid to have been! jU» theteception of the wife of Darfus, the loveUwt woman eeenfef ^ B^tmnsheld a middle place between the Peruaas andt6^ Sci gjMarUiking more oftbe polished ntaumsw oflhe former thair of t n*^ of tWlallQr. They stUl exist in- Kboraaan and Mai ' under tM modified name of Biikbars. Wearied with tl^ unceaMC wooeipMftorttew tribes of eonqnerors from the deserts of TartJ^nTS liavefor,aisiwoou»c«dthepractteoof«rm»,and,like the AmSSi; i-«- . *»*" "r?"-"; 'tl0'f*^i^-^'-^ TlilS 6U£AT. 120 ««^&JSSfe'ifW*^fo'^^^^ Tartiiis. idto^Hg whom SHEt ^wotoeDT who are genertl^^ ^11 and wel|^»ped. S.^KlwafriorashewaB, tod with thb had QXJmple of bis; SS»otobted8tate»a«ipubUcly soleamiswdhis naarrww ^^« he'- i^SSSElheconsttitedliiatwoftiendii, Oraterus and Heph»8tion,j SSE0niteni8«tron«ly dissuaded him from aa oilUaiice «> rephg^v SSMacSooratf prSiiicea, while the gentler natiiw •» Heptoekou ^^SSalrtaione powrful enowgh to prevent h;f fnend^ lov- J^ llvfmy gretifying arf honorable ^ssioii. 1 :«i«At^. &% rtpwt-for I sM no ctoae for supposbg that tti^ act w t tbXa foeliam <»<^the Macedonians. Why should a ftiotMn _ more dsgwSng to AIe3Mnd«?r, than Dlytiarv and Ttafwan ' ''*1S.**n?i»m SSSRmer.imt9» they wbm the most relactsnt (e sabmtt, «e«e ICSblaattoaliako off tfaaMaoodbnian yoke. ,• _ - * ^^' * i»Ji««ouat of these two campwgntiaiiotgwM wito bis neopi m In •tofna to hav9 been weaned- with re«oriiii^ the Bumwooa MeoMMennarchesmade Deceawrtty dnriiigthiA tedious .and BM#aNhr«. Although, theveftm; I have foUowMlhiat uilw M*" n^OML I amatron^ inclined to believe tbattjhe Mwk, Wwe ««»■ LlW frM ay,««rii captored, wwnot ip Sogdiana bat ip Bacttw* di wHIi aogdi*%'ofwhy 190k for a roftige beyond the Q»wi,wji»^^ 5ai^d3iS^Kiw«tW«iiMWttfeftrw which #a^^ B^ MevioQs lbliia«q»dilM» into bdb, «^*,*»ifa«i»ii^jtf^ liftiSMildiiiiki Af llw W«• 7>?«. «J Slted^meat He added, that his ntumBcent donation 'had not «£mtS one-tfnOi of btt xegular stores. Two chiefe, Austane. SfTS«.M S kept the fitld in Parstaca. Craterus was sent MAe drew and arms as the soldiers of the phUanx. ^Smderlike most other brave warriors was pasMonately fohd of S^^ld nol be Found. But at Bazaria, which F**^^ r» ^ "J*! 5!f«^-r.hA found a rowil park, which, accordmg to the tradiUons rftlSmS^Std^tnotb^^disulrbedfor four generations. .Th^ ^k! jS^Siini eSr to the forests of odr Norman king, were m^ SSed ojyffSe rf the empire, and the animals bred *•«« rejerved ttttio^rthemonich^im^^^^ ^.Tld'tiStt wS? w«2hMS water was selected for the purpose, TOclpfcd with fofty waus, SSSKth every -pecies of w'lld^^ SSiS'SrS MrdiMto Xenophon, posseatea ofte of great exW round U» aj^ SC&SX.Vnd Xleam from St Jerome, tMt, in hi. .^ Bahr W toSfSbSenconVertedbythe P«tW»nking.«toartrJ^Jj; rwSapolte, inhi. fotdexHif^on to^^^ anelomrw, and destroyed the w»ld beasts by the assww^ » ■H/ THE GHEAl'. 123 /W^ may infer from the report of the natives that the remotene»8 of Ihe Bavarian chasp had pr6yented the last four monarchs from Tiaitiilg it Al^ander, therefore, anticipating coniilerabld resistance, led a sttODgdetachmentofhis army into the royal preserve, "and declared trar against its defuzens-rfew of which probably had ever before heard JlS *""*JK1* '°!"*'^» °"" ^®"' ^^'^ ^""oatl and pointed blade of the hunting !^*W. The king was in front and on foot, when an enormous lion, rft^sed from the lair in which he had remained so many years iindistur- 1^, feced his assailants and seemed inclined to select the king for his ttMagonist The lion never attacks while running, walking or standing. He Brst crouches and gathers his limbs under him, and thus gives am- ple warning of the intended spring. livsimachus, destined in time to be one of Alexander's great ^suoCes- Mjra had encountered a lion in single combat on the banks of the Eu- Idrates^ and bad slain him, but not without receiving a dangerous 8t«oke-trom the paw of the wounded brute, which had laid his ribs bare and serioDsly endangered his life. This gallant, officer now step- p^Torward, placed himself in front of his king, but Alexander, jealpaa oQtbe honour already acquired by his general, ordered him instanty to wfire saying " he could kill a lion as.well as Lysimachus." Hia words «^ confirmed by the deed, for he received the animal's spring on the pant of bis huntinff^spear with so much judgment, and coolhess that m weapon entered a vital pai^ and proved mstantly fatal It was on this occasion that a Spartan Amb'assador, who had been deputed to wait lipon him after the defeat of Agis, exclaimed, " Bravo Alexander, well tMBt thou won the prize of royalty from the king of the woods !" > -^ Bat the Macedonians, who were too fsensible of the value of their sor- eiQigDfa life to permit it thus to depend upon the critical management of atkuntipg-spear, convened an assembly, and passed a decree, that thence- f(t^ard Alexander should not combat wild beasts on foot, nor hunt ^fliotlt being personally attended by a certain number of the great of- ftprs. Probably this was not the first time that the kirig»s life had hon eadangered by wild beasts. For Cratenis consecrated in the fempld of flWpbi a hunUng piece in bronze,— the joint workmanship of Lysipmis «M^L«pchares— which represented a lion aad dogth-the king fi^&ig 1^ the lioo--and Craterus hastening to his prince's 8SBistaBM.^Fb«iie BQBting parties were not only dangerous from the ferocity of the wiW lM8t8,but also from the unskilfiil or rash management of tteur wwpmw of the followers of the chase. Thus Craterus had bis thigh pierced fluiouffh by the bnce of Perdiccas, while they were engagedm huatinff ^chneumon on &p banks of Ihe 1«file. Four thoiuand hewT^ M^ofvariouskiVewereslauffhteredin the great na|rk at Bazarik, IMl|e sport was closed by a oubTio banquet, prindpaUy conmoaeil «f the ventton. It ought to be added that'even Curtiua allows that thelbbl- . "torf of the exposure of Lysimachus to a lion had no other fbiki^ tun than the facts above recorded. Bnt th ere occurred either Jurmg thia^ir aaother h i«ting |mrty about— i}|;;;'3.. \v"' 134 ALli^AM>KK the PVM period, «Tirct»n»tanc« whicli, «^ts consequence^ had weU ^lKr^!hVj(^cyo&ip to educate the sons of the Mteedo- dian,K»biUtyinhi.o*-np«lXe, both fur the «f.ke of their grejJer^M"- pmwmwtf, Hud pwbajAy of ensuring th* loyaltar and fid* of ^ir f^ fen£ iTorder mw immediately to connectthea. ^tth the court, .oiDe of tie offices about Uelfciug's person wore aitirely cw"®'***"* J^ *t . ciiS^^y acted ns- the royal cha^lberlaipe ; J^^^^^^^ ^, hSZ careof A« horses from'the door of ^e stable un® the kij^ jun* , hb own \mwJZ retinue were mounted. T W^also. to M^ Um 09 hunting expeditions, probably to manage *he dogj, and^^^aupp^v It^ king withlresh weapons. The title of royal p^es, therefor^, Jlli suit ihZ better than any other in our language. /"™°'""\** ^Sit fj' poto, bne of these young genlleraen,Tiair m the heat of a boj;^^"*; /'»- Sn L rfutyTndslain the animal-perhaps unhurly (for the laws ef Hie chasp in lilT ages and climes have been very "bttrary),-certeinly «> as to interfere witf the roval sport The page was deprived of h.e horje^ arid orderedto be W p^jv so^a Soatratus, the son of Amptas his particular fr^jf/*?""*^'*^ pages, to enter into his des-igns. ^fostratus s«P'=««''jl ' . pi' cMr kntioater. the son of Asclepiodohis, the satrap « Syna, 1S»- mSL iKMra^^^^ Antlcles the s6nlofTheocrib6 allowed frej^ irSir3wes».«t all hours of the day and night; It waa.oftenhfir &T£ SStSl nightat the king's bedside. Herp«i^.ctioM,a^^ ESiSai^^ either fromp<^U^y «' W'^^'SS* Jft^S SSMWnS'WWDP3«.d attention to her ad^iRe. 0^ «»W. W; S^^uU mt Ewyder as he wdUmi>«4wteiyeomplied y^^JW^ inpMrtblA) Brthablft thiiMfce Svriijn, wbP«P, Pnviffcsd "5'?>%*« m^»SX»4ti^tX:Sil^m mQ«N *f count«wt|M.the,r M nextdaflSmenes communleated thej^tto^Chpripre* «i fhrce the ceremony of prostration, th^ drunken revelries and cooeequent somnolency of Alexander-^wero more than could be any longer toldrar ted by a freeman ; and that he had done wejl in desiring to ^Uver Uie flWfedonianf from a tyrant who had pirtPhilot^to death unjustly, Par< menio withlont even iKe forms of law, and who had murdered Oleittis in i fit of dfunkennesB. But the assembly had no sympathy with the yQUng rejflcide, wRo wished to screen his own vindictive passions under tbi cloak of patriotism and love of freedom. They therefore condMO^' him and his associates to death, but ifl executing the seatence th^y did. not use their darts, as in the caho of Philotas, but overwhelmed m' cinhtits with stones. ^Thisconspiiacy originated not in Macedonian but demecratio prinei- pfes, nor ought Alexander to have been astonished, at the consequences of Ins own conduct* He was the patron of democracy in the Asiatic cities. He delighted in the conversation, and encouraged the vicits, of tte democratic philosophers of southern Greece. Had heeonfined hintoetf within these bounds, l)i8 conduct would have been as hannlQia ^ the coquetry of Catherine «i Ru«sia and of Frederick of Prussia with similar characters in modern times. But he committed a serious miflt^e, in entrustinff the most important part of the education 'o( (he royal pages to Colisthcne* Thi« man had been a pupil of ArifltStlei aeeordingto some-^vriters he was liis nephew ; nor cwit )>ed6t4(tM tl»t be owed his situation in the courtof Alexander to the recommoiula^ tiOB 9f the Stagyrite. vHe was an Olyntbian- by birth, rjide of maimer sapabqld of speicht of strong intellect and cohsiderableeloqueacerfba prUHaples were thoro of extreme democracy, nor perhape hadjha i3>j^ g^> the destruction of. his country by Philip; at l^ast itpiay bein»r- e jquestioi;, grossly abused the Mi^ «(Mm>vili6ed Philip, wboro succosn he imputed fd the divJsj-"^^ qM|)MM:teabIican Greeks, and not to. his own talents, and^oqc wi||tj|r^aowaon'to tiijii puirpQ;M^-->- ^ '*■ ' . # . !» M.X^ V ,. "S0^-*%^- 126 •ALEXANDER ' The wieked wretch through dl^brd honour won." m^ % this he drew upon himielf the implscable hatred of the Macedoni- ans, and Alexander said, that " he had given a specimen not of his elo- quence but of his raalevoionce.'' ■ , Plutarch's accouift of . this ill-judged ebchibition is closed with the ob- serywtion of Aristotle, that the eUi^uence of Calisthenes was iiideed gr^ iMit thatW wanted common sense. Itappears that he indulged in vioi^t speiBcbes, evien in the presence of Aristotle, who is said to have answirodoneof them by simply repeating the Homeric Ime— ♦ ■ ,,:/* "ShortdateofUfe,my, •. f It is difficult for persons who form their general'idek of a Greek^- loaof^er from Plato, Xenophon, and Aristotle, to conceive the imr- encebetween^ these truly great men and tfie -swarm of sdphists who in latter ^roes^usurped the name of philosophers. Plato, Xenophon,, and Aristotle were gentlemen in the most comprehensive sense of the word, the companions and friends of monarohs, and v^bo knew hpw to jresj^t therighw and privileges of others, without betra^^g their own dipiity and independence.^ But the later sophist, 4he imitator of DiogeM, tWOki it much easier to acquire the name of k philosopher by i»^iiihg the deoenoies and ev^n charities of life, and inculcating the do^tlnne of iodiseriminate equality:— when I say iNoiscKiinNATB, I mean that M distinctions, except those of superior intellein and virtue,, monopolized of coorse by the philosophers and their adoiirors, were tobe.contenmw utd set at naught Thus CaUatheneewtuB accustomed to saypalwcqr, th*k Alexander had much more need of him thanjp bad of Al«W*f;^ that the tog's acbievements w«re entirely at his mercy— andtnwWp immortality did not depend ulibi theialsehoods propo|M^^ ^S^i^"*^ hie birth, but on what he, tM historian of his actions, mifPt W^^ r^te: • Hbrmolaus wa« his favourite pupil, and stroifgly ,»*****2» /'Sr to his p^non and doctrines. It is not wonderful, therefore, that- tfte 7-e o nd t ict< >f^iypgpit8hoaldhave excite*OT»picioB»a^natme.Hp*ecep?^ THE CHEAT. 127 l;! ** tor. ^Bhndd^'J!!Z^r'j£- *•*• «°'«'P'!?*<^« ^onfesBed that Cali- fcin* 8nJ1.5^.f?V^"*« *"*° their complaint!, airaiiist tfa^ tang. Borne add, that when Hermolaus was bitterlv latn^nt^ilhuL^ Sttrrikte^TuC'"'^"'"'^ castigation. liable toT^ _JfctI Mero remonwhatMBver to doubt the onited iMlimiinv «r fecting hu. «nd, Ariatobulus and Ptolemy disaeree • hrffoJ^Tr «o« f" ^d.n custody, the other, that he wa, fiittT«d'and Sr^S ^^ On such a point the coronwnder of the guard must be. the beS^AoT a have dwelt Ae longeron the subject of Calisthijnes. because hia ^jnddeath were regarded by his brethren oTSeTong^^^l 0?!^^''' 'a f "-"'t """^^ outrage comniitOKl aga nrt thSTorSr »j wa» tegwrded as a martjrr to the great doctwne Sof the luSy jMtof thesupemrity of the self-strTed philosopher the king3 thJ ;??f wtc^:;^rhriro^%£-ith ^^, and caiu^s^^r jnnghaa Already passed away and the summer hild sotS^JS he^ H STa "*'*'^ -u '^r'^nce Ws Indian expedition, ffis troops S ^^^«2l!S ^T J*** i^"" "°«=8«*' ^ h.rd'^rviee, aboLiM^Wj SSSuaWb^; f^^^^^^^ 5!T^"'*' *^ «Sunerat*Kftr SrTflSin!^ «^^ ®'**"^ *?*" *** ^^^'^'^ ^o'e wealthy and I988 war- hte l^ations. ^fle won armed at the northern fo6t of tJparoSSI J^ according to Curttus. he had already founded a dty^WftS «^; for, according to Strabo, he founded^ght citirtin Sog^ 'JSt^n'S^Ttl «'^ "^•** *•" l^veb.en'StendedS SK5 tgwutherq end of the mam pass over the mountains; tho citTSS *^nSf * .?Ttt:„tJ rr\ ^f'««We"bl?«.rto^f1^^^ ^^JeftowhiohtheU»lMfa*pos8e894pwsopt, Ik>^ sftqayd^ d ^ts£t.?ff**S* which separate the dombioS^^ST^ me l^tMpgid Irdm Great Pukharia. As there is no 6tfi&w«v«# %)!»tMf thw city, all trav^lk^ andgoods fro»Gn*t BnklSSXiro. ^^ihS'J'T'^^*'^P on which. ccoTSrSK' jWMtJntiy ■Mintamsagood numSerofeoldiai. ih the f|rt>e,^rt (Wise «« not very strong* t < „ .. "^"'^'^"*^8* 5f?g*^ K??*« fcoadod two years beforw. Hehad 00SSS1L OMnMaud with the «ov«mor, whom he tfierefem r«»«^^ iL^taT a««ncol«Uststothecltj;. i^itdiSSS^^^^SStwiSM^ -;^'-i.r,:. i2b ALEXANDEtt n.iiM of Alexandria. The probability, however, i*. ihat the inoi e aii- SSfortoapSrwhlch th« new city w^lta replac^ recovered citUe* SJimTStaJirtance. For Stmli wlKe that the main road fro.., BiSfTto thefcdie*. waa acrdW the ParopamUo. to«rfo.pano; aad SSSvhiurno Alexandria fn thnt nelf hbourhood, bttt a Cabara, aUo JSaTiitorp^a Cabura, i*lthoot aSy real change., ia % mddern ^T^i !rt!!wf» «r Ind^in all aces, whether the invader ia tb advance 2S5^AlI*2driHWM therefore, eithefr the ve^aame aa Cabn!, KS hS^S SS b^t in It. Immediate vlfcinlty. I^d -tance on the SSbiSrcIi^derab and Cahul la »biut o hundred mile».IVor SSd^aScSonian army, with Ita regular baggage, have c^sed S^U^Kw^" ° ^ ^han t^n day*, for the roaJ. .uch aa^, fd- w-tS33lv the beds of torrentu j and Timoar, who waaM and £3 tJKSJriea in « Wter. on his return from India. «a. -W^ar- Slg W^^rto croM one river^ Iwenty-aix and another tWle^|y4wo ■ ^Wn advanced to a city called Nlcaja, where he alicriflc^d t& Wl- »iXa Wl wjered the .atrap« to the we%t of the Indue to come ami SSim TS«5Sa was theSlef of thene. and bdth hejind he m nor SJiS oUySffelJoghl pi^nta, «»d P«mJ«dto give ^W«««£^ ' rfeoSantawble I tbtfpiMMaeti. H«'re hi divided hfa army. Heph- 2SS«wrParliwaB,Srith one divtoioo, were afait throng^, ^be proT- SS?f1wiotenf^blch Pencela wa. thjj^t«l.toJ,e bjljtof £e iStoTtherei to conatrnct a bridge ; an4 tttjea and the other «- 2;fJwSioXedtoac.j<)mp.nythe«.. Ant^^kf^^J^i^^^^.^^ «r£te«. nroved tO^cUuk, bat waa aoon enhdued, and hta eUeC alty, SSffiy'SiSSwnPeSwar.waatake,,; the.twogenertOa Aen p«»- ^ed to «x«cate thekr fcf ther ordira. . JJesander. with theW of the army, marched/* the left»irtdtte m^SSSreSon. Interaeded by tW weat«rn branche. of Aeh 5ff ^crSd to»tt'-c«aaloil the Choea or Cho««>ea, th* Eoaapla, StIwaSSS it I. uaelesa to atteiiit>i to fo>U.w "m thtoo|V^ I^^A ^etflooa ; bnt hia perronal adventarea were AiU t^f 4QeI*nt. ^^rin«he?*a« (WhiS ktiU retnidtMi dat^andmoatba^Oif ** to teSJSSg fWM?Gallil to the Iddua (np^d the &«iM| he Mah*Bd a Il55Sy b?a donbln wiOI. In tiraawiolt by wtieh M^f¥m SSuSSeSriS. ^SoMiida^ waa wonnded by ati arrow In the *'' »>oJy from faShii into ZLt?*"*''/ •'""•''• Ptolemy must fherefore have letiied witoodt X trophies of victory, had not Alexud^er himself arrived at ih?crtic3 3^^.'*™.*"°°*^''/'';?''"' HoimmedintelyirdeTodhl-ffu^Idsto ditmount. ran up and after a severe and well-contested strSeihe Tbtai"sJtrulJ°«'*" Indian were borne away by the MacedSSaSi M-K i'^il"""'" ^T"*!*' «"'» ''«'' °ot the king himself been 5««!iS! l7i?."'** '»'»«P «nt*t'«d Ptolemy to the second ' spolia opi»a" ?S.tl Ei^^l'^^'u .**'^ worthy observing, that both Erlgyw and i^TX'u ^ husd^gulshedf emselv.8, were the youthful favoor. tasJBactrian ciunpaign. to the g^eat sorrow ot the king. Craterus, on ^devolved all separate commands of consequent, was ordeVed tatjuildanew toM. on the site Sf the one hurned by Uiese Indlww iS!Sfi"*Tt*i.*"""' direction of a lofty mountain, where the CSL^«H ?* '"'""»?«"»» were said to*ave taken refu^ with tbak (tocksandberds, and encamped at>|he foot of it. "imi uwir i« fc!'«*£.^***i!r2^*° reconnoitre, il^d brought back information that. S^r^.^k""" '*ft''*^; '^ "'^ '" th* enemj's stations wereferimS nMaeroas tbanin the king's camp. Alexander, concluding from^ that a combinaMon of various tribes bad taken nlace nM^^Ja^J^^ Jtojie^ny Intended attack. He took with hS C hH^dlii'; ^l Cfcnttamber^f troops, left the rest in the camp, and^MSSdSd tte SS'JW"' ^^" t"''"* approached the enemy's fires, andwcMmiE ^r??"* *^''!^' .V"".""*"" another, and Ptolemy the third iWlu bjggthe inhabitants of these districts were distinguished for tEir SSS? »ri^**.'""'i""l".°'' ^'^'''^y thousand bead of various Wnds S5X'f^S^J""P*"'***' . Alexander, struck witb the size and aoS5? SSSnSn? "*** "'^ improving the breed iTSena- ^AuS^t advanced to the r|ver Gurajus. which he forded with^ fW« di%ulty. as the waters were deep and the cnrrentsioni? Si Jj^orter moontaln streams, Its bed wt 13U AL£XAN1>KK ^^SrinfpJovlncM^k «ft.ge on tbejN^lebrated rock Aorajjrej SSato>ffi.le, aAd to have thrice r^^l^^.^Zl^^lJi'^S^. SSSrttfty "»»* beacon-fim, iniicated to the kK KL?;S!?*'*'"*.rt*^' The post occopiedappeari la have been a detacbed sammit, which oonsiderably hampered the proceedinn of the BMtoged^ Al«zaiider nuuto an attempt to ascend flrom his side also. £irTJ!!S?'!!*^*'**"^ *'»*''• diflloBlty. The enemy, encouraged by •fcrtr BUOosiB, thra turned their forces against Ptolemy, who wl^ diflT- ^«# ^'i ' **^ tha hands of another Indian traitor, a letter to Ptolemy. oOQtniniiv an order to make a vigoroiis attack fW>ih bis position as !2i?^«:'*''"fr*^*'°*""" assailed by^himself Alexandei's objctot iST-ifT A ^"^ ■?*• i**'° P^oJomy- The aimultaneons attack^- B«^I£ w !•. ""^ "V"*' ■"•'• ■*'*"» contest, succeeded by mMdmj. !k^.£f i?'*/'^ behvattacked fWun Mow by Alexanderfand t/St tbovaby Ptplemy. retired and left the path op4. Thus tbi> Maoedo. SSL 1*7* !!!?? '"**1*°? ^'l* point preoc*upled by Ptolemy. Bolknat ffifliMiltiea stiU remained; for the summit thus oo«uplo4 Was seMSiSd ftom whatmay be termed the main body of the rook by an imoMiue ravine. The victorie* of the Maaedoidans ha^, however, been MUev- edas mach by toilsome labbursaa by discipline and valour ; they thei«- lbra,*MtroUy began t«rfUl up thointirveniag space. , '""'"""^ tofiMi'days, under the immedhite inspeetion of the mg,jAM won. «eifBl exerttoQp (tf- the army had advanced the mounds iiSdIthe #iirks •McM on It, whhin bow-shot of the rock. Soon afie7 wSui^T teDbedsnqimiton a level with the great plain was seised add oooimied l«»saiaUparty of Macedonians.* The Indians, JindinL tbSRw wexpoMd to the enemy's missiles, sent a herald anno^olng their in- MBtoa to surrender on ternM, pnrvidedthe assault wiw postponed. Tb tUs Alexander consented^ but soon received inlbn ^ "^^^^^ •Mart Of tte Indians' was to gain thne, andiorwithdrai tf the mght, to thehrsevefal homes. The king therefiir _ _ hfaen^ts, and left the paths open. Bntassoon as" ha pmlved that Uie enemy s. outworks had been deserted— he scaled the took, and JS?.S!!^?!k* ^J*? «"t jPrined the summit draw uiTtheir comrUw ?5?^.5?" ««w achieved this memorabto oonquevt. The eotfuttand *h«Sh^'ST«!!I''!.^~.I*** .''■■ intruBted to ibtoS^^tus, an lodinii' SrSiSi? '***?'* *° *'^'**^'« ^f Bmius, and of Whose adelt^ he !!r!!S! !Sf •«*»• Pto^—The rock i* not faMwn to me Aote lipd- Pj^ant horitles, nor^do I know of any traveOer who has examined «Ub MMM corner. It ■^. 132 ALEXANDER temiKNtiry liberty in-tUe lich pastures on the binks of the Iqdus. Al- exander had alre^y assembled a large troop of elephaot-hnnterg a- round him. and with their assistance recovered all the animals bat two, which were represented lo hnv,e fallen over precipices, in their attempt A« the bapke of the Indus were covered with foreel trees, he cut down timber, built vessels, and embarked on the river. J[t was as the fleefwns Ihlling' down the stream that h6 visited Nysa, the inhabitants of which daimed hi* protection, as beings descendants of part of the vtotoriooslbst of Dionyens, who bad foanded their city, and peopled it with the Invalids of his camp. Inproofof their assertion they show- ed Ivy, the Bacchic emblem, which, according to them, grew In no o- ther part of India but4hcir territories, and araount»in abov^ their city, called Marof. or tJie Thigh, in remembrande of the miracaloua birth of Dionyans. Their chief, Acuphis, gave Alexander a description of their coiisuiiition, according to which the supreme power was lodged in a. cottBcilof three hundred, consisting of the citizens most respei^ted for age, rank, and ablMties. Alexander was willing to believe their Bac- chic origin, and that at last ho had found traces of the two demigpds , who In remofer ages had preceded him in his present career. He there- fore treated the Nysans willi particular attention, and granted all their reqaests -on condition of being famished with 900 horsemen as a milita- ry contribntion, and a hundred (I must not spoii the Gwek pun) of their but mm a« hostages. At the last demand Acuphia«miled, and when asked to explain his mirth, replied, that Alexander wa» weir come to that number of the band and vicious characters in Nysa, but wiahed to know ijpw any city could be governed if deprived of a bnn- dred oCita best men. Alexander, jHeaeed with the answer, took the cavalry, but remitted the hostages. It la^bfflcalt to accotint tok these and other traces of Hercules and iMdnyam which nr« gravely recorded in the writings of Alexander's nidkt tAittwofthjWitetori^ii. The arms of Darius, the-son of Hystas- - nea. had no doubt been carried to the Indus, and the rbcfc Aorn««»' might Iwv^ been repeatedly besiege^ in vain by the Persians. i*reekB also ftom Ionia, Doris, and iEoIls might have been settled, according to a WeU-knownPiOTian policy, on this distant f'^^^^'i^^i^'"].^^'^ with theb the mysteries of Bacchus. Yet %vith all tJbIs it is diffloalt to believe that tho Macedonians, who had traversed the most enlightened and civlltaed atirtea of Asia without discovering oce trace of He«Oles and Dtenyaas, ahoold thaiTflnd v.estlgcs of the supfposed ecpeJItions of both heroes fb the obscure comer between the river of Cnbul and In- nii^t not some Macedonians hlive visited Nysa during the cdebra- tienorthe festl>al of theHindoo €iod Rama, nild easily recognised hto identity wlti» their own Dionysus? The following passage from ' Biataop Heber'a Journal in India is the best illustration of the vfibpet; — « The two brothira, flama-and Lnchman, in a splendid palxee, were condactiBg the retreat of their army. The divinelHannlinan, fl»2!!!L and alnu>st as hairy as thennimal whom he represented, was gtmwt- Doff bcfbre them with a Idng tail tied round bis wBist,a maak » >*P'*- aa&tiw bend of « b a boon, and-twe great ndyf A iAft^Jpiteg ^ Hia tfmy followed, a number of men with MmM*'**"" I?? "••",•• died irlth iildfgo,«nd also armed with dnba. I was never>> torciwy THE GREAT. 133 ♦kf^-J'o •*'*'*''*'' ^J?P*''"''*''^^**y'«' «™«ared with wiw>4eofc and thetfivat Fan commanding them." *» .™-, «w The Macedonian chiefs would glaJlly avail themselves oFan opporM SnrS'Tu''*''"'°'"*'*«"rii'''' ''«"*'''*'»''* ^ h*d reachSd the «r„« fi,!f?^''°"T'**" of Hercules and Di^njBUs and" that to r«!f.A,7K ^y«^^/ "arches more ta the East^would be •ufficient l!S?;?.j?\''' •'^°f ^ *^'?"" of ^bition. Acuph/s and his compSa wu^d easily be induced to enter into a plan calculated to LiMto !rff7.T°if°°"'L"'"'**'^"*^R®'«"*'^«^ '" ^ ar'nj would be ve^ cnUcal m their strictures respecting the claira^ of the self-styled Bui ^^ven (he interview with the king, as conducted by the deputies of Wysaj, was far too theatrical not toTiave been studied. Wren ushered «2„^r Tf *t°*' *t«7/«'"»'J h'"" coyeredwith dust, and in ooinplete n3«^»?/»fJ* ,.Tho deputies on seeing him were apparently over- poijrered with feelings of awe and admiration, fell prostate, ind re- hTlZ ♦? f?u'*'°" V?''J t''ey were raised by Alexander's own band, It was then that thev toldtheir Bacchic tale as before described. Alexander, mtji the Companion cavalry i^id the flower of the pha- Umt, ascended Mount Merus and found it covered wfth ivy, laureUi. J- T' ^**^®'' **^?*®'* *'*«■ • *h« Mafcedonians delighted once more U,^1K. ? Bacchus, and invpked him by his-numeroue names. A- .SS??L!?'° offered a magnificefrt sacrifice to the god, and femted the wftoie arm^r. According fo some authors, many of the leading mnei^ jMrere seized at the termination ofihe banquet witii tiie.«ac?ha5aliw {toraz^saJIrtd forth m the heigbtoftiieirenthueiasm, and cwaed Mount ^J^'^''" **'**^*^ ""^^""^ '■•'«''«• and I»y»ee. From Nyan «jJlto.lwabon; The whole summer and winter «• recorded fronf A- nrtrttas hjr Sti-abo, had been spent in the march from B«etria, and their ul^aescanded into the mountains. "^ •* •»'■"'.■ « ' - . " .Aii*-^-' 1 CHAPTER Xni. " A. wa* W^region immediately to the east of theupberoourM^fd^lli^ at theponod of Alexander's invasion, posstoZd b/ thwe iSEg 134 AJ.l!:\AMDBK obieft: Abiriiiare«, who were on the left rtnong the mountains ; laxiles, who ralod over the country immediately in front, between the Indus and So HydMpee; and Porup, i^hose dominions were to the^east of the ydupe&^ut who >e^, ftom hi* military poweir to have been an ob- jwtofauspicion and alarm Jo his neighbonr on every side. Taxilet, tShinaJied either from his capital or from his, office, immediately sub- mitted and with munificent presents hastened to me*t the 'conqueror on the bukB of the Indus. TThe bridge give a safe passage to the Macule- niak army, which for the secotod tin»e thus found itself beyond the ex- treme limits . ■ » ,>i^- THE GREAT. 1»0 Ae contrary, the barbarian who abased the chances of war, a&d made a (?r«Bk his slavo, was guilty of mbst unnatural conduct. It ift Mt, therefore surprising that the pupil of the Siagyrite felt himself juMHfed 10 exacting an acknowledgement of bis supremacy from aH barbariarii; -and in.warning those who disputed the right to take the field and a moe the decision of the e(^jiow ertted .the Ihlyun. The opposite bank of Ais noble riyer was &i«cL with oe infantry &nd cavalry, the war-chariots, and the elephants of Poroa. ttVenr spot, both above and below the main roa*, that preeented ftetli" bee for crossing was diligently guarded. The invader dividedfaia troops ttto mnnerous bodies, and sent thenfl up and down the stream, in order Wooitfafle and distract tlie attention of the Indians ; but they «^re opt «• be flirown off their guard. In the meantime, Alexander formed Ium 1^02.1068 as if he intended to remain encamped till the waters Ami J?'1?'*J^**'*.***PP™*®*''"'6 *•"*«•' ; f^ «« "yew of ikhrthem India, like the Euphrates and Tigris, swell with the approaofa of the Mmmier •Matice, andahriiik withia their channels in the winter. The month of ^tetin found Alexander on the right bank, iHien be had to view the Hydaapes rolling do\vn a torpid aad impetuous mass of waters, fowteen net deep, and a full mile broad. This obstacle hkmemigfat easily bav« been overcome ; fbr the shioB builtu^n the Indus hW been tAea -to pMeiM and earned by land t^1beHyda«pe8,«id cdfta and float* «■»• pwM«nin0ated hides, constructed in abundances But whatraaieMd , PTT """iwo"*. was the liiie of elephants on the left bank. A- gander despaired of being able to Ibrmhu cavalry after dieemlMkimr. m even doubled whether Ae horsee would ndt precipitate tberaselVM mm the fleats into the water, rather than face fhoae lane aaimab, ^ ght, smell, and voice of which Were equally otf^te efalan^ ioA-^ MMreace, to the wa^hor8e. The king, theiefbre, was eottmcuM to 4M a pamage ; and he efiected this in tiie fbOowing namwr. •lie dec1ar«i ia^Uie that it was his intention to walk fbrlkefUHng «f Jewatars— allh«Migh hisMtivitr ceaMd not Ibr a nonient.' * Per eeveral itfbto m Buecesnon he oAlered lanje detaefament^ ef eavafay to parade tte banks «f tbetiver;to*oaadtlien>trugapei^to*ahoat,aittM«aM,'aad tywrtcnea and pisaonant blamoare Hum *he attention «f &• cMnvw Wpi ftr a *raw led hia llreww and eleiAirte in wpawlW N of his repose } hlrtaeeing Ihat t he rt 'alaiawi fai a MW — otrToiMtiMsliijiiteeps 6y ueeleee nigMwthea. of Rmnh^ been masiulMto eleep, Alexamler ^ireparefl ft*'' '. '"1*1'^ 'rf^j^%^fl •-' i^ '^ ^ fv --»^:».;«,(*ai*;;" ■■'*»»>^.,, **^ ■ ■'■■%*- 1 •; . fc',' tm ALliXAA"l>|:R .Ml '^ plan* in^cuabn. Teo miles above Uie camp he d»*l7"«^/«^??J«j oroiBont^y, round which ike river ipado a considerabj^ beftd. Abottt Srtr ott iiland, covered iUo with wood, and uninhabited, d^ided the SJbrteloWotoain channels. Hefixed upon this spot as wclUdapted f<* his porpo86#, because the woods and the island screened its opera- tion^frSmSie view of the enemy. For the dangerous enterpns^e m. leCtWlfivfeflioUBnnd cavalry and six tbousanfl infantry. Among the Sf wflteScythiana, Bactrians, and A thousau* mounted wchers from tb^ DihtrtJ tribJ : bnt ^b main strength was the formidabte Companion XSr The ii^antry^rtjfb the guards, two brigades of the Fflxalanx, ST&ns and the bowmen. The leading efficcrs Were Ccenn^ P«r. Sofcafptolemy, liysimAchus, and Seleucu* now mentioned for the first £ri™gR«t»°«d td to the greatest of Alexander's successors. oS«,%om, next to Alexander tb6 Macedonians loved and ad- ndfed w3 fcft in <5ommand of.tbe camp. His .orders were to reniain SiTPoriiwi^rew only a portion of his troops and elephants J iw^e king, Wtifhe-marchedaway with the whole or greatest part, '*Thrnffi^*dMfc. the Iraln fell in torrents, and an. Indian thundw ,l4m^iSSgthegreate8tpartoftbe night The enemy. A6r^ SJ^neitheTm n^r h^ar »«?« P'T'"'''^?r *^ *L"rbS t£ dashing of awnour and the cries of the soldiers^ as Aey embarked ttSwlvetr iLdrnUced the hor«» on the floats, were aWjJ d«>w,ied ij tJ«loadiBdincS«i«tpeaj9ofthudor. According to^tarch, miay SnX.des^4by^ lightning; ^-t it is worthy , of oteervahja ^wedo not rid. in ancient histories, of the death of any «eat soW dier from this cause. Cased as their warriors were m* pohehed sMtl, anti with flie Mint of the long Unce raised aloft, the;r must, aco to the enomj^centinels ap soon as they had mij SMEi.6uid before mentioned. Weimfantfy^vetito^aUrmw^ tmidlv«aMad from post 40 post, and was almost unmediately c^tiM^ raSSSirTtthetouLikingk«.ewnothowto act The for- ceaof Cnrteraswere in front, and coMiated »PP«»*?°fy«^^ ««^* p«H4>fitbeeMiny*sanDy; Probably. tho?rfore, he judjfcdtf to be^M^ irtMlu vA that the real ofcject waa to induoe him to qmt his pww«- iXrXrede.patehedW»~n, with 2000 cav»h7ao5»wa^ch^ toi«»n«pitwwd^^»ct"apcordi«gtocircuaptaiiqe these had to S»- *-n mtl^ below the/ could arrive on the ground . , .v^ ifl 7Si intorral, XleuA «»* h»f veaada had reachMJ** «« to4>« the opM«t(B hanki how all were jg qP«gM t Pj JlblHi^Wlbo infantry. But *»Wij^? cedW^efore l6ey di»»vered that they ww» on fi a^oond aad iwrgw » THE GHHIA'V. 137 and, separated from the left bank by a less Considerable stream, but wbicb, in coDsei^uence of the heavy rain was swollen to the diiiMMioM •£f -n"^'^? '• Tr '^^^ J»or8einen for a long time failed ip diwwver- iiigany ford, and fears were entertained that the troops would haw to jrfr^mbark and disembark a second time. At last a place was foUBlT ^^ I'i^?"*'^ ''^^ed through with the water above their breasts. * _ mey had, however, crossed this branch also, and were formed for tte^secondUme before the young pripceand Ms cavalry arrived. At first, Alexander mistook them for the vanguard of the Indian army, and accordingly treated them with due respect ; but as soon as he haJ dS ' ff SXi*iy fi? *"^ numbers, and unsupported state, he charged them, at the head of the companion cavalry with his usiial impetuosity. Th«J djo,a880onasthey discovered thatthe king himself, lii^th a^oweSt force, had crossed thought of nothing but of making their ♦etreVt cood. 2Sr ""*"! I^i^ P"""^** 5 ^^ horsemen, and the young princfe^ tSkirci^Lt""*"'""'^**'^*^ •" *^ miiy iand!Jampy:S; ^orus on hearing from the fugitives that the king with the most efiec- tore pwt of his troops, haircrossed,apd that his son had fallen, left a tew eiertMinte and a small force to observe the motions of Craterus, and marchedwith anthe strengthofhis ly-my to give Alexander battle. He. had with him 4000 cavalry, 300 war-chariots, 200 elephaots, and^^So T"?V' .^^nese were all good soldiers, warriors by profession, well dwciplmedand furnished #ith exceUent arra^ botho^nnve and defen- anve. WhenheKrd arrived on an open plain, the soil of which was a firm wnd, well adapted for the movements of his cavalry and chariot*, the Jew up hia army in battle array, and waited the approach sf the l^aee- donians.^ In front hepla<;ed the elephants, about a hundred feet distant from each other. Behind them were drawn up the infiintrj, not in an mdurekfln line, but with intervals behind each elephant The cavaliT i»ft distributed between the two yinga, and the waivohariota pUuMdiiBh nMnmly m front of them, ^rrian praises the arrangement ; it was tiie j!!7VS!^^^K^ Carthagmiansin latter days firactised. Alexstt- ««> at tpe head of his pursuing cavalry, first came in sight of thia fofnoji- «5!l^^^* "^^""ed'ately halted his men and waited fofthonimia Of tho inftntry, IfiB object had been to surprise the enemy's caiMk biit J^fjN "nd akUfiil movement of Poms had anticipated thuThe w«a UMr^ore obliged to content himself with making vttriotte demoaatratlono- witb hit cavalry, until the phalanx had been fomKK) and the tau^m- iMovered their bretth. , ,^^W^ ^^nn when these objects had been attoinMl, he could notliMMdittoly i^ •» wat to act He knew from past experiei^ that the haiM iVOuiaiM charge the etophants ; and it appeared ha3Bardou» in ^ ^ mae to form the (Aialanx into detached cofunma, aild lead- tten t' '^ 1 &mt ground for evor^ Aori ft 18 x* ,4^^ '41 V 138 :^ ALEXANBKR by a fran.verse motion nn^ bro,k the continuity of the colUihus and li»w thewinto '"epar»^le confusion. ^ ^ . Bnt the 11,000 cotaoianded ^/n^^r .onfiden«^e^^ i^ lepgWCUBtomed to victory and ^jH of confidence^ ^^ ^ eaob •ther, and in heir leader. J.^^X ''"^^"^^^^^^^^ ^hlthe^ the ene- togethw Ui thw chivalry .t ^^^ °//'"'?Xr Ttey had n2t heard of ^ WW on tbeir Bank, in their r^aro in front iney ^^. ^^^^^^ , th« strange doctrwe* P^Pf^^^M^J^XhSn on the field of bat- iants of modem day8,thatmenmightbeft^^^^^^ ^^ .^^ .. pear dW the impulse of^e hand. „u™ they were, and not to *The infantry wer«»ordered to reinam J^J^ « "'^r^ Ji^tter were fori^ movebeforetheysawtbesuccoasofd^caxalry. 1^^^ commanded by lh»rig|itofaieI«"y- r ti~m.. hill boiDB •alarmed by P,S» disregard^ the J>«««™"'« »' C"^ y ^Jj^ ,hfch AleJ Mwjedohians between him an*; «« "^^'^^^ archers-to attack the front .f£ssl;ir«rre?i:?.*rzt^td2^^^^ turried ithimwlf, and prep^e^ to attack t '» *J« °'^,^;^^^^^ jheen edflwrATuntilithadjoinedtheleft. / 'f *";"?, tJr*J^^ to Goenus; MHed to oPDOse a double front, one to Alexander tnep«™ «' TJST t^ Sd^trywereintheactofdomg so, Aekm^^ The^- fiao.. inatoad of receiving th« I"*;^""^ *^^^ SbtTfo?e the Ma- ISSaSS^auSi great confusion. The archers and the AKi«JJ SSKTSdiristed their missilps not ^uch ""f^lf^f * ^^ •iU J^^ Indidi eavalry recovered their courage and o^^.'/T;**' fS^Slm^^^ Se%ts, but they were again met and drive. THE GREAT. 139 lUiliBS and back, by Alexander and his horse, wha^both in porsonarsliwiath krid the whole.Macedpnian cftvalry were thus united. At the heaTSFtCe ^ ftSrif^'"^^ rP!2*®'' ?** dea^rate charges upon the India»S ftnhy. and where he ^arged entirely broke their rank^ The scatta^' 2TtK"'!5^*°"'"^/"«^ among the elephants, which by t^acSf. S^„5 ?h ?'"^°'"°" infantry were gr,,dually driven upon ichtrtSr; mw^ therefore, .rntated by their wounds, and deprived of their Sj befeame furious, «nd attacked friends and foes {ndiw^imiMtelf- St Aeir assaiants gave them.no respite ;-giving wanhwwer i ftSi en. At last the elephants, wearied out, ceased t» charire. aud benuato retire, tfumpeting loudly with their uplifted trunk^^ aaSSri^fiSSeT stern foremost and the beak to the foe. « ""f^^""* »««.!1^''!k *"? ?ta»»'^ned his cavalry at intervals rottnd the coaftiMd ZJn^«"l* P'^^'f "^ "° ^'°'®.'* '»"'«'•' ^ith«hield linked to shield, wd pikes projecting, advanced and bore down all opposition. Atttto u^ nl f f.Ti!?"«'*u"P^i*~«P-' «"^ PurBJd^eeSSnyflho w^ Sr? A'i' -^'^IT *5'**''8*' **•« intervals betweto the lKiidiS« 2^ and three thousand of their cavalry, Ml in this bloody battteVt»«^- lots and surviving elephiyits were all captured. ' Porus himself, inferior to his antagonist in military skill and talents, Shr"V7'''r'K?"^'^*f 'ru«'"''« could keep aJy of hi. trooptS K Xni..„/L ^'^ exceeded the common stature of jnaa, and fae^rode an elephant of proportionate aize. He was completely caied in annour, «th the exception of his right arm, which waT bar^ for the combat M« f uirass was of great straiigth and boautifuh workmanship, and wVeto aftemard examined excited the admiration of the Macedoniami itvw. probably scale armour. ^ -^^ .-^S!""^'* *'**' '°°<5 witnessed the gallant bearing of the Indian kinil S ii2.5®/!f I!'*T, ''•th.^»»'«h h« maintained the combat, for the^ tieiMfted till two o'clock in the cflernoon. Anxioue to aare theliftof .~ ' • * ^»^ «"•" p^'iouButs mm lo, surrender. Taxues, iioweTer, »a8 an ancient fQe of Porus; and this gallant prince no loonar dkeov^ eredhim apprwchmg, than he twnerfhia elephnnt aiKliiA ami J^inJ^fJ® Blamhiro, had not the speed of hisSorw qScUy bofMilum IJeyondthe reach, of his weapon. Alexander, (itobalilj ^oie uniiNd UiMidiagleaaed with this^ rewilt, sent other raeaeengen in irtieeailiM* ••■OMhrMeroes, an Indian, who, >8 he found, waaaaoldfrtettdofthe S1L «fL1^ !r*?u®*' *? him, and being overpowered by thirtt, - 5 tow of blMd, the pam of the wound, and the lioontidehSL eo treat nia me phant } b e the n dt^^n k t n d c orfcd hinrrt lf °"""'^ i mi da' isy 4t80 arrivM^riMD iU>i8sarB8, bringing large sums of money, forty ct^ants. and profariftes of unconditional submisfion. But Alexander, who had discovered dtat pinoviouB to the battle this prince bad been on the poiiii of joining Ponife^ sent back a peremptory order for him to appear m parson -or expect, a hostile visit He then led his array acrpHS the Hydraotes (the modwn Iravati or Ravee), and heard that a warlike nation called Cathaiaiu ^ad rouse^ two other independent tribes to arms^ and were preparing to !»• oe^ve him under the walls of a strong city called Sangala. This batioo, both from its name and for other reasons, appears to hav« been:Tartar, 'Wd not to have been long established, in the country. Poruv and Abit^ Mires had lately united arms and invaded their settlements, but ^ad beiftn driven back with loss. ^'1 - , > ^ . The Macedonians arrived before Sangala on the evening of tKe tbird day aOer croaiing the Hydraotes , and found the Cathaian troopa on* camped on a rising ground close to the citv. Tfaeir camp was surround* ed witb a triple line of wagons, which — with the absence of elefltoaitt»<— amounts alchost to conclusive proof of their Scythiatt origin. Alexander attempted to charge the wagons with Kis cavalry, but 0id Gathaian mis- w)es easily repulsed him. The infcintry of the phalanx was then broogbt 14P, and carried the first line without much diflicufty ; but the BMond tihtuB Qftt forced without considerable lossi, as they could not advQuee.in drdier fUitiMbay had withdrawn all 'the wagonsi of the first Iine| They boo* oaaded at last in butstiog the triple barrier and driving its defenciera in* todw>town. This was enclosed with a brick waU, /and bad a diallAW )d»onone side. The inhabitants had no confidenqe in tb«ir tortifica,- 'tiona, and repeatedly attempted to break out and escape. . ]3ut theiM»> cedoriifDa bad already thrown up a double rampart round tha whole dijr «|H3(|pt on the lake side. The besiesed, therefore, ^determined to ferd 'this in the night and inarch away. Intimation of their (dan reaohedl Al- euiidar, who commissioned Ptolemy to prevent ita execution. '0|^t« oficar inbaste gathered all the wasons which had Ibdoaed the tH^lellK^^ ri«t> and drew them up in a single line round die edgeof Adiike* J^ OatbaiaM sallied out at midnight, cro^ised the lake, j^flniM toHf^w the haetily-erected barrier, and retired again to ttieeitfl % diia ^iia Um engines haci battered down the walls :^fhe anny enteredlhehrMelH' and carried the place by etorm. Seventeen tftousand. oflheCSaliiitafMl idaih, and seveotv thousand taken prisonen; A hundred filbibe^<»^ 1, twelve hundred were weundea— LyBimochua and aelnBnl er IWUnt heing among the latter. Tbe g^t disproportion betwr - - linded lujd we slain proves that the Cathai«i weapons Werd AMy MWig apd hand- miagjles, which seldom jJTOved firtal to ^ijjilten rafiilihed >^ilh deTchiiirve armour. ' " * ' '■" ^^^ 'f. ^S- ♦. U2 ALEXANDER X EumcHe*. the secretary (now mentioned for tln> 'fir«t timo) wa» *ent with tbree hundred caviilry to the two other tiihoe, who had made common i'attee with the CBthaians. His ordertt were to promise nn amiMMty fot past proeerdinga and protection for tlie future, provided they would submit; but they had already he&rd of the capture ofSan- ffa|«, and moved away in a body. Alexander pursued ea^rerly, but C9uld not overtake them, and in all prohnliility they did not halt until they bad gained th^ monntalna, whence the Hydraotes dee-.endfi. The territorlM of the three tribes were given to Indiana who in ancient dnyn hafl b«en indapendent, and who in the present instance had willingly aubniittrd to the Macedonians. It appears more than probable that they had been deprived ofthem by the intnieive Ciithuians. Hera Alei^ander received information, that India beyond the Hyp- ha*t»-~the modern Besah, or perhaps the united streams of the HexAb and Sattege-^^** ^^■'y ''■rtile, inhabited by warlike nations skilled in a|triooltar«F*n»^>*>~ THJ!: UilfiAT. 143 Cappa^lo(•i^,. Pa|)ftla|roiun, IjydiH, Caiiu, Lycia, Pamphylia, Pba-Hicia Ejrypt, Cyi.'iinlcii. part ol' Arabia, CcDlu-Uyria. MeaopotacnfuVBahylof^ Huoiaiia. Pertow, ^iolia, and all the pioVinces governed by the Me«t«» an.d PeraliKiN. Hr.,1 others n»'ver subject to them ;— ifwe have subdued the rvgi'ni.t 'x-yond the (:ii«i>iun (jates and Klonnt Caucu»u», Hy.MiaQ- ia, Bactria, and the coui t 'ie^ beiMeen Caucaaua, Ihe riv^r TanaM, atiil the HyruuoiHii 8eit ;— if ne have driven the ^^cythians back into their deserts, and the Indus, the Ifydaspes, the Aresinea flow within onr em- pire, why do you hesitnle to pass tl^e Hyphasis also, and add the na> tion» bey Olid it to ttie Maredonian oiniquests ? Or flo you fear the sje- ceMAil reaiMtance ofa^y of these hurbprians, of whom, some willingly Bubmii, oiiiofft are ov'rlnken Iti Hieir flight, othera escape, and Idave liieir teirilririeii tu b«« dit«tributed by 110 aniuiig our allies? "Foi- my own p;ii-t. I i-ccosruise no limits to the labours of a hi^h 8i)irited mxn, but iIk- r>iiluceo('nd( <|iiute ohjecfUfcet if anyone amon^ you wishes to know tti>> limits ofoiir presentMRrfhrf*, let him learn tlmt^wenre not far fron: tin; river Umiges and the Eastern i>«^n.— Thia, I venture to assei 1, Is coiiiiectfd with the Hyrcaqian Sea, for the great ovean flows round tite \<^hole earth ; and I shall pro>e to the JVIi.ccdoniuns and their allies, that ihe Indian tiuif flows into the Per- sian, and the Hyi-<;.l|iiun into the Indian. Front the Persian Golf oqr fleet shall carry oiif^arms round, Africa, until it reach the pillars of Hercules, aiiu .\rrieea eootciil with(]|ut exertion to preserve our homes and re|mlse tb»aeiglilM^riii|p Thracians, lUyrians, Tribaiii, or thoM Oraeiu who might pnKfip.tijDa- 'waioas. .;„,., "lf%^ your leader, exposed you to laboors and drnwers finua Wj I •hrpOKmyaelfl there would be cause for your faint nsnrif iitBiiai,.i iqjr ttal^ j^ enilured the toils, and othera eqjoyed the rewa our labpigf^ are in common ; I, eyialiy with yoo, fclMuyitt the L, .„ „ iind-tfaercnrnirdrtRriiomffthepiiblwpropeity^ Aj ,/t^ \ •n to lead, or eafely to send, into Maredonia all who wish to return home; —and to wnder those who may remain in Asia objeoteof envy to their rcttiniiaar fHends." ™l ^ n . Tbis^peeoh wag succeeded by a deep silence. They «oulu not ap- prove, yet no one wished to be the first to oppose. Alexander repeat- edly oalled on some individual to express his sentiments, even if ur^- fl|Vom«ble to his proposals ; yet all still remaiped silent. At length, Camus, the eon of Polemocrates, the oldest of the Generals, took cour- age and thus spoke — . . « Since you, O king, are Unwilling to lead the — acedonians fartber by the mere exercise of your authority, but propose to do so only in ease you sacceetl in persuading them, and by no means to hnve rc- oonreo to compulsion, I rise to speak, not in behalf of myself and the irreat officer* now preeentr— who, as we have been honoured especial- y, and have most of us already received the reward of our laboun, and exercised authority over, others, are zealous to serve yon In «» thteCe,^but in behalf of the glfeat body of the soldiers. Nor will I ad- vance what is calculated to gain their favour alone, but what I judge ^ mMfadvaQtageous to yon for the/present, and safest for the tutore. "Apd my age, the high authority delegated to roe by yourself, and thetinheeitating boldness which^l have hitherto manifested in all daa- gi^tto* enterprises, give me the pHvilege of stating whatbppears to ne " 1^ number and naagpitude of the exploits achieved under your comilwndby us, who origliially accompanied youfirom Macedonia, are in my optnion ao many arguments for placing a limit tooortabours WmI dwigera : dot yon see bow few of the Greeks and MaoedomaiM who ori^nttlly commenced the expedition are now in *I>«_^"™T'"- Wheiiyon mw the I3|essallan« no longer enoonnteriiw dangers wHh abiornv. you acted wSely and sent them home fVrom Baotra. Oftbe odierGr^ks. gome have been^tded in the cities founded by yon. whem all are not willing residents ; some stUI share in our UMb and perila; Tiiey and the Macedonians have lost some of their numbers oil th* Add ofbat^ ; others have been disabled by woonda ; others foftj^dklnd io varloue parts of Asia; bntthe m^orlty have periahed by diaeasa. A fl)w oat of many now survive. Nor do they pasiee* the aamaltoA^ atMOfth aa before, while their spirits are etUl more de- ^^ild. llioae whpaa pafante amalill Uvteg, long to reviait ttiem.— Ltob^K»ld anoa nK>re tMr wive*, tbalr children, and the hooM* _^|lljHr't land. This aainral desiire i* pardonable in ni«n who, _ J fOBr nnwrilfmnTrr. will rstni«powerflilandwealthy~not, a* before, BMjPMkd wtth^Wt inflaence. Do not, therefore, vfiA to land osepn- $ij||L.tai eackMnniiatkiiM. Fpe man who*e heart is not in the a terwee , eia navnr prove equally aseftol in the hour of danger. And, if a|l»|f- m&domoA^tkton&Km homia with us, aee your mother once m^^ pMiMMia oC «i«nee and place in your fiitbar'a hooBa^ua teor- i.e(f aatfliinntand ■mneroa* vietorle*. When you higra p«rflinn __!■<■ mmttttmn fhaeh expaditiao agalnat theae «|tna Mrtlvra liiilinff T iwcfcbe your wlah. or to tha ahore* of the IhtttnaSan, or T m>- ■./*■*•■ ,^.-->*y*>««-*''' - ^ THE UKKAT. 145 i»r^o.t CWtliBge, and the part, or Africa beyoricrrar«h«-» V "J*««yourofijeot, and other MacedootansinJ other SKifc^^SMT te«^mei» yoom, and vltroKou., „„t hke », olS ." J!C "^^ " lOL. ft«»lo«perleoee. will deapltc the ImmedlL danS- "^ J!*# ■MiiBfp«to> thf rtoh rewank of war Th*w win -iTT*^ L ■"*.. ^^MT yo« with the greater -l-ority to7 J.vlnJ i« lfc!'S«r*"?''J^^ >«*Ml ofpoor, and nrom obscurity ralMd to mrLtA^!^ '^^f ' «»■«« abruptly j5t«7aStaij2«^ **'^^*.''*' *'!!« •»'^« "l» *»: ^ that i> ^^ ifi /'"**»'"y !»• affaia niinmooed It. •«! anwrilv j^miI^' ^io^niiokBrnmu^ h^tJJriT^T*^ «««»ifest«dtrwrt«»rro tlmnlirirHT^ oiaeat €■«•■« and hi«"owti moat Intimate M«b^ m^ PPe», Md Ms oonaeaoMit ntantion tX r««««. ™i^™_l_"_ ~ *»*^««' _»___ '' .rr* -"WPMMviiu (o lae army i gNj^jEp, lnWBalbIet«.th«,. hiS allowed ^iStHhHS^Sl ^Oo the bMika of theByphaais he erected twelve tewera i^^i^S^ »«»^uae lo-uie foda. On theae rijraBtIo altani h* nflihrTST ^n . ta ^ ^ew^ «l e^p ro aa iay It. Jiot woaid k liarf iMMa ^iXZ^L^^^^^ g3«tbwriera thllT^iSeot Hladoat JTlA bSa^ISJuS^ \^i^/':g..^^ ^li^K *"**■% *■* p jjj^ A]L.fiXAN>l»KR »«ptly odioiu to bia subjects. Since Ihe defeat of Porn* f ««*»•%- '^ Ai^XUPtler had mpt no serioa* r^astant*, exc*pt fi«ni the ; nM4oe8 It appear, from good-a^thority, that any Battoos ttttTttwHyphfipl* had combined for the P"n»«» «»^.«»J«»> It ia oartitfp that there- were no troops on the left »>«¥ •Hha mi§. Acfjordln* to Curtius, the oountry between the Uypbarta Mo Ganma was a desert, lor the apaeejif elereo day.* joamey. NJancea.* the Qaodarldes and the Prasiaos were the two pre- l^t^om. Ha«l the Macedonlana persevered, and made tbetn- 'SSSofiN peolnsiUa. we iiMfbt have derived most v#luaWe iJSaoftPOtol»>oneernlng whl^ we must n«>w rem^ l#oo- - WWttSrto the Jiterary remains of the anoleot Htado« haw not iMtdnct notices that can be referred to the era oTAIex- If^^npfc^jHBd In the cloods of mytholojry ahd allegory, ' clear and de^nite can be discerned- ^ « Voplaionf are liable to he condemned ; but ^^^^'^^^ -—^ false jofic and Oetitlous bomanity haye bean g^^ nd- ll^qaests of Alexander : for I see net how the pragfeaaof ^doiiUfhtened eanqoeror aitioag barbarious natloaa can rtbcrWise than 'beneficial. An Alexander In AfHtia woaid HMi hi^9ff that, could visit that great oootinent. Since rvaaofdedthe annals of nations, colonlaatloa and o6B«|oeMs ii'^imn ia«4o iastroments of oivilisaUon. Nor do I«ee why itaaa. €a»ca. or any other dominant tribes should bekappMedto ^-.T^ft'^WTTl^^^ righl; to marder and enslave their fetto^-AlHcans, ialtMr atfocltjee thjree or-A»ar limes in a *»o*"<2;J**'«" ■ ciucistiaaaoverelgn should be blamed^ were he cawetially M^bcfbaHana, and put an end to lUI such enormities hi fa- S^Jer ii^r«W fro* the Hyphasis^ recroeseAthe Hydrjiotes and ^%\;MirafTived on the banks' of the Hydaspea. in httUding the aorNicsBB and Buoephalo, saAcieot allowance had «ot been riba rise of Uje river. The watefrs had therefore aeiioosly I'them. The towns were now repaired, and the ittistalie ''* jteai* a third embassy from Abiwaree waited upon Atez- iimoBg otber presents brought ttiirty inolw clepnaats. A ' ' ; iiTBa/ailegfBd to be the sole cause erf* the kiag^a ahaentee; plry, the allegation appeared trae, the iWol«»y was ka IhMjunp amount of tribute determined. H>arlng the 'Vintner, port of the troops had been engaged in ship-bilildiiur. IWiOfthciJIydaspes. The timlM* was found la the inoontahi ^Mrirwbtph the.river descended into the pl«ln, «0d coni^ i|u| to^StrdlkQ^ of flra,. pines, cedars, and other trees we|l^- ^,^^«MDrMBe. "the men employed in ftlling the liiridM' 6klog to th%Mpi!W itfvlim whiinc* thty cottld^^^ the destrapti^h 6f tWi ^^^ ^iSyS^ 9rf*m^ to the w^hmen the appiiirMee of dto- ^(ifflr.W»ns hastily prepiflag •to arkii fhemsdiw tllMejMMwsed foes, whieto they wereundeeeifWl^ - ■ .-^n •■ '■'■ '■ ' juAhu iadead « mors i , sasriistrAlfiiHidM' ts juia0niMabI«'fo«a. P,«J?^ ... . . ,„, . 'iV'', '■- ": ■'C''''^%i&*T?! THE GREAT. J-5J1? /"fiS?*''"?''^ consideration, that liitberto oo thi« fflolW«v tton natural Independence, A9 the inevitable consecuence. fir, natioari existence. The Chaldean and Assyrian havtf 1»« n>om Oie flioeof the earUr; the descendants of the Med^ttiifl ■reoBtcMita front th«ir country j « few Copts represent the iilM&itt ■« Eff^11*i'° Greek!, the barbarian slave of a baXriaTtfttS^^^ ;& with her double wreath, with her two eras ofW^tf^&'t l??Lf Si'^ and parfl, bar^,ari.ed. Thus al«> the HMooirhJ;!; T^J^^'t'^J*^* ^^ I»rey 9f more warlike tribes, who ha"« ifiSS and bledfortfie sovereignty of thnt great penlnsS, wWalSffiK aota hav« remained passive spcbtatora of the contest^ a* if irtSEL "r »a^ was to then, a matto^r of Indifiference. China .Ion" ^Stcm ped the commbn fate,^ not ^o moeh from its admirable wlim^^ln ftom lls«reaypopulatioa and cxclosion fh>m the rest of the ^SSffiGwa ^ SfSA^flr" ***'* have enabled it twice to absorb its baatfitjlMaer- Sa J*$r *"' "■**'*•' e«>»»o«» In the nature of the insllt*Si^SiIf It/must not be aapposed that the inhabitants of aoatheni Oiavdk Ae <|«ap»ndnnta of the heroes of Marathon, Salami., and PtotauirMiSk la.»aly in theglpriaus dead, of the wicedoniS. WetS^aKJ aeeo&a paltry qaoja wlifeh originally Joined Alexandar ft!i JEff ll^nitMi .tate.. Thasa bad b^ea gradually fitflnnSSwTSa^S^^r y^rgo^dejatlan had n^ackad Indl!. AteiaSdeJ'i^er^jK.ta aoeftetfv»««et, Irad appointed most of his gt^Vem^ZSfSS^- SLSi^lKST' ^^ ^^ "??** ^'^^^ ^ required, aftorttew^r •w 7*5L^ ■ *i^^ toTsquip aad man their own gaHay. in the wart aai. !w**lK**- ^■d'-.AwUMiTin his abridgment of the » Vowga^JSaw. Chos," baagH^an a li^f their names, f transcribe it here, SSS^Z son of , AroyntoF -' iTfj'^i-v #si#-ti''M*>to:Wf-; IVtttaiMf:C^tl?' ■l:r--i ^aaaaiam wafld; ll^^ation Letmnatus Xyatmacbtts Aieleiriotioras AlcbpA pflwaiiicua TiiB^hea .ll^ardias ■ lAwirotthen^ ,1- OnttaVaa ^ .^ - w,^ ' FuVRtCliiB ■ ' '■*i^#?*' Ptolemy'. Ariatonout on AroyntoF Eunut Agathocles Timander'^ii. Clainlas „ Athenaeus Anaxidotus ■ Scilenua Fantiades Androtimaa Lariohus Oallistrate. >« Aloxandar Orohtes La^s PeisiBus Epicbarnwis limiis Andromenes aStymi i* f. 14» Tritrarcka. itarehto^ ALJvXANjDJ^„ Alexander Crateas Aotipater NieolftUB Zoilas a Miezian. from Alcomcne, r iEge. , — — Aloniti — — i^Berfloa.. I abvre were all Macedonians. Tbe following were Gre«fcff:y-M. from Larisfipu' i.«Mft->i Oxjnmeniis Hieronvipaa' flato.'t'X- Mandrpgenea — — Cabelua ■ -».- Paaicrates .,^f* . — .. .. Protagoras And one Poraian, .^ ,, ^. Bagoat son of PharnuCfces. , ' *' ill «rMcb> with the exception of Seleacos, embracegeti^iii^afi WISmIi anny, does ttot eontain tbe name ofa single citiM>|l,nf a- ««fln*^e^oatheni remiblies. Had there, befn an Atli«iii(an 9y»i> ofini- ihi^aOMMefntioB prNenV he woiild no dodbt bnvJB held «|Mw<>pn* Ml9llaaii9oli»laii of the iiiirl«f.^M,!r W^' thoHorthHwi^Ht^LSw u*^ ,*^ tneJr stwwmi, they fell iBlhitelv tioiw, mid the laud ™ el oflhe ^w™! . ^?*^*'? ''^° regulated them^i. SSf£Sr-2^''*S*' TT*** »° swell, rc-etho, ■•"H.i^bfflSrSJiSr S5l ShXi ikIT2 ? ° IH"*- '^^^ Indians of Nice. iiiuiISimI dkSJ ^y ffif i^i^eparted, accompanied it* moUpn* tTa «St MB with t&ir utmdet activity, .S thu. rt^^|i i"* -*^J^UV»tt4^^^ 130 ALEXANDER , - -v jji^ tJBel* ovW^^tfid ■boiling durge. The founder and shorter vtesselsi jjjis- Cd t^««gh in safefn but tho gtkHeys, the e.xtremB length of which ron- 'derod the «xpo«pre of their bToatJside^ to the current pwticulwly dan- serMiB, were not 'sO fortunate,. Several were damaged, some had the bladea oftheir oara snapped usunder, an4 two fell aboard of each other, aodmiok with the greater, part of their crews. A small promdotory on the rii^t side oflfered shelter and protection, and here Alexander moor- ed We partly disabled fleet . , - .- . „ ^ . t v «1« Indians on each side had hitherto submitted, or if i^elHctory, had I^B easily Bub"du6d; but Alexander here received tftformatWn that the Mifli and Otydraceee, two powerful and free states, compared hyAr- ritofcrM Military skill and valour to the Cj^thaeians^ were proparuig t6 Jtlve hiDtt V iosUle rec0|iion, and dispute the passage^ through ■tyK tMxLtoriBfc The MalU occupied the country between the lower ISMKeciureee of Ae Hydraotee anAthe Acesines, and also the #»- tii^#&ond the Hydraotee in the aame line. The plan agreed upon by ^ UlAfwo oatiotowae, for the Malli to send their warriors lower ddwn to- ^ |^<^ eoiifitry 6i ti»e Oxydiaoaas aad to make it the scene of warfare, lie Bti^i I6«ked upon theinselvee as suffioieatly protected froja any latp ^mick by a considerable desert th«it UilerTcned betWMM Ifcelr ^r », afiOfeitteoW ahdIhebanKe of the Acesines. <■; ,, ^s ^ / '«. Craferua ahB HephiBsiioh had already arrived at the cortflwejce. ITie ^^anle weik ferried across and placed under the care of Cra^enw, wK>a» to pohtiniie hie route along the right bank of the Acwwne^. Nliiicbua was^rdered to conduct the fleet te the iunction of tl» tif ot^ and Acesines, Tfce remaioing troeps were divided jntotlwee^pi ' HMtbOMtioii witfi one d vieieti eemaienced hie mar)ck fita daye b iU^mdert ind Ptolemy wae ordered to remaiii with ando*' «>*/•»"« da^ after Alexaoder had departed. The intention o/tfciidle*r*nhon .i«f««^ ^«am wMelt Airted the western e/ge of the dWert, «l«t»>^«n«fr #e«i hint and the upper eettlamenta of the Malh u^n tha H3Wraote«. ^ttari he allowed the oion to take a abort rab«je, after w1«ctt t|»ey were 'itatoid » fil* Ji»' their wwel* with wat*ir. m' then nvrfched duriwf the f- mS&^^HtM:^'. aad aU nieht, aad witMbrdawo aririve^ begrjj ElKetty, tfce Wtabitantac^ l»*no fears of baiiig f£c)^ tliua«ttdMy&om4hesideoftli*deMfi< Maay, "Ccj^l^SKIrtSi IrhaMla af their country, were already in the Mde. W«M F**** "J tiian tlWB "' '-ff*'»ed. Ale«»6dei4flaced detaohmantii oj jjfggLgT «ert hadexoaeded twenty-fiv^iles ; nevertheless, as fcoon aa they naa m a»w#«*..*4^Sfei:-' '%■" ^ \At< It THE GREAT* JiTi ■ Vftssel^ jjfis- >r Which iron- tcula,rly ^an- 9ine had the feacb other, dmdDtorj on zander moor- (Vactory, fiad itiM that the pared hyAi'- re propariug ag9 through m tho lower also the ^i»- ■<»d ui>on by nfor ddwn b- > of warfares, from any lat- mttieir upper, j iWnoe. ^e or Gra^eruB, llie Aceata ofthe'Hyd to three r days I dier foir/tbree ie diatrAQtion [tfitotMeft«nt erttrMPto- ^ 6oa6ifiO.ce Irvened 1 aiKU »j»w7 w'" led jjuriijg the rivefl MEi*« iMoitt atlickfd lealtteee had ilr y rowiid acfOSa the desert had taker, lhel»^by sSrS'anJe^^^^^^ Th^^»t«8, therefore, even the most important weVleJi,^?«V!^^if' WWj!:P*«^^ Wd their inhabitant, Sr fled U^^Th^ntr ?* .W^i^fi «, he denae jungles that h.^*S: K^?'5,S^;:;'« J^?t4il::'Xt lITt^ ""^"'-Cf"***' theafterpooo ilteSS! *?'"■**'?*' *"*'•« '«"''«nk of *« HydraatCandarrira^ IM Brachojan town. It is impossible to aav iSith«r .IWK • u^It^ ice front Ikia iwnuIZE^^' •• 152 ALfiXAirjISR *^AIexander hiinqelf marched an^inst the principal city of the fttiilii ; fcMltifi/Hl^ 'nB'iy.btbers-oDthel^flJiiank of the HydmMe*, vram tqatui «Viieri#fi»i ; the iotiafn^nts having' croMed to the right baak, wimre U>e'whoi«'«rarlilcefdircfrprtl|e nattoo waa now ohitefd. "fheir nambera, •fnoJiiot«dloOO>MO, and th^ infentton w^ft tb diaptrta ttie paaaage of U»a Bydrapttea mid prevent binn ftvm recnwsingthst atraam. tliither, tlitfaforv,^ wittioiit d^y be diraeied hie otfaree, and aa aaioii «ali0 aaw ma ei^am/tio tha. oppoMteJuaak duahed into the river at th« l»^Mi of bis cavalry. The llavee or Jlydraotes ia in July more than five hundred y«rda broad, and twelve Teet deep. In the dryeeaaon th« breadth r«Mittiw>ieariy the aajme, hut the depth ddes not exceed faiir feet. The aatiiaui being far advnnce,d at the time that Alexander 'broased, the watara were probably at tiieir lowest point of depreadodt Wclnoy ^'ell beaatoRMhed at the extraordinary holdaesa, nottoaay " ii,:wilh-ivhk>h th» king, aaeupported by infantry, prapared to ^Ver of thia magnitude, in the face of more thaa 50,OiBO enemies. J these operMttOiiei he was evidently acting under morbid ex- cit«aiSat. He was angry with bis Mldiere, who, while tbey lo%ed and adored hiai, had yat thwarted I ia iobeme^ of univerm! coaqaeat; and ciMimd iifm in the fiill career of victory. He therefore expended bis npidi iuliilsdothed his irritation by contihg daiigera, setting bia lilb M omiht,and, like the heroes of old, achieving vietory with biaowa r%|t^ baud and tmsty 8Wot\l. Hia energy was terrifle. and the Indiaiw w«n pavalyced by the reckless daring that QhtfraoterizM every ac- Uon. ■"• ■. ■«.-■> 4I« the pfreaent oocasinn, n* moon as they aaw that he baajpainef^ the niddle of tite stream, they retired, but in good o*uer, fW>ni the bank.<~ Ho tonwied, bit wiien the Malli pereeived th»t he was dot aopporle^ by utfimCj^ tjbejr awaited his approach and vigoroualy repelled his o&UigeeirtfllM cftralry. Alexander then adopted tha Parthlftn taeties, w k ee led irooad the flanks, made false attacks, and thoa impeded their r«li^» wiUMNit bringing hia cavalry in contact with their dehae maai iKir^inSattMif, But the light troopa, the formidaMo AfHans, and iKb arelieca aooo came up,and were ioatantly Mad oil by tiiMaelf wtii|e(|^ die same time the phalanx, HrisUiog. with pikea, waa aeea ad- TMlag9T4»r the plain. The Indiana, paaic-atraok, broke their raoki oni tfldinto the ataonj^t city fo the nelghboarhood. Alexander pav> aoed #(tbt6e davalry, a1e«r many in their flight, and when he bad di^nfi>■" "^ »•" info *. IkuSj WUMfMamiiin ofhu annour Sidied like liihlaiiur in OH!ZZ!S!St ilf ^lI!l*T- ^^ bM-bariana, daunted by. thTfetoTfSSSS Jfi2?^T*'^''»*^«^«'7<*««'"Pt«<>n upon him. '^*^^'''''^- «JJ^J*»*"*e, had dun^to the walla, and fbally iiiiSuiS&; GSJlSSS tT£.^ W " front oT^he Sgf jSAm^SS^ *2iJ^o«||aU»ioj«i,eaAbyanarrow. Tha anckbJJ wSl •g, Ipd traated to the ahWd 'and ew for tlTpfSSSiSSii^ JNUjiwr «miM not Jiave availed AlmJ^^^^^ii^^ 20 ■ ■ w ! \ I" 164 ALBXAIi»£R iKiea st^ forward with his left foot, draw* the string tu baok, and dis- (^gee'an arrow' nearly three cubits long. No armour can resiM it, when shot by a skilful Indian archer, nor shield, Hor brewt-plate, nor a- m oQMt defence." lliis /Llexander himself was doomed t9 expertMwe ; $u MM of these formidiible archers, taking his sUtion at a prooM dis- tuev, took deliberate aim, and stiuck him on the,breast, abovothe fi|f . !9{1ie arrow piereed through liis cuirass, formed as it was of steel roke the hu of a postern gate and admitted their eompaaieBS. iSut as the narrow entrance did not allow many to past tbrpvpi at ibo same time, the excluded troops, who now heard that the kwg^asdaiii, bftcame furioua, smote down the wall on each side of the gate, and roib- «d in thniugh the breach. Alexander was {Placed on his shield* the bier ff the ancient warrior, and was borne out by his friends, who knew not i^hilher he was alive or dead. Hie soldiers then gave the reins to ttwir 4iiQi|ry passions, and every man, woman, and childwithtn the vpUawtie ^iUa perilouf adventure of the conqueror of Asia was variettUy das* '^H^Tby his numerous historians, some of whom were fur more aanous ii» irtb^y eflbct than to ascertain the truth. " Aceordiogto aome,^ says M^m, "Critodemus of Oos, a phisician of the race of^Mulaj^us, ep largM tilw wound and. extracted the arrow; aeoording to othersi FMdie- 2? W ▲koasder's own demre, as no surgeon was praaenV eut op«i wmni with his sword, and thus extricated the arrow. . ilij§^#|»««ecMnpaniBd witii great loss of blood ; Alexander a|»te ftm M^ wis mtot .efl^on was thus i^yed Aoewdinff to Ptrf«5|gp" k|ii|i^ t«!tether with the blood, rushed through Urn ormce ^jSS t^^:,^ .^" T|I£ aSGAT. 15$ St^^I^mA^^i"^' history. The common belief b, ^ iiCi? JS r^fdSi^lT^' -nd giT<, battle to Alex Jd•^ but A. ww^erod rapidity of hw march acrosi the desert had or^M&S jwtttemi of the grindannv had arrived at the CQnftwnce of £i Kfi! iS^tidte«^«.?&!°** •^"'* '^'^ *^« lamentation?o^f 5t.X moanutti Odingaeeread frwtt man to man ; then waacimAtA flZuTL^r iSSuEL'S'r*^ 1!? the jmpomtmint of .To'^nSiSSSfof MMd likely to be attended withliffieultiea aad dttiBerr^Sij2l2 SSf* 15?*^ to po«»«e equal claime J *»««> ShS* SaUSST t^l^u^'tSltlT^' t^«to and popJlarityJ^ nSiSSite: -«?-,t-. J L menjpttf India, an army composed of the Iwldlat Mdmostadrentaroigj^ STmlvLn^^y^*^' *^*^''«'' *« master-spirit, the guidS?- ^' taoonlyeentreofumon, was loat, tbb great massordiaMrAMi. *r ; when the only hnk was broken, their revolt would neoestarf]^. winte, wooM rise and assert their na^nd independeJce • ZaUr tt!^ SlJr^iff? *"«**^^«o" as broken fugitives than returniipTcSl "SSS^ J?JP'?«?r''»J'i**«^'^?«^«™tio°». the Macedonian's dgmedof their kmg, Aey had iminmerable d«>gers and dSoKto ^^^^ repoilof W. dea^ was dontradicted, they cottldiotbtfMra WlWcorery nossible, and still regarded his derth u ittevitabfo^eS SSiSS'Si^ ^•''' anniSg bis sp^S^ Sri^^St/S iIJ2.!2!!*7*S" aoWiers remamea incredulous^-suspeethur itmS ^^jgwWAOcomma^^^ of the guard and theofliJrgSSnU. yMJJ^tti««fcre, anwous to obviate any oemmotions, waa eonveMd m«i^!riilTP*f*'^°° ""^^ a vossel and salted down th»^ SrSAl!! J?*j; u ** camplie ordered the nwaing whioh oviiiSK SLf!22-22i !?*?** ^ *!*■ f^clwmg. to be removed; bat tketraoS. 2*0 ci«^ the;banks, inmgined t&y miw the dead b^of StirlSfc however, the ♦esaol dtaw nearer, Alexander nds^d hi* arm iiS MhiafaMd (But to the multitude I thi^signal proof of Uf^ani ^^ iK^ Jtef^L^*^"?^ ''•^ loud clSBera, and the wfaofe bod^^^ vRTB ww—uft tfaiirhanns to heaveiL or B trfefaihad flum ">luatarfly gushed fiom manf ey«e. y '■ ; v "^*k*^.. i§6 A1.BXANDER He vaa carried from th« vessel j but borrowing aew«trength trom bis eatiwttMtic reception, refused the Utter wbich was offered »3^w• r»Md«, aa^eXllorafaorse. He mounted, and rode slowly thro_l^A#^^«wd. fm f^dittooal proof of hip convale«5ence wm bailed whhrediwWed d&TMd appliMise : on approaching the royal tent he dismeua^d^ i^ *' iK«a, Thw the soldiers crowded around him; some tonchedlis iim»i iome his knees, some |he l»em of his garmenl^^some, salt^ vhh a BBarer^ew, implored blessinos on biro and withdrew, andfltflers eorat^ Km A gMhuids and the ffower. ^^ ^^^l*^ *;^, •i'^"-,^. * ThAfriendswha exported his steps were harsh m their repitoof of Ins AlaM eoQdu^ andbhimed him in no measured teriwrforendwwwnng I rifi^trithoui an adequate object, and performing *;»^««»I^» ««»- miui »bt of a commander-in-chief. A BosoUan veteran hwl tact e- ^lAeteerTe, fwm the king's countenapce, that the«J reoionstran. ^mMMxit^m agrewible, awl <»rtainly not the ^^. •^'^.^X^'^^ SKtotrotk;. he therefore ap'proached, and m b»f natweduilect J?!* ilexap^er, actions characteriz© the hero;" andthottj^pcated I lamiiiolmeexpiressfTe of this sentiment; '■.->^:; ' He who ^rikes mu«t also Used." Alttxnt^ W«« pleased with the reiidiness and aptness of the quotation; aMlh»wU«f the veteran, B6?«tian as he was, proCiired hirti preMhtap- '^^S ftiends^ Shom/Sexander leaned after dismounting were most probably Hephasstion and Craterus, the tyo chiQf commanders in the ikktioivrf catnp. Theforitier, mild and geiitlti, cannot bo suspected of tiftfttillfcps indulgent sovereign with asperity; but Craterus, who Wis ae«ii^«t Alexander himself of " loving the kin| mtire thaA Atexan- 4erj»iiiBMjO«llyr«»ohWrat« With the herd fo |M eg- futar* oMienc«; but from the Oxydrac» he eM«l04 Ifm Mki hKAvest and aoWest of tha oatirn. Not oaly w«M mm liy wnl, Hmt fifl« war-chatiot», witl^beir equipments, were •* "^ka»i,- rfeased with thia magnificent proef otptod-wiOm .aci^d tiie »ft.«id wturned the hostages. ^W W&^i (hyimm wa reprosentad, prpbahly m ^fjl^?^ liltaation, hy theiniodjBrn. inUbitaptaof MoiMtonwdMW^^^ ia ott 4he lefi of the AcesiBes, with ^ ^W»*»^W^J^ + " • Tlt« liREAT. 157 at the C4jDflueDce of the Hyphaais and Atesines. . Both natioM were ed to the iatrapy of PhiUp. . While th» wound was healmg and Alexander recovering hi8str«ii||L tiie amSjr were, employed in boiMing ndditional ships. Near the e^SSSt «Dce was a large banyan tree, below which, aeoording to Aristobukiii mjr borsenien could at the same time be shaded from the sun. Itmi^ hrnwrth ascertaining, as connected with the age of this speotes>of tr«lv iNWtber there i^ one of great size and apparent antiquity in this vioimM:. ?n«wpn««". *■ *i"<»*«^ "^y Strabo, has so accurately described the iQode in wmch one of these natural phenomena increases to a foras^ that it is evident he had seen one of the gr4Mtte8t magnitude, perhaps eoud to gwe reluge under its branches to 10,000 men. / Ai?" *?"* P*'* ofihe river, between Nicsea and tfie stationary Man, Alax^der had visited a prince by name Sop^ithes, who vohintarily nb- ^tod^to the invader; his dominions were celebrated for a race of fcrc^ dogs, equal, according to the accounts of both Curtiai^ andStrap M»f to the English building. [APTEl CHAPTER XIV. Ninth Campaign, B. a 9St&. , Albxandkb, with an increased fleet, fell down the Aceikines into tho fndttsi hei^he was joined by more vessels, which bad been built |n Various- plttces on the latter river. He ordered a town to be built^ tJni qoyal docks ;ponstracted, at the confluence*^ in his estimation it wiUf a Bpi9t%dU calculated to become the site of a powerful city, i^ MroM| body of men waa left there, including the Thracians o|s the aricoy, aad^ wero placed under the auperintendence of Philip. His father4ik4a«y^» Qayartea, vishad him heire, and waa ^pointed satrap of the Faropami» sa^#itriet«. v^KlMttea be exiled down the Indus to the royal palace of tlw Sog^^ dtilTtng thoir name n^t probably, like their northern namesakea; <^ai the great vala occupied by them. The elephants, under Cratenia^ M brwMt Wfteatad^ ferried across, as the nature of Uie country iiMmtA mk ttaroments on either side. TTjey were now trammred l»Jiim ll^ hank for tlia last 1Jm», and advanced through the country of iM| iWhttiii and Draage, of iriiotti ArriiA Aiakes tlia Indus lh» ettt|(iii fa0it ;. ¥ JJSahiteaelf .B3iMyi down the river iiMto the dominions of fifusictons, ' and to Bate poasebsed the wealthteit andnumt pr<^aotiy» regtoBBli^ that part o( India. Ilia description auits well with tibe rich, and n^II* i^tamd jtliuns lietweon the lower course of flw iunl (the AwJwa.ryjfe ii^,)«ad the Indus. S ^cttmm Md Q$§iatau (Ihe ap|>d[la |iai^r4|, '«^ref^pdint^~probably, thu mimi' "" ^^ ^i.^ > *-• 158 ALljMiritEll ^ verned by these princes ; — ai the word khawn ia coiiitanllv found, even to thin day, on the< lower Indus ; such are ohack-ktiawti^ iiliaw-gur, and guiJihawnt and ottwr similar compounds. Mustcamis ^wbo portiaps ^ nigbt be properly m •OMWIad t^ the oaf^l, anit there hMigisd. , «1^' lie waa now approacbiilg tfie upper end ofthe delta of tl« Iwm, iNibeiv 4b»lHv«nr dividee hite two atreani* of niie<|oal else, ^ eBt«rlB- to iiti*i> nore tb«m 160 mile* dtetant flromeB(6h other. TheMM^ ^ ada nH Patt a tane hy th e Qrwlw, ftom i l w Hty otjnm ^ ..<**» ■^^?rT!^f^''m^^''^"wr:'^'S T9E Q&ISAT. 150 \.<- la, aitaatedwitbio the delta, balow the potat ofdivbioo. probably at »• ffreat dialf noe flrom the modern Hydrabad t they may be the tane ^*^ ■"«**"f "'±'' "»'»'"* •^•y •»■*• '"POMHl hie own name ontiie aatdent Pattala. The ffoveroor ol' Pattalene withdraw idte the diMtt with niMt ofbia people ; bat the latter, on beiaff puruied and intorMii ttat DO iiyuriee were to be loflibted apon them, returned to their homS! Hkuhvittiqii wds ordered to build a citadel, and conatroct dooka anda harbour at Panala. while Alexander himself ealled down the rialit bmneh into the ocean. ^ • That Alexonier,'* ivrites pr. Vincent, " had oonodved a plan oftlie fVom. Alexandria in Egypt -"-liratioifSy hJa ooniMDt [own the Indoa, he had "Mer of hie empire; ha tUs Hne, and he was tltike ^nt ofdivia- eastern and Woi4ua 'gent ▼eseeleror hb voyage eoairaeree which was afterward car to the Indian pceao. I think capable aAar bis arrival at Puttala. In his evidently marked that river as thel had built three eitiesand fortiaed t\. im4w preparing for the establisbmenL (fOO ofthe river, abd phmalng other^ i^thf.** J^hiid selected the bestsailinfr tfndU..^-. .— ^.- .ur »« v„y™, lato the ocean, but bia profrrees immediately after leaving Patlala wStt at arstslonr. IVom watit ofpUots : this diflically was inoreaaed 4iy the rMlar monsoon, which blew up the j-lver with great vblenoe. AW- •«W«^V»«« ormtk were seriously iajnred by the ronght coatiBSt ba. »'*JW»*«Wi winds and and the ourrents, and some even oftbe triacootan We^lo pelcea. The damage was repaired, and the land-fbree that wa« accompanying the motions of the fleet, was ordered to briag fa prisoners, from whom persons capable of steering theveMels were aa- lected. On reaching the estuary, which vvas more that) twelve miliia biroad, they encountered a brisk gale, wWob compelled them to aS protection in a small creek ; here Ihey moored for the n^t. Next da^ ^^W«*^ astonishedto find that the waters had Mtired, aad tteiflia vaiaais were agromd. Tliis aatoaishnient was redoubled when thay vrftatMoedthe fl^riouaretam of the waters at the regtilar boar, 'mi tidaain the greiat Indian rivers, called bores, are of Uie v m i- f^hnlda kla^dea<»1ptton;.aQd iutantaneonaly raiso the level of rlvera'from ris t^ twelve feat and roahqptha atraam with InooneeivabK ' ^*l^l^i |l<^^Pb«TO rii flinM^ a! ^*Jr"^l '-*\ MM pnenomenon, tDe aailors of the Meditenf etfj^IiOry oftlie .figean. where tides are scarcely pfrceptlbS no means prepared. i- . n^this plaee t#o lisrht boats were «#1k|i^ t^imm^ OMTi ^^^.^r^ the Information, they had discovered an laUna w«u teaMied with harbonrs,abd otherwise adapted for thetyUeata in ylaw. aaAty.^ l^eiMilvea called it Killnta. Atoxander landed^- -^ " a^MMM to those gods whom, ac^^ Ofltl dodaiwip; I|m ogweii of ^nmon bwl Indleated. Thb Aiot 1* w«>fi^ ofbeliirMoov^' AJL**^?*^^ •*'*l T ^ Bfyptttm vojrt**, tohad oontemplii;* tsdMs vMt io tha afaores of the liaatem Oeean, and Ua wiili to open •nriiitenieation between It ahd his weflerndominibna. * '^5' f 1k>»| %^^e mjfea lowerdown, he foand a amaller iiland; whenc«^t uoiHMdedlriewofthaoeeaDwaa commanded, fialandedlwrar moMe^d to tiw gode. N where the in habitaato were des- cribed as barbarous in tjtie extreme, und water and pn^yislons aoarce, NsawOhtw floold ever accomplish his purpose without the oo-operation df^fte taad-forcee, Bitf^totem^laation therefore was, at all rbkp to ad. ▼•n<6a along the aeaeoaat and prepare provisions and sink wdlls for the nietfiha^et. BefyiNNitlHS lewar coarse ot the Indus and the Arabia of Arrim the Unf fnSintL^nnd anbdoed, a tribe of snvag<», enlkd, flrppnthe river, Anibltm, IAb tM w^t of thes« lived an Indian nation named Oreitn— nrht^pvqAip^ ooeopied the valea of\he modwn Ponndae, and itstri- batoma. "Aey «1bo, after soase brief demonstrationP «r ra«istMM| snbmltlfd. Alexander ordered a utown to be built at « pinen eaitod Hai ^wMi m atr^g fliroa, to pra^e over Oie iiiablibbnieni oTtkP newwity, mno* *i4-;^.- custom the OrieUB to obey their -atrJ^b^rt all to collect provUions, and Zi£'*'*r';K'^* """ the fleet under Newchus had arrived, JId pJsSd the tjbofe of that province iq. safety, k-^wu • Here the king wa« joined by Hephasstion ; and the united force, irin- c^oUy composed of picked men. ventured into the desert of GediSia. »e modern Macran. During sixty days spent in traversing this WMet ftwn the ed«.«f Oreitia to Pura, they had to struggle against diffi^ut tie8«r»ater thwwere ever befoi^ or after surmounted by a riulari- mjr. Ihe ancients knew nothing of this extensive desert, moab than was Gommumcated by the survivors of this desperate experime*^ We m modern times know as little of it beyond its extreme edges, where some «n»«e?aWe tnbe« of Balooche. contrive to support a wfetch ed ex- l^epce. Edrisi, the Nubian geographer, to whom the sandy waatet of 4lnca were wellknown, gives the following more formidable character Ofllie desert of Makran :-" To the east of Persia and Carmama, Uea that uaaaense deaert, to which no other in the world can be compared There «re many villages and and a few cities on its extreme skirts. That great desert is border^ by the provinces of Kirman, Pars rPersis,) Moidlao, andHegestan, But four houses are to be seen in it Men onhonebaok caaoot cr988 it without great diflkulty. Unloaded camels traverse a few fWtlUi, which (with God's assistence) I proceed to describe." .But all (h» lines ladicated by Edrisi are through the northern parts, and throw ■? '^^ •".*'»? '<>"*e followed bv Alexander. I shall therefore restrict WW to Aman's narativf, and merely add a few circaiintancesiVotn The commencement of their march in the desert was over a region covered with myrrh-bearing shrubs, and the plant whence spikenard was extracted. The PhoBnician merchants who accompanied the army jre» ciocoised these aromatics, and loaded beasts of burden with them. iHie tram|ding of the long columns crushed the fragrant stems, and diJRiis- ed a gnOlBful perfiim« through the still atmosphera. But the sandy de- sert if the native soil of aromatics, and the Macedonians soon found ttat the balmy gales and precious odours were no compensation foi> the wint of Ae more substantial necessaries of food a^nd water, l^ey were eqni- ^ledtomake Irag marches by night, and at a considerable drstance mm the sea, although Alexander was particularir anxious to keep near the shore: for.the maritime iy this representation, assoonashe had rOachod a distriot «il J |i | ijB c rt where provisions were made more plentiftd, orprohablja, iDaiiuna^^lMd been formed, he loaded some beasts of biuriitel^l^ ^^l^' 1(>2 Ai:.l!>XAMVJiiU sent them to the coast for the use of the navy ; but the escort lost their wi^ amtfDff the barren sands; their own allowances failed ; and, remrd- l^of the King's diMeasure, the men broke open tbe packaglBS and de- voSed the content*. Nor did this conduct m«et with itny animadverrion -MM it was proved to have bpea the result of extreme hangar. By In* own exertions he collected annother supply, which wa» saftly conv^ •410 Ihe eeiside tnr an oflicer named Gretheus. He idso piro«lainied Icrce r«wnrds for alt such inhabitant* of the more inland regions, as ^OuM dHve down Uimr flocks and herds, and carry flour and meal to the nawil fi>r«es. Hitherto his care indf^ara were pl-incipally on their adeouQM hof^ was now entering thi» hterfof the desert, whertthe flirfbty ^^^o<»nHM^vfing land^bree Wame a doobtiUl queition. AlpMr^MBnianions' of Alexander, wtraftad fbHoired hiib ilom Mace- AMlin to thtrflyphasis, agreed that the otherlabours and dangera in their '^ A«ii#s Mpedifion weie flot to be compur^d with iko fkttgaes and priva- tioiM'^f the mtfch thrmigb Gedrosia. The burning |ieat «nd tiio acar- cilrH»r#ttter proved fttafto a great poHi»nof the nien,nndloidni«flt all tktf bMila^W^. For the desert was like an occean ofmoving sand an^ aaiMttMid all the fantaatic shapes of driven snow. The men sunk deep into Oese banks or wreaths, and tiie prbfpnaaxtfall the 'wheeled vahicles wa« soon stopped. Thftlength of some oftheas marckeaexbinit* ted them to Ihe last degree ; for these were regulatad not b]jr the strength of (he menv hut by the discoveiy of iirater. If afteir a nigbt'a march thtfy fea^hetWells or rivulets in the morUing,^ there waanot lAoch saf- ferjng. But if their march was prolonged till the sun tpis high in die kiiUrias, and darted his nomtide rays upon th«ir headsiltheirthinit lie- <^HHe intdlerable (Uiid Oven unquenchable. ^liO deatrudtioh ofthe betests of burden was {M^bcipally the work of ttie men, wtio. in AiiirhunMr, killed and deifoored not only tbe oxmi bttt'llciraeB and m6le«. For this ptirpoae ^y would linger htfUnd^ and allbiiB'dB eotiiing up, thatthe atiimaH had verified c/Tiiirat or fatigue. fii me 'tenehil relaxatidn^ dfacipUsie, which invariably .accompanies sterihuritraggliBs fbrlifh, f^w c^flSeersii'iere cnriouft iffmarkihcwbat was dfi^ lOiiiM. Bven Alexander could only preserve the foi|M«f authority, 1^ <«i apparent ignorance of disord^ira^hich could not be retoiedi«l)^ind b)' lJta|iivin|| At offbncea wbi«4t severity could not have checked. '"^ 'Mtf«n1UKlwer(M^while the boitea of Che feat of Ms a6l diwa ijg te o 14lf%'«lcittliin dw d«a«rt» ofOedroaitt-^aiiild ao«h apMOtoff f#iliM:- ~ i4ilb|ttdttg dMniointM mt lyiii)»iftized«i||ilr>i(liW4 ivWif ) 41 TH£ OHEAT. 1^ Ai most of the marcKes were porforinvd by night, many w«re ovec< powered by«leepaiid-|uiik on the road side. Few of, these ever rejwn- ed the army ; tfaeyr rose and attempted to pursue the traok, but • J^- I of their desolation and their want of food, for (hmuie in aSil* h^UtOrs wa» in the rear of such, an army, soon paralyzed all exertm,' Kpd tUl^r floundering for » short period among the hilktcsksof yiel|mig- fliHKi, they would lay Aemselvea down and die. # Another and most dissimilar roisfrrtune overtook then[ They hnd cncao^d one eveupg in the bed of a torrent, from the caTities in whieh they bad scantily supplied themsdvest^with water, when late at niahtjin conBequnceofafallof rain anxmg the mountmns, the waters suddenly!^ dJMceikdfld with the force and depth of animpetonus river,; and swept every thing before them. Many helpless womeu and chtt^f^n, whoin the Iov» and natural aflfection of th«r protectoreiiad IntHiirto preserved, perished In the, flood ;. which ateo carried awajr tiw royal equipage, and agwrt of the fNoatniBg beasts of burden. A similar misfortuneJhad in* ^Nld,befidlen< thmn in India ; but^Upy had then encamped too near tim hr&iik of the magnificent Aceaines ; and were not preparod to fear aUw diiinfeBr from tM sudden swell of a paltry torrent m Qedrosia. ifaay periled from drinking imittMlerate draughts of water. Foraa. som aa it became known timt the mad of the eohram had arrived at wells, streams, or tanks, thp soldiers ee|W to^ allay ^tr huniing thkst, broke their ranks, rushed lo the spst, and drank at their own disenitioD; the most impatjbnt even plunged in the water, as if anxious to imbibe the cooling moisture at everf pore. This intemperance proved e^Ujally fiitnl toman and beast. Alexander, therefore,. tau|^hyj^l9^noe> ailHle IM troopahalt at the distance of a mile, or a n^« and «h«lC,irom tMpj>.- -.''^l^tM-^.f the army was thus toiting along tbroSigh the vididing sand, pi^id^d brthirst^ and under the scorching raya of a midday sun. The mgrch had corithiued longer than usual, and the water was stiU fiur hi . &m, when a few of the li^t trot^, who h«id wandefed flr<>m ^e pMo, bl^, found at th^eUom of a ravine a, Mtp^portiiiii of hmekish Wr ter. Had Ubee coUe«te4 wl^Jl^fve sofvpalons care. *A helmet aerved for a cnip, «nd wit||r;tliejp««ciM* neot«r treasured in thia^ their hurriedto th%kiii«|' ^e great ^Menlud ' loflweoaeadto usethetsheiMs; every generaM^r die sake of ann^, sl^id^ the marching a-foot at the head of bis own brimd^ Aleundsr himaetf; who never imposed a duty on others from whiJi he ehrunkin eevMn, was now on foot, leadktg forwiird the^^alank with l«hour taA dHikulty^ and oppi^snd wtth *ii«». He took the helmet from Ai hiMsofthe li|ht-trooper, thanM him and ^ia comndes^ thair,UM ex»rtion% and Qion (Maierately, in sight of all, ipmmA the wtwmt^y thiiUtle i >'sands cMf-the desert, tJM ^^^^J^^^^S^S — but Hie great general < For every soldier who witneieed the iMlfttiQif • «» 164 ALfcXAJJWEK wen, nor swept the there wei I horsemeo,! shortest cut five alone' On di^jgingl and the s^liMenial of his king, received asstroDgr a stimulus to hisfaiotf ips faculties as if be had partaken of the refreshing draught %t one period, the guides confessed that theV knew not where Iber iMM. nar ja what direction they were moving. A gale of wind had surface of the desei-t, aad oblHMVted every trace k the sands j i no landmarks by which they could ascertain their position, no trees viried the eternal sameness of ithe scene, while the san(h^ knolls shafted theiir ground, and changed their figures with every IVesR storm. The inhabitahu of these deserts had not, like the LHtyans and Arabs^ learned to shape ^eir course by 4he sun and iBtars^— the army therefeiv was in the greatest danger of peiishtiig in the pathless n^. Alezaqdjiar, thus tivown upon his own resources, took witfi himaiew )iid turning to the left, hastened by what he deemed the to theiMashore. *^iiis eseort dropped off by degrees, and ined when he was fortunate enough to reach the coast ^, _„ ^io tlie sandy beach, tM$6 had theThcxpressibie pfeasom of seiring puto-and sweet water oozing into the cavities. Notice of the discovery wa9 instantly communicated to the main body, and all werto broughD^own to the shore. Along this they marched tor seven days, and were suf^Iied with water^from these tempory wells. Tbei^ the guides recognised thehr W8y,«tad alt again directing (heir course inland, arrived At Pura, the capital of Gedrosia, w^re, j»fter a desert inarcb of sixty day's 'dbntmuance, their severe sufleTings tennipiMed. ^ . ^ Suw[ls Arrian's account. Stiabo adds : <« Alaoy suoji d^%vn by the M|d siae, exbiiuctted by fttJjrue, heat, and thirst, 'fbwb W h^^ seised wllh MMors, aeo«»mpanied by convulsive motions of the IdlHde and tMf niiA4Sed Uko men overpowered by riirori and shiveHiw fha. . ^ • Tbori iNUflOrco, not unlike the laurel, whieh proved |M>is(MM>us to tlM b^i^MttlUllm. These, arter browsing h, lost tfM use of their Kndis. S2l?S^KiT *^"AJ******'*^ There was al^finprieWy plant, the ftW. or«Fhleh crept like a cucumber, olonfr th» ffround. Thr», when **»««f»^W?«>»<. apujrted a milky Juice, and ii'any dmwqrit struck the •^*^ JP^"*** *""'*•**'*« '"^■*'* blindness follovred. There wns dtomr •iMihHilvenf^inous serpents that lurked under some sbrabs which S! n)11#I^ ■•?^'^ ^^ **"" .^"« «««»to«t detih. It is said that ifJ?**]**!?"*'"^ A«r arrowyK>lnts, made orSr^^u^eoed ttood. rii* if"! '!?*"*'' •»**k''t Ptolemy, the son of l^gttfr, was at the iwtet ofdwiibfromsttcha w«und,bui that Aloxahder, in hhslet-n, !S!2Lf C??"'^'*Vr*''?***^'* "^^ P«cuHar t» that country, and'or- ^l^^n^JJ^TuL''''^*'^'^'^^^'''''^^ found the root,w*ith 1h^S2fi-i* neighbourhood, and applied it with success; and that SLJ^USSJ j:*"'«»^'Si *«»■« » n>m9dy bad been discovered, made JSJaSiSSa «l.k-;?^' I*?'»««»«y.2i»tlnues 9trabo. "arme^ sons imanayited with As secret guvi Aktander the Inlbrmalton. on^ tfaAftbnioua part was th« addition of th* Stterer. " '""*^"*"*^ ""^ ^SaSp^^^^^ Itojmmedlate violnity. p^r, wHhtWe •«. THiiriBcapaWii oTfeHJUaihgodhrtrfet lariro>iZghtoMwS?a^eS!r • lf#k >«#! l5»»' "'■; THE GRfiAT. 1G5 jpoMs, and to r^orjt'a the famishrd army pf Alexander. Arrian'a Pura i mtnr •till lurk iq the last syllable of Bu'iipore, especially as the oainer- oM Pores ot' India bave'no connexion with the names of cities In MA- nm^ P»ol«niy ealls tlie capital of Gedrosia Ea^is, probably a ndbprtai wMfcpW';. *^e r^iWfal appellation for isolated and fertile spotfsurroilli- MiM *»*^«?*f *"• satrap of Gedrt^a, Apollophanes, bad sbatnefU- V^II of WmmoaoiiM. Bjf he soon died, and Sibyrtias was appointed to the MriMdMlrtrapiefeofAraohoslttaadGedrosia. "«o As the kiov was inarcbloff IVom Porn to the capital of CarmtBla." theoiodem Kirman, he reouived In^tigeneethat PWUp. whom he bad left in eominand of ifll 4ho country to the west of the upper Indus, hMl •"••ij.»«»l"» l»» » motioy, by the Greek merccn«ries ander his comniiM^ '**»?*ii "* "*'»***'y ••"^ •»**«» quelM, and the assassins pat to deatb^ ^^jpi"*'ed<|nian troopp. Alexiinder did not immediately apapint • ■»«*«'»{ l»«l?w»t a oommissioo, ampow«rioir Eodemos, a ^£eek. MMrftotlidl|lnTUiies,tosaperintendr' ' ' At Kirnan Atoxander.wasJoiBed by that teimd to anooanteraA^ great difl iMtt M> the Ardf^aod «!•«»■ into tlw vals I the satrapy for ■ shorfolme. '•AUCretsnsanliura." «tottbted admiral iMl Wiif ibility -ofWS^ 'Y , Ontems. It does not apjMter ,^ . . .^ dlfficaWes. Hiscoair«6.niasliii<^e- ^„M the Ard^^MMldav^alalo tlw vale ortheBeennund. TMsffiMt ' riVilNtfmitd ooniM hi«n thraiiiii like rleh territories of the StteMMis «Nil»wer Drmvinik. till its Gators terminate in the swampy Iftke of iBmrik. From the weatemedge of the lake to Kirman, there 1« ara- gMHrearavao road, which, with common precautions, can be travers- al %y 9rroi«s, Here riso arrived Nearohus, the admiral of tbe flN^ «WI^. conducted his ohorKe in safety from the mouth of tbe Iiidttat ' laMfMnMottia, on the noast of Curmauia. The city and its name ««w«^ ia im»r.tm^ transferred dront the continent to the island, whleh, on- ' dar IM tiyi* .af Or«ias, beeame, for « time, the most celebrate mart ia tbo l^dlaii naaw. But its eriory kas passed awtiy, and the '< tln«iA'«f Omm^'liattw a barren roek. OTall Ae voyafes distinctly recorded by tbe anoiento, thia «v|ri^ bokfost, MAost adventurous, and snccessftil. Us abl«> conrfuclpr Waar oaeoTtke ewrlieat IHemCi and fkvourites of AlexatM^er, and was one^# oTAe Ive exiled from Maoadoain fbrtlieir attacbment to the priDce.--!Si NMrehna, by Mrth a Cn4att,wan, ^JIIlNisshMi, a citisen of Ampbi-''^^ polkfon the Sirymop, wb^noe he eali^ himself a Maoedoniac. Many oTilMa aacleniB anspeoted his oredlWHty as an author, and for tbki two « good reasons might b« assigned ; flrst, he wril a Cretan, and that for 9 papular argument was 8oflelent»-, wftk bis keen perception of the diflbi^oce between truth 4' m nteced 1 mawtfr Ooa i»*l* Uaat ho Im* not Mt^^ wM botli^tnitb." He inras evii||^jy a < aOfr.AleXadder's deat^ tr^lf|p>y. aH\tta^4#|brence to whUsh IfliiNli ^ ^ (Ifrail ralber ofiWaaively a»|>mpr]r prpof of < ^ ' '" iflaboq^wlp Mahow tl MilpadoiHMvibybir OM or two) extraoKdifiar| ;be geaat^faots of UiaiiaC,-^^. , ^^.^^^ ■. - .,,^, BU^ Staaahoir, iatrapl # Piut&ia and Hyrcaaia. Tbefle oOceni ^ mdirbli tbroiHirh Oiedrosi;^, and bronjrht. nod caiit<*M<'' €!«• coil. 'Pfieae igl»at ottdf ra W«r6 pablicly ae- _ ^ itb.aml tbair owa apMieia, oCMIvileie, biplaa- mm4 nwraoklur thetomba of tha deaib^mid oftyraimy. _^._^ Tiwrkwa^ala ol*?ttQrtk(naodoirtrBgeotf«a|irop«rtyaad «rtb# Uvftig. When tba vbavgea bad beaa fidlAfebiiaaliatad, 4fe oottdwioAcd aad«saeiiitefl, aa« vranbiir to aK^l«r>Mitrap« HaiamaUint awaitwl sneh nial«raotoir« oadai^ fl#«AiiiDii^ ixaoder. It wa» the kaowledge of bla iafleXtbpiy apoK'Wp _ , ofhla determlnotion to protect the sabjaci IhWn tM axtortiaft ^ aM| iytraany oftbaaa^pi), that preserved traoqtittity ii» A^twaiiraiM* tslpiiH>bioaai»r]ya«!Xtaii«lvif empire.' With tha.enea|tH>n » i i M l llael i f li B -^ att^l^dian hMiirreetiaai teaoaed by the artifloeaof BpilanMmsa^ntel- llottAf^ people, from the shores orHellaepont to tba bitaha ort^ailB' das, IwAlhebofdafa of Seytbfa to the deaavta ^.Ethiopia. SevaMll satraps auempted to wear the cid^rb aprigbt, oTf hi thelaagaag^ of 8aciptare, to exaU tbair horn, blit were easily pnt dowiit vwHhaat: atraa lb|^«^'.4r«battto. . ■■■.■^^■.: ii' ■i|.)-.-;,>,.y , . if ■ OHAPTBRXV.. ». ' 1}ntrtsactiona of the Tenf* Ywif in Airid,^^. The rable.loTioff historiaoa 9C Alayaitdipr'a lift are I liixorjlaot Id their descriptioos of th«Baoehapalian pr toif i H i fe lry ^rf'thainarab firom <}arauai^tollarsto. tloM^. 4ttt tM voada were atra«rad vrlth i^wan beJbra arapy daor arai ikliara Aaok alvtMr 4 •^( |4|iap asaally ' pandwaa- ri Tan wbVria 'days the aniiy drank, flNnted, am ^jc^ - -jS--: •1 '•J- T .< -(? MIE GkEA'l'- 167 (led, and drank in a state of riotous intoxication. Tbat very clever r, bat likoat ignorant man, affirnra with an oath, that a thottannd ^barfoc^riam odald have«a«ilyniaM«cred the whole army oftiflp- Imnkariia. ^ *' . Ldoordiuir toPIntarob, who In no leaa absurd, Tor scTen daya AMm^ Marphed tfaroogh iiarmanin with BoccbanaHnn pomp. Vpi^li jA^nt chariot, drawn by eight borsfts, wa^lpoed n lofty p^ W$erti he And h\ti chief friends revelledi The carriage was fol- l>y iiiaqy ot^eri, sQme covered with rich tapestry and parpl« lQgjl,'ando|bera shaded with branclies of trees, firesh fathered looi^^rnjr..|athiese were the rest of the king's friends apd ««»* crowned; with itowers and heated with ^ine. In this wfaiole iny there Was hbt to be seen . a shield, helmet, or spear, but i^* eofw, fla^ns, and bowls. Thc«e the iroldiers dipped in largtt JB of Wihe, aiid drank to' enoh other, some as tiliey marated.-MMl tflwfv seated at llflbles, whkib were placed at proper distanees on tiia , The^hdie country resounded with flutes, clariotaets, hBdaonga* tvith dances and riotooS' frolicking of the women. This disord|ljr« I diasolute march was attended with all the Hcentioas ribald^f . nf jaeohanalians, as If Bacchus himadf bad been precieM to oaify on llibaDch. ' ' ; ' , .(Tbi a word ofthis processfoa," writes Arrian, "is mentioned by ' fWMlff the son of Lag^is, Aristobolus, or any other author entitlea itf-mm' on the subject, and this alone issufflcient to induce me to fi^- j0n:itm WtWile aeeouat aa anwotlby of credit." But ,tbero #(^|grtNW Wiaaaafci'wjectiiy it. The season was the depth of Mrtnl»r*v^af» OHKM not tbeMifo*e,'b» any flowers, and burning aaBrsay J^fy boaghat W^*«nt«ll^n. 'I^e whole ilction was prob«l(k grounded oq tka fiwt recdrded by Aristobulus, tjtial Alexander fti^arroania ofl'erad • Vipg «!Bcrifioe for bis Indian victories and safe return, m4, vmt ■ ^mre«»ool«> were terminilfftd by gymnasUe gflim«f MB i^«aentatlona. A«4he latter had been Tivfiei«Mt«dwrQi|f .^i^lftiBlfr revival wooM paturally be celebrated .wHb MM»red: • , ^^'^v ..]^r«pi,JMiri^o Hephoailioty|iraducliBd^^ Jbqdy of^ arinjr,, &• k^Mp* i«>4 #ie elepbftDls to the sear 9^ tha ro«d to SusiapQa along the -^^lil , Mer supplied with pfpyjoion*, oi^d tfee oliowte W«im«r* lici^^liei^^ith tlte Companiop caxalry, md a select ^»rp^1»i r,,^^,^fiSjf***^)«» Pa«arga4pi_ ,-, '.:.;■' \ '■ ■'-, ^ ' \ -'m[ "^^4i»^iiig*li Ariifobulas, AtexiiA^M' ettily otpr^aaed att mnAoi^i^ sifo. if ever heaubdued Persia, to exa^nine the towb«fOyiW the «w»^ mmmn and X«ii«photthad giwwSy oWrttaaictory accounts of^is ^^Ih :<^tl)e fuliiijIJMAiNitt tMpiipJ^ defoitted, alam, and de^ HM by' flb il^^ir^MMT^jn|§>^vbite^^^ r .* 1 « . 168 ALISXANUER Durio^^is hostile visit to Persia, be had found means to examine the tatfflbit, and Aristoliulus, whorecoirifn»d over JNNik OIo l^lbeiiefore, grudge me UiS totnb." At tlio.^fiMH oi::ikk.wiii^^9( iffc^ which^ledtothe door intbecba||)|beie, waa boUt a.amatf^vottiisaeiB Ar .tb^ Nlagi« to whose caro the sepulchre waa intrurtwi Adwop, ud a' oonespendiog «tMl»4rf' ••■^^tA But altboukllAjri^t^&olus tni^thavci satisfied AlMaAder, ito iQl(bMtttt< tion haa r^f^bd^f;^ Iretoecting the irtate in whii^b &m',h^jM^.te«!oi ; #betber it coirre^pondod witti X|«imdipn> ifcaen^ J||f||eat(td the t^perior jadnn^Rt of Iterodbtu^ wttOt arooing varimifi l^^imfik t^j!^ luMlfreferi-e9 %lteinpU to break it to pieces, and, by crualuug together the sidei. to miike »t portable. It is worthy of remark, that the body of Aletatider niuteft, a greater conqueror than Cyrus, wae, for the Bake of the tfol- den coffin, treated in a similar manner by Cocceft, iind Ptolemy. Sor* Mined the liitrtt^er. The ^reat, if they wish their ashes to remain un. /«i«irbed, should leave their wealth on this side of the grave ; any au^ I perQuotts decoration of the tomb but serves to tempt the hand pf the Alexander, with pious care, commissioned Arifttobulus «• restore every thing to its prior state, and when that was accompliahed, to boild !!L!!f ^°^Tu* ^*'''f wwa-work. The Ma«;i, suspected of hai% cooniTed at the sacrilege, or at least crimlaafly neglected their duih^ were pot to the tdrti»e ; but they persisted to affirm ffieir inndCence and their iMorance of the offenders, and jwere dismissed. As Straho pro- perly observes, the failure to carry away the golden coffin is a cdnvine- iDg proof that the attempt bad been made in haste by fome band of prwrlmg robbers, and not under the sanctiei of any conibtituted antho- nties. k tpie Pasargada, according to Herodotus, were the leadimr Persian cJaij or tribe. To it belonged the royal family of ihe ActodMoida* who, since the days of Cyrus, had possessed the empire of Asia. Pa- MTgada, apparently named from bis own tribe, was bum>by Cyms «n tlte^epot where he had sained his final victory over the Medea; Men 1^ great learnmg and judgment have fallen into error, from confouitdfiw Pasargada with Parsiu^rda, the oriental nune of Persepolja. The n^ take IS as old as Btephanus Byzantius. Were the site of Pasarildk tliscovered, we might sUU hope to find the baMsment of the tomb efCynw. From Pasargada Alexanderwent to Persepoliaor ^^arsagarda, whara as Aman says, he repehted oF his deed as he viewed the awUuielioly ^rUfipiaofthe royal palace. F^ ' JWiirasaOrtes, the satrap of PeTsis, had died, bnt Orzines, a Ptosiaa nobleman, had, without waiting m Alexander's nomination, usurped the -®^ Nor had this bold deed, when first communicated to Alcixaiider, excned his displeasure, as it seemed to originate in conaoioua woidi. But when he 'had arrived in Persis, so many acts of violence and ow- pre^ion wer^ laid to the self-elected satrap's charge, and suppprtAd & Persian evidence, that the king, who had not spved hisoirn^ifow. condemned Orxines to death. I '.y^rwr^r^ Peucestas, who already, for his faithful semees in ^' Malli^ bite- d(B],l)ad been appointed one of the conkotanderVcif Um bodv-goard, waa %(her rewarded with the sa^y of Perms.- lo^bediately en b«ng ^ pmnt^^e adopted the Persian dreas, applied himself to the atti!^^. tt^Milui^ ^A'^^jSant pointi conformed to the orieotel hWbHltrr'^ Wl*'^??*^* PW^'SlBw*'^® ^ many Macedonians j but was m ' «f hf ^ttauder,<^pRfeWfrded V ttie warm «tt9i^in|eat df i^^ I aMMaioB or Aieumi^, during the intervils of Ids nUttitt''ii|o»k paigns, had besii isonsiderably attracted to * ■**** *<^ sorambn Dardanis to the rof al presence. Btit he reflMed to obey-and would not allp^ gmr of Ws hearers to Tistt the lOoff. He said he was as ii.UliliffiWPE7."'L'l[ '" "? AlexaQdcr, thatli« wanted nothinjr whichlHBKndCr«2ild (Mrtov^nor ftaied ■nvtbinff he could inflict ; that the flmits of the earth in their due sea. •on^Miaoed him while livbig, and diat death wontd only nree his soal »inoa*ibr«nceofthe body, at the best but a troublesome eom- ^Alexander respected the independent spirit of the sMrage, ( him no fiuiher moleetation ; bat he persuade aaotber Uyoi. luwl. \a nameCalcnus, to abjui^ his ascetie habits and follow ■«/0ila ralow-relfi^nists loadly aconsed him of havlDg forsaken rt ^ly road to happiness for thesi^ of the forbidden enJoyimatB of AlexaodM's table: but Calairas persevered, bad aocompanled his paironinto Ptirsls. Here his health began to decline, and he there- foM^toonnced hlsreeoinUon to bom hlttiaelf sUite before any ipreirt- er evUs ox^took him. Alexander, having in vain attempted to dls- eaade him, ordered Ptolemy, the sop of Lagas, to prepare a magni- fioeat pilcf^and to see that all ^as conducted with order and mopri. ety. He himself, from fesliags which we must respaot, reM4 to wiliien the horrid ceremony, although the Macedonians in^mieral . omwded^ta the siglit. Galanus rode to the pile at the head of a iMg lpn.lh?anaad and tqpk hia place cafaqly, and whUe the fliy 1^ &|h»h, never moving a lUnb. 'rae trtmipets soondeda %,: y authority or ,lhSk»iiito 4lsiieSidigmn other causes, it may ^LfoMy Infemdtiiat paaltMtatriyinsai^P^bW dUBoulties #bo»e the avpttion.^tr the Mher. ' 1^l9ia Was accm J'hii^ aratf bdthfonad hailUstad^ma onthe sapp ^ ato^ayoC.rttckonlngr ixaadSr wooitf ntey^r retuni with lite. They took into ynsMey , — , «Bnm«i,1tiei^taa||tp,'aw witifrTieMSfi^ . v. - •iOd the other perfla to which he recklessly exposed Mni> .*■. ,; » f *^- >•' T0£ ORfiAT. 14^ ■elf, and thoofht th«y m^ht paloulate, without much risk, on flnnl Im- punity. Aradog the moat notorious offiBuden was the wretehed Har* palu% who had been left to aoperintend thetiemry at Ecbatana. On bearinif of the ftte of Oleander, SitaloM, and Hcraoon; the aasooiatM "Tfafa i Crimea, he haatfly took 0,000 talenta fW>m the treasury, hirad the ■Mnrtoes of 6,000 mereenariea, and, ander their escort, saAly arrired irith Us stolen waalth at Mount Tnnams in Laoonia. He attempted to weHe the Atheaiana to take up arms, but the assembly fqr the Unw bad the wisdem to ft^eet bis persuasions and bribes. Thence he wan- imd to Crete^ where soon atler he was put to death by Thimbron, the cntofoOeer of his own mercenaries.' Afesander wan so ^hooked by this double ttiiiany of BarpnlnSr thathe.eottki not for some time be brough to believe it. He evan threw hrto prison the flrat perscm, whd iMpoght InformMiqn of his rob- ery and flifht. His tamper wiil not improTcd by this event, andik wasA^asved, tbi^ thenceforward he was niore inoMned to listen to aoonfji^ian, and lean re*dy to pardon oflbnces. EJzperienoe waa doliir its tetikral wark, s^ Impiearfiur Um with the stern neeeaalty of pre- ferring jasflea to mercy, and of not allowing petty oflTenders to swcif, by long impanlty, to the Adl proportion of state oriininals. Re had no doubt diaeovered by this time, that the Hledes and Pefw ,forit isdiHcnitto drawadiatinotion between them, Wereue 1 and moat Irastworthy race in Aaia. He had long ceased to «!9- B with faelfaqpl peculiarly hoatile, and now prepared to drnif le union between .them and the Macedoniaaa. At 8«m 1» ^'coIhJBlid all the noMea ofMie empire, and celebrated the most i(Ufe« nUloMitlMptiala Mcorded in history . He oMnried Barolne or Statdftt, the ^bmMbr of the late king, and thus, in the eyes of hia Persian aub- Jecta; «i|nilied itte title to the throne. Hia fhAer, Philip, waa ap^v- aandat }n pray Peieian than Oreeiaa opiniona upon the sub^t. Eighty of Ue prlnei^pral ofltoors followed tiie example, and were united to tiap deo^tenofthe chief nobility of Persia. To Hephosstion was gbmi th« seoend daughter of Darios— Alexander being anxious that htopwiil and Henhaation'i children 'i^ould be as closely connected by blood tbdr ftthers by fHendship. To Cratorus, next fai fovonr to HephBeiu sa||erior to au in anthority, wasjriven Amastrine, tbedaogiitert>f ^ yartca, tte bn^ther of Darius. These three princesses, dIsttngnMied they were by this selection, were all destined to eariy wldowliona au^ a i8b of aorrow. Amastrine alone was equal to thestrag^e. Jkherjhip death of Cratems she married Dionysius, despot of tlie Bithynian mh radeia, and gfive her name to the town of Amaatris founded1»y hetaell on that coast. Kir influence waa so great in that country fua tofpdaoff king Lyaimachus'lo become her husband. Tp Perdiooaa liaji given the danghfer of Atropates, the aatrap of HMia : she aim waa soon a widow, but her father, afler the aMaapii^ atido of^ son-in-law. declared jhimself independent, ' and A>aa* j^nyi>iat from H*raclelB, andHyperholbs from Cy>ieain. Banjf totihe flate. prsome euoh Instrameot ; while Tlih6theiit<, Pbrynlcho»*8rtiaH- •IniiJDIOi^iitiWr and Bvios, the Chalcldan. first performed the Pythian overtart, and tben, accompanied by ohortMes. dlaplayed the Aill power of wifMl iaetmmenta in nuwterly hands. There was also a peculiar daae, called calogiH* of Bacoboa ; thew acquitted themaelvea to w«|| OB this oeoaslon, apply'>V (o Al^xaoder those praises wMch in tbelr extemppnuMOoa •ffUonsbad hltbfHo been confined to the god, that th«r moqttlred the name of ealokists of Alexander. Nor did their re- wf rti fUl them. The slanre, ofoimrso, wns not without Its repreeel*-, ♦ tivf* i-^o-Tbe^salos. Ath«nedorus, Arlatocritus In tragedy---Uyconi ^bdrmlon, and Ariston, in comedy— exerted their ^«mo•t Bldn,^and contended for th* prfae of silpaVtpr excelienee. Pbasimelas, the dapi* aiBT, wiM alao prtweat. ftiayet undecided wheUierthe Persians adwilted>eir ipWfoiiaito tfieir public banquets and private parties ;— but if we 'can belteVe the positive testimony of Herodotus, such was the case ; awl the suronMwa of Voshti to the annual festival, and the admission of Haman to the queen^a table, are facts which support the affirmation of that bistariftn. The doubts upon the subject appear to have arisen nonu coafoundiDg the manner «f Assyrians, Meclea, and ?artliiane, with thbseof the^iore Soy thian tribes of Persis. We read in Xen^phon that tBe PaWM #»- men were ao well made and beautiful, that their attractions iOlgDti|tfiy haw •e4uced the affections of the TentlioUsand, and have oauatdjpro lika tiM lotna-eating^ companions of Ulysser, to forget their "Hrt*?*^ Some little hinisi as to the inode in Whiftji Iheir beauty was enhai^ a^iiUieir personfi deoorat«d,smajr be eiipected in tUe Life of Alexanwr, wh(H victorious ov^r their, lathers ai^^d ttrot^isrs, yet submmitted totfaoir * m^Porvkm iaife* wqN> fto tiiura or «ir^ «^<>TO'^*^Ht^ ala, Hiey wore thek,hair long, wid both plaited and o»rt«0 « 5 "<*|^?f the natural failed, didthey^sorupleto wear felse looks, Thby pOfitoHOd the «yobtow% i«>d tinged i]^«TV«Md, with a dy^ ^%^f> suppowid to a^d» MOuHar hrpttianpy to-flie ayos. They Were fend of t)«rforoef, and their deli^tftil Ottar wis the prinoitml favourite. Their tome w»d^d«^- ers wore of fine linen, tbe robe or gowO of silk— the train of Wm»^ loqn, aoulbust^tiB occasions required a supporter. KWind mf»i they wore a b> eardrops -«iT .ff^f 174 ALEXAIiOEll / leto, ankleta, aqd worked Ihrai 1919 contpkuous parte ojt'tlffir drasaei. Ofttoi^ipiM stoa«s they prefeffted emeralds, rubiei, ud ttfAiuoiig^ wiM0|iiv«r9|»tin|^ld, abd wora ^^ Alexatider did not limit his liberality to the wedding feativtttea, i>ot prea^ted every bride with a haodsome marriage portton. He also or- dered the names of all the soldiers who bad married Asiatic wives to be registerfdj their number exceeded 10,000;. and each received « hand- seme present^ umterthO name of marriage gift. « 1^ Macedonian army did not' differ in principle from other arintb. *11^ eon^ueron of AmIk were not all rich ; great plunder and sudden teui 419 in geperaJ lavishly spent Many were in difficulties, and deep- ly mdabted t» the^ borda of usurers, plunder-merchants, and crcdjit-gjiv^ orsttj^tm all agjM have been the devourmg curse of European as wbll as of Asiatic, armies.. Alexander, aware of this, deteropned to signal- ize tho Beaton of njoicing by a general payment of alibis soldiers' debte. Ilathere&r^ bv a pttblic Order, announced this generous in- teotion,' and onbwed dji bonds, contracts^ and other sdcuriti^ to be broogfat \)i$ the debtor and Creditor to the oflkers of the treasury, who were td* registeatihe debtor's names, and pay all debts legally due. Few wcare boldendugb.to accept this* princely offer, as most suspected it to bdatest^Oen^mtbe king to distinguish the frugal and the prudent from the extravimiit and dissolute, \lexander ^was dispieasoi^ with *bis#Hrilst, ajB» MMsordiog to him, '* kings should not dissemble with th^lpubjects, noi(subj6cts with their kings." tfethen ordered tables be placed in various parts of the camp, and noth- red than for the debtor and creditor to present them* e money, and cancel the securities before the eficers. ' talento were thus disbursed ; and the soldtore ftltmere licacy of the niaaner thasthe substantial nature of the momists will explaim against the measure,.^— moral- a direOt.pi«imivuDar for ^ produoti^ of fblse dobu- 1 to argue the question, for there is do apparent dan- ij^ will ever be imitated > ^, waraa wore assigned to every mato who had dMtioguished r by superior.cottduct or brifliant actions, during the late Peucestas vtA Leonnatus receilved ccowns of gold for their irvices in the Mallian citadel ;•— the latter had also enhanced hhi bv gmniiiff a decisive victory over the Oreits^ ■ Naarchus aiii . - . W^ were honoured in the sameimumer» for the skiH Haiii raccese ii^which they had conducted thf, fleet from the Iv^ds to the Psrsiaii ^^ ■ .:/'-\. '-\-' -■'.:■■ • y -' "i.-- -'^'•^^;> boys who hed b^ selected 19^^ vfpnftmimm and were oondnctod by their reraOotive oflioefe tei bfthehiiu;. Il^r had been folly {Insthictai ' and the l^oedonian discipline, and reoeived f -^-ble ut^ of BpigohL Such waa^diejli .. ... , AM sixcoimaitums, who hadtaKift^p)^ aiegedm vam by their fttfiers. By giving this name to ^eyottitg war- goidj rejD covered wjU^, ingmore was selves, receive ^Twenty thoui greiuul for t] nm Poli isteiriUblaqleit «aehto;->it gerthait useless i.«--\ > k. ..«? tH£ GREAT. 175 rioru AlcxMMier cleariy intimaM bis intontion \6 nchievo by their aid %,o6iiqueirt« which tiMMBcedbniaiiyeteraDS had left nafinial^ The B«a»W)i8 preMnred, and, in the history of the Asiatic Greeks, beloittw to the euocesacnni of those great geuelrals wito, after Alexander's death, becaBiip the founders of so many new dyoastiefu The first race of ww>: riftrkidgs were called the Diadochi. %: The kight of the 30,000 j^igoni, in the spring of life, armed and di0i> ci]iriiQedUfl«r the- Macedonian fftshion, gave deep offtoce to the veter^ ' Hhe Mediaodreas of Alexander, the intermarriages, and their eet- ebr«ttopj«ccording to oriwtal forms, the Persian febes and language of Peupest^s, and the king's approbation of his conduct, served te feed ^ ... JifTrbut aii 4ese were trifles when compared with the steps til* ken to eoable the king t6 dispense with the services of the Macedonians. For ^innovations were not confined to inffantry ; the Coropaniton Cayv aky b^d bpen largely recruited from the bravest and most slUlful hobe- men ef Bictria^ SogdianS, Arachosia, Zaranstft, Areia, Partkia,«id rtMfi, ISven afifl^ brigade was raised, principally connsfingof bttt^ banma. It wa« commanded by Hydaapes, a Bii,ctfian; vader him snir- ed the aoiit of the highe»t nobility ofWhe enipire, and among them Ifc. •OMytii^ Irother of th|g queen Hoxanal^The Macedonian lance replii^ ced tkejiu re ine%ieat javelin, and a heavy sword die light and curved aoMBitar. The pui^oee of theae measures was ohviou«| the Mfecfldo* uaAeaaw With indignation that their king wes determined to b Widied rather to imitate the eaveer of ihe Bcythiaiw, i%d» clears, before, had subdued all Western Asia, aq^ pitobi»d Iheur Amp in th^ fairest provinces. For eight-and*twiBaty years, ^r •deoAai^iomf was to destroy, t ^ht* ^ i^*ta» PssJ.tlgripy^'WhiA; aee^Miic\eeM«ii}W' f*?**!!??!?? ^ •***«» mtris, ^■>fpi4tyWei> q^ > | gedi>lt| |# Arab, « As npiontkHi thM it ^ a CMa mno, anil rip^Mma or«liai*rivsnaoDiMetedwiththe~ nearly i \ '■■:'■»■ nuno, and siin^Bsa wlaaiial W iir s , 1 . " i V( %• « w~ ;!♦ 176 A1.KXANDEII : 5- iOT alter its junctiop with thd Coprate*, the inodera Ab^za), to the Ti- grta or Etiphrates.' l^ftu Alexuder sailed on it»b«M>ai the eoonti^ 09 bu^ aii «« livt^ htghty cultivated, and abounded witii ^an active popula- tiDi*. f1i« citma^e of Susiaiia ia hotter thaa in the neighbouring pro. vihcaii— il^ soiithem aspect, and hollow site below Mottnt Lagnos, ad> ding pbwer to the sun and sultriness tb the air. Its fertiltty, iinder a ju- dtq^tiii system of irrigation, is equalled by Babyloiiiik alone. Iti ancient iisftiBSf the return of wheat and barley crops was *a hundred and some- times two hundred fold. In bur days, a few strag^ing Arabs pasture tb«ir Jfloclyi on the baiiks of ihb greit streuns, and loos^y traverse what ther^iidt occupy. ^'v, Al^jeandeir with the best sailing vesaels antered the FEirsifO Oulf by tlie Jnaih ehainnet of IheK^arooii, and then eoastedjto l^ho right until he arrived at the mouth of the great estuary, now called the Shatrul-Arab, into which the waters of the Eubhrates and Tigris, Uie Oyiides, and the Ct^^U^i^ are discharged. Thc^ heavier and mor^ disabled vessels did itotvenhiro into the gulf, but parsed from the Karoon into the Sbat^I- l,ra(>, ttloi^ a canal Aow called the Hafar. Th« whole fleet joined at t^ wMtertt mouth of the Haflr put, aad sailed up the estuary to the 8 lac© where He]ph»«{ion amd t»e test of the army were encainp^i. From le 4:amp the fleet sailed upward^ and enteiied the separaiis ctttnnel of flieTi||y«. HAre it had to encdunter the numerous bunds, dilcM or rtStoj with which the Assyriato kin|8 had cutb^ aftd intersected the Ancient Assyria was not, like JBgypt^ benefited by river inundation, )Por tibie earthy particles, borne dpwn t^ the floods of the Tigris and ^ $ittp|^ate8, fve oeeply impregnated with. the salts of the desert, and^ in- ,etaMofHfe<^dledU>emcatarftets()«irate^ : . |f^ jk^i:gC ■ -■ ■ \ TliE UttEAT. 177 TLe Macedonians imagined that, a» tlio Persians were net a naval pawer, tbese'obstructions Were intended to iinpede^be eBtranoaofhcM tile flwla Into the bosom of the country. AlexaAd«r could hairiltaAaTe been igdorani of their real dse, but his views Virere not creKAndii»d event ^edoest made by Ckenus in behalf of the veterans, nor could they fpra moiiiit doibi tie Iibe#iiity of the provision iliteadcd for theitt on thMMHOra- mMrt. Bitt the iVaceAmiaM bad Ibriff been ripe foi^ Amttoy. The twrtMrkuM itmofif tb« Companion ea^ralry, the fbraridiible avrw of thii C^iigoiii, thefar Maeedonian arnM and diiQl|>|iie, vai« grienteo. eittlilit lioald be no lodger borne, eapeoiaUy ua ^»^^jpjj«'i#dt%aiviU|iiAt intdnliMy to act and apeak in future without conault^> tW|rfcaapN^|^ ^dMomitary aseembly. The whole body, uerefore, broke dut into load and muilno«« drm^ ^ 1rrowe4 euifht hundr«a more m mj own oaitte ; theo leaving Macedonia,^which furnished you with only a sdbtr sobsietenee, I iimnediately opened the passage pflfce Hel- IeapoM,'^dthotigh the Persians were theft tnasters of Jlie sea. Withmy cavdiry alone f conquered the satraps of Darius, and added to your ^- i»e Ionia, iSolia, the Phrygias, and Lydia. I besieged and took Mi- ^na, and as the other provin,ce«t gave in their submissiqifi, appointed .voB to draw the revenue. You dfcrive the advantages accrmagfrom Egy^ and Gyrene, acqiircd by ttie without a blow. You possessCoBjjfc-. ^pm, Falestitte, Mesopotainift, Babylon, Bactra, andSusa. To you , "MMff tte wealth of Lydia, the treasures of Persia, the luxuries or In- ^ and of the eastern ocead. You are satraps, generals, and coloi^ls, ^ctdo I retain from the fruit« of all my labours but this purple robe vattbdmnl Individually, 1 have nothing.' No body can show^ frea- «iiM» of nuM which are not youra, or preserved for your ttse, fori have B» temptation to reserve any thing for myself. Your meals diflfer not ettum mine, nor do I indulge in lo&ger slumbers ; the luxurious among yovfare, perhaps, more delicately than their king, and Iknow&atSe , oAan wstdbes diat you may sleep in safety. ^^" • ' )**Nw can it be objected that you have acquired all by your tqiHl and danj^lto, whUe I, the leader, h^ve opoountered neither risks nojrwbot|r*. ., IiiSqto a 0MUI aoKMW you who is conscious of having toile^ more for »e Ihin 1 fof tent rlay, more, -let ttim among you who 1»< wpunde «? lAoJMtnp tn^ duH>lay the scars, and I will show mmc ; wr no part of • . "„ ' ■ I. "" r- aWi ! MiJi i p i »iw , . iCTft.^.. ^mi'm--<^m mmm ■• ^''vm^ w^j^ 'b.h£ great. 179 my person in front has escaped uQwoundedf nor is there a band-^w^pdtt or missile of which I bear not the mark on my body. I have been ^uck hand to hand with the sword, by javelins, arrows, uid darts, discliarged :u from engines. It is under showers of stones and steelndiod niiiJiwcli that I have led you to victory, glory, and wealth, by sea and land, oipr •■ mountains, rivers, and desert places. .' . ^ /'I have married from the same class as yourselv^ and my ehildiflit and the children of many among you will be blood-relations. Without inquiring into the manner in which they were contracted, I have paidiA your debts, although your aay is great, and the booty from cratmwd ci- ties has been immense.' M^ of you possess crowns of gow, laiAiag monamjsnts of your own valour and my approbation, liiose.wfio have fkllen hfive finished their course with glory (for under my aufpiees no Macedonian ever perished in flight),. and ha veoeen honoured with q>leii> did funerals; statues of bronze preserve the memerv of most of them in their native country; their parents receive particular luHMibs said are free ftom all public duties and imposts. . < » **It wasmylAtention to have sent home all the invalids, and to ln.T!» oiftde; their oohditibn enviable among their fellow-citizens ; bat since it ikyour wish to depart altogether, depart, all of you, and on yourreium home, announce, that after Alexander, jww kmg, bad conquered the Modes, Bactjrians, and Sacae ; had'subdued the Uxians} Arachosiaos, „ and Dransians ; had'added to the empire Parthia, ChorMifniB, and Hyr- cania,' aila the shores of the 0aiipian Sea^;-h.ad led you ov^r Monnt Cao- casns and through the Caspian gates, beyond the Oxus and Tanaa, aiid die Indus,, previously crossed' by Dionysus alone, and the Ky^da*- pes, the Aeesines, and the Hydraotes^ and had year hearts not fiiiltd, would have led you beyond the Hyphasis alao ; aSier he had entered- h.' A ■' ii ?.;vfw«..'^!TT^fmw-r- - m f m ! mmm -m a m »mm :rwi*>m mmf'' \ ' . * 180 AL"£XAJB0ER ateo embodied to reprewnt tUe favoured Hypaspiste or Argyratpidtw r*ilverBli»<»f^f and Vank VietiiAaand all other requimtes Tpra t^anquot had bevn collectPj^TrQui Rilifnrts>ot'lWsis^ and j^t tiie cpaciu« haosiuet was within the reach of-«ll," Pi^estas'bad arranged his guests alter a mqdel furnished by AJii^l^ andw;. For at the reconciliation dinner (if I |qay venture upon tro woi|^), immediately round the king the Maceddniaps were seM^uL— ' nexit to them the ]|^j«ian8>-and beyond the Persiaps the individuals of plher nations, according to their rank and df||;n1ty. ' Nor, perhwpa,' wotHd we be wrong in supposing the whole drdiei^'tbnavebaenPerimltt and not Ctreelan. For the great king used In ig|w public hanqoeta al perkraieal seasons, not only to his rourtiers and 'guards, but to the^- potias ftoVi* his numerous satrapiesr On such oiecasions, we learn Awn the Book of fisther, the king oeWpiedibeobief place of bonoar, wbiks inttnedlateil ki front of htm -were the reprMentstivcs of the seven grcpt fantUlaaofFerBia, with the othe;* guests behind, them, according ta thi^rfmMt. «^« are informed by Herodotus that the Persians ragardr c4 tbeatselvevastbe centre of the created world, aod the noUesttriba on the face of it: ab«l that other nations partook of honour and ndblli-. ty in proportion^to their propinqnity to the influence-spreading cantra..' HiM', ifterelbre the original etiquette of the Persian court been enfonK ed, Mmb 'Ul accdo ai wu is tnust have been placed in the' rear of tbejr qiik» Thrtwiwti depoHdanta. ^ V. ^ AaerUtlay br»w took place, and a sewtion was made of an4h#t MM^ooiana whom ag^. wounds, and other accident had in ca p aa it a - \ ted liaaraatlve service. Their nnmber exceeded ten I hooaand. Alot.^ ander allowed tbem' full pay until they reached tj|i.eir several :bomef„. aa^Lo^Kintcd every invalid with a talent mora than was doe to bim^ AsmSmi^d children byyAsiatic women, he took, the nioiotenanei» and educmlon of all these upon himself, that tbef lUlgbt not give ri«4^ to jaafousies and domestic disturbances between tbcfr fathers aad tbel(>^ C(my|ti»iCion» til Macedonia. He promised to educate them-like Mae»<; 4mPHlaoldi««'8, and in due time to conduet them honMT aad pr aas M*' tbem to their veteran rutjicni. '"' "'If' JB|} i i ti.w^A i'tjie invalids regnrdad as the highest eamplimant, waa#M>^i iipipoiatmettt Qf Craterus to taka the charge »f them. The beiriMel^^^ ^R amiable man a^tl great officer ^lid demf ned of late, and ft nifmn tifr "•■ V ■- .- ( ' r- • . / \ I: JajBBfPSPP^^ipi^' I,i 182 AL^XAKBF.n V, bi« native air nvs judged advisable for its re-estal\li»lW»««rt. He wa» to condadt the vettirand hoiae, and to succeed ADtJpatfr ia the rtfen- oy of Macedonia, and the management of Greece. A^tipater bad^dis- ohargedhis datiee with great judgment, prudence, an^ Miceeaa; mm d|M8 Alexander's confideiK^ in him appear eyer to havi^ been ihakea. ' 8dt the contimled eoipplatnts ofOlymiiiae, a restless and, as she after- Wi4^ iproved herMlf, a bidod thirsty woman, bad of lata'jgrowo nM(re ^vloteM; end Antipai^ alto had been oompelled to repre«entin more severe terms the tortHtlenoeend ferocity of her conm her sonieiteryk^hiog that hrt could give, but polHical pow- er; while BotUngbitf the poifeessitfn of this oould satisfy her imperi- ous temper. ^Iwripas loud in Ber acdosatifShs of Antipater who, ac oordiog to her.'hed forgotten the, band that raised him,«iid eamMsed Wa anftority as if iaherent^in himiself. «;«■''.''' .... Alexander, therefore, anxioq^ to prevent any act oter of Nysasan horses, so far from beinj^ coun- table by thousands, was very limited. No more than Mventeen of these bighfy-fwized animals &rmed part of the procession in the advance of the Parsiait army under Xerxes, and even one was regaqiMijis a fit pre- "^"l foj: a kuMt. Their description suits well the cream-^K^ed ^rsea I Royal Hanoverian stud a ' , ^ ■£ * . ',j„ ' 1 thMS) mral retreats th«it some writer pjaoe the iai^nriew tvotWjil^ j_- ier and the Amazons ;/ others again irt Harcania. According ta ((MfoniMsr, Atropatea, the satrap of Media, presented Alexander wim a, h^red j^mazons, armed, mounted, and equipped; but the sibtnc^of Ptolemv aMl Aristobulus outweighs the assertion of others. If, fadw^ ever, a nuodk^ young maidens, u) the Amazonian dcoss^ with the righlL^ bosom bare, {^rmed with the bowi the quiver, and the peHa, and tau^t to manage their ebargers with ease and elegance, were r^lly preapated to Aleaumder by Atropates, it is easy to account for their masquerading dress; Atropates^^as the governor of the very^omKiie&^h^ the A? nazons were supposed to have resided, and a wish ezpritfisiN Vy AIe»> der toeeesome of the race, if still existing, was enougl|l P Mvali^tliem . from the4ead. Without some ^di suppontion, it is cbfficu)t ^ aeooun^ mlj^belief, uniVersiM among inferior wriQu^f the Amazonian yiNt Pmgmy and Arittobulvs, aware of the &ct8 ^ thk case, roigtbetiaAly ° have^ttft theibvice of AbropfUes unnoticed. The wAtsrs who described the aj^Mwtqpajj^f the fair warriors add, that Alhxandfer sent a ga^at meinge to theb queen, and ordered the young l^MJBgfci^ immed^f^Iy. . escorted beyond dre precincts of the oncampuM^ypSre the ydiijlker ^fl;**""- M' •'■^i'' SSp*^ # 184 ALEXANDEt officet^ undertook t6 putih« Valour Mid gftllantry of the maidefl chivalry *^^ton A! JxTndcr reached Ecbatana he offered a aplendUl »acrifico in irraiitude for hla continued prosperity. 'Dhiswa* 1oHowb4 by the coa- SSJof the paloBBtra and theatrical representations. ^""Bg the leat.v- K Alexander repeatedly entertained his friends, and th» w.ne was not Stted: The MeJes and^Perslans, a. I before rematked, were deep Ser.; but the foUo*ring passage ^J-^.f »-" '• «"VH tV "^J W^^^^^ that such waft not theowtom among the Greeks o^ »»»»^«y- \V^\ Spaaia was first introduced to the younger Cyrus, 'be hftd just finished Ws diner, and was preparing to drCnk after the Persian fashion; fojahe PerSs.;ftertheyLv7.atrsfied their ^P^'V-'tSlheK^^^^ their wine, pledge each other in copious draughts, and Bird themselves S g«pKth L bottle as with at, antagonist." Hemc"^BjdeB of C„m^^ wSuotSd by AthensBUB. goes still farther, and writes, ihat " thosegucsts ^KWof kings, who were admitted to share in the royal compota- tioS!nXquitte1i the presence in the possession of Aeireenses." A JeTr Sattacked ll,hpstion at this time "^Mgh^^^^^f '^^^-JJ: been produced by hard drinking, a* asserted by some writers, but the - - P- --^ • -^he had lately undergone, and the conUnual change of liemtelves sufficient causes. It was t^ -eventh day ot :«ndor was presiding at the games, andtlie sta^uin was u when a rwsesenger broughj information that Hephces- jjlyill. Alexander hurried away, but his friend was lad berorWB arrived." , f "Various writers," says Arriab, "have given vartous accounts of Alexald^ wrrow ot, this occasion. AIF agree that it w«» excesmve but hh actions «e differently described, as tl^^.r^^T^^fil^rltJ affection or hostility to IIeph»stion, or ovei, to Alexander. Sojf J. who hSe d^scVib^ Me'conduct as frantie ««* outrageous regwdjil^^^^^^^^ tiTyai^int deeds arid wo^d« on 4bo loss of his dearest friei^ as ^onoura- KCs feelings, white others deem them de|radHig. and «^««%, ^f ?king^ ofllexartder. Some write, that ?or the remainder of tha f^V^l^^J^^Z^ 2d there for a day and a night Qthers wnte, that he hwg^ »« P'^X «ician Glauctasj-beoause, according to one stiitemenV^ gave him #n>ttg medicine ; According to another, because he "^d by and aJIow adSpatienttofin himself with wine. I think it !«<*«"« J^^™*!^ «ff hisWr ittmemory of thedead, both for other reaaons ""d fr°ai ^ albtiob of AdiiBea, whom from his chttdhood heliad chosen f«[ !»f »~- el But those t»fc^ write that Afexander drove the hearse whi^con- v^yed the Iwdyi ^Mti^ what is incredible. Nor we t»fy ."^^ifgSE to belief who say that he destroyed the temple ?f ^•««i»e2^^MS" ria, tti6 dwiifeffc barbarian, and inoonsisteiit With the c»««»'««?*»JJ»i^*JJ* amlef, but more in uniston with Xerxes'^wanton o";f a8^"Jf*'S^' vii4^8» and with th^ fettett dropped by him into {the yav«»f » 4IWier, fo#^th, to punish the Hellespont ^ hardship dimale, his ill full fion drad H ' ^ '**■»" THK UA£AT. lad "Ttto lullowiitg auecdole iloMnot appear to me altogether iuaproiM- bl«.. Many enbaMies frotn Ct^eece« acq, iUiig others, demities from %idauiru9> ooet faiin on the road l»etwer«tn l^fa^atann and Babyidqt,, AMii^- ' ' andergf Allied th^ petition of Uie £pidauri^% and preaMte^.t^'Slpt'^fritH 1^ jM^fiU^ tptnpla of J£^jscala{>i|i8; adding, b^nVer, r three 4aV<9 he ttttte^ no food, nor permiUed aojr aUenti enta. (aom« say more) { thkt aU hia barbarian subj^cta were ordered io go into inoarntng;.tnd-tbat seVeralofthe kini^'a eompaniofna, in order to paylheir court, dedicated tliemselve^ an4 tbfir arms to the deceased.'' ^. .Thus Arrian : ^^he passage has been introduced partly for the ctir- ions information contained in it, nhd partly for the sake of enabling tho . modern reader to see from what a mass or contradictory matter the his* (brianhad toii6l9c;thisfa(it8. ^ . From Eebatana^ Alexander returned to Babylda Tbb ro^ road conneotina theeiapUdis of M«dia and Assyria passed ^rough th6 terri- tories of the QoBsaei, a .mountain tribe who occupied xthi;) valleys and highjpround betwee^i the upper part of the courses of the\nqlod<)Hi A^zal and Caroon. These bandits used to receive # tribute, u^dfr the name of ^iresents, from the king of kiags, as often as he^^velfed between Bimylon and Bcbatana, It may be inferred that, Hke^the tTxiuiBf they 1^ not failed to demand the same from Alexander; Kit he> aftltottgh 4^ wint«r ^nurfiM* advanced,, made war upon them anq pursued them m* to their, mountain fastnessea In Arrian's words, "Aeitheir the winter ncpr ^ Ihiggedness of the country were ata v. hlndrjinces to Alexander « ttjpd iptoliSJDay the son ofLagus, who commanded adiTi^n of the army.'* ;lt is,^ the winter season alon<) that thd robbers who inhabit tp hl^ moontainaof Asia, can be successfully invaded ; if assailed in summer, l^ey roov« &om hill to hill, sink one while inte>tho ^yMes of thwr ra- vins, and nt another time ascend to the loftiest peaks. Their Hocks, MTtly pooceated in retired vales, partly accon^anying their moveikitots, f^nl^'i^m with provisions; but if the primsipal villages, . where they ,,^ijpl|> their ftores) flocks, and herds^'bis captured during the wintw sea- %il, tile inhabUants must either pei^ or oome ^o terms. It waa vHien ne snow was knee^eep on the ground, that Tiipottr at last conqoered jdieCur^ of Mount Zagrus, a race connate wtth the Cossaei. Alter Alexander had compelled tMie to surrender, he bailt .towna uul&rt- "'^ in the most eommanding positions, in order to reatrsin tneir do- in future; -but the cure was only temporary ; they soon re- _,,.,_^^ th«ir ancient habits, ai»d when AntigohMs had ^^ j^l^lf^eAMf to the vi^ifer4|S<*«*«i», w|i||^ I J > .- -J \ > ■ (' »i ■ ' .^ ' -' \ ' • . * .B % \ ■ , _^ " fc " - r - : - • ■ ■ ! 1 !j ' IJ / yl *i , r ' - * -' * ^ ^^i^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^^ J hO 1.1 11.25 ^ ^ Is U 11.6 ;» ^Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STIKT WIBSriR.N.Y. I45M (7l6)t72-4S03 4^ . "1 . . \-t (t-vw s.^'i* *i!,!iyii*i|lMiJ**i. i^'^"- 186 ALSXANDEB gluBBt Eumencs, \i\» army harrowly escaped destruction from these Cos- sfti, to whom hn bad refused tbe costpmary gratuity. As Alexander was advaiiciii{( towards Babylon, he metniiperpus em^ baMtf«T-*<^i^tiV<)n> ^lu^ious nations to ohivahry. He did net trast for Victory to ^e aettv«^«| tte phalanx, h6t maintained it as a tower of streBgth,.aB« iortp«ss j|ir»> aervey romki whiidi ihe broken part of his forcea n^tjilwaya rally.* f^attadthetrwrtedto bis cavali^^ mixed with in^try-i^o his lBouat> •d jircheni and dartmen— ;to his bdwmeiv—aad espeoialfy to htM#uaiV •4piseiai of ligbAiurmed fegulas infimtvy. If wi& those hit i^iade aninw pNwion upon the enemy'* dironged ranks, broke tiieir linlM^ or co% tded their order, ho tiien broa|^tup the phaluix v^thi^lWBrM iMt of iron pikas, and swept them off th» field. ; , /^^ :^ ^ ThoBomana would probably havelbaght bravely, but ti^rn4l0l' ther the skill nor the strength to contend with Alexander. In his days their anna and discipline were very deficient nor was th«ur resolati cedcmianhad been dead for nearly three hundred jreani, (Mfore t|iekii^ dom ofthe son of Lagus was added to the dominion of B<^ne>. m :^^ *i^+i 'ifi.^! Ji- CHAPTeaXVL jMt Year of Alexander'M Ltfk, Ji. 3^ ' .AitikiJiDiB had^rossed the Tig^ris ott his road to BabylM» wnoi a dtputetion of ChaldsBan priests w/uted upon himj and beaoaAt hint «at tE&^fiilfr tb# city, ^s their god Bolus had commuaiealad iii-mm-11im.m vilrimBalqrlea at that time would not be to the hag's ad!» Bi ^|e. Ai- exfUder, rtartled at the wamiiig not to enter the oity whieh h» huteoded
' "V ed the motifeB of these Chaldean diviners, liiewoilcof rebatfiinf (lio great temple -of -Belus had proceeded but slowly, and Aleiandery di»> i^^ \ '■i^«~';y*:'- 188 Al.EXA?rj>Kll pleiiied at tWa, llad aonouncod his intention to cropley the whole army in ite compleition. This attnoancement ^as by ho mean» agreeablo to the Obi4dW€««6ni«)Md unfinitiMd, the priesta enjoyed ite ample revenues witb- ontilBductioi^, but'theae, aasoon as it was coniptetedf would bapriaei- mm^^iieA on the ^ietirb*, lights, incense, «nd nnmorous serranta WHh6 the pomp and cerrtnony ofAesvrian worship rendered necessary. Of(i^«ttcnt*f Ihi^oxpeftditure, and of the ma«uiiceoce of the wor- lAip^sbM«ide<^iNiay he formed from a fact stated b;^ Herodotus, thil dttring th« Mval of Belus one thousand talents of tirankinctaise were eqosnm^donotie altar. Alexander was, therefore, led to .baKeve that the triirii^ Voice proceeded from the self-interest of Ihe' {flriasts^ and net friim the '^rottdeht care of their god. - « TheCha^ins, thus uneK^iectedty baffled, and pfobaWy^onacioua thattbignoiwrch waa likely to be as aafewithin as without dM vaUa of BabyloVP^ <0bk up a new position ; and said the danger ni^Vbe AvOrted w^ tji^kinaand the army to make a circuity arid enter the ci- ty by thoWoit^lii in flace of the eastern gate. Alexander attmnpted to eoim>ty {With this advice, but as the marshes and lakea abore the town rehifered its execution difl^cult, he gave up the endeavont, find entered by tite ftttal portal. ^ It ia the AmMod OT aiir days to suppose that there can b? nieOttoae bM ween the material Mid the spiritoal World. /Vointhe hour of his birth has to stfaffgb> forfraVd, iinfl<^< aBceoTlawji immutably connected with bis or^Oitetio^? anldleettpiHiaMou, which never amounts tp belief in the mji most degnided disciple of the stye. In ail case» of QV6i||po<(ineHncr a- larni or amiction' the Epicurean belies liis principles, caflsfbrdivfne aid, wad aAtempis by loud supplications to rnuse his God foam his deathr like tranquility. The gre«V body of niankind*, impressed with a belief of their dependence' dpon the spiritual world, have io all ages been mere inalined to run Into the opposite . eytremb, and to welcome the doetrine, accordinjir to which our thoughts, words, and actions are not nnder our own*contrQnl« hut mere modes of the divine will, of which the huoMiQ being is the paselve instrument. But ns the divine will is eternal and linmntable, so must every thing connected wjth roan ond dajr of MeMi^, hhi character in ijibr aii4^Jbpilt of Jiraodiqiaiutably fixed. , g.,; ^i, ^^^^ti^^. Jjllb^weksand theiF^tj^ pftho Pa;MPS left™ e|lQice^e#(idpriHiHMi tboig Ike path which Itted'heen iv^^ tei4l|n W.to Qo4 l^pd^ thie dbetrl^f . veto hqxiqqs tq OjOver the moment pwi|lil. qmnti when ^late of the mighty on the earth was Iremblingin tto Im^ Imoe. Accprdingly, omens, which oould not be mistakoo, a^^^id t» have preceded 4ho deaths of all the great men whose lives have beei^ p«i^- t.eularly recorded by ancient writers. As part, thfereforo, of the bistoiy the opioionprend feelings of tjie day, tliose wluch are supposed to have iB«lt ceitiiag Alexander, found the same imperfectiort in the liver, and ^iraiiSn imtted the information to his brother. He, to prove his loyahy, Bljittwl^d ^ the letter to Aleicander,< who commended bis openness, and op arri^iog atrJUebalon, asked Peitbagoras what the inauspicious omen ^aii. 1%& dcl^r replied that it was the d>66nce of the h?ad of qi« liver. T^ k|D«(tfamasked.what this foreboded, and was honestly ans«^ri^J«emo geeat im^artuite.' Alexander, so fat from being angry ii#H4p*itii(S|»- rM, IreiaMd liim widi greater com idertion, becattse hehfuNNiDestly tpw MtiA tfc«th. Aristobulus writes, that be received thfli account fr6m F^tiiiiKW^hiraseUl"' ■ ' :■'■'"'■"■■'.: •' ^.'''/y. immf^fi rertierober prophetical sayings Afte^ *e ey^m ^ <^ ■"u^^.mm lAaee^fttan^ Recalled to niind that Cidanue teok l%rir iHHi'iHAom but the king, #hom he said^e \v.as soon to see at fie* Attm4m' irprised thai Ciporo, " ct, that iiialanw disttacUy doreU!^:!^ m. %lwh reports lose mothing by transmissioo ; we oui^t na^>tiMMpif ' '^iporo,' in, bis wotk on ia a .k. 190 ALEXANDER Ifigiineroili cm^wies ftoiq Grecian states wiUted tlie king's arrival a( l^t^frUtn i diey^ilre^ all oompiimentprj, and receivied due honours. To them iras instrusted Hia cara of the trophies which Xerxes had carried away from Qreeee^ and #hicb die king ordered to be reconveyed to tiie aeveral cities' whence they hod been removed. Athensaus has qaoted a pauage from Phylarchns defcriptive of the appearance of Alexander's court (mpobKc daysj, irhiebr m the absence of better authority^ Ilmip. " Tlje ipilSeii plain trees, tlM^.vine of pare gold loaded widi clusters of * eroortlds, lodfap carhunclee^ and other invaluable gems, under which the Hxan of Persia, used to sit and give audience, were not equal in va- IimI to the sum isf Aleztnd; Hs expenses for one day. His. tent contained ■> humfared couchesy and wits sa|>()orted by eight eoltimns of solid gold. 0*«rhi^ wflOB ^(icbed cloth oifgold wrought with vnirious devices, aiul ;«ip«ueiided so a* ^ cover th^ whole ceiling, Withiii, in a semi^cir- clei stjMf filce hundred Persiane, benrhig 4ances adorned with poniegra- n«tea.^Tfaeir dress was pnrple andomnge. . Ne^t to these were drawn upn'thbosmdarefaeni, partly ctotiied in flame-coloared andpiurtbin searlQjtdreiiaes; Many of th««e wore azure'coloureid sashea: In front oH^tee were arranged five hundred Maeiedonian Argj^aaptdes.^ In the midt^hl of the tent was plaoad'a golden throne, on wUch Alexttlder sat aitd I^VisiMidienire, while the jrreat-officers of the guard stood behind ai]|3' okkioitber «id|S of him. ^Hie tent on ihe outside was. encircled by tl||(J(i^liants draiwn iip in order, and by a thousand Macedonians in thiiilr tH^ye dress. PeVbnd ihese were arranged the Persian guard of tea tibousand men, and the five hundred courtiers allowed to wear "pur- ple robtK But out of this crowd of friendsand attendants, no one dared to kpfffb^ neat to Alexander, so great was the jaajesty with whiehhe waJi lurrfunded.'* Butncli&er the homage of auppliant nations nor the pomp aniFmBgni- ficisnee of hie edurt could divert the active mind of Alexander from use- Mnrojeets. He sent Areeus with a band of shipwrights to the shores ef tne Caspian Sea with orders to' cut timber in the Hyrcanian forests, and'to btiild d^ipd on the plan of the Qreeian war vessels: for he wai anxious to discover with what sea the Caspian communioated. Th^ Oteek philosopher*, reasonmg fromi „ analogy, |)ad not given credit 'to'Ktirodotus cooceroing ite alleged isolation. Herodoius wrote «nl^ m^iii^i and as his account ofdie rivers that flctw into &at sea is gr6M|lt iiirh)iieous, hisaocuraoy respectimr the seai^lf can be regard- ed oidy as casual The narrow outlets that connect the MiMtjIe iriA the fr^poatis, the Phtpontis with the Euxine, the Exuitie with Ao Medi- tertantAm, and die Mcvitenranean with die Xdahtio, hiid prepued ' to expeet a eimilar outjjat in flie Ca«pian. 7k«y would not, t*-^^ wHhar large MWOgh to accommodate a thousand ships of wait> to ho exeav^«d on the banks of the Euphrates, and covered docks in pt-oporuon iq be MuMtnicted.' Sailors from all parts of the Medltetraneap harried io nian hie JBt^t ; ampng these the fisbermnn of the ronrex nr porp^e-ffsb, on the PhcBnioian coast, arc particularly mentioned. Airevtt'were seat la engage thei" most sklHbl seamen, and to porehnse the ablest ro^v- era 4ar his service. In n Wor4, it was bis intention to fbrm on the So- sian and Babylonian coast a second Phcenioia— .equal In vreallh^ ■aicl popalation to the .Syrian. , „ . : :.' He. had fixed upon Babylon for the sent of empire, as the cwi^lNiI spat between Egypt and tbe.MeinTerraaeaaoa one side, sAdtlMlMiis uid Eteatem Ocean on tba other. The fertility of ^Mf^a waabouad- lese, aiid lia revenuea; in the time of Herodotus, fb)fnfe V9im tfi) sobjeotion. Their position to the WMt <)if Babylonia made fai- carstona into Uie province easy, and their command of the eaarsc»- of tlie Eniuiratca enabled them tb exact rolaone annMiil^mthe merelimta navi^ting that river. His |>lan ibr their sabjngattoii was, foir^ie fleet to ofrennniavigste tho Arabian penbMnDila, iuiii Its motions to be attend- ed by a land-force, tliirty oared galleys were sent raeeeMriv^^o examlMi the sonthern shores of the Pernap^CHiU! and to jN^Nl^fwe Male ot Hbe AraUaa coast. Hiero, a sea-castnin flpom Solf. H^titD^^ Artbeaf. Hla orders ^d been to eail rffnad |l«lp <&a1laij^BM^ aatfllw wrtly«d in the vidnlty of n Hiiir • and the jrreat Noshlrwan com|J»ted ttie«oitta- fflSWta ?hO^LlnsoSto ^Cwled^ i£5kSS>wbe suppdswi thft Aleiander's »^'»«y'^«jj^'^; praja^, la,propoi6onln*the m.>4i»sJo the Jwd, "o^'f '^1 * 252SS wiaibpartekeoftiM obaractoV of a rowgt> of^^iifP^^'^^l^^ cSaSS*SoslSk»would hkve sobo dte«>ve«Jd that i*«^ceworid Sn^SSurtTiad SaS??be Snquero/ to %y hto "--"tJ'SiJS";; S^E^iiSady submission #»mM -BffillS^ve^e transmlssldn through their terHtortes«r;ilits trarel- i&fiMto P.^r.*lo«- W» ijW^potin ^Awg^ thecals iMid Irrpgatiiw of Awyr^^^ ^SS^W%. Mforvoiw was caUed the P»nt<»P«^ V^j miTSS^ ' ^^ uSTof the great rl^-er. about 3»irliM*»II^ SXS^in *^3K eafruiue Inti J^alacopa* ^'^ "Sf T\ ''*'S£?^S^J« SwSSeTho bmka -oar and bolow B^gijf, ^K^iKll^ fim& of tiMi water.; but wM f^^^^^'^J^^'^ATS^J^lSSS SSnto oWroct the ontrance, and to ^"'"•'^^•^^S'rJ^^li^ SUmo Aom aaoapingiiito thalalies, . It v*» *»W W ««** "UST: R*E5LTbotfi¥a. an Vhtc^MAto repair *4£**SL;"of •»i.w2i?SsSiS?a!^ MwlS^a^ aad aUnvlal fod ala^ift deAed ^ t*|ff ?^* t«pjri..f 'SUl^' .i'jn,- ^ ■^ iK It- THE OR£AT. 193 \ which in after-age* the Arabs built Cura, he fixed od the alte of the taat \ Alexandria rounded by him. It i« aapposed to have been the' Bira of |a later period. I Thenoe be aailed back towards Babylon, pleased that he had thw Uaeaped Mie miefbrtune foretold by the ChaldeBttn seeiHi. The lakea mk Avhich he wte sailing were atadded with small islands, many of whtoh were or6%«ied with the sepnichres of the ancient kings of Aaayria.— Aa he waa ateering his own Tessel between those Islets, tko oraad* brioBraed bat, whfdt he wore as ft protection against the hea^ aaA rodnd which the royal diadem or band was wreathed, was blown over- board by a violent gost of wind. The hat fell into the water ; but th» diadem, being lighter, was carried by the wind lat* some tall reeda that grew around one of the royal tombs. A sailor swam a*l|ore, re- covered the diadem, and, in order to preserve it dry while he wa» swimming back, placed it on his head. For this presnmptlon, fteoord- ing to Anstobnlns, the mli^, who was a Phtanieian sailor, ijeeetlMd • H^glfiag; aooording to others, who werie aaore anxlooa ilbr «■ ftatlthe- ' tlMd aenleoce than for the truth, he received a talent fer hia gOf>4 anr- vlce, and death fo^ his preaomptibn. According t* • thitd ftcobUnt, the rocoirerer of the diadem vraa Selenoos, whose fatnre greatna8i,.a» the most powerfial of the anoeessors of Alexander, waa iadloatea.-^ Theaa variooa aeeoaota prove that the Incident «it the timo waft lookad upon aa trifle, and that after Alexander's death, tkeenpafatlUoaa nar-r rated It ftceording to their own fancies. At Babylon AJexander fbond Pei^estas. who hftd br Peralaa reoroHa and a considerable force of Tapeiri and Gossai, whom thoPemlans represented aa their mo«t warlike neightonrt. Theao ware not incorporated with the already existing Persian ibrei^, hot formed Into a separate body. The loweOt division of this new jphalaax waa called a decadi althoogh it contained Bixtaentndividaali;*«f whom, twalvo were Persians. The front and rear men were lllBoed«Uaaa^ wMk an inoraased pay; as were the two offleera aaawering tbthv. modem sergeants, whose doty it was to drill and dlsoMIne flie dlv'i. stoa. The superior offlcere of this new qp^rps wei^ all ]IIacodoBiftMur« ' ■ . the aacied gariaada, which vi«i« never ^arora by<^taMm, eoc en coBUmarioned to consnit.pracles, oi; to eang|^g|flar4o ** .,«„«,^ 4>tdlstant dAUeo. But while these aervUe repab hini IHth divine honoara—whfle the bravest anffh«*dtaei_ ^ _ tii^l««--^fldle his newly-crealBd fleet vf^ fbrrceprlof wMi ^«^o«t< k 25 l; S*kj-'*fr ? % -JSL- *i!* ^, .» ' . ' 104 ALEKANJJEUl •d koda the boeoiii «r the Euphrates, nnd pr«pa»iAff to sproad iUaaik ooV>* unlpoowt^-wWle he was anticipoting thefulMmentorhiaearly dreaasiB of beooming- the maetcr or the proltl, the nromatica, the myrrh, Sd tl|0 fVaaklBqenso or the hitherto untonched Soesa, a«d of compel. ff th^ >ail8orthD desert lo add a third frod to their scanty Pantheon — w^lle lye vaa preparing to tbrge the last link of the golden cliain .whroV wae tp bind together his subjects on the lados, the Tigris, and thftlinie^ by the strong ties of raotual advantages— the eoenewas sud' 6dmf changed, and he was cut down in the prime of life, in the height or:h^glory, and in the* middle of his vast SDbiects. \: f fyLnd perhapa," says Arrian, "it was better thus to depart/^ tbei ej|i|l|«na regret prall men, while his giory was unstained, and befbra m W9M ovartakan by those calamities to which mortals are exposed, im^on accffnnt'. of which Solon advised Cia>ius to consider the end of it^and to proiDounee'no man happy on this side of the grave." ^qPlbw d|iy»'heforie his last illnMs, he %va8 busHy empliyed In snper- iatrndlngthefbrmationofhis new corps. The tent, which was bis fa- ▼^p^(^ residenee, was erected on the ploin ; and in frontxwas plaeed tlpi|»,m)Me^ whenee he could inspect the proceedingfei. Inthe coarse of ,tto day ha retired to quench his thirst.and was attiinded by all the great (wIMrai who left the throne ukder the sole fsareof tbeeunudiaofthe jpatlvoe; .Aaoj^ure Greek, who was on the field,, seeing th6 throne 'lU^d tka aeata on both sides empty, with the enmiohs stnnding in rows behind, walked up, and deliberately seated hiqiself upon tna. throne. The wnuphiL it appears, were prevented by theetiqaetta of thfiJPersian coaitllhoim dietnrbing the intruder, but they raised a land try of tamen- tailoai^ tora.theirgarment8 . beat their breasts and forebeadsf and shjiw- ^ ed 4itliar signs pf grief, as if some great misfortune bad befllUen them. Tl^,«n- idly^^ and wlUiont any ulterior viewsl This confession, in th^ opinion of the diviners, gave a more fetal complexion to the omen. Without a kfMwIedge of eastern cnstoms, it wonld bftve been impossible todls- eofer trh^ to innch importance was paid to a trifling occurrence; but Ibe roHbwing pawage from the emperor Barber's autobiography will :. lUoMitrata this and other obscure points of eastern history. ** It is a singulaiuiustom iti the history of Bengal that there is litOe of heredilarjir ae^ceat in SDCcession to (he sovereignty. Thfire is a ^^>>^^N)tt«ti| for the king, there is in like mann^f a seat or station as- -JiiJE'Wd Iff l^eh of^eW vazirs, and sobdan. It, is that throne and iPbete atations^aloM w[ S^ ;'4.*<^ of dependants, servants, fwd attendants are annexed to each oTliese situations; when\the king wishes to dismiss or appoint onyper- K'som wboioever.i* placed in the saat of the one dismissed is imiiieldiiAi^ "^ Ly Jlttended «||i obeyed by\ the wlKle establishroenLpr dependaqi(^P^ ■jm^^H^t^ retainers nnpexed to t\\6 ecat which he occupies; nti^ldiil' s 'lIlNJbtwaB even as to the royal throne itself; whoever ki'*' '^-** ' 8JM M6c«6dB in placing hftiaelf on th^t' llirone is iiuAiediaM i "^'''31 THE GREAT. l^ lodged as l^ing. All tho onSirs, vnzire, HoliHcrs, a'hfl poaaanf's ini«aoUy wboy and stibmit to him, and connidor hina as mOch thoir Boyefeijjrt^ii they did , thoir former princo, and obey his orders as implicitly.^ Tte p«op|« of Bengal say, ♦ Wo arc faithful to tho throne ; whoever fil» um, throne we are obedient and true to if"" To^thia passage the editor, of Baber adds tho following n»te: *' Strange all this custom may seem, a similar one prevailed dow n to a very late period in Malajbar. There w^s a jubilee .every twelve yewrn in the Saroorih's country, and any one who succeeded itt forcing bw way through the Samorin'* guards and slew him, reigned in his stead. The attempt Wo9 made in 1^5, and again » few years ago, but wifliout fitlCC088 " The Persians and Modes were not Hindoos, but seem to hard Mo]^ ed many ceremonies from the Assyrians, who woto a cognate peo|^ with tho Egyptians and Indians. This doctrine of obedience to the throne had been established for the safety of the great body of *e nar tion during civil contests. It fumislicd a valifl excuse «>r owywf *"» king de.faet9, without inquiring into his title d»-jwi- oxH Q» very principle adopted to ensure the national trann««»^*rj» army, because the elephant of his victorious oPP°°»°*J»ff""l?."2"S •ndVorether^nh off the field. And Dara, a '•««X«^jJ*SJK Baber iVom whom we derive the knowledge of tUs fe«>»£iJJ^5K Sron* of Delhi, befcause in the battle which """^^ Aecrg^ togi brother AurungBebe he happened to dismount nropihfai»l«ph«ntW»^ Keat of the contest. ^ <#!;- «p «iSi» i««««^F From this degression %Ve may for™ s"*"* "P^v tL^a^JS*? wUch induced the Persians to treat with such severity the ohai|o»r«»- oupant of the royal seat of Alexander. t^ut^^ «k. kin* * EevioBs to setting out on the /atob •» f.'^P™*^"' «1 "Pf» ?n»iii his usual nractico, offered i^plendld sacrlilce »rite 5ISmd victims were distributed among the^lvJidoBsjnd ions of the army, and the great officers w^re fotertained mi lj"i thTmonaJih himself. Tfce wine cSl^dolated freely unUl 11^ $?'^^p^'?i?®'-. ' ' Wj^pi. wyf^Piwg iiWW^B'^w. ^;"'!^?!^^ 16tf AUULANVKR M \ VSvl WW flir •P*nt: tbokiog then ro«o'«nd wan retiring to bb Uuit,>vbfla Medina tBe ThMMliim, who,'stnoe tb« death of HeBliBatioii and tke d«p||rfare ofCratcraa, had UMtparaooai iafluenoe with him. bisoucht hirnio Tiait hta lodfrioga, where jbe would ilod a Rieaaant party aMem. bfad. For what ibiiowed Arrian ^aa copied At« Boval Diaiy, lo «* hieh the oaovamanta and health of the klag were made known to the?pab- Ua. It IbraM the moat aooient veriea ol buUetine on record, and is'^ hara praaanlcd to the reader, Mdueod frono the iadiract to the direct " The klof baqduated and drank wine wiUvMadJua ; ho than roee ftttBi tabic*, bathed, and slept. .^ ^"^ - ^ i "He acfdn dlpcd with Medius, and drank till late at night ; oa riainc mm the table ha bathed, and after Uathinf, ate a linjcw and alept there laahewoaaowin aftver. «« N. <^^ "Me waa carried on a ciranh to the place olTaacriflce, abd aaoriflced «ooording to hia daily custom. After Aniabing the service, he lay dewo iB tbcrpablic room uojUl it was dark. Ooriog tho day he gave ordeia lo ths leaders aonoeming the marirfi and voyage ; the land- tbrcw ware told to ba ready to oommeaoe thair nutrob on tba fburth and tll«JBeat^ which het>roposed to accompaoyi to sail on the flfUiday' . He Whs than conveyed in n liUar to the rivf r side, whefb be waa plal ' «ed on board « reasel and feried across into the park. There he •gain bathed and want^to rest. "Next day he bathed and oiTerted the ttsual sacrifices; h» then re- turned *p )th ahomber, where he lay Ao^o end conversed with Medi. us Orders wana^iveD the gvneruls to attend him next morning. Af- ter this he dined sparingly, and waa ca>ridd to his chamter. Darioir tba whole of this night, for the first time, there was no interifiiBion of laTW. ; ' ♦ ' ^ ,., "J^^a^^ t* ■*»*••<» «n<» •acriflced, than gave orders to Nearchos ■lad tba olhar badera to be ready to sad the third day. ■* .*l¥^^y'^**^*^^ again, offered the appointed racriflces, and |^|Wi^»«5«^'««t' w»d although there wai n& remission in the vio". laoaa flTtha ftver, he yet caUed in the leaders and ordered them to Jwvif ^avant. .thing la. readiness for th^departon^of the fleet. lathe •t9^^h9 iMthad, and after bathing was very ill. t^^^^i^* '*?• """ove*! to *h« boose dose to- the great stvlm- ^»-b«f^pra ho offered the appqinted sacrifices. Ill as be was, l^aaUaaMi^the prfnoiple officers, and gave orders about the exp^i- l_J^*» *• followliigday it was aot without diffknlty that he waa car- r^^ -* altar and offered the sabrifire; he would nevertheless give 1 1*^"? ■* to tba great officers concerning the Voyage. ^■^ ^^V^h «>tf»9Wgh extremely ill, ibe oflbred tba appointed sacri- w!:iSr2!S?*'"*'' them, bofaaid nothing, aa he waa ^^?!r ZSl?'^"^^^''*''y '#'••»* <»"ringthaBlght! ^.. u HAiMlrtha ftibwing day and nidn. - *r j!*^ i -' dAefollev^ngd^y." " ^^v Vaathe account written in the Royal Diary "UpM thla,'^ , 4jrriali, '< tl)e soldtep becain« eager to see him ; stfMit».M«> «L ' " ^" ■ ■ <'■■ *>: • ' THE GREAT. 197 liim «ooe uMkra bUip*, othen baoabpe it wm reported UiHt h« wtM al- fVMiy dMMl/«od aMMpiotoa hadarMen that bis d«tt)h was coucmImI. by the ohief t)Mo9n oftha guard— bat the majoirllf, aa I tMfik, firom ■oiTojv and aoxktjr tor .th«ir king; tliey tHeretbra^ibrwld their wav ioto his chamber. As the fnen passed, his «9aohln sneoessioii. hi, althoajrh vpeeehlees, greeted them individdally, by rafsiog bb hmad with dUfflonlty and by »e expression of his eyes.'\. , ."Moreover," aooording fo the Royal Diarv, « Peitbon, AtlfiliMu Demophon, Peiioeatas, Cfooinenes, Menidas, and Seleucna, slept inHMMT tsdiple of Serapis apd asiifld the god if it weald be desirable «n#b«t< ter for Alezjkn'der^be ponveyed to the temple, and to snpplioate th*" god and be heisled by him ; but the answer fh>m the god nwbado bis removal, declaring that it would be bMter Ibr blm to remaij* wbena he was. The Compaliions reported this answer, abd Alexendipr Ii0| long after expired, as if, onder all'fironmBtances, that witre tbttilfeBttelr The account given by Ptolemy and AHstobuhis doe« not|l|BMllHJ!y ■ diibr t\ro\n this. Aooording to some writers, his fViemA upMliinftw whom he baqneatbed the em^re, and bo answered '• to the strtbgaat f aeeording to others, he added; *' thai he foresaiff a bloody oorapatMoa at his Auieral gaihca."^ > > . These extracts from Arrian ctrntaia all thitt can ba regaided aa anthenllo respecti^r *be Isst illnesTand de'bth of Alexander; f^Flii- tarcjb, who has given a varrion of the>Royal Diaries, agreeint in moat points with the' abova, has most uotairly suppressed every DotioK df the impending ei^peditlon, in order to make |Ut rinMf» fifeUeVa that the gi«at man, whose lifb he was recording, had faltcriy lost all vi-* gour of mind and energy pf character, and become the al]||act alava ol intemperance and saptfrMilion. ^ a The fever to wbiob to fril a victim was probably f!0n|ni9ted in bif visit to the m'arsb^iand the thirst wbidr compelled hA on a pubUo day io quit bis military duties, /ptbves*^ that it was ragnlg la bis veina betbreitabsolatelyovdreaia#rbisA. Theefertions atfhe pnbtt6 ban- quet, add the protraotad drihking at the house of Medlus, mnstjiaftre seriously inoreaiMf* "^,1B MlUian arrow, mnstiuive in smae d e ybe Impaired the ▼llil f09e|GH»M^ and-^feebled the powers of heaH^yrsactien; " ..v„.. ^njpr such disadvaotages we must adasire theadconqire^^vill^ < vaSMakg spirit with which he b^iire up againatthe ravages pi ^' - easA bia MMolnft peHbrmaace df bio religlone dnties, and the rf; die&a^ ef his royal and miUtary flinctlons. On tbv ninth da^j^ ,4. if ■*■■ ^. -M 'M. .*■''»,: 1 A.,. 198 AXCXANBEIl he Witt onrrled to the palace, nml all the ofBeers down to the comntan- d^orfivo hundred were eonlniqndett tonttencl, it Avas evidently his iatfOtion to have titken Icnve and given hi« Iwit ordefs ; but natnre failed, and be was unable to express his wish«8 when the fr^neralA >,wer© admfMod. The report, thorerorp, of his hisvin^ beqoeathetl the empire lojtic ^tronsrest i« probably either an invention, or an inference frpm previouterin the mt of hint- iag more than he affirms, is a "rross perverter of the truth, whenever lie ventures on the subject of Eastern antiquities. Strabo Aimisbos us with the host explanation of the conduct of the gnmt offloere, and of their motives forsleep'ini; in tho temple of Scmpis. *• Canopm possesses the temple^f S<^|Mais. that is honoured with srrent revDreace and distingraished ^rfts h(Bian% powers. The most respect- able cbaracters believe this, tind sleep in (he temple either for them* pelvesor Ibelr friends. Some histofinos ffive an aceooat of theTares, disappearance might in- * ktf k^ ^ bali^^ his divine descent a supernatural departnre-~that •^i,^ 5«»V*'«IW Wmms the palace clandestinely ho was discovered by '%A. WOX^^ WOffMrevented ; and that he then lamente«ha|lM|notigi|«rantofthera." .* ."Ale xander,* continues Arriao, "died intho hundred and fooIM|M|(»^ ■•'55^?' «**•" tNfe^'ae was arcbon at Athens (about midfii^^ fM-^-^^' He lived,; ac4H>rding to Aristobulos, thirty-two |iira«llijid! pMt moqthf, or which he reigned twelve years and e^rhl oi^tw. Inj body he was most handsome, most indefatigable,' moat aliif|- ' ous inftrrinj; the probable rrom the apparent. In arraying, annj^C^^., and marshallinir armr«s, mp«t skilfal. In raising the soldiers' codragi^,' ' filling them with hopes of v,)i$tpry,«nd dispelling their fears by his own undaunted bearing, most cM^nlrous. In doubtful enterprise most dar- ing. In wrrdtfng advantages from enemies and anticipating even their ., suspicions of his ineasurc^most successful. In fulfiillng his own «n- ) gagemonts most faithful. %n gaardinff against being overreached by others m6st cautious. In his own personal expenses most fro^ali but in munificence to others most unsparing. *'If, then, he erred from quickness of tem[)il||lnd the influence of anger, and if he loved the display of ba^^barian prid6 and sple&m>ur, I regard not these as serious oB'ences ; for, in candour, we ought'to take into consideration his youtli, his perpetual success, and the influence of those men who court the society, of kings, not for virtuous purpose*, but to minister to their pleasures a(£|jitd corrupt their principles. On; the other hand, Alexander is the only ancient king who, from the native goodness of his heu^t, showed ff'^ep repentance for his misdeeds.-^ Most princes, even when conscious of guilt, foolishly attempt to con- ceal their crimes, b^ defending them as rightly done. The only atones ment for misdeeds is the acknowliedgment of the offender, and the pub- lic display of repentance. Injuries are the less keraly fe^t by the suf^ ieters, and hopes are entertained that he who shows sorcoV for the gast^ will be gtfitt^ of similar odeticcs in future.' Neither j^o I esteem^ bki ^ clkim to divmc origin as a serious offence, as pcthaps'it was only a de- vice, to ensure due respect from hie subjects. Minos, iBacus, andfihlH damanthus were never accused of offensive pride, because men of old referred their origin to Jupiter : no Aiore were Theseus and Ion, the re- {luted sons of Neptune and Apollo. Yet Alexander was surely not a ess illustrious kipg than these. I regard the Persian dresi^so g|8 only a device tt prevent the barbarians from regarding their ki% ft! a finr- , eigner in all respects, and to show the Macedonians that he possessed SI refuge from their military asperity and insolence} For the sam^i^asmi he mixed the Persian body-guards with the Macedonian infantry, fOi^ their 'nobility mih his own select cavalry. Even his convivial fMrttes, as Aristobulus writes, were not prolonged for the rake of tha wine, of which he drank little, but for the sake of enjoying itti^ial converse with his friends. ^ ■■'T, " Let him," concludes Arrian, ** who would vilify AfexandOr, not M-^ ^ lect a few blameworthy acts, but sum up ^Pliis great aeeds and quali> "■'^^^— * then consider who and what he himself is who would thus wusa i^ho attiained the pinnacle of human felicity — who was the lu^' nlionarch of both continents — and whose name has pervade^ < .. '%A^ -. . ■ -^ -- ^ ^^^ # ^ leci a lew o '^^^Mthei '* UnSuLwh it. kc/. If* *.i *f W ^-^m 4 'A. ^ r :^^'"'r*£A :.i?^»r^* H,'! .> 11?. ,/ ^.,>^t:; 'i^i i'^f^j's^j % "•..v.ilijK ^ . ^- 1* %^ * ^'■'' 'if i^'4*' ■'Pi / ^■■- ■%,^. . V -f- ft' '■ 'i ' ', <•'" -» <^!eL -'. 4 'b ^.• ::^£>